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[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 23 March 2022 from the Permanent Mission of the United States of America to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the United States of America to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit registration data on objects launched into outer space by the United States for January 2022 (see annex).[1]", "The United States requests that the space objects contained in the annex to the present document be placed on the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space maintained by the United Nations. In submitting this request, the United States notes that, consistent with its long-standing registration practice, the United States is not necessarily a launching State for each of the space objects it registers. The United States makes this request in the spirit of contributing to the practical effectiveness of the treaties and is providing information to the greatest extent practicable.", "Annex", "Registration data on space launches by the United States of America for January 2022[2]", "The following report supplements the registration data on United States space launches as at 31 January 2022.", "[TABLE]", "[1] ¹ The data on space objects referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 11 April 2022.", "[2] ^(*) The registration data are reproduced in the form in which they were received." ]

[ "和平利用外层空间委员会", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "美利坚合众国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团2022年3月23日致秘书长的 普通照会", "美利坚合众国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团谨依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》（大会第3235 (XXIX)号决议，附件）第四条的规定，转交美国在2022年1月射入外层空间物体的登记数据（见附件）。[1]", "美国请求将本文件附件所载空间物体列入联合国保管的《射入外层空间物体登记册》。美国在提交上述请求时指出，按照美国长期以来的登记惯例，美国不一定是本国登记的每个空间物体的发射国。本着促进各项条约实际效力之精神，美国提出上述请求，并尽最大实际可能提供信息。", "附件", "美利坚合众国2022年1月的空间发射登记数据[2]", "以下报告补充美国空间发射登记数据，截至2022年1月31日。", "[TABLE]", "[1] ¹ 附件中提及的空间物体数据已于2022年4月11日登入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[2] ^(*) 登记数据按收到时的原样转载。" ]

[ "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "2022年3月23日美利坚合众国常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团致秘书长的普通照会", "美利坚合众国常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团谨依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》(大会第3235 (XXIX)号决议,附件)第四条的规定,转交美国2022年1月射入外层空间的物体的登记数据(见附件)。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "美国请求将本文件附件所载空间物体列入联合国维护的《射入外层空间物体登记册》。 美国在提交这一请求时指出,按照美国的长期登记做法,美国不一定是其登记的每个空间物体的发射国。 美国提出这项请求,是为了促进条约的实际效力,并尽可能提供资料。", "页:1", "美利坚合众国2022年1月发射的空间物体登记数据[2]", "下列报告补充美国截至2022年1月31日的空间发射登记数据。", "[表", "[1] 1 附件中提到的空间物体数据已于2022年4月11日输入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[2] ^(*) 登记数据按收到时的原样转载。" ]

[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 18 May 2022 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit additional information concerning the end of life of the space objects Satellite for Orbital Aerodynamics Research (SOAR) and OWLID000235 (2021-060S) (see annex).[1]", "Annex", "Additional information on space objects previously registered by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[2]", "Satellite for Orbital Aerodynamics Research (SOAR)", "Information provided in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Committee on Space Research 1998-067SM international designator\n Name of the space object Satellite for Orbital Aerodynamics Research (SOAR)", "State of registry United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "Registration document ST/SG/SER.E/1002", "Date and territory or location 14 June 2021 at 0905 hours UTC; of launch deployment from the International Space Station (ISS)", "Basic orbital parameters", "Nodal period 92.7 minutes", "Inclination 51.62 degrees", "Apogee 422 kilometres", "Perigee 418 kilometres", "General function of the space SOAR is to demonstrate aerodynamic object materials (specifically, materials which specularly reflect atomic oxygen in the free molecular flow environment), and aerodynamic attitude and orbit control. The payloads include an ion and neutral mass spectrometer to characterize the flow/atmospheric environment, and deployed steerable fins with different surface coatings to be used as aerodynamic surfaces", "Date of decay/re-entry/deorbit 14 March 2022 UTC", "Additional voluntary information for use in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Change of status in operations\n Date when the space object 14 March 2022 UTC was no longer functional", "OWLID000235", "Information provided in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Committee on Space Research 2021-060S international designator\n Name of the space object OWLID000235", "State of registry United Kingdom", "Registration document ST/SG/SER.E/1008", "National designator/registration 48983 number", "Date and territory or location 1 July 2021 at 1248 hours, 33 seconds of launch UTC; Vostochny, Russian Federation", "Basic orbital parameters", "Nodal period 109.4 minutes", "Inclination 87.9 degrees", "Apogee 1,197 kilometres", "Perigee 1,193 kilometres", "General function of the space Communications satellite object", "Date of decay/re-entry/deorbit 29 March 2022 at 2145 hours UTC", "Additional voluntary information for use in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Change of status in operations\n Date when the space object 29 March 2022 at 2145 hours UTC was no longer functional", "Date when the space object 29 March 2022 at 2145 hours UTC was moved to a disposal orbit", "Physical conditions when the The satellite was a few orbits from space object was moved to a re-entering the atmosphere disposal orbit", "Space object owner or operator Network Access Associates Limited", "Website www.oneweb.world/", "Launch vehicle Soyuz", "Other information Also known as SL0265", "[1] ¹ The data on the space objects referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 13 June 2022.", "[2] ^(*) The information was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101 and has been reformatted by the Secretariat." ]

[ "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团2022年5月18日致秘书长的普通照会", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团谨依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》（大会第3235 (XXIX)号决议，附件）第四条的规定，转交关于轨道空气动力学研究卫星的空间物体和OWLID000235 (2021-060S)卫星的空间物体使用末期的补充资料（见附件）。[1]", "附件", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以前登记的空间物体的补充资料[2]", "轨道空气动力学研究卫星（SOAR）", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》提供的资料", "空间研究委员会国际编号 1998-067SM\n空间物体名称 轨道空气动力学研究卫星（SOAR）\n登记国 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n登记文件\tST/SG/SER.E/1002\t\n发射日期和发射地区或地点 协调世界时2021年6月14日09时05分；从国际空间站进行的部署\n基本轨道参数 \n交点周期 92.7分钟\n倾角 51.62度\n远地点 422公里\n近地点 418公里\n空间物体的一般功用 SOAR旨在演示空气动力学材料（具体地说，即是在自由分子流环境中镜面反射原子氧的材料），以及空气动力学姿态和轨道控制。有效载荷包括一个离子和中性质谱仪，用于确定流动/大气环境的特点，并部署了拟用作空气动力学表面的具有不同表面涂层的可操纵翼片\n衰减/重返/脱离轨道日期\t协调世界时2022年3月14日", "自愿提供的用于《射入外层空间物体登记册》的补充资料", "运行状态的改变 \n 空间物体不再具有功能的日期 协调世界时2022年3月14日", "OWLID000235", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》提供的资料", "空间研究委员会国际编号 2021-060S\n空间物体名称 OWLID000235\n登记国 联合王国\n登记文件\tST/SG/SER.E/1008\t\n国家编号/登记号 48983\n发射日期和发射地区或地点 协调世界时2021年7月1日12时48分33秒；俄罗斯联邦东方航天发射场\n基本轨道参数 \n交点周期 109.4分钟\n倾角 87.9度\n远地点 1,197公里\n近地点 1,193公里\n空间物体的一般功用 通信卫星\n衰减/重返/脱离轨道日期\t协调世界时2022年3月29日21时45分", "自愿提供的用于《射入外层空间物体登记册》的补充资料", "运行状态的改变 \n 空间物体不再具有功能的日期 协调世界时2022年3月29日21时45分 \n 空间物体移至弃星轨道的日期 协调世界时2022年3月29日21时45分 \n空间物体移至弃星轨道时的物理状态\t这颗卫星距离重返大气层还相隔几个轨道\n空间物体所有人或运营人\tNetwork Access AssociatesLimited公司\n 网站 www.oneweb.world/ \n 运载火箭 联盟号 \n 其他资料 又称SL0265", "[1] ¹ 附件中提及的空间物体数据已于2022年6月13日登入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[2] ^(*) 本资料采用根据大会第62/101号决议制作的表格提交，秘书处对格式作了调整。" ]

[ "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "2022年5月18日大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团致秘书长的普通照会", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团谨依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》(大会第3235 (XXIX)号决议,附件)第四条的规定,转交关于空间物体轨道空气动力学研究卫星(SOAR)和OWLID000235(2021-060S)寿命终止的补充资料(见附件)。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "页:1", "关于大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以前登记的空间物体的补充资料[2]", "轨道空气动力学研究卫星(SOAR)", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》提供的资料", "空间研究委员会 1998-067SM 国际编号\n空间物体名称 轨道空气动力学研究卫星", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国", "登记文件 ST/SG/SER.E/1002号文件", "协调世界时2021年6月14日9时5分,国际空间站发射部署的日期和领土或地点", "基本轨道参数", "92.7分 交点周期", "倾角 51.62度", "远地点 422公里", "近地点418公里", "空间SOAR的一般功能是展示空气动力物体材料(具体指在自由分子流环境中光谱地反映原子氧的材料),以及空气动力姿态和轨道控制. 有效载荷包括一个电离和中性质谱仪,以描述流/大气环境,以及部署具有不同表面涂层并用作空气动力表面的可操纵鳍。", "世界协调时2022年3月14日", "自愿提供的用于《射入外层空间物体登记册》的补充资料", "行动状况的改变\n协调世界时2022年3月14日空间物体已失去功能的日期", "OWLID000235 (英语).", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》提供的资料", "空间研究委员会 2021-060S 国际编号\n空间物体名称 OWLID000235", "联合王国", "登记文件 ST/SG/SER.E/1008号文件", "国家编号/登记编号 48983", "协调世界时2021年7月1日12时48分33秒发射;俄罗斯联邦沃斯托克尼", "基本轨道参数", "109.4分 交点周期", "倾角87.9度", "远地点1,197公里", "1,193公里近地点", "空间通讯卫星物体的一般功用", "协调世界时2022年3月29日21时45分衰变/重返/离轨日期", "自愿提供的用于《射入外层空间物体登记册》的补充资料", "行动状况的改变\n空间物体于协调世界时2022年3月29日21时45分停止工作的日期", "空间物体于协调世界时2022年3月29日21时45分被移入弃星轨道的日期", "当卫星是空间物体的几条轨道时,物理条件被移入重返大气层处置轨道", "空间物体所有人或运营人网络接入联营有限公司", "网址:www.oneweb.world/", "运载火箭 联盟", "其他资料 也称为SL0265", "[1] 1 附件中提到的空间物体数据已于2022年6月13日输入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[2] ^(*) 资料是使用根据大会第62/101号决议编写的表格提交的,秘书处重新编排了表格。" ]

[ "[1]", "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 30 May 2022 from the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations (Vienna) has the honour to submit information concerning Canadian space objects (Kepler space objects), indicating the technical information required under the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), to which Canada is a State party. Furthermore, the list includes additional information on an object already entered in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space (LEO 1) (see annex).[2]", "Annex", "Registration information on space objects launched by Canada[3]", "[TABLE]", "[1] ^(*) Reissued for technical reasons on 16 August 2022.", "[2] ¹ The data on the space objects referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 13 June 2022.", "[3] ^(*) The information was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101 and has been reformatted by the Secretariat." ]

[ "和平利用外层空间委员会", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "加拿大常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团2022年5月30日致秘书长的普通照会", "加拿大常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团谨提交加拿大空间物体（Kepler空间物体）的有关资料，列明加拿大所加入作为缔约国的《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》（大会第3235 (XXIX)号决议，附件）所要求的技术信息。此外，列表还包括已登入《射入外层空间物体登记册》的物体（LEO 1）的补充信息（见附件）。[1]", "附件", "加拿大发射的空间物体登记资料*[2]", "[TABLE]", "[1] ^(*) 因技术原因于2022年8月16日重新印发。", "¹ 附件中提及的空间物体数据已于2022年6月13日登入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[2] ^(**) 本资料采用根据大会第62/101号决议制作的表格提交，秘书处对格式作了调整。" ]

[ "[1]", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "2022年5月30日加拿大常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团致秘书长的普通照会", "加拿大常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团谨提交关于加拿大空间物体(克普勒空间物体)的资料,说明加拿大所加入的《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》(大会第3235 (XXIX)号决议,附件)所要求的技术资料。 此外,该清单还载有已输入《射入外层空间物体登记册》(LEO 1)的物体的补充资料(见附件)。 [2]", "页:1", "加拿大发射的空间物体的登记资料[3]", "[表", "[1] ^(*) 由于技术原因于2022年8月16日重新发售.", "[2] 1 附件中提到的空间物体数据已于2022年6月13日输入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[3] ^(*) 资料是使用根据大会第62/101号决议编写的表格提交的,秘书处重新编排了表格。" ]

[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 15 June 2022 from the Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit information concerning a space object launched by Germany (see annex).[1]", "Annex", "Registration data on a space object launched by Germany[2]", "GMS-T", "Information provided in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Committee on Space Research 2021-004A international designator\n Name of space object GMS-T", "National D-R092 designator/registration number", "State of registry Germany", "Other launching States New Zealand and United States of America", "Date and territory or location 20 January 2021 at 0726 hours 0 seconds of launch UTC; Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1, Mahia, New Zealand", "Basic orbital parameters", "Nodal period 109.4 minutes", "Inclination 90.0 degrees", "Apogee 1 229 kilometres", "Perigee 1 198 kilometres", "General function of space The general function of the GMS-T object satellite is to bring into use the Ka- and Ku-band frequencies", "Additional voluntary information for use in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Space object owner oroperator\tOHB Cosmos International LaunchServices GmbH, Bremen, Germany\n Website www.ohb-cosmos.de/ \n Launch vehicle Electron Other information\tLaunch services provided by Rocket LabUSA; satellite manufacturing andtesting performed by OHB Sweden;operations performed by OHB Cosmos andOHB Sweden \n\tThe year in which the space object isexpected to no longer be functional is2023", "[1] ¹ The data on the space object referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 17 June 2022.", "[2] ^(*) The information was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101 and has been reformatted by the Secretariat." ]

[ "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "德国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团2022年6月15日致秘书长的普通照会", "德国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团谨依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》（大会第3235 (XXIX)号决议，附件）第四条的规定，转交德国发射的一个空间物体的有关资料（见附件）。[1]", "附件", "德国发射的空间物体的登记数据[2]", "GMS-T", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》提供的资料", "空间研究委员会国际编号 2021-004A \n 空间物体名称 GMS-T \n 国家编号/登记号 D-R092 \n 登记国 德国 \n 其他发射国 新西兰和美利坚合众国 发射日期和发射地区或地点 协调世界时2021年1月20日07时26分0秒； \n 新西兰马伊亚火箭实验室1号综合发射场 \n 基本轨道参数 \n 交点周期 109.4分钟 \n 倾角 90.0度 \n 远地点 1,229公里 \n 近地点 1,198公里 \n空间物体的一般功用\tGMS-T卫星的一般功用是将Ka和Ku波段频率投入使用", "自愿提供的用于《射入外层空间物体登记册》的补充资料", "空间物体所有人或运营人 德国不来梅OHB宇宙国际发射服务公司 \n 网站 www.ohb-cosmos.de/ \n 运载火箭 电子号 其他信息\t发射服务由美国火箭实验室提供；卫星制造和测试由OHB瑞典公司进行；运营由OHB宇宙公司和OHB瑞典公司进行 \n 该空间物体预期停止运行年为2023年", "[1] ¹ 附件中提及的空间物体数据已于2022年6月17日登入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[2] ^(*) 本资料采用根据大会第62/101号决议制作的表格提交，秘书处对格式作了调整。" ]

[ "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "2022年6月15日德国常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团致秘书长的普通照会", "德国常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团谨依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》(大会第3235 (XXIX)号决议,附件)第四条的规定,转交与德国所发射的空间物体有关的资料(见附件)。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "页:1", "德国发射的空间物体的登记数据[2]", "格林尼治平时", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》提供的资料", "空间研究委员会 2021-004A 国际编号\n空间物体名称: GMS-T", "国家D-R092编号/登记号", "登记国 德国", "新西兰和美利坚合众国", "2021年1月20日协调世界时7时26分0秒发射;", "基本轨道参数", "109.4分 交点周期", "倾角90.0度", "远地点 1,229公里", "近地点 1,198公里", "空间的一般功能 GMS-T天体卫星的一般功能是将Ka-和Ku-波段频率用于", "自愿提供的用于《射入外层空间物体登记册》的补充资料", "空间物体所有人操作员 OHB 宇宙国际发射服务股份有限公司,德国不来梅\n网址:www.ohb-cosmos.de/\n火箭实验室提供的其他信息发射服务;瑞典OHB进行的卫星制造和测试;瑞典OHB宇宙公司和OHB公司进行的行动\n空间物体预计不再起作用的年份是2023年", "[1] 1 附件中提到的空间物体数据已于2022年6月17日输入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[2] ^(*) 资料是使用根据大会第62/101号决议编写的表格提交的,秘书处重新编排了表格。" ]

[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 16 December 2021 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit additional information concerning the change of location of the space object HYLAS-1 (see annex).[1]", "Annex", "Additional information on a space object previously registered by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[2]", "HYLAS-1", "Information provided in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Committee on Space Researchinternational designator\t2010-065A\n Name of space object HYLAS-1 \nState of registry\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern IrelandRegistration documents\tST/SG/SER.E/618ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.1 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.2 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.3 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.4 ST/SG/SER.E/917 \n ST/SG/SER.E/984 \nDate and territory or locationof launch\t26 November 2010 at 1839 hoursUTC; Guiana Space Centre, Kourou,French Guiana\n Basic orbital parameters \n Nodal period 1,440 minutes \n Inclination 0.04 degrees \n Apogee 35,794 kilometres \n Perigee 35,779 kilometres \n General function of space object Communications satellite", "Additional voluntary information for use in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Basic orbital parameters \n Geostationary position 81 degrees West \nChange of position of thespace object\t\n Previous orbital position 117.5 degrees East \n New orbital position 81 degrees West \n Space object owner or operator Avanti Communications Group PLC \n Launch vehicle Ariane 5", "[1] The data on the space object referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 21 December 2021.", "[2] ^(*) The information was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101 and has been reformatted by the Secretariat." ]

[ "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团2021年12月16日致秘书长的普通照会", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团谨依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》（大会第3235 (XXIX)号决议，附件）第四条的规定，转交有关空间物体HYLAS-1位置变更的补充资料（见附件）。[1]", "附件", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以前登记的空间物体的补充资料[2]", "HYLAS-1", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》提供的资料", "空间研究委员会国际编号 2010-065A \n 空间物体名称 HYLAS-1 \n 登记国 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 登记文件\tST/SG/SER.E/618ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.1 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.2 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.3 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.4 ST/SG/SER.E/917 \n ST/SG/SER.E/984 \n发射日期和发射地区或地点\t协调世界时2010年11月26日18时39分；法属圭亚那库鲁的圭亚那航天中心\n 基本轨道参数 \n 交点周期 1,440分钟 \n 轨道倾角 0.04度 \n 远地点 35,794公里 \n 近地点 35,779公里 \n 空间物体的一般功用 通信卫星", "自愿提供的用于《射入外层空间物体登记册》的补充资料", "基本轨道参数 \n 对地静止位置 西经81度 \n 空间物体的位置变更 \n 原轨道位置 东经117.5度 \n 新轨道位置 西经81度 \n 空间物体所有人或运营人 Avanti通信集团股份有限公司 \n 运载火箭 阿丽亚娜5号", "[1] ¹ 附件中提及的空间物体数据已于2021年12月21日登入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[2] ^(*) 本资料采用根据大会第62/101号决议制作的表格提交，秘书处对格式作了调整。" ]

[ "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "2021年12月16日大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团致秘书长的普通照会", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团谨依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》(大会第3235 (XXIX)号决议,附件)第四条的规定,转交关于空间物体HYLAS-1所处位置变更的补充资料(见附件)。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "页:1", "关于大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以前登记的空间物体的补充资料[2]", "HYLAS-1号", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》提供的资料", "空间研究委员会 国际编号2010-065A\nHYLAS-1号空间物体名称\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国登记文件 ST/SG/SER.E/618ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.1 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.2 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.3 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.4 ST/SG/SER.E/917\nST/SG/SER.E/984 大会主席\n2010年11月26日18时39分UTC发射日期和领土或地点;圭亚那克鲁航天中心,法属圭亚那\n基本轨道参数\n交点周期 1,440分\n倾角0.04度\n远地点35,794公里\n近地点35,779公里\n空间物体的一般功用", "自愿提供的用于《射入外层空间物体登记册》的补充资料", "基本轨道参数\n81度对地静止位置 西部\n空间物体位置的改变\n前轨道位置 东经117.5度\n新轨道位置 81度 西部\nAvanti通信集团\nAriane 5号运载火箭", "[1] 附件中提到的空间物体数据已于2021年12月21日输入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[2] ^(*) 资料是使用根据大会第62/101号决议编写的表格提交的,秘书处重新编排了表格。" ]

[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 15 December 2021 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit additional information on the space object RemoveDebris (see annex).[1]", "Annex", "Additional information on a space object previously registered by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[2]", "RemoveDebris", "Information provided in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Committee on Space Researchinternational designator\t1998-067NT\n Name of space object RemoveDebris \nState of registry\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern Ireland\n Registration document ST/SG/SER.E/864 \nDate and territory or locationof launch\t20 June 2018 at 1135 hours 0seconds UTC; International SpaceStation (ISS)\n Basic orbital parameters \n Nodal period 92.6 minutes \n Inclination 51.64 degrees \n Apogee 404 kilometres \n Perigee 400 kilometres \n General function of space object Technology demonstration \n Date of decay/re-entry/deorbit 4 December 2021 at 0710 hours UTC", "Additional voluntary information for use in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Space object owner or operator Surrey Space Centre\n Launch vehicle Space deployment from ISS", "[1] ¹ The data on the space objects referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 21 December 2021.", "[2] ^(*) The information was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101 and has been reformatted by the Secretariat." ]

[ "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团2021年12月15日致秘书长的普通照会", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团谨依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》（大会第3235 (XXIX)号决议，附件）第四条的规定，转交关于空间物体RemoveDebris的补充资料（见附件）。[1]", "附件", "关于大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国先前登记的空间物体的补充资料[2]", "RemoveDebris", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》提供的资料", "空间研究委员会国际编号 1998-067NT\n 空间物体名称 RemoveDebris", "登记国 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国", "登记文件 ST/SG/SER.E/864", "发射日期和发射地区或地点 协调世界时2018年6月20日11时35分0秒；国际空间站", "基本轨道参数", "交点周期 92.6分钟", "倾角 51.64度", "远地点 404公里", "近地点 400公里", "空间物体的一般功用 技术演示", "衰减/重返/脱离轨道日期 协调世界时2021年12月4日7时10分", "自愿提供的用于《射入外层空间物体登记册》的补充资料", "空间物体所有人或运营人 萨里空间中心\n 运载火箭 国际空间站的空间部署", "[1] ¹ 附件中提及的空间物体数据已于2021年12月21日登入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[2] ^(*) 本资料采用根据大会第62/101号决议制作的表格提交，秘书处对格式作了调整。" ]

[ "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "2021年12月15日大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团致秘书长的普通照会", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团谨依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》(大会第3235 (XXIX)号决议,附件)第四条的规定,转交关于 \" 清除德布里斯 \" 空间物体的补充资料(见附件)。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "页:1", "关于大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以前登记的空间物体的补充资料[2]", "删除Debris", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》提供的资料", "空间研究委员会 国际编号 1998-067NT\n空间物体名称\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n登记文件ST/SG/SER.E/864\n2018年6月20日协调世界时11时35分0秒发射日期和领土或地点;国际空间站(ISS)\n基本轨道参数\n92.6分 交点周期\n倾角 51.64度\n远地点 404公里\n近地点400公里\n空间物体示范的一般功能\n2021年12月4日协调世界时7时10分衰变/重返/出轨日期", "自愿提供的用于《射入外层空间物体登记册》的补充资料", "空间物体所有人或运营人 萨里空间中心\n国际空间站的空间部署", "[1] 1 附件中提到的空间物体数据已于2021年12月21日输入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[2] ^(*) 资料是使用根据大会第62/101号决议编写的表格提交的,秘书处重新编排了表格。" ]

[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 1 April 2022 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna) has the honour to confirm that the space object AMC-18 should be held on the national registry of the United States of America and therefore has been moved to the United Kingdom Supplementary Registry of Outer Space Objects (see annex).[1]", "Annex", "Additional information on a space object previously registered by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[2]", "AMC-18", "Information provided in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Committee on Space Research 2006-054B international designator\n Name of space object AMC-18", "State of registry United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "Registration documents ST/SG/SER.E/554", "Date and territory or location of 8 December 2006 at 0500 hours UTC; launch French Guiana", "Basic orbital parameters", "Nodal period 1,436 minutes", "Inclination 1.8 degrees", "Apogee 35,796 kilometres", "Perigee 35,774 kilometres", "General function of space object Communications satellite", "Additional voluntary information for use in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Geostationary position 83 degrees West \nOther information\tThe United Kingdom confirms thatthe space object SES AMC-18 hasbeen moved from the UnitedKingdom’s national registry tothe United Kingdom SupplementaryRegistry of Outer Space Objects", "[1] The data on the space object referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 11 April 2022.", "[2] ^(*) The information was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101 and has been reformatted by the Secretariat." ]

[ "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团2022年4月1日致秘书长的普通照会", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团谨此确认，AMC-18号空间物体应列入美利坚合众国国家登记册，因此现已移至英国外层空间物体补充登记册（见附件）。[1]", "附件", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国先前登记的空间物体的补充资料[2]", "AMC-18", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》提供的资料", "空间研究委员会国际编号 2006-054B\n 空间物体名称 AMC-18", "登记国 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国", "登记文件 ST/SG/SER.E/554", "发射日期和发射地区或地点 协调世界时2006年12月8日05时00分；法属圭亚那", "基本轨道参数", "交点周期 1,436分钟", "倾角 1.8度", "远地点 35,796公里", "近地点 35,774公里", "空间物体的一般功用 通信卫星", "自愿提供的用于《射入外层空间物体登记册》的补充资料", "对地静止位置 西经83度 \n其他资料\t英国确认，空间物体SES AMC18现已从英国国家登记册移至英国外层空间物体补充登记册", "[1] 附件中提及的空间物体数据已于2022年4月11日登入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[2] ^(*) 本资料采用根据大会第62/101号决议制作的表格提交，秘书处对格式作了调整。" ]

[ "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团2022年4月1日致秘书长的普通照会", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团谨确认,空间物体AMC-18应在美利坚合众国国家登记册上保存,因此已移至联合王国空间物体补充登记册(见附件)。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "页:1", "关于大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以前登记的空间物体的补充资料[2]", "AMC-18 (英语).", "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》提供的资料", "空间研究委员会 2006-054B 国际编号\nAMC-18空间物体名称", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国", "登记文件 报告", "协调世界时2006年12月8日5时,日期和领土或地点;", "基本轨道参数", "交点周期 1,436分", "倾角1.8度", "35,796公里远地点", "35,774公里近地点", "空间物体的一般功用", "自愿提供的用于《射入外层空间物体登记册》的补充资料", "83度对地静止位置 西部\n其他资料 联合王国证实,该空间物体SES AMC-18已从联合王国王国的国家登记册转到联合王国的空间物体补充登记册。", "[1] 附件中提到的空间物体数据已于2022年4月11日输入射入外层空间物体登记册。", "[2] ^(*) 资料是使用根据大会第62/101号决议编写的表格提交的,秘书处重新编排了表格。" ]

[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 11 April 2022 from the Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit herewith information concerning objects launched into outer space from New Zealand during the period from 1 June 2021 to 31 March 2022 (see annex).[1]", "Annex", "Information on space objects launched by New Zealand, including from New Zealand territory, as well as from outside New Zealand territory on the basis of overseas payload permits authorized by New Zealand[2]", "I. Objects registered by New Zealand", "A. Objects launched by New Zealand during the period from 1 June 2021 to 31 March 2022", "International National Name Date and Other Basic General Additional designator designator time launching orbital function voluntary of the States parameters of the information launch space (New object Zealand time)\n Nodal period Inclination Apogee Perigee Payload owner Launch Website (minutes) (degrees) (km) (km) or operator vehicle", "2022-020B NZ-2022-02 Electron 1 March United 94.92 97.09 555 475 Rocket Rocket Lab Electron www.rocketlabusa.com Kick Stage 2022, States of body USA Rocket 0937 America Body hours", "2022-020C NZ-2022-03 Electron 1 March United 87.78 97.70 192 137 Rocket Rocket Lab Electron www.rocketlabusa.com Rocket 2022, States body USA Body 0937 hours", "B. Objects launched outside New Zealand territory, on the basis of overseas payload permits authorized by New Zealand, during the period from 1 June 2021 to 31 March 2022", "International National Name Date of State of Other Basic General function Additional designator designator the registry launching orbital of the space voluntary launch States parameters object information (UTC)\n Nodal period Inclination Apogee Perigee (km) Payload owner Launch Website (minutes) (degrees) (km) or operator vehicle", "2021-059L NZ-2022-04 SpaceBEENZ-7 30 June New United 95.04 97.54 526 514 Communications Swarm Falcon 9 - 2021 Zealand States and Internet of Technologies v.1.2 Things (IoT) Inc. (Swarm NZ (Block 5) Limited)", "2021-059N NZ-2022-05 SpaceBEENZ-8 30 June New United 95.04 97.54 526 514 Communications Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - 2021 Zealand States and IoT Limited v.1.2 (Block 5)", "2021-059J NZ-2022-06 SpaceBEENZ-9 30 June New United 95.05 97.54 526 515 Communications Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - 2021 Zealand States and IoT Limited v.1.2 (Block 5)", "2021-059D NZ-2022-07 SpaceBEENZ-10 30 June New United 95.05 97.54 526 515 Communications Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - 2021 Zealand States and IoT Limited v.1.2 (Block 5)", "2022-026M NZ-2022-08 SpaceBEENZ-11 15 March New United 95.12 97.5 544 505 Communications Swarm NZ Astra - 2022 Zealand States and IoT Limited Rocket 3.3", "Note: SpaceBEENZ-7 to 11 were launched outside of New Zealand territory on the basis of overseas payload permits authorized by New Zealand. New Zealand is registering these satellites because the payload permit holders are New Zealand entities.", "C. Objects no longer in orbit", "International National Name Date and General Date of designator designator time function of re-entry of the the space (UTC) launch object (New Zealand time)\n 2021-106C NZ-2021-16 Electron 18 November Debris – 12 March debris – 2021, 1438 payload 2022 payload hours adapter adapter", "2021-120C NZ-2021-25 Electron 9 December Debris – 21 March debris – 2021, 1302 payload 2022 payload hours adapter adapter", "2022-020C NZ-2022-03 Electron 1 March Rocket body 15 March Rocket Body 2022, 0937 2022 hours", "D. Objects identified in a previous report that remain in orbit but are no longer operational", "International National Name Date of the General Date when space designator designator launch function object was no (UTC) of the longer functional space (UTC) object", "None", "E. Objects identified in a previous report that have been moved to a disposal orbit", "International National Name Date of General Geostationary Date when Physical conditions when designator designator the function position space space object was moved to launch of the (degrees East) object was a disposal orbit (change (UTC) space moved to a in orbit, passivation and object disposal other measures orbit recommended in space debris mitigation guidelines)", "None", "F. Objects the registration or ownership of which has been transferred from New Zealand to another country", "International National Name Date of Identity Identity Previous New Change of designator designator change in of the new of the orbital orbital function supervision owner or previous position position of (UTC) operator owner or the space operator object", "None", "G. Objects the registration or ownership of which has been transferred to New Zealand", "International National Name Date of Identity Identity Previous New Change of designator designator change in of the new of the orbital orbital function supervision owner or previous position position of (UTC) operator owner or the space operator object", "None", "H. Objects the registration or ownership of which has been transferred from one country to another, excluding New Zealand", "International National Name Date of Identity Identity Previous New Change of designator designator change in of the new of the orbital orbital function supervision owner or previous position position of (UTC) operator owner or the space operator object", "None", "II. Revisions to previously reported information", "No revisions.", "III. Notification of space objects launched from New Zealand in March 2022", "The following space objects are not registered by New Zealand.", "Objects launched by New Zealand", "International National Name Date and Other Basic General Additional designator designator time of launching orbital function voluntary the States parameters of the information launch space (New object Zealand time)\n Nodal period Inclination Apogee Perigee Payload owner Launch Website (minutes) (degrees) (km) (km) or operator vehicle", "2022-020A NZ-2022-01 StriX-Beta 1 March Japan 95.93 97.78 572 554 Remote Synspective Electron www.synspective.com 2022, sensing Inc. 0937 hours", "Note: Orbital parameters identified as at 1 April 2022 (source: www.space-track.org).", "IV. Objects launched by New Zealand that are no longer in orbit", "The following space objects are not registered by New Zealand.", "International National Name Date and Other General function Date of designator designator time of launching of the space re-entry the States object (UTC) launch", "2018-010A NZ-2018-006 Dove Pioneer 21 United Remote sensing 22 January States September 2018, 2019 0143 hours (UTC)", "2019-037F NZ-2019-016 SpaceBEE-9 29 June United Technology 16 December 2019, States demonstration 2021 1630 and hours communications (New Zealand time)", "Note: Orbital parameters identified as at 1 April 2022 (source: www.space-track.org).", "[1] ¹ The data on space objects referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 4 May 2022.", "[2] ^(*) The data are reproduced in the form in which they were received.", "^(**) As identified on www.space-track.org." ]

[ "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "新西兰常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团2022年4月11日致秘书长的普通照会", "新西兰常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团谨依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》（大会第3235 (XXIX)号决议，附件）第四条的规定，转交新西兰2021年6月1日至2022年3月31日期间发射进入外层空间的物体的有关资料（见附件）。[1]", "附件", "关于新西兰发射的空间物体的资料，包括从新西兰领土发射的以及根据新西兰核准的海外有效载荷许可证 从新西兰领土之外发射的空间物体的资料[2]^(,*)^(*)", "一. 新西兰登记的物体", "A. 2021年6月1日至2022年3月31日期间新西兰发射的物体", "国际编号 国家编号 名称 发射日期和时间（新西兰时间) 其他 基本轨道参数 空间物体的 自愿补充资料 发射国 一般功用\n 交点周期（分钟） 倾角（度） 远地点（公里） 近地点（公里） 有效载荷的所有人或 运载 网站 运营人 火箭", "2022-020B NZ-2022-02 电子号补充加速级火箭体 2022年3月1日09时37分 美利坚 94.92 97.09 555 475 火箭体 美国火箭实验室公司 电子号 www.rocketlabusa.com 合众国", "2022-020C NZ-2022-03 电子号火箭体 2022年3月1日09时37分 美国 87.78 97.70 192 137 火箭体 美国火箭实验室公司 电子号 www.rocketlabusa.com", "B. 2021年6月1日至2022年3月31日期间根据新西兰核准的海外有效载荷许可证在新西兰领土之外发射的物体", "国际编号 国家编号 名称 发射日期 登记国 其他 基本轨道参数 空间物体的 自愿补充资料 （协调世界时） 发射国 一般功用\n 交点周期（分钟） 倾角（度） 远地点（公里） 近地点（公里） 有效载荷的 运载火箭 网站 所有人或运营人", "2021-059L NZ-2022-04 SpaceBEENZ-7 2021年6月30日 新西兰 美国 95.04 97.54 526 514 通信和物联网 Swarm 猎鹰9号v.1.2 - Technologies公司 (Block 5) （Swarm NZ有限公司)", "2021-059N NZ-2022-05 SpaceBEENZ-8 2021年6月30日 新西兰 美国 95.04 97.54 526 514 通信和物联网 Swarm NZ有限 猎鹰9号v.1.2 - 公司 (Block 5)", "2021-059J NZ-2022-06 SpaceBEENZ-9 2021年6月30日 新西兰 美国 95.05 97.54 526 515 通信和物联网 Swarm NZ有限 猎鹰9号v.1.2 - 公司 (Block 5)", "2021-059D NZ-2022-07 SpaceBEENZ-10 2021年6月30日 新西兰 美国 95.05 97.54 526 515 通信和物联网 Swarm NZ有限 猎鹰9号v.1.2 - 公司 (Block 5)", "2022-026M NZ-2022-08 SpaceBEENZ-11 2022年3月15日 新西兰 美国 95.12 97.5 544 505 通信和物联网 Swarm NZ有限 阿斯特拉火箭3.3 - 公司", "注：SpaceBEENZ-7至11是根据新西兰核准的海外有效载荷许可证在新西兰领土之外发射的。新西兰正在对这些卫星进行登记，因为有效载荷许可证持有者是新西兰实体。", "C. 已不在轨道上的物体", "国际编号 国家编号 名称 发射日期和时间 空间物体的一般功用 重返大气层日期（协调世界时） （新西兰时间)\n 2021-106C NZ-2021-16 电子号碎片―有效载荷适配器 2021年11月18日14时38分 碎片―有效载荷适配器 2022年3月12日", "2021-120C NZ-2021-25 电子号碎片―有效载荷适配器 2021年12月9日13时02分 碎片―有效载荷适配器 2022年3月21日", "2022-020C NZ-2022-03 电子号火箭体 2022年3月1日09时37分 火箭体 2022年3月15日", "D. 以往报告中发现的、现留在轨道上但不再运行的物体", "国际编号 国家编号 名称 发射日期 空间物体的 空间物体丧失功用的日期（协调世界时） （协调世界时） 一般功用", "无", "E. 以往报告中发现的、现已移至弃星轨道的物体", "国际编号 国家编号 名称 发射日期 空间物体的 对地静止位置 空间物体移至 空间物体移至弃星轨道（改变轨道、消能和实行 （协调世界时） 一般功用 （东经，度） 弃星轨道的日期 《空间碎片减缓准则》建议的其他措施）时的物理状况", "无", "F. 注册或所有权已从新西兰转移到另一国的物体", "国际编号 国家编号 名称 监管权变更日期（协调世界时） 新的所有人或 原所有人或 原轨道位置 新轨道位置 空间物体 运营人身份 运营人身份 功用的变更", "无", "G. 注册或所有权已转至新西兰的物体", "国际编号 国家编号 名称 监管权变更日期（协调世界时） 新的所有人或 原所有人或 原轨道位置 新轨道位置 空间物体 运营人身份 运营人身份 功用的变更", "无", "H. 注册或所有权已从一国转移到另一国的物体，但不包括新西兰", "国际编号 国家编号 名称 监管权变更日期（协调世界时） 新的所有人或 原所有人或 原轨道位置 新轨道位置 空间物体 运营人身份 运营人身份 功用的变更", "无", "二. 对以往报告的信息的修订", "无修订。", "三. 关于2022年3月从新西兰发射的空间物体的通知", "下列空间物体未由新西兰进行登记。", "新西兰发射的物体", "国际编号 国家编号 名称 发射日期和时间 其他发射国 基本轨道参数 空间物体的 自愿补充资料 （新西兰时间) 一般功用\n 交点周期 倾角（度） 远地点 近地点（公里） 有效载荷的 运载火箭 网站 （分钟） （公里） 所有人或运营人", "2022-020A NZ-2022-01 StriX-Beta 2022年3月1日09时37分 日本 95.93 97.78 572 554 遥感 Synspective公司 电子号 www.synspective.com", "注：截至2022年4月1日确定的轨道参数（资料来源：www.space-track.org）。", "四. 新西兰发射的在轨道上不复存在的物体", "下列空间物体未由新西兰进行登记。", "国际编号 国家编号 名称 发射日期和时间 其他发射国 空间物体的一般功用 重返大气层日期 （协调世界时）", "2018-010A NZ-2018-006 Dove Pioneer 2018年1月21日01时43分（协调世界时） 美国 遥感 2019年9月22日", "2019-037F NZ-2019-016 SpaceBEE-9 2019年6月29日16时30分（新西兰时间） 美国 技术示范和通信 2021年12月16日", "注：截至2022年4月1日确定的轨道参数（资料来源：www.space-track.org）。", "[1] ¹ 附件中提及的空间物体数据已于2022年5月4日登入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[2] ^(*) 数据按收到时的原样转载。", "^(**) 如www.space-track.org上所述。" ]

[ "依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料", "2022年4月11日新西兰常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团致秘书长的普通照会", "新西兰常驻联合国(维也纳)代表团谨依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》(大会第3235 (XXIX)号决议,附件)第四条的规定,转交关于2021年6月1日至2022年3月31日期间从新西兰射入外层空间的物体的资料(见附件)。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "页:1", "新西兰发射的空间物体,包括从新西兰领土发射的空间物体,以及根据新西兰批准的海外有效载荷许可证从新西兰领土外发射的空间物体的资料[2]", "我当然知道 I. 新西兰登记的物体", "A类. 2021年6月1日至2022年3月31日期间新西兰发射的物体", "信息发射空间国家参数自愿发射轨道功能的补充代号(新西兰时间)\n发射网站(分钟)(度)(公里)(公里)或运营车辆", "2022-020B NZ-2022-02 电能 1 March 联合 94.92 97.09 555 475 火箭火箭实验室电能 www.rocketlabusa.com 2022年阶段,美国火箭", "2022-020C NZ-2022-03 电能 1 March 联合 87.78 97.70 192 137 火箭火箭实验室电能 www.rocketlabusa.com 20时22分,美国国家机构", "B. 2021年6月1日至2022年3月31日期间根据新西兰批准的海外有效载荷许可证在新西兰境外发射的物体", "国际国家名称 其他基本一般功能状态日期 其他编号 空间自愿发射国参数信息(UTC)\n发射网站(分钟)(分)(公里)或运营车辆", "2021-059L 新西兰-2022-04 SpaceBEENZ-7 6月30日 新联合 95.04 97.54 526 514 通讯 Swarm Falcon 9 - 2021 新西兰国家和技术互联网 v.1.2 Things (Iot) Inc.(Swarm NZ (Block 5) Limited)", "2021-059N 新西兰 2022-05 SpaceBEENZ-8 6月30日 新联合 95.04 97.54 526 514 通信 Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - 2021 新西兰国家与IoT有限公司诉1.2 (Block 5)", "2021-059J 新西兰-2022-06 SpaceBEENZ-9 6月30日 新联合 95.05 97.54 526 515 通信 Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - 2021 新西兰国家与IoT有限公司诉1.2 (Block 5)", "2021-059 D NZ-2022-07 SpaceBEENZ-10 6月30日 新联合 95.05 97.54 526 515 通信 Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - 2021 新西兰国家及IoT有限公司诉1.2 (Block 5)", "2022-026M 新西兰-2022-08 新联合公司 95.12 97.5 544 505 通信 Swarm NZ Astra - 2022 新西兰国家和IoT火箭有限公司 3.3", "注:SpaceBEENZ-7至11是根据新西兰批准的海外有效载荷许可证在新西兰领土外发射的。 新西兰正在登记这些卫星,因为有效载荷许可证持有人是新西兰的实体。", "C. 已不在轨道上的物体", "空间(UTC)空间物体再入时的代号时间功能(新西兰时间)\n2021-106C NZ-2021-16 电子 11月18日 碎片 — 3月12日 碎片 — 2021, 1438有效载荷 2022有效载荷小时 适配器", "2021-120C NZ-2021-25 电能 12月9日 碎片 - 21 三月碎片 - 2021年,1302有效载荷 2022有效载荷小时适配器", "2022-020C NZ-2022-03 电能 1 三一火箭体 15 三一火箭体 2022,0937 2022小时", "D. 上次报告所查明的仍在轨道上但已停止使用的物体", "国际国家名称 总称日期 空间代号 发射功能物体不是函数较长的空间(UTC)物体的日期", "无", "页:1 上次报告所查明已移至弃星轨道的物体", "地球静止学国际名称 将空间物体移入(东度)物体发射的物体是弃星轨道(改变(UTC)空间移入轨道、钝化和物体处置的物理条件 空间碎片缓减准则所推荐的其他措施轨道)的日期", "无", "费. 登记或所有权已由新西兰转让给另一国的物体", "轨道轨道功能监督所有人或(UTC)运营人或空间运营人物体的上个位置的新变化", "无", " G. 登记或所有权已转让给新西兰的物体", "轨道轨道功能监督所有人或(UTC)运营人或空间运营人物体的上个位置的新变化", "无", " H. 登记或所有权从一国转让到另一国(新西兰除外)的物体", "轨道轨道功能监督所有人或(UTC)运营人或空间运营人物体的上个位置的新变化", "无", "二. 对以往报告资料的修订", "无订正。", "三. 关于2022年3月从新西兰发射的空间物体的通知", "下列空间物体未经新西兰登记。", "新西兰发射的物体", "国际国家名称日期和其他基本一般编号 发射轨道功能的补充代号 自愿选择信息发射空间的国家参数(新西兰时间)\n发射网站(分钟)(度)(公里)(公里)或运营车辆", "2022-020A NZ-2022-01 StriX-Beta 1 March Japan 95.93 97.78 572 554 远程同步电能 www.synspective.com 2022,感应股份有限公司 9时37分", "注:2022年4月1日确定的轨道参数(出自:www.space-track.org).", "四、结 论 新西兰发射的已不在轨道上的物体", "下列空间物体未经新西兰登记。", "国家物体(UTC)发射时的编号时间", "2018-010A NZ-2018-006 鸽子先锋21号 联合遥感 2018年1月22日 2019年9月1时43分 (UTC)", "2019-037F NZ-2019-016 (英语). SpaceBEE-9 6月29日 联合技术(United Technology) 2019年12月16日 美国演示 2021 1630和小时通信(新西兰时间)", "注:2022年4月1日确定的轨道参数(出自:www.space-track.org).", "[1] 1 附件中提到的空间物体数据已于2022年5月4日输入《射入外层空间物体登记册》。", "[2] ^(*) 数据按收到时的原样转载。", "^(**) 载于www.space-track.org。" ]

[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Agenda item 4 \nReport of the Programme andBudget Committee", "Report of the Programme and Budget Committee on the work of its thirty-eighth session (21–22 June 2022)", "Contents", "Paragraphs\tPage\t\nIntroduction 1–8 2I.Organizational 9–10 3 and procedural \nmatters II. Annual 11–12 3 Report of the Director General for 2021 (item 3) and Managing for results: Update on the implementation of the medium-term programme framework, 2022–2025 (item 3 \n (a)) III.UNIDO’s 13–14 3 response to the COVID-19 pandemic \n(item12) IV. Financial 15–16 3 situation of UNIDO, including unutilized balances of appropriations \n(item 5) V.Report 17–18 4 by the informal working group on Programme and Budget Committee-related issues \n(item 6) VI.Mobilization 19–20 4 of financial resources \n(item 7) VII. Report 21–22 5 of the External Auditor for 2021 \n(item 4) VIII.General 23–24 5 risk management \n(item 8) IX.Updated 25–26 5 medium-term investment proposals \n(item 9) X. Third 27–28 5 Industrial Development Decade for Africa (IDDAIII) \n(item10) XI. United 29–30 5 Nations development system reform \n(item11) XII.Date 31–32 6 of the thirty-ninth session \n(item13) XIII.Adoption 33–34 6 of the report (item14) and closure of the thirty-eighth \nsession \nAnnex Listofdocumentssubmittedto 7 thethirty-eighth \nsession", "Introduction", "1. The Programme and Budget Committee held its thirty-eighth session at UNIDO headquarters, Vienna International Centre, on 21 and 22 June 2022. The Committee was held in a hybrid format involving in-person and virtual participation. All 26 Members[1] of the Committee participated in the session: Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Burkina Faso, China, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Japan, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, Spain, Tunisia, Türkiye and Uruguay.", "2. The following 64 Members of UNIDO also attended the session: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czechia, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mongolia, Montenegro, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, State of Palestine, Panama, Peru, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam and Yemen.", "3. The following organizations were represented: Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), European Union (EU), GCC Standardization Organisation (GSO), Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), International Coconut Community (ICC) and the League of Arab States (LAS).", "4. In accordance with rule 17 of its rules of procedure, the Committee elected by acclamation H.E. Mr. Alessandro Cortese (Italy) as Chair; H.E. Mr. Aftab Ahmad Khokher (Pakistan), Mr. Hazem Zaki (Egypt), and Ms. Andrea Nemes (Hungary) as Vice-Chairs; and Ms. Maria Elizabeth Bogosián Álvarez (Uruguay) as Rapporteur.", "5. The agenda for the thirty-eighth session as adopted by the Committee is contained in document PBC.38/1/Rev.1. Following the adoption of the agenda and the approval of a schedule of work proposed by the Chair, the Director General made an introductory statement that was duly taken into account by the Committee in the consideration of the relevant agenda items.", "6. The report of the Programme and Budget Committee is submitted to the Industrial Development Board in accordance with Article 10.4 (d) of the Constitution.", "7. The report contains the conclusions reached by the Committee. The annex to the present report contains a list of documents submitted to the Committee at its current session.", "8. The following conclusions of the Committee contain recommendations that call for action by the Board at its fiftieth session or are of relevance to the work of that session:", "Conclusion Subject Page", "2022/2 Financial situation of UNIDO 4", "2022/3 Mobilization of financial resources 4", "2022/4 Date of the thirty-ninth session 6", "I. Organizational and procedural matters", "9. On 21 June, the Committee considered a proposal by the Chair to optimize the utilization of available conference-servicing resources and adopted the following conclusion, waiving its twenty-four hour notice period for the suspension of rules:", "Conclusion 2022/1 Utilization of available conference-servicing resources", "The Committee, with the aim of utilizing the available conference-servicing resources to the maximum extent possible, decided to suspend with immediate effect rule 24 of its rules of procedure relating to the quorum, for the meetings of its thirty-eighth session only, provided no substantive decisions were taken at those meetings.", "10. The Committee decided to set up informal, in-session consultations with the aim of facilitating the drafting of conclusions and entrusted the Vice-Chairs Mr. Hazem Zaki (Egypt) and Ms. Andrea Nemes (Hungary) to chair those consultations. The Committee furthermore set the deadline for the receipt of draft conclusions at 4.15 p.m. on 21 June 2022, and decided to close the list of speakers at 10 a.m. on 22 June 2022.", "II. Annual Report of the Director General for 2021 (item 3), and Managing for results: Update on the implementation of the medium-term programme framework, 2022–2025 (item 3 (a))", "11. On 21 June, the Committee considered the Annual Report of UNIDO 2021 (PBC.38/2), a report by the Director General on Managing for Results: Update on the implementation of the medium-term programme framework, 2022–2025, and an update thereto (PBC.38/5 and CRP.5).", "12. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director General on item 3 and 3(a).", "III. UNIDO’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic (item 12)", "13. On 21 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director General on UNIDO’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic (PBC.38/12).", "14. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director General on item 12.", "IV. Financial situation of UNIDO, including unutilized balances of appropriations (item 5)", "15. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director General on the financial situation of UNIDO (PBC.38/4) and a note by the Secretariat on the status of assessed contributions (PBC.36/CRP.4).", "16. On 22 June, after consideration of a draft conclusion on the financial situation of UNIDO, submitted by the Chair (PBC.38/L.2), the Committee adopted the following conclusion:", "Conclusion 2022/2", "The Programme and Budget Committee recommended to the Industrial Development Board the adoption of the following draft decision:", "“The Industrial Development Board:", "(a) Takes note of the information contained in document IDB.50/4-PBC.38/4;", "(b) Urges those Member States and former Member States that have not yet paid their assessed contributions, including advances to the Working Capital Fund and prior years’ arrears, to do so without delay;", "(c) Requests the Director General to pursue his efforts and contacts with Member States and former Member States to effect the collection of arrears.”", "V. Report by the informal working group on Programme and Budget Committee-related issues (item 6)", "17. On 22 June, the Committee considered the report by the Co-Chairs of the informal working group on Programme and Budget Committee-related issues and an update thereto (PBC.38/6 and CRP.6).", "18. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Co-Chairs on item 6.", "VI. Mobilization of financial resources (item 7)", "19. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director General on the mobilization of financial resources (PBC.38/7/Rev.1); chapter 8 of the Annual Report of UNIDO 2021 on funding performance (PBC.38/2); and a note by the Secretariat on projects approved under the Industrial Development Fund, thematic and individual trust funds, and other voluntary contributions in 2021 (PBC.38/CRP.7).", "20. On 22 June, after consideration of a draft conclusion on the mobilization of financial resources, submitted by the Chair (PBC.38/L.3), the Committee adopted the following conclusion:", "Conclusion 2022/3", "The Programme and Budget Committee recommended to the Industrial Development Board the adoption of the following draft decision:", "“The Industrial Development Board:", "(a) Takes note of the information contained in document IDB.50/7/Rev.1-PBC.38/7/Rev.1;", "(b) Decides to delegate to the Director General the authority to approve in an equitable and transparent manner projects for financing, previously prepared and agreed by the UNIDO Secretariat and the concerned parties and donors, under the Industrial Development Fund in 2022 and 2023 in accordance with the priorities defined in the medium-term programme framework 2022–2025 (IDB.49/8-PBC.37/8);", "(c) Encourages Member States and other funding partners to increase their voluntary contributions to UNIDO, including for the Partnership Trust Fund as well as the Special Account of Voluntary Contributions for Core Activities (SAVCCA) and the Major Capital Investment Fund (MCIF);", "(d) Also encourages all funding partners to consider contributing programmable funds, specifically to enable UNIDO to respond rapidly to requests for assistance and develop and implement its programmatic activities in a prompt and coordinated manner;", "(e) Requests Member States to consider contributing to UNIDO to enable the Organization to work with funding sources requiring co-funding, either through contributing to the dedicated trust funds or by special purpose funding at country or global level;", "(f) Encourages governments of recipient countries to play an active role in sharing with UNIDO the responsibility for mobilizing funds for jointly agreed priority activities, and specifically to take the lead in identifying and accessing funds available at the country level, including local cost-sharing opportunities, and funds from bilateral funding partners, multi-donor trust funds, the World Bank as well as other development finance institutions;", "(g) Strongly recommends that Member States cooperate with and support the Organization in its efforts to develop and promote its programmes and initiatives in the international development context, and especially through international conferences and other forms of dialogue, in order to ensure that these initiatives are well known, their relevance for international development targets are recognized, and resources are made available.”", "VII. Report of the External Auditor for 2021 (item 4)", "21. On 22 June, the Committee considered the report of the External Auditor on the accounts of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization for the financial year 1 January to 31 December 2021 (PBC.38/3); a note by the Secretariat containing the annexes to the report of the External Auditor on the accounts of UNIDO for the financial year 1 January to 31 December 2021 (unaudited) (PBC.38/CRP.2); and a note by the UNIDO Independent Oversight Advisory Committee, providing comments on the report of the External Auditor (PBC.38/CRP.3).", "22. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided on item 4.", "VIII. General risk management (item 8)", "23. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director General on general risk management (PBC.38/8).", "24. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director General on item 8.", "IX. Updated medium-term investment proposals (item 9)", "25. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director General on the medium-term investment proposals, 2022-2025 (PBC.38/9).", "26. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director General on item 9.", "X. Third Industrial Development Decade for Africa (IDDA III) (item 10)", "27. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director General on the Third Industrial Development Decade for Africa (IDDA III) (PBC.38/10).", "28. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director General on item 10.", "XI. United Nations development system reform (item 11)", "29. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director General on the United Nations development system reform (PBC.38/11).", "30. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director General on item 11.", "XII. Date of the thirty-ninth session (item 13)", "31. On 22 June, the Committee took note of the entry contained in the annotated agenda (PBC.38/1/Add.1) on the dates reserved for the policymaking organs of UNIDO in 2022 and 2023.", "32. On 22 June, after consideration of a draft conclusion on the date of the thirty-ninth session, submitted by the Chair (PBC.38/L.4), the Committee adopted the following conclusion:", "Conclusion 2022/4", "The Programme and Budget Committee decided to hold its thirty-ninth session from 15 to 17 May 2023.", "XIII. Adoption of the report (item 14) and closure of the thirty-eighth session", "33. On 22 June, the Committee adopted the English language report on the work of its thirty-eighth session (PBC.38/L.1) on the understanding that the Rapporteur would be entrusted with the task of finalizing the language versions of the report in consultation with the designated representatives.", "34. The Committee closed its thirty-eighth session in the afternoon of 22 June 2022.", "Annex", "List of documents submitted to the thirty-eighth session", "Agenda item Symbol Title\n 1 Election of - - officers", "2 Adoption of the PBC.38/1 Provisional agenda agenda", "PBC.38/1/Add.1 Annotated provisional agenda", "PBC.38/CRP.1 List of documents", "3 Annual Report of PBC.38/2 Annual Report of UNIDO 2021 the Director IDB.50/2 General for 2021", "3 (a) Managing for PBC.38/5 Managing for Results: Update on results: Update on IDB.50/5 the implementation of the the implementation medium-term programme framework, of the medium-term 2022–2025. Report by the programme Director General framework, 2022–2025", "PBC.38/CRP.5 UPDATE – Managing for Results: Update on the implementation of the medium-term programme framework, 2022–2025. Report by the Director General", "4 Report of the PBC.38/3 Report of the External Auditor External Auditor IDB.50/3 on the accounts of UNIDO for the for 2021 financial year 1 January to 31 December 2021", "PBC.38/CRP.2 Annexes to the report of the External Auditor on the accounts of UNIDO for the financial year 1 January to 31 December 2021 (unaudited).", "PBC.38/CRP.3 Comments on the Report of the External Auditor. Note by the UNIDO Independent Oversight Advisory Committee", "5 Financial situation PBC.38/4 Financial situation of UNIDO. of UNIDO, including IDB.50/4 Report by the Director General unutilized balances of appropriations", "PBC.38/CRP.4 Status of assessed contributions. Note by the Secretariat", "6 Report by the PBC.38/6 Report by the informal working informal working IDB.50/6 group on Programme and Budget group on Programme Committee-related issues. Report and Budget by the Co-Chairs Committee-related issues", "PBC.38/CRP.6 Update on the report by the informal working group on Programme and Budget Committee-related issues. Report by the Co-Chairs", "7 Mobilization of PBC.38/7/Rev.1 Mobilization of financial financial resources IDB.50/7/Rev.1 resources. Report by the Director General", "PBC.38/2, Funding performance. Annual chapter 8 Report of UNIDO 2021 IDB.50/2, chapter 8", "PBC.38/CRP.7 Projects approved under the Industrial Development Fund, thematic and individual trust funds, and other voluntary contributions in 2021", "8 General risk PBC.38/8 General risk management. Report management IDB.50/8 by the Director General", "9 Updated medium-term PBC.38/9 Medium-term investment investment IDB.50/9 proposals, 2022–2025. Report by proposals the Director General", "10 Third Industrial PBC.38/10 Report on the Third Industrial Development Decade IDB.50/10 Development Decade for Africa for Africa (IDDA (IDDA III). Report by the III) Director General", "11 United Nations PBC.38/11 United Nations development development system IDB.50/11 system reform. Report by the reform Director General", "12 UNIDO’s response to PBC.38/12 UNIDO’s response to the COVID-19 the COVID-19 IDB.50/12 pandemic. Report by the Director pandemic General", "13 Date of the PBC.38/1/Add.1 Annotated provisional agenda thirty-ninth session", "14 Adoption of the IDB.50/13 Report of the Programme and report Budget Committee on the work of its thirty-eighth session (21–22 June 2022)", "[1] As per Article 10.1 of the UNIDO Constitution, the Committee shall consist of 27 Members of the Organization elected by the Conference. One seat from List B remains vacant. Currently the Committee consists of 26 members." ]

[ "工业发展理事会", "第五十届会议", "2022年11月21日至23日，维也纳", "议程项目4", "方案和预算委员会的报告", "方案和预算委员会第三十八届会议（2022年6月21日至22日） 工作报告", "目录", "段次\t页次 \n导言 1-8 2\t\n1.组织事项和程序问题 9-10 3\t\n2.《总干事2021年年度报告》（项目3）和成果管理：2022-2025年中期方案纲要最新执行情况（项目3(a)） 11-12 3\t\n3.工发组织对COVID-19大流行病的应对措施（项目12） 13-14 3\t\n4.工发组织财务状况，包括未用经费余额（项目5） 15-16 3\t\n5.方案和预算委员会相关问题非正式工作组的报告（项目6） 17-18 4\t\n6.调集财力资源（项目7） 19-20 4\t\n7.外聘审计员2021年的报告（项目4） 21-22 5\t\n8.总体风险管理（项目8） 23-24 5\t\n9.最新中期投资建议（项目9） 25-26 5\t\n10. 第三个非洲工业发展十年（第三个非洲工发十年）（项目10） 27-28 5\t\n11.联合国发展系统改革（项目11） 29-30 5\t\n12. 第三十九届会议的会期（项目13） 31-32 6\t\n13. 通过报告（项目14）和第三十八届会议闭幕 33-34 6\t\n 附件 \n提交给第三十八届会议的文件一览表 7", "导言", "1. 方案和预算委员会于2022年6月21日和22日在维也纳国际中心工发组织总部举行了其第三十八届会议。委员会会议以包括面对面参与和虚拟参与的混合形式举行。委员会所有26名成员[1]都参加了会议：阿尔及利亚、阿根廷、奥地利、巴西、布基纳法索、中国、埃及、芬兰、德国、加纳、匈牙利、印度、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、意大利、日本、马耳他、墨西哥、摩洛哥、巴基斯坦、菲律宾、波兰、俄罗斯联邦、西班牙、突尼斯、土耳其、乌拉圭。", "2. 工发组织下列64个成员也出席了会议：阿富汗、阿尔巴尼亚、安哥拉、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、孟加拉国、巴巴多斯、白俄罗斯、贝宁、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、保加利亚、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、科特迪瓦、塞浦路斯、捷克、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯、印度尼西亚、伊拉克、以色列、约旦、肯尼亚、科威特、吉尔吉斯斯坦、老挝人民民主共和国、黎巴嫩、莱索托、利比亚、卢森堡、马达加斯加、马来西亚、蒙古、黑山、缅甸、纳米比亚、尼泊尔、荷兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、阿曼、巴勒斯坦国、巴拿马、秘鲁、卡塔尔、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、塞内加尔、塞舌尔、斯洛文尼亚、南非、斯里兰卡、苏丹、瑞典、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、泰国、乌克兰、阿拉伯联合酋长国、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国、越南、也门。", "3. 下列组织派代表出席了会议：黑海经济合作组织（黑海经合组织）、欧洲联盟（欧盟）、海合会标准化组织、海湾合作委员会（海合会）、国际椰子共同体和阿拉伯国家联盟（阿盟）。", "4. 根据议事规则第17条，委员会以鼓掌方式选举Alessandro Cortese先生阁下（意大利）担任主席；选举Aftab Ahmad Khokher先生阁下（巴基斯坦）、Hazem Zaki先生（埃及）和Andrea Nemes女士（匈牙利）为副主席；及Maria Elizabeth Bogosián Álvarez女士（乌拉圭）为报告员。", "5. 委员会通过的第三十八届会议议程载于PBC.38/1/Rev.1号文件。在通过议程及核准主席提议的工作日程表之后，总干事作了介绍性发言，委员会在审议相关议程项目时对此作了适当考虑。", "6. 方案和预算委员会的报告已根据《章程》第10.4(d)条提交工业发展理事会。", "7. 本报告载有委员会达成的结论。本报告附件载有提交委员会本届会议的文件一览表。", "8. 委员会的下列结论中载有吁请理事会第五十届会议采取行动的建议和与该届会议工作有关的建议：", "结论 主题 页次", "2022/2 工发组织财务状况 3", "2022/3 调集财力资源 4", "2022/4 第三十九届会议会期 6", "一. 组织事项和程序问题", "9. 6月21日，委员会审议了主席提交的关于优化利用现有会议服务资源的提议，并通过了以下结论，放弃了其关于暂停执行规则的24小时通知期：", "第2022/1号结论 对现有会议服务资源的利用", "委员会为尽可能最大限度地利用现有会议服务资源，决定立即暂停执行其关于法定人数的议事规则第24条，但仅限于其第三十八届会议期间不作任何实质性决定的各次会议。", "10. 委员会决定召开会议期间的非正式协商，以便利草拟结论，并委托副主席Hazem Zaki先生（埃及）和Andrea Nemes女士（匈牙利）主持这些协商。委员会又将接收结论草案的截止日期设定在2022年6月21日下午4时15分，并决定发言报名于2022年6月22日上午10时截止。", "二. 《总干事2021年年度报告》（项目3）和成果管理：2022-2025年中期方案纲要最新执行情况（项目3(a)）", "11. 6月21日，委员会审议了《工发组织2021年年度报告》（PBC.38/2）和总干事关于成果管理：2022-2025年中期方案框架执行工作情况最新情况报告及其更新资料（PBC.38/5和CRP.5）。", "12. 6月22日，在主席建议下，委员会注意到总干事就项目3和3(a)提供的信息。", "三. 工发组织对COVID-19大流行病的应对措施（项目12）", "13. 6月21日，委员会审议了总干事关于工发组织对COVID-19大流行病的应对措施的报告（PBC.38/12）。", "14. 6月22日，在主席建议下，委员会注意到总干事就项目12提供的信息。", "四. 工发组织财务状况，包括未用经费余额（项目5）", "15. 6月22日，委员会审议了总干事关于工发组织财务状况的报告（PBC.38/4）和秘书处关于分摊会费现状的说明（PBC.36/CRP.4）。", "16. 6月22日，委员会在审议了主席提交的关于工发组织财务状况的结论草案（PBC.38/L.2）后，通过了以下结论：", "第2022/2号结论", "方案和预算委员会建议工业发展理事会通过下述决定草案：", "“工业发展理事会：", "(a) 注意到IDB.50/4-PBC.38/4号文件所载信息；", "(b) 促请尚未缴纳分摊会费包括周转基金预缴款和以往年份拖欠款的成员国和前成员国毫无拖延地缴纳这些款项；", "(c) 请总干事继续努力同成员国和前成员国联系收缴拖欠款项。”", "五. 方案和预算委员会相关问题非正式工作组的报告（项目6）", "17. 6月22日，委员会审议了方案和预算委员会相关问题非正式工作组联合主席的报告和对报告的更新（PBC.38/6和CRP.6）。", "18. 6月22日，在主席的建议下，委员会注意到联合主席就项目6提供的信息。", "六. 调集财力资源（项目7）", "19. 6月22日，委员会审议了总干事关于调集财力资源的报告（PBC.38/7/Rev.1）；《工发组织2021年年度报告》关于供资执行情况的第8章（PBC.38/2）；及秘书处关于2021年在工业发展基金、专题信托基金、单独信托基金和其他自愿捐款项下核准的项目的说明（PBC.38/CRP.7）。", "20. 6月22日，委员会在审议了主席提交的关于调集财力资源的结论草案（PBC.38/L.3）后，通过了以下结论：", "第2022/3号结论", "方案和预算委员会建议工业发展理事会通过下述决定草案：", "“工业发展理事会：", "(a) 注意到IDB.50/7/Rev.1-PBC.38/7/Rev.1号文件所载信息；", "(b) 决定授权总干事按照2022-2025年中期方案框架（IDB.49/8-PBC.37/8）界定的优先事项，以公平透明方式核准在2022年和2023年工业发展基金项下原先由工发组织秘书处、相关当事方和捐助方编拟和商定的供资项目；", "(c) 鼓励成员国及其他供资伙伴方增加对工发组织的自愿捐款，包括对伙伴关系信托基金以及核心活动自愿捐款特别账户和主要资本投资基金的自愿捐款；", "(d) 还鼓励所有供资伙伴考虑提供可编入方案的资金，特别是让工发组织能够对援助请求迅速做出回应，以迅捷协同的方式拟订并实施方案活动；", "(e) 请成员国考虑向工发组织捐款，以使本组织能够经向专门信托基金捐款或在国家或全球层面上筹集特别用途资金而与需要联合供资的供资方开展合作；", "(f) 鼓励受援国政府在与工发组织分担责任上发挥积极作用，为联合商定的优先活动调集资金，具体而言，就是率先确定和使用可在国家一级获得的资金（包括由地方分摊费用的机会），以及由双边供资伙伴、多捐助方信托基金、世界银行和其他发展筹资机构提供的资金；", "(g) 强烈建议成员国对工发组织在国际发展背景下制订和推进其方案和举措的工作予以合作和支助，特别是为此举行国际会议和其他形式的对话，目的是确保人们广泛了解这些举措，认识到它们对国际发展目标的适切性，并为此提供资源。”", "七. 外聘审计员2021年的报告（项目4）", "21. 6月22日，委员会审议了外聘审计员关于联合国工业发展组织2021年1月1日至12月31日的财政年度决算的报告（PBC.38/3）；秘书处载有外聘审计员关于工发组织2021年1月1日至12月31日财政年度决算的报告（未经审计）附件的说明（PBC.38/CRP.2）；以及工发组织独立监督咨询委员会就对外聘审计员报告发表评论意见的说明（PBC.38/CRP.3）。", "22. 6月22日，在主席的建议下，委员会注意到就项目4提供的信息。", "八. 总体风险管理（项目8）", "23. 6月22日，委员会审议了总干事关于总体风险管理的报告（PBC.38/8）。", "24. 6月22日，在主席建议下，委员会注意到总干事就项目8提供的信息。", "九. 最新中期投资建议（项目9）", "25. 6月22日，委员会审议了总干事关于2022-2025年中期投资建议的报告（PBC.38/9）。", "26. 6月22日，在主席建议下，委员会注意到总干事就项目9提供的信息。", "十. 第三个非洲工业发展十年（第三个非洲工发十年）（项目10）", "27. 6月22日，委员会审议了总干事关于第三个非洲工业发展十年（第三个非洲工发十年）的报告（PBC.38/10）。", "28. 6月22日，在主席建议下，委员会注意到总干事就项目10提供的信息。", "十一. 联合国发展系统改革（项目11）", "29. 6月22日，委员会审议了总干事关于联合国发展系统改革的报告（PBC.38/11）。", "30. 6月22日，在主席建议下，委员会注意到总干事就项目11提供的信息。", "十二. 第三十九届会议的会期（项目13）", "31. 6月22日，委员会注意到议程说明（PBC.38/1/Add.1）所列2022和2023年工发组织各决策机关的预定会期。", "32. 6月22日，委员会在审议了主席提交的关于第三十九届会议会期的结论草案（PBC.38/L.4）后，通过了以下结论：", "第2022/4号结论", "方案和预算委员会决定于2023年5月15日至17日举行其第三十九届会议。", "十三. 通过报告（项目14）和第三十八届会议闭幕", "33. 6月22日，委员会通过了英文本的第三十八届会议工作报告（PBC.38/L.1），其所持谅解是，即委托报告员负责与指定的代表们协商完成最后审定该报告各语文本的工作。", "34. 委员会第三十八届会议于2022年6月22日下午闭幕。", "附件", "提交给第三十八届会议的文件一览表", "议程项目 文号 标题\n 1 选举主席团成员 - -", "2 通过议程 PBC.38/1 临时议程", "PBC.38/1/Add.1 临时议程说明", "PBC.38/CRP.1 文件一览表", "3 总干事2021年年度 PBC.38/2 《工发组织2021年年度报告》 报告 IDB.50/2", "3. 成果管理：2022-2025年中期方案框架执行工作最新情况 PBC.38/5 成果管理：2022-2025年中期方案框架执行工作最新情况。总干事的报告 (a) IDB.50/5", "PBC.38/CRP.5 最新通报——成果管理：2022-2025年中期方案框架执行工作最新情况。总干事的报告", "4 外聘审计员2021年的报告 PBC.38/3 外聘审计员关于工发组织2021年1月1日至12月31日财政年度决算的报告 IDB.50/3", "PBC.38/CRP.2 外聘审计员关于工发组织2021年1月1日至12月31日财政年度决算的报告（未经审计）的附件。", "PBC.38/CRP.3 对外聘审计员报告的评论意见。工发组织独立监督咨询委员会的说明", "5 工发组织财务状况，包括未用经费余额 PBC.38/4 工发组织财务状况。总干事的报告 IDB.50/4", "PBC.38/CRP.4 分摊会费现状。秘书处的说明", "6 方案和预算委员会相关问题非正式工作组的报告 PBC.38/6 方案和预算委员会相关问题非正式工作组的报告。联合主席的报告 IDB.50/6", "PBC.38/CRP.6 方案和预算委员会相关问题非正式工作组报告的最新情况。联合主席的报告", "7 调集财力资源 PBC.38/7/Rev.1 调集财力资源。总干事的报告 IDB.50/7/Rev.1", "PBC.38/2，第8章IDB.50/2，第8章 供资执行情况。《工发组织2021年年度报告》", "PBC.38/CRP.7 关于2021年在工业发展基金、专题信托基金、单独信托基金和其他自愿捐款项下核准的项目", "8 总体风险管理 PBC.38/8 总体风险管理。总干事的报告 IDB.50/8", "9 最新中期投资建议 PBC.38/9 2022-2025年中期投资建议。总干事的报告 IDB.50/9", "10 第三个非洲工业发展十年（第三个非洲工发十年） PBC.38/10 第三个非洲工业发展十年（第三个非洲工发十年）。总干事的报告 IDB.50/10", "11 联合国发展系统改革 PBC.38/11 联合国发展系统改革。总干事的报告 IDB.50/11", "12 工发组织对COVID-19大流行病的应对措施 PBC.38/12 工发组织对COVID-19大流行病的应对措施。总干事的报告 IDB.50/12", "13 第三十九届会议会期 PBC.38/1/Add.1 临时议程说明", "14 通过报告 IDB.50/13 方案和预算委员会第三十八届会议（2022年6月21日至22日）工作报告", "[1] 根据《工发组织章程》第10.1条，委员会应由大会选出的本组织27名成员组成。B组国家中的一个席位仍然空缺。委员会目前由26名成员组成。" ]

[ "工业发展理事会第五十届会议 2022年11月21日至23日,维也纳 议程项目4\n方案预算委员会的报告", "方案预算委员会第三十八届会议工作报告(2022年6月21日至22日)", "目录", "段次 页次\n一. 组织 9-10 3\n二. 总干事2021年报告(项目3)和成果管理: 2022-2025年中期方案纲要的最新执行情况(项目3)\n(a)) 工发组织应对COVID-19大流行病的13-14 3\n(项目12) 工发组织的财务状况,包括未用经费余额\n五. 方案预算委员会有关问题非正式工作组的报告 17-18 4\n六. 调动财政资源 19-20 4\n(项目7) 2021年外聘审计员的报告\n八. 一般 23-24 5\n(项目8) 更新的中期投资提案\n十. 第三个非洲工业发展十年(第三次工业发展十年)\n十一. 联合国 29-30 5\n(项目11) 第三十九届会议第6次会议\n(项目13) 十三. 通过33-34 第三十八次会议结束\n第二届会议\n提交文件一览表 7 三十八号\n第二届会议", "导言", "1. 联合国 1. 方案预算委员会于2022年6月21日和22日在维也纳国际中心工发组织总部举行了第三十八届会议。 委员会以有亲自参与和虚拟参与的混合形式举行。 委员会所有26个成员都出席了会议:阿尔及利亚、阿根廷、奥地利、巴西、布基纳法索、中国、埃及、芬兰、德国、加纳、匈牙利、印度、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、意大利、日本、马耳他、墨西哥、摩洛哥、巴基斯坦、菲律宾、波兰、俄罗斯联邦、西班牙、突尼斯、蒂尔基耶和乌拉圭。", "2. 联合国 工发组织下列64个成员国也出席了会议:阿富汗、阿尔巴尼亚、安哥拉、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、孟加拉国、巴巴多斯、白俄罗斯、贝宁、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、保加利亚、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、科特迪瓦、塞浦路斯、捷克、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯、印度尼西亚、伊拉克、以色列、约旦、肯尼亚、科威特、吉尔吉斯斯坦、老挝人民民主共和国、黎巴嫩、莱索托、利比亚、卢森堡、马达加斯加、马来西亚、蒙古、黑山、缅甸、纳米比亚、尼泊尔、荷兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、阿曼、巴勒斯坦国、巴拿马、秘鲁、卡塔尔、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、塞内加尔、塞舌尔、斯洛文尼亚、南非、斯里兰卡、苏丹、瑞典、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、泰国、乌克兰、阿拉伯联合酋长国、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国、越南和也门。", "3个 5. 下列组织派代表出席了会议: 黑海经济合作组织(黑海经合组织)、欧洲联盟(欧盟)、海湾合作委员会标准化组织(海合会)、海湾合作委员会(海合会)、国际椰子共同体和阿拉伯国家联盟(阿盟)。", " 4.四. 根据议事规则第17条,委员会以鼓掌方式选举Alessandro Cortese先生阁下(意大利)为主席;选举Aftab Ahmad Khokher先生阁下(巴基斯坦)、Hazem Zaki先生(埃及)和Andrea Nemes女士(匈牙利)为副主席;并选举Maria Elizabeth Bogosián Álvarez女士(乌拉圭)为报告员。", "5 (韩语). 委员会通过的第三十八届会议议程载于PBC.38/1/Rev.1号文件。 在通过议程并核准主席提议的工作时间表后,总干事作了介绍性发言,委员会在审议有关议程项目时已适当考虑了这一发言。", "6. 国家 1. 方案预算委员会的报告是根据《章程》第10.4(d)条提交工业发展理事会的。", "7. 联合国 报告载有委员会所达成的结论。 本报告附件载有提交委员会本届会议的文件清单。", "8. 联合国 委员会的下列结论载有需要理事会第五十届会议采取行动或与该届会议工作有关的建议:", "结论主题 页 次", "工发组织的财务状况", "2022/3 调动财政资源 4", "第2022/4号决议 B. 第三十九届会议的会期 6", "I. 组织和程序事项", "9. 国家 6月21日,委员会审议了主席关于优化利用现有会议服务资源的提议,并通过以下结论,取消了暂停适用规则的24小时通知期:", "第2022/1号结论 现有会议服务资源的利用", "为了最大限度地利用现有会议服务资源,委员会决定立即暂停适用其关于法定人数的议事规则第24条,但仅限于第三十八届会议期间未作实质性决定的会议。", "10个 委员会决定举行会期非正式协商会,以方便起草结论并委托副主席Hazem Zaki先生(埃及)和Andrea Nemes女士(匈牙利)主持这些协商会。 委员会还将收到结论草案的截止日期定为2022年6月21日下午4时15分,并决定于2022年6月22日上午10时结束发言名单登记。", "二. 总干事2021年年度报告(项目3)和注重成果的管理: 2022-2025年中期方案纲要执行情况最新资料(项目3(a))", "11个 6月21日,委员会审议了总干事关于注重成果的管理的报告《工发组织2021年年度报告》(PBC.38/2): 2022-2025年中期方案纲要的最新执行情况及其最新情况(PBC.38/5和CRP.5)。", "12. 6月22日,根据主席的建议,委员会注意到总干事就项目3和3(a)所提供的资料。", "三. 工发组织对COVID-19大流行病的反应(项目12)", "13个 6月21日,委员会审议了总干事关于工发组织应对COVID-19大流行病的报告(PBC.38/12)。", "14个 6月22日,根据主席的建议,委员会注意到总干事就项目12所提供的资料。", "四、结 论 工发组织的财务状况,包括未用经费余额(项目5)", "15个 6月22日,委员会审议了总干事关于工发组织财务状况的报告(PBC.38/4)和秘书处关于分摊会费状况的说明(PBC.36/CRP.4)。", "16号. 17. 6月22日,委员会在审议了由主席提交的关于工发组织财务状况的结论草案(PBC.38/L.2)后,通过了下述结论:", "第2022/2号结论", "方案预算委员会建议工业发展理事会通过以下决定草案:", "“工业发展理事会:", "(a) 注意到IDB.50/4-PBC.38/4号文件所载信息;", "(b) 国家 4. 促请尚未缴纳分摊会费,包括周转基金预缴款和以往年份拖欠款的成员国和前成员国毫不迟延地缴纳这些款项;", "(c) 请总干事继续努力同成员国和前成员国进行接触,以收缴拖欠款。 “", " V. 与方案预算委员会有关的问题非正式工作组的报告(项目6)", "17岁。 6月22日,委员会审议了方案预算委员会相关问题非正式工作组共同主席的报告并作了更新(PBC.38/6和CRP.6)。", "18岁。 6月22日,根据主席的建议,委员会注意到联合主席就项目6所提供的资料。", "六、结 论 调动财政资源(项目7)", " 19. 19. 6月22日,委员会审议了总干事关于调动财政资源的报告(PBC.38/7/Rev.1);《工发组织2021年年度报告》关于筹资执行情况的第8章(PBC.38/2);以及秘书处关于2021年在工业发展基金、专题信托基金和个别信托基金以及其他自愿捐款下核准的项目的说明(PBC.38/CRP.7)。", "20号. 6月22日,委员会在审议了由主席提交的关于调动财政资源的结论草案(PBC.38/L.3)后,通过了下述结论:", "第2022/3号结论", "方案预算委员会建议工业发展理事会通过以下决定草案:", "“工业发展理事会:", "(a) 注意到文件中所载的资料, IDB.50/7/Rev.1-PBC.38/7/Rev.1;", "(b) 决定授权总干事根据2022-2025年中期方案纲要(IDB.49/8-PBC.37/8)中确定的优先事项,以公平而透明的方式核准工发组织秘书处和有关各方及捐助方先前拟订并商定的2022年和2023年工业发展基金项下供资项目;", "(c) 鼓励成员国和其他供资伙伴增加对工发组织的自愿捐款,包括对伙伴关系信托基金以及核心活动自愿捐款特别账户和主要资本投资基金的自愿捐款;", "(d) 国家 3. 还鼓励所有供资伙伴考虑捐助可列入方案的资金,特别是使工发组织能够迅速响应援助请求并迅速协调地制定和实施其方案活动;", "(e) 请成员国考虑向工发组织提供捐款,使本组织能够通过向专门信托基金提供捐款,或通过在国家或全球一级提供特别用途资金,与需要共同供资的供资来源合作;", "(f) 鼓励受援国政府发挥积极作用,与工发组织分担为共同商定的优先活动调动资金的责任,并具体地率先查明和获得国家一级的可用资金,包括当地费用分摊机会,以及双边供资伙伴、多捐助方信托基金、世界银行和其他发展金融机构提供的资金;", "(g) 强烈建议会员国同本组织合作并支助本组织努力发展和促进其在国际发展方面的方案和倡议,特别是通过国际会议和其他形式的对话,以确保这些倡议广为人知,承认它们与国际发展目标的相关性并提供资源。 “", "页:1 外聘审计员2021年报告(项目4)", "21岁 6月22日,委员会审议了外聘审计员关于联合国工业发展组织2021年1月1日至12月31日财政年度决算的报告(PBC.38/3);秘书处的一份说明,其中载有外聘审计员关于工发组织2021年1月1日至12月31日财政年度决算的报告附件(未经审计)(PBC.38/CRP.2);以及工发组织独立监督咨询委员会的一份说明,其中就外聘审计员的报告(PBC.38/CRP.3)提出了评论意见。", "22号. 6月22日,根据主席的建议,委员会注意到就项目4所提供的资料。", "第八编. 一般性风险管理(项目8)", "23. 联合国 6月22日,委员会审议了总干事关于一般风险管理的报告(PBC.38/8)。", "24 (韩语). 6月22日,根据主席的建议,委员会注意到总干事就项目8所提供的资料。", "第九编. 最新中期投资建议(项目9)", "25岁 6月22日,委员会审议了总干事关于2022-2025年中期投资建议的报告(PBC.38/9)。", "26. 联合国 6月22日,根据主席的建议,委员会注意到总干事就项目9所提供的资料。", " . 第三个非洲工业发展十年(第三个非洲工业发展十年)(项目10)", "27个 6月22日,委员会审议了总干事关于第三个非洲工业发展十年的报告(PBC.38/10)。", "28岁 6月22日,根据主席的建议,委员会注意到总干事就项目10所提供的资料。", "十一会. 联合国发展系统改革(项目11)", "29. 国家 6月22日,委员会审议了总干事关于联合国发展系统改革的报告(PBC.38/11)。", "30岁。 6月22日,根据主席的建议,委员会注意到总干事就项目11所提供的资料。", "第十二编. 第三十九届会议的会期(项目13)", "31岁 6月22日,委员会注意到议程说明(PBC.38/1/Add.1)所载关于2022和2023年为工发组织决策机关预留的日期的内容。", "32. 联合国 6月22日,委员会在审议了由主席提交的关于第三十九届会议会期的结论草案(PBC.38/L.4)后,通过了下述结论:", "第2022/4号结论", "方案预算委员会决定于2023年5月15日至17日举行第三十九届会议。", "第十三编 通过报告(项目14)和第三十八届会议闭幕", "33. (中文(简体) ). 6月22日,委员会通过了关于其第三十八届会议工作的英文报告(PBC.38/L.1),但有一项谅解,即委托报告员同指定的代表协商,最后完成报告的语文文本。", "34. 国家 委员会第三十八届会议于2022年6月22日下午闭幕。", "页:1", "提交第三十八届会议的文件清单", "议程项目 文号 标题\n1 选举主席团成员。", "2. 通过PBC.38/1 临时议程", "方案预算委员会 临时议程说明", "方案预算委员会 文件清单", "PBC.38/2年度报告 工发组织2021年度报告", "3(a) 为PBC.38/5管理成果: 结果最新情况:关于2022-2025年中期方案纲要执行情况IDB.50/5号文件的最新情况。 2022-2025年方案总干事框架的报告", "PBC.38/CRP.5 最新-成果管理: 2022-2025年中期方案纲要执行情况最新资料。 总干事的报告", "IDB.50/3 外聘审计员关于工发组织2021财政年度决算的报告", "目 录(续) 外聘审计员关于工发组织2021年1月1日至12月31日财政年度决算的报告附件(未经审计)。", "PBC.38/CRP.3 对外聘审计员报告的评论。 工发组织独立监督咨询委员会的说明", "工发组织的财务状况,包括IDB.50/4 总干事关于未用经费余额的报告", "方案预算委员会 分摊会费状况。 秘书处的说明", "6 PBC.38/6号报告 非正式非正式工作工作组的报告 IDB.50/6 方案预算工作组关于方案委员会相关问题的报告。 联合主席关于委员会相关问题的报告和预算", "方案预算委员会 方案预算委员会相关问题非正式工作组报告的最新情况。 联合主席的报告", "7 调动PBC.38/7/Rev.1 调动财政资源 50/7/Rev.1资源。 总干事的报告", "PBC.38/2,筹资执行情况。 工发组织年度报告", "PBC.38/CRP.7 临时议程 2021年在工业发展基金、专题和个别信托基金及其他自愿捐款下核准的项目", "8 一般风险 PBC.38/8 一般风险管理。 总干事的报告管理", "9 更新中期PBC.38/9 中期投资 总干事的建议报告", "10 第三个工业发展十年报告 IDB.50/10 非洲非洲发展十年(非洲发发发十年三)。 (三机构的报告) 总干事", "11 联合国PBC.38/11 联合国发展系统 IDB.50/11 系统改革。 总干事的报告", "12 工发组织对PBC.38/12. 工发组织对COVID-19.COVID-19.IDB.50/12. 总干事的报告", "13. PBC.38/1/Add.1号文件的日期 临时议程说明", "通过IDB.50/13 方案预算委员会第三十八届会议工作报告(2022年6月21日至22日)", "[1] 根据《工发组织章程》第10.1条,委员会应由大会选出的本组织27个成员组成。 名单B中有一个席位仍然空缺。 委员会目前由26名成员组成。" ]

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[ "拟订一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约特设委员会第二届会议报告", "一. 会议开幕", "A. 会议开幕和会期", "1. 拟订一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约特设委员会于2022年5月30日至6月10日在维也纳举行了第二届会议。在本届会议期间，特设委员会共举行了19次会议。", "2. 特设委员会主席Faouzia Boumaiza Mebarki（阿尔及利亚）宣布本届会议开幕，并致开幕词。", "B. 出席情况", "3. 联合国143个会员国派代表出席了本届会议。出席会议的还有非联合国会员国的观察员、联合国系统内实体的代表以及政府间组织、非政府组织和其他组织的观察员。", "4. 注册与会者的名单发布在特设委员会网站上。[1]", "C. 文件", "5. 特设委员会第二届会议收到的文件一览表发布在委员会的网站上。[2]", "二. 通过议程和工作安排", "6. 特设委员会在2022年5月30日第1次会议上通过了A/AC.291/8号文件所载的临时议程说明和拟议工作安排。议程内容如下：", "1. 会议开幕。", "2. 通过议程和工作安排。", "3. 委员会主席介绍2022年3月24日和25日与多利益攸关方举行的第一次闭会期间协商的报告。", "4. 刑事定罪条款。", "5. 总则。", "6. 关于程序措施和执法的条款。", "7. 任何其他事项。", "8. 通过报告。", "9. 会议闭幕。", "三. 委员会主席介绍2022年3月24日和25日与多利益攸关方举行的第一次闭会期间协商的报告", "7. 在2022年5月30日第1次会议上，特设委员会审议了议程项目3，题为“委员会主席介绍2022年3月24日和25日与多利益攸关方举行的第一次闭会期间协商的报告”。", "8. 为审议本项目，特设委员会收到了一份会议室文件，其中载有主席关于第一次闭会期间协商的报告（A/AC.291/CRP.9），该次协商是根据大会第75/282号决议第10段举行的，目的是就公约草案的拟订征求各种利益攸关方的意见。", "9. 主席概述了上述报告的内容。", "四. 刑事定罪条款", "10. 特设委员会在2022年5月30日至6月6日的第1至11次会议上审议了题为“刑事定罪条款”的议程项目4。", "11. 为审议项目4，特设委员会收到了下列文件：", "(a) 会员国提交的关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约的刑事定罪条款、总则及程序措施和执法条款的提案和材料汇编（A/AC.291/9和A/AC.291/9/Add.3）；", "(b) 关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的现有文书、建议和其他文件概览（A/AC.291/CRP.10）；", "(c) 会员国提交的关于刑事定罪、总则以及程序措施和执法的条款草案汇编（A/AC.291/CRP.11）。", "12. 下列会员国的代表作了发言：新加坡、阿根廷、大韩民国、新西兰、萨尔瓦多、捷克、巴拿马、牙买加（代表加勒比共同体）、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、日本、科威特、古巴、列支敦士登、巴西、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、苏丹、多米尼加共和国、巴基斯坦、澳大利亚、尼日利亚、埃及、德国、加拿大、危地马拉、阿塞拜疆、瑞士、格鲁吉亚、荷兰、印度、厄立特里亚、挪威、美利坚合众国、乌拉圭、以色列、俄罗斯联邦、瑞典、智利、奥地利、哥伦比亚、斯洛文尼亚、法国、蒙古、中国、马来西亚、意大利、莫桑比克、喀麦隆、厄瓜多尔、加纳、约旦、摩洛哥、肯尼亚、菲律宾、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、印度尼西亚、塞内加尔、墨西哥、摩尔多瓦共和国、泰国、葡萄牙、越南、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国、巴拉圭、爱沙尼亚、亚美尼亚、哥斯达黎加、南非、罗马尼亚、阿尔及利亚、阿曼、阿拉伯联合酋长国、芬兰、秘鲁、布基纳法索、海地、孟加拉国、波兰、洪都拉斯、安哥拉、斐济、尼日尔、马达加斯加、卢森堡、马拉维、白俄罗斯、伊拉克。", "13. 欧洲联盟的代表以观察员身份代表欧洲联盟及其成员国作了发言。", "14. 巴勒斯坦国观察员作了发言。", "15. 下列政府间组织和联合国实体的代表也作了发言：欧洲委员会、国际刑事警察组织（国际刑警组织）、各国议会联盟、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处。", "16. 发言的还有下列民间社会组织、私营部门实体和学术机构的代表：微软公司、世界商业组织有限公司、立即普及组织、第19条―国际反言论审查中心、全球合作伙伴数字有限公司、隐私国际（代表电子新领域基金会和人权观察）、网络法、网络犯罪和网络安全问题国际会议、打击跨国有组织犯罪全球倡议、预防犯罪和刑事司法非政府组织联盟、马特和平、发展和人权协会、阿达拉司法协会、网络法律大学。", "17. 主席请各位代表就涉及载有刑事定罪条款的一章的提案发表一般性初步意见。特设委员会就主席根据会员国提交的书面材料编写的问题交换了意见。这些问题已事先给出，[3]以指导就刑事定罪条款进行有重点和有条理的讨论。按照特设委员会第一届会议通过的路线图和工作方式所设想的，主席在特设委员会第四届会议之前在秘书处协助下编写综合谈判文件时，将考虑到这些意见。", "五. 总则", "18. 特设委员会在2022年6月6日和7日的第11至14次会议上审议了题为“总则”的议程项目5。", "19. 为审议项目5，特设委员会收到了下列文件：", "(a) 会员国就打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约的刑事定罪条款、总则以及关于程序措施和执法的条款提交的提案和意见汇编（A/AC.291/9/Add.1和A/AC.291/9/Add.3）；", "(b) 关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的现有文书、建议和其他文件概览（A/AC.291/CRP.10）；", "(c) 会员国提交的关于刑事定罪、总则以及程序措施和执法的条款草案汇编（A/AC.291/CRP.11）。", "20. 下列会员国的代表作了发言：牙买加（代表加勒比共同体）、菲律宾、瑞士、俄罗斯联邦、荷兰、捷克、阿塞拜疆、加拿大、中国、泰国、日本、印度尼西亚、墨西哥、列支敦士登、美国、智利、联合王国、马来西亚、阿根廷、埃及、新加坡、巴拉圭、大韩民国、德国、法国、哥伦比亚、巴基斯坦、加纳、古巴、伊拉克、新西兰、南非、葡萄牙、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国、塞内加尔、澳大利亚、斯洛文尼亚、尼日利亚、巴西、安哥拉、以色列、波兰、意大利、厄瓜多尔、海地、布基纳法索、厄立特里亚、印度、多米尼加共和国、阿曼、约旦、秘鲁、哥斯达黎加、乌拉圭、危地马拉、越南、白俄罗斯、洪都拉斯、津巴布韦、摩洛哥、肯尼亚、亚美尼亚、斐济、沙特阿拉伯、苏丹、萨尔瓦多。", "21. 欧洲联盟的代表以观察员身份代表欧洲联盟及其成员国作了发言。", "22. 主席请与会者就载有总则的一章的相关提案以及主席根据会员国提交的材料就该章拟定的问题发表一般性评论意见，这些问题已事先分发，[4]以指导进行有重点有条理的讨论。主席在特设委员会第四届会议之前在秘书处协助下编写综合谈判文件时，将考虑到会上的评论意见。", "六. 关于程序措施和执法的条款", "23. 特设委员会在2022年6月7日至9日第14至18次会议上审议了题为“关于程序措施和执法的条款”的议程项目6。", "24. 为审议项目6，特设委员会收到了下列文件：", "(a) 会员国就打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约的刑事定罪条款、总则以及关于程序措施和执法的条款提交的提案和材料汇编（A/AC.291/9/Add.2和A/AC.291/9/Add.3）；", "(b) 关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的现有文书、建议和其他文件概览（A/AC.291/CRP.10）；", "(c) 会员国提交的关于刑事定罪、总则以及程序措施和执法的条款草案汇编（A/AC.291/CRP.11）。", "25. 下列会员国的代表作了发言：巴拉圭、哥斯达黎加、联合王国、日本、墨西哥、阿根廷、美国、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、德国、亚美尼亚、荷兰、印度、新西兰、牙买加（代表加勒比共同体）、中国、澳大利亚、伊拉克、印度尼西亚、南非、阿塞拜疆、卢森堡、塞尔维亚、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、哥伦比亚、加拿大、加纳、厄立特里亚、布基纳法索、摩洛哥、塞内加尔、阿曼、俄罗斯联邦、肯尼亚、以色列、洪都拉斯、瑞士、法国、阿尔及利亚、马来西亚、斯洛文尼亚、新加坡、菲律宾、意大利、多米尼加共和国、巴西、巴基斯坦、大韩民国、波兰、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国、尼日利亚、埃及、萨尔瓦多、厄瓜多尔、挪威、智利、安哥拉、莫桑比克、泰国、斐济。", "26. 欧洲联盟代表以观察员身份代表欧洲联盟及其成员国作了发言。", "27. 下列政府间组织和联合国系统专门机构的代表就总则和关于程序措施和执法的条款作了发言：国际商会、国际刑警组织、世界银行、国际电信联盟。", "28. 下列民间社会组织、私营部门实体和学术机构的代表也就总则和关于程序措施和执法的条款作了发言：微软公司、打击跨国有组织犯罪全球倡议、预防犯罪和刑事司法非政府组织联盟、立即普及组织、世界商业组织有限公司、电子新领域基金会、人类为世界、Andishe Varzane Fanavari Tanzimi、捍卫数字权利网络、Rapha House International、德里国立法律大学、Ambivium安全与合作研究所、促进可持续发展的信息和教育公民行动。", "29. 主席请与会者就载有程序措施和执法条款的一章的相关提案以及主席根据会员国提交的材料编写的关于该章的问题发表一般性评论意见，这些问题已事先分发，以指导有重点有条理的讨论。[5]主席在特设委员会第四届会议之前在秘书处协助下编写综合谈判文件时，将考虑到会上提出的评论意见。", "七. 任何其他事项", "30. 特设委员会在2022年6月9日第18次会议上审议了题为“任何其他事项”的议程项目7。", "31. 主席向特设委员会通报，在委员会组织事项会议核准参会的其他相关非政府组织、民间社会组织、学术机构和私营部门实体名单中称为“世界商业组织有限公司”的多利益攸关方（见A/AC.291/6，附件一）请求此后将名称改为“联合王国国际商会”。特设委员会核准了这一请求。", "八. 通过报告", "32. 特设委员会在2022年6月10日第19次会议上通过了第二届会议的报告（A/AC.291/L.7和A/AC.291/L.7/Add.1-Add.6）。", "33. 下列国家的代表作了发言：厄瓜多尔（代表拉丁美洲和加勒比国家组）、菲律宾、阿曼。", "九. 会议闭幕", "34. 特设委员会主席在2022年6月10日第19次会议上宣布会议闭幕。", "[1] www.unodc.org/unodc/en/cybercrime/ad_hoc_committee/home。", "[2] 同上。", "[3] 这些问题可在特设委员会网站上查阅。", "[4] 这些问题可在特设委员会网站上查阅。", "[5] 这些问题可在特设委员会的网站上查阅。" ]

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[ "Seventy-seventh session Item 109 of the preliminarylist[1] \nCrime prevention and criminaljustice", "Follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/181, in which the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its seventy-seventh session a report on the implementation of that resolution. It contains a summary of the deliberations at the thirty-first session of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, which was held in Vienna from 16 to 20 May 2022, on the follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. The report also contains an overview of the action taken by the Commission, as the preparatory and follow-up body for the United Nations crime congresses, and of the activities conducted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, in follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration on Advancing Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law: Towards the Achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Pursuant to the resolution, the report further includes information on proposals submitted by Member States on other ways and means of ensuring appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/181, entitled “Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”, in which the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its seventy-seventh session a report on the implementation of that resolution.", "2. In the resolution, the General Assembly invited Governments to take into consideration the Kyoto Declaration on Advancing Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law: Towards the Achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development when formulating legislation and policy directives and to make every effort, where appropriate, to implement the principles contained therein, in conformity with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.", "3. In the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to seek proposals by Member States on other ways and means of ensuring appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration, for consideration and action by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its thirty-first session.", "4. Also in the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Commission to review the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration under the standing item on its agenda entitled “Follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and preparations for the Fifteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”.", "5. The present report provides a summary of the deliberations at the thirty-first session of the Commission, which was held in Vienna from 16 to 20 May 2022, on the follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. It contains an overview of the action taken by the Commission, as the preparatory and follow-up body for the United Nations crime congresses, and of the activities conducted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), in follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration. Pursuant to paragraph 12 of the resolution, the report further includes information on proposals submitted by Member States on other ways and means of ensuring appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration.", "6. The report complements the report of the Secretary-General on follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress and preparations for the Fifteenth Congress (E/CN.15/2022/11), which was considered by the Commission at its thirty-first session. It also complements the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the mandates of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme, with particular reference to the technical cooperation activities of UNODC (A/77/127), submitted for the consideration by the General Assembly at its seventy-seventh session, as mandated by the Assembly in its resolution 76/187.", "II. Follow-up to and implementation of the Kyoto Declaration on Advancing Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law: Towards the Achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", "A. Consideration by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its thirty-first session", "7. The Fourteenth Congress was held in Kyoto, Japan, from 7 to 12 March 2021 under the overall theme “Advancing crime prevention, criminal justice and the rule of law: towards the achievement of the 2030 Agenda”. It brought together more than 5,000 participants representing a record 152 Member States, along with 114 non-governmental organizations, 37 intergovernmental organizations, 600 individual experts and a considerable number of United Nations system entities and institutes belonging to the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme network.", "8. At the beginning of the high-level segment, Member States adopted the Kyoto Declaration, in which they agreed on concrete actions related to four pillars – advancing crime prevention; advancing the criminal justice system; promoting the rule of law; and promoting international cooperation and technical assistance to prevent and address all forms of crime – including against the backdrop of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "9. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/181, the Commission reviewed the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration at its thirty-first session under the standing item on its agenda entitled “Follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and preparations for the Fifteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”.", "10. Under that agenda item, the Commission had before it, for its consideration, the relevant report of the Secretary-General (E/CN.15/2022/11) containing an overview of the action taken by the Commission and the activities conducted by UNODC in follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress and provided information on the preparations for the Fifteenth Congress. It also contained information on proposals submitted by Member States before 24 February 2022 on other ways and means of ensuring appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration.[2] Finally, it included recommendations, including with regard to the preparations for the Fifteenth Congress.", "11. The Commission also considered a conference room paper containing the Chair’s summary on the thematic discussions of the Commission on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.1). Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/181, the first round of thematic discussions had been held from 10 to 12 November 2021 and had been focused on the first pillar of the Kyoto Declaration (Advancing crime prevention). An interactive exchange had been facilitated among national experts and policymakers, United Nations system entities, intergovernmental organizations and civil society on good practices, challenges and lessons learned in advancing crime prevention.[3]", "12. In his summary, the Chair of the Commission at its thirtieth session encouraged Member States and interested stakeholders to initiate timely preparations for the 2022 thematic sessions to facilitate the participation of relevant experts with a view to sharing good practices and discussing how to successfully implement the second pillar of the Kyoto Declaration (Advancing the criminal justice system).", "13. The Commission further considered a conference room paper containing the Chair’s summary of the expert discussions on crimes that affect the environment (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.2). Pursuant to paragraph 87 of the Kyoto Declaration and to General Assembly resolution 76/185 on preventing and combating crimes that affect the environment, intersessional expert discussions had been conducted from 14 to 16 February 2022, fostering an interactive debate on concrete ways to improve strategies and responses to effectively prevent and combat crimes that affect the environment, and to strengthen international cooperation in that area at the operational level.[4]", "14. In his summary, the Chair highlighted that joint efforts and actions to prevent and combat crimes that affect the environment were a key contribution to the full implementation of the Kyoto Declaration. He also reiterated the importance of retaining and collecting the good practices and lessons learned that delegations and experts had shared during the discussions, with a view to learning from the experiences of others and developing a better understanding of the challenges faced, as well as the tools that had yielded positive results.", "15. To facilitate consideration of the agenda item on the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress, the Secretary to the Commission made an introductory statement. Statements were made by the representatives of Canada, Chile, Japan, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Thailand and the United States of America. The observers for Iran (Islamic Republic of), Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) and the European Union, also made statements. A statement was also made by the observer for the Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders.", "16. Appreciation was expressed to Japan as the host country of the Fourteenth Congress for organizing a successful congress, in particular in the light of the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The importance of transforming the commitments contained in the Kyoto Declaration into concrete action was underscored. Some speakers shared information on national and regional efforts to implement the commitments made in the four pillars of the Declaration, including with regard to the implementation of United Nations standards and norms, the implementation of crime prevention and criminal justice strategies that were focused on vulnerable members of society, including in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, and efforts to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of mutual legal assistance and extradition. Further national examples shared were focused on, among others, steps taken to strengthen the criminal justice system, including reducing recidivism through rehabilitation and reintegration efforts. Some speakers made reference to the need to address violence against women and children and to develop gender-responsive, child-sensitive and human rights-based justice policies. The importance of providing technical assistance to requesting Member States in support of national implementation of the Kyoto Declaration was underlined, and the support provided by UNODC in that regard was welcomed.", "17. A number of speakers highlighted the link between crime prevention, criminal justice, the rule of law and the international community’s efforts to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The importance of raising awareness of the Kyoto Declaration and the important role of the criminal justice system in promoting the rule of law in support of sustainable development were underlined by a number of speakers. Several speakers welcomed the Kyoto Declaration follow-up process, in particular the organization of the thematic discussions of the Commission on the implementation of the Declaration. Furthermore, efforts undertaken by UNODC and Member States since the adoption of the Declaration, including in relation to standards and norms on preventing reoffending, were welcomed.", "18. Reference was made to the Chair’s high-level special event that had been held on the first day of the thirty-first session of the Commission and had been focused on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration. Appreciation was expressed to Japan for the tabling of a resolution on the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress and the preparations for the Fifteenth Congress. In reference to the preparations for the Fifteenth Congress, the importance of ensuring the timely adoption of the substantive agenda and the subsequent early preparation of the discussion guide and the preparatory workshops, in close coordination with the institutes of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme network, was underscored.", "B. Action taken by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its thirty-first session", "19. On Friday, 20 May 2022, the Commission took action on the draft resolution, entitled “Follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and preparations for the Fifteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”, and recommended, through the Economic and Social Council, its adoption by the General Assembly. In that resolution, the General Assembly would reiterate its invitation to Governments to take into consideration the Kyoto Declaration when formulating legislation and policy directives and to make every effort, where appropriate, to implement the principles contained therein in conformity with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.", "20. In the same resolution, the General Assembly would welcome the initiative of the Government of Japan to work with UNODC, and through the Commission, in ensuring appropriate follow-up to the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration. The General Assembly would request the Commission, in accordance with its mandate, to continue to implement the appropriate policy and operational measures for the follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration, including through the holding of intersessional thematic discussions to facilitate the sharing of information, good practices and lessons learned among Member States and relevant stakeholders, subject to the availability of extrabudgetary resources.", "21. The General Assembly would decide to hold the Fifteenth Congress in 2026, without prejudice to the timing of subsequent United Nations congresses on crime prevention and criminal justice and with a view to maintaining the five-year cycle of the congresses, in the light of the intensive follow-up process undertaken by the Commission in the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration.", "22. The Assembly would invite Member States to provide their suggestions in relation to the overall theme, the agenda items and the topics for the workshops for the Fifteenth Congress and request the Secretary-General to include those suggestions in the report on the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress and preparations for the Fifteenth Congress to be submitted to the Commission at its thirty-second session.", "23. Furthermore, the Assembly would recommend that, building on the experience and the success of the Fourteenth Congress, all efforts be made to ensure that the overall theme, the agenda items and the topics for the workshops for the Fifteenth Congress were interrelated and that the agenda items and workshop topics were streamlined and limited in number, and encourage the holding of side events that were focused on and complemented the agenda items and workshops. The General Assembly would request the Commission to approve at its thirty-second session the overall theme, the agenda items and the topics for the workshops for the Fifteenth Congress.", "24. The General Assembly would finally request the Secretary-General to submit to it at its seventy-eighth session a report on the implementation of the resolution.", "C. Other activities of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its thirty-first session", "25. The Commission has widely promoted the policy commitments contained in the Kyoto Declaration. On 16 May 2022, on the margins of its thirty-first session, the Chair of the Commission, in cooperation with the Government of Japan, held a high-level special event on a multifaceted approach to turning the Kyoto Declaration into action on the ground . The special event was an opportunity to take stock of and report on the initiatives launched since the adoption of the Kyoto Declaration in March 2021, focusing on efforts undertaken at the institutional level within the United Nations system; at the intergovernmental level through the Commission; and at the programmatic level, as well as efforts at the national and regional levels, including by stakeholders, to implement the commitments made in the Kyoto Declaration. Participants reviewed the conduct and outcome of the Fourteenth Congress and shared the experience of holding a large-scale international conference during the pandemic.", "26. In addition, in July 2022, on the margins of the 2022 high-level political forum on sustainable development, the Crime Commission will hold an online side event together with the Commission on Narcotic Drugs entitled “Leveraging international action to address the impact of COVID-19 on drugs and crime: integrated multidisciplinary responses by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”. The side event will serve to raise awareness, inter alia, about the work undertaken by the Crime Commission on the interlinkages between the Sustainable Development Goals, on one hand, and the rule of law and crime prevention and criminal justice on the other. Information will be shared on the contributions made by the Commission to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.", "D. Action taken by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "27. UNODC undertook a number of initiatives with a view to ensuring a comprehensive approach to the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress. An interdivisional task team was established to strengthen Office-wide coordination and cooperation in the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration and in the preparations for the Fifteenth Congress. The task team, comprising representatives from all UNODC divisions and led by the Secretariat to the Governing Bodies, meets periodically.", "28. The interdivisional task team developed, for internal use, an implementation matrix that provides an overview of activities undertaken by UNODC and its partners in support of the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration. Those activities are focused on institutional follow-up within the United Nations system, intergovernmental follow-up through the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and programmatic follow-up through the substantive divisions of UNODC. The matrix can be sorted according to different criteria, including the pillars of the Declaration, the thematic areas and outcomes of the UNODC Strategy 2021–2025, and the Sustainable Development Goals to which activities contribute.", "29. Taking into account the increased reliance on online channels of communication, the secretariat of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice launched an e-learning tool on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration.[5] The tool, which comprises three interactive modules, provides information on the background to the Declaration, its relationship to the 2030 Agenda and the substantive areas covered in the Declaration. The tool also contains information on the UNODC portfolio of technical assistance in relevant areas.", "30. In June 2022, the Secretariat to the Governing Bodies held an online briefing for Member States on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration in English, French and Spanish. The briefing was attended by national officials responsible for the planning and implementation of crime prevention and criminal justice policies and for planning and requesting technical assistance from UNODC in that regard. During the briefing, information was shared on technical assistance provided by UNODC in the substantive areas covered by the Declaration.", "31. A briefing will be held in the second half of 2022 for the institutes of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme network and relevant non-governmental organizations to facilitate a comprehensive, multi-stakeholder discussion on the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress.", "32. In addition to the institutional follow-up, the Office carried out a wide range of programmatic activities in implementing the Kyoto Declaration.[6]", "III. Proposals on other ways and means of ensuring appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration", "33. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/181, a note verbale was sent to Member States with a request to submit proposals on ways and means of ensuring appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration. By the deadline of 30 March, a total of 10 proposals had been received, from Canada, Czechia, India, Japan, Mali, Morocco, the Philippines, Qatar, Romania and Türkiye.", "34. In their proposals, many of those Member States highlighted the importance of sharing of information, including intelligence, and best practices, as well as of strengthening international cooperation among law enforcement agencies in the thematic areas covered by the Kyoto Declaration. It was proposed to establish different forums for cooperation, such as regional cooperation networks and open-ended intergovernmental expert groups or working groups, to enable national practitioners to share their knowledge, experience, good practices and challenges with regard to crime prevention and criminal justice. Some Member States made reference to the Criminal Justice Forum for Asia and the Pacific convened by Japan and UNODC in February 2022, which had served as a forum for cooperation among central authorities responsible for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters and competent authorities engaging in offender treatment and rehabilitation in that region.", "35. Several Member States took note with appreciation of the first round of the intersessional thematic discussions of the Commission on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration, held from 10 to 12 November 2021. It was proposed to create an online platform dedicated to the Kyoto Declaration that would cover, inter alia, the progress made in implementing the Kyoto Declaration and the resources shared in the context of the thematic discussions. It was also proposed to go beyond the thematic discussions and invite Member States to provide voluntary periodic reports on the implementation of the recommendations contained in the Kyoto Declaration, for broader dissemination. Another proposal was that UNODC develop a set of general indicators related to the four pillars of the Kyoto Declaration and to design questionnaires on the implementation of the Declaration to be completed periodically by all relevant stakeholders and used by UNODC.", "36. It was noted that UNODC played a crucial role in the provision of capacity-building and technical assistance in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice. It was recommended that Member States continue to build partnerships with UNODC in that regard. The importance was underscored of conducting continuous training for competent authorities in related fields, including with regard to mutual legal assistance and judicial ethics.", "37. A number of Member States highlighted the importance of mainstreaming a gender perspective in crime prevention and criminal justice strategies.", "38. It was noted that one of the most important ways and means of ensuring appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration was funding to be provided by Member States, in particular those with financial and technical capacities, for activities and programmes aimed at transforming the political commitments set out in the Declaration into projects on the ground, particularly in developing and less developed countries.", "IV. Concluding observations", "39. In the years to come, the Kyoto Declaration will be the main international political commitment on crime prevention and criminal justice and guide global action in that regard. I urge Member States to take concerted action to advance the implementation of the commitments made in the Kyoto Declaration, including through the Commission as the principal policymaking body of the United Nations in crime-related matters.", "40. Considering the successful outcome of the first round of the intersessional thematic discussions and the positive feedback received from relevant stakeholders in that regard, I encourage the Commission to continue in the same vein to foster the exchange of information, good practices and lessons learned among Member States, United Nations system entities, other intergovernmental organizations and civil society, with a view to effectively following up on the Kyoto Declaration.", "41. The wide dissemination of the policy commitments contained in the Kyoto Declaration and the sharing of information on the implementation of the Declaration among Member States and other relevant stakeholders are the key to ensuring a comprehensive approach to the follow-up to the Declaration. In that regard, I encourage the Commission to continue to keep all relevant stakeholders informed of the activities implemented in follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration by holding side events, including those taking place at the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council.", "42. In the Kyoto Declaration, Member States reaffirmed the role of UNODC as the leading entity of the United Nations supporting Member States in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice. I encourage UNODC in that regard to further strengthen institutional coordination and cooperation, to ensure a comprehensive approach to the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress, and to continue to implement programmatic activities with a view to supporting Member States in the implementation of the commitments contained in the Kyoto Declaration and to keep Member States informed of the work undertaken in that regard.", "43. The early identification of the host country for the Fifteenth Congress offers the Commission an opportunity to engage in consultations facilitating the timely planning and coordination of the relevant preparatory arrangements. I encourage the Commission to conduct further consultations among Member States to identify the host country so as to facilitate the timely planning and coordination of the relevant preparatory arrangements. In the same vein, I urge Member States to provide their suggestions in relation to the overall theme, the agenda items and the topics for the workshops for the Fifteenth Congress.", "44. Multilateral cooperation and multi-stakeholder partnership are crucial in advancing crime prevention, criminal justice and the rule of law as part of efforts to achieve the 2030 Agenda. I invite the Commission to continue to engage, in follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration and in preparation for the Fifteenth Congress, with other relevant stakeholders, including intergovernmental organizations, the institutes of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme network, civil society and academia.", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50.", "[2] Proposals received after that date are contained in a conference room paper (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.3).", "[3] See also E/CN.15/2022/11.", "[4] Ibid.", "[5] Available at https://golearn.unodc.org/lms/login/index.php.", "[6] See also E/CN.15/2022/11 and A/77/127." ]

[ "第七十七届会议 暂定项目表[1]项目109 \n 预防犯罪和刑事司法", "第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告系根据大会第76/181号决议编写，大会在该决议中请秘书长向大会第七十七届会议提交关于决议执行情况的报告。本报告概述了2022年5月16日至20日在维也纳举行的预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第三十一届会议关于第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会后续行动的审议情况。本报告还概述了在落实《关于推进预防犯罪、刑事司法和法治：努力实现〈2030年可持续发展议程〉的京都宣言》方面，委员会作为联合国预防犯罪大会的筹备和后续落实机构所采取的行动，以及联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室开展的活动。根据该决议，本报告还介绍会员国就确保适当落实《京都宣言》的其他方式方法提出的建议。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告系根据大会题为“第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会”的第76/181号决议编写，大会在该决议中请秘书长向大会第七十七届会议提交关于决议执行情况的报告。", "2. 大会在该决议中邀请各国政府在制定立法和政策指令时考虑到《关于推进预防犯罪、刑事司法和法治：努力实现〈2030年可持续发展议程〉的京都宣言》，并遵照《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，在适当情况下尽一切努力实行《京都宣言》所载各项原则。", "3. 在同一决议中，大会请秘书长就确保适当落实《京都宣言》的其他方式方法征求会员国的建议，以供预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第三十一届会议审议并采取行动。", "4. 在同一决议中，大会还请委员会在题为“第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动和第十五届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的筹备工作”的常设议程项目下审议《京都宣言》的实施情况。", "5. 本报告概述了2022年5月16日至20日在维也纳举行的委员会第三十一届会议关于第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会后续行动的审议情况。本报告概述了在落实《京都宣言》方面，委员会作为联合国预防犯罪大会的筹备和后续落实机构所采取的行动，以及联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室（毒品和犯罪问题办公室）开展的活动。根据该决议第12段，本报告还介绍会员国就确保适当落实《京都宣言》的其他方式方法提出的建议。", "6. 本报告对委员会第三十一届会议审议的秘书长关于第十四届预防犯罪大会的后续行动和第十五届预防犯罪大会的筹备工作的报告（E/CN.15/2022/11）作出补充。本报告还补充了秘书长根据大会第76/187号决议的授权提交大会第七十七届会议审议的关于联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案任务执行情况，特别是毒品和犯罪问题办公室技术合作活动的报告（A/77/127）。", "二. 《关于推进预防犯罪、刑事司法和法治：努力实现〈2030年可持续发展议程〉的京都宣言》的后续落实和实施情况", "A. 预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第三十一届会议的审议情况", "7. 第十四届预防犯罪大会于2021年3月7日至12日在日本京都举行，总主题是“推进预防犯罪、刑事司法和法治：努力实现《2030年议程》”。有5,000多人与会，代表了创纪录的152个会员国以及114个非政府组织、37个政府间组织、600名个人专家和属于联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案网的相当数量的联合国系统各实体和研究所。", "8. 在高级别部分会议开始时，会员国通过了《京都宣言》，其中各国商定就下列四大支柱采取切实行动——推进预防犯罪工作；推动刑事司法系统发展；推进法治；以及促进国际合作和技术援助以预防和处理一切形式的犯罪——包括在2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行的背景下采取此类行动。", "9. 根据大会第76/181号决议，委员会第三十一届会议在题为“第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动和第十五届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的筹备工作”的常设议程项目下，审议了《京都宣言》的实施情况。", "10. 在该议程项目下，委员会收到了供其审议的秘书长的相关报告（E/CN.15/ 2022/11），其中概述了在后续落实第十四届预防犯罪大会方面委员会采取的行动与毒品和犯罪问题办公室开展的活动，并介绍了第十五届预防犯罪大会的筹备情况。该报告还介绍了会员国在2022年2月24日之前提交的关于确保适当落实《京都宣言》的其他方式方法的建议。[2]最后，该报告还载有多项建议，包括关于第十五届预防犯罪大会筹备工作的建议。", "11. 委员会还审议了一份会议室文件，其中载有主席关于委员会关于《京都宣言》执行情况专题讨论的概述（E/CN.15/2022/CRP.1）。根据大会第76/181号决议，第一轮专题讨论于2021年11月10日至12日举行，重点是《京都宣言》的第一大支柱（推进预防犯罪工作）。期间促进了各国专家和决策者、联合国系统各实体、政府间组织和民间社会就推进预防犯罪的良好做法、挑战和经验教训进行互动交流。[3]", "12. 委员会第三十届会议主席在概述中鼓励会员国和感兴趣的利益攸关方及时启动2022年专题会议的筹备工作，为相关专家与会提供便利，从而分享良好做法和讨论如何成功实施《京都宣言》的第二大支柱（推动刑事司法系统发展）。", "13. 委员会还审议了一份会议室文件，其中载有主席对影响环境的犯罪问题专家讨论会的概述（E/CN.15/2022/CRP.2）。根据《京都宣言》第87段和大会关于预防和打击影响环境的犯罪的第76/185号决议，2022年2月14日至16日举行了闭会期间专家讨论会，推动开展了互动讨论，探讨以哪些具体方式改进战略和对策，以有效预防和打击影响环境的犯罪，并在业务层面加强这一领域的国际合作。[4]", "14. 主席在概述中着重指出，预防和打击影响环境的犯罪的共同努力和行动是对充分执行《京都宣言》的关键贡献。他还重申，必须保留和收集各代表团和专家在讨论会期间分享的良好做法和经验教训，以期借鉴其他国家的经验，更好地了解所面临的挑战以及产生积极成果的工具。", "15. 为便于审议关于第十四届预防犯罪大会后续行动的议程项目，委员会秘书作了介绍性发言。加拿大、智利、日本、利比亚、沙特阿拉伯、泰国和美利坚合众国的代表作了发言。伊朗伊斯兰共和国、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国和欧洲联盟的观察员也作了发言。亚洲和远东预防犯罪和罪犯待遇研究所的观察员也作了发言。", "16. 与会者赞赏第十四届预防犯罪大会的东道国日本成功组织了此次预防犯罪大会，特别是考虑到COVID-19大流行带来的挑战。会上强调了将《京都宣言》所载承诺转化为具体行动的重要性。一些发言者交流了信息，介绍了国家和区域努力履行《宣言》中在四大支柱方面所作承诺的情况，包括执行联合国标准和规范，执行侧重社会弱势成员的预防犯罪和刑事司法战略，包括在涉及COVID-19大流行方面，以及努力提高司法协助和引渡的效率和效力。分享的其他国家实例除其他外，侧重采取步骤加强刑事司法系统，包括通过改造和重新融入社会方面的工作努力减少累犯。一些发言者提到需要应对暴力侵害妇女和儿童问题，并需要制定促进具有性别响应性、对儿童问题有敏感认识和基于人权的司法政策。会上强调了向提出请求的会员国提供技术援助以支持各国实施《京都宣言》的重要性，并欢迎毒品和犯罪问题办公室在这方面提供的支持。", "17. 一些发言者强调了预防犯罪、刑事司法、法治与国际社会努力落实《2030年可持续发展议程》之间的联系。一些发言者强调应提高对《京都宣言》的认识，并强调了刑事司法系统在促进法治以支持可持续发展方面的重要作用。一些发言者欢迎《京都宣言》的后续进程，特别是组织委员会就《京都宣言》实施情况进行专题讨论。此外，欢迎毒品和犯罪问题办公室和会员国自该宣言通过以来所作的努力，包括在预防再次犯罪的标准和规范方面所作的努力。", "18. 会上提到了主席在委员会第三十一届会议第一天举行的高级别特别活动，活动的重点是《京都宣言》的实施情况。会上对日本提出一项关于第十四届预防犯罪大会后续行动和第十五届预防犯罪大会筹备工作的决议表示赞赏。关于第十五届预防犯罪大会的筹备工作，会上强调应与联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案网各研究所密切协作，确保及时通过实质性议程，并随后尽早编写讨论指南和安排筹备讲习班。", "B. 预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第三十一届会议采取的行动", "19. 委员会于2022年5月20日星期五就题为“第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动和第十五届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的筹备工作”的决议草案采取了行动，并通过经济及社会理事会建议大会予以通过。大会在该决议中再次邀请各国政府在拟订立法和政策指示时，考虑到《京都宣言》，并遵循《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，酌情尽全力实行该宣言所载的各项原则。", "20. 在同一决议中，大会欢迎日本政府主动与毒品和犯罪问题办公室合作，并通过委员会，确保对《京都宣言》实施工作采取适当的后续行动。大会请委员会根据其任务授权，在预算外资源允许的情况下，继续采取适当的政策和行动措施后续落实《京都宣言》，包括举行闭会期间专题讨论，以促进会员国和相关利益攸关方之间交流信息、良好做法和经验教训。", "21. 大会决定，鉴于委员会在实施《京都宣言》方面密集的后续落实进程，于2026年举行第十五届预防犯罪大会，以期保持预防犯罪大会的五年周期，但不影响以后各届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的时间安排。", "22. 大会邀请会员国就第十五届预防犯罪大会的总主题、议程项目和讲习班议题提供各自的建议，并请秘书长将这些建议列入提交委员会第三十二届会议的关于第十四届预防犯罪大会后续行动和第十五届预防犯罪大会筹备工作的报告。", "23. 大会还建议以第十四届预防犯罪大会的经验和成功为基础，全力确保第十五届预防犯罪大会的总主题、议程项目和讲习班议题相互关联，并确保精简议程项目和讲习班议题并限制其数目，还鼓励举行以议程项目和讲习班为侧重点并起到补充作用的会外活动。大会请委员会第三十二届会议核准第十五届预防犯罪大会的总主题、议程项目和讲习班议题。", "24. 大会最后请秘书长向大会第七十八届会议提交该决议的执行情况报告。", "C. 预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第三十一届会议开展的其他活动", "25. 委员会广泛宣传了《京都宣言》所载的政策承诺。2022年5月16日，在第三十一届会议间隙，委员会主席与日本政府合作，举行了一次高级别特别活动，讨论如何以多层面方法将《京都宣言》转化为实地行动。此次特别活动提供了一个机会，可供评估和报告自2021年3月通过《京都宣言》以来发起的各项举措，重点是为履行《京都宣言》中的承诺而在联合国系统内机构层面、通过委员会在政府间层面和在方案层面所做的努力，以及在国家和区域各级做出的努力，包括利益攸关方做出的努力。与会者回顾了第十四届预防犯罪大会的进行情况和成果，并交流了在大流行病期间举行大型国际会议的经验。", "26. 此外，预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会将于2022年7月在2022年可持续发展高级别政治论坛间隙，与麻醉药品委员会合作举办一次网络会外活动，活动题为“利用国际行动应对COVID-19对毒品和犯罪的影响：麻醉药品委员会与预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会的多学科综合对策”。此次会外活动除其他外，将有助于更好地认识预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会就可持续发展目标与法治及预防犯罪和刑事司法之间的相互联系所开展的工作。将分享相关信息，介绍委员会对实施《2030年可持续发展议程》做出的贡献。", "D. 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室采取的行动", "27. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室采取了一些举措，以期确保采取综合办法后续落实第十四届预防犯罪大会。设立了一个跨司工作组，以便加强全办公室在实施《京都宣言》和筹备第十五届预防犯罪大会方面的协调与合作。该工作组由毒品和犯罪问题办公室各司的代表组成，由理事机构秘书处领导，定期举行会议。", "28. 该跨司工作组制定了一个供内部使用的实施矩阵，其中概述毒品和犯罪问题办公室及其伙伴为支持实施《京都宣言》而开展的活动。这些活动侧重联合国系统内部的机构后续行动、通过预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会采取的政府间后续行动以及通过毒品和犯罪问题办公室各实务司采取的方案后续行动。该矩阵可根据不同的标准进行排列，包括《京都宣言》的各项支柱、《2021-2025年毒品和犯罪问题办公室战略》的专题领域和成果，以及各项活动所促进的可持续发展目标。", "29. 考虑到对在线通信渠道的依赖日益增加，预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会秘书处推出了一个关于实施《京都宣言》的电子学习工具。[5]该工具包括三个互动模块，介绍《京都宣言》的背景、该宣言与《2030年议程》的关系以及该宣言涵盖的实质性领域。该工具还包含关于毒品和犯罪问题办公室相关领域技术援助组合的资料。", "30. 2022年6月，理事机构秘书处用英文、法文和西班牙文为会员国举行了一次关于《京都宣言》实施情况的在线简报会。负责规划和实施预防犯罪和刑事司法政策以及负责规划和请求毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供这方面技术援助的各国官员出席了简报会。会议期间交流了关于毒品和犯罪问题办公室在该宣言涵盖的实质性领域提供技术援助的信息。", "31. 将于2022年下半年为联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案网各研究所和相关非政府组织举行一次简报会，以便促进就第十四届预防犯罪大会后续行动进行全面的多利益攸关方讨论。", "32. 除了机构后续行动之外，毒品和犯罪问题办公室还在实施《京都宣言》方面开展了广泛的方案活动。[6]", "三. 关于确保适当落实《京都宣言》的其他方式方法的建议", "33. 根据大会第76/181号决议，向会员国发出了一份普通照会，请各国就确保适当落实《京都宣言》的方式方法提出建议。在3月30日截止日期前，共收到10份建议，分别来自加拿大、捷克、印度、日本、马里、摩洛哥、菲律宾、卡塔尔、罗马尼亚和土耳其。", "34. 其中许多会员国在各自建议中强调了应分享包括情报在内的信息和最佳做法，并应加强执法机构在《京都宣言》涵盖的专题领域中开展国际合作。建议建立不同的合作论坛，例如区域合作网络和不限成员名额政府间专家组或工作组，以使各国从业人员能够分享预防犯罪和刑事司法方面的知识、经验、良好做法和挑战。一些会员国提及日本与毒品和犯罪问题办公室于2022年2月举办的亚洲及太平洋刑事司法论坛，该论坛成为该区域负责刑事事项司法协助的中央机关和从事罪犯待遇和改造工作的主管机关之间的合作论坛。", "35. 一些会员国赞赏地注意到2021年11月10日至12日举行的委员会关于《京都宣言》实施情况的第一轮闭会期间专题讨论。建议设立一个专门讨论《京都宣言》的在线平台，除其他外，该平台将涵盖在实施《京都宣言》方面取得的进展以及在专题讨论中分享的资源。还建议除了专题讨论之外，请会员国自愿提供关于《京都宣言》所载建议实施情况的定期报告，以便更广泛地传播。另一项建议是，毒品和犯罪问题办公室应制定一套与《京都宣言》四大支柱相关的一般指标，并编写关于该宣言实施情况的调查问卷，由所有相关利益攸关方定期填写，交由毒品和犯罪问题办公室使用。", "36. 据指出，毒品和犯罪问题办公室在提供预防犯罪和刑事司法领域的能力建设和技术援助方面发挥着关键作用。建议会员国继续在这方面与毒品和犯罪问题办公室建立伙伴关系。有建议强调了在相关领域对主管机关进行持续培训的重要性，包括在司法协助和司法道德方面的培训。", "37. 一些会员国强调了将性别平等视角纳入预防犯罪和刑事司法战略主流的重要性。", "38. 有建议指出，确保适当落实《京都宣言》的最重要方式方法之一是各会员国，特别是有财政和技术能力的会员国提供资金，用于开展旨在将该宣言所列政治承诺转化为实地项目的活动和方案，特别是在发展中国家和欠发达国家。", "四. 结论性意见", "39. 在今后几年里，《京都宣言》将是关于预防犯罪和刑事司法的主要国际政治承诺，并将指导这方面的全球行动。我敦促会员国采取协调一致的行动，推动履行《京都宣言》中所作的承诺，包括通过作为联合国在犯罪相关事项方面的主要决策机构的委员会。", "40. 考虑到第一轮闭会期间专题讨论的成果以及相关利益攸关方在这方面提供的积极反馈，我鼓励委员会继续本着同样的精神，促进会员国、联合国系统各实体、其他政府间组织和民间社会之间交流信息、良好做法和经验教训，以便有效后续落实《京都宣言》。", "41. 广泛传播《京都宣言》所载的政策承诺，并在会员国和其他相关利益攸关方之间分享关于该宣言实施情况的信息，是确保采取综合办法后续落实该宣言的关键。在这方面，我鼓励委员会通过举行会外活动，包括在大会和经济及社会理事会举行的会外活动，继续让所有相关利益攸关方了解为后续落实《京都宣言》而开展的活动。", "42. 会员国在《京都宣言》中重申毒品和犯罪问题办公室作为联合国在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域支持会员国的牵头实体所发挥的作用。我鼓励毒品和犯罪问题办公室在这方面进一步加强机构协调与合作，确保采取综合办法后续落实第十四届预防犯罪大会，并继续开展方案活动，以期支持会员国履行《京都宣言》所载承诺，并随时向会员国通报在这方面开展的工作。", "43. 及早确定第十五届预防犯罪大会的东道国会使委员会有机会开展磋商，促进及时规划和协调相关筹备安排。我鼓励委员会在会员国之间开展进一步磋商，确定东道国，以便促进及时规划和协调相关筹备安排。本着同样的精神，我敦促会员国就第十五届预防犯罪大会的总主题、议程项目和讲习班议题提出建议。", "44. 多边合作和多利益攸关方伙伴关系对于推进预防犯罪、刑事司法和法治至关重要，是为实现《2030年议程》所做努力的一部分。我请委员会在《京都宣言》的后续落实行动和第十五届预防犯罪大会的筹备工作中，继续与其他相关利益攸关方，包括政府间组织、联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案网各研究所、民间社会和学术界进行接触。", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50。", "[2] 在该日期之后收到的建议载于一份会议室文件（E/CN.15/2022/CRP.3）。", "[3] 另见E/CN.15/2022/11。", "[4] 同上。", "[5] 可查阅https://golearn.unodc.org/lms/login/index.php。", "[6] 另见E/CN.15/2022/11和A/77/127。" ]

[ "第七十七届会议 暂定项目表* 项目109\n预防犯罪和刑事司法", "第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第76/181号决议编写的,大会在该决议中请秘书长向大会第七十七届会议提交关于该决议执行情况的报告。 报告载有2022年5月16日至20日在维也纳举行的预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第三十一届会议关于第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会后续行动的审议情况摘要。 报告还概述了委员会作为联合国犯罪大会的筹备和后续行动机构所采取的行动,以及联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室为落实《关于推进预防犯罪、刑事司法和法治:努力实现2030年可持续发展议程的京都宣言》而开展的活动。 根据该决议,本报告还载有关于会员国就确保适当贯彻《京都宣言》的其他方式和方法所提出建议的资料。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 1. 本报告是根据大会题为“第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会”的第76/181号决议编写的,大会在该决议中请秘书长向大会第七十七届会议提交关于该决议执行情况的报告。", "2. 联合国 在该决议中,大会请各国政府在制定立法和政策指示时考虑到《关于推进预防犯罪、刑事司法和法治:努力实现2030年可持续发展议程的京都宣言》,并尽一切努力酌情按照《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则执行其中所载的各项原则。", "3个 大会同一项决议还请秘书长就确保适当贯彻《京都宣言》的其他方式方法征求会员国的建议,供预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第三十一届会议审议并采取行动。", " 4.四. 大会还在同一决议中请委员会在题为“第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动和第十五次联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的筹备工作”的常设议程项目下审查《京都宣言》的执行情况。", "5 (韩语). 本报告概述了2022年5月16日至20日在维也纳举行的委员会第三十一届会议就第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动进行的审议。 报告概述了委员会作为联合国犯罪问题大会筹备和后续行动机构所采取的行动,以及联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(毒品和犯罪问题办公室)为贯彻《京都宣言》而开展的活动。 根据该决议第12段,该报告还列入了会员国就确保适当贯彻《京都宣言》的其他方式和方法所提出建议的资料。", "6. 国家 本报告补充了秘书长关于第十四届预防犯罪大会的后续行动和第十五次预防犯罪大会筹备工作的报告(E/CN.15/2022/11),委员会第三十一届会议审议了该报告。 本报告还补充了秘书长按照大会第76/187号决议所授权提交大会第七十七届会议审议的关于联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案任务执行情况,特别是关于毒品和犯罪问题办公室技术合作活动的报告(A/77/127)。", "二. 《关于推进预防犯罪、刑事司法和法治的京都宣言》的后续行动和执行情况: 努力实现2030年可持续发展议程", "A. 预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第三十一届会议的审议情况", "7. 联合国 第十四届预防犯罪大会于2021年3月7日至12日在日本京都举行,总主题是“推进预防犯罪、刑事司法和法治:努力实现2030年议程”。 该讲习班汇集了代表创纪录的152个会员国的5 000多名与会者,以及114个非政府组织、37个政府间组织、600名个人专家和属于联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案网的许多联合国系统实体和研究所。", "8. 联合国 在高级别会议开始时,会员国通过了《京都宣言》,其中商定了与四个支柱有关的具体行动 -- -- 推进预防犯罪;推进刑事司法系统;促进法治;促进国际合作和技术援助以预防和处理一切形式的犯罪 -- -- 包括在冠状病毒病(COVID-19)流行的背景下。", "9. 国家 根据大会第76/181号决议,委员会第三十一届会议在题为“第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动和第十五次联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的筹备工作”的常设议程项目下审查了《京都宣言》的执行情况。", "10个 在该议程项目下,委员会收到了供其审议的秘书长相关报告(E/CN.15/2022/11),其中概述了委员会采取的行动和毒品和犯罪问题办公室为第十四届预防犯罪大会而开展的活动,并提供了关于第十五次预防犯罪大会筹备工作的信息。 报告还载有关于会员国在2022年2月24日之前就确保适当贯彻《京都宣言》的其他方式和方法所提出建议的资料。 [2] 最后,它包括了建议,包括有关筹备第十五次大会的建议。", "11个 委员会还审议了载有主席关于委员会就《京都宣言》执行情况进行专题讨论的总结的会议室文件(E/CN.15/2022/CRP.1)。 根据大会第76/181号决议,第一轮专题讨论于2021年11月10日至12日举行,重点讨论了《京都宣言》(推进预防犯罪)的第一支柱。 促进了各国专家和决策者、联合国系统各实体、政府间组织和民间社会之间就推进预防犯罪方面的良好做法、挑战和经验教训进行互动交流。 [3]", "12个 委员会第三十届会议主席在其总结中鼓励会员国和感兴趣的利益攸关方及时为2022年专题会议开展筹备工作,为相关专家参加会议提供便利,以分享良好做法并讨论如何成功实施《京都宣言》(推进刑事司法系统)的第二个支柱。", "13个 委员会还审议了载有主席关于影响环境的犯罪的专家讨论摘要的会议室文件(E/CN.15/2022/CRP.2)。 根据《京都宣言》第87段和大会关于预防和打击影响环境的犯罪的第76/185号决议,于2022年2月14日至16日进行了闭会期间专家讨论,促进就改进战略和对策以有效预防和打击影响环境的犯罪的具体方式进行互动辩论,并增强该领域在业务层面的国际合作。 [4]", "14个 主席在总结中强调,为预防和打击影响环境的犯罪而作的共同努力和行动,是对充分执行《京都宣言》的重要贡献。 他还重申,必须保留并收集各代表团和专家在讨论期间分享的良好做法和经验教训,以学习他人的经验并更好地了解所面临的挑战以及取得积极成果的工具。", "15个 为便于审议关于第十四届预防犯罪大会后续行动的议程项目,委员会秘书作了介绍性发言。 下列国家代表发了言:加拿大、智利、日本、利比亚、沙特阿拉伯、泰国和美利坚合众国。 伊朗伊斯兰共和国、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国和欧洲联盟的观察员也作了发言。 亚洲和远东预防犯罪和罪犯待遇研究所的观察员也作了发言。", "16号. 与会者对作为第十四届大会东道国的日本成功举办大会表示赞赏,特别是鉴于COVID-19大流行病所构成的挑战。 会议强调了将《京都宣言》所载承诺转化为具体行动的重要性。 一些发言者介绍了为履行《宣言》四大支柱所作出的承诺而做出的国家和区域努力,包括落实联合国标准和规范、实施以社会弱势成员为重点的预防犯罪和刑事司法战略,包括与COVID-19大流行病有关的战略,以及努力提高司法协助和引渡的效率和效力等。 分享的更多国家实例,除其他外,侧重于为加强刑事司法系统而采取的步骤,包括通过康复和重返社会努力减少累犯。 一些发言者提到需要解决暴力侵害妇女和儿童的问题并需要制定促进两性平等、对儿童问题有敏感认识和以人权为基础的司法政策。 会上强调了向提出请求的会员国提供技术援助以支持各国执行《京都宣言》的重要性,并欢迎毒品和犯罪问题办公室在这方面提供的支持。", "17岁 一些发言者强调了预防犯罪、刑事司法、法治与国际社会执行《2030年可持续发展议程》的努力之间的联系。 一些发言者强调了提高对《京都宣言》的认识的重要性和刑事司法系统在促进法治以支持可持续发展方面的重要作用。 几位发言者欢迎《京都宣言》的后续进程,特别是委员会就《宣言》的执行情况举行专题讨论。 此外,欢迎毒品和犯罪问题办公室和会员国自《宣言》通过以来所做出的努力,包括防止再次犯罪的标准和规范。", "18岁。 有人提到主席在委员会第三十一届会议第一天举行的高级别特别活动,这次活动的重点是执行《京都宣言》。 与会者对日本提出一项关于第十四届大会后续行动和第十五次大会筹备工作的决议表示赞赏。 关于第十五次大会的筹备工作,强调了确保及时通过实质性议程以及随后同联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案网各研究所密切协调及早编写讨论指南和筹备讲习班的重要性。", "B. 预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第三十一届会议采取的行动", "19. 2022年5月20日星期五,委员会对题为 \" 第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动和第十五次联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的筹备工作 \" 的决议草案采取了行动,并通过经济及社会理事会建议大会通过该决议草案。 在该决议中,大会将再次请各国政府在制定立法和政策指示时考虑到《京都宣言》,并尽一切努力,酌情按照《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则执行其中所载的原则。", "20号. 在同一决议中,大会将欢迎日本政府主动与毒品和犯罪问题办公室合作,并通过委员会确保就执行《京都宣言》采取适当的后续行动。 大会将请委员会根据其任务规定,继续执行《京都宣言》后续行动的适当政策和业务措施,包括举行闭会期间专题讨论,以方便会员国和相关利益攸关方在有预算外资源的情况下交流信息、良好做法和经验教训。", "21岁 大会将决定于2026年举行第十五届预防犯罪大会,但不影响以后联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的时间安排,并鉴于委员会在执行《京都宣言》方面开展的密集后续进程,以维持预防犯罪大会的五年周期。", "22号. 大会将请会员国就第十五届预防犯罪大会讲习班的总主题、议程项目和议题提出建议,并请秘书长将这些建议列入将提交委员会第三十二届会议的关于第十四届预防犯罪大会后续行动和筹备第十五届预防犯罪大会的报告。", "23. 联合国 此外,大会将建议,在第十四届预防犯罪大会的经验和成功的基础上,尽一切努力确保第十五次预防犯罪大会讲习班的总主题、议程项目和议题相互关联,并精简议程项目和讲习班议题并限制其数量,并鼓励举办侧重于并补充议程项目和讲习班的会外活动。 大会将请委员会第三十二届会议核准第十五次大会讲习班的总主题、议程项目和议题。", "24 (韩语). 大会最后将请秘书长就该决议的执行情况向第七十八届会议提出报告。", " C C. 预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第三十一届会议的其他活动", "25岁 委员会已广泛促进《京都宣言》所载的政策承诺。 2022年5月16日,委员会主席在第三十一届会议间隙同日本政府合作,举行了一次高级别特别活动,讨论如何从多方面把《京都宣言》变成实地行动。 本次特别活动提供了一个机会,可以总结和报告自2021年3月通过《京都宣言》以来发起的倡议,重点是联合国系统内机构一级、政府间一级通过委员会所作的努力、方案一级以及国家和区域一级,包括利益攸关方为执行《京都宣言》中所作承诺而作的努力。 与会者审查了第十四届大会的举行情况和成果,并分享了在这一流行病期间举行大规模国际会议的经验。", "26. 联合国 此外,2022年7月,在2022年可持续发展问题高级别政治论坛的间隙,预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会将同麻醉药品委员会一起举行题为“利用国际行动来应对COVID-19对毒品和犯罪的影响:麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会的综合多学科对策”的在线会外活动。 会外活动将特别有助于提高对犯罪问题委员会就可持续发展目标同法治及预防犯罪和刑事司法之间的相互联系所开展工作的认识。 将分享关于委员会为执行《2030年可持续发展议程》所作出贡献的信息。", "D. 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室采取的行动", "27个 毒品和犯罪问题办公室采取了若干举措,以确保对第十四届大会的后续行动采取综合办法。 设立了一个司际工作组,以加强整个办事处在执行《京都宣言》和筹备第十五次大会方面的协调与合作。 该工作组由毒品和犯罪问题办公室各司的代表组成,由秘书处领导理事机构,定期举行会议。", "28岁 司际工作组制定了供内部使用的执行汇总表,概述了毒品和犯罪问题办公室及其伙伴为支持执行《京都宣言》而开展的活动。 这些活动侧重于联合国系统内的机构后续行动、通过预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会开展的政府间后续行动和通过毒品和犯罪问题办公室各实务司开展的方案后续行动。 汇总表可按不同标准排序,包括《宣言》的支柱、毒品和犯罪问题办公室2021-2025年战略的专题领域和成果以及各项活动所促进的可持续发展目标。", "29. 国家 考虑到日益依赖在线通信渠道,预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会秘书处推出了一个关于《京都宣言》执行情况的电子学习工具。 [5] 该工具由三个互动单元组成,提供《宣言》的背景、与《2030年议程》的关系以及《宣言》所涵盖实质性领域的信息。 该工具还载有关于毒品和犯罪问题办公室相关领域技术援助组合的信息。", "30岁。 2022年6月,理事机构秘书处以英文、法文和西班牙文为会员国举行了一次关于《京都宣言》执行情况的在线简报会。 负责规划和执行预防犯罪和刑事司法政策以及规划和请毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供这方面的技术援助的国家官员出席了简报会。 在简报会上,介绍了毒品和犯罪问题办公室在《宣言》所涵盖实质性领域提供的技术援助。", "31岁 将在2022年下半年为联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案网各研究所和有关非政府组织举行一次简报会,以利就第十四届大会的后续行动进行全面的多方利益攸关方讨论。", "32. 联合国 除了机构后续行动外,办事处还为执行《京都宣言》开展了广泛的方案活动。 [6]", "三. 关于确保适当贯彻《京都宣言》的其他方式方法的建议", "33. (中文(简体) ). 根据大会第76/181号决议,向各会员国发出了一份普通照会,请它们就如何确保对《京都宣言》采取适当的后续行动提出建议。 到3月30日的最后期限,共收到加拿大、捷克、印度、日本、马里、摩洛哥、菲律宾、卡塔尔、罗马尼亚和蒂尔基耶的10个提案。", "34. 国家 其中许多会员国在其提案中强调了分享情报和最佳做法等信息以及执法机构在《京都宣言》所涵盖专题领域加强国际合作的重要性。 建议建立区域合作网络和不限成员名额政府间专家组或工作组等不同的合作论坛,使各国从业人员能够分享其在预防犯罪和刑事司法方面的知识、经验、良好做法和挑战。 一些会员国提及了由日本和毒品和犯罪问题办公室于2022年2月召开的亚洲及太平洋刑事司法论坛,该论坛是负责刑事事项司法协助的中央机关与在该区域从事罪犯治疗和康复的主管机关之间开展合作的论坛。", "35. 联合国 一些会员国赞赏地注意到委员会于2021年11月10日至12日举行的关于《京都宣言》执行情况的第一轮闭会期间专题讨论。 有人提议建立一个专门处理《京都宣言》的在线平台,除其他外,该平台将涵盖在执行《京都宣言》方面取得的进展以及在专题讨论中共享的资源。 还提议超出专题讨论的范围,并请会员国自愿提交关于《京都宣言》所载建议执行情况的定期报告,以广为传播。 另一项建议是,毒品和犯罪问题办公室制定一套与《京都宣言》四大支柱有关的一般性指标,并设计关于《宣言》执行情况的调查表,由所有相关的利益攸关方定期填写并被毒品和犯罪问题办公室使用。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 据指出,毒品和犯罪问题办公室在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域提供能力建设和技术援助方面发挥了关键作用。 建议会员国继续在这方面同毒品和犯罪问题办公室建立伙伴关系。 强调了在相关领域,包括在司法协助和司法道德方面对主管当局进行持续培训的重要性。", "37. 联合国 一些会员国强调了将性别观点纳入预防犯罪和刑事司法战略主流的重要性。", "38. 国家 有人指出,确保对《京都宣言》采取适当的后续行动的最重要方式和手段之一是由会员国,特别是那些拥有财政和技术能力的国家提供资金,用于旨在将《宣言》所阐明的政治承诺转化为实地项目的活动和方案,特别是在发展中国家和欠发达国家。", "四、结 论 结论性意见", "39. 联合国 在今后几年里,《京都宣言》将是预防犯罪和刑事司法方面的主要国际政治承诺并指导这方面的全球行动。 我敦促会员国采取一致行动来推动《京都宣言》中所作承诺的履行,包括通过委员会作为联合国在犯罪相关事项上的主要决策机构。", " 40. 40. 考虑到第一轮闭会期间专题讨论的成功结果以及相关利益攸关方在这方面的积极反馈,我鼓励委员会继续本着同样的精神,促进会员国、联合国系统各实体、其他政府间组织和民间社会交流信息、良好做法和经验教训,以有效贯彻《京都宣言》。", "41. 国家 广泛传播《京都宣言》所载的政策承诺和在会员国和其他相关利益攸关方之间分享关于《宣言》执行情况的信息,是确保对《宣言》采取后续行动采取全面办法的关键。 在这方面,我鼓励委员会继续通过举办会外活动,包括在大会和经济及社会理事会举行的会外活动,使所有相关利益攸关方随时了解为贯彻《京都宣言》而开展的活动。", "42. 国家 在《京都宣言》中,会员国重申了毒品和犯罪问题办公室作为联合国在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域支持会员国的主要实体的作用。 我鼓励毒品和犯罪问题办公室在这方面进一步加强机构协调与合作,确保对第十四届大会的后续行动采取全面做法,并继续开展方案活动,以支持会员国履行《京都宣言》所载承诺并随时向会员国通报在这方面开展的工作。", "43. 东帝汶 尽早确定第十五次大会的东道国,使委员会有机会进行协商,促进及时规划和协调有关的筹备安排。 我鼓励委员会与会员国进一步协商,确定东道国,以便利及时规划和协调有关的筹备安排。 同样,我敦促会员国就第十五届大会讲习班的总主题、议程项目和议题提出建议。", "44. 多边合作和多利益攸关方伙伴关系对于推进预防犯罪、刑事司法和法治至关重要,是努力实现2030年议程的一部分。 我请委员会继续与其他相关利益攸关方,包括政府间组织、联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案网各研究所、民间社会和学术界参与《京都宣言》的后续行动并筹备第十五次大会。", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50。", "[2] 该日期后收到的提案载于一份会议室文件(E/CN.15/2022/CRP.3)。", "[3] 另见E/CN.15/2022/11。", "[4] 同上。", "[5] 可查阅https://golearn.unodc.org/lms/login/index.php。", "[6] 另见E/CN.15/2022/11和A/77/127。" ]

[ "Ad Hoc Committee to Elaborate aComprehensive InternationalConvention on Countering the Useof Information andCommunications Technologies forCriminal Purposes Third session \nNew York, 29 August–9 September2022", "Annotated provisional agenda", "Provisional agenda", "1. Opening of the session.", "2. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work.", "3. Presentation by the Committee Chair of the report on the second intersessional consultation with multi-stakeholders, held on 13 and 14 June 2022.", "4. Provisions on international cooperation.", "5. Provisions on technical assistance.", "6. Provisions on preventive measures.", "7. Provisions on the mechanism of implementation.", "8. Final provisions.", "9. Preamble.", "10. Any other business.", "11. Adoption of the report.", "12. Closure of the session.", "Annotations", "1. Opening of the session", "In its resolution 74/247, the General Assembly decided to establish an open-ended ad hoc intergovernmental committee of experts, representative of all regions, to elaborate a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes, taking into full consideration existing international instruments and efforts at the national, regional and international levels on combating the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes, in particular the work and outcomes of the open-ended intergovernmental Expert Group to Conduct a Comprehensive Study on Cybercrime.", "The Ad Hoc Committee to Elaborate a Comprehensive International Convention on Countering the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Criminal Purposes held an organizational session in New York from 10 to 12 May 2021.", "On 26 May 2021, the General Assembly adopted resolution 75/282, in which it decided, inter alia, that the Committee should convene at least six sessions of 10 days each, and a concluding session, and provide a draft convention to the General Assembly at its seventy-eighth session. The Ad Hoc Committee held a session on organizational matters in New York on 24 February 2022. It held its first session in New York from 28 February to 11 March 2022 and its second session in Vienna from 30 May to 10 June 2022.", "At the session on organizational matters, the Ad Hoc Committee held elections to fill two vacant Vice-Chair positions from Asia-Pacific States and Latin American and Caribbean States, and adopted the list of other relevant non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations, academic institutions and private sector entities that may participate in the Committee, in line with paragraph 9 of resolution 75/282. At its first session, the Ad Hoc Committee adopted a road map and mode of work with a view to facilitating the fulfilment of the Committee’s mandate through a well-planned, organized and transparent approach, and also adopted the structure of the convention. In addition, the Ad Hoc Committee considered the objectives and scope of the convention and held a preliminary exchange of views on key elements of the convention. At its second session, the Ad Hoc Committee undertook a first reading of the chapters on criminalization, general provisions, and procedural measures and law enforcement, and exchanged views on the basis of the written submissions of Member States.", "In line with the road map approved by the Ad Hoc Committee at its first session, the third session of the Ad Hoc Committee will be opened in New York on Monday, 29 August 2022, at 10 a.m. in the Trusteeship Council Chamber. The session will be held in a hybrid format (in person and online), with simultaneous interpretation in the six official languages of the United Nations and with two three-hour meetings per day, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, on the understanding that the online interventions, using a remote interpretation platform, are not to exceed 30 minutes per meeting, as decided by Member States by means of a silence procedure on 24 June 2022. Further information for participants, including on any coronavirus disease (COVID-19) mitigation measures and participation modalities, will be made available on the website of the session.[1]", "2. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "The road map and mode of work for the Ad Hoc Committee (A/AC.291/7, annex II), which were approved at its first session, provide guidance for the Committee to fulfil its mandates from the first session to the concluding session, to be held in 2024, including the substantive agenda items for all meetings.", "The present annotated provisional agenda was prepared in line with the road map and mode of work, which foresees that the Ad Hoc Committee will examine the provisions of the convention on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble.", "Documentation", "Annotated provisional agenda (A/AC.291/11)", "3. Presentation by the Committee Chair of the report on the second intersessional consultation with multi-stakeholders, held on 13 and 14 June 2022", "In paragraph 10 of its resolution 75/282, the General Assembly encouraged the Chair of the Ad Hoc Committee to host intersessional consultations to solicit inputs from a diverse range of stakeholders on the elaboration of the draft convention.", "In accordance with resolution 75/282 and the road map and mode of work for the Ad Hoc Committee, the second intersessional consultation with multi-stakeholders was held in Vienna on 13 and 14 June 2022. Furthermore, pursuant to the road map and mode of work, the Chair, with the support of the secretariat, prepared a report, which was made available on the website of the Ad Hoc Committee in advance of the third session, and is before the Ad Hoc Committee as a conference room paper.", "In line with paragraph 17 of the road map and mode of work for the Ad Hoc Committee, the Chair will present her report on the second intersessional consultation with multi-stakeholders.", "Documentation", "Chair’s report on the second intersessional consultation of the Ad Hoc Committee (A/AC.291/CRP.12)", "4. Provisions on international cooperation", "The Ad Hoc Committee at its third session will undertake a first reading of the provisions on international cooperation, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will conduct its work on the basis of the written submissions of Member States, in the form of specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the provisions on international cooperation, articulated in line with the chapters contained in the structure of the convention approved at its first session, which may facilitate the reaching of agreement and identification of relevant issues for negotiation.", "For the consideration of agenda item 4, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, which is available in the six official languages of the United Nations and has been circulated to Member States, in line with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, containing the proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, arranged according to article.", "In addition, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a document containing guiding questions on the chapter on international cooperation, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, and the mechanism of implementation, the preamble and the final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guiding questions on the chapters on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation and the final provisions, and the preamble of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "5. Provisions on technical assistance", "The Ad Hoc Committee at its third session will also undertake a first reading of the provisions on technical assistance, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will examine the written submissions of Member States, in the form of specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the provisions on technical assistance, articulated in line with the chapters contained in the approved structure of the convention.", "For the consideration of agenda item 5, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on technical assistance, which is available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in line with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, containing the proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, arranged according to article.", "In addition, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a document containing guiding questions on the chapter on technical assistance, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the mechanism of implementation, the preamble and the final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guiding questions on the chapters on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation and the final provisions, and the preamble of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "6. Provisions on preventive measures", "The Ad Hoc Committee at its third session will further undertake a first reading of the provisions on preventive measures, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will examine the written submissions of Member States, in the form of specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the provisions on preventive measures, articulated in line with the chapters contained in the approved structure of the convention.", "For the consideration of agenda item 6, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on preventive measures, which is available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in line with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, containing the proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, arranged according to article.", "In addition, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a document containing guiding questions on the chapter on preventive measures, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the mechanism of implementation, the preamble and the final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guiding questions on the chapters on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation and the final provisions, and the preamble of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "7. Provisions on the mechanism of implementation", "The Ad Hoc Committee at its third session will undertake a first reading of the provisions on the mechanism of implementation, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will examine the written submissions of Member States, in the form of specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the provisions on the mechanism of implementation, articulated in line with the chapters contained in the approved structure of the convention.", "For the consideration of agenda item 7, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on the mechanism of implementation, which is available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in line with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, containing the proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, arranged according to article.", "In addition, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a document containing guiding questions on the chapter on the mechanism of implementation, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the mechanism of implementation, the preamble and the final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guiding questions on the chapters on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation and the final provisions, and the preamble of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "8. Final provisions", "The Ad Hoc Committee at its third session will also undertake a first reading of the final provisions, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will examine the written submissions of Member States, in the form of specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the final provisions, articulated in line with the chapters contained in the approved structure of the convention.", "For the consideration of agenda item 8, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the final provisions, which is available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in line with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, containing the proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, arranged according to article.", "In addition, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a document containing guiding questions on the chapter on final provisions, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the mechanism of implementation, the preamble and the final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guiding questions on the chapters on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation and the final provisions, and the preamble of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "9. Preamble", "The Ad Hoc Committee at its third session will further undertake a first reading of the preamble, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will examine the written submissions of Member States, in the form of specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the preamble, articulated in line with the chapters contained in the approved structure of the convention.", "For the consideration of agenda item 9, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the preamble, which is available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in line with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, containing the proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, arranged according to article.", "In addition, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a document containing guiding questions on the preamble, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the mechanism of implementation, the preamble and the final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guiding questions on the chapters on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation and the final provisions, and the preamble of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "10. Any other business", "The Ad Hoc Committee may address any other matters under agenda item 10. As no issues to be raised under the agenda item have come to the attention of the secretariat, no documentation regarding the item is foreseen.", "11. Adoption of the report", "The Ad Hoc Committee is to adopt a report on its session, the draft of which will be prepared by the Rapporteur in coordination with the secretariat.", "12. Closure of the session", "The Chair of the Ad Hoc Committee is expected to close the session on Friday, 9 September 2022.", "Annex", "Proposed organization of work[2]", "Date/time Agenda Title or description item", "Monday, 29 August", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 1 Opening of the session", "2 Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "3 Presentation by the Committee Chair of the report on the second intersessional consultation with multi-stakeholders, held on 13 and 14 June 2022", "4 Provisions on international cooperation", "3–6 p.m. 4 Provisions on international cooperation (continued)", "Tuesday, 30 August", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 4 Provisions on international cooperation (continued)", "3–6 p.m. 4 Provisions on international cooperation (continued)", "Wednesday, 31 August", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 4 Provisions on international cooperation (continued)", "3–6 p.m. 5 Provisions on technical assistance", "Thursday, 1 September", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 5 Provisions on technical assistance (continued)", "3–6 p.m. 5 Provisions on technical assistance (continued)", "Friday, 2 September", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 6 Provisions on preventive measures", "3–6 p.m. 6 Provisions on preventive measures (continued)", "Monday, 5 September Official United Nations holiday", "Tuesday, 6 September", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 6 Provisions on preventive measures (continued)", "3–6 p.m. 7 Provisions on the mechanism of implementation", "Wednesday, 7 September", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 7 Provisions on the mechanism of implementation (continued)", "3–6 p.m. 8 Final provisions", "Thursday, 8 September", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 9 Preamble", "3–6 p.m. 9 Preamble (continued)", "Friday, 9 September", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 10 Any other business", "3–6 p.m. 11 Adoption of the report", "12 Closure of the session", "[1] www.unodc.org/unodc/en/cybercrime/ad_hoc_committee/ahc_third_session/main.html.", "[2] ^(*) The proposed timetable for each agenda item is indicative in nature. Should an item be finalized earlier, the following agenda item will be taken up." ]

[ "拟订一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和 通信技术行为的全面国际公约特设委员会", "第三届会议", "2022年8月29日至9月9日，纽约", "临时议程说明", "临时议程", "1. 会议开幕。", "2. 通过议程和工作安排。", "3. 委员会主席介绍2022年6月13日和14日与多利益攸关方举行的第二次闭会期间协商的报告。", "4. 国际合作条款。", "5. 技术援助条款。", "6. 预防措施条款。", "7. 实施机制条款。", "8. 最后条款。", "9. 序言。", "10. 任何其他事项。", "11. 通过报告。", "12. 会议闭幕。", "说明", "1. 会议开幕", "大会在第74/247号决议中决定设立一个代表所有区域的不限成员名额特设政府间专家委员会，以拟订一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约，同时充分考虑到关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的现有国际文书以及国家、区域和国际各级的现有努力，特别是全面研究网络犯罪问题不限成员名额政府间专家组的工作和成果。", "拟订一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约特设委员会于2021年5月10日至12日在纽约举行了组织会议。", "2021年5月26日，大会通过了第75/282号决议，其中除其他外决定委员会应至少召开六届会议，每届为期10天，并召开一届闭幕会议，还应向大会第七十八届会议提交一份公约草案。特设委员会于2022年2月24日在纽约举行了组织事项会议。委员会于2022年2月28日至3月11日在纽约举行了第一届会议，于2022年5月30日至6月10日在维也纳举行了第二届会议。", "在关于组织事项的会议上，特设委员会进行了选举，以填补属于亚洲太平洋国家及拉丁美洲和加勒比国家的两个空缺副主席职位，还根据第75/282号决议第9段通过了可参加委员会会议的其他相关非政府组织、民间社会组织、学术机构和私营部门的名单。特设委员会第一届会议通过了一个路线图和工作方式，以期采用一种计划周密、组织有序而透明的办法来促进委员会履行其任务授权，还通过了公约的结构。此外，特设委员会还审议了公约的目标和范围，并就公约的关键内容初步交换了意见。特设委员会第二届会议对关于刑事定罪、总则和程序措施及执法的各章进行了一读，并根据会员国提交的书面材料交换了意见。", "根据特设委员会第一届会议核准的路线图，特设委员会第三届会议将于2022年8月29日星期一上午10时在纽约托管理事会会议厅开幕。本届会议将以混合形式举行（线下和线上），配有联合国六种正式语文的同声传译，每天两次会议，每次3小时，上午和下午各一次，但有一项谅解，即利用远程口译平台进行的线上发言每次会议不得超过30分钟，这是会员国2022年6月24日经由默许程序决定的。为与会者提供的进一步信息，包括任何2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）缓解措施和参会方式，将发布在本届会议网站上。[1]", "2. 通过议程和工作安排", "特设委员会第一届会议核准的路线图和工作方式（A/AC.291/7，附件二）为委员会从第一届会议直至拟于2024年举行的总结会议履行其任务授权提供了指导，其中包括所有会议的实质性议程项目。", "本临时议程说明是根据路线图和工作方式编写的，其中设想特设委员会将审议公约中关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和实施机制的条款，以及最后条款和序言。", "文件", "临时议程说明（A/AC.291/11）", "3. 委员会主席介绍2022年6月13日和14日与多利益攸关方举行的第二次闭会期间协商的报告", "大会在第75/282号决议第10段鼓励特设委员会主席主持闭会期间协商，以征求各利益攸关方对公约草案制订工作的意见。", "根据第75/282号决议及特设委员会的路线图和工作方式，2022年6月13日和14日在维也纳举行了与多利益攸关方的第二次闭会期间协商。此外，根据路线图和工作方式，主席在秘书处的协助下编写了一份报告，在第三届会议之前发布在特设委员会网站上，并作为一份会议室文件提交特设委员会。", "根据特设委员会的路线图和工作方式第17段，主席将介绍与多利益攸关方进行的第二次闭会期间协商的报告。", "文件", "主席关于特设委员会第二次闭会期间协商的报告（A/AC.291/CRP.12）", "4. 国际合作条款", "特设委员会第三届会议将根据路线图和工作方式对国际合作条款进行一读。特设委员会将在会员国提交的书面材料的基础上开展工作，这些书面材料的形式是就国际合作条款提出的具体起草建议或一般性意见，其行文与特设委员会第一届会议核准的公约结构所载各章相一致，这可有助于达成一致意见和确定相关问题以供谈判。", "按照路线图和工作方式，为审议议程项目4，特设委员会将收到会员国提交的关于国际合作条款的建议和意见汇编，该汇编有联合国六种正式语文版本，已分发给会员国。特设委员会还将收到一份以上述汇编为基础的会议室文件，其中载有从会员国收到的条款草案形式的提案，按所属各条编排。", "此外，特设委员会还将收到一份文件，其中载有关于国际合作一章的指导性问题，该文件以联合国六种正式语文提供。", "文件", "会员国就一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约中关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和实施机制的条款、序言及最后条款提交的建议和意见汇编（A/AC.291/12）", "就一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约中有关国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、实施机制和最后条款的各章以及序言提出的指导性问题（A/AC.291/13）", "会员国就国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、实施机制、最后条款和序言提交的条款草案汇编（A/AC.291/CRP.13）", "5. 技术援助条款", "特设委员会第三届会议还将根据路线图和工作方式对技术援助条款进行一读。特设委员会将审议会员国提交的书面材料，其形式为关于技术援助条款的具体起草建议或一般性评论意见，行文与经核准的公约结构所载的各章一致。", "按照路线图和工作方式，为审议议程项目5，特设委员会将收到会员国提交的关于技术援助条款的建议和意见汇编，有联合国六种正式语文版本。特设委员会还将收到一份以上述汇编为基础的会议室文件，其中载有从会员国收到的条款草案形式的提案，按所属各条编排。", "此外，特设委员会还将收到一份文件，其中载有关于技术援助一章的指导性问题，该文件以联合国六种正式语文提供。", "文件", "会员国就一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约中关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和实施机制的条款、序言及最后条款提交的建议和意见汇编（A/AC.291/12）", "就一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约中有关国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、实施机制和最后条款的各章以及序言提出的指导性问题（A/AC.291/13）", "会员国就国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、实施机制、最后条款和序言提交的条款草案汇编（A/AC.291/CRP.13）", "6. 预防措施条款", "特设委员会第三届会议将根据路线图和工作方式对预防措施条款进行一读。特设委员会将审议会员国提交的书面材料，其形式为关于预防措施条款的具体起草建议或一般性评论意见，行文与经核准的公约结构所载的各章一致。", "按照路线图和工作方式，为审议议程项目6，特设委员会将收到会员国提交的关于预防措施条款的建议和意见汇编，有联合国六种正式语文版本。特设委员会还将收到一份以上述汇编为基础的会议室文件，其中载有从会员国收到的条款草案形式的提案，按所属各条编排。", "此外，特设委员会还将收到一份文件，其中载有关于预防措施一章的指导性问题，该文件以联合国六种正式语文提供。", "文件", "会员国就一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约中关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和实施机制的条款、序言和最后条款提交的建议和意见汇编（A/AC.291/12）", "就一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约中有关国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、实施机制和最后条款的各章以及序言提出的指导性问题（A/AC.291/13）", "会员国就国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、实施机制、最后条款和序言提交的条款草案汇编（A/AC.291/CRP.13）", "7. 实施机制条款", "特设委员会第三届会议将根据路线图和工作方式对实施机制条款进行一读。特设委员会将审议会员国提交的书面材料，其形式是对实施机制条款提出的具体起草建议或一般性评论，行文与经核准的公约结构所载的各章一致。", "根据路线图和工作方式，为审议议程项目7，特设委员会将收到会员国就实施机制条款提交的建议和意见汇编，有联合国六种正式语文版本。特设委员会还将收到一份以上述汇编为基础的会议室文件，其中载有从会员国收到的条款草案形式的提案，按所属各条编排。", "此外，特设委员会还将收到一份文件，其中载有关于实施机制一章的指导性问题，该文件以联合国六种正式语文提供", "文件", "会员国就一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约中关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和实施机制的条款、序言和最后条款提交的建议和意见汇编（A/AC.291/12）", "就一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约中有关国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、实施机制和最后条款的各章以及序言提出的指导性问题（A/AC.291/13）", "会员国就国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、实施机制、最后条款和序言提交的条款草案汇编（A/AC.291/CRP.13）", "8. 最后条款", "特设委员会第三届会议还将根据路线图和工作方式对公约的最后条款进行一读。特设委员会将审议会员国提交的书面材料，其形式为关于最后条款的具体起草建议或一般性评论意见，行文与经核准的公约结构所载的各章一致。", "按照路线图和工作方式，为审议议程项目8，特设委员会将收到会员国提交的关于最后条款的建议和意见汇编，有联合国六种正式语文版本。特设委员会还将收到一份以上述汇编为基础的会议室文件，其中载有从会员国收到的条款草案形式的提案，按所属各条编排。", "此外，特设委员会还将收到一份文件，其中载有关于最后条款一章的指导性问题，该文件以联合国六种正式语文提供。", "文件", "会员国就一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约中关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和实施机制的条款、序言和最后条款提交的建议和意见汇编（A/AC.291/12）", "就一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约中有关国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、实施机制和最后条款的各章以及序言提出的指导性问题（A/AC.291/13）", "会员国就国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、实施机制、最后条款和序言提交的条款草案汇编（A/AC.291/CRP.13）", "9. 序言", "特设委员会第三届会议将根据路线图和工作方式对序言进行一读。特设委员会将审议会员国提交的书面材料，其形式为关于序言的具体起草建议或一般性评论意见，行文与经核准的公约结构所载的各章一致。", "按照路线图和工作方式，为审议议程项目9，特设委员会将收到会员国提交的关于序言的建议和意见汇编，有联合国六种正式语文版本。特设委员会还将收到一份以上述汇编为基础的会议室文件，其中载有从会员国收到的条款草案形式的提案，按所属各条编排。", "此外，特设委员会还将收到一份文件，其中载有关于序言的指导性问题，该文件以联合国六种正式语文提供。", "文件", "会员国就一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约中关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和实施机制的条款、序言和最后条款提交的建议和意见汇编（A/AC.291/12）", "就一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约中有关国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、实施机制和最后条款的各章以及序言提出的指导性问题（A/AC.291/13）", "会员国就国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、实施机制、最后条款和序言提交的条款草案汇编（A/AC.291/CRP.13）", "10. 任何其他事项", "特设委员会可在议程项目10下处理任何其他事项。秘书处尚未注意到需在本议程项目下提出任何议题，目前预期不会有关于本项目的文件。", "11. 通过报告", "特设委员会将通过本届会议的报告，报告将由报告员与秘书处协调编写。", "12. 会议闭幕", "特设委员会主席预计将于2022年9月9日星期五宣布会议闭幕。", "附件", "拟议工作安排[2]", "日期/时间 议程项目 标题或说明", "8月29日，星期一", "上午10时至下午1时 1 会议开幕", "2 通过议程和工作安排", "3 委员会主席介绍2022年6月13日和14日与多利益攸关方举行的第二次闭会期间协商的报告", "4 国际合作条款", "下午3时至6时 4 国际合作条款（续）", "8月30日，星期二", "上午10时至下午1时 4 国际合作条款（续）", "下午3时至6时 4 国际合作条款（续）", "8月31日，星期三", "上午10时至下午1时 4 国际合作条款（续）", "下午3时至6时 5 技术援助条款", "9月1日，星期四", "上午10时至下午1时 5 技术援助条款（续）", "下午3时至6时 5 技术援助条款（续）", "9月2日，星期五", "上午10时至下午1时 6 预防措施条款", "下午3时至6时 6 预防措施条款（续）", "9月5日，星期一 联合国法定假日", "9月6日，星期二", "上午10时至下午1时 6 预防措施条款（续）", "下午3时至6时 7 实施机制条款", "9月7日，星期三", "上午10时至下午1时 7 实施机制条款（续）", "下午3时至6时 8 最后条款", "9月8日，星期四", "上午10时至下午1时 9 序言", "下午3时至6时 9 序言（续）", "9月9日，星期五", "上午10时至下午1时 10 任何其他事项", "下午3时至6时 11 通过报告", "12 会议闭幕", "[1] www.unodc.org/unodc/en/cybercrime/ad_hoc_committee/ahc_third_session/main.html。", "[2] * 每个议程项目的拟议时间表都是指示性的。如果一个项目较早结束，即审议下一个议程项目。" ]

[ "拟订打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约特设委员会 第三届会议\n2022年8月29日至9月9日,纽约", "临时议程说明", "临时议程", "1. 联合国 1. 会议开幕。", "2. 通过议程和工作安排。", "3个 委员会主席介绍关于2022年6月13和14日举行的与多利益攸关方的第二次闭会期间磋商的报告。", " 4.四. 关于国际合作的规定。", "5 (韩语). 关于技术援助的规定。", "6. 国家 关于预防措施的规定。", "7. 联合国 关于执行机制的规定。", "8. 最后条款。", "9. 国家 序言。", "10个 5. 任何其他事项。", "11个 6. 通过报告。", "12个 会议闭幕。", "说明", "1. 联合国 会议开幕", "大会第74/247号决议决定设立一个不限成员名额特设政府间专家委员会,代表所有区域,以拟订一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约,并充分考虑到国家、区域和国际各级关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的现有国际文书和努力,特别是就网络犯罪问题进行全面研究不限成员名额政府间专家组的工作和成果。", "拟订关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约特设委员会于2021年5月10日至12日在纽约举行了组织会议。", "2021年5月26日,大会通过了第75/282号决议,其中除其他外,决定委员会应至少召开六届会议,每届为期10天,并举行一次闭幕会,并向大会第七十八届会议提交一份公约草案. 特设委员会于2022年2月24日在纽约举行了组织会议。 它于2022年2月28日至3月11日在纽约举行了第一届会议,于2022年5月30日至6月10日在维也纳举行了第二届会议。", "在关于组织事项的会议上,特设委员会根据第75/282号决议第9段举行了选举,以填补亚太国家及拉丁美洲和加勒比国家的两个空缺副主席职位,并通过了关于可能参加委员会的其他有关非政府组织、民间社会组织、学术机构和私营部门实体的名单。 特设委员会第一届会议通过了一项行进图和工作方式,以期通过周密计划、有组织和透明的办法来协助完成委员会的任务,并通过了公约的结构。 此外,特设委员会还审议了公约的目标和范围,并就公约的关键内容初步交换了意见。 特设委员会第二届会议对关于刑事定罪、一般规定、程序措施和执法等章节进行了一读,并依据会员国提交的书面意见交换了意见。", "根据特设委员会第一届会议所核准的行进图,特设委员会第三届会议将于2022年8月29日星期一上午10时在纽约托管厅开幕。 会议将以混合形式(亲自和在线)举行,以联合国六种正式语文提供同声传译,每天举行两次3小时的会议,上午一次,下午一次,但有一项谅解,即根据会员国2022年6月24日以沉默程序作出的决定,使用远距离口译平台的在线发言不超过30分钟。 将向与会者提供更多信息,包括任何冠状病毒疾病(COVID-19)缓解措施和参与模式的信息,将在会议网站上提供。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "2. 联合国 通过议程和工作安排", "特设委员会第一届会议所核准的其行进图和工作方式(A/AC.291/7,附件二),为委员会从第一届会议至2024年闭幕会完成其任务提供了指导,包括所有会议的实质性议程项目。", "本附加说明的临时议程是根据路线图和工作方式编制的,其中设想特设委员会将审查公约关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和执行机制的规定、最后条款和序言。", "文档", "临时议程说明(A/AC.291/11)", "3个 委员会主席介绍关于2022年6月13日和14日举行的与多利益攸关方的第二次闭会期间磋商的报告", "大会在其第75/282号决议第10段中鼓励特设委员会主席主持闭会期间协商会,以就公约草案的拟订征求各种利益攸关方的意见。", "根据第75/282号决议和特设委员会的行进图和工作方式,于2022年6月13日和14日在维也纳举行了与多利益攸关方的第二次闭会期间协商会。 此外,根据路线图和工作方式,主席在秘书处的支持下编写了一份报告,该报告在第三届会议之前在特设委员会网站上公布,并作为会议室文件提交特设委员会。", "根据特设委员会的行进图第17段和工作方式,主席将介绍关于同多方利益攸关者进行第二次闭会期间协商的报告。", "文档", "主席关于特设委员会第二次闭会期间协商的报告(A/AC.291/CRP.12)", " 4.四. 关于国际合作的规定", "特设委员会第三届会议将根据行进图和工作方式对有关国际合作的规定进行一读。 特设委员会将根据会员国提交的书面意见,按照第一届会议所核准的公约结构所载章节,以关于国际合作条款的具体起草建议或一般性意见的形式开展工作,这将有助于达成协议并查明需要谈判的相关问题。", "为审议议程项目4,特设委员会将收到会员国就国际合作条款所提交的提案和建议汇编,这些提案和建议以联合国六种正式语文提供,并已按照行进图和工作方式分发给会员国。 特设委员会还将收到一份以上述汇编为基础的会议室文件,其中载有从会员国收到的按第条排列的条文草案形式的提案。", "此外,特设委员会将收到一份以联合国六种正式语文提供的文件,其中载有关于国际合作一章的指导性问题。", "文档", "会员国就国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和执行机制、关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约的序言和最后条款所提交提案和意见汇编(A/AC.291/12)", "关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、执行机制和最后条款等章节的指导问题,以及关于打击犯罪使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约序言(A/AC.291/13)", "会员国提交的关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、执行机制、最后条款和序言的条文草案汇编(A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "5 (韩语). 关于技术援助的规定", "特设委员会第三届会议还将根据行进图和工作方式对有关技术援助的规定进行一读。 特设委员会将审查会员国以具体起草建议或关于技术援助条款的一般性评论等形式提交的书面意见,这些书面意见将依照公约已核准的结构所载章节加以阐述。", "为审议议程项目5,特设委员会将收到会员国根据行进图和工作方式以联合国六种正式语文提交的关于技术援助规定的提案和建议汇编。 特设委员会还将收到一份以上述汇编为基础的会议室文件,其中载有从会员国收到的按第条排列的条文草案形式的提案。", "此外,特设委员会将收到一份以联合国六种正式语文提供的文件,其中载有关于技术援助一章的指导性问题。", "文档", "会员国就国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和执行机制的规定、《关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约》的序言和最后条款所提交的提案和建议汇编(A/AC.291/12)", "关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、执行机制和最后条款等章节的指导问题,以及关于打击犯罪使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约序言(A/AC.291/13)", "会员国提交的关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、执行机制、最后条款和序言的条文草案汇编(A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "6. 国家 关于预防措施的规定", "特设委员会第三届会议将根据行进图和工作方式,进一步对有关预防措施的规定进行一读。 特设委员会将审查会员国提交的书面意见,其形式是按照公约已核准的结构所载章节阐述的关于预防措施条款的具体起草建议或一般性意见。", "为审议议程项目6,特设委员会将收到会员国根据行进图和工作方式以联合国六种正式语文提交的关于预防措施规定的提案和建议汇编。 特设委员会还将收到一份以上述汇编为基础的会议室文件,其中载有从会员国收到的按第条排列的条文草案形式的提案。", "此外,特设委员会将收到以联合国六种正式语文提供的一份文件,其中载有关于预防措施一章的指导问题。", "文档", "会员国就国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和执行机制的规定、《关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约》的序言和最后条款所提交的提案和建议汇编(A/AC.291/12)", "关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、执行机制和最后条款等章节的指导问题,以及关于打击犯罪使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约序言(A/AC.291/13)", "会员国提交的关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、执行机制、最后条款和序言的条文草案汇编(A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "7. 联合国 关于执行机制的规定", "特设委员会第三届会议将根据行进图和工作方式对有关执行机制的规定进行一读。 特设委员会将审查会员国按照公约已核准的结构所载各章就执行机制条款提出的具体起草建议或一般性意见提出的书面意见。", "为审议议程项目7,特设委员会将收到会员国根据行进图和工作方式以联合国六种正式语文提交的关于执行机制条款的提案和意见汇编。 特设委员会还将收到一份以上述汇编为基础的会议室文件,其中载有从会员国收到的按第条排列的条文草案形式的提案。", "此外,特设委员会将收到一份以联合国六种正式语文提供的文件,其中载有关于执行机制一章的指导问题。", "文档", "会员国就国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和执行机制的规定、《关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约》的序言和最后条款所提交的提案和建议汇编(A/AC.291/12)", "关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、执行机制和最后条款等章节的指导问题,以及关于打击犯罪使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约序言(A/AC.291/13)", "会员国提交的关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、执行机制、最后条款和序言的条文草案汇编(A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "8. 最后条款", "特设委员会第三届会议还将根据行进图和工作方式对最后条款进行一读。 特设委员会将审查会员国以具体起草建议或关于最后条款的一般性意见的形式提交的书面意见,这些书面意见按照公约已核准的结构所载各章阐述。", "为审议议程项目8,特设委员会将收到会员国根据行进图和工作方式以联合国六种正式语文提交的关于最后条款的提案和建议汇编。 特设委员会还将收到一份以上述汇编为基础的会议室文件,其中载有从会员国收到的按第条排列的条文草案形式的提案。", "此外,特设委员会将收到一份以联合国六种正式语文提供的文件,其中载有关于最后条款一章的指导性问题。", "文档", "会员国就国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和执行机制的规定、《关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约》的序言和最后条款所提交的提案和建议汇编(A/AC.291/12)", "关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、执行机制和最后条款等章节的指导问题,以及关于打击犯罪使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约序言(A/AC.291/13)", "会员国提交的关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、执行机制、最后条款和序言的条文草案汇编(A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "9. 国家 序言", "特设委员会第三届会议将根据行进图和工作方式进一步对序言进行一读。 特设委员会将审查会员国以具体起草建议或对序言的一般性评论的形式提交的书面意见,这些书面意见按照公约已核准的结构所载各章阐述。", "为审议议程项目9,特设委员会将收到会员国根据行进图和工作方式以联合国六种正式语文提交的序言提案和建议汇编。 特设委员会还将收到一份以上述汇编为基础的会议室文件,其中载有从会员国收到的按第条排列的条文草案形式的提案。", "此外,特设委员会将收到一份以联合国六种正式语文提供的文件,其中载有关于序言的指导性问题。", "文档", "会员国就国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和执行机制的规定、《关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约》的序言和最后条款所提交的提案和建议汇编(A/AC.291/12)", "关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、执行机制和最后条款等章节的指导问题,以及关于打击犯罪使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约序言(A/AC.291/13)", "会员国提交的关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施、执行机制、最后条款和序言的条文草案汇编(A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "10个 其他事项", "特设委员会可在议程项目10下处理任何其他事项。 由于秘书处尚未注意到在该议程项目下将提出的任何问题,因此预计不会有任何关于该项目的文件。", "11个 通过报告", "特设委员会将通过其届会报告,报告草稿由报告员同秘书处协调编写。", "12个 会议闭幕", "特设委员会主席预计于2022年9月9日星期五宣布会议闭幕。", "页:1", "拟议工作安排[2]", "日期/时间 标题或说明项目", "纽约", "上午10时至下午1时 会议开幕", "通过议程和工作安排", "委员会主席介绍关于2022年6月13日和14日举行的与多利益攸关方的第二次闭会期间磋商的报告", "4. 关于国际合作的规定", "下午3:00-6:00 关于国际合作的规定(续)", "8月30日,星期二,上午10时", "上午10时至下午1时 4 关于国际合作的规定(续)", "下午3:00-6:00 关于国际合作的规定(续)", "联合国", "上午10时至下午1时 4 关于国际合作的规定(续)", "下午3:00-6:00 关于技术援助的规定", "纽约", "上午10时至下午1时 关于技术援助的规定(续)", "下午3:00-6:00 关于技术援助的规定(续)", "纽约", "上午10时至下午1时 6 关于预防措施的规定", "下午3:00-6:00 6 关于预防措施的规定(续)", "联合国法定假日", "9月6日星期二,日内瓦", "上午10时至下午1时 6 关于预防措施的规定(续)", "下午3:00-6:00 关于执行机制的规定", "安全理事会", "上午10时至下午1时 7 关于执行机制的规定(续)", "最后规定", "9月8日星期四,日内瓦", "上午10时至下午1时 序言", "下午3:00-6:00 序言(续)", "安全理事会", "上午10时至下午1时 其他事项", "下午3:00-6:00 通过报告", "12. 会议闭幕", "[1] www.unodc.org/unodc/en/cybercrime/ad_hoc_committee/ahc_third_session/main.html。", "[2] ^(*) 每个议程项目的拟议时间表是指示性的。 如果一个项目提前完成,将讨论以下议程项目。" ]

[ "Working Group on Trafficking inPersons \n Vienna, 29–30 June 2022", "Draft Report", "Addendum", "II. Recommendations (continued)", "A. General recommendations", "1. The Working Group recommended that the Conference of the Parties consider the following recommendations for adoption.", "Recommendation 2", "States parties should consider the creation of a publicly funded and independent body, with functions to provide free legal assistance to trafficking victims, including for non-criminal justice proceedings, and request social rights protection and migratory regularization, with prerogatives such as access to full investigation, a power to request investigative due diligence from investigating authorities and the judiciary, as well as a power to request documents and information from public agencies directly, without requiring a court order.", "IV. Organization of the meeting (continued)", "B. Statements", "2. Under agenda items 2 and 3, statements were made by representatives of the following parties to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol: Algeria, Angola, Chile, Egypt, France, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Mexico, Paraguay, Russian Federation, Sri Lanka, State of Palestine, Sudan, Türkiye, United States of America and Uruguay.", "3. The observers for the Islamic Republic of Iran also made statements.", "4. The Working Group also heard a statement by the observer for the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL).", "5. The representative from the permanent observer mission of The Holy See also made a statement." ]

[ "贩运人口问题工作组 \n 2022年6月29日至30日，维也纳", "报告草稿", "增编", "二. 建议（续）", "A. 一般性建议", "1. 工作组建议缔约方会议审议下述建议以供通过。", "建议2", "缔约国应考虑设立一个由公共资金供资的独立机构，其职能是向贩运活动的受害者提供免费法律援助，包括非刑事司法程序援助，并要求保护社会权利和使移民正规化，其特权包括获取全部调查情况，有权要求调查机关和司法机关进行尽职调查，以及有权直接要求公共机构提供文件和资料，而无需法院命令。", "四. 会议安排（续）", "B. 发言情况", "2. 在议程项目2和3下，《禁止贩运人口议定书》下列缔约方的代表作了发言：阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、智利、埃及、法国、印度尼西亚、约旦、马来西亚、墨西哥、巴拉圭、俄罗斯联邦、斯里兰卡、巴勒斯坦国、苏丹、土耳其、美利坚合众国和乌拉圭。", "3. 伊朗伊斯兰共和国的观察员也作了发言。", "4. 工作组还听取了国际刑事警察组织（国际刑警组织）观察员的发言。", "5. 教廷常驻观察员代表团的代表也发了言。" ]

[ "贩卖人口问题工作组\n2022年6月29日至30日,维也纳", "报告草稿", "增编", "二. 建议(续)", "A. 一般性建议", "1. 联合国 工作组建议缔约方会议审议以下建议供通过。", "建议2", "缔约国应考虑设立一个由政府出资的独立机构,其职能是向贩运受害者提供免费法律援助,包括非刑事司法程序方面的援助,并请求提供社会保护和移民正常化,其特权包括获得充分调查,有权要求调查当局和司法机关给予调查应有的注意,以及有权直接向公共机构索取文件和资料,而无需法院命令。", "四、结 论 会议安排(续)", "B. 发言", "2. 联合国 10. 《人口贩运议定书》的下列缔约方的代表在议程项目2和3下作了发言:阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、智利、埃及、法国、印度尼西亚、约旦、马来西亚、墨西哥、巴拉圭、俄罗斯联邦、斯里兰卡、巴勒斯坦国、苏丹、美利坚合众国蒂尔基耶和乌拉圭。", "3个 伊朗伊斯兰共和国的观察员也作了发言。", " 4.四. 工作组还听取了国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)观察员的发言。", "5 (韩语). 罗马教廷常驻观察员代表团的代表也发了言。" ]

[ "Seventy-seventh session Item 109 of the preliminarylist[1] \nCrime prevention and criminaljustice", "Crime prevention and criminal justice", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly, pursuant to Assembly resolution 75/194, the report of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption on its ninth session, held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 13 to 17 December 2021 (CAC/COSP/2021/17).", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50." ]

[ "第七十七届会议", "暂定项目表[1]项目109", "预防犯罪和刑事司法", "预防犯罪和刑事司法", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨根据大会第75/194号决议向大会转交2021年12月13日至17日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议第九届会议的报告（CAC/COSP/2021/17）。", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50。" ]

[ "第七十七届会议 暂定项目表* 项目109\n预防犯罪和刑事司法", "预防犯罪和刑事司法", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨根据大会第75/194号决议向大会转递2021年12月13日至17日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议第九届会议的报告(CAC/COSP/2021/17)。", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50。" ]

[ "Implementation Review Group First resumed thirteenth session \n Vienna, 8 and 9 September 2022", "Annotated provisional agenda", "Addendum", "Annotations", "1. Organizational matters", "(a) Opening of the session", "The first resumed thirteenth session of the Implementation Review Group will be opened on Thursday, 8 September 2022, at 3 p.m., at the Vienna International Centre, M-Building, Plenary Room M. Subject to developments relating to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, it is currently planned that the session will be held in person, with limited opportunities to deliver statements remotely through an online platform. Further information on the format of the session will be communicated in due course and will be made available on the website of the session.", "(b) Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "In its resolution 8/2, the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption requested the Implementation Review Group to continue to hold regular sessions at least once a year, based on an annotated provisional agenda and programme of work issued as early as possible in order to enable the States parties to plan the composition of the delegations and prepare for focused and efficient discussions on the main topics of the session, and, while taking into consideration the directions of the Conference, being able to adjust topics of discussion to maximize the effectiveness of its discussions and work outcomes, subject to the availability of existing resources.", "The provisional agenda for the thirteenth session of the Implementation Review Group was adopted by the Group at its twelfth session, held from 14 to 18 June 2021.", "The proposed organization of work for the first resumed thirteenth session (see annex) was prepared in line with the guidance contained in the workplan for the subsidiary bodies of the Conference, which was approved by the Bureau of the Conference, whereby, in view of Conference resolution 8/2, the Group was to discuss item 2, entitled “Performance of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption”.", "2. Performance of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption", "In its resolution 8/2, the Conference, inter alia, acknowledged that continuing the process of evaluation of the performance of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption before the completion of the second review cycle on the basis of the experiences gained in the first review cycle could significantly contribute to useful outcomes, and that that process should be started without prejudice to any subsequent continuation of such work following the completion of the second review cycle. In the same resolution, the Conference requested the Implementation Review Group to continue to collect, with the support of the secretariat, relevant information, including the views of States parties, pertaining to the performance of the Implementation Review Mechanism, with a view to continuing, at the appropriate time, the Group’s assessment of the performance of the Mechanism, as provided for in paragraph 48 of the terms of reference of the Mechanism and Conference decision 5/1, and in that regard to continue to report to the Conference on progress made, bearing in mind the request in paragraph 5 of the Conference resolution 3/1 for the evaluation of the terms of reference at the conclusion of each review cycle. In this regard, the attention of the Group is drawn to the note by the Secretariat entitled “Views of States parties on the performance of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption” (CAC/COSP/2021/4), which contains a summary of the views received and which should be read in conjunction with a conference room paper (CAC/COSP/2021/CRP.3) containing all of the views submitted by States parties on the performance of the Mechanism, in the form in which they were received.", "Also in resolution 8/2, the Conference encouraged States parties, with the help of the secretariat, to voluntarily share their views in the Implementation Review Group, without prejudice to the existing mandates of the Group and the terms of reference of the Implementation Review Mechanism, on the possible ways forward following the end of the first review phase, and requested that the Group submit its report to the Conference at its tenth session.", "In addition, in the political declaration entitled “Our common commitment to effectively addressing challenges and implementing measures to prevent and combat corruption and strengthen international cooperation”, adopted by the General Assembly at its special session against corruption held in 2021, Member States, inter alia, welcomed the achievements of the Implementation Review Mechanism in furthering parties’ efforts to fully implement their obligations under the Convention, and urged parties to the Convention to complete their reviews under the Mechanism in a timely manner so as to conclude the first and second review cycles within their agreed period of performance. Member States further committed to fully and effectively following up on the conclusions and observations from the review process, and welcomed the efforts by the Conference to assess the performance of the Mechanism and adapt, where appropriate, procedures and requirements for the follow-up.", "Moreover, at the thirteenth session of the Implementation Review Group, held from 13 to 17 June 2022, it was suggested that the Group should start discussing the matter of the next review phase and that a detailed analysis should be prepared by the secretariat for the consideration of the Group at its next session, which should also take into account the findings contained in the report entitled “Performance of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, in particular its second review cycle and the measures required for its completion” (CAC/COSP/2019/12).", "The Implementation Review Group will have before it for its consideration a conference room paper providing an analysis of the progress made in conducting the reviews and an assessment of the different elements of the review process, with a view to providing lessons learned that can assist the Group in its deliberations on the next review phase.", "Delegations are encouraged to share their views on the performance of the Implementation Review Mechanism and the lessons learned with regard to its performance, as well as good practices and challenges in conducting the reviews that could inform and guide the Group in its deliberations on the second review phase.", "Moreover, delegates may wish to discuss the role of the Group with regard to the follow-up on relevant aspects of the political declaration adopted by the General Assembly at its special session against corruption held in 2021, so as to ensure synergies.", "7. Other matters", "Under agenda item 7, the Implementation Review Group may wish to discuss any other matters.", "9. Adoption of the report of the Implementation Review Group on its first resumed thirteenth session", "The Implementation Review Group is to adopt a report on its first resumed thirteenth session.", "Annex", "Proposed organization of work", "Date and time\tItem\tTitle or description \nThursday, 8September 2022 3–6 p.m. 1 Opening of the session \n (a) \n\t1(b)\tAdoption of the agenda andorganization of work\n\t2\tPerformance of the Mechanism forthe Review of Implementation ofthe United Nations Conventionagainst Corruption\nFriday, 9 September2022 \n10 a.m.–1 p.m.\t2\tPerformance of the Mechanism forthe Review of Implementation ofthe United Nations Conventionagainst Corruption (continued)\n 3–6 p.m. 7 Other matters \n\t9\tAdoption of the report on thefirst resumed thirteenth sessionof the Implementation Review Group" ]

[ "实施情况审议组", "第十三届会议第一次续会", "2022年9月8日和9日，维也纳", "临时议程说明", "增编", "说明", "1. 组织事项", "(a) 会议开幕", "实施情况审议组第十三届会议第一次续会将于2022年9月8日星期四下午3时在维也纳国际中心M楼M全体会议厅开幕。根据2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行的有关事态发展，目前计划在线下举行会议，通过线上平台远程发言的机会有限。关于会议形式的进一步信息将适时传达，并发布在本届会议的网站上。", "(b) 通过议程和工作安排", "联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议在第8/2号决议中请实施情况审议组在现有资源允许的情况下，根据临时议程说明和工作方案，继续每年至少举行一次常会，临时议程说明和工作方案应尽早公布，以便使缔约国能够规划代表团的组成，并准备就会议的主要议题进行重点突出和有效率的讨论，同时考虑到缔约国会议的方向，能够调整讨论议题，以最大限度地发挥讨论和工作成果的效力。", "实施情况审议组在2021年6月14日至18日举行的第十二届会议上通过了实施情况审议组第十三届会议临时议程。", "第十三届会议第一次续会的拟议工作安排（见附件）是根据经缔约国会议主席团核准的缔约国会议附属机构工作计划所载指导意见编写的，据此，且鉴于缔约方会议第8/2号决议，审议组将讨论题为“联合国反腐败公约实施情况审议机制的执行情况”的项目2。", "2. 联合国反腐败公约实施情况审议机制的执行情况", "缔约国会议在第8/2号决议中除其他外认识到，在完成第二审议周期之前，在第一审议周期所取得的经验基础上继续开展联合国反腐败公约实施情况审议机制执行情况评价进程可以大大有助于取得有用的成果，而且这一进程应在不影响第二审议周期结束后继续开展此类工作的情况下启动。在该决议中，缔约国会议请实施情况审议组在秘书处的支持下，继续收集与实施情况审议机制执行情况有关的资料，包括缔约国的意见，以期按照审议机制职权范围第48段和缔约国会议第5/1号决定的规定，在适当时候由审议组继续评估审议机制的执行情况，并在这方面继续向缔约国会议报告进展情况，同时铭记缔约国会议第3/1号决议第5段要求在每个审议周期结束时对职权范围进行评价。在这方面，提请审议组注意秘书处题为“缔约国对联合国反腐败公约实施情况审议机制执行情况的意见”的说明（CAC/COSP/2021/4），其中载有所收到的意见摘要，应与一份会议室文件（CAC/COSP/2021/CRP.3）一并阅读，该文件载有缔约国提交的关于审议机制执行情况的所有意见，均按收到时的原样列入。", "缔约国会议在第8/2号决议中还鼓励缔约国在秘书处的帮助下，在不妨碍实施情况审议组现有任务授权和职权范围的情况下，自愿就第一审议阶段结束后可能的前进方向在审议组中交流意见，并请审议组向缔约国会议第十届会议提交报告。", "此外，在2021年举行的大会反腐败问题特别会议通过的题为“我们共同承诺有效应对挑战和采取措施，预防和打击腐败，加强国际合作”的政治宣言中，会员国除其他外，欢迎实施情况审议机制在推动缔约方努力全面履行《公约》义务方面取得的成就，并敦促《公约》缔约方及时完成该机制下的审议工作，以便在商定的履行期内完成第一和第二审议周期。会员国还承诺对审议进程的结论和意见采取全面有效的后续行动，并欢迎缔约国会议努力评估审议机制的绩效，并酌情调整后续行动的程序和要求。", "另外，在2022年6月13日至17日举行的实施情况审议组第十三届会议上，有与会者建议，实施情况审议组应当开始讨论下一审议阶段的事项，秘书处应当编写一份详细的分析报告供审议组下届会议审议，其中还应当考虑到题为“联合国反腐败公约实施情况审议机制的执行情况，特别是第二审议周期的执行情况和完成该周期所需采取的措施”的报告（CAC/COSP/2019/12）所载的结论。", "实施情况审议组将收到一份会议室文件供其审议，该文件分析了在进行审议方面取得的进展，并评估了审议进程的不同要素，以期提供经验教训以协助审议组对下一审议阶段进行商议。", "鼓励各代表团就实施情况审议机制的执行情况和在其执行工作中吸取的经验教训以及在进行审议方面的良好做法和挑战交流意见，以便为审议组讨论第二审议阶段提供信息和指导。", "此外，代表们不妨讨论工作组在2021年举行的大会反腐败问题特别会议通过的政治宣言相关方面的后续行动中的作用，以确保协同增效。", "7. 其他事项", "在议程项目7下，实施情况审议组不妨讨论其他任何事项。", "9. 通过实施情况审议组第十三届会议第一次续会的报告", "实施情况审议组将通过第十三届会议第一次续会的报告。", "附件", "拟议工作安排", "日期和时间 项目 标题或说明", "2022年9月8日，星期四", "下午3时至6时 1(a) 会议开幕", "1(b) 通过议程和工作安排", "2 联合国反腐败公约实施情况审议机制的执行情况", "2022年9月9日，星期五", "上午10时至下午1时 2 联合国反腐败公约实施情况审议机制的执行情况（续）", "下午3时至6时 7 其他事项", "9 通过实施情况审议组第十三届会议第一次续会的报告" ]

[ "实施情况审议组\n2022年9月8日和9日,维也纳", "临时议程说明", "增编", "说明", "1. 联合国 组织事项", "(a) 会议开幕", "实施情况审议组第十三届会议第一次续会将于2022年9月8日星期四下午3时在维也纳国际中心M楼全体会议M室开幕。 根据与冠状病毒病(COVID-19)有关的动态,目前计划当面举行,通过在线平台远程发言的机会有限。 有关会议形式的进一步资料将在适当时候通报,并将在会议网站上提供。", "(b) 通过议程和工作安排", "1. 联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议第8/2号决议请实施情况审议组根据尽早印发的临时议程和工作方案,继续至少每年举行一届常会,使缔约国能够规划代表团的组成并准备就本届会议的主要议题进行重点突出而有效的讨论,同时考虑到缔约国会议的指示,在现有资源允许的情况下,能够调整所讨论议题以最大限度地提高其讨论和工作成果的效力。", "实施情况审议组第十三届会议临时议程由2021年6月14日至18日举行的审议组第十二届会议通过。", "第十三届会议续会第一期会议的拟议工作安排(见附件)是根据缔约国会议主席团所核准的缔约国会议各附属机构工作计划所载列的指导编写的,根据缔约国会议第8/2号决议,审议组将讨论题为“《联合国反腐败公约》实施情况审议机制的运作情况”的项目2。", "2. 《联合国反腐败公约》实施情况审议机制的业绩", "缔约国会议第8/2号决议除其他外承认,在第二个审议周期结束前继续根据第一个审议周期所取得的经验对《联合国反腐败公约》实施情况审议机制的业绩进行评价,可大大有助于取得有益的成果,而且这一进程的启动不应妨碍在第二个审议周期结束后继续进行这项工作。 在该决议中,缔约国会议请实施情况审议组在秘书处的支持下,继续收集关于实施情况审议机制绩效的相关信息,包括缔约国的意见,以根据审议机制职权范围第48段和缔约国会议第5/1号决定的规定,在适当时候继续对审议组对审议机制绩效的评估,并在此方面继续就取得的进展向缔约国会议提出报告,同时铭记缔约国会议第3/1号决议第5段中关于在每个审议周期结束时评估职权范围的要求。 在这方面,提请审议组注意秘书处题为“缔约国关于《联合国反腐败公约》实施情况审议机制绩效的意见”的说明(CAC/COSP/2021/4),该说明载有所收到意见的概要,应当与载有缔约国按收到时的原样就该机制绩效提交的所有意见的会议室文件(CAC/COSP/2021/CRP.3)一并阅读。", "在第8/2号决议中,缔约国会议还鼓励缔约国在秘书处的帮助下,在不影响实施情况审议组现有任务授权和实施情况审议机制职权范围的情况下,自愿在实施情况审议组中就第一个审议阶段结束后可采取的前进道路发表意见,并请审议组向缔约国会议第十届会议提交报告。", "此外,在2021年大会反腐败特别会议通过的题为 \" 我们共同承诺有效处理挑战并采取措施预防和打击腐败并加强国际合作 \" 的政治宣言中,会员国除其他外,欢迎实施情况审议机制在推动缔约方努力充分履行《公约》义务方面取得的成就,并敦促《公约》缔约方及时完成该机制下的审议,以在商定的执行期内完成第一和第二个审议周期。 会员国还承诺就审议进程的结论和意见采取充分和有效的后续行动,并欢迎缔约国会议努力评估审议机制的业绩并酌情调整后续行动的程序和要求。", "此外,在2022年6月13日至17日举行的实施情况审议组第十三届会议上,建议审议组开始讨论下一个审议阶段的问题,并由秘书处编写一份详细分析报告,供审议组下届会议审议,其中还应考虑到题为“《联合国反腐败公约》实施情况审议机制的运作情况,特别是其第二个审议周期及其完成所需的措施”的报告(CAC/COSP/2019/12)所载调查结果。", "实施情况审议组将收到一份会议室文件供其审议,该文件将分析在审议过程中取得的进展并评估审议进程的不同要素,以提供可以帮助审议组审议下一个审议阶段的经验教训。", "鼓励各代表团就实施情况审议机制的绩效和在绩效方面吸取的经验教训以及开展审议过程中的良好做法和挑战交流看法,这些良好做法和挑战可为审议组审议第二审议阶段的工作提供参考和指导。", "此外,代表们还不妨讨论该小组在贯彻落实大会2021年反腐败特别会议通过的政治宣言相关方面的作用,以确保协同增效。", "7. 联合国 其他事项", "实施情况审议组不妨在议程项目7下讨论任何其他事项。", "9. 国家 通过实施情况审议组第十三届会议第一次续会的报告", "实施情况审议组将通过其第十三届会议第一次续会的报告。", "页:1", "拟议工作安排", "日期和时间 标题或说明\n2022年9月8日星期四 下午3:00-6:00 会议开幕\n(a) 国家\n1(b) 通过议程和工作安排\n《联合国反腐败公约》实施情况审议机制的业绩\n纽约\n上午10时至下午1时 2 《联合国反腐败公约》实施情况审议机制的业绩(续)\n下午3:00-6:00 其他事项\n通过实施情况审议组第十三届会议第一次续会的报告" ]

[ "[]", "United Nations", "Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space", "Sixty-fifth session", "(1–10 June 2022)", "General Assembly", "Official Records Seventy-seventh Session Supplement No. 20", "General Assembly", "Official Records", "Seventy-seventh Session", "Supplement No. 20", "Report of the Committee", "on the Peaceful Uses of", "Outer Space", "Sixty-fifth session", "(1–10 June 2022)", "[] United Nations • New York, 2022", "Note", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[30 June 2022]", "Contents", "Chapter Page\nI.Introduction 1 A. 1 \nMeetingsofsubsidiarybodies B. 1 Adoptionof \ntheagenda C. 2 Electionof \nofficers \nD.Membership 2\nE.Attendance 2 F. 3 \nGeneralstatements G. 7 Adoptionof thereportof \ntheCommittee II.Recommendations 7 and \ndecisions A. 7 Ways andmeansof maintainingouterspace for peaceful \npurposes B.Reportof 10 theScientific andTechnical Subcommitteeon its fifty-ninth \nsession 1.United 10 NationsProgrammeonSpace \nApplications 2.Spacetechnology 12 for sustainablesocioeconomic \ndevelopment 3. 12 Matters relatingtoremote sensingof theEarthbysatellite,including applications fordevelopingcountries andmonitoringof the Earth’s \nenvironment \n4.Spacedebris 135.Space-system-based 14 disastermanagement \nsupport 6.Recent 15 developmentsinglobalnavigationsatellite \nsystems 7.Space 15 \nweather 8.Near-Earth 16 \nobjects \n9.Long-termsustainabilityofouterspaceactivities 1610.Future 19 role andmethodof workof \ntheCommittee 11. 19 Useof nuclearpower \nsourcesinouterspace 12.Space 20 \nandglobalhealth 13. 21 Examinationof the physicalnature andtechnicalattributesof thegeostationaryorbit and its utilization andapplications,includingin thefieldofspace communications,as wellasotherquestions relatingto developmentsinspace communications,takingparticular accountof theneeds andinterestsofdevelopingcountries, withoutprejudiceto the roleof \ntheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion 14. 21 General exchangeofviewson dark andquietskies for science and \nsociety 15.Draft 22 provisionalagenda for the sixtieth sessionof theScientific andTechnical \nSubcommittee C.Reportof 23 theLegal Subcommitteeon its sixty-first \nsession 1. 24 Informationon theactivitiesofinternationalintergovernmental and non-governmentalorganizations relatingtospace \n law 2.Status 24 and applicationof the fiveUnited Nations \ntreatiesonouterspace 3. 25 Matters relatingto thedefinition and delimitationofouterspace and thecharacter and utilizationof thegeostationaryorbit,includingconsiderationof ways andmeanstoensure the rational andequitable useof thegeostationaryorbit withoutprejudiceto the roleof \ntheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion 4. 25 National legislation relevantto the peaceful exploration and \nuseofouterspace 5.Capacity-buildinginspace 26 \n law 6.Future 26 role andmethodof workof \ntheCommittee 7. 27 General exchangeof information andviewsonlegalmechanisms relatingtospacedebrismitigation and remediationmeasures,taking into account the workof theScientific andTechnical \nSubcommittee 8. 28 General exchangeof informationon non-legally bindingUnited Nations \ninstrumentsonouterspace 9. 28 General exchangeofviewson thelegal aspectsofspace \ntrafficmanagement 10. 29 General exchangeofviewson the applicationofinternational lawto \nsmall-satelliteactivities 11. 30 General exchangeofviewsonpotentiallegalmodels foractivitiesin the exploration, exploitation and \nutilizationofspaceresources 12.Proposalsto 32 theCommitteeon the Peaceful UsesofOuterSpace for newitemstobeconsideredby theLegal Subcommitteeat its sixty-second \nsession D.Space 33 and sustainable \ndevelopment E. 35 Spin-off benefitsofspace technology:reviewof \ncurrentstatus F.Space 36 \nandwater G.Space 37 and \nclimatechange H. 39 Useofspacetechnologyin theUnited \nNationssystem I.Future 40 role andmethodof workof \ntheCommittee J.Space 42 exploration \nandinnovation K. 45 \n“Space2030”agenda L.Other 46 \nmatters 1. 47 Compositionof the bureauxof theCommittee and itssubsidiarybodies for \ntheperiod2024–2025 2.Membershipof 47 \ntheCommittee 3. 47 \nObserverstatus 4.Other 48 \nmatters 5.Programme5,“Peaceful 49 usesofouter space”: proposedprogramme plan for theperiod 2023 andprogramme performance for \n 2021 6.Draft 49 provisionalagenda for the sixty-sixth sessionof \ntheCommittee M. 50 Scheduleof workof theCommittee and \nitssubsidiarybodies \nAnnex Draftresolutiononspace 51 \nandglobalhealth", "Chapter I", "Introduction", "1. The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space held its sixty-fifth session in Vienna from 1 to 10 June 2022, in a hybrid format (in person and online). The officers of the Committee were as follows:", "Chair Omran Sharaf (United Arab Emirates)", "First Vice-Chair Jenni Tapio (Finland)", "Second Vice-Chair/Rapporteur Oleg Ventskovsky (Ukraine)", "A. Meetings of subsidiary bodies", "2. The Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space held its fifty-ninth session in Vienna from 7 to 18 February 2022, in a hybrid format, with Juan Francisco Facetti (Paraguay) as Chair. The report of the Subcommittee was before the Committee (A/AC.105/1258).", "3. The Legal Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space held its sixty-first session in Vienna from 28 March to 8 April 2022, also in a hybrid format, with Nomfuneko Majaja (South Africa) as Chair. The report of the Subcommittee was before the Committee (A/AC.105/1260).", "B. Adoption of the agenda", "4. At its 786th meeting, on 1 June, the Committee adopted the following agenda:", "1. Opening of the session.", "2. Adoption of the agenda.", "3. Election of officers.", "4. Statement by the Chair.", "5. General exchange of views.", "6. Ways and means of maintaining outer space for peaceful purposes.", "7. Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its fifty-ninth session.", "8. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its sixty-first session.", "9. Space and sustainable development.", "10. Spin-off benefits of space technology: review of current status.", "11. Space and water.", "12. Space and climate change.", "13. Use of space technology in the United Nations system.", "14. Future role and method of work of the Committee.", "15. Space exploration and innovation.", "16. “Space2030” Agenda.", "17. Other matters.", "18. Report of the Committee to the General Assembly.", "C. Election of officers", "5. At the 786th meeting of the Committee, on 1 June, Omran Sharaf (United Arab Emirates) was elected Chair of the Committee, Jenni Tapio (Finland) was elected First Vice-Chair, and Oleg Ventskovsky (Ukraine) was elected Second Vice-Chair/Rapporteur for the period 2022–2023.", "6. At the same meeting, the Committee endorsed the election of Juan Francisco Facetti (Paraguay) as Chair of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and Nomfuneko Majaja (South Africa) as Chair of the Legal Subcommittee for the period 2022–2023.", "D. Membership", "7. In accordance with General Assembly resolutions 1472 A (XIV), 1721 E (XVI), 3182 (XXVIII), 32/196 B, 35/16, 49/33, 56/51, 57/116, 59/116, 62/217, 65/97, 66/71, 68/75, 69/85, 71/90, 72/77, 74/82, 76/76 and decisions 45/315, 67/412, 67/528, 70/518 and 73/517, the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was composed of the following 100 States: Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Tunisia, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) and Viet Nam.", "E. Attendance", "8. Representatives of the following 84 States members of the Committee attended the session: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Tunisia, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of).", "9. The session was attended by representatives of the European Union, in its capacity as permanent observer of the Committee and in accordance with General Assembly resolutions 65/276 and 73/91.", "10. At its 786th meeting, the Committee decided to admit Uzbekistan as an observer, at its request, to attend the session and to address it, as appropriate, on the understanding that it would be without prejudice to further requests of that nature and that doing so would not involve any decision of the Committee concerning status.", "11. At its 786th meeting, the Committee also decided to admit the Holy See as an observer, at its request, to attend the session and to address it, as appropriate, on the understanding that it would be without prejudice to further requests of that nature and that doing so would not involve any decision of the Committee concerning status.", "12. Observers for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the International Civil Aviation Organization, the International Telecommunications Union and the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat attended the session.", "13. The session was attended by observers for the following intergovernmental organizations having permanent observer status with the Committee: Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO), Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, European Space Agency (ESA), European Telecommunications Satellite Organization, International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) and Square Kilometre Array Observatory.", "14. The session was also attended by observers for the following non-governmental organizations having permanent observer status with the Committee: For All Moonkind, International Astronautical Federation (IAF), International Astronomical Union (IAU), International Institute of Space Law (IISL), International Law Association (ILA), Moon Village Association (MVA), National Space Society (NSS), Open Lunar Foundation, Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water (PSIPW), Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP), Secure World Foundation, Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC), University Space Engineering Consortium-Global (UNISEC-Global) and World Space Week Association.", "15. At its 786th meeting, the Committee decided to admit the Hague Institute for Global Justice as an observer, at its request, to attend the session and to address it, as appropriate, on the understanding that it would be without prejudice to further requests of that nature and that doing so would not involve any decision of the Committee concerning status.", "16. A list of representatives of States members of the Committee, United Nations entities and other organizations attending the session is contained in A/AC.105/2022/INF/1.", "F. General statements", "17. Statements were made by representatives of the following States members of the Committee during the general exchange of views: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). The representative of Tunisia made a statement on behalf of the Group of 77 and China. The representative of Egypt made a statement on behalf of the Group of African States. The representative of the European Union, in its capacity as permanent observer, made a statement on behalf of the European Union and its member States. Further statements were made by the observers for APSCO, CEOS, the European Telecommunications Satellite Organization, For All Moonkind, the Hague Institute for Global Justice, IAF, IISL, the National Space Society, the Open Lunar Foundation, SGAC, the Square Kilometre Array Observatory, UNIDROIT, UNISEC-Global and World Space Week Association.", "18. The Committee expressed its appreciation to Marius-Ioan Piso (Romania), the outgoing Chair, Francis Chizea (Nigeria), the outgoing First Vice-Chair, and Nicolás Botero Varón (Colombia), the outgoing Second Vice-Chair/Rapporteur, for their excellent work and achievements during their terms of office.", "19. At the 786th meeting, on 1 June, the Chair delivered a statement in which he recalled that 2022 had marked the sixty-fifth anniversary of the launch into outer space of the first human-made Earth satellite, Sputnik 1, the fifty-fifth anniversary of the entry into force of the Outer Space Treaty and the fiftieth anniversary of the Land Remote Sensing Satellite (Landsat) programme. He highlighted the importance of strengthening international collaboration, promoting compliance with the United Nations treaties on outer space, fostering fair access to space and encouraging knowledge-sharing initiatives. He also stressed the role of research and development in space science and technology as fundamental for sustainable development on Earth, the protection and preservation of the outer space environment and the exploration of the universe.", "20. The Chair warmly welcomed Angola, Bangladesh, Kuwait, Panama and Slovenia as the newest members of the Committee, which brought the membership of the Committee to the milestone number of 100 member States. The Chair also welcomed the Open Lunar Foundation, the Square Kilometre Array Observatory and UNIDROIT as the newest international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations with observer status with the Committee.", "21. Also at the 786th meeting, the Acting Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs made a statement in which he reviewed the work carried out by the Office. He stressed how the Office had continued to adapt to the challenges posed by the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, adopting and making use of new solutions and applying them across the range of activities to ensure service delivery and a results-driven approach. The demand for the services provided by the Office to Member States continued to expand, and in that context he underlined the current and upcoming activities of the Office, including those conducted in partnership with various stakeholders, in particular for the benefit of developing countries. The Acting Director also announced that he would retire from the Office in the coming months.", "22. The Committee expressed its deep appreciation to the Acting Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, Niklas Hedman, who had provided valuable long-standing support for the international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space, in particular in the role of Secretary of the Committee and its subcommittees for more than a decade and a half.", "23. The Committee heard the following presentations:", "(a) “CONAE space plan”, by the representative of Argentina;", "(b) “Projection of the national space system”, by the representative of Chile;", "(c) “BeiDou Navigation Satellite System: sharing of application cases”, by the representative of China;", "(d) “The Iranian CanSat competition”, by the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran;", "(e) “Progress and plans for deep space human exploration”, by the representative of the United States;", "(f) “The imperative to protect cultural heritage in outer space”, by the observer for For All Moonkind;", "(g) “A united voice for youth in space policy and advocacy: introducing the Space Generation Advocacy and Policy Platform (SGAPP)”, by the observer for SGAC.", "24. The Committee noted that space activities had continued to intensify in recent years, with increasingly more actors entering the space arena and significantly more objects being launched into outer space.", "25. The Committee agreed that, together with its subcommittees, and with the support of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, the Committee remained the unique international forum tasked with promoting international cooperation in the exploration and peaceful use of outer space.", "26. The Committee agreed that the increasing number of States becoming members of the Committee in recent years was a clear signal of the international recognition of the value of the work of the intergovernmental body.", "27. Some delegations expressed the view that a rules-based international system, with the United Nations at its core, and a multilateral approach to international affairs should be supported, and that the Committee contributed to that system, including through the development of international space law, international norms and standards, guidelines, best practices and other transparency and confidence-building measures.", "28. The view was expressed that, with a view to addressing the challenges arising from the continuous development of outer space activities, it was imperative to uphold an international order in outer space based on international law, with the United Nations at its core.", "29. Some delegations expressed the view that the international community should make further efforts and explore all possible ways and means of making full use of the Committee and its subcommittees to achieve the common objectives of all nations on space-related issues.", "30. Some delegations expressed the view that universal and equal access to outer space for all countries without discrimination, equitable and rational use of outer space for the benefit and in the interests of all humankind, the principle of non-appropriation of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, international cooperation in the development of space activities, and the prevention of an arms race in outer space and placement of weapons of any kind in outer space were the most important principles that should govern the activities in outer space.", "31. Some delegations expressed the view that while some countries had reached important milestones in space activities, others were only starting to develop their own space programmes and policies and that it was crucial that developing countries not be left behind or unfairly disadvantaged by space exploration efforts. Therefore, capacity-building and technical assistance were key factors for expanding the abilities of those working in the field, enabling them to gain expertise and knowledge from more advanced spacefaring nations.", "32. Some delegations underlined the contribution of the Space Climate Observatory in the evaluation of space data to respond to climate change. It was noted that the Space Climate Observatory was available to participate in the deliberations for preparing the Committee’s contribution to the Summit of the Future.", "33. Some delegations expressed the view that the use and exploration of outer space were to be carried out exclusively for peaceful purposes, with a view to realizing a shared vision for the future, for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and in conformity with the body of applicable international law.", "34. Some delegations expressed the view that the Committee should give more dedicated consideration to addressing the challenges posed by the placement of megaconstellations in low Earth orbit, including those considerations related to the sustainable and equitable use of orbits and frequencies as well as accessibility of outer space.", "35. Some delegations expressed the view that the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and the Legal Subcommittee should work more closely with each other, in particular on overlapping and interrelated subject matters.", "36. Some delegations noted with regret one State’s decision to conduct the intentional destruction of its own spacecraft with a direct-ascent anti-satellite missile, resulting in debris that threatened human and robotic space flight, noted the need to implement the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee and debris-related Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities to their fullest extent, and welcomed commitments to refrain from destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite missile testing.", "37. The view was expressed that the Committee and its secretariat should continue initiatives and study ways to further enable closer coordination and engagement on the work of the two subcommittees, and with bodies that were closely interlinked with the mandate of the Committee, such as other United Nations bodies and other international organizations, when applicable, as this would ensure coordinated, relevant and timely resolution of cross-cutting issues.", "38. Some delegations expressed the view that the growing support for the Artemis Accords on the Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes demonstrated the value of the Accords as an operational framework to ensure that the peaceful exploration of space remained transparent, safe and sustainable.", "39. Some delegations expressed the view that cooperation on the international lunar research station initiated by China and the Russian Federation was advancing and provided new opportunities for space exploration for all interested partners.", "40. Some delegations reiterated their opposition to the establishment of a new regional centre for space science and technology education in the Eurasian region, affiliated to the United Nations, hosted by the Roscosmos Corporate Academy, as proposed by the Government of the Russian Federation. Those delegations were also of the view that although the General Assembly, in its resolution 76/76, had noted with satisfaction the progress in the establishment of the regional centre, in the light of recent developments, they were not in a position to accept any affiliation of that regional centre to the United Nations.", "41. The view was expressed that the Committee, at its sixty-fourth session, had noted that the evaluation mission on the proposed establishment of the regional centre had resulted in a recommendation to accept the offer of the Russian Federation to establish the regional centre, that the Committee had welcomed the progress on the establishment of the regional centre, and that therefore no additional agreement was required by the Committee. The delegation expressing that view also informed the Committee that the centre was already operational and providing services. Over 100 applicants from various countries in the region have been successfully accepted by the Centre as students.", "42. Some delegations called for refraining from adding a political dimension to space technologies or services, in particular by naming a launcher after a region involved in a conflict.", "43. The view was expressed that spacefaring nations possessing advanced space launch technologies preserve the full right to name their space launch vehicles and spaceships as they find appropriate.", "44. The Committee welcomed the publication by the Office for Outer Space Affairs of its Annual Report 2021, which contained a comprehensive account of the Office’s activities, cooperation, partnership programmes and achievements in 2021.", "45. The Committee noted with appreciation the exhibitions presented in the Rotunda of the Vienna International Centre in conjunction with its sixty-fifth session: an exhibition on the E.T.PACK project, a technological solution for the space debris proliferation problem, organized by Spain; an exhibition on the Artemis Accords, organized by the United States; and an exhibition entitled “Inspiring stars”, on the concept of inclusion, organized by IAU.", "46. The Committee noted with appreciation the donation by the Government of Poland to the permanent exhibit of the Office for Outer Space Affairs of a painting of Manfred Lachs, the first Chair of the Legal Subcommittee and one of the most influential scholars in international space law.", "47. The Committee expressed its appreciation for the organization of the following events during the session:", "(a) “Advancing #GenderEquality in Space”, organized by the Republic of Korea and the Office for Outer Space Affairs;", "(b) “Emerging Space@COPUOS 2022”, organized by Slovakia;", "(c) “Awareness-raising and capacity-building related to the implementation of the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities (LTS Guidelines): stakeholder study report”, organized by the United Kingdom and the Office for Outer Space Affairs;", "(d) “Youth space exchanges and opportunities”, organized by the United States and the Office for Outer Space Affairs;", "(e) “Progressing lunar policy: a round table”, organized by Moon Village Association, the Open Lunar Foundation, the Secure World Foundation and SGAC;", "(f) “Access to Space for All: opportunities for Member States”, organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs;", "(g) “Virtual briefing for COPUOS delegates: what is UNOOSA and why is it relevant for you?”, organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs.", "G. Adoption of the report of the Committee", "48. After considering the various items before it, the Committee, at its 801st meeting, on 10 June 2022, adopted its report to the General Assembly containing the recommendations and decisions set out below.", "Chapter II", "Recommendations and decisions", "A. Ways and means of maintaining outer space for peaceful purposes", "49. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76, the Committee continued its consideration, as a matter of priority, of ways and means of maintaining outer space for peaceful purposes and its consideration of the broader perspective of space security and associated matters that would be instrumental in ensuring the safe and responsible conduct of space activities, including ways to promote international, regional and interregional cooperation to that end.", "50. The representatives of Brazil, Canada, China, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, the United Arab Emirates, the United States and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) made statements under this item. A statement was also made by the observer for the Secure World Foundation. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were also made by other member States.", "51. The Committee heard the following presentations:", "(a) “Micro-space debris detection with ADLER-1”, by the representative of Austria;", "(b) “Mapping collision risk in low Earth orbit”, by the representative of the United States;", "(c) “Opportunities and practices to enhance space safety and sustainability”, by the representative of the United States;", "(d) “Safety norms for space security: how the development of norms can strengthen the peaceful purposes principle”, by the observer for SGAC.", "52. The Committee agreed that through its work in the scientific, technical and legal fields, as well as through the promotion of international dialogue and the exchange of information on various topics relating to the exploration and use of outer space, it had a fundamental role to play in ensuring that outer space was maintained for peaceful purposes.", "53. Some delegations expressed the view that it was the responsibility of all spacefaring nations to preserve and promote the benefits of outer space for all, through the advances made in space technology and its applications.", "54. Some delegations expressed the view that in order to ensure the sustainable and peaceful use of outer space, it was crucial that outer space activities were carried out in accordance with international law, rules, regulations and norms.", "55. Some delegations expressed the view that transparency and confidence-building measures were essential to ensuring the peaceful uses of outer space. The same delegations referred to the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Outer Space Activities (A/68/189) of 2013 and encouraged States to implement its recommendations and appropriate measures.", "56. Some delegations expressed the view that although the Committee was not a forum dedicated to disarmament in outer space, it still played a fundamental and unique role in global governance and international cooperation on outer space and should strengthen that role.", "57. Some delegations expressed the view that the Committee’s work in a wide range of fields ensured the peaceful use of outer space and was a key factor in preventing the risk of an arms race and the militarization of outer space and that therefore the Committee’s work complemented and supported other forums for preventing an arms race in outer space.", "58. Some delegations reaffirmed that issues specifically associated with the prevention of an arms race in outer space and the use of outer space for national security activities and related matters were more appropriately discussed in forums whose mandates focused on those issues, such as the Conference on Disarmament, the Disarmament Commission and the First Committee of the General Assembly.", "59. Some delegations expressed the view that norms could create the climate of confidence that was necessary to develop future legally binding measures governing space and, in that context, welcomed the report of the Secretary-General on reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours (A/76/77) and the work of the open-ended working group on reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours because it deepened the discussion on space norms.", "60. Some delegations expressed the view that the threat of militarization of outer space underscored the importance of international dialogue and negotiation aimed at creating legally binding norms for transparency and confidence-building because non-legally binding measures did not sufficiently address the threat of an arms race in outer space. The delegations expressing that view also found it fundamental that legally binding measures should focus on reaffirming the shared interest of outer space for peaceful use and purposes, in accordance with the existing principles of international law.", "61. Some delegations reaffirmed that it was crucial to prevent an arms race in outer space and the placement of weapons of any kind in outer space, and called upon all States, in particular those with major space capabilities, to contribute actively to the peaceful use of outer space in order to prevent its militarization and to refrain from placing weapons of any kind in outer space or any other action contrary to that objective. The delegations expressing that view were also of the view that the preservation of the outer space environment in the long term required the commitment of the international community to ensuring that no weapons were ever placed in outer space.", "62. Some delegations reiterated that more consideration should be given to the draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and of the threat of use of force against space objects, prepared by China and the Russian Federation, as it paved the way for ensuring the use of outer space for peaceful purposes.", "63. Some delegations expressed the view that the intentional destruction of space objects generating large amounts of space debris indiscriminately increased the risk of collisions of on-orbit space objects and was an irresponsible behaviour that would undermine the sustainable and stable use of outer space.", "64. Some delegations expressed concern about anti-satellite tests that generated space debris and emphasized that States should refrain from using or testing those capabilities. The delegations expressing that view were also of the view that the recent announcement by the United States, followed by Canada, committing not to conduct destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite missile testing was a positive step towards formulating norms of responsible behaviour in outer space.", "65. The view was expressed that it was doubtful that such an initiative was effective for maintaining space for peaceful purposes. The same delegation expressed the view that the commitment not to test certain types of anti-satellite weapons did not mean a commitment not to use them.", "66. The view was expressed that the Committee should remain a platform for non-politicized discussions and should promote the development of doctrinal guidelines of States and intergovernmental organizations aimed at preserving outer space for peaceful purposes, thereby maintaining international peace and security and strengthen international cooperation and mutual understanding.", "67. The view was expressed that the Committee should focus on the challenges posed by the development of commercial space flight, promote the strengthening of effective national regulations on commercial space participation in military activities, and ensure that space activities of non-governmental entities were consistent with peaceful purposes, and at the same time enhance transparency at the international level. It was also necessary to attach importance to the safety of outer space activities and strengthen research, hold extensive discussions and seek solutions to the safety risks posed by megaconstellations.", "68. The Committee noted that Africa Space Week would be held in Nairobi in September 2022 and would provide an innovative platform for African space industry stakeholders to deliberate on expanding Africa’s space industry and strengthen efforts to promote and enable intra-Africa and international cooperation on space activities.", "69. The Committee noted that the twenty-seventh session of the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum, on the theme “Expand space innovation through diverse partnerships”, had been held online from 30 November to 3 December 2021.", "70. The Committee noted that the fifteenth meeting of the Council of APSCO had been held online from 9 to 11 November 2021. The Council had approved the APSCO project implementation plan for 2021–2025 and the amendment of the rules on cooperative activities of APSCO.", "71. The Committee recommended that, at its sixty-sixth session, in 2023, consideration of the item on ways and means of maintaining outer space for peaceful purposes should be continued, on a priority basis.", "B. Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its fifty-ninth session", "72. The Committee took note with appreciation of the report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its fifty-ninth session (A/AC.105/1258), which contained the results of its deliberations on the items considered by the Subcommittee in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "73. The Committee expressed its appreciation to Juan Francisco Facetti (Paraguay) for his able leadership as Chair during the fifty-ninth session of the Subcommittee.", "74. The representatives of Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Finland, Germany, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Japan, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) made statements under the item. The representative of Morocco made a statement on behalf of the Group of 77 and China. The observer for IAU also made a statement. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were also made by other member States.", "75. The Committee heard the following presentations:", "(a) “HERA mission: three-dimensional vision processing and visualization methods to analyse the DART impact on Dimorphos”, by the representative of Austria;", "(b) “Real-time Earth observation for responsive disaster management”, by the representatives of Austria;", "(c) “LEO megaconstellations are deeply influencing space activities of the world”, by the representative of China;", "(d) “The impact of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test”, by the representative of the United States.", "1. United Nations Programme on Space Applications", "(a) Activities of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications", "76. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on the activities of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 54–74).", "77. The Committee noted that the priority areas of the Programme were environmental monitoring, natural resource management, satellite communications, disaster risk reduction, the use of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), the Basic Space Science Initiative, climate change, the Basic Space Technology Initiative, the Human Space Technology Initiative, and biodiversity and ecosystems.", "78. The Committee took note of the activities of the Programme carried out in 2021 and planned for 2022, as presented in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 59–69).", "79. The Committee expressed its appreciation to the Office for Outer Space Affairs for the manner in which the activities of the Programme had been implemented, in particular, in 2021, with the limited funds available. The Committee also expressed its appreciation to the Governments and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations that had sponsored the activities. The Committee noted with satisfaction that further progress was being made in the implementation of the activities of the Programme for 2022.", "80. The Committee expressed its concern that the financial resources available to the United Nations Programme on Space Applications remained limited and emphasized that it was important that the Office was equipped with the necessary resources, including sufficient funding, to assist a greater number of countries in having access to the benefits of space science and technology and its applications in line with the spirit of the Outer Space Treaty as well as the “Space2030” Agenda.", "81. The Committee noted that CubeSats developed by teams from Kenya, Guatemala and Mauritius, winners in the first, second and third rounds, respectively, had been deployed from the International Space Station through the United Nations/Japan Cooperation Programme on CubeSat Deployment from the International Space Station Japanese Experiment Module, known as “KiboCUBE”. Teams from Indonesia, the Republic of Moldova and the Central American Integration System (SICA), winners in the third, fourth and fifth rounds, respectively, were currently developing their CubeSats under the programme. The Committee further noted that the KiboCUBE programme had become an essential tool for capacity-building in space science and technology and that, in that regard, the Office for Outer Space Affairs and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) had announced the extension of the KiboCUBE programme until the end of December 2024 and had added a new educational opportunity called “KiboCUBE Academy”.", "82. The Committee noted that the United Nations Programme on Space Applications continued to implement the Access to Space for All initiative, which was focused on developing the capacity of Member States to access the benefits of space and which offered to its partners research opportunities to develop the technologies needed to send hardware into space, access to unique ground and orbital facilities for experiments in microgravity and access to space data and training on their use, including the use of astronomical data, placing those countries in the international space arena and enabling in-depth capacity-building in space science and technology.", "83. The Committee requested the Office for Outer Space Affairs to continue to work with the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on defining the priorities of the Programme.", "84. The Committee noted with satisfaction that the United Nations Programme on Space Applications had continued to emphasize, promote and foster cooperation with Member States at the regional and global levels to support the regional centres for space science and technology education, affiliated to the United Nations.", "85. The Committee noted that the Office for Outer Space Affairs continued to closely collaborate with the regional centres for space science and technology education, affiliated to the United Nations, namely the African Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education – in English Language, the African Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology – in French Language; the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific, the Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education for Latin America and the Caribbean, the Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education for Western Asia and the Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (China). In that connection, the Committee noted with appreciation that the host countries of the regional centres for space science and technology education, affiliated to the United Nations, were providing significant financial and in-kind support to the centres.", "(b) International Satellite System for Search and Rescue", "86. The Committee noted with satisfaction that the International Satellite System for Search and Rescue (COSPAS-SARSAT), which provided worldwide coverage of emergency beacons, carried on vessels and aircraft and by individual users around the world, currently had 43 member States and 2 participating organizations. The Committee also noted that in 2021 the programme had helped to rescue 330 people from potentially life-threatening situations throughout the United States and its surrounding waters, and since 1982, the start of the programme, COSPAS-SARSAT had supported more than 48,000 rescues worldwide.", "2. Space technology for sustainable socioeconomic development", "87. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on space technology for sustainable socioeconomic development, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 79–88).", "88. The Committee endorsed the decisions and recommendations of the Subcommittee on the item (A/AC.105/1258, para. 88).", "89. The Committee took note of the report of the Working Group of the Whole of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, reconvened under the chairmanship of Prakash Chauhan (India) as Chair (A/AC.105/1258, annex I).", "90. Some delegations expressed the view that space science and technology and their applications were essential to effectively addressing current and future challenges to social and economic development and sustainability, such as natural disasters, food security, climate change and natural resource security, and noted that space activities were crucial to realizing the Sustainable Development Goals and the “Space2030” Agenda, in particular as part of efforts to support sustainable economic growth, improve the quality of life and manage the global environment. The delegations expressing that view were also of the view that it was important to ensure that the Office was equipped with the necessary resources, including sufficient funding, to assist a greater number of countries in gaining access to the benefits of space science and technology and their applications.", "3. Matters relating to remote sensing of the Earth by satellite, including applications for developing countries and monitoring of the Earth’s environment", "91. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on matters relating to remote sensing of the Earth by satellite, including applications for developing countries and monitoring of the Earth’s environment, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 89–98).", "92. The Committee noted that international and regional initiatives of States used remote sensing data to support sustainable socioeconomic development, in particular for the benefit of developing countries.", "93. In the course of the discussions, delegations were informed of the critical role that remote sensing played in well-informed decision-making and of cooperation programmes at the national and international levels that utilized space-derived data and applications. Examples included services for territorial mapping and border security, land-use planning, management of natural and mineral resources, forestry, the identification and recording of property rights, tools for mapping vegetation, crops and soil and watershed and hydrologic features to support precision agriculture and rural planning, the identification of arable land, irrigation and groundwater detection, meteorology and weather forecasting and early warning of severe storms, disaster management and emergency response, climate change and environmental protection, oceanographic temperature and sea level monitoring, monitoring air quality for aerosols and pollutants, including the monitoring of essential climate variables to contribute to international studies, promoting sustainable development, ecosystems management, glacier and snowfall mapping and studies, crop and soil monitoring for irrigation and groundwater detection, space weather monitoring and early warning systems to protect critical infrastructure and animal movement monitoring.", "94. The Committee noted that important initiatives such as the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) and CEOS played an important role in promoting and facilitating the sharing of remote sensing data, and, in this regard, welcomed the continued commitment of many Member States in that area.", "4. Space debris", "95. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on space debris, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 99–123).", "96. The Committee noted with satisfaction that 2022 marked the fifteenth anniversary of the endorsement by the General Assembly, in its resolution 62/217, of the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee, and urged those countries that had not yet done so to consider implementing the Guidelines on a voluntary basis.", "97. The Committee also noted with satisfaction that many States and international intergovernmental organizations were implementing space debris mitigation measures consistent with the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee (A/74/20, annex II) and that a number of States had harmonized their national space debris mitigation standards with those guidelines.", "98. In addition, the Committee noted that some States were using the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee and/or the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), ISO standard 24113:2011 (Space systems: space debris mitigation requirements) and ITU recommendation ITU-R S.1003 (Environmental protection of the geostationary-satellite orbit) as reference points in their regulatory frameworks for national space activities. The Committee also noted that some States were cooperating under the space surveillance and tracking support framework funded by the European Union and in the space safety programme of ESA.", "99. The Committee also noted that an increasing number of States were adopting concrete measures to mitigate space debris, including the improvement of the design of launch vehicles and spacecraft, the de-orbiting of satellites, passivation, life extension, end-of-life operations and the development of specific software and models for space debris mitigation.", "100. The Committee further noted that IADC, whose initial work had served as the basis for the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee, had updated its own Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines in 2022.", "101. The Committee took note with concern of the issue of space debris and the challenges that the proliferation of space debris posed to the future exploration and use of outer space.", "102. The Committee agreed that Member States and international organizations having permanent observer status with the Committee should continue to be invited to provide reports on research on space debris, the safety of space objects with nuclear power sources on board, problems relating to the collision of such space objects with space debris and the ways in which debris mitigation guidelines were being implemented.", "103. Some delegations expressed the view that the issue of space debris should be addressed in a manner that would not jeopardize the development of the space capabilities of developing countries.", "104. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important that new space actors were not burdened as a result of the historical activities of established space actors.", "105. Some delegations expressed the view that addressing the challenges posed by the placement of megaconstellations in low Earth orbit, including those related to the sustainable use of orbit and frequencies, should be made a priority in the work of the Committee.", "106. Some delegations expressed the view that advanced spacefaring countries and other actors, especially those deploying megaconstellations, to pay due regard to the application of the relevant voluntary measures such as the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities and underscored the importance of strengthening the capacity of developing countries for the voluntary implementation of those measures.", "107. Some delegations expressed the view that, since orbital debris was the consequence of the past and ongoing operations of major spacefaring nations, those nations should accept the primary responsibility both for alleviating the situation and for assisting the developing and emerging spacefaring nations technically and financially in meeting space debris mitigation guidelines.", "108. The view was expressed that in discussing debris mitigation as well as space traffic management, it was necessary to promote transparency and confidence-building measures in space activities to avoid miscalculations and misunderstandings.", "5. Space-system-based disaster management support", "109. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on space-system-based disaster management support, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 124–136).", "110. The Committee noted the importance of space-based information for disaster management and emergency response, utilizing remote sensing data and Earth observation satellites for developing multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster impact analysis for all types of natural disasters, including for monitoring the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "111. The Committee welcomed the activities organized by the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (UN-SPIDER), which supported the development of capacity to use all types of space-based information in support of the full disaster management cycle. In that regard, the Committee took note of the UN-SPIDER activities and capacity-strengthening efforts, including the generation of tailored space-based information for countries in need in 2021 (see A/AC.105/1250), which were carried out with the continued support of its network of partners, as well as the benefits of the UN-SPIDER knowledge portal (www.un-spider.org), a web-based platform for information, communication and process support that fostered the exchange of information, the sharing of experiences, capacity-building and technical advisory support and services.", "112. Some delegations expressed the view that in order to strengthen disaster preparedness and emergency response at the national level, the Office for Outer Space Affairs should increase the capacity-building activities of UN-SPIDER by offering more technical advisory missions and training programmes, in particular to developing countries.", "113. The Committee noted the holding of several international conferences recently related to disaster management, such as the Third Multi-Hazard Early Warning Conference, which was held in Bali, Indonesia, on 23 and 24 May, and the ESA Living Planet Symposium, held in Bonn, Germany, from 23 to 27 May, highlighting the use of space technologies in disaster management.", "114. The Committee also noted the support that States had been providing to the Working Group on Disasters of CEOS and the international COSPAS-SARSAT programme.", "115. The Committee noted with appreciation the financial and staff resource contributions made by China, France and Germany to UN-SPIDER and the in-kind contributions, including the provision of experts, made by some States members of the Committee and by the regional support offices in 2021 in support of the activities conducted by the Office for Outer Space Affairs through UN-SPIDER, as well as their efforts to share experience with other interested countries. In that regard, the Committee encouraged other member States and permanent observers to provide to the activities and programmes of the Office, including UN-SPIDER, all necessary support on a voluntary basis, including increased financial support, to enable it to better respond to Member States’ requests for assistance and to fully carry out its workplan in the coming years.", "6. Recent developments in global navigation satellite systems", "116. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on recent developments in global navigation satellite systems, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 137–157).", "117. The Committee had before it the note by the Secretariat entitled “Fifteenth meeting of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems” (A/AC.105/1251).", "118. The Committee noted that the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG), as an optimal cooperation mechanism, offered the benefit of providing a flexible forum in which GNSS providers and users discussed all matters regarding the use of multiple GNSS signals.", "119. The Committee noted the work of ICG aimed at creating an interoperable, multi-GNSS space service volume, which would enable improved navigation for space operations beyond geostationary Earth orbit and that GNSS services were expected to be employed in cislunar space.", "120. The Committee noted the efforts by the Office for Outer Space Affairs in promoting the use of GNSS through its capacity-building and information dissemination initiatives, in particular in developing countries, as well as the role of the Office as the executive secretariat of ICG in coordinating the annual meetings of ICG and its Providers’ Forum.", "121. The Committee noted that the fifteenth meeting of ICG and the twenty-fourth meeting of the Providers’ Forum, organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs, had been held in Vienna from 27 September to 1 October 2021 and that the sixteenth meeting of ICG would be hosted by the United Arab Emirates and be held in Abu Dhabi, from 9 to 14 October 2022.", "7. Space weather", "122. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on space weather, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 158–172).", "123. The Committee noted that space weather, which was caused by solar variability, was an international concern owing to the potential threat it posed to space systems, human space flight and ground- and space-based infrastructures upon which society was increasingly dependent. As such, it needed to be addressed in a global manner, through international cooperation and coordination, in order to be able to predict potentially severe space weather events and mitigate their impact so that the long-term sustainability of outer space activities was ensured.", "124. The Committee noted a number of national and international activities undertaken in the fields of research, training and education to improve the scientific and technical understanding of the adverse effects of space weather and thus strengthen global resilience to its threat, with the goal of facilitating the implementation of the space weather-related guidelines B.6 and B.7 of the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities.", "125. The Committee noted with appreciation that the Expert Group on Space Weather of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee had held meetings on the margins of the fifty-ninth session of the Subcommittee, in 2022, as well as in the intersessional period. The Committee also noted the document submitted to the Subcommittee entitled “Draft final report of the Expert Group on Space Weather: towards improved international coordination for space weather services” (A/AC.105/C.1/L.401), which contained six high-level recommendations, and expressed its appreciation to the Rapporteur of the Expert Group, Ian Mann, for his dedicated work.", "126. The Committee endorsed the decision that was agreed by the Subcommittee to consider the report (A/AC.105/C.1/L.401) as a final report of the Expert Group and to issue the report under the symbol A/AC.105/C.1/122, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, para. 172).", "127. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important for the international space weather community to find a mechanism to coordinate and continue its work.", "8. Near-Earth objects", "128. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on near-Earth objects, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 173–190).", "129. The Committee noted with appreciation the work done by the International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN) and the Space Mission Planning Advisory Group (SMPAG) to ensure that all nations, in particular developing countries with limited capacity to predict and mitigate the impact of a near-Earth object, were aware of potential threats.", "130. The Committee noted that, should a credible threat of impact be identified by the worldwide network of astronomical observatories, the important information available on that threat would be provided by IAWN and disseminated to all Member States through the Office for Outer Space Affairs.", "131. The Committee noted the importance of national efforts and activities aimed at developing capabilities in the discovery, observation, early warning and mitigation of potentially hazardous near-Earth objects that contributed to strengthening international collaboration and information-sharing, and in that regard highlighted the importance of contributing to the work of IAWN and SMPAG.", "132. The Committee noted the launch of the first-ever planetary defence technology demonstration mission, the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States, in November 2021, which would demonstrate the kinetic impact deflection technique. The Committee also noted that, as a follow-up, the Hera mission of ESA was planned to encounter the Didymos asteroid system in 2026 to provide a valuable assessment of the deflection technique test of the DART mission.", "133. The Committee noted that further information on the meetings of IAWN and SMPAG, to which the Office for Outer Space Affairs served as the permanent secretariat, had been made available on their websites (http://iawn.net and http://smpag.net).", "134. The Committee noted that the seventh International Academy of Astronautics Planetary Defense Conference had been held from 26 to 30 April 2021, hosted by the Office for Outer Space Affairs in cooperation with ESA, and that the eighth Planetary Defense Conference was to be held at the Vienna International Centre from 3 to 7 April 2023, hosted by the Office in cooperation with ESA and the host country, Austria.", "9. Long-term sustainability of outer space activities", "135. The Committee took note of the discussion by the Subcommittee under the item on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 191–209) and endorsed the decisions of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 208 and 209) and of the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities under the chairmanship of Umamaheswaran R. (India) (A/AC.105/1258, annex II, paras. 7–9 and appendix).", "136. The Committee had before it the following:", "(a) Conference room paper by the Russian Federation entitled “Implementation of the LTSSA Guideline ‘A.1 Adopt, revise and amend, as necessary, national regulatory frameworks’” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.9);", "(b) Conference room paper by the Russian Federation entitled “Contribution of the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in the Eurasian Region to strengthening the capacity of COPUOS member States to implement the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.10);", "(c) Conference room paper by the Russian Federation entitled “Considerations on key unresolved tasks of ensuring safety of space operations in the context of the long-term sustainability of outer space activities” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.11).", "137. The Committee recalled with appreciation that, at the fifty-ninth session of the Subcommittee, the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities had agreed on and adopted its terms of reference, methods of work and workplan (A/AC.105/1258, annex II, para. 7, and appendix).", "138. The Committee also recalled that the Working Group would attach equal importance to each of the three elements of the guiding framework (A/AC.105/1258, annex II, appendix, paras. 6 and 7).", "139. The Committee further recalled that the Working Group had agreed to hold informal consultations, in a hybrid format, in November 2022 (A/AC.105/1258, annex II, para. 9).", "140. The Committee was informed that a number of States members had already either completed, or were currently completing, internal assessments of their implementation of the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.", "141. The Committee was also informed of a number of national, regional and international scientific, technical, legal and policy measures and initiatives that had been, or were currently being undertaken, to implement the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee.", "142. The Committee was further informed about the continuation of the project of the Office for Outer Space Affairs entitled “Awareness-raising and capacity-building related to the implementation of the LTS Guidelines”, made possible through financial support provided by the United Kingdom, which had, in the second phase of the project, produced a stakeholder study report (see spacesustainability.unoosa.org).", "143. Some delegations expressed the view that the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee constituted best practices for the safe and responsible use of outer space and were critical to maintaining outer space for future generations.", "144. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important to share experiences and review best practices and lessons learned in the practical national implementation of the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee because it would enhance overall communication, international cooperation, awareness-raising and capacity-building.", "145. Some delegations expressed the view that it would be useful for the Legal Subcommittee to carry out a review and assessment of the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee.", "146. The view was expressed that the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space had become a principal forum for space sustainability discussions, setting itself apart from other forums by developing a “bottom-up” approach to addressing safe and sustainable practices with regard to the use of space.", "147. The view was expressed that there were multiple parallel platforms considering the subject matter that had been under the purview of the Committee for years, that this included topics that were within the mandate of the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, and that this constituted a direct duplication of functions. The delegation expressing that view was also of the view that international work undertaken in accordance with the inviolable principle of consensus was the only way to ensure the long-term sustainability of outer space activities in the interest of the world community as a whole.", "148. The view was expressed that the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee were clear, practical and proven, meaning that both their implementation and efficacy had been demonstrated by States and international intergovernmental organizations, and that the Guidelines neither undermined existing legal obligations nor hampered the use of outer space, in particular its use by emerging space actors.", "149. The view was expressed that, above all, the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee were a positive indication of efforts to alleviate environmental degradation as they contained recommendations that promoted more environmentally positive practices in the design and operation of space missions.", "150. The view was expressed that the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee were the first complete body of rules governing contemporary space activities and that they must be kept up-to-date, or supplemented, in view of current and future challenges posed by the development of economic and scientific activity generated around space resources.", "151. The view was expressed that Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee had led to improved domestic conversations on the implications of space sustainability for pursuing national space activities and for the development of stronger regulatory frameworks, along with coordinated national positions.", "152. The view was expressed that developing countries should not be left behind or unfairly disadvantaged by space exploration efforts and that the only way to ensure the sustainability of outer space activities was to continue to deliver the benefits derived from those activities to humanity as a whole through enhanced cooperation and collaboration.", "153. The view was expressed that, in order to achieve the main objectives of long-term sustainability of outer space activities, it was important for the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee to concentrate on areas such as building and promoting capacities, as well as the transfer of technology to developing countries, all within the framework of international cooperation, and for the full, effective and non-discriminatory operationalization of the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities.", "154. The view was expressed that understanding what was stopping countries from being able to implement the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee was critical to understanding the form of future capacity-building activities.", "155. The view was expressed that plans of the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities to identify and study challenges and consider possible new guidelines were of relevance due, among other things, to the interest of States and commercial companies in projects for the active removal of space debris, as well as the development of plans and programmes for the exploration and use of the Moon. The delegation expressing that view recalled that further substantive inputs related to the Working Group could be found in conference room papers A/AC.105/2022/CRP.9, A/AC.105/2022/CRP.10 and A/AC.105/2022/CRP.11.", "156. The view was expressed that consideration of the issues of space debris, dark and quiet skies for science and society, near-Earth objects and the use of nuclear power sources in outer space could contribute to ensuring the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. The delegation expressing that view was also of the view that therefore, deliberations on those issues should take into account the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities.", "157. The view was expressed that the long-term sustainability of outer space activities should be retained as a regular item on the agenda of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee to ensure that the discussion of the technical aspects on which progress had been made in the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities continued and received greater attention from all delegations.", "158. The view was expressed that the Space Sustainability Rating, developed by a consortium led by the World Economic Forum and operated by the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland, would contribute to and reinforce responsible and sustainable behaviour in outer space.", "10. Future role and method of work of the Committee", "159. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on the future role and method of work of the Committee, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 210–233).", "160. The Committee recalled its decision, made at its sixty-second session, to introduce a regular item entitled “Future role and method of work of the Committee” on the agendas of both subcommittees to allow for discussion of cross-cutting issues (A/74/20, para. 321 (h)).", "11. Use of nuclear power sources in outer space", "161. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 224–237).", "162. The Committee endorsed the recommendations of the Subcommittee and the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space, reconvened under the chairmanship of Sam A. Harbison (United Kingdom), including the extension of the Working Group’s multi-year workplan by one year in order to finalize the report to the Subcommittee on the outcome of the multi-year workplan and explore options for gathering information about advances in knowledge, practices and plans for future space nuclear power source applications (A/AC.105/1258, para. 237, and annex III).", "163. The Committee noted that, in that connection, a series of intersessional meetings had been held by the Working Group, facilitated by the secretariat, and that the Working Group had held two informal meetings on the margins of the sixty-fifth session of the Committee, on 7 and 8 June 2022, to advance its work.", "164. The Committee acknowledged the fact that some States and an international intergovernmental organization were developing, or considering developing, legal and regulatory instruments on the safe use of nuclear power sources in outer space, taking into account the content and requirements of the Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space and of the Safety Framework for Nuclear Power Source Applications in Outer Space, which was developed jointly by the Subcommittee and the International Atomic Energy Agency.", "165. The Committee in that regard also noted the importance of the work of the Working Group to allow for the continued sharing of information to promote further understanding and development of effective processes to ensure the safe use of nuclear power in space, given the renewed interest in the use of nuclear power sources in outer space that had opened the solar system to exploration, making it possible to observe and understand dark, distant planetary bodies that would otherwise be unreachable, as well as the use of nuclear power sources for the in-space propulsion of spacecraft as a potential technology for crewed and cargo missions to Mars and scientific missions to the outer solar system, enabling faster and more robust human and robotic missions.", "166. Some delegations expressed the view that there should be an ongoing mechanism for a structured exchange on the topic at the multilateral level, and that the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space should recommend to the Subcommittee the new arrangements that would be needed to take forward the development of safety guidelines for potential future uses of nuclear power sources in outer space.", "12. Space and global health", "167. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on space and global health, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 238–249).", "168. The Committee endorsed the recommendations and decisions on the item made by the Subcommittee and its Working Group on Space and Global Health, convened under the chairmanship of Antoine Geissbühler (Switzerland), including the decisions regarding the establishment of the Space and Global Health Platform and the Space and Global Health Network (A/AC.105/1258, para. 249, and annex IV, para. 7).", "169. The Committee expressed appreciation to the delegation of Switzerland for facilitating informal consultations on the text of the draft resolution on space and global health, as contained in A/AC.105/L.328, during the current session of the Committee.", "170. The view was expressed that the text of the draft resolution could have been further enhanced through the acknowledgement of the importance of human medical research for improving understanding of ecology, psychology, ergonomics, genetics, physical education, nutrition and other sciences. The delegation expressing that view also stressed the non-discriminatory character of international cooperation in the domain of global health and emphasized that goals to develop and improve health-care systems should not be hindered by political motivations.", "171. Some delegations expressed the view that the draft resolution on space and global health (see annex), effectively captured the crucial role of space data and technology in the public health domain. Those delegations welcomed the submission of that draft resolution for adoption and underlined the importance of advancing that work in order to share the benefits of space activities for global health.", "172. At its 790th meeting, on 3 June 2022, the Committee endorsed the draft resolution on space and global health, contained in annex I to the present report. The Committee noted that the draft resolution, as endorsed, would be submitted to the General Assembly at its seventy-seventh session, in 2022, for adoption by the Assembly under the agenda item entitled “International cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space”.", "173. The Committee noted the broad array of activities relevant to space and global health and acknowledged the contribution of space science, space technology and space applications to the prevention and control of diseases, the promotion of human health and welfare, the addressing of global health issues, the advancement of medical research, the advancement of health practices and the provision of health-care services to individuals and communities, including in rural areas with limited access to health care.", "174. The Committee noted the vital role of space science, space technology and space applications in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic, and their critical role in support of contact tracing, the identification of affected areas, modelling the spread of the disease and monitoring its transmission, connectivity for remote working, telehealth and communication, as well as methods of coping with social isolation.", "175. The Committee welcomed the report of the Working Group on Space and Global Health on the work conducted under its multi-year workplan (A/AC.105/C.1/121) and expressed its gratitude to the Chair of the Working Group for his dedicated efforts and able leadership in guiding the work of the Working Group under its multi-year workplan.", "176. The Committee took note with appreciation of the round table on the topic “Advancing global health using space technologies”, organized by Switzerland during the Geneva Health Forum held in May 2022, during which the Space and Global Health Platform and the international Space and Global Health Network were presented, with the participation of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, the World Health Organization, the United Nations Satellite Centre and GEO.", "177. The Committee noted that Member States had been invited to identify experts and encourage them to participate in the Space and Global Health Network.", "178. The Committee agreed that the agenda item entitled “Space and global health” was to be made a regular item on the agenda of the Subcommittee from 2023 onwards.", "13. Examination of the physical nature and technical attributes of the geostationary orbit and its utilization and applications, including in the field of space communications, as well as other questions relating to developments in space communications, taking particular account of the needs and interests of developing countries, without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunication Union", "179. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on the examination of the physical nature and technical attributes of the geostationary orbit and its utilization and applications, including in the field of space communications, as well as other questions relating to developments in space communications, taking particular account of the needs and interests of developing countries, without prejudice to the role of ITU, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 250–261).", "180. Some delegations expressed the view that the geostationary orbit was a limited natural resource that was at risk of becoming saturated, thereby threatening the sustainability of space activities in that environment, that its use should be rationalized, and that it should be made available to all States, under equitable conditions, irrespective of their current technical capabilities, taking into particular account the needs of developing countries and the geographical position of certain countries.", "14. General exchange of views on dark and quiet skies for science and society", "181. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item entitled “General exchange of views on dark and quiet skies for science and society”, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 262–276).", "182. The Committee welcomed the inclusion of the general exchange of views on dark and quiet skies for science and society on the agenda of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee as a single issue/item for discussion, as an important recognition of the fact that astronomical observations for both optical and radio astronomy were an essential aspect of space activities and should be protected from interference.", "183. The Committee welcomed the contributions made to the discussion by the United Nations/Spain/IAU Conference on Dark and Quiet Skies for Science and Society (see A/AC.105/1255 and A/AC.105/1257) and the industry symposium organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs on the topic of dark and quiet skies on the margins of the fifty-ninth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 43–48) and took note of the recommendations resulting from those events.", "184. The Committee noted the initiative taken by IAU in inviting delegations to engage with its recently opened Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellation Interference, which began operation on 1 April 2022, aimed at coordinating collaborative multidisciplinary international efforts with institutions and individuals worldwide to help mitigate the negative impact of satellite constellations on ground-based optical and radio astronomy observations as well as on humanity’s enjoyment of the night sky.", "185. The Committee noted the efforts to protect radio telescopes and radio quiet zones from satellite constellations carried out in some countries and the continuous engagement between the astronomical and satellite communities, as well as the importance of continued cooperation among all relevant actors, in particular the space industry, satellite constellation operators and the astronomical community, to ensure the protection of the dark and quiet sky from satellite constellation interference.", "186. Some delegations expressed the view that multi-stakeholder efforts to develop practical solutions to address the unintended impacts of satellite constellations on astronomy were needed.", "187. The view was expressed that the adverse effects of satellite constellations on the visibility of the night skies for ground-based astronomy had not been adequately considered and that the matter, which fell within the mandate of the Committee, called for an internationally agreed regulation.", "15. Draft provisional agenda for the sixtieth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee", "188. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on the draft provisional agenda for its sixtieth session, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 277–281).", "189. The Committee endorsed the recommendations and decisions on the item made by the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 279–281).", "190. On the basis of the deliberations of the Subcommittee at its fifty-ninth session, the Committee agreed that the following items should be considered by the Subcommittee at its sixtieth session:", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Statement by the Chair.", "3. General exchange of views and introduction of reports submitted on national activities.", "4. United Nations Programme on Space Applications.", "5. Space technology for sustainable socioeconomic development.", "6. Matters relating to remote sensing of the Earth by satellite, including applications for developing countries and monitoring of the Earth’s environment.", "7. Space debris.", "8. Space-system-based disaster management support.", "9. Recent developments in global navigation satellite systems.", "10. Space weather.", "11. Near-Earth objects.", "12. Long-term sustainability of outer space activities.", "(Work for 2023 as reflected in the multi-year workplan of the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities (A/AC.105/1258, para. 209 and para. 18 of the appendix to annex II))", "13. Future role and method of work of the Committee.", "14. Space and global health.", "15. Use of nuclear power sources in outer space.", "(Work for 2023 as reflected in the extended multi-year workplan of the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space (A/AC.105/1258, para. 237 and annex III, para. 5))", "16. Examination of the physical nature and technical attributes of the geostationary orbit and its utilization and applications, including in the field of space communications, as well as other questions relating to developments in space communications, taking particular account of the needs and interests of developing countries, without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunication Union.", "(Single issue/item for discussion)", "17. General exchange of views on dark and quiet skies for science and society.", "(Single issue/item for discussion)", "18. Draft provisional agenda for the sixty-first session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.", "19. Report to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.", "191. The Committee agreed that the Working Group of the Whole, the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space, and the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities should be reconvened at the sixtieth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.", "192. The Committee agreed that, in accordance with the agreement reached at the forty-fourth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, held in 2007 (A/AC.105/890, annex I, para. 24), the symposium to be organized by the Committee on Space Research at the sixtieth session of the Subcommittee should be on the topic of climate action and the contribution from space.", "C. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its sixty-first session", "193. The Committee took note with appreciation of the report of the Legal Subcommittee on its sixty-first session (A/AC.105/1260), which contained the results of its deliberations on the items considered by the Subcommittee in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "194. The Committee expressed its appreciation to Nomfuneko Majaja (South Africa) for her able leadership as Chair during the sixty-first session of the Subcommittee.", "195. The representatives of Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Finland, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the United States and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) made statements under the item. Statements were also made by the representative of Morocco on behalf of the Group of 77 and China. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the agenda item were also made by other member States.", "196. The Committee heard a presentation entitled “Progress report on the initiatives of the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum for enhancing space policy and law capacity in the Asia-Pacific region”, by the representative of Japan.", "1. Information on the activities of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations relating to space law", "197. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item entitled “Information on the activities of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations relating to space law”, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 36–38).", "2. Status and application of the five United Nations treaties on outer space", "198. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on the status and application of the five United Nations treaties on outer space, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 39–51).", "199. The Committee endorsed the decisions and recommendations of the Subcommittee and its Working Group on the Status and Application of the Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space, which had been reconvened under the chairmanship of Bernhard Schmidt-Tedd (Germany) (A/AC.105/1260, annex I, paras. 7–15).", "200. Some delegations expressed the view that the discussions in the Working Group on the status and application of the five treaties, on the application of international law to small satellites and on broader issues such as the registration of satellites, as well as the preparation in the Working Group of the wide-ranging document entitled “Bringing the benefits of space to all countries: a guidance document on the legal framework for space activities” (A/AC.105/C.2/117), had all provided useful assistance to the Subcommittee and significantly contributed to formulating national space legislation and policies in various countries.", "201. Some delegations expressed the view that the Legal Subcommittee was the right forum for promoting the progressive development of international space law for the peaceful uses of outer space, and that greater interaction with the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee was necessary to ensure that legal rules remained relevant and applicable to current and planned space activities.", "202. Some delegations expressed the view that, in the light of the increasing participation and the evolving potential of the private sector in space activities, the negotiation of an international legally binding instrument that clearly defined and guided commercial activities in outer space could play an important role in expanding the use of outer space and stimulate space activities for the benefit of humanity, and could help to ensure that the rights of developing countries were considered and that those countries were not excluded from the benefits of space exploration.", "203. The view was expressed that while the five United Nations treaties on outer space formed the cornerstone of international space law, and greater adherence by a growing number of countries was welcomed, the treaties needed to be further developed and complemented in order to be able to respond to new developments such as the rise of non-governmental entities and private sector actors in outer space.", "204. Some delegations expressed the view that international space law was a key enabler that allowed actors to flourish in a safe and predictable environment, and that in that regard, meeting the obligation in the Outer Space Treaty to authorize and supervise the activities of non-governmental entities engaged in space activities played a crucial role in providing the legal certainty necessary to encourage large-scale investments by the private sector in space activities.", "205. The view was expressed that, as space activities evolved, the norms, rules and principles that guided outer space activities must also evolve, and that maintaining and updating domestic legislation on the authorization and continuing supervision of non-governmental entities was a way to promote certainty and predictability for private sector actors in outer space. The delegation expressing that view also expressed the view that sharing information on States’ national legislation that addressed obligations under the Outer Space Treaty could encourage a common understanding and approach to the interpretation and implementation of the Treaty.", "206. The view was expressed that it was important to complete or implement the recommendations on enhancing the practice of States and international intergovernmental organizations in registering space objects, as contained in General Assembly resolution 62/101 and the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (A/74/20, annex II), in order to address the trend of megaconstellations with hundreds or even thousands of unregistered space objects, which could have an impact on ground-based astronomy, the Earth orbit and the Earth’s upper atmosphere.", "3. Matters relating to the definition and delimitation of outer space and the character and utilization of the geostationary orbit, including consideration of ways and means to ensure the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunication Union", "207. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the agenda item on matters relating to the definition and delimitation of outer space and the character and utilization of the geostationary orbit, including consideration of ways and means to ensure the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit without prejudice to the role of ITU, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 52–77).", "208. Some delegations expressed the view that the lack of a definition or delimitation of outer space brought about legal uncertainty concerning the applicability of space law and air law and that matters concerning State sovereignty and the boundary between airspace and outer space needed to be clarified in order to reduce the possibility of disputes among States.", "209. Some delegations expressed the view that it was not necessary to define or delimit outer space.", "210. Some delegations expressed the view that the geostationary orbit, as a limited natural resource clearly in danger of saturation, needed to be used rationally and should be made available to all States, irrespective of their current technical capacities. That would give States access to the geostationary orbit under equitable conditions, taking into account, in particular, the needs and interests of developing countries and the geographical position of certain countries, and taking into account the processes of ITU and relevant norms and decisions of the United Nations.", "211. Some delegations expressed the view that the geostationary orbit was not to be subject to national appropriation, by means of use, repeated use or occupation or by any other means, and that its utilization was to be governed by applicable international law.", "212. The view was expressed that the geostationary orbit should be viewed as a specific area and special part of outer space that needed specific technical and legal governance and thus should be regulated by a sui generis regime.", "213. The view was expressed that there were shortcomings in equitable access to the geostationary orbit. Several actions should therefore be considered, such as the establishment of a dedicated working group of the Legal Subcommittee, modifications to the corresponding agenda item of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee in order to consider technical aspects of the issue, the establishment of an intergovernmental panel of experts, and closer cooperation with ITU on issues related to the equitable utilization of orbital resources.", "4. National legislation relevant to the peaceful exploration and use of outer space", "214. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Legal Subcommittee under the item on national legislation relevant to the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 78–91).", "215. The Committee endorsed the recommendation of the Subcommittee on this agenda item (see A/AC.105/1260, para. 91).", "216. The Committee noted various activities of member States to review, strengthen, develop or draft national space laws and policies, as well as to reform or establish their governance of national space activities.", "217. The Committee noted with satisfaction the update prepared by the Secretariat to the schematic overview of national regulatory frameworks for space activities (A/AC.105/C.2/2022/CRP.9), which enabled States to gain an understanding of existing national regulatory frameworks, share experiences on national practices and exchange information on national legal frameworks.", "218. The Committee took note of the regional efforts by the National Space Legislation Initiative study group of the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum. The Initiative had moved on to a second phase that covered the implementation of the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (A/74/20, annex II), and new States had joined the study group, making for a total of 12 States involved in the study.", "219. The Committee agreed that national space legislation should be developed in accordance with international law.", "220. The view was expressed that national space legislation should not include regulations associated with the commercialization of outer space.", "5. Capacity-building in space law", "221. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on capacity-building in space law, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (see A/AC.105/1260, paras. 92–102).", "222. The Committee endorsed the recommendation of the Subcommittee on this agenda item (see A/AC.105/1260, para. 102).", "223. The Committee agreed that, in order to build the national capacity necessary to ensure that the increasing number of participants in space activities complied with international space law, international cooperation in research, training and education in space law was essential.", "224. The Committee noted with appreciation that a number of national, regional and international efforts to build capacity in space law were being undertaken by governmental and non-governmental entities.", "225. Some delegations expressed the view that capacity-building in space law was a fundamental tool that should be enhanced through international cooperation and that greater support was needed from the Office and member States to foster both North-South and South-South cooperation with a view to facilitating the sharing of knowledge and expertise in the field of space law.", "226. The Committee noted with satisfaction that the Space Law for New Space Actors project was aimed at providing support to enhance capacity in developing national space law and policy.", "227. The Committee noted with appreciation the United Nations/Chile Conference on Space Law and Policy, held online from 10 to 12 May 2022. It noted that such events contributed to capacity-building in space law by connecting space law experts, practitioners and representatives of government, industry and civil society.", "6. Future role and method of work of the Committee", "228. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on the future role and method of work of the Committee, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 103–121).", "229. The Committee endorsed the decisions of the Subcommittee as reflected in its report (A/AC.105/1260, para. 106).", "7. General exchange of information and views on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and remediation measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee", "230. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Legal Subcommittee under the item on the general exchange of information and views on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and remediation measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, as reflected in the report of the Legal Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 122–149).", "231. The Committee endorsed the decisions of the Subcommittee as reflected in its report (A/AC.105/1260, para. 149).", "232. The Committee noted with satisfaction that the endorsement by the General Assembly, in its resolution 62/217, of the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee had been a crucial step in providing guidance on ways to mitigate the problem of space debris, and urged all States Members of the United Nations to consider voluntary implementation of the Guidelines.", "233. The Committee noted with satisfaction that some States had taken measures to implement internationally recognized guidelines and standards relating to space debris, including the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee and the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee, through relevant provisions in their national legislation.", "234. The view was expressed that the Subcommittee should expand its review of the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee, taking into account that space debris may be generated by space platforms with nuclear power sources on board and that such platforms may collide with space debris. The delegation expressing that view also expressed concern over the atmospheric re-entry of such debris in the southern hemisphere, in particular in the South Pacific region, and called upon launching States to adopt measures to avoid the generation of space debris.", "235. The view was expressed that the recommendations of the Group of Governmental Experts on Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Outer Space Activities, as well as the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities in Outer Space, would contribute to the monitoring and mitigation of space debris and to the conduct of space operations in a safe and sustainable manner.", "236. The view was expressed that it was necessary to develop new, binding instruments to reduce space debris.", "237. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important to address the space debris issue through legal means, and that the Legal Subcommittee should discuss legal issues such as the State of registry, jurisdiction, control and liability for damage to space objects.", "238. The view was expressed that the Legal Subcommittee should closely cooperate with the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee to address issues related to the problems of space debris and the long-term sustainability of space activities and to develop internationally recognized definitions of basic terms in the field of human-caused space debris.", "239. The Committee welcomed recent updates and additions to the compendium of space debris mitigation standards adopted by States and international organizations, and encouraged States and relevant organizations to contribute to the compendium.", "8. General exchange of information on non-legally binding United Nations instruments on outer space", "240. The Committee took note of the discussion within the Legal Subcommittee under the item on the general exchange of information on non-legally binding United Nations instruments on outer space, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 150–164).", "241. The Committee took note of the compendium on mechanisms adopted by States and international organizations in relation to non-legally binding United Nations instruments on outer space, which the Office for Outer Space Affairs had made available on a dedicated web page, and invited States members of the Committee and international intergovernmental organizations having permanent observer status with the Committee to continue to submit responses to the Secretariat for inclusion in the compendium.", "242. Some delegations expressed the view that the importance of the development of non-legally binding United Nations instruments that complemented and supported the existing United Nations treaties on outer space, were responsive to new developments in space activities and contributed to further enhancing the safety, security and sustainability of outer space activities.", "243. Some delegations recalled the Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interest of All States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries, noting that it was an important instrument for the promotion of international cooperation with a view to maximizing the benefits of the utilization of space applications for all States, and called upon all spacefaring nations to contribute to promoting and fostering international cooperation on an equitable basis, with particular attention to the interests of developing countries and to strengthening the role of the Committee as the main platform for the exchange of information in the field of international cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space.", "244. The view was expressed that non-legally binding United Nations instruments were also an important means of establishing codes of conduct to ensure the safe and sustainable use of outer space. The delegation expressing that view called upon States to support and continue to work with the open-ended working group established by the General Assembly in its resolution 76/231 to develop norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours in outer space.", "9. General exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management", "245. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item entitled “General exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management”, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 165–178).", "246. The Committee endorsed the recommendation by the Subcommittee to continue to consider the item, in particular in view of the increasingly complex and congested space environment resulting from the growing number of objects in outer space, the diversification of actors in outer space and the increase in space activities.", "247. Some delegations expressed the view that those phenomena posed a challenge to the safety, security and sustainability of outer space activities.", "248. Some delegations expressed the view that the development of a global space traffic management regime, which would contribute to the creation, development and implementation of common international rules, would be timely and essential, since the issues concerning the safety, security and sustainability of outer space activities were a growing concern for all space actors and society.", "249. Some delegations expressed the view that it was also important to adopt norms and principles of responsible behaviour in outer space, in particular a general commitment by States to refrain from experiments with anti-satellite weapons producing long-lasting orbital debris.", "250. The view was expressed that although the United Nations treaties on outer space as well as the international regulations of ITU already contained basic provisions relevant to the management of space traffic, and although a number of issues related to space traffic management had already been covered by non-binding international instruments, such as the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Guidelines on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space of the Committee, there was an urgent need for the development of an international space traffic governance regime consisting of technical and regulatory provisions that could fill the legal gaps in existing instruments. The delegation expressing that view was also of the view that the Subcommittee was the appropriate forum to develop such a comprehensive multilateral approach with a view to effectively managing space traffic, and that any singular national or regional efforts in that regard carried the risk of legal fragmentation, which could lead to a deterioration of the safety of space activities.", "251. Some delegations expressed the view that existing international space law, with the Outer Space Treaty as its cornerstone, provided the basic legal regime for space traffic management. The delegations expressing that view were also of the view that all States should preserve the international order in outer space based on international law and ensure the safety of spacecraft operations.", "252. The view was expressed that a definition and delimitation of outer space was not required in the consideration of future space traffic management approaches.", "10. General exchange of views on the application of international law to small-satellite activities", "253. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item entitled “General exchange of views on the application of international law to small-satellite activities”, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 179–202).", "254. The Committee noted that the item continued to be on the agenda of the Subcommittee and agreed that its retention contributed to addressing and raising awareness of issues relating to the use of small satellites.", "255. The Committee noted that activities involving small satellites should be carried out in compliance with international space law, regardless of the size of those satellites.", "256. Some delegations expressed the view that the above-mentioned small-satellite activities should be conducted in compliance with the existing international regulatory framework.", "257. The Committee was informed about programmes of States and international organizations focused on the development and operation of small satellites and about regulatory frameworks applicable to the development and use of small satellites.", "258. Some delegations expressed the view that, considering the essential role of space objects, regardless of their size, in the socioeconomic development of Member States, the Committee and its Subcommittees should not create an ad hoc legal regime or any other mechanisms that might impose limitations on the design, construction, launch and use of space objects.", "259. Some delegations expressed the view that ongoing developments in outer space, such as the rising number of large constellations, should be taken into consideration in discussions on the registration of space objects.", "260. The view was expressed that megaconstellations had implications for the long-term sustainability of outer space activities and that the Legal Subcommittee should conduct targeted discussions on that topic.", "11. General exchange of views on potential legal models for activities in the exploration, exploitation and utilization of space resources", "261. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item entitled “General exchange of views on potential legal models for activities in the exploration, exploitation and utilization of space resources”, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 203–230).", "262. The Committee endorsed the decisions and recommendations of the Subcommittee and its working group established under this agenda item, which had been reconvened under the chairmanship of Andrzej Misztal (Poland) and the vice-chairmanship of Steven Freeland (Australia) (A/AC.105/1260, annex II, paras. 5–8).", "263. The Committee noted that the working group established under that agenda item had been named the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities and had agreed on its detailed workplan and methods of work, which were contained in the appendix to the report of the Working Group (A/AC.105/1260, annex II).", "264. Some delegations expressed the view that the working paper submitted by Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal and Romania (A/AC.105/C.2/2022/CRP.21) had contributed to the adoption of the workplan of the Working Group and contained proposals for the international space resources conference to be convened under the auspices of the United Nations, as foreseen in A/AC.105/1260, annex II.", "265. Some delegations expressed the view that the exploration, exploitation and utilization of space resources were best coordinated at the international level, through multilateral forums, such as the Committee and its Subcommittees, for the peaceful and sustainable exploration and use of outer space in order to ensure that those activities were carried out in accordance with international law and for the benefit and in the interests of all States.", "266. The view was expressed that any output of the Working Group, be it in the form of recommendations or a set of principles, that laid out the framework for space resource utilization activities, should be undertaken in a way that ensured that the rules established by the five United Nations treaties on outer space were applied to space resource activities in a manner that did not impede technological progress and private space activities, while at the same time realizing the promise in article I of the Outer Space Treaty that the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all States.", "267. The view was expressed that the progression of the agenda item on space resources, which had moved from a topic of discussion to a goal-oriented working group, could be a potential model for future methods of work for the Subcommittee as a whole, as it demonstrated the concerted interest of States in working multilaterally to deliver specific and practical outcomes on difficult matters of common concern and provide useful legal guidance for all space actors.", "268. The view was expressed that the adoption of the five-year workplan of the Working Group to clarify important provisions of the Outer Space Treaty was to be welcomed. The delegation expressing that view also expressed the view that a step-by-step approach to developing the framework for space resource activities should be used and that the output should be consistent with the fundamental principles of international space law set out in the Outer Space Treaty.", "269. Some delegations noted that the number of States that had signed the Artemis Accords on the Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes had grown to 20, and expressed the view that the Accords represented a set of commitments laying out the rules and principles that would guide those States in the exploration of the Moon, Mars and beyond. The delegations expressing that view also expressed the view that the Artemis Accords were grounded in the Outer Space Treaty and that they demonstrated that signatories were committed to behaving responsibly and transparently as they expanded the human presence beyond the Earth.", "270. The view was expressed that a key principle set out in the Artemis Accords was transparency and that States should remain committed to sharing and disseminating information on their national space policies and space exploration plans. The delegation expressing that view also expressed the view that it was imperative that multilateral discussions focus on identifying practical tools for sharing information about States’ lunar activities in a transparent way that were consistent with international obligations and commitments stemming from the Outer Space Treaty.", "271. The view was expressed that, while the Artemis Accords could serve as a starting point, with some of its provisions readily acceptable, some aspects would need to be pared back and reconciled with a broader understanding of the principle of non-appropriation in order to achieve greater support.", "272. Some delegations expressed the view that any activity in the exploration, exploitation and utilization of space resources should be conducted in accordance with the five United Nations treaties on outer space, which established international space law, and that any activity by States, individually or as a club of countries, outside of the multilateral framework of the United Nations would lead to fragmentation of cooperation among States members of the Committee and should be avoided.", "273. Some delegations expressed the view that the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies offered meaningful inspiration for the work of the Working Group, as that instrument contained provisions calling for the establishment of an international regime for the exploitation of space resources and as such exploitation was about to become feasible. The delegations expressing that view also expressed the view that such an international regime would be a way to consider both the efforts of those countries that have contributed directly or indirectly to the exploration of the Moon and the interests of developing countries.", "274. Some delegations expressed the view that an authoritative interpretation of important principles found in the Outer Space Treaty, such as the principles of non-appropriation and the free exploration and use of outer space, would enable States to make concrete future commitments for space resource activities. The delegations expressing that view also expressed the view that a common understanding of the obligation in the Outer Space Treaty to conduct space activities with due regard for the corresponding interests of all other States parties to the Treaty, and a common understanding of what acts constituted, or did not constitute, due regard, would help to ensure that space resources remained available to all.", "275. The view was expressed that because only a limited number of States would be able to carry out space resource activities, it was important to ensure that the accumulation of assets resulting from such activities was not concentrated in the hands of just a few stakeholders, and that the Outer Space Treaty outlined socially responsible behaviours that supported peaceful, inclusive and sustainable space activities while promoting international participation in a way that took into account the particular needs and interests of developing countries.", "276. The view was expressed that, in developing a framework for space resource activities, greater interaction with the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee should be ensured so that the resulting framework was responsive to the actual activities undertaken. The delegation expressing that view also expressed the view that there was a need to develop an internationally recognized set of definitions for basic terms related to space resource activities as a first step in developing legal rules governing such activities, and that a set of definitions could only be prepared with technical input.", "277. The view was expressed that space resources did not include radio frequencies or orbits, such as the geostationary orbit, as those resources fell under the remit of ITU.", "278. Some delegations expressed the view that, in developing a framework for the exploration, exploitation and utilization of space resources, the Working Group could consider existing work that had been done in that area, such as the building blocks for the development of an international framework on space resource activities developed by the Hague International Space Resources Governance Working Group, available as a working paper in all official languages of the United Nations (A/AC.105/C.2/L.315).", "12. Proposals to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space for new items to be considered by the Legal Subcommittee at its sixty-second session", "279. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Legal Subcommittee under the item on proposals to the Committee for new items to be considered by the Subcommittee at its sixty-second session, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 231–244).", "280. On the basis of the deliberations of the Subcommittee at its sixty-first session, the Committee agreed that the following substantive items should be considered by the Subcommittee at its sixty-second session:", "Regular items", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Statement by the Chair.", "3. General exchange of views.", "4. Information on the activities of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations relating to space law.", "5. Status and application of the five United Nations treaties on outer space.", "6. Matters relating to:", "(a) The definition and delimitation of outer space;", "(b) The character and utilization of the geostationary orbit, including consideration of ways and means to ensure the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunication Union.", "7. National legislation relevant to the peaceful exploration and use of outer space.", "8. Capacity-building in space law.", "9. Future role and method of work of the Committee.", "Items under workplans", "10. General exchange of views on potential legal models for activities in the exploration, exploitation and utilization of space resources.", "(Work for 2023 as reflected in the multi-year workplan of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities (A/AC.105/1260, para. 206 and annex II, appendix))", "Single issues/items for discussion", "11. General exchange of information and views on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and remediation measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.", "12. General exchange of information on non-legally binding United Nations instruments on outer space.", "13. General exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management.", "14. General exchange of views on the application of international law to small-satellite activities.", "New items", "15. Proposals to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space for new items to be considered by the Legal Subcommittee at its sixty-third session.", "281. The Committee agreed that the Working Group on the Status and Application of the Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space, the Working Group on the Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space and the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities should be reconvened at the sixty-second session of the Subcommittee.", "282. The Committee endorsed the agreement reached by the Subcommittee that a symposium be held during the sixty-second session of the Subcommittee in accordance with the report of the Legal Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260).", "283. The view was expressed that the Subcommittee should periodically review agenda items with a view to either suspending items in which there was a lack of interest or which no longer appeared necessary, or establishing a workplan to realize specific outcomes under items of interest. The delegation expressing that view was also of the view that it was important that previously suspended items could be reintroduced if there was interest in or a need for doing so.", "D. Space and sustainable development", "284. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Space and sustainable development”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "285. The representatives of China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mexico, the Netherlands, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, the United States and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) made statements under the item. The observers for the Square Kilometre Array Observatory and the World Space Week Association also made statements. During the general exchange of views, representatives of other member States also made statements relating to the item.", "286. The Committee had before it the following documents:", "(a) Report on the United Nations/Austria World Space Forum on the theme “Space 4 climate action” (A/AC.105/1266);", "(b) Report on the United Nations/Brazil/United Arab Emirates Space for Women expert meeting on the theme “Initiatives, challenges and opportunities for women in space” (A/AC.105/1267).", "287. The Committee heard the following presentations under the item:", "(a) “Satellite application in emergency management in China (2021–2022)”, by the representative of China;", "(b) “Protecting the outer space environment contributes to sustainable space activities”, by the representative of China;", "(c) “India’s earth observation applications for national development and governance”, by the representative of India;", "(d) “Capacity-building activities in the field of space in India: an update”, by the representative of India;", "(e) “Space technology: contribution to sustainable development in Iran”, by the representative of Iran (Islamic Republic of);", "(f) “JAXA sustainable space principles: contributions of JAXA to the Sustainable Development Goals”, by the representative of Japan;", "(g) “Space for food security”, by the representative of the Netherlands;", "(h) “Disaster monitoring and construction of spatial information using Korea Land Observation Satellite images”, by the representative of the Republic of Korea;", "(i) “Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) Intelligent Telescope and Data Network (BITDN) flagship project: BRICS State global optical telescope network”, by the representative of the Russian Federation;", "(j) “Innovative, cross-cutting, advanced space technology training programme for developing countries”, by the representative of the Russian Federation;", "(k) “Remote monitoring systems to study marine ecosystems”, by the representative of the Russian Federation;", "(l) “Capacity-building for a nascent space industry”, by the representative of the Philippines.", "288. The Committee reiterated its acknowledgement of the significant role of space science and technology and their applications in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in particular for the Sustainable Development Goals, in the realization of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 and in the fulfilment by States parties of their commitments to the Paris Agreement on climate change.", "289. The Committee noted the value of space technology and applications, as well as that of space-derived data and information, to sustainable development, including in improving the formulation and implementation of policies and programmes of action relating to environmental protection, land and water management, urban and rural development, marine and coastal ecosystems, health care, climate change, disaster risk reduction and emergency response, energy, infrastructure, navigation, seismic monitoring, natural resource management, snow and glaciers, biodiversity, agriculture and food security.", "290. The Committee noted with satisfaction the holding of the series of World Space Forums, organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs in cooperation with the Governments of Austria and the United Arab Emirates.", "291. The Committee took note of the information provided by States on their efforts to integrate cross-sectoral activities at the national, regional and international levels and to incorporate space-derived geospatial data and information into all sustainable development processes and mechanisms.", "292. The Committee also took note of the information provided by States on their actions and programmes aimed at increasing awareness and understanding in society of the applications of space science and technology for meeting development needs.", "293. The Committee noted the continued and important role played by the International Space Station in scientific research for sustainable development.", "294. The Committee noted with satisfaction the large number of outreach activities carried out by States at the regional level to build capacity through education and training in the use of space science and technology applications for sustainable development.", "295. The Committee noted the value of international cooperation and partnerships for the realization of the full potential of space science, technology and applications for sustainable development.", "296. The Committee noted that the fourth Ministerial Conference on Space Applications for Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific would be held in Indonesia in October 2022.", "E. Spin-off benefits of space technology: review of current status", "297. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Spin-off benefits of space technology: review of current status”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "298. The representatives of Algeria, Brazil, India, Italy, Mexico, the Russian Federation, South Africa, the United States and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) made statements under the item. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were made by representatives of other member States.", "299. The Committee heard the following presentations:", "(a) “The SAOCOM project as a national capacity-building engine”, by the representative of Argentina;", "(b) “Natural hazards monitoring using the Zhengheng-1 electromagnetic satellite and Gaofen (GF) remote sensing satellites”, by the representative of China;", "(c) “Russian new-generation very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) network”, by the representative of the Russian Federation.", "300. The Committee took note of the information provided by States on their national practices regarding spin-offs from space technology involving various actors, including the private sector and academia.", "301. The Committee noted that the publication entitled “Spinoff 2022”, issued by NASA, was available on the NASA website. The Committee expressed its gratitude to NASA for the “Spinoff” publication series, which had been made available to delegations every year since the forty-third session of the Committee, in 2000.", "302. The Committee took note of innovations in numerous areas, such as agriculture, indoor vertical farming, pollution and toxic chemical remediation, sustainable water and natural resource management, forestry and wildfire detection, geology, geophysics, ecosystem preservation, the identification and development of arable land, fisheries and mineral deposits, health, medicine, prosthetics, biology, chemistry, the environment, education, electronics, communication, navigation and timing, materials applications, energy storage, transport, safety, Internet access, laser data transfer, processing, analytics and storage, and disaster management. In addition, it noted that many of the technologies developed for space applications and licensed by space agencies had been transferred to industries and had led to practical applications in society. In particular, various types of medical support equipment that utilized space spin-off technology had been developed by commercial actors to address the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "303. Some delegations expressed the view that technology transfer programmes of space agencies facilitated economic development in various industries, which in turn allowed innovations to be made available to entrepreneurs, companies, academia and government agencies. The delegations expressing that view also expressed the view that those programmes had contributed to strategic initiatives to create an integrated international space ecosystem that fostered private sector growth, industrial self-reliance, attracted foreign business investment and encouraged international collaboration.", "304. Some delegations expressed the view that dedicated public sector entities tasked with working directly with industry and academia had supported commercial participation and facilitated the application of space-derived technology to achieve widespread use and greater socioeconomic benefit.", "305. Some delegations expressed the view that as a result of a long-term study on the socioeconomic effects of public sector investment in the space sector, benefits could be identified in how suppliers and users of space-derived technology had improved their performance and innovation potential. The delegation expressing that view also expressed the view that, in particular, products and services that were spun off from space technology, including Earth observation, navigation and timing technology, improved the commercial availability of a wide variety of products and services and contributed to more effective and efficient research and development.", "306. Some delegations expressed the view that remote sensing, geospatial and Earth observation programmes, in particular images, data and analysis, were important for disaster management and emergency response, urban and agricultural planning, mapping health, energy, food safety, border surveillance, the control of illicit crops and illicit mining, logistics, the construction industry, tourism, ecology, combating desertification and supporting the processing of large volumes of data through neural network technologies, artificial intelligence and machine learning. The delegations expressing that view also expressed the view that those programmes were important to achieving sustainable projects and helped to inform the decisions of entities affected by climate change.", "F. Space and water", "307. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Space and water”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "308. The representatives of Algeria, Brazil, France, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Mexico and Thailand made statements under the item. The observer for the Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water also made a statement under the item. During the general exchange of views, other member States also made statements relating to the item.", "309. In the course of the discussion, delegations reviewed water-related cooperation activities, giving examples of national programmes and bilateral, regional and international cooperation that demonstrated the beneficial effect of international cooperation and policies on the sharing of remote sensing data.", "310. The Committee noted that water and the issues related to it were becoming some of the most critical environmental problems of the twenty-first century. The Committee also noted that, in order to contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, it was important to make use of space technologies, applications, practices and initiatives enabled by space-borne observations of water.", "311. The Committee noted that a large number of space-borne platforms addressed water-related issues and that space-derived data were used extensively in water management. The Committee also noted that space technology and applications, combined with non-space technologies, played an important role in addressing many water-related issues, including the observation and study of sea levels, global water cycles and unusual climate patterns; the mapping of surface water bodies, watercourses and basins, including the mapping of their seasonal and annual variabilities; the monitoring of water volume levels in dam reservoirs; the assessment of sedimentation processes in reservoirs and rivers; river run-off; the monitoring of evapotranspiration; the estimated values for water quality parameters; the estimation of snowmelt run-off; the monitoring of groundwater resources; the planning and management of reservoirs and irrigation projects; early warning with regard to hydrological disasters; the monitoring and mitigation of the effects of floods, droughts, typhoons, cyclones, landslides and glacial lake outburst floods; the monitoring of soil moisture; the reuse of agricultural drainage water; the harvesting of rain; the identification of prospective zones of groundwater development; the improvement of the timeliness and accuracy of forecasts; and the identification of emergency situations, such as fires, pollution, salinization, water blooms, pipeline accidents and oil spills.", "312. Some delegations expressed the view that climate change had become a crucial issue for stable water management, as it had caused serious droughts and water-related disasters, as well as sinking land, around the world.", "313. The view was expressed that space-based technology supported the monitoring of water quality in rivers, lakes, wetlands and coastal waters, especially in large and remote water bodies, including the monitoring of contaminants in water bodies, and that space technology contributed insights in relation to ecological disasters, such as industrial spills or diffuse pollution sites that could impact groundwater at the regional level.", "314. The Committee noted that Sustainable Development Goal 6, on clean water and sanitation for all, could not be achieved without the successful implementation and monitoring of integrated water resource management.", "315. The view was expressed that space technology and applications had the potential to contribute to the development of water-related policies and coordinated efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6.", "316. Some delegations expressed the view that there was a need for policy development, capacity-building, knowledge exchange, technology transfer, access to space-based data and in situ data, and interdisciplinary thinking with regard to the Sustainable Development Goals in order to build the capacity of stakeholders to use space-based information and promote innovation to empower communities to deal with emerging risks related to water resources.", "317. The Committee noted the value of the Space4Water portal of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, and the role of the portal in the dissemination of the use of space technology for water-related purposes was highlighted.", "318. The Committee took note of the holding of the fifth International Conference on the Use of Space Technology for Water Resources Management, which was hosted by the Government of Ghana and co-sponsored by the Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water from 10 to 13 May 2022 in Accra.", "G. Space and climate change", "319. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Space and climate change”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "320. The representatives of Austria, China, France, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Kenya, Mexico, the Netherlands, Nigeria, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States made statements under the item. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were also made by representatives of other member States.", "321. The Committee heard the following presentations:", "(a) “Space observatory for climate change and response in China”, by the representative of China;", "(b) “Geostationary Environment Monitoring Sensor (GEMS) application plan for climate change research”, by the representative of the Republic of Korea;", "(c) “Copernicus contribution to global efforts on monitoring CO₂ emissions”, by the permanent observer for the European Union;", "(d) “Benefits of space solar power”, by the observer for the National Space Society.", "322. The Committee noted that climate change was one of the most pressing global challenges of our time and underscored the growing value of space-based technology in providing critical climate data to better understand, mitigate and adapt to climate change and monitor implementation of the Paris Agreement, underscoring as well the importance of space-based observations for understanding climate change. The Committee also noted the importance of space-based observations for the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 13 on climate action.", "323. The Committee noted the efforts undertaken at the national, regional and international levels in developing and operating satellites for observing atmospheric conditions, as well as the importance of multi-stakeholder partnerships and actions to tackle climate change by utilizing space-based observations and technologies. In that regard, the Committee noted the Working Group III contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, released in April 2022, in which the Working Group called for urgent action to limit global warming to 1.5°C degrees, and the essential role of space technologies and applications on the path to climate-friendly transformation. It also noted that more than half of the 54 variables used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change could be measured only with the central contribution of space-based technology.", "324. The Committee noted the interest expressed by international partner agencies and organizations, including the Office for Outer Space Affairs, to join and contribute to the efforts of the Space Climate Observatory, which was created upon the initiative of the National Centre for Space Studies (CNES) of France, which had been approved by more than 20 space agencies in the Paris Declaration adopted at the One Planet Summit on 11 December 2017, and for which a joint declaration of interest had been signed at Le Bourget, France, on 17 June 2019, giving the Observatory the main objective of producing and distributing adequate, timely and reliable data and information on the impacts of climate change at the national and regional levels, using space technologies, targeted measures and relevant models cross-referenced with socioeconomic indicators, in order to define and implement climate change mitigation and adaption.", "325. The Committee further noted that the Space Climate Observatory had developed its Charter, which was presented to the 36 space agencies that were currently signatories to the declaration of interest. In that regard, the Committee noted that the Charter of the Space Climate Observatory, which would enter into force on 1 September 2022, would enable the Observatory to take its place among the multilateral networks working to fight climate change, giving the Observatory the task of facilitating the mobilization of space tools for climate action and supporting the implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change.", "326. The Committee noted that as part of the “Space4ClimateAction” initiative of Austria, the annual United Nations/Austria symposium would be held from 12 to 15 September 2022 on the topic of “Space for climate action: experiences and best practices in mitigating and adapting to climate change and supporting sustainability on Earth”. The Committee also noted that a dedicated web page on the “Space4ClimateAction” initiative, hosted by the Office for Outer Space Affairs, would be created as part of the Office’s efforts to support Member States in the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 13 on climate action.", "327. The Committee noted the successful holding, in Glasgow, United Kingdom, in 2021, of the twenty-sixth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, under the presidency of the United Kingdom and in partnership with Italy, at which the importance of space-based climate action was highlighted. In that regard, the Committee also noted that the twenty-seventh session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change would be held under the presidency of Egypt from 7 to 18 November 2023.", "328. The Committee noted a number of bilateral partnerships in climate change-related activities in the area of Earth observation, as well as space programmes at the national level that made it a high priority to build, launch and operate Earth observation satellite systems to track the manifestations and effects of climate change.", "329. The Committee noted the usefulness of satellite observations and Earth observation applications for monitoring essential climate variables and related challenges such as increased desertification and extreme weather events, tracking changes in sea level, carbon dioxide concentrations, sea ice depletion and terrestrial snow mass and gathering data on remote areas such as deserts, oceans, the polar caps and glaciers.", "330. The Committee also noted that it was important to support international cooperation for Earth observation, including through long-established organizations such as the World Meteorological Organization, CEOS, the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites, the Global Climate Observing System, GEO and APSCO. In that regard, the Committee noted that the Office for Outer Space Affairs was currently finalizing the report on the strategic mapping exercise aimed at providing a more complete understanding of the range of technical and policy coordination capabilities of existing intergovernmental entities in using space technologies to support climate change mitigation, adaptation, resilience and monitoring.", "H. Use of space technology in the United Nations system", "331. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Use of space technology in the United Nations system”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "332. The representatives of Austria, India, Indonesia and Mexico made statements under the item. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were also made by representatives of other member States.", "333. The Committee had before it the following:", "(a) Report of the Inter-Agency Meeting on Outer Space Activities on its fortieth session (A/AC.105/1263);", "(b) Conference room paper containing an advance version of the special report of the Inter-Agency Meeting on Outer Space Activities on coordination of space-related activities within the United Nations system for climate action (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.15).", "334. The Committee heard the following presentations under the item:", "(a) “Russian–Cuban Observatory: objectives, instruments and tasks”, by the representative of the Russian Federation;", "(b) “Cosmic impacts on the Earth: assessment of the consequences”, by the representatives of the Russian Federation.", "335. The Committee noted that the fortieth session of Inter-Agency Meeting on Outer Space Activities (UN-Space) had been held on 14 December 2021 in an online format. The Committee also noted that the Office for Outer Space Affairs was working with the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific to jointly organize the forty-first session of UN-Space.", "336. The Committee further noted that UN-Space had agreed to issue in 2022 a publication highlighting space-related activities within the United Nations system.", "337. The Committee welcomed the forthcoming special report of UN-Space on coordination of space-related activities within the United Nations system for climate action (to be issued under the symbol A/AC.105/1264) and expressed its appreciation to UN-Space and the Office for Outer Space Affairs, in its capacity as the secretariat of UN-Space, for preparing that report.", "338. The Committee encouraged entities of the United Nations system to participate, as appropriate, in the coordination efforts of UN-Space.", "339. The Committee noted that the third segment of the Unispace Nanosatellite Assembly and Training by the Indian Space Research Organization (UNNATI) programme would be conducted from 15 October to 15 December 2022 in coordination with the Office for Outer Space Affairs, and encouraged Member States, especially those aspiring to participate in space activities, to apply and benefit from that programme.", "I. Future role and method of work of the Committee", "340. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Future role and method of work of the Committee”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "341. The representatives of Australia, Canada, Chile, China, France, Germany, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) made statements under the item. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were also made by representatives of other member States.", "342. The Committee had before it the following:", "(a) Note by the Secretariat on the governance and method of work of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its subsidiary bodies (A/AC.105/C.1/L.384);", "(b) Paper submitted by Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States entitled “Preparations for a multi-stakeholder dialogue on outer space as part of a United Nations Summit of the Future” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.17).", "343. The Committee recalled the deliberations on the item as reflected in the report of the Committee on its sixty-fourth session (A/76/20, paras. 281–300), the report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee at its fifty-ninth session (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 210–223) and the report of the Legal Subcommittee at its sixty-first session (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 103–121).", "344. The Committee agreed to consider matters relating to the United Nations Summit of the Future under the agenda item entitled “Other matters”.", "345. Some delegations expressed the view that the Committee should focus exclusively on promoting the peaceful uses of outer space, while matters of preventing escalation of conflict that could arise from the use of weapons against space systems, or the use of outer space for military and other national security activities, should be dealt with in the forums for disarmament of the United Nations.", "346. The view was expressed that the Committee should increase its interaction with the main committees of the United Nations system to allow for greater advice and cooperation on issues such as nuclear energy sources and disarmament.", "347. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important to increase coordination, interaction and synergies between the two subcommittees on cross-cutting issues, in particular long-term sustainability and space resources.", "348. The view was expressed that the development and implementation of future procedures that allowed for debate on topics of interest and decision-making would make it possible to achieve greater efficiency and dynamics in the work of the Committee.", "349. Some delegations expressed the view that new items should be added to the agenda of the Committee and its subcommittees only when other items were removed.", "350. Some delegations expressed the view that agenda items should be considered in sequential order while not precluding the holding of working group meetings.", "351. The view was expressed that all member States should first be given the opportunity to speak under an agenda item, and only then should the floor be given to observer organizations.", "352. The view was expressed that the Committee should consider new and innovative ways to best engage relevant stakeholders, such as those from industry, academia and civil society, in its activities.", "353. The view was expressed that it was necessary for the Committee to improve and enrich its working methods, strengthen its own leading role and adopt more effective means to interact with non-governmental processes within the framework of its rules of procedure and existing practices, in order to adapt to changing realities and needs.", "354. The view was expressed that the work of other United Nations entities with regard to space-related issues should be closely coordinated with the work of the Committee and that the Committee should receive regular updates from United Nations entities participating in UN-Space.", "355. The view was expressed that it was necessary to support the work of the regional centres for space science and technology education affiliated to the United Nations and to strengthen exchanges and collaboration between different regional centres to build the capacity of developing countries, giving special consideration to emerging spacefaring countries and developing countries.", "356. The view was expressed that it was important to promote the development of human capacities in emerging countries to allow them to harness the benefits of space technology for development.", "357. The view was expressed that it was important to maintain at future sessions the hybrid format of the current session, which included live webcasting of plenary meetings with interpretation into the six official languages of the United Nations, and in that regard the importance of the availability of a smooth webcast and comprehensive digital recordings was stressed.", "358. The view was expressed that the organization of sessions of the Committee and its subcommittees in a hybrid format should remain an exceptional measure and would require prior approval by consensus.", "359. The view was expressed that a procedure to be followed in cases of force majeure should be established to ensure the continuity of the work of the Committee in crisis situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.", "360. The view was expressed that the Committee should appeal to the open-ended working group established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/231 to abstain from considering issues that were covered by the Committee and reflected in its decisions taken before the establishment of the working group.", "361. Some delegations expressed the view that General Assembly resolution 76/231 was sufficient to clearly define the mandate of the open-ended working group. The delegations expressing that view were also of the view that the open-ended working group was open to the participation of all States Members of the United Nations and that the call to avoid overlaps between the work of the Committee and that of the working group would more appropriately be made in the meetings of the working group itself.", "362. Some delegations expressed the view that the recorded votes against General Assembly resolution 76/231, as well as the abstentions from voting, demonstrated the contentious nature of the open-ended working group.", "363. Some delegations expressed the view that the consideration of issues relating to security and stability was within the purview of the Disarmament and International Security Committee (First Committee) of the General Assembly.", "364. Some delegations expressed the view that the work of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, which included the development of the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, evidenced the Committee’s role in enhancing the sustainability, security and safety of space operations.", "365. The Committee noted with appreciation that a joint panel discussion of the Disarmament and International Security Committee (First Committee) and the Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee) of the General Assembly on possible challenges to space security and sustainability, with the joint support of the Office for Outer Space Affairs and the Office for Disarmament Affairs, would be held in New York on 27 October 2022, and agreed that the joint panel discussion should discuss cross-cutting issues between the work of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and that of the open-ended working group.", "J. Space exploration and innovation", "366. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Space exploration and innovation”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "367. The representatives of Azerbaijan, China, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Romania, the Russian Federation, Switzerland, Thailand and the United States made statements under the item. The observers for the Moon Village Association, the Open Lunar Foundation and the Secure World Foundation also made statements. During the general exchange of views, other statements relating to the agenda item were also made by other member States.", "368. The Committee had before it the following:", "(a) Conference room paper entitled “Report of the Moon Village Association on the Global Expert Group on Sustainable Lunar Activities – status/plan” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.12);", "(b) Conference room paper entitled “Report of the Moon Village Association of the International Moon Day – support implementation status” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.13);", "(c) Conference room paper by Mexico and Romania entitled “Proposal for inclusion of a yearly agenda sub-item ‘Coordination for sustainable lunar activities’ under the agenda item ‘Space exploration and innovation’, at the sixty-sixth session of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, in 2023” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14).", "369. The Committee heard the following presentations under the item:", "(a) “Lunar Oasis: architectural visions for an integrated lunar habitat”, by the representative of Austria;", "(b) “Progress of China’s deep space exploration”, by the representative of China;", "(c) “Italian scientific research activity in the Minerva mission”, by the representative of Italy;", "(d) “Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO): the first lunar mission of the Republic of Korea”, by the representative of the Republic of Korea;", "(e) “New X-ray map of the universe with the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) Observatory”, by the representative of the Russian Federation;", "(f) “The E.T.PACK project: a technological solution for the space debris proliferation problem”, by the representative of Spain;", "(g) “Esrange: the most versatile space centre in the world – new services to enable a sustainable future”, by the representative of Sweden;", "(h) “The first International Moon Day”, by the observer for the Moon Village Association;", "(i) “Current status of the Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics PRESTO programme for predictability of the variable solar-terrestrial coupling”, by the observer for the Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics;", "(j) “The Space Exploration Project Group’s plan to ensure a diverse, sustainable and exciting path for the future of space exploration”, by the observer for the Space Generation Advisory Council.", "370. The Committee recalled the origin of the present agenda item and the work of the Action Team on Exploration and Innovation, which had produced the first-ever United Nations report emphasizing the importance of human space exploration beyond low Earth orbit (see A/AC.105/1168).", "371. The Committee noted with appreciation that delegations had, at the present session, shared information and updates on space exploration and innovation endeavours, including details on national activities and programmes, as well as examples of bilateral, regional and multilateral international cooperation.", "372. The Committee noted that, in the course of the discussions, information had been provided on, inter alia, research and development activities; space object launches; human space flight programmes; robotic exploration activities; activities and cooperation opportunities related to the International Space Station and the China Space Station; numerous missions to the Moon, Mars, the moons of Mars, the Sun and asteroids; satellite-, lander-, rover- and helicopter-based experiments to explore the solar system and to research scientific topics; samples returned to the Earth; the planned international lunar research station; the planned Gateway lunar outpost; a next-generation telescope that would soon reveal images of stars and galaxies that formed more than 13 billion years ago; CubeSats that demonstrated small spacecraft technology; a pressurized crewed rover to be used as a means of transportation; space tracking and management capabilities; developments in rocket technology; innovative uses of additive manufacturing and artificial intelligence; developments in in situ resource utilization technology; novel uses of remote sensing data and applications; a space exploration innovation hub centre; an innovation centre for space resources; the development of national space white papers, strategies, consortiums, plans, road maps, strategies and laws; commitments made among Governments on common frameworks to guide cooperation in space exploration; space summits; a ministerial conference; exhibitions on space exploration and innovation themes; a space resources week; an aerospace and technology festival; a yearly model satellite competition; and increasing human and financial resources being committed to space exploration and innovation.", "373. The Committee also noted the importance of collaboration between all stakeholders in space exploration and innovation activities, including Governments and government agencies, non-governmental entities, academic institutions, scientific and technical research centres, industry and the private sector, to advance the peaceful exploration and use of outer space and the safe and sustainable development of outer space activities for the benefit of all humankind.", "374. The Committee further noted the desirability of integrating developing countries into space exploration efforts to ensure that space exploration activities were open and inclusive on a global scale.", "375. The Committee noted efforts to promote the space industry, in particular among young people, and to foster the development of human capital in the areas of space exploration and innovation.", "376. The Committee also noted efforts to promote diversity and inclusion in space exploration and innovation activities.", "377. The Committee further noted that space exploration and innovation often inspired and encouraged young people to pursue studies and careers in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM subjects), as well as in the legal, policy and communications fields.", "378. The view was expressed that the space sector played a key role in economic diversification, offering high added value. The delegation expressing that view was also of the view that the space economy was no longer developing solely through technological innovation but also through commercial innovation, and that there were substantial opportunities in that regard for businesses, institutions and citizens.", "379. The view was expressed that, as space projects were complex and expensive, it was necessary to promote international cooperation and trade, to exchange knowledge and to open markets for products and services. The delegation expressing that view was also of the view that instead of all countries attempting to cover all areas, it was highly recommended that countries focus on specific technological niches and develop them so as to position themselves as world leaders in particular fields.", "380. The view was expressed that the main requirement for a country to commence space exploration and innovation was the firm determination of the country’s leaders to consider space as a strategic area, and that included the leaders’ commitment to developing space exploration and innovation through a long-term plan, the creation of supporting institutions, and adequate and sustained investment.", "381. The view was expressed that, as emerging space nations would play an important role in future global space exploration, cooperation among emerging space countries, as well as cooperation between leading and emerging countries, should be more actively discussed.", "382. The view was expressed that the various research associations that had emerged as centres of competence for the development and creation of rocket and space technology – from design to ready-to-use products – served to incubate ideas, created spin-off benefits, optimized space infrastructure and increased economic efficiency under the control of State bodies, and concentrated highly qualified personnel within the framework of a single organizational structure.", "383. The view was expressed that the interaction among relevant State structures, small and medium-sized businesses, university innovation teams and a system of non-State venture financing had already proved its effectiveness, in particular in relation to business accelerators, through which there was a focused selection of start-up companies to meet the needs of industry.", "384. The view was expressed that outer space contained virtually unlimited energy sources and vast amounts of useful materials and had untapped potential to provide an abundance of resources to humanity in the future, and that related innovations and developments could strengthen the resilience of societies for meeting future challenges.", "385. The view was expressed that the main goals of space exploration and innovation should be sustainability, cradle-to-cradle design and viability, using green technology to reduce the negative impacts that humans have on the planet. The delegation expressing that view was also of the view that new ideologies, methods and products should be used to identify and replace existing wasteful or harmful habits developed over time, improve the quality of the Earth’s environment and bring about a course correction towards a resource-rich future.", "386. The view was expressed that it was the destiny of the human spirit to explore, and that exploration campaigns responding to the challenge of going deeper into space were in line with that spirit and with the spirit of the Committee.", "387. The Committee considered the proposal contained in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14.", "K. “Space2030” Agenda", "388. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “‘Space2030’ Agenda”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "389. The representatives of Argentina, Austria, China, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Nigeria, Norway, the Republic of Korea, Switzerland and the United Kingdom made statements under the item. A statement was also made by the observer for the Square Kilometre Array Observatory. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were also made by representatives of other member States.", "390. The Committee heard the following presentations:", "(a) “The National Commission on Space Activities (CONAE) education programme”, by the representative of Argentina;", "(b) “Lunar Polar Mission LUNA-25”, by the representative of the Russian Federation.", "391. The Committee welcomed the adoption by the General Assembly, in its resolution 76/3, of the “Space2030” Agenda and its implementation plan as a high-level political document that showcased how space activities could contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement on climate change and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the broad societal benefits of such activities and the essential role of space technologies and applications and space-derived data in furthering economic growth and prosperity for the international community. The Committee also commended the work of the Bureau of the Working Group on the “Space2030” Agenda and the secretariat in facilitating the finalization and adoption of that milestone document.", "392. The Committee noted the emphasis of the “Space2030” Agenda on strengthened partnerships and cooperation among Member States, United Nations entities, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, industry and private sector entities in order to ensure that, through joint efforts and by taking advantage of the practical experience and contributions of different stakeholders, the benefits of space were brought to everyone, everywhere. In that regard, the Committee also noted the importance of partnerships and concerted efforts to bridge the gap in the use of space-derived data for planning and decision-making in developing countries.", "393. The Committee noted that, in implementing the “Space2030” Agenda, States contributed to and benefited from a number of space-related international and regional mechanisms, programmes, projects and platforms, as well as from tools and initiatives that had been developed or were being developed by the Office for Outer Space Affairs (see General Assembly resolution 76/3, paras. 24 and 25).", "394. The Committee noted that the actions listed under the four overarching objectives of the “Space2030” Agenda, which were structured around the four pillars of space economy, space society, space accessibility and space diplomacy, had been taken by several States as part of their national space programmes and plans with a view to increasing the economic benefits derived from space, strengthening the role of the space sector as an important engine of sustainable national development, increasing the participation of various sectors of society, industry, academia, researchers and end users, and facilitating the integration of the space sector with other sectors.", "395. The Committee also noted that the “Space2030” Agenda contained a strategic vision that addressed key areas and objectives of the future work of the Committee, its subcommittees and the Office for Outer Space Affairs, as unique forums for international cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, for fostering dialogue among spacefaring and emerging space nations and for promoting the increased involvement of all countries in space activities, including through capacity-building initiatives.", "396. The Committee welcomed the intention of Paraguay, in its capacity as Chair of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, to seek the inclusion of a reference to the “Space2030” Agenda in the ministerial declaration of the high-level political forum on sustainable development to be held in July 2022, as follows: “The ‘Space2030’ Agenda: space as a driver of sustainable development and its implementation plan, adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 76/3, represent a forward-looking strategy for reaffirming and strengthening the contribution of space activities of States members of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in the use of space tools for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”.", "397. The view was expressed that the “Space2030” Agenda was important for several countries, as it also aimed to promote and strengthen the use of outer space for a sustainable ocean economy.", "398. The view was expressed that Member States and other donors should consider providing sufficient means to the Office for Outer Space Affairs so that it could fully and effectively implement its mandate and support Member States in the implementation of the “Space2030” Agenda.", "399. The view was expressed that the Space for Impact Initiative of the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland, was contributing to implementing to the “Space2030” Agenda under both the space economy and space education objectives.", "400. The Committee noted that, as part of the Space for Women project of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, the Space for Women expert meeting would be held in Daejeon, Republic of Korea, from 16 to 19 August 2022, and that, building on the results of the previous year’s expert meeting, organized by Brazil and the United Arab Emirates in cooperation with the Office, a survey would be conducted to take stock of the current levels of female representation in space agencies and institutions around the world.", "401. The Committee further noted that the fourth World Space Forum, aimed at strengthening partnerships and dialogue among the global community to support the implementation of the “Space2030” Agenda, would be held in Vienna from 12 to 15 December 2022 and be organized by Austria and the Office for Outer Space Affairs.", "402. The Committee noted that the Office for Outer Space Affairs intended to make the “Space2030” Agenda and implementation plan available as a publication in order to increase its visibility and outreach to a broader international community.", "403. The Committee noted that States were encouraged to continue to report on the implementation of the “Space2030” Agenda, also taking into account that the Committee would carry out a midterm review of progress made in implementing the Agenda in 2025, and a final review in 2030, and report to the General Assembly on the results.", "404. The Committee recalled its decision to retain the present item on its agenda for each session through 2030 in order to allow for an exchange among States members of the Committee and its permanent observers on their experiences in implementing the “Space2030” Agenda and implementation plan.", "L. Other matters", "405. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Other matters”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "406. The representatives of Canada, China, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Russian Federation, Switzerland and the United States made statements under the agenda item. The representative of the European Union, in its capacity as permanent observer, also made a statement on behalf of the European Union and its member States. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were also made by representatives of other member States.", "1. Composition of the bureaux of the Committee and its subsidiary bodies for the period 2024–2025", "407. The Committee recalled that in paragraph 11 of its resolution 58/89, the General Assembly had endorsed the agreement reached by the Committee on the future composition of the bureaux of the Committee and its subsidiary bodies (A/58/20, annex II, paras. 5–9), on the basis of the measures relating to the working methods of the Committee and its subsidiary bodies (see A/52/20, annex I, and A/58/20, annex II, appendix III), which had previously been endorsed by the Assembly in its resolution 52/56.", "408. The Committee further recalled that, in accordance with the measures relating to the future composition of the bureaux of the Committee and its subsidiary bodies, the Committee should reach agreement at its sixty-fifth session on all officers of the bureaux for the period 2024–2025.", "409. The Committee noted that no regional groups had made their nominations, and therefore encouraged regional groups to make the required nominations either before the consideration by the Fourth Committee of the draft resolution on international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space at the seventy-seventh session of the General Assembly, in 2022, or before the sixty-sixth session of the Committee, in 2023.", "2. Membership of the Committee", "410. The Committee took note of the application of Guatemala for membership in the Committee (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.3) and decided to recommend to the General Assembly at its seventy-seventh session, in 2022, that Guatemala should become a member of the Committee.", "411. The Committee took note of the application of Uzbekistan for membership in the Committee (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.4) and decided to recommend to the General Assembly at its seventy-seventh session, in 2022, that Uzbekistan should become a member of the Committee.", "3. Observer status", "412. With regard to the applications of non-governmental organizations for the status of permanent observer with the Committee, the Committee recalled its agreement at its fifty-third session, in 2010 (A/65/20, para. 311), that observer status would be granted to non-governmental organizations on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending information on the status of their application for consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, that the provisional observer status could be extended for an additional year, if necessary, and that it would grant permanent observer status to such non-governmental organizations upon confirmation of their consultative status with the Council.", "413. The Committee took note of the application of the Association for the Development of the Atlantic International Research Centre for permanent observer status with the Committee. The application and the relevant correspondence were before the Committee in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.5.", "414. The Committee decided to grant the Association for the Development of the Atlantic International Research Centre the status of observer, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending information on the status of its application for consultative status with the Economic and Social Council.", "415. The Committee took note of the application of the Access Space Alliance for permanent observer status with the Committee. The application and the relevant correspondence were before the Committee in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.6.", "416. The Committee decided to grant the Access Space Alliance the status of observer, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending information on the status of its application for consultative status with the Economic and Social Council.", "417. The Committee took note of the application of the Hague Institute for Global Justice for permanent observer status with the Committee. The application and the relevant correspondence were before the Committee in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.7.", "418. The Committee decided to grant the Hague Institute for Global Justice the status of observer, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending information on the status of its application for consultative status with the Economic and Social Council.", "419. The Committee took note of the application of the International Peace Alliance (Space) for permanent observer status with the Committee. The application and the relevant correspondence were before the Committee in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.8.", "420. The Committee decided to grant the International Peace Alliance (Space) the status of observer, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending information on the status of its application for consultative status with the Economic and Social Council.", "4. Other matters", "421. The Committee took note of a non-paper by the Chair of the Committee, made available at the present session of the Committee, and noted that the Chair had noted the special role of the Committee and its subcommittees as unique platforms for international cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes and therefore the importance of their discussion, at their respective sessions in 2023, as appropriate, of the Summit of the Future to take place in September 2023; that the secretariat was to report on the status of the preparations for the Summit of the Future at the sessions of the Committee and its subcommittees to be held in 2023; that the Chair of the Committee, in consultation with the bureaux of the Committee and its subcommittees, intended to present, at the sixtieth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, in 2023, proposed elements for further consideration; that the joint panel discussion of the First and Fourth Committees of the General Assembly, at its seventy-seventh session, in 2022, might address the Summit of the Future and its multi-stakeholder dialogue on outer space; that the topic of the Summit of the Future would be addressed at the World Space Forum 2022 and at a potential United Nations/Portugal conference on the topic of the management and sustainability of space activities to be held in the first half of 2023; and that the overarching basis for the preparations of the Summit of the Future and its multi-stakeholder dialogue on outer space should be to fully acknowledge the role and work of the Committee and its subcommittees, supported by the Office for Outer Space Affairs, and to take full account of the adopted “Space2030” Agenda.", "422. Some delegations welcomed the non-paper by the Chair and expressed the view that it outlined an excellent way forward to prepare the contribution of the Committee in view of the Summit of the Future and the multi-stakeholder dialogue.", "423. The view was expressed that the multi-stakeholder format of the Summit of the Future proposed by the Secretary-General was unlikely to serve its purpose by providing the means for a fruitful decision-making process on key issues of the global space agenda.", "5. Programme 5, “Peaceful uses of outer space”: proposed programme plan for the period 2023 and programme performance for 2021", "424. The Committee had before it the following:", "(a) Conference room paper entitled “Programme 5, ‘Peaceful uses of outer space’: proposed programme plan for the period 2023” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.16);", "(b) Proposed programme budget for 2023 (A/77/6 (Sect. 6)).", "425. The Committee welcomed the presentation by the Acting Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs on the proposed programme plan for the period 2023 and the information provided by the Office on key areas of work.", "426. The Committee agreed on the proposed programme plan.", "427. The Committee noted that footnote d of annex I to the proposed programme budget for 2023 (A/77/6 (Sect. 6)) should be corrected to reflect the correct name of the Ministry of Emergency Management of China.", "6. Draft provisional agenda for the sixty-sixth session of the Committee", "428. The Committee recommended that the following items should be considered at its sixty-sixth session, in 2023:", "1. Opening of the session.", "2. Adoption of the agenda.", "3. Statement by the Chair.", "4. General exchange of views.", "5. Ways and means of maintaining outer space for peaceful purposes.", "6. Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its sixtieth session.", "7. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its sixty-second session.", "8. Space and sustainable development.", "9. Spin-off benefits of space technology: review of current status.", "10. Space and water.", "11. Space and climate change.", "12. Use of space technology in the United Nations system.", "13. Future role and method of work of the Committee.", "14. Space exploration and innovation.", "15. “Space2030” Agenda.", "16. Other matters.", "17. Report of the Committee to the General Assembly.", "429. The Committee noted that an agreement on the proposal contained in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14 to include “Coordination for sustainable lunar activities” as a one-year sub-item of the agenda item on “Space exploration and innovation” at the sixty-sixth session of the Committee could possibly be reached in the intersessional period, that further discussions could be held during the sixtieth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and the sixty-second session of the Legal Subcommittee, and that, in that connection, States members of the Committee should be informed well in advance of the sixty-sixth session of the Committee of any such agreement reached in that regard.", "M. Schedule of work of the Committee and its subsidiary bodies", "430. The Committee agreed on the following tentative timetable for its session and those of its subcommittees in 2023:", "Date\tLocation \nScientific and Technical Subcommittee\t6–17 February2023\tVienna\nLegal Subcommittee\t20–31 March2023\tVienna\nCommittee on the Peaceful Uses ofOuter Space\t31 May–9 June2023\tVienna", "Annex", "Draft resolution on space and global health", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 51/122 of 13 December 1996, 54/68 of 6 December 1999, 59/2 of 20 October 2004, 66/71 of 9 December 2011, 69/85 of 5 December 2014, 70/1 of 25 September 2015, 71/90 of 6 December 2016, 73/91 of 7 December 2018 and 76/3 of 25 October 2021,", "Recalling also the recommendations contained in the resolution entitled “The Space Millennium: Vienna Declaration on Space and Human Development”, adopted by the third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space,[1] in which participating States called for action to improve public health services by expanding and coordinating space-based services for telemedicine and for controlling infectious diseases,", "Recalling further the fiftieth anniversary of the first United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE+50) and its thematic priority 5, on strengthened space cooperation for global health,", "Acknowledging the importance of the contribution of space science and technology and their applications to efforts towards the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,[2] in particular Sustainable Development Goal 3, on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages, and conscious that the work done in the space health sector can contribute to sustainable development, especially with programmes aimed at enhancing the quality of life in various ways, including improving human health,", "Emphasizing that overarching objective 2 of the “Space2030” Agenda,[3] to harness the potential of space to solve everyday challenges and leverage space-related innovation to improve the quality of life, could be attained by strengthening space-related cooperation in support of global health, by improving the use and application of space medicine, science and technology, innovations in the global health domain, cooperation and the sharing of information, while protecting the privacy of personal data, and tools to improve research advancement and the timeliness and effectiveness of public health and health-care interventions, and by enhancing capacity-building in space medicine, science and technology,", "Convinced of the importance, and recognizing the existing contributions, of space science, space technology and space applications to enhance space life sciences and digital health technologies, such as telehealth, telemedicine[4] and tele-epidemiology, for the prevention and control of diseases and global health issues, the promotion of human health, environmental health, animal health and food sourcing and supply, and the advancement of medical research and health practices, including the provision of health-care services to individuals and communities irrespective of geographical location as a means of promoting equitable, affordable and universal access to health for all,", "Noting with concern that among the gaps in the areas of telemedicine and telehealth are the limited uptake of digital technologies in public health systems and health care, as well as the lack of harmonized data-sharing standards among the various manufacturers of medical equipment,", "Noting with satisfaction the work of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, its subsidiary bodies and the Office for Outer Space Affairs of the Secretariat in the area of space and global health, including in the framework of action team 6, on public health, established to implement the recommendations of the third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, as well as the action team 6 follow-up initiative, the Expert Group on Space and Global Health, UNISPACE+50 thematic priority 5, on strengthened space cooperation for global health, and the Working Group on Space and Global Health of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee, and welcoming its report on the work conducted under its multi-year workplan,[5]", "Deeply concerned about the devastating global effects of emerging infectious diseases and other emergencies with an impact on health, including the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, to the detriment of human life, society and development, and urging the international community to embrace a One Health approach by strengthening the role of space-based solutions, in particular telehealth, in monitoring, preparedness and response activities,", "1. Encourages United Nations entities, intergovernmental organizations, Governments and the private sector to pursue effective coordination in all key space activities relevant to global health;", "2. Encourages formalized cooperation between health authorities and space authorities at the domestic level, and welcomes existing cross-sectoral networks that foster the exchange of ideas between the space and health sectors;", "3. Encourages Member States to establish a policy-enabled environment and governance mechanisms, with due consideration of legal and ethical issues, for removing challenges to facilitating the effective use of space-based technologies in support of global health, including telemedicine solutions and other emerging technologies;", "4. Also encourages Member States to promote open data-sharing policies and participatory approaches to developing and improving access to all geospatial information relevant to global health, including remote sensing and Earth observation data, whenever possible;", "5. Further encourages Member States to enable organizational and technical interoperability and promote research and innovation activities to facilitate the development and implementation of space-based science and technology in the health sector;", "6. Urges United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations to support the wider development of, equitable access to and application of space solutions for global health, public health, including epidemics and pandemics, emergencies that may have an impact on health, and the individual health needs of Member States, and encourages the implementation of a broader range of space solutions for sustainable development, including public-private partnerships;", "7. Encourages Member States and participating entities to advance their efforts related to the geotagging of all assets relevant to health systems, including health information systems, and to make them available to further the attainment of health goals;", "8. Encourages Member States to recognize the relevance of access to the space environment and space analogues[6] for health and life sciences research and development, especially in the area of astronaut health for social and economic benefits on Earth;", "9. Also encourages Member States to actively promote international cooperation in the field of space medicine on the basis of equal opportunities for all interested participants and in the interests of the further exploration of outer space by humankind, and further scientific and technological development and applications in the interests of global health;", "10. Further encourages Member States to conduct appropriate drills and exercises to benchmark their operational preparedness and response capacities and capabilities for the appropriate use of space technologies in responding to global health events;", "11. Welcomes the establishment of a dedicated, cooperative, globally accessible, multifaceted platform based in Geneva to promote effective collaboration on space and global health issues among Member States, United Nations entities, other international organizations and relevant actors;", "12. Emphasizes that all key activities, reference documents and plans relevant to space for global health carried out or prepared by United Nations entities should be monitored and compiled on an annual basis, including those of the World Health Organization, other international organizations and States members of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, as well as, to the extent possible, non-governmental organizations and other non-governmental actors, and also emphasizes that the resulting annual compilation of activities should serve as a reference to identify and discuss gaps and opportunities and should be shared broadly in an effort to raise awareness and promote cooperation among relevant actors in this domain;", "13. Recognizes the importance of analysing and assessing the roles and interests of current actors in the domain of space and global health, with the aim of promoting synergy, complementarity, cooperation and coordination among all actors;", "14. Emphasizes the need to enhance, in an equitable and sustainable manner, intersectoral coordination and cooperation for effective international, regional, national and subnational capacity-building activities relevant to the application of space science and technology in the field of global health;", "15. Encourages Member States to engage learning institutions and other capacity-building mechanisms in motivating young health professionals, at an early stage, to acquire space-related skills and abilities;", "16. Agrees to promote capacity-building events, to be organized by United Nations entities and other relevant actors, with the objective of further promoting awareness of and engagement with regard to the important contribution of space science and technology among actors applying One Health approaches, with a view to increasing the number of organizations and other actors in the health domain that are actively engaged in using space science and technology;", "17. Requests the Office for Outer Space Affairs to strengthen, within existing resources, capacity-building and networking in Africa, Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean, through regional technical cooperation projects, and to support field projects for strengthening collaboration between the space and global health sectors as an efficient strategy for making better use of space science and technology for access to global health for beneficiary States and taking better advantage of opportunities offered by bilateral or multilateral collaboration;", "18. Encourages Member States to foster linkages between academia, national experts, telecommunications regulatory authorities and science and technology authorities with a view to improving access to and the use of digital technologies and information systems in health care.", "[1] Report of the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Vienna, 19–30 July 1999 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.00.I.3), chap. I, resolution 1.", "[2] Resolution 70/1.", "[3] Resolution 76/3.", "[4] The term “telemedicine” is used broadly to refer to the use of telecommunications, satellite communications and information technology to provide clinical health care from a distance and includes many active and relevant subfields, such as tele-cardiology, tele-radiology, tele-ophthalmology, tele-oncology, tele-pharmacy, tele-surgery, tele-dermatology and other developing fields.", "[5] A/AC.105/C.1/121.", "[6] Space analogues include parabolic flights, bed rest studies and expeditions to Antarctica and other isolated, confined and extreme environments that simulate the space environment on Earth." ]

[ "[]", "联合国", "和平利用外层空间委员会的报告", "第六十五届会议", "（2022年6月1日至10日）", "大会", "正式记录", "第七十七届会议", "补编第20号", "大会", "正式记录", "第七十七届会议", "补编第20号", "和平利用外层空间委员会的报告", "第六十五届会议", "（2022年6月1日至10日）", "[] 联合国 • 2022年，纽约", "说明", "联合国文件编号由字母和数字构成。凡提及这种格式的编号，即指联合国某一文件。", "[2022年6月30日]", "目录", "章次 页次\n1.导言 1\nA.附属机构的会议 1 B. 1 \n通过议程 \nC.选举主席团成员 2 D. 2 \n 成员 E. 2 \n出席情况 \nF.一般性发言 3 G. 7 \n通过委员会的报告 \n2.建议和决定 7\nA.维持外层空间用于和平目的的方式方法 7\nB.科学和技术小组委员会第五十九届会议报告 9\n1.联合国空间应用方案 10\n2.空间技术促进可持续社会经济发展 113.与卫星遥感地球相关的事项，包括对发展中国家的各种应用和地球环境 12 \n 监测 4. 12 \n空间碎片 \n5.借助空间系统的灾害管理支持 13\n6.全球导航卫星系统最近的发展 14 7. 15 \n空间天气 8. 15 \n近地天体 \n9.外层空间活动的长期可持续性 16\n10.委员会的未来作用和工作方法 1811. 18 \n外层空间使用核动力源 \n12.空间与全球健康 19\n13.在不妨碍国际电信联盟的作用的情况下，审查地球静止轨道的物理性质和技术特征及其利用和应用，包括在空间通信领域的利用和应用，以及与空间通信发展有关的其他问题，特别考虑到发展中国家的需要和利益 2014. 20 \n关于为科学和社会保持寂静夜空的一般性交换意见 15. 21 \n科学和技术小组委员会第六十届会议临时议程草案 C. 23 \n法律小组委员会第六十一届会议报告 \n1.有关国际政府间组织和非政府组织空间法相关活动情况的介绍 23 2. 23 \n联合国五项外层空间条约现状和适用情况 \n3.与外层空间的定义和划界以及地球静止轨道的性质和利用有关的事项，包括审议在不妨碍国际电信联盟职能情况下确保合理公平使用地球静止轨道的方式方法 24\n4.与和平探索和利用外层空间有关的国家立法 25 5. 25 \n空间法方面的能力建设 \n6.委员会的未来作用和工作方法 26 7. 26 \n关于空间碎片减缓和整治措施的法律机制的一般性信息和意见交流，同时考虑到科学和技术小组委员会的工作 \n8.关于不具法律约束力的联合国外层空间文书的一般性交换信息 27 9. 27 \n关于空间交通管理所涉法律问题的一般性交换意见 \n10.关于对小卫星活动适用国际法的一般性交换意见 2811. 29 \n关于空间资源探索、开发和利用活动潜在法律模式的一般性交换意见 \n12.就拟由法律小组委员会第六十二届会议审议的新增项目给和平利用外层空间委员会的提议 31 D. 32 \n空间与可持续发展 E. 34 \n空间技术的附带利益：现况审查 F. 35 \n空间与水 \nG.空间与气候变化 36\nH.空间技术在联合国系统的使用 38\nI.委员会的未来作用和工作方法 38\nJ.空间探索和创新 40 K. 43 \n“空间2030”议程 L. 45 \n其他事项 \n1.委员会及其附属机构2024-2025年期间主席团的组成 45\n2.委员会成员资格 45\n3.观察员地位 45 4. 46 \n其他事项 5. 47 \n方案5，“和平利用外层空间”：拟议的2023年期间方案计划和2021年方案执行情况 6. 47 \n委员会第六十六届会议临时议程草案 M. 48 \n委员会及其附属机构的工作安排 \n 附件 \n关于空间与全球健康的决议草案 49", "第一章", "导言", "1. 和平利用外层空间委员会2022年6月1日至10日在维也纳以混合形式（亲临会场和线上与会）举行了其第六十五届会议。委员会主席团成员组成如下：", "主席 Omran Sharaf（阿拉伯联合酋长国）", "第一副主席 Jenni Tapio（芬兰）", "第二副主席/报告员 Oleg Ventskovsky（乌克兰）", "A. 附属机构的会议", "2. 和平利用外层空间委员会科学和技术小组委员会2022年2月7日至18日在维也纳以混合形式举行了其第五十九届会议，Juan Francisco Facetti（巴拉圭）担任主席。该小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258）已提交委员会。", "3. 和平利用外层空间委员会法律小组委员会也是以混合形式于2022年3月28日至4月8日在维也纳举行了其第六十一届会议，Nomfuneko Majaja（南非）担任主席。该小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1260）已提交委员会。", "B. 通过议程", "4. 委员会在6月1日其第786次会议上通过了以下议程：", "1. 会议开幕。", "2. 通过议程。", "3. 选举主席团成员。", "4. 主席致词。", "5. 一般性交换意见。", "6. 维持外层空间用于和平目的的方式方法。", "7. 科学和技术小组委员会第五十九届会议报告。", "8. 法律小组委员会第六十一届会议报告。", "9. 空间与可持续发展。", "10. 空间技术的附带利益：现况审查。", "11. 空间与水。", "12. 空间与气候变化。", "13. 空间技术在联合国系统的使用。", "14. 委员会的未来作用和工作方法。", "15. 空间探索和创新。", "16. “空间2030”议程。", "17. 其他事项。", "18. 委员会提交大会的报告。", "C. 选举主席团成员", "5. 在6月1日委员会第786次会议上，Omran Sharaf（阿拉伯联合酋长国）当选为2022-2023年期间委员会主席，Jenni Tapio（芬兰）当选为该段期间的第一副主席，Oleg Ventskovsky（乌克兰）当选为该段期间的第二副主席/报告员。", "6. 在该次会议上，委员会核可Juan Francisco Facetti（巴拉圭）当选为2022-2023年期间科学和技术小组委员会主席，Nomfuneko Majaja（南非）当选为该段期间的法律小组委员会主席。", "D. 成员", "7. 根据大会第1472 A (XIV)号、第1721 E (XVI)号、第3182 (XXVIII)号、第32/196 B号、第35/16号、第49/33号、第56/51号、第57/116号、第59/116号、第62/217号、第65/97号、第66/71号、第68/75号、第69/85号、第71/90号、第72/77号、第74/82号和第76/76号决议，以及第45/315号、第67/412号、第67/528号、第70/518号和第73/517号决定，和平利用外层空间委员会由下列100个国家组成：阿尔巴尼亚、阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、阿根廷、亚美尼亚、澳大利亚、奥地利、阿塞拜疆、巴林、孟加拉国、白俄罗斯、比利时、贝宁、多民族玻利维亚国、巴西、保加利亚、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、加拿大、乍得、智利、中国、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、古巴、塞浦路斯、捷克、丹麦、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、埃及、萨尔瓦多、埃塞俄比亚、芬兰、法国、德国、加纳、希腊、匈牙利、印度印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、伊拉克、以色列、意大利、日本、约旦、哈萨克斯坦、肯尼亚、科威特、黎巴嫩、利比亚、卢森堡、马来西亚、毛里求斯、墨西哥、蒙古、摩洛哥、荷兰、新西兰、尼加拉瓜、尼日尔、尼日利亚、挪威、阿曼、巴基斯坦、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、卢旺达、沙特阿拉伯、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、新加坡、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、南非、西班牙、斯里兰卡、苏丹、瑞典、瑞士、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、泰国、突尼斯、土耳其、乌克兰、阿拉伯联合酋长国、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、美利坚合众国、乌拉圭、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国和越南。", "E. 出席情况", "8. 委员会下列84个成员国的代表出席了本届会议：阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、阿根廷、亚美尼亚、澳大利亚、奥地利、阿塞拜疆、孟加拉国、白俄罗斯、比利时、巴西、保加利亚、布基纳法索、加拿大、智利、中国、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、古巴、塞浦路斯、捷克、丹麦、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、埃及、萨尔瓦多、芬兰、法国、德国、加纳、希腊、匈牙利、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、伊拉克、以色列、意大利、日本、约旦、哈萨克斯坦、肯尼亚、科威特、黎巴嫩、卢森堡、马来西亚、毛里求斯、墨西哥、摩洛哥、荷兰、新西兰、尼日利亚、挪威、阿曼、巴基斯坦、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、沙特阿拉伯、新加坡、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、南非、西班牙、斯里兰卡、瑞典、瑞士、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、泰国、突尼斯、土耳其、乌克兰、阿拉伯联合酋长国、英国、美国、乌拉圭和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国。", "9. 欧洲联盟的代表以委员会常驻观察员的身份并根据大会第65/276号和第73/91号决议出席了会议。", "10. 在第786次会议上，委员会决定应乌兹别克斯坦的请求，接纳其为观察员出席本届会议并酌情在会议上发言，但有一项谅解，即这不影响今后有关此种性质的请求，并且这样做不涉及委员会关于地位问题的任何决定。", "11. 在第786次会议上，委员会还决定应教廷的请求，接纳其为观察员出席本届会议并酌情在会议上发言，但有一项谅解，即这不影响今后有关此种性质的请求，并且这样做不涉及委员会关于地位问题的任何决定。", "12. 联合国粮食及农业组织、国际原子能机构、国际民用航空组织、国际电信联盟和秘书处裁军事务厅的观察员出席了会议。", "13. 在委员会享有常驻观察员地位的下列政府间组织派观察员出席了会议：亚洲太平洋空间合作组织（亚太空间合作组织）、地球观测卫星委员会、欧洲南半球天文研究组织、欧洲航天局（欧空局）、欧洲通信卫星组织、国际统一私法协会（统法协会）、国际空间通信组织，以及平方公里阵列观测台。", "14. 在委员会享有常驻观察员地位的下列非政府组织也派观察员出席了会议：保护全月球组织、国际宇航联合会（宇航联）、国际天文学联盟（天文联盟）、国际空间法学会、国际法协会、月球村协会、全美空间学会、开放月球基金会，苏丹·本·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹王储国际水奖机构（王储水奖机构）、日地物理学科学委员会、安全世界基金会、航天新一代咨询理事会、全球航天工程大学联盟和世界空间周协会。", "15. 在第786次会议上，委员会决定应海牙全球正义研究所的请求，接纳其作为观察员出席本届会议并酌情在会议上发言，但有一项谅解，即这不影响今后有关此种性质的请求，并且这样做不涉及委员会关于地位问题的任何决定。", "16. 出席会议的委员会成员国、联合国实体和其他组织的代表名单载于A/AC.105/2022/INF/1号文件。", "F. 一般性发言", "17. 委员会下列成员国的代表在一般性交换意见期间作了发言：安哥拉、阿尔及利亚、阿根廷、亚美尼亚、澳大利亚、奥地利、孟加拉国、白俄罗斯、比利时、巴西、加拿大、智利、中国、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、古巴、捷克、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、埃及、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、伊拉克、以色列、意大利、日本、肯尼亚、卢森堡、马来西亚、墨西哥、摩洛哥、荷兰、新西兰、尼日利亚、巴拉圭、秘鲁、菲律宾、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、新加坡、斯洛文尼亚、南非、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、泰国、土耳其、乌克兰、阿拉伯联合酋长国、英国、美国、乌拉圭、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国。突尼斯代表以77国集团和中国的名义作了发言。埃及代表以非洲国家集团的名义作了发言。欧洲联盟代表以常驻观察员的身份代表欧洲联盟及其成员国作了发言。亚太空间合作组织、地球观测卫星委员会、欧洲通信卫星组织、保护全月球组织、海牙全球司法研究所、宇航联、空间法学会、国家空间学会、开放月球基金会、航天新一代咨询理事会、平方公里阵列天文台、统法协会、全球航天工程大学联盟和世界空间周协会的观察员也作了发言。", "18. 委员会对即将离任的主席Marius-Ioan Piso（罗马尼亚）、即将离任的第一副主席Francis Chizea（尼日利亚）和即将离任的第二副主席兼报告员Nicolás Botero Varón（哥伦比亚）在任期内所做的出色工作和取得的成就表示赞赏。", "19. 在6月1日第786次会议上，主席作了发言，回顾2022年是第一颗人造地球卫星斯普特尼克一号发射进入外层空间六十五周年、《外层空间条约》生效五十五周年和大地遥感卫星方案五十周年。他强调了加强国际合作、促进遵守联合国各项外层空间条约、促进公平利用空间和鼓励知识共享举措的重要性。他还强调了空间科学技术研究与开发作为地球可持续发展、保护和维护外层空间环境以及探索宇宙的基础所发挥的作用。", "20. 主席热烈欢迎安哥拉、孟加拉国、科威特、巴拿马和斯洛文尼亚成为委员会的最新成员，这使委员会达到了100个成员国的里程碑。主席还欢迎开放月球基金会、平方公里阵列天文台和统法协会成为最新的具有委员会观察员地位的国际政府间组织和非政府组织。", "21. 外层空间事务厅代理厅长也在第786次会议上作了发言，他回顾了外空事务厅开展的工作。他强调，外空事务厅如何继续适应当前冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行带来的挑战，采用和利用新的解决方案，并将其应用于各项活动，以保证交付服务和采取以成果为导向的办法。对外空厅向成员国提供服务的需求继续扩大，正是在这一背景下，他强调了外空厅目前和即将开展的活动，包括与各种利益攸关方合作开展的活动，特别是为发展中国家的利益而开展的活动。代理厅长还宣布，他将在未来几个月内从外空厅退休。", "22. 委员会对外层空间事务厅代理主任Niklas Hedman表示深切的感谢，他为和平利用外层空间方面的国际合作提供了宝贵的长期支持，特别是在超过十五年的时间里担任委员会及其小组委员会的秘书。", "23. 委员会听取了下列专题介绍：", "(a) “国家空间活动委员会空间计划”，由阿根廷代表介绍；", "(b) “国家空间系统的规划”，由智利代表介绍；", "(c) “北斗导航卫星系统应用案例分享”，由中国代表介绍；", "(d) “伊朗CanSat竞赛”，由伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表介绍；", "(e) “深空载人探索的进展和计划”，由美国代表介绍；", "(f) “保护外层空间文化遗产的必要性”，由保护全月球组织观察员介绍；", "(g) “青年在空间政策和宣传中发出统一声音：介绍航天新一代宣传和政策平台”由航天新一代咨询理事会观察员介绍。", "24. 委员会注意到，近年来空间活动继续加强，越来越多的行动方进入空间领域，向外层空间发射的物体也明显增多。", "25. 委员会一致认为，连同其各小组委员会，并在外层空间事务厅的支持下，委员会仍然是负责促进探索及和平利用外层空间方面国际合作的独特国际论坛。", "26. 委员会一致认为，近年来越来越多的国家成为委员会的成员，这是一个明确的信号，表明国际社会承认这一政府间机构工作的价值。", "27. 一些代表团表示认为，应当支持以联合国为核心的基于规则的国际体系和对国际事务采取多边做法，委员会为这一体系做出了贡献，包括通过制定国际空间法、国际规范和标准、准则、最佳做法以及其他透明度和建立信任措施。", "28. 据认为，为了应对外层空间活动不断发展带来的挑战，必须维护以联合国为核心基于国际法的外层空间国际秩序。", "28. 一些代表团表示认为，国际社会应当进一步努力，探索充分利用委员会及其小组委员会的一切可能的方式方法，以便实现所有国家在空间相关问题上的共同目标。", "30. 一些代表团表示认为，所有国家不受歧视地普遍及平等利用外层空间，为了全人类福利和利益公平及合理利用外层空间，包括月球和其他天体在内，不将外层空间据为己有的原则，开展国际合作发展空间活动，以及防止在外层空间进行军备竞赛和在外层空间部署任何种类的武器，这些是指导外层空间活动的最重要原则。", "31. 一些代表团表示认为，虽然有些国家在空间活动方面已经达到了重要的里程碑，但另一些国家才刚刚开始制定本国的空间方案和政策，至关重要的是，空间探索努力不应当将发展中国家抛在后面或使其处于不公平的劣势地位。因此，能力建设和技术援助是扩大从事这一领域工作的人员能力的关键因素，以便使他们能够从更先进的航天国家获得专门技能和知识。", "32. 一些代表团强调了空间气候观测站在评估空间数据以应对气候变化方面所作的贡献。表达这一观点的代表团还回顾，空间气候观测站投入时间参加了委员会对“未来首脑会议”作出的贡献。", "33. 一些代表团表示认为，外层空间的利用和探索应当完全为和平目的进行，以期实现命运共同体愿景，为所有国家谋取福利和利益，而不论其经济或科学发展程度如何，并应符合适用的国际法体系。", "34. 一些代表团表示认为，委员会应当对如何应对近地轨道上部署巨型星座带来的挑战加以更多的专门审议，包括审议与可持续和公平使用轨道和频率以及进入外层空间的机会有关的挑战。", "35. 一些代表团表示认为，科学和技术小组委员会与法律小组委员会应当更加密切地相互合作，特别是对于重叠和相互关联的主题事项。", "36. 一些代表团遗憾地注意到，一个国家决定用直升式反卫星导弹故意摧毁本国航天器，造成的碎片威胁到载人航天和机器人的航天飞行，据指出，需要最充分地执行委员会的《空间碎片减缓准则》和与碎片有关的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》，欢迎作出承诺，不进行具有破坏性影响的直升式反卫星导弹试验。", "37. 据认为，委员会和秘书处应当继续采取举措，并研究如何进一步加强两个小组委员会的工作协调和互动，并酌情加强与其他联合国机构和其他国际组织等与委员会任务密切相关的机构的协调和互动，因为这将确保协调、恰当和及时地解决交叉问题。", "38. 一些代表团表示认为，《关于为和平目的民用探索和利用月球、火星、彗星和小行星合作原则的阿特米斯协定》得到越来越多的支持，这表明该协定作为确保和平探索空间活动保持透明、安全和可持续的业务框架的价值。", "39. 一些代表团表示认为，中国和俄罗斯联邦发起的国际月球研究站合作正在推进，为所有感兴趣的伙伴提供了空间探索的新机会。", "40. 一些代表团再次对俄罗斯联邦政府提议在欧亚区域设立一个附属于联合国并由俄罗斯国家航天集团公司研究院主办的新的空间科学和技术教育区域中心表示反对。这些代表团还认为，尽管大会在其第76/76号决议中满意地注意到在设立该区域中心方面取得的进展，但鉴于最近的事态发展，它们无法接受该区域中心以任何方式附属于联合国。", "41. 据认为，委员会第六十四届会议已注意到，关于拟议设立区域中心的评价团提出了一项建议，接受俄罗斯联邦关于设立区域中心的提议，委员会欢迎在设立区域中心方面取得的进展，因此，委员会不需要再征得同意。表达这一观点的代表团还告知委员会，该中心已经在运作并提供服务。来自该区域各国的100多名申请人已成功获得该中心的录取作为学生。", "42. 一些代表团呼吁避免给空间技术或服务增加政治层面涵义，特别是避免按照一个卷入冲突的区域来命名发射装置。", "43. 据认为，拥有先进空间发射技术的航天国家保留以其认为适当的方式为其空间运载火箭和宇宙飞船进行命名的充分权利。", "44. 委员会欢迎外层空间事务厅发布其《2021年年度报告》，其中全面介绍了外空厅在2021年的活动、合作、伙伴关系方案和成就。", "45. 委员会赞赏地注意到结合委员会第六十五届会议在维也纳国际中心圆厅举办的展览：由西班牙组织的关于E.T.PACK项目的展览，该项目是解决空间碎片扩散问题的一种技术办法；由美国组织的关于《阿特米斯协定》的展览；和由天文学联盟组织的关于包容概念的题为“鼓舞人心的星球”的展览。", "46. 委员会赞赏地注意到波兰政府向外层空间事务厅的常设展览捐赠了Manfred Lachs的一幅画作，他是法律小组委员会首任主席和国际空间法领域最有影响力的学者之一。", "47. 委员会对本届会议期间组织的下列活动表示赞赏：", "(a) “促进空间领域的性别平等”，由大韩民国和外层空间事务厅组织；", "(b) “2022年外空委的新空间”，由斯洛伐克组织；", "(c) “与执行《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》有关的提高认识和能力建设——利益攸关方研究报告”，由联合王国和外层空间事务厅组织；", "(d) “青年空间交流和机会”，由美国和外层空间事务厅组织；", "(e) “不断取得进展的月球政策——圆桌会议”，由月球村协会、开放月球基金会、安全世界基金会和航天新一代咨询理事会组织；", "(f) “空间机会人人共享：成员国的机会”，由外层空间事务厅组织；", "(g) “为外空委代表举行的虚拟简报：何为外空事务厅，它为什么与你有关”。", "G. 通过委员会的报告", "48. 在审议了面前的各个项目之后，委员会在其2022年6月10日第801次会议上通过了其提交大会的报告，其中载有以下建议和决定。", "第二章", "建议和决定", "A. 维持外层空间用于和平目的的方式和方法", "49. 根据大会第76/76号决议，委员会作为优先事项继续审议了维持外层空间用于和平目的的方式方法，并继续审议了从更广角度考虑将有助于确保安全负责地开展空间活动的空间安全及相关事项，包括为此目的促进国际、区域和区域间合作的方式。", "50. 巴西、加拿大、中国、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、阿拉伯联合酋长国、美国和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的代表在这一项目下作了发言。安全世界基金会的观察员也作了发言。在一般性交换意见期间，其他成员国也就本项目作了发言。", "51. 委员会听取了下列专题介绍：", "(a) “使用ADLER-1探测微型空间碎片”，由奥地利代表介绍；", "(b) “绘制低地球轨道碰撞风险图”，由美国代表介绍；", "(c) “加强空间安全和可持续性的机会和做法”，由美国代表介绍；", "(d) “空间安全的安全规范：制定规范如何能够加强和平目的原则”，由航天新一代咨询理事会观察员介绍。", "52. 委员会一致认为，通过其在科学、技术和法律领域的工作，以及通过促进就与探索和利用外层空间有关的各种专题开展国际对话和交流信息，委员会在确保维持外层空间用于和平目的方面可发挥根本性作用。", "53. 一些代表团表示认为，所有航天国家都有责任通过在空间技术及其应用上取得进展而保持和推动外层空间惠及各方。", "54. 一些代表团表示认为，为了确保对外层空间的可持续和平利用，按照国际法律、规则、条例和规范开展外层空间活动至为关键。", "55. 一些代表团表示认为，透明度和建立信任措施是确保和平利用外层空间的关键。这些代表团提及外层空间活动透明度和建立信任措施政府专家组2013年的报告（A/68/189），并鼓励各国执行其建议和采取适当措施。", "56. 一些代表团表示认为，虽然委员会不是一个专门讨论外层空间裁军问题的论坛，但在全球治理和外层空间国际合作中仍然发挥着根本和独特作用，并且应当加强这一作用。", "57. 一些代表团表示认为，委员会在广泛领域的工作确保了外层空间的和平利用，是防止军备竞赛风险和外层空间军事化的关键因素，因此，委员会的工作补充和支持了防止外层空间军备竞赛的其他论坛。", "58. 一些代表团重申，具体涉及防止外层空间军备竞赛和将外层空间用于国家安全活动及相关事项的问题，在诸如裁军谈判会议、裁军审议委员会和大会第一委员会等以这些问题为其任务重点的论坛中讨论更为合适。", "59. 一些代表团表示认为，规范可以创造必要的信任气氛以便未来制定具有法律约束力的空间管理措施，在这方面，欢迎秘书长关于通过负责任行为规范、规则和原则减少空间威胁的报告（A/76/77）和通过负责任行为规范、规则和原则减少空间威胁不限成员名额工作组的工作，因为该报告深化了关于空间规范的讨论。", "60. 一些代表团表示认为，外层空间军事化的威胁突显了旨在制定关于透明度和建立信任的有法律约束力规范的国际对话和谈判的重要性，因为无法律约束力的措施不足以应对外层空间军备竞赛的威胁。发表该意见的代表团还认为，具有法律约束力的措施必须根据现有的国际法原则，重点重申外层空间的和平利用和将外层空间用于和平目的符合各方共同利益。", "61. 一些代表团重申，防止外层空间军备竞赛和在外层空间部署任何种类武器至关重要，并吁请所有国家特别是拥有强大空间能力的国家，积极促进和平利用外层空间，以防止外层空间的军事化，避免在外层空间部署任何种类武器或采取违背这一目标的任何其他行动。发表该看法的代表团还认为，长期维护好外层空间环境需要国际社会承诺确保永远不在外层空间部署任何武器。", "62. 一些代表团再次指出，应更多考虑由中国和俄罗斯联邦编拟的关于防止在外层空间部署武器并防止对外层空间物体威胁使用武力的条约草案，因为该条约草案为确保外层空间用于和平目的铺平了道路。", "63. 一些代表团表示认为，故意摧毁空间物体，随意产生大量空间碎片，增加了在轨空间物体碰撞的风险，是一种不负责任的行为，将破坏外层空间的可持续和稳定利用。", "64. 一些代表团对产生空间碎片的反卫星试验表示关切，并强调各国应避免使用或试验这些能力。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，美国以及随后是加拿大最近宣布承诺不进行破坏性的直升式反卫星导弹试验，这是朝着制定外层空间负责任行为准则迈出的积极的一步。", "65. 据认为，这样一项举措能否有效维持空间用于和平目的令人怀疑。该代表团表示认为，承诺不试验某些类型的反卫星武器并不意味着承诺不使用这些武器。", "66. 据认为，委员会应继续作为非政治化讨论的平台，并应促进各国和政府间组织制定旨在维护外层空间用于和平目的的理论原则指导方针，从而维护国际和平与安全，并加强国际合作和相互了解。", "67. 据认为，委员会应当注重商业空间飞行发展所带来的挑战，促进加强关于商业空间行为者参与军事活动的有效国家条例，并确保非政府实体的空间活动符合和平目的，同时提高国际一级的透明度。还必须重视外层空间活动的安全，加强研究和广泛讨论，并寻求解决巨型星座构成的安全风险的办法。", "68. 委员会注意到，非洲空间周将于2022年9月在内罗毕举行，将为非洲航天工业利益关系方审议扩大非洲航天工业和加强努力促进和促成非洲内部之间和国际范围的空间活动合作提供一个创新平台。", "69. 委员会还注意到，亚太区域空间机构论坛第二十七届会议的主题是“通过多样化伙伴关系扩大空间创新”，会议于2021年11月30日至12月3日在线上举行。", "70. 委员会注意到，亚太空间合作组织理事会第十五次会议于2021年11月9日至11日在线上举行。理事会批准了亚太空间合作组织2021-2025年项目执行计划和亚太空间合作组织合作活动规则修正案。", "71. 委员会建议在2023年其第六十六届会议上继续优先审议关于维持外层空间用于和平目的的方式方法的项目。", "B. 科学和技术小组委员会第五十九届会议报告", "72. 委员会赞赏地注意到科学和技术小组委员会第五十九届会议的报告（A/AC.105/1258），其中载有小组委员会根据大会第76/76号决议审议各议程项目的结果。", "73. 委员会对Juan Francisco Facetti（巴拉圭）在他担任小组委员会第五十九届会议主席期间的出色领导能力表示赞赏。", "74. 澳大利亚、奥地利、巴西、加拿大、智利、中国、芬兰、德国、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、意大利、日本、俄罗斯联邦、南非、瑞士、英国、美国和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的代表在本项目下作了发言。摩洛哥的代表以77国集团和中国的名义作了发言。国际天文学联盟的观察员也作了发言。在一般性交换意见期间，其他成员国也作了与本项目有关的发言。", "75. 委员会听取了下列专题介绍：", "(a) “‘赫拉’（HERA）飞行任务：用三维视觉处理和可视化方法分析‘双小行星变轨改向试验’（DART）对小行星‘迪莫弗斯’（Dimorphos）的撞击”，由奥地利代表介绍；", "(b) “实时地球观测促进救灾管理”，由奥地利代表介绍；", "(c) “低地球轨道巨型星座正在深刻影响着世界空间活动”，由中国代表介绍；", "(d) “双小行星变轨改向试验的撞击”，由美国代表介绍。", "1. 联合国空间应用方案", "(a) 联合国空间应用方案的活动", "76. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“联合国空间应用方案的活动”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第54-74段）。", "77. 委员会注意到，该方案的优先领域有：环境监测、自然资源管理、卫星通信、减少灾害风险、全球导航卫星系统的使用、基础空间科学举措、气候变化、基础空间技术举措和载人航天技术举措以及生物多样性和生态系统。", "78. 委员会注意到本方案2021年开展的和2022年计划开展的活动，见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第59-69段）。", "79. 委员会对外层空间事务厅在可用资金有限的情况下特别是在2021年开展方案活动的方式表示赞赏。委员会还对赞助这些活动的各国政府和政府间组织及非政府组织表示感谢。委员会满意地注意到，2022年方案各项活动的执行工作正在取得进一步进展。", "80. 委员会对联合国空间应用方案可获得的财政资源仍然有限表示关切，并强调必须为外空事务厅配备必要的资源，包括充足的资金，以协助更多的国家按照《外层空间条约》的精神和“空间2030”议程获得空间科技及其应用的惠益。", "81. 委员会注意到，分别在第一轮、第二轮和第三轮入选的肯尼亚、危地马拉和毛里求斯的团队，所开发的立方体小卫星已通过从国际空间站日本实验舱（“希望”号）上部署立方体小卫星的联合国/日本合作方案从国际空间站上完成了小卫星部署。分别在第三轮、第四轮和第五轮入选的印度尼西亚、摩尔多瓦共和国和中美洲一体化体系的团队，目前正在该方案下开发其立方体小卫星。委员会进一步注意到，“希望”号立方体小卫星方案已成为空间科技能力建设的一个重要工具，在这方面，外层空间事务厅和日本宇宙航空研究开发机构（日本宇航机构）已宣布将这一小卫星方案延长至2024年12月底，并且还增加了一个新的教育机会，称作“‘希望’号立方体小卫星学院”。", "82. 委员会注意到，联合国空间应用方案继续实施“空间机会人人共享”倡议，其重点是扩充成员国获得空间惠益的能力，并向倡议的合作伙伴方提供：将硬件送入空间所需技术的研发机会、借助独特的地面和轨道设施进行微重力实验的便利，以及获取空间数据的便利和这些数据使用方法培训，包括天文数据的使用，使这些国家进入国际空间舞台并促进空间科学和技术方面的深入能力建设。", "83. 委员会请外层空间事务厅继续与科学和技术小组委员会共同工作，确定方案的优先事项。", "84. 委员会满意地注意到，联合国空间应用方案继续强调、促进和推动为支持联合国附属各区域空间科学和技术教育中心而在区域和全球各级与成员国开展的合作。", "85. 委员会注意到，外层空间事务厅继续与联合国附属各空间科学和技术教育区域中心紧密合作，即非洲区域空间科学和技术教育中心（英语）；非洲区域空间科学和技术教育中心（法语）；亚洲及太平洋空间科学和技术教育中心；拉丁美洲和加勒比区域空间科学和技术教育中心；西亚区域空间科学和技术教育中心；以及亚洲及太平洋区域空间科学和技术教育中心（中国）。在这方面，委员会赞赏地注意到，联合国附属各区域空间科学和技术教育中心所在国正在为这些中心提供大量的资金和实物支持。", "(b) 国际卫星搜索和救援系统", "86. 委员会满意地注意到，国际卫星搜索和救援系统（COSPAS-SARSAT）目前有43个成员国和2个参与组织，该系统提供覆盖全球由船舶和飞机以及世界各地个人用户携带的紧急信标。委员会还注意到，2021年，该方案帮助在美国全境及其周边海域从可能危及生命的处境下营救了330人，自1982年该方案启动以来，COSPAS-SARSAT在全球范围内支持了48,000多次营救行动。", "2. 空间技术促进可持续社会经济发展", "87. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“空间技术促进可持续社会经济发展”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第79-88段）。", "88. 委员会核可了小组委员会关于本项目的决定和建议（A/AC.105/1258，第88段）。", "89. 委员会注意到重新召集的由Prakash Chauhan（印度）担任主席的科学和技术小组委员会全体工作组的报告（A/AC.105/1258，附件一）。", "90. 一些代表团认为，空间科学和技术及其应用对于有效应对自然灾害、粮食安全、气候变化和自然资源安全等当前和未来社会经济发展和可持续性方面的挑战具有重要意义，并指出，特别是作为支持可持续经济增长、提高生活质量和管理全球环境努力的一部分，空间活动对于实现可持续发展目标和“空间2030”议程至关重要。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，必须确保外空厅拥有必要的资源，包括充足的资金，以协助更多的国家获得机会受益于空间科技及其应用带来的利益。", "3. 与卫星遥感地球相关的事项，包括对发展中国家的各种应用和地球环境监测", "91. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“与卫星遥感地球相关的事项，包括对发展中国家的各种应用和地球环境监测”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第89-98段）。", "92. 委员会注意到，各国利用遥感数据开展的国际和区域举措被用于支持可持续的社会经济发展，特别是为了发展中国家的利益。", "93. 在讨论过程中，各代表团获悉了遥感在充分知情决策中发挥的关键作用，以及利用空间数据和应用的国家和国际合作方案。这方面的实例包括：领土测绘和边界安全、土地使用规划、自然和矿产资源管理、林业，以及产权确定和记录，植被、作物和土壤以及流域和水文特征测绘工具，以支持精准农业和农村规划，可耕地的确定、灌溉和地下水探测、气象学和天气预报以及严重风暴的预警。灾害管理和应急反应、气候变化和环境保护、海洋温度和海平面监测、空气质量有关浮质和污染物的监测，包括监测基本气候变量以促进国际研究、促进可持续发展、生态系统管理、冰川和降雪绘图和研究，用于灌溉和地下水探测的作物和土壤监测、用于保护关键基础设施的空间气象监测和预警系统以及动物活动监测。", "94. 委员会注意到，地球观测小组和地球观测卫星委员会等重要举措在促进和便利遥感数据共享方面发挥了重要作用，在这方面，委员会欢迎许多成员国在这一领域继续作出承诺。", "4. 空间碎片", "95. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“空间碎片”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第99-123段）。", "96. 委员会满意地注意到，2022年是大会第62/217号决议核可委员会《空间碎片减缓准则》十五周年，并敦促尚未这样做的国家考虑自愿执行该《准则》。", "97. 委员会还满意地注意到，许多国家和国际政府间组织正在遵照委员会《空间碎片减缓准则》和《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》（A/74/20，附件二）实施空间碎片减缓措施，而且一些国家已根据这些准则统一了本国的空间碎片缓减标准。", "98. 此外，委员会注意到，一些国家正在使用委员会的《空间碎片缓减准则》和（或）机构间空间碎片协调委员会（空间碎片协委会）的《空间碎片缓减准则》、国际标准化组织的ISO 24113:2011号标准（空间系统：空间碎片缓减要求）和国际电联的ITU-R S.1003号建议（对地静止卫星轨道的环境保护）作为其国家空间活动监管框架的参照依据。委员会还注意到，一些国家正在欧洲联盟资助的空间监视和跟踪支助框架下以及欧空局的空间安全方案中开展合作。", "99. 委员会还注意到，越来越多的国家已在采取具体措施减缓空间碎片，其中包括改进运载火箭和航天器的设计、卫星转轨、消能、延长寿命、寿终操作以及为减缓空间碎片开发专门的软件和模型。", "100. 委员会进一步注意到，空间碎片协委会的初步工作曾作为委员会《空间碎片减缓准则》的基础，协委会现已于2022年更新了其自己的《空间碎片减缓准则》。", "101. 委员会关切地注意到空间碎片问题以及空间碎片激增对未来探索和利用外层空间构成的挑战。", "102. 委员会一致认为，应当继续邀请成员国和在委员会具有常设观察员地位的国际组织提供报告，介绍空间碎片研究、携载核动力源的空间物体安全、此类空间物体与空间碎片碰撞所涉问题，以及执行碎片减缓准则的方法。", "103. 一些代表团表示认为，对于空间碎片问题，应当以不妨碍发展中国家开发空间能力的方式加以处理。", "104. 一些代表团表示认为，新的空间活动主体不因既有空间活动主体的历史活动承受负担，这一点十分重要。", "105. 一些代表团表示认为，如何应对在近地轨道设置巨型星座带来的挑战，包括与可持续利用轨道和频率有关的挑战，应当成为委员会工作的优先事项。", "106. 一些代表团表示认为，应促使航天国家和其他参与主体，特别是那些部署巨型星座的国家，适当注意适用相关的自愿措施，如《空间碎片减缓准则》和《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》，并强调必须加强发展中国家自愿执行这些措施的能力。", "107. 一些代表团表示认为，由于轨道碎片是主要航天国家过去和正在进行的活动后果，主要航天国家应承担主要责任，既要缓解这一状况，又要在技术和资金上协助发展中国家和新兴航天国家达到空间碎片减缓准则的要求。", "108. 据认为，在讨论碎片缓减和空间交通管理时，有必要促进空间活动透明度和建立信任措施，以避免误判和误解。", "5. 借助空间系统的灾害管理支持", "109. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“借助空间系统的灾害管理支持”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第124-136段）。", "110. 委员会注意到天基信息对于灾害管理和应急响应的重要性，利用遥感数据和地球观测卫星开发各类自然灾害的多种危害预警系统和进行灾害影响分析，包括用于监测冠状病毒病（COVID-19）的疫情大流行。", "111. 委员会欢迎联合国灾害管理和紧急救援天基信息平台（联合国天基信息平台）组织的活动，这些活动支持开发利用各种天基信息以支持整个灾害管理周期的能力。在这方面，委员会注意到联合国天基信息平台的活动和能力加强工作，包括在2021年为有需要的国家生成按特定所需的天基信息（见A/AC.105/ 1250），这些活动和工作是在其合作伙伴网络的持续支持下开展的；委员会还注意到天基信息平台知识门户网站（www.un-spider.org）的益处，这是一个基于网络的信息、通信和流程支持平台，增进信息交流、经验共享、能力建设以及技术咨询支持和服务。", "112. 一些代表团表示认为，为了加强国家层面的灾害防备和紧急救援工作，外层空间事务厅应增加联合国天基信息平台的能力建设活动，特别是对发展中国家进行更多的技术咨询访问和开办培训方案。", "113. 委员会注意到最近举行了几次与灾害管理有关的国际会议，如5月23日和24日在印度尼西亚巴厘岛举行的第三次多种灾害预警会议和5月23日至27日在德国波恩举行的欧空局生存星球专题讨论会，其中重点介绍了空间技术在灾害管理中的应用。", "114. 委员会还注意到，各国一直在向地球观测卫星委员会灾害问题工作组和国际卫星搜救方案提供支持。", "115. 委员会赞赏地注意到，中国、法国和德国向联合国天基信息平台提供了财政和人力资源，以及委员会的一些成员国和区域支助办事处2021年为支持外层空间事务厅通过联合国天基信息平台开展的活动提供了实物捐助，包括提供专家，并注意到这些国家为同其他感兴趣国家分享经验所做的努力。在这方面，委员会鼓励其他成员国和常驻观察员在自愿基础上向包括联合国天基信息平台在内的外空厅的活动和方案提供一切必要支持，包括增加财政支持，使之能够更好地响应成员国的援助请求并在今后几年充分执行其工作计划。", "6. 全球导航卫星系统最近的发展", "116. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“全球导航卫星系统最近的发展”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第137-157段）。", "117. 委员会收到了题为“全球导航卫星系统国际委员会第十五次会议”的文件（A/AC.105/1251）。", "118. 委员会注意到，全球导航卫星系统国际委员会（导航卫星委员会）作为一个最佳合作机制发挥着有益作用，提供了一个灵活的论坛，供全球导航卫星系统供应商和用户讨论与使用多套全球导航卫星系统信号有关的所有事项。", "119. 委员会注意到，导航卫星委员会的工作旨在建立一个可互操作的多套全球导航卫星系统空间服务空域，这将能够改善在地球静止轨道以外更遥远深空业务的导航，预计全球导航卫星系统服务还将在地球与月球之间的空间使用。", "120. 委员会注意到外层空间事务厅通过其能力建设和信息传播举措特别是在发展中国家努力促进使用全球导航卫星系统，并注意到外层空间事务厅作为导航卫星委员会执行秘书处在协调导航卫星委员会年度会议及其供应商论坛方面所发挥的作用。", "121. 委员会注意到，外层空间事务厅组织举办的导航卫星委员会第十五次会议和供应商论坛第二十四次会议于2021年9月27日至10月1日在维也纳举行，导航卫星委员会第十六次会议将由阿拉伯联合酋长国主办，将于2022年10月9日至14日在阿布扎比举行。", "7. 空间天气", "122. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“空间天气”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第158-172段）。", "123. 委员会注意到，由太阳变化引起的空间天气是一个国际关心的问题，因为它对空间系统、载人航天飞行以及社会日益依赖的地面和空间基础设施构成潜在威胁。因此，需要通过国际合作与协调，以全球方式应对这一问题，以便能够预测可能发生的恶劣空间天气事件并减轻其影响，以便外层空间活动的长期可持续性得到保证。", "124. 委员会注意到在研究、培训和教育领域开展了一些国家和国际活动，以提高关于空间天气不利影响的科学和技术认识，从而加强全球抵御其威胁的能力，目标是促进执行《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》与空间天气有关的准则B.6和B.7。", "125. 委员会赞赏地注意到，科学和技术小组委员会空间天气专家组在科学和技术小组委员会2022年第五十九届会议间隙以及闭会期间举行了会议。委员会还注意到提交小组委员会的题为“空间天气专家组最后报告草稿：力求改进空间天气服务的国际协调”的文件（A/AC.105/C.1/L.401），其中载有六项高级别建议，并对专家组报告员Ian Mann先生的敬业工作表示赞赏。", "126. 委员会核可了小组委员会商定的决定，将该报告（A/AC.105/C.1/L.401）视作专家组的最后报告，并将该报告作为A/AC.105/C.1/122号文件印发，见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第172段）。", "127. 一些代表团表示认为，国际空间天气界找到一种机制来协调和继续开展其工作至关重要。", "8. 近地天体", "128. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“近地天体”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第173-190段）。", "129. 委员会赞赏地注意到国际小行星警报网和空间飞行任务计划咨询小组（航天计划咨询组）所做的工作，这些工作旨在确保所有国家，特别是预测和减缓近地天体撞击灾难能力有限的发展中国家意识到潜在的威胁。", "130. 委员会注意到，如果全球天文观测台网络发现了确实可信的撞击威胁，那么可以得到的关于该威胁的重要信息将是由小行星警报网提供，并通过外层空间事务厅向所有成员国转发。", "131. 委员会注意到各国为发展可发现、观测、预警和缓减潜在危险近地天体的能力而开展的努力和活动的重要性，这些努力和活动有助于加强国际协作和信息共享，在这方面，委员会强调了促进小行星警报网和航天计划咨询组工作的重要性。", "132. 委员会注意到，2021年11月，美国国家航空航天局首次发射行星防御技术演示任务“双小行星变轨改向试验”（DART），该试验将演示动能撞击偏转技术。委员会还注意到，作为一项后续行动，欧空局的“赫拉”（Hera）飞行任务计划于2026年与“迪迪莫斯”（Didymos）小行星系统相遇，以便对双小行星变轨改向试验（DART）飞行任务的偏转技术试验进行有价值的评估。", "133. 委员会注意到，外层空间事务厅担任小行星警报网和航天计划咨询组的常设秘书处，这方面会议的进一步信息已公布在其网页上（网址http://iawn.net和http://smpag.net）。", "134. 委员会注意到，第七次国际宇航科学院行星防御会议于2021年4月26日至30日举行，由外层空间事务厅与欧空局合作主办；第八次行星防御护会议将于2023年4月3日至7日在维也纳国际中心举行，由外空厅与欧空局和东道国奥地利合作主办。", "9. 外层空间活动的长期可持续性", "135. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“外层空间活动的长期可持续性”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第191-209段）;委员会同时核可了小组委员会的决定（A/AC.105/1258，第208和209段）和由Umamaheswaran R.（印度）担任主席的外层空间活动长期可持续性工作组的决定（A/AC.105/1258，附件二，第7-9段和附录）。", "136. 委员会收到下列文件：", "(a) 俄罗斯联邦提交的会议室文件，题为“执行空间活动长期可持续性准则‘A.1必要时通过、修订和修正国家监管框架’”（A/AC.105/2022/CRP.9）；", "(b) 俄罗斯联邦提交的会议室文件，题为“欧亚区域空间科学和技术教育中心对加强外空委成员国执行外层空间活动长期可持续性准则的能力的贡献”的（A/AC.105/2022/CRP.10）；", "(c) 俄罗斯联邦提交的会议室文件，题为“审议在外层空间活动长期可持续性背景下关于确保空间活动安全的关键未决任务”（A/AC.105/2022/CRP.11）。", "137. 委员会赞赏地回顾，外层空间活动长期可持续性工作组在小组委员会第五十九届会议上商定并通过了其职权范围、工作方法和工作计划（A/AC.105/ 1258，附件二，第7段和附录）。", "138. 委员会还回顾，工作组将同样重视指导框架的三个要素（A/AC.105/1258，附件二，附录，第6和7段）。", "139. 委员会进一步回顾，工作组已商定于2022年11月举行混合形式的非正式协商（A/AC.105/1258，附件二，第9段）。", "140. 委员会获悉，一些成员国已完成或正在完成对其和平利用外层空间委员会《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》执行情况的内部评估。", "141. 委员会还获悉，为实施委员会《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》，已经采取或正在采取一些国家、区域和国际的科学、技术、法律和政策措施及举措。", "142. 委员会进一步获悉，外层空间事务厅继续进行题为“与执行《长期可持续性准则》有关的提高认识和能力建设”的项目，该项目是通过英国提供的资金支持得以开展的，在项目第二阶段，编写了一份利益关系方研究报告（见spacesustainability.unoosa.org）。", "143. 一些代表团表示认为，委员会的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》是安全和负责任地利用外层空间的最佳做法，对于为子孙后代维护外层空间至关重要。", "144. 一些代表团表示认为，关于各国实际执行《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》，这方面交流经验和审查最佳做法和既有经验教训至关重要，因为将能助力全面交流、国际合作、提高认识和能力建设。", "145. 一些代表团表示认为，法律的小组委员会对委员会的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》进行审查和评估将是有益的。", "146. 据认为，和平利用外层空间委员会已成为讨论空间可持续性的主要论坛，通过制定一种“自下而上的办法”针于利用空间方面采用安全和可持续的做法而有别于其他论坛。", "147. 据认为，有许多并行的平台审议多年来一直属于委员会职权范围的主题事项，其中包括属于外层空间活动长期可持续性工作组任务授权范围内的专题，这构成了职能上的直接重复。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，根据不可侵犯的协商一致原则开展国际工作是确保外层空间活动长期可持续性符合整个国际社会利益的唯一途径。", "148. 据认为，委员会的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》是明确、实用和经过验证的，即各国和国际政府间组织已经证明了《准则》的实施情况和效力，《准则》既不损害现有的法律义务，也不妨碍外层空间的利用，特别是新兴空间参与方对外层空间的利用。", "149. 据认为，首先，委员会的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》是旨在缓解环境退化所作努力的实证，因为其中载有建议促进在空间飞行任务的设计和运行中采取更加有利于环境的做法。", "150. 据认为，委员会的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》是第一套完整的当代空间活动管辖规则，考虑到围绕空间资源开展的经济和科学活动所构成的当前和未来挑战，必须不断更新或补充这些准则。", "151. 据认为，委员会的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》有助于改进国内对话讨论空间可持续性对开展国家空间活动的影响，并有助于按协调后的各国立场制定更强有力的监管框架。", "152. 据认为，发展中国家不应被空间探索的努力抛在后面或处于不公平的劣势地位，确保外层空间活动可持续性的唯一途径是通过加强合作与协作，继续将这些活动产生的惠益带给全人类。", "153. 据认为，为了实现外层空间活动长期可持续性的主要目标，科学和技术小组委员会必须在国际合作的框架内集中注意能力建设和促进，以及向发展中国家转让技术等领域，《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》能否切实、有效和一视同仁地付诸实施至关重要。", "154. 据认为，了解是什么在阻碍各国不能实施委员会的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》，对于了解今后的能力建设活动形式具有关键重要性。", "155. 据认为，外层空间活动长期可持续性工作组计划查明和研究挑战并考虑可能的新准则，这些计划具有相关重要意义，这主要是因为各国和商业公司关注主动清除空间碎片的项目以及制定探索和利用月球的计划和方案。表达这一观点的代表团回顾，与工作组有关的进一步实质性评论意见载于A/AC.105/2022/ CRP.9、A/AC.105/2022/CRP.10和A/AC.105/2022/CRP.11号会议室文件。", "156. 据认为，审议空间碎片、为科学和社会保持寂静夜空、近地天体和使用核动力源等问题，可有助于确保外层空间活动的长期可持续性。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，因此，对这些问题的审议应当考虑到《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》。", "157. 据认为，外层空间活动的长期可持续性应当作为一个常设项目保留在科学和技术小组委员会的议程上，以确保外层空间活动长期可持续性工作组在技术方面已经取得进展的讨论继续进行下去并得到所有代表团更多的关注。", "158. 据认为，由世界经济论坛牵头的一个联合团体所制定并由瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院运营的空间可持续性评级系统，将有助于并加强外层空间负责任和可持续的行为。", "10. 委员会的未来作用和工作方法", "159. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“委员会的未来作用和工作方法”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第210-233段）。", "160. 委员会回顾其第六十二届会议作出的决定，内容是在两个小组委员会的议程上同时加入一个题为“委员会的未来作用和工作方法”的常设项目，以便能够讨论跨领域问题（A/74/20，第321(h)段）。", "11. 外层空间使用核动力源", "161. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“外层空间使用核动力源”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第224-237段）。", "162. 委员会核可了小组委员会和重新召集的由Sam A. Harbison（英国）担任主席的外层空间使用核动力源工作组提出的建议，包括将工作组多年期工作计划延长一年以便最后完成提交小组委员会的多年期工作计划成果报告，并探讨未来空间核动力源应用知识、做法和计划进展情况的信息收集备选办法（A/AC.105/1258，第237段和附件三）。", "163. 委员会注意到，在这方面，工作组已在秘书处的协助下举行了一系列闭会期间会议，并于2022年6月7日和8日在委员会第六十五届会议间隙举行了两次非正式会议，以向前推进其工作。", "164. 委员会确认一些国家和一个国际政府间组织正在制定或考虑制定有关在外层空间使用核动力源安全问题的法规文书，其中将考虑到由小组委员会和国际原子能机构联合拟定的《关于在外层空间使用核动力源的原则》和《外层空间核动力源应用安全框架》的内容和要求。", "165. 委员会在这方面还注意到工作组工作的重要性，这些工作可以促成继续交流信息，促进进一步了解和制定有效程序确保在空间安全使用核动力，因为人们对在外层空间使用核动力源重新产生了兴趣，核动力为探索太阳系打开了大门，可以进行观察和了解原本无法达到的黑暗、遥远的行星天体，在航天器的空间推进中使用核动力源是前往火星的搭载人员和货物飞行任务以及前往外太阳系的科学飞行任务的一项潜在技术，能够实现更快和更强大的载人飞行和机器人飞行任务。", "166. 一些代表团认为，应当有一个在多边一级就这一专题进行结构化交流的持续机制，外层空间使用核动力源工作组将向小组委员会建议必要的新安排，以便向前推进关于制定未来可能在外层空间使用核动力源的安全准则工作。", "12. 空间与全球健康", "167. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“空间与全球健康”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第238-249段）。", "168. 委员会核可了小组委员会及其由Antoine Geissbühler（瑞士）担任主席召集的空间与全球健康工作组关于本项目的建议和决定，包括关于建立空间与全球健康平台和空间与全球健康网络的决定（A/AC.105/1258，第249段，以及附件四，第7段）。", "169. 委员会感谢瑞士代表团在委员会本届会议期间为进行非正式协商讨论载于A/AC.105/L.328号文件关于空间与全球健康的决议草案案文提供便利。", "170. 据认为，决议草案的案文原可得到进一步加强，通过确认人体医学研究的重要性，增进对生态学、心理学、人体工程学、遗传学、体育、营养学和其他科学的认知了解。表达这一观点的代表团还强调了全球健康领域国际合作的非歧视特性，并强调，发展和改善卫生保健系统的目标不应受到政治动机的阻碍。", "171. 一些代表团表示认为，本报告附件所载决议草案有效地抓住了空间数据和技术在公共卫生领域的关键作用。这些代表团还欢迎通过了这项决议草案，并表示必须推动这项工作，分享空间活动对全球健康的惠益。", "172. 在2022年6月3日第790次会议上，委员会核可了本报告附件一所载的空间与全球健康决议草案。委员会注意到，经核可的决议草案将提交大会2022年第七十七届会议，供大会在题为“和平利用外层空间方面的国际合作”的议程项目下通过。", "173. 委员会注意到与空间和全球健康有关的广泛一系列活动，并确认空间科学、空间技术和空间应用的贡献促进了预防和控制疾病、增进人类健康和福祉、应对全球健康问题、医学研究进步、健康实践进步以及向个人和社区提供保健服务，包括在保健机会有限的农村地区。", "174. 委员会注意到空间科学、空间技术和空间应用在应对COVID-19疫情大流行方面的重要作用，以及在支持追踪接触者、确定疫区范围、建立疾病传播模型和人群传染监测、远程工作网络连线、远程保健和通信还有社会孤独应对方法等方面的关键作用。", "175. 委员会欢迎空间与全球健康工作组关于根据其多年期工作计划开展的工作情况的报告（A/AC.105/C.1/121），并表示感谢工作组主席在指导工作组根据其多年期工作计划开展工作方面所作的不懈努力和发挥的干练领导作用。", "176. 委员会赞赏地注意到瑞士在2022年5月日内瓦卫生论坛期间组织的题为“利用空间技术促进全球健康”的圆桌会议，会上介绍了空间与全球健康平台和国际网络，外层空间事务厅、世界卫生组织、联合国卫星中心和地球观测小组参加了会议。", "177. 委员会注意到，已邀请会员国选定专家并鼓励他们参加空间与全球健康网络。", "178. 委员会一致认为，从2023年起，题为“空间与全球健康”的议程项目将成为小组委员会议程上的一个常设项目。", "13. 在不妨碍国际电信联盟的作用的情况下，审查地球静止轨道的物理性质和技术特征及其利用和应用，包括在空间通信领域的利用和应用，以及与空间通信发展有关的其他问题，特别考虑到发展中国家的需要和利益", "179. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“在不妨碍国际电联作用情况下审查地球静止轨道的物理性质和技术特征及其利用和应用，包括在空间通信领域的利用和应用，以及与空间通信发展有关的其他问题，同时特别考虑到发展中国家的需要和利益”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/ 1258，第250-261段）。", "180. 一些代表团表示认为，地球静止轨道是一种有限的自然资源，面临饱和的风险，因而威胁到这一环境内空间活动的可持续性；对其使用应该加以合理安排；以及应当在公平的条件下向所有国家开放，而不论国家目前的技术能力如何，同时应当特别考虑到发展中国家的需要和某些国家的地理位置。", "14. 关于为科学和社会保持寂静夜空的一般性交换意见", "181. 委员会注意到小组委员会在题为“关于为科学和社会保持寂静夜空的一般性交换意见”这一项目下的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/ 1258，第262-276段）。", "182. 委员会欢迎将“关于为科学和社会保持寂静夜空的一般性交换意见”作为一个单项讨论议题/项目列入科学和技术小组委员会的议程，光学天文学和射电天文学的天文观测是空间活动的一个重要方面，应当得到保护不受干扰，而将上述题目列入议程是对这一事实的重要承认。", "183. 委员会欢迎联合国/西班牙/天文学联盟关于为科学和社会保持寂静夜空会议（A/AC.105/1255和A/AC.105/1257）以及外层空间事务厅在科学和技术小组委员会第五十九届会议间隙举办的关于寂静夜空专题的业界专题讨论会（A/AC.105/1258，第43-48段）对进行讨论作出的贡献，并注意到这些活动所产生的建议。", "184. 委员会注意到国际天文学联盟主动邀请各代表团与其最近开设的保护寂静夜空不受卫星群星座干扰中心进行接触联系，该中心于2022年4月1日开始运作，旨在与全球范围各机构和个人协调多学科国际合作努力，以帮助减轻卫星群星座对地面光学和射电天文学观测造成的负面影响，以及对人类享受夜空造成的负面影响。", "185. 委员会注意到一些国家为保护射电望远镜和无线电静区免受卫星群星座影响所开展的努力，天文学界和卫星界之间的持续接触，以及所有相关参与方特别是航天工业、卫星群星座运营商和天文界持续开展合作的重要性，以确保保护寂静夜空不受卫星群星座的干扰。", "186. 一些代表团表示认为，需要众多利益关系方努力制定切实可行的解决办法，以解决卫星群星座对天文学的非故意影响。", "187. 据认为，卫星星座对地面天文学夜空能见度的不利影响尚未受到充分考虑，这一事项属于委员会的任务范围，因此需要制定一项国际协商一致的条例。", "15. 科学和技术小组委员会第六十一届会议临时议程草案", "188. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“小组委员会第六十届会议临时议程草案”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1258，第277-281段）。", "189. 委员会核可了小组委员会有关本项目的建议和决定（A/AC.105/1258，第279-281段）。", "190. 在小组委员会第五十九届会议审议的基础上，委员会一致认为，小组委员会第六十届会议应当审议下列项目：", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 主席致词。", "3. 一般性交换意见和介绍所提交的各国活动报告。", "4. 联合国空间应用方案。", "5. 空间技术促进可持续社会经济发展。", "6. 与卫星遥感地球相关的事项，包括对发展中国家的各种应用和地球环境监测。", "7. 空间碎片。", "8. 借助空间系统的灾害管理支持。", "9. 全球导航卫星系统最近的发展。", "10. 空间天气。", "11. 近地天体。", "12. 外层空间活动的长期可持续性。", "（2023年工作，按外层空间活动长期可持续性工作组多年期工作计划所示（A/AC.105/1258，第209段和附件二附录，第18段））", "13. 委员会的未来作用和工作方法。", "14. 空间与全球健康。", "15. 外层空间使用核动力源.", "（2023年工作，按外层空间使用核动力源工作组延长年限的多年期工作计划所示（A/AC.105/1258，第237段和附件三，第5段））", "16. 在不妨碍国际电信联盟的作用的情况下，审查地球静止轨道的物理性质和技术特征及其利用和应用，包括在空间通信领域的利用和应用，以及与空间通信发展有关的其他问题，特别考虑到发展中国家的需要和利益。", "（单项讨论议题/项目）", "17. 关于为科学和社会保持寂静夜空的一般性交换意见。", "（单项讨论议题/项目）", "18. 科学和技术小组委员会第六十一届会议临时议程草案。", "19. 向和平利用外层空间委员会提交的报告。", "191. 委员会商定，全体工作组、外层空间使用核动力源工作组和外层空间活动长期可持续性工作组应当在科学和技术小组委员会第六十届会议上再次召集会议。", "192. 委员会商定，根据科学和技术小组委员会2007年举行的第四十四届会议上达成的一致意见（A/AC.105/890，附件一，第24段），拟由空间研究委员会在小组委员会第六十届会议期间举办的专题讨论会主题应当是气候行动和来自空间的贡献。", "C. 法律小组委员会第六十一届会议报告", "193. 委员会赞赏地注意到法律小组委员会第六十一届会议报告（A/AC.105/ 1260），其中载有小组委员会依照大会第76/76号决议对各个项目的审议结果。", "194. 委员会对Nomfuneko Majaja（南非）在小组委员会第六十一届会议期间作为主席所展现的杰出领导才能表示赞赏。", "195. 奥地利、巴西、加拿大、智利、中国、芬兰、德国、希腊、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、意大利、日本、卢森堡、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、英国、美国和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的代表在本项目下作了发言。摩洛哥代表以77国集团和中国的名义也作了发言。在一般性交换意见期间，其他成员国也作了与本项目有关的发言。", "196. 委员会听取了日本代表所作的题为“关于亚洲太平洋区域空间机构论坛加强亚太区域空间政策和法律能力举措的进展报告”的专题介绍。", "1. 有关国际政府间组织和非政府组织空间法相关活动情况的介绍", "197. 委员会注意到小组委员会在题为“有关国际政府间组织和非政府组织空间法相关活动情况的介绍”的项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1260，第36-38段）。", "2. 联合国五项外层空间条约现状和适用情况", "198. 委员会注意到小组委员会在联合国五项外层空间条约现状和适用情况这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1260，第39-51段）。", "199. 委员会核可了小组委员会及其重新召集的由Bernhard Schmidt-Tedd（德国）担任主席的联合国五项外层空间条约现状和适用情况工作组的决定和建议（A/AC.105/1260，附件一，第7-15段）。", "200. 一些代表团表示认为，工作组就五项条约的现状和适用情况、国际法对小型卫星的适用和诸如卫星登记等更广泛的问题进行的讨论，以及工作组编写的题为“让空间惠益所有国家：空间活动法律框架指导文件”（A/AC.105/ C.2/117）的内容广泛的文件，均为小组委员会提供了有益的帮助，并大大有助于各国制定国家空间法律和政策。", "201. 一些代表团表示认为，法律小组委员会是促进逐步发展国际空间法推进和平利用外层空间的适当论坛，有必要加强与科学和技术小组委员会的互动，确保法律规则仍然具有相关性，并适用于当前和计划中的空间活动。", "202. 一些代表团表示认为，鉴于私营部门越来越多地参与空间活动，并且潜力不断发展，谈判达成一项明确界定和指导外层空间商业活动的具有法律约束力的国际文书，可在扩大利用外层空间和推动空间活动造福人类方面发挥重要作用，并有助于确保发展中国家的权利得到考虑，而且确保这些国家不被排除在空间探索的惠益之外。", "203. 据认为，尽管联合国五项外层空间条约构成了国际空间法的基石，而且越来越多的国家加入这些条约受到了欢迎，但这些条约仍需进一步发展和补充，以便能够适应新的发展，如外层空间非政府实体和私营部门行为体的兴起。", "204. 一些代表团表示认为，国际空间法是促使行为体能够在安全和可预测的环境中蓬勃发展的一项关键因素，在这方面，履行《外空条约》规定的授权从事空间活动的非政府实体开展活动并予以监督的义务，在提供必要的法律确定性以鼓励私营部门对空间活动进行大规模投资方面发挥着至关重要的作用。", "205. 据认为，随着空间活动的发展，指导外层空间活动的规范、规则和原则也必须随之发展，维持和更新关于授权和持续监督非政府实体的国内法律是促进私营部门行为体在外层空间活动中的确定性和可预测性的一种方式。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，分享信息介绍各国应对《外空条约》规定义务的国家法律，可以鼓励对解释和执行《条约》达成共识并采取共同办法。", "206. 据认为，完成或落实大会第62/101号决议所推荐以及和平利用外层空间委员会《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》所载的关于加强各国和国际政府间组织登记空间物体做法的建议（A/74/20，附件二）至关重要，以便克服巨型星座成百上千个未作登记的空间物体趋势，这些物体可能对地面观测天文学、地球轨道和地球高层大气造成影响。", "3. 与外层空间的定义和划界以及地球静止轨道的性质和利用有关的事项，包括 审议在不妨碍国际电信联盟作用情况下确保合理公平使用地球静止轨道的 方式方法", "207. 委员会注意到小组委员会在“与外层空间的定义和划界以及地球静止轨道的性质和利用有关的事项，包括审议在不妨碍国际电信联盟作用情况下确保合理公平使用地球静止轨道的方式方法”这一议程项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1260，第52-77段）。", "208. 一些代表团表示认为，缺乏外层空间的定义或对外层空间未予划界会造成有关空间法和航空法能否适用的法律不确定性，必须对涉及国家主权及空气空间与外层空间之间界限的问题加以澄清，以减少各国之间出现争端的可能性。", "209. 一些代表团表示认为，没有必要对外层空间进行定义或划界。", "210. 一些代表团表示认为，地球静止轨道是一种显然有饱和之虞的有限的自然资源，必须对其加以合理利用，并且应当向所有国家开放，而不论其目前的技术能力如何。这将使各国能够在公平条件下使用地球静止轨道，同时特别顾及发展中国家的需要和利益以及某些国家的地理位置，并考虑到国际电联的程序以及联合国的有关规范和决定。", "211. 一些代表团认为，地球静止轨道不能由各国通过使用、反复使用或占领或以任何其他方式据为己有，其利用应受适用的国际法管辖。", "212. 据认为，地球静止轨道应被视为外层空间的一个特定领域和特殊部分，这方面的技术和法律治理需要有具体的针对性，因此应当有一个有其自身特点的管理机制。", "213. 据认为，在公平利用地球静止轨道方面存在不足。因此，应考虑采取若干行动，例如设立一个法律小组委员会专门工作组，修改科学和技术小组委员会的相应议程项目，以便审议该问题的技术方面，设立一个政府间专家小组，以及就公平利用轨道资源相关问题与国际电联进行更密切的合作。", "4. 与和平探索和利用外层空间有关的国家立法", "214. 委员会注意到法律小组委员会在与和平探索和利用外层空间有关的国家立法这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1260，第78-91段）。", "215. 委员会核可了小组委员会关于该议程项目的建议（见A/AC.105/1260，第91段）。", "216. 委员会注意到成员国为审查、加强、制定或起草国家空间法律和政策以及为改革或确立国家空间活动治理而开展的各种活动。", "217. 委员会满意地注意到，秘书处对“国家空间活动监管框架图表式概览”（A/AC.105/C.2/2022/CRP.9）作了更新，该更新让各国得以了解现有国家监管框架，分享各国的实际经验并交流关于各国法律框架的信息。", "218. 委员会注意到亚洲太平洋区域空间机构论坛国家空间立法举措研究小组所做的区域努力。该举措已进入第二阶段，涉及执行《和平利用外层空间委员会外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》（A/74/20，附件二），有新国家加入了研究小组，参与研究的国家总数从而达到12个。", "219. 委员会一致认为，国家空间立法应根据国际法加以制定。", "220. 据认为，国家空间立法不应包括与外层空间商业化有关的法规。", "5. 空间法能力建设", "221. 委员会注意到小组委员会在空间法能力建设这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（见A/AC.105/1260，第92-102段）。", "222. 委员会核可了小组委员会关于该议程项目的建议（见A/AC.105/1260，第102段）。", "223. 委员会一致认为，空间法研究、培训和教育方面的国际合作是为确保日益增多的空间活动参与方遵行国际空间法而开展必要国家能力建设的关键所在。", "224. 委员会赞赏地注意到政府实体和非政府实体为空间法能力建设而在国家、区域和国际层面所作的一些努力。", "225. 一些代表团认为，空间法方面的能力建设是一项基本工具，应当通过国际合作予以加强，外层空间事务厅和会员国需要加大支持力度，促进南北合作和南南合作，以期促进共享空间法领域的知识和专长。", "226. 委员会满意地注意到，“针对新空间行为体的空间法”项目旨在提供支持以加强国家空间法律和政策的拟订能力。", "227. 委员会赞赏地注意到2022年5月10日至12日在线举行的联合国/智利空间法律和政策会议。委员会注意到，此类活动将空间法专家、从业人员以及政府、业界和民间社会的代表联系在一起，从而促进了空间法方面的能力建设。", "6. 委员会的未来作用和工作方法", "228. 委员会注意到小组委员会在委员会的未来作用和工作方法这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1260，第103-121段）。", "229. 委员会核可了小组委员会报告所载各项决定（A/AC.105/1260，第106段）。", "7. 关于空间碎片减缓和整治措施法律机制的一般性交换信息和意见，同时考虑到科学和技术小组委员会的工作", "230. 委员会注意到法律小组委员会在“关于空间碎片减缓和整治措施法律机制的一般性交换信息和意见，同时考虑到科学和技术小组委员会的工作”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见法律小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1260，第122-149段）。", "231. 委员会核可了小组委员会报告所载各项决定（A/AC.105/1260，第149段）。", "232. 委员会满意地注意到，大会第62/217号决议核可了委员会的《空间碎片减缓准则》，这是在如何减缓空间碎片问题上提供指导迈出的重要一步，委员会促请联合国所有会员国考虑自愿执行该《准则》。", "233. 委员会满意地注意到，一些国家已采取措施，通过本国法律中的相关规定落实关于空间碎片的国际公认准则和标准，包括委员会的《空间碎片减缓准则》和委员会的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》。", "234. 据认为，小组委员会应扩大审查委员会的《空间碎片减缓准则》，同时考虑到携载核动力源的空间平台可能产生空间碎片，而且这类平台也可能与空间碎片发生碰撞。表达上述意见的代表团还对这类碎片在南半球特别是南太平洋区域重返大气层表示关切，并吁请发射国采取措施避免产生空间碎片。", "235. 据认为，外层空间活动中的透明度和建立信任措施政府专家组的建议以及《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》将有助于监测和减缓空间碎片，并有助于以安全和可持续的方式进行空间作业。", "236. 据认为，有必要制定具有约束力的新文书来减少空间碎片。", "237. 一些代表团表示认为，必须通过法律手段处理空间碎片问题，法律小组委员会应当讨论登记国、管辖权、控制和空间物体损害赔偿责任等法律问题。", "238. 据认为，法律小组委员会应当与科学和技术小组委员会密切合作，处理与空间碎片问题和空间活动长期可持续性有关的议题，并拟定国际公认的人为造成的空间碎片领域基本术语定义。", "239. 委员会欢迎最近对各国和各国际组织通过的减缓空间碎片标准简编进行的更新和补充，并鼓励各国和相关组织对该简编做出贡献。", "8. 关于不具法律约束力的联合国外层空间文书的一般性交换信息", "240. 委员会注意到法律小组委员会在关于不具法律约束力的联合国外层空间文书的一般性交换信息这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1260，第150-164段）。", "241. 委员会注意到外层空间事务厅在一个专门网页上提供了关于各国和各国际组织就不具法律约束力的联合国外层空间文书通过的机制简编，并请委员会成员国和在委员会享有常驻观察员地位的政府间国际组织继续向秘书处提交答复以纳入该简编。", "242. 一些代表团表示认为，制定不具法律约束力的联合国文书的重要性，这些文书是对现有联合国各项外层空间条约的补充和支持，对空间活动方面的新情况做出回应，并有助于进一步加强外层空间活动的安全、安保和可持续性。", "243. 一些代表团回顾《关于开展探索和利用外层空间的国际合作，促进所有国家的福利和利益，并特别要考虑到发展中国家的需要的宣言》，认为该宣言是促进国际合作以最大限度地扩大空间应用的利用对所有国家惠益的一份重要文书，并吁请所有航天国家为推动和促进公平的国际合作做出贡献，同时特别注重发展中国家的利益，加强委员会作为探索和利用外层空间国际合作领域主要信息交流平台的作用。", "244. 据认为，不具法律约束力的联合国文书也是制定确保安全可持续利用外层空间行为守则的重要手段。发表该观点的代表团还吁请各国支持并继续与根据大会第76/231号决议设立的不限成员名额工作组展开合作，制定外层空间负责任行为规范、规则和原则。", "9. 关于空间交通管理所涉法律问题的一般性交换意见", "245. 委员会注意到小组委员会在题为“关于空间交通管理所涉法律问题的一般性交换意见”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1260，第165–178段）。", "246. 委员会核可了小组委员会有关继续审议该项目的建议，特别是考虑到由于外层空间物体不断增加、外层空间行动方多种多样以及空间活动增多而导致空间环境日益复杂和拥挤。", "247. 一些代表团表示认为，这些现象对外层空间活动的安全、安保和可持续性构成了挑战。", "248. 一些代表团表示认为，制定全球空间交通管理制度将有助于制定、发展和实施国际通行规则，这是及时和必要的，因为外层空间活动的安全、安保和可持续性相关议题是所有空间行为体和社会日益关切的问题。", "249. 一些代表团表示认为，还必须采用外层空间负责任行为规范和原则，特别是各国普遍承诺不进行会产生长期轨道碎片的反卫星武器试验。", "250. 据认为，尽管联合国各项外层空间条约以及国际电联的国际规章已载列与空间交通管理有关的基本规定，尽管与空间交通管理有关的一些议题已经由委员会的《空间碎片减缓准则》和《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》等不具约束力的国际文书涵盖，但仍迫切需要制定一个由技术和监管规定组成的国际空间交通治理制度，填补现有文书中的法律空白。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，小组委员会是制定这种综合性多边办法以便有效管理空间交通的适当论坛，在这方面任何单一的国家或区域努力都可能形成法律支离破碎的风险，可能导致空间活动安全的恶化。", "251. 一些代表团表示认为，以《外层空间条约》为基石的现行国际空间法为空间交通管理提供了基本法律制度。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，所有国家都应在国际法的基础上维护国际空间秩序，并确保航天器运行的安全。", "252. 据认为，在审议未来的空间交通管理办法时，不需要对外层空间进行定义和划界。", "10. 关于对小卫星活动适用国际法的一般性交换意见", "253. 委员会注意到小组委员会在题为“关于对小卫星活动适用国际法的一般性交换意见”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/ 1260，第179-202段）。", "254. 委员会注意到该项目继续在小组委员会的议程上，并一致认为保留该项目有助于处理与使用小卫星有关的问题并提高对这些问题的认识。", "255. 委员会指出，凡涉及小型卫星的活动，无论卫星大小，都应按照国际空间法进行。", "256. 一些代表团表示认为，在进行上述活动时还应遵守现行的国际监管框架。", "257. 委员会了解了各国和各国际组织侧重小卫星开发和运行的方案，以及适用于小卫星开发和使用的监管框架。", "258. 一些代表团表示认为，考虑到空间物体无论大小均在会员国社会经济发展中发挥重要作用，委员会及其各小组委员会不应设立可能对空间物体的设计、建造、发射或使用施加限制的临时法律制度或任何其他机制。", "259. 一些代表团表示认为，在讨论空间物体登记问题时，应当考虑到外层空间的不断发展，例如大型星座的数量不断增加。", "260. 据认为，巨型星座对外层空间活动的长期可持续性有影响，法律小组委员会应就这一专题进行有针对性的讨论。", "11. 关于空间资源探索、开发和利用活动潜在法律模式的一般性交换意见", "261. 委员会注意到小组委员会在题为“关于空间资源探索、开发和利用活动潜在法律模式的一般性交换意见”这一项目下进行的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1260，第203-230段）。", "262. 委员会核可了小组委员会及其在本议程项目下设立的工作组的决定和建议，该工作组已重新召集，由Andrzej Misztal（波兰）担任主席，Steven Freeland（澳大利亚）担任副主席（A/AC.105/1260，附件二，第5-8段）。", "263. 委员会注意到，在本议程项目下设立的工作组被命名为空间资源活动所涉法律问题工作组，并商定了详细的工作计划和工作方法，载于工作组报告附录（A/AC.105/1260，附件二）。", "264. 一些代表团表示认为，由奥地利、比利时、捷克共和国、芬兰、德国、卢森堡、挪威、葡萄牙和罗马尼亚提交的会议室文件A/AC.105/C.2/2022/CRP.21，为通过工作组的工作计划作出了贡献，文件中载有为A/AC.105/1260号文件附件二所设想在联合国主持下召开的国际空间资源会议提出的建议。", "265. 一些代表团表示认为，空间资源的探索、开发和利用最好是在国际一级通过委员会及其各小组委员会等多边论坛进行协调，以便促进和平与可持续地探索和利用外层空间，从而确保这些活动的开展遵照国际法，并惠益所有国家。", "266. 据认为，工作组的任何成果，无论是以建议还是成套原则的形式，只要是为空间资源利用活动确定了框架，就应确保联合国五项外层空间条约所确立的规则以不妨碍技术进步和私人空间活动的方式适用于空间资源活动，同时实现《外空条约》第一条中的承诺，即探索和利用外层空间应为所有国家谋福利和利益。", "267. 据认为，关于空间资源的议程项目已经从一个讨论专题发展成为一个以目标为导向的工作组，这一进展可能成为整个小组委员会今后工作方法的一种潜在模式，因为它表明各国一致希望开展多边工作，就共同关心的难题取得具体和实际的成果，并为所有空间行为体提供有益的法律指导。", "268. 据认为，工作组通过了五年期工作计划以澄清《外空条约》的重要条款，这是值得欢迎的。表达这一意见的代表团还认为，应当采取循序渐进的方法来制定空间资源活动框架，其成果应当符合《外空条约》所载国际空间法的基本原则。", "269. 一些代表团指出，签署《关于为和平目的民用探索和利用月球、火星、彗星和小行星合作原则的阿尔忒弥斯协定》的国家数目已增加到19个，并认为上述协定是一系列承诺，规定了指导这些国家探索月球、火星和其他天体的规则和原则。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，《阿尔忒弥斯协定》以《外空条约》为基础，表明在将人类活动范围扩大到地球以外时签署方对负责任和透明行为的承诺。", "270. 据认为，《阿尔忒弥斯协定》列出的一项关键原则是透明度，各国应继续致力于分享和传播关于各自国家空间政策和空间探索计划的信息。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，多边讨论必须侧重确定实用工具，以符合《外空条约》所规定的国际义务和承诺的透明方式分享各国月球活动的信息。", "271. 据认为，虽然《阿尔忒弥斯协定》可以作为一个起点，其中一些规定易于接受，但有些方面需要削减，并与对不得据为己有原则的更广泛理解相协调，以便获得更大的支持。", "272. 一些代表团表示认为，探索、开发和利用空间资源的任何活动都应根据确立国际空间法的联合国五项外层空间条约进行，各国单独或作为国家集团在联合国多边框架之外开展任何活动都将会导致委员会成员国之间合作上的支离分散，应当加以避免。", "273. 一些代表团表示认为，《关于各国在月球和其他天体上活动的协定》为工作组开展工作提供了有意义的启示，因为该文书载有呼吁建立空间资源开发国际制度的条款，而且这类开发即将具有可行性。表达这一意见的代表团还认为，这样一种国际制度将是兼顾考虑直接或间接对探索月球作出贡献的国家所作努力和发展中国家利益的一种方式。", "274. 一些代表团表示认为，对《外空条约》所载重要原则，例如不据为己有原则以及自由探索和利用外层空间原则，作出权威性解释，将使各国能够对空间资源活动作出具体的未来承诺。表达这一意见的代表团还认为，对《外空条约》规定的在开展空间活动时适当顾及该条约所有其他缔约国的相应利益这一义务达成共识，以及对哪些行为构成或不构成适当顾及达成共识，将有助于确保空间资源继续对所有人可用。", "275. 据认为，由于能够开展空间资源活动的国家为数有限，因此必须确保此类活动积累的资产不会集中在少数利益攸关方手中，而且《外空条约》概述了对社会负责的行为，这些行为支持和平、包容和可持续的空间活动，同时以考虑到发展中国家特殊需要和利益的方式促进国际参与。", "276. 据认为，在制定空间资源活动框架时，应确保加强与科学和技术小组委员会的互动，以便达成的框架能够应对实际开展的活动。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，作为制定治理空间资源活动的法律规则的第一步，有必要制定一套国际公认的空间资源活动相关基本术语定义，而且一套定义的制定需要技术投入。", "277. 据认为，空间资源不包括无线电频率或轨道，例如地球静止轨道，因为此类资源属于国际电联的职权范围。", "278. 一些代表团表示认为，在制定探索、开发和利用空间资源的框架时，工作组可以考虑在该领域已经开展的现有工作，例如海牙国际空间资源治理工作组编写的“制定国际空间资源活动框架的构成要素”，该文件已作为工作文件以联合国所有正式语文提供（A/AC.105/C.2/L.315）。", "12. 就拟由法律小组委员会第六十二届会议审议的新增项目给和平利用外层空间委员会的提议", "279. 委员会注意到法律小组委员会在就拟由法律小组委员会第六十二届会议审议的新增项目给委员会的提议这一项目下开展的讨论，讨论情况见小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1260，第231-244段）。", "280. 根据小组委员会第六十一届会议的审议情况，委员会一致认为小组委员会第六十二届会议应审议下列实质性项目：", "常设项目", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 主席致词。", "3. 一般性交换意见。", "4. 有关国际政府间组织和非政府组织空间法相关活动情况的介绍。", "5. 联合国五项外层空间条约现状和适用情况。", "6. 与下列方面有关的事项：", "(a) 外层空间的定义和划界；", "(b) 地球静止轨道的性质和利用，包括审议在不妨碍国际电信联盟作用情况下确保合理公平使用地球静止轨道的方式方法。", "7. 与和平探索和利用外层空间有关的国家立法。", "8. 空间法能力建设。", "9. 委员会的未来作用和工作方法。", "工作计划下的项目", "10. 关于空间资源探索、开发和利用活动潜在法律模式的一般性交换意见。", "（空间资源活动所涉法律问题工作组多年期工作计划所述2023年工作（A/AC.105/1260，第206段和附件二，附录））", "单项讨论议题/项目", "11. 关于空间碎片减缓和整治措施法律机制的一般性交换信息和意见，同时考虑到科学和技术小组委员会的工作。", "12. 关于不具法律约束力的联合国外层空间文书的一般性交换信息。", "13. 关于空间交通管理所涉法律问题的一般性交换意见。", "14. 关于对小卫星活动适用国际法的一般性交换意见。", "新增项目", "15. 就拟由法律小组委员会第六十三届会议审议的新增项目给和平利用外层空间委员会的提议。", "281. 委员会一致认为，应在小组委员会第六十二届会议上重新召集联合国五项外层空间条约现状和适用情况工作组、外层空间定义和划界工作组和空间资源活动所涉法律问题工作组。", "282. 委员会核可了小组委员会达成的一致意见，认为应根据法律小组委员会的报告（A/AC.105/1260）在小组委员会第六十二届会议期间举行一次专题讨论会。", "283. 据认为，小组委员会应定期审查议程项目，以便中止缺乏兴趣或似乎不再有必要的项目，或者制定一项工作计划，在感兴趣的项目下实现具体成果。表达这一意见的代表团还认为，重要的一点是，如果有兴趣或有必要，可以重新提出以前中止的项目。", "D. 空间与可持续发展", "284. 根据大会第76/76号决议，委员会审议了题为“空间与可持续发展”的议程项目。", "285. 中国、法国、德国、印度、印度尼西亚、日本、哈萨克斯坦、墨西哥、荷兰、俄罗斯联邦、南非、泰国、阿拉伯联合酋长国、美国和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的代表在本项目下作了发言。平方公里阵列天文台和世界空间周协会的观察员也作了发言。在一般性交换意见期间，其他成员国的代表也作了与本项目有关的发言。", "286. 委员会收到了下列文件：", "(a) 主题为“空间协助气候行动”的联合国/奥地利世界空间论坛的报告（A/AC.105/1266）；", "(b) 主题为“妇女参与空间举措、挑战和机会”的联合国/巴西/阿拉伯联合酋长国“空间为妇女”专家会议的报告（A/AC.105/1267）。", "287. 委员会在本项目下听取了下列专题介绍：", "(a) “中国的应急管理中的卫星应用（2021-2022年）”，由中国代表介绍；", "(b) “保护外层空间环境有助于可持续空间活动”，由中国代表介绍；", "(c) “印度的地球观测应用促进国家发展和治理”，由印度代表介绍；", "(d) “印度空间领域的能力建设活动：最新情况通报”，由印度代表介绍；", "(e) “空间技术：对伊朗可持续发展的贡献”，由伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表介绍；", "(f) “日本宇宙航空研究开发机构可持续空间原则：日本宇宙航空研究开发机构对可持续发展目标的贡献”，由日本代表介绍；", "(g) “空间增进粮食安全”，由荷兰代表介绍。", "(h) “利用韩国大地观测卫星图像进行灾害监测和构建空间信息”，由大韩民国代表介绍；", "(i) “巴西、俄罗斯联邦、印度、中国和南非（金砖国家）智能望远镜和数据网络（BITDN）旗舰项目：金砖国家全球光学望远镜网络”，由俄罗斯联邦代表介绍；", "(j) “面向发展中国家的创新性、跨领域、先进空间技术培训方案”，由俄罗斯联邦代表介绍；", "(k) “用于研究海洋生态系统的远程监测系统”，由俄罗斯联邦代表介绍；", "(l) “新生的空间工业的能力建设”，由菲律宾代表介绍。", "288. 委员会重申认识到空间科技及其应用的重要作用，空间科技及其应用有助于执行《2030年可持续发展议程》，特别是实现各项可持续发展目标，有助于落实《2015-2030年仙台减少灾害风险框架》，以及有助于各缔约国履行其对关于气候变化的《巴黎协定》作出的承诺。", "289. 委员会注意到空间技术和应用及空间所得数据和信息对于可持续发展的价值，包括在环境保护、土地和水管理、城乡发展、海洋和沿海生态系统、医疗保健、气候变化、减少灾害风险和紧急救助、能源、基础设施、导航、地震监测、自然资源管理、雪和冰川、生物多样性、农业和粮食安全等领域，有助于改进相关政策和行动方案的制定和执行。", "290. 委员会满意地注意到外层空间事务厅与奥地利和阿拉伯联合酋长国政府合作举办了一系列世界空间论坛。", "291. 委员会注意到各国介绍了旨在融合国家、区域和国际各级跨部门活动并将天基地理空间数据和信息纳入所有可持续发展进程和机制的各种努力。", "292. 委员会还注意到各国介绍了本国旨在使全社会更多了解和认识利用空间科技应用满足发展需要的行动和方案。", "293. 委员会注意到，国际空间站在科学研究促进可持续发展方面继续发挥重要作用。", "294. 委员会满意地注意到，各国在区域一级开展了大量宣传活动，通过教育和培训开展有关利用空间科技应用促进可持续发展方面的能力建设。", "295. 委员会注意到国际合作和伙伴关系对于充分发挥空间科技和应用促进可持续发展的潜力的价值。", "296. 委员会注意到，第四次亚洲及太平洋空间应用促进可持续发展部长级会议将于2022年10月在印度尼西亚举行。", "E. 空间技术的附带利益：现况审查", "297. 根据大会第76/76号决议，委员会审议了题为“空间技术的附带利益：现况审查”的议程项目。", "298. 阿尔及利亚、巴西、印度、意大利、墨西哥、俄罗斯联邦、南非、美国和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的代表在本项目下作了发言。在一般性交换意见过程中，其他一些成员国的代表作了与本项目有关的发言。", "299. 委员会听取了下列专题介绍：", "(a) “作为国家能力建设引擎的SAOCOM项目”，由阿根廷代表介绍；", "(b) “利用张衡一号电磁监测卫星和高分遥感卫星进行自然灾害监测”，由中国代表介绍；", "(c) “俄罗斯新一代甚长基线干涉测量网络”，由俄罗斯联邦代表介绍。", "300. 委员会注意到各国介绍了本国在空间技术附带利益方面的做法，此类做法涉及包括私营部门和学术界在内的各种行为主体。", "301. 委员会注意到由美国航天局发布的题为《2022年附带利益》的出版物可在其网站上查阅。委员会对美国航天局自2000年委员会第四十三届会议以来每年向各代表团提供系列出版物《附带利益》表示感谢。", "302. 委员会注意到许多领域的创新，这些领域包括农业、室内垂直耕作、污染和有毒化学品补救、水和自然资源可持续管理、森林和野火探测、地质学、地球物理学、生态系统保护、可耕地的确定和开发、渔业和矿藏、卫生、医学、修复术、生物学、化学、环境、教育、电子学、通信、导航和授时、材料应用、能源存储、运输、安全、互联网接入、激光数据传输、处理、分析和存储以及灾害管理等。此外，委员会注意到，为空间应用开发并由空间机构许可的许多技术已转让给工业界，并已在社会中得到实际应用。特别是，商业行为主体开发了利用空间附带技术的各种类型的医疗支持设备，以应对冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行。", "303. 一些代表团表示认为，各空间机构的技术转让方案促进了各个行业的经济发展，这些行业的经济发展又使得企业家、公司、学术界和政府机构得以利用创新成果。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，这些方案有助于采取战略举措，创建一个综合性国际空间生态系统，以促进私营部门增长和工业自力更生，吸引外国商业投资和鼓励国际合作。", "304. 一些代表团表示认为，负责直接与工业界和学术界合作的专门的公共部门实体为商业参与提供了支持，并促进了天基技术的应用，以实现广泛使用和更大的社会经济惠益。", "305. 一些代表团表示认为，通过对公共部门投资于空间部门的社会经济影响进行长期研究，可以确定空间衍生技术的提供者和使用者如何提高了绩效和创新潜力。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，特别是从空间技术中衍生出来的产品和服务，包括地球观测、导航和授时技术，改善了多种产品和服务的商业供应，并有助于提高研究和开发的效力和效率。", "306. 一些代表团表示认为，遥感、地理空间和地球观测方案，特别是图像、数据和分析，在下述各方面特别重要：灾害管理和应急、城市和农业规划、卫生测绘、能源、食品安全、边境监视、非法作物和非法采矿的管制、物流、建筑业、旅游业、生态学、防治荒漠化和支持通过神经网络技术、人工智能和机器学习处理大量数据等等。发表该意见的代表团还认为，这些方案对落实可持续项目具有重要意义，有助于给受气候变化影响的实体提供决策依据。", "F. 空间与水", "307. 根据大会第76/76号决议，委员会审议了题为“空间与水”的议程项目。", "308. 阿尔及利亚、巴西、法国、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、日本、墨西哥和泰国的代表在本项目下作了发言。苏丹·本·阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹王储国际水奖机构的观察员也在本项目下作了发言。在一般性交换意见期间，其他一些成员国也作了与本项目有关的发言。", "309. 在讨论过程中，各代表团回顾了与水有关的合作活动，列举了国家方案及双边、区域和国际合作的事例，说明国际合作和政策对共享遥感数据的有益影响。", "310. 委员会注意到，水及其相关问题正成为二十一世纪最为严重的环境问题。委员会还注意到，为协助实现可持续发展目标，必须利用空间技术及应用以及对水的天基观测促成的各种做法和举措。", "311. 委员会注意到，有许多天基平台处理水相关问题，空间衍生数据已广泛应用于水管理。委员会还注意到，空间技术及应用结合非空间技术，在处理与水有关的诸多问题中发挥着重要作用，其中包括：海平面观测和研究、全球水循环和异常气候模式；对地表水体、水道和流域的测绘，包括其季节和年度变化情况的测绘；大坝蓄水量监测；水库和河流的沉积过程评估；河流径流；蒸散量监测；水质参数的估计值；融雪径流估算；地下水资源监测；水库和灌溉项目的规划和管理；水文灾害预警；洪灾、旱灾、台风、气旋、山崩和冰湖突然融化导致水灾的影响的监测和减缓；土壤水分监测；农业排泄水重复使用；雨水蓄集；确定地下水开发的潜在区域；改进预报的及时性和准确性；以及识别紧急情况，如火灾、污染、盐碱化、水藻大量繁殖、管道事故和原油泄漏。", "312. 一些代表团表示认为，气候变化造成了世界各地的严重干旱和与水有关的灾害以及土地塌陷，已成为稳定水资源管理的一个关键问题。", "313. 据认为，天基技术有助于监测河流、湖泊、湿地和沿海水域的水质，特别是大型和偏远水体的水质，包括监测水体中的污染物，空间技术有助于深入了解可能影响区域一级地下水的工业溢漏或扩散污染点等生态灾害。", "314. 委员会指出，如果不成功地实施和监测水资源综合管理，就无法实现关于人人享有清洁饮水和环境卫生的可持续发展目标6。", "315. 据认为，空间技术和应用可能有助于制定与水有关的政策和协调努力，以实现可持续发展目标6。", "316. 一些代表团表示认为，需要制定政策、开展能力建设、交流知识、转让技术、获取天基数据和现场数据，并就可持续发展目标进行跨学科思考，以建设利益攸关方利用天基信息和促进创新的能力，从而增强社区应对与水资源有关的新风险的能力。", "317. 委员会注意到外层空间事务厅Space4Water门户网站的价值，并强调了该门户网站在传播空间技术用于与水有关的目的方面的作用。", "318. 委员会注意到，第五次空间技术用于水资源管理国际会议于2022年5月10日至13日在阿克拉举行，会议由加纳政府主办，苏丹·本·阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹王储国际水奖机构协办。", "G. 空间与气候变化", "319. 根据大会第76/76号决议，委员会审议了题为“空间与气候变化”的议程项目。", "320. 奥地利、中国、法国、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、日本、肯尼亚、墨西哥、荷兰、尼日利亚、阿拉伯联合酋长国、英国和美国的代表在本项目下作了发言。在一般性交换意见过程中，其他一些成员国的代表也作了与本项目有关的发言。", "321. 委员会听取了下列专题介绍：", "(a) “气候变化和应对措施中国空间观测站”，由中国代表介绍；", "(b) “地球静止环境监测感测器气候变化研究应用计划”，由大韩民国代表介绍；", "(c) “哥白尼计划对全球努力监测二氧化碳排放量的贡献”，由欧洲联盟常设观察员介绍；", "(d) “空间太阳能的惠益”，由全美空间学会观察员介绍。", "322. 委员会注意到气候变化是我们时代最紧迫的全球挑战之一，强调天基技术在提供关键气候数据方面的价值日益增加，通过这些数据可更好地了解、减缓和适应气候变化及监测《巴黎协定》的执行情况，还强调了天基观测对于了解气候变化的重要性。委员会还注意到天基观测对实现关于气候行动的可持续发展目标13的重要意义。", "323. 委员会注意到在国家、区域和国际各级为开发和运行观测大气状况的卫星所作的努力，以及众多利益关系方伙伴关系和行动利用天基观测和技术应对气候变化的重要性。在这方面，委员会注意到第三工作组对2022年4月发布的政府间气候变化专门委员会第六次评估报告作出的贡献，工作组在报告中呼吁采取紧急行动，将全球升温幅度限制在1.5°C度以内，并注意到空间技术和应用在实现气候友好转型的道路上发挥的重要作用。还注意到，只有在天基技术的重要贡献支持下，政府间气候变化专门委员会使用的54个变量的其中一半以上才可以获得测定。", "324. 委员会注意到，包括外层空间事务厅在内，国际伙伴机构和组织表示有兴趣加入空间气候观测站并对其中的工作作出贡献，该观测站是根据法国国家空间研究中心的倡议设立的，2017年12月11日在“同一个地球”首脑会议通过的《巴黎宣言》中得到了20多个空间机构的认可，2019年6月17日还为此在法国勒布尔热（Le Bourget）签署了一份意向联合声明，赋予观测站的主要目标是利用空间技术、有针对性的措施和与社会经济指标相互参照的相关模型，在国家和区域级别制作和传播关于气候变化影响的充分、及时和可靠数据信息，以确定和实施减缓和适应气候变化的举措。", "325. 委员会还注意到，空间气候观测站已制定了其《宪章》，并已提交给作为意向声明目前签署方的36个空间机构。在这方面，委员会注意到，将于2022年9月1日生效的《空间气候观测站宪章》将使观测站能够在努力应对气候变化的多边网络中占有其一席之地，《宪章》赋予观测站的任务是促进调动空间工具开展气候行动和支持落实关于气候变化的《巴黎协定》。", "326. 委员会注意到，作为奥地利“空间助力气候行动”举措的一部分，联合国/奥地利年度专题讨论会将于2022年9月12日至15日举行，主题是“空间助力气候行动：缓解和适应气候变化以及支持地球上实现可持续性目标的经验和最佳做法”。委员会还注意到，将创建一个由外层空间事务厅主办的关于“空间助力气候行动”倡议的专门网页，作为外空厅努力的一部分，支持成员国实现关于气候行动的可持续发展目标13。", "327. 委员会注意到，2021年在英国格拉斯哥成功举行了联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方大会第二十六届会议，会议由英国担任主席，并与意大利合作举办，会上强调了天基气候行动的重要性。在这方面，委员会还注意到，联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方大会第二十七届会议将于2023年11月7日至18日举行，由埃及担任主席。", "328. 委员会注意到在地球观测领域与气候变化有关的活动方面的一些双边伙伴关系以及国家一级的空间方案，这些伙伴关系将建设、发射和运行地球观测卫星系统以跟踪气候变化的表现形式和影响作为一个高度优先事项。", "329. 委员会注意到卫星观测和地球观测应用有助于监测基本气候变量和相关的挑战，例如已经增多的荒漠化和极端天气事件，并有助于跟踪海平面变化、二氧化碳浓度、海冰消耗和陆地积雪，以及搜集关于沙漠、海洋、极地冰层覆盖和冰川等偏远地区的数据。", "330. 委员会还注意到，必须支持地球观测方面的国际合作，包括通过世界气象组织、地球观测卫星委员会、气象卫星协调小组、全球气候观测系统、地球观测小组和亚太空间合作组织等这些长久已有的各个组织开展合作。在这方面，委员会注意到，外层空间事务厅目前正在最后完成关于战略绘图工作的报告，该报告旨在更全面地了解现有政府间实体在利用空间技术支持气候变化减缓、适应、复原能力和监测方面的整套技术和政策协调能力。", "H. 空间技术在联合国系统的使用", "331. 根据大会第76/76号决议，委员会审议了题为“空间技术在联合国系统的使用”的议程项目。", "332. 奥地利、印度、印度尼西亚和墨西哥的代表在本项目下作了发言。在一般性交换意见过程中，其他一些成员国的代表也作了与本项目有关的发言。", "333. 委员会收到下列文件：", "(a) 外层空间活动机构间会议（联合国外空协调会议）第四十届会议报告（A/AC.105/1263）；", "(b) 会议室文件，其中载有外层空间活动机构间会议关于协调联合国系统内与空间相关活动促进气候行动的特别报告预发本（A/AC.105/2022/CRP.15）。", "334. 委员会在本项目下听取了下列专题介绍：", "(a) “俄罗斯——古巴天文台：目标、器材和任务”，由俄罗斯联邦代表介绍；", "(b) “宇宙对地球的撞击：后果评估”，由俄罗斯联邦代表介绍。", "335. 委员会注意到，外层空间活动机构间会议（联合国外空协调会议）第四十届会议已于2021年12月14日以线上形式举行。委员会还注意到，外层空间事务厅正在与亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会合作，力求联合筹办联合国外空协调会议第四十一届会议。", "336. 委员会还注意到，联合国外空协调会议商定在2022年印发一份出版物，重点介绍联合国系统内的空间相关活动。", "337. 委员会欢迎联合国外空协调会议关于协调联合国系统内与空间相关活动促进气候行动的特别报告（将以A/AC.105/1264文号印发），并对联合国外空协调会议和作为其秘书处身份的外层空间事务厅编写该报告表示赞赏。", "338. 委员会鼓励联合国系统各实体酌情参与联合国外空协调会议的协调工作。", "339. 委员会注意到，联合国空间研究组织将与外层空间事务厅协调，于2022年10月15日至12月15日实施第三批次的微型卫星组装和培训方案，并鼓励各会员国，特别是有志于航天的国家，应用这一方案并从中受益。", "I. 委员会的未来作用和工作方法", "340. 根据大会第76/76号决议，委员会审议了题为“委员会的未来作用和工作方法”的议程项目。", "341. 智利、中国、法国、德国、印度尼西亚、荷兰、俄罗斯联邦、瑞士、英国、美国和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的代表在本项目下作了发言。在一般性交换意见过程中，其他一些成员国的代表也作了与本项目有关的发言。", "342. 委员会收到下列文件：", "(a) 秘书处关于和平利用外层空间委员会及其附属机构的治理和工作方法的说明（A/AC.105/C.1/L.384）；", "(b) 加拿大、日本、英国和美国提交的文件，题为“筹备一场众多利益关系方关于外层空间的对话作为联合国未来首脑会议的一部分”（A/AC.105/2022/ CRP.17）。", "343. 委员会回顾了委员会第六十四届会议报告（A/76/20，第281-300段）、科学和技术小组委员会第五十九届会议报告（A/AC.105/1258，第210-223段）和法律小组委员会第六十一届会议报告（A/AC.105/1260，第103-121段）所反映的本项目审议情况。", "344. 委员会同意在题为“其他事项”的议程项目下审议与联合国未来首脑会议有关的事项。", "345. 一些代表团表示认为，委员会应当完全侧重于促进和平利用外层空间，而防止因对太空系统使用武器或利用外层空间从事军事活动或其他国安活动所可能引起的升级和冲突事项则应在联合国裁军论坛中处理。", "346. 据认为，委员会应增加与联合国系统各主要委员会的互动，以便就核能及裁军等问题提供更多的咨询与合作。", "347. 一些代表团表示认为，必须加强两个小组委员会之间在跨领域问题上的协调、互动与协同作用，特别是在长期可持续性和空间资源方面。", "348. 据认为，制定和执行今后的程序，允许就感兴趣的议题和决策进行辩论，将可以提高委员会工作的效率和活力。", "349. 一些代表团表示认为，委员会及其小组委员会只有在删除其他议程项目时才应增加新的议程项目。", "350. 一些代表团表示认为，议程项目应按先后顺序审议，但不排除举行工作组会议。", "351. 据认为，首先应让所有成员国有机会在议程项目下发言，然后才允许观察员组织发言。", "352. 据认为，委员会应考虑如何以新的创新方式力争诸如来自业界、学术界和民间社会等的相关利益关系方参与其活动。", "353. 据认为，委员会必须改进和丰富其工作方法，加强自身引领作用，并采取在其议事规则和现有做法框架内与非政府实体开展互动的更有效手段，以适应不断变化的现实和需要。", "354. 据认为，联合国其他各实体在空间相关问题方面的工作应当与委员会的工作密切协调，委员会应当定期收到参与联合国外空协调会议的联合国各实体所提供的最新情况通报。", "355. 据认为，有必要支持联合国附属各区域空间科学和技术教育中心的工作，并加强不同区域中心之间的交流与协作，以开展发展中国家的能力建设，其中应当给予新兴空间国家和发展中国家以特殊的考虑。", "356. 据认为，必须促进新兴国家的人力资源能力发展，以使其能够利用空间技术的惠益促进发展。", "357. 据认为，应在今后各届会议上保持采用本届会议的混合形式，其中包括了网上直播配有口译服务译成联合国六种正式语言的全体会议，在这方面，发言中强调了提供流畅网上直播和全面数字录音的重要性。", "358. 据认为，以混合形式组织安排委员会及其小组委员会的届会应保持作为一项例外措施，需要征得协商一致的事先核准。", "359. 据认为，应当制订一套在发生不可抗力情况时拟遵循的程序，以确保委员会在COVID-19疫情大流行之类危机情况下的工作连续性。", "360. 据认为，委员会应呼吁依照大会第76/231号决议设立的不限成员名额工作组避开审议委员会已处理并反映在设立工作组之前所作决定中的议题。", "361. 一些代表团表示认为，大会第76/231号决议足以明确界定不限成员名额工作组的任务授权。发表这一观点的代表团还认为，不限成员名额工作组向联合国所有会员国开放参与，关于呼吁避免委员会与工作组的工作重叠，这在工作组本身的会议上呼吁更为合适。", "362. 一些代表团表示认为，大会第76/231号决议的反对票记录以及表决时的弃权票表明了不限成员名额工作组受到争议的性质。", "363. 一些代表团表示认为，审议与安全和稳定有关的问题属于大会裁军和国际安全委员会（第一委员会）的职权范围。", "364. 一些代表团表示认为，和平利用外层空间委员会的工作包括制定《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》，这些工作证明了委员会在加强空间活动可持续性、安保和安全方面的作用。", "365. 委员会赞赏地注意到，大会的裁军和国际安全委员会（第一委员会）与特别政治和非殖民化委员会（第四委员会）将在外层空间事务厅和裁军事务厅的联合支持下，于2022年10月27日在纽约举行一次联席小组讨论会，探讨空间安全和可持续性方面可能遇到的挑战，委员会一致认为，联席小组讨论会应商讨和平利用外层空间委员会与不限成员名额工作组之间的跨领域问题。", "J. 空间探索和创新", "366. 根据大会第76/76号决议，委员会审议了题为“空间探索和创新”的议程项目。", "367. 阿塞拜疆、中国、法国、印度、印度尼西亚、意大利、日本、卢森堡、墨西哥、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、瑞士、泰国和美国的代表在本项目下作了发言。月球村协会、开放月球基金会和安全世界基金会的观察员也作了发言。在一般性交换意见期间，其他成员国也就本议程项目作了发言。", "368. 委员会收到下列文件：", "(a) 题为“月球村协会关于可持续月球活动全球专家组的报告——现状/计划”的会议室文件（A/AC.105/2022/CRP.12）；", "(b) 题为“月球村协会关于国际月球日的报告——支助执行情况”的会议室文件（A/AC.105/2022/CRP.13）；", "(c) 墨西哥和罗马尼亚提交的题为“关于在2023年和平利用外层空间委员会第六十六届会议议程项目‘空间探索和创新’下列入年度议程分项目‘协调可持续月球活动’的提议”的会议室文件（A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14）。", "369. 委员会在本项目下听取了下列专题介绍：", "(a) “月球绿洲－综合月球生境建筑愿景”，由奥地利代表介绍；", "(b) “中国深空探测的进展”，由中国代表介绍；", "(c) “意大利在Minerva飞行任务中的科学研究活动”，由意大利代表介绍；", "(d) “韩国探路者月球轨道飞行器：大韩民国的首次月球飞行任务”，由大韩民国代表介绍；", "(e) “利用光谱－伦琴－伽马（SRG）观测器绘制的新的宇宙X射线图”，由俄罗斯联邦代表介绍；", "(f) “E.T.PACK项目：空间碎片扩散问题的技术解决办法”，由西班牙代表介绍；", "(g) “欧洲探空火箭发射场：世界上功能最多的航天中心——创造可持续未来的新服务”，由瑞典代表介绍；", "(h) “第一个国际月球日”，由月球村协会观察员介绍；", "(i) “日地物理学科学委员会日地耦合变化可预测性方案的现状”，由日地物理学科学委员会观察员介绍；", "(j) “空间探索项目组确保为未来空间探索开辟一条多样化、可持续和令人振奋的道路的计划”，由航天新一代咨询理事会观察员介绍。", "370. 委员会回顾了本议程项目的起源以及探索和创新行动小组的工作，该小组编写了有史以来第一份强调低地球轨道以外人类空间探索重要性的联合国报告（见A/AC.105/1168）。", "371. 委员会赞赏地注意到，各代表团在本届会议上交流了关于空间探索和创新努力的信息和最新情况，包括国家活动和方案的详细情况，以及双边、区域和多边国际合作的实例。", "372. 委员会注意到，在讨论过程中，除其他外，提供了关于以下方面的情况介绍：研究与发展活动；空间物体发射；载人航天飞行计划；机器人探测活动；与国际空间站和中国空间站有关的活动和合作机会；飞往月球、火星、火星卫星、太阳和小行星的多项任务；开展借助卫星、着陆器、漫游车和直升机的实验来探索太阳系和研究科学课题；采样返回地球；计划中的国际月球科研站；计划中的门户月球前哨站；将很快揭示130多亿年前形成的恒星和星系的图像的下一代望远镜；演示小型航天器技术的立方卫星；将作为运输工具使用的增压载人漫游车；空间追踪和管理能力；火箭技术发展情况；增材制造和人工智能的创新应用；原位资源利用技术的发展；遥感数据和应用的新用途；空间探索创新枢纽中心；空间资源创新中心；制定国家空间白皮书、战略、联合会、计划、路线图、战略和法律；各国政府之间就指导空间探索合作的共同框架作出的承诺；空间峰会；部长级会议；空间探索和创新主题展览；空间资源周；航空航天和科技节；年度卫星模型竞赛；以及越来越多的人力和财力资源投入到空间探索和创新之中。", "373. 委员会还注意到，空间探索和创新活动的所有利益攸关方，包括各国政府和政府机构、非政府实体、学术机构、科学和技术研究中心、业界和私营部门，必须开展协作，推动和平探索和利用外层空间，以及安全和可持续地发展外层空间活动，造福全人类。", "374. 委员会还注意到，应当把发展中国家纳入空间探索的努力，以便确保空间探索活动在全球范围上的开放性和包容性。", "375. 委员会注意到为促进航天工业，特别是在青年人中促进航天工业，以及推动空间探索和创新领域人力资本的发展所作的努力。", "376. 委员会还注意到为促进空间探索和创新活动的多样性和包容性所作的努力。", "377. 委员会还注意到，空间探索和创新往往激励和鼓励青年人投身科学、技术、工程和数学领域（理工科）以及法律、政策和通信领域的专业学习和职业工作。", "378. 据认为，空间部门在经济多样化方面发挥着关键作用，可以提供高附加值。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，空间经济的发展不再仅仅借助技术创新，还会通过商业创新来实现，在这方面为企业、机构和公民提供了大量机会。", "379. 据认为，由于空间项目复杂而昂贵，有必要促进国际合作和贸易，交流知识并为产品和服务开放市场。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，与其所有国家都试图涵盖所有领域，不如大力建议各国侧重具体的技术专长并加以发展，以使本国成为特定领域的世界领导者。", "380. 据认为，一个国家开始空间探索和创新的主要要求是该国领导人有坚定的决心将空间视为一个战略领域，这包括领导人承诺通过长期计划、建立支持机构以及充足和持续的投资来发展空间探索和创新。", "381. 据认为，由于新兴航天国家将在未来的全球空间探索中发挥重要作用，应当更加积极地讨论新兴航天国家之间的合作以及领先国家和新兴国家之间的合作。", "382. 据认为，各类研究协会已成为开发和创造火箭和空间技术（从设计到即用产品）的竞争力中心，它们孕育想法，创造附带利益，优化空间基础设施，以及在国家机构的控制下提高经济效率，并将高素质人才集中在一个单一的组织结构框架内。", "383. 据认为，相关国家机构、中小企业、大学创新团队和非国有风险融资体系之间的互动已经证明是有效的，特别是在企业加速器方面，通过企业加速器可以有针对性地挑选初创公司，以满足行业需求。", "384. 据认为，外层空间包含几乎无限的能源和海量有用的材料，并在未来为人类提供丰富资源方面具有尚未开发的潜力，相关的创新和发展可以加强社会应对未来挑战的韧性。", "385. 据认为，空间探索和创新的主要目标应当是可持续性、从摇篮到摇篮的设计和可行性，利用绿色技术减少人类对地球的负面影响。表达这一观点的代表团还认为，应采用新的意识形态、方法和产品来确定和取代长期以来形成的现有浪费或有害习惯，改善地球环境质量，并纠正方向，迈向资源丰富的未来。", "386. 据认为，探索是人类精神的使命，开展探索活动应对走向深空的挑战符合这一精神，也符合委员会的精神。", "387. 委员会审议了A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14号会议室文件所载的提议。", "K. “空间2030”议程", "388. 根据大会第76/76号决议，委员会审议了题为“‘空间2030’议程”的议程项目。", "389. 阿根廷、奥地利、中国、德国、印度尼西亚、日本、肯尼亚、尼日利亚、挪威、大韩民国、瑞士和联合王国的代表在本项目下作了发言。平方公里阵列天文台的观察员也作了发言。在一般性交换意见期间，其他成员国的代表也就本项目作了发言。", "390. 委员会听取了下列专题介绍：", "(a) “国家空间活动委员会教育方案”，由阿根廷代表介绍；", "(b) “月球极地飞行任务月球25号（LUNA-25）”，由俄罗斯联邦代表介绍。", "391. 委员会欢迎大会在其第76/3号决议中通过了“空间2030”议程及其实施计划，作为一份高级别政治文件，展示了空间活动如何有助于实现各项可持续发展目标、关于气候变化的《巴黎协定》和《仙台减少灾害风险框架》、这类活动的广泛社会惠益，以及空间技术和应用还有天基数据在促进国际社会经济增长和繁荣方面的重要作用。委员会还赞扬“空间2030”议程工作组主席团和秘书处为促进最后审定和通过这一里程碑文件所做的工作。", "392. 委员会注意到，“空间2030”议程重视加强会员国、联合国实体、政府间组织和非政府组织、业界和私营部门实体之间的伙伴关系与合作，目的是确保通过共同努力和利用不同利益攸关方的实际经验和贡献，让空间惠益能够惠及世界各地的所有人。在这方面，委员会还注意到，伙伴关系和协同努力对弥合发展中国家在利用天基数据进行规划和决策方面的差距有着重要作用。", "393. 委员会注意到，在实施“空间2030”议程的过程中，各国促进并受益于一些与空间有关的国际和区域机制、方案、项目和平台，并受益于外层空间事务厅已经开发或正在开发的工具和举措（见大会第76/3号决议，第24和25段）。", "394. 委员会注意到，“空间2030”议程四大总体目标围绕空间经济、空间社会、空间利用机会和空间外交四大支柱构建，其中所列行动已由若干国家作为各自国家空间方案和计划的一部分予以采取，以期加大空间带来的经济惠益，加强空间部门作为国家可持续发展重要引擎的作用，增加社会各部门、业界、学术界、研究人员和最终用户的参与，并促进空间部门与其他部门的融合。", "395. 委员会还注意到，“空间2030”议程载有一项战略构想，涉及委员会及其各小组委员会和外层空间事务厅今后工作的关键领域和目标，这些机构是独特论坛，可促进在为和平目的探索和利用外层空间方面开展国际合作，促进航天国家和新兴航天国家之间对话，并促进所有国家更多地参与空间活动，包括为此开展能力建设举措。", "396. 委员会欢迎巴拉圭打算以科学和技术小组委员会主席的身份，寻求在将于2022年7月举行的可持续发展问题高级别政治论坛的部长级宣言中提及“空间2030”议程，具体如下：“大会第76/3号决议通过的《‘空间2030’议程：空间作为可持续发展的驱动因素》及其实施计划是一项前瞻性战略，旨在重申和加强和平利用外层空间委员会成员国空间活动在利用空间工具实现2030年可持续发展议程的可持续发展目标方面的贡献”。", "397. 据认为，“空间2030”议程对一些国家很重要，因为该议程的目的也包括推动和加强利用外层空间促进可持续海洋经济。", "398. 据认为，会员国和其他捐助方应当考虑向外层空间事务厅提供充足的资源，使其能够充分有效地履行任务授权并支持会员国实施“空间2030”议程。", "399. 据认为，瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院的“空间增进效用”举措正在空间经济和空间教育目标下促进落实“空间2030”议程。", "400. 委员会注意到，作为外层空间事务厅“空间为妇女”项目的一部分，空间为妇女专家会议将于2022年8月16日至19日在大韩民国大田举行，并注意到，在巴西和阿拉伯联合酋长国与外层空间事务厅合作组织的上一年专家会议成果的基础上，将进行一项调查，评估世界各地空间机构和研究所中妇女任职人数的现状。", "401. 委员会还注意到，第四届世界空间论坛将于2022年12月12日至15日在维也纳举行，由奥地利和外层空间事务厅组织，目标是加强国际社会之间的伙伴关系和对话，支持实施“空间2030”议程。", "402. 委员会注意到，外层空间事务厅打算将“空间2030”议程和实施计划作为出版物提供，以提高其知名度，并扩大其对更广泛国际社会的影响。", "403. 委员会指出，鼓励各国继续报告“空间2030”议程的实施情况，同时考虑到委员会将于2025年对该议程的实施进展情况进行中期审查，于2030年进行最后审查，并向大会报告审查结果。", "404. 委员会回顾其决定，即在2030年之前的每届会议议程上保留本项目，以便委员会成员国及其常驻观察员能够交流各自在落实“空间2030”议程和实施计划方面的经验。", "L. 其他事项", "405. 根据大会第76/76号决议，委员会审议了题为“其他事项”的议程项目。", "406. 加拿大、中国、德国、日本、墨西哥、俄罗斯联邦、瑞士和美国的代表在本议程项目下作了发言。欧洲联盟的代表以其作为常驻观察员的身份也代表欧洲联盟及其成员国作了发言。在一般性交换意见期间，其他一些成员国的代表也作了与本项目有关的发言。", "1. 委员会及其附属机构2024-2025年期间主席团的组成", "407. 委员会回顾，在之前已获大会第52/56号决议核可的与委员会及其附属机构工作方法有关的措施基础上（见A/52/20，附件一和A/58/20，附件二，附录三），大会在其第58/89号决议第11段中核可了委员会就委员会及其附属机构主席团未来的组成达成的一致意见（A/58/20，附件二，第5-9段）。", "408. 委员会进一步回顾，按照关于委员会及其附属机构主席团的未来组成措施，委员会应在其第六十五届会议上就2024-2025年期间这些主席团的所有成员达成一致意见。", "409. 委员会注意到，没有区域组提出其人选提名，因此鼓励各区域组在由第四委员会于大会2022年第七十七届会议期间审议关于和平利用外层空间方面国际合作的决议草案之前，或在委员会2023年第六十六届会议之前提出所需的人选提名。", "2. 委员会成员资格", "410. 委员会注意到危地马拉希望成为委员会成员的申请（A/AC.105/2022/ CRP.3），决定向大会2022年第七十七届会议建议危地马拉应成为委员会成员。", "411. 委员会注意到乌兹别克斯坦希望成为委员会成员的申请（A/AC.105/ 2022/CRP.4），决定向大会2022年第七十七届会议建议乌兹别克斯坦应成为委员会成员。", "3. 观察员地位", "412. 关于非政府组织申请委员会常驻观察员地位，委员会回顾其在2010年第五十三届会议上达成的一致意见（A/65/20，第311段），即在等待非政府组织申请经济及社会理事会咨商地位结果的消息期间，给予其为期三年的临时观察员地位，如有必要，临时观察员地位可再延长一年，并将在这些非政府组织申请的经社理事会咨商地位获得确认时，给予其常驻观察员地位。", "413. 委员会注意到大西洋国际研究中心发展协会申请委员会常驻观察员地位。申请书和相关函件已载于A/AC.105/2022/CRP.5号会议室文件提交委员会。", "414. 委员会决定，在等待关于大西洋国际研究中心发展协会申请经济及社会理事会咨商地位的结果消息期间，暂时给予其为期三年的观察员地位。", "415. 委员会注意到进入空间联盟（英国）申请委员会常驻观察员地位。申请书和相关函件已载于A/AC.105/2022/CRP.6号会议室文件提交委员会。", "416. 委员会决定，在等待关于进入空间联盟（英国）申请经济及社会理事会咨商地位的结果消息期间，暂时给予其为期三年的观察员地位。", "417. 委员会注意到海牙全球司法研究所申请委员会常驻观察员地位。申请书和相关函件已载于A/AC.105/2022/CRP.7号会议室文件提交委员会。", "418. 委员会决定，在等待海牙全球司法研究所申请经济及社会理事会咨商地位的结果消息期间，暂时给予其为期三年的观察员地位。", "419. 员会注意到国际和平联盟（太空）申请委员会常驻观察员地位。申请书和相关函件已载于A/AC.105/2022/CRP.8号会议室文件提交委员会。", "420. 委员会决定，在等待关于国际和平联盟（太空）申请经济及社会理事会咨商地位的结果消息期间，暂时给予其为期三年的观察员地位。", "4. 其他事项", "421. 委员会注意到在委员会本届会议上提供的由委员会主席提交的一份非正式文件，并注意到：主席已指出委员会及其小组委员会作为讨论开展国际合作为和平目的探索和利用外层空间议题的独特平台的特殊作用，因此指出了酌情在其2023年各自届会上就拟于2023年9月举行的未来首脑会议进行讨论的重要性；秘书处应在委员会及其小组委员会2023年举行的届会上报告未来首脑会议的筹备情况；委员会主席经与委员会及其小组委员会主席团协商，打算在2023年科学和技术小组委员会第六十届会议上提出拟议要点供进一步审议；在2022年大会第七十七届会议上，大会第一委员会和第四委员会的联席小组讨论可处理未来首脑会议及其关于外层空间的众多方利益关系方对话；未来首脑会议的议题将在2022年世界空间论坛和拟于2023年上半年举行的联合国/葡萄牙关于空间活动管理和可持续性议题的会议上讨论；筹备未来首脑会议及其关于外层空间议题的众多利益关系方对话首要基础应当是充分承认委员会及其小组委员会在外层空间事务厅支持下的作用和工作，并充分考虑到已通过的“空间2030”议程。", "422. 一些代表团欢迎主席的非正式文件，并表示认为，该文件概述了一个极好的前进方向，以便鉴于“未来首脑会议”和众多利益关系方对话而准备好委员会将作出的贡献。", "423. 据认为，联合国秘书长提议的“未来首脑会议”的众多利益关系方形式不太可能为全球空间议程关键问题富有成效的决策进程提供手段而达到其目的。", "5. 方案5，“和平利用外层空间”：拟议的2023年期间方案计划和2021年方案 执行情况", "424. 委员会收到下列文件：", "(a) 会议室文件，题为“方案5，‘和平利用外层空间’：拟议的2023年期间方案计划”（A/AC.105/2022/CRP.16）；", "(b) 2023年方案概算（A/77/6 (Sect. 6)）。", "425. 委员会欢迎外层空间事务厅代理主任关于拟议的2023年期间方案计划的介绍以及外空厅提供的关键工作领域信息。", "426. 委员会同意该项拟议的方案计划。", "427. 委员会注意到，2023年方案概算（A/77/6 (Sect. 6)）附件一的脚注d应予以更正，以反映中国应急管理部的正确名称。", "6. 委员会第六十六届会议临时议程草案", "428. 委员会建议其2023年第六十六届会议审议下列项目：", "1. 会议开幕。", "2. 通过议程。", "3. 主席致词。", "4. 一般性交换意见。", "5. 维持外层空间用于和平目的的方式方法。", "6. 科学和技术小组委员会第六十届会议报告。", "7. 法律小组委员会第六十二届会议报告。", "8. 空间与可持续发展。", "9. 空间技术的附带利益：现况审查。", "10. 空间与水。", "11. 空间与气候变化。", "12. 空间技术在联合国系统的使用。", "13. 委员会的未来作用和工作方法。", "14. 空间探索和创新。", "15. “空间2030”议程。", "16. 其他事项。", "17. 委员会提交大会的报告。", "429. 委员会注意到，有可能在闭会期间就A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14号会议室文件所载建议达成一致意见，即把“可持续月球活动的协调”列为委员会第六十六届会议议程项目“空间探索和创新”下的一个一年期分项目，在科学和技术小组委员会第六十届会议和法律小组委员会第六十二届会议期间可进行进一步的讨论，为此，应在委员会第六十六届会议之前尽早向委员会各成员国通报在这方面达成的任何此类协议。", "M. 委员会及其附属机构的工作安排", "430. 委员会商定了委员会及其小组委员会2023年届会的以下暂定时间表：", "日期 地点 \n科学和技术小组委员会\t2023年2月6日至17日\t维也纳\n法律小组委员会\t2023年3月20日至31日\t维也纳\n和平利用外层空间委员会\t2023年5月31日至6月9日\t维也纳", "附件", "关于空间与全球健康的决议草案", "大会，", "回顾其1996年12月13日第51/122号、1999年12月6日第54/68号、2004年10月20日第59/2号、2011年12月9日第66/71号、2014年12月5日第69/85号、2015年9月25日第70/1号、2016年12月6日第71/90号决议、2018年12月7日第73/91号和2021年10月25日第76/3号决议，", "还回顾第三次联合国探索及和平利用外层空间会议通过的题为《空间千年：关于空间和人类发展的维也纳宣言》的决议所载建议，其中与会国呼吁采取行动，通过扩大和协调天基远程医疗服务和控制传染病来改善公共健康服务，[1]", "进一步回顾第一次联合国探索及和平利用外层空间会议五十周年（外空会议+50）及其优先主题5：关于加强空间合作增进全球健康，", "确认空间科学和技术及其应用对促进努力实现《2030年可持续发展议程》，[2]特别是关于确保所有年龄的人健康生活和增进人们福祉的可持续发展目标3的重要性，并意识到空间健康领域所做的工作可促进可持续发展，特别是旨在以各种方式提高生活质量的方案，包括改善人类健康的方案，", "强调“空间2030”议程[3]的总体目标2内容为利用空间的潜力解决日常挑战并利用与空间有关的创新提高生活质量，这一目标可以通过以下方式实现：加强与空间有关的合作以支持全球健康；改善空间医学、科学和技术的使用和应用；全球健康领域的创新、合作与信息共享，同时保护个人数据隐私，运用相关工具改进公共健康及保健干预措施的科研进步、及时性和有效性；以及加强空间医学、科学和技术方面的能力建设，", "确信和确认空间科学、空间技术和空间应用在以下方面的重要性和现有贡献：空间科学、空间技术和空间应用，以加强空间生命科学和诸如远程保健、远程医疗[4]和远程流行病学等数字保健技术，目标是预防和控制疾病和全球健康问题，促进人类健康、环境健康、动物健康和食物获取来源和供应，并推进医学研究和健康实践，包括向个人和社区提供保健服务，不论所在地理位置，以此作为一种手段，促进平等、可负担得起和遍及所有人的保健机会，", "关切地注意到远程医疗和远程保健领域的差距包括公共卫生系统和保健工作吸纳数字技术的程度有限，以及各家医疗设备制造商之间缺乏协调统一的数据共享标准，", "满意地注意到和平利用外层空间委员会及其附属机构和秘书处外层空间事务厅在空间与全球健康领域的工作，包括第6公共健康行动小组框架内开展的工作，该小组是为落实第三次联合国探索及和平利用外层空间会议的建议而设立的，并满意地注意到第6行动小组的后续行动、空间与全球健康问题专家组、关于加强空间合作促进全球健康的外空会议五十周年优先主题5，以及委员会科学和技术小组委员会空间与全球健康工作组开展的工作，欢迎该工作组关于根据其多年期工作计划开展的工作情况的报告，[5]", "深切关注包括冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行等新出现的传染病及其他影响健康的突发事件对人类生活、社会和发展造成的破坏性全球影响，并敦促国际社会采纳“整体健康”做法，加强天基解决办法特别是远程保健在监测、防备和应对灾情活动中的作用，", "1. 鼓励联合国各实体、政府间组织、各国政府和私营部门在与全球健康有关的所有关键空间活动中进行有效协调；", "2. 鼓励卫生机构与空间机构在国内一级开展正规化合作，并欢迎促进空间部门与卫生部门之间思想交流的现有跨部门网络；", "3. 鼓励成员国建立政策扶持的环境和治理机制，其中适当顾及法律和道德问题，以消除对于便利有效利用包括远程医疗解决方案等天基技术和其他新兴技术的挑战；", "4. 还鼓励成员国在开发与全球健康有关的包括遥感和地球观测数据等所有地球空间信息及改进其获取途径方面尽可能促进开放式数据共享政策和参与式做法；", "5. 进一步鼓励成员国实现组织上和技术上的相互可操作性，并促进研究和创新活动，以便利在卫生部门开发和实施天基科学和技术；", "6. 敦促联合国各实体和政府间组织支持推广开发、公平获取和运用空间解决方案满足全球健康需求和公共健康需求，包括应对地区和全球范围的流行疾病，并应对可能影响到健康的突发事件及满足成员国的个人健康需求，并鼓励实施包括公私伙伴关系在内涉面更广的多项空间解决方案促进可持续发展；", "7. 鼓励成员国和参与实体推进其对包括保健信息系统在内的所有保健系统相关资产进行地理标记所做努力，并将其用于进一步实现健康目标；", "8. 鼓励成员国认识到利用空间环境和空间类似场景[6]对健康和生命科学研究与发展的相关意义，特别是宇航员健康方面可为地球上带来社会和经济惠益；", "9. 还鼓励成员国在所有相关参与者机会均等基础上和为了人类进一步探索外层空间而积极促进空间医学领域的国际合作，并为了全球健康的利益，推进科学和技术发展及应用；", "10. 进一步鼓励成员国进行适当的演练和演习，以对照基准测定本国业务准备状况和应对能力以及适当利用空间技术应付全球卫生事件的能力；", "11. 欢迎建立一个设在日内瓦的专门的、合作性的、全球可查询的和多个侧面的“空间与全球健康平台”，以促进成员国、联合国实体、其他国际组织和相关行动方之间在空间与全球健康问题上的有效合作；", "12. 强调应当每年监测和汇集涉及由联合国实体为利用空间增进全球健康而开展或筹备的所有关键活动、参考文件和计划，这类实体包括世界卫生组织、其他国际组织、和平利用外层空间委员会的成员国，并尽可能包括非政府组织及其他非政府行动方；还强调年度汇编的活动结果应作为一个参照，用以寻找差距和机会并就此展开讨论和广泛交流，以努力提高这一领域相关行动方的认识和促进相互间的合作；", "13. 认识到应当分析并评估空间与全球健康领域当前各行动方的作用和兴趣，以促进所有行动方之间的协同互补及合作与协调；", "14. 强调需要以公平和可持续方式加强部门间协调与合作，以便卓有成效地开展与全球健康领域空间科学与技术应用有关的国际、区域、国家和国内区域能力建设活动；", "15. 鼓励成员国争取教学机构及其他能力建设机制参与尽早动员年轻卫生专业人员掌握空间相关技能和能力；", "16. 赞同推动开展拟由联合国实体及其他相关行动方组织的能力建设活动，目标是进一步推动采用“整体健康”做法的行动方深化对空间科学和技术重要贡献的认识和参与，以期增加卫生领域积极参与利用空间科学和技术的组织及其他行动方的数量；", "17. 请外层空间事务厅在现有资源范围内，通过区域技术合作项目加强非洲、亚洲太平洋以及拉丁美洲加勒比的能力建设和联网机制，并支持用以加强空间与全球卫生部门之间合作的实地项目，作为一项有效战略，促进更好地利用空间科学和技术为受益国获取全球卫生服务提供便利，并更好地利用双边或多边合作提供的机会；", "18. 鼓励成员国增进学术界、国内专家、电信监管机关和科技管理机关之间的联系，以期改善在保健方面获取和使用数字技术和信息系统的状况。", "[1] 《第三次联合国探索及和平利用外层空间会议的报告，1999年7月19日至30日，维也纳》（联合国出版物，出售品编号E.00.I.3），第一章，决议1。", "[2] 第70/1号决议。", "[3] 第76/3号决议。", "[4] “远程医疗”一词广泛用于指使用电信、卫星通信和信息技术从远处提供临床保健，包括许多活动和相关细分领域，例如远程心脏病学、远程放射学、远程眼科、远程肿瘤学、远程药学、远程手术、远程皮肤病学和其他正在发展中的领域。", "[5] A/AC.105/C.1/121。", "[6] 空间类似场景包括抛物线飞行、卧床休息研究和南极考察，以及在地球上模拟空间环境的其他孤立、封闭和极端环境。" ]

[ "[]", "联 合 国", "和平利用外层空间委员会的报告", "第六十五届会议", "(2022年6月1日至10日) (中文(简体) ).", "大 会", "正式记录 第五十七届会议 补编第20号", "大 会", "正式记录", "第七十七届会议", "补编第20号", "委员会的报告", "和平利用外层空间委员会", "外层空间", "第六十五届会议", "(2022年6月1日至10日) (中文(简体) ).", "联合国 • 2022年,纽约", "说明", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。 凡是提到这种编号,就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2022年6月30日] (中文(简体) ).", "目录", "段次 页次\n一. 导言 1 A. 1\n附属机构的会议\nC. 选举主席\n军官\nD. 成员情况 2\nE. 机 动 2 - F. 3\nG. 7 通过报告\n第二委员会的建议 联合国\nA. 维护和平的外部空间的方法和意义\nB. 科学和技术小组委员会第五十九届会议的报告\n1. 联合国空间方案10\n2. 促进可持续社会经济的空间技术 12\n发展 3. 12 有关按地对地卫星进行遥感的事项,包括发展中国家应用和地球监测\n环境\n4. 空间数据 135. 基于空间系统的14个灾害管理\n6. 最近15个全球导航卫星开发\n7. 空间. 15\n8. 近地. 16\n对象\n9. 外空活动的长期可持续性 1610. 未来19个作用和工作方法\n11.19 核能的使用\n12. 空间 20\n全球卫生 13. 审查地球静止轨道的物理和技术属性及其利用和应用,包括在空间通信领域的利用和应用,以及与空间通信发展有关的其他问题,具体说明发展中国家的需要和利益,同时不妨害其作用。\n国际 电信联盟 14. 21\n社会 科学和技术委员会第六十届会议临时议程草案22\n法律小组委员会第六十一届会议的报告\n第二届会议 1. 24 关于国际政府间组织和非政府组织在空间方面的活动的信息\n2. 联合国五项文书的现状和适用\n定时器空间 3. 25 与地球静止轨道的外出空间和特征的定义和划界及利用有关的事项,包括考虑各种途径并设法合理和公平地使用地球静止轨道,同时不影响其作用\n国际 电信联盟 4. 与和平勘探和\n5. 空间能力建设 26\n第6条 未来26个角色和工作方法\n委员会 7. 考虑到科学和技术的工作,就与空间碎片和补救措施有关的信息和观点法律机制进行一般性交流\n小组委员会 8. 关于无法律约束力的联合国的一般信息交流\n仪器空间 9. 28 空间法律方面的一般性意见交流\n交通管理 10. 29 国际法的适用问题一般性交换意见\n11. 30 探索、开发和利用方面的潜在法律模式的一般交流\n利用空间资源 12. 关于拟由法律小组委员会第六十二届会议审议的新项目的建议32\nD. 空间33和可持续\nE. 35 空间技术的附带利益:审查\nF. 空间 36\nG. Space 37和\nH. 39 在美国使用空间技术\n联合国系统未来40个角色和工作方法\nJ.Space 42 探索\n和革新 K. 45\nB. “空间2030”议程 L. 其他. 46\n事项 1. 委员会及其附属机构主席团的组成\n2. 47名成员\n第3条 47\n4. 其他 48\n事项 5. 方案5, \" 和平使用49个外部空间 \" :2023年期间拟议方案计划\n6. 第六十六届会议临时议程草案49\nM. 50 委员会的工作时间表\n其附属机构\n决议空间草案 51\n全球卫生", "第一编", "导言", "1. 联合国 1. 和平利用外层空间委员会于2022年6月1日至10日在维也纳举行了第六十五届会议,会议采用混合形式(亲自和在线)。 委员会主席团成员如下:", "欧姆兰·沙拉夫(阿拉伯联合酋长国)", "第一副主席延尼·塔皮奥(芬兰)", "第二副主席兼报告员 Oleg Ventskovsky(乌克兰)", "A类. 附属机构的会议", "2. 和平利用外层空间委员会科学和技术小组委员会以混合形式于2022年2月7日至18日在维也纳举行了第五十九届会议,由胡安·弗朗西斯科·费什蒂(巴拉圭)担任主席。 小组委员会的报告已提交委员会(A/AC.105/1258)。", "3个 1. 和平利用外层空间委员会法律小组委员会也以混合形式于2022年3月28日至4月8日在维也纳举行了第六十一届会议,由Nomfuneko Majaja(南非)担任主席。 小组委员会的报告已提交委员会(A/AC.105/1260)。", "B. 通过议程", " 4.四. 5. 在6月1日第786次会议上,委员会通过了以下议程:", "1. 联合国 1. 会议开幕。", "2. 通过议程。", "3个 1. 选举主席团成员。", " 4.四. 2. 主席致词。", "5 (韩语). 4. 一般性交换意见。", "6. 国家 4. 维持外层空间用于和平目的的方式和方法。", "7. 联合国 8. 科学和技术小组委员会第五十九届会议的报告。", "8. 联合国 8. 法律小组委员会第六十一届会议的报告。", "9. 国家 5. 空间与可持续发展。", "10个 5. 空间技术的附带利益:现况审查。", "11个 空间与水.", "12. 空间与气候变化。", "13个 5. 空间技术在联合国系统内的使用。", "14个 6. 委员会未来的作用和工作方法。", "15个 航天探索与创新.", "16. \" 空间2030 \" 议程。", "17岁 其他事项。", "18岁。 8. 委员会提交大会的报告。", "C. 选举主席团成员", "5 (韩语). 在6月1日委员会第786次会议上,Omran Sharaf(阿拉伯联合酋长国)被选为委员会主席,Jenni Tapio(芬兰)被选为第一副主席,Oleg Ventskovsky(乌克兰)被选为2022-2023年期间的第二副主席兼报告员。", "6. 国家 在同次会议上,委员会赞同选举胡安·弗朗西斯科·费斯切蒂(巴拉圭)为科学和技术小组委员会主席,Nomfuneko Majaja(南非)为法律小组委员会2022-2023年期间主席。", "D. 成员", "7. 联合国 1. 根据大会第1472 A(XIV)、1721 E(XVI)、3182(XXVIII)、32/196 B、35/16、49/33、56/51、57/116、59/116、62/217、65/97、66/71、68/75、69/85、71/90、72/77、74/82、76号决议和第45/315、67/412、67/528、70/518和73/517号决定,和平利用外层空间委员会由下列100个国家组成:阿尔巴尼亚、阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、阿根廷、亚美尼亚、澳大利亚、奥地利、阿塞拜疆、巴林、孟加拉国、白俄罗斯、比利时、贝宁、多民族玻利维亚国、巴西、保加利亚、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、加拿大、乍得、智利、中国、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、古巴、塞浦路斯、捷克、丹麦、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、埃及、萨尔瓦多、埃塞俄比亚、芬兰、法国、德国、加纳、希腊、匈牙利、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、伊拉克、以色列、意大利、日本、约旦、哈萨克斯坦、肯尼亚、科威特、黎巴嫩、波兰、利比亚、卢森堡、马来西亚、毛里求斯、墨西哥、蒙古、摩洛哥、荷兰、新西兰、尼日利亚、秘鲁、秘鲁、秘鲁、秘鲁、秘鲁、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、秘鲁、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、", "页:1 出席情况", "8. 联合国 委员会下列84个成员国的代表出席了会议:阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、阿根廷、亚美尼亚、澳大利亚、奥地利、阿塞拜疆、孟加拉国、白俄罗斯、比利时、巴西、保加利亚、布基纳法索、加拿大、智利、中国、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、古巴、塞浦路斯、捷克、丹麦、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、埃及、萨尔瓦多、芬兰、法国、德国、加纳、希腊、匈牙利、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、伊拉克、以色列、意大利、日本、约旦、哈萨克斯坦、肯尼亚、科威特、黎巴嫩、卢森堡、马来西亚、毛里求斯、墨西哥、摩洛哥、荷兰、新西兰、尼日利亚、挪威、阿曼、巴基斯坦、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、沙特阿拉伯、新加坡、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、南非、西班牙、斯里兰卡、瑞典、瑞士、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、泰国、突尼斯、土耳其、乌克兰、阿拉伯联合酋长国、联合王国、美利坚合众国、乌拉圭和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国。", "9. 国家 根据大会第65/276和73/91号决议,欧洲联盟代表以委员会常驻观察员的身份出席了会议。", "10个 在第786次会议上,委员会根据请求决定接纳乌兹别克斯坦作为观察员出席本届会议并酌情在会议上发言,但有一项谅解,即这并不影响今后提出的此种性质的请求,也不涉及委员会关于地位问题的任何决定。", "11个 在第786次会议上,委员会又决定应教廷的请求,接纳教廷作为观察员出席会议并酌情在会议上发言,但有一项谅解,即这并不影响今后提出的这种性质的请求,而且这样做也不涉及委员会关于地位问题的任何决定。", "12个 3. 联合国粮食及农业组织、国际原子能机构、国际民用航空组织、国际电信联盟和秘书处裁军事务厅的观察员出席了会议。", "13个 5. 在委员会具有常设观察员地位的下列政府间组织的观察员出席了会议:亚洲太平洋空间合作组织(亚太空间合作组织)、地球观测卫星委员会(地球观测卫星委员会)、欧洲南半球天文研究组织、欧洲航天局(欧空局)、欧洲通信卫星组织、国际统一私法协会(统法会)、国际空间通信组织(空间通信组织)和平方千米阵列天文台。", "14个 6. 在委员会具有常设观察员地位的下列非政府组织的观察员也出席了会议:所有月球、国际宇宙航行联合会(宇航联合会)、国际天文学联合会(天文学联合会)、国际空间法研究所(空间法所)、国际法协会、月球村协会、国家空间协会、开放月球基金会、苏丹·本·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹亲王国际水奖、太阳地物理学科学委员会、安全世界基金会、航天新一代咨询理事会、大学空间工程联合会-全球和世界空间周协会。", "15个 在第786次会议上,委员会决定应海牙全球司法研究所的请求,接纳该研究所为观察员,以出席会议并酌情在会议上发言,但有一项谅解,即这样做不会妨碍今后提出的这种性质的请求,也不涉及委员会关于地位问题的任何决定。", "16号. 出席会议的委员会成员国、联合国实体和其他组织的代表名单载于A/AC. 105/2022/INF/1 (中文(简体) ).", "F. 一般性发言", "17岁 在一般性交换意见期间,委员会下列成员国的代表作了发言:阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、阿根廷、亚美尼亚、澳大利亚、奥地利、孟加拉国、白俄罗斯、比利时、巴西、加拿大、智利、中国、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、古巴、捷克、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、埃及、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、伊拉克、以色列、意大利、日本、肯尼亚、卢森堡、马来西亚、墨西哥、摩洛哥、荷兰、新西兰、尼日利亚、挪威、巴基斯坦、巴拉圭、秘鲁、菲律宾、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、新加坡、斯洛文尼亚、南非、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、泰国、图尔基耶、乌克兰、阿拉伯联合酋长国、联合王国、美国、乌拉圭和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国。 突尼斯代表(代表77国集团和中国)发言。 埃及代表(代表非洲国家集团)发言。 欧洲联盟代表以常驻观察员的身份以欧洲联盟及其成员国的名义作了发言。 下列组织的观察员也作了发言:亚太空间合作组织、地球观测卫星委员会、欧洲通信卫星组织、所有月球基金会、海牙全球司法研究所、宇航联合会、国际空间法研究所、国家空间学会、开放月球基金会、空间新一代咨询理事会、平方千米阵列观测站、统法社、伊斯兰教科文组织全球和世界空间周协会。", "18岁。 委员会感谢卸任主席Marius-Ioan Piso(罗马尼亚)、卸任第一副主席Francis Chizea(尼日利亚)和卸任第二副主席兼报告员Nicolás Botero Varon(哥伦比亚)在任期内所做的出色工作和取得的成就。", " 19. 19. 4. 在6月1日第786次会议上,主席作了发言,他回顾说,2022年是第一颗人造地球卫星Sputnik 1号发射到外层空间六十五周年、《外层空间条约》生效五十五周年和土地遥感卫星(Landsat)方案五十周年。 他强调了加强国际合作、促进遵守联合国外层空间条约、促进公平利用空间和鼓励知识共享举措的重要性。 他还强调了空间科学技术研究与开发作为地球可持续发展、保护和维护外层空间环境以及探索宇宙的根本作用。", "20号. 主席热烈欢迎安哥拉、孟加拉国、科威特、巴拿马和斯洛文尼亚成为委员会的最新成员,这使委员会成员达到100个成员国的里程碑。 主席还欢迎开放月球基金会、平方千米阵列观测站和统法社成为在委员会具有观察员地位的最新国际政府间组织和非政府组织。", "21岁 5. 在第786次会议上,外层空间事务厅代理厅长也作了发言,回顾了外空事务厅开展的工作。 他强调,该厅如何继续适应正在发生的冠状病毒病(COVID-19)流行所带来的挑战,采用和利用新的解决办法,并在各种活动中加以应用,以确保提供服务和采取注重成果的办法。 对该办公室向会员国提供服务的需求继续增加,在这方面,他强调了该办公室目前和即将开展的活动,包括与各利益攸关方合作开展的活动,特别是为发展中国家的利益开展的活动。 代理司长还宣布,他将在今后几个月从该办公室退休。", "22号. 274. 委员会深切感谢外层空间事务厅代理主任Niklas Hedman,他为和平利用外层空间的国际合作提供了宝贵的长期支持,特别是十多年来担任了委员会及其小组委员会的秘书。", "23. 联合国 委员会听取了以下专题介绍:", "(a) “CONAE空间计划”,由阿根廷代表介绍;", "(b) “国家空间系统的项目”,由智利代表介绍;", "(c) “北斗导航卫星系统:共享应用案例”,由中国代表介绍;", "(d) “伊朗CanSat竞赛”,由伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表介绍;", "(e) “深空人类探索的进展和计划”,由美国代表介绍;", "(f) “保护外层空间文化遗产的迫切性”,由所有月球基金会观察员介绍;", "(g) “在空间政策和宣传方面为青年发出统一的声音:介绍空间新一代宣传和政策平台”,由空间新一代咨询理事会观察员介绍。", "24 (韩语). 委员会注意到,近年来空间活动继续加强,进入空间舞台的行为者越来越多,射入外层空间的物体也大大增加。", "25岁 委员会一致认为,委员会与其小组委员会一道,在外层空间事务厅的支持下,仍然是负责促进探索及和平利用外层空间方面的国际合作的独特国际论坛。", "26. 联合国 委员会一致认为,近年来越来越多的国家成为委员会成员,这明确表明国际社会认识到政府间机构工作的价值。", "27个 36. 一些代表团认为,应当支持以联合国为核心的有章可循的国际制度以及对国际事务采取多边做法,委员会为这一制度作出了贡献,包括通过制定国际空间法、国际规范和标准、准则、最佳做法和其他透明度和建立信任措施。", "28岁 34. 有代表团认为,为了应对外层空间活动持续发展所带来的挑战,必须维护以联合国为核心的以国际法为基础的外层空间国际秩序。", "29. 国家 有些代表团认为,国际社会应当进一步努力并探索所有可能的方式方法来充分利用委员会及其小组委员会来实现所有国家在与空间有关的问题上的共同目标。", "30岁。 225. 一些代表团认为,所有国家不受歧视地普遍平等地利用外层空间,为了全人类的利益和利益公平合理地利用外层空间,不占用外层空间包括月球和其他天体的原则,发展空间活动的国际合作,防止外层空间军备竞赛和在外层空间放置任何类型的武器,是指导外层空间活动的最重要的原则。", "31岁 一些代表团认为,虽然一些国家在空间活动方面达到了重要的里程碑,但另一些国家只是刚刚开始制定自己的空间方案和政策,而发展中国家不应被空间探索努力所抛在后边或不公平地处于不利地位。 因此,能力建设和技术援助是扩大实地工作者能力的关键因素,使他们能够从较先进的航天国家获得专门知识和知识。", "32. 联合国 一些代表团强调了空间气候观测站在评估空间数据以应对气候变化方面的贡献。 据指出,空间气候观测站可以参加为编写委员会对未来首脑会议的贡献而进行的审议。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 215. 一些代表团认为,外层空间的使用和探索应完全用于和平目的,以期实现对未来的共同愿景,为所有国家谋取利益,不论其经济或科学发展程度如何,并符合适用的国际法。", "34. 国家 一些代表团认为,委员会应当更专门地审议如何应对在低地轨道上安装巨型探测器所构成的挑战,包括与可持续和公平使用轨道和频率以及外层空间无障碍性有关的考虑。", "35. 联合国 一些代表团认为,科学和技术小组委员会和法律小组委员会应更密切地合作,特别是在重叠和相互关联的主题事项上。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 一些代表团遗憾地注意到,一个国家决定用直接升空的反卫星导弹故意摧毁自己的航天器,造成碎片,威胁人和机器人的空间飞行,并指出需要最充分地执行委员会的《空间碎片减缓准则》和与碎片有关的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》,并欢迎承诺不进行破坏性的直接升空反卫星导弹试验。", "37. 联合国 有人认为,委员会及其秘书处应继续采取主动行动并研究各种方法,以进一步更密切地协调和参与两个小组委员会的工作,并与与联合国其它机构和其他国际组织等与委员会任务密切相关的机构,酌情进行这种协调和接触,因为这将确保协调、相关和及时地解决贯穿各领域的问题。", "38. 国家 一些代表团认为,《关于为和平目的合作探索和利用月球、火星、彗星和小行星的阿耳忒弥斯协定》日益得到支持,这表明该《协定》作为确保和平探索空间保持透明、安全和可持续的行动框架的价值。", "39. 联合国 一些代表团认为,中国和俄罗斯联邦发起的国际月球研究站方面的合作正在取得进展,为所有感兴趣的伙伴提供了空间探索的新机会。", " 40. 40. 36. 一些代表团重申,他们反对按照俄罗斯联邦政府的建议,在欧亚区域设立一个新的空间科学和技术教育区域中心,附属于联合国,由Roscosmos公司学院主办。 这些代表团还认为,虽然大会在其第76/76号决议中满意地注意到在设立区域中心方面取得的进展,但鉴于最近的事态发展,它们不能接受该区域中心与联合国有任何联系。", "41. 国家 有人认为,委员会第六十四届会议注意到,关于拟议设立区域中心的评估团已建议接受俄罗斯联邦关于设立区域中心的提议,委员会欢迎在设立区域中心方面取得的进展,因此委员会不需要达成进一步协议。 表示这种意见的代表团还告知委员会,该中心已经开始运作并提供服务。 中心成功地接纳了来自该区域各国的100多名申请人为学生。", "42. 国家 一些代表团呼吁不要在空间技术或服务中增加政治层面,特别是不要在卷入冲突的区域之后点名发射。", "43. 东帝汶 22. 有代表团认为,拥有先进空间发射技术的航天国家保留其酌情指定其空间运载火箭和空间飞船的全部权利。", "44. 国家 委员会欢迎外层空间事务厅出版其《2021年年度报告》,其中全面介绍了外空事务厅2021年的活动、合作、伙伴关系方案和成就。", "45. 国家 委员会赞赏地注意到在维也纳国际中心的罗通达举行的与大会第六十五届会议有关的展览:由西班牙组织的关于空间碎片扩散问题技术解决办法的E.T.PACK项目的展览;由美国组织的关于阿耳忒弥斯协定的展览;由天文学联盟组织的关于包容概念的题为“启发明星”的展览。", "46. 经常预算: 212. 委员会赞赏地注意到波兰政府为外层空间事务厅常设展览捐赠了一幅由法律小组委员会第一任主席、国际空间法最有影响力的学者之一曼弗雷德·拉克斯所绘的画作。", "47. 国家 委员会对本届会议期间组织下列活动表示赞赏:", "(a) 大韩民国和外层空间事务厅组织的“促进空间的性别平等”;", "(b) “新兴空间@COPUOS 2022”,由斯洛伐克组织;", "(c) “与执行外层空间活动长期可持续性准则(LTS准则)有关的提高认识和能力建设:利益攸关方研究报告”,由联合王国和外层空间事务厅组织;", "(d) “青年空间交流和机会”,由美国和外层空间事务厅组织;", "(e) “月球政策的进展:圆桌会议”,由月球村协会、开放月球基金会、安全世界基金会和空间新一代咨询理事会组织;", "(f) “人人享有空间:会员国的机会”,由外层空间事务厅组织;", "(g) 外层空间事务厅组织的“为外空委代表举办的虚拟简报会:联合国外空事务厅是什么,为何与你有关?”", "G. 通过委员会的报告", " 48. 48. 3. 委员会在审议了面前的各个项目后,于2022年6月10日第801次会议上通过了提交大会的报告,其中载有下列建议和决定。", "第二章 联合国", "建议和决定", "A. 维持外层空间用于和平目的的方式和方法", "49. (中文(简体) ). 委员会根据大会第76/76号决议,继续作为优先事项审议维持外层空间用于和平目的的方式和方法,并审议有助于确保安全和负责任地开展空间活动的更广泛的空间安全观点和有关事项,包括为此促进国际、区域和区域间合作的方式。", " 50. 50. 巴西、加拿大、中国、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、阿拉伯联合酋长国、美国和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的代表就这一项目作了发言。 安全世界基金会的观察员也作了发言。 在一般性交换意见期间,其他成员国也就该项目作了发言。", "51. 联合国 委员会听取了以下专题介绍:", "(a) “用ADLER-1探测微型和空间碎片”,由奥地利代表介绍;", "(b) “低地轨道碰撞测绘风险”,由美国代表介绍;", "(c) “加强空间安全和可持续性的机会和做法”,由美国代表介绍;", "(d) 航天新一代咨询理事会观察员作的“空间安全安全准则:准则的制定如何能加强和平目的原则”。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 委员会一致认为,通过其在科学、技术和法律领域的工作,并通过促进国际对话和就与探索和利用外层空间有关的各种专题交流信息,委员会在确保维持外层空间用于和平目的方面可以起根本作用。", "53. 联合国 36. 一些代表团认为,所有航天国家都有责任通过空间技术及其应用的进步来保护和促进外层空间给所有人带来的好处。", "54. 联合国 17. 一些代表团认为,为了确保以可持续方式和平利用外层空间,至关重要的是要按照国际法、规则、条例和规范开展外层空间活动。", "55. 国家 一些代表团认为,透明度和建立信任措施对确保和平利用外层空间至关重要。 这些代表团还提及了外层空间活动透明度和建立信任措施政府专家组2013年的报告(A/68/189)并鼓励各国执行其建议和适当措施。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 一些代表团认为,虽然委员会不是一个专门处理外层空间裁军问题的论坛,但它在全球治理和外层空间国际合作方面仍然发挥着根本性的独特作用,应当加强这一作用。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 一些代表团认为,委员会在广泛领域的工作确保了外层空间的和平利用,是防止军备竞赛和外层空间军事化的关键因素,因此,委员会的工作补充和支持了防止外层空间军备竞赛的其他论坛。", "58. 联合国 一些代表团重申,与防止外层空间军备竞赛和将外层空间用于国家安全活动以及相关事项具体相关的问题,在其任务侧重于这些问题的论坛,如裁军谈判会议、裁军审议委员会和大会第一委员会得到更适当的讨论。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 36. 一些代表团认为,规范可创造必要的信任气氛,以制定未来具有法律约束力的空间措施,并在此方面欢迎秘书长关于通过负责任的行为规范、规则和原则来减少空间威胁的报告(A/76/77)和通过负责任的行为规范、规则和原则来减少空间威胁问题不限成员名额工作组的工作,因为它加深了对空间规范的讨论。", "60. 联合国 一些代表团认为,外层空间军事化的威胁突出了国际对话和谈判的重要性,其目的是为透明度和建立信任制定具有法律约束力的规范,因为不具法律约束力的措施不足以解决外层空间军备竞赛的威胁。 表示这种看法的各代表团还认为,具有法律约束力的措施必须侧重于根据国际法现有原则重申外层空间用于和平目的和目的的共同利益。", "61. 国家 一些代表团重申,防止外层空间的军备竞赛和在外层空间放置任何类型的武器至关重要,并呼吁所有国家,特别是拥有强大空间能力的国家,为和平利用外层空间作出积极贡献,以防止外层空间的军事化,并避免在外层空间放置任何类型的武器或任何其他有违这一目标的行动。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,从长远来看,保护外层空间环境需要国际社会作出承诺,确保永远不在外层空间放置武器。", "62. 联合国 一些代表团重申,应当更多地审议由中国和俄罗斯联邦起草的《防止在外层空间放置武器和对空间物体威胁使用武力条约》草案,因为它为确保和平利用外层空间铺平了道路。", "63. 国家 26. 一些代表团认为,故意破坏产生大量空间碎片的空间物体会不加区别地增加在轨空间物体相撞的风险,是一种不负责任的行为,会破坏对外层空间的可持续和稳定利用。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 一些代表团对产生空间碎片的反卫星试验表示关切,并强调指出,各国应避免使用或测试这些能力。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,美国最近宣布,加拿大随后承诺不进行破坏性的直升反卫星导弹试验,这是朝着制定外层空间负责任行为规范迈出的积极步骤。", "65. 国家 有代表团认为,这一举措能否有效地维持用于和平目的的空间,令人怀疑。 该代表团认为,不试验某些类型的反卫星武器的承诺并不意味着不使用这些武器的承诺。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 10. 有代表团认为,委员会应当继续成为非政治化讨论的平台,并应当促进各国和政府间组织制定理论准则,以维护外层空间用于和平目的,从而维护国际和平与安全并加强国际合作和相互了解。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 29. 有代表团认为,委员会应当侧重于商业空间飞行的发展所带来的挑战,促进加强国家关于商业空间参与军事活动的有效条例,并确保非政府实体的空间活动符合和平目的,并同时增强国际一级的透明度。 还有必要重视外层空间活动的安全,加强研究,进行广泛的讨论并寻求解决特大卫星造成的安全风险。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 委员会注意到,非洲空间周将于2022年9月在内罗毕举行,将为非洲空间工业利益攸关方提供一个创新的平台,以审议扩大非洲空间工业的问题并加强努力,促进并促成非洲内部和在空间活动上的国际合作。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 委员会注意到,以“通过各种伙伴关系扩大空间创新”为主题的亚太区域空间机构论坛第二十七届会议于2021年11月30日至12月3日在网上举行。", "70. 联合国 委员会注意到,亚太空间合作组织理事会第十五次会议于2021年11月9日至11日在网上举行。 理事会已批准了亚太空间合作组织2021-2025年项目执行计划并修订了亚太空间合作组织的合作活动规则。", "71. 联合国 委员会建议,在2023年第六十六届会议上继续优先审议关于维持外层空间用于和平目的的方式和方法的项目。", "B. 科学和技术小组委员会第五十九届会议的报告", "72. 联合国 212. 委员会赞赏地注意到科学和技术小组委员会第五十九届会议的报告(A/AC.105/1258),其中载有小组委员会根据大会第76/76号决议所审议项目的审议结果。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 委员会对Juan Francisco Facetti(巴拉圭)担任小组委员会第五十九届会议主席期间的得力领导表示赞赏。", "74. 国家 262. 澳大利亚、奥地利、巴西、加拿大、智利、中国、芬兰、德国、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、意大利、日本、俄罗斯联邦、南非、瑞士、联合王国、美国和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的代表在该项目下作了发言。 摩洛哥代表(代表77国集团和中国)发言。 天文学联盟观察员也发了言。 在一般性交换意见期间,其他成员国也就该项目作了发言。", "75. 国家 委员会听取了以下专题介绍:", "(a) “HEA飞行任务:三维视觉处理和可视化方法来分析DART对Dimorphos的影响”,由奥地利代表介绍;", "(b) 奥地利代表作的“实时地球观测促进响应性灾害管理”;", "(c) 中国代表作的“低地轨道巨型卫星正在对世界空间活动产生深刻影响”;", "(d) “双小行星再定向试验的影响”,由美国代表介绍。", "1. 联合国空间应用方案", "(a) 联合国空间应用方案的活动", "76. 联合国 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1258,第54-74段)所反映小组委员会在联合国空间应用方案活动项目下的讨论情况。", "77. 国家 委员会注意到,方案的优先领域是环境监测、自然资源管理、卫星通信、减少灾害风险、全球导航卫星系统的使用、基础空间科学举措、气候变化、基础空间技术举措、人类空间技术举措以及生物多样性和生态系统。", "78. 国家 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1258,第59-69段)所介绍的2021年开展的并计划于2022年开展的活动。", "79. 联合国 委员会对外层空间事务厅执行方案活动的方式表示赞赏,特别是在2021年,可用资金有限。 委员会还感谢赞助这些活动的各国政府、政府间组织和非政府组织。 委员会满意地注意到,在执行2022年方案活动方面正在取得进一步进展。", "80个 委员会对联合国空间应用方案可用的财政资源仍然有限表示关切,并强调外空事务厅必须配备必要的资源,包括充足的资金,以根据《外层空间条约》的精神和“空间2030”议程,协助更多的国家获得空间科学和技术及其应用的好处。", "81个 委员会注意到,肯尼亚、危地马拉和毛里求斯的小组分别研制出第一、第二和第三轮获奖的CubeSat,已通过联合国/日本关于CubeSat部署的合作方案从国际空间站日本实验舱(称为“KiboCUBE”)中从国际空间站部署。 来自印度尼西亚、摩尔多瓦共和国和中美洲一体化体系(中美洲一体化体系)的小组,分别是第三、第四和第五轮的获奖者,目前正在该方案下开发其立方体卫星。 委员会还注意到,KiboCUBE方案已成为空间科学和技术能力建设的一个重要工具,在这方面,外层空间事务厅和日本宇宙航空研究开发机构(日本宇宙航空研究开发机构)已宣布将KiboCUBE方案延长至2024年12月底,并增加了一个新的教育机会,称为“KiboCUBE学院”。", "82. 委员会注意到,联合国空间应用方案继续实施 \" 人人享有空间 \" 倡议,该倡议侧重于发展会员国获取空间惠益的能力,并向其伙伴提供研究机会,以开发将硬件送入空间所需的技术,利用独特的地面和轨道设施进行微重力实验,获取空间数据,并进行空间使用培训,包括使用天文数据,将这些国家置于国际空间舞台上,并促成空间科学和技术方面的深入能力建设。", "83个 委员会请外层空间事务厅继续与科学和技术小组委员会合作确定该方案的优先事项。", "第八十四会. 委员会满意地注意到,联合国空间应用方案继续强调、促进和推动同会员国在区域和全球各级的合作,以支持联合国所属各区域空间科学和技术教育中心。", "85. 212. 委员会注意到,外层空间事务厅继续与联合国所属各区域空间科学和技术教育中心密切合作,这些中心包括:非洲空间科学和技术教育区域中心(英语)、非洲空间科学和技术区域中心(法语)、亚洲及太平洋空间科学和技术教育中心、拉丁美洲和加勒比空间科学和技术教育区域中心、西亚空间科学和技术教育区域中心和亚洲及太平洋空间科学和技术教育区域中心(中国)。 在这方面,委员会赞赏地注意到,联合国所属各区域空间科学和技术教育中心的东道国正在向各中心提供大量财政和实物支助。", "(b) 国际搜索和救援卫星系统", "86号. 委员会满意地注意到,国际搜索和救援卫星系统(COSPAS-SARSAT)目前拥有43个成员国和2个参与组织,该系统覆盖全世界船舶和飞机上以及世界各地个别用户携带的紧急信标。 委员会还注意到,2021年,该方案帮助从全美国及其周围水域可能危及生命的局势中解救出330人,自1982年开始该方案以来,搜救卫星系统为全世界48 000多起救援提供了支持。", "2. 联合国 空间技术促进可持续社会经济发展", "87个 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1258,第79-88段)所反映小组委员会在 \" 空间技术促进可持续社会经济发展 \" 项目下的讨论情况。", "88个 委员会核可了小组委员会关于该项目的决定和建议(A/AC.105/1258,第88段)。", "89. 国家 委员会注意到由普拉卡什·乔汉(印度)担任主席重新召集的科学和技术小组委员会全体工作组的报告(A/AC.105/1258,附件一)。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 36. 一些代表团认为,空间科学和技术及其应用对于有效应对当前和今后社会和经济发展及可持续性所面临挑战至关重要,如自然灾害、粮食安全、气候变化和自然资源安全等,并指出,空间活动对于实现可持续发展目标和“空间2030”议程至关重要,特别是作为支持可持续经济增长、提高生活质量和管理全球环境的努力的一部分。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,必须确保外空事务厅配备必要的资源,包括充足的资金,以协助更多的国家获得空间科学技术及其应用的好处。", "3个 关于用卫星遥感地球的事项,包括对发展中国家的各种应用和监测地球环境", "91. 联合国 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1258,第89-98段)所反映小组委员会在关于用卫星遥感地球的事项,包括对发展中国家的各种应用和监测地球环境的项目下的讨论情况。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 委员会注意到,各国采取的国际和区域举措利用遥感数据支持可持续的社会经济发展,特别是为发展中国家谋取利益。", "93. 国家 在讨论过程中,各代表团获悉了遥感在知情决策以及国家和国际两级利用天基数据和应用的合作方案中所起的关键作用。 这方面的例子包括:领土测绘和边界安全、土地使用规划、自然和矿物资源管理、林业、物权的确定和记录、植被、作物和土壤的绘图工具、支持精确农业和农村规划的分水岭和水文特征、可耕地的确定、灌溉和地下水的探测、气象和天气预报和严重风暴的预警、灾害管理和应急、气候变化和环境保护、海洋学温度和海平面监测、气溶胶和污染物的空气质量监测,包括监测必要的气候变量以有助于国际研究、促进可持续发展、生态系统管理、冰川和降雪绘图和研究、作物和土壤监测以进行灌溉和地下水探测、空间天气监测和预警系统来保护重要基础设施和动物运动监测。", "94. 国家 委员会注意到,地球观测组和地球观测卫星委员会等重要举措在促进和便利遥感数据共享方面发挥了重要作用,并在此方面欢迎许多会员国继续在这一领域作出承诺。", " 4.四. 空间碎片", "95号. 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1258,第99-123段)中反映的小组委员会在空间碎片项目下的讨论情况。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 委员会满意地注意到,2022年是大会第62/217号决议核可委员会《空间碎片缓减准则》15周年,并促请尚未自愿执行《准则》的国家考虑这样做。", "97. 国家 委员会还满意地注意到,许多国家和国际政府间组织正在按照委员会的《空间碎片减缓准则》和《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》(A/74/20,附件二)实施空间碎片减缓措施,并有一些国家已将其国家空间碎片减缓标准同这些准则相统一。", "98 (英语). 此外,委员会注意到,一些国家正在使用委员会的《空间碎片减缓准则》和(或)机构间空间碎片协调委员会(空间碎片协委会)的《空间碎片减缓准则》,ISO标准24113:2011。 (空间系统:空间碎片缓减要求)和国际电联的建议ITU-R S.1003(对地静止卫星轨道的环境保护)作为其国家空间活动监管框架的参照点。 委员会还注意到,一些国家正在欧洲联盟资助的空间监测和跟踪支助框架下以及在欧空局的空间安全方案下开展合作。", "99号. 委员会还注意到,越来越多的国家正在采取具体措施来缓减空间碎片,包括改进运载火箭和航天器的设计、卫星脱轨、钝化、寿命延长、报废操作以及开发减缓空间碎片的具体软件和模型。", "一百个 委员会还注意到,空间碎片协委会的初步工作是委员会《空间碎片减缓准则》的基础,该委员会已于2022年更新了自己的《空间碎片减缓准则》。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 委员会关切地注意到空间碎片问题和空间碎片的扩散对未来探索和利用外层空间所构成的挑战。", "102. 国家 委员会一致认为,应当继续请会员国和在委员会具有常驻观察员地位的国际组织提供以下方面的报告:空间碎片研究、载有核动力源的空间物体的安全、与这类空间物体与空间碎片相撞有关的问题以及碎片缓减准则的执行方式。", "第103页。 224. 一些代表团认为,应当以不危及发展中国家空间能力发展的方式处理空间碎片问题。", "104 (韩语). 一些代表团认为,不应因既有空间行为者的历史活动而给新的空间行为者造成负担。", "105. (中文(简体) ). 一些代表团认为,应把解决在低地轨道上放置巨星探测器所构成的挑战,包括与可持续利用轨道和频率有关的挑战列为委员会工作的优先事项。", "106. (中文(简体) ). 224. 一些代表团认为,先进的航天国家和其他行为者,特别是那些部署特大卫星的国家,应适当考虑适用相关的自愿措施,如《空间碎片减缓准则》和《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》,并强调有必要加强发展中国家自愿执行这些措施的能力。", "107 (韩语). 一些代表团认为,由于轨道碎片是主要航天国家过去和目前运作的结果,这些国家应承担减轻这种情况和从技术和资金上协助发展中国家和新兴航天国家遵守空间碎片减缓准则的主要责任。", "108. (中文(简体) ). 34. 有代表团认为,在讨论碎片缓减和空间交通管理时,有必要促进空间活动中的透明度和建立信任措施,以避免误判和误解。", "5 (韩语). 借助空间系统的灾害管理支助", "第109页. 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1258,第124-136段)所反映小组委员会在借助空间系统的灾害管理支助项目下的讨论情况。", "110. 国家 委员会注意到天基信息对灾害管理和应急反应的重要性,利用遥感数据和地球观测卫星为各类自然灾害开发多危害预警系统并进行灾害影响分析,包括监测冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行病。", "111. 委员会欢迎联合国灾害管理和应急天基信息平台(天基信息平台)组织的活动,该平台支持发展利用各类天基信息支持灾害管理整个周期的能力。 在这方面,委员会注意到天基信息平台的活动和增强能力的努力,包括在其合作伙伴网络的持续支持下于2021年为有需要的国家制作量身定制的天基信息(见A/AC.105/1250),以及天基信息平台知识门户(www.un-spider.org)的好处,该知识门户是一个网络信息、通信和程序支持平台,促进了信息交流、经验交流、能力建设以及技术咨询支助和服务。", "112号 一些代表团认为,为了在国家一级加强备灾和应急工作,外层空间事务厅应当增加天基信息平台的能力建设活动,特别是向发展中国家提供更多的技术咨询访问和培训方案。", "113号. 委员会注意到最近举行了几次与灾害管理有关的国际会议,例如5月23日和24日在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的第三次多灾情预警会和5月23日至27日在德国波恩举行的欧空局活地行星专题讨论会,着重讨论了空间技术用于灾害管理的问题。", "114 (韩语). 委员会还注意到各国向地球观测卫星委员会灾害问题工作组和搜救卫星系统国际方案提供的支助。", "115. (中文(简体) ). 36. 委员会赞赏地注意到中国、法国和德国为天基信息平台提供的财务和人力资源捐助,以及2021年委员会一些成员国和区域支助办事处为支持外层空间事务厅通过天基信息平台开展的活动而提供的实物捐助,包括提供专家,以及它们为与其他有关国家交流经验而作的努力。 在这方面,委员会鼓励其他成员国和常驻观察员在自愿的基础上向外空事务厅的活动和方案,包括天基信息平台提供所有必要支助,包括增加财政支助,使外空事务厅能够更好地响应会员国的援助请求并在今后数年内充分执行其工作计划。", "6. 国家 全球导航卫星系统的最新发展", "116 (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1258,第137-157段)中反映的小组委员会在关于全球导航卫星系统最近发展情况的项目下的讨论情况。", "117号 委员会收到了秘书处题为“全球导航卫星系统国际委员会第十五次会议”的说明(A/AC.105/1251)。", "118. 委员会注意到,全球导航卫星系统国际委员会(导航卫星委员会)作为一个最佳合作机制,提供了一个灵活的论坛,使全球导航卫星系统的供应商和用户能够讨论与使用全球导航卫星系统多个信号有关的所有问题。", "119. 委员会注意到导航卫星委员会旨在制作一个可互操作的多全球导航卫星系统空间服务量的工作,这将有助于改进地球静止轨道以外空间作业的导航,预计全球导航卫星系统服务将用于西南空间。", "120号. 委员会注意到外层空间事务厅通过其能力建设和信息传播举措,特别是在发展中国家促进使用全球导航卫星系统的努力,以及外层空间事务厅作为导航卫星委员会执行秘书处在协调导航卫星委员会及其供应商论坛年度会议方面的作用。", "121. (中文(简体) ). 委员会注意到,由外层空间事务厅组织的导航卫星委员会第十五次会议和供应商论坛第二十四届会议于2021年9月27日至10月1日在维也纳举行,导航卫星委员会第十六次会议由阿拉伯联合酋长国主办,于2022年10月9日至14日在阿布扎比举行。", "7. 联合国 空间气象", "122. (中文(简体) ). 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1258,第158-172段)中反映的小组委员会在空间气象项目下的讨论情况。", "123. 国家 211. 委员会注意到由太阳多变性所引发的空间气象是一个国际关切,因为它对社会日益依赖的空间系统、载人航天飞行以及地基和天基基础设施构成潜在威胁。 因此,需要通过国际合作与协调,以全球方式解决这一问题,以便能够预测潜在的严重空间天气事件并减轻其影响,从而确保外层空间活动的长期可持续性。", "124. (中文(简体) ). 委员会注意到,在研究、培训和教育领域开展了一些国家和国际活动,以增进对空间气象不利影响的科学和技术了解并从而加强全球抵御空间气象威胁的能力,目的是促进执行《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》与空间气象有关的准则B.6和B.7。", "125. (中文(简体) ). 委员会赞赏地注意到,科学和技术小组委员会空间气象专家组在小组委员会2022年第五十九届会议期间以及在闭会期间举行了会议。 委员会还注意到向小组委员会提交的题为“空间气象专家组最后报告草案:改进空间气象服务国际协调”的文件(A/AC.105/C.1/L.401),其中载有六项高级别建议,并表示赞赏专家组报告员伊恩·曼所作的奉献。", "126. (中文(简体) ). 委员会核可了小组委员会所商定的决定,即将该报告(A/AC.105/C.1/L.401)作为专家组的最后报告加以审议并按小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1258,第172段)所反映文号以A/AC.105/C.1/122印发该报告。", "127 (韩语). 一些代表团认为,国际空间气象界必须找到一种机制来协调和继续开展工作。", "8. 联合国 近地天体", "128. (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1258,第173-190段)中反映的小组委员会在近地天体项目下的讨论情况。", "129. 国家 委员会赞赏地注意到国际小行星警报网和空间飞行任务规划咨询小组为确保所有国家,特别是预测和减轻近地天体影响能力有限的发展中国家认识到潜在威胁而开展的工作。", "130. (中文(简体) ). 委员会注意到,如果全世界天文观测站网络能够查明可靠的撞击威胁,那么关于这种威胁的重要信息将由国际天文观测网提供,并通过外层空间事务厅分发给所有会员国。", "131. 国家 委员会注意到,各国为发展在发现、观测、预警和减缓潜在危险近地天体方面的能力而作的努力和活动十分重要,有助于加强国际合作和信息共享,在这方面,委员会强调必须为国际水网协会和空间气象学和气象学研究小组的工作作出贡献。", "132. (中文(简体) ). 委员会注意到,美国国家航空航天局(美国航天局)于2021年11月启动了有史以来第一次行星防御技术示范飞行任务 -- -- 双小行星再定向试验(DART),这将展示动能撞击偏转技术。 委员会还注意到,作为后续行动,欧空局的赫拉飞行任务计划于2026年与Didymos小行星系统相遇,以便对DART飞行任务的偏转技术测试提供宝贵的评估。", "133. (中文(简体) ). 委员会注意到,关于由外层空间事务厅担任常设秘书处的国际妇女网络和精神卫生咨询小组会议的进一步资料已在其网站(http://iawn.net和http://smpag.net)上公布。", "134. 委员会注意到,由外层空间事务厅与欧空局合作主办的第七届国际宇宙航行科学院行星防御会议于2021年4月26日至30日举行,第八次行星防御会议将于2023年4月3日至7日在维也纳国际中心举行,由外空事务厅与欧空局和东道国奥地利合作主办。", "9. 国家 外层空间活动的长期可持续性", "135. (中文(简体) ). 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1258,第191-209段)中反映的小组委员会在关于外层空间活动长期可持续性的项目下的讨论情况,并赞同小组委员会的决定(A/AC.105/1258,第208和209段)和由Umaheswaran R.(印度)担任主席的外层空间活动长期可持续性工作组的决定(A/AC.105/1258,附件二,第7-9段和附录)。", "136. (中文(简体) ). 委员会收到了下列文件:", "(a) 俄罗斯联邦的会议室文件,题为 \" LTSSA准则`A.1 \" 的执行情况,必要时通过、修订和修正国家监管框架 \" (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.9);", "(b) 俄罗斯联邦题为“欧亚区域空间科学和技术教育中心对加强外空委成员国执行《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》的能力的贡献”的会议室文件(A/AC.105/2022/CRP.10);", "(c) 俄罗斯联邦的会议室文件,题为“审议在外层空间活动长期可持续性范围内确保空间作业安全的主要未竟任务”(A/AC.105/2022/CRP.11)。", "137号. 215. 委员会赞赏地注意到,外层空间活动长期可持续性工作组在小组委员会第五十九届会议上商定并通过了关于其职权范围、工作方法和工作计划(A/AC.105/1258,附件二,第7段和附录)。", "138. 委员会还回顾,工作组将同样重视指导框架的三个要素(A/AC.105/1258,附件二,附录,第6和7段)。", "139. (中文(简体) ). 委员会还回顾,工作组已同意于2022年11月以混合形式举行非正式磋商(A/AC.105/1258,附件二,第24段)。 第9条。", " 140.: 140. 委员会获悉,一些成员国已完成或目前正在完成对其执行和平利用外层空间委员会《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》情况的内部评估。", "141 (英语). 委员会还获悉,已经或正在采取一些国家、区域和国际科学、技术、法律和政策措施及举措,以执行委员会外层空间活动长期可持续性准则。", "142. (中文(简体) ). 委员会还获悉,通过联合王国提供的财政支助,外层空间事务厅继续开展了题为“与执行《远程遥感准则》有关的提高认识和能力建设”的项目。 联合王国在该项目的第二阶段编写了一份利益攸关方研究报告(见Space Constainable.unoosa.org)。", "143. (中文(简体) ). 36. 一些代表团认为,委员会的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》是安全和负责任地使用外层空间的最佳做法,对于为子孙后代维护外层空间至关重要。", "144. (中文(简体) ). 224. 一些代表团认为,必须分享经验并审查各国实际执行委员会《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》的最佳做法和所吸取的经验教训,因为这将加强总体沟通、国际合作、提高认识和能力建设。", "145 (英语). 一些代表团认为,法律小组委员会应当对委员会外层空间活动长期可持续性准则进行审查和评估。", "146. 国家 29. 有代表团认为,和平利用外层空间委员会已成为讨论空间可持续性的主要论坛,通过制定“自下而上”的方法来处理空间使用方面的安全和可持续做法,将自己与其他论坛区分开来。", "147页. 211. 有意见认为,有多个并行平台审议多年来一直在委员会职权范围内处理的主题事项,其中包括外层空间活动长期可持续性工作组任务授权范围内的专题,这构成职能的直接重叠。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,根据不可侵犯的协商一致原则进行国际工作是确保外层空间活动长期可持续性的唯一办法,符合整个国际社会的利益。", " 148. 148. 124. 有代表团认为,委员会的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》是明确、实际和得到证明的,这意味着各国和国际政府间组织都表现出准则的执行和效力,而且准则既不损害现有法律义务,也不妨碍对外层空间的使用,特别是新兴空间行为者对外层空间的使用。", "149 (英语). 124. 有代表团认为,首先,委员会的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》积极表明了为减缓环境退化而作的努力,因为其中载有一些建议,促进在空间飞行任务的设计和运行中采取更有利于环境的做法。", "150 (英语). 30. 有代表团认为,委员会的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》是管辖当代空间活动的一套完整规则,鉴于围绕空间资源开展的经济和科学活动的发展目前和未来的挑战,必须不断更新或补充这些规则。", "151 (英语). 34. 有代表团认为,委员会外层空间活动长期可持续性准则已使国内就空间可持续性对开展国家空间活动和制定更强有力的监管框架以及协调国家立场的影响进行的对话得到改善。", "152. (中文(简体) ). 34. 有意见认为,空间探索工作不应将发展中国家抛在后面或不公平地置于不利地位,确保外层空间活动可持续性的唯一途径是继续通过加强合作与协作为全人类提供从这些活动得到的利益。", "153 (英语). 34. 有代表团认为,为了实现外层空间活动长期可持续性的主要目标,科学和技术小组委员会必须集中力量,在国际合作框架内,在诸如能力建设和促进能力以及向发展中国家转让技术等领域,并充分、有效和无歧视地实施《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》。", "154 (英语). 211. 有代表团认为,理解是什么使各国无法执行委员会《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》,对于了解未来能力建设活动的形式至关重要。", "155 (英语). 211. 有代表团认为,外层空间活动长期可持续性工作组确定并研究挑战并审议可能的新准则的计划具有相关性,这除其他外,是由于各国和商业公司对积极清除空间碎片的项目以及制定探索和利用月球的计划和方案感兴趣。 表示这种意见的代表团回顾,与工作组有关的进一步实质性投入可在会议室文件中找到。 A/AC.105/2022/CRP.9、A/AC.105/2022/CRP.10和A/AC.105/2022/CRP.11。", "156 (英语). 29. 有代表团认为,审议空间碎片、科学和社会的黑暗和安静的天空、近地天体和在外层空间使用核动力源等问题可以有助于确保外层空间活动的长期可持续性。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,因此,关于这些问题的审议应当考虑到《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》。", "157. (中文(简体) ). 124. 有代表团认为,外层空间活动的长期可持续性应当作为科学和技术小组委员会议程上的一个经常项目予以保留,以确保外层空间活动长期可持续性工作组已取得进展的技术方面的讨论继续进行并得到所有代表团的更多关注。", "158 (英语). 211. 有意见认为,由世界经济论坛牵头、由瑞士洛桑联邦技术研究所运营的一个联合会开发的空间可持续性评级将有助于并加强外层空间负责任和可持续的行为。", "10个 委员会未来的作用和工作方法", "159 (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1258,第210-233段)中反映的小组委员会在关于委员会未来作用和工作方法的项目下的讨论情况。", "160 (英语). 委员会回顾其第六十二届会议的决定,即在两个小组委员会的议程中列入一个题为“委员会的未来作用和工作方法”的经常项目,以便能讨论贯穿各领域的问题(A/74/20,第321(h)段)。", "11个 在外层空间使用核动力源", "161 (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1258,第224-237段)中反映的小组委员会在 \" 在外层空间使用核动力源 \" 项目下的讨论情况。", "162 (英语). 212. 委员会核可了小组委员会和由Sam A. Harbison(联合王国)担任主席重新召集的在外层空间使用核动力源问题工作组所提出的建议,包括将工作组的多年期工作计划延长一年,以最后完成向小组委员会提交的关于多年期工作计划结果的报告并探讨收集未来空间核动力源应用的知识、做法和计划进展情况信息的可选办法(A/AC.105/1258,第237段和附件三)。", "163 (英语). 委员会注意到,在这方面,工作组在秘书处的协助下举行了一系列闭会期间会议,工作组在委员会第六十五届会议期间于2022年6月7日和8日举行了两次非正式会议来推进其工作。", "164. (中文(简体) ). 委员会承认,一些国家和一个国际政府间组织正在制定或考虑制定关于在外层空间安全使用核动力源的法律和规章文书,同时考虑到由小组委员会和国际原子能机构共同制定的《关于在外层空间使用核动力源的原则》和《在外层空间使用核动力源的安全框架》的内容和要求。", "165 (英语). 在这方面,委员会还注意到,工作组必须继续开展工作,以便继续分享信息,促进进一步理解和发展确保空间安全使用核电的有效程序,因为人们重新关注在外层空间使用核动力源的问题,使太阳系得以探索,从而有可能观察和了解本来无法接触到的黑暗而遥远的行星体,以及利用核动力源进行航天器的空间内推进,以此作为乘员和货物前往火星的飞行任务和前往外太阳系的科学飞行任务的一种潜在技术,从而能够更快地更有力地执行人类和机器人飞行任务。", "166 (英语). 一些代表团认为,应当有一个持续的机制,以便在多边一级就这一议题进行有条理的交流,在外层空间使用核动力源问题工作组应当向小组委员会建议为推进今后在外层空间使用核动力源的可能性制定安全准则所需要作出的新安排。", "12个 空间与全球卫生", "167. (中文(简体) ). 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1258,第238-249段)中反映的小组委员会在空间和全球卫生项目下的讨论情况。", "168 (英语). 212. 委员会核可了由Antoine Geissbühler(瑞士)担任主席的小组委员会及其空间与全球健康工作组就该项目所提出的建议和作出的决定,包括关于建立空间与全球健康平台以及空间与全球健康网络的决定(A/AC.105/1258,第249段和附件四,第23段)。 第7条。", "169 (英语). 委员会感谢瑞士代表团在委员会本届会议期间为A/AC.105/L.328号文件所载关于空间与全球健康的决议草案案文提供非正式磋商。", "170 (英语). 有人认为,本可以通过承认人类医学研究对增进对生态学、心理学、人类工程学、遗传学、体育、营养和其他科学的了解的重要性来进一步加强决议草案的案文。 表示这种观点的代表团还强调指出,全球卫生领域的国际合作是非歧视性的,并强调发展和改进保健系统的目标不应被政治动机所阻碍。", "171 (英语). 214. 一些代表团认为,关于空间和全球卫生的决议草案(见附件)有效地体现了空间数据和技术在公共卫生领域的关键作用。 这些代表团欢迎将该决议草案提交通过,并着重指出了推进这项工作以分享空间活动对全球健康的益处的重要性。", "172 (英语). 2022年6月3日,委员会第790次会议核可了本报告附件一所载关于空间与全球健康的决议草案。 302. 委员会注意到,经核可的该决议草案将提交2022年大会第七十七届会议,由大会通过,其议程项目是“和平利用外层空间的国际合作”。", "173 (英语). 委员会注意到与空间和全球卫生有关的广泛活动,并承认空间科学、空间技术和空间应用对预防和控制疾病、促进人类健康和福利、解决全球卫生问题、促进医学研究、改进卫生做法和向个人和社区提供保健服务,包括向获得保健的机会有限的农村地区提供保健服务等所作的贡献。", "174 (英语). 委员会注意到空间科学、空间技术和空间应用在处理COVID-19大流行病方面的关键作用及其在支持追踪联系、确定受影响地区、对该疾病的传播进行建模并监测其传播、远程工作连通性、远程保健和通信以及应付社会孤立的方法方面的关键作用。", "175 (英语). 委员会欢迎空间与全球健康工作组根据其多年期工作计划所开展工作的报告(A/AC.105/C.1/121)并表示感谢工作组主席在指导工作组根据其多年期工作计划所开展工作方面所作的不懈努力和干练的领导。", "176 (英语). 委员会赞赏地注意到瑞士在2022年5月日内瓦卫生论坛上组织的“利用空间技术促进全球健康”专题圆桌会议,会上介绍了空间与全球卫生平台和国际空间与全球卫生网络,外层空间事务厅、世界卫生组织、联合国卫星中心和地球观测组织参加了该圆桌会议。", "177 (英语). 委员会注意到,已请会员国确定专家,并鼓励会员国参加空间和全球卫生网络。", "178 (英语). 202. 委员会商定,从2023年起,将题为“空间与全球健康”的议程项目作为小组委员会议程上的一个经常性项目。", "13个 在不妨碍国际电信联盟职能的情况下,审查地球静止轨道的物理性质和技术特征及其利用和应用,包括在空间通信领域的利用和应用,以及与空间通信发展有关的其他问题,并特别考虑到发展中国家的需要和利益", "179 (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会在题为“审查地球静止轨道的物理性质和技术特征及其利用和应用,包括在空间通信领域的利用和应用,以及与空间通信发展有关的其他问题,并特别考虑到发展中国家的需要和利益,但不妨碍国际电联的作用”的项目下进行的讨论,讨论情况见小组委员会的报告(A/AC.105/1258,第250至261段)。", "180 (英语). 36. 一些代表团认为,地球静止轨道是一种有限的自然资源,有可能饱和,从而威胁该环境中空间活动的可持续性,应当合理使用地球静止轨道,并且应当不论各国目前的技术能力如何,在公平条件下向其提供,同时特别考虑到发展中国家的需要和某些国家的地理位置。", "14个 科学与社会在黑暗和宁静的天空上进行一般性交换意见", "181 (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会在题为 \" 为科学和社会就黑暗和安静的天空进行一般性意见交换 \" 的项目下进行的讨论,讨论情况见小组委员会的报告(A/AC.105/1258,第262-276段)。", "182 (英语). 委员会欢迎将关于科学和社会的黑暗和宁静天空的一般性意见交流作为一个单独的讨论议题/项目列入科学和技术小组委员会的议程,这是对下述事实的重要承认:光学和射电天文学的天文观测是空间活动的一个重要方面,应当受到保护,不受干扰。", "183 (英语). 264. 委员会欢迎对联合国/西班牙/天文学联盟关于科学和社会的黑暗和静静天空会议的讨论(见A/AC.105/1255和A/AC.105/1257)和外层空间事务厅在科学和技术小组委员会第五十九届会议间隙举办的关于黑暗和静静天空专题的工业专题讨论会(A/AC.105/1258, 第43-48段)所作的贡献,并注意到这些活动所提出的建议。", "184 (英语). 委员会注意到天文学联盟采取主动,邀请各代表团与其最近开放的 \" 保护黑暗和安静的天空免受卫星星座干扰中心 \" 接触。 该中心于2022年4月1日开始运作,目的是同世界各地的机构和个人协调多学科的国际协作努力,帮助减轻卫星星座对地基光学和射电天文学观测以及对人类享受夜空的不利影响。", "185 (英语). 委员会注意到一些国家为保护射电望远镜和无线电静电区免受卫星星座影响而作的努力,以及天文界和卫星界之间的持续接触,并注意到所有相关行动者,特别是空间工业、卫星星座运营商和天文学界之间继续合作的重要性,以确保暗而静的天空不受卫星星座干扰。", "186 (英语). 一些代表团认为,需要多方利益有关者努力制定切实可行的解决办法来应对卫星星座对天文学的意外影响。", "187 (英语). 有代表团认为,尚未充分考虑卫星星座对地基天文学夜空能见度的不利影响,这个问题属于委员会的任务范围,需要一项国际商定的条例。", "15个 科学和技术小组委员会第六十届会议临时议程草案", "188 (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会在其第六十届会议临时议程草案项目下进行的讨论,讨论情况见小组委员会的报告(A/AC.105/1258,第277-281段)。", "189 (英语). 委员会核可了小组委员会就该项目所提出的建议和作出的决定(A/AC.105/1258,第279-281段)。", "190 (英语). 212. 根据小组委员会第五十九届会议的审议情况,委员会商定由小组委员会第六十届会议审议下列项目:", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 主席致词。", "3个 5. 一般性交换意见并介绍所提交的关于国家活动的报告。", "4. 联合国空间应用方案。", "5 (韩语). 空间技术促进可持续社会经济发展。", "6. 国家 关于用卫星遥感地球的事项,包括对发展中国家的各种应用和监测地球环境。", "7. 联合国 5. 空间碎片。", "8. 借助空间系统的灾害管理支助。", "9. 国家 5. 全球导航卫星系统的最近发展。", "10个 空间气象.", "11个 近地天体。", "12个 外层空间活动的长期可持续性。", "(外层空间活动长期可持续性工作组多年期工作计划所反映2023年的工作(A/AC.105/1258,第209段和附件二附录第18段))", "13个 6. 委员会未来的作用和工作方法。", "14个 空间与全球健康。", "15个 5. 在外层空间使用核动力源。", "(在外层空间使用核动力源问题工作组延长的多年期工作计划中反映的2023年的工作(A/AC.105/1258,第237段和附件三,第24段)) (第5条)", "16. 在不妨碍国际电信联盟作用的情况下,审查地球静止轨道的物理性质和技术特征及其利用和应用,包括在空间通信领域的利用和应用,以及与空间通信发展有关的其他问题,并特别考虑到发展中国家的需要和利益。", "(供讨论的单个问题/项目)", "17岁 科学与社会在黑暗和宁静的天空上进行一般性的意见交流。", "(供讨论的单个问题/项目)", "18岁。 5. 科学和技术小组委员会第六十一届会议临时议程草案。", " 19. 19. 5. 提交和平利用外层空间委员会的报告。", "191 (英语). 211. 委员会一致认为,应在科学和技术小组委员会第六十届会议上重新召集全体工作组、在外层空间使用核动力源问题工作组和外层空间活动长期可持续性问题工作组。", "192 (英语). 委员会一致认为,根据2007年举行的科学和技术小组委员会第四十四届会议所达成的协议(A/AC.105/890,附件一,第24段),拟由空间研究委员会在小组委员会第六十届会议上组织的专题讨论会应当以气候行动和空间的贡献为主题。", "C. 法律小组委员会第六十一届会议的报告", "193 (英语). 委员会赞赏地注意到法律小组委员会第六十一届会议的报告(A/AC.105/1260),其中载有小组委员会根据大会第76/76号决议所审议项目的审议结果。", "194 (英语). 委员会对Nomfuneko Majaja(南非)在小组委员会第六十一届会议期间作为主席的得力领导表示赞赏。", "195 (英语). 264. 奥地利、巴西、加拿大、智利、中国、芬兰、德国、希腊、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、意大利、日本、卢森堡、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、联合王国、美国和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的代表在该项目下作了发言。 摩洛哥代表(代表77国集团和中国)也发了言。 在一般性交换意见期间,其他成员国也就这个议程项目作了发言。", "196 (英语). 委员会听取了由日本代表作的题为“亚太区域空间机构论坛关于加强亚太区域空间政策和法律能力的举措的进度报告”的专题介绍。", "1. 联合国 国际政府间组织和非政府组织在空间法方面的活动情况介绍", "197 (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会在题为 \" 国际政府间组织和非政府组织与空间法有关的活动的资料 \" 的项目下进行的讨论,讨论情况见小组委员会的报告(A/AC.105/1260,第36-38段)。", "2. 联合国五项外层空间条约的现状和适用情况", "198 (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1260,第39-51段)中反映的小组委员会在关于联合国五项外层空间条约的现状和适用的项目下的讨论情况。", "199 (英语). 委员会核可了小组委员会及其由伯恩哈德·施密特-泰德(德国)担任主席重新召集的联合国五项外层空间条约的现状和适用情况工作组的决定和建议(A/AC.105/1260,附件一,第7至15段)。", "200块 224. 一些代表团认为,工作组关于五项条约的现状和适用情况、国际法对小型卫星的适用和卫星登记等更广泛的问题的讨论,以及工作组编写题为“将空间惠益带给所有国家:关于空间活动法律框架的指导文件”的广泛文件(A/AC.105/C.2/117),都为小组委员会提供了有益的协助并大大有助于各国制定国家空间立法和政策。", "201 (英语). 211. 一些代表团认为,法律小组委员会是促进为和平利用外层空间而逐步发展国际空间法的适当论坛,需要与科学和技术小组委员会加强互动,以确保法律规则仍然与当前和计划中的空间活动相关并适用。", "202 (英语). 36. 一些代表团认为,鉴于私营部门日益参与空间活动并不断演变的潜力,谈判一项明确界定和指导外层空间商业活动的有法律约束力的国际文书可在扩大利用外层空间和为人类利益刺激空间活动方面发挥重要作用,并可以有助于确保考虑到发展中国家的权利,确保这些国家不被排除在空间探索的惠益之外。", "203 (英语). 22. 有代表团认为,虽然联合国五项外层空间条约构成国际空间法的基石,而且越来越多的国家加入这些条约受到欢迎,但需要进一步发展和补充这些条约,以便能够对外层空间非政府实体和私营部门行为者的崛起等新的发展作出反应。", "204 (英语). 36. 一些代表团认为,国际空间法是使行为者能够在安全和可预测的环境中蓬勃发展的一个关键手段,在这方面,履行《外层空间条约》中授权和监督从事空间活动的非政府实体的活动的义务,在提供必要的法律确定性以鼓励私营部门对空间活动进行大规模投资方面发挥了关键作用。", "205 (英语). 34. 有代表团认为,随着空间活动的发展,指导外层空间活动的规范、规则和原则也必须演变;维持并更新关于非政府实体的授权和持续监督的国内立法是提高外层空间私营部门行为者的确定性和可预测性的一种方式。 表示这种意见的代表团还认为,分享各国处理《外层空间条约》下义务的国家立法的信息,可以鼓励对条约的解释和执行采取共同的理解和办法。", "206 (英语). 34. 有代表团认为,必须完成或执行大会第62/101号决议和和平利用外层空间委员会《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》(A/74/20,附件二)所载关于加强各国和国际政府间组织登记空间物体的做法的建议,以便解决与数百个甚至数千个未登记的空间物体发生特大碰撞的趋势,因为这可能对地基天文学、地球轨道和地球上层大气产生影响。", "3个 与外层空间的定义和定界以及地球静止轨道的性质和利用有关的事项,包括审议在不妨碍国际电信联盟职能的情况下确保合理和公平地使用地球静止轨道的方式和方法", "2017 (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会在关于外层空间的定义和定界以及地球静止轨道的性质和利用等事项的议程项目下进行的讨论,包括审议在不妨碍国际电联职能的情况下确保合理和公平地使用地球静止轨道的方式和方法,讨论情况见小组委员会的报告(A/AC.105/1260,第52-77段)。", "2018 (英语). 211. 一些代表团认为,缺乏外层空间的定义或划界在空间法和航空法的适用性方面造成了法律上的不确定性,需要澄清有关国家主权和空气空间与外层空间之间界限的事项,以减少各国之间发生争端的可能性。", "209 (英语). 一些代表团认为,没有必要对外层空间进行定义或划界。", "210 (英语). 221. 一些代表团认为,地球静止轨道是一种有限的自然资源,显然有饱和的危险,需要加以合理利用并应当提供给所有国家,而不论其目前的技术能力如何。 这将使各国能够在公平条件下利用地球静止轨道,同时特别考虑到发展中国家的需要和利益以及某些国家的地理位置,并考虑到国际电联的程序和联合国的有关规范和决定。", "211 (英语). 17. 一些代表团认为,地球静止轨道不应由本国通过使用、再用或占领或任何其他手段加以占有,地球静止轨道的利用应受可适用的国际法管辖。", "212 (英语). 215. 有代表团认为,地球静止轨道应被视为外层空间的一个需要具体技术和法律治理的特定领域和特殊部分,因此应当由独特的制度加以规范。", "213 (英语). 34. 有代表团认为,在公平利用地球静止轨道方面存在缺陷。 因此,应当考虑采取若干行动,例如设立一个法律小组委员会专门工作组,修改科学和技术小组委员会的相应议程项目以审议这一问题的技术方面,设立一个政府间专家组,以及与国际电联就与轨道资源公平利用有关的问题进行更密切合作。", "4. 与和平探索和利用外层空间有关的国家立法", "214 (英语). 委员会注意到法律小组委员会在与和平探索和利用外层空间有关的国家立法项目下进行的讨论,讨论情况见小组委员会的报告(A/AC.105/1260,第78-91段)。", "215 (英语). 委员会核可了小组委员会关于该议程项目的建议(见A/AC.105/1260,第91段)。", "216 (英语). 委员会注意到成员国为审查、加强、制定或起草国家空间法律和政策并改革或确立本国空间活动的管理而开展的活动。", "217 (英语). 委员会满意地注意到秘书处编写的对空间活动国家监管框架纲要性概览(A/AC.105/C.2/2022/CRP.9)的更新,该更新使各国能够了解现有的国家监管框架,分享国家做法的经验并交流国家法律框架的信息。", "218 (英语). 委员会注意到亚太区域空间机构论坛国家空间立法举措研究小组所作的区域努力。 该举措已进入第二阶段,涉及和平利用外层空间委员会《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》(A/74/20,附件二)的执行情况,新的国家加入了研究小组,使共有12个国家参与了这项研究。", "219 (英语). 委员会一致认为,应当按照国际法来制定国家空间立法。", "220 (英语). 29. 有代表团认为,国家空间立法不应包括与外层空间商业化有关的条例。", "5 (韩语). 空间法能力建设", "221 (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会在空间法能力建设项目下进行的讨论,讨论情况见小组委员会的报告(见A/AC.105/1260,第92-102段)。", "222 (英语). 委员会核可了小组委员会关于该议程项目的建议(见A/AC.105/1260,第102段)。", "223 (英语). 委员会一致认为,为了确保越来越多的空间活动参与者遵守国际空间法,为确保建设必要的国家能力,必须在空间法研究、培训和教育方面开展国际合作。", "224 (英语). 委员会赞赏地注意到,政府和非政府实体正在作出一些国家、区域和国际努力来建设空间法方面的能力。", "225 (英语). 224. 一些代表团认为,空间法能力建设是一项基本工具,应通过国际合作予以加强,需要外空事务厅和成员国提供更大的支持来推动南北和南南合作,以促进空间法领域的知识和专长的交流。", "226 (英语). 委员会满意地注意到,《新空间行为者空间法》项目旨在提供支持,以加强制定国家空间法和政策的能力。", "227 (英语). 214. 委员会赞赏地注意到2022年5月10日至12日在网上举行的联合国/智利空间法和政策会议。 小组委员会注意到,这些活动通过将空间法专家、从业人员以及政府、工业界和民间社会代表联系起来,促进了空间法方面的能力建设。", "6. 国家 委员会未来的作用和工作方法", "228 (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1260,第103-121段)所反映小组委员会在关于委员会未来作用和工作方法的项目下的讨论情况。", "229 (英语). 委员会核可了小组委员会报告中反映的各项决定(A/AC.105/1260,第106段)。", "7. 联合国 考虑到科学和技术小组委员会的工作,就与空间碎片缓减和补救措施有关的法律机制一般性地交流信息和意见", "230 (英语). 委员会注意到法律小组委员会在关于与空间碎片缓减和补救措施有关的法律机制的一般信息和意见交换的项目下进行的讨论,同时考虑到了法律小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1260,第122-149段)所反映的科学和技术小组委员会的工作。", "231 (英语). 委员会核可了小组委员会报告中反映的各项决定(A/AC.105/1260,第149段)。", "232 (英语). 委员会满意地注意到,大会在其第62/217号决议中核可了委员会的《空间碎片减缓准则》,这是就如何减轻空间碎片问题提供指导的一个关键步骤,并促请联合国所有会员国考虑自愿地执行该准则。", "233 (英语). 委员会满意地注意到,一些国家已采取措施,通过本国法律中的相关规定来实施国际公认的与空间碎片有关的准则和标准,包括委员会的《空间碎片减缓准则》和委员会的《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》。", "234 (英语). 212. 有意见认为,小组委员会应当扩大其对委员会《空间碎片减缓准则》的审查,同时考虑到空间碎片可能由载有核动力源的空间平台所产生,而且这类平台可能与空间碎片相撞。 表示这种意见的代表团还对这种碎片在南半球,特别是在南太平洋区域的大气层再入表示关切,并呼吁发射国采取措施来避免空间碎片的产生。", "235 (英语). 29. 有代表团认为,外层空间活动透明度和建立信任措施政府专家组的建议以及《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》将有助于监测和缓减空间碎片,并有助于以安全和可持续的方式开展空间活动。", "236 (英语). 34. 有代表团认为,有必要制定新的、具有约束力的文书来减少空间碎片。", "237 (英语). 一些代表团认为,通过法律手段解决空间碎片问题十分重要,法律小组委员会应讨论登记国、管辖权、控制和空间物体损害赔偿责任等法律问题。", "238 (英语). 29. 有意见认为,法律小组委员会应与科学和技术小组委员会密切合作,处理与空间碎片和空间活动长期可持续性有关的问题,并拟订人类所为空间碎片领域得到国际承认的基本术语定义。", "239 (英语). 委员会欢迎各国和国际组织通过的空间碎片缓减标准简编最近得到更新和增补,并鼓励各国和有关组织为简编出稿。", "8. 联合国 就无法律约束力的联合国外层空间文书进行一般性信息交流", "240 (英语). 委员会注意到法律小组委员会在小组委员会报告(A/AC.105/1260,第150-164段)中反映的关于就无法律约束力的联合国外层空间文书进行一般性信息交流的项目下的讨论情况。", "241 (英语). 委员会注意到外层空间事务厅在专门网页上提供的关于各国和国际组织就无法律约束力的联合国外层空间文书所通过机制的简编,并请委员会成员国和在委员会具有常设观察员地位的国际政府间组织继续向秘书处提交答复以列入简编。", "242 (英语). 36. 一些代表团认为,制定无法律约束力的联合国文书的重要性是对现行联合国外层空间条约的补充和支持,对空间活动的新发展作出反应并有助于加强外层空间活动的安全、保障和可持续性。", "243 (英语). 一些代表团回顾《关于开展探索和利用外层空间的国际合作,促进所有国家的福利和利益,并特别考虑到发展中国家的需要的宣言》,指出该《宣言》是促进国际合作的一项重要文书,目的是使所有国家从利用空间应用中获得最大利益,并吁请所有航天国家促进和促进国际合作,并特别注意发展中国家的利益,加强委员会作为在探索和利用外层空间的国际合作领域交流信息的主要平台的作用。", "244 (英语). 有代表团认为,无法律约束力的联合国文书也是制定行为守则以确保安全和可持续利用外层空间的重要手段。 表达这种观点的代表团呼吁各国支持并继续与大会第76/231号决议设立的不限成员名额工作组合作,以制定外层空间负责任行为的规范、规则和原则。", "9. 国家 关于空间交通管理所涉法律问题的一般性交换意见", "245 (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会在题为 \" 就空间交通管理的法律方面进行一般性意见交换 \" 的项目下进行的讨论,讨论情况见小组委员会的报告(A/AC.105/1260,第165-178段)。", "246 (英语). 232. 委员会核可了小组委员会关于继续审议这一项目的建议,特别是鉴于外层空间物体数量日增、外层空间行为者多样化和空间活动增加造成空间环境日益复杂和拥挤。", "247 (英语). 一些代表团认为,这些现象对外层空间活动的安全、保障和可持续性构成挑战。", "248 (英语). 224. 一些代表团认为,制定有助于制定、制定和实施共同国际规则的全球空间交通管理制度将是及时和必要的,因为有关外层空间活动的安全、保障和可持续性的问题是所有空间行为者和社会日益关切的问题。", "249 (英语). 一些代表团认为,通过外层空间负责任行为的规范和原则也很重要,特别是各国普遍承诺不试验制造长效轨道碎片的反卫星武器。", "250块. 34. 有代表团认为,虽然联合国外层空间条约以及国际电联的国际条例已载有与空间交通管理有关的基本规定,而且一些与空间交通管理有关的问题已经由不具约束力的国际文书所涵盖,例如委员会《空间碎片减缓准则》和《外层空间长期可持续性准则》等,但迫切需要制定由技术和监管规定组成的国际空间交通治理制度,以填补现有文书中的法律空白。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,小组委员会是制定这种全面多边办法的适当论坛,以便有效地管理空间交通,在这方面的任何单一国家或区域努力都有法律不成体系的风险,这可能导致空间活动安全恶化。", "251 (英语). 17. 一些代表团认为,以《外层空间条约》为基石的现有国际空间法为空间交通管理提供了基本法律制度。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,所有国家都应根据国际法维护外层空间的国际秩序,并确保航天器运行的安全。", "252 (英语). 29. 有代表团认为,在审议未来的空间交通管理办法时,不需要对外层空间作出定义和划界。", "10个 关于将国际法适用于小型卫星活动的一般性交换意见", "253 (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会在题为 \" 关于将国际法适用于小型卫星活动的一般交换意见 \" 的项目下进行的讨论,讨论情况见小组委员会的报告(A/AC.105/1260,第179-202段)。", "254 (英语). 委员会注意到,该项目继续列入小组委员会的议程并一致认为,保留该项目有助于解决与使用小型卫星有关的问题并提高对这些问题的认识。", "255 (英语). 委员会注意到,涉及小型卫星的活动应当遵守国际空间法,而不论这些卫星的大小。", "256 (英语). 一些代表团认为,上述小型卫星活动应当按照现行国际监管框架进行。", "257 (英语). 委员会了解到各国和国际组织侧重于小型卫星的开发和运行的方案,以及适用于小型卫星的开发和使用的监管框架。", "258 (英语). 221. 一些代表团认为,考虑到空间物体不论大小在会员国社会经济发展中的重要作用,委员会及其小组委员会不应建立特别法律制度或任何其他可能限制空间物体的设计、建造、发射和使用的机制。", "259 (英语). 26. 一些代表团认为,在讨论空间物体登记问题时,应当考虑到外层空间正在发展的情况,例如大型星座的数目不断增加。", "260 (英语). 211. 有代表团认为,特大集聚物对外层空间活动的长期可持续性有影响,法律小组委员会应当就这一专题进行有针对性的讨论。", "11个 关于空间资源勘探、开发利用活动潜在法律模式的一般性交换意见", "261 (英语). 委员会注意到小组委员会在题为 \" 关于空间资源探索、开发和利用活动潜在法律模式的一般交换意见 \" 的项目下进行的讨论,讨论情况见小组委员会的报告(A/AC.105/1260,第203-230段)。", "262 (英语). 委员会核可了在本议程项目下设立的小组委员会及其工作组的决定和建议(A/AC.105/1260,附件二,第5-8段),该工作组由安杰伊·米斯塔尔(波兰)和史蒂文·弗里兰(澳大利亚)担任副主席重新召集。", "263 (英语). 委员会注意到,在该议程项目下设立的工作组被命名为空间资源活动所涉法律问题工作组并商定了工作组报告附录(A/AC.105/1260,附件二)所载的详细工作计划和工作方法。", "264 (英语). 22. 一些代表团认为,奥地利、比利时、捷克、芬兰、德国、卢森堡、挪威、葡萄牙和罗马尼亚提交的工作文件(A/AC.105/C.2/2022/CRP.21)为通过工作组工作计划作出了贡献,并载有A/AC.105/1260附件二所预见的在联合国主持下召开的国际空间资源会议的建议。", "265 (英语). 202. 一些代表团认为,在国际一级,通过委员会及其小组委员会等多边论坛,对空间资源的探索、开发和利用进行最妥善的协调,以便和平地和可持续地探索和利用外层空间,从而确保这些活动按照国际法进行,并有利于并有利于所有国家。", "266 (英语). 22. 有意见认为,工作组的任何产出,无论是建议形式还是规定空间资源利用活动框架的一套原则,都应以确保以不妨碍技术进步和私人空间活动的方式将联合国五项外层空间条约所制定的规则适用于空间资源活动,同时实现《外层空间条约》第一条所作出的承诺,即外层空间的探索和利用应为所有国家的福利和利益而进行。", "267 (英语). 34. 有代表团认为,关于空间资源的议程项目已从讨论的专题转向以目标为导向的工作组,这可以成为整个小组委员会未来工作方法的一个可能模式,因为它表明各国一致有兴趣开展多边工作,就共同关心的难题提供具体而实际的成果并对所有空间行为体提供有益的法律指导。", "268 (英语). 22. 有代表团认为,通过工作组五年工作计划以澄清《外层空间条约》的重要条款是值得欢迎的。 表示这种意见的代表团还认为,应当采用分步骤的方法来制定空间资源活动框架,而且产出应当符合《外层空间条约》所阐明的国际空间法基本原则。", "269 (英语). 一些代表团指出,已签署《关于为和平目的合作探索和利用月球、火星、彗星和小行星原则的阿耳忒弥斯协定》的国家已增至20个,并认为该协定代表了一套承诺,规定了指导这些国家探索月球、火星等地的规则和原则。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,《阿耳忒弥斯协定》以《外层空间条约》为基础,它们表明签署国承诺在将人类存在扩大到地球以外地区时采取负责和透明的做法。", "270 (英语). 29. 有代表团认为,《阿尔忒弥斯协定》所阐明的一项关键原则是透明度,各国应继续致力于分享并传播有关其国家空间政策和空间探索计划的信息。 表示这种观点的代表团也认为,多边讨论必须着重确定实用工具,以透明的方式分享关于各国月球活动的信息,并符合由《外层空间条约》产生的国际义务和承诺。", "271 (英语). 有人认为,虽然《阿耳忒弥斯协定》可以作为一个起点,其某些条款很容易被接受,但为了获得更大的支持,某些方面需要加以平整并符合对不占有原则的更广泛理解。", "272 (英语). 224. 一些代表团认为,探索、开发和利用空间资源的任何活动都应当根据联合国五项外层空间条约进行,这些条约确立了国际空间法,而且各国单独或作为国家俱乐部在联合国多边框架之外开展的任何活动都会导致委员会成员国之间的合作支离破碎,应予避免。", "273 (英语). 一些代表团认为,《关于各国在月球和其他天体上活动的协定》为工作组的工作提供了有意义的启发,因为该文书载有要求建立利用空间资源国际制度的条款,而且这种利用将变得可行。 表示这种看法的各代表团还认为,这种国际制度将是审议直接或间接地为探索月球作出贡献的国家的努力和发展中国家利益的一种方式。", "274 (英语). 一些代表团认为,对《外层空间条约》中的重要原则,如不侵占和自由探索及利用外层空间等原则作出权威性解释,将使各国今后能对空间资源活动作出具体承诺。 表示这种意见的代表团还认为,对《外层空间条约》中开展空间活动的义务的共同理解,并适当顾及《条约》所有其他缔约国的相应利益,以及对构成或不构成何种行为的共同理解,将有助于确保所有人都能获得空间资源。", "275 (英语). 34. 有代表团认为,由于只有为数有限的国家能够开展空间资源活动,所以必须确保这些活动所产生的资产的积累不会集中在少数利益攸关方手中,而且《外层空间条约》概述对社会负责的行为,支持和平、包容和可持续的空间活动,同时以考虑到发展中国家的特殊需要和利益的方式促进国际参与。", "276 (英语). 124. 有代表团认为,在制定空间资源活动框架时,应确保与科学和技术小组委员会加强互动,使由此产生的框架能够对所开展实际活动作出反应。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,需要为与空间资源活动有关的基本术语制定一套得到国际承认的定义,作为制定管辖此类活动的法律规则的第一步,而一套定义只能由技术投入来拟订。", "277 (英语). 212. 有意见认为,空间资源不包括无线电频率或轨道,例如地球静止轨道,因为这些资源属于国际电联的职权范围。", "278 (英语). 202. 一些代表团认为,在制定空间资源探索、开发和利用框架时,工作组可考虑这一领域已做的现有工作,例如海牙国际空间资源治理工作组所拟订的空间资源活动国际框架的制定工作的组成部分,该组成部分可作为以联合国所有正式语文提供的工作文件(A/AC.105/C.2/L.315)。", "12个 向和平利用外层空间委员会提出的关于拟由法律小组委员会第六十二届会议审议的新项目的提案", "279 (英语). 委员会注意到法律小组委员会在关于向委员会提出的关于拟由小组委员会第六十二届会议审议的新项目的提案的项目下进行的讨论,讨论情况见小组委员会的报告(A/AC.105/1260,第231-244段)。", "280 (英语). 212. 根据小组委员会第六十一届会议的审议情况,委员会商定由小组委员会第六十二届会议审议下列实质性项目:", "经常项目", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 主席致词。", "3个 4. 一般性交换意见。", " 4.四. 5. 国际政府间组织和非政府组织与空间法有关的活动情况介绍。", "5 (韩语). 5. 联合国五项外层空间条约的现状和适用情况。", "6. 国家 与下列方面有关的事项:", "(a) 国家 外层空间的定义和划界;", "(b) 国家 7. 地球静止轨道的性质和利用,包括审议在不妨碍国际电信联盟职能的情况下确保合理和公平地使用地球静止轨道的方式和方法。", "7. 与和平探索和利用外层空间有关的国家立法。", "8. 空间法能力建设。", "9. 国家 6. 委员会未来的作用和工作方法。", "工作计划下的项目", "10个 5. 就空间资源勘探、开发利用活动的潜在法律模式进行一般性意见交换。", "(空间资源活动所涉法律问题工作组多年期工作计划中反映的2023年的工作(A/AC.105/1260, 第206段和附件二,附录))", "供讨论的单个问题/项目", "11个 5. 就与空间碎片缓减和补救措施有关的法律机制进行一般性信息和意见交流,同时考虑到科学和技术小组委员会的工作。", "12. 就无法律约束力的联合国外层空间文书进行一般性信息交流。", "13个 4. 就空间交通管理的法律方面进行一般性意见交换。", "14个 5. 关于将国际法适用于小型卫星活动的一般交换意见。", "新项目", "15个 4. 向和平利用外层空间委员会提出的关于拟由法律小组委员会第六十三届会议审议的新项目的提案。", "281 (英语). 212. 委员会一致认为,应在小组委员会第六十二届会议上重新召集联合国五项外层空间条约的现状和适用情况工作组、外层空间的定义和划界工作组以及空间资源活动所涉法律问题工作组。", "282 (英语). 委员会核可了小组委员会达成的一致意见,即在小组委员会第六十二届会议期间根据法律小组委员会的报告(A/AC.105/1260)举行一次专题讨论会。", "283 (英语). 有与会者认为,小组委员会应定期审查议程项目,以便要么暂停那些缺乏兴趣或似乎不再需要的项目,要么制定一项工作计划来取得所关心项目下的具体成果。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,如果有兴趣或需要重新提出先前被暂停的项目,则必须重新提出。", "D. 空间与可持续发展", "284 (英语). 202. 委员会根据大会第76/76号决议审议了题为“空间与可持续发展”的议程项目。", "285 (英语). 中国、法国、德国、印度、印度尼西亚、日本、哈萨克斯坦、墨西哥、荷兰、俄罗斯联邦、南非、泰国、阿拉伯联合酋长国、美国和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的代表在该项目下作了发言。 平方公里天文台和世界空间周协会的观察员也作了发言。 在一般性交换意见期间,其他成员国的代表也就该项目作了发言。", "286 (英语). 委员会收到了下列文件:", "(a) 联合国/奥地利世界空间论坛关于“空间4气候行动”主题的报告(A/AC.105/1266);", "(b) 联合国/巴西/阿拉伯联合酋长国妇女空间专家会议关于“空间妇女的举措、挑战和机遇”的报告(A/AC.105/1267)。", "287 (英语). 委员会听取了该项目下以下专题介绍:", "(a) \" 中国应急管理中的卫星应用(2021-2022年) \" ,由中国代表介绍;", "(b) “保护外层空间环境有助于可持续的空间活动”,由中国代表介绍;", "(c) \" 印度的地球观测应用促进国家发展和治理 \" ,由印度代表介绍;", "(d) “印度空间领域能力建设活动:最新情况”,由印度代表介绍;", "(e) “空间技术:对伊朗可持续发展的贡献”,由伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表介绍;", "(f) “日本宇宙航空研究开发机构可持续空间原则:日本宇宙航空研究开发机构对可持续发展目标的贡献”,由日本代表介绍;", "(g) “空间促进粮食安全”,由荷兰代表介绍;", "(h) “利用韩国陆地观测卫星图像监测和构建空间信息”,由大韩民国代表介绍;", "(一) “巴西、俄罗斯联邦、印度、中国和南非(金砖国家)智能望远镜和数据网络旗舰项目:金砖国家 国家全球光学望远镜网络”,由俄罗斯联邦代表介绍;", "(j) “发展中国家创新、贯穿各领域的先进空间技术培训方案”,由俄罗斯联邦代表介绍;", "(k) 俄罗斯联邦代表作的“用于研究海洋生态系统的远程监测系统”;", "(l) “新兴空间工业的能力建设”,由菲律宾代表介绍。", "288 (英语). 委员会再次确认空间科学和技术及其应用在执行《2030年可持续发展议程》、特别是可持续发展目标、实现《2015-2030年仙台减少灾害风险框架》以及缔约国履行其对《巴黎气候变化协定》的承诺等方面的重要作用。", "289 (英语). 委员会注意到空间技术和应用以及天基数据和信息对可持续发展的价值,包括在改进与环境保护、土地和水管理、城乡发展、海洋和沿海生态系统、保健、气候变化、减少灾害风险和应急反应、能源、基础设施、导航、地震监测、自然资源管理、雪和冰川、生物多样性、农业和粮食安全等有关的政策和方案的制定和执行方面。", "290 (英语). 委员会满意地注意到外层空间事务厅同奥地利和阿拉伯联合酋长国政府合作举办了世界空间论坛系列会议。", "291 (英语). 委员会注意到各国提供的信息,说明它们努力将国家、区域和国际各级的跨部门活动纳入,并将天基地理空间数据和信息纳入所有可持续发展进程和机制。", "292 (英语). 委员会还注意到各国提供的关于其旨在提高社会对利用空间科学和技术满足发展需要的认识和了解的行动和方案的资料。", "293 (英语). 委员会注意到国际空间站在科学研究促进可持续发展方面继续发挥重要作用。", "294 (英语). 委员会满意地注意到,各国在区域一级开展了大量外联活动,以通过空间科学和技术应用促进可持续发展方面的教育和培训来进行能力建设。", "295 (英语). 211. 委员会注意到国际合作和伙伴关系对于充分发挥空间科学、技术和应用促进可持续发展的潜力的价值。", "296 (英语). 委员会注意到,第四次亚洲及太平洋空间应用促进可持续发展部长级会议将于2022年10月在印度尼西亚举行。", "页:1 空间技术的附带利益:现况审查", "297 (英语). 202. 委员会根据大会第76/76号决议审议了题为“空间技术的附带利益:现况审查”的议程项目。", "298 (英语). 下列国家的代表在该项目下作了发言:阿尔及利亚、巴西、印度、意大利、墨西哥、俄罗斯联邦、南非、美国和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国。 在一般性交换意见期间,其他成员国的代表就该项目作了发言。", "299 (英语). 委员会听取了以下专题介绍:", "(a) “作为国家能力建设引擎的SAOCOM项目”,由阿根廷代表介绍;", "(b) “利用正亨一号电磁卫星和高芬遥感卫星监测自然危害”,由中国代表介绍;", "(c) “俄罗斯新一代甚长基线干涉测量网”,由俄罗斯联邦代表介绍。", "300块。 委员会注意到各国提供的关于本国在涉及包括私营部门和学术界在内的各种行为者的空间技术附带利益方面的做法的资料。", "301 (英语). 委员会注意到,美国航天局印发的题为“2022年品能”的出版物可在美国航天局网站上查阅。 委员会感谢美国航天局出版的“分食”系列出版物,自委员会2000年第四十三届会议以来,这些出版物每年都提供给各代表团。", "302 (英语). 委员会注意到许多领域的创新,如农业、室内垂直耕作、污染和有毒化学补救、可持续水和自然资源管理、林业和野火探测、地质学、地球物理学、生态系统保护、可耕地的确定和发展、渔业和矿藏、卫生、医药、假肢、生物学、化学、环境、教育、电子、通信、导航和定时、材料应用、能源储存、运输、安全、因特网接入、激光数据传输、加工、分析和储存以及灾害管理。 此外,它注意到,许多为空间应用所开发并经空间机构许可的技术已经转让给工业,并导致在社会中的实际应用。 特别是,商业行为者开发了利用空间附带技术的各种医疗支助设备,以应对冠状病毒病(COVID-19)的流行。", "303 (英语). 一些代表团认为,空间机构的技术转让方案促进了各行业的经济发展,这反过来又使企业家、公司、学术界和政府机构能够获得创新。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,这些方案有助于采取战略举措来建立一个综合的国际空间生态系统,促进私营部门的增长、工业自力更生、吸引外国商业投资并鼓励国际合作。", "304 (英语). 一些代表团认为,负责直接与业界和学术界合作的专职公共部门实体支持商业参与,并便利了天基技术的应用,以实现广泛的使用和更大的社会经济效益。", "305 (英语). 36. 一些代表团认为,通过对公共部门在空间部门投资的社会经济影响进行长期研究,可以确定天基技术的供应商和用户如何提高其性能和创新潜力的好处。 表示这种观点的代表团还表示,特别是从空间技术,包括地球观测、导航和定时技术中产生的产品和服务,改善了各种产品和服务的商业供应,并有助于提高研究与开发的效率和效力。", "306 (英语). 一些代表团认为,遥感、地理空间和地球观测方案,特别是图像、数据和分析,对于灾害管理和应急、城市和农业规划、测绘保健、能源、食品安全、边境监视、非法作物和非法开采控制、物流、建筑业、旅游业、生态学、防治荒漠化以及支持通过神经网络技术、人工智能和机器学习处理大量数据十分重要。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,这些方案对于实现可持续项目十分重要,有助于为受气候变化影响的实体的决定提供信息。", "F. 空间与水", "307 (英语). 202. 委员会根据大会第76/76号决议审议了题为“空间与水”的议程项目。", "308 (英语). 阿尔及利亚、巴西、法国、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、日本、墨西哥和泰国的代表在该项目下作了发言。 苏丹·本·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹亲王国际水奖的观察员也在本项目下作了发言。 在一般性交换意见期间,其他成员国也就该项目作了发言。", "309 (英语). 在讨论过程中,各代表团审查了与水有关的合作活动,列举了国家方案以及双边、区域和国际合作的实例,这些实例表明国际合作和政策对分享遥感数据产生了有益的影响。", "310 (英语). 委员会注意到,水及其相关问题正成为二十一世纪一些最关键的环境问题。 委员会还注意到,为有助于实现可持续发展目标,必须利用空间水观测促成的空间技术、应用、做法和举措。", "311 (英语). 委员会注意到,许多空间平台处理与水有关的问题,天基数据被广泛用于水管理。 委员会还注意到,空间技术和应用与非空间技术相结合,在解决许多与水有关的问题上发挥了重要作用,包括:观测和研究海平面、全球水循环和异常气候模式;绘制地表水体、水道和流域图,包括绘制其季节性和年度可变性图;监测水坝水库的水量;评估水库和河流的沉积过程;河流径流;监测蒸发;水质参数的估计值;估计积雪熔流;监测地下水资源;规划和管理水库和灌溉项目;水文灾害预警;监测和减轻洪水、干旱、台风、旋风、地崩塌和冰川湖溃决洪水的影响;监测土壤水分;再利用农业排水;收集雨水;确定地下水开发的远景区;改进预报的及时性和准确性;查明紧急情况,如火灾、污染、盐碱化、水花事故和石油溢出等。", "312 (英语). 一些代表团认为,气候变化已成为稳定水管理的一个关键问题,因为它在世界各地造成了严重干旱和与水有关的灾害并造成土地下沉。", "313 (英语). 211. 有意见认为,天基技术支持监测河流、湖泊、湿地和沿海水域,特别是大型和偏远水体的水质,包括监测水体的污染物,而空间技术有助于了解生态灾害,如工业溢出或可能在区域一级影响地下水的扩散污染地。", "314 (英语). 委员会指出,如果不成功实施和监测水资源综合管理,就不可能实现关于人人享有清洁用水和卫生设施的可持续发展目标6。", "315 (英语). 29. 有代表团认为,空间技术和应用有可能为制定与水有关的政策和协调努力以实现可持续发展目标6作出贡献。", "316 (英语). 一些代表团认为,需要就可持续发展目标制定政策、能力建设、知识交流、技术转让、获取天基数据和现场数据以及进行跨学科思考,以建设利益攸关方利用天基信息的能力并推进创新,增强社区应对新出现的水资源风险的能力。", "317 (英语). 委员会注意到外层空间事务厅Space4Water门户网站的价值,并强调了该门户网站在传播空间技术用于与水有关的目的方面的作用。", "318 (英语). 委员会注意到,加纳政府于2022年5月10日至13日在阿克拉主办了由苏丹·本·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹亲王国际水奖共同赞助的第五次利用空间技术进行水资源管理国际会议。", "G. 空间与气候变化", "319 (英语). 202. 委员会根据大会第76/76号决议审议了题为“空间与气候变化”的议程项目。", "320. (中文(简体) ). 262. 奥地利、中国、法国、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、日本、肯尼亚、墨西哥、荷兰、尼日利亚、阿拉伯联合酋长国、联合王国和美国的代表在该项目下作了发言。 在一般性交换意见期间,其他成员国的代表也就该项目作了发言。", "321 (英语). 委员会听取了以下专题介绍:", "(a) “中国气候变化空间观测站和对策”,由中国代表介绍;", "(b) “地球静止环境监测传感器气候变化研究应用计划”,由大韩民国代表介绍;", "(c) 欧洲联盟常驻观察员作的“对监测二氧化碳排放的全球努力的贡献”;", "(d) “空间太阳能效益”,由全国空间学会观察员介绍。", "322 (英语). 委员会注意到,气候变化是我们时代最紧迫的全球挑战之一,并强调了天基技术在提供关键气候数据以更好地理解、减缓和适应气候变化并监测《巴黎协定》执行情况方面日益重要的价值,还强调了天基观测对了解气候变化的重要性。 委员会还注意到天基观测对实现关于气候行动的可持续发展目标13的重要性。", "323 (英语). 委员会注意到在国家、区域和国际各级为开发和操作观测大气条件的卫星而作的努力,以及利用天基观测和技术处理气候变化问题的多利益攸关方伙伴关系和行动的重要性。 在这方面,委员会注意到第三工作组对2022年4月发表的政府间气候变化专门委员会第六次评估报告的贡献,其中工作组呼吁采取紧急行动,将全球变暖限制在1.5°以内。 C度,以及空间技术和应用在气候友好型转变道路上的重要作用。 委员会还注意到,政府间气候变化问题小组使用的54个变量中,一半以上只能以天基技术的核心贡献来衡量。", "324 (英语). 214. 委员会注意到,包括外层空间事务厅在内的国际伙伴机构和组织表示有兴趣参与和推动空间气候观测站的工作,该观测站是法国国家空间研究中心(CNES)倡议建立的,20多个空间机构在2017年12月11日一个地球峰会通过的《巴黎宣言》中批准了该观测站,为此于2019年6月17日在法国勒布尔热签署了一份联合兴趣宣言,该观测站的主要目标是利用空间技术、有针对性的措施和与社会经济指标相参照的相关模式,利用空间技术、有针对性的措施和相关模式,在国家和区域一级编制和分发关于气候变化影响的充分、及时和可靠的数据和信息,以便确定和实施减缓和适应气候变化的措施。", "325 (英语). 委员会还注意到,空间气候观测站已制订了其《宪章》,该《宪章》已提交给目前为利益声明签署国的36个空间机构。 在这方面,委员会注意到,将于2022年9月1日生效的《空间气候观测站宪章》将使该观测站能够在致力于应对气候变化的多边网络中占有一席之地,赋予观测站促进为气候行动调动空间工具和支持执行《巴黎气候变化协定》的任务。", "326 (英语). 委员会注意到,作为奥地利“空间4气候行动”倡议的一部分,联合国/奥地利年度专题讨论会将于2022年9月12日至15日举行,主题为“空间促进气候行动:减缓和适应气候变化以及支持地球可持续性方面的经验和最佳做法”。 委员会还注意到,将设立一个由外层空间事务厅主办的关于 \" 空间4气候行动 \" 倡议的专门网页,作为外空事务厅支助会员国实现关于气候行动的可持续发展目标13的努力的一部分。", "327 (英语). 委员会注意到2021年在联合王国格拉斯哥成功举行了由联合王国担任主席并与意大利合作的《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方会议第二十六届会议,会上强调了天基气候行动的重要性。 在这方面,委员会还注意到,联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方会议第二十七届会议将于2023年11月7日至18日在埃及主持下举行。", "328 (英语). 委员会注意到地球观测领域气候变化相关活动方面的一些双边伙伴关系以及国家一级的空间方案,这些方案将建设、发射和运行地球观测卫星系统以跟踪气候变化的表现和影响列为高度优先事项。", "329 (英语). 委员会注意到卫星观测和地球观测应用在监测荒漠化和极端天气事件增加等基本气候变量和相关挑战、跟踪海平面变化、二氧化碳浓度、海冰耗竭和地表积雪以及收集沙漠、海洋、极地盖和冰川等偏远地区数据方面的有用性。", "330 (英语). 委员会还注意到,必须支持地球观测方面的国际合作,包括通过世界气象组织、地球观测卫星委员会、气象卫星协调小组、全球气候观测系统、地球观测组织和亚太空间合作组织等已建立已久的组织。 在这方面,委员会注意到,外层空间事务厅目前正在最后完成战略测绘工作报告,其目的是更全面地了解现有政府间实体在利用空间技术支持减缓、适应、复原力和监测气候变化方面的技术和政策协调能力。", " H. 空间技术在联合国系统内的使用", "331 (英语). 202. 委员会根据大会第76/76号决议审议了题为“空间技术在联合国系统内的使用”的议程项目。", "332 (英语). 212. 奥地利、印度、印度尼西亚和墨西哥的代表在该项目下作了发言。 在一般性交换意见期间,其他成员国的代表也就该项目作了发言。", "333 (英语). 委员会收到了下列文件:", "(a) 外层空间活动机构间会议第四十届会议的报告(A/AC.105/1263);", "(b) 载有外层空间活动机构间会议关于协调联合国系统内与空间有关的活动促进气候行动的特别报告预发本的会议室文件(A/AC.105/2022/CRP.15)。", "334 (英语). 委员会听取了该项目下以下专题介绍:", "(a) \" 俄罗斯-古巴 观察站:目标、文书和任务”,由俄罗斯联邦代表介绍;", "(b) 俄罗斯联邦代表作的“对地球的宇宙影响:后果评估”。", "335 (英语). 委员会注意到,外层空间活动机构间会议第四十届会议于2021年12月14日以在线形式举行。 委员会还注意到,外层空间事务厅正同亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会合作,共同组织联合国空间第四十一届会议。", "336 (英语). 委员会还注意到,联合国空间处已同意于2022年发行一份出版物,重点介绍联合国系统内与空间有关的活动。", "337 (英语). 委员会欢迎即将提出的关于协调联合国系统内与空间有关的活动以促进气候行动的特别报告(将以文号A/AC.105/1264印发),并对联合国空间和外层空间事务厅作为联合国空间秘书处编写该报告表示赞赏。", "338 (英语). 委员会鼓励联合国系统各实体酌情参与联合国空间的协调工作。", "339. (英语). 委员会注意到,由印度空间研究组织(印度空研组织)开展的Unispace Nano卫星大会和培训的第三部分将在2022年10月15日至12月15日与外层空间事务厅协调进行,并鼓励会员国,特别是希望参加空间活动的会员国,适用并受益于该方案。", "我当然知道 I. 委员会未来的作用和工作方法", "340. (中文(简体) ). 1. 委员会根据大会第76/76号决议,审议了题为“委员会的未来作用和工作方法”的议程项目。", "341 (英语). 澳大利亚、加拿大、智利、中国、法国、德国、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、瑞士、联合王国、美国和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的代表在该项目下作了发言。 在一般性交换意见期间,其他成员国的代表也就该项目作了发言。", "342 (英语). 委员会收到了下列文件:", "(a) 秘书处关于和平利用外层空间委员会及其附属机构的管理和工作方法的说明(A/AC.105/C.1/L.384);", "(b) 加拿大、日本、联合王国和美国提交的题为“筹备作为联合国未来首脑会议一部分的外层空间多利益攸关方对话”的文件(A/AC.105/2022/CRP.17)。", "343 (英语). 委员会回顾了委员会第六十四届会议报告(A/76/20, 第281-300段)、科学和技术小组委员会第五十九届会议报告(A/AC.105/1258, 第210-223段)和法律小组委员会第六十一届会议报告(A/AC.105/1260, 第103-121段)所反映对该项目的审议情况。", "344 (英语). 委员会同意在题为“其他事项”的议程项目下审议与联合国未来首脑会议有关的事项。", "345 (英语). 一些代表团认为,委员会应当完全侧重于促进和平利用外层空间,而防止因对空间系统使用武器或将外层空间用于军事和其他国家安全活动而使冲突升级的问题,应当由联合国各裁军论坛处理。", "346 (英语). 有代表团认为,委员会应增加同联合国系统各主要委员会的互动,以便在诸如核能和裁军问题上提供更大的咨询和合作。", "347 (英语). 一些代表团认为,两个小组委员会之间就贯穿各领域的问题,特别是长期可持续性和空间资源加强协调、互动和协同增效十分重要。", "348 (英语). 有人认为,今后制定并实施程序,以便能够就感兴趣的专题和决策进行辩论,从而有可能提高委员会工作的效率和活力。", "349 (英语). 一些代表团认为,只有在其他项目被删除时,委员会及其小组委员会才应增加新的项目。", "350 (英语). 一些代表团认为,议程项目应按顺序审议,但不排除举行工作组会议。", "351 (英语). 有人认为,首先应让所有成员国有机会在一个议程项目下发言,然后才让观察员组织发言。", "352号 有人认为,委员会应考虑采用新的和有创意的方法,使来自工业界、学术界和民间社会等相关利益攸关方参与其活动。", "353号. 有人认为,委员会需要改进和丰富其工作方法,加强自己的领导作用并采用更有效的手段,在议事规则和现行做法的框架内同非政府进程互动,以适应不断变化的现实和需要。", "354 (英语). 29. 有代表团认为,联合国其他实体在空间相关问题上的工作应与委员会的工作密切协调,并应当从参与联合国空间工作的联合国实体定期收到最新情况。", "355 (英语). 22. 有意见认为,有必要支持联合国附属各区域空间科学和技术教育中心的工作,并需要加强不同区域中心之间的交流与协作,以建设发展中国家的能力,同时特别考虑到新兴的航天国家和发展中国家。", "356号 29. 有代表团认为,必须促进新兴国家开发人的能力,以使它们能够利用空间技术促进发展的好处。", "357 (英语). 有人认为,今后届会必须保持本届会议混合形式,包括现场网播全体会议,提供联合国六种正式语文的口译,在这方面,强调了提供平稳网播和全面数字录音的重要性。", "358号 有人认为,委员会及其小组委员会以混合形式组织届会仍应是一项例外措施,需要事先以协商一致方式核准。", "359 (英语). 有人认为,应制定在发生不可抗力的情况下所应遵循的程序,以确保委员会在诸如COVID-19等危机局势下工作的连续性。", "360 (英语). 有人认为,委员会应呼吁根据大会第76/231号决议设立的不限成员名额工作组不要审议委员会所涵盖并反映在工作组成立前所作决定中的问题。", "361 (英语). 一些代表团认为,大会第76/231号决议足以明确界定不限成员名额工作组的任务。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,不限成员名额工作组向联合国所有会员国开放,在工作组本身的会议上呼吁避免委员会工作与工作组的工作重叠更为合适。", "362 (英语). 一些代表团认为,对大会第76/231号决议的记录表决以及弃权表明不限成员名额工作组具有争议性。", "363 (英语). 一些代表团认为,审议与安全与稳定有关的问题属于大会裁军和国际安全委员会(第一委员会)的职权范围。", "364 (英语). 一些代表团认为,和平利用外层空间委员会的工作包括制定《外层空间活动长期可持续性准则》,这证明了委员会在加强空间业务的可持续性、安保和安全方面的作用。", "365 (英语). 委员会赞赏地注意到,在外层空间事务厅和裁军事务厅的共同支持下,将于2022年10月27日在纽约举行大会裁军和国际安全委员会(第一委员会)和特别政治和非殖民化委员会(第四委员会)关于空间安全和可持续性可能遇到的挑战的联合小组讨论,并商定联合小组讨论应讨论和平利用外层空间委员会同不限成员名额工作组工作之间的交叉问题。", "J. 空间探索和创新", "366 (英语). 202. 委员会根据大会第76/76号决议审议了题为“空间探索和创新”的议程项目。", "367 (英语). 211. 阿塞拜疆、中国、法国、印度、印度尼西亚、意大利、日本、卢森堡、墨西哥、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、瑞士、泰国和美国的代表在该项目下作了发言。 月球村协会、开放月球基金会和安全世界基金会的观察员也作了发言。 在一般性交换意见期间,其他成员国也就这个议程项目作了其他发言。", "368. (英语). 委员会收到了下列文件:", "(a) 题为 \" 月球村协会关于可持续月球活动全球专家组的报告 -- -- 现状/计划 \" 的会议室文件(A/AC.105/2022/CRP.12);", "(b) 题为 \" 国际月球日月球村协会的报告 -- -- 支助执行情况 \" 的会议室文件(A/AC.105/2022/CRP.13);", "(c) 墨西哥和罗马尼亚题为 \" 关于在2023年和平利用外层空间委员会第六十六届会议上在议程项目 \" 空间探索和创新 \" 下列入 \" 为可持续月球活动而协调 \" 的年度议程分项目的建议 \" 的会议室文件(A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14)。", "369 (英语). 委员会听取了该项目下以下专题介绍:", "(a) “Lunar绿洲:综合月球生境的建筑远景”,由奥地利代表介绍;", "(b) \" 中国深空探索的进展 \" ,由中国代表介绍;", "(c) “意大利在米涅尔瓦飞行任务中的科学研究活动”,由意大利代表介绍;", "(d) “韩国开拓者月球轨道器:大韩民国的第一次月球飞行任务”,由大韩民国代表介绍;", "(e) “用光谱-伦特根-伽马天文台绘制的宇宙新X射线图”,由俄罗斯联邦代表介绍;", "(f) “E.T.PACK项目:空间碎片扩散问题的技术解决办法”,由西班牙代表介绍;", "(g) \" Esrange:世界上最多才多艺的空间中心 -- -- 提供新的服务以实现可持续的未来 \" ,由瑞典代表介绍;", "(h) “第一个国际月球日”,由月球村协会观察员介绍;", "(一) “日地物理学科学委员会关于可变日地耦合可预测性的PRESTO方案的现状”,由日地物理学科学委员会观察员介绍;", "(j) \" 空间探索项目小组确保空间探索未来有多样化、可持续和令人振奋的道路的计划 \" ,由航天新一代咨询理事会观察员介绍。", "370 (英语). 212. 委员会回顾了本议程项目的出处和探索和创新行动小组的工作,该行动小组编写了史上第一份联合国报告,强调了在低地轨道外进行人类空间探索的重要性(见A/AC.105/1168)。", "371 (英语). 委员会赞赏地注意到,各代表团在本届会议上交流了关于空间探索和创新努力的信息和最新情况,包括国家活动和方案的详细情况以及双边、区域和多边国际合作的实例。", "372号. 262. 委员会注意到,在讨论过程中,除其他外,提供了以下方面的资料:研究和开发活动;空间物体发射;载人航天飞行方案;机器人探索活动;与国际空间站和中国空间站有关的活动和合作机会;对月球、火星、火星月球、太阳和小行星的多次飞行任务;卫星、着陆器、月球和直升机实验,以探索太阳系并研究科学专题;样本返回地球;计划中的国际月球研究站;计划中的Gateway月球前哨站;下一代望远镜,该望远镜将很快揭示130多年前形成的恒星和星系的图像;展示小型航天器技术的CubeSats;将利用压载机组作为运输手段;空间跟踪和管理能力;火箭技术的发展;添加剂制造和人工智能的创新利用;原位资源利用技术的发展;遥感数据和应用的新用途;空间探索创新中心;空间资源创新中心;国家空间论文、战略、联盟、计划、路线图、空间探索周;关于空间创新主题和空间探索的一年期讲习班;关于空间探索的谅解备忘录;关于空间探索的部长级研讨会和协议;关于空间探索的研讨会和讲习班;关于空间探索的指南。", "373号. 委员会还注意到空间探索和创新活动的所有利益有关者,包括各国政府和政府机构、非政府实体、学术机构、科学和技术研究中心、工业和私营部门之间必须开展合作,以促进和平探索和利用外层空间以及安全和可持续地发展外层空间活动,为全人类造福。", "374 (英语). 委员会还注意到,宜将发展中国家纳入空间探索努力,以确保空间探索活动在全球范围是公开和包容性的。", "375 (英语). 委员会注意到为促进空间工业而作的努力,特别是在青年人当中,以及在空间探索和创新领域促进人力资本的发展而作的努力。", "376 (英语). 委员会还注意到为在空间探索和创新活动中促进多样性和包容性而作的努力。", "377 (英语). 委员会还注意到,空间探索和创新往往激励和鼓励青年人从事科学、技术、工程和数学领域的研究和职业(科技、工程和数学科目),以及法律、政策和通信领域的研究和职业。", "378 (英语). 29. 有意见认为,空间部门在经济多样化方面发挥了关键作用,提供了高附加值。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,空间经济不再仅通过技术革新而通过商业革新来发展,在这方面,企业、机构和公民都有很大的机会。", "379. (英语). 27. 有代表团认为,由于空间项目复杂而昂贵,有必要促进国际合作和贸易,交流知识并开放产品和服务市场。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,各国不应试图涵盖所有领域,而是高度建议各国注重具体的技术专长并发展这些专长,以便自己成为特定领域的世界领导人。", "380 (英语). 有代表团认为,一个国家开始空间探索和创新的主要要求是该国领导人将空间视为一个战略领域的坚定决心,其中包括领导人承诺通过长期计划、建立支助机构以及充分和持续的投资来发展空间探索和创新。", "381 (英语). 29. 有代表团认为,由于新兴空间国家将在今后的全球空间探索中发挥重要作用,应当更积极地讨论新兴空间国家之间的合作以及领先国家和新兴国家之间的合作。", "382 (英语). 212. 有意见认为,作为发展和创造火箭和空间技术的主管中心而出现的各种研究协会,从设计到现成使用的产品,有助于灌输各种思想,创造附带利益,优化空间基础设施,提高国家机构控制下的经济效率,并将高素质人员集中在一个单一的组织结构框架内。", "383号 有人认为,有关国家结构、中小型企业、大学创新团队和非国家风险融资系统之间的互动已经证明是有效的,特别是在企业加速器方面,通过这些加速器,有重点地选择了满足工业需要的起步公司。", "384 (英语). 34. 有代表团认为,外层空间含有几乎无限的能源以及大量有用的材料,具有未开发的潜力,可以在未来为人类提供丰富的资源,相关的创新和发展可以加强社会应对未来挑战的复原力。", "385 (英语). 有代表团认为,空间探索和创新的主要目标应当是可持续性、摇篮至摇篮设计和可行性,并使用绿色技术来减少人类对地球的负面影响。 表示这种观点的代表团还认为,应利用新的意识形态、方法和产品来查明并取代长期以来形成的浪费或有害的习惯,提高地球环境的质量,并纠正走向资源丰富的未来的道路。", "386号. 有人认为,探索是人类精神的命运,应对更深入空间挑战的探索运动符合这一精神和委员会的精神。", "387号 委员会审议了载于会议室文件A/AC.96/10中的提案。 105/2022/CRP.14 (中文(简体) ).", "K. “空间2030”议程", "388 (英语). 202. 委员会根据大会第76/76号决议审议了题为 \" 空间2030 \" 的议程项目。", "389 (英语). 212. 阿根廷、奥地利、中国、德国、印度尼西亚、日本、肯尼亚、尼日利亚、挪威、大韩民国、瑞士和联合王国的代表在该项目下作了发言。 平方千米阵列天文台观察员也作了发言。 在一般性交换意见期间,其他成员国的代表也就该项目作了发言。", "390 (英语). 委员会听取了以下专题介绍:", "(a) “国家空间活动委员会教育方案”,由阿根廷代表介绍;", "(b) “Lunar Polar Mission LUNA-25”由俄罗斯联邦代表介绍。", "391号 242. 委员会欢迎大会第76/3号决议通过“空间2030”议程及其执行计划,将其作为一份高级别政治文件,说明空间活动如何能为实现可持续发展目标、《关于气候变化的巴黎协定》和《仙台减少灾害风险框架》作出贡献,这些活动的广泛社会惠益,以及空间技术和应用及天基数据在为国际社会促进经济增长和繁荣方面的关键作用。 委员会还赞扬了“空间2030”议程工作组主席团和秘书处为推动该里程碑文件的定稿和通过而作的工作。", "392号 委员会注意到“空间2030”议程强调加强会员国、联合国实体、政府间组织和非政府组织、工业和私营部门实体之间的伙伴关系和合作,以确保通过共同努力并借助不同利益攸关方的实际经验和贡献,使世界各地每一个人都从空间中获益。 在这方面,委员会还指出,必须建立伙伴关系并作出协调一致的努力来弥合在发展中国家规划和决策中使用天基数据方面的差距。", "393号 委员会注意到,在执行“空间2030”议程时,各国为一些与空间有关的国际和区域机制、方案、项目和平台以及外层空间事务厅已经开发或正在开发的工具和举措作出了贡献并从中受益(见大会第76/3号决议,第24和25段)。", "394号 委员会注意到,“空间2030”议程的四项总目标所列举的行动,其结构围绕空间经济、空间社会、空间无障碍和空间外交这四个支柱,是一些国家作为其国家空间方案和计划的一部分而采取的,目的是增加从空间获得的经济效益,加强空间部门作为国家可持续发展重要动力的作用,增加社会、工业、学术界、研究人员和终端用户各部门的参与,并便利空间部门与其他部门的融合。", "395 (英语). 委员会还注意到,“空间2030”议程载有一项战略设想,涉及委员会、其小组委员会和外层空间事务厅今后工作的关键领域和目标,这些方面是为和平目的探索和利用外层空间的国际合作的独特论坛,旨在促进航天国家和新兴空间国家之间的对话,并促使所有国家更多地参与空间活动,包括通过能力建设举措。", "396号. 222. 委员会欢迎巴拉圭打算以科学和技术小组委员会主席的身份,争取在将于2022年7月举行的可持续发展问题高级别政治论坛部长宣言中提及“空间2030”议程如下: \" `空间2030 ' 议程:大会第76/3号决议通过的空间作为可持续发展的动力及其执行计划,是重申和加强和平利用外层空间委员会成员国空间活动在利用空间工具以实现可持续发展2030年议程可持续发展目标方面的贡献的前瞻性战略 \" 。", "397号. 215. 有代表团认为,“空间2030”议程对若干国家很重要,因为它也旨在促进和加强利用外层空间实现可持续的海洋经济。", "398. (英语). 29. 有代表团认为,会员国和其他捐助方应考虑向外层空间事务厅提供充足资源,使其能够充分而有效地执行任务并支助会员国执行“空间2030”议程。", "399号. 34. 有意见认为,瑞士洛桑联邦技术研究所的空间促进影响举措正在推动执行空间经济和空间教育目标项下的“空间2030”议程。", "400个。 委员会注意到,作为外层空间事务厅 \" 妇女空间 \" 项目的一部分, \" 妇女空间 \" 专家会议将于2022年8月16日至19日在大韩民国大田举行,并将在巴西和阿拉伯联合酋长国与外空事务厅合作举办的上一年专家会议的成果的基础上,进行一次调查,以评估世界各地空间机关和机构中女性代表的现有水平。", "401号 委员会还注意到,第四届世界空间论坛将于2022年12月12日至15日在维也纳举行,由奥地利和外层空间事务厅主办,目的是加强国际社会之间的伙伴关系和对话,以支持“空间2030”议程的实施。", "402号 委员会注意到,外层空间事务厅打算将“空间2030”议程和执行计划作为出版物提供,以提高其能见度并扩大其对更广大国际社会的影响。", "403号 委员会注意到,鼓励各国继续报告“空间2030”议程的执行情况,同时考虑到委员会将在2025年对执行该议程的进展情况进行中期审查,并在2030年进行最后审查,并向大会报告审查结果。", "404号 委员会回顾其决定将该项目保留在2030年之前每届会议的议程上,以便委员会成员国及其常驻观察员能够交流在执行“空间2030”议程和执行计划方面的经验。", "维基月球在线解说-李克文陨石坑 Andersson, L. 其他事项", "405 (英语). 委员会根据大会第76/76号决议审议了题为“其他事项”的议程项目。", "406号. 加拿大、中国、德国、日本、墨西哥、俄罗斯联邦、瑞士和美国的代表在该议程项目下作了发言。 欧洲联盟代表也以常驻观察员身份以欧洲联盟及其成员国的名义作了发言。 在一般性交换意见期间,其他成员国的代表也就该项目作了发言。", "1. 联合国 2024-2025年期间委员会及其附属机构主席团的组成", "407号 委员会忆及,大会在第58/89号决议第11段中赞同委员会根据与委员会及其附属机构的工作方法有关的措施(见A/52/20,附件一和A/58/20,附件二,附录三)就委员会及其附属机构主席团的未来组成所达成的协议(A/58/20,附件二,第5至9段),大会先前已在其第52/56号决议中予以核可。", "408号 委员会还回顾,根据与委员会及其附属机构主席团未来组成有关的措施,委员会应在其第六十五届会议上就2024-2025年期间主席团的所有成员达成协议。", "409 (英语). 委员会注意到,没有任何区域集团提出提名,因此鼓励各区域集团在第四委员会于2022年大会第七十七届会议审议关于和平利用外层空间的国际合作的决议草案之前,或在2023年委员会第六十六届会议之前提出所需的提名。", "2. 委员会成员", "410 (英语). 委员会注意到危地马拉申请成为委员会成员(A/AC.105/2022/CRP.3),并决定向大会2022年第七十七届会议建议危地马拉成为委员会成员。", "411. (英语). 委员会注意到乌兹别克斯坦申请成为委员会成员(A/AC.105/2022/CRP.4),并决定向大会2022年第七十七届会议建议乌兹别克斯坦成为委员会成员。", "3个 观察员地位", "412 (英语). 关于非政府组织申请委员会常驻观察员地位的问题,委员会回顾其2010年第五十三届会议所达成的协议(A/65/20,第311段),即非政府组织在获得关于申请经济及社会理事会咨商地位状况的资料之前,应暂时给予其观察员地位,为期三年,如有必要,可将其临时观察员地位再延长一年,并在非政府组织获得理事会咨商地位后给予其常驻观察员地位。", "413号 委员会注意到大西洋国际研究中心发展协会申请委员会常驻观察员地位。 申请书和有关信件已在会议室文件A/AC.105/2022/CRP.5中提交委员会。", "414号 委员会决定暂时给予大西洋国际研究中心发展协会观察员地位,为期三年,以待其申请经济及社会理事会咨商地位的情况。", "415 (英语). 212. 委员会注意到进入空间联盟申请委员会常驻观察员地位。 申请书和有关信件载于A/AC.105/2022/CRP.6号会议室文件。", "416号. 委员会决定暂时给予进入空间联盟观察员地位,为期三年,以待其申请经济及社会理事会咨商地位的情况。", "417. (英语). 委员会注意到海牙全球司法研究所申请委员会常驻观察员地位。 申请书和有关信件已在会议室文件A/AC.105/2022/CRP.7中提交委员会。", "418. (英语). 委员会决定给予海牙全球司法研究所临时观察员地位,为期三年,以待其申请经济及社会理事会咨商地位的情况。", "419. (英语). 委员会注意到国际和平联盟(空间)申请委员会常驻观察员地位。 申请书和有关信件载于A/AC.105/2022/CRP.8号会议室文件。", "420 (英语). 委员会决定暂时给予国际和平联盟(空间)观察员地位,为期三年,以待了解其申请经济及社会理事会咨商地位的情况。", " 4.四. 其他事项", "421. (英语). 委员会注意到委员会主席在委员会本届会议上提供的一份非正式文件,并注意到委员会主席已注意到委员会及其小组委员会作为为和平目的探索和利用外层空间的国际合作的独特平台所发挥的特殊作用,因此注意到在2023年各自的2023年届会上酌情讨论未来首脑会议的重要性;秘书处将在委员会及其小组委员会2023年举行的届会上报告未来首脑会议的筹备情况;委员会主席与委员会及其小组委员会主席团协商,在2023年科学和技术小组委员会第六十届会议上提出供进一步审议的要点;大会第一委员会和第四委员会2022年第七十七届会议的联合小组讨论可能就未来首脑会议及其关于外层空间的多利益攸关方对话作发言;未来首脑会议的议题将在2023年世界空间论坛上讨论,并在2022年外空委员会及其小组委员会主席团会议上通过未来首脑会议的议题;在外空委员会未来问题第一次和半期会议筹备工作的基础上,承认“外层空间活动的第一次和半期会议的筹备工作,30 以及未来问题小组委员会在2022年外空问题首脑会议和半期会议的筹备工作中应充分考虑到联合国/葡萄牙问题。", "422号. 一些代表团欢迎主席提交的非正式文件,认为该文件概述了鉴于未来首脑会议和多方利益攸关者对话,为编写委员会的贡献所迈出的极好的道路。", "423号. 29. 有代表团认为,秘书长提议的未来首脑会议的多方利益有关者形式不可能通过为全球空间议程关键问题的有成果的决策进程提供手段而达到其目的。", "5 (韩语). 方案5,“和平利用外层空间”:2023年期间拟议方案计划和2021年方案执行情况", "424 (英语). 委员会收到了下列文件:", "(a) 题为 \" 方案5,`和平利用外层空间 ' :2023年期间拟议方案计划 \" 的会议室文件(A/AC.105/2022/CRP.16);", "(b) 2023年拟议方案预算(A/77/6(Sect.6))。", "425号 委员会欢迎外层空间事务厅代理厅长介绍2023年期间拟议方案计划并介绍外空事务厅提供的关于主要工作领域的资料。", "426 (英语). 委员会同意拟议方案计划。", "427. (英语). 委员会指出,2023年拟议方案预算(A/77/6(Sect.6))附件一脚注d应予更正,以反映中国应急管理部的正确名称。", "6. 国家 委员会第六十六届会议临时议程草案", "428 (英语). 委员会建议在2023年第六十六届会议上审议下列项目:", "1. 联合国 1. 会议开幕。", "2. 通过议程。", "3个 2. 主席致词。", " 4.四. 4. 一般性交换意见。", "5 (韩语). 4. 维持外层空间用于和平目的的方式和方法。", "6. 国家 8. 科学和技术小组委员会第六十届会议的报告。", "7. 联合国 8. 法律小组委员会第六十二届会议的报告。", "8. 联合国 5. 空间与可持续发展。", "9. 国家 5. 空间技术的附带利益:现况审查。", "10个 空间与水.", "11个 空间与气候变化。", "12个 5. 空间技术在联合国系统内的使用。", "13个 6. 委员会未来的作用和工作方法。", "14个 航天探索与创新.", "15. \" 空间2030 \" 议程。", "16号. 其他事项。", "17岁 8. 委员会提交大会的报告。", "429. (英语). 委员会注意到,已就载于会议室文件A/AC.96/10中的提案达成协议。 105/2022/CRP.14 将“为可持续月球活动而协调”作为委员会第六十六届会议关于“空间探索和创新”的议程项目的一个一年分项目,可以在闭会期间达成,科学和技术小组委员会第六十届会议和法律小组委员会第六十二届会议可作进一步讨论,在这方面,应在委员会第六十六届会议之前尽早向委员会成员国通报在这方面所达成的任何此类协议。", "M. 委员会及其附属机构的工作时间表", "430. (英语). 委员会商定了2023年届会及其小组委员会届会的下列暂定时间表:", "日期 地点\n科学和技术小组委员会 2023年2月6日至17日 维也纳\n法律小组委员会 2023年3月20日至31日 维也纳\n和平利用外层空间委员会 31 2023年5月至6月9日,日内瓦 维也纳", "页:1", "关于空间和全球卫生的决议草案", "大会,", "回顾其1996年12月13日第51/122号、1999年12月6日第54/68号、2004年10月20日第59/2号、2011年12月9日第66/71号、2014年12月5日第69/85号、2015年9月25日第70/1号、2016年12月6日第71/90号、2018年12月7日第73/91号和2021年10月25日第76/3号决议,", "又回顾第三次联合国探索及和平利用外层空间会议通过的题为“空间千年:关于空间和人的发展的维也纳宣言”的决议[1]中所载的建议,其中与会国呼吁采取行动,通过扩大和协调远程医疗和传染病控制方面的天基服务来改善公共卫生服务,", "还回顾第一次联合国探索及和平利用外层空间会议(第三次外空会议50周年)五十周年及其关于加强空间合作促进全球健康的专题优先事项5,", "承认空间科学和技术及其应用对努力实现2030年可持续发展议程[2],特别是关于确保健康生活和促进所有年龄的人的福祉的可持续发展目标3所做出的重要贡献,并意识到空间卫生部门所做的工作能为可持续发展作出贡献,尤其是以各种方式提高生活质量的方案,包括改善人类健康,", "强调可通过以下方式实现“空间2030”议程的首要目标2:利用空间潜力来应对日常挑战并借助与空间有关的创新来提高生活质量:加强与空间有关的合作以支持全球卫生;改进空间医学、科学和技术的使用和应用;全球卫生领域的创新;合作和信息共享;同时保护个人数据的隐私;改进研究进展以及公共卫生和保健干预措施的及时性和有效性的工具;加强空间医学、科学和技术方面的能力建设,", "深信空间科学、空间技术和空间应用对于加强空间生命科学和数字保健技术,例如远程保健、远程医疗[4]和远程流行病学,对于预防和控制疾病和全球健康问题、促进人类健康、环境卫生、动物健康和食物的提供和供应,以及推动医学研究和保健做法,包括不论地理位置如何向个人和社区提供保健服务,作为促进人人公平、负担得起和普遍获得保健的一种手段,都具有十分重要的意义,并认识到这些贡献,", "关切地注意到 远程医疗和远程保健领域存在的差距包括公共卫生系统和保健中采用的数字技术有限,以及医疗设备制造商之间缺乏统一的数据共享标准,", "满意地注意到和平利用外层空间委员会及其附属机构和秘书处外层空间事务厅在空间和全球卫生领域,包括在为执行第三次联合国探索及和平利用外层空间会议各项建议而成立的公共卫生问题第6行动小组框架内开展的工作,以及第六行动小组、空间与全球卫生专家组、关于加强空间合作促进全球卫生的第三次外空会议五周年专题优先事项5和委员会科学和技术小组委员会空间与全球卫生问题工作组的工作,并欣见其根据其多年期工作计划所开展工作的报告,[5]", "深为关切新出现的传染病和对健康有影响的其他紧急情况,包括冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行病,对全球造成破坏性影响,损害人的生命、社会和发展,并敦促国际社会采取 \" 一个健康 \" 办法,加强天基解决办法,特别是远程保健在监测、防备和应对活动中的作用,", "1. 联合国 6. 鼓励联合国各实体、政府间组织、各国政府和私营部门就与全球卫生有关的所有关键空间活动进行有效协调;", "2. 联合国 5. 鼓励卫生当局和空间当局在国内一级正式合作,并欣见现有的跨部门网络能促进空间和卫生部门之间的意见交流;", "3个 2. 鼓励会员国建立政策驱动的环境和治理机制,并适当考虑到法律和道德问题,以消除在促进有效利用天基技术支持全球健康方面的挑战,包括远程医疗解决方案和其他新兴技术;", " 4.四. 4. 又鼓励会员国促进开放数据共享政策和参与式办法,以尽可能发展和改进获取与全球卫生有关的所有地理空间信息,包括遥感和地球观测数据的机会;", "5 (韩语). 4. 还鼓励会员国使组织和技术互操作性得以实现,并推进研究和创新活动,以促进在卫生部门开发和实施天基科学技术;", "6. 国家 8. 敦促联合国各实体和政府间组织支持更广泛地制定、公平利用和应用空间解决办法,以促进全球卫生、公共卫生(包括流行病和大流行病)、可能影响健康的紧急情况以及会员国的个人健康需要,并鼓励采用更广泛的空间解决办法来促进可持续发展,包括公私伙伴关系;", "7. 联合国 4. 鼓励会员国和参与实体推进与卫生系统有关的所有资产,包括卫生信息系统的地标工作,并向其提供以进一步实现卫生目标;", "8. 联合国 3. 鼓励会员国认识到利用空间环境和空间模拟[6]对健康和生命科学研究与发展的重要性,特别是在宇航员健康领域,促进地球上的社会和经济利益;", "9. 国家 4. 又鼓励会员国在所有感兴趣的参加者机会均等的基础上,为人类进一步探索外层空间的利益,并为了全球健康而促进科学和技术的发展和应用,积极促进空间医学领域的国际合作;", "10个 6. 还鼓励会员国进行适当的演练和演练,以衡量其业务准备和应对能力以及适当利用空间技术应对全球卫生事件的能力;", "11个 4. 欢迎在日内瓦建立一个专门、合作、全球开放、多层面的平台,以促进会员国、联合国实体、其他国际组织和相关行为体在空间和全球卫生问题上的有效协作;", "12个 22. 强调应每年监测和汇编联合国各实体,包括世界卫生组织、其他国际组织和和平利用外层空间委员会成员国,以及尽可能监测并汇编与空间促进全球健康有关的所有关键活动、参考文件和计划,并强调指出,由此产生的年度活动汇编应作为查明和讨论差距和机会的参考,并应当广泛分享,以努力提高认识和促进该领域相关行为体之间的合作;", "13个 5. 确认必须分析和评估当前行为者在空间和全球卫生领域的作用和利益,以促进所有行为者之间的协同作用、互补性、合作与协调;", "14个 19. 强调必须以公平和可持续的方式加强部门间协调与合作,以开展与在全球卫生领域应用空间科学和技术有关的有效的国际、区域、国家和国家以下各级能力建设活动;", "15个 4. 鼓励会员国促使学习机构和其他能力建设机制在早期阶段鼓励青年保健专业人员获得与空间有关的技能和能力;", "16号. 9. 同意促进由联合国各实体和其他相关行动者组织的能力建设活动,以进一步促进采用 \" 一体健康 \" 办法的行动者对空间科学和技术所做出的重要贡献的认识和参与,以期增加积极参与利用空间科学和技术的组织和其他行动者的数目;", "17岁 15. 请外层空间事务厅在现有资源范围内,通过区域技术合作项目,加强非洲、亚洲和太平洋以及拉丁美洲和加勒比的能力建设和联网,并支助外地项目,以加强空间部门同全球卫生部门的协作,以此作为一项有效的战略,使受惠国更好地利用空间科学和技术获得全球保健,并更好地利用双边或多边合作提供的机会;", "18岁。 鼓励会员国促进学术界、国家专家、电信监管当局和科技当局之间的联系,以期改善获得和使用数字技术和信息系统的机会。", "[1] 《第三次联合国探索及和平利用外层空间会议的报告,1999年7月19日至30日,维也纳》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.00.I.3),第一章。 页:1", "[2] 第70/1号决议。", "[3] 第76/3号决议。", "[4] “远程医学”一词被广泛用来指利用电信、卫星通信和信息技术从远距离提供临床保健,包括许多活跃和相关的子领域,如心电图、远程放射学、远程眼科、远程肿瘤学、远程药学、远程外科、远程皮肤学等。", "[5] A/AC.105/C.1/121。", "[6] 空间模拟包括抛物飞行,床休息研究和去南极的探险以及模拟地球空间环境的其他孤立,封闭和极端的环境." ]

[ "Seventy-seventh session Item 109 of the preliminarylist[1] \nCrime prevention and criminaljustice", "Implementation of the mandates of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme, with particular reference to the technical cooperation activities of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/187. It contains a summary of the activities of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to support Member States in their efforts to counter transnational organized crime, corruption and terrorism, as well as to prevent crime and reinforce criminal justice systems, including with regard to emerging policy issues.", "The report includes information on the activities undertaken by the Office to address the challenges posed to crime prevention and criminal justice systems by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "I. Introduction", "1. More than five years into the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the overall picture in relation to the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals pertaining to crime and criminal justice is mixed. Target 16.3, on promoting the rule of law and ensuring equal access to justice for all, has seen very little improvement. For example, despite the dramatic reduction in the global prison population recorded during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, from 11.8 million people in 2019 to 11.2 million people by the end of 2020, the share of prisoners held in detention without being sentenced for a crime remained relatively unchanged globally.[2] There has been some progress in terms of reducing criminal violence, in line with target 16.1 of the Sustainable Development Goals. Between 2015 and 2020, the global homicide rate decreased by 5.2 per cent.[3] However, impunity for such crimes remained widespread. Globally, for every 100 homicide victims recorded, only about 53 persons were convicted of homicide.[4] Hence, the work on crime prevention and criminal justice remains in high demand.", "2. UNODC launched a new publication series called “Data Matters”, which includes three research briefs, on the topics of the global prison population, Sustainable Development Goal 16, and the gender-related killing of women and girls, respectively. In addition, UNODC published research briefs on the impact of the war in Ukraine on its mandated areas of work, which included “Conflict in Ukraine: key evidence on drug demand and supply” and “Conflict in Ukraine: key evidence on risks of trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants”.", "3. The present report provides information on the implementation of the mandates of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme and reflects emerging policy issues and possible responses, as requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 76/187. It addresses the activities undertaken by UNODC in the thematic areas covered by the Kyoto Declaration on Advancing Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law: Towards the Achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, held in Kyoto, Japan, from 7 to 12 March 2021.", "4. Owing to the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the intergovernmental meetings and technical assistance activities mentioned in this report were mostly conducted in online or hybrid (in-person and online) formats.", "II. Action taken by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, including follow-up to Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice", "5. The Commission held its thirty-first session in Vienna from 16 to 20 May 2022. It recommended to the Economic and Social Council the approval of three resolutions for adoption by the General Assembly: (a) “Follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and preparations for the Fifteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”; (b) “Reducing reoffending through rehabilitation and reintegration”; and (c) “Strengthening national and international efforts, including with the private sector, to protect children from sexual exploitation and abuse”. Furthermore, the Commission adopted resolution 31/1, entitled “Strengthening the international legal framework for international cooperation to prevent and combat illicit trafficking in wildlife”.[5]", "6. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/181, the Commission held the first thematic discussion on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration in November 2021. Moreover, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/185, the Commission held expert discussions on crimes that affect the environment in February 2022. Both thematic discussions were attended by experts from more than 130 Member States, as well as from United Nations entities, intergovernmental and international organizations and civil society.[6] More information on the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress is contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the topic (A/77/128).", "III. Action taken by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in thematic areas", "A. Introduction: strategic issues", "7. The UNODC Strategy 2021–2025 guides the work of the Office in five thematic areas: (a) addressing and countering the world drug problem; (b) preventing and countering organized crime; (c) preventing and countering corruption and economic crime; (d) preventing and countering terrorism; and (e) crime prevention and criminal justice. The strategy defines the mission of UNODC across the three pillars of the United Nations: peace and security, development and human rights. It sets out commitments to fully embed gender equality and the empowerment of women, human rights and youth empowerment into UNODC programmes and encourages integrated programming, effective multilateral cooperation and stronger partnerships with international and civil society organizations and the private sector.", "8. In the spirit of the Strategy, UNODC has been working with an increasing number of United Nations entities and international and regional organizations, assisting them in the preparation of strategic documents and in the implementation of research and technical assistance activities. UNODC is active in a number of inter-agency coordination mechanisms, including in relation to drug prevention, treatment and rehabilitation, HIV/AIDS, corruption, counter-terrorism, illicit financial flows, trafficking in persons, migration, incarceration, policing, the rule of law, gender equality, human rights issues such as racial discrimination and the protection of minorities, youth empowerment and disability inclusion.", "9. UNODC continued to engage with, inter alia, non-governmental organizations, academia and the private sector, in multi-stakeholder workshops on the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. In close collaboration with the Alliance of NGOs on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and the UNCAC Civil Society Coalition, civil society participation was ensured in all intergovernmental meetings and workshops held in 2021, which involved the engagement of 4,071 stakeholders from 1,253 organizations. New public-private partnerships were initiated, involving the participation of 75 representatives from the private sector.", "10. In partnership with the Office of the President of the General Assembly, UNODC co-hosted a high-level thematic debate on the theme “Enhancing youth mainstreaming in crime prevention policies” on 6 June 2022. The aim of the event was to provide a forum for Member States to exchange views on how young people could be agents of change in their communities, as well as actors empowered to counter crime and uphold the rule of law. Special attention was given to establishing crime prevention strategies that include young people as active partners together with Member States, local governments, academia and civil society.", "11. As of May 2022, UNODC had a physical presence in 95 countries. In the context of the implementation of its Strategic Vision for Latin America and the Caribbean 2021–2025, launched on 7 February 2022, UNODC has reprofiled its Country Office in Colombia as the Regional Office for the Andean Region and the Southern Cone, additionally covering Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay and supervising the work of the country offices in Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Ecuador and Peru. In doing so, UNODC seeks to achieve programmatic harmonization and operational optimization and promote the exchange and replication of good practices and experiences within and beyond the subregion.", "12. In Afghanistan, following the takeover by the Taliban in August 2021, UNODC developed the Strategic Stability Grid to address existing and emerging transnational challenges stemming from drugs, crime and terrorism in and around Afghanistan. The Grid is aimed at promoting stability, protecting people in Afghanistan and the wider region and fostering peace, human rights and long-term, sustainable social and economic development, as well as addressing urgent needs in the humanitarian crisis.", "13. Using local networks in Ukraine and in refugee shelters in host countries, UNODC developed and disseminated materials to support the needs of parents and caregivers and sustain strong families in humanitarian settings. With the support of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, UNODC has been coordinating communication between the prison authority of Ukraine and civil society organizations to address humanitarian needs in prison settings.", "B. Advancing crime prevention", "1. Addressing the causes, including the root causes, of crime; evidence-based crime prevention; and tailor-made crime prevention strategies", "14. UNODC continued to support countries in enhancing the rigorous collection of evidence in support of crime prevention efforts. UNODC, together with the UNODC-National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) Centre of Excellence for Statistical Information on Governance, Victims of Crime, Public Security and Justice, in Mexico, and the UNODC-Statistics Korea (KOSTAT) Centre of Excellence for Statistics on Crime and Criminal Justice in Asia and the Pacific, in the Republic of Korea, provided capacity-building support to 150 countries relating to the indicators of Sustainable Development Goal 16, the implementation of the International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes, the measurement of illicit financial flows, victimization and corruption surveys, and the mainstreaming of gender in crime and criminal justice statistics. Together with the United Nations Development Programme and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), UNODC developed the Sustainable Development Goal 16 survey initiative; with the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), it developed a statistical framework for measuring the gender-related killings of women and girls (also referred to as femicide and feminicide); and with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, it developed the Conceptual Framework for the Statistical Measurement of Illicit Financial Flows. The Statistical Commission welcomed the first tool and endorsed the two others.", "15. UNODC continued to use its global, regional and country programmes to support Member States in implementing crime prevention standards by providing advice on the design and implementation of strategies and programmes. That included support to achieve better qualitative data on crime and victimization through surveys or community consultation mechanisms. In Kyrgyzstan, Law No. 60, on the basics of crime prevention, outlining the role of a variety of actors and addressing victim support, was adopted in May 2021. As a follow-up, UNODC has been providing technical assistance for the implementation of the new State programme on crime prevention for the period 2022–2028, including in the areas of local action plan development and capacity-building. UNODC provided strategic advice for the design of a regional community-based strategy to prevent maritime and other crimes in Nigeria, including by organizing consultations with local government and non-government stakeholders. The UNODC Nigeria organized crime threat assessment was discussed at a workshop with key stakeholders in May 2022. The workshop was aimed at providing information on the country’s strategies to address related threats.", "16. In line with the commitment made in the Kyoto Declaration to enhance multidisciplinary efforts to prevent crime, and as a follow-up to the General Assembly high-level debate on the theme “Urban safety, security and good governance: making crime prevention a priority for all”, held in April 2021, the Office promoted collaboration between citizens and justice institutions in Africa, Asia and Central America to advance crime prevention at the local level. In Mexico and Brazil, UNODC supported the implementation of community-based strategies to reduce crime and violence, promoting developmental and situational approaches to prevention.", "2. Addressing the economic dimension of crime", "17. UNODC, through the Global Programme against Money-Laundering, Proceeds of Crime and the Financing of Terrorism, continued to support Member States in developing and implementing effective measures to address the economic dimension of crime and deprive criminals and criminal organizations of any illicit gains through, inter alia, identifying, tracing, seizing, confiscating, recovering and returning proceeds of crime, as well as in establishing robust domestic frameworks for financial investigations, and continued to develop strategies to prevent and combat money-laundering and illicit financial flows.", "18. UNODC continued to support Member States in their efforts to counter transnational organized crime, including the laundering of the proceeds of such crime. Law enforcement, customs, immigration and border control authorities, staff of judicial authorities and financial intelligence units continued to benefit from the Office’s tailor-made capacity-building activities.", "19. UNODC continued to support the recovery of proceeds of corruption, including through the progress made under the second cycle of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the Convention against Corruption. At the ninth session of the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention against Corruption, representatives of the UNODC/World Bank Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Initiative presented the initial findings of the Initiative’s survey to collect data on international asset recovery cases related to offences established in accordance with the Convention against Corruption, and launched a new publication on the direct enforcement of foreign restraint and confiscation decisions. At its sixteenth meeting, to be held in 2022, the Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Asset Recovery of the Conference is to address issues stemming from the resolutions adopted by the Conference at its ninth session, in particular resolutions 9/2, on the follow-up to the special session of the General Assembly against corruption, and 9/7, on enhancing the use of beneficial ownership information to facilitate the identification, recovery and return of proceeds of crime.", "20. The administration of frozen, seized and confiscated assets, provided for in the Convention against Corruption, is fundamental to the success of asset recovery. In 2019, the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention adopted resolution 8/1, in which it decided that the Working Group on Asset Recovery should continue to collect information on best practices from States parties, with a view to completing the draft non-binding guidelines on the management of frozen, seized and confiscated assets[7] and updating the study entitled Effective Management and Disposal of Seized and Confiscated Assets, of 2017. Currently, UNODC is revising the draft non-binding guidelines and the study on the basis of additional information submitted by States parties. UNODC also continues to provide technical assistance in this regard.", "3. Mainstreaming a gender perspective, including the prevention of gender-related violence, into crime prevention efforts", "21. Mainstreaming a gender perspective is a key component of the Office’s support to Member States in implementing crime prevention standards, including through surveys and community consultation mechanisms to achieve better qualitative data on crime and victimization.", "22. The Office provided strategic advice for the development of a national strategy to prevent gender-based violence in South Africa.", "23. In March 2022, UNODC held two online training sessions on the gender perspective in crime and criminal justice statistics. The first session involved 689 participants from 19 countries in Latin America and Europe, and the second session involved 232 participants from 36 countries in the Asia-Pacific region.", "4. Children and youth in crime prevention and youth empowerment for crime prevention", "24. UNODC continued to strengthen youth resilience under its “Line Up, Live Up” and Education for Justice initiatives, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/183. In 2021, 15 Member States received policy advice and technical assistance from UNODC on integrating sport into crime prevention strategies, building the capacity of State and non-State actors in the use of sport to prevent violence and crime, including violent extremism. The assistance took the form of tailored training, thereby supporting the provision of sport-based life-skills training in schools and community settings and reaching more than 15,000 young people, as well as the creation of safe spaces in marginalized communities by refurbishing sport facilities in Lebanon, Mexico and Uganda.", "25. With a view to preventing the recruitment of individuals, including children, by terrorist and violent extremist groups, the Office raised awareness among policymakers and professionals from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan through a series of technical meetings aimed at strengthening regulatory and operational frameworks pertaining to legal, policy and psychosocial matters, in compliance with international standards.", "C. Advancing the criminal justice system", "1. Safeguarding victims’ rights and protecting witnesses and reporting persons", "26. UNODC continued to advocate for victim-centred approaches to criminal justice and for the importance of ensuring access to assistance, protection and support for all victims, without discrimination and in line with the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (General Assembly resolution 40/34, annex). The Office started a new project on access to justice for victims of crime in Egypt. In Burkina Faso and the Niger, UNODC organized two workshops for criminal justice professionals on effective victim support. In Panama, UNODC organized six online training sessions on investigations involving digital evidence for the Office of the Public Defender, the Department of Legal Aid for Crime Victims, the Judicial Investigation Department and the Public Prosecution Office.", "27. UNODC produced an updated, second edition of the Model Legislative Provisions against Organized Crime, including a chapter relating to articles 24 and 25 of the Organized Crime Convention, on the protection of witnesses and victims.", "28. UNODC continued to support States parties to the Convention against Corruption in strengthening mechanisms to provide effective protection for reporting persons. UNODC provided legal advice and legislative assistance to more than 15 Member States for the development of legislative frameworks related to whistle-blower protection. UNODC also continued to work with States parties to establish or strengthen reporting and protection mechanisms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. To that end, UNODC published new guidelines for whistle-blower protection in the health-care sector, in Arabic, English, French, Portuguese and Spanish, and supported the health-care sector in several States parties in their implementation.", "2. Improving prison conditions, and reducing reoffending through rehabilitation and reintegration", "29. The Office, together with the Department of Peace Operations and OHCHR, led the development of the “United Nations system common position on incarceration”, launched in May 2021, which positions prison reform and the management of offenders as an integral part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.", "30. New prison reform projects aimed at enhancing compliance with international minimum standards were launched in Brazil, Ghana, Nigeria, the Philippines, Tajikistan and Tunisia. In another 18 Member States, the Office supported the reform of prison legislation or enhanced the training curricula for prison officers. More than 77,000 users from 160 countries have enrolled in the UNODC e-learning course on the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), which is available in 13 languages.", "31. UNODC continued to provide emergency assistance to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 in prisons. In Uganda, logistical support was mobilized to ensure prisoners’ access to COVID-19 vaccines. The Office promoted the use of non-custodial measures in 10 countries. In Kenya, officials were sensitized on diversion, plea bargaining and human rights-compliant traditional justice mechanisms.", "32. To enhance the social reintegration prospects of prisoners, UNODC initiated educational and vocational training programmes in Colombia, El Salvador, Morocco and Tunisia. In Tunisia, UNODC partnered with a university to develop a master’s degree programme on cognitive-behavioural therapy, with a focus on the prevention of recidivism, thereby paving the way for the sustainable use of such therapy in prisons.", "33. UNODC continued to support Member States in managing violent extremist prisoners, including foreign terrorist fighters in detention, and in preventing the risk of radicalization to violence in prisons. Fifteen Member States benefited from capacity-building for prison and probation staff, the enhancement of prison security and intelligence, and the development of disengagement programmes. In Indonesia and Kazakhstan, the use of risk and needs assessment tools developed with UNODC support was adopted as official State policy.", "34. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/182, UNODC, in December 2021 and April 2022, held consultative meetings with subject-matter experts to exchange information on promising practices to reduce reoffending, with a view to developing model strategies. The topics discussed included the use of non-custodial measures, fair sentencing policies, and rehabilitation and social reintegration programmes within the custodial environment and the community.", "3. Mainstreaming a gender perspective into criminal justice systems", "35. In addition to supporting strategies and initiatives to prevent violence against women, UNODC supported 22 Member States in increasing access to gender-responsive justice for survivors of gender-based violence. Key achievements included the reform of criminal laws concerning sexual violence and the establishment of a specialized unit in the Office of the Attorney General in Nepal, the adaptation and adoption of UNODC tools by the Ministry of Public Security, the prosecution service and the Supreme People’s Court in Viet Nam, and the enhancement of national and local inter-institutional coordination mechanisms in Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Nepal and Viet Nam. In Mexico, UNODC trained 6,860 police officers and 283 emergency call operators in preventing and identifying cases of gender-based violence and in the appropriate treatment and referral of survivors. In Guatemala, UNODC supported legal complaints mechanisms and improved the registration of cases involving lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex persons, older adults, people with disabilities and indigenous people. In Kenya, the Office developed a rapid reference guide for prosecutors on cases involving sexual and gender-based violence. A new Southern African Development Community model law on gender-based violence, being developed with the support of UNODC, will provide a blueprint for survivor-centred criminal justice reforms in the region. In March 2022, on the occasion of the first-ever International Day of Women Judges, UNODC launched the campaign “Women in Justice/for Justice” to promote gender balance and gender-responsiveness across the spectrum of justice. The Global Judicial Integrity Network, whose work to incorporate women’s representation issues into judicial systems was noted with appreciation by the General Assembly in its resolution establishing the International Day, continued to address gender issues.", "4. Addressing the vulnerabilities of children and youth in contact with the criminal justice system", "36. In Brazil, in partnership with the National Council of the Public Prosecutor’s Office, UNODC conducted a situation analysis of the juvenile justice system, developed a training tool, delivered a capacity-building event and launched a policy document on improving the treatment of children in conflict with the law. In Nigeria, UNODC supported the assessment of 225 individuals in one of the borstal institutions in the country, leading to the release of 218 individuals, and delivered capacity-building events on the treatment of children deprived of liberty.", "37. UNODC launched the Strengthening Resilience to Violent Extremism (STRIVE) Juvenile project on preventing and responding to violence against children by terrorist and violent extremist groups in Indonesia, Iraq and Nigeria. The inception phase was concluded with the completion of the situation analyses, the establishment of national coordination mechanisms and the approval of tailored workplans for each country. A scientific advisory committee was established, a global research framework was developed and a grants programme for national research partners was established. Under the project, two capacity-building events were held: one in Indonesia in December 2021 on justice for children in the context of counter-terrorism and one in Nigeria in January 2022 on the treatment of child victims and witnesses.", "38. UNODC continued to deliver technical assistance in Indonesia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan on the treatment of children associated with terrorist and violent extremist groups, and launched its “Roadmap on the treatment of children associated with terrorist and violent extremist groups” in Portuguese. UNODC delivered three regional webinars on promising practices relating to the rehabilitation and reintegration of child returnees from conflict zones and launched new e-learning training modules addressing the topic in Russian.", "5. Improving criminal investigation processes", "39. UNODC disseminated the Principles on Effective Interviewing for Investigations and Information Gathering, or the “Méndez Principles”. In addition, the Office developed three online learning modules on investigative interviewing and piloted them in Nigeria and Pakistan. Furthermore, the Office, in partnership with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training (CEPOL), the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights and the Association for the Prevention of Torture, delivered regional and national capacity-building on effective investigations and interviews to more than 200 law enforcement and other criminal justice professionals globally. In Pakistan, UNODC trained 1,162 police officers and prosecutors on, inter alia, forensic investigations, work ethics, and police and prosecutor cooperation, and provided training of trainers on interviewing techniques.", "40. UNODC continued to support the enhancement of capacities relating to forensic sciences in the work of law enforcement and customs officials, postal services, laboratories and the judiciary. The support included the provision of standardized training courses, manuals, guidelines, e-learning tools and services relating to security document examination, crime scene investigation, drug identification and the safe and environmentally friendly handling and disposal of drugs and precursor chemicals used in their manufacture. The United Nations Toolkit on Synthetic Drugs was complemented with new specialized modules on cybercrime and postal security, providing countries with practical resources from across the United Nations system for implementing comprehensive responses to address various forms of crime related to synthetic drugs.", "D. Promoting the rule of law", "1. Access to justice and legal aid", "41. UNODC continued to support reform efforts for access to justice in 22 countries. Key achievements included the completion of a joint project with UN-Women, in collaboration with OHCHR, in Liberia, Senegal and Sierra Leone, which strengthened the capacities of local legal aid providers to offer services to survivors of sexual and gender-based violence, implemented campaigns on awareness and protection of legal rights, and developed a report on the impact of COVID-19 on women’s access to justice and legal aid. The independent project evaluation concluded that the project had enabled legal aid providers to deliver significantly more and better gender-sensitive legal aid to women, including in remote communities and by adapting to increased demand during the pandemic. The project invested in direct, practical implementation of key aspects of the legal aid system through advocacy and the creation of locally owned, bottom-up incentives for future adoption of relevant legal frameworks. Globally, the Office raised visibility of the importance of ensuring equal access to justice for all by centring on those historically excluded and marginalized on the basis of discrimination. UNODC co-organized with the World Bank a session entitled “Poverty and racial equity in the criminal justice system: fostering development through access to justice” during the World Bank Law, Justice and Development Week in November 2021.", "2. National sentencing policies", "42. As a measure to respond to the global prison crisis caused by the overuse of incarceration and prison overcrowding, UNODC continued to promote proportionate sentencing policies and the effective use of non-custodial measures. The Office continued its assistance to the Governments of Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam in improving the use of non-custodial measures in a gender-responsive manner, including through assessments of the current use of non-custodial measures and a series of workshops for criminal justice professionals on sentencing policies and guidelines and improving the rehabilitation and social reintegration of offenders. UNODC also advised the Government of Nigeria on fair sentencing policies in its efforts to amend the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency Act.", "3. Effective, accountable, impartial and inclusive institutions", "43. UNODC provided technical assistance with a view to ensuring the integrity and impartiality of law enforcement and other institutions comprising the criminal justice system, as well as the independence of the judiciary. This included technical assistance to States parties to the Convention against Corruption, with a view to strengthening the integrity, transparency, accountability and inclusivity of a broad range of institutions.", "44. In addition to providing training on ethics and integrity to law enforcement authorities, UNODC facilitated corruption risk assessments and the development of risk-management strategies in public institutions, including in the prison system in the Central African Republic and the judiciary in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. UNODC delivered training programmes and workshops on judicial integrity and supported Member States’ efforts to develop codes of ethics for the judiciary.", "45. The UNODC-supported Global Judicial Integrity Network continued to create experience-sharing and peer support opportunities for judges and judiciaries. UNODC disseminated information about the Network in numerous forums and continued to enrich its website with new resources. As of April 2022, over 70 jurisdictions worldwide had become training sites for the implementation of the Network’s judicial ethics training package.", "46. The Office launched a new project in Kazakhstan to support the implementation of community-oriented policing, strengthen training curricula and optimize police human resources management with a view to developing a diverse and inclusive police service. UNODC supported the Dominican Republic in designing its police reform and provided recommendations to Thailand on the draft ministerial regulation on the use of force by the police. In Brazil, UNODC adapted the police compliance index used to measure the use of force in three states. In Uzbekistan, together with the National Human Rights Centre, UNODC organized three workshops on use of force for over 1,000 police officers.", "47. UNODC provided technical assistance on court procedures and judicial capacity. In Lebanon, the Office established a comprehensive e-hearing system in selected courts, prisons and detention facilities. UNODC facilitated two study programmes, in Austria and Spain, for 42 judges from the Court of Cassation of Egypt. In Brazil, 16 online events, attended by 1,906 professionals, were held to increase awareness of UNODC tools on detention hearings.", "4. Effective anti-corruption efforts", "48. At the time of reporting, there were 189 parties to the Convention against Corruption. In June 2021, the General Assembly held its first-ever special session against corruption and adopted a forward-looking political declaration, which was negotiated under the auspices of the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention against Corruption. The Conference has been tasked with following up and building on the political declaration and has, inter alia, decided to hold an intersessional meeting in September 2022 to follow up on the achievements of the political declaration.", "49. The ninth session of the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention against Corruption was held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, in December 2021. The Conference was attended by more than 2,000 participants representing 154 Member States and many international and non-governmental organizations, and adopted eight resolutions. The Implementation Review Group established by the Conference held its twelfth session in June 2021 and its resumed twelfth session in September 2021. The regular and resumed sessions included meetings held jointly with the Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on the Prevention of Corruption at its twelfth meeting, the Working Group on Asset Recovery at its fifteenth meeting and the tenth open-ended intergovernmental expert meeting to enhance international cooperation under the United Nations Convention against Corruption.", "50. The first cycle of the Implementation Review Mechanism is nearing completion, with 173 executive summaries of country review reports finalized. Work on the second cycle is advancing, with 59 executive summaries finalized. Addressing the gaps identified through these reviews will increase the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts. UNODC continued to provide technical assistance in response to the observations made in the reviews, including through the drafting of action plans, anti-corruption strategies and legislation, and capacity-building.", "5. Social, educational and other measures", "51. UNODC continued its work to prevent crime and violence under its “Line Up, Live Up” initiative, which offers a sport-based learning programme with a focus on life-skills training to complement formal education, using sport to reach at-risk young people who may not go to school and building the capacity of teachers and sports coaches to deliver interactive learning and strengthen youth resilience to crime.", "52. In December 2021, UNODC launched the Global Resource for Anti-Corruption Education and Youth Empowerment (GRACE) initiative to further promote the role of education and youth in preventing and countering corruption, in line with the Convention against Corruption and the political declaration adopted by the General Assembly at its special session against corruption held in 2021. The initiative builds on the UNODC Education for Justice and International Anti-Corruption Academy initiatives, which have been globally recognized for their educational impact on youth.", "E. Promoting international cooperation and technical assistance to prevent and address all forms of crime", "1. International cooperation, including through capacity-building and technical assistance", "53. UNODC continued to support the Mechanism for the Review of the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto by training over 1,500 government officials from more than 120 States parties. In May 2022, the Working Group on International Cooperation of the Conference of the Parties to the Organized Crime Convention held a discussion on the transfer of sentenced persons.", "54. UNODC supported the effective implementation of the Organized Crime Convention and promoted its use as a legal basis for international cooperation in criminal matters, building on its almost universal adherence (190 parties at the time of reporting), including through a dedicated digest of cases on the topic. UNODC developed the publication entitled Digest of Cyber Organized Crime and further expanded its knowledge management portal, Sharing Electronic Resources and Laws on Crime (SHERLOC), inter alia, through the addition of resources on case law, legislation and strategies.", "55. UNODC intensified its support to States parties to the Organized Crime Convention in the elaboration of strategies to prevent and counter organized crime by developing the Organized Crime Strategy Toolkit and delivering strategy-related assistance across Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and South-Eastern Europe.", "56. UNODC published two issue papers, on organized crime and gender, and on the Organized Crime Convention and international human rights law, respectively.", "57. Under the global programme on strengthening criminal justice cooperation along trafficking routes (CRIMJUST), UNODC delivered 298 technical capacity-building activities in Latin America and West Africa, including 44 investigative case forums aimed at facilitating cooperation and information exchange to spur post-seizure investigations. The forums benefited more than 15,051 law enforcement officers, prosecutors and criminal justice actors.", "2. International cooperation to deprive criminals of their proceeds of crime", "58. UNODC helped to create and support six asset recovery inter-agency networks through the Global Programme against Money-Laundering, Proceeds of Crime and the Financing of Terrorism. These informal networks of law enforcement and judicial practitioners play an important role, as they facilitate the complete asset recovery process, from the start of the investigation, involving the tracing of assets, to freezing and seizure, management and forfeiture or confiscation. The networks operate in Eastern and Southern Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, West Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and West and Central Asia.", "59. UNODC continued to facilitate the work of the Global Operational Network of Anti-Corruption Law Enforcement Authorities, a platform for peer-to-peer information exchange and informal cooperation among 96 anti-corruption authorities in 56 countries.", "60. In 2021, under the StAR Initiative, 18 countries benefited from UNODC assistance in tracing, seizing, confiscating and recovering proceeds of crime, and more than 1,800 people were trained globally. Under the StAR Initiative, the Office contributed to 20 global policy events and held three special events on the margins of the special session of the General Assembly against corruption.", "3. Terrorism in all its forms and manifestations", "61. In support of the ratification and implementation of conventions and protocols on terrorism, UNODC continued to advocate for universal adherence to the 19 international legal instruments against terrorism, assisting Member States in becoming party to them and in implementing them at the national level. The Member States that became parties to various international legal instruments related to terrorism in 2021 were Botswana, the Congo, Finland, France, the Gambia, Honduras, Iraq, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Switzerland and Zimbabwe. France, Portugal, Switzerland and Finland became the seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth Member States, respectively, to have become party to all 19 instruments, joining Côte d’Ivoire, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Kazakhstan, the Netherlands and Türkiye.", "62. UNODC implemented a project aimed at strengthening the expertise of stakeholders in Morocco to develop institutionalized, effective and human rights-compliant investigation and trial management for returning foreign terrorist fighters and their family members. UNODC organized briefings in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand on the screening, prosecution, rehabilitation and reintegration of returning and relocating foreign terrorist fighters, their family members and local affiliates.", "63. In March 2021, UNODC, in partnership with the Kostanai Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kazakhstan, led an expert meeting on strengthening the capacity of prison and probation officers to manage violent extremist prisoners and foreign terrorist fighters in prison in Kazakhstan.", "64. UNODC developed four e-learning modules, available in English and Russian, addressing mental health considerations for the rehabilitation and reintegration of foreign terrorist fighter returnees and their families. The Office promoted the modules through four webinars for professionals from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.", "65. UNODC contributed to the United Nations Countering Terrorist Travel Programme, coordinated and managed by the Office of Counter-Terrorism and implemented with other United Nations programme partners. UNODC provided legislative assistance to develop normative frameworks on advance passenger information and passenger name records, as well as operational support for the establishment of multi-agency passenger information units. In 2021, Azerbaijan, Botswana, Côte d’Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Mongolia, Morocco, the Philippines, Sierra Leone, the Sudan, Togo and the Caribbean Community received support from UNODC in the context of the programme.", "66. In 2021, the Office initiated the development of a new global framework for providing capacity-building to requesting Member States, based on an independent in-depth evaluation and consultations with Member States, regional organizations, United Nations entities, civil society organizations, academic institutions and private sector entities.", "4. New, emerging and evolving forms of crime", "67. UNODC continued to support Member States in their efforts to address new, emerging and evolving forms of crime. UNODC leads the international efforts to address trafficking in persons and the smuggling of migrants. Through its global programmes against trafficking in persons and the smuggling of migrants, UNODC supported 60 countries and trained more than 5,000 practitioners in 2021.", "68. UNODC advanced efforts to counter trafficking in migration flows, for example, under the Transforming Alerts into Criminal Justice Responses to Combat Trafficking in Persons within Migration Flows (TRACK4TIP) initiative, reaching eight countries across Latin America and the Caribbean with actions at the national and regional levels. In Colombia, for example, labour inspectors trained by UNODC in the identification and referral of trafficking cases uncovered suspected trafficking for forced labour involving 40 Venezuelan migrants. The Office’s legislative assistance on trafficking and smuggling included support to Iraq for the drafting of a judicial guidance note addressing victim’s rights in the criminal justice process. Through the strengthening transregional action and responses against the smuggling of migrants (STARSOM) initiative, bringing together 13 countries located along smuggling routes that run through Asia, the Gulf States, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean, UNODC mentored officials on responding to migrant smuggling cases in a human rights-informed, gender-inclusive manner, to strengthen South-South cooperation.", "69. In 2021, UNODC launched its Observatory on Smuggling of Migrants and published two interactive research analyses that provide geospatial, graphic and infographic visualizations of the smuggling of migrants in North Africa, Morocco and along the central and western Mediterranean route. UNODC published an issue paper entitled “The concept of ‘harbouring’ in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol”, which analyses the practical application of the definition of trafficking in persons and its interpretations in national jurisdictions. To foster collaboration with the private sector, UNODC published the Compendium of Promising Practices on Public-Private Partnerships to Prevent and Counter Trafficking in Persons. It also published a study entitled “COVID-19 and the smuggling of migrants: a call for safeguarding the rights of smuggled migrants facing increased risks and vulnerabilities”, which calls for enhanced regular pathways for migration in order to prevent the smuggling of migrants. In addition, UNODC published the UNODC Toolkit for Mainstreaming Human Rights and Gender Equality into Criminal Justice Interventions to Address Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants.", "70. The Global Firearms Programme launched a new initiative to support the implementation of the Roadmap for Implementing the Caribbean Priority Actions on the Illicit Proliferation of Firearms and Ammunition across the Caribbean in a Sustainable Manner by 2030, while continuing its work in other regions. The Office assisted 31 countries in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Central Asia and Eastern Europe with regard to legislative and policy development, preventive and security measures, criminal justice responses, and international cooperation and information exchange, as well as the monitoring of illicit firearms flows and emerging threats, training more than 4,000 practitioners. The Office coordinated a two-week operation against firearms trafficking in the Sahel, in which 850 officers from relevant law enforcement agencies seized 594 firearms and several thousand rounds of ammunition, including among suspected terrorists. The Office started to engage with countries in Africa and Latin America to promote more advanced forms of international cooperation among countries on complex firearms trafficking cases, including through the establishment of joint investigative teams.", "71. UNODC continued to conduct research and provide technical assistance to Member States in their efforts to address the world drug problem.[8]", "72. With regard to the prevention of and response to violence against children, UNODC delivered capacity-building in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Maldives and Mozambique, and co-organized five webinars for the second regional INSPIRE workshop, involving 10 Latin American countries.", "73. UNODC facilitated the expert discussions held by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in February 2022 on crimes that affect the environment (see para. 6 above). A joint thematic discussion on the more specific topic of the practical application of the Organized Crime Convention for preventing and combating transnational organized crimes that affect the environment was held by the Working Group on International Cooperation and the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance of the Conference of the Parties to the Organized Crime Convention in May 2022.", "74. UNODC continued to build the capacity of Member States to prevent and address crimes that affect the environment, including by delivering training to over 2,000 criminal justice personnel; mentoring law enforcement officers and prosecutors; strengthening corruption risk management capacity in wildlife, forest and fisheries management and enforcement authorities; supporting forensic and financial investigations; awareness-raising; and supporting international cooperation. New tools were developed, including rapid reference guides for investigators and prosecutors. New projects were launched on waste trafficking and on the potential links between wildlife trafficking and zoonotic disease transmission.", "75. At the time of reporting, a series of legislative guides were under development to support States in adopting legislation to criminalize trafficking in waste, metals and other minerals, as well as crimes in the fisheries sector, as serious crimes, when appropriate. The guides provide concrete legislative guidance to States to prevent, investigate, prosecute and adjudicate such crimes.", "76. With regard to trafficking in falsified medical products, UNODC organized a meeting in the framework of the West African Network of Central Authorities and Prosecutors against Organized Crime (WACAP) in Dakar in November 2021, during which the roles of various organizations working on this issue were examined, tools to address the urgent need for strengthened legislation were discussed and the establishment of a working group on legal frameworks under WACAP was agreed upon. The Office developed a new standardized training course on falsified medical products and provided training, in cooperation with pharmaceutical companies and international partner organizations, to law enforcement personnel from 16 countries on identification, proper factory packaging and legitimate supply channels.", "77. The Office delivered regional training sessions on combating illicit trafficking in cultural property using shipping containers in Beirut and in Panama in June 2021. It also delivered, jointly with OSCE and the Multinational Peace Support Operations Training Centre in Greece, training on the protection of cultural property to 31 participants from law enforcement authorities and the military of 11 countries.", "78. With a view to addressing, inter alia, trafficking in commercial goods, the Office continued to work with Member States to establish port control units and air cargo control units at seaports, dry ports, land borders and airports and along railways. Currently operating in 73 countries, the UNODC-World Customs Organization (WCO) Container Control Programme provided training to front-line law enforcement personnel in profiling and inspecting cargo containers suspected of carrying illicit goods, thus enhancing their capacity to detect the smuggling of highly taxed goods, such as alcohol, tobacco and motor vehicles, as well as other illicit cargo, such as wildlife and forest products and firearms, and to counter commercial fraud, such as undervaluation and misclassification.", "79. UNODC organized with CEPOL a webinar on hate crime for 100 participants and contributed to the South-Eastern Europe Conference on Hate Crime organized by OSCE. As the lead entity for the criminal justice pillar of the United Nations network on racial discrimination and protection of minorities, UNODC ensured that the prevention of hate crime, support to victims and addressing racial discrimination through access to justice and criminal justice reform were included in network activities, which included a four-week pilot training course for 13 United Nations country teams on addressing racial discrimination in programming processes.", "80. The Office continued to assist States in responding to maritime crime by supporting their criminal justice systems, from law enforcement at sea through to investigation, prosecution and trial. The Global Maritime Crime Programme offered courses on visiting, boarding and search and seizure at established maritime centres and facilitated simulated trials in which collected evidence was presented in court. Under the Programme, UNODC continued to expand its analytical courses on maritime domain awareness and strengthened partnerships with technology providers to improve sea monitoring and patrolling by Member States. Moreover, the Programme addressed crimes that affect the environment, including by supporting efforts to tackle marine pollution and crimes in the fisheries sector.", "81. Through its Global Programme on Cybercrime, UNODC built capacities in detecting, preventing, investigating, prosecuting and sentencing cyber-dependent and cyber-facilitated crimes in 47 Member States, providing specialized support in developing efficient criminal justice responses to complex crimes that have been increasing in number, such as online child sexual abuse and exploitation. UNODC supported the establishment and strengthening of specialized cybercrime investigation units, digital forensic laboratories and reporting mechanisms in Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala and Peru, with a view to making a positive impact on the protection of victims, including children, women and girls. Technical support to address the relationship between cybercrime and other types of organized crime, such as drug trafficking and the illicit movement of funds by means of cryptocurrencies and the dark web, was provided in coordination with the CRIMJUST global programme and the UNODC Opioid Strategy, a five-pillar, integrated inter-agency response to the global opioid crisis.", "82. The Ad Hoc Committee to Elaborate a Comprehensive International Convention on Countering the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Criminal Purposes, established by the General Assembly in its resolution 74/247, held its session on organizational matters in New York on 24 February 2022 and its first session in New York from 28 February to 11 March 2022, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 75/282 and General Assembly decision 76/522. At its first session, the Ad Hoc Committee approved its road map and mode of work and adopted the elements to form the structure of the future convention. The Committee also exchanged views on key elements, as well as the objectives and scope, of the convention. At its second session, held in Vienna from 30 May to 10 June 2022, the Ad Hoc Committee undertook a first reading of the provisions on criminalization, the general provisions and the provisions on procedural measures and law enforcement, in accordance with its road map and mode of work.", "IV. Governance and financial situation of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "83. Information on the governance and financial situation of UNODC is presented in the report of the Secretary-General on international cooperation to address and counter the world drug problem (A/77/137).", "V. Recommendations", "84. I urge Member States to continue their efforts to fully implement the Kyoto Declaration, including with a view to building back better from the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Advancing crime prevention", "85. The United Nations stands ready to assist Member States in addressing the causes, including the root causes, of crime. I urge Member States to strengthen, in cooperation with non-State actors, the availability and quality of evidence that can support crime prevention policies that are sustainable, community-focused and gender-responsive and that empower young people.", "86. Recognizing the importance of effective prevention policies and programmes for reaching the violence- and crime-related targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, I encourage Member States to strengthen their crime prevention strategies, including by focusing on enhancing youth resilience.", "Advancing the criminal justice system", "87. I urge Member States to apply evidence-based criminal justice policies and strengthen the use of restorative justice and victim assistance, protection and support.", "88. I call upon Member States to mainstream a gender perspective into their national criminal justice policies, programmes, legislation and other actions in order to, inter alia, address all forms of gender-related violence, crime and victimization, including gender-related killings.", "89. In order to address the excessive resort to incarceration, prison overcrowding and the systemic neglect by prison administrations and other entities in charge of offender management in the community, I encourage Member States to re-assess and diversify their responses to criminal behaviour with a view to reducing imprisonment, making greater use of the potential offered by non-custodial measures and ensuring safe, humane and rehabilitative prison environments. I urge Member States to ensure the practical application of United Nations standards and norms in the field of offender management, in particular the Nelson Mandela Rules, the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules) and the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (the Tokyo Rules).", "90. I call on Member States to adopt measures to integrate child justice reform into broader rule-of-law and developmental efforts, and to adopt and implement child-sensitive, gender-responsive and multi-stakeholder approaches, acknowledging that children(boys and girls) differ from adults (men and women) and are therefore entitled to specific rights, safeguards and responses in line with international law, with a view to protecting children across governmental and non-governmental institutions.", "91. I encourage Member States to prioritize the strengthening of national capacity and skills in the field of forensic sciences and to support the establishment and sustainability of regional forensic science networks in order to enhance expertise and capacity in preventing and combating transnational organized crime.", "92. I urge Member States to improve the effectiveness of their investigations by implementing evidence-based approaches to interviewing that are in line with international standards and best practices.", "93. I urge Member States to develop victim-centred approaches to criminal justice, ensuring equal access to protection, assistance and support for victims of all types of crimes, including by implementing restorative justice approaches.", "Promoting the rule of law", "94. I urge Member States to enhance equal access to justice for all by strengthening their legal aid systems, addressing discrimination, reforming their police institutions and increasing the effectiveness of investigations, and to improve the effectiveness, accountability, impartiality and inclusiveness of criminal justice institutions.", "95. I encourage Member States to fully support the commitments and recommendations made at the special session of the General Assembly on challenges and measures to prevent and combat corruption and strengthen international cooperation, held in June 2021.", "Promoting international cooperation and technical assistance to prevent and address all forms of crime", "96. I call upon Member States to continue efforts in support of the effective implementation of the Organized Crime Convention, especially its provisions on international cooperation, and to provide effective contributions and support to the Mechanism for the Review of the Implementation of the Organized Crime Convention and the Protocols thereto.", "97. I call upon Member States to redouble their efforts to establish effective anti-money-laundering systems in accordance with relevant United Nations conventions and internationally accepted standards, including, where applicable, the recommendations of relevant intergovernmental bodies, inter alia, the Financial Action Task Force, with a view to fully implementing those standards.", "98. Preventing terrorism and violent extremism requires comprehensive and inclusive approaches, which must comply with obligations under international law, including the 19 international legal instruments against terrorism and relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council. I urge Member States to ensure fair, transparent and accountable criminal justice processes based on the principles of the rule of law, due process and human rights, which provide the foundation for effective measures to prevent and counter terrorism.", "99. I call upon Member States to ensure that trafficked persons are not punished or prosecuted for unlawful acts committed by them as a direct consequence of being trafficked, and to establish domestic laws, guidelines, policies and capacity-building measures for criminal justice practitioners that clearly espouse the principle of non-punishment of victims of trafficking.", "100. I call upon Member States to reverse the recent reduction in regular migration pathways in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, as a means to prevent the smuggling of migrants and particularly aggravated forms of such smuggling involving violence, abuse, trafficking in persons, human rights violations or death.", "101. I call upon Member States to foster international cooperation to effectively prevent, investigate and adjudicate illicit trafficking in firearms and ammunition, in particular to and from countries in different conflict and post-conflict phases, and to address the interconnectedness of such trafficking with other forms of organized crime and terrorism.", "102. I call upon Member States to adopt and implement comprehensive strategies and measures to better protect children from serious forms of violence, including violence committed by criminal and armed groups, including those designated as terrorist and violent extremist groups, in accordance with international standards and norms, while adopting a whole-of-society approach.", "103. I urge Member States to address the increase in hate crime by adopting relevant legislation, providing relevant training to criminal justice professionals and ensuring relevant data collection and access to justice for victims, in partnership with civil society and community-based organizations, including in the context of responding to hate speech.", "104. I call upon Member States, in appropriate cases, to adopt or amend national legislation to criminalize offences that affect the environment as serious crimes, as defined in article 2 (b) of the Organized Crime Convention.", "105. I call upon Member States to integrate emerging policy issues into their crime prevention and criminal justice policies and pandemic recovery plans. In this regard, I encourage Member States to integrate responses to crimes that affect the environment into broader national and international agendas, including those on biodiversity, climate change, and waste and pollution; to further strengthen their cooperation against cybercrime, including through active participation in the ongoing negotiation of an international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes; and to enhance national legislation and capabilities to respond to new, emerging and evolving crimes such as trafficking in falsified medical products, trafficking in cultural property and the smuggling of commercial goods.", "106. I call upon Member States to provide adequate, predictable and sustainable funding to UNODC for its research, normative work and technical assistance in crime prevention and criminal justice matters.", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50.", "[2] E/2022/55, para. 155.", "[3] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), “Monitoring SDG 16, a gender perspective”, Data Matters Series, No. 4 (forthcoming).", "[4] UNODC, Global Study on Homicide 2019, booklet 2, p. 78.", "[5] See E/2022/30-E/CN.15/2022/14, chapter I, section C.", "[6] See the conference room papers containing the Chair’s summaries of the thematic discussions (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.1 and E/CN.15/2022/CRP.2).", "[7] CAC/COSP/WG.2/2018/3, annex.", "[8] See A/77/137." ]

[ "第七十七届会议 暂定项目表项目109[1] \n 预防犯罪和刑事司法", "联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案各项任务的执行情况，特别是联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的技术合作活动情况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要\n 本报告系按大会第76/187号决议编写。其中概述了联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室（毒品和犯罪问题办公室）为支持会员国努力打击跨国有组织犯罪、腐败和恐怖主义、预防犯罪、强化刑事司法系统而开展的各项活动，包括新出现的政策问题。", "本报告囊括了毒品和犯罪问题办公室为应对2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行给预防犯罪和刑事司法系统带来的挑战而开展的各项活动的信息。", "一. 导言", "1. 《2030年可持续发展议程》实施五年多以来，可持续发展目标中与犯罪和刑事司法有关的具体目标的总体情况喜忧参半。具体目标16.3，即促进法治和确保人人平等诉诸司法的机会，进展甚微。例如，尽管在2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行期间，全球监狱人口大幅减少（从2019年的1,180万人减至2020年底的1,120万人），但全球未因犯罪被判刑而遭拘留的囚犯人口比例保持相对不变。[2]减少犯罪暴力方面的工作取得了一些进展，这符合可持续发展目标的具体目标16.1。2015年至2020年间，全球凶杀率下降5.2%。[3]然而，对这类罪行有罪不罚的现象仍然普遍存在。在全球范围内，相对于每100名凶杀受害者，只有约53人被判犯有凶杀罪。[4]因此，预防犯罪和刑事司法工作仍然任重道远。", "2. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室新推出了“数据事项”系列出版物，其中包括三份研究简报，分别涉及全球监狱人口、可持续发展目标16以及与性别有关的杀害妇女和女童这三个专题。此外，毒品和犯罪问题办公室还发布了关于乌克兰战争对其授权工作领域影响的研究简报，其中包括“乌克兰冲突：毒品需求和供应的关键证据”以及“乌克兰冲突：贩运人口和偷运移民风险的关键证据”。", "3. 按照大会第76/187号决议的要求，本报告介绍了联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案任务的执行情况，并反映了新出现的政策问题和可能的对策。本报告阐述了毒品和犯罪问题办公室在《关于推进预防犯罪、刑事司法和法治：努力实现〈2030年可持续发展议程〉的京都宣言》所涉主题领域开展的活动，该宣言于2021年3月7日至12日在日本京都举行的第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会上通过。", "4. 由于COVID-19大流行的持续影响，本报告中提到的政府间会议和技术援助活动大多以线上或混合（线下和线上）形式进行。", "二. 预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会采取的行动，包括第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动", "5. 委员会于2022年5月16日至20日在维也纳举行了第三十一届会议。委员会建议经济及社会理事会核准供大会通过的三项决议：(a)“第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动和第十五届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的筹备工作”；(b)“通过改造和重新融入社会减少再次犯罪”；和(c)“加强国家和国际努力，包括与私营部门共同努力，以保护儿童不受性剥削和性虐待”。此外，委员会还通过了题为“加强国际合作的国际法律框架以防止和打击非法贩运野生动植物”的第31/1号决议。[5]", "6. 根据大会第76/181号决议，委员会于2021年11月举行了关于落实《京都宣言》的首次专题讨论。此外，根据大会第76/185号决议，委员会于2022年2月举行了关于影响环境的犯罪的专家讨论会。来自130多个会员国以及联合国各实体、政府间组织和国际组织以及民间社会的专家参加了这两次专题讨论。[6]关于第十四届大会后续行动的更多信息载于秘书长关于这一专题的报告（A/77/128）。", "三. 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室在各专题领域采取的行动", "A. 导言：战略问题", "7. 《毒品和犯罪问题办公室2021-2025年战略》指导毒罪办在五个专题领域的工作：(a)处理和应对世界毒品问题；(b)预防和打击有组织犯罪；(c)预防和打击腐败和经济犯罪；(d)预防和打击恐怖主义；以及(e)预防犯罪和刑事司法。该战略定义了毒品和犯罪问题办公室在联合国三大支柱——和平与安全、发展和人权方面的任务。该战略承诺将性别平等和增强妇女权能、人权和增强青年权能充分纳入毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各项方案，并鼓励编制综合方案、开展有效的多边合作以及加强与国际组织、民间社会组织和私营部门的伙伴关系。", "8. 本着该战略的精神，毒品和犯罪问题办公室一直在与越来越多的联合国实体以及国际组织和区域组织合作，协助它们编写战略文件并开展研究和技术援助活动。毒品和犯罪问题办公室积极参与了一些机构间协调机制，包括与吸毒预防、治疗和康复、艾滋病毒/艾滋病、腐败、反恐怖主义、非法资金流动、贩运人口、移民、监禁、警务、法治、性别平等、人权问题（如种族歧视和保护少数群体）、增强青年权能和残疾包容有关的机制。", "9. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续尤其是与非政府组织、学术界和私营部门接触，参加关于《联合国反腐败公约》和《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的多利益攸关方讲习班。通过与非政府组织预防犯罪和刑事司法联盟和反腐败公约民间社会联合会的密切合作，确保民间社会参与2021年举行的所有政府间会议和讲习班，来自1,253个组织的4,071个利益攸关方参加了这些会议和讲习班。发起了新的公私伙伴关系，有75名来自私营部门的代表参与其中。", "10. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室与大会主席办公室合作，于2022年6月6日共同主办了一场主题为“加强把青年纳入预防犯罪政策主流”的高级别专题辩论。该活动旨在为会员国提供一个论坛，就青年如何成为其社区变革的推动者，以及如何成为能够打击犯罪和维护法治的行为者交换意见。该辩论特别注意制定预防犯罪战略，将青年作为与会员国、地方政府、学术界和民间社会一道积极合作的伙伴纳入其中。", "11. 截至2022年5月，毒品和犯罪问题办公室在95个国家开展了活动。在实施2022年2月7日推出的《拉丁美洲和加勒比2022-2025年战略远景》方面，毒品和犯罪问题办公室将其哥伦比亚国别办事处重新定位为安第斯区域和南锥地区的区域办事处，将其覆盖范围扩大到阿根廷、智利、巴拉圭和乌拉圭，并负责指导多民族玻利维亚国、厄瓜多尔和秘鲁的国家办事处的工作。在此过程中，毒品和犯罪问题办公室力求实现方案协调和业务优化，并促进在该次区域内外良好做法和经验的交流与推广。", "12. 在阿富汗，在塔利班于2021年8月接管政权后，毒品和犯罪问题办公室开发了战略稳定性网格，以应对阿富汗境内和其周边地区毒品、犯罪和恐怖主义带来的现有和新出现的跨国挑战。该网格旨在促进地区稳定，保护阿富汗及其周边更广泛区域的人民，维护和平、改善人权并促进长期可持续的社会和经济发展，以及应对人道主义危机中的迫切需求。", "13. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室利用乌克兰地方网络和东道国的难民收容所，编制和传播各种材料，以满足父母和照料者的需要，在人道主义环境中努力维持坚强的家庭。在联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署的支持下，毒品和犯罪问题办公室一直在协调乌克兰监狱主管部门与民间社会组织之间的沟通，以应对监狱环境中的人道主义需求。", "B. 推进预防犯罪工作", "1. 解决犯罪的原因，包括根源问题；循证式预防犯罪；以及因地制宜的预防犯罪战略", "14. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持各国加强严格的证据收集工作，以帮助预防犯罪。毒品和犯罪问题办公室，连同位于墨西哥的毒品和犯罪问题办公室―国家统计和地理研究所（统计地理所）治理、受害情况、公共安全和司法问题统计信息高级研究中心，以及位于大韩民国的毒品和犯罪问题办公室―韩国统计局亚洲及太平洋犯罪和刑事司法统计高级研究中心，向150个国家提供了能力建设支助，涉及可持续发展目标16的各项指标、《用于统计目的的国际犯罪分类》的实施、非法资金流动的计量、受害情况和腐败调查，以及将性别视角纳入犯罪和刑事司法统计的主流。毒品和犯罪问题办公室与联合国开发计划署以及联合国人权事务高级专员办事处（人权高专办）一起制定了可持续发展目标16调查举措；与联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署（联合国妇女署）制定了衡量与性别有关的杀害妇女和女童行为（也称为杀害妇女和屠杀女性）的统计框架；并与联合国贸易和发展会议共同制定了非法资金流动统计计量概念框架。统计委员会对第一项举措表示欢迎，并认可了另外两项举措。", "15. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续利用其全球、区域和国别方案，通过就战略和方案的设计和实施提供咨询，来支持会员国实施预防犯罪标准。其中包括支持通过调查或社区协商机制，获得关于犯罪和受害情况更好的定性数据。2021年5月，吉尔吉斯斯坦通过了关于预防犯罪基本要素的第60号法律，该法律概述了各种行为体的作用并应对了受害者支助问题。作为一项后续行动，毒品和犯罪问题办公室一直在为执行新的“2022-2028年国家预防犯罪方案”提供技术援助，援助范围涵盖地方行动计划制定和能力建设等领域。毒品和犯罪问题办公室为设计尼日利亚预防海上犯罪和其他犯罪的基于社区的区域性战略提供了战略咨询，包括组织与地方政府和非政府利益攸关方的协商。在2022年5月与主要利益攸关方举行的一次讲习班上讨论了毒品和犯罪问题办公室尼日利亚有组织犯罪威胁评估。该讲习班旨在提供关于该国应对相关威胁的战略的信息。", "16. 根据《京都宣言》中关于加强预防犯罪的多学科努力的承诺，并作为2021年4月举行的主题为“城市安全、保障和善政：把预防犯罪作为所有人的优先事项”的大会高级别辩论的后续行动，毒品和犯罪问题办公室促进了非洲、亚洲和中美洲公民与司法机构之间的合作，以推进地方一级的预防犯罪工作。在墨西哥和巴西，毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持实施基于社区的战略，以减少犯罪和暴力，促进采取发展性和情景性的预防办法。", "2. 处理犯罪的经济层面问题", "17. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室依托打击洗钱、犯罪收益和资助恐怖主义全球方案，继续支持会员国制定和实施有效措施，处理犯罪的经济层面问题，剥夺罪犯和犯罪组织的任何非法所得，为此除其他外，查明、追踪、扣押、没收、追回和返还犯罪所得，并建立强有力的国内金融调查框架，同时继续制定预防和打击洗钱和非法资金流动的战略。", "18. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持会员国打击跨国有组织犯罪的努力，包括打击清洗此类犯罪所得的活动。执法、海关、移民和边境控制主管部门以及司法机关和金融情报部门的工作人员继续受益于该办公室开展的因地制宜的能力建设活动。", "19. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持追回腐败所得的工作，包括通过反腐败公约实施情况审议机制第二个审议周期下取得的进展。在反腐败公约缔约国会议第九届会议上，毒品和犯罪问题办公室/世界银行追回被盗资产举措的代表介绍了该举措为收集与根据反腐败公约确立的犯罪有关的国际资产追回案件数据而进行的调查的初步结果，并发布了关于直接执行外国限制和没收决定的新出版物。缔约国会议资产追回问题不限成员名额政府间工作组将在2022年举行第十六次会议，拟于在该会议上讨论缔约国会议第九届会议通过的各项决议所产生的问题，特别是关于反腐败问题大会特别会议后续行动的第9/2号决议和关于加强使用实益所有权信息以便利识别、追回和返还犯罪所得的第9/7号决议。", "20. 反腐败公约规定的对冻结、扣押和没收资产的管理是成功追回资产的基础。2019年，反腐败公约缔约国会议通过第8/1号决议，决定资产追回问题工作组应继续收集各缔约国的最佳做法的信息，以期完成关于管理所冻结、扣押和没收资产的无约束力准则草案，并更新研究报告《2017年对被扣押和没收资产的有效管理与处置》。[7]目前，毒品和犯罪问题办公室正在根据缔约国提交的补充资料修订无约束力准则草案和研究报告。毒品和犯罪问题办公室还继续在这方面提供技术援助。", "3. 把性别视角纳入主流，包括将预防与性别有关的暴力行为纳入预防犯罪工作", "21. 把性别视角纳入主流是毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持会员国执行预防犯罪标准的一个关键组成部分，包括通过调查和社区协商机制，以获得关于犯罪和受害情况更好的定性数据。", "22. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室为制定南非的预防性别暴力国家战略提供了战略咨询。", "23. 2022年3月，毒品和犯罪问题办公室举办了两期关于犯罪和刑事司法统计中的性别视角的在线培训班。第一期有来自拉丁美洲和欧洲19个国家的689名学员参加，第二期有来自亚太区域36个国家的232名学员参加。", "4. 预防儿童和青年犯罪，增强青年权能以预防犯罪", "24. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室根据大会第76/183号决议，继续在其“列队站好，快乐生活”和教育促进司法的举措下加强青年的复原力。2021年，共有15个会员国接受了毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的政策咨询和技术援助，内容是将体育纳入预防犯罪战略，建设国家和非国家行为体利用体育预防暴力和犯罪（包括预防暴力极端主义）的能力。援助采取了定制培训的形式，从而支持在学校和社区提供以体育运动为基础的生活技能培训，惠及超过1.5万名年轻人，并通过翻修黎巴嫩、墨西哥和乌干达的体育设施，在边缘化社区创造安全空间。", "25. 为了防止恐怖主义和暴力极端主义团体招募包括儿童在内的个人，毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过一系列技术会议，提高了哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦的决策者和专业人员的认识，这些会议旨在按照国际标准加强与法律、政策和心理社会事项有关的监管和业务框架。", "C. 推进刑事司法系统", "1. 维护受害人权利，保护证人和举报人", "26. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续倡导以受害人为中心的刑事司法办法，以及必须确保所有受害人不受歧视地获得援助、保护和支持，同时遵守《为罪行和滥用权力行为受害人取得公理的基本原则宣言》（大会第40/34号决议，附件）。毒品和犯罪问题办公室在埃及启动了一个关于罪行受害人诉诸司法的新项目。在布基纳法索和尼日尔，毒品和犯罪问题办公室为刑事司法专业人员组织了两次关于向受害人提供有效支助的讲习班。在巴拿马，毒品和犯罪问题办公室为公设辩护人办公室、罪行受害人法律援助部、司法调查部和检察办公室组织了六次涉及数字证据调查的在线培训课程。", "27. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室编写了《打击有组织犯罪示范立法规定》第二版的修订本，其中有一章与《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》关于保护证人和受害人的第24和第25条有关。", "28. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持《联合国反腐败公约》缔约国强化为举报人提供有效保护的机制。毒品和犯罪问题办公室向超过15个会员国提供了法律咨询和立法援助，以制定与保护举报人有关的立法框架。毒品和犯罪问题办公室还继续与缔约国合作，建立或加强COVID-19大流行背景下的举报和保护机制。为此，毒品和犯罪问题办公室以阿拉伯文、英文、法文、葡萄牙文和西班牙文发布了新的保健部门举报人保护准则，并支持若干缔约国的保健部门实施该准则。", "2. 改善监狱条件，通过改造和重新融入社会减少再次犯罪", "29. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室与和平行动部以及人权高专办一道，牵头制定了2021年5月推出的“联合国系统关于监禁问题的共同立场”，将监狱改革和罪犯管理定位为《2030年可持续发展议程》的组成部分。", "30. 在巴西、加纳、尼日利亚、菲律宾、塔吉克斯坦和突尼斯启动了旨在加强遵守国际最低标准的新的监狱改革项目。在另外18个会员国，毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持其监狱立法改革，或强化狱警培训课程。共有来自160个国家超过77,000名用户报名参加了毒品和犯罪问题办公室关于《联合国囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》（《纳尔逊·曼德拉规则》）的电子学习课程，该课程以13种语言提供。", "31. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续提供紧急援助，以减轻COVID-19对监狱的影响。在乌干达动员后勤支援，以确保囚犯获得COVID-19疫苗。毒品和犯罪问题办公室在10个国家推广使用非拘禁措施。在肯尼亚，向公务人员宣传了转送、辩诉交易和符合人权的传统司法机制。", "32. 为了改善囚犯重新融入社会生活的前景，毒品和犯罪问题办公室在哥伦比亚、萨尔瓦多、摩洛哥和突尼斯启动了教育和职业培训方案。在突尼斯，毒品和犯罪问题办公室与一所大学合作开发了一个关于认知行为疗法的硕士学位课程，课程的重点是预防累犯，从而为在监狱中可持续地使用这种疗法做好准备。", "33. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持会员国管理暴力极端主义囚犯，包括在羁押的外国恐怖主义作战人员，并防止在监狱中出现从激进走向暴力的风险。15个会员国受益于监狱和缓刑监督管理人员的能力建设、监狱安全和情报的加强以及脱离接触方案的制定。在印度尼西亚和哈萨克斯坦，使用在毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持下开发的风险和需求评估工具已被采纳为正式国策。", "34. 根据大会第76/182号决议，毒品和犯罪问题办公室分别于2021年12月和2022年4月与主题事项专家举行了协商会议，就减少重新犯罪的可行做法交流信息，以期制定示范战略。讨论的主题包括非拘禁措施的使用、公平判决政策以及拘禁环境和社区内的改造和重新融入社会生活的方案。", "3. 把性别视角纳入刑事司法系统的主流", "35. 除了支持预防暴力侵害妇女行为的战略和举措外，毒品和犯罪问题办公室还支持22个会员国增加性别暴力幸存者诉诸性别响应性的司法的机会。主要成就包括关于性暴力的刑法改革和在尼泊尔总检察长办公室设立一个专门部门，越南公安部、检察机关和最高人民法院调整并采用毒品和犯罪问题办公室工具，以及加强多民族玻利维亚国、尼泊尔和越南的国家和地方机构间协调机制。在墨西哥，毒品和犯罪问题办公室对6,860名警察和283名紧急呼叫接线员进行了预防和查明基于性别的暴力案件以及适当治疗和转诊幸存者方面的培训。在危地马拉，毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持法律投诉机制，并改进完善了涉及男女同性恋、双性恋、跨性别者、性别奇异者和间性者、老年人、残疾人和土著人民的案件立案工作。在肯尼亚，毒品和犯罪问题办公室为检察官编写了关于性暴力和性别暴力案件的快速参考指南。在毒品和犯罪问题办公室的支持下，正在制定一项新的南部非洲发展共同体性别暴力示范法，该示范法将为该区域以幸存者为中心的刑事司法改革提供蓝图。2022年3月，在有史以来第一个女法官国际日之际，毒品和犯罪问题办公室发起了“妇女参与司法/争取司法”运动，以促进司法领域的性别平衡和提高对性别平等问题的敏感度。大会在设立国际日的决议中赞赏地注意到仍在处理性别平等问题的全球司法廉正网络将妇女任职人数问题纳入司法系统的工作。", "4. 处理被刑事司法系统查办的儿童和青年的脆弱性问题", "36. 在巴西，毒品和犯罪问题办公室与检察官办公室国家理事会合作，对少年司法系统进行了情况分析，开发了一个培训工具，举办了一次能力建设活动，并发布了一份关于改善违法儿童待遇的政策文件。在尼日利亚，毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持对该国一个青少年犯教善所中的225人进行评估，使218人获释，并就被剥夺自由的儿童待遇问题开展了能力建设活动。", "37. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室在印度尼西亚、伊拉克和尼日利亚启动了提高少年抵御极端主义的能力项目，以预防和应对恐怖主义和暴力极端主义团体暴力侵害儿童的行为。启动阶段结束时，完成了情况分析、建立了国家协调机制，并批准了每个国家的定制工作计划。成立了一个科学咨询委员会，制定了一个全球研究框架，并为国家研究伙伴设立了一个赠款方案。在该项目下，举办了两次能力建设活动：一次是2021年12月在印度尼西亚举行的关于反恐怖主义背景下儿童司法问题的活动；另一次是2022年1月在尼日利亚举行的关于儿童受害者和证人待遇问题的活动。", "38. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续在印度尼西亚、伊拉克、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦提供与恐怖主义和暴力极端主义团体有关联的儿童待遇问题的技术援助，并发布了葡萄牙语版的“与恐怖主义和暴力极端主义团体有关联的儿童待遇路线图”。毒品和犯罪问题办公室举办了三次区域网络研讨会，讨论与冲突地区回返儿童改造和重返社会有关的可行做法，并推出了针对该问题的俄语版新的电子学习培训模块。", "5. 改进刑事调查程序", "39. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室分发了《关于有效开展约谈以便调查和收集信息的原则》，即《门德斯原则》。此外，毒品和犯罪问题办公室开发了三个关于调查性约谈的在线学习模块，并在尼日利亚和巴基斯坦进行了试点。此外，毒品和犯罪问题办公室还与欧洲安全与合作组织（欧安组织）、欧洲执法培训署、挪威人权中心和防止酷刑协会合作，为全球200多名执法和其他刑事司法专业人员开展了关于有效调查和约谈的区域和国家能力建设。在巴基斯坦，毒品和犯罪问题办公室对1,162名警官和检察官进行了尤其是关于法证调查、职业道德、警察和检察官合作等方面的培训，并提供了关于约谈技巧的培训员培训。", "40. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持在执法和海关官员、邮政服务、实验室和司法机构的工作中，加强与法证科学有关的能力。这项支持包括提供关于安全文件检查、犯罪现场调查、毒品鉴定、以安全和对环境无害的方式处理和处置毒品和制作毒品用前体化学品的标准化培训课程、手册、准则和电子学习工具和服务。联合国合成毒品问题工具包得到了关于网络犯罪和邮政安全的新的专门模块的补充，为各国提供了来自整个联合国系统的实用资源，以实施全面对策，应对与合成毒品有关的各种形式的犯罪。", "D. 推进法治", "1. 诉诸司法和法律援助", "41. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持22个国家诉诸司法的改革工作。主要成就包括与人权高专办合作，在利比里亚、塞内加尔和塞拉利昂完成了与联合国妇女署的一个联合项目，该项目加强了当地法律援助提供者为性暴力和性别暴力幸存者提供服务的能力，开展了提高认识和保护法律权利的运动，并编写了一份关于COVID-19对妇女诉诸司法和获得法律援助影响的报告。独立项目评价的结论是，该项目使法律援助提供者采取满足大流行病期间更多需求的方式向地处偏远社区等的妇女提供数量和质量均有提高的对性别问题具有敏感认识的法律援助。该项目通过宣传、为今后采用相关法律框架而设立当地自主的自下而上的激励措施，为直接、切实执行法律援助系统的关键方面提供了投入。在全球范围内，毒品和犯罪问题办公室，通过着重关注过去因受歧视而被排斥和边缘化的人而突出强调了确保所有人享有平等诉诸司法的机会的重要性。毒品和犯罪问题办公室与世界银行在2021年11月“世界银行法律、司法与发展周”期间共同举办了题为“刑事司法系统中的贫穷和种族平等：通过诉诸司法促进发展”的会议。", "2. 国家量刑政策", "42. 作为应对由于过度使用监禁和监狱过度拥挤造成的全球监狱危机的一项措施，毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续促进相称的量刑政策和有效使用非拘禁措施。毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续协助斯里兰卡、泰国和越南政府，以促进性别平等的方式改进非拘禁措施的使用，包括通过评估非拘禁措施的当前使用情况，为刑事司法专业人员举办一系列关于量刑政策和准则的讲习班，以及改进关于罪犯改造和重新融入社会生活的工作。毒品和犯罪问题办公室还在尼日利亚政府努力修订《国家禁毒执法机构法》的过程中就公平量刑政策向其提供咨询意见。", "3. 有效、可问责、公正和包容的机构", "43. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供技术援助，以期确保执法和刑事司法系统的其他机构廉正公正，确保司法独立。这包括向《反腐败公约》缔约国提供技术援助，以加强各种机构的廉正、透明度、问责制和包容性。", "44. 除了向执法机关提供道德操守和廉正培训外，毒品和犯罪问题办公室还促进了公共机构的腐败风险评估和风险管理战略的制定，这些机构包括中非共和国的监狱系统和多民族玻利维亚国的司法机构。毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供了关于司法廉正的培训方案和讲习班，并支持会员国制定司法机构道德守则的工作。", "45. 由毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持的全球司法廉正网络继续为法官和司法机构创造经验分享和同侪支持的机会。毒品和犯罪问题办公室在许多论坛上传播关于该网络的信息，并继续以新的资源丰富其网站内容。截至2022年4月，全世界70多个司法管辖区已成为实施该网络司法道德培训包的培训地点。", "46. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室在哈萨克斯坦启动了一个新项目，以支持实施社区警务，加强培训课程，并优化警察人力资源管理，以期打造多样化和包容的警务工作。毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持多米尼加共和国设计其警察改革方案，并向泰国提供了关于警察使用武力的部级条例草案的建议。在巴西，毒品和犯罪问题办公室调整了用于衡量三个州使用武力情况的警察合规指数。在乌兹别克斯坦，毒品和犯罪问题办公室与国家人权中心一道，为1,000多名警官举办了三次关于使用武力的讲习班。", "47. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供了关于法庭程序和司法能力的技术援助。在黎巴嫩，毒品和犯罪问题办公室在特定法院、监狱和拘留设施内建立了全面的电子听证系统。毒品和犯罪问题办公室在奥地利和西班牙还协助为埃及最高上诉法院的42名法官举办了两个研究课程。在巴西，毒品和犯罪问题办公室举办了16次在线活动，共有1,906名专业人员参加，以提高对毒品和犯罪问题办公室拘留听证会工具的认识。", "4. 有效的反腐败努力", "48. 在本报告编写时，《反腐败公约》已有189个缔约国。2021年6月，大会召开了首届反腐败特别会议，并通过了一项在《反腐败公约》缔约国会议主持下谈判达成的前瞻性政治宣言。会议的任务是落实和巩固政治宣言，并除其他外决定于2022年9月举行闭会期间的会议，以落实政治宣言的成果。", "49. 2021年12月，《反腐败公约》缔约国会议第九届会议在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行。来自154个会员国和许多国际组织和非政府组织的约2,000名与会者出席了会议，并通过了8项决议。缔约国会议设立的实施情况审议组于2021年6月举行了第十二届会议，并于2021年9月举行了第十二届会议续会。常会和续会包括与预防腐败问题不限成员名额政府间工作组在其第十二次会议、资产追回问题工作组在其第十五次会议和第十次增进在《联合国反腐败公约》下开展国际合作的不限成员名额政府间专家会议上联合举行的会议。", "50. 实施情况审议机制的第一个周期已接近完成，共有173份国别审议报告执行摘要定稿。第二周期的工作向前推进，共有59份执行摘要定稿。弥补通过这些审议确定的差距将提高反腐败工作的效力。毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续针对审议中提出的意见提供技术援助，包括起草行动计划、反腐败战略和立法，以及能力建设。", "5. 社会措施、教育措施和其他措施", "51. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续在其“列队站好，快乐生活”举措下开展预防犯罪和暴力的工作，该举措提供了一个以体育为基础的学习方案，重点是生活技能培训，以补充正规教育，通过体育接触可能无法上学的青年，并培养教师和体育教练的能力，以提供互动式学习和加强青年抵御犯罪的能力。", "52. 2021年12月，毒品和犯罪问题办公室启动了“全球反腐败教育和青年赋权资源倡议”，以根据《反腐败公约》和2021年举行的大会反腐败特别会议通过的政治宣言，进一步提升教育和青年在预防和打击腐败方面的作用。该倡议建立在毒品和犯罪问题办公室的“教育促进司法”和“国际反腐败学院”倡议的基础上，这两项倡议因其对青年的教育影响而在全球范围内备受认可。", "E. 促进国际合作和技术援助以预防和处理一切形式的犯罪", "1. 通过能力建设和技术援助等方式开展国际合作", "53. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其各项议定书实施情况审议机制，培训了来自120多个缔约国的1,500多名政府官员。2022年5月，《打击有组织犯罪公约》缔约国会议国际合作工作组讨论了被判刑人员的移管问题。", "54. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持有效执行《打击有组织犯罪公约》，并在几乎普遍加入（在编写报告时已有190个缔约国）该公约的基础上，促进将其用作刑事事项国际合作的法律依据，包括通过利用专门汇编关于该专题的案例等方式。毒品和犯罪问题办公室编写了题为《网络有组织犯罪摘要》的出版物，并尤其通过增加判例法、立法和战略方面的资源，进一步充实了其知识管理门户网站“打击犯罪信息与法律网络共享平台（夏洛克数据库）”。", "55. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过开发打击有组织犯罪战略工具包和在非洲、拉丁美洲及加勒比以及东南欧提供与战略有关的援助，加强了对《打击有组织犯罪公约》缔约国制定预防和打击有组织犯罪战略的支持。", "56. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室发表了两份议题文件，分别是关于有组织犯罪与性别问题，以及《打击有组织犯罪公约》与国际人权法。", "57. 根据“加强贩运路线沿线刑事司法合作全球方案”，毒品和犯罪问题办公室在拉丁美洲和西非开展了298项技术能力建设活动，其中包括44个旨在促进合作和信息交流，以推动缉获后调查的调查案件论坛。有超过15,051名执法人员、检察官和刑事司法行为体从这些论坛中受益。", "2. 国际合作以剥夺罪犯的犯罪所得", "58. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过打击洗钱、犯罪收益和资助恐怖主义全球方案帮助建立并支持6个资产追回机构间联络网。这些非正式的执法和司法从业人员网络发挥着重要作用，因为他们促进了从调查开始（包括追查资产）到冻结和扣押、管理和没收或充公的完整资产追回过程。这些网络在东部和南部非洲、拉丁美洲、加勒比、西非、亚洲和太平洋以及西亚和中亚开展活动。", "59. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续促进反腐败执法机关全球业务工作网的工作，该网络是56个国家的96个反腐败机关之间进行同行间信息交流和非正式合作的平台。", "60. 2021年，根据追回被盗资产举措，18个国家在追查、扣押、没收和追回犯罪所得方面受益于毒品和犯罪问题办公室的援助，并且全球有1,800多人接受了其提供的相关培训。根据追回被盗资产举措，毒品和犯罪问题办公室为20项全球政策活动作出贡献，并在反腐败问题大会特别会议期间举办了三次特别活动。", "3. 一切形式和表现的恐怖主义", "61. 为支持批准和执行关于恐怖主义问题的公约和议定书，毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续提倡普遍遵守19项国际反恐怖主义法律文书，协助会员国成为这些文书的缔约国并在国家一级执行这些文书。2021年加入各项国际反恐法律文书的会员国有博茨瓦纳、刚果、芬兰、法国、冈比亚、洪都拉斯、伊拉克、卢森堡、荷兰、菲律宾、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、卢旺达、沙特阿拉伯、塞舌尔、瑞士和津巴布韦。法国、葡萄牙、瑞士和芬兰分别成为继科特迪瓦、古巴、多米尼加共和国、哈萨克斯坦、荷兰和土耳其之后相继加入所有19项文书的第七、八、九和十个会员国。", "62. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室实施了一个项目，旨在加强摩洛哥利益攸关方的专门知识，为回返的外国恐怖主义作战人员及其家庭成员进行制度化、有效和符合人权的调查和审判管理。毒品和犯罪问题办公室在印度尼西亚、马来西亚、菲律宾和泰国组织了关于回返和重新安置的外国恐怖主义作战人员、其家庭成员和当地分支人员的甄别、起诉、改造和重返社会问题的简报会。", "63. 2021年3月，毒品和犯罪问题办公室与哈萨克斯坦内政部科斯塔奈学院合作，牵头举办了一次专家会议，内容涉及加强监狱官员和缓刑执行官管理哈萨克斯坦暴力极端主义囚犯和入狱外国恐怖主义作战人员的能力。", "64. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室开发了以英文和俄文提供的四个电子学习模块，内容涉及在回返的外国恐怖主义作战人员及其家庭成员的改造和重返社会方面的精神健康考虑因素。毒品和犯罪问题办公室为哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和土库曼斯坦的专业人员举办了四次网上研讨会，以推广这些学习模块。", "65. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室为联合国阻止恐怖分子旅行方案作出贡献，该方案由反恐怖主义办公室协调和管理，并与联合国其他方案伙伴共同实施。毒品和犯罪问题办公室为制定关于预报旅客资料和旅客姓名记录的规范性框架提供了立法援助，并为建立多机构旅客资料单位提供了业务支助。2021年，阿塞拜疆、博茨瓦纳、科特迪瓦、冈比亚、加纳、蒙古、摩洛哥、菲律宾、塞拉利昂、苏丹、多哥和加勒比共同体在该方案框架内得到了毒品和犯罪问题办公室的支持。", "66. 2021年，毒品和犯罪问题办公室在独立深入评价和与会员国、区域组织、联合国实体、民间社会组织、学术机构以及私营部门实体协商的基础上，着手开发了一个为提出请求的会员国开展能力建设的新的全球框架。", "4. 新出现的和不断演变的犯罪形式", "67. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持会员国努力应对新的、正在出现的和不断演变的各种犯罪。毒品和犯罪问题办公室领导应对贩运人口和偷运移民问题的国际努力。毒品和犯罪问题办公室依托打击贩运人口全球方案和打击偷运移民全球方案，在2021年为60个国家提供支持，培训了5,000多名从业人员。", "68. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室推进了打击移民潮中人口贩运活动的工作，例如，根据“将警报转变为刑事司法对策以打击移民潮中的贩运人口活动”倡议，通过国家和区域两级的行动，在拉丁美洲及加勒比的8个国家开展了相关工作。例如，在哥伦比亚，由毒品和犯罪问题办公室培训的劳工督察员在查明和移交贩运案件中发现了涉及40名委内瑞拉移民的涉嫌为强迫劳动而贩运人口的案件。毒品和犯罪问题办公室在贩运和偷运问题上的立法援助，包括支持伊拉克起草一份处理刑事司法程序中受害者权利问题的司法指导说明。通过“加强打击偷运移民的跨区域行动和对策”举措，毒品和犯罪问题办公室将位于穿越亚洲、海湾国家、非洲以及拉丁美洲及加勒比的偷运路线沿线的13个国家聚集在一起，指导了相关公务人员以基于人权和性别包容的方式应对偷运移民案件，从而加强南南合作。", "69. 2021年，毒品和犯罪问题办公室启动了其偷运移民问题观察站，并发表了两份互动式研究分析，对北非、摩洛哥以及地中海中部和西部沿线的偷运移民情况进行了地理空间、图示资料和信息可视化分析。毒品和犯罪问题办公室发表了一份题为《〈禁止贩运人口议定书〉中的“窝藏”概念》的议题文件，分析了贩运人口定义的实际应用及其在国家司法管辖机构中的解释。为促进与私营部门的合作，毒品和犯罪问题办公室出版了《关于预防和打击人口贩运的公私伙伴关系有望成功的做法简编》。毒品和犯罪问题办公室还发表了一份研究报告，题为“COVID-19与偷运移民：呼吁保障面临更大风险和脆弱性的被偷运移民的权利”，其中呼吁完善正常的移民途径，以防止偷运移民。另外，毒品和犯罪问题办公室还发布了“毒品和犯罪问题办公室将人权和性别平等纳入刑事司法干预措施以解决贩运人口和偷运移民问题的工具包”。", "70. 枪支问题全球方案推出了一项新举措，以支持执行“到2030年以可持续方式落实加勒比地区枪支弹药非法扩散问题加勒比优先行动路线图”，同时继续在其他区域开展其工作。毒品和犯罪问题办公室协助非洲、拉丁美洲及加勒比、中亚、东欧的31个国家制定法律和政策、实行预防和安全措施、采取刑事司法对策和进行国际合作和信息交换，以及监测非法枪支流动情况和新出现的威胁，并培训了4,000多名从事相关工作的人员。毒品和犯罪问题办公室协调了一次为期两周的打击萨赫勒地区枪支贩运的行动，来自相关执法机构的850名官员在行动中缴获了594支枪支和数千发弹药，其中从恐怖分子嫌疑人手中缴获的枪支弹药。毒品和犯罪问题办公室开始与非洲和拉丁美洲国家接触，以促进各国之间就复杂的枪支贩运案件开展更先进形式的国际合作，包括建立联合调查小组。", "71. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续开展研究，并向会员国提供技术援助，帮助它们努力应对世界毒品问题。[8]", "72. 在预防和应对暴力侵害儿童行为方面，毒品和犯罪问题办公室在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、马尔代夫和莫桑比克开展了能力建设，并为第二次欧洲空间信息基础设施区域讲习班共同组织了五次网络研讨会，有10个拉丁美洲国家参加。", "73. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室为预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会在2022年2月举办的专家讨论会提供了支持，该讨论会的主题为“影响环境的犯罪”（见上文第6段）。2022年5月，《打击有组织犯罪公约》缔约国会议国际合作工作组和技术援助问题不限成员名额政府专家临时工作组就《打击有组织犯罪公约》在预防和打击影响环境的跨国有组织犯罪方面的实际应用这一更具体的专题举行了联合专题讨论。", "74. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续培养会员国预防和处理影响环境犯罪的能力，包括向2,000多名刑事审判人员提供培训；辅导执法人员和检察官；加强野生动植物、森林和渔业管理与执法主管部门的腐败风险管理能力；支持法证和财务调查；提高认识；以及支持开展国际合作。开发了新的工具，包括供调查人员和检察官使用的快速参考指南。启动了关于废物贩运和野生生物贩运与人畜共患病传播之间潜在联系的新项目。", "75. 在编写本报告时，正在制定一系列立法指南，以支持各国通过立法，酌情将贩运废物、金属和其他矿物，以及发生在渔业部门的犯罪定性为严重犯罪。这些指南为各国预防、调查、起诉和判决此类犯罪提供了具体的立法指导。", "76. 关于贩运伪造医疗产品的问题，毒品和犯罪问题办公室在西非打击有组织犯罪中央主管机构和检察官网络（WACAP）框架内组织了一次会议，该会议于2021年11月在达喀尔举行，会议期间审查了在该问题上开展工作的各组织发挥的作用，讨论了应对加强立法迫切需要的工具，并商定在WACAP下设立一个法律框架工作组。毒品和犯罪问题办公室开发了一个关于伪造医疗产品的新标准化培训课程，并与制药公司和国际伙伴组织合作，向来自16个国家的执法人员提供了关于产品识别、适当的工厂包装和合法供应渠道的培训。", "77. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室于2021年6月在贝鲁特和巴拿马举办了关于打击利用集装箱非法贩运文化财产的区域性培训课程。毒品和犯罪问题办公室还与欧安组织和设在希腊的多国和平支助行动训练中心联合向来自11个国家执法机构和军方的31名学员提供了关于保护文化财产的培训。", "78. 为了应对尤其是商业货物中的贩运问题，毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续与会员国合作，在海港、陆港、陆地边界和机场以及铁路沿线建立建立港口管控部门和空运货物管控部门。毒品和犯罪问题办公室―世界海关组织（海关组织）全球集装箱管制方案目前正在73个国家实施，培训一线执法人员，介绍如何识别和检查涉嫌运载非法货物的货物集装箱，从而使之更有能力发现烈酒、烟草、机动车等高税率货物的走私，以及诸如野生动植物和林产品及枪支等其他非法货物，并且打击商业欺诈行为，比如低估价值和错误归类等。", "79. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室与欧洲执法培训署共同为100名与会者举办了一次关于仇恨犯罪的网上研讨会，并为欧安组织举办的东南欧仇恨犯罪问题会议作出了贡献。作为联合国消除种族歧视和保护少数群体网络刑事司法支柱的牵头实体，毒品和犯罪问题办公室确保将预防仇恨犯罪、支持受害者以及通过诉诸司法和刑事司法改革应对种族歧视纳入该网络的活动中，其中包括为13个联合国国家工作队举办一个为期四周的试点培训课程，主题是在方案拟订过程中处理种族歧视问题。", "80. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过支持各国的刑事司法系统（从海上执法到调查、刑事起诉和审判等环节），继续协助各国应对海上犯罪。海事犯罪方案在已建立的海事中心提供关于访问、登船、搜查和扣押的课程，并协助进行模拟审判，在模拟审判中将收集的证据提交法庭。根据该方案，毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续充实其关于海上态势感知的分析课程，并加强与技术提供商的合作伙伴关系，以改善会员国的海上监测和巡逻。此外，该方案还处理了影响环境的犯罪，包括通过支持应对海洋污染和渔业领域犯罪的努力。", "81. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过其网上犯罪问题全球方案，在47个会员国建立了侦查、预防、调查、起诉和判决网络依赖性犯罪和借助网络实施的犯罪的能力，为应对案件量不断增加的复杂犯罪（如网上儿童性虐待和性剥削）制定有效刑事司法对策提供其专门支持。毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持在伯利兹、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉和秘鲁建立和加强专门的网络犯罪调查机构、数字法医学实验室和报告机制，以期对保护包括儿童、妇女和女童在内的受害者发挥积极作用。通过与加强贩运路线沿线刑事司法合作全球方案和毒品和犯罪问题办公室类阿片战略（一项应对全球类阿片危机的综合机构间对策，由五大支柱构成）进行协调，为处理网络犯罪与其他类型有组织犯罪（如贩毒以及通过加密货币和暗网进行的非法资金流动）之间的关系提供了技术支持。", "82. 根据大会第75/282号决议和大会第76/522号决定，由大会第74/247号决议设立的拟订一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约特设委员会于2022年2月24日在纽约举行了关于组织事项的会议，并于2022年2月28日至3月11日在纽约举行了第一届会议。特设委员会在其第一届会议上核准了其路线图和工作模式，并通过了构成未来公约结构的要素。委员会还就公约的关键要素以及目标和范围交换了意见。在2022年5月30日至6月10日于维也纳举行的第二届会议上，特设委员会根据其路线图和工作模式，对关于定罪的规定、一般规定以及关于程序性措施和执法的规定进行了一读。", "四. 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理和财务状况", "83. 关于联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室管理和财务状况的信息见秘书长关于处理和打击世界毒品问题的国际合作的报告（A/77/137）。", "五. 建议", "84. 我敦促会员国继续努力，全面落实《京都宣言》，包括从COVID-19大流行中重建得更好的期望。", "推进预防犯罪工作", "85. 联合国随时准备协助会员国解决导致犯罪的原因，包括其根源问题。我促请会员国在非国家行为体的配合下，使那些对具有可持续性、以社区为重点、对性别问题敏感、为青年赋权的犯罪预防政策能起到辅助作用的证据更易得、更优质。", "86. 我认识到有效的预防政策和方案对于实现《2030年可持续发展议程》中暴力和犯罪相关目标的重要性，因此我鼓励会员国加强其预防犯罪战略，包括重视提高青年的应对能力。", "推动刑事司法系统发展", "87. 我敦促会员国适用循证刑事司法政策，加强利用恢复性正义以及受害者援助、保护和支助。", "88. 我促请会员国把性别平等视角纳入其国家刑事司法政策、方案、立法和其他行动的主流，以便尤其是应对一切形式的性别相关暴力、犯罪和加害行为，包括与性别有关的杀害行为。", "89. 为解决过度使用监禁、监狱过度拥挤以及对监狱管理部门和社区负责罪犯管理的其他实体的系统性忽视问题，我鼓励会员国应重新评估其对犯罪行为的对策并使其多样化，以期减少监禁，更多地利用非拘禁措施，并确保安全、人道和有利于改造的监狱环境。我敦促会员国确保切实适用联合国在罪犯管理领域的标准和准则，特别是《纳尔逊·曼德拉规则》、《联合国女性囚犯待遇和女性罪犯非监禁措施规则》（《曼谷规则》）和《联合国非拘禁措施最低限度标准规则》（《东京规则》）。", "90. 我促请会员国采取措施，将儿童司法改革纳入更广泛的法治和发展工作，并采取和实施对儿童问题敏感、促进性别平等和包含多利益攸关方的办法，承认儿童（男童和女童）不同于成人（男性和女性），因此有权享有符合国际法的具体权利、保障和应对措施，以达到在政府和非政府机构中保护儿童的目的。", "91. 我鼓励会员国优先加强法证领域的国家能力和技能，并支持建立和维持区域法证网络，以加强预防和打击跨国有组织犯罪的专门知识和能力。", "92. 我敦促会员国采用符合国际标准和最佳做法的循证式约谈方法，以提高调查的效力。", "93. 我敦促会员国制定以受害者为中心的刑事司法办法，确保所有类型犯罪的受害者平等地获得保护、援助和支助，包括通过实施恢复性正义办法。", "推进法治", "94. 我敦促会员国通过加强法律援助系统、消除歧视、改革警察机构和提高调查效力，来促进人人享有平等诉诸法律的机会，并提升刑事司法机构的效力、问责制、公正性和包容性。", "95. 我鼓励会员国全力支持2021年6月举办的关于防止和打击腐败及加强国际合作方面的挑战和措施的大会特别会议上所作出的各项承诺和所提出的各项建议。", "促进国际合作和技术援助以预防和处理一切形式的犯罪", "96. 我促请会员国继续努力支持有效执行《打击有组织犯罪公约》，特别是其关于国际合作的条款，并向《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其各项议定书实施情况审议机制提供有效的贡献和支持。", "97. 我促请会员国根据联合国有关公约和国际公认标准，包括酌情根据尤其是金融行动特别工作组等有关政府间机构的建议，加倍努力建立有效的反洗钱制度，以充分贯彻执行这些标准。", "98. 预防恐怖主义和暴力极端主义需要采取全面和包容的办法，这些办法必须符合国际法规定的义务，包括19项国际反恐法律文书以及大会和安全理事会的相关决议。我敦促会员国确保在法治、正当程序和人权原则的基础上开展公平、透明和可问责的刑事司法程序，这些原则为预防和打击恐怖主义的有效措施奠定了基础。", "99. 我促请会员国确保被贩卖者不会因其因被贩运而直接实施的非法行为而受到惩罚或起诉，并为刑事司法从业人员制定明确支持不惩罚贩运受害者原则的本国法、准则、政策和能力建设措施。", "100. 我促请会员国扭转最近为应对COVID-19大流行而减少正常移民途径的趋势，以此防止偷运移民，特别是涉及暴力、虐待、贩运人口、侵犯人权或死亡等严重形式的偷运移民。", "101. 我促请会员国加强国际合作，以有效预防、调查和判决枪支弹药的非法贩运，特别从处于不同冲突和冲突后阶段的国家贩运枪支弹药或贩运至这些国家，并处理这种贩运与其他形式的有组织犯罪和恐怖主义的相互联系。", "102. 我促请会员国根据国际标准和规范，采取和实施通盘战略和措施，以更好地保护儿童免受严重形式的暴力，包括犯罪团体和武装团体（涵盖恐怖主义和暴力极端主义团体）实施的暴力，同时采取全社会的做法。", "103. 我敦促会员国与民间社会和社区性组织合作，包括在应对仇恨言论的背景下，通过相关立法，向刑事司法专业人员提供相关培训，以及确保相关数据收集和受害者诉诸司法的机会，以应对仇恨犯罪的增加。", "104. 我促请会员国在适当情况下通过或修订国家立法，将影响环境的犯罪定为《打击有组织犯罪公约》第2(b)条所界定的严重犯罪。", "105. 我促请会员国把新出现的政策问题纳入预防犯罪和刑事司法政策，以及疫后恢复计划。在这方面，我鼓励会员国将应对影响环境的犯罪纳入更广泛的国家和国际议程，包括关于生物多样性、气候变化以及废物和污染的议程；进一步加强会员国打击网络犯罪的合作，包括通过积极参与目前正在进行的关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的国际公约的谈判；并加强国家立法和能力，以应对新的、正在出现的和不断演变的犯罪，如贩运伪造医疗产品、贩运文化财产和走私商业货物。", "106. 我促请会员国向毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供充足、可预测和可持续的资金，用于其在预防犯罪和刑事司法事项方面的研究、规范性工作和技术援助。", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50。", "[2] E/2022/55，第155款。", "[3] 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室（毒品和犯罪问题办公室），“监测可持续发展目标16：性别视角”，数据事项系列，第2期（即将发布）。", "[4] 毒品和犯罪问题办公室，“2019年全球凶杀案研究”，小册子2，第78页。", "[5] 见E/2022/30-E/CN.15/2022/14，第一章，第C节。", "[6] 见载有主席关于专题讨论摘要的会议室文件（E/CN.15/2022/CRP.1和E/CN.15/2022/CRP.2）。", "[7] CAC/COSP/WG.2/2018/3，附件。", "[8] 见A/77/137。" ]

[ "第七十七届会议 暂定项目表* 项目109\n预防犯罪和刑事司法", "联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案任务执行情况,特别是联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的技术合作活动", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第76/187号决议编写的。 报告概述了联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(毒品和犯罪问题办公室)为支持会员国打击跨国有组织犯罪、腐败和恐怖主义以及预防犯罪和加强刑事司法系统而开展的活动,包括新出现的政策问题。", "报告介绍了办事处为应对冠状病毒病(COVID-19)流行给预防犯罪和刑事司法系统所带来的挑战而开展的活动。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 在《2030年可持续发展议程》的五年多之后,有关犯罪和刑事司法的可持续发展目标目标的总体情况好坏参半。 关于促进法治和确保人人平等诉诸司法的具体目标16.3几乎没有什么改进。 例如,尽管在冠状病毒病(COVID-19)流行期间记录的全球监狱人口急剧减少,从2019年的1,180万人减少到2020年底的1,120万人,但全球未因犯罪被判刑而被拘留的囚犯的比例仍然相对保持不变。 [2] 根据可持续发展目标具体目标16.1,在减少犯罪暴力方面取得了一些进展。 2015至2020年间,全球凶杀率下降了5.2%。 [3] 然而,对这类罪行有罪不罚的现象仍然很普遍。 在全球范围内,每100名杀人案受害者中,只有53人被判犯有杀人罪。 [4] 因此,预防犯罪和刑事司法方面的工作仍然十分需要。", "2. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室推出了题为 \" 数据事项 \" 的新出版物系列,其中包括三个研究简报,分别涉及全球监狱人口、可持续发展目标16和与性别有关的杀害妇女和女童问题。 此外,毒品和犯罪问题办公室出版了关于乌克兰战争对其授权工作领域所产生影响的研究简报,其中包括“乌克兰冲突:毒品供需的关键证据”和“乌克兰冲突:关于贩运人口和偷运移民风险的关键证据”。", "3个 本报告提供联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案任务执行情况的资料并根据大会第76/187号决议的要求,反映新出现的政策问题和可能的对策。 报告述及毒品和犯罪问题办公室在2021年3月7日至12日在日本京都举行的第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会通过的《关于推进预防犯罪、刑事司法和法治:努力实现2030年可持续发展议程的京都宣言》所涵盖专题领域开展的活动。", " 4.四. 由于COVID-19大流行病的持续影响,本报告提到的政府间会议和技术援助活动大多以在线或混合(亲自和在线)形式进行。", "二. 预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会采取的行动,包括第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动", "5 (韩语). 1. 委员会于2022年5月16日至20日在维也纳举行了第三十一届会议。 它建议经济及社会理事会核准三项供大会通过的决议:(a)“第十四届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动和第十五次联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的筹备工作”;(b)“通过康复和重返社会来减少再犯罪”;(c)“加强国家和国际努力,包括与私营部门合作,以保护儿童免遭性剥削和性虐待”。 此外,委员会通过了题为“加强国际合作以防止和打击非法贩运野生生物的国际法律框架”的第31/1号决议。 [5]", "6. 国家 根据大会第76/181号决议,委员会于2021年11月就《京都宣言》的执行情况举行了第一次专题讨论。 此外,根据大会第76/185号决议,委员会于2022年2月就影响环境的犯罪举行了专家讨论。 130多个会员国以及联合国各实体、政府间组织和国际组织及民间社会的专家出席了这两个专题讨论。 [6] 关于第十四届大会后续行动的更多资料载于秘书长关于这一主题的报告(A/77/128)。", "三. 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室在专题领域采取的行动", "A类. 导言:战略问题", "7. 联合国 毒品和犯罪问题办公室2021-2025年战略指导了该办公室在五个专题领域的工作:(a) 处理和对付世界毒品问题;(b) 预防和打击有组织犯罪;(c) 预防和打击腐败和经济犯罪;(d) 预防和打击恐怖主义;(e) 预防犯罪和刑事司法。 该战略确定了毒品和犯罪问题办公室在联合国三大支柱:和平与安全、发展和人权方面的任务。 报告提出了将两性平等和妇女赋权、人权和青年赋权充分纳入毒品和犯罪问题办公室方案的承诺,并鼓励与国际和民间社会组织及私营部门开展综合方案编制、有效的多边合作和更有力的伙伴关系。", "8. 联合国 本着该战略的精神,毒品和犯罪问题办公室与越来越多的联合国实体以及国际和区域组织合作,协助它们编写战略文件并开展研究和技术援助活动。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室积极参与若干机构间协调机制,包括毒品预防、治疗和康复、艾滋病毒/艾滋病、腐败、反恐、非法资金流动、贩运人口、移徙、监禁、警务、法治、性别平等、种族歧视等人权问题和保护少数群体、增强青年权能和包容残疾人。", "9. 国家 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续与非政府组织、学术界和私营部门等一起参与关于《联合国反腐败公约》和《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的多利益攸关方讲习班。 与预防犯罪和刑事司法非政府组织联盟和《联合国反腐败公约》民间社会联盟密切合作,确保民间社会参加2021年举行的所有政府间会议和讲习班,有1,253个组织的4,071名利益攸关方参与。 启动了新的公私伙伴关系,有75名私营部门代表参加。", "10个 毒品和犯罪问题办公室与大会主席办公室合作,于2022年6月6日共同主办了主题为“加强青年在预防犯罪政策中主流化”的高级别专题辩论会。 活动的目的是为会员国提供一个论坛,就青年如何成为其社区变革的推动者以及有权打击犯罪并维护法治的行为体交换意见。 特别注意制定预防犯罪战略,将青年人作为积极伙伴与会员国、地方政府、学术界和民间社会一起参与其中。", "11个 截至2022年5月,毒品和犯罪问题办公室在95个国家派驻了人员。 在执行2022年2月7日启动的《2021-2025年拉丁美洲和加勒比战略愿景》方面,毒品和犯罪问题办公室将其哥伦比亚国家办事处重新定位为安第斯区域和南锥体区域办事处,并负责阿根廷、智利、巴拉圭和乌拉圭,并监督多民族玻利维亚国、厄瓜多尔和秘鲁国家办事处的工作。 为此,毒品和犯罪问题办公室力求实现方案协调和业务优化,并促进在次区域内外交流并推广良好做法和经验。", "12. 在阿富汗,在2021年8月塔利班接管之后,毒品和犯罪问题办公室开发了战略稳定网,以应对阿富汗境内和周围毒品、犯罪和恐怖主义造成的现有和新出现的跨国挑战。 该网络旨在促进稳定,保护阿富汗和广大区域人民,并促进和平、人权和长期、可持续的社会和经济发展,并解决人道主义危机中的迫切需要。", "13个 毒品和犯罪问题办公室利用乌克兰和收容国难民收容所的当地网络,编制并散发了支持父母和照料者需求的材料,并维持了人道主义环境中的强大家庭。 在联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署的支持下,毒品和犯罪问题办公室一直在协调乌克兰监狱当局同民间社会组织之间的沟通,以解决监狱环境中的人道主义需要。", "B类. 推进预防犯罪", "1. 联合国 消除犯罪根源,包括根源;循证预防犯罪;以及量身定制的预防犯罪战略", "14个 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持各国加强严格收集证据以支持预防犯罪工作。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室与设在墨西哥的毒品和犯罪问题办公室-国家统计和地理研究所治理、犯罪受害者、公共安全和司法统计信息英才中心以及设在大韩民国的毒品和犯罪问题办公室-韩国犯罪和刑事司法统计英才中心一起,为150个国家提供了能力建设支助,涉及可持续发展目标16的指标、统计目的的国际犯罪分类的实施、非法资金流动的衡量、受害和腐败调查以及将性别纳入犯罪和刑事司法统计的主流。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室与联合国开发计划署和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)共同制定了 \" 可持续发展目标16 \" 调查举措;与联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)一起制定了统计框架,以衡量与性别有关的杀害妇女和女童行为(也称为杀害妇女和杀害女性行为);与联合国贸易和发展会议一道制定了 \" 非法资金流动统计计量概念框架 \" 。 统计委员会欢迎第一个工具并认可了另外两个工具。", "15个 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续利用其全球、区域和国家方案支持会员国实施预防犯罪标准,就战略和方案的设计和执行提供建议。 这包括支持通过调查或社区协商机制获得更好的犯罪和受害情况定性数据。 2021年5月,吉尔吉斯斯坦通过了关于预防犯罪基本内容的第60号法律,其中概述了各种行为者的作用并处理了对受害人的支持问题。 作为后续行动,毒品和犯罪问题办事处一直在为执行新的2022-2028年期间国家预防犯罪方案提供技术援助,包括在地方行动计划制定和能力建设领域提供技术援助。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室为制定预防尼日利亚海上犯罪和其他犯罪的区域社区战略提供了战略咨询,包括组织与当地政府和非政府利益攸关方的协商。 2022年5月,毒品和犯罪问题办公室与主要利益攸关方在一次讲习班上讨论了尼日利亚有组织犯罪威胁评估。 讲习班的目的是提供关于该国应对有关威胁的战略的资料。", "16号. 根据在《京都宣言》中作出的加强多学科预防犯罪努力的承诺,并作为2021年4月举行的大会以“城市安全、安保和善政:使预防犯罪成为所有人的优先事项”为主题的高级别辩论的后续行动,该办公室促进非洲、亚洲和中美洲公民与司法机构之间的合作,以在地方一级推进预防犯罪。 在墨西哥和巴西,毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持实施基于社区的战略来减少犯罪和暴力,并促进发展和形势预防办法。", "2. 联合国 处理犯罪的经济方面", "17. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过打击洗钱、犯罪所得和资助恐怖主义全球方案,继续支持会员国制定和实施有效措施,以对付犯罪的经济层面并剥夺罪犯和犯罪组织的任何非法收益,具体做法包括查明、追查、扣押、没收、追回和返还犯罪所得,以及建立强有力的国内金融调查框架,并继续制定防止和打击洗钱和非法资金流动的战略。", "18. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持会员国努力打击跨国有组织犯罪,包括清洗这类犯罪的收益。 执法、海关、移民和边境管制当局、司法当局和金融情报单位的工作人员继续受益于办事处量身定制的能力建设活动。", " 19. 19. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持追回腐败所得,包括在《反腐败公约》实施情况审议机制第二周期下取得的进展。 在《反腐败公约》缔约国会议第九届会议上,毒品和犯罪问题办事处/世界银行追回被窃资产举措的代表介绍了该举措为收集与根据《反腐败公约》确立的犯罪有关的国际资产追回案件的数据而进行调查的初步结果,并推出了关于直接执行外国限制和没收决定的新出版物。 缔约国会议资产追回问题不限成员名额政府间工作组将于2022年举行的第十六次会议上将讨论缔约国会议第九届会议所通过的决议所产生的问题,特别是关于反腐败大会特别会议的后续行动的第9/2号决议和关于加强使用受益所有权信息以促进查明、追回和返还犯罪所得的第9/7号决议。", "20号. 《反腐败公约》规定的被冻结、被扣押和被没收资产的管理,对资产追回的成功至关重要。 2019年,公约缔约国会议通过了第8/1号决议,其中决定资产追回问题工作组应继续从缔约国收集关于最佳做法的信息,以完成关于被冻结、扣押和被没收资产的管理的非约束性准则草案[7]并更新题为 \" 2017年被扣押和被没收资产的有效管理和处置 \" 的研究报告。 目前,毒品和犯罪问题办公室正在根据缔约国提供的补充资料修订不具约束力的准则草案和研究报告。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室还继续提供这方面的技术援助。", "3个 将性别观点纳入预防犯罪工作的主流,包括防止与性别有关的暴力", "21岁 将性别观点纳入主流是办事处支助会员国实施预防犯罪标准的一个关键组成部分,包括通过调查和社区协商机制,以获得关于犯罪和受害情况的更高质量的数据。", "22号. 该办公室为制定南非防止性别暴力的国家战略提供了战略咨询。", "23. 联合国 2022年3月,毒品和犯罪问题办公室举办了两次关于犯罪和刑事司法统计中性别观点的在线培训班。 第一期有来自拉丁美洲和欧洲19个国家的689名与会者参加,第二期有来自亚太区域36个国家的232名与会者参加。", "4. 儿童和青年参与预防犯罪和增强青年预防犯罪能力", "24. 依照大会第76/183号决议,毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续在其 \" 提高、活起来 \" 和 \" 司法教育 \" 举措下加强青年复原力。 2021年,15个会员国接受了毒品和犯罪问题办公室关于将体育纳入预防犯罪战略、建设国家和非国家行为者利用体育预防暴力和犯罪,包括暴力极端主义的政策咨询和技术援助。 援助的形式是有针对性的培训,从而支持在学校和社区环境中提供基于体育的生活技能培训,惠及15 000多名青年,并通过在黎巴嫩、墨西哥和乌干达翻新体育设施,在边缘化社区创造安全空间。", "25岁 为防止恐怖主义和暴力极端主义团体招募个人,包括儿童,该办公室通过一系列技术会议,提高哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦的决策者和专业人员的认识,目的是按照国际标准,加强与法律、政策和心理社会事项有关的管理和行动框架。", " C C. 推进刑事司法制度", "1. 联合国 保护受害者的权利并保护证人和举报人", "26. 联合国 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续倡导对刑事司法采取以受害者为中心的做法,并主张必须依照《为罪行和滥用权力行为受害者取得公理的基本原则宣言》(大会第40/34号决议,附件),确保所有受害者不受歧视地获得援助、保护和支助。 该办公室在埃及启动了一个关于犯罪受害人诉诸司法的新项目。 在布基纳法索和尼日尔,毒品和犯罪问题办公室为刑事司法专业人员举办了两次关于有效支助受害人的讲习班。 在巴拿马,毒品和犯罪问题办公室为公设辩护人办公室、犯罪受害者法律援助部、司法调查部和检察院举办了6次关于涉及数字证据的调查的在线培训班。", "27个 毒品和犯罪问题办公室编写了《打击有组织犯罪示范立法条文》增订第二版,包括与《有组织犯罪公约》关于保护证人和被害人的第24和25条有关的一章。", "28. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持《反腐败公约》缔约国加强为举报人提供有效保护的机制。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室向15个以上会员国提供法律咨询和立法援助,以制定与保护举报人有关的立法框架。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室还继续与缔约国合作,以建立或加强针对COVID-19大流行病的报告和保护机制。 为此,毒品和犯罪问题办公室以阿拉伯文、英文、法文、葡萄牙文和西班牙文发布了保健部门保护举报人的新准则,并支助若干缔约国的保健部门实施这些准则。", "2. 联合国 改善监狱条件并减少通过改造和重返社会而再次犯罪", "29. 国家 该办公室同和平行动部和人权高专办一道,牵头制定了2021年5月启动的“联合国系统在监禁问题上的共同立场”,将监狱改革和罪犯管理作为2030年可持续发展议程的一个组成部分。", "30岁。 巴西、加纳、尼日利亚、菲律宾、塔吉克斯坦和突尼斯启动了旨在加强遵守国际最低标准的新监狱改革项目。 在另外18个会员国,办事处支持监狱立法改革或加强监狱官员培训课程。 来自160个国家的77 000多名用户参加了毒品和犯罪问题办公室关于《联合国囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》(《纳尔逊·曼德拉规则》)的电子学习课程,该课程有13种语文版本。", "31岁 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续提供紧急援助来减轻COVID-19在监狱中的影响。 在乌干达,动员了后勤支助,以确保囚犯获得COVID-19疫苗。 该办公室在10个国家推广使用非拘禁措施。 在肯尼亚,官员们提高了对转移、认罪求情谈判和符合人权的传统司法机制的认识。", "32. 联合国 为了改善囚犯重新融入社会的前景,毒品和犯罪问题办公室在哥伦比亚、萨尔瓦多、摩洛哥和突尼斯启动了教育和职业培训方案。 在突尼斯,毒品和犯罪问题办事处与一所大学合作,制定了认知行为疗法硕士学位方案,重点是预防累犯,从而为在监狱中可持续地使用这种疗法铺平道路。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持会员国管理暴力极端主义囚犯,包括在押的外国恐怖主义战斗人员,并预防监狱中的暴力激进化风险。 15个会员国受益于监狱和缓刑工作人员的能力建设、加强监狱安全和情报以及制定脱离接触方案。 在印度尼西亚和哈萨克斯坦,使用在毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持下开发的风险和需要评估工具被采纳为官方国家政策。", "34. 国家 根据大会第76/182号决议,毒品和犯罪问题办公室于2021年12月和2022年4月同专题专家举行了磋商会,就减少再次犯罪的有希望的做法交流信息,以制定示范战略。 讨论的议题包括使用非拘禁措施、公平的判刑政策以及监禁环境和社区内的改造和重新融入社会方案。", "3个 将性别观点纳入刑事司法系统的主流", "35. 联合国 除了支持预防暴力侵害妇女行为的战略和举措外,毒品和犯罪问题办公室还支持22个会员国增加性别暴力幸存者获得促进性别平等的司法救助的机会。 主要成就包括改革了有关性暴力的刑法,在尼泊尔总检察长办公室内设立了一个专门单位,公安部、检察机关和越南最高人民法院修改和采用了毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工具,并加强了多民族玻利维亚国、尼泊尔和越南的国家和地方机构间协调机制。 在墨西哥,毒品和犯罪问题办公室培训了6,860名警官和283名紧急呼叫操作人员,以预防和查明基于性别的暴力案件,并对幸存者进行适当治疗和转诊。 在危地马拉,毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持法律申诉机制,并改进了涉及男女同性恋、双性恋、变性人、同性恋和双性人、老年人、残疾人和土著人民的案件登记。 在肯尼亚,检察官办公室为检察官编写了关于性暴力和性别暴力案件的快速参考指南。 在毒品和犯罪问题办公室的支持下正在拟订的南部非洲发展共同体关于基于性别的暴力的新示范法将为该区域以幸存者为中心的刑事司法改革提供蓝图。 2022年3月,在有史以来第一个国际女法官日之际,毒品和犯罪问题办公室发起了“妇女参与司法/促进司法”运动,以在整个司法领域促进性别均衡和促进两性平等。 全球司法廉政网的工作是将妇女的代表性问题纳入司法系统,大会在设立国际日的决议中赞赏地注意到该网络继续处理性别问题。", " 4.四. 解决与刑事司法系统有接触的儿童和青年的脆弱性", "36. (中文(简体) ). 在巴西,毒品和犯罪问题办事处同检察署全国理事会合作,对少年司法制度进行了情况分析,开发了一种培训工具,开展了一项能力建设活动并发起了一项关于改善违法儿童待遇的政策文件。 在尼日利亚,毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持对该国一个最底层机构中的225人进行评估,最终释放了218人,并开展了关于被剥夺自由儿童待遇的能力建设活动。", "37. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室发起了 \" 加强暴力极端主义的复原力 \" 印度尼西亚、伊拉克和尼日利亚预防和应对恐怖主义和暴力极端主义团体暴力侵害儿童行为的青少年项目。 初始阶段结束,完成了情况分析,建立了国家协调机制并批准了每个国家量身定制的工作计划。 设立了科学咨询委员会,制定了全球研究框架并制定了国家研究伙伴赠款方案。 在该项目下,举办了两次能力建设活动:一次是2021年12月在印度尼西亚举行的关于在反恐背景下为儿童伸张正义的活动;另一次是2022年1月在尼日利亚举行的关于儿童被害人和证人待遇的活动。", "38. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续在印度尼西亚、伊拉克、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦提供与恐怖主义和暴力极端主义团体有关联的儿童待遇方面的技术援助,并用葡萄牙语推出了 \" 与恐怖主义和暴力极端主义团体有关联的儿童待遇路线图 \" 。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室举办了三次关于从冲突地区返回的儿童康复和重返社会方面有希望的做法的区域网络研讨会,并推出了新的俄语电子学习培训单元。", "5 (韩语). 改进刑事调查程序", "39. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室传播了《为调查和收集资料进行有效面谈的原则》或《门德斯原则》。 此外,该办公室还开发了三个关于调查约谈的在线学习单元,并在尼日利亚和巴基斯坦进行了试点。 此外,办事处还与欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)、欧洲联盟执法机构、挪威人权中心和防止酷刑协会合作,向全球200多名执法和其他刑事司法专业人员提供了有效调查和访谈方面的区域和国家能力建设。 在巴基斯坦,毒品和犯罪问题办公室对1,162名警官和检察官进行了关于法医调查、工作道德以及警察和检察官合作等方面的培训,并对培训员进行了关于面谈技巧的培训。", " 40. 40. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持加强执法和海关官员、邮政部门、实验室和司法部门工作中与法医学有关的能力。 支助工作包括提供标准化培训课程、手册、准则、电子学习工具和服务,涉及安全文件审查、犯罪现场调查、毒品识别以及安全和无害环境的处理和处置用于制造毒品和前体化学品。 联合国合成药物工具包得到了关于网络犯罪和邮政安全的新的专门单元的补充,为各国提供了整个联合国系统的实用资源,以采取综合对策来对付与合成药物有关的各种形式的犯罪。", "D类. 促进法治", "1. 联合国 诉诸司法和法律援助", "41. 国家 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持22个国家的司法救助改革努力。 主要成就包括与人权高专办合作,在利比里亚、塞内加尔和塞拉利昂与妇女署完成了一个联合项目,该项目加强了当地法律援助提供者向性暴力和性别暴力幸存者提供服务的能力,开展了提高对法律权利的认识和保护运动,并编写了一份关于COVID-19对妇女诉诸司法和法律援助的影响的报告。 独立项目评价的结论是,该项目使法律援助提供人能够向妇女,包括偏远社区的妇女,提供更多、更对性别问题敏感的法律援助,并适应这一流行病期间日益增加的需求。 该项目投资直接、切实地执行法律援助制度的关键方面,具体做法是开展宣传和建立当地自下而上的积极性,以便今后采用有关法律框架。 在全球范围,人权高专办通过将历来因歧视而被排斥和边缘化的人作为核心,提高了对确保人人平等诉诸司法的重要性的能见度。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室与世界银行在2021年11月世界银行法律、司法和发展周期间共同举办了题为“刑事司法系统中的贫穷和种族公平:通过诉诸司法促进发展”的会议。", "2. 国家判刑政策", "42. 国家 作为对过度使用监禁和监狱过度拥挤所引发的全球监狱危机的一种应对措施,毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续促进相称的判刑政策并有效利用非监禁措施。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续协助斯里兰卡、泰国和越南政府以促进两性平等的方式改进非拘禁措施的使用,包括评估目前使用非拘禁措施的情况,为刑事司法专业人员举办一系列关于判刑政策和准则的讲习班,并改进罪犯的改造和重新融入社会。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室还在努力修订《国家禁毒执法机构法》时就公正判决政策向尼日利亚政府提供建议。", "3个 有效、负责、公正和包容的机构", "43. 东帝汶 毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供了技术援助,以确保执法机构和构成刑事司法系统的其他机构的廉正和公正以及司法机构的独立性。 这包括向《反腐败公约》缔约国提供技术援助,以期加强各种机构的廉正、透明度、问责制和包容性。", "44. 国家 除了向执法当局提供道德操守和廉正培训外,毒品和犯罪问题办公室还协助开展腐败风险评估并制订公共机构的风险管理战略,包括中非共和国监狱系统和多民族玻利维亚国司法部门的风险管理战略。 毒品和犯罪问题办事处举办了关于司法廉政的培训方案和讲习班,并支助会员国努力为司法机关制定道德守则。", "45. 国家 毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持的全球司法廉政网络继续为法官和司法人员创造经验交流和同行支持机会。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室在许多论坛上传播关于该网络的信息,并继续以新的资源充实其网站。 截至2022年4月,全世界70多个管辖区已成为执行该网络司法道德一揽子培训方案的培训地点。", "46. 经常预算: 该办公室在哈萨克斯坦启动了一个新项目,以支持实施面向社区的警务工作,加强培训课程并优化警察人力资源管理,以发展多样化和包容性的警察服务。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持多米尼加共和国设计其警察改革,并就关于警察使用武力的部长条例草案向泰国提供建议。 在巴西,毒品和犯罪问题办公室调整了用于衡量三个州使用武力情况的警察合规指数。 在乌兹别克斯坦,禁毒办同国家人权中心一道,为1 000多名警官举办了三次关于使用武力的讲习班。", "47. 国家 毒品和犯罪问题办公室就法院程序和司法能力提供了技术援助。 在黎巴嫩,办事处在选定的法院、监狱和拘留设施中建立了一个全面的电子听证系统。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室为在奥地利和西班牙为42名埃及最高法院法官举办的两个研究方案提供了便利。 在巴西,举办了16个有1,906名专业人员参加的网上活动,以提高对毒品和犯罪问题办公室拘留听审工具的认识。", " 4.四. 有效的反腐败努力", " 48. 48. 在编写本报告时,《反腐败公约》有189个缔约国。 2021年6月,大会召开了第一届反腐败特别会议并通过了一项前瞻性政治宣言,该宣言由反腐败公约缔约国会议主持谈判而成. 会议的任务是就政治宣言采取后续行动并在此基础上更上一层楼,除其他外,决定于2022年9月举行一次闭会期间会议,以就政治宣言所取得的成绩采取后续行动。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 反腐败公约缔约国会议第九届会议于2021年12月在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行。 出席会议的有代表154个成员国和许多国际组织和非政府组织的2 000多名与会者,并通过了八项决议。 缔约国会议设立的实施情况审议组于2021年6月举行了第十二届会议,于2021年9月举行了第十二届会议续会。 常会和续会包括与预防腐败问题不限成员名额政府间工作组第十二次会议、资产追回问题工作组第十五次会议和关于加强《联合国反腐败公约》下的国际合作的第十次不限成员名额政府间专家会议联合举行的会议。", " 50. 50. 实施情况审议机制第一周期即将完成,完成了173份国别审议报告内容提要。 第二个周期的工作正在推进,完成了59个执行摘要。 弥补这些审议所发现的差距将提高反腐败工作的效力。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续针对审议中提出的意见提供技术援助,包括起草行动计划、反腐败战略和立法以及能力建设。", "5 (韩语). 社会、教育和其他措施", "51. 联合国 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续根据其“提高行动能力,生活起来”倡议开展预防犯罪和暴力的工作,该举措提供了一个基于体育的学习方案,其重点是生活技能培训,以补充正规教育,利用体育帮助可能不上学的有风险的青年人,并建设教师和体育教练提供互动学习的能力和加强青年对犯罪的复原力。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 2021年12月,毒品和犯罪问题办公室启动了反腐败教育和增强青年权能全球资源倡议,以根据《反腐败公约》和2021年大会反腐败特别会议通过的政治宣言,进一步促进教育和青年在预防和打击腐败方面的作用。 该倡议以毒品和犯罪问题办公室的 \" 司法教育 \" 和国际反腐败学院举措为基础,这些举措因其对青年的教育影响而得到全球认可。", "页:1 促进国际合作和技术援助以预防和处理一切形式犯罪", "1. 联合国 国际合作,包括能力建设和技术援助", "53. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其各项议定书实施情况审议机制,培训来自120多个缔约国的1,500多名政府官员。 2022年5月,有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议国际合作工作组就被判刑人的移交问题进行了讨论。", "54. 联合国 毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持有效实施《有组织犯罪公约》,并借助其几乎得到普遍加入(报告时为190个缔约国),包括通过专门编写该专题案例摘要,促进将《公约》用作刑事事项国际合作的法律依据。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室编写了题为《网络有组织犯罪摘要》的出版物并进一步扩大了其知识管理门户,即分享电子资源和关于犯罪的法律(SHERLOC),除其他外,增加了关于判例法、立法和战略的资源。", "55. 国家 毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过开发《有组织犯罪战略工具包》并在整个非洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比以及东南欧提供与战略有关的援助,加强对《有组织犯罪公约》缔约国制定预防和打击有组织犯罪战略的支持。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 毒品和犯罪问题办公室出版了两份议题文件,分别涉及有组织犯罪和性别问题以及《有组织犯罪公约》和国际人权法。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 在关于加强贩运路线上刑事司法合作的全球方案下,毒品和犯罪问题办公室在拉丁美洲和西非开展了298个技术能力建设活动,包括44个调查案件论坛,目的是促进合作和信息交流,以刺激震后调查。 这些论坛使15 051名执法官员、检察官和刑事司法行为者受益。", "2. 开展国际合作以剥夺犯罪分子的犯罪所得", "58. 联合国 毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过打击洗钱、犯罪所得和资助恐怖主义全球方案帮助建立和支持了六个资产追回机构间网络。 这些由执法和司法从业人员组成的非正式网络发挥着重要作用,因为它们有助于从调查开始(涉及追踪资产)到冻结和扣押、管理和没收或没收的整个资产追回过程。 这些网络在非洲东部和南部、拉丁美洲、加勒比、西非、亚洲和太平洋以及西亚和中亚运作。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续促进反腐败执法当局全球业务网的工作,该网络是56个国家96个反腐败当局之间的同行信息交流和非正式合作平台。", "60. 联合国 2021年,在追回被盗资产举措下,18个国家受益于毒品和犯罪问题办公室在追查、扣押、没收和追回犯罪所得方面的援助,全球培训了1 800多人。 根据追回被盗资产举措,毒品和犯罪问题办公室为20个全球政策活动作出了贡献,并在大会反腐败特别会议期间举办了3个特别活动。", "3个 一切形式和表现的恐怖主义", "61. 国家 为了支持批准和执行关于恐怖主义的公约和议定书,毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续倡导普遍遵守19个国际反恐法律文书,并协助会员国加入这些文书并在国家一级予以执行。 2021年加入有关恐怖主义的各种国际法律文书的会员国有博茨瓦纳、刚果、芬兰、法国、冈比亚、洪都拉斯、伊拉克、卢森堡、荷兰、菲律宾、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、卢旺达、沙特阿拉伯、塞舌尔、瑞士和津巴布韦。 法国、葡萄牙、瑞士和芬兰分别成为第七个、第八个、第九个和第十个加入所有19个文书的会员国,加入了科特迪瓦、古巴、多米尼加共和国、哈萨克斯坦、荷兰和蒂尔基耶。", "62. 联合国 毒品和犯罪问题办公室实施了一个项目,旨在加强摩洛哥利益攸关方的专门知识,为返回的外国恐怖主义战斗人员及其家属制定制度化、有效和符合人权的调查和审判管理。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室在印度尼西亚、马来西亚、菲律宾和泰国组织了关于外国恐怖主义战斗人员、其家庭成员和当地关联者的筛选、起诉、康复和重返社会的简报会。", "63. 2021年3月,毒品和犯罪问题办公室与哈萨克斯坦内政部科斯塔奈学院合作,领导举行了一次专家会议,讨论如何加强监狱和假释官员管理哈萨克斯坦监狱中暴力极端主义囚犯和外国恐怖主义战斗人员的能力。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 毒品和犯罪问题办公室开发了四个电子学习模块,有英文和俄文版本,涉及外国恐怖主义战斗人员回返者及其家属康复和重返社会的心理健康考虑。 该办公室通过为哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和土库曼斯坦的专业人员举办四次网络研讨会来宣传这些单元。", "65. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室为联合国反恐旅行方案作出了贡献,该方案由反恐办公室协调和管理,并与联合国其他方案伙伴共同实施。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供立法援助,以制定关于旅客信息预报和乘客姓名记录的规范框架,并为建立多机构旅客信息单位提供业务支助。 2021年,阿塞拜疆、博茨瓦纳、科特迪瓦、冈比亚、加纳、蒙古、摩洛哥、菲律宾、塞拉利昂、苏丹、多哥和加勒比共同体在该方案范围内得到了毒品和犯罪问题办公室的支助。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 2021年,该办公室在独立深入评价和与会员国、区域组织、联合国实体、民间社会组织、学术机构和私营部门实体协商的基础上,着手制定向提出请求的会员国提供能力建设的新全球框架。", " 4.四. 新的、新出现的和正在演变的犯罪形式", "67. (中文(简体) ). 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续支持会员国努力应对新出现的和正在演变的犯罪形式。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室领导了解决人口贩运和偷运移民问题的国际努力。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过其打击贩运人口和偷运移民的全球方案,在2021年为60个国家提供了支助并培训了5 000多名从业人员。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 毒品和犯罪问题办公室推进了打击贩运移民流动的努力,例如,在 \" 将警示转化为刑事司法对策以打击移民流动中的人口贩运 \" (TRACK4TIP)举措下,拉丁美洲和加勒比有8个国家在国家和区域一级采取了行动。 例如,在哥伦比亚,毒品和犯罪问题办公室在识别和移交贩运案件方面培训的劳动监察员发现了涉嫌贩运40名委内瑞拉移民从事强迫劳动的情况。 办事处在贩运和走私方面的立法援助包括支持伊拉克起草关于刑事司法程序中受害者权利的司法指导说明。 通过加强跨区域打击偷运移民的行动和对策(STARSOM)举措,使13个沿偷运路线穿过亚洲、海湾国家、非洲和拉丁美洲和加勒比的国家聚集一堂,毒品和犯罪问题办公室就以注重人权、兼顾性别的方式应对偷运移民案件向官员提供指导,以加强南南合作。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 2021年,毒品和犯罪问题办公室启动了其偷运移民问题观察站,并发表了两份互动研究分析报告,对北非、摩洛哥和地中海中西部沿线的偷运移民情况提供了地理空间、图形和图像图像的可视化。 毒品和犯罪问题办事处发表了一份题为 \" 《人口贩运议定书》中的 \" 骚扰 \" 概念 \" 的议题文件,该文件分析了人口贩运定义的实际适用情况及其在国家管辖范围内的解释。 为促进与私营部门的合作,毒品和犯罪问题办公室出版了《关于预防和打击贩运人口的公私伙伴关系的可行做法简编》。 它还发表了题为“COVID-19和偷运移民:要求保护面临更大风险和脆弱性的被偷运移民的权利”的研究报告,其中呼吁加强正常的移民途径,以预防偷运移民。 此外,毒品和犯罪问题办公室还出版了《将人权和两性平等纳入刑事司法干预措施主流以应对贩运人口和偷运移民问题工具包》。", "70. 联合国 全球火器方案发起了一项新倡议,以支持执行《到2030年以可持续方式在加勒比地区执行关于火器和弹药非法扩散的加勒比优先行动路线图》,同时继续在其他区域开展工作。 办事处在非洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比、中亚和东欧的31个国家协助了立法和政策制定、预防和安全措施、刑事司法对策、国际合作和信息交流以及监测非法枪支流动和新出现的威胁,培训了4,000多名从业人员。 该办公室协调了一个为期两周的打击萨赫勒地区火器贩运行动,其中来自相关执法机构的850名官员缴获了594件火器和数千发弹药,包括恐怖分子嫌疑人。 办事处开始同非洲和拉丁美洲国家接触,促进各国之间就复杂的枪支贩运案件开展更先进的国际合作,包括通过设立联合调查小组。", "71. 联合国 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续开展研究并向会员国提供技术援助以协助它们努力解决世界毒品问题。 [8]", "72. 联合国 关于预防和应对暴力侵害儿童行为,毒品和犯罪问题办公室在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、马尔代夫和莫桑比克开展了能力建设,并共同组织了五次网络研讨会,以举办第二次区域讲习班,有10个拉丁美洲国家参加。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 毒品和犯罪问题办公室为预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会2022年2月举行的关于影响环境的犯罪的专家讨论提供了便利(见上文第6段)。 国际合作工作组和有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议技术援助问题政府专家工作组于2022年5月就《有组织犯罪公约》在预防和打击影响环境的跨国有组织犯罪方面的实际适用这一更具体的专题举行了联合专题讨论。", "74. 国家 毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续建设会员国预防和处理影响环境的犯罪的能力,包括向2 000多名刑事司法人员提供培训;对执法官员和检察官提供指导;加强野生动物、森林和渔业管理及执法当局的腐败风险管理能力;支持法证和金融调查;提高认识;以及支持国际合作。 开发了新的工具,包括为调查人员和检察官编写的快速参考指南。 启动了关于废物贩运和野生动植物贩运与动物病传播之间潜在联系的新项目。", "75. 国家 在编写本报告时,正在编写一系列立法指南,以支持各国酌情通过立法,将废物、金属和其他矿物的贩运以及渔业部门的犯罪定为严重犯罪。 这些指南为各国预防、调查、起诉和判决此类犯罪提供了具体的立法指导。", "76. 联合国 关于伪造医疗产品贩运问题,毒品和犯罪问题办公室于2021年11月在达喀尔举办了西非打击有组织犯罪中央当局和检察官网络框架内的会议,会上审查了从事这一问题工作的各组织的作用,讨论了加强立法的迫切需要,并商定在西非打击有组织犯罪中央当局和检察官网络下设立一个法律框架工作组。 该办公室与制药公司和国际合作伙伴组织合作,为来自16个国家的执法人员举办了关于伪造医疗产品的新标准化培训课程,并就识别、适当的工厂包装和合法供应渠道提供培训。", "77. 国家 办事处于2021年6月在贝鲁特和巴拿马举办了关于打击利用集装箱非法贩运文化财产的区域培训班。 它还同欧安组织和希腊的多国和平支助行动培训中心一道,向来自11个国家的执法当局和军方的31名参加者提供了保护文化财产的培训。", "78. 国家 除其他外,为了解决商业货物的贩运问题,办事处继续与各会员国合作,在海港、陆港、陆地边界、机场和铁路沿线设立港口管制股和航空货物管制股。 目前,毒品和犯罪问题办公室-世界海关组织集装箱管制方案在73个国家开展活动,向一线执法人员提供培训,介绍和检查被怀疑运载非法货物的货物集装箱,从而提高他们侦查走私高税货物的能力,如酒类、烟草和机动车辆,以及野生动植物和森林产品及枪支等非法货物,并打击商业欺诈,如估价过低和分类错误等。", "79. 联合国 毒品和犯罪问题办公室与欧洲刑警组织合作,为100名与会者组织了关于仇恨犯罪的网络研讨会,并为欧安组织组织的东南欧仇恨犯罪会议作出了贡献。 作为联合国种族歧视和保护少数群体网络刑事司法支柱的牵头实体,毒品和犯罪问题办公室确保将预防仇恨犯罪、支持受害者和通过诉诸司法和刑事司法改革解决种族歧视问题纳入网络活动,其中包括为13个联合国国家工作队举办为期四周的关于在方案拟订过程中处理种族歧视问题的试点培训课程。", "80个 办事处继续协助各国应对海上犯罪,支助其刑事司法系统,从海上执法到调查、起诉和审判。 全球海事犯罪方案在已设立的海事中心开设访问、登船和搜查及扣押课程,并便利模拟审判,在法庭上提出所收集的证据。 在该方案下,毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续扩大其关于海洋领域认识的分析课程,并为加强会员国的海上监测和巡逻而加强与技术提供者的伙伴关系。 此外,该方案还处理影响环境的罪行,包括支持努力处理海洋污染和渔业部门的罪行。", "81个 毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过其网络犯罪全球方案,在47个会员国建设侦查、预防、调查、起诉和判决网络依赖和便利网络的犯罪的能力,提供专门支助,以制定有效的刑事司法对策来应对数量不断增加的复杂犯罪,例如网上儿童性虐待和性剥削。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室支持在伯利兹、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉和秘鲁建立和加强专门的网上犯罪调查单位、数字法医实验室和报告机制,以期对保护被害人,包括儿童、妇女和女童产生积极影响。 与CRIMJUST全球方案和毒品和犯罪问题办公室阿片类药物战略协调提供了技术支持,以解决网络犯罪与其他类型有组织犯罪之间的关系,例如毒品贩运和通过加密和暗网非法转移资金的问题,后者是针对全球阿片类药物危机的由五个支柱组成的机构间综合对策。", "82. 根据大会第75/282号决议和大会第76/522号决定,由大会第74/247号决议设立的拟订关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约特设委员会于2022年2月24日在纽约举行了组织会议,并于2022年2月28日至3月11日在纽约举行了第一届会议。 特设委员会第一届会议核准了其路线图和工作方式并通过了关于未来公约结构的要素。 委员会还就公约的关键要素以及目标和范围交换了意见。 特设委员会于2022年5月30日至6月10日在维也纳举行了第二届会议,根据其行进图和工作方式,对关于刑事定罪、一般规定和关于程序性措施和执法的规定进行了一读。", "四、结 论 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的治理和财务状况", "83个 秘书长关于国际合作解决和对付世界毒品问题的报告(A/77/137)介绍了毒品和犯罪问题办公室的治理和财务状况。", "五. 建议", "第八十四会. 我敦促会员国继续努力充分执行《京都宣言》,包括以更好地从COVID-19大流行病中恢复过来。", "推进预防犯罪", "85. 联合国随时准备协助会员国处理犯罪的根源,包括根源。 我敦促会员国同非国家行为者合作,加强证据的提供和质量,以能支持可持续、以社区为重点并促进两性平等并增强青年人权能的预防犯罪政策。", "86号. 我认识到有效的预防政策和方案对实现《2030年可持续发展议程》中与暴力和犯罪有关的目标的重要性,并鼓励会员国加强其预防犯罪战略,包括注重增强青年的复原力。", "推进刑事司法制度", "87个 我敦促会员国实施以证据为基础的刑事司法政策并加大对恢复性司法和受害者援助、保护和支持的利用力度。", "88个 我吁请会员国将性别观点纳入本国刑事司法政策、方案、立法和其他行动的主流,以便除其他外,处理与性别有关的一切形式的暴力、犯罪和受害行为,包括与性别有关的杀害。", "89. 国家 为了解决监狱管理部门和负责社区罪犯管理的其他实体过度使用监禁、监狱过度拥挤以及系统性地忽视的问题,我鼓励会员国重新评估犯罪行为,使其对策多样化,以减少监禁,更多地利用非监禁措施提供的潜力,并确保监狱环境的安全、人道和康复。 我敦促会员国确保在罪犯管理领域实际适用联合国标准和规范,特别是《纳尔逊·曼德拉规则》、《联合国女性囚犯待遇和女性罪犯非拘禁措施规则》(《曼谷规则》)和《联合国非拘禁措施最低限度标准规则》(《东京规则》)。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 我呼吁会员国采取措施,将儿童司法改革纳入更广泛的法治和发展努力,并采纳和执行对儿童敏感、促进两性平等和多方利益攸关方的做法,承认儿童(男童和女童)与成年人(男子和妇女)不同,因此有权获得符合国际法的具体权利、保障和应对措施,以在政府和非政府机构中保护儿童。", "91. 联合国 我鼓励会员国优先加强法医科学领域的国家能力和技能,并支助区域法医科学网络的建立和可持续性,以加强预防和打击跨国有组织犯罪的专门知识和能力。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 我敦促会员国通过采用符合国际标准和最佳做法的循证约谈方法来提高其调查效力。", "93. 国家 我敦促会员国制定以受害人为中心的刑事司法办法,确保各类犯罪受害人都能平等地获得保护、援助和支持,包括通过实施恢复性司法办法。", "促进法治", "94. 国家 我敦促会员国加强法律援助制度,解决歧视问题,改革警察机构,提高调查效力,并增进刑事司法机构的效力、问责制、公正性和包容性,从而加强人人平等诉诸司法的机会。", "95号. 我鼓励会员国全力支持在2021年6月举行的关于预防和打击腐败并加强国际合作的挑战和措施的大会特别会议上作出的承诺并提出建议。", "促进国际合作和技术援助以预防和处理一切形式犯罪", "96. (中文(简体) ). 我吁请会员国继续努力支持有效实施《有组织犯罪公约》,特别是其中关于国际合作的规定,并有效地为《有组织犯罪公约》及其各项议定书实施情况审议机制作出贡献和支持。", "97. 国家 我呼吁会员国加倍努力,根据联合国有关公约和国际公认标准,包括在适用情况下,根据金融行动特别工作组等有关政府间机构的建议,建立有效的反洗钱制度,以充分执行这些标准。", "98 (英语). 防止恐怖主义和暴力极端主义需要全面和包容的办法,这些办法必须遵守国际法规定的义务,包括19个国际反恐法律文书以及大会和安全理事会的有关决议。 我敦促会员国根据法治、适当程序和人权等原则,确保公平、透明和负责的刑事司法程序,为采取有效措施预防和打击恐怖主义奠定基础。", "99号. 我呼吁会员国确保被贩运者不因其直接因被贩运而实施的非法行为而受到惩罚或起诉,并为刑事司法从业人员制定明确支持不处罚贩运受害者原则的国内法律、准则、政策和能力建设措施。", "一百个 我呼吁会员国扭转最近为应对COVID-19大流行病而减少的正常移徙途径,以作为防止偷运移民和特别严重的包括暴力、虐待、贩运人口、侵犯人权或死亡等偷运形式的手段。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 我呼吁会员国促进国际合作,以有效预防、调查和裁定非法贩运火器和弹药的行为,特别是出入处于不同冲突和冲突后阶段的国家,并处理这种贩运同其他形式的有组织犯罪和恐怖主义的相互联系。", "102. 国家 我呼吁会员国根据国际标准和规范,通过并执行综合战略和措施,以更好地保护儿童免遭严重形式的暴力,包括犯罪团体和武装团体所实施的暴力,包括被指为恐怖主义和暴力极端主义团体的暴力,同时采取全社会做法。", "第103页。 我敦促会员国与民间社会和社区组织合作,通过相关立法,向刑事司法专业人员提供相关培训,确保相关数据收集和受害者诉诸司法,包括在应对仇恨言论方面,解决仇恨犯罪增加的问题。", "104 (韩语). 我吁请会员国酌情通过或修订国家立法,将影响环境的犯罪定为刑事犯罪,视之为《有组织犯罪公约》第2(b)条所定义的严重犯罪。", "105. (中文(简体) ). 我吁请会员国将新出现的政策问题纳入其预防犯罪和刑事司法政策和大流行病恢复计划。 在这方面,我鼓励会员国将应对影响环境的犯罪的措施纳入更广泛的国家和国际议程,包括关于生物多样性、气候变化、废物和污染的议程;进一步加强其打击网络犯罪的合作,包括积极参与正在进行的关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的国际公约的谈判;并增强国家立法和能力,以对付贩运伪造医疗产品、贩运文化财产和走私商业货物等新出现的和正在演变的犯罪。", "106. (中文(简体) ). 我呼吁会员国向毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供充足、可预见和可持续的资金,用于其在预防犯罪和刑事司法事项上的研究、规范工作和技术援助。", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50。", "[2] E/2022/55,第155段。", "[3] 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(毒品和犯罪问题办公室),“监测可持续发展目标16,性别观点”,数据事项系列,第4号(即将出版)。", "[4] 毒品和犯罪问题办公室,《2019年全球凶杀案研究》,小册子2, 第78页。", "[5] 见E/2022/30-E/CN.15/2022/14,第一章,C节。", "[6] 见载有主席专题讨论摘要的会议室文件(E/CN.15/2022/CRP.1和E/CN.15/2022/CRP.2)。", "[7] CAC/COSP/WG.2/2018/3,附件。", "[8] 见A/77/137。" ]

[ "United Nations Commission onInternational Trade Law Working Group III(Investor-State DisputeSettlement Reform) Forty-third session \n Vienna, 5–16 September 2022", "Annotated provisional agenda", "I. Provisional agenda", "1. Opening of the session.", "2. Election of officers.", "3. Adoption of the agenda.", "4. Possible reform of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS).", "5. Adoption of the report.", "II. Composition of the Working Group", "1. The Working Group is composed of all States members of the Commission, which are the following: Afghanistan (2028), Algeria (2025), Argentina (2028), Armenia (2028), Australia (2028), Austria (2028), Belarus (2028), Belgium (2025), Brazil (2028), Bulgaria (2028), Cameroon (2025), Canada (2025), Chile (2028), China (2025), Colombia (2028), Côte d’Ivoire (2025), Croatia (2025), Czechia (2028), Democratic Republic of the Congo (2028), Dominican Republic (2025), Ecuador (2025), Finland (2025), France (2025), Germany (2025), Ghana (2025), Greece (2028), Honduras (2025), Hungary (2025), India (2028), Indonesia (2025), Iran (Islamic Republic of) (2028), Iraq (2028), Israel (2028), Italy (2028), Japan (2025), Kenya (2028), Kuwait (2028), Malawi (2028), Malaysia (2025), Mali (2025), Mauritius (2028), Mexico (2025), Morocco (2028), Nigeria (2028), Panama (2028), Peru (2025), Poland (2028), Republic of Korea (2025), Russian Federation (2025), Saudi Arabia (2028), Singapore (2025), Somalia (2028), South Africa (2025), Spain (2028), Switzerland (2025), Thailand (2028), Türkiye (2028), Turkmenistan (2028), Uganda (2028), Ukraine (2025), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2025), United States of America (2028), Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (2028), Viet Nam (2025) and Zimbabwe (2025).", "2. States not members of the Commission and international governmental organizations may attend the session as observers and participate in the deliberations. In addition, invited international non-governmental organizations may attend the session as observers and represent the views of their organizations on matters where the organization concerned has expertise or international experience so as to facilitate the deliberations at the session.", "III. Annotations to agenda items", "Item 1. Opening of the session", "3. The forty-third session of the Working Group will be held from 5 to 16 September 2022 at the Vienna International Centre. Meeting hours and arrangements for participation in the session will be announced on the website of Working Group III.", "Item 2. Election of officers", "4. In accordance with its practice at sessions prior to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the Working Group may wish to elect a Chairperson and a Rapporteur.", "Item 4. Possible reform of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS)", "5. At its fiftieth session in 2017, the Commission entrusted Working Group III with a broad mandate to work on the possible reform of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS). It also agreed that in line with the UNCITRAL process, the Working Group would, in discharging that mandate, ensure that the deliberations, while benefiting from the widest possible breadth of available expertise from all stakeholders, would be government-led with high-level input from all governments, consensus-based and be fully transparent. The Working Group would proceed to: first, identify and consider concerns regarding ISDS; second, consider whether reform was desirable in light of any identified concerns; and third, if the Working Group were to conclude that reform was desirable, develop any relevant solutions to be recommended to the Commission. The Commission agreed that broad discretion should be left to the Working Group in discharging its mandate, and that any solutions devised would be designed taking into account the ongoing work of relevant international organizations and with a view to allowing each State the choice of whether and to what extent it wishes to adopt the relevant solution(s).[1]", "6. From its thirty-fourth to thirty-seventh session, the Working Group identified and discussed concerns regarding ISDS and considered that reform was desirable in light of the identified concerns.[2]", "7. From its thirty-eighth to forty-second session, the Working Group considered concrete solutions for ISDS reform.[3] At its resumed fortieth session in May 2021, the Working Group considered a workplan to implement ISDS reform and resource requirements.[4]", "8. At its fifty-fourth session, in 2021, the Commission decided to recommend to the General Assembly that additional conference (one-week session per year) and human resources be allocated to the Working Group for a single period of four years, from 2022 to 2025, on the condition that the Commission would during its annual session re-evaluate and, if needed, revisit its decision concerning the need for allocating one additional one-week session per year and supporting resources to the Working Group taking into consideration the Working Group’s report on the use of its resources.[5] On 24 December 2021, the General Assembly decided to allocate one additional one-week session per year to Working Group III (ISDS Reform) and the necessary human resources as recommended by the Commission (A/RES/76/229, para. 15). The additional week for 2022 will be utilized for the holding of the forty-third session.", "9. At its fifty-fifth session in 2022, the Commission expressed its satisfaction with the progress made by the Working Group and the support provided by the Secretariat.[6] The Commission also heard an outline of the work to be conducted by the Working Group during the four weeks of session scheduled till the fifty-sixth session of the Commission in 2023. The Working Group was encouraged to submit to the Commission for its consideration a code of conduct with commentary and texts on alternative dispute resolution mechanisms.", "Reform options and documentation", "10. At its forty-third session, the Working Group is expected to consider some or all of the following reform options based on documents prepared by the Secretariat. The detailed scheduling of the session will be specified in a letter by the Chair in advance of the session taking into account the available conference time and the working method agreed by the Commission at its fifty-fifth session.", "Reform options Pre-session documentation \n Code of conduct A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.216 Mediation­ Draft provisions onmediation\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.217A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.218 \n­ Draft guidelines onmediation\tProcedural rules andcross-cutting issues\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.219A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.220 ­ Draft provisions on earlydismissal, security forcosts, allocation of costs,counterclaims, andthird-party funding \n­ Assessment of damages andcompensation\t\nMultilateral instrument onISDS reform\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.221\nAdvisory centre\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.212A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.212/Add.1\nStanding multilateralmechanism: Selection andappointment of ISDS tribunalmembers and related matters\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.213", "11. UNCITRAL documents are posted on the UNCITRAL website upon their issuance in all the official languages of the United Nations. Delegates may wish to check the availability of the documents by accessing the Working Group III website.", "Item 5. Adoption of the report", "12. The Commission, at its fifty-fifth session, decided that Working Group III could use the last meeting of its sessions for substantive deliberations, rather than for the adoption of the report, and continue the practice of adopting the report by a written procedure. Accordingly, the chairperson and the rapporteur will prepare a summary reflecting the deliberations and any conclusions reached during the session, which would be circulated during or after the session for comments by delegations. Based on the comments received, a revised summary would be prepared and circulated for adoption by the Working Group as its report for submission to the fifty-sixth session of the Commission, scheduled to be held in Vienna, tentatively from 3 to 15 July 2023. In case there are objections, it will be presented as the summary of the chairperson and the rapporteur for consideration and action by the Commission as it deems appropriate or may be adopted by the Working Group as its report at the following session.[7]", "[1] Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-second Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/72/17), para. 264.", "[2] The deliberations and decisions of the Working Group at its thirty-fourth to thirty-seventh sessions are set out in documents A/CN.9/930/Rev.1; A/CN.9/930/Rev.1/Add.1; A/CN.9/935; A/CN.9/964; and A/CN.9/970, respectively.", "[3] The deliberations and decisions of the Working Group at its thirty-eighth to forty-second sessions are set out in documents A/CN.9/1004*; A/CN.9/1004/Add.1; A/CN.9/1044; A/CN.9/1050; A/CN.9/1054; A/CN.9/1086; and A/CN.9/1092.", "[4] See A/CN.9/1054, annex.", "[5] Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/76/17), para. 263.", "[6] Ibid., Seventy-seventh session, Supplement No. 17 (A/77/17), under preparation.", "[7] Ibid." ]

[ "联合国国际贸易法委员会", "第三工作组（投资人与国家间争端解决制度改革）", "第四十三届会议", "2022年9月5日至16日，维也纳", "临时议程说明", "1. 临时议程", "1. 会议开幕。", "2. 选举主席团成员。", "3. 通过议程。", "4. 投资人与国家间争端解决制度的可能改革。", "5. 通过报告。", "2. 工作组的组成", "1. 工作组由委员会所有成员国组成，具体如下：阿富汗（2028年）、阿尔及利亚（2025年）、阿根廷（2028年）、亚美尼亚（2028年）、澳大利亚（2028年）、奥地利（2028年）、白俄罗斯（2028年）、比利时（2025年）、巴西（2028年）、保加利亚（2028年）、喀麦隆（2025年）、加拿大（2025年）、智利（2028年）、中国（2025年）、哥伦比亚（2028）、科特迪瓦（2025年）、克罗地亚（2025年）|捷克（2028年）、刚果民主共和国（2028年）、多米尼加共和国（2025年）、厄瓜多尔（2025年）、芬兰（2025年）、法国（2025年）、德国（2025年）、加纳（2025年）、希腊（2028年）、洪都拉斯（2025年）、匈牙利（2025年）、印度（2028年）、印度尼西亚（2025年）、伊朗伊斯兰共和国（2028年）、伊拉克（2028年）、以色列（2028年）、意大利（2028年）、日本（2025年）、肯尼亚（2028年）、科威特（2028年）、马拉维（2028年）、马来西亚（2025年）、马里（2025年）、毛里求斯（2028年）、墨西哥（2025年）、摩洛哥（2028年）、尼日利亚（2028年）、巴拿马（2028年）、秘鲁（2025年）、波兰（2028年）、大韩民国（2025年）、俄罗斯联邦（2025年）、沙特阿拉伯（2028年）、新加坡（2025年）、索马里（2028年）、南非（2025年）、西班牙（2028年）、瑞士（2025年）、泰国（2028年）、土耳其（2028年）、土库曼斯坦（2028年）、乌干达（2028年）、乌克兰（2025年）、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（2025年）、美利坚合众国（2028年）、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国（2028年）、越南（2025年）、津巴布韦（2025年）。", "2. 非委员会成员国的国家和国际政府组织可以作为观察员出席本届会议并参加审议工作。此外，受邀请的国际非政府组织也可以作为观察员出席本届会议并可就各自组织拥有专门知识或国际经验的事项发表意见，以推动本届会议的审议工作。", "3. 议程项目说明", "项目1. 会议开幕", "3. 工作组第四十三届会议将于2022年9月5日至16日在维也纳国际中心举行。将在第三工作组网页上公布本届会议的开会时间和参会安排。", "项目2. 选举主席团成员", "4. 根据冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行之前各届会议的惯例，工作组似宜选举一名主席和一名报告员。", "项目4. 投资人与国家间争端解决制度的可能改革", "5. 在2017年第五十届会议上，委员会赋予第三工作组就投资人与国家间争端解决制度的可能改革开展工作的广泛任务授权。会议还商定，按照贸易法委员会的程序，工作组将在履行这一任务授权时确保审议工作由政府主导并由所有政府提供高级别投入，是基于协商共识的，并且完全透明，同时受益于所有利益攸关方尽可能最广泛的现有专门知识。工作组将着手：第一，确定并审议与投资争端解决有关的关切；第二，根据任何已确定的关切，审议改革是否可取；第三，如果工作组最后认为改革可取，制定向委员会建议的任何相关解决办法。委员会商定，工作组履行其任务授权应拥有广泛裁量权，任何解决办法的设计均应考虑到相关国际组织正在进行的工作，并着眼于使每一个国家能够选择是否以及在多大程度上希望采用相关解决办法。[1]", "6. 在工作组第三十四届至第三十七届会议上，工作组确定并讨论了与投资争端解决有关的关切，认为根据所确定的关切进行改革是可取的。[2]", "7. 工作组第三十八届至第四十二届会议审议了与投资争端解决制度改革的具体解决办法。[3]工作组在2021年5月第四十届会议续会上审议了一项实施投资争端解决制度改革工作计划和所需资源。[4]", "8. 委员会2021年第五十四届会议决定建议大会在2022-2025年一段四年期内为本工作组增拨会议资源（每年一周的届会）和人力资源，条件是委员会将在其年度届会期间再次评价并在必要时重新审议其关于需要为第三工作组每年增加一届为期一周的会议和支持资源的决定，同时考虑到工作组关于其资源使用情况的报告。[5]2021年12月24日，大会决定按照委员会的建议，为第三工作组（投资人与国家间争议解决制度改革）每年增加一届为期一周的会议，并分配必要的人力资源（A/RES/76/229，第15段）。2022年增加的一周将用于举行第四十三届会议。", "9. 委员会2022年第五十五届会议对工作组取得的进展和秘书处提供的支助表示满意。[6]委员会还听取了关于委员会2023年第五十六届会议之前工作组在四周的届会期间将要开展的工作的概要介绍。委员会鼓励工作组提交行为守则及评注以及关于替代争端解决机制的案文供其审议。", "改革方案和文件", "10. 预计工作组第四十三届会议将根据秘书处编写的文件审议下列部分或全部改革方案。会议的详细时间安排将由主席在会前致函具体说明，同时考虑到可利用的会议时间和委员会第五十五届会议商定的工作方法。", "改革方案 会前文件 \n 行为守则 A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.216 调解 A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.217 1. 关于调解的条文草案 A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.218 \n 2. 调解准则草案 程序规则和跨领域问题 A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.219 3. 关于提前驳回、费用担保、费用分配、反诉和第三方供资的条文草案\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.220 \n 4. 损害评估和赔偿 \n关于投资争端解决制度改革的多边文书\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.221\n咨询中心\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.212A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.212/Add.1\n常设多边机制：投资争端法庭成员的甄选和任命及相关事项\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.213", "11. 贸易法委员会文件以联合国所有正式语文印发后即在贸易法委员会网站上发布。各位代表不妨访问第三工作组网页查看文件是否贴出。", "项目5. 通过报告", "12. 委员会第五十五届会议决定，第三工作组可利用其届会的最后一次会议进行实质性审议，而不是通过报告，并继续采用以书面程序通过报告的做法。因此，主席和报告员将编写一份会议纪要，反映会议期间的审议情况和达成的任何结论，并将在会议期间或会后分发，以征求各代表团的意见。将根据收到的意见编写一份会议纪要修订本并予以分发，以便工作组作为其报告予以通过，以提交暂定于2023年7月3日至15日在维也纳举行的委员会第五十六届会议。如有反对意见，将作为主席和报告员的会议纪要提交委员会审议并酌情采取行动，或由工作组作为其报告在下届会议上予以通过。[7]", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第七十二届会议，补编第17号》（A/72/17），第264段。", "[2] 工作组第三十四届至第三十七届会议的审议情况和决定分别载于A/CN.9/930/Rev.1、A/CN.9/930/Rev.1/Add.1、A/CN.9/935、A/CN.9/964和A/CN.9/970号文件。", "[3] 工作组第三十八届至第四十二届会议的审议情况和决定分别载于A/CN.9/1004*、A/CN.9/1004/Add.1、A/CN.9/1044、A/CN.9/1050、A/CN.9/1054、A/CN.9/1086和A/CN.9/ 1092号文件。", "[4] 见A/CN.9/1054，附件。", "[5] 《大会正式记录，第七十六届会议，补编第17号》（A/76/17），第263段。", "[6] 同上，《第七十七届会议，补编第17号》（A/77/17），编写中。", "[7] 同上。" ]

[ "联合国国际法委员会 贸易法工作组第三(投资-国家争端解决改革)\n2022年9月5日至16日,维也纳", "临时议程说明", "一. 临时议程", "1. 联合国 1. 会议开幕。", "2. 选举主席团成员。", "3个 1. 通过议程。", " 4.四. 投资人与国家争端解决(ISDS)的可能改革。", "5 (韩语). 6. 通过报告。", "二. 二. 工作组的组成", "1. 联合国 2. 工作组由委员会所有成员国组成,这些国家包括:阿富汗(2028)、阿尔及利亚(2025)、阿根廷(2028)、亚美尼亚(2028)、澳大利亚(2028)、奥地利(2028)、白俄罗斯(2028)、比利时(2025)、巴西(2028)、保加利亚(2028)、喀麦隆(2025)、加拿大(2025)、智利(2028)、中国(2025)、哥伦比亚(2028)、科特迪瓦(2025)、克罗地亚(2025)、捷克(2028)、刚果民主共和国(2028)、多米尼加共和国(2025)、厄瓜多尔(2025)、芬兰(2025)、法国(2025)、德国(2025)、加纳(2025)、希腊(2028)、洪都拉斯(2025)、匈牙利(2025)、印度(2028)、印度尼西亚(2025)、伊朗伊斯兰共和国(2028)、伊拉克(2028)、以色列(2028)、2028)、意大利(2028)、日本(2025)、肯尼亚(2028)、科威特(2028)、马拉维(2028)、马来西亚(2028)、马里(2025)、毛里求斯(2028)、墨西哥(2025)、摩洛哥(2028)、尼日利亚(2028)、巴拿马(2028)、秘鲁(2028)、秘鲁(2025)、波兰(2028)、波兰(20", "2. 联合国 非委员会成员国的国家和国际政府组织可作为观察员参加会议并参加审议。 此外,被邀请的国际非政府组织可作为观察员参加本届会议并代表其组织就该组织具有专门知识或国际经验的事项发表意见,以便利本届会议的审议工作。", "三. 议程项目说明", "项目1. 会议开幕", "3个 工作组第四十三届会议将于2022年9月5日至16日在维也纳国际中心举行。 第三工作组网站将公布会议时间和参加会议安排。", "项目2. 选举主席团成员", " 4.四. 根据在冠状病毒病(COVID-19)流行之前举行的各届会议的惯例,工作组不妨选举一名主席和一名报告员。", "项目4. 投资人与国家争端解决的可能改革", "5 (韩语). 在2017年第五十届会议上,委员会委托第三工作组承担广泛的任务,就投资人与国家争端解决(ISDS)的可能改革开展工作. 委员会还一致认为,根据贸易法委员会的进程,工作组将在履行这一任务时,确保审议工作在尽可能广泛利用所有利益攸关方提供的专门知识的同时,由政府主导,由各国政府提供高级别投入,以共识为基础并具有充分透明度。 工作组将着手:第一,查明并审议关于国际空间数据系统所关切的问题;第二,考虑根据已查明的任何关切进行改革是否可取;第三,如果工作组认为进行改革是可取的,则制定任何有关的解决办法,以向委员会提出建议。 委员会一致认为,工作组在履行任务时应有广泛的酌处权,所制定的任何解决办法都应考虑到有关国际组织正在开展的工作,并允许每个国家选择是否以及在何种程度上愿意采用相关解决办法。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "6. 国家 工作组从第三十四届至第三十七届会议期间,确定并讨论了对ISDS的关切,并认为鉴于已查明的关切,改革是可取的。 [2]", "7. 联合国 工作组从第三十八届至第四十二届会议审议了ISDS改革的具体解决办法。 [3] 在2021年5月第四十届会议续会上,工作组审议了实施ISDS改革和所需资源的工作计划。 [4]", "8. 联合国 委员会2021年第五十四届会议决定建议大会再为工作组分配会议(每年一周会议)和人力资源,为期四年,从2022年至2025年,条件是委员会将在其年度会议上重新评估,并视需要重新审议其关于需要每年再分配一届一周会议的决定,同时考虑到工作组关于其资源使用情况的报告,向工作组提供支助资源。 [5] 2021年12月24日,大会决定按照委员会的建议(A/RES/76/229, 第23段),每年再为第三工作组(ISDS改革)安排一次为期一周的会议并提供必要的人力资源。 页:1 2022年增加的一周将用于举行第四十三届会议。", "9. 国家 委员会2022年第五十五届会议对工作组取得的进展和秘书处提供的支助表示满意。 [6] 委员会还听取了工作组拟在委员会2023年第五十六届会议之前的四周会议期间所开展工作的概要。 与会者鼓励工作组向委员会提交一份行为守则,并附上关于其他解决争端机制的评注和案文,供其审议。", "改革备选方案和文件", "10个 工作组第四十三届会议将根据秘书处编写的文件,审议下列一些或所有改革备选方案。 主席将在届会之前的一封信中详细说明会议的详细时间安排,其中将考虑到现有会议时间和委员会第五十五届会议所商定的工作方法。", "改革备选方案\n行为守则 A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.216 调解条文草案 A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.217 A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.218\n调解程序规则和交叉问题准则草案 A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.219 A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.220 关于提前解除合同、费用担保、费用分配、反诉和第三方融资的条文草案\nB. 对损害和赔偿的评估\n多边文书 A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.221 关于国际空间数据系统改革的建议\n咨询中心 A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.212 A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.212/Add.1\n常设多边机制:选定和任命国际空间数据系统仲裁庭成员及相关事项 A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.213", "11个 贸易法委员会文件以联合国所有正式语文印发后即张贴在贸易法委员会网站上。 各位代表不妨访问第三工作组网站,查看文件的提供情况。", "项目5. 通过报告", "12个 委员会第五十五届会议决定,第三工作组可以利用其届会的上次会议进行实质性审议,而不是通过报告,并继续采用以书面程序通过报告的做法。 因此,主席和报告员将编写一份摘要,反映会议期间的审议情况和所达成的任何结论,在会议期间或会后分发,供各代表团提出意见。 根据收到的评论意见,将编写并分发一份订正摘要,作为工作组的报告供工作组通过,以提交暂定于2023年7月3日至15日在维也纳举行的委员会第五十六届会议。 如果有反对意见,报告将作为主席和报告员的总结提交委员会酌情审议并采取行动,或作为工作组下届会议的报告由工作组通过。 [7]", "[1] 《大会正式记录,第七十二届会议,补编第17号》(A/72/17),第264段。", "[2] 工作组第三十四至第三十七届会议的审议情况和决定分别载于A/CN.9/930/Rev.1;A/CN.9/930/Rev.1/Add.1;A/CN.9/935;A/CN.9/964;和A/CN.9/970号文件。", "[3] 工作组第三十八至第四十二届会议的审议情况和决定载于A/CN.9/1004*;A/CN.9/1004/Add.1;A/CN.9/1044;A/CN.9/1050;A/CN.9/1054;A/CN.9/1086;和A/CN.9/1092号文件。", "[4] 见A/CN.9/1054,附件。", "[5] 《大会正式记录,第七十六届会议,补编第17号》(A/76/17),第263段。", "[6] 《同上,第七十七届会议,补编第17号》(A/77/17)正在编写中。", "[7] 同上。" ]

[ "Eleventh session Vienna, 17–21 October 2022[1] Items 2, 4 and 5 of theprovisional agenda[2] Review of the implementation ofthe United Nations Conventionagainst Transnational OrganizedCrime and the Protocols thereto International cooperation, withparticular emphasis onextradition, mutual legalassistance and internationalcooperation for the purpose ofconfiscation, and theestablishment and strengtheningof central authorities \n Technical assistance", "Reports on the meetings of the subsidiary bodies of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto and report on the sixty-fifth session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs", "Note by the Secretariat", "Reports on the meetings of the Working Group on Trafficking in Persons held in Vienna on 12 and 13 October 2021 and on 29 and 30 June 2022", "1. Pursuant to Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto decision 4/4, on trafficking in persons, an open-ended interim working group was established to advise and assist the Conference in the implementation of its mandate with regard to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "2. In its resolution 7/1, on strengthening the implementation of the Convention and the Protocols thereto, the Conference decided, inter alia, that the Working Group on Trafficking in Persons would be a constant element of the Conference, forwarding its reports and recommendations to the Conference.", "3. The Working Group on Trafficking in Persons held its eleventh meeting on 12 and 13 October 2021 and its twelfth meeting on 29 and 30 June 2022. In accordance with Conference resolution 7/1, the reports on those meetings (CTOC/COP/WG.4/2021/6 and CTOC/COP/WG.4/2022/4, respectively) will be made available to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Reports on the meetings of the Working Group on the Smuggling of Migrants held in Vienna on 14 and 15 October 2021 and on 27 and 28 June 2022", "4. Pursuant to Conference of the Parties resolution 5/3, on the implementation of the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, an open-ended intergovernmental interim working group on the smuggling of migrants was established to advise and assist the Conference in the implementation of its mandate with regard to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol.", "5. In its resolution 7/1, the Conference decided, inter alia, that the Working Group on the Smuggling of Migrants would be a constant element of the Conference, forwarding its reports and recommendations to the Conference.", "6. The Working Group on the Smuggling of Migrants held its eighth meeting on 14 and 15 October 2021 and its ninth meeting on 27 and 28 June 2022. In accordance with Conference resolution 7/1, the reports on those meetings (CTOC/COP/WG.7/2021/5 and CTOC/COP/WG.7/2022/4, respectively) will be made available to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Reports on the meetings of the Working Group on Firearms held in Vienna from 10 to 12 May 2021 and on 4 and 5 May 2022", "7. Pursuant to Conference of the Parties resolution 5/4, on the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms, their parts and components and ammunition, an open-ended intergovernmental working group on firearms was established to advise and assist the Conference in the implementation of its mandate with regard to the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "8. In its resolution 7/1, the Conference decided, inter alia, that the Working Group on Firearms would be a constant element of the Conference, forwarding its reports and recommendations to the Conference.", "9. The Working Group on Firearms held its eighth meeting from 10 to 12 May 2021 and its ninth meeting on 4 and 5 May 2022. In accordance with Conference resolution 7/1, the reports on those meetings (CTOC/COP/WG.6/2021/4 and CTOC/COP/WG.6/2022/4, respectively) will be made available to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Reports on the meetings of the Working Group on International Cooperation held in Vienna on 25 and 26 March 2021 and from 23 to 27 May 2022", "10. Pursuant to Conference of the Parties decision 3/2, on the implementation of the provisions on international cooperation in the Convention, an open-ended working group on international cooperation was established as a constant element of the Conference. This decision was reaffirmed consistently in subsequent resolutions of the Conference.", "11. In its resolution 7/1, the Conference, inter alia, encouraged the Working Group on International Cooperation and the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance to consider meeting on an annual basis, as needed, and to hold their meetings consecutively, in order to ensure the effective use of resources.", "12. In its resolution 10/6, on preventing and combating crimes that affect the environment falling within the scope of the Organized Crime Convention, the Conference requested the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance and the Working Group on International Cooperation to hold a joint thematic discussion on the application of the Convention for preventing and combating transnational organized crimes that affect the environment and to make recommendations for consideration by the Conference at its eleventh session, within their mandates, in order to promote the practical application of the Convention.", "13. The Working Group on International Cooperation held its twelfth meeting on 25 and 26 March 2021 and its thirteenth meeting from 23 to 27 May 2022, back to back with the thirteenth meeting of the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance, with a joint thematic discussion in accordance with Conference resolution 10/6. The reports on those meetings (CTOC/COP/WG.3/2021/3 and CTOC/COP/WG.2/2022/4-CTOC/COP/WG.3/2022/4, respectively) will be made available to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Report on the meeting of the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance held in Vienna from 23 to 27 May 2022", "14. In its decision 2/6, on technical assistance activities, the Conference of the Parties established an open-ended interim working group of government experts on technical assistance.", "15. In its resolution 7/1, the Conference, inter alia, encouraged the Working Group on International Cooperation and the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance to consider meeting on an annual basis, as needed, and to hold their meetings consecutively, in order to ensure the effective use of resources.", "16. In its resolution 10/6, the Conference requested the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance and the Working Group on International Cooperation to hold a joint thematic discussion on the application of the Convention for preventing and combating transnational organized crimes that affect the environment and to make recommendations for consideration by the Conference at its eleventh session, within their mandates, in order to promote the practical application of the Convention.", "17. The thirteenth meeting of the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance was held from 23 to 27 May 2022, back to back with the thirteenth meeting of the Working Group on International Cooperation, with a joint thematic discussion in accordance with Conference resolution 10/6. The report on the meeting (CTOC/COP/WG.2/2022/4-CTOC/COP/WG.3/2022/4) will be made available to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Report on the sixty-fifth session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, held in Vienna from 14 to 18 March 2022", "18. The Commission on Narcotic Drugs held its sixty-fifth session from 14 to 18 March 2022. In its resolution 65/2, on strengthening international cooperation to address the links between illicit drug trafficking and illicit firearms trafficking, the Commission requested the Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to make the resolution available to the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and to the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. The report on the sixty-fifth session (E/2022/28-E/CN.7/2022/14), which contains the resolution, will be made available to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "[1] ^(*) Reissued for technical reasons on 29 September 2022.", "[2] ^(**) CTOC/COP/2022/1." ]

[ "第十一届会议[1]", "2022年10月17日至21日，维也纳", "临时议程[2]项目2、4、5", "审议《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其 各项议定书的实施情况国际合作，尤其侧重于 引渡、司法协助和没收事宜国际合作， 以及中央主管机关的设立与加强", "技术援助", "联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约及其议定书缔约方会议各附属机构会议的报告以及麻醉药品委员会第六十五届会议报告", "秘书处的说明", "2021年10月12日和13日及2022年6月29日和30日在维也纳举行的贩运人口问题工作组会议的报告", "1. 依照联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约及其各项议定书缔约方会议关于贩运人口问题的第4/4号决定，设立了一个不限成员名额的临时工作组，为缔约方会议履行其在《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》方面的任务授权提供建议和帮助。", "2. 缔约方会议在关于加强《公约》及其各项议定书的实施的第7/1号决议中，除其他事项外决定，贩运人口问题工作组将成为缔约方会议的一个常设组成部分，向缔约方会议提交报告和建议。", "3. 贩运人口问题工作组2021年10月12日和13日举行了第十一次会议，2022年6月29日和30日举行了第十二次会议。根据缔约方会议第7/1号决议，这些会议的报告（分别为CTOC/COP/WG.4/2021/6和CTOC/COP/ WG.4/2022/4）将提交缔约方会议第十一届会议。", "2021年10月14日和15日及2022年6月27日和28日在维也纳举行的偷运移民问题工作组会议的报告", "4. 依照缔约方会议关于《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击陆、海、空偷运移民的补充议定书》执行情况的第5/3号决议，设立了一个关于偷运移民问题的不限成员名额政府间临时工作组，为缔约方会议履行其在《打击偷运移民议定书》方面的任务授权提供建议和帮助。", "5. 缔约方会议在第7/1号决议中，除其他事项外决定，偷运移民问题工作组将成为缔约方会议的一个常设组成部分，向缔约方会议提交报告和建议。", "6. 偷运移民问题工作组于2021年10月14日和15日举行了第八次会议，并于2022年6月27日和28日举行了第九次会议。根据缔约方会议第7/1号决议，这些会议的报告（分别为CTOC/COP/WG.7/2021/5和CTOC/COP/ WG.7/2022/4）将提交缔约方会议第十一届会议。", "2021年5月10日至12日及2022年5月4日和5日在维也纳举行的枪支问题工作组会议的报告", "7. 依照缔约方会议关于非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的第5/4号决议，设立了一个关于枪支问题的不限成员名额政府间工作组，为缔约方会议履行其在《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的补充议定书》方面的任务授权提供建议和帮助。", "8. 缔约方会议在第7/1号决议中，除其他事项外决定，枪支问题工作组将成为缔约方会议的一个常设组成部分，向缔约方会议提交报告和建议。", "9. 枪支问题工作组于2021年5月10日至12日举行了第八次会议，2022年5月4日和5日举行了第九次会议。根据缔约方会议第7/1号决议，这些会议的报告（分别为CTOC/COP/WG.6/2021/4和CTOC/COP/WG.6/2022/4）将提交缔约方会议第十一届会议。", "2021年3月25日和26日及2022年5月23日至27日在维也纳举行的国际合作工作组会议的报告", "10. 根据缔约方会议关于《公约》国际合作规定的执行情况的第3/2号决定，设立了一个关于国际合作问题的不限成员名额工作组，作为缔约方会议的一个常设组成部分。这一决定在缔约方会议随后的多项决议中得到了一致重申。", "11. 缔约方会议在第7/1号决议中，除其他事项外鼓励国际合作工作组和技术援助问题政府专家工作组考虑根据需要每年举行会议且相继举行，以确保有效利用资源。", "12. 缔约方会议在关于预防和打击《打击有组织犯罪公约》范围内影响环境的犯罪的第10/6号决议中请技术援助问题政府专家工作组和国际合作工作组在其任务授权范围内，就适用《公约》预防和打击影响环境的跨国有组织犯罪问题举行一场联合专题讨论，并提出建议供公约缔约方会议第十一届会议审议，以推动《公约》得到切实适用。", "13. 国际合作工作组于2021年3月25日和26日举行了第十二次会议，于2022年5月23日至27日举行了第十三次会议，与技术援助问题政府专家工作组第十三次会议衔接举行，并根据缔约方会议第10/6号决议进行了联合专题讨论。这些会议的报告（分别为CTOC/COP/WG.3/2021/3和CTOC/COP/WG.2/ 2022/4-CTOC/COP/WG.3/2022/4）将提交缔约方会议第十一届会议。", "2022年5月23日至27日在维也纳举行的技术援助问题政府专家工作组会议报告", "14. 缔约方会议在其关于技术援助活动的第2/6号决定中，设立了一个关于技术援助问题的不限成员名额政府专家临时工作组。", "15. 缔约方会议在第7/1号决议中，除其他事项外鼓励国际合作工作组和技术援助问题政府专家工作组考虑根据需要每年举行会议且相继举行，以确保有效利用资源。", "16. 缔约方会议在第10/6号决议中请技术援助问题政府专家工作组和国际合作工作组在其任务授权范围内，就适用《公约》预防和打击影响环境的跨国有组织犯罪问题举行一场联合专题讨论，并提出建议供缔约方会议第十一届会议审议，以推动《公约》得到切实适用。", "17. 技术援助问题政府专家工作组于2022年5月23日至27日举行了第十三次会议，与国际合作工作组第十三次会议衔接举行，并根据缔约方会议第10/6号决议进行了联合专题讨论。这次会议的报告（CTOC/COP/WG.2/2022/4-CTOC/COP/WG.3/2022/4）将提交缔约方会议第十一届会议。", "2022年3月14日至18日在维也纳举行的麻醉药品委员会第六十五届会议的报告", "18. 麻醉药品委员会于2022年3月14日至18日在维也纳举行了第六十五届会议。麻委会在关于加强国际合作处理非法药物贩运与非法枪支贩运之间联系的第65/2号决议中，请联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室执行主任将该决议提供给预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会及联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议。载有该决议的第六十五届会议报告（E/2022/28-E/CN.7/2022/14）将提交缔约方会议第十一届会议。", "[1] ^(*) 因技术原因于2022年9月29日重新印发。", "[2] ^(**) CTOC/COP/2022/1。" ]

[ "第十一届会议 2022年10月17日至21日,维也纳[1]\n技术援助", "联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约及其议定书缔约方会议附属机构会议的报告和麻醉药品委员会第六十五届会议的报告", "秘书处的说明", "贩运人口问题工作组于2021年10月12日和13日以及2022年6月29日和30日在维也纳举行的会议的报告", "1. 联合国 根据《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其议定书缔约方会议关于贩运人口问题的第4/4号决定,设立了一个不限成员名额的临时工作组,为缔约方会议履行其在《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》方面的任务授权提供建议和协助。", "2. 联合国 在关于加强《公约》及其各项议定书执行情况的第7/1号决议中,缔约方会议除其他外决定,贩运人口问题工作组将成为缔约方会议的一个常设组成部分,并向缔约方会议提交其报告和建议。", "3个 贩运人口问题工作组于2021年10月12日和13日举行了第十一次会议,于2022年6月29日和30日举行了第十二次会议。 根据缔约方会议第7/1号决议,这些会议的报告(分别为CTOC/COP/WG.4/2021/6和CTOC/COP/WG.4/2022/4)将提供给缔约方会议第十一届会议。", "偷运移民问题工作组2021年10月14日和15日及2022年6月27日和28日在维也纳举行的会议的报告", "4. 根据缔约方会议关于《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击陆、海、空偷运移民的补充议定书》执行情况的第5/3号决议,设立了一个不限成员名额的偷运移民问题政府间临时工作组,就缔约方会议执行其与《偷运移民议定书》有关的任务授权提供建议和协助。", "5 (韩语). 缔约国会议第7/1号决议除其他外决定,偷运移民问题工作组将成为缔约国会议的一个常设组成部分,向缔约国会议提交其报告和建议。", "6. 国家 偷运移民问题工作组于2021年10月14日和15日举行了第八次会议,于2022年6月27日和28日举行了第九次会议。 根据缔约方会议第7/1号决议,这些会议的报告(分别为CTOC/COP/WG.7/2021/5和CTOC/COP/WG.7/2022/4)将提交缔约方会议第十一届会议。", "枪支问题工作组于2021年5月10日至12日及2022年5月4日和5日在维也纳举行的会议的报告", "7. 根据缔约方会议关于非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的第5/4号决议,设立了一个不限成员名额的枪支问题政府间工作组,就缔约方会议执行与《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的补充议定书》有关的任务授权提供建议和协助。", "8. 联合国 缔约国会议第7/1号决议除其他外决定,枪支问题工作组将成为缔约国会议的一个常设组成部分,并向缔约方会议提交其报告和建议。", "9. 国家 枪支问题工作组于2021年5月10日至12日举行了第八次会议,于2022年5月4日和5日举行了第九次会议。 根据缔约方会议第7/1号决议,这些会议的报告(分别为CTOC/COP/WG.6/2021/4和CTOC/COP/WG.6/2022/4)将提供给缔约方会议第十一届会议。", "国际合作工作组于2021年3月25日和26日及2022年5月23日至27日在维也纳举行的会议的报告", "10. 根据缔约方会议关于《公约》国际合作条款执行情况的第3/2号决定,设立了一个国际合作问题不限成员名额工作组,作为缔约方会议的常设组成部分。 这项决定在本会议后来的决议中得到了一致的重申。", "11个 缔约国会议在其第7/1号决议中,除其他外,鼓励国际合作工作组和技术援助问题政府专家工作组考虑视需要每年举行一次会议并相继举行会议,以确保资源的有效利用。", "12个 缔约国会议在其关于预防和打击《有组织犯罪公约》范围内影响环境的犯罪的第10/6号决议中,请技术援助问题政府专家工作组和国际合作问题工作组就《公约》在预防和打击影响环境的跨国有组织犯罪方面的适用问题举行一次联合专题讨论,并提出建议供缔约方会议第十一届会议在其任务授权范围内审议,以促进《公约》的实际适用。", "13个 国际合作工作组于2021年3月25日和26日举行了第十二次会议,于2022年5月23日至27日举行了第十三次会议,紧接着技术援助问题政府专家工作组第十三次会议,并依照缔约国会议第10/6号决议进行了联合专题讨论。 这些会议的报告(分别为CTOC/COP/WG.3/2021/3和CTOC/COP/WG.2/2022/4-CTOC/COP/WG.3/2022/4)将提供给缔约方会议第十一届会议。", "2022年5月23日至27日在维也纳举行的技术援助问题政府专家工作组会议的报告", "14个 缔约方大会在其关于技术援助活动的第2/6号决定中设立了一个不限成员名额的技术援助问题政府专家临时工作组。", "15个 缔约国会议在其第7/1号决议中,除其他外,鼓励国际合作工作组和技术援助问题政府专家工作组考虑视需要每年举行一次会议并相继举行会议,以确保资源的有效利用。", "16号. 缔约国会议第10/6号决议请技术援助问题政府专家工作组和国际合作问题工作组就《公约》在预防和打击影响环境的跨国有组织犯罪方面的适用问题举行一次联合专题讨论,并提出建议供缔约国会议第十一届会议在其任务授权范围内审议,以推进《公约》的实际适用。", "17岁 技术援助问题政府专家工作组第十三次会议于2022年5月23日至27日举行,与国际合作工作组第十三次会议衔接举行,根据缔约国会议第10/6号决议进行了联合专题讨论。 会议报告(CTOC/COP/WG.2/2022/4-CTOC/COP/WG.3/2022/4)将提供给缔约方会议第十一届会议。", "麻醉药品委员会第六十五届会议报告,2022年3月14日至18日在维也纳举行", "18岁。 1. 麻醉药品委员会于2022年3月14日至18日举行了第六十五届会议。 委员会在其关于加强国际合作解决非法药物贩运与非法枪支贩运之间的联系的第65/2号决议中请联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室执行主任向预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会和联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议提供该决议。 载有该决议的第六十五届会议报告(E/2022/28-E/CN.7/2022/14)将提供给缔约方会议第十一届会议。", "[1] ^(*) 因技术原因于2022年9月29日重新印发.", "[2] ^(**) CTOC/COP/2022/1 (中文(简体) )." ]

[ "United Nations Commission onInternational Trade Law Working Group III(Investor-State DisputeSettlement Reform) Forty-third session \n Vienna, 5–16 September 2022", "Possible reform of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS)", "Draft Code of Conduct", "Note by the Secretariat", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 2II. Draft 3 Code of \nConduct Article1– 3 \nDefinitions Article2– 4 Applicationof the \n Code Article3– 5 Independence and \nImpartiality Article4–Limiton 6 \nmultipleroles Article5– 8 \nDutyofdiligence Article6–[Integrity 8 and \ncompetence] \nArticle7–Expartecommunication 9Article8– 10 \nConfidentiality Article9– 11 Fees and \nexpenses Article10–Disclosure 12 \nobligations Article11–Compliance 14 with the \n Code Annex– 14 Declaration anddisclosure \n form", "I. Introduction", "1. The Working Group, at its thirty-seventh session in April 2019, requested the Secretariat to undertake preparatory work on a code of conduct jointly with the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Secretariat. It was suggested that such work could cover how such a code could be implemented in the current ISDS regime and also in the context of a structural reform, and how obligations in such a code would be enforced, particularly when the function or term of an arbitrator or adjudicator was terminated (A/CN.9/970, para. 84).", "2. Based on the background information provided by the secretariats (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.167), general support was expressed for developing a code of conduct at the thirty-eighth session in October 2019, during which the Working Group provided concrete instructions on how to progress the work (A/CN.9/1004^(*), paras. 67 to 77). While a draft code of conduct (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.201) was prepared for the fortieth session of the Working Group in February 2021, deliberations were deferred to a future session due to the limited time available at that session (A/CN.9/1050, para. 116).", "3. At its forty-first session in November 2021, the Working Group considered articles 1 to 8 of the draft code of conduct based on a draft prepared by the secretariats (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.209). The Working Group also had before it a note by the secretariats on means of implementation and enforcement (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.208). Based on the deliberations at that session (A/CN.9/1086, paras. 17–143), a revised version of articles 1 to 8 were prepared and presented at the following session (A/CN.9/1092, annex).", "4. At the forty-second session in February 2022, the Working Group considered articles 9 to 11 of the code of conduct as contained in document A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.209. While the Working Group was able to conduct a first reading of the code, it was not in a position to submit a draft for consideration by the Commission (A/CN.9/1092, paras. 79–130). Accordingly, the Working Group requested the secretariats to prepare a revised version of the code and the accompanying commentary for the following session scheduled in the second half of 2022 (A/CN.9/1092, para. 129).", "5. During the above-mentioned period and subsequent to the forty-second session, a number of informal meetings took place to consider the contents and the form of the code.[1] A series of meetings were held between the secretariats to ensure consistency in the text and to identify policy questions that need to be clarified by the Working Group.", "6. This note contains a revised version of the Code of Conduct for adjudicators in international investment dispute proceedings (hereinafter, the Code) prepared jointly by the secretariats of ICSID and UNCITRAL reflecting the decisions and deliberations of the Working Group at previous sessions. To assist the Working Group in its deliberations, each article is followed by a note identifying issues that require further consideration and decision by the Working Group.", "7. As the Working Group agreed to consider provisions applicable to arbitrators and judges in parallel (A/CN.9/1086, para. 27), the Code includes provisions for arbitrators as well as judges, while indicating, where necessary, that the article or the paragraphs therein apply only to arbitrators or only to judges. The Working Group may wish to consider how it wishes to present the Code to the Commission, including whether it should be structured differently. The Working Group may wish to ensure that the provisions in the Code are clear, which would allow potential adjudicators to clearly understand and comply with their obligations, particularly as they would have limited information about the disputing parties and the dispute.", "8. The Working Group may wish to note that the commentary to the Code (the “Commentary”) is under preparation by the secretariats with the aim to clarify the content of each article, to discuss practical implications, and to provide examples (A/CN.9/1086, para. 20).", "9. The Working Group may wish to consider means of implementation and enforcement of the Code as contained in document A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.208. The Working Group may wish to also consider how the Code could be implemented by other arbitral institutions administering ISDS cases.", "II. Draft Code of Conduct", "Article 1 – Definitions", "For the purposes of the Code: \n(a) “International Investment Dispute” (IID) means a disputebetween an investor and a State or a Regional Economic IntegrationOrganization (REIO) [or any constituent subdivision or agency of aState or a REIO] submitted for resolution pursuant to: (i) a treatyproviding for the protection of investments or investors;(ii) legislation governing foreign investments; or (iii) aninvestment contract;\n(b) “Arbitrator” means a person who is a member of an arbitraltribunal or an ICSID ad hoc Committee who is appointed to resolvean IID;\n(c) “Judge” means a person who is a member of a standing mechanismfor the resolution of an IID;\n (d) “Adjudicator” means an Arbitrator or a Judge; \n(e) “Candidate” means a person who has been contacted regardingpotential appointment as an Arbitrator, but who has not yet [beenappointed] [accepted the appointment], or a person who is underconsideration for appointment as a Judge, but who has not yet beenconfirmed in such role; and\n(f) “Assistant” means a person working under the direction andcontrol of an Adjudicator to assist with case-specific tasks [, asagreed with the disputing parties];\n(g) “Ex parte communication” means any communication by a Candidateor an Adjudicator with a disputing party, its legal representative,affiliate, subsidiary or other related person concerning the IID,without the presence or knowledge of the other disputing party orparties.", "Note to the Working Group", "10. The order of the definitions has been revised to enhance coherence and consistency. The definition of ex parte communication has been included in the article, while it previously appeared in article 7 (see para. 41 below).", "11. The words “for resolution” have been inserted after the words “submitted” in subparagraph (a) to indicate the purpose of the submission. To ensure consistency, subparagraph (c) also refers to the “resolution” of the IID instead of its “settlement”.", "12. The terms “arbitrator” and “judge” are defined in article 1 as those who are current members of an arbitral tribunal or a standing mechanism. Therefore, it might not be necessary to include a specific temporal scope of their respective obligations in the following articles of the Code. Such phrases have been placed within square brackets or deleted in the respective articles for consideration by the Working Group (for example, articles 3(1), 7 and 10, see paras. 20 and 42 below).", "13. With respect to subparagraph (e), the Working Group may wish to note that in the ICSID context, a person does not become a member of an arbitral tribunal until he or she accepts the appointment and that acceptance has been notified by ICSID. To allow for such practice, the Working Group may wish to replace the words “who has not yet been appointed” with the words “who has not yet accepted the appointment” (see para. 65 below).", "14. With regard to subparagraph (f), the Commentary could explain that the usual practice is that the disputing parties are consulted about the identity of the assistant and the tasks to be performed by the assistant. Therefore, the Working Group may wish to consider whether it would be necessary to retain the phrase “as agreed with the disputing parties” in the definition.", "Article 2 – Application of the Code", "1. The Code applies to [an Adjudicator or a Candidate in] an IIDproceeding. The Code may be applied in any other dispute byagreement of the disputing parties.\n2. If the instrument upon which consent to adjudicate is basedcontains provisions on the conduct of an Adjudicator or a Candidatein an IID proceeding, the Code shall [be construed ascomplementing] [complement] such provisions. In the event of anyinconsistency between the Code and such provisions, the lattershall prevail to the extent of the inconsistency.\n3. An Adjudicator shall take all reasonable steps to ensure thathis or her Assistant is aware of and complies with the Code,including by requiring the Assistant to sign a declaration that heor she has read and will comply with the Code.", "Note to the Working Group", "15. As the Code is to apply to individuals involved in the resolution of IIDs and not to the IID itself, the Working Group may wish to insert the words “an Adjudicator or a Candidate” in paragraph 1. Paragraph 1 has been split into two sentences, with the second sentence aiming to reflect the understanding of the Working Group that it would be possible for the disputing parties to agree on the application of the Code to any other types of disputes, including between States.", "16. The first sentence of paragraph 2 has been simplified by referring to “provisions on the conduct of an Adjudicator or a Candidate” instead of “provisions on ethics or a code of conduct for Adjudicators or Candidates”. This is because the term “ethics” might be unclear and the use of the word “code” with the word “the Code” in the same sentence might be confusing. The second sentence has also been simplified to refer to “any inconsistency between the Code and such provisions” rather than “an inconsistency between an obligation of the Code and an obligation in the instrument upon which consent to adjudicate is based”.", "17. The Working Group may wish to note that whereas paragraph 2 refers to “the instrument upon which consent to adjudicate is based”, other articles of the Code make reference to “the applicable rules or treaty” (for example, articles 7 to 11). Considering that there may be an overlap between the two notions, the Working Group may wish to consider whether the current distinction is appropriate and whether it would be sufficient to address the relationship in the Commentary.", "18. The Working Group may wish to consider how best to express the complementary nature of the Code as the words “shall be construed as complementing” in paragraph 2 might be understood as merely providing guidance on interpretation. Another option would be to retain only the second sentence of paragraph 2 for the purposes of indicating the rule on which provision shall prevail in case of any inconsistency.", "19. With regard to the application of the Code, the Working Group may wish to consider the extent to which the disputing parties would be able to exclude or vary the provisions of the Code (see paras. 24–26 below).", "Article 3 – Independence and Impartiality", "1. An Adjudicator shall be independent and impartial [at the timeof acceptance of appointment or confirmation and shall remain sountil the conclusion of the IID proceeding or until the end of hisor her term of office].\n 2. Paragraph 1 includes the obligation not to: \n(a) Be influenced by loyalty to a disputing party, a non-disputingparty, anon-disputing Treaty Party, or any of their legal representatives;\n(b) Take instruction from any organization, government, orindividual regarding any matter addressed in the IID proceeding;\n(c) Allow any past or present financial, business, professional orpersonal relationship to influence his or her conduct [orjudgment];\n(d) Use his or her position to advance [any significant] [a]financial or personal interest he or she might have in one of thedisputing parties or in the outcome of the IID proceeding;\n(e) Assume a function or accept a benefit that would interfere withthe performance of his or her duties; or\n(f) Take any action that creates the appearance of a lack ofindependence or impartiality.", "Note to the Working Group", "20. The Working Group may wish to consider whether the temporal scope provided for in paragraph 1 (the square bracketed language) is necessary considering the definition of “arbitrator” and “judge” in article 1. The retention of the phrase in square brackets may raise issues, particularly with regard to the “conclusion” of the IID proceeding, which would differ depending on the case at hand (see para. 28 below). For example, questions might arise whether an arbitrator who has resigned or has been disqualified would continue to be bound by article 3 if the IID proceedings were to continue.", "21. With regard to subparagraph (a), the Working Group may wish to provide guidance on the meaning of the term “loyalty” and from whose perspective loyalty should be assessed, both of which could be elaborated in the Commentary.", "22. With regard to subparagraph (c), the Working Group may wish to delete the phrase “or judgment” as that would likely be covered by the word “conduct”. In order to align the drafting with that of subparagraph (a), the Working Group may also wish to consider modifying subparagraph (c) as follows: “Be influenced by any past or present financial, business, professional or personal relationship”.", "23. With regard to subparagraph (d), the Working Group may wish to consider replacing the words “any significant” with the word “a”. This is because it is the fact that the position is used to advance financial or personal interest that is problematic rather than the extent or level of the interest sought. The Commentary could, however, elaborate that where the interest unintentionally gained by the adjudicator was trivial or de minimis, it would not necessarily amount to a breach of subparagraph (d).", "Article 4 – Limit on multiple roles", "[Paragraphs applicable to Arbitrators only] \n1. Unless the disputing parties agree otherwise, an Arbitratorshall not act concurrently [and within a period of three yearsfollowing the conclusion of the IID proceeding,] as a legalrepresentative or an expert witness in another IID proceeding [orany other proceeding] involving:\n (a) The same measure(s); \n (b) The same or related party(parties); or \n (c) The same provision(s) of the same treaty. \n2. [Unless the disputing parties agree otherwise,] an Arbitratorshall not act concurrently [and within a period of three yearsfollowing the conclusion of the IID proceeding] as a legalrepresentative or an expert witness in another IID proceeding [orany other proceeding] involving legal issues which aresubstantially so similar that accepting such a role would be inbreach of article 3.\n [Paragraphs applicable to Judges only] \n3. A Judge shall not exercise any political or administrativefunction. He or she shall not engage in any other occupation of aprofessional nature which is incompatible with his or herobligation of independence or impartiality, or with the demands of[a full-time] [term of] office. In particular, a Judge shall notact as a legal representative or expert witness in another IIDproceeding.\n4. A Judge shall declare any other function or occupation to the[President] of the standing mechanism. Any question [on theapplication of] [regarding] paragraph 3 shall be settled by thedecision of the standing mechanism.\n5. A former Judge shall not become involved in any manner in an IIDproceeding before the standing mechanism, which was pending, orwhich he or she had dealt with, before the end of his or her termof office.\n6. A former Judge shall not act as a legal representative of adisputing party or [third][non-disputing] party [in any capacity]in an IID proceeding initiated after his or her term of officebefore the standing mechanism for a period of three years followingthe end of his or her term of office.", "Note to the Working Group", "Derogation and modification by the disputing parties", "24. With regard to the phrase “unless the disputing parties agree otherwise” in paragraph 1, the Working Group may wish to consider the extent to which the disputing parties may waive the application of paragraph 1. A related question would be whether the same phrase should be replicated in paragraph 2 or whether the obligation in that paragraph is one that cannot be waived by the disputing parties. With regard to paragraph 2, the Working Group may wish to confirm that it would be the arbitrator that would need to determine whether the legal issues are substantially so similar.", "25. The Working Group may wish to consider further whether the disputing parties are free to agree to deviate from other articles of the Code. If so, one approach could be to revise article 2(1) as follows: “The Code applies to an Adjudicator or a Candidate in an IID proceeding subject to any modifications as the disputing parties may agree.” Another approach would be to include a paragraph in article 2 or 11 stating: “The disputing parties may agree to exclude the application of the Code or derogate from or vary the effect of its provisions”. This would avoid the need to repeat the phrase “unless the disputing parties agree otherwise” in the relevant articles.", "26. However, the ability of the disputing parties to derogate and modify the application of the Code might need to be restricted with regard to certain articles (for example, article 3) and may be further restricted if the instrument upon which consent to adjudicate is based (for example, a treaty) provides so in accordance with article 2(2). Furthermore, the Working Group may wish to consider whether the disputing parties would be able to exclude or modify the application of the Code in the context of a standing mechanism.", "Temporal scope of the limitation", "27. The Working Group may wish to consider whether to retain the three-year period as provided for in square brackets in paragraphs 1 and 2, or any other period of time following the IID proceeding.", "28. If the Working Group were to retain such a period of time, it would be necessary to clarify when that period commences. This is because the “conclusion of the IID proceeding” referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 could differ depending on the circumstances of the case, thus making it difficult to implement.", "29. Article 4 would be an instance where the obligation of an adjudicator extends beyond his or her term (similar to article 8 on confidentiality). In other words, the article would aim to regulate the conduct of a former adjudicator. The Working Group may wish to consider this issue in light of the definition of “arbitrator” and “judge” in article 1 and the scope of application in article 2(1) (see paras. 12 and 20 above).", "30. The Working Group may wish to also consider how article 4 would apply to an arbitrator who had been disqualified or had resigned from an IID proceeding. Such an individual would no longer be subject to the concurrent limitation in article 4 as he or she is no longer an Arbitrator in accordance with article 1(b). On the other hand, imposing the three-year limitation “following” the conclusion of the IID proceeding might inadvertently result in the individual being able to freely act as a legal representative or an expert witness until the conclusion of that proceeding and the limitation commencing only after the proceeding. As article 4 limits the participation in “another” IID proceeding, it may also be possible for the arbitrator who had been disqualified or had resigned to act as a legal representative or an expert witness in the same IID proceeding.", "31. Accordingly, the Working Group may wish to clarify the extent to which the Code should regulate the conduct of former adjudicators. One way to do so would be to use the formulation in paragraphs 5 and 6 (“former” judge) and refer also to “former” arbitrator in the context of paragraphs 1 and 2. In any case, the Working Group may wish to provide guidance on how any remedy can be enforced on an individual who is no longer an “Adjudicator” within the meaning of the Code as well as the relationship between articles 3 and 4.", "Other issues", "32. While a suggestion had been made to include the words “a Judge” before the words “a legal representative” in paragraphs 1 and 2, both paragraphs aim to regulate the practice of double-hatting, where one individual functions both in an advocacy role and an adjudicatory role. Therefore, the paragraphs would not aim to prevent an arbitrator from taking another case as an adjudicator. Instead, whether an arbitrator can act concurrently as a judge would likely be regulated by the terms of office of the judge. The Working Group may wish to confirm this understanding and consider whether an additional paragraph should be included in article 4 preventing a judge from acting as an arbitrator, which would have the same effect.", "33. With regard to subparagraph 1(c), the Working Group may wish to consider the effect such regulation could have with regard to multilateral treaties (for example, the Energy Charter Treaty).", "34. The Working Group may wish to consider providing guidance as to the meaning and scope of the term “same” that is used throughout subparagraphs 1 (a) to (c), as the factors for identification might differ between “measures”, “parties” and “provisions”.", "Article 5 – Duty of diligence", "[Paragraph applicable to Arbitrators only] \n 1. An Arbitrator shall: \n(a) Perform his or her duties diligently throughout the IIDproceeding;\n (b) Devote sufficient time to the IID proceeding; \n (c) Render all decisions in a timely manner; \n[(d) Refuse concurrent obligations that may impede his or herability to perform the duties under the IID proceeding in adiligent manner;] and\n (e) Not delegate his or her decision-making function. \n [Paragraph applicable to Judges only] \n2. A Judge shall perform the duties of his or her office diligentlyconsistent with the terms of office.", "Note to the Working Group", "35. The Working Group may wish to consider whether subparagraph (d) could be deleted as it would be covered by subparagraph (a) or retained as a separate paragraph in order to make the obligation explicit. If subparagraph (d) is deleted, the Commentary could explain that under subparagraph (a), an arbitrator shall refuse such concurrent obligations.", "36. The Working Group may wish to consider whether subparagraph (e) might be placed in article 6 as the obligation to not delegate decision-making function would fit better as an obligation of integrity. This could be further elaborated in the Commentary.", "37. The Working Group may wish to further confirm that a breach of the obligations in articles 5 and 6 could be presented as a fact when a disputing party asserts that the obligation of independence or impartiality in article 3 had been breached.", "Article 6 – [Integrity and competence]", "1. An Adjudicator shall: \n(a) Conduct the IID proceedings in accordance with high standardsof integrity, fairness[, civility] and competence;\n (b) Treat all participants in the IID proceeding with civility; and\n(c) Make best efforts to maintain and enhance the knowledge, skillsand qualities necessary to perform his or her duties.\n [Paragraph applicable to Arbitrator candidates only] \n2. A Candidate shall accept an appointment only if he or she hasthe necessary competence and skills, and is available to performthe duties of an Arbitrator.\n [Paragraph applicable to Judge candidates only] \n3. A Candidate shall possess the necessary competence and skills toperform the duties of a Judge.", "Note to the Working Group", "38. The Working Group may wish to confirm that the proposed heading of article 6, “Integrity and competence” is adequate as a replacement for the previous heading “Other duties”.", "39. The Working Group may wish to consider whether subparagraph (b) is necessary if the additional wording in square brackets were to be inserted in subparagraph (a).", "40. The Working Group may wish to consider whether paragraphs 2 and 3 would need to be retained in article 6 considering that paragraph 2 requires the Arbitrator candidate to make a self-judgment on his or her competence and skills, and that the necessary competence and skills of a Judge candidate would likely be assessed in the selection phase. The Working Group may wish to consider this question in conjunction with the question on whether to include article 11(2) in the Code (see para. 67 below).", "Article 7 – Ex parte communication", "[Paragraphs applicable to Arbitrators and Arbitrator candidatesonly]\n 1. Ex parte communication is prohibited except: \n(a) To determine the Candidate’s expertise, experience, competence,skills, availability, and the existence of any potential conflictsof interest;\n(b) To determine the expertise, experience, competence, skills,availability, and the existence of any potential conflicts ofinterest of a Candidate for presiding Arbitrator, if the disputingparties so agree;\n(c) If permitted by the applicable rules or treaty or by agreementof the disputing parties.\n2. In any case, ex parte communication shall not address anyprocedural or substantive issue relating to the IID proceeding orthose that a Candidate or an Arbitrator can reasonably anticipatewill arise in the IID proceeding.\n [Paragraph applicable to Judges and Judge candidates only] \n 3. Ex parte communication is prohibited.", "Note to the Working Group", "41. Article 7 has been revised to clarify the default rule regarding ex parte communication as well as the exceptions thereto. The definition of “ex parte communication” is now provided in article 1(g) and has been slightly redrafted to read: “Ex parte communication means any communication by a Candidate or an Adjudicator with a disputing party, its legal representative, affiliate, subsidiary or other related person concerning the IID, without the presence or knowledge of the other disputing party or parties.”", "42. While the previous version of article 7 had a temporal scope on when ex parte communication would be prohibited (“prior to the initiation of the IID proceeding and until the conclusion thereof”), that phrase had been deleted considering the definition of the terms “candidate”, “arbitrator” and “judge” (see para. 12 above). The deletion of that phrase would also avoid needing to make a reference to the “conclusion” of the IID proceeding, which posed some concerns (see paras. 20 and 27–31 above).", "43. The Working Group may wish to confirm that it would be possible for an arbitrator who had rendered the award or had been disqualified to engage with the parties as they would no longer be bound by article 7. Otherwise, it would be necessary to stipulate a time period during which ex parte communication would be prohibited similar to article 4.", "44. The Working Group may wish to confirm that subparagraph 1(b) would allow an arbitrator appointed by a disputing party (or an arbitrator candidate to be appointed by a disputing party) to discuss with the disputing party or its legal representative the qualifications of a potential candidate for the presiding arbitrator. Yet this would be subject to the agreement of the other disputing party that this can be done. However, if the condition (the disputing parties so agree) is met, such a discussion might not fall under the definition of ex parte communication as the other disputing party would be aware of the communication.", "45. The Working Group may wish to confirm that a complete prohibition of ex parte communication for Judges and Judge candidates as provided in paragraph 3 is appropriate.", "Article 8 – Confidentiality", "1. A Candidate and an Adjudicator shall not disclose or use anyinformation concerning, or acquired in connection with, an IIDproceeding unless:\n(a) The information is publicly available [in accordance with theapplicable rules or treaty,]; or\n(b) Permitted under the applicable rules or treaty or by agreementof the disputing parties.\n2. An Adjudicator shall not disclose the contents of thedeliberations in the IID proceeding [or any view expressed duringthe deliberation].\n3. An Adjudicator shall not comment on a decision in the IIDproceeding [unless it is publicly available].\n4. An Adjudicator shall not disclose any draft decision in the IIDproceeding.\n5. The obligations in this article shall survive the IID proceeding[and continue to apply indefinitely].\n6. The obligations in this article shall not apply to the extentthat a Candidate or Adjudicator is legally compelled to disclosethe information in a court or other competent body or needs todisclose such information to protect his or her rights in a courtor other competent body.", "Note to the Working Group", "46. Paragraph 1 has been revised to provide a clearer rule on the exceptions to the obligation of confidentiality. The words “except for the purposes of that proceeding” have been deleted as the article does not intend to regulate such disclosure, which are inherently allowed. The Commentary could further elaborate on this point. It should be noted that if that phrase is re-introduced in paragraph 1, it would also need to be replicated in the other paragraphs.", "47. The Working Group may wish to consider the extent to which the information being “publicly available” would form an exception in subparagraph 1(a). The square bracketed language suggests that only when the information is publicly available in accordance with the applicable rules or treaty, the non-disclosure obligation in paragraph 1 would be lifted. In other words, if the information is available to the public de facto (for example, it was leaked in violation of the applicable rules or treaty or was posted on a public website by a third party), this would not fall under the exception in subparagraph 1(a). The Working Group may wish to confirm this understanding.", "48. The Working Group may wish to consider whether the exception in subparagraph 1(b) should also apply to paragraphs 2 to 4. If so, it might be preferable to provide for a general exception similar to paragraph 6 along the following lines: “The obligations in this article shall not apply to the extent permitted under the applicable rules or treaty or by agreement of the disputing parties.”", "49. The Working Group may wish to delete the words “or any view expressed during the deliberation” in paragraph 2, as such views would form part of the “contents” of the deliberation.", "50. Paragraphs 3 and 4 have been revised in light of the fact that whether or not the adjudicator has participated or taken part in the rendering of the decision is not a factor to be considered when imposing the obligation. Therefore, the words “in which they participated” in paragraph 3 and “prior to rendering it and any decision they have rendered” in paragraph 4 have been deleted.", "51. With regard to paragraph 3 addressing the obligation to not comment on a decision, the Working Group may wish to consider: (i) whether the obligations should be limited to “prior to the conclusion of the IID proceeding” which would allow the adjudicator to comment on a decision after the proceeding; and (ii) whether the decision being publicly available (currently in square brackets) should be an element to be taken into account. With regard to the latter, if the words “unless it is publicly available” were to be retained, the formulation in paragraph 1(a) should be used (see para. 47 above).", "52. Considering that a “draft decision” referred to in paragraph 4 falls under “any information concerning, or acquired in connection with, an IID proceeding” referred to in paragraph 1, the Working Group may wish to consider deleting the paragraph leaving it to the Commentary to explain this aspect.", "53. Paragraph 5 has been revised to avoid referring to the “conclusion” of the proceedings (see paras. 20 and 30 above). The Working Group may wish to delete the words in square brackets “and continue to apply indefinitely” as they might be redundant. The Working Group may wish to consider how the obligation in paragraph 5 would be enforced as the individual would not be subject to the Code following the IID proceeding (see paras. 30–31 above).", "Article 9 – Fees and expenses", "[Article applicable to Arbitrators and Arbitrator Candidates only] \n1. Any proposal concerning fees and expenses shall be communicatedto the disputing parties through the institution administering theproceeding. If there is no administering institution, such proposalshall be communicated by the sole or presiding Arbitrator.\n2. [Unless the applicable rules or treaty provide otherwise,] aCandidate or an Arbitrator shall conclude any discussion concerningfees and expenses with the disputing parties before [or immediatelyupon] the constitution of the arbitral tribunal.\n3. An Arbitrator shall conclude any discussion concerning the feesand expenses of an Assistant with the disputing parties prior toengaging any Assistant.\n4. An Arbitrator shall keep an accurate record of his or her timeand expenses attributable to the IID proceeding and ensure that anAssistant also keeps an accurate record of the time and expense.\n5. An Arbitrator shall make such records available when requestingthe disbursement of funds or upon the request of a disputing party.", "Note to the Working Group", "54. Article 9 has been restructured to set out the process of determining the fees and expenses in the sequence they usually occur. The Working Group may wish to first confirm that the order of the paragraphs is adequate and that it would only be applicable to Arbitrators and Arbitrator candidates.", "55. The Working Group may wish to confirm that paragraph 2 reflects best practice – that it would be ideal if the discussions concerning fees and expenses are not only conducted but also concluded prior to the constitution of the arbitral tribunal. If so, the Working Group may wish to consider deleting the square bracketed language “or immediately upon”. The Commentary could, however, explain that such discussions could take place immediately upon the constitution, for example, at the first procedural meeting.", "56. With regard to paragraph 4, the Working Group may wish to consider whether the responsibility to keep an accurate record of time and expenses spent by any assistant lies with the arbitrator or the assistant. In any case, the arbitrator should put in place a mechanism to ensure that an assistant does so. This could be explained in the Commentary.", "57. The Working Group may wish to consider whether the reasonableness of fees should be addressed in the Code or in the Commentary, as this would be reflective of best practice. For instance, it is addressed in article 41(1) of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. The Commentary could explain that the reasonableness of fees and expenses would depend on the amount in dispute, the complexity of the subject-matter, the time spent by arbitrators and any other relevant circumstances of the case.", "Article 10 – Disclosure obligations", "[Article applicable to Arbitrators and Arbitrator candidates only] \n1. A Candidate and an Arbitrator shall disclose any circumstanceslikely to give rise to justifiable doubts [, including in the eyesof the disputing parties,] as to his or her independence orimpartiality.\n 2. The following information shall be included in the disclosure: \n(a) Any financial, business, professional, or personal relationshipin the past five years with:\n(i) Any disputing party or an entity identified by a disputingparty;\n(ii) The legal representative(s) of a disputing party in the IIDproceeding;\n(iii) Other Arbitrators and expert witnesses in the IID proceeding;and\n(iv) [Any entity identified by a disputing party as having a director indirect interest in the outcome of the IID proceeding,including a third-party funder];\n (b) Any financial or personal interest in: \n (i) The outcome of the IID proceeding; \n (ii) Any other IID proceeding involving the same measure(s); and \n(iii) Any other proceeding involving a disputing party or an entityidentified by a disputing party;\n(c) All IID and related proceedings in which the Candidate or theArbitrator is currently or has been involved in the past five yearsas an Arbitrator, a legal representative or an expert witness; and\n(d) Any appointment as an Arbitrator, a legal representative, or anexpert witness by a disputing party or its legal representative(s)in an IID or any other proceeding in the past five years.\n3. [For the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2,] A Candidate and anArbitrator shall make [reasonable][best] efforts to become aware ofsuch circumstances [, interests, and relationships].\n4. A Candidate and an Arbitrator shall err in favour of disclosureif they have any doubt as to whether a disclosure shall be made.\n5. A Candidate and an Arbitrator shall make the disclosure usingthe form in the annex prior to or upon [acceptance of the]appointment to the disputing parties, other Adjudicators in the IIDproceeding, any administering institution and any other personsprescribed by the applicable rules or treaty.\n6. An Arbitrator shall have a continuing duty to make furtherdisclosures based on new or newly discovered information as soon ashe or she becomes aware of such information.\n7. The fact of non-disclosure does not in itself establish [a lackof impartiality or independence] [a breach of article 3 to 6 of theCode].\n8. The disputing parties may waive their respective rights to raisean objection with respect to circumstances that were disclosed.", "Note to the Working Group", "58. Article 10 has been revised to apply only to Arbitrators and Arbitrator candidates. The Working Group may wish to confirm the extent to which the paragraphs would apply to Judges and Judge candidates. A comparative table is provided as an appendix to this Note to assist the Working Group’s consideration.", "59. The Working Group may wish to address the relationship between the two different standards in paragraph 1 and the possible inconsistency (“likely to give rise to justifiable doubts”, provided, for instance, in article 11 of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, and “in the eyes of the disputing parties”), which would make it difficult for arbitrators and arbitrator candidates to understand the extent to which disclosure shall be made.", "60. The Working Group may wish to consider a situation where the arbitrator did not disclose a circumstance with the belief that a reasonable third person would not question his or her independence or impartiality based on that circumstance, but a disputing party considers it as raising doubts. The Working Group may wish to consider specifying the highest threshold rather than incorporating two standards.", "61. The Working Group may wish to confirm that the information listed in paragraph 2 needs to be disclosed even if it is not so required under paragraph 1. In other words, regardless of whether the information to be provided in accordance with paragraph 2 is likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator’s independence or impartiality, the arbitrator would be required to disclose such information. This can be further elaborated in the Commentary.", "62. The Working Group may wish to consider whether the reference to “an entity identified by a disputing party” in subparagraphs (a)(i) and (b)(iii) is appropriate. The Commentary could explain that the word “entity” would cover both legal and natural persons. In that context, the Working Group may wish to consider whether the formulation in subparagraph (a)(iv) is appropriate.", "63. The Working Group may wish to delete the words in square brackets at the beginning of paragraph 3 as the need to make reasonable/best efforts applies throughout the article and is not necessarily limited to paragraphs 1 and 2. The Working Group may wish to decide whether to use the term “reasonable” or “best”. For reference, article 6(1)(c) refers to “best efforts to maintain and enhance the knowledge, skills and qualities necessary to perform his or her duties”. The Working Group may wish to also consider whether the word “circumstance” is broad enough to cover the list of items mentioned in paragraph 2 (relationship, interests, proceedings, appointment).", "64. The Working Group may wish to note that paragraph 4 (formerly numbered paragraph 5) was moved and placed closer to paragraph 3, as both paragraphs deal with the manner in which an arbitrator or a candidate shall make the disclosure in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2.", "65. The Working Group may wish to insert the words “acceptance of the” in paragraph 5 in light of the ICSID practice (see para. 13 above).", "66. Paragraph 7 aims to clarify that non-compliance with the disclosure requirements in article 10 does not necessarily amount to a breach of other provisions in the Code, in particular with regard to the obligation of independence and impartiality in article 3. The Working Group may wish to determine which formulation is to be used, including whether to refer to specific articles of the Code.", "Article 11 – Compliance with the Code", "1. An Adjudicator and a Candidate shall comply with the applicableprovisions of the Code.\n[2. A Candidate shall not accept an appointment and an Adjudicatorshall resign or recuse him/herself from the IID proceeding if he orshe is not in a position to comply with the applicable provisionsof the Code.]\n3. Any disqualification and removal procedure, or any sanction andremedy, provided for in the applicable rules or treaty shall [applyto the Code] [continue to apply irrespective of the Code].\n4. An Adjudicator shall remove an Assistant who is in breach of theCode.", "Note to the Working Group", "67. The Working Group may wish to consider whether paragraph 1 is necessary. Paragraph 2 was added to highlight how candidates and adjudicators should act in the case of non-compliance or the likeliness of non-compliance. While it would be a voluntary obligation that would not be subject to any remedy under the Code, the Working Group may wish to consider whether to retain the text and if so, whether articles 6(2) and (3) are necessary (see para. 40 above).", "68. The Working Group may wish to consider whether paragraph 3 captures the understanding of the Working Group that any challenge procedure (including standards for challenge) or any remedy provided for in the applicable rules or treaty would continue to apply to the adjudicator. Accordingly, non-compliance with an article of the Code would not in itself form the basis for such challenge or remedy, which would be provided for in the applicable rules or treaty.", "69. The Working Group may wish to consider whether paragraph 4 is appropriate considering that the Code does not contain specific articles applicable to assistants. In addition, the Working Group may wish to consider what would be the consequences of adjudicator’s non-compliance with paragraph 4.", "Annex to the Code of Conduct – Declaration and disclosure form", "Annex to the Code of Conduct \n Declaration, Disclosure and Background Information \n1. I acknowledge that I have read and understood the attached Codeof Conduct and I undertake to comply with it.\n2. To the best of my knowledge, there is no reason why I should notserve as [Arbitrator][Judge] in this proceeding. I am impartial andindependent and have no impediment arising from the Code ofConduct.\n 3. I attach my current curriculum vitae to this declaration. \n4. In accordance with Article 10 of the Code of Conduct, I wish tomake the following disclosure and provide the followinginformation:\n [INSERT AS RELEVANT] \n5. I confirm that as of the date of this declaration, I have nofurther circumstance or information to disclose. I understand thatI shall make further disclosures based on new or newly discoveredinformation as soon as I become aware of such information.", "Note to the Working Group", "70. The Working Group may wish to confirm that the following declaration would be presented in the Annex to the Code.", "Appendix – Disclosure obligation for Judges and Judge candidates", "Article 10 – Disclosureobligation\t\nFor Arbitrators and Arbitratorcandidates\tFor Judges and Judge candidates\n1. A Candidate and an Arbitratorshall disclose any circumstanceslikely to give rise tojustifiable doubts [, includingin the eyes of the disputingparties,] as to his or herindependence or impartiality.\t<Same> except for the clause “inthe eyes of the disputingparties” which would not beapplicable to Judges and Judgecandidates2. The following informationshall be included in thedisclosure:\t* A Judge shall include thefollowing information in thedisclosure: (a) Any financial, business,professional, or personalrelationship in the past fiveyears with:\t(a) Any financial, business,professional, or personalrelationship in the past fiveyears with: (i) Any disputing party or anentity identified by a disputingparty;\t(i) Any disputing party or anentity identified by a disputingparty; (ii) The legal representative(s)of a disputing party in the IIDproceeding;\t(ii) The legal representative(s)of a disputing party in the IIDproceeding; \n(iii) Other Arbitrators andexpert witnesses in the IIDproceeding; and(iv) [Any entity identified by adisputing party as having adirect or indirect interest inthe outcome of the IIDproceeding, including athird-party funder];(b) Any financial or personalinterest in:(i) The outcome of the IIDproceeding;\t(iii) Expert witnesses in the IIDproceeding; and(iv) [Any entity identified by adisputing party as having adirect or indirect interest inthe outcome of the IIDproceeding, including athird-party funder];(b) Any financial or personalinterest in:(i) The outcome of the IIDproceeding;(ii) Any other IID proceedinginvolving the same measure(s);and\t(ii) Any other IID proceedinginvolving the same measure(s);and \n(iii) Any other proceedinginvolving a disputing party oran entity identified by adisputing party;\t(iii) [Does not apply]\n(c) All IID and relatedproceedings in which theCandidate or the Arbitrator iscurrently or has been involvedin the past five years as anArbitrator, a legalrepresentative or an expertwitness; and(d) Any appointment as anArbitrator, a legalrepresentative, or an expertwitness by a disputing party orits legal representative(s) inan IID or any other proceedingin the past five years.\t* A Judge candidate shall includethe following information in thedisclosure:(c) All IID and relatedproceedings in which theCandidate is currently or hasbeen involved in the past fiveyears as an Arbitrator, a legalrepresentative or an expertwitness; and(d) [Does not apply]\n3. [For the purposes ofparagraphs 1 and 2,] A Candidateand an Arbitrator shall make[reasonable][best] efforts tobecome aware of suchcircumstances[, interests, andrelationships].\t<Same>\n4. A Candidate and an Arbitratorshall err in favour ofdisclosure if they have anydoubt as to whether a disclosureshall be made.\t\n5. A Candidate and an Arbitratorshall make the disclosure usingthe form in the Annex prior toor upon appointment to thedisputing parties, otherAdjudicators in the IIDproceeding, any administeringinstitution and any otherpersons prescribed by theapplicable rules or treaty.\t5. A Candidate shall make thedisclosure [using the form in theAnnex] to the standing mechanismprior to or upon confirmation asa Judge.\n6. An Arbitrator shall have acontinuing duty to make furtherdisclosures based on new ornewly discovered information assoon as he or she becomes awareof such information.\t6. A Judge shall make thedisclosure [using the form in theAnnex] to [the President] of thestanding mechanism as soon as heor she becomes aware of thecircumstances mentioned inparagraph 1 and shall have acontinuing duty to make furtherdisclosures based on new or newlydiscovered information as soon ashe or she becomes aware of suchinformation.\n7. The fact of non-disclosuredoes not in itself establish [alack of impartiality orindependence] [a breach ofarticle 3 to 6 of the Code].\t<Same>\n8. The disputing parties maywaive their respective rights toraise an objection with respectto circumstances that weredisclosed.\t<Does not apply>", "[1] Informal meetings on the code of conduct took place on 18 November 2020, 3–4 and 8 March 2021, 7–10 June 2021, 6–10 December 2021, 20 January 2022, 23–24 March 2022 and 7–10 June 2022 (see https://uncitral.un.org/en/codeofconduct). The purpose of the meetings was to present the draft working papers on the code of conduct prepared by the secretariats for the sessions of Working Group III, to support the secretariats in the preparation of the working papers, and to support delegations in their preparation for the sessions. No decisions were taken at those meetings." ]

[ "联合国国际贸易法委员会", "第三工作组（投资人与国家间争端解决制度改革）", "第四十三届会议", "2022年9月5日至16日，维也纳", "投资人与国家间争端解决制度的可能改革", "行为守则草案", "秘书处的说明", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 2\n2.行为守则草案 3第1条– 3 \n 定义 \n第2条–守则的适用 4第3条– 5 \n独立公正 第4条– 6 \n对多重角色的限制 第5条– 8 \n勤勉义务 \n第6条–[诚信和能力] 8\n第7条–单方面通信 9第8条– 10 \n 保密 \n第9条–费用和开支 11第10条– 12 \n披露义务 第11条– 14 \n遵守守则 \n附录–法官和法官候选人的披露义务 15", "一. 导言", "1. 工作组在2019年4月第三十七届会议上请秘书处与国际投资争端解决中心（投资争端解决中心）秘书处联合就编写行为守则开展准备工作。会上指出，这项工作可包括如何在现行投资争端解决制度中以及在可能的结构改革的范围内实施这类守则，以及如何强制执行这类守则规定的义务，尤其是在仲裁员或审裁员停止履职或任期终止时（A/CN.9/970，第84段）。", "2. 在2019年10月第三十八届会议上，与会者根据两个秘书处提供的背景资料（A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.167），普遍支持制定一项行为守则，在该届会议上，工作组就如何推进这项工作提供了具体指示（A/CN.9/1004^(*)，第67至77段）。为2021年2月工作组第四十届会议编写了行为守则草案（A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.201），但由于该届会议可用时间有限，审议工作推迟到今后一届会议（A/CN.9/1050，第116段）。", "3. 在2021年11月第四十一届会议上，工作组根据两个秘书处编写的一份草案（A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.209）审议了行为守则草案第1至第8条。工作组还收到两个秘书处关于实施及强制执行办法的说明（A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.208）。根据该届会议的审议情况（A/CN.9/1086，第17-143段），编拟了第1至第8条的修订本，并将其提交下一届会议（A/CN.9/1092，附件）。", "4. 在2022年2月第四十二届会议上，工作组审议了A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.209号文件所载行为守则第9至第11条。虽然工作组对守则进行了一读，但未能提交一份草案供委员会审议（A/CN.9/1092，第79-130段）。因此，工作组请两个秘书处为定于2022年下半年举行的下一届会议编拟守则修订本和随附评注（A/CN.9/1092，第129段）。", "5. 在上述期间和第四十二届会议之后，举行了若干次非正式会议，以审议守则的内容和形式。[1]两个秘书处之间举行了一系列会议，以确保案文的一致性，并确定需要工作组澄清的政策问题。", "6. 本说明载有解决投资争端中心秘书处和贸易法委员会秘书处联合编写的国际投资争端程序审裁人行为守则（下称“守则”）的修订本，其中反映了工作组前几届会议的决定和审议情况。为帮助工作组进行审议，每一条款之后都附有一份说明，指出需要工作组进一步审议和作出决定的问题。", "7. 由于工作组商定并行审议适用于仲裁员和法官的条款（A/CN.9/1086，第27段），因此守则既包括适用于仲裁员的条款，也包括适用于法官的条款，同时在必要时指明该条或其中款项仅适用于仲裁员或仅适用于法官。工作组似宜考虑以何种方式向委员会提交该守则，包括是否应采用不同的结构。工作组似宜确保守则的条款清晰明确，使潜在审裁员能够清楚地理解和遵守其中规定的义务，特别是因为他们对争端各方和争端的了解有限。", "8. 工作组似宜注意到，两个秘书处正在编写守则评注（“评注”），目的是澄清每一条的内容，讨论实际影响，并提供实例（A/CN.9/1086，第20段）。", "9. 工作组似宜审议A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.208文件所载的实施及强制执行守则的办法。工作组还似宜考虑管理投资争端案件的其他仲裁机构如何实施守则。", "二. 行为守则草案", "第1条 – 定义", "在守则中： \n(a)“国际投资争端”系指投资人与国家或区域经济一体化组织[或国家或区域经济一体化组织的任何下属部门或机构]之间根据下述文书提交以求解决的争端：㈠就保护投资或投资人作出规定的条约；㈡关于外国投资的立法；或㈢一项投资合同；\n(b)“仲裁员”系指被任命解决一项国际投资争端的担任仲裁庭或投资争端解决中心特设委员会成员的人员；\n (c) “法官”系指担任解决国际投资争端常设机制成员的人员； \n (d) “审裁员”系指仲裁员或法官； \n(e)“候选人”系指就可能被任命为仲裁员已被接洽但尚未[被任命][接受任命]的人员，或正在被考虑任命为法官但尚未被确认担任该职位的人员；\n(f)“协理员”系指[根据与争端各方达成的协议，]在审裁员指导和监管下工作以协助处理特定案件任务的人员；\n(g)“单方面通信”系指候选人或审裁员与争端一方、其法律代表、关联机构、附属机构或其他相关人士之间，在争端另一方或另几方不在场或不知情的情况下就国际投资争端进行的任何通信。", "请工作组注意", "10. 调整了各定义的顺序，以增强连贯性和一致性。单方面通信的定义以前载于第7条（见下文第41段），现已移至本条。", "11. 在(a)项“提交”一词之后添加了“以求解决”字样，以表明提交的目的。为确保一致性，(c)项也提到国际投资争端的“resolution”而不是“settlement”（中文均为“解决”）。", "12. 第1条将“仲裁员”和“法官”定义为仲裁庭或常设机制的现任成员。因此，可能没有必要在守则的以下条款中纳入各自义务的具体时间范围。在提交工作组审议的相应条款（例如，第3(1)、7和10条，见下文第20和42段）中，此类词语被置于方括号内或已被删除。", "13. 关于(e)项，工作组似宜注意到，在投资争端解决中心，一个人只有在接受任命且投资争端解决中心发出接受任命的通知之后才成为仲裁庭成员。为顾及这种做法，工作组似宜将“尚未被任命”改为“尚未接受任命”（见下文第65段）。", "14. 关于(f)项，评注可以解释，通常做法是就协理员的身份和协理员应履行的任务与争端各方进行协商。因此，工作组似宜考虑是否有必要在定义中保留“根据与争端各方达成的协议”一语。", "第2条 – 守则的适用", "1.守则适用于国际投资争端程序中的[审裁员或候选人]。守则可经争端各方协议而适用于任何其他争端。\n2.同意审裁所依据的文书载有关于国际投资争端程序中审裁员或候选人行为的条款的，守则应[解释为在补充][补充]此类条款。守则与此类条款有任何不一致的，在不一致的范围内以后者为准。\n3.审裁员应当采取一切合理步骤，确保其协理员知悉并遵守守则，包括要求协理员签署本人已阅读并将遵守守则的声明。", "请工作组注意", "15. 由于守则适用于参与解决国际投资争端的个人，而非国际投资争端本身，工作组似宜在第1款中添加“审裁员或候选人”字样。第1款分为两句，第二句旨在反映工作组的以下认识，即争端各方可以约定将守则适用于任何其他类型的争端，包括国家之间的争端。", "16. 第2款的第一句已被简化，提到“关于审裁员或候选人行为的条款”，而不是“关于审裁员或候选人操守或行为守则的条款”。这是因为“操守”一词可能不清楚，而且在同一句话中“守则”字样出现两次可能会造成混淆。第二句也作了简化，提到“守则与此类条款有任何不一致”，而不是“守则中的义务与同意审裁所依据的文书中的义务有任何不一致”。", "17. 工作组似宜注意到，第2款提到“同意审裁所依据的文书”，而守则其他条款则提到“适用的规则或条约”（例如，第7条至第11条）。考虑到这两个概念之间可能有重叠，工作组似宜考虑目前的区分是否适当，以及在评注中述及这种关系是否足够。", "18. 工作组似宜考虑如何最好地表述守则的补充性质，因为第2款中的“应解释为在补充”一语可能被理解为仅仅就解释提供指导。另一种选择是仅保留第2款的第二句话，以便指明在出现任何不一致的情况下以哪一条规定为准的规则。", "19. 关于守则的适用，工作组似宜审议争端各方在多大程度上能够排除或变更守则的条款（见下文第24-26段）。", "第3条 – 独立公正", "1.审裁员[在接受任命或确认之时]应当是独立公正的[，并应当始终保持独立公正，直至国际投资争端程序结束或其任期结束]。\n 2. 第1款包括以下义务，即不得： \n(a)受对争端方、非争端方、非争端方条约缔约方或其法律代表的忠诚的影响；\n(b)接受任何组织、政府或个人关于国际投资争端程序所涉任何事项的指示；\n(c)允许过去或目前任何财务、商业、专业或个人关系影响其行为[或判断]；\n(d)利用职务之便增进其在争端一方或在国际投资争端程序的结果中可能拥有的[任何重大][某项]经济或个人利益；\n (e) 承担将干扰其履行职责的职能或接受将干扰其履行职责的利益；或者 \n (f) 采取导致看似缺乏独立性或公正性的任何行动。", "请工作组注意", "20. 工作组似宜考虑到第1条中“仲裁员”和“法官”的定义，审议第1款规定的时间范围（方括号内的措词）是否必要。保留方括号内的短语可能会引起问题，特别是对于“结束”国际投资争端程序而言，国际投资争端程序的结束将因具体案件而异（见下文第28段）。例如，一名仲裁员辞职或被取消资格，而国际投资争端程序继续进行，该仲裁员是否继续受第3条的约束，这方面可能会有问题。", "21. 关于(a)项，工作组似宜就“忠诚”一词的含义以及应从谁的角度来评估忠诚提供指导，这两个问题可在评注中加以阐述。", "22. 关于(c)项，工作组似宜删除“或判断”一语，因为该词语可能为“行为”一词所涵盖。为了使措词与(a)项的措词相一致，工作组还似宜考虑对(c)项作如下修改：“受过去或目前的任何财务、商业、专业或个人关系的影响”。", "23. 关于(d)项，工作组似宜考虑将“任何重大”词语改为“某项”。这是因为，问题在于该职位被用来促进经济或个人利益，而不是所寻求利益的程度或数量。然而，评注可以详细说明，如果审裁员无意中获得的利益微不足道，不一定构成对(d)项的违反。", "第4条 – 对多重角色的限制", "[以下款项仅适用于仲裁员] \n1.除非争端各方另有约定，仲裁员不得同时[且在国际投资争端程序结束之后三年内不得]在存在以下情况的另一国际投资争端程序[或任何其他程序]中担任法律代表或专家证人：\n (a) 涉及相同措施； \n (b) 涉及相同或相关当事方；或者 \n (c) 涉及相同条约的相同规定。 \n2.[除非争端各方另有约定，]仲裁员不得同时[且在国际投资争端程序结束之后三年内不得]在涉及大致类似的法律问题，以致接受这一职务将违背第3条的另一国际投资争端程序[或任何其他程序]中担任法律代表或专家证人。\n [以下款项仅适用于法官] \n3.法官不得行使任何政治或行政职能。法官不得从事与其独立性或公正性义务或[全职工作][任职条款]要求相抵触的任何其他专业性职业。特别是，法官不得在另一国际投资争端程序中担任法律代表或专家证人。\n4.法官应向常设机制的[主席]申报任何其他职能或职业。[关于适用][涉及]第3款的任何问题应经由常设机制的决定解决。\n5.前法官不得以任何方式参与常设机制审理的未决的或其在任期结束之前曾经处理的国际投资争端程序。\n6.前法官在其任期结束之后三年内，不得在常设机制审理的、其任期之后启动的国际投资争端程序中[以任何身份]担任争端一方或[第三][非争端]方的法律代表。", "请工作组注意", "争端各方的减损和修改", "24. 关于第1款中“除非争端各方另有约定”一语，工作组似宜审议争端各方在多大程度上可以放弃适用第1款。一个相关的问题是，是否应在第2款中重复这一语句，或者该款中的义务是否是争端各方不能放弃的义务。关于第2款，工作组似宜确认，需要由仲裁员确定法律问题是否大致类似。", "25. 工作组似宜进一步审议争端各方是否可以自由约定偏离守则的其他条款。如果可以，一种办法可能是将第2条第(1)款修订如下：“守则适用于国际投资争端程序中的审裁员或候选人，争端各方可约定对守则作任何修改。”另一种办法是在第2条或第11条中列入一款，其中规定：“争端各方可约定排除守则的适用，或减损或改变其条款的效力”。这样就没有必要在相关条款中重复“除非争端各方另有约定”这一语句。", "26. 但是，争端各方减损和修改守则的适用的能力对于某些条款（例如，第3条）而言可能需要加以限制，如果根据第2条第(2)款，同意审裁所依据的文书（例如，条约）作了规定，则可能进一步受到限制。此外，工作组似宜考虑在常设机制的情况下争端各方是否能够排除或修改守则的适用。", "限制的时间范围", "27. 工作组似宜考虑是否保留第1和第2款方括号内规定的三年期限，或者国际投资争端程序之后的任何其他期限。", "28. 如果工作组要保留这样的期限，则有必要澄清这一期限的起始时间。这是因为第1款和第2款中提到的“国际投资争端程序结束”可能因案件的情形而有所不同，因而难以执行。", "29. 第4条是审裁员的义务跨越其任期的例子（类似于关于保密的第8条）。换言之，该条旨在规范前审裁员的行为。工作组似宜结合第1条中“仲裁员”和“法官”的定义以及第2条第(1)款中的适用范围审议这一问题（见上文第12和20段）。", "30. 工作组还似宜考虑第4条如何适用于被取消资格或从国际投资争端程序中辞职的仲裁员。这样的个人将不再受制于第4条中同时担任职务的限制，因为他或她不再是第1条(b)项规定的仲裁员。另一方面，规定在国际投资争端程序“结束之后”为期三年的限制可能会无意中导致该人在程序结束之前能够自由地担任法律代表或专家证人，而限制只在程序结束之后才开始。由于第4条限制参与“另一”国际投资争端程序，因此，被取消资格或辞职的仲裁员也可能在同一国际投资争端程序中担任法律代表或专家证人。", "31. 因此，工作组似宜澄清守则应在多大程度上规范前仲裁员的行为。这样做的一个办法是使用第5和第6款中的提法（“前”法官），并在第1和第2款中也提及“前”仲裁员。无论如何，工作组似宜就如何对不再是守则意义上的“审裁员”的个人强制执行任何补救办法以及第3条和第4条之间的关系提供指导。", "其他问题", "32. 虽然有一项建议是在第1款和第2款中“法律代表”一词之前加上“法官”一词，但这两款的目的都是规范双重身份的做法，即一人同时发挥辩护作用和审裁作用。因此，这两款的目的并不是阻止仲裁员作为审裁员审理另一个案件。相反，仲裁员是否可以同时担任法官，很可能由法官的任职条款来规范。工作组似宜确认这一理解，并考虑是否应在第4条中增列一款，防止法官担任仲裁员，这一款将具有同样的效果。", "33. 关于第1款(c)项，工作组似宜审议这种规定可能对多边条约（例如《能源宪章条约》）产生的影响。", "34. 工作组似宜考虑就第1款(a)项至(c)项中一直在使用的“相同”一词的含义和范围提供指导，因为“措施”、“当事方”和“规定”之间的识别因素可能有所不同。", "第5条 – 勤勉义务", "[以下款项仅适用于仲裁员] \n 1. 仲裁员应当： \n (a) 在整个国际投资争端程序期间勤勉地履行职责； \n (b) 为国际投资争端程序投入足够时间； \n (c) 及时作出所有裁定； \n [(d) 拒绝可能妨碍其勤勉履行对于国际投资争端程序的职责的并行义务；] \n (e) 不将其作出裁定的职能委托他人。 \n [以下款项仅适用于法官] \n 2. 法官应当按照其任职条款勤勉地履行职责。", "请工作组注意", "35. 工作组似宜考虑，(d)项是否可以删除，因为该项将由(a)项涵盖，还是作为单独的一款予以保留，以使该义务更加明确。如果删除(d)项，评注可解释，根据(a)项，仲裁员应拒绝这种并行义务。", "36. 工作组似宜考虑是否可将(e)项放在第6条中，因为不将作出裁定的职能委托他人的义务作为一项诚信义务更为合适。评注可以进一步阐述这个问题。", "37. 工作组似宜进一步确认，如果争端一方声称第3条所规定的独立性或公正性义务遭到违反，可否将第5条和第6条所规定的义务遭到违反作为事实予以提出。", "第6条 – [诚信和能力]", "1. 审裁员应当： \n (a) 按照诚信、公平[、礼貌]和能力方面的高标准实施国际投资争端程序； \n (b) 礼貌对待国际投资争端程序的所有参与者； \n (c) 尽最大努力保持和提高履行职责所需的知识、技能和素质。 \n [以下款项仅适用于仲裁员候选人] \n2.候选人仅应在自己拥有履行仲裁员职责所需的能力、技能和时间的情况下接受任命。\n [以下款项仅适用于法官候选人] \n 3. 候选人应具备履行法官职责所需的能力和技能。", "请工作组注意", "38. 工作组似宜确认，使用第6条的拟议标题“诚信和能力”来取代原标题“其他义务”是合适的。", "39. 工作组似宜考虑，如果在(a)项中加入方括号内的补充措词，(b)项是否还有必要。", "40. 考虑到第2款要求仲裁员候选人对其能力和技能作出自我判断，而法官候选人的必要能力和技能可能在甄选阶段受到评估，工作组似宜考虑是否需要在第6条中保留第2和第3款。工作组似宜结合是否将第11条第(2)款纳入守则的问题（见下文第67段）审议这个问题。", "第7条 – 单方面通信", "[以下款项仅适用于仲裁员和仲裁员候选人] \n 1. 禁止单方面通信，除非： \n(a)为了确定候选人的专门知识、经验、能力、技能、其是否有时间以及是否存在任何潜在的利益冲突；\n(b)为了确定在争端各方同意的情况下候选人担任首席仲裁员的专门知识、经验、能力、技能、其是否有时间以及是否存在任何潜在的利益冲突；\n (c) 适用规则或条约或者争端各方的协议所允许。 \n2.无论如何，单方面通信不得涉及与国际投资争端程序有关的任何程序性或实质性问题，也不得涉及候选人或仲裁员可以合理预期将在国际投资争端程序中出现的任何程序性或实质性问题。\n [以下款项仅适用于法官和法官候选人] \n 3. 禁止单方面通信。", "请工作组注意", "41. 对第7条作了修订，以澄清关于单方面通信的缺省规则及其例外情况。“单方面通信”的定义现载于第1条(g)款，并略作调整，改为：“单方面通信系指候选人或审裁员与争端一方、其法律代表、关联机构、附属机构或其他相关人士之间，在争端另一方或其他各方不在场或不知情的情况下就国际投资争端进行的任何通信。”", "42. 虽然上一版本的第7条规定了何时禁止单方面通信的时间范围（“在国际投资争端程序启动之前直至该程序结束”），但考虑到“候选人”、“仲裁员”和“法官”等用语的定义（见上文第12段），相关短语已被删除。删除这一短语还使得不必要提及国际投资争端程序的“结束”，后者引起一些关切（见上文第20和27-31段）。", "43. 工作组似宜确认，已作出裁决或已被取消资格的仲裁员可以与各方接触，因为他们将不再受第7条的约束。否则，就有必要规定一个禁止单方面通信的期限，类似于第4条。", "44. 工作组似宜确认，第1款(b)项将允许争端一方指定的仲裁员（或争端一方拟指定的仲裁员候选人）与该争端方或其法律代表讨论首席仲裁员潜在候选人的资格。然而，这将取决于争端另一方同意可以这样做。不过，如果该条件得到满足（争端各方同意），这种讨论可能不属于单方面通信定义的范畴，因为争端另一方将知道该通信。", "45. 工作组似宜确认，第3款规定的完全禁止法官和法官候选人进行单方面通信是适当的。", "第8条 – 保密", "1.候选人和审裁员不得披露或使用关于一起国际投资争端程序或与一起国际投资争端程序有关获得的任何信息，除非：\n (a) [根据适用规则或条约，]该信息可以公开获得；或者 \n (b) 适用规则或条约或者争端各方的协议所允许。 \n2.审裁员不得披露国际投资争端程序中审议的内容[或在审议期间发表的任何意见]。\n3.审裁员不得对国际投资争端程序中的裁定发表意见，[除非该裁定可以公开获得]。\n 4. 审裁员不得披露国际投资争端程序中的任何裁定草案。 \n 5. 本条所规定的义务在国际投资争端程序之后仍适用[并继续无限期适用]。\n6.在候选人或审裁员依法不得不在法院或其他主管机构披露信息或需要披露此类信息以在法院或其他主管机构保护自身权利的范围内，本条所规定的义务不予适用。", "请工作组注意", "46. 对第1款作了修订，以便就保密义务的例外情况提供更明确的规则。删除了“除非为该程序之目的”一语，因为本条无意规范这种披露情形，这种披露情形本来就是允许的。将在评注中阐述这一观点。应当指出，如果在第1款中重新采用这一短语，则其他各款也需要重复这一短语。", "47. 工作组似宜审议“可以公开获得”的信息在多大程度上构成第1款(a)项中的例外情形。方括号内的措词表明，只有在根据适用规则或条约信息可公开获得之时，第1款中的不披露义务才可解除。换言之，如果信息事实上已可公开获得（例如，违反适用规则或条约泄露信息，或由第三方张贴在公共网站上），这将不属于第1款(a)项中的例外情形。工作组似宜确认这一理解。", "48. 工作组似宜审议第1款(b)项中的例外情形是否也应适用于第2至第4款。如果是的话，似宜规定类似于第6款的一般性例外，行文如下：“本条所规定的义务在适用规则或条约或争端各方的协议所允许的范围内不予适用。”", "49. 工作组似宜删除第2款中的“或审议期间发表的任何意见”一语，因为这些意见将构成审议“内容”的一部分。", "50. 对第3款和第4款作了修订，因为在规定该义务时，审裁员是否参与或参加作出裁定并不是要考虑的一个因素。因此，删除了第3款中“其参与的”和第4款中“在作出裁定之前和其作出的任何裁定”一语。", "51. 关于述及不对裁定发表意见的义务的第3款，工作组似宜考虑：㈠有关义务是否应限于“在国际投资争端程序结束之前”，从而允许审裁员在程序之后就裁定发表意见；㈡裁定已可公开获得（目前置于方括号内）是否应作为一个考虑因素。关于后者，如果保留“除非可以公开获得”这几个字，则应使用第1款(a)项中的表述（见上文第47段）。", "52. 考虑到第4款中提到的“裁定草案”属于第1款中提到的“关于一起国际投资争端程序或与一起国际投资争端程序有关获得的任何信息”，工作组似宜考虑删除该款，由评注对此作出解释。", "53. 对第5款作了修订，以避免提及程序“结束”（见上文第20和30段）。工作组似宜删除方括号内“并继续无限期适用”一语，因为这些词语可能是多余的。工作组似宜考虑如何强制执行第5款中的义务，因为个人在国际投资争端程序之后将不受守则的约束（见上文第30-31段)。", "第9条 – 费用和开支", "[本条仅适用于仲裁员和仲裁员候选人] \n1.关于费用和开支的任何建议应通过管理程序的机构通知争端各方。没有管理机构的，应由独任仲裁员或首席仲裁员通知争端各方。\n2.[除非适用规则或条约另有规定，]候选人或仲裁员应在仲裁庭[组成之前][或组成之后立即]结束与争端各方就费用和开支进行的任何讨论。\n3.仲裁员应在聘用协理员之前结束与争端各方就协理员的费用和开支进行的讨论。\n4.仲裁员应当保持其因为该国际投资争端程序而花费的时间和开支的准确记录，并确保协理员也保持时间和开支的准确记录。\n 5. 仲裁员应在请求拨付资金时或根据争端一方的请求提供此类记录。", "请工作组注意", "54. 调整了第9条的结构，以便按照事情通常发生的顺序给出确定费用和开支的过程。工作组似宜首先确认，各款的顺序是适当的，而且只适用于仲裁员和仲裁员候选人。", "55. 工作组似宜确认，第2款反映了最佳做法——理想的做法是，在仲裁庭组成之前不仅进行了而且结束了关于费用和开支的讨论。如果这样的话，工作组似宜考虑删除方括号内“或组成之后立即”一语。然而，评注可以解释，这种讨论可以在组成之后立即进行，例如在第一次程序性会议上进行。", "56. 关于第4款，工作组似宜考虑准确记录任何协理员所花费的时间和费用的责任由仲裁员还是由协理员承担。无论如何，仲裁员都应建立一种机制，以确保协理员这样做。评注可以对此加以解释。", "57. 工作组似宜考虑应在守则中还是在评注中述及费用的合理性问题，因为这将反映最佳做法。例如，《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》第41条第(1)款就述及这个问题。评注可以解释，费用和开支的合理性将取决于争端所涉金额、主题事项的复杂性、仲裁员花费的时间以及案件的任何其他有关情况。", "第10条 – 披露义务", "[本条仅适用于仲裁员和仲裁员候选人] \n1.候选人和仲裁员应当披露可能导致对其公正性或独立性的合理怀疑的任何情形[，包括在争端各方看来的此种情形]。\n 2. 在披露的信息中应当纳入以下信息： \n (a) 过去五年内与以下各方的任何财务、商业、专业或个人关系： \n ㈠ 任何争端方或争端一方认定的一个实体； \n ㈡ 国际投资争端程序中争端一方的法律代表； \n ㈢ 国际投资争端程序中的其他仲裁员和专家证人； \n㈣[争端一方认定在国际投资争端程序的结果中享有直接或间接利益的任何实体，包括第三方供资人]；\n (b) 在以下方面享有任何经济或个人利益： \n ㈠ 国际投资争端程序的结果； \n ㈡ 涉及相同措施的任何其他国际投资争端程序； \n ㈢ 涉及争端一方或争端一方认定的一个实体的任何其他程序； \n(c)候选人或仲裁员目前或过去五年内作为仲裁员、法律代表或专家证人参与的所有国际投资争端和相关程序；\n(d)过去五年内被争端一方或其法律代表任命在国际投资争端或任何其他程序中担任仲裁员、法律代表或专家证人的情况。\n3.[为第1和第2款之目的]，候选人和仲裁员应尽[合理][最大]努力了解此类情形[、利益和关系]。\n 4. 候选人和仲裁员对是否应予披露有任何疑问的，应当选择予以披露。", "5.候选人和仲裁员应当在[接受]任命之前或之时使用附件中的表格，向争端各方、国际投资争端程序中的其他审裁员、任何管理机构和适用规则或条约规定的任何其他人进行披露。\n6.仲裁员负有在得知新信息或新发现的信息之后尽快基于此类信息作进一步披露的持续义务。\n 7. 不披露本身并不构成[缺乏]公正性或独立性[违反守则第3至6条]。 \n 8. 争端各方可以放弃各自对已披露的情形提出异议的权利。", "请工作组注意", "58. 对第10条作了修订，使之仅适用于仲裁员和仲裁员候选人。工作组似宜确认这些款项将在多大程度上适用于法官和法官候选人。本说明附录中提供了一个对比表，以协助工作组进行审议。", "59. 工作组似宜处理第1款中两个不同标准之间的关系以及可能存在的不一致之处（例如，《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》第11条规定的“可能引起合理怀疑”与“在争端各方看来”），这将使仲裁员和仲裁员候选人难以理解应在多大程度上进行披露。", "60. 工作组似宜考虑这样一种情况，即仲裁员未披露某一情形，因为他相信一个通情达理的第三人不会基于该情形而质疑其独立性或公正性，但争端一方认为该情形会引起怀疑。工作组似宜考虑具体规定最高门槛，而不是纳入两个标准。", "61. 工作组似宜确认，即使第1款未作要求，第2款所列信息也需要予以披露。换言之，无论根据第2款提供的信息是否有可能引起对仲裁员的独立性或公正性的合理怀疑，仲裁员都需要披露这类信息。评注可以进一步阐述这一点。", "62. 工作组似宜审议(a)㈠项和(b)㈢项中“争端一方认定的一个实体”的提法是否妥当。评注可以解释，“实体”一词既包括法人，也包括自然人。在这方面，工作组似宜考虑(a)㈣项的措词是否适当。", "63. 工作组似宜删除第3款开头处方括号内的词语，因为尽合理/最大努力的必要性适用于本条全文，而不一定限于第1和第2款。工作组似宜决定是使用“合理”一词还是“最大”一词。作为参考，第6条第1款(c)项提到“尽最大努力保持和提高履行职责所需的知识、技能和素质”。工作组还似宜审议“情形”一词是否足够广泛，可以涵盖第2款中所列的各事项（关系、利益、程序、任命）。", "64. 工作组似宜注意到，第4款（原编号为第5款）已移至更靠近第3款的位置，因为这两款均述及仲裁员或候选人根据第1款和第2款披露信息的方式。", "65. 工作组似宜根据投资争端解决中心的做法（见上文第13段），在第5款中加入“接受”一词。", "66. 第7款旨在澄清，不遵守第10条的披露要求并不一定等于违反守则的其他条款，特别是第3条中的独立公正义务。工作组似宜确定应使用哪种措词，包括是否提及守则的具体条款。", "第11条 – 遵守守则", "1. 审裁员和候选人应当遵守守则的适用条款。 \n[2.不能遵守守则的适用条款的，候选人不应当接受任命，审裁员应当从国际投资争端程序中辞职或回避国际投资争端程序。]\n3.适用规则或条约中规定的任何取消资格和除名程序或任何制裁和补救办法应当[适用于守则][无论守则如何规定而继续适用]。\n 4. 审裁员应当将违反守则的协理员免职。", "请工作组注意", "67. 工作组似宜考虑第1款是否必要。增加第2款是为了强调候选人和审裁员在不遵守或可能不遵守的情况下应如何行事。虽然这是一项自愿义务，守则对此没有规定任何补救办法，但工作组似宜考虑是否保留该案文，如果保留，第6条第(2)和第(3)条是否还有必要（见上文第40段）。", "68. 工作组似宜审议第3款是否体现了工作组的以下谅解，即适用规则或条约中规定的任何质疑程序（包括质疑标准）或任何补救办法将继续适用于审裁员。因此，不遵守守则的某个条款本身并不构成此类质疑或补救办法的依据，将在适用规则或条约中对此作出规定。", "69. 工作组似宜考虑，鉴于守则未载有适用于协理员的具体条款，第4款是否适当。此外，工作组似宜审议审裁员不遵守第4款的后果。", "行为守则附件 – 声明和披露表格", "行为守则附件 \n 声明、披露和背景信息 \n 1. 本人承认已阅读并理解所附行为守则，并承诺予以遵守。 \n2.尽本人所知，不存在本人不应在本程序中担任[仲裁员][法官]的理由。本人是公正和独立的，不会因为行为守则而有任何障碍。\n 3. 现将本人最新简历附于本声明。 \n 4. 根据行为守则第10条的规定，本人愿作以下披露和提供以下信息： \n [插入相关内容] \n5.本人确认，截至本声明之日，并无其他情形或信息需要披露。本人理解，本人在得知新信息或新发现的信息之后应当尽快基于此类信息作进一步披露。", "请工作组注意", "70. 工作组似宜确认将在守则附件中提供以下声明。", "附录 – 法官和法官候选人的披露义务", "第10条 – 披露义务 \n 适用于仲裁员和仲裁员候选人 适用于法官和法官候选人 \n1.候选人和仲裁员应当披露可能导致对其公正性或独立性的合理怀疑的任何情形[，包括在争端各方看来的此种情形]。\t<相同>“在争端各方看来的此种情形”除外，该语句不适用于法官和法官候选人\n2.在披露的信息中应当纳入以下信息：(a)过去五年内与以下各方的任何财务、商业、专业或个人关系：㈠任何争端方或争端一方认定的一个实体；㈡国际投资争端程序中争端一方的法律代表；㈢国际投资争端程序中的其他仲裁员和专家证人；㈣[争端一方认定在国际投资争端程序的结果中享有直接或间接利益的任何实体，包括第三方供资人]；(b)在以下方面享有任何经济或个人利益：㈠ 国际投资争端程序的结果；㈡涉及相同措施的任何其他国际投资争端程序；㈢涉及争端一方或争端一方认定的一个实体的任何其他程序；\t*法官应当在披露的信息中纳入以下信息：(a)过去五年内与以下各方的任何财务、商业、专业或个人关系：㈠任何争端方或争端一方认定的一个实体；㈡国际投资争端程序中争端一方的法律代表；㈢ 国际投资争端程序中的专家证人；㈣[争端一方认定在国际投资争端程序的结果中享有直接或间接利益的任何实体，包括第三方供资人]；(b)在以下方面享有任何经济或个人利益：㈠ 国际投资争端程序的结果；㈡涉及相同措施的任何其他国际投资争端程序；㈢ [不适用]\n(c)候选人或仲裁员目前或过去五年内作为仲裁员、法律代表或专家证人参与的所有国际投资争端和相关程序；(d)过去五年内被争端一方或其法律代表任命在国际投资争端或任何其他程序中担任仲裁员、法律代表或专家证人的情况。\t*法官候选人应当在披露的信息中纳入以下信息：(c)候选人目前或过去五年内作为仲裁员、法律代表或专家证人参与的所有国际投资争端和相关程序；(d) [不适用]3.[为第1和第2款之目的]，候选人和仲裁员应尽[合理][最大]努力了解此类情形[、利益和关系]。\t<相同> \n4.候选人和仲裁员对是否应予披露有任何疑问的，应当选择予以披露。\t\n5.候选人和仲裁员应当在任命之前或之时使用附件中的表格，向争端各方、国际投资争端程序中的其他审裁员、任何管理机构和适用规则或条约规定的任何其他人进行披露。\t5.候选人应当在被确认为法官之前或之时[使用附件中的表格]向常设机制进行披露。\n6.仲裁员负有在得知新信息或新发现的信息之后尽快基于此类信息作进一步披露的持续义务。\t6.法官应当在得知第1款提到的情形之后尽快[使用附件中的表格]向常设机制[主席]进行披露，并负有在得知新信息或新发现的信息之后尽快基于此类信息作进一步披露的持续义务。\n7.不披露本身并不构成[缺乏]公正性或独立性[违反守则第3至6条]。\t<相同>\n8.争端各方可以放弃各自对已披露的情形提出异议的权利。\t<不适用>", "[1] 分别于2020年11月18日、2021年3月3日至4日和8日、2021年6月7日至10日、2021年12月6日至10日、2022年1月20日、2022年3月23日至24日和2022年6月7日至10日举行了关于行为守则的非正式会议（见https://uncitral.un.org/en/codeofconduct）。这些会议的目的是介绍两个秘书处为第三工作组届会编写的关于行为守则的工作文件草案，支持两个秘书处编写工作文件，并支持各代表团为届会做准备。在这些会议上没有作任何决定。" ]

[ "联合国国际法委员会 贸易法工作组第三(投资-国家争端解决改革)\n2022年9月5日至16日,维也纳", "投资人与国家争端解决的可能改革", "行为守则草案", "秘书处的说明", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 2 《刑法典》草案3\n行为 第1-3条\n第2-4条\n《法典》第3-5条\n公正性 第4条 - Limiton 6\n第5至8条\n第6条-[完整性8和\n权限]\n第7条 - 通信出境 9\n第9条 - 11\n第10条 - 披露 12\n债务 第11条 - 遵守第14条\n守则附件14 声明和披露\n表单", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 工作组在2019年4月第三十七届会议上请秘书处与国际解决投资争端中心(解决投资争端中心)秘书处共同就行为守则进行筹备工作。 有与会者建议,这项工作可以涵盖如何在现行ISDS制度中以及在结构改革中实施这种守则,以及如何强制执行这种守则中的义务,特别是在仲裁员或裁决人的职能或任期被终止的情况下(A/CN.9/970,第84段)。", "2. 根据秘书处提供的背景情况(A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.167),与会者普遍支持在2019年10月第三十八届会议上制定行为守则,工作组在该届会议上就如何推进工作提供了具体指示(A/CN.9/1004(*),第67至77段)。 虽然为工作组2021年2月第四十届会议编写了一份行为守则草案(A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.201),但由于该届会议可用的时间有限,审议被推迟到以后的一届会议上进行(A/CN.9/1050,第116段)。", "3个 4. 工作组在2021年11月第四十一届会议上,根据秘书处编写的草案(A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.209)审议了行为守则草案第1至8条。 工作组还收到了秘书处关于实施和执行手段的说明(A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.208)。 根据该届会议的审议情况(A/CN.9/1086, 第17-143段),编写了第1至8条的订正案文,并提交下届会议(A/CN.9/1092,附件)。", " 4.四. 在2022年2月第四十二届会议上,工作组审议了A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.209号文件所载行为守则第9至11条。 虽然工作组能够对守则进行一读,但它无法提交草案供委员会审议(A/CN.9/1092, 第79-130段)。 因此,工作组请秘书处为定于2022年下半年举行的下届会议编写守则修订本和所附评注(A/CN.9/1092,第129段)。", "5 (韩语). 在上述期间和第四十二届会议后,举行了一些非正式会议,审议守则的内容和形式。 [1] 秘书处之间举行了一系列会议,以确保案文的一致性并查明需要由工作组澄清的政策问题。", "6. 国家 本说明载有国际投资争端解决中心和贸易法委员会秘书处联合编写的《国际投资争议诉讼裁判员行为守则》(下称《守则》)修订本,反映了工作组前几届会议的决定和审议情况。 为协助工作组进行审议,每条后都附有一份说明,指明需要工作组作进一步审议并作出决定的问题。", "7. 联合国 由于工作组商定同时审议适用于仲裁员和法官的规定(A/CN.9/1086, 第27段),《守则》包括了对仲裁员和法官的规定,同时在必要时指出,该条或其中各款仅适用于仲裁员或法官。 工作组似宜审议它希望如何向委员会提交《守则》,包括是否应当采用不同的结构。 工作组似宜确保《守则》中的条款明确无误,这将使潜在的裁决人能够明确理解并履行其义务,特别是因为他们对争议当事方和争议的信息有限。", "8. 联合国 工作组似宜注意到,秘书处正在编写《守则》的评注(“评注”),目的是澄清每一条的内容,讨论实际影响并举例说明(A/CN.9/1086,第20段)。", "9. 国家 工作组似宜审议A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.208号文件所载《守则》的实施和强制执行手段。 工作组还似宜审议管理ISDS案件的其他仲裁机构如何执行《守则》。", "二. 行为守则草案", "第1条 - 定义", "为《守则》的目的:\n(a) “国际投资争端”是指投资方与国家或区域经济一体化组织(REIO)[或一国的任何组成部门或机构或REIO]之间根据下列规定提交解决的争端:(一) 规定保护投资或投资者的条约;(二) 关于外国投资的立法;或(三) 投资合同;\n(b) “仲裁员”指被任命解决国际争端的仲裁法庭或解决投资争端中心特设委员会的成员;\n(c) “法官”是指解决国际争端常设机制的成员;\n(d) “仲裁员”指仲裁员或法官;\n(e) “指定”系指已就可能被任命为仲裁员一事与他人联系但尚未[任命][接受任命]的人,或未考虑任命为法官但尚未确认担任此种职务的人;\n(f) “助理”指在仲裁员的指挥和控制下协助执行具体案件任务的人[,经争议当事方同意];\n(g) “当事方通信”系指与争议方、其法律代表、联系人、附属公司、附属公司或其他有关人进行的任何通信,而不得有或知悉其他争议方当事人。", "给工作组的说明", "10个 定义的顺序已作修订,以加强一致性和连贯性。 单方面通信的定义已列入该条,而以前载于第7条(见下文第41段)。", "11个 在(a)分段中的“提交”一词后插入了“以便解决问题”,以表明划界案的目的。 为确保一致性,(c)分段还提及国际工业发展的“解决”而不是“解决”。", "12个 第1条将“仲裁员”和“法官”界定为仲裁庭或常设机制的现任成员。 因此,也许没有必要在《守则》的以下条款中列入各自义务的具体时间范围。 这些词语被置于方括号内,或被分别放在各条款中删去,供工作组审议(例如,第3(1)、7和10条,见下文第20和42段)。", "13个 关于(e)项,工作组似宜注意到,在解决投资争端国际中心情形下,某人在接受指定之前不会成为仲裁庭成员,而且解决投资争端国际中心已通知其接受。 为了允许这种做法,工作组似宜将“尚未任命”改为“尚未接受任命”(见下文第65段)。", "14个 关于(f)项,评注可以解释,通常的做法是就助理的身份和由助理执行的任务征求争议当事方的意见。 因此,工作组似宜考虑是否有必要在定义中保留“与争议当事方所商定的”一语。", "条款 2-《守则》的适用", "1. 联合国 该《守则》适用于[裁决人或候选人]收益。 《守则》可通过争议各方的协议适用于任何其他争议。\n2. 联合国 如果同意作出裁定的文书包含关于裁决人或候选人在国际争端解决程序中的行为的规定,则《守则》应[被解释为共同执行][补充]此类规定。 如果《守则》与这些规定不一致,则在不一致的情况下以后者为准。\n3个 法官应采取一切合理步骤,确保其助理了解并遵守《守则》,包括要求该助理签署她已经阅读并将遵守《守则》的声明。", "给工作组的说明", "15个 由于《守则》适用于参与解决IDs问题的个人,而不适用于IDs本身,工作组不妨在第5段中插入“法官或候选人”等字样。 1. 联合国 第1款被分为两句,第二句旨在反映工作组的理解,即争议当事方可以商定将《守则》适用于任何其他类型的争端,包括国家间的争端。", "16号. 第2款第一句已经简化,改为“关于法官或候选人行为的规定”,而不是“关于法官或候选人道德或行为守则的规定”。 这是因为“道德”一词可能不明确,在同一句中使用“守则”一词的“守则”一词可能令人困惑。 第二句还被简化为“《守则》与这些规定之间的任何不一致之处”,而不是“《守则》义务与同意裁决所依据的文书中的一项义务之间的不一致”。", "17岁 工作组似宜注意到,虽然第2款提及“同意判决所依据的文书”,但《守则》其他条款提及“可适用的规则或条约”(例如第7至11条)。 考虑到这两个概念之间可能存在重叠,工作组似宜考虑目前的区分是否适当,以及在评注中处理这种关系是否足够。", "18岁。 工作组似宜考虑如何最好地表达《守则》的补充性质,因为第2款中的“应被理解为补充”一语可被理解为只是就解释提供指导。 另一种选择是只保留第2款第二句,以便指明在出现任何不一致之处时应以哪一条规定为准的规则。", " 19. 19. 关于《守则》的适用,工作组似宜审议争议当事方能够在多大程度上排除或更改《守则》的规定(见下文第24-26段)。", "第三条----独立性和公正性", "1. 联合国 裁判员应具有独立性和公正性[在接受任命或确认时,并应一直任职到国际仲裁裁决程序结束或任期结束]。\n2. 第1款包括不:\n(a) 国家 受对争议方、非争议方、争议方条约缔约方或其任何法律代表的忠诚所影响;\n(b) 国家 接受任何组织、政府或个人关于ID程序所涉任何事项的指示;\n(c) 允许任何过去或现在的财务、商业、专业或个人关系影响其行为[或判 ;\n(d) 利用其职务推进其在争议当事方之一或国际争端解决程序的结果中可能拥有的[任何重大][一 金融或个人权益;\n(e) 担任或接受影响其履行职责的利益;或\n(f) 采取任何造成缺乏独立性或公正性的行动。", "给工作组的说明", "20号. 工作组似宜考虑,考虑到第1款中“仲裁员”和“法官”的定义,第1款规定的时间范围(方括号内的措词)是否有必要。 1. 联合国 保留方括号内的短语可能会引起问题,特别是在国际投资争端解决程序的“结束”方面,这种结束将视手头的情况而有所不同(见下文第28段)。 例如,如果国际争端解决程序继续下去,那么已经辞职或被取消资格的仲裁员是否会继续受第3条的约束,可能会产生问题。", "21岁 关于(a)项,工作组似宜就“忠诚”一词的含义提供指导,并从谁的角度评估忠诚,两者可在评注中加以阐述。", "22号. 关于(c)项,工作组似宜删除“或判决”一语,因为“行为”一词可能涵盖这一用语。 为了使措词与(a)项保持一致,工作组似宜考虑将(c)项修改如下: “受到过去或目前任何财务、商业、专业或个人关系的影响”。", "23. 联合国 关于(d)项,工作组似宜考虑将“任何重要”一词改为“a”。 这是因为该职位是用来促进财务或个人利益,而不是用来提高所寻求的利益的程度或水平。 然而,评注可以阐明,如果裁决人无意获得的利益微不足道或微不足道,则不一定构成违反(d)项。", "条款 4-限制多重角色", "[仅适用于仲裁员的款\n1. 联合国 除非争议方另有协议,仲裁员不得[并在国际争端处理程序结束后三年以法律代表或专家证人的身份]在涉及下列事项的另一国际争端处理程序[或任何其他程序]中同时行事:\n(a) 同一措施;\n(b) 同一当事方或关联当事方;或\n(c) 同一条约之同一规定。\n2. 联合国 [除非争议当事方另有约定 仲裁员不得[并在国际投资争端解决程序结束后的三年内]作为法律代表或专家证人同时在另一国际投资争端解决程序[或任何其他程序]中作为法律代表或专家证人行事,该程序涉及的法律问题非常相似,以至于接受这种作用将违反第3条。\n[仅适用于法官的段落]\n3个 法官不得行使任何政治或行政职能。 任职者不得从事与其独立或公正英雄义务不符或与[全职][任期]要求不符的任何其他专业性职业。 特别是,法官不得作为法律代表或专家证人参与另一诉讼。\n 4.四. 法官应向常设机制[院长]宣布任何其他职能或职业。 [关于适用][关于]第3款的任何问题由常设机制的决定解决。\n5 (韩语). 前法官在任期结束前,不得以任何方式参与常设机制正在审理或已经处理的案件。\n6. 国家 1. 前法官不得在其任期结束后在常设机制开始的、任期结束后三年内[以任何身份]担任争议方或[第三 [非争议]方的法律代表。", "给工作组的说明", "争议方的减损和修改", "24 (韩语). 关于第1款中“除非争议当事方另有约定”一语,工作组似宜审议争议当事方可在多大程度上放弃适用第1款。 一个相关的问题是,第2款是否应当重复同一短语,或者该款中的义务是争议当事方不能放弃的义务。 关于第2款,工作组似宜确认,将需要由仲裁员来确定法律问题是否实质上如此相近。", "25岁 工作组似宜进一步审议争议当事方是否可自由同意偏离《守则》的其他条款。 如果是这样,一种办法是对第2(1)条作如下修订: “《守则》适用于国际仲裁裁决程序中的仲裁员或候选人,但须根据争议当事方可能商定的任何修改。” 另一种办法是在第2或第11条中列入一款,规定: “争端当事方可同意排除《守则》的适用或减损或改变其规定的效力”。 这样就可以避免在相关条款中重复“除非争议当事方另有约定”一语。", "26. 联合国 然而,可能需要对某些条款(例如第3条)限制争议当事方减损和修改《守则》适用的能力,如果同意裁决所依据的文书(例如条约)根据第2条第(2)款作出这样的规定,则可能进一步加以限制。 此外,工作组似宜考虑争议当事方是否能够在常设机制的范围内排除或修改《守则》的适用。", "限制的时间范围", "27个 工作组似宜考虑是否保留第1和2款方括号中所规定的三年期限,还是国际工业发展程序之后的任何其他期限。", "28岁 如果工作组要保留这一期限,就必须澄清该期限何时开始。 这是因为第1款和第2款中提到的“国际争端解决程序的结束”可能因案件的具体情况而异,因此难以执行。", "29. 国家 第4条将是裁判员的义务超过其任期(类似于关于保密的第8条)的情况。 换言之,该条旨在规范前裁决人的行为。 工作组似宜结合第1条中“仲裁员”和“法官”的定义以及第2(1)条中的适用范围来审议这个问题(见上文第12和20段)。", "30岁。 工作组还似宜审议第4条将如何适用于被取消资格或退出国际仲裁裁决程序的仲裁员。 此类个人将不再受第4条中同时存在的限制,因为根据第1(b)条,他或她已不再是仲裁员。 另一方面,将三年时限“接续”国际仲裁裁决程序的结论,可能会无意中导致个人能够自由地作为法律代表或专家证人行事,直至该程序结束,而且限制只从程序结束后开始。 由于第4条限制了对“另一”国际身份识别程序的参与,被取消资格或辞职的仲裁员也有可能在同一国际身份识别程序中担任法律代表或专家证人。", "31岁 因此,工作组似宜澄清《规则》应在多大程度上规范前裁判员的行为。 这样做的一种方法是使用第5和6款(“前”法官)的措词,并在第1和2款的范围内提及“前”仲裁员。 无论如何,工作组似宜就如何对不再是《守则》含义范围内的“仲裁人”的个人实施任何补救办法以及第3条和第4条之间的关系提供指导。", "其他问题", "32. 联合国 虽然有人建议在第1和2款“法律代表”之前加上“法官”一词,但这两款都旨在规范双重职务的做法,即个人既发挥宣传作用,又发挥裁判作用。 因此,这两款的目的不是阻止仲裁员作为裁决人审理另一案件。 相反,仲裁员是否可以同时担任法官,可能受法官任期的制约。 工作组似宜确认这一理解并审议是否应在第4条中增加一款,以阻止法官担任仲裁员,这具有同样的效力。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 关于第1(c)项,工作组似宜审议这种条例可能对多边条约产生的影响(例如《能源宪章条约》)。", "34. 国家 工作组似宜考虑就整个第1(a)至(c)项中使用的“同一”一词的含义和范围提供指导,因为识别因素可能不同于“措施”、“缔约方”和“规定”。", "第5条 - 勤勉义务", "[仅适用于仲裁员的款\n1. 仲裁员应当:\n(a) 在整个工作过程中勤奋地履行职责;\n(b) 为国际争端解决程序留出足够的时间;\n(c) 及时提出所有决定;\n[(d) (b) 拒绝可能妨碍其以辅助性方式履行国际争端解决程序所规定职责的并行义务\n(e) 不下放其决策职能。\n[仅适用于法官的款\n2. 联合国 法官应按照任期勤勉地履行职责。", "给工作组的说明", "35. 联合国 工作组似宜考虑是否可以删除(d)项,因为(a)项将涵盖(d)项,还是将其作为一单独一款保留,以明确该项义务。 如果删除(d)项,评注可以解释,根据(a)项,仲裁员应拒绝履行这种共同义务。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 工作组似宜考虑是否可将(e)项放在第6条中,因为不下放决策职能的义务作为廉正义务更为合适。 可在评注中进一步阐述这一点。", "37. 联合国 工作组似宜进一步确认,如果争议方声称第3条中的独立性或公正性义务被违反,则违反第5和6条中的义务可被视为事实。", "第6条 - [完整性和权限]", "1. 联合国 裁判人应:\n(a) 按照廉正、公平[、公道]和胜任能力等高标准进行国际身份证程序;\n(b) 以文明的态度对待国际身份证进程的所有参与者;\n(c) 尽最大努力保持和提高履行职责所需的知识、技能和素质。\n[仅适用于仲裁员候选人的款\n2. 候选人只有在具备必要的能力和技能并能履行仲裁员职责时,才应接受任命。\n[仅适用于法官候选人的段落]\n3个 候选人应具备必要的能力和技能来履行法官的职责。", "给工作组的说明", "38. 国家 工作组似宜确认,第6条“完整性和权限”的拟议标题足以取代上一个标题“其他职责”。", "39. 联合国 工作组似宜考虑,如果在(a)项中添加方括号中的措词,是否有必要列入(b)项。", " 40. 40. 工作组似宜考虑第2款和第3款是否需要在第6条中保留,因为第2款要求仲裁员候选人对其能力和技能作出自我判断,而且法官候选人的必要能力和技能可能在甄选阶段得到评估。 工作组似宜结合是否将第11(2)条列入《守则》的问题来审议这个问题(见下文第67段)。", "第7条 - 单方面交流", "[仅适用于仲裁员和仲裁员候选人的款\n1. 禁止单方面交流,但下列情况除外:\n(a) 国家 确定候选人的专长、经验、能力、技能、可用性和是否存在任何潜在的利益冲突;\n(b) 国家 (一) 如果争议各方同意,确定首席仲裁员候选人的专门知识、经验、能力、技能、可用性和是否存在任何潜在的利益冲突;\n(c) 适用的规则或条约或争议当事方的协议所允许的。\n2. 联合国 在任何情况下,单方通信都不得涉及任何与ID程序有关的程序或实质性问题,也不得涉及候选人或仲裁员可以合理预期的与ID程序有关的任何程序或实质性问题。\n[仅适用于法官和法官候选人的段落]\n3. 禁止单方面交流。", "给工作组的说明", "41. 国家 对第7条作了修订,以澄清关于单方面通信的缺省规则及其例外。 \" 单方面通信 \" 的定义现载于第1(g)条,并稍作修改如下: “当事方通信系指候选人或仲裁员与争议方、其法律代表、附属公司、附属公司或其他有关人士在另一或数个争议方当事人不在场或不知情的情况下就国际仲裁裁决进行的任何通信。 “", "42. 国家 虽然第7条的上一个版本有禁止单方面通信的时间范围(“在启动国际仲裁裁决程序之前,直至程序结束”),但考虑到“合同”、“仲裁员”和“法官”等术语的定义,该短语被删除(见上文第12段)。 删除这一短语还将避免需要提及国际争端解决程序的 \" 结束 \" ,这引起了一些关切(见上文第20和27-31段)。", "43. 东帝汶 工作组似宜确认,作出裁决或被取消资格的仲裁员有可能与各方当事人接触,因为他们将不再受第2条的约束。 7. 联合国 否则,有必要规定类似于第4条的禁止单方面通信的期限。", "44. 国家 工作组似宜确认,第1(b)项允许由争议方指定的仲裁员(或由争议方指定的仲裁员候选人)同争议方或其法律代表讨论首席仲裁员潜在候选人的资格。 然而,这将取决于另一争议方是否同意可以这样做。 但是,如果满足条件(争议方当事人同意),这种讨论可能不属于单方面通信的定义范围,因为另一争议方当事人知道该通信。", "45. 国家 工作组似宜确认,第3款规定完全禁止法官和法官候选人的单方面通信是适当的。", "第8条 - 保密", "1. 联合国 1. 候选人和裁判员不得披露或使用任何有关或因某项独立程序而获得的信息,除非:\n(a) 国家 [根据可适用的规则或条约 信息公开提供;或\n(b) 根据可适用规则或条约或经争议当事方协议允许的。\n2. 联合国 裁决人不得在ID程序[或审议期间表达的任何意 中披露审议的内容。\n3个 裁决人不得在裁决程序[除非公开]中对裁决作出评论。\n 4.四. 裁决人不得在诉讼过程中披露任何决定草案。\n5 (韩语). 本条中的义务应可在国际争端解决程序之后[并继续无限期适用]。\n6. 国家 本条规定的义务不适用于候选人或仲裁员在法律上被强迫在法院或其他主管机构披露信息或需要将此类信息在法院或其他主管机构披露以保护其权利的情况。", "给工作组的说明", "46. 经常预算: 第1款已作修订,以就保密义务的例外情况提供更明确的规则。 删去了“除该程序的目的外”等词语,因为本条无意规范这种披露,而这种披露本来就是允许的。 评注可进一步阐述这一点。 应当指出,如果在第1款中重新采用这一短语,其他段落也需要照搬。", "47. 国家 工作组似宜审议“公开提供”的信息在多大程度上构成第1(a)项中的例外。 方括号内的文字表明,只有在按照可适用的规则或条约公开提供信息时,第1款中的不披露义务才会被解除。 换言之,如果该信息事实上向公众提供(例如,该信息是违反适用规则或条约而泄露的,或第三方在公共网站上发布),则不属于第1(a)项的例外。 工作组似宜确认这一理解。", " 48. 48. 工作组似宜考虑第1(b)项中的例外是否也适用于第2至4款。 如果是这样,也许最好规定一个与第6款相类似的一般例外,行文大致如下: “本条规定的义务不适用于适用的规则或条约所允许的或争议当事方协议所允许的范围。 “", "49. (中文(简体) ). 工作组似宜删除第2款中“或审议期间表达的任何意见”,因为这些意见将构成审议“内容”的一部分。", " 50. 50. 对第3和4款作了修订,因为裁决人是否参与或参与作出裁决,并不是在规定义务时应考虑的因素。 因此,删除了第3款中的 \" 他们参与的 \" 二字和第4款中的 \" 在作出决定和作出的任何决定之前 \" 二字。", "51. 联合国 关于涉及对一项决定不作评论的义务的第3款,工作组似宜考虑:(一)是否应将这些义务限于“在结束国际争端解决程序之前”,使裁决人在程序结束后能够对某项决定作评论;(二)是否应将该项决定公开(目前置于方括号内)作为一个因素加以考虑。 关于后者,如果保留“除非可公开查阅”一语,则应使用第1(a)款中的措词(见上文第47段)。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 考虑到第4款中提及的“决定草案”属于第1款中提及的“任何有关或因国际工业发展程序而获得的信息”,工作组似宜考虑删除该段,将其留给评注解释。", "53. 联合国 对第5款作了修订,以避免提及程序的“结束”(见上文第20和30段)。 工作组似宜删除方括号中的“并继续无限期适用”这些词语,因为这些词语可能是多余的。 工作组似宜审议如何执行第5款中的义务,因为个人在ID程序之后不受《守则》的约束(见上文第30至31段)。", "第9条 - 收费和开支", "[仅适用于仲裁员和仲裁员候选人的条款]\n1. 联合国 任何关于收费和费用的提案应通过管理该程序的机构告知争议各方。 如果没有管理机构,应由独任或主审仲裁员告知此种建议。\n2. 联合国 [除非可适用的规则或条约另有规定 仲裁人或仲裁员应在[或立即]仲裁庭组成之前与争议当事方就收费和费用作任何讨论。\n3个 仲裁员在指派任何助理之前,应先与争议当事方就一名助理的费用和开支进行讨论。\n 4.四. 仲裁员应准确记录其可归因于ID程序的时间和费用,并确保助理也应准确记录时间和费用。\n5 (韩语). 仲裁员在请求付款时或应争议方的请求,应当提供此种记录。", "给工作组的说明", "54. 联合国 第9条经过调整,规定了按通常发生的顺序确定收费和开支的程序。 工作组似宜首先确认,这两款的顺序是适当的,而且只适用于仲裁员和仲裁员候选人。", "55. 国家 工作组似宜确认,第2款反映了最佳做法 -- -- 最好不仅就收费和开支问题进行讨论,而且在仲裁庭组成之前结束讨论。 如果是,工作组似宜考虑删除方括号内的“或立即”一语。 但是,评注可以解释,这种讨论可以在宪法之后立即进行,例如在第一次程序会议上进行。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 关于第4款,工作组似宜考虑是否由仲裁员或助理负责准确记录任何助理花费的时间和费用。 无论如何,仲裁员应建立一种机制,确保助理这样做。 这一点可以在评注中加以解释。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 工作组似宜考虑是否应在《守则》或评注中述及收费的合理性,因为这将反映最佳做法。 例如,《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》第41(1)条述及这一问题。 评注可以解释,费用和开支的合理性将取决于争议金额、主题事项的复杂性、仲裁员花费的时间以及案件的任何其他有关情况。", "第10条 - 披露义务", "[仅适用于仲裁员和仲裁员候选人的条\n1. 联合国 候选人和仲裁员应披露任何可能[包括在争议当事方眼中]对其独立性或公正性产生合理怀疑的情形。\n2. 披露应包括下列信息:\n(a) 国家 过去五年中与下列机构的任何财务、商业、专业或个人关系:\n(一) 争议方或争议方指明的实体;\n(二) 争议方在诉讼过程中的法律代表;\n(三) ID程序中的其他仲裁员和专家证人;\n(四) [被争议方确定为对ID程序的结果有董事间接利益的任何实体,包括第三方出资人];\n(b) 在下列领域的任何财务或个人利益:\n(一) ID程序的结果;\n(二) 涉及相同措施的任何其他ID程序;和\n(三) 涉及争议当事方或争议当事方指明的实体的任何其他程序;\n(c) 候选人或仲裁员作为仲裁员、法律代表或专家证人目前或过去5年参与的所有国际身份识别和相关程序;\n(d) 国家 在过去五年中,争议方或其法律代表作为仲裁员、法律代表或专家证人在国际仲裁裁决日或任何其他程序中的任何任命。\n3个 [为第1和2款的目的 候选人和仲裁员应[合理][最 地努力了解这些情况[、利益和关系]。\n4. 候选人和仲裁员如果对是否应当披露有任何疑问,则应错误地赞成披露。\n5 (韩语). 候选人和仲裁员应在[接受]任命之前或之后使用附件中的表格向争议当事方、诉讼过程的其他裁决人、任何管理机构和适用规则或条约规定的任何其他人披露。\n6. 国家 仲裁员应始终有义务在获悉新的或新发现的信息后立即根据这些信息进一步予以披露。\n7. 联合国 不披露的事实本身并不证明[缺乏公正性或独立性][违反《守则》第3至6条]。\n8. 联合国 争议各方可以放弃各自对披露的情形提出异议的权利。", "给工作组的说明", "58. 联合国 第10条已作修订,仅适用于仲裁员和仲裁员候选人。 工作组似宜确认这两款在多大程度上适用于法官和法官候选人。 比较表作为本说明的附录提供,以协助工作组进行审议。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 工作组似宜处理第1款中两个不同标准之间的关系,以及可能存在的不一致之处(“有可能引起合理的怀疑”,例如,《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》第11条和“争议当事方认为”),这将使仲裁员和仲裁员候选人难以理解披露的程度。", "60. 联合国 工作组似宜考虑这样一种情形,即仲裁员没有披露认为合理的第三人不会根据该情形对其独立性或公正性提出质疑的情形,但争议方当事人认为这会引起怀疑。 工作组似宜考虑具体规定最高门槛值,而不是纳入两项标准。", "61. 国家 工作组似宜确认,即使第1款不要求披露第2款所列信息,也需要披露。 换句话说,无论根据第2款提供的信息是否可能引起对仲裁员的独立性或公正性的正当怀疑,仲裁员都必须披露这种信息。 可在评注中进一步阐述这一点。", "62. 联合国 工作组似宜考虑(a)(一)和(b)(三)项中提及“争议方确定的实体”是否适当。 评注可以解释,“实体”一词将涵盖法人和自然人。 在这方面,工作组似宜考虑(a)(四)项的措词是否适当。", "63. 国家 工作组似宜删除第3款开头方括号内的词语,因为在整个条款中需要作出合理/最大的努力,不一定局限于第1款和第2款。 工作组似宜决定是否使用“合理”或“最佳”一词。 为了参考,第6(1)(c)条提及“尽最大努力保持并增进履行职责所需的知识、技能和素质”。 工作组还似宜审议“情形”一词是否足够宽泛,足以涵盖第2款所提及项目的清单(关系、利益、程序、指定)。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 工作组似宜注意到,第4款(原编号为第5款)被移动并放在更靠近第3款的地方,因为这两款都涉及仲裁员或候选人根据第1款和第2款进行披露的方式。", "65. 国家 鉴于解决投资争端国际中心的做法(见上文第13段),工作组似宜在第5段中插入“接受”一词。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 第7款旨在澄清,不遵守第10条的披露要求并不一定构成违反《守则》的其他规定,特别是在第10条关于独立和公正的义务方面。 3个 工作组似宜确定应采用哪种措词,包括是否提及《守则》的具体条款。", "第11条----遵守《守则》", "1. 联合国 裁判员和候选人应遵守《守则》的适用规定。\n[2. 候选人不应接受任命,如果他或她不能遵守《守则》可适用的规定,则该法官应辞去或回避国际仲裁裁决程序。 ]\n3个 适用的规则或条约中规定的任何取消资格和撤职程序,或任何制裁和补救,应[适用于《守则》][继续适用,不论《守则》如何]。\n 4.四. 裁判员应当解除违反\"法典\"的助理职务.", "给工作组的说明", "67. (中文(简体) ). 工作组似宜审议第1款是否必要。 添加了第2款,以强调候选人和裁决人在出现不遵守或类似不遵守的情况下应如何采取行动。 虽然根据《守则》不受任何补救的自愿义务,但工作组似宜考虑是否保留该案文,如果保留,是否有必要保留第6(2)和(3)条(见上文第40段)。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 工作组似宜考虑,第3款是否反映了工作组的理解,即任何质疑程序(包括质疑标准)或适用规则或条约规定的任何补救办法都将继续适用于裁决人。 因此,不遵守《守则》条款本身并不构成这种质疑或补救的基础,适用规则或条约将对此作出规定。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 考虑到《守则》未载有适用于助理的具体条款,工作组似宜考虑第4款是否适当。 此外,工作组似宜审议裁决人不遵守第4款的后果。", "行为守则附件 -- -- 声明和披露表", "行为守则附件\n声明、披露和背景资料\n1. 联合国 我承认,我阅读并理解所附的《行为守则》,并承诺遵守该守则。\n2. 联合国 据我所知,我没有理由不在这一程序中担任[仲裁员][法官]。 我是公正和独立的,没有因《行为守则》而产生的障碍。\n3. 现将本人简历附在本宣言后。\n 4.四. 根据《行为守则》第10条,我谨披露以下情况并提供以下信息:\n[服务作为关联]\n5 (韩语). 我确认,截至本声明发表之日,我已无进一步的情况或资料需要披露。 我的理解是,一旦我了解到新的或新发现的信息,我将立即根据这些信息进行进一步披露。", "给工作组的说明", "70. 联合国 工作组似宜确认以下声明将载于《守则》附件。", "附录-法官和法官候选人的披露义务", "第10条 - 披露义务\n仲裁员和仲裁员候选人\n1. 候选人和仲裁员应披露可能对其独立性或公正性造成合理怀疑的任何情况[,包括在争议方看来如此]。 \" 同一 \" ,但 \" 在争端当事方的眼中 \" 一语除外,该条款不适用于法官和法官候选人。 披露中应包括下列信息: * 法官应在披露中提供以下信息:(a) 过去五年中与下列人员的任何财务、业务、专业或个人关系:(a) 过去五年中与下列人员的任何财务、业务、专业或个人关系:(一) 争议方确定的任何争议方或实体;(一) 争议方确定的任何争议方或实体;(二) 争议方在争议方在争议方的法律代表;(二) 争议方在争议方的法律代表;\n(三) 其他仲裁员和专家证人,参与该程序;(四) [被争议方确定对该程序的结果有直接或间接利益的任何实体,包括第三方供资人];(b) 涉及下列事项的任何财务或个人利益: (c) [争议方确定的任何实体,包括第三方出资人在内,对于该程序的结果具有直接或间接利益];(b) 在下列情况下的任何财务或个人利益: (二) 任何其他涉及相同措施的ID程序;\n(三) 涉及争议方当事人或争议方指明的实体的任何其他程序;[不适用]\n(c) 目前或在过去5年中作为仲裁员、法律代表或专家证人参与的所有ID和有关程序;和 过去五年中争端当事方或其法律代表任命为仲裁员、法律代表或专家证人或任何其他程序。 * 法官候选人应在公布时提供下列资料: 目前作为仲裁员、法律代表或专家证人参与或已经参与过去五年的所有身份证及相关程序;和(d) [不适用]\n3个 [为第1和2款的目的 候选人和仲裁员应[合理][最 地努力了解这种情形[、利益和关系]。 < 同为>\n4. 候选人和仲裁员如果对是否应当披露有任何疑虑,则应错误地赞成披露。\n5 (韩语). 候选人和仲裁员在向争议当事方、诉讼过程中的其他仲裁人、任何管理机构和适用规则或条约规定的任何其他人任命时,应使用附件内的表格进行披露。 5. 候选人应将[使用附件内的表格]向常设机制披露的情况提交法官或经确认为法官。\n6. 国家 仲裁员在得知新发现或新发现的信息后,应立即继续根据这些信息进行进一步披露。 6. 法官一旦知道第1款所述的情况,即应[使用附件表格]向现有机制的[主席]作出披露,并应有继续的责任,一旦知道这种信息,即根据新的或新发现的信息作出进一步披露。\n7. 联合国 不披露的事实本身并不证明[缺乏公正性或独立性][违反《守则》第3至6条]。 < 同为>\n8. 联合国 争议方可能放弃各自的权利,对被披露的情况提出异议。 [不适用]", "[1] 关于行为守则的非正式会议于2020年11月18日、2021年3月3日至4日和8日、2021年6月7日至10日、2021年12月6日至10日、2022年1月20日、2022年3月23日至24日和2022年6月7日至10日举行(见https://uncitral.un.org/en/codeofpression)。 会议的目的是介绍秘书处为第三工作组届会编写的关于行为守则的工作文件草案,为秘书处编写工作文件提供支持,并支助各代表团为会议做准备。 这些会议没有作出任何决定。" ]

[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 16 of the provisionalagenda \nEvaluation and internaloversight activities", "Internal oversight activities", "Report by the Director of the Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight", "The present document provides information on the activities of the internal oversight function in accordance with decisions IDB.44/Dec.3 and IDB.48/Dec.10, and updates the previous report contained in IDB.49/23.", "I. Background", "1. The Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight (EIO) is responsible for the oversight functions of UNIDO, i.e. internal audit, investigation, and evaluation. The mandate of EIO is to provide independent and objective assurance, advice, investigation, and evaluation for the purpose of adding value to and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of UNIDO’s operations, internal control framework, risk management, results-based management and governance processes. In addition, EIO is also the focal point for the coordination of the activities of the Joint Inspection (JIU) of the United Nations, and serves as the Secretariat to the UNIDO Independent Oversight Advisory Committee (OAC).", "2. The internal oversight function (comprising internal audit and investigation) is governed by the EIO Charter,[1] Internal Audit Policy,[2] and Investigation Policy.[3] The internal oversight function is further guided by the internal audit manual, as well as the investigation guidelines, revised on 16 May 2022.[4]", "3. Currently, the budgeted posts for EIO’s internal audit and investigation functions comprise of five Professional and two General Service staff, including the Chief of the unit, three Auditors, one Investigator and two support staff. According to the suggested JIU formula,[5] the range of internal audit professional staff at UNIDO should be between six and eleven, whereas it is currently at four.", "II. Key achievements in 2021", "4. EIO policy framework further strengthened: A major stepping-stone achieved in 2021 was the issuance of the internal audit and investigation policies, further reinforcing the Office’s oversight role, as well as its independence, as called for in the EIO Charter.", "5. The EIO risk and evidence gap assessment methodology, and audit and evaluation universe were enhanced and aligned with UNIDO’s medium-term programme framework 2022–2025 and results-based programme and budgets 2022–2023, to reflect UNIDO’s strategic objectives in all five result areas. This provided a strong basis for ensuring alignment of EIO work with strategic areas of UNIDO, for a more effective selection and coordination of assurance services, and for optimizing complementarities and reducing potential duplication of efforts among all assurance providers (i.e. the internal audit function, the evaluation function, the External Auditor, and the JIU).", "6. EIO as an agile advisor in a period of uncertainty and rapid change: Further to the issuance of the EIO strategy 2020–2024 in February 2020 as a key management and accountability framework for EIO, the Office continued adjusting its activities to ensure adding value to the achievement of the goals and objectives of the Organization and remaining strategically aligned. Despite the constraints and challenges imposed in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) context, EIO remained agile and proved that its services are, and continue to be, key for informed decision-making, innovation, and change. According to management, the audit engagements added value to decision-makers, providing the basis for timely action and management action plans in key risk areas such as digital transformation, people management, and fraud risk management.", "III Overview of EIO internal oversight work", "7. EIO, through the internal audit function’s assurance and advisory services added value to the Organization’s governance, risk management, and control processes with the following engagements:", "(a) Three advisory engagements were undertaken, with reports issued in 2021: the advisory engagements on UNIDO’s competencies, Lessons learned from COVID-19 (undertaken jointly with the independent evaluation function), and UNIDO’s fraud risk management programme. These engagements provided the basis for management action plans (MAPs) related to digital transformation, investments in infrastructure, people management, strategic workforce planning, and fraud risk management;", "(b) The assurance review of the full cost recovery (FCR) process was launched at the end of 2021 and completed in May 2022. It provided the basis for MAPs, which will further strengthen the FCR process, from planning to reporting;[6]", "(c) Seven full-fledged investigations were completed; and", "(d) Key ad hoc advisory activities were provided with inputs, inter alia, to the first draft of the Grants Manual; the draft UNIDO policy on personal data protection; the review of the normative function of UNIDO; the update of the UNIDO Business Continuity Plan; the draft policy on sexual exploitation and abuse; the High-level Committee on Management Investigator’s Manual for the Investigation of Sexual Harassment Complaints in the United Nations; the information disclosure policy; the update of the retaliation policy; and the draft policy on exclusion from funding. EIO furthermore participated as an observer in task forces and working groups, including on resource optimization in technical cooperation, and the results and risk focal points network.", "8. EIO confirms that in performing its internal audit and investigation activities during the reporting period, it functioned independently and objectively without any interference or influence from any internal or external parties. However, limitations due to operational budget and human resources constraints should be noted.", "IV. Implementation status of management action plans (MAPs)", "9. EIO followed up regularly with responsible offices on the status of the implementation of MAPs, which is as follows as per 31 December 2021: out of a total of 83 MAPs, 57 are closed (47 closed – implemented; 10 closed – management accepts risk), and 14 MAPs are due. The remaining 12 MAPs are not yet due. This represents an improvement of the implementation rate which reached 57 per cent in 2021, as compared to 41 per cent in 2020. EIO continues to monitor the implementation of MAPs and supports management in the process, inter alia, through cooperation with the Senior-level Focal point for the implementation of recommendations and MAPs. A risk escalation process for risk acceptance of outstanding internal audit MAPs was developed and promulgated in November 2021.", "V. Cooperation with United Nations and other oversight bodies", "10. Active engagement in activities of the United Nations Representatives of Internal Audit Services and the United Nations Representatives of Investigation Services continued. In addition, consultations with the External Auditor were conducted to share workplans, expand the coverage of assurance activities and cooperate in areas such as information technology security, and FCR, for efficient use of limited resources and to avoid duplication of work.", "VI. Strengthening governance of the internal oversight functions", "11. The EIO internal oversight function continues to provide the OAC with an overview of its activities during its regular meetings, and shares its workplans with the OAC for advice.", "VII. Outlook", "12. Based on an updated risk assessment methodology[7] the biennial EIO internal audit workplan for 2022–2023 was approved by the Director General in early 2022. Two audits on the operationalization and promulgation of administrative issuances, and on long-term agreements in procurement have been initiated. EIO’s internal audit workplan will remain flexible and agile in order to proactively consider emerging risks and challenges in UNIDO’s evolving operations and business environment.", "13. In 2022, the Director General initiated an organizational reform and restructuring of UNIDO, which will be duly considered in the review and update of EIO workplans for 2022–2023. A midterm review of the EIO Strategy will also be conducted to ensure EIO’s internal audit and investigation functions continue to meet the needs for oversight, accountability and learning in the new organizational context, and that EIO keeps contributing to a more efficient, effective and impactful Organization.", "14. As noted by the External Auditor, the OAC, and JIU, the resource situation continues to represent a scope limitation. No significant resource increase is foreseen. Therefore, the internal oversight function is not in a position to fully cover, through its workplan, all identified high-risk and high-priority business activities. The OAC highlighted in particular that urgent attention must be given to strengthening the EIO investigation function with adequate staffing and resources.", "15. As ever, the impact of internal oversight and evaluation, through its effective independent, credible and objective functions assisting the Organization in achieving its goals, depends ultimately on the continuous support received from UNIDO’s senior management and its Member States.", "VIII. Action required of the Board", "16. The Board may wish to take note of the information provided in the present document.", "[1] Director General’s Bulletin DGB/2020/11, as approved by the Industrial Development Board in decision IDB.48/Dec.10.", "[2] Director General’s Bulletin DGB/2021/12.", "[3] Director General’s Bulletin DGB/2021/13.", "[4] Administrative Instruction AI/2022/03.", "[5] JIU/2010/5, annexes, table 1.", "[6] All advisory and assurance engagement reports are available on the Permanent Missions’ Extranet.", "[7] Paragraph 6 refers." ]

[ "工业发展理事会", "第五十届会议", "2022年11月21日至23日，维也纳", "临时议程项目16", "评价和内部监督活动", "内部监督活动", "评价和内部监督办公室主任的报告", "本文件根据IDB.44/Dec.3号和IDB.48/Dec.10号决定介绍内部监督职能活动情况，并更新IDB.49/23号文件所载的上一份报告。", "一. 背景", "1. 评价和内部监督办公室负责履行工发组织的监督职能，即内部审计、调查和评价职能。评价和内部监督办公室的任务是提供独立和客观的保证、咨询、调查和评价，目的是为工发组织的业务、内部控制框架、风险管理、成果管理制和治理进程增加价值并提高其效率和效力。此外，评价和内部监督办公室还担任负责协调联合国联合检查组（联检组）活动的协调人，并作为工发组织独立监督咨询委员会（监咨委）的秘书处。", "2. 内部监督职能（包括内部审计和调查）须遵守《评价和内部监督办公室章程》、[1]《内部审计政策》[2]和《调查政策》。[3]内部监督职能还以内部审计手册以及2022年5月16日修订的调查准则为指导。[4]", "3. 目前，评价和内部监督办公室编入预算的内部审计和调查职能员额包括5名专业人员和两名一般事务人员，其中包括股长、三名审计员、一名调查员和两名支助人员。根据联检组的建议标配，[5]工发组织内部审计专业人员应在6至11人之间，而目前为4人。", "二. 2021年主要成就", "4. 评价和内部监督办公室政策框架得到进一步加强：2021年奠定的一个重要基础是印发了内部审计和调查政策，进一步强化了该办公室的监督职能以及其独立性，正如《评价和内部监督办公室章程》所要求的。", "5. 评价和内部监督办公室风险和证据差距评估方法以及审计和评价领域得到加强，并与工发组织2022-2025年中期方案纲要和2022-2023年按成果编制的方案和预算取得一致，以反映工发组织在所有五个成果领域的战略目标。这为确保评价和内部监督办公室的工作与工发组织的战略领域保持一致、更有效地选择和协调保证服务以及优化互补性和减少所有保证提供者（即内部审计职能、评价职能、外聘审计员和联检组）之间可能的重复工作奠定了坚实的基础。", "6. 评价和内部监督办公室作为不确定和迅速变革时期敏捷的顾问：继2020年2月发布《评价和内部监督办公室2020-2024年战略》作为该办公室的关键管理和问责框架之后，该办公室继续调整其活动，以确保为实现本组织的目标和目的带来增加值，并保持战略一致性。尽管在2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）背景下面临诸多限制和挑战，但评价和内部监督办公室仍然保持敏感，并证明其服务对于知情决策、创新和变革非常重要，并将继续如此。据管理层称，审计业务为决策者带来增加值，为在数字化转型、人员管理和欺诈风险管理等关键风险领域及时采取行动和制定管理行动计划奠定了基础。", "三. 评价和内部监督办公室内部监督工作概况", "7. 评价和内部监督办公室通过内部审计职能的保证和咨询服务，通过以下活动为本组织的治理、风险管理和控制程序增加了价值：", "(a) 开展了三项咨询活动，并于2021年发布了报告：关于工发组织能力、从COVID-19中吸取的经验教训（与独立评价职能联合开展）和工发组织的欺诈风险管理方案的咨询活动。这些活动为与数字化转型、基础设施投资、人员管理、战略性员工队伍规划和欺诈风险管理相关的管理行动计划奠定了基础；", "(b) 全额成本回收过程的保证审查于2021年底启动，2022年5月完成。这项活动为管理行动计划提供了基础，而管理行动计划将进一步加强从规划到报告整个全额成本回收过程；[6]", "(c) 完成了七项全面调查；", "(d) 开展了重要的临时咨询活动，除其他外为以下工作提供了投入：赠款手册初稿；工发组织个人数据保护政策草案；审查工发组织的规范性职能；修订工发组织业务连续性计划；性剥削和性虐待问题政策草案；管理问题高级别委员会《联合国性骚扰投诉调查调查员手册》；信息披露政策；修订关于报复的政策；以及关于禁止利用资金的政策草案。此外，评价和内部监督办公室还作为观察员参加了一些工作队和工作组，包括技术合作资源优化问题工作队和工作组，以及成果和风险协调人网络。", "8. 评价和内部监督办公室确认，在报告所述期间，在开展内部审计和调查活动时，做到了独立和客观地履行职能，未受内部或外部任何一方的任何干扰或影响。然而，应注意到由于业务预算和人力资源制约因素所造成的限制。", "四. 管理行动计划的执行状况", "9. 评价和内部监督办公室定期与各负责部门接触，跟进各项管理行动计划的执行状况，截至2021年12月31日具体执行状况如下：在总共83项管理行动计划中，57项已结案（47项结案——得到执行；10项结案——管理层接受风险），14项管理行动计划到期。其余12份管理行动计划尚未到期。这表明执行率有所提高，2021年达到57%，而2020年为41%。评价和内部监督办公室继续监测管理行动计划的执行情况，并通过与负责执行建议和管理行动计划的高级协调人合作等方式，在该过程中为管理层提供支持。2021年11月，制定并颁布了未落实内部审计管理行动计划风险接受的风险升级流程。", "五. 与联合国及其他监督实体的合作", "10. 继续积极参与联合国各组织内部审计事务代表的活动和联合国调查部门代表的活动。此外，还与外聘审计员进行了协商，以交流工作计划，扩大保证活动的覆盖范围，并在信息技术安全和全额费用回收等领域开展合作，以便高效地利用有限的资源，并避免重复工作。", "六. 加强内部监督职能的治理", "11. 评价和内部监督办公室的内部监督职能继续在监咨委的定期会议上向监咨委提供其活动概况，并与监咨委分享其工作计划以征求意见。", "七. 前景", "12. 基于经修订的风险评估方法[7]的评价和内部监督办公室2022-2023两年期内部审计工作计划于2022年初获得总干事批准。已启动两项审计，分别涉及行政通知的实施和颁布以及长期采购协议。评价和内部监督办公室的内部审计工作计划将保持灵活性和敏捷性，以便积极考虑工发组织不断变化的业务和商业环境中出现的风险和挑战。", "13. 2022年，总干事启动了工发组织的组织改革和结构调整，将在审查和修订评价和内部监督办公室2022-2023年工作计划时适当考虑到这一点。还将对评价和内部监督办公室战略进行中期审查，以确保评价和内部监督办公室的内部审计和调查职能继续满足新的组织结构下对监督、问责和学习的需求，并确保评价和内部监督办公室继续为提高组织的效率、效力和影响力做出贡献。", "14. 如外聘审计员、监咨委和联检组所指出，资源状况继续造成范围受限。预计资源不会大幅增加。因此，内部监督职能无法通过其工作计划涵盖已查明的所有高风险和高度优先的业务活动。监咨委特别强调，必须紧急关注加强评价和内部监督办公室的调查职能，为之配备充足的人员和提供充足的资源。", "15. 同以往一样，内部监督和评价通过其有效、独立、可信和客观的职能协助本组织实现目标，其成效最终取决于是否得到工发组织高级管理层和各成员国的持续支持。", "八. 需请理事会采取的行动", "16. 理事会似宜注意到本文件提供的信息。", "[1] 经工业发展理事会IDB.48/Dec.10号决定核准的DGB/2020/11号总干事公报。", "[2] DGB/2021/12号总干事公报。", "[3] DGB/2021/13号总干事公报。", "[4] AI/2022/03号行政指示。", "[5] JIU/2010/5，附件，表1。", "[6] 所有咨询和保证活动报告可在常驻代表团外联网上查阅。", "[7] 第6段提及。" ]

[ "工业发展理事会第五十届会议 2022年11月21日至23日,维也纳 临时议程项目16\n评价和内部监督活动", "内部监督活动", "评价与内部监督办公室主任的报告", "本文件介绍了根据IDB.44/Dec.3和IDB.48/Dec.10号决定开展的内部监督职能的活动,并更新了IDB.49/23号文件所载的上一份报告。", "一. 背景情况", "1. 联合国 评价和内部监督办公室负责工发组织的监督职能,即内部审计、调查和评价。 环境信息办公室的任务是提供独立和客观的保证、咨询、调查和评价,目的是为工发组织的业务、内部控制框架、风险管理、成果管理制和治理过程增加价值并提高其效率和效力。 此外,EIO还是联合国联合检查组(联检组)活动的协调中心,并担任工发组织独立监督咨询委员会的秘书处。", "2. 联合国 内部监督职能(包括内部审计和调查)受《欧洲内部审计组织章程》[1]《内部审计政策》[2]和《调查政策》管辖。 [3] 内部监督职能进一步遵循内部审计手册以及2022年5月16日修订的调查准则。 [4]", "3个 目前,EIO内部审计和调查职能的预算员额由5名专业人员和2名一般事务人员员额组成,其中包括股长、3名审计员、1名调查员和2名支助人员。 根据联检组建议的公式,[5] 工发组织内部审计专业人员的范围应为6至11人,而目前为4人。", "二. 2021年的主要成就", " 4.四. 环境信息组织政策框架得到进一步加强: 2021年取得的一项重大进展是发布了内部审计和调查政策,进一步加强了监督厅的监督作用,以及其独立性。", "5 (韩语). EIO风险和证据差距评估方法以及审计和评价范围得到了加强并符合工发组织2022-2025年中期方案纲要和2022-2023年注重成果的方案和预算,以反映工发组织在所有五个成果领域的战略目标。 这为确保电子信息办公室的工作与工发组织的战略领域保持一致、更有效地选择和协调鉴证服务、优化互补性并减少所有鉴证机构(即内部审计职能、评价职能、外聘审计员和联检组)之间工作可能重复提供了坚实的基础。", "6. 国家 在不确定和迅速变化的时期,EIO作为一个敏捷的顾问: 继2020年2月发布2020-2024年环境信息组织战略并将其作为环境信息组织的主要管理和问责框架之后,该厅继续调整其活动,以确保为实现本组织的各项目标和目的增加价值,并保持战略一致性。 尽管在冠状病毒病(COVID-19)背景下存在各种限制和挑战,但EIO仍然灵活,并证明其服务是、而且仍然是知情决策、创新和变革的关键。 管理层认为,审计工作增加了决策者的价值,为数字化转型、人员管理和欺诈风险管理等关键风险领域及时采取行动和制定管理行动计划奠定了基础。", "页:1 EIO内部监督工作概览", "7. EIO通过内部审计职能的保证和咨询服务,为本组织的治理、风险管理和控制程序增添了价值,参与情况如下:", "(a) 国家 开展了三项咨询活动,于2021年发表了报告:工发组织能力咨询活动、从COVID-19(与独立评价职能共同承担)中吸取的经验教训,以及工发组织的欺诈风险管理方案。 这些参与为与数字转型、基础设施投资、人员管理、员工队伍战略规划和欺诈风险管理有关的管理行动计划提供了基础;", "(b) 国家 2021年底启动全成本回收(FCR)过程的保证审查,2022年5月完成. 它为管理计划提供了基础,这将进一步加强财务、财务和预算进程,从规划到报告;[6]", "(c) 完成了7起全面调查;", "(d) 向主要特设咨询活动提供了投入,其中包括:赠款手册初稿;工发组织个人数据保护政策草案;审查工发组织的规范职能;更新工发组织业务连续性计划;性剥削和性虐待政策草案;管理问题高级别委员会《联合国性骚扰投诉调查手册》;信息披露政策;更新报复政策;以及关于排除资金的政策草案。 EIO还作为观察员参加了工作队和工作组,包括技术合作资源优化以及成果和风险联络点网络。", "8. 联合国 EIO确认,在报告所述期间,在开展内部审计和调查活动时,它独立和客观地运作,不受任何内部和外部方面的干涉或影响。 但是,应该指出业务预算和人力资源方面的限制。", "四、结 论 管理行动计划的执行情况", "9. 国家 EIO定期与负责部门跟进管理援助方案的执行情况,截至2021年12月31日如下:在总共83个管理援助方案中,57个已关闭(47个已关闭;10个已关闭 -- -- 管理层接受风险),14个已到期。 其余12个管理计划尚未到期。 这表明执行率有所改善,2021年达到57%,而2020年为41%。 EIO继续监测《行动计划》的执行情况,并通过与执行建议和《行动计划》的高级协调中心合作等方式支持管理。 2021年11月制定并颁布了接受未完成内部审计管理计划的风险升级程序。", "五. 与联合国和其他监督机构的合作", "10个 继续积极参与联合国内部审计事务代表和联合国调查事务代表的活动。 此外,还同外聘审计员进行了协商,以分享工作计划,扩大保证活动的覆盖面,并在信息技术安全以及财务和财务管理等领域开展合作,以有效利用有限的资源和避免重复工作。", "六、结 论 加强内部监督职能治理.", "11个 环境信息办公室的内部监督职能继续向业务协调办公室提供其定期会议活动概览,并与业务协调办公室分享其工作计划,以征求咨询意见。", "页:1 展望", "12个 根据最新的风险评估方法[7],总干事于2022年初核准了2022-2023年两年期电子信息组织内部审计工作计划。 已开始对行政通知的运作和颁布以及采购方面长期协议进行两项审计。 EIO的内部审计工作计划将保持灵活性和灵活性,以积极考虑工发组织不断变化的业务和业务环境中新出现的风险和挑战。", "13个 2022年,总干事启动了工发组织的组织改革和改组,将在审查和更新2022-2023年环境信息组织工作计划时予以适当考虑。 还将对环境信息办公室战略进行中期审查,以确保环境信息办公室的内部审计和调查职能继续满足在新的组织背景下进行监督、问责和学习的需要,并确保环境信息办公室继续为一个更有效率、更有效和更有影响力的组织作出贡献。", "14个 正如外聘审计员、审计咨询委员会和联检组所指出,资源状况仍然是范围限制。 预计不会大量增加资源。 因此,内部监督职能无法通过其工作计划充分涵盖所有已查明的高风险和高度优先的业务活动。 审计咨询委员会特别强调,必须紧急注意加强环境信息办公室的调查职能,配备足够的人员和资源。", "15个 内部监督和评价通过其有效、独立、可信和客观的职能来协助本组织实现其目标,其影响一如既往,最终取决于工发组织高级管理层及其成员国的持续支持。", "第八编. 需请理事会采取的行动", "16号. 理事会似宜注意到本文件所提供的资料。", "[1] 经工业发展理事会IDB.48/Dec.10号决定核准的总干事公报DGB/2020/11。", "[2] 总干事公报 DGB/2021/12.", "[3] 总干事公报 DGB/2021/13.", "[4] 行政指示AI/2022/03。", "[5] JIU/2010/5,附件,表 1. 联合国", "[6] 所有咨询和保证接触报告均可在常驻代表团的外联网上查阅。", "[7] 第6段提及。" ]

[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 14 of the provisionalagenda \nActivities of the JointInspection Unit", "Activities of the Joint Inspection Unit", "Report by the Director General", "The present document provides information on the activities of the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) in accordance with the follow-up scheme to recommendations in accordance with decision IDB.24/Dec.11.", "I. Introduction", "1. The Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) became a subsidiary organ of the Industrial Development Board by its decision IDB.1/Dec.22. A system of follow-up to JIU recommendations was outlined in document IDB.24/18 and subsequently approved in decision IDB.24/Dec.11. In accordance with the provisions therein, JIU reports will be considered by each regular Board session.", "II. Reports and notes submitted by the Joint Inspection Unit", "2. A total of seven JIU reports[1] were received[2] by the Organization in 2021 and 2022 since the previous Board document covering this subject (IDB.49/21). The six reports as listed below are of relevance to UNIDO:", "JIU/REP/2020/7: Blockchain applications in the United Nations system: towards a state of readiness;", "JIU/REP/2021/2: Review of United Nations system support for landlocked developing countries to implement the Vienna Programme of Action;", "JIU/REP/2021/3: Cybersecurity in the United Nations system organizations;", "JIU/REP/2021/4: Review of the management of implementing partners in United Nations system organizations;", "JIU/REP/2021/5: Review of the ethics function in the United Nations system;", "JIU/REP/2021/6: Business continuity management in United Nations system organizations.", "3. The present document is supplemented with a conference room paper (IDB.50/CRP.9) which includes hyperlinks to the respective JIU reports as well as hyperlinks to the relevant comments on said reports by the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). It is recalled that recommendations and statistics applicable to UNIDO are available through the web-based tracking system (WBTS).[3] The WBTS also includes UNIDO’s compliance and comments on recommendations. A summary of recommendations for consideration by the UNIDO Director General and UNIDO legislative bodies, as well as UNIDO comments, is included in document IDB.50/CRP.9.", "III. Implementation of Joint Inspection Unit recommendations at UNIDO", "4. As mentioned in previous reports, Member States can be granted read-only access to the consolidated data on the status of implementation of recommendations on the JIU’s WBTS. Interested Member States can register with the JIU through the UNIDO Focal Point for JIU matters in the Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight, via email to eio@unido.org.", "5. UNIDO updates the WBTS with pertinent information on recommendations issued in the last three years. This includes information on the recommendation status of acceptance, the status of implementation and the impact achieved.", "6. The status of acceptance and implementation for UNIDO for the period 2019–2021 is presented in the table below. It is shown as percentage of recommendations issued.", "Table[4] (Status as at 31 August 2022)", "Acceptance Implementation\n Accepted Not Not Under Not Implemented In Not Not accepted relevant consideration available progress started available", "UNIDO 62.73 2.73 10.00 9.09 15.45 56.52 23.19 13.04 7.25", "IV. Specific JIU recommendations needing attention by the Board", "7. In the JIU report on Cybersecurity in the United Nations system organizations (JIU/REP/2021/3), JIU “Inspectors recall a letter addressed to the Secretary-General in 2017, in which the representatives of the United Nations system oversight committees, on the occasion of their first ever joint meeting, identified among the three core concerns for the United Nations system organizations the need for management to give due consideration to new and emerging risks, in particular the global and business critical threats posed to cybersecurity, and the risks emerging from new ways of working as digital transformation gathered pace.”", "8. In its report on the accounts of UNIDO for the financial year 1 January to 31 December 2021 (IDB.50/3-PBC.38/3) and with reference to its previous report (IDB.49/3-PBC.37/3), the UNIDO External Auditor “recommended that UNIDO consider taking measures to increase the overall level of cybersecurity and reduce the risk of real attackers employing the vulnerabilities discovered” (recommendation No. 47 refers). In its response, UNIDO informed that “the proposal to increase the IT budget was only partially supported by Member States for the biennium 2022–2023. Certain key initiatives linked to addressing the root causes of the successful access to internal data, such as the implementation of Multi-Factor Authentication, are delayed until resourcing is addressed”. The External Auditor acknowledged that critical vulnerabilities identified through the penetration test have been remediated. At the same time, the External Auditor noted that the existing overall level of cybersecurity does not guarantee sufficient protection against further attacks and process for vulnerability management must be established.", "9. In this regard, it should also be noted that the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee (OAC) equally expressed its concerns about the high risk the Organization has been forced to accept with regard to the state of its IT services, including cybersecurity, and brought this issue to the urgent attention of the Board for its consideration of appropriate action in soliciting the support of and obtaining an adequate level of resource allocation by legislative and governing bodies (document IDB.50/22 refers).", "V. JIU work programmes 2022 and 2023", "10. As in previous years, the JIU informed on its programme of work for 2022, and also invited participating organizations to submit their proposals for its programme of work for 2023.", "11. The JIU work programme for 2022 included six reviews. Five of the reviews are of system-wide coverage and one relates to a management and administrative review of a participating organization.", "12. The below five reviews are of interest to UNIDO:", "(a) Flexible working arrangements in United Nations system organizations;", "(b) Review of mental health and well-being policies and practices in United Nations system organizations;", "(c) Review of the acceptance and implementation of JIU recommendations by the United Nations system organizations, the process of handling the JIU reports by the JIU participating organizations and their consideration by their legislative/governing bodies;", "(d) Review of quality, effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability of health insurance schemes in the United Nations system organizations; and", "(e) Review of the use of non-staff personnel and related contractual modalities in the United Nations system.", "13. The preliminary JIU programme of work for 2023 includes the following reviews:", "(a) Review of the decentralized evaluation function in the United Nations system organizations;", "(b) Review of medical services in the United Nations system;", "(c) Review of policies and practices to prevent from and respond to sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) and sexual harassment (SH) in the United Nations system organizations;", "(d) Review of the alignment of information technology strategies and governance with organizational goals in United Nations system organizations;", "(e) Review of data governance frameworks and practices in the United Nations system organizations; and", "(f) Review of data privacy policies and practices in the United Nations system.", "14. UNIDO continues to note with appreciation the close cooperation between the JIU and the Secretariat of the CEB.", "VI. Action required of the Board", "15. The Board may wish to take note of the information contained in the present document and provide specific guidance on the recommendations addressed to executive heads of United Nations system organizations and legislative and governing bodies, as summarized in conference room paper IDB.50/CRP.9.", "[1] JIU reports and notes, as well as the JIU Annual Report to the General Assembly, in all official languages can be accessed via the JIU website (www.unjiu.org).", "[2] At the time this report was prepared.", "[3] Please refer to paragraph 4 for information regarding access to the JIU WBTS.", "[4] As per information contained in the JIU WBTS." ]

[ "工业发展理事会", "为节约起见，本文件未作印发。敬请各位代表自带文件与会。", "第五十届会议", "2022年11月21日至23日，维也纳", "临时议程项目14", "联合检查组的活动", "联合检查组的活动", "总干事的报告", "根据IDB.24/Dec.11号决定所述的落实建议办法，本文件介绍联合检查组（联检组）开展活动的情况。", "一. 导言", "1. 根据工业发展理事会IDB.1/Dec.22号决定，联合检查组（联检组）成为工业发展理事会的附属机构。IDB.24/18号文件概述了落实联检组建议的办法，IDB.24/Dec.11号决定随后批准了该办法。根据其中所载规定，理事会每届常会将审议联检组的报告。", "二. 联合检查组提交的报告和说明", "2. 自理事会关于本议题的上一份文件（IDB.49/21）以来，本组织在2021年和2022年共收到七份联检组报告。[1]^(、)[2]以下所列六份报告与工发组织有关：[3]", "JIU/REP/2020/7：联合国系统中的区块链应用情况：准备就绪；", "JIU/REP/2021/2：审查联合国系统对内陆发展中国家执行《维也纳行动纲领》的支持；", "JIU/REP/2021/3：联合国系统各组织的网络安全；", "JIU/REP/2021/4：审查联合国系统各组织执行伙伴管理情况；", "JIU/REP/2021/5：审查联合国系统的道德操守职能；", "JIU/REP/2021/6：联合国系统各组织的业务连续性管理。", "3. 本文件得到了一份会议室文件（IDB.50/CRP.9）的补充，该会议室文件提供联检组相应报告的链接以及联合国系统行政首长协调理事会（首协会）对这些报告所作相关评论的链接。据回顾，适用于工发组织的建议和统计数据可以通过网络跟踪系统获取。[4]网络跟踪系统还提供工发组织的合规情况以及对建议的评论。供工发组织总干事和工发组织立法机构审议的建议摘要及工发组织的评论意见载于IDB.50/CRP.9号文件。", "三. 工发组织落实联合检查组建议的情况", "4. 如以往报告所提到，成员国可获准以“只读”方式访问联检组网络跟踪系统中关于建议落实情况的综合数据。有兴趣的成员国可以通过评价和内部监督办公室工发组织联检组事务协调中心向联检组登记，电子邮件地址为eio@unido.org。", "5. 工发组织在网络跟踪系统上更新过去三年发布的各项建议的相关信息，其中包括建议接受状况、执行状况和取得的影响。", "6. 2019-2021年期间工发组织接受和执行建议的状况列于下表。状况按已发布建议的百分比表示。", "表[5]（截至2022年8月31日的状况）", "接受 执行\n 已接受 未接受 不相关 考虑中 暂缺 已执行 进行中 未开始 暂缺", "工发组织 62.73 2.73 10.00 9.09 15.45 56.52 23.19 13.04 7.25", "四. 需要理事会注意的联检组具体建议", "7. 在联检组关于“联合国系统各组织的网络安全”的报告（JIU/REP/2021/3）中，联检组“检查专员回顾，在2017年致秘书长的一封信中，参加首次联席会议的联合国系统各监督委员会的代表查明，在联合国系统各组织的三项核心关切中，管理层需要适当考虑新风险和正在出现的风险，尤其是对网络安全构成的全球和关键业务威胁，以及随数字化转型步伐加快而出现的新工作方式所带来的风险。”", "8. 工发组织外聘审计员在其关于工发组织2021年1月1日至12月31日财政年度账目的报告（ IDB.50/3-PBC.38/3）中，并参考其以往的报告（IDB.49/3-PBC.37/3），“建议工发组织考虑采取措施提高总体网络安全水平，并降低风险，防止真正的攻击者利用……发现的漏洞”（建议47提及）。作为答复，工发组织告知，“增加2022-2023两年期信息技术预算的提案仅得到成员国的部分支持。与解决成功获取内部数据的根本原因相关的某些关键举措，如实行多因素身份认证，被推迟到解决资源配置问题之后。”外聘审计员认可通过渗透测试确定的关键漏洞已得到补救。同时，外聘审计员指出，现有的网络安全总体水平不足以防范进一步攻击，因此必须建立漏洞管理流程。", "9. 在这方面，还应注意到，独立监督咨询委员会（监咨委）同样对本组织在信息技术服务的状况包括网络安全方面被迫接受的高风险表示关切，并提请理事会紧急注意这一问题，以便考虑采取适当行动，争取立法和理事机构的支持并获得足够的资源分配（IDB.50/22号文件提到）。", "五. 联检组2022年和2023年工作方案", "10. 同往年一样，联检组通报了其2022年工作方案，并邀请各参与组织就其2023年工作方案提出建议。", "11. 联检组2022年工作方案包括六项审查，其中五项审查覆盖全系统，另一项审查涉及对某一参与组织的管理和行政审查。", "12. 以下五项审查与工发组织有关：", "(a) 联合国系统各组织的弹性工作安排；", "(b) 审查联合国系统各组织的精神卫生和心理健康政策和做法；", "(c) 审查联合国系统各组织接受和执行联检组建议的情况、联检组各参加组织处理联检组报告的过程以及其立法/理事机构对报告的审议情况；", "(d) 审查联合国系统各组织健康保险计划的质量、效力、效率和可持续性；", "(e) 审查联合国系统各组织使用编外人员情况及有关合同模式。", "13. 联检组2023年初步工作方案包括以下审查：", "(a) 审查联合国系统各组织的分散式评价职能；", "(b) 审查联合国系统的医疗服务；", "(c) 审查联合国系统各组织防止和应对性剥削和性虐待以及性骚扰的政策和做法；", "(d) 审查联合国系统各组织的信息技术战略和治理与组织目标的一致性；", "(e) 审查联合国系统各组织的数据治理框架和做法；", "(f) 审查联合国系统的数据隐私政策和做法。", "14. 工发组织继续赞赏地注意到联检组与首协会秘书处之间的紧密合作。", "六. 需请理事会采取的行动", "15. 理事会似宜注意到本文件所载信息，并就IDB.50/CRP.9号会议室文件所总结的给联合国系统各组织行政首长及立法和理事机构的建议提供具体指导意见。", "[1] 所有正式语文本的联检组报告和说明以及联检组提交联合国大会的年度报告可以通过联检组网站（www.unjiu.org）查阅。", "[2] 在本报告编写之时。", "[3] 进一步详情见附件一。", "[4] 关于访问联检组网络跟踪系统的相关信息，请参见第4段。", "[5] 按照联检组网络跟踪系统所载信息。" ]

[ "工业发展理事会第五十届会议 2022年11月21日至23日,维也纳 临时议程项目14\n联合检查股的活动", "联合检查组的活动", "总干事的报告", "本文件介绍了联合检查组(联检组)根据IDB.24/Dec.11号决定根据建议后续计划所开展活动的情况。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 1. 联合检查组(联检组)根据IDB.1/Dec.22号决定成为工业发展理事会的一个附属机构。 IDB号文件概述了落实联检组建议的制度。 第24/18号决定,随后经IDB.24/Dec.11号决定核准。 根据其中的规定,联检组的报告由理事会每届常会审议。", "二. 联合检查组提交的报告和说明", "2. 联合国 自理事会上一份关于这一问题的文件(IDB.49/21)以来,本组织在2021和2022年共收到联检组的7份报告[1]。 下列六份报告与工发组织有关:", "JIU/REP/2020/7:联合国系统内的区块链应用:准备就绪;", "JIU/REP/2021/2:审查联合国系统对内陆发展中国家执行《维也纳行动纲领》的支助;", "JIU/REP/2021/3:联合国系统各组织的网络安全;", "JIU/REP/2021/4:审查联合国系统各组织执行伙伴的管理情况;", "JIU/REP/2021/5:审查联合国系统的道德操守职能;", "JIU/REP/2021/6:联合国系统各组织的业务连续性管理。", "3个 本文件由一份会议室文件(IDB.50/CRP.9)作补充,其中载有联检组各份报告的超链接以及联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长协调会)对上述报告的相关评论的超链接。 回顾适用于工发组织的建议和统计数字可通过网上跟踪系统(WBTS)查阅。 [3] 世行服务处还包括工发组织对建议的遵守情况和评论意见。 IDB.50/CRP.9号文件载有供工发组织总干事和工发组织立法机构审议的建议摘要以及工发组织的意见。", "三. 工发组织执行联合检查组建议的情况", " 4.四. 如前几次报告所述,会员国可以只读取关于联检组世行技术服务建议执行情况的综合数据。 感兴趣的成员国可通过评价和内部监督办公室的工发组织联检组事务协调中心,通过电子邮件eio@unido.org向联检组登记。", "5 (韩语). 工发组织向世行技援处提供过去三年所提出建议的相关信息。 这包括关于建议接受状况、执行情况和所取得影响的信息。", "6. 国家 下表列出了工发组织2019-2021年期间的接受和实施状况。 它显示为所提建议的百分比。", "表[4](截至2022年8月31日的状况)", "接受情况\n未接受的相关考虑", "工发组织 62.73 2.73 10.00 9.09 15.45 56.52 23.19 13.04 7.25", "四、结 论 需要理事会注意的联检组具体建议", "7. 联合国 在联检组关于联合国系统各组织网络安全的报告(JIU/REP/2021/3)中,联检组 “检查专员回顾2017年给秘书长的信,其中联合国系统监督委员会的代表在其第一次联席会议上指出,联合国系统各组织的三个核心关切问题是,管理层需要适当考虑新出现的风险,特别是全球和企业对网络安全构成的严重威胁,以及随着数字化转型步伐加快而出现的新工作方式所产生的风险。 “", "8. 联合国 工发组织外聘审计员在其关于工发组织2021年1月1日至12月31日财政年度决算的报告(IDB.50/3-PBC.38/3)中并提及其上份报告(IDB.49/3-PBC.37/3),“建议工发组织考虑采取措施,提高网络安全的总体水平并减少实际攻击者利用所发现的脆弱性的风险”(提及建议47)。 工发组织在答复中说, \" 增加信息技术预算的建议仅得到成员国2022-2023两年期部分支持。 某些与解决成功获取内部数据的根本原因有关的关键举措被推迟,例如实施多要素认证,直到解决资源问题”。 外聘审计员承认,通过渗透测试查明的关键弱点已经得到补救。 与此同时,外聘审计员指出,现有的网络安全总体水平并不能保证提供足够的保护,防止进一步的攻击,必须建立脆弱性管理程序。", "9. 国家 在这方面还应当指出,独立监督咨询委员会同样对本组织被迫接受其信息技术服务包括网络安全状况的高风险表示关切,并提请理事会紧急注意这一问题,以考虑采取适当行动,争取立法和理事机构的支持并获得适当的资源分配(参见IDB.50/22号文件)。", " V. 联检组2022和2023年工作方案", "10个 与往年一样,联检组通报了2022年工作方案,还邀请各参加组织就2023年工作方案提出建议。", "11个 联检组2022年工作方案包括六项审查。 其中五项审查涉及全系统范围,一项涉及参与组织的管理和行政审查。", "12个 下列五项审查是工发组织感兴趣的:", "(a) 联合国系统各组织的灵活工作安排;", "(b) 审查联合国系统各组织的精神健康和福利政策和做法;", "(c) 审查联合国系统各组织接受和执行联检组建议的情况,联检组各参加组织处理联检组报告的过程及其立法/理事机构对这些报告的审议情况;", "(d) 审查联合国系统各组织健康保险计划的质量、效力、效率和可持续性;", "(e) 审查联合国系统使用编外人员和有关合同方式的情况。", "13个 联检组2023年初步工作方案包括下列审查:", "(a) 审查联合国系统各组织分散的评价职能;", "(b) 审查联合国系统内的医疗服务;", "(c) 审查联合国系统各组织防止和应对性剥削和性虐待及性骚扰的政策和做法;", "(d) 审查信息技术战略和治理是否符合联合国系统各组织的组织目标;", "(e) 审查联合国系统各组织的数据管理框架和做法;", "(f) 审查联合国系统内的数据保密政策和做法。", "14个 工发组织继续赞赏地注意到联检组同行政首长协调会秘书处之间的密切合作。", "六、结 论 需请理事会采取的行动", "15个 如会议室文件IDB.50/CRP.9所概述,理事会似宜注意到本文件所载的资料并就向联合国系统各组织及立法和理事机构行政首长所提出的建议提供具体指导。", "[1] 联检组的报告和说明以及联检组提交大会的年度报告的所有正式语文本均可从联检组网站(www.unjiu.org)上查阅。", "[2] 在编写本报告时。", "[3] 请参看第4段,以了解关于联检组WBTS的资料。", "[4] 根据联检组世行技术处所载资料。" ]

[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 15 of the provisionalagenda UNIDO Independent Oversight \n Advisory Committee", "Report of the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee", "Report by the Chair", "This document is issued pursuant to decisions IDB.44/Dec.4 and IDB.48/Dec.5, which adopted the revised terms of reference for the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee (OAC). The present report provides information on the OAC’s activities and advice.", "I. Introduction", "1. Since the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee (OAC) last reported to the Board (IDB.49/22), the OAC held multiple meetings virtually due to travel restrictions. This included its seventh and eighth meetings in July and December 2021 respectively. The ninth meeting took place at UNIDO headquarters in June 2022.", "2. The OAC work continues to focus on the key mandate defined in its terms of reference.", "3. For 2022, the OAC continues to emphasize three priority areas: results-based management (RBM); independence and resources for oversight functions (evaluation, investigation and internal audit); and implementation of recommendations and management action plans (MAPs).", "4. This document provides highlights on: (a) key achievements by UNIDO in governance, accountability, evaluation and internal audit; and (b) key areas of residual risk the OAC believes the Board should be aware of and consider in its deliberations.", "5. The OAC takes note of the ongoing reform and restructuring of UNIDO under the Director General, Mr. Gerd Müller. The OAC will follow up on the impact of this reform on areas related to its mandate, such as governance, accountability, oversight, compliance and RBM. The OAC remains ready to provide specific advice to the new administration on any related areas, as requested.", "II. Progress in governance, risk management and oversight at UNIDO", "Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight", "6. The OAC is pleased to recognize that the Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight (EIO) has promulgated revised evaluation (DGB/2021/11), internal audit (DGB/2021/12) and investigation (DGB/2021/13) policies in September 2021, and issued Investigation Guidelines in May 2022 (AI/2022/03).", "7. The OAC reviewed the delivery status of EIO evaluation and internal audit workplans for 2022–2023. The OAC noted the strategic alignment of EIO workplans, and welcomes that these plans will be reviewed and, if necessary, adjusted to align with the outcome of organizational restructuring and new management priorities.", "8. The OAC recognizes EIO’s internal audit and evaluation engagements conducted in the last year, in particular, the:", "• First joint advisory engagement undertaken by audit and evaluation functions on COVID-19 lessons learned;", "• Internal audit assurance review of the full cost recovery process; and", "• Independent evaluations of UNIDO’s Policy (2015) and Strategy (2016–2019) on Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women, UNIDO’s medium-term programme framework (MTPF) 2018–2021 and of the Programme for Country Partnership in Senegal.", "External audit", "9. The OAC is pleased with the unqualified opinion by the External Auditor in their report on the accounts of UNIDO for the financial year 1 January to 31 December 2021 (IDB.50/3–PBC.38/3) and has provided comments on the report (PBC.38/CRP.3).", "10. The OAC recommends that management accelerate the implementation of outstanding recommendations and action plans from past external audit reports.", "Coordinating management action plans", "11. The OAC took note of the Director General bulletins announcing the new structure for some Directorates[1] and noted that the establishment of the function of the Focal Point for the monitoring and implementation of recommendations and MAPs (formerly assigned to the Managing Director of the Directorate of Corporate Management and Operations) is not yet explicit. This role is key to coordinating monitoring and implementation as a management responsibility. It should have a very high level of authority to ensure the implementation of MAPs.", "12. The OAC strongly recommends that UNIDO management consolidate the recommendations and MAPs from different assurance providers for prioritization of various actions.", "III. Challenges requiring further attention", "Results-based budgeting and management", "13. The Organization is learning from the first results-based budget. Tracking results for non-operational (e.g. financial) targets is less challenging than operational results, and outcome and impact, where baselines were not available. The current budget cycle will help provide the baselines. In the next annual report, the OAC would expect to see more evidence of results. The main challenges are the quality of data and coverage, and having a more systematic use of data and indicators for decision-making. UNIDO still has a long way to go, and there is need for culture change.", "14. Aligning strategy to the programme and budgets and to workplans remains a gap and a major challenge. The MTPF evaluation highlights these issues and MAPs have been formulated to address them.", "15. Overarching constraints on skills and capacities need to be addressed to foster a stronger RBM culture in-house.", "16. Another challenge is to ensure Member States’ commitment to the process by recognizing the importance of allocating budgets according to results, ensuring that UNIDO continues moving forward with RBB under the next budget cycle.", "Oversight function within UNIDO", "17. The OAC reiterates the concerns it has raised previously, also noted by the External Auditors, that the inadequate operational resources devoted to the Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight do not allow it to cover priority high-risk and evidence gaps at UNIDO from an audit, evaluation and investigation perspective. Resource constraints mean that the assurance EIO can provide to the Board is limited.", "18. The OAC reiterates that there is a need for a more transparent, sustainable and predictable operational budget for independent oversight functions. The OAC appreciates that its recommendation to clearly separate resources for EIO functions in the programme and budgets is being considered in the current UNIDO restructuring. Urgent attention should be given to strengthening the EIO investigation function with adequate staffing and resources.", "Enterprise risk management", "19. During its regular meetings, the OAC was provided updates by the former Special Adviser to the Director General on Operations Coordination and Risk Management on activities and challenges in connection with enterprise risk management (ERM).", "20. The OAC noted that challenges exist with the implementation of the Results and Risk Focal Points’ network and that this required further institutionalization, and that currently the process did not appear to be owned by management. At the date of writing this report, the location and responsibilities for the ERM function within the new UNIDO structure has not been articulated. The OAC will follow up on this matter.", "Information technology and cybersecurity", "21. The OAC has received updates on the challenges related to information technology (IT) and cybersecurity, and notes with concern that there has not been much progress in funding to address the gaps that increase IT security risk and future budgetary implications if not resolved.", "22. The OAC noted that a data protection policy is under development.", "UNIDO reform and restructuring", "23. The need for change management within UNIDO during and after the announcement of the structural changes is crucial. The OAC encourages the Director General to make use of the OAC’s advice in strengthening UNIDO’s governance and accountability framework.", "24. Strong support by the Director General on RBB, RBM and ERM is essential to make the Organization more result-focused, more effective and impactful.", "IV. Action required of the Board", "25. The Board may wish to take note of the information contained in the present document and provide guidance on the following:", "(a) Suggested priority areas for further attention by the OAC in 2022 and 2023; and", "(b) Further strengthening the EIO functions, as an independent authority over the financial and human resources allocated to EIO, based on the EIO Charter (Board decision IDB.48/Dec.10).", "[1] DGB/2022/14 of 3 August 2022 and DGB/2022/15 of 5 August 2022." ]

[ "工业发展理事会", "第五十届会议", "2022年11月21日至23日，维也纳", "临时议程项目15", "工发组织独立监督咨询委员会", "独立监督咨询委员会的报告", "主席的报告", "本文件系根据IDB.44/Dec.4和IDB.48/Dec.5号决定而印发，这两项决定通过了经修订的独立监督咨询委员会（监咨委）职权范围。本报告介绍监咨委的活动情况和咨询建议。", "一. 导言", "1. 自独立监督咨询委员会（监咨委）上次向理事会提交报告（IDB.49/22）以来，由于旅行限制，监咨委以虚拟方式举行了多次会议。这些会议包括分别于2021年7月和12月举行的第七次和第八次会议。第九次会议于2022年6月在工发组织总部举行。", "2. 监咨委的工作继续侧重于其职权范围规定的关键任务。", "3. 2022年，监咨委继续注重三个优先领域：成果管理制；监督职能（评价、调查和内部审计）的独立性和资源；各项建议和管理行动计划的执行情况。", "4. 本文件重点介绍：(a)工发组织在治理、问责制、评价和内部审计方面取得的主要成就；以及(b)监咨委认为理事会在审议中应当了解并考虑的剩余风险的关键领域。", "5. 监咨委注意到工发组织在总干事Gerd Müller先生领导下正在进行的改革和结构调整。监咨委将跟进这一改革对与其任务授权有关的各领域的影响，如治理、问责制、监督、合规和成果管理制。监咨委随时准备应要求就任何相关领域向新的领导层提供具体咨询意见。", "出于可持续性的原因，本文件未作印发。敬请各位代表参阅所有文件的电子版。", "二. 工发组织在治理、风险管理和监督方面的进展", "评价和内部监督办公室", "6. 监咨委高兴地注意到，评价和内部监督办公室于2021年9月颁布了经修订的评价（DGB/2021/11）、内部审计（DGB/2021/12）和调查（DGB/2021/13）政策，并于2022年5月发布了《调查准则》（AI/2022/03）。", "7. 监咨委审查了评价和内部监督办公室2022-2023年评价和内部审计工作计划的执行情况。监咨委注意到评价和内部监督办公室工作计划的战略一致性，并欢迎将对这些计划进行审查，并在必要时进行调整，使之与组织结构调整的结果和新的管理优先事项保持一致。", "8. 监咨委认可评价和内部监督办公室在过去一年进行的内部审计和评价工作，特别是：", "• 审计和评价职能部门就COVID-19经验教训开展的首次联合咨询活动；", "• 全额费用回收过程的内部审计保证审查；", "• 对《工发组织性别平等和增强妇女权能政策》（2015年）和《战略》（2016-2019年）、工发组织2018-2021年中期方案纲要以及塞内加尔国别伙伴关系方案的独立评价。", "外部审计", "9. 监咨委对外聘审计员在其关于工发组织2021年1月1日至12月31日财政年度账目的报告（IDB.50/3-PBC.38/3）中提出无保留意见感到高兴，并就该报告发表了评论意见（PBC.38/CRP.3）。", "10. 监咨委建议管理层加快落实以往外部审计报告中尚未落实的建议和行动计划。", "对管理行动计划进行协调", "11. 监咨委注意到，总干事公报宣布了一些总司的新结构，[1]并注意到设立建议和管理行动计划监测和执行协调人职能（以前归总体管理和业务总司执行干事）一事尚未明确。这一角色对于作为一项管理职责协调监测和执行工作至关重要。这一角色应当拥有很高的权力，以确保管理行动计划得到执行。", "12. 监咨委强烈建议工发组织管理层整合来自不同保证提供方的建议和管理行动计划，以确定各项行动的优先次序。", "三. 需要进一步关注的挑战", "按成果编制预算和成果管理制", "13. 本组织正在从第一份基于成果的预算中吸取经验教训。在没有基准数据的情况下，跟踪非业务（例如财务）目标的成果比跟踪业务成果以及结果和影响的挑战性要小一些。本预算周期将有助于提供基准数据。在下一份年度报告中，监咨委预期将看到更多的成果证据。主要挑战是数据的质量和覆盖面，以及更系统地将数据和指标用于决策。工发组织仍有很长的路要走，需要改变文化。", "14. 调整战略使之与方案和预算以及工作计划相一致仍然是一个差距和重大挑战。中期方案纲要的评价强调了这些问题，并为解决这些问题制定了管理行动计划。", "15. 需要解决技能和能力方面的总体局限性，以在内部培养更强有力的成果管理制文化。", "16. 另一项挑战是，通过认识到按成果分配预算的重要性，确保成员国对这一进程的承诺，从而确保工发组织在下一个预算周期继续推进成果预算制。", "工发组织内部的监督职能", "17. 监咨委重申以前曾提出的关切，外聘审计员也提到这一关切，就是专用于评价和内部监督办公室的业务资源不够，不允许该办公室涵盖从审计、评价和调查的角度看工发组织的优先高风险领域和证据差距。资源限制意味着评价和内部监督办公室能够向理事会提供的保证是有限的。", "18. 监咨委重申，需要为各项独立监督职能编制更加透明、可持续和可预测的业务预算。监咨委赞赏地注意到，目前工发组织的结构调整正在考虑监咨委关于在方案和预算中明确分开用于评价和内部监督办公室各项职能的资源的建议。迫切需要关注加强评价和内部监督办公室的调查职能，为之配备充足的人员和提供充足的资源。", "机构风险管理", "19. 在定期会议期间，监咨委听取了前总干事业务协调和风险管理特别顾问关于与机构风险管理有关的活动和挑战的最新情况介绍。", "20. 监咨委指出，在实施成果和风险协调人网络方面存在挑战，需要进一步制度化，目前这一进程似乎不归管理层掌控。在撰写本报告之时，机构风险管理职能在工发组织新结构中的位置和职责尚未明确。监咨委将跟进此事。", "信息技术和网络安全", "21. 监咨委收到了关于信息技术和网络安全相关挑战的最新报告，并且关切地注意到，在提供资金以解决差距方面没有取得多大进展，这些差距如果不解决，将增加信息技术安全风险和未来的预算影响。", "22. 监咨委注意到正在制定数据保护政策。", "工发组织的改革和结构调整", "23. 在宣布结构变革期间和之后，工发组织内部需要进行变革管理，这一点至关重要。监咨委鼓励总干事利用监咨委的建议加强工发组织的治理和问责框架。", "24. 总干事对成果预算制、成果管理制和机构风险管理的大力支持对于使本组织更加注重成果、更加有效和更有影响力至关重要。", "四. 需请理事会采取的行动", "25. 理事会不妨注意到本文件所载信息，并就以下方面提供指导意见:", "(a) 建议监咨委在2022年和2023年进一步关注的优先领域；", "(b) 根据《评价和内部监督办公室章程》（理事会IDB.48/Dec.10号决定），进一步加强评价和内部监督办公室的各项职能，将其作为对于分配给该办公室的财政和人力资源的独立管理部门。", "[1] 2022年8月3日的DGB/2022/14和2022年8月5日的DGB/2022/15。" ]

[ "工业发展理事会第五十届会议 2022年11月21日至23日,维也纳 临时议程项目15\n咨询委员会", "独立审计咨询委员会的报告", "主席的报告", "本文件是依照IDB.44/Dec.4和IDB.48/Dec.5号决定印发的,这些决定通过了独立审计咨询委员会(监督咨询委员会)的订正职权范围。 本报告介绍业务咨询委员会的活动和咨询意见。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 自独立监督咨询委员会(监督咨询委员会)上次向理事会报告以来(IDB.49/22),实际上由于旅行限制,监督咨询委员会举行了多次会议。 这包括分别于2021年7月和12月举行的第七次和第八次会议。 第九次会议于2022年6月在工发组织总部举行。", "2. 联合国 业务咨询委员会的工作继续侧重于其职权范围所确定的关键任务。", "3个 2022年,审计咨询委员会继续强调三个优先领域:成果管理制;监督职能(评价、调查和内部审计)的独立性和资源;执行建议和管理行动计划。", " 4.四. 本文件重点介绍了:(a)工发组织在治理、问责制、评价和内部审计等方面取得的主要成就;(b)审计咨询委员会认为理事会在审议中应意识到并审议剩余风险的关键领域。", "5 (韩语). 审计咨询委员会注意到工发组织在总干事Gerd Müller先生领导下正在进行的改革和改组。 审计咨询委员会将跟踪这一改革对与其任务有关的领域的影响,如治理、问责制、监督、遵守和成果管理制。 主计长办公室仍然随时准备应要求就任何相关领域向新政府提供具体咨询意见。", "二. 工发组织在治理、风险管理和监督方面的进展", "评价与内部监督办公室", "6. 国家 审计咨询委员会高兴地认识到,评价和内部监督办公室于2021年9月颁布了经修订的评价(DGB/2021/11)、内部审计(DGB/2021/12)和调查(DGB/2021/13)政策,并于2022年5月发布了调查准则(AI/2022/03)。", "7. 联合国 审计干事审查了执行主任办公室2022-2023年评价和内部审计工作计划的执行情况。 审计咨询委员会注意到环境信息办公室工作计划的战略调整,并欣见将对这些计划进行审查并作必要调整,以与组织结构调整和新的管理优先事项相配合。", "8. 联合国 审计干事承认执行主任办公室去年进行的内部审计和评价工作,特别是:", "二. 支助 审计和评价职能首次就COVID-19的经验教训进行联合咨询;", "• 对全部费用回收过程进行内部审计保证审查;", "对工发组织关于两性平等和妇女赋权的政策(2015年)和战略(2016-2019年)、工发组织2018-2021年中期方案纲要和塞内加尔国家伙伴关系方案进行独立评价。", "外部审计", "9. 国家 审计咨询委员会对外聘审计员在其关于工发组织2021年1月1日至12月31日财政年度决算的报告(IDB.50/3-PBC.38/3)中发表的无保留意见感到高兴,并就报告(PBC.38/CRP.3)提出了评论意见。", "10个 审计咨询委员会建议管理层加快执行以往外部审计报告中尚未执行的建议和行动计划。", "协调管理行动计划", "11个 审计咨询委员会注意到总干事的公告,其中宣布了一些局的新结构[1],并指出,尚未明确设立监测和执行建议协调中心和管理计划(以前分配给公司管理和业务局总裁)的职能。 作为管理责任,这一作用是协调监测和执行工作的关键。 它应当拥有非常高的权威来确保《行动计划》的实施。", "12个 审计咨询委员会强烈建议工发组织管理层将不同保证机构的建议和管理计划加以合并,以便确定各种行动的优先次序。", "三. 需要进一步注意的挑战", "成果预算编制和管理", "13个 本组织正在学习第一个成果预算。 非业务(如财务)目标的跟踪结果不如没有基线的业务结果、结果和影响那样具有挑战性。 本预算周期将有助于提供基线。 在下一份年度报告中,审计咨询委员会期望看到更多的成果证据。 主要的挑战在于数据的质量和覆盖面,以及更系统地利用数据和指标进行决策。 工发组织还有很长的路要走,需要改变文化。", "14个 使战略与方案和预算以及工作计划保持一致仍然是一个空白和重大挑战。 中期方案纲要评价突出强调了这些问题,并制定了解决这些问题的管理计划。", "15个 需要解决对技能和能力的最大限制,以在内部培养更强有力的成果管理制文化。", "16号. 另一个挑战是通过承认按成果分配预算的重要性,确保成员国对这一进程的承诺,确保工发组织在下一个预算周期内继续推进成果预算制。", "工发组织内的监督职能", "17岁。 审计咨询委员会重申其先前提出的、外聘审计员也注意到的关切,即专门用于评价和内部监督办公室的业务资源不足,无法从审计、评价和调查的角度弥补工发组织在高风险和证据方面的优先差距。 资源限制意味着EIO能够向委员会提供的保证有限。", "18岁。 审计咨询委员会重申,独立监督职能需要更加透明、可持续和可预测的业务预算。 审计咨询委员会赞赏其建议,即在工发组织目前的结构调整中考虑在方案和预算中明确划分环境信息办公室职能的资源。 应紧急注意加强环境信息办公室的调查职能,配备足够的人员和资源。", "企业风险管理", " 19. 19. 在常会上,前业务协调和风险管理问题特别顾问向业务咨询委员会介绍了与企业风险管理有关的活动和挑战的最新情况。", "20号. 审计咨询委员会指出,在实施成果和风险协调中心网络方面存在着挑战,这需要进一步制度化,目前这一进程似乎并非管理层所拥有。 在编写本报告时,尚未阐明机构风险管理职能在工发组织新结构内的位置和责任。 奥委会将就此事采取后续行动。", "信息技术和网络安全", "21岁 业务咨询委员会收到了有关信息技术和网络安全方面挑战的最新情况,并关切地注意到,在解决增加信息技术安全风险的差距方面没有取得多大进展,而且如果不解决今后所涉预算问题。", "22号. 审计咨询委员会指出,目前正在制定一项数据保护政策。", "工发组织的改革和改组", "23. 联合国 在宣布结构改革期间和之后,工发组织内部改革管理的必要性至关重要。 审计咨询委员会鼓励总干事利用审计咨询委员会的建议加强工发组织的管理和问责制框架。", "24 (韩语). 总干事对成果预算制、成果管理制和机构风险管理的大力支持对于使本组织更注重成果、更有效和更具影响力至关重要。", "四、结 论 需请理事会采取的行动", "25岁 6. 理事会似宜注意到本文件所载的资料并就以下方面提供指导意见:", "(a) 建议由业务咨询委员会在2022和2023年进一步注意的优先领域;", "(b) 根据《环境信息组织宪章》,进一步加强环境信息组织的职能,作为分配给环境信息组织的财政和人力资源的独立机构(理事会IDB.48/Dec.10号决定)。", "[1] 2022年8月3日的DGB/2022/14和2022年8月5日的DGB/2022/15." ]

[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 16 of the provisionalagenda \nEvaluation and internaloversight activities", "Evaluation activities", "Report by the Director of the Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight", "The present report provides information on the activities of the evaluation function in accordance with decisions IDB.44/Dec.3 and IDB.48/Dec.10, and updates the previous report contained in IDB.49/24.", "I. Background", "1. The Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight (EIO) is responsible for the oversight functions, which include the internal audit, investigation and evaluation functions. The mandate of EIO is to provide independent and objective assurance, advice, investigation and evaluation for the purpose of adding value to and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of UNIDO’s operations, internal control framework, risk management, results-based management and governance processes. In addition, EIO is also the focal point for coordinating the activities of the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) of the United Nations, and serves as the Secretariat to the UNIDO Independent Oversight Advisory Committee (OAC).", "2. The evaluation function is governed by the EIO Charter,[1] and the UNIDO Evaluation Policy (revised version issued in 2021).[2] The evaluation function is further guided by the Evaluation Manual. The evaluation function manages, conducts and provides quality assurance to different kinds of independent evaluations within UNIDO and monitors the management response to such evaluations.", "3. Currently, the EIO evaluation function’s budgeted posts comprise four Professional and one General Service staff. One of the Professional posts is currently vacant.", "II. Key achievements in the reporting period", "4. EIO policy framework further strengthened: A major stepping stone achieved in 2021 was the issuance of the revised evaluation policy, further reinforcing the Office’s oversight role, as well as its independence, based on the EIO Charter.", "5. EIO risk and evidence gaps assessment methodology, and audit and evaluation universe enhanced and aligned with UNIDO’s medium-term programme framework 2022–2025, and results-based programme and budgets 2022–2023 to reflect UNIDO’s strategic objectives in all five results areas. This provided a strong basis for ensuring the alignment of EIO’s work with the strategic areas of UNIDO for a more effective selection and coordination of independent evaluations, and for optimizing complementarities and reducing the potential duplication of efforts among all assurance providers (i.e. the internal audit function, the evaluation function, the External Auditor and the JIU).", "6. EIO as an agile advisor in a period of uncertainty and rapid change: Further to the issuance of the EIO strategy 2020–2024,[3] issued in January 2020 as a key management and accountability framework for EIO, the Office continued adjusting its activities to ensure it is adding value to the achievement of the goals and objectives of the Organization and that it remains strategically aligned. Despite the constraints and challenges imposed in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) context, EIO remained agile and proved that its services are, and continue to be key for informed decision-making, innovation and change. According to management, evaluations benefited decision makers by providing the basis for consideration on key areas, such as results-based management, monitoring and reporting, and other organizational areas for improvement.", "III. Overview of EIO evaluation work", "7. During the year, EIO further adjusted its workplan to the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic to ensure that its evaluation activities continued to provide evidence-based information at strategic and project levels.", "8. In the reporting period, the following four strategic and corporate-level evaluations were conducted and completed:", "(a) Independent thematic evaluation. UNIDO Policy (2015) and Strategy (2016–2019) on Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women;", "(b) Independent evaluation. Programme for Country Partnership (PCP) in Senegal, 2015–2021;", "(c) Independent thematic evaluation. UNIDO medium-term programme framework (MTPF) 2018–2021; and", "(d) Independent thematic evaluation. UNIDO’s capacities to contribute to transformational change.", "9. In addition, 20 independent project evaluations were managed, quality assurance was provided and evaluation reports issued. Evaluations of technical cooperation projects and programmes were financed from the respective project and programme budgets.", "10. All UNIDO independent evaluation reports are available on the UNIDO website (www.unido.org/resources/evaluation).", "11. Acceptance and implementation by management of recommendations from project evaluations continued to be monitored by the Office.", "12. Since 2021, for all strategic evaluations (including thematic, country-level evaluations) that assess systemic, cross-cutting and/or corporate level areas, the introduction of agreed management action plans (MAPs) that are based on findings and recommendations from these evaluations, have been implemented. This is expected to further increase management commitment and ownership in addressing the areas for improvement that these evaluations identified. So far, a total of 12 MAPs were agreed with the responsible management and issued by end of August 2022. During the reporting period, five MAPs were closed, seven MAPs were considered ongoing and the level of implementation will continue being monitored.", "13. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the planned on-site evaluation training, as a contribution to building and strengthening national evaluation capacities in Member States, had to be postponed. To facilitate the conduct of future such trainings, independent from outside factors, EIO developed an online evaluation training that will be launched in the last quarter of 2022 for wider use by both staff and external partners.", "14. EIO provided evaluation inputs and advice to several initiatives launched, such as the strengthening of UNIDO’s normative role and the development of programmatic service modules and self-evaluation of country programmes.", "15. EIO confirms that in performing its evaluation activities during the reporting period, it functioned independently and objectively without any interference and/or influence from any internal or external parties. However, limitations due to operational budget and human resource constraints should be noted.", "IV. Key findings from recent strategic evaluations", "16. UNIDO Policy (2015) and Strategy (2016–2019) on Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women. The findings indicate that UNIDO has made significant progress in establishing a relevant and effective gender architecture, including the gender office and the gender focal point network. This architecture enables and encourages gender analysis at the stage of programme and project formulation, and provides a solid basis for changing the mindset of UNIDO staff at the programme and project level. Areas that require further attention include data collection and analysis systems for research, monitoring and reporting, strategic planning, incentive systems to promote behavioural change, management action to adopt and enforce unit level gender action plans, and further field-level gender focal points engagement. The evaluation also confirmed gender disparity at all Professional staff levels but particularly at senior levels.", "17. UNIDO medium-term programme framework (MTPF) 2018–2021. The independent evaluation found that the MTPF provided a vision and mission to UNIDO staff and stakeholders, and helped establish an improved results’ chain between UNIDO’s work and its expected development results. However, UNIDO senior management, staff and Member States made limited use of it as a planning or monitoring tool, mainly due to their low sense of ownership and accountability to implement the MTPF. While several positive changes occurred at the organizational level, the MTPF neither had an impact on nor led to significant shifts in UNIDO’s strategic direction. As such, it is more a mirror reflecting what UNIDO has already been doing, than a telescope indicating where the Organization is going in the future.", "18. Programme for Country Partnership for Senegal, 2015–2021. The independent evaluation of PCP Senegal found that the PCP contributed to the Government’s industrialization efforts in different areas, including industrial parks and agro-poles, and the support of the Ministry of Industrial Development and Small and Medium-Sized Industries. The originally high relevance of the PCP diluted over time by including all UNIDO interventions implemented in the country under the programme. Resources available for UNIDO’s PCP coordination role were found to be a bottleneck resulting in weaknesses in terms of monitoring and reporting, in particular in relation to co-funding from different partners. The evaluation recommended improving these areas in case of a second phase.", "19. UNIDO’s capacities to contribute to transformational change. This independent evaluation focused on how the design of UNIDO’s development cooperation projects and programmes addresses the complexity of socioeconomic and ecological systems. It found that major improvements are possible by applying some system analysis tools more systematically and recommended a stronger emphasis on thematic programming.", "V. Cooperation with the United Nations and other evaluation bodies", "20. Throughout the reporting period, the EIO evaluation function was actively involved in the activities of the United Nations Evaluation Group (UNEG). Among other, EIO participated in specialized UNEG working groups in Evaluation Practice Exchange events, and took part (as member of the peer review panel) in the peer review of the evaluation function for the United Nations Institute for Training and Research. EIO also served on the panel of evaluation experts reviewing the updated evaluation policy of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization covering the period 2022–2029. Following an invitation from the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the EIO evaluation function participated in a study on the use of evaluation at IOM.", "21. EIO participated in strategic evaluations led by other organizations, such as the ongoing evaluation of the European Union’s cooperation with the United Nations and the evaluation of the Partnership for Action on the Green Economy.", "VI. Strengthening governance of the evaluation function", "22. The EIO evaluation function keeps providing the OAC with an overview on its activities during its regular meetings, and sharing its workplans with the OAC for advice.", "VII. Outlook", "23. The biennial EIO evaluation workplan and budgets for 2022–2023 is based on an evidence gap assessment and was approved by the Director General in early 2022. The thematic evaluation of the PCP strategic framework and the evaluation of the PCP Peru are planned for the second half of 2022. In addition, more than 15 mandatory project terminal evaluations are expected to be managed and conducted in 2022. A joint advisory engagement by the internal audit and evaluation functions on UNIDO partnerships with the private sector will be conducted. This joint engagement will assess UNIDO’s past experiences and the current status of strategic partnerships with the private sector.", "24. In 2022, the Director General has initiated an organizational reform and restructuring of UNIDO, which will be duly considered in the review and update of EIO workplans for 2022–2023. A midterm review of the EIO strategy will also be conducted to ensure EIO’s independent evaluation function continues to meet the needs for oversight, accountability and learning in the new organizational context, and keeps contributing to a more efficient, effective and impactful organization.", "25. EIO will continue its briefings to Member States to foster dialogue, to present evaluation activities and the updated workplan, and to share key findings from strategic evaluations.", "26. EIO will continue exploring the possibilities for the establishment of a sustainable and predictable evaluation funding mechanism with the purpose to further strengthen the operational independence of the evaluation function. One proposal would be to merge the endowment of evaluation funds allocated as part of the overall projects and programmes budgets. The proposed funding mechanism would facilitate the creation of synergies and the increase of the operational capacity of EIO.", "27. EIO will also continue updating its evaluation guidance documents to adapt them to new, or revised internal policy frameworks, requirements from donors, the United Nations reform and to international evaluation standards.", "28. Within the current resources limitations, the evaluation function is not in a position to fully cover all identified high priority evidence gaps areas included in its workplan. The vacant post for an evaluation officer is expected to be filled in the coming months.", "29. As ever, the impact of internal oversight and evaluation, through its effective, independent, credible and objective functions assisting the Organization in achieving its goals, depends ultimately on the continuous support received from UNIDO’s senior management and its Member States.", "VIII. Action required of the Board", "30. The Board may wish to take note of the information provided in the present document.", "[1] Director General’s bulletin DGB/2020/11, as approved by the Industrial Development Board in decision IDB.48/Dec.10.", "[2] Director General’s bulletin DGB/2021/11.", "[3] www.unido.org/sites/default/files/files/2020-02/EIO%20Strategy%202020-2024%20_FINAL.pdf." ]

[ "工业发展理事会", "第五十届会议", "2022年11月21日至23日，维也纳", "临时议程项目16", "评价和内部监督活动", "评价活动", "评价和内部监督办公室主任的报告", "本报告根据IDB.44/Dec.3号和IDB.48/Dec.10号决定介绍评价职能活动情况，并更新IDB.49/24号文件所载的上一份报告。", "1. 背景", "1. 评价和内部监督办公室负责履行监督职能，包括内部审计、调查和评价职能。评价和内部监督办公室的任务是提供独立和客观的保证、咨询、调查和评价，目的是为工发组织业务、内部控制框架、风险管理、成果管理制和治理进程增添价值并提高其效率和效力。此外，评价和内部监督办公室还充任协调联合国联合检查组（联检组）活动的联络中心，并作为工发组织独立监督咨询委员会（监咨委）的秘书处。", "2. 评价职能依循《评价和内部监督办公室章程》、[1]和《工发组织评价政策》（2021年发布的订正版）。[2]《评价手册》为评价职能提供了进一步指导。评价职能负责管理和开展工发组织内部不同类型的独立评价并为其提供质量保证，并监督管理层对此类评价所做回应。", "3. 评价和内部监督办公室评价职能编入预算的员额目前包括四名专业人员和一名一般事务人员。其中一个专业人员员额目前空缺。", "2. 本报告期内取得的主要成就", "4. 评价和内部监督办公室政策框架得以进一步加强：2021年取得的一个重要进展是印发了订正评价政策，基于《评价和内部监督办公室章程》进一步加强了该办公室的监督作用及其独立性。", "5. 评价和内部监督办公室风险和证据差距评估方法以及审计和评价范围得以增强，并与工发组织2022-2025年中期方案框架和2022-2023年基于成果的方案和预算保持一致，以反映工发组织在所有五个成果领域的战略目标。这为确保评价和内部监督办公室的工作与工发组织的战略领域保持一致奠定了坚实的基础，以便更有效地选择和协调独立评价，并优化互补，减少所有保证提供者(即内部审计职能、评价职能、外聘审计员和联检组)之间的潜在重复工作。", "6. 评价和内部监督办公室在不确定性和快速变化时期充当灵活顾问：为此印发了《评价和内部监督办公室2020-2024年战略》，[3]，该文件于2020年1月发布，作为评价和内部监督办公室的关键管理和问责框架，该办公室继续调整其各项活动，以确保为实现本组织的各项目标和具体目标增加价值，并保持战略一致性。尽管在2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）背景下面临诸多限制和挑战，但评价和内部监督办公室仍然保持了灵活性，并证明其各项服务是并将继续是知情决策、创新和变革的关键。管理层认为，评价为审议成果管理制、监测和报告等关键领域以及其他需要改进的组织领域奠定了基础，使决策者受益。", "3. 评价和内部监督办公室评价工作概览", "7. 年内，评价和内部监督办公室进一步根据当前COVID-19大流行的背景调整其工作计划，以确保其评价活动继续在战略和项目一级提供循证信息。", "8. 在报告所涵盖的时期内，进行并完成了以下四项战略和机构一级的评价：", "(a) 独立专题评价。《工发组织性别平等和增强妇女权能政策》（2015年）和《工发组织性别平等和增强妇女权能战略》（2016-2019年）；", "(b) 独立评价。2015-2021年塞内加尔国别伙伴关系方案；；", "(c) 独立专题评价。工发组织2018-2021年中期方案框架；以及", "(d) 独立专题评价。工发组织促进根本性变革的能力。", "9. 此外，还管理了20个独立的项目评价，为这些评价提供了质量保证并印发了评价报告。对技术合作项目和方案的评价由各自的项目或方案预算提供资金。", "10. 工发组织的所有独立评价报告均可在工发组织网站上查阅（www.unido.org/ resources/evaluation）。", "11. 该办公室继续监测管理层接受和落实项目评价建议的情况。", "12. 自2021年以来，对于所有评估系统性、交叉性和/或整体性领域的战略评价(包括专题、国家一级评价)，都已实施了基于这些评价的结论和建议的商定管理行动计划。预计这将进一步加强管理层在处理这些评价所确定需要改进的领域方面的投入和自主权。截至目前，已与负责管理层商定并于2022年8月底前印发了共计12份管理行动计划。在报告所涵盖的时期内，5份管理行动计划已经结束，7份管理行动计划被认为正在进行，将继续监测执行水平。", "13. 由于COVID-19大流行，原计划用来促进建设和加强成员国国家评价能力的现场评价培训不得不推迟。为了便利今后此类培训的开展，且不受外部因素影响，评价和内部监督办公室开发了一个在线评价培训课程，该活动将于2022年最后一个季度推出，供员工和外部合作伙伴广泛使用。", "14. 评价和内部监督办公室为发起的几项举措提供了评价投入和建议，如加强工发组织的规范作用，并制定方案服务单元以及国别方案自评。", "15. 评价和内部监督办公室确认，其在报告所涵盖的时期内开展评价活动时独立、客观地运作，不受任何内部或外部各方的干预和（或）影响。然而，应注意由于业务预算和人力资源限制而造成的掣肘。", "4. 最新战略评价的主要结论", "16. 《工发组织性别平等和增强妇女权能政策》（2015年）和《工发组织性别平等和增强妇女权能战略》（2016-2019年）。结论表明，工发组织在建立相关和有效的性别平等结构，包括性别平等办公室和性别平等问题协调中心网络方面取得了重大进展。这一结构使得能够且鼓励在方案和项目拟订阶段就进进行性别分析，并为在方案和项目一级转变工发组织工作人员的思维方式奠定了坚实的基础。需要进一步关注的领域包括：用于研究、监测和报告的数据收集和分析系统、战略规划、促进行为改变的奖励制度、管理层采取行动通过并落实单位一级性别平等计划，以及促进外地一级性别平等问题协调中心的参与。评价还确认，所有专业工作人员职等，特别是高级职等存在性别差距。", "17. 工发组织2018-2021年中期方案框架。独立评价发现，中期方案框架为工发组织工作人员和利益攸关方提供了远景和使命，并有助于在工发组织的工作与其预期发展成果之间打造更出色的成果链。然而，工发组织高级管理层、工作人员和成员国很少将其用作规划或监测工具，主要原因是他们对实施中期方案框架的主人翁意识和问责意识不强。虽然在组织一级出现了一些积极变化，但中期方案框架既没有对工发组织的战略方向产生影响也没有促使其发生重大转变。因此，与其说它是一架指明本组织未来发展方向的望远镜，不如说是它是一面反映工发组织所做成果的镜子。", "18. 2015-2021年塞内加尔国别伙伴关系方案。对塞内加尔国别伙伴关系方案进行的独立评价发现，国别伙伴关系方案促进了该国政府在不同领域的工业化努力，包括工业园区和农业中心，以及工业发展和中小产业部的支持。由于在国别伙伴关系方案下将工发组织在该国实施的所有干预措施都包括在内，所以该方案最初的高度相关性随着时间而淡化。工发组织国别伙伴关系方案协调作用的可用资源被认为是一个瓶颈，导致监测和报告方面减弱，特别是在不同合作伙伴的联合供资方面。评价建议在第二阶段改进这些领域。", "19. 工发组织促进根本性变革的能力。这一独立评价侧重于工发组织发展合作项目和方案的设计如何解决社会经济和生态系统的复杂性问题。它认为，通过更系统地应用某些系统分析工具，有可能实现重大改进，并建议更加重视专题方案拟订。", "5. 与联合国和其他评价机构的合作", "20. 在整个报告期内，评价和内部监督办公室的评价职能部门积极参与了联合国评价小组的各项活动。除其他外，评价和内部监督办公室还参加了联合国评价小组专门工作组的评价做法交流活动，并（作为同行审议小组成员）参加了对联合国训练研究所评价职能的同行审议。评价和内部监督办公室还参加了评价专家小组，审议联合国教育、科学及文化组织2022-2029年时期最新评价政策。应国际移民组织（移民组织）的邀请，评价和内部监督办公室评价职能部门参加了移民组织关于评价使用情况的研究。", "21. 评价和内部监督办公室参加了由其他组织主导的战略评价，例如正在进行的对欧洲联盟与联合国合作事宜的评价和对绿色经济行动伙伴关系的评价。", "6. 加强评价职能的治理", "22. 评价和内部监督办公室评价职能部门在例会期间一直向监咨委介绍其活动概况，并与监咨委分享其工作计划，以征求意见。", "7. 前景", "23. 评价和内部监督办公室2022-2023两年期评价工作计划和预算以证据差距评估为基础，并于2022年初获得总干事批准。计划于2022年下半年对国别伙伴关系方案战略框架进行专题评价，并对秘鲁国别伙伴关系方案进行评价。此外，预计2022年还将管理和开展超过15项强制性项目的终期评价。内部审计和评价职能部门将就工发组织与私营部门的伙伴关系开展联合咨询工作。这一联合参与将评估工发组织过往经验以及与私营部门战略伙伴关系的现状。", "24. 2022年，总干事启动了工发组织的组织改革和重组，将在审查和更新评价和内部监督办公室2022-2023年工作计划时予以适当考虑这一点。我们还将对评价和内部监督办公室战略进行中期审查，以确保评价和内部监督办公室的独立评价职能继续满足新组织环境下对监督、问责和学习的需要，并继续为提高组织的效率、效力和影响力做出贡献。", "25. 评价和内部监督办公室将继续向成员国通报情况，以促进对话，介绍评价活动，更新工作计划，并分享战略评价的主要结论。", "26. 评价和内部监督办公室将继续探讨建立可持续和可预测的评价供资机制的可能性，以进一步加强评价职能的业务独立性。一项建议是合并作为整个项目和方案预算一部分而划拨的评价资金赠款。拟议的供资机制将有助于建立协同作用，并提高评价和内部监督办公室的业务能力。", "27. 评价和内部监督办公室还将继续更新其评价指导文件，使其适应新的或经订正的内部政策框架、捐助方的要求、联合国的改革和国际评价的标准。", "28. 在现有资源限制范围内，评价职能无法充分囊括其工作计划所列已查明的所有高度优先的证据差距领域。空缺的评价干事员额预计将在今后几个月内填补。", "29. 同以往一样，内部监督和评价通过其有效、独立、可信和客观的职能协助本组织实现目标，其成效最终取决于是否得到工发组织高级管理层和各成员国的持续支持。", "8. 需请理事会采取的行动", "30. 理事会似宜注意到本文件提供的信息。", "[1] 经工业发展理事会IDB.48/Dec.10号决定核准的总干事DGB/2020/11号公报。", "[2] 总干事DGB/2020/11号公报。", "[3] www.unido.org/sites/default/files/files/2020-02/EIO%20Strategy%202020-2024%20_FINAL.pdf。" ]

[ "工业发展理事会第五十届会议 2022年11月21日至23日,维也纳 临时议程项目16\n评价和内部监督活动", "评价活动", "评价与内部监督办公室主任的报告", "本报告根据IDB.44/Dec.3和IDB.48/Dec.10号决定提供评价职能所开展活动的资料并更新了IDB.49/24号文件所载上次报告。", "一. 背景情况", "1. 联合国 评价与内部监督办公室(EIO)负责包括内部审计、调查和评价职能在内的监督职能。 EIO的任务是提供独立和客观的保证、咨询、调查和评价,目的是为工发组织的业务、内部控制框架、风险管理、成果管理制和治理过程增加价值并提高其效率和效力。 此外,环境信息组织还负责协调联合国联合检查组(联检组)的活动,并担任工发组织独立监督咨询委员会的秘书处。", "2. 联合国 评价职能受《环境信息组织宪章》[1]和《工发组织评价政策》(2021年印发的修订版)的制约。 [2] 评价职能进一步遵循《评价手册》。 评价职能管理、进行并向工发组织内部各类独立评价提供质量保证,并监测管理层对这些评价的反应。", "3个 目前,执行主任办公室评价职能的预算员额由四名专业人员和一名一般事务人员组成。 其中一个专业员额目前空缺。", "二. 报告所述期间的主要成就", " 4.四. 环境信息组织政策框架得到进一步加强: 2021年取得的一个主要进展是发布了订正评价政策,进一步加强了监督厅的监督作用,以及监督厅在《环境信息组织宪章》基础上的独立性。", "5 (韩语). EIO风险和证据差距评估方法以及审计和评价范围得到加强并符合工发组织2022-2025年中期方案纲要和2022-2023年注重成果的方案和预算,以反映工发组织在所有五个成果领域的战略目标。 这为确保电子信息干事的工作与工发组织的战略领域保持一致提供了坚实的基础,以便更有效地选择和协调独立评价,并优化互补性并减少所有保证提供方(即内部审计职能、评价职能、外聘审计员和联检组)之间可能的工作重复。", "6. 国家 在不确定和迅速变化的时期,EIO作为一个敏捷的顾问: 继2020年1月发布的环境信息组织2020-2024年战略[3]作为环境信息组织的主要管理和问责框架发布后,该办公室继续调整其活动,以确保它为实现本组织的各项目标和目的增加价值,并确保它保持战略协调。 尽管在冠状病毒病(COVID-19)背景下存在各种限制和挑战,但EIO仍然灵活,并证明其服务是,而且仍然是知情决策、创新和变革的关键。 管理层认为,评价为决策者提供了考虑关键领域的基础,如成果管理制、监测和报告以及需要改进的其他组织领域。", "三. EIO评价工作概览", "7. 联合国 在这一年中,EIO进一步根据COVID-19大流行病的情况调整了工作计划,以确保其评价活动继续在战略和项目层面提供循证信息。", "8. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,进行并完成了以下四项战略和整体评价:", "(a) 独立专题评价。 工发组织关于性别平等和妇女赋权的政策(2015年)和战略(2016-2019年);", "(b) 独立评价。 2015-2021年塞内加尔国家伙伴关系方案;", "(c) 独立专题评价。 工发组织2018-2021年中期方案纲要;", "(d) 独立专题评价。 工发组织促进变革的能力。", "9. 国家 此外,还管理了20个独立项目评价,提供了质量保证并发布了评价报告。 对技术合作项目和方案的评价由各自的项目和方案预算供资。", "10个 工发组织的所有独立评价报告均可在工发组织网站(www.unido.org/resources/valuation)上查阅。", "11个 监督厅继续监测管理层接受和执行项目评价所提出的建议的情况。", "12个 自2021年以来,对所有评估系统、跨领域和(或)机构层面领域的战略评价(包括专题、国家一级评价),已经实施了基于这些评价的结果和建议的商定管理行动计划。 预计这将进一步加强管理层在处理这些评价确定的需要改进的领域方面的承诺和自主权。 迄今为止,共有12个MAP与负责的管理层达成协议,并于2022年8月底前发布. 在本报告所述期间,有5个管理计划被关闭,7个管理计划被认为正在执行中,将继续监测执行水平。", "13个 由于COVID-19大流行病,计划进行的现场评价培训,作为对会员国建立和加强国家评价能力的贡献,不得不推迟。 为了便利今后开展此类培训,在不受外界因素影响的情况下,环境信息组织开发了在线评价培训,将于2022年最后一个季度启动,供工作人员和外部伙伴更广泛地使用。", "14个 EIO为一些发起的倡议提供了评价投入和建议,例如加强工发组织的规范作用和制定方案服务单元和对国家方案进行自我评价。", "15个 环境信息组织证实,在报告所述期间开展评价活动时,它独立和客观地运作,不受任何内部或外部方面的干涉和(或)影响。 然而,应当指出,由于业务预算和人力资源方面的限制。", "四、结 论 近期战略评价的主要结论", "16. 工发组织关于两性平等和妇女赋权的政策(2015年)和战略(2016-2019年)。 调查结果表明,工发组织在建立相关而有效的性别架构方面取得了重大进展,其中包括性别办公室和性别协调中心网络。 这一结构能够并鼓励在方案和项目拟订阶段进行性别分析,并为改变工发组织工作人员在方案和项目一级的心态提供坚实的基础。 需要进一步注意的领域包括研究、监测和报告的数据收集和分析系统、战略规划、促进行为改变的奖励制度、通过和执行单位一级两性平等行动计划的管理行动,以及外地一级两性平等问题协调中心的进一步参与。 评价还证实,在所有专业工作人员职等,特别是在高级职等,存在性别差距。", "17. 工发组织2018-2021年中期方案纲要。 独立评价发现,中期方案纲要为工发组织工作人员和利益攸关方提供了愿景和使命,并有助于在工发组织的工作与其预期发展成果之间建立更好的成果链。 然而,工发组织高级管理层、工作人员和成员国将它作为规划或监测工具的使用有限,这主要是因为它们对于执行中期纲要的主人翁感和责任感较低。 虽然在组织一级发生了一些积极变化,但中期方案纲要既未对工发组织的战略方向产生影响,也未导致重大转变。 因此,它更多地是一面反映工发组织已经在做的工作的镜子,而不是一面显示本组织未来走向的望远镜。", "18. 2015-2021年塞内加尔国家伙伴关系方案。 对塞内加尔五氯苯酚的独立评价发现,五氯苯酚有助于政府在不同领域的工业化努力,包括工业园地和农用花花,以及工业发展和中小型工业部的支持。 五氯苯酚的最初高度相关性随着时间推移而减弱,将工发组织根据该方案在该国实施的所有干预措施都包括在内。 用于工发组织五氯苯酚协调作用的资源被发现是一个瓶颈,导致监测和报告方面的弱点,特别是在来自不同伙伴的共同供资方面。 评价建议在第二阶段改进这些领域。", " 19. 19. 工发组织促进变革的能力。 这次独立评价的重点是工发组织发展合作项目和方案的设计如何解决社会经济和生态系统的复杂性。 委员会发现,通过更系统地应用一些系统分析工具,可以作出重大改进,并建议更加重视专题方案拟订。", " V. 与联合国和其他评价机构的合作", "20号. 在整个报告所述期间,环境信息组织评价职能积极参与了联合国评价小组的活动。 除其他外,执行主任办公室参加了联合国评价小组评价做法交流活动专门工作组,并(作为同行审议小组成员)参加了联合国训练研究所评价职能的同行审议。 EIO还担任评价专家小组成员,审查联合国教育、科学及文化组织2022-2029年期间的最新评价政策。 应国际移徙组织(移徙组织)的邀请,环境信息组织评价职能参加了关于移徙组织评价使用情况的研究。", "21岁 环境组织参加了由其他组织牵头的战略评价,例如对欧洲联盟与联合国合作的不断评价以及对绿色经济行动伙伴关系的评价。", "六、结 论 加强评价职能治理.", "22号. 环境信息办公室的评价职能继续向业务咨询委员会提供其定期会议活动概况,并与业务咨询委员会分享其工作计划以征求意见。", "页:1 展望", "23. 联合国 2022-2023两年期环境信息组织评价工作计划和预算以证据差距评估为基础,并于2022年初得到总干事的批准。 计划在2022年下半年对五氯苯酚战略框架进行专题评价和对秘鲁五氯苯酚进行评价。 此外,预计2022年将管理和进行超过15个强制性项目终端评价。 内部审计和评价职能将就工发组织与私营部门的伙伴关系进行联合咨询。 这种联合参与将评估工发组织过去的经验和与私营部门建立战略伙伴关系的现状。", "24 (韩语). 2022年,总干事启动了工发组织的组织改革和结构调整,将在审查和更新2022-2023年环境信息组织工作计划时予以适当考虑。 还将对环境信息办公室战略进行中期审查,以确保环境信息办公室的独立评价职能继续满足在新的组织背景下进行监督、问责和学习的需要,并不断为一个更有效率、更有效和更有影响力的组织作出贡献。", "25岁 环境信息组织将继续向会员国通报情况,以促进对话,介绍评价活动和最新工作计划,并分享战略评价的主要结果。", "26. 联合国 环境信息组织将继续探讨建立可持续和可预测的评价筹资机制的可能性,以进一步加强评价职能的业务独立性。 一项建议是合并作为总的项目和方案预算的一部分分配的评价资金的捐赠。 拟议的供资机制将促进建立协同作用,并增强环境信息办公室的业务能力。", "27个 EIO还将继续更新其评价指导文件,以适应新的或订正的内部政策框架、捐助者的要求、联合国改革和国际评价标准。", "28岁 在当前资源有限的情况下,评价职能无法充分涵盖工作计划所包括的所有已查明的高度优先证据差距领域。 评价干事的空缺员额预计将在今后几个月内填补。", "29. 国家 与以往一样,内部监督和评价通过其有效、独立、可信和客观的职能来协助本组织实现其目标,其影响最终取决于工发组织高级管理层及其成员国的持续支持。", "第八编. 需请理事会采取的行动", "30岁。 理事会似宜注意到本文件所提供的资料。", "[1] 经工业发展理事会IDB.48/Dec.10号决定核准的总干事公报DGB/2020/11。", "[2] 总干事公告 DGB/2021/11.", "[3] www.unido.org/sites/default/files/files/2020-02/EIO%20 战略%202020-2024%20_FINAL.pdf." ]

[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 18 of the provisionalagenda \nMatters related tointergovernmental,non-governmental, governmentaland other organizations", "Information on intergovernmental organizations", "Note by the Director General", "The present document provides information on the Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO) and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM), which have expressed the wish to enter into an appropriate relationship agreement with UNIDO.", "1. Pursuant to paragraph 8 of the guidelines issued by the General Conference in its decision GC.1/Dec.41 regarding relationship agreements, the present document provides in an annex, information on the Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO) and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM), which have expressed the wish to enter into an appropriate relationship agreement with UNIDO.", "Action required from the Board", "1. The Board may wish to authorize the Director General, in accordance with General Conference decision GC.1/Dec.41, annex, paragraph 9, to conclude appropriate relationship agreements with AFoCO and PAM, based on the information contained in the annex to the present document.", "Annex", "Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO)", "Historical background", "The Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO) was established in 2018 as a treaty-based intergovernmental organization that aims to strengthen regional forest cooperation by transforming proven technology and policies into concrete actions in the context of sustainable forest management, to address the impact of climate change.", "Purpose", "The mission of AFoCO is to promote and undertake action-oriented forest cooperation programmes in Asia on:", "(a) Sustainable forest management, biodiversity conservation, maintenance and enhancement of ecosystem services, as well as reforestation and forest rehabilitation;", "(b) Climate change mitigation and adaptation activities and supporting the initiatives under REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation), and the role of forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries;", "(c) Reduction of deforestation, forest degradation, desertification and land degradation, and mitigation of the impacts of forest-related disasters;", "(d) Capacity-building of stakeholders through research and development, sharing of experiences and the transfer of technology, as well as education and exchange programmes; and", "(e) Partnerships between its Parties and with other entities to carry out cooperative activities by building upon the current initiatives of other forest-related international agreements and organizations.", "Membership", "AFoCO currently has 13 Parties: Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam, and three Observers: Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia and Singapore.", "Organizational structure", "The principal organs of AFoCO are the Assembly and the Secretariat. The Assembly is the policymaking body composed of the Representatives of all Parties. The Secretariat, headed by the Executive Director and located in Seoul, Republic of Korea, is responsible for implementing its policies and strategies. Subject to guidance by the Assembly, the Executive Director enters into agreements on behalf of AFoCO for the implementation of activities of the Organization.", "Financing", "The funds AFoCO requires to achieve its objectives consist of mandatory and voluntary contributions. On average, AFoCO receives $3.8 million per annum in the form of mandatory contributions from the Parties. In 2021, in addition to the mandatory contributions, AFoCO received $4.1 million as voluntary contributions for projects.", "Cooperation with UNIDO", "Within the scope of their respective areas of competence, AFoCO and UNIDO may develop cooperation activities in the field of environment, including climate change.", "Relationship with other intergovernmental and governmental organizations", "AFoCO enjoys observer status to the General Assembly of the United Nations, to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Furthermore, AFoCO cooperates with the Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration and the official development assistance-eligible international organizations under the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). AFoCO has also concluded partnership agreements with the Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) and the CIFOR-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF).", "AFoCO also partners with the following governmental organizations/entities: Korea Institute of Arboretum Management, Korea Forest Welfare Institute, National Institute of Forest Science, Korea Foundation for International Healthcare, Korea National Arboretum, Forest Aviation Headquarters and the Ministry of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources of Kazakhstan.", "Address of headquarters", "Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO)", "8F, Forest Vision Center", "9 Gukhoedaero 62-gil", "Yeongdeungpo-gu", "Seoul 07236, Republic of Korea", "Tel.: +82-2-785-8971", "Fax: +82-2-785-8970", "Email: contact@afocosec.org", "Executive Director: Mr. Ricardo L. Calderon", "Liaison officers for UNIDO:", "Mr. Chin-Min Lee", "Special Representative and Permanent Observer to the United Nations Office in Vienna", "Email: clee@afocosec.org", "Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM)", "Historical background", "The Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM) is an international organization established in 2005 bringing together 34 member parliaments from the Euro-Mediterranean and Gulf regions to discuss and face critical issues such as regional conflicts, security and counter-terrorism, humanitarian crises, economic integration, climate change, mass migrations, education, human rights and inter-faith dialogue. PAM is the legal successor of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Mediterranean (CSCM), launched in the early 1990s.", "Purpose", "The main objective of PAM is to forge political, economic and social cooperation among its member States in order to find common solutions to the challenges facing the Euro-Mediterranean and Gulf region, and to create a space for peace and prosperity for its peoples.", "Membership", "PAM’s membership consists of 31 member States: Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Mauritania, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, North Macedonia, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, State of Palestine, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Türkiye and United Arab Emirates; two associate member States: Holy See and Sovereign Order of Malta; and one candidate member: the Russian Federation.", "Furthermore, PAM has 10 partner States: Bahrain, Bulgaria, Georgia, Kuwait, Republic of Moldova, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and United States of America.", "Organizational structure", "The Assembly is composed of: the alternating Presidency and the Bureau, each national delegation has five members with equal voting rights and decision-making powers; the three Standing Committees, which conduct the work of the Assembly; Working Groups and ad hoc Committees which the Assembly set up to tackle a particular topic; and the international Secretariat, that assists and advises the PAM President, the PAM Bureau and all members in the execution of their mandate.", "The Secretary General, assisted by international and local staff, coordinates the activities of the Assembly, from Geneva.", "PAM has offices in Naples, Italy and in San Marino. PAM also has Permanent Observers to the United Nations in Geneva, New York and Vienna, a Liaison Officer with the Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process (UNSCO) and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in Jerusalem, a Permanent Representation in Bucharest and a Permanent Representation to the League of Arab States (LAS) in Cairo.", "Financing", "PAM’s annual budget amounts to €902,000 and it is fully funded by its member States.", "Cooperation with UNIDO", "The second Standing Committee of PAM deals with all issues related to economic, social and environmental cooperation, leading to a number of policies/guidelines and legislative measures by the Member Parliaments. Within the scope of their respective areas of competence, PAM and UNIDO may develop cooperation activities in the areas of small and medium-size enterprise development, trade and investment, clean and renewable energies, the post-COVID-19 economic recovery, and climate change issues.", "Relationship with other intergovernmental and governmental organizations", "In 2009, the General Assembly of the United Nations granted Permanent Observer Status to PAM. Furthermore, PAM entertains close relationships with the following regional and international organizations: the African Parliamentary Union, Arab Inter-Parliamentary Union, Arab Parliament, Asian Parliamentary Assembly, Baltic Sea Parliamentary Conference, Conseil Consultatif de l’Union du Maghreb Arab (UMA), European Parliament, the Interparliamentary Assembly of Member Nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States (IPA CIS), Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy, Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization Parliamentary Assembly (NATO-PA), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE-PA), Parliamentary Assembly of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (PABSEC), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), Parliamentary Assembly of the Francophonie, Pan-African Parliament, Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean (PA-UfM), the Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States (PUIC), the Parliamentary Network on the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the South East European Cooperation Process Parliamentary Assembly (SEECP PA), the African Union, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the European Investment Bank (EIB), the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EUROMED), the European Court of Human Rights, the European Union, the European Commission, Forum Euroméditerranéen des Instituts de Sciences Economiques (FEMISE), the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), the International Monetary Fund, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), League of Arab States (LAS), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the North-South Centre of the Council of Europe, Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Union du Maghreb Arabe (UMA), Union for the Mediterranean (UfM), the World Bank, the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the World Trade Organization (WTO), Anna Lindh Foundation, Association of the Mediterranean Chambers of Commerce and Industry (ASCAME), the Union of Mediterranean Confederations of Enterprises (BUSINESSMED), Euro-Mediterranean University (EMUNI), the Italian Federation for Human Rights (FIDU), Mediterranean Citizens’ Assembly Foundation, the Association of Mediterranean Energy Regulators (MEDREG), the Mediterranean Transmission System Operators (MED-TSO) and Women Political Leaders.", "Address of headquarters", "PAM Regional Office – Palazzo PiCo", "Via Terracina, 230", "80125 Naples, Italy", "Tel.: +39 345 16 82 994", "Email: secretariat@pam.int", "Secretary General: Mr. Sergio Piazzi", "Liaison officers for UNIDO:", "Mr. Giuseppe Belsito", "Senior Adviser/Manager of the 2nd Standing Committee on Economic, Social and Environmental Cooperation", "Email: progofficer2@pam.int" ]

[ "工业发展理事会", "第五十届会议", "2022年11月21日至23日，维也纳", "临时议程项目18", "与政府间组织、非政府组织、政府组织和 其他组织有关的事项", "关于政府间组织的资料", "总干事的说明", "本文件提供了关于亚洲森林合作组织和地中海议会大会的资料，这两个组织均表示希望与工发组织订立适当的关系协定。", "1. 根据大会在关于关系协定的GC.1/Dec.41号决定中发布的指导方针第8段，本文件在附件中提供了关于亚洲森林合作组织和地中海议会大会的资料，这两个组织均表示愿意与工发组织订立适当的关系协定。", "需请理事会采取的行动", "1. 理事会似宜授权总干事遵照大会GC.1/Dec.41号决定附件第9段并根据本文件附件所载资料，与亚洲森林合作组织和地中海议会大会订立适当的关系协定。", "附件", "亚洲森林合作组织", "历史背景", "亚洲森林合作组织（AFoCO）成立于2018年，是一个以条约为基础的政府间组织，目标是在可持续森林管理背景下，通过将经过检验的技术和政策转化为具体行动，加强区域森林合作，以应对气候变化的影响。", "宗旨", "亚洲森林合作组织的使命是就以下方面在亚洲促进和开展重在行动的森林合作方案：", "(a) 可持续森林管理、生物多样性养护、维持和加强生态系统服务以及重新造林和森林恢复；", "(b) 气候变化缓解和适应活动，支持REDD+（减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量）下提出的举措，以及森林养护、可持续森林管理和增加森林碳储量在发展中国家的作用；", "(c) 减少毁林、森林退化、荒漠化和土地退化现象，减轻森林相关灾害的影响；", "(d) 通过研究开发、分享经验和技术转让以及教育和交流方案，开展利益攸关方能力建设；以及", "(e) 缔约方之间和缔约方与其他实体之间结成伙伴关系，通过增进与森林有关的其他国际协定和组织的现有倡议开展合作活动。", "成员", "亚洲森林合作组织目前有13个缔约方：不丹、文莱达鲁萨兰国、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、哈萨克斯坦、老挝人民民主共和国、蒙古、缅甸、菲律宾、大韩民国、泰国、东帝汶和越南，以及三个观察员：吉尔吉斯斯坦、马来西亚和新加坡。", "组织结构", "亚洲森林合作组织的主要机关是大会和秘书处。大会是由所有缔约方代表组成的决策机构。秘书处由执行主任领导，设在大韩民国首尔，负责执行其各项政策和战略。执行主任在大会的指导下，代表亚洲森林合作组织为执行本组织的活动订立协定。", "资金筹措", "亚洲森林合作组织实现其目标所需的资金包括法定缴款和自愿捐款。亚洲森林合作组织平均每年从缔约方收到380万美元的法定会费。2021年，除法定会费外，亚洲森林合作组织还收到了410万美元的项目自愿捐款。", "与工发组织的合作", "亚洲森林合作组织和工发组织可在各自主管领域内，在包括气候变化在内的环境领域开展合作活动。", "与其他政府间组织和政府组织的关系", "亚洲森林合作组织在联合国大会、联合国防治荒漠化公约（荒漠化公约）和生物多样性公约中享有观察员地位。此外，亚洲森林合作组织还与全球恢复森林景观伙伴关系以及经济合作与发展组织（经合组织）发展援助委员会（发援会）下属有资格获得官方发展援助的国际组织合作。亚洲森林合作组织还与国际林业研究中心（林业中心）、全球绿色增长研究所和林业中心－世界农林中心缔结了伙伴关系协定。", "亚洲森林合作组织还与下列政府组织/实体建立了伙伴关系：韩国树木园管理研究所、韩国森林福祉研究所、国家森林科学研究所、韩国国际医疗基金会、韩国国家树木园、森林航空总部以及哈萨克斯坦生态、地质和自然资源部。", "总部地址", "亚洲森林合作组织（AFoCO）", "Forest Vision Center 8楼", "9 Gukhoedaero 62-gil（国会大路9号62街）", "永登浦区", "大韩民国首尔，07236", "电话：+82-2-785-8971", "传真：+82-2-785-8970", "电子邮件：contact@afocosec.org", "执行主任：Ricardo L. Calderon先生", "工发组织事务联络官：", "Chin-Min Lee先生", "特别代表兼联合国维也纳办事处常驻观察员", "电子邮件：clee@afocosec.org", "地中海议会大会", "历史背景", "地中海议会大会是一个国际组织，成立于2005年，汇集了来自欧洲－地中海和海湾地区的34个成员议会，讨论和应对诸如地区冲突、安全和反恐、人道主义危机、经济一体化、气候变化、大规模移民、教育、人权和宗教间对话等关键问题。地中海议会大会是原1990年代初发起的地中海安全和合作会议的合法继承者。", "宗旨", "地中海议会大会的主要目标是在其成员国之间建立政治、经济和社会合作，以便找到共同解决办法，应对欧洲－地中海和海湾地区面临的挑战，并为其人民打造和平与繁荣之所。", "成员", "地中海议会大会由31个成员国组成：阿尔巴尼亚、阿尔及利亚、安道尔、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、克罗地亚、塞浦路斯、埃及、法国、希腊、以色列、意大利、约旦、黎巴嫩、利比亚、马耳他、毛里塔尼亚、摩纳哥、黑山、摩洛哥、北马其顿、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、罗马尼亚、圣马力诺、塞尔维亚、斯洛文尼亚、巴勒斯坦国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、突尼斯、土耳其和阿拉伯联合酋长国；两个准成员国：罗马教廷和马耳他主权骑士团；以及一个候选成员：俄罗斯联邦。", "此外，地中海议会大会有10个伙伴国家：巴林、保加利亚、格鲁吉亚、科威特、摩尔多瓦共和国、沙特阿拉伯、斯洛伐克、瑞士、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国。", "组织结构", "大会由以下部分组成：轮值主席国和主席团，每个国家代表团有五名成员，享有平等的表决权和决策权；三个常务委员会，负责大会的工作；大会为处理某一专题而设立的工作组和特设委员会；以及国际秘书处，协助地中海议会大会主席、地中海议会大会主席团及所有成员执行其任务并向其提供咨询意见。", "秘书长在国际和当地工作人员的协助下，从日内瓦协调大会的各项活动。", "地中海议会大会在意大利那不勒斯和圣马力诺设有办事处。地中海议会大会还在日内瓦、纽约和维也纳设有联合国常驻观察员，在耶路撒冷设有一名与联合国中东和平进程特别协调员办事处（中东和平进程协调员办事处）和联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队（联黎部队）联络的联络官，在布加勒斯特设有常驻代表处，并在开罗设有常驻阿拉伯国家联盟（阿盟）代表处。", "资金筹措", "地中海议会大会的年度预算为902,000欧元，经费完全来自其成员国。", "与工发组织的合作", "地中海议会大会第二个常务委员会处理与经济、社会和环境合作有关的所有问题，促使成员议会制定了若干政策/准则和立法措施。地中海议会大会和工发组织可在各自主管领域内，在中小企业发展、贸易和投资、清洁和可再生能源、COVID-19后经济复苏和气候变化问题等领域开展合作活动。", "与其他政府间组织和政府组织的关系", "2009年，联合国大会授予地中海议会大会常驻观察员地位。此外，地中海议会大会还与下列区域和国际组织保持密切关系：非洲议会联盟、阿拉伯国家议会联盟、阿拉伯议会、亚洲议会大会、波罗的海议会大会、马格里布阿拉伯联盟咨询委员会、欧洲议会、独立国家联合体成员国议会间大会（独联体议会间大会）、议会间东正教会、各国议会联盟、北大西洋公约组织议员大会（北约议员大会）、欧洲安全与合作组织议会大会（欧安组织议会大会）、黑海经济合作组织议会大会、欧洲委员会议会大会、法语国家议会大会、泛非议会、地中海联盟议会大会、伊斯兰合作组织阿拉伯成员国议会联盟、世界银行和国际货币基金组织议会网络、东南欧合作进程议会大会、非洲联盟、全面禁止核试验条约组织（禁核试条约组织）、欧洲复兴开发银行、欧洲投资银行、欧洲－地中海伙伴关系（欧地伙伴）、欧洲人权法院、欧洲联盟、欧洲联盟委员会、欧洲地中海经济研究所论坛、海湾合作委员会、国际货币基金组织、国际可再生能源署、阿拉伯国家联盟（阿盟）、北大西洋公约组织（北约）、欧洲委员会南北中心、伊斯兰合作组织、经济合作与发展组织（经合组织）、阿拉伯马格里布联盟、地中海联盟、世界银行、世界卫生组织（世卫组织）、世界气象组织、世界贸易组织（世贸组织）、安娜·林德基金会、地中海工商会协会、地中海企业联合会联盟、欧洲－地中海大学、意大利人权联合会、地中海公民大会基金会、地中海能源监管机构协会、地中海输电系统运营商协会和妇女政治领导人全球网络。", "总部地址", "PAM Regional Office -Palazzo PiCo", "Via Terracina，230", "80125 Naples, Italy", "电话：+39 345 16 82 994", "电子邮件：secretariat@pam.int", "秘书长：Sergio Piazzi先生", "工发组织事务联络官：", "Giuseppe Belsito先生", "经济、社会和环境合作第二常务委员会高级顾问/管理人", "电子邮件：progofficer2@pam.int" ]

[ "工业发展理事会第五十届会议 2022年11月21日至23日,维也纳 临时议程项目18\n与政府间组织、非政府组织、政府组织和其他组织有关的事项", "关于政府间组织的资料", "总干事的说明", "本文件介绍亚洲森林合作组织和地中海议会大会的情况,这些组织表示希望同工发组织缔结适当的关系协定。", "1. 联合国 根据大会GC.1/Dec.41号决定就关系协定所发布的指导方针第8段,本文件以附件形式提供了关于亚洲森林合作组织和地中海议会大会的资料,这些组织表示希望同工发组织订立适当的关系协定。", "需要理事会采取的行动", "1. 联合国 理事会似宜授权总干事根据大会GC.1/Dec.41号决定附件第9段,以本文件附件所载资料为基础,同非洲法语国家组织和地中海议会缔结适当的关系协定。", "页:1", "亚洲森林合作组织", "历史背景", "亚洲森林合作组织(AFoCO)成立于2018年,是一个基于条约的政府间组织,旨在通过将经过验证的技术和政策转化为可持续森林管理背景下的具体行动来强化区域森林合作,以应对气候变化的影响.", "目的", "非洲森林合作组织的任务是在亚洲促进和开展以行动为导向的森林合作方案:", "(a) 可持续森林管理、生物多样性养护、生态系统服务的维持和加强以及再造林和森林恢复;", "(b) 气候变化缓解和适应活动,支持REDD+倡议(减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量),以及森林养护、森林可持续管理和加强发展中国家森林碳储存的作用;", "(c) 减少毁林、森林退化、荒漠化和土地退化并减轻与森林有关的灾害的影响;", "(d) 通过研究与开发、交流经验和技术转让以及教育和交流方案,建设利益攸关方的能力;", "(e) 其缔约方之间以及与其他实体的伙伴关系,以其他与森林有关的国际协定和组织的现有倡议为基础开展合作活动。", "成员", "非洲林业组织目前有13个缔约方:不丹、文莱达鲁萨兰国、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、哈萨克斯坦、老挝人民民主共和国、蒙古、缅甸、菲律宾、大韩民国、泰国、东帝汶和越南;以及3个观察员:吉尔吉斯斯坦、马来西亚和新加坡。", "组织结构", "法语国家联盟的主要机构是大会和秘书处。 大会是由所有缔约方代表组成的决策机构。 秘书处由执行主任领导,设在大韩民国首尔,负责执行其政策和战略。 执行主任在得到大会指导的情况下,代表非洲法语国家组织就实施本组织的活动达成协议。", "筹资", "亚足联实现其目标所需的资金包括强制性捐款和自愿捐款。 AFOCO平均每年收到380万美元,形式是缔约方的强制性缴款。 2021年,除了法定捐款外,AFOCO还收到410万美元作为项目自愿捐款.", "与工发组织的合作", "亚足联和工发组织可在各自职权范围内开展环境领域,包括气候变化领域的合作活动。", "与其他政府间组织和政府组织的关系", "亚足联享有联合国大会、《联合国防治荒漠化公约》(《荒漠化公约》)和《生物多样性公约》的观察员地位。 此外,非洲森林合作组织与恢复森林景观全球伙伴关系以及经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)发展援助委员会(发援会)下有资格获得官方发展援助的国际组织开展合作。 非洲林业组织还与国际林业研究中心(林业中心)、全球绿色增长研究所(绿色增长所)和林业中心-世界农林研究所(农林中心)缔结了伙伴关系协定。", "亚足联还与下列政府组织/实体结成伙伴关系: 韩国阿尔博雷图姆管理研究所,韩国森林福利研究所,国家森林科学研究所,韩国国际保健基金会,韩国国家阿尔博雷图姆,森林航空总部和哈萨克斯坦生态,地质和自然资源部.", "总部地址", "亚洲森林合作组织", "8F,森林展望中心", "9 古克霍达罗62吉", "杨德波", "首尔07236,大韩民国", "电话:+82-2-785-8971", "传真:+82-2-785-8970", "电子邮件:联系人@afocosec.org", "执行主任:里卡多·卡尔德龙先生", "工发组织联络官:", "李钦明先生", "联合国维也纳办事处特别代表兼常驻观察员", "电子邮件:clee@afocosec.org", "地中海议会大会", "历史背景", "地中海议会大会(地中海议会大会)是一个国际组织,成立于2005年,汇集了来自欧洲-地中海和海湾地区的34个成员议会,讨论并应对诸如区域冲突、安全和反恐、人道主义危机、经济一体化、气候变化、大规模移徙、教育、人权和宗教间对话等关键问题。 PAM是1990年代初期发起的地中海安全与合作会议的合法继承者。", "目的", "地中海首脑会议的主要目标是在成员国之间建立政治、经济和社会合作,以找到解决欧洲-地中海和海湾地区所面临挑战的共同办法,并给其人民创造和平与繁荣的空间。", "成员", "地中海议会由31个成员国组成:阿尔巴尼亚、阿尔及利亚、安道尔、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、克罗地亚、塞浦路斯、埃及、法国、希腊、以色列、意大利、约旦、黎巴嫩、利比亚、马耳他、毛里塔尼亚、摩纳哥、黑山、摩洛哥、北马其顿、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、罗马尼亚、圣马力诺、塞尔维亚、斯洛文尼亚、巴勒斯坦国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、突尼斯、蒂尔基耶和阿拉伯联合酋长国;两个联系成员国:罗马教廷和马耳他骑士团;一个候选国:俄罗斯联邦。", "此外,地中海议会有10个伙伴国家:巴林、保加利亚、格鲁吉亚、科威特、摩尔多瓦共和国、沙特阿拉伯、斯洛伐克、瑞士、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国。", "组织结构", "大会由下列人员组成:轮流担任主席和主席团,每个代表团有五名成员,享有平等的表决权和决策权;三个常设委员会,负责大会的工作;大会为处理某一专题而成立的工作组和特设委员会;国际秘书处,负责协助地中海议会议长、地中海议会主席团和所有成员执行任务并向其提供建议。", "秘书长在国际和当地工作人员的协助下,从日内瓦协调大会的活动。", "PAM在意大利那不勒斯和圣马力诺设有办事处. 地中海议会还设有常驻日内瓦、纽约和维也纳联合国观察员、联合国中东和平进程特别协调员办事处(中东和平进程协调员办事处)和联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)驻耶路撒冷联络干事、驻布加勒斯特常驻代表和驻开罗阿拉伯国家联盟(阿盟)常驻代表。", "筹资", "地中海议会的年度预算为902,000欧元,完全由成员国供资。", "与工发组织的合作", "地中海议会第二常设委员会处理与经济、社会和环境合作有关的所有问题,导致成员议会制定若干政策/准则和立法措施。 地中海议会和工发组织可在各自职权范围内,在中小企业发展、贸易和投资、清洁和可再生能源、COVID-19后经济复苏和气候变化问题等领域开展合作活动。", "与其他政府间组织和政府组织的关系", "2009年,联合国大会授予地中海议会常驻观察员地位。 此外,地中海议会与下列区域和国际组织保持密切关系:非洲议会联盟、阿拉伯各国议会联盟、阿拉伯议会议会、亚洲议会大会、波罗的海议会会议、阿拉伯马格里布联盟议会大会、欧洲议会、独立国家联合体成员国议会间大会、东正教议会间大会、各国议会联盟(议会联盟)、北大西洋公约组织议会大会、非洲联盟、全面禁止核试验条约组织(禁核试组织)、欧洲复兴开发银行、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲-地中海合作组织、欧洲", "总部地址", "帕姆语 区域办事处-皮科宫", "Via Terracina, 230号", "80125 (中文(简体) ). 意大利那不勒斯", "电话:+39 345 16 82 994", "电子邮件:秘书处@pam.int", "秘书长:塞尔吉奥·皮亚兹先生", "工发组织联络官:", "朱塞佩·贝尔西托先生", "经济、社会和环境合作常设委员会第二届会议高级顾问/经理", "电子邮件:progofficer2@pam.int" ]

[ "Ad Hoc Committee to Elaborate aComprehensive InternationalConvention on Countering the Useof Information andCommunications Technologies forCriminal Purposes Third session \nNew York, 29 August–9 September2022", "Compilation of proposals and comments submitted by Member States on provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, and the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes", "Addendum", "Contents", "PageAdditional 2 \nsubmissions Venezuela 2 (Bolivarian Republic \n of)", "Additional submissions", "The present addendum contains a submission from one Member State, received after 31 August 2022, for the third session of the Ad Hoc Committee to Elaborate a Comprehensive International Convention on Countering the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Criminal Purposes.", "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "[Original: Spanish]", "[13 September 2022]", "International cooperation", "There is an urgent need to make progress in reducing the different types of inequalities in technological development and in strengthening national legal mechanisms in this area, based on the intentions and provisions of the future convention, and also framed in terms of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, including respect for the sovereignty and sovereign equality of States, constructive dialogue, and the condemnation of the application of unilateral coercive measures, which are not in line with the Charter.", "Venezuela is in favour of the inclusion of comprehensive cooperation provisions in the convention. In that connection, the new legal instrument should include cooperation provisions related to the exchange and transfer of technology, training and research, prevention, mutual legal assistance, legal cooperation on extradition, the transfer of convicted persons, the transfer of criminal proceedings, joint investigations, and international cooperation for purposes of confiscation, return and disposal of confiscated assets. This would ensure that the convention contains as many mechanisms as may be necessary once it enters into force.", "The scope of criminal offences to which international cooperation mechanisms should apply should be equally broad. Given the unquestionable evolution of crimes related to information and communications technology (ICT) throughout the world, the provisions for gathering electronic evidence should apply to crimes beyond those established in accordance with the convention, with a view to expanding its focus and scope.", "With respect to the agreement reached on the issue of extradition, Venezuela considers that the obligation applies initially to crimes established in the convention, in accordance with the domestic law of each State and the treaties and bilateral agreements signed.", "Extradition shall be subject to the conditions provided for by the domestic law of the requested State party or by applicable extradition treaties, including, inter alia, conditions in relation to the minimum penalty requirement for extradition and the grounds upon which the requested State party may refuse extradition.", "There is a legal basis in the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the United Nations Convention against Corruption, which address the issue of refusing extradition and the alternatives that can be sought in the case of a refusal.", "The position of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is that in order to grant the extradition of a person, the general principles of territoriality, dual criminality, limitation of penalties, no statute of limitations, no extradition for political offences, sufficient gravity of the offence, nature of the crime, prohibition of the extradition of nationals and reciprocity, must exist and be complied with, in accordance with its domestic law.", "For Venezuela, data protection is a key aspect that must be reflected in the convention. The convention should guarantee the inalterability of evidence by establishing mechanisms to protect the identity and integrity of the information itself and of all those involved.", "With respect to data protection, the convention must, as a matter of priority, include provisions that guarantee the security, confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of information transmitted in compliance with the procedures established by the convention, including the mandatory use of electronic security certification and electronic signatures under the domestic laws of each State, as well as encryption mechanisms for documents transmitted in response to requests submitted pursuant to the convention. These provisions will ensure that States have the full sovereign right to establish limits on transnational exchange based on key factors for protecting critical national infrastructure and State security, as well as territorial integrity and other issues of utmost national interest.", "Venezuela is not in favour of transborder access to computer data. The States parties to the convention should be governed by the traditional primacy of international law as set forth in article 4 of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, which stipulates that States must carry out their obligations in a manner consistent with the principles of sovereign equality and territorial integrity, as well as non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other States. Nothing in the convention shall entitle a State party to undertake functions in the territory of another State that are reserved exclusively for the authorities of that other State by its domestic law, in order to safeguard the sovereignty and independence of Member States.", "The return of property is of particular importance to Venezuela, which is of the view that the issue requires a special section in the convention.", "The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime contains, in articles 12, 13 and 14, provisions relating to the confiscation and seizure of assets, international cooperation for purposes of confiscation, and disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime or property. We consider that these provisions constitute a basis on which to work and strengthen. According to these articles, priority consideration should be given to returning the confiscated proceeds of crime or property to the requesting State Party so that it can give compensation to the victims of the crime or return such proceeds of crime or property to their legitimate owners.", "States parties to international treaties assume obligations and duties, under international law, to respect, protect and fulfil human rights. Accordingly, when States are parties to international human rights treaties, they undertake to adopt domestic measures and laws that are compatible with their treaty obligations and duties, as is the case of Venezuela.", "In the light of the above, we consider that the references to human rights contained in the general provisions and in the preamble sufficiently cover the human rights dimension of the future convention.", "Technical assistance", "It is essential that the future convention establishes, as a form of cooperation in order for all States parties to effectively achieve the objectives set out in the convention and the relevant safeguards to address and counteract the effects of structural inequalities in the area of ICT, as well as economic and trade barriers, training mechanisms and technology transfer, without distinction on political or geographical grounds, on the basis of the principles of national sovereignty and sovereign equality of States set forth in the Charter of the United Nations.", "In order to prevent and counter the use of ICT for criminal purposes, Venezuela wishes to emphasize the importance of ensuring that the convention provides for the establishment of protection and support measures for those countries that are victims of unilateral coercive measures, which are not in line with the Charter of the United Nations.", "It should be noted that countries subject to these illegal measures may potentially be unable to update their technological systems and equipment because, in many cases, the companies that supply such products are threatened with so-called sanctions if they do business with such countries. This situation impedes regular exchanges, results in increased transaction costs for countries subject to such measures, and creates additional obstacles to effective cooperation against such crimes.", "Moreover, these measures provide for the arbitrary withholding and blocking of the assets of countries subject to such measures, which, predictably, hinders the acquisition and updating of technologies required to guarantee the right to development and the human rights of peoples and for prevention, control and cooperation in the fight against the use of ICT for criminal purposes.", "In this context, these measures will impede participation on equal terms in any proposed international cooperation and technical assistance envisaged in the convention or any other instrument of this nature. For this reason, the future convention must include safeguards that can be invoked in such cases. For example, a system of alerts could be created for specific situations in which cooperation and assistance under the convention are affected by this type of measure; the system could also be extended to cover other constraints of a similar nature.", "Venezuela is in favour of States parties considering providing the widest measure of technical assistance, upon request and in coordination with the requesting State, and in line with the national development priorities of each country, with a view to building, regaining, strengthening and expanding national and regional capacities.", "It is essential that such assistance be implemented in accordance with the principles of fairness, impartiality, equality, non-selectivity, non-politicization and transparency, with constant and strengthened exchange of good practices between different States, both South-South, North-South and triangular, and with an intersectional and gender perspective.", "Specific needs include the creation and continuous exchange of expert missions to evaluate and improve capacities, the exchange of knowledge and experiences, specific positive practices, joint research and innovation, mechanisms for training and developing human capital, and predictable, proportional and equitable sources of financing at various levels, with a view to addressing national priorities, in full and constant coordination with, and at the request of, each State.", "Both technical assistance and capacity-building should be fully included in the future convention. The two concepts are complementary rather than contradictory, as the scope of each may be different. Targeted assistance may be provided in a more timely or urgent manner, but the aim to work towards, on a structural level, is for each State to be able to respond in a progressively independent manner, eventually cutting the chains of dependence that weaken the fight against such crimes, while at the same time strengthening the innovation and individual capacity of each State’s mechanisms for countering the use of ICT for criminal purposes.", "Venezuela is in favour of the designation of a 24-hour, 7-days-a-week focal point by each State party for the purpose of monitoring the provisions of the convention and considers that additional resources should be allocated to States for this purpose.", "In addition, in the event that other mechanisms are established that require ongoing or periodic attention to comply with the convention, the procedures for accessing resources must be clearly and transparently established, so that States, in particular developing countries, can comply with such requirements, including by requesting financial and other assistance.", "For Venezuela, the participation of civil society is extremely important, with civil society understood in its broadest sense, including not only non-governmental organizations, but also community-based movements, organized communities, communes, social movements and, in particular, those living in the global South, who often find it difficult to participate in such mechanisms due to lack of resources.", "In this regard, Venezuela supports the spirit of the mechanisms established by the United Nations to ensure the participation of these groups, based on its own experience in the area and its role in countering the use of ICT for criminal purposes, including technical assistance and capacity-building, in a dynamic and self-sustaining system.", "The participation of the private sector, in particular manufacturers and suppliers of communication technology and services, is also of capital importance, as the sector pioneers many advances, which must comply with national and international laws. The private sector must also fulfil its social responsibilities and cooperate with States in complying with laws and pursuing social development and human dignity. This includes both large and small businesses; large technology and communications corporations, in particular, should be called upon to act in a transparent manner to ensure a just and inclusive social order. Cooperation with the private sector should be encouraged in full coordination with States.", "At the same time, the intergovernmental nature of the convention and the primacy of national laws in this area should be emphasized, in order to prevent actors from using such cooperation for political ends or criminal purposes, to the detriment of the convention itself.", "Preventive measures", "The criminal offences established under the convention that have the greatest impact on the enjoyment of human rights by affected populations are, without a doubt, those that target the critical infrastructure of States parties, that is to say the technological platforms that support information systems that meet the vital needs of society.", "The relevant international protocols and standards make reference to protection measures based on information security, computer security and cybersecurity, in order to mitigate vulnerabilities and the risk of attacks on critical infrastructure. As such, the link between countering the use of ICT for criminal purposes and implementing information security measures is inextricable. There is a direct relationship between combating cybercrime and cybersecurity.", "The prevention of attacks on critical infrastructure must be approached from a cybersecurity perspective. The central theme of the convention is offences facilitated by ICT, including crimes against critical infrastructure; accordingly, removing the concept of cybersecurity and associated protocols from the content of the convention would leave a gap and mean that preventive measures for critical infrastructure were not taken into account.", "Likewise, prevention techniques should be included in training courses; these should be accompanied by public awareness-raising campaigns, the exchange and transfer of technology, and urgent consideration and management of attacks and other potential emergencies, in recognition of the fact that we all have common and differentiated responsibilities.", "The preventive measures endorsed by the convention should include actions to promote the autonomy of States in developing new technology, including software and hardware, improved operational protocols that enhance security, and updated legislation.", "Venezuela condemns and prosecutes the production and trafficking of child and adolescent sexual abuse and sexual exploitation material, and is in favour of strengthening all laws that protect this vulnerable group from the actions of criminals. We also consider it necessary to prioritize preventive measures for other groups at risk of being exposed to vulnerable situations, such as women, persons with disabilities, young people and elderly persons.", "With regard to the participation of other actors in preventive measures, Venezuela believes that civil society, the private sector and academia, among others, should be guided by the respective national laws, while States should promote norms and standards to strengthen the capacity of such actors to cooperate with States through technical information, joint research, the harmonization of national and social development priorities, technical training in new technologies, technology transfer and exchange and, with respect to the security of critical infrastructure, the promotion of mechanisms to ensure the utmost cooperation, immediacy and transparency in the provision of assistance in emergency situations.", "It should be emphasized that the private sector has an obligation and a social and ethical responsibility to contribute actively in all areas to prevent ICT from being used for criminal purposes, including through regular dialogue with and oversight of States through their specialized bodies, the establishment of standard procedures for cooperation and evaluation, the promotion of the participation of the public and other social actors, and the progressive adaptation of laws to new technological and global realities.", "Mechanisms for implementation", "With respect to mechanisms for implementation, Venezuela considers that States parties should take the necessary measures, including legislative and administrative measures, in accordance with the fundamental principles of their domestic law, to ensure the implementation of their obligations under the convention.", "In this connection, Venezuela is in favour of the establishment of a conference of States parties as a body for taking decisions, reviewing the implementation of the convention and evaluating new commitments.", "The conference of States parties could be complemented by the creation of an executive body or entity tasked with reviewing the implementation of the convention. Venezuela believes that there is merit in evaluating proposals of this nature, provided that there is equitable and balanced representation among the States parties and the appropriate internal technical advisory bodies and consultation mechanisms, including regarding the frequency of meetings, continuous interaction with those States that are not part of such a body but that require such engagement, and the option to participate as an observer in such a body, as appropriate.", "Reservations", "International treaties are an expression of consensus with the creation of international norms, and States parties are internationally bound by the provisions of the convention to the extent that they have given their consent in that regard.", "In that connection, the right of States to determine the content and scope of the norms of the convention and to exclude or modify the legal effects of certain clauses or provisions of the convention must be recognized. In that regard, Venezuela understands that reservations can be necessary and useful in order to guarantee the universality of international treaties and that, in some cases, the use of reservations contributes to States being able to make the final decision to sign and ratify a treaty. Nevertheless, it could be agreed that reservations cannot be made, or only in a limited manner, to certain provisions, for reasons inherent to the very nature of the meaning of the convention and its genuine social and legal functions; however, this will have to be determined in the course of the negotiations.", "Mechanisms for settlement of disputes", "The dispute settlement mechanisms to be applied in the future convention should specify that the States parties shall settle any disputes concerning the interpretation or application of the convention by peaceful means of their choice, as recognized in international law or as previously agreed on by the parties. For example, some States, for reasons of domestic law, may not recognize the jurisdiction of certain international bodies or courts, or other similar reservations, but this does not restrict compliance with or accession to the convention as a whole.", "Final provisions", "Venezuela is of the view that the future convention should contain a section on final provisions, in line with the standard structure of similar instruments and, in particular, in order to set out the preparatory work for its entry into force, national legislative reform and basic procedural elements, among other things.", "The convention should include provisions relating to the possible creation of additional protocols to the convention in the future, in the context of the changing dynamics in the field of ICT and shifting social, political and economic realities.", "Preamble", "The following principles should be reflected in the preamble to the convention:", "• Principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations: sovereignty, self-determination of peoples, peaceful settlement of disputes", "• Digital sovereignty", "• Preventing and countering the use of ICT for criminal purposes", "• International cooperation and solidarity", "• Promotion and strengthening of multilateralism", "• Sustainable development and poverty eradication", "• Technology transfer", "• Transparency" ]

[ "拟订一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和 通信技术行为的全面国际公约特设委员会", "第三届会议", "2022年8月29日至9月9日，纽约", "会员国就关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约中关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和实施机制的条款、最后条款和序言提交的提案和意见汇编", "增编", "目录", "页次\n补充材料 2\n委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国 2", "补充材料", "本增编载有2022年8月31日之后收到的一个会员国提交的材料，供拟订一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术行为的全面国际公约特设委员会第三届会议审议。", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件：西班牙文]", "[2022年9月13日]", "国际合作", "迫切需要根据未来公约的意图和规定，并根据《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，包括尊重各国主权和主权平等、建设性对话以及谴责实施不符合《宪章》的单方面胁迫性措施，在减少不同类型的技术发展不平等以及加强各国在这一领域的法律机制方面取得进展。", "委内瑞拉赞成在公约中列入全面合作条款。在这方面，这一新的法律文书应包括以下方面的合作条款：技术交流和转让、培训和研究、预防、司法协助、关于引渡的法律合作、被定罪者的移交、刑事诉讼的移交、联合调查以及为没收、返还和处置没收资产进行的国际合作。这将确保公约一旦生效，将尽可能包含必要的机制。", "应适用国际合作机制的刑事犯罪的范围也应同样广泛。鉴于全世界与信息和通信技术(信通技术)有关的犯罪毫无疑问在演变，关于收集电子证据的条款应适用于根据公约确立的犯罪以外的犯罪，以扩大公约的重点和范围。", "关于就引渡问题达成的协定，委内瑞拉认为，这项义务根据各国的国内法以及所签署的条约和双边协定，首先适用于公约所确定的罪行。", "引渡应符合被请求缔约国国内法或适用的引渡条约所规定的条件，其中除其他外包括关于引渡的最低限度刑罚要求和被请求缔约国可据以拒绝引渡的理由等条件。", "《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》和《联合国反腐败公约》述及拒绝引渡的问题以及在拒绝引渡的情况下可寻求的替代办法，为此提供了一种法律依据。", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的立场是，根据其国内法，为了准予引渡一个人，必须存在并遵守的一般原则有：属地原则、两国共认犯罪、刑罚限制、无时效法规、政治罪不引渡、罪行足够严重、罪行性质、禁止引渡国民和对等。", "对委内瑞拉来说，数据保护是一个关键方面，必须在公约中得到体现。公约应建立机制保护信息本身和有关各方的身份和完整性，从而保障证据的不可更改性。", "关于数据保护，公约必须优先列入保证按照公约规定的程序传输的信息的安全性、保密性、完整性和真实性的条款，包括根据各国的国内法强制使用电子安全认证和电子签名，以及为回应根据公约提交的请求而传送的文件的加密机制。这些条款将确保各国拥有充分的主权权利，根据保护重要国家基础设施和国家安全的关键因素以及领土完整和关系国家最大利益的其他问题，对跨国交易设定限制。", "委内瑞拉不赞成跨界获取计算机数据。公约缔约国应受《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》第4条所规定的国际法传统首要地位的制约，该条规定，缔约国在履行其义务时，应恪守各国主权平等和领土完整原则和不干涉别国内政原则。本公约的任何规定均不应使一缔约国有权在另一国境内履行后者依照国内法为维护会员国主权和独立而为本国主管机关保留的职能。", "归还财产对委内瑞拉来说特别重要，委内瑞拉认为，这个问题需要在公约中占据一个专门的章节。", "《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》第12、13和14条载有关于没收和扣押资产、没收事宜的国际合作以及没收的犯罪所得或财产的处置的条款。我们认为，这些条款构成了开展和加强工作的基础。根据这些条款，应优先考虑将没收的犯罪所得或财产交还请求缔约国，以便其对犯罪被害人进行赔偿，或者将这类犯罪所得或财产归还合法所有人。", "根据国际法，国际条约的缔约国有义务和责任尊重、保护和实现人权。因此，国家若是国际人权条约的缔约国，即承诺通过符合其条约义务和责任的国内措施和法律，委内瑞拉就是如此。", "鉴于上述情况，我们认为，一般性条款和序言中提及人权之处足以涵盖未来公约的人权方面。", "技术援助", "未来的公约必须在《联合国宪章》规定的国家主权和国家主权平等原则的基础上，确立培训机制和技术转让，作为一种合作形式，使所有缔约国能够有效地实现公约所规定的目标和相关保障措施，以处理和抵消信通技术领域结构性不平等的影响以及经济和贸易壁垒，而不因政治或地理原因而有所区别。", "为了防止和打击为犯罪目的使用信通技术行为，委内瑞拉希望强调，必须确保公约规定为那些受到不符合《联合国宪章》的单方面胁迫性措施之害的国家制定保护和支助措施。", "应当指出，受制于这些非法措施的国家可能无法更新其技术系统和设备，因为在许多情况下，供应此类产品的公司如果与这些国家做生意，就会受到所谓制裁的威胁。这种情况妨碍了正常的交流，导致受此类措施制约的国家的交易成本增加，并为开展有效合作打击此类犯罪制造了更多障碍。", "此外，这些措施规定任意扣留和冻结受这些措施制约的国家的资产，可以预见，这会阻碍获得和更新必要的技术以保障发展权和人民的人权并预防、控制和合作打击为犯罪目的使用信通技术的行为。", "在这方面，这些措施将妨碍在平等条件下参与公约或任何其他此种性质文书所设想的任何拟议的国际合作和技术援助。因此，未来的公约必须包括可在这种情况下援引的保障措施。例如，可以针对公约所规定的合作和援助受到这类措施影响的具体情况，建立一个警报系统；该系统还可以扩展到涵盖类似性质的其他限制措施。", "委内瑞拉赞成缔约国考虑根据请求并与请求国协调，根据每个国家的国家发展优先事项，提供最广泛的技术援助措施，以期建设、恢复、加强和扩大国家能力和区域能力。", "必须根据公平、公正、平等、非选择性、非政治化和透明的原则提供这种援助，不同国家之间，包括南南、北南和三角国家之间，不断加强交流良好做法，并采用一种多方交会和注重性别的视角。", "具体的需要包括：设立和不断交流专家考察团以评价和提高能力、交流知识和经验、具体的积极做法、联合研究和创新、用以开展培训和开发人力资本的机制，以及在各级提供可预测、成比例和公平的资金来源，以期根据各国的请求，在与各国充分和不断协调的情况下处理各国的优先事项。", "技术援助和能力建设都应充分纳入未来的公约。这两个概念是互补而不是矛盾的，因为每个概念的范围可能有所不同。可以更及时或更紧急地提供有针对性的援助，但在结构层面上努力实现的目标是，使每个国家都能够以逐步独立的方式作出反应，最终切断那些削弱打击此类犯罪的斗争的依赖链，同时加强每个国家打击为犯罪目的使用信通技术的机制的创新能力和自身能力。", "委内瑞拉赞成每个缔约国指定一个每周7天、每天24小时的联络点，以监测公约条款的执行情况，并认为应为此目的向各国分配更多资源。", "此外，如果建立的其他机制要求持续或定期关注以遵守公约，则必须明确和透明地建立获取资源的程序，以便各国特别是发展中国家能够通过请求财政援助和其他援助等，遵守这些要求。", "对委内瑞拉来说，民间社会的参与极其重要，民间社会指的是最广泛意义上的民间社会，不仅包括非政府组织，还包括社区运动、有组织的社区、公社、社会运动，特别是生活在全球南部的人，他们往往因缺乏资源而难以参与这类机制。", "在这方面，联合国基于自身在一个自我维持的充满活力的系统中在这一领域的经验和在打击为犯罪目的使用信通技术方面的作用，包括技术援助和能力建设，为确保这些团体的参与而建立的各种机制的精神是委内瑞拉所支持的。", "私营部门的参与，特别是通信技术和服务的制造商和供应商的参与，也具有至关重要的意义，因为私营部门率先取得了许多进步，而这些进步必须符合国家和国际法律。私营部门还必须履行其社会责任，与各国合作，遵守法律，追求社会发展和人的尊严。其中包括大型和小型企业；尤其应当呼吁大型技术和通信公司以透明的方式行事，确保建立公正和包容的社会秩序。应与各国充分协调，鼓励与私营部门的合作。", "与此同时，应强调公约的政府间性质和国家法律在这一领域的首要地位，以防有行为者利用这种合作达到政治目的或犯罪目的，从而损害公约本身。", "预防措施", "毫无疑问，公约所确立的刑事犯罪对受影响人口享有人权影响最大的是针对缔约国关键基础设施的犯罪，也就是说，它们针对的是为满足社会基本需求的信息系统提供支持的技术平台。", "相关的国际协议和标准提到了基于信息安全、计算机安全和网络安全的保护措施，以减少关键基础设施的脆弱性和遭受攻击的风险。因此，打击为犯罪目的使用信通技术与实施信息安全措施之间的联系是不可分割的。打击网络犯罪与网络安全之间有着直接的关系。", "必须从网络安全的角度来防止对关键基础设施的攻击。公约的中心主题是借助于信通技术实施的犯罪，包括危害关键基础设施的犯罪；因此，从公约的内容中去除网络安全的概念和相关协议将留下一个空白，意味着没有考虑到保护关键基础设施的预防措施。", "同样，预防技术应列入培训课程；在开展这些培训活动的同时，还应开展提高公众认识的运动，交流和转让技术，并且紧急审议和管理各种攻击和其他潜在的紧急情况，同时认识到我们都负有共同的和各自不同的责任。", "公约认可的预防措施应包括采取行动促进各国自主开发新技术，包括软件和硬件，推广经改进后加强安全的操作规程以及经过更新的立法。", "委内瑞拉谴责并起诉制作和贩运儿童和青少年性虐待和性剥削材料的行为，并赞成加强保护这一脆弱群体免受犯罪分子行为侵害的所有法律。我们还认为，有必要优先采取预防措施，帮助有可能面临脆弱处境的其他群体，例如妇女、残疾人、青年人和老年人。", "关于其他行为者参与预防措施的问题，委内瑞拉认为，民间社会、私营部门和学术界等应受各自国家法律的指导，而各国应推行各种规范和标准，以加强这些行为者通过以下途径与国家合作：技术信息、联合研究、协调国家和社会发展优先事项、新技术方面的技术培训、技术转让和交流，在关键基础设施的安全方面，促进建立各种机制以确保在紧急情况下的援助提供工作实现最大限度的合作、迅捷性和透明度。", "应当强调，私营部门有义务并负有社会和道德责任，在所有领域积极作出贡献，防止信通技术被用于犯罪目的，途径包括：与国家定期对话并通过其专门机构对国家进行监督，建立合作和评价的标准程序，促进公众和其他社会行为者的参与，以及逐步使法律适应新的技术现实和全球现实。", "实施机制", "关于实施机制，委内瑞拉认为，缔约国应根据本国法律的基本原则采取必要的措施，包括立法措施和行政措施，以确保履行其根据公约所承担的义务。", "在这方面，委内瑞拉赞成设立一个缔约国会议，作为作决定、审议公约实施情况和评价新承诺的机构。", "可设立一个负责审议公约实施情况的执行机构或实体作为缔约国会议的补充。委内瑞拉认为，对这种性质的建议进行评价是有益的，但条件是缔约国之间有公平和均衡的代表制，并有适当的内部技术咨询机构和协商机制，所涉及的方面酌情包括：会议频率、与不属于这种机构的一部分但需要这种参与的国家的持续互动、以及选择作为观察员参加这样一个机构。", "保留", "国际条约是对建立国际规范的共识的表达，缔约国表示同意接受约束即在国际上受公约条款的约束。", "在这方面，必须承认各国有权确定公约规范的内容和范围，并有权排除或改变公约某些条款或规定的法律效力。在这方面，委内瑞拉认为，保留条款对于保证国际条约的普遍性可能是必要而有益的，而且在某些情况下，使用保留条款有助于各国能够最终决定签署和批准条约。但也承认，由于公约意义的性质及其真正的社会和法律职能所固有的原因，对某些条款不能提出保留，或只能以有限的方式提出保留；不过，这须在谈判过程中决定。", "争端解决机制", "未来公约中适用的争端解决机制应明确规定，缔约国应以国际法承认的或缔约国先前商定的自行选择的和平手段解决与公约的解释或适用有关的任何争端。例如，有些国家出于国内法的原因，可能不承认某些国际机构或法院的管辖权，或作出其他类似的保留，但这并不对遵守或加入整个公约造成限制。", "最后条款", "委内瑞拉认为，未来的公约应根据类似文书的标准结构，载有关于最后条款的一节，以便特别是为公约生效、国家立法改革和基本程序要素等着手开展筹备工作。", "公约应规定今后有可能随着信通技术领域不断变化的动态以及不断转变的社会、政治和经济现实制定公约的附加议定书。", "序言", "公约序言部分应反映下列原则：", "• 《联合国宪章》的原则和宗旨：主权、人民自决、和平解决争端", "• 数字主权", "• 预防和打击为犯罪目的使用信通技术行为", "• 国际合作与团结", "• 促进和加强多边主义", "• 可持续发展和根除贫困", "• 技术转让", "• 透明度" ]

[ "拟订禁止为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约特设委员会 第三届会议\n2022年8月29日至9月9日,纽约", "会员国就关于国际合作、技术援助、预防措施和执行机制的规定、关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约的最后条款和序言所提交的提案和意见汇编", "增编", "目录", "页面附加 2个\n提交的材料 委内瑞拉 2 (玻利瓦尔共和国)\n页:1", "其他划界案", "本增编载有一个会员国在2022年8月31日之后为拟订一项关于打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的全面国际公约特设委员会第三届会议而提交的呈件。", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件:西班牙", "[2022年9月13日] (中文(简体) ).", "国际合作", "迫切需要根据未来公约的意图和规定,并参照《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则,包括尊重国家主权和主权平等、建设性对话和谴责实施不符合《宪章》的单方面胁迫性措施,在减少技术发展中不同类型的不平等和加强这一领域的国家法律机制方面取得进展。", "委内瑞拉赞成在公约中列入全面合作条款。 在这方面,新的法律文书应当包括与交换和转让技术、培训和研究、预防、司法协助、引渡方面的司法合作、被定罪人的移交、刑事诉讼的移交、联合侦查以及没收、返还和处分所没收资产方面的国际合作有关的合作规定。 这将确保《公约》一旦生效,将包含尽可能多的必要机制。", "国际合作机制应适用的刑事犯罪范围应同样广泛。 鉴于全世界与信息和通信技术(信通技术)有关的犯罪无可争议地演变,收集电子证据的规定应适用于公约规定以外的犯罪,以扩大其重点和范围。", "关于就引渡问题所达成的协议,委内瑞拉认为,根据每个国家的国内法以及所签署的条约和双边协定,这项义务最初适用于公约中确立的犯罪。", "2. 引渡应符合被请求缔约国本国法律或适用的引渡条约所规定的条件,除其他外,包括有关引渡的最低限度刑罚要求和被请求缔约国可据以拒绝引渡的理由等条件。", "《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》和《联合国反腐败公约》有法律依据,它们涉及拒绝引渡的问题和在拒绝引渡时可寻求的替代办法。", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的立场是,为了准予引渡某人,必须根据其国内法存在并遵守属地、两国共认罪行、限制刑罚、无时效、不引渡政治罪、罪行足够严重、罪行性质、禁止引渡国民和互惠等一般原则。", "对委内瑞拉来说,数据保护是公约必须反映的一个关键方面。 公约应当通过建立保护信息本身和所有相关人员的身份和完整性的机制来保证证据的不可更改性。", "关于数据保护,公约必须作为优先事项列入一些条款,保证按照公约所制定的程序传送的信息的安全性、保密性、完整性和真实性,包括根据各国国内法强制使用电子安全认证和电子签名,以及对根据公约提出的请求传送的文件实行加密机制。 这些规定将确保各国拥有充分的主权权利,根据保护关键国家基础设施和国家安全以及领土完整和最符合国家利益的其他问题的关键因素,对跨国交流加以限制。", "委内瑞拉不赞成跨界获取计算机数据。 《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》第4条规定了国际法的传统至高无上的地位,其中规定,各国必须以符合主权平等和领土完整以及不干涉他国内政的原则的方式履行其义务。 本公约的任何规定均不授权一缔约国在另一国家领土内行使该另一国国内法专为该国当局规定的职能,以保障会员国的主权和独立。", "返还财产对委内瑞拉特别重要,委内瑞拉认为,这个问题需要在公约中专设一节。", "《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》第12、13和14条载有关于没收和扣押资产、为没收目的开展国际合作以及处置所没收的犯罪所得或财产等条款。 我们认为,这些规定是开展工作和加强的基础。 根据这些条款,应当优先考虑将所没收的犯罪所得或财产返还请求缔约国,以便其能够向犯罪被害人提供赔偿或将这类犯罪所得或财产返还其合法所有人。", "国际条约缔约国根据国际法承担尊重、保护和实现人权的义务和义务。 因此,当各国加入国际人权条约时,它们承诺采取符合其条约义务和义务的国内措施和法律,委内瑞拉就是这种情况。", "鉴于上述情况,我们认为,一般规定和序言中提及人权的内容足以涵盖未来公约的人权方面。", "技术援助", "未来的公约必须确立一种合作形式,使所有缔约国能有效实现《公约》所订立的各项目标和相关保障措施,以根据《联合国宪章》规定的国家主权和各国主权平等的原则,不分政治或地理原因,消除并消除信息和通信技术领域结构性不平等的影响,消除并消除经济和贸易障碍、培训机制和技术转让。", "为了防止和打击将信息和通信技术用于犯罪目的,委内瑞拉想强调确保公约规定为单方面胁迫性措施的受害国提供保护和支助措施的重要性,这些措施不符合《联合国宪章》。", "应当指出,受这些非法措施影响的国家可能无法更新其技术系统和设备,因为在许多情况下,供应这种产品的公司如果与这些国家做生意,就会受到所谓的制裁的威胁。 这种情况妨碍了定期交流,使受此类措施约束的国家的交易成本增加,并给有效合作打击此类犯罪造成了更多障碍。", "此外,这些措施规定任意扣押和冻结受这种措施制约的国家的资产,这可预见地妨碍获取和更新必要的技术,以保障人民的发展权和人权,并预防、控制与合作打击将信息和通信技术用于犯罪目的。", "在这方面,这些措施将妨碍平等参加公约或任何其他此类文书中所设想的任何拟议国际合作和技术援助。 因此,未来的公约必须包括在这种情况下可以援引的保障措施。 例如,可以针对公约下的合作和援助受到这类措施影响的具体情形建立一个警报系统;该系统还可以扩大到涵盖其他类似性质的限制。", "委内瑞拉支持缔约国考虑根据请求并与请求国协调,并依照各国国家发展优先事项,提供最广泛的技术援助,以建设、恢复、加强和扩大国家和区域能力。", "这种援助的提供必须符合公平、公正、平等、非选择性、非政治化和透明等原则,在南南、南北和三角等不同国家之间不断加强良好做法交流,并具有交叉和性别观点。", "具体需要包括建立和不断交换专家团,以评估和提高能力,交流知识和经验,交流具体的积极做法,联合研究和创新,培训和开发人力资本的机制,以及各级可预测、比例相称和公平的资金来源,以便与各国充分和持续地协调,并接获各国的请求,处理国家优先事项。", "技术援助和能力建设都应被充分纳入未来的公约。 这两个概念是相辅相成的,而不是相互矛盾的,因为每个概念的范围可能不同。 可以更及时或更紧急地提供有针对性的援助,但从结构上努力的目标是每个国家能够以逐步独立的方式作出反应,最终切断削弱打击这种犯罪的依赖链,同时加强每个国家机制的创新和个人能力,以打击为犯罪目的使用信息和通信技术的行为。", "委内瑞拉赞成由每个缔约国指定一个每周7天、每天24小时的联络点,以监测《公约》的规定,并认为应为此目的向各国提供额外资源。", "此外,如果建立了其他机制,需要不断或定期注意遵守《公约》,必须明确和透明地制定获取资源的程序,使各国,特别是发展中国家能够遵守这些要求,包括请求财政和其他援助。", "对委内瑞拉来说,民间社会的参与极为重要,民间社会从最广泛的意义上理解,不仅包括非政府组织,而且包括以社区为基础的运动、有组织的社区、社区、社会运动,特别是生活在全球南方的国家,由于缺乏资源,这些国家往往难以参加这种机制。", "在这方面,委内瑞拉支持联合国建立机制的精神,以确保这些团体根据自己在这一领域的经验及其在打击将信息和通信技术用于犯罪目的方面的作用,包括技术援助和能力建设,参与一个活跃和自我维持的系统。", "私营部门的参与,特别是通信技术和服务的制造商和供应商的参与,也具有极其重要的意义,因为私营部门是许多进步的先锋,它们必须遵守国家和国际法律。 私营部门也必须履行其社会责任并与各国合作,遵守法律并追求社会发展和人的尊严。 这既包括大型企业,也包括小型企业;特别是,应呼吁大型技术和通信公司以透明的方式行事,以确保公正和包容性的社会秩序。 应当同各国充分协调,鼓励与私营部门合作。", "同时,应强调公约的政府间性质和各国法律在这一领域的首要地位,以防止行为者将这种合作用于政治目的或犯罪目的,而损害公约本身。", "预防措施", "根据公约确立的对受影响人口享有人权影响最大的刑事犯罪无疑是针对缔约国关键基础设施的犯罪,即支持满足社会重要需要的信息系统的技术平台。", "有关的国际议定书和标准提到了基于信息安全、计算机安全和网络安全等保护措施,以降低关键基础设施的脆弱性和被攻击的风险。 因此,打击为犯罪目的使用信通技术与执行信息安全措施之间的联系是不可分割的。 打击网络犯罪与网络安全之间有着直接的关系。", "必须从网络安全的角度处理防止攻击关键基础设施的问题。 公约的中心主题是信通技术所便利的犯罪,包括危害关键基础设施的犯罪;因此,从公约内容中删除网络安全概念和相关议定书将留下空白,意味着关键基础设施的预防措施没有被考虑在内。", "同样,应当将预防技术纳入培训课程;与此同时,应当开展提高公众认识运动,交流和转让技术,并紧急考虑和管理袭击和其他潜在紧急情况,同时认识到我们大家都负有共同和有区别的责任。", "公约所认可的预防措施应包括促进各国自主开发新技术的行动,包括软件和硬件,改进加强安全的操作协议,以及更新立法。", "委内瑞拉谴责并起诉制作和贩运儿童和青少年性虐待和性剥削材料的行为,并赞成加强所有保护这一弱势群体免遭罪犯行为侵害的法律。 我们还认为,必须优先采取预防措施,帮助妇女、残疾人、青年和老年人等面临脆弱处境风险的其他群体。", "关于其他行为者参与预防措施的问题,委内瑞拉认为,民间社会、私营部门和学术界应当以各自的国家法律为指导,而各国应当促进规范和标准,以通过技术信息、联合研究、协调国家和社会发展优先事项、新技术技术培训、技术转让和交流,以及在关键基础设施的安全方面,促进各种机制,确保在紧急情况下提供援助时提供最大程度的合作、即时性和透明度。", "应当强调,私营部门有义务并负有社会和道德责任,在所有领域作出积极贡献,防止将信息和通信技术用于犯罪目的,包括通过其专门机构与各国进行定期对话并进行监督,制定合作和评价的标准程序,促进公众和其他社会行为者的参与,并逐步使法律适应新的技术和全球现实。", "执行机制", "关于实施机制,委内瑞拉认为,缔约国应当根据本国法律的基本原则采取必要措施,包括立法和行政措施,以确保履行公约规定的义务。", "在这方面,委内瑞拉赞成设立一个缔约国会议,作为作出决定、审查公约执行情况和评价新承诺的机构。", "缔约国会议可辅之以设立一个执行机构或实体,负责审查公约的执行情况。 委内瑞拉认为,评价这种性质的建议是有好处的,条件是缔约国和适当的内部技术咨询机构和协商机制之间有公平而均衡的代表性,包括会议频率、与不属于这种机构但需要这种参与的国家的持续互动以及酌情作为观察员参加这种机构的选择。", "保留", "国际条约体现了对制定国际准则的共识,缔约国只要在这方面表示同意,就受公约条款的国际责任。", "在这方面,必须承认各国有权确定公约规范的内容和范围,并有权排除或修改公约某些条款或规定的法律效力。 在这方面,委内瑞拉理解,为了保证国际条约的普遍性,保留可能是必要和有用的,在某些情况下,使用保留有助于各国作出签署和批准条约的最后决定。 然而,可以同意,不能对某些条款提出保留,或者只以有限的方式提出保留,因为公约含义本身的性质及其真正的社会和法律职能所固有的原因;然而,这必须在谈判过程中确定。", "解决争端的机制", "未来公约将适用的争端解决机制应规定,缔约国应以国际法承认的或缔约国先前商定的其选择的和平手段解决与公约的解释或适用有关的任何争端。 例如,一些国家由于国内法的原因,可能不承认某些国际机构或法院的管辖权,或其他类似的保留,但这并不限制对整个公约的遵守或加入。", "最后条款", "委内瑞拉认为,未来的公约应当按照类似文书的标准结构,包含关于最后条款的一节,以便特别规定其生效的筹备工作、国家立法改革和基本程序要素等。", "公约应包括关于今后在信息和通信技术领域不断变化的动态以及不断变化的社会、政治和经济现实的背景下可能制定公约附加议定书的规定。", "序言", "公约序言应反映下列原则:", "• 《联合国宪章》的原则和宗旨:主权、人民自决、和平解决争端", "• 数字主权", "二. 支助 防止和打击将信通技术用于犯罪目的", "• 国际合作和团结", "• 促进和加强多边主义", "二. 支助 可持续发展和消除贫穷", "二. 支助 技术转让", "• 透明度" ]

[ "Eleventh session Vienna, 17–21 October 2022 Item 7 of the provisionalagenda[1] \nProvisional agenda for thetwelfth session ofthe Conference", "Draft decision submitted by the extended Bureau", "Provisional agenda for the twelfth session of the Conference", "The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime approves the provisional agenda for the twelfth session of the Conference set out below.", "Provisional agenda for the twelfth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime", "1. Organizational matters:", "(a) Opening of the twelfth session of the Conference;", "(b) Election of officers;", "(c) Adoption of the agenda and organization of work;", "(d) Participation;", "(e) Adoption of the report of the Bureau on credentials;", "(f) General discussion.", "2. General review of the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto:", "(a) United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime;", "(b) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children;", "(c) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air;", "(d) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.", "3. Other serious crimes, as defined in the Convention, including new forms and dimensions of transnational organized crime.", "4. International cooperation, with particular emphasis on extradition, mutual legal assistance and international cooperation for the purpose of confiscation, and the establishment and strengthening of central authorities.", "5. Technical assistance.", "6. Provisional agenda for the thirteenth session of the Conference.", "7. Other matters.", "8. Adoption of the report of the Conference on its twelfth session.", "[1] ^(*) CTOC/COP/2022/1." ]

[ "第十一届会议", "2022年10月17日至21日，维也纳", "临时议程[1]项目7", "缔约方会议第十二届会议临时议程", "扩大主席团提交的决定草案", "缔约方会议第十二届会议临时议程", "联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议核准缔约方会议第十二届会议临时议程如下。", "联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议第十二届会议临时议程", "1. 组织事项：", "(a) 缔约方会议第十二届会议开幕；", "(b) 选举主席团成员；", "(c) 通过议程和工作安排；", "(d) 与会事宜；", "(e) 通过主席团关于全权证书的报告；", "(f) 一般性讨论。", "2. 总体回顾《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其各项议定书的实施情况：", "(a) 《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》；", "(b) 《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的议定书》；", "(c) 《关于打击陆、海、空偷运移民的议定书》；", "(d) 《关于打击非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的议定书》。", "3. 《公约》界定的其他严重犯罪，包括跨国有组织犯罪的新形式和新方面。", "4. 国际合作，尤其侧重于引渡、司法协助和没收事宜国际合作，以及中央机关的设立与加强。", "5. 技术援助。", "6. 缔约方会议第十三届会议临时议程。", "7. 其他事项。", "8. 通过缔约方会议第十二届会议报告。", "[1] * CTOC/COP/2022/1。" ]

[ "第十一届会议 2022年10月17日至21日,维也纳 临时议程项目7 [1]\n第十二届贸发大会临时议程", "扩大主席团提交的决定草案", "第十二届贸发大会临时议程", "联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议核准缔约方会议第十二届会议临时议程如下:", "联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议第十二届会议临时议程", "1. 联合国 2. 组织事项:", "(a) 第十二届贸发大会开幕;", "选举主席团成员;", "(c) 通过议程和工作安排;", "(d) 参与;", "(e) 通过主席团关于全权证书的报告;", "(f) 一般性讨论。", "2. 《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其各项议定书执行情况一般审查:", "(a) 《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》;", "《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》;", "(c) 《关于打击陆、海、空偷运移民的议定书》;", "(d) 《打击非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的议定书》。", "3个 《公约》所定义的其他严重犯罪,包括跨国有组织犯罪的新形式和新层面。", "4. 国际合作,特别强调引渡、司法协助和没收事宜国际合作以及建立和加强中央机关。", "5 (韩语). 技术援助。", "6. 国家 4. 缔约国会议第十三届会议临时议程。", "7. 联合国 其他事项。", "8. 联合国 6. 通过缔约方会议第十二届会议的报告。", "[1] ^(*) CTOC/COP/2022/1 (中文(简体) )." ]

[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 8 (a) of the provisionalagenda \nUNIDO activities related tocircular economy", "UNIDO activities related to circular economy", "Report by the Director General", "The present document reports on the implementation of General Conference resolution GC.18/Res.7 and provides information on the latest developments relating to circular economy. It supplements the information contained in IDB.49/18, GC.19/13 and in the Annual Reports of UNIDO for 2019 (IDB.48/2), 2020 (IDB.49/2) and 2021 (IDB.50/2). The consultations on circular economy are reported on in IDB.50/CRP.6.", "I. Technical cooperation and policy advisory services", "1. UNIDO continued the successful cooperation with the European Investment Bank, Circle Economy and Chatham House for the global project “SWITCH to circular economy value chains”, completing the design of four pilot project on circular actions in the global electronics, textiles, garments and plastics value chains.", "2. In Lebanon, UNIDO supports the private sector’s green and circular economic recovery, focusing on agro-industrial value chains, business opportunities, and access to financial mechanisms for investments in technologies and processes.", "3. The Global Eco-Industrial Parks Programme, implemented in partnership with Switzerland, has helped integrate industrial circularity and synergy perspectives into laws and regulations. Policy development is coordinated through a multi-stakeholder community of practice and interministerial working groups and has already resulted in policy change in several countries.", "4. The SwitchMed II programme has extended its support to fish processing and aquaculture value chains in the Mediterranean with a Blue Economy component, focusing on sustainable and cleaner production practices, policy recommendations and the development of circular business models development. The EU4Environment project continued facilitating industrial symbiosis, industrial waste reduction and circular economy practices in countries with economies in transition.", "5. The “Circular Economy in the Textiles and Garment Industries” project in Ethiopia, Lesotho, Madagascar and South Africa promotes circular economy practices through sustainable chemicals and wastes management. In collaboration with Cambridge University’s Circular Economy Centre, UNIDO’s activities provide the basis to capacitate domestic research centres and services in the circular economy. The dissemination of best practices for the transformative change of the sector is ensured through the active participation and involvement of the private sector and partners.", "6. UNIDO actively participates in the “Transitioning to a Circular Economy for Chemicals and Waste in Africa” and “Financing Agrochemical Reduction and Management” programmes, which stimulate lasting change regionally and globally by re-examining national approaches to chemicals and waste management. UNIDO and 13 countries implement the GEF-funded project “Strengthening of National Initiatives and Enhancement of Regional Cooperation for the Environmentally Sound Management of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Waste of Electronic and Electrical Equipment in Latin American Countries”, which involves four other United Nations entities and several international and national organizations, and is a starting point for a regional project on circular electronics.", "7. The Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN)[1] assists 18 countries in Africa and in Latin America to develop circular economy road maps for the industrial, agricultural and waste sectors that include policy, regulatory and technology guidance for more efficient and cost-effective value chains. CTCN is also developing guidelines to measure and evaluate the impact of circular economy actions on national climate objectives in six countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.[2] In Mexico, CTCN provides technical support to analyze the state of the construction and demolition sector from the perspective of a circular economy.[3]", "8. UNIDO addresses plastic leakage into the environment by promoting circular economy practices in industry and supporting Member States to develop enabling environments. In South Africa, UNIDO supported the development of an action plan and the establishment of the first national ISO-certified biodegradation testing laboratory to lead the transition to environmentally sustainable alternatives. In Egypt, it helped reduce plastic waste by promoting eco-design practices and circular business models in the industry, and assisting in the creation of enabling policy, regulations or economic tools. In Nigeria, UNIDO supported the development of implementation guidelines for the national policy on plastic waste management, while activities in Ghana led to the establishment of a circular economy framework for plastics and a centre of excellence for circular plastics.", "9. UNIDO supports Egypt in developing a circular bio-economy, conducting an assessment of business opportunities, reviewing and supporting the development of existing and new standards for bio-based products, as well as conducting capacity-building for policymakers.", "10. The GEF-funded project “Demonstration of Best Available Techniques and Best Environmental Practices in Open Burning Activities in Response to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants” is implemented in five East and South-East Asian countries. The project aims at achieving a 90 per cent reduction of dioxin releases by relying on circular economy principles and establishing resource efficient waste management systems to reduce emissions of unintentional persistent organic pollutants (POPs).", "11. UNIDO participates in the elaboration of international standards on circular economy in a dedicated Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization.[4] This work includes, inter alia, setting a framework and principles for the implementation of a circular economy, producing guidelines on business models and measuring circularity frameworks.", "II. Convening and partnerships", "12. The side event “Accelerating the global circular economy agenda to tackle climate change and foster economic transformation”, co-organized by UNIDO and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research and supported by 11 United Nations and international organizations,[5] raised the concept of circular economy at the 27th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 27). By building on the outcomes of the global consultations on circular economy, national government representatives led a panel that explored ambitious circular economy principles and practices and their mainstreaming into Nationally Determined Contributions and National Adaptation Plans. Representatives of the private sector, academia and civil society also examined enabling factors for the global shift towards circular economy, including finance for climate and nature.", "13. UNIDO is a founding partner of the Global Alliance on Circular Economy and Resource Efficiency (GACERE)[6] and co-convened its first high-level meeting in September 2021. GACERE aims to provide a global impetus for initiatives related to the circular economy transition, resource efficiency and sustainable consumption and production, building on international efforts.", "14. Collaboration between UNIDO, CTCN, and governments in the region resulted in the launch of the Regional Coalition on Circular Economy for Latin America and the Caribbean.[7] The Coalition released its position paper Circular economy in Latin America and the Caribbean: a shared vision in February 2022.[8]", "III. Action required of the Board", "15. The Board may wish to take note of the information provided in the present document and provide recommendations on how to enhance international cooperation and multilateral action on circular economy. The Board may also wish to provide guidance to the Secretariat on the continuation of consultations on circular economy.", "[1] CTCN, the implementing arm of the UNFCCC Technology Mechanism, co-hosted by UNEP and UNIDO, provides technology, policy and regulatory assistance at the request of developing countries as they seek to meet their climate change commitments and Sustainable Development Goals. For more information: www.ctc-n.org/.", "[2] www.ctc-n.org/technical-assistance/projects/guidelines-monitoring-and-evaluating-impact-circular-economy-measures.", "[3] www.ctc-n.org/technical-assistance/projects/analysis-current-situation-construction-and-demolition-sector-respect.", "[4] iso.org/committee/7203984.html.", "[5] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); International Labour Organization (ILO); United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA); United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE); United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS); The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); World Bank (WB); Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE); Green Growth Knowledge Partnership (GGKP); Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI).", "[6] ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues/gacere.html.", "[7] coalicioneconomiacircular.org/en/elementor-7/inicio-english.", "[8] www.ctc-n.org/news/latin-american-and-caribbean-coalition-launches-vision-regional-circular-economy." ]

[ "工业发展理事会 第五十届会议 2022年11月21日至23日，维也纳 临时议程项目8 (a) \n 工发组织与循环经济有关的活动", "工发组织与循环经济有关的活动", "总干事的报告", "本文件报告大会GC.18/Res.7号决议执行情况，并介绍循环经济相关最新发展动态。本报告是对IDB.49/18、GC.19/13和《工发组织2019年年度报告》（IDB.48/2）、《工发组织2020年年度报告》（IDB.49/2）和《工发组织2021年年度报告》（IDB.50/2）所载信息的补充。IDB.50/CRP.6号文件报告了关于循环经济的磋商情况。", "一. 技术合作和政策咨询服务", "1. 工发组织继续与欧洲投资银行、循环经济和查塔姆研究所就“转向循环经济价值链”全球项目成功开展了合作，完成了关于全球电子、纺织、服装和塑料价值链循环行动的四个试点项目的设计。", "2. 在黎巴嫩，工发组织向私营部门的绿色和循环经济复苏提供支持，重点是农产工业价值链、商业机遇和对技术和工艺投资金融机制加以利用的机会。", "3. 与瑞士合作实施的全球生态工业园区方案有助于把工业循环和协同增效观点纳入法律法规。经由多个利益攸关方的实践社区和部际工作组协同拟订政策，并已致使若干国家的政策发生了变化。", "4. 地中海南部地区转型（SwitchMed）方案二已将其对地中海地区鱼类加工和水产养殖价值链的支持扩大至蓝色经济部分，重点是可持续清洁生产做法、政策建议和进一步发展循环商业模式。欧盟促环境（EU4Environment）项目继续促进经济转型国家的工业共生、工业废物减少和循环经济实践。", "5. 埃塞俄比亚、莱索托、马达加斯加和南非的“纺织和服装业循环经济”项目经由化学品和废物的可持续管理促进循环经济实践。工发组织与剑桥大学循环经济中心合作开展活动，给增强各国国内研究中心和服务部门在循环经济方面的能力奠定了基础。通过私营部门和合作伙伴的积极参与，给传播促进该部门根本性变革的最佳做法提供了保证。", "6. 工发组织积极参与了“非洲的化学品和废物向循环经济过渡”及“资助农用化学品的减少和管理”的方案，这些方案重新审视各国在化学品和废物管理上的做法，从而促进了区域和全球的持久变革。工发组织和13个国家实施了“加强对拉丁美洲国家电子电气设备废物中的持久性有机污染物进行环境无害管理的国家举措和区域合作”的项目，该项目由全球环境基金资助，涉及联合国其他四个实体及若干国际和国家组织，是展开循环电子产品区域项目的出发点。", "7. 气候技术中心和网络（CTCN）[1]协助非洲和拉丁美洲18个国家为工业、农业和废物部门制定循环经济路线图，其中列入了政策、监管和技术指导，以提高价值链的效率和成本效益。CTCN还在制定衡量并评估循环经济行动对拉丁美洲和加勒比六个国家的国家气候目标影响的准则[2]。在墨西哥，CTCN为从循环经济角度分析建筑和拆除行业状况提供了技术支持[3]。", "8. 工发组织促进工业中的循环经济实践并支持成员国发展有利环境以解决塑料泄漏到环境中的问题。在南非，工发组织支持拟订行动计划和建立首个得到国际标准化组织认证的生物降解测试国家实验室，以引导向环境上可持续的替代品的过渡。在埃及，它促进在工业中推行生态设计实践和循环商业模式，并协助创设有利的政策、法规或经济工具，从而帮助减少了塑料废物。在尼日利亚，工发组织支持拟订塑料废物管理国家政策实施准则，同时在加纳开展的活动导致建立了塑料方面的循环经济框架和循环塑料方面的英才中心。", "9. 工发组织支持埃及发展循环生物经济，开展对商业机遇的评估，审查和支持完善现有的生物产品标准及制定新的标准，并给决策者开展能力建设。", "10. 由环境基金资助的“响应《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》展示露天焚烧活动方面最佳可行技术和最佳环保做法”的项目在东亚和东南亚的五个国家得到实施。该项目力求依靠循环经济原则和建立资源高效型废物管理系统以减少无意中产生的持久性有机污染物的排放，从而实现二恶英排放量减少90%的目标。", "11. 工发组织参与了国际标准化组织一个专门技术委员会关于循环经济国际标准的拟订工作。[4]该项工作除其他外，包括拟订落实循环经济的框架和原则，制定营商模式指南和循环框架衡量指南。", "二. 召集职能和伙伴关系", "12. 在联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方会议第二十七届会议期间，由工发组织和联合国训练研究所共同组织并在11个联合国组织和国际组织支持下举行的“加快全球循环经济议程以应对气候变化和促进经济转型”的会外活动[5]提出了循环经济的概念。各国政府的代表以循环经济全球磋商成果为基础，领导一个小组探讨雄心勃勃的循环经济原则和做法以及将其纳入国家自主贡献和国家适应计划的主流问题。私营部门、学术界和民间社会的代表还审视了包括为气候和自然融资等有利于全球转向循环经济的因素。", "13. 工发组织是全球循环经济和资源效率联盟（GACERE）的创始伙伴并于2021年9月共同召开了其第一次高级别会议。[6]GACERE力求基于国际上开展的努力，在全球范围内推动与循环经济转型、资源效率及可持续消费和生产有关的倡议。", "14. 工发组织、气候技术中心和网络及该区域各国政府合作创建了拉丁美洲和加勒比循环经济区域联盟。[7]该联盟于2022年2月发表了其立场文件《拉丁美洲和加勒比的循环经济：一个共同的愿景》。[8]", "三. 需请理事会采取的行动", "15. 理事会似宜注意到本文件提供的信息，并就如何加强循环经济方面的国际合作和多边行动提出建议。理事会还似宜就继续关于循环经济的磋商向秘书处提供指导。", "[1] CTCN是由环境署和工发组织共同主持的《气候变化公约》技术机制的执行机构，它应发展中国家的请求提供技术、政策和监管援助，帮助它们实现其在气候变化方面的承诺和可持续发展目标。如欲了解更多信息，请访问：www.ctc-n.org/。", "[2] www.ctc-n.org/technical-assistance/projects/guidelines-monitoring-and-evaluating-impact-circular-economy-measures。", "[3] www.ctc-n.org/technical-assistance/projects/analysis-current-situation-construction-and-demolition-sector-respect。", "[4] iso.org/committee/7203984.html。", "[5] 联合国环境规划署（环境署）；联合国开发计划署（开发计划署）；国际劳工组织（劳工组织）；联合国西亚经济社会委员会（西亚经社会）；联合国欧洲经济委员会（欧经委）；联合国最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办公室；经济合作与发展组织（经合组织）；世界银行（世行）；绿色经济行动伙伴关系（PAGE）；绿色增长知识伙伴关系（GGKP）；全球绿色增长研究所（GGGI）。", "[6] ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues/gacere.html。", "[7] coalicioneconomiacircular.org/en/elementor-7/inicio-english。", "[8] www.ctc-n.org/news/latin-american-and-caribbean-coalition-launches-vision-regional-circular-economy。" ]

[ "2022年11月21日至23日,维也纳\n工发组织与循环经济有关的活动", "工发组织与循环经济有关的活动", "总干事的报告", "本文件报告大会GC.18/Res.7号决议的执行情况并介绍与循环经济有关的最新动态。 它补充IDB.49/18、GC.19/13和工发组织2019年年度报告(IDB.48/2)、2020年年度报告(IDB.49/2)和2021年年度报告(IDB.50/2)所载信息。 关于循环经济的协商情况,见IDB.50/CRP.6号文件。", "I. 技术合作和政策咨询服务", "1. 联合国 工发组织继续与欧洲投资银行、Circle Economy和Chatham House就“SWITCH通向循环经济价值链”全球项目开展成功合作,完成了全球电子、纺织品、服装和塑料价值链循环行动四个试点项目的设计。", "2. 联合国 在黎巴嫩,工发组织支持私营部门的绿色循环经济复苏,侧重于农用工业价值链、商业机会以及利用金融机制对技术和工艺进行投资。", "3个 与瑞士合作实施的《全球生态工业园区方案》帮助将工业循环和协同作用观点纳入了法律法规。 政策制定工作通过多方利益攸关者同业交流圈和部际工作组来协调,并已导致若干国家的政策变化。", " 4.四. SwitchMed II方案向地中海的鱼类加工和水产养殖价值链提供支助,其中包括蓝色经济,重点是可持续和清洁生产做法、政策建议和开发循环商业模式。 欧盟4环境项目继续促进经济转型国家的工业共生、减少工业废物和循环经济做法。", "5 (韩语). 在埃塞俄比亚、莱索托、马达加斯加和南非的“纺织和服装工业的循环经济”项目通过可持续的化学品和废物管理促进循环经济做法。 与剑桥大学循环经济中心合作,工发组织的活动为国内研究中心和循环经济服务的能力提供了基础。 通过私营部门和伙伴的积极参与和参与,确保传播部门变革的最佳做法。", "6. 工发组织积极参加 \" 向非洲化学品和废物循环经济过渡 \" 和 \" 为减少并管理农用化学品提供资金 \" 方案,这些方案通过重新审查各国对化学品和废物管理的做法而刺激了区域和全球的持久变革。 工发组织和13个国家实施了由全球环境基金资助的“加强拉丁美洲国家对电子和电气设备废物中持久性有机污染物实行无害环境管理的国家举措和区域合作”项目,该项目涉及其他四个联合国实体和若干国际和国家组织,是循环电子学区域项目的起点。", "7. 联合国 气候技术中心和网络[1] 协助非洲和拉丁美洲的18个国家为工业、农业和废物部门制定循环经济路线图,其中包括政策、管理和技术指导,以提高价值链的效率和成本效益。 气候技术中心和网络还正在拟订准则,以衡量和评估循环经济行动对拉丁美洲和加勒比六个国家的国家气候目标的影响。 [2] 在墨西哥,CTCN提供技术支持,从循环经济的角度分析建筑和拆除部门的状况. [3]", "8. 联合国 工发组织通过在工业中推广循环经济做法和支持成员国发展有利环境来解决塑料渗入环境的问题。 在南非,工发组织支持制定一项行动计划并建立了第一个经ISO认证的国家生物降解测试实验室,以引导向环境上可持续的替代品过渡。 在埃及,它通过促进该行业的生态设计做法和循环商业模式以及协助制定有利的政策、条例或经济工具来帮助减少塑料废物。 在尼日利亚,工发组织支持为国家塑料废物管理政策制定实施准则,而加纳的活动导致建立了塑料循环经济框架和循环塑料英才中心。", "9. 国家 工发组织支助 埃及在制定循环生物经济、评估商业机会、审查和支持制定生物产品现有和新标准以及开展决策者能力建设方面。", "10个 在五个东亚和东南亚国家实施了由全球环境基金资助的“在响应《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》的公开焚烧活动中展示最佳可得技术和最佳环境做法”项目。 该项目旨在依靠循环经济原则和建立资源效率高的废物管理系统来减少无意的持久性有机污染物的排放,从而将二恶英的排放减少90%。", "11个 工发组织在国际标准化组织专门技术委员会中参与制定循环经济国际标准。 [4] 这项工作主要包括制定实施循环经济的框架和原则,制定商业模式准则并衡量循环框架。", "二. 召集和伙伴关系", "12个 工发组织和联合国训练研究所在11个联合国组织和国际组织的支持下共同举办了题为“加快全球循环经济议程以应对气候变化并推进经济转型”的会外活动,[5] 在《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方会议第二十七届会议上提出了循环经济的概念。 在循环经济全球磋商成果的基础上,国家政府代表领导了一个小组,探讨雄心勃勃的循环经济原则和做法,并将其纳入国家坚定贡献和国家适应计划的主流。 私营部门、学术界和民间社会代表还审查了全球向循环经济转变的有利因素,包括气候和自然融资。", "13个 工发组织是循环经济与资源效率全球联盟的创始伙伴[6],并于2021年9月共同主办了第一次高级别会议。 GACERE的目的是在国际努力的基础上,为与循环经济转型、资源效率和可持续消费和生产有关的举措提供全球动力。", "14. 工发组织、气候技术中心和网络以及该区域各国政府之间的合作导致拉丁美洲和加勒比循环经济区域联盟的启动。 [7] 该联盟于2022年2月发布了其立场文件\"拉丁美洲和加勒比循环经济:共同愿景\". [8]", "三. 需请理事会采取的行动", "15个 理事会似宜注意到本文件所提供的资料并就如何加强国际合作和就循环经济采取多边行动提出建议。 理事会还似宜就继续就循环经济进行磋商向秘书处提供指导。", "[1] 气候技术中心和网络是《气候公约》技术机制的执行部门,由环境署和工发组织共同主办,应发展中国家的请求,在它们努力履行其气候变化承诺和可持续发展目标时提供技术、政策和监管援助。 详情请查阅www.ctc-n.org/。", "[2] www.ctc-n.org/technical-Assistance/projects/guidelines-监测-并评价-影响-circular-economy-measures.", "[3] www.ctc-n.org/technical-Assistance/projects/analysis-current-situation-building-and-demolinition-section-respective-respective-respective.", "[4] iso.org/committee/7203984.html.", "[5] 联合国环境规划署(环境署);联合国开发计划署(开发署);国际劳工组织(劳工组织);联合国西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会);联合国欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会);联合国最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处(最不发达等国家高代办);经济合作与发展组织(经合组织);世界银行;绿色经济行动伙伴关系;绿色增长知识伙伴关系;全球绿色增长研究所。", "[6] ec.europa.eu/环境/国际问题/gacere.html.", "[7] (英语). colicioneconomicaricular.org/en/elementor-7/inicio-english.", "[8] www.ctc-n.org/news/latin-american-and-caribbean-coalition-launches-visions-region-circular-经济." ]

[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 18 of the provisionalagenda \nMatters related tointergovernmental,non-governmental, governmentaland other organizations", "Application from a non-governmental organization for consultative status", "Note by the Director General", "The present document provides information on the InternationalInstitute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), a non-governmentalorganization (NGO) applying for consultative status with UNIDO.", "1. In accordance with Article 19.1 (b) of the Constitution of UNIDO and the Guidelines for the Relationship of UNIDO with intergovernmental, governmental, non-governmental and other organizations (decision GC.1/Dec.41), in particular paragraph 17 of the annex thereto, information on the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), a non-governmental organization (NGO) seeking consultative status with UNIDO, is circulated to the members of the Board in the annex to the present document. More detailed information on the NGO is available with the Secretariat.", "2. Paragraph 17 of the annex to the Guidelines, stipulates that the Board shall establish appropriate procedures for reviewing applications from NGOs for consultative status. In line with the procedures established by the Board at its forty-fifth session (IDB.45/Dec.16), the Enlarged Bureau of the Board shall review the present application of, and information on the NGO referred to in the annex to the present document at its meeting prior to the fiftieth session and submit its recommendation to the Bureau of the Board. The Bureau shall consider the application and recommendation of the Enlarged Bureau at its first meeting on 21 November 2022.", "3. At the subsequent plenary meeting, the President of the fiftieth session shall inform the Board of the Bureau’s recommendation on the application and with the approval of the Bureau, the President shall present a draft decision to the Board for adoption.", "Annex", "International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)", "Historical background", "IIASA was established in October 1972 as a non-governmental, multinational, autonomous scientific institution with the objective to initiate and support collaborative and individual research in relation to problems of modern societies arising from scientific and technological development. IIASA also aims to encourage and reinforce national and international efforts in corresponding fields of inquiry; devise means of enhancing appreciation of this type of research among scientists from all nations; and attempt to increase understanding through the development of uniform standards and terminology. IIASA was established to work exclusively for peaceful purposes.", "Today, IIASA is an international research institute that advances systems analysis and applies its research methods to identify policy solutions to reduce human footprints, enhance the resilience of natural and socioeconomic systems, and help achieve the sustainable development goals.", "Statutes", "Available.", "Structure of governing bodies and administration", "IIASA is governed by a Council comprised of one permanent representative from each National and Regional Member Organization.", "Regulations concerning the Institute’s objectives, conditions of membership, internal structure, and the roles and responsibilities of the Council are outlined in the IIASA Charter and the delegation of authority framework of the Council and Council Committees.", "The Council is responsible for governance oversight, approval of the Institute’s budget, strategies and governing principles, areas for IIASA research, as well as ensuring that IIASA activities are in line with institutional objectives, the provisions of the Charter and the interests of National and Regional Member Organizations.", "The Council meets twice a year, in June and November. The Charter, the Council delegation of authority and Council resolutions document the role of the Council, as well as its processes and decisions. The Council appoints the Institute’s Director General, Deputy Director General for Science, the Chief Operations Officer (COO) and the Council Secretary.", "The Council has the following Committees:", "Activities related to the work of UNIDO", "The IIASA Strategy 2021–2030 positions the Institute to be among the primary destinations for integrated systems solutions and policy insights to current, emerging, and novel global sustainability challenges, threats and opportunities. The IIASA Research Plan 2021–2024 aims to spotlight opportunities for simultaneously achieving multiple global sustainability goals while minimizing trade-offs; using multidisciplinary, collaborative and inclusive approaches that better integrate behaviour, equity, justice and resilience imperatives.", "IIASA and UNIDO have a long record of cooperation under various formats:", "energy, water, food and ecosystem security in regions characterized by extreme hydro-climatic complexity, multiple energy and land use challenges, and rapid demographic, economic and climate change.", "that bring together over 1,500 policymakers, country delegations, experts and representatives from the private sector and civil society from over 100 countries.", "Energy, and Land (ISWEL) research project.", "Connecting Regional Development, Regional Integration and Value Added Creation: Strategic Elements for Industrial Development of Kyrgyzstan.", "Relations with the United Nations, other IGOs and NGOs", "IIASA is partnering with a number of intergovernmental organizations. These organizations include: the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), the Convention on Biological Diversity, the International Nuclear Information System (INIS) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and its Government Economists for New Economic Systems (GENESYS) initiative/platform, the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), the Secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the International Anti-Corruption Academy (IACA).", "Furthermore, IIASA is collaborating with a number of non-governmental organizations. These organizations include: the Belmont Forum, the Earth League, the Global Commons Alliance, the Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO), the International Science Council (ISC), REN21, the World Water Council (WWC), Africa-UniNet, the Austrian Agency for Research Integrity (OeAWI), the Climate Change Center Austria (CCCA), the Complexity Science Hub Vienna (CSH), Eurasia-Pacific Uninet, the European Citizen Science Association (ECSA), the Science Center Netzwerk and the Vienna Energy Club.", "IIASA is also a founding partner of the initiative to organize the International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development in 2022, proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2021.", "Membership", "Based roughly on a country’s or region’s GDP and purchasing power parity, IIASA membership categories vary from A (highest contribution) to E (lowest contribution) category. All members’ votes are equal regardless of membership category. The Council periodically reviews membership contributions.", "Currently, the following are members of IIASA: Austria, Brazil, China, Egypt, Finland, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Israel, Japan, Jordan, Mexico, Norway, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Member Organization (SSARMO), Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America and Viet Nam.", "Address of headquarters", "International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)", "Schlossplatz 1", "A-2361 Laxenburg", "Austria", "Director General: Mr. Albert S. van Jaarsveld", "Email: jaarsveld@iiasa.ac.at" ]

[ "工业发展理事会", "为可持续原因，本文件未作打印。请各位代表参阅所有文件的电子版。", "第五十届会议", "2022年11月21日至23日，维也纳", "临时议程项目18", "与政府间组织、非政府组织、政府组织 及其他组织有关的事项", "一个非政府组织对咨商地位的申请", "总干事的说明", "本文件提供关于申请工发组织咨商地位的非政府组织国际应用系统分析研究所（应用系统分析所）的资料。", "1. 根据工发组织《章程》第19.1(b)条以及《工发组织与政府间组织、政府组织、非政府组织和其他组织之间的关系的指导方针》（GC.1/Dec.41号决定），特别是其附件第17段，现将本文件附件中关于申请工发组织咨商地位的非政府组织国际应用系统分析研究所（应用系统分析所）的资料分发给理事会成员。关于该非政府组织的更多详细资料可向秘书处索取。", "2. 《指导方针》附件第17段规定，理事会应当制订审查非政府组织要求取得咨商地位的申请的适当程序。根据理事会第四十五届会议确定的程序（IDB.45/Dec.16），理事会扩大主席团应在第五十届会议举行之前的会议上审查本文件附件提到的非政府组织的此申请和资料，并向理事会主席团提交其建议。理事会主席团应在其2022年11月21日第一次会议上审议该申请及扩大主席团的建议。", "3. 在随后的全体会议上，第五十届会议主席应向理事会通报主席团关于申请的建议，并经主席团批准将决定草案提交理事会通过。", "附件", "国际应用系统分析研究所（应用系统分析所）", "历史背景", "应用系统分析所成立于1972年10月，是一个非政府的跨国界自主科学机构，目标是发起和支持就现代社会因科技发展而产生的问题展开协作研究和个人研究。应用系统分析所还力求鼓励并加强相应调查领域的国家和国际努力；寻找加深各国科学家对此类研究的认识的手段；并试图经由拟订统一标准和术语来增进了解。应用系统分析所完全是为和平目的而建立的。", "应用系统分析所如今是一个国际研究机构，它推进系统分析，并应用其研究方法确定政策解决方案，以减少人类足迹，增强自然和社会经济系统的适应性，并帮助实现可持续发展目标。", "章程", "有。", "理事机关和行政部门的架构", "应用系统分析所的管理机构为理事会，由各国家成员组织和区域成员组织各派一名常驻代表组成。", "应用系统分析所的章程及理事会和理事会下属各委员会的授权框架概述了关于该所的目标、成员资格、内部架构及理事会作用和职责的条例。", "理事会负责治理监督、核准研究所的预算、战略和管理原则及应用系统分析所的研究领域，并确保应用系统分析所的活动符合机构目标、章程规定以及国家和区域成员组织的利益。", "理事会每年分别在6月和11月举行两次会议。《章程》、理事会授权和理事会的决议记录了理事会的作用及其程序和决定。理事会任命研究所总干事、负责科学事务的副总干事、首席运营官和理事会秘书。", "理事会下设以下委员会：", "与工发组织工作有关的活动", "应用系统分析所2021-2030的战略将该所定位为针对当前、新出现和新的全球可持续性挑战、威胁和机遇提出综合性系统解决方案和政策见解的主要目的地之一。应用系统分析所2021-2024年研究计划力求突出同时实现多个全球可持续发展目标的机遇，同时最大限度地减少取舍；采用更好结合行为、公平、正义和适应性的多学科协作包容做法。", "应用系统分析所与工发组织有着各种形式的长期合作：", "应用系统分析所和工发组织展开合作，在水文气候极端复杂、能源和土地使用面临多重挑战以及人口、经济和气候快速变化的地区，协力制定能源、水、粮食和生态系统安全的综合解决方案。", "自2009年以来，应用系统分析所和工发组织主办了维也纳能源论坛，该论坛汇集了来自100多个国家的1,500多名决策者、国家代表团、专家以及私营部门和民间社会的代表。", "应用系统分析所与工发组织在水、能源和土地综合解决方案研究项目方面开展了合作。", "应用系统分析所和工发组织合作编写了《连接区域发展、区域一体化和创造附加值：吉尔吉斯斯坦工业发展的战略要素》的报告。", "与联合国、其他政府间组织和非政府组织的关系", "应用系统分析所正在与一些政府间组织展开合作。这些组织包括：联合国经济及社会理事会（经社理事会）、联合国防治荒漠化公约（防治荒漠化公约）、联合国气候变化框架公约（气候变化公约）、政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）、联合国环境规划署（联合国环境署）、生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台（IPBES）、生物多样性公约、国际原子能机构国际核信息系统（核信息系统）。经济合作与发展组织（经合组织）及其新经济体系政府经济学家（GENESYS）倡议/平台、联合国可持续发展解决方案网络（SDSN）、联合国防治荒漠化公约（防治荒漠化公约）秘书处、联合国欧洲经济委员会（欧洲经委会）和国际反腐败学院（IACA）。", "此外，应用系统分析所正在与一些非政府组织合作。这些组织包括：贝尔蒙特论坛、地球联盟、全球公域联盟、全球能源互联网发展合作组织（GEIDCO）、国际科学理事会（ISC）、21世纪可再生能源政策网络（REN21）、世界水理事会（WWC）、非洲研究网络、奥地利研究诚信机构（OeAWI）、奥地利气候变化中心（CCCA）、维也纳复杂性科学中心（CSH）、欧亚太平洋学术协会、欧洲公民科学协会（ECSA）、科学中心网络和维也纳能源俱乐部。", "应用系统分析所还是联合国大会于2021年宣布的组织2022年国际基础科学促进可持续发展年倡议的创始伙伴。", "成员资格", "大致基于一国或一地区国内生产总值和购买力平价，应用系统分析所的成员类别从A类（最高贡献）至E类（最低贡献）不等。不论会员属于哪一类别，所有成员享有平等的投票权。理事会定期评估成员所作贡献。", "应用系统分析所目前有下述成员：奥地利、巴西、中国、埃及、芬兰、德国、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、以色列、日本、约旦、墨西哥、挪威、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛伐克、撒哈拉以南非洲区域成员组织、瑞典、乌克兰、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、美利坚合众国和越南。", "总部地址", "国际应用系统分析研究所（应用系统分析所）", "Schlossplatz 1", "A-2361 Laxenburg", "Austria", "总干事：艾伯特·S. 范雅斯维尔德先生", "电子邮件：jaarsveld@iiasa.ac.at" ]

[ "工业发展理事会第五十届会议 2022年11月21日至23日,维也纳 临时议程项目18\n与政府间组织、非政府组织、政府组织和其他组织有关的事项", "非政府组织要求取得咨商地位的申请", "总干事的说明", "1. 本文件介绍申请工发组织咨商地位的非政府组织国际应用系统分析研究所的情况。", "1. 联合国 1. 根据《工发组织章程》第19.1(b)条和《工发组织同政府间组织、政府组织、非政府组织和其他组织的关系准则》(GC.1/Dec.41号决定),特别是其附件第17段,现将本文件附件中关于申请工发组织咨商地位的非政府组织国际应用系统分析研究所(应用所)的资料分发给理事会成员。 关于该非政府组织的更详细资料可向秘书处索取。", "2. 准则附件第17段规定,理事会应制定审查非政府组织咨商地位申请的适当程序。 根据理事会第四十五届会议所制定的程序(IDB.45/Dec.16),理事会扩大主席团应在第五十届会议之前的会议上审查本文件附件所提及非政府组织的目前申请和有关资料并向理事会主席团提出建议。 主席团应在2022年11月21日第一次会议上审议扩大后主席团的申请和建议。", "3个 在下次全体会议上,第五十届会议主席应将主席团关于申请的建议通知理事会,经主席团批准后,主席将向理事会提出一项决定草案供理事会通过。", "页:1", "国际应用系统分析研究所", "历史背景", "学会成立于1972年10月,是一个非政府的、多国的、自主的科学机构,目标是就现代社会中由科学和技术发展引起的问题发起和支持合作和个人研究。 研究所还旨在鼓励和加强在相应调查领域的国家和国际努力;设法使所有国家的科学家更多地了解这类研究;并设法通过制定统一标准和术语来增进了解。 协会的成立完全是为了和平目的。", "今天,协会是一个国际研究机构,负责推进系统分析,并运用其研究方法确定减少人类足迹、增强自然和社会经济系统复原力和帮助实现可持续发展目标的政策解决方案。", "章程", "可用。", "理事机构的结构和行政", "协会由一个理事会管理,理事会由来自每个国家和区域成员组织的一名常驻代表组成。", "关于研训所的目标、成员条件、内部结构、以及理事会作用和职责的条例载于《机构间统计学会章程》和理事会和理事会各委员会的授权框架。", "理事会负责施政监督、批准研究所的预算、战略和指导原则、研究所的研究领域,以及确保研究所的活动符合机构目标、《宪章》的规定以及国家和区域成员组织的利益。", "安理会每年在6月和11月举行两次会议。 《宪章》、安理会授权和安理会决议记录了安理会的作用及其进程和决定。 理事会任命研究所总干事、科学事务副总干事、首席业务干事和理事会秘书。", "理事会有下列委员会:", "与工发组织工作有关的活动", "《2021-2030年机构间统计所战略》将研究所定位为综合系统解决方案和政策见解的主要目的地之一,以应对当前、新出现的和新的全球可持续性挑战、威胁和机会。 机构间统计所的《2021-2024年研究计划》旨在集中机会,同时实现多重全球可持续性目标,并尽量减少取舍;采用多学科、协作和包容性办法,更好地整合行为、公平、正义和复原力的必要内容。", "机构间统计所和工发组织在不同形式下有着长期的合作记录:", "能源、水、粮食和生态系统安全,其特点是水-气候极为复杂,能源和土地使用面临多重挑战,人口、经济和气候变化迅速。", "来自100多个国家的1 500多名决策者、国家代表团、专家以及私营部门和民间社会的代表参加了会议。", "能源与土地(ISWEL)研究项目。", "连接区域发展、区域一体化和增值:吉尔吉斯斯坦工业发展的战略要素。", "与联合国、其他政府间组织和非政府组织的关系", "协会正在与一些政府间组织建立伙伴关系。 这些组织包括:联合国经济及社会理事会(经社理事会)、联合国防治荒漠化公约(荒漠化公约)、联合国气候变化框架公约(气候公约)、政府间气候变化专门委员会(气专委)、联合国环境规划署(环境署)、生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台(科学政策平台)、生物多样性公约、国际原子能机构(原子能机构)的国际核信息系统(核信息系统)、经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)及其政府经济学家促进新经济体系倡议/平台、联合国可持续发展解决方案网络、联合国防治荒漠化公约(荒漠化公约)秘书处、联合国欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)和国际反腐败学院。", "此外,协会正在与一些非政府组织合作。 这些组织包括:贝尔蒙特论坛、地球联盟、全球共同联盟、全球能源互联发展与合作组织、国际科学理事会、区域网21、世界水理事会、非洲-联合网、奥地利廉政研究机构、奥地利气候变化中心、维也纳复杂科学中心、欧亚-太平洋联合网、欧洲公民科学协会、Netzwerk科学中心和维也纳能源俱乐部。", "学会还是2022年组织由联合国大会于2021年宣布的促进可持续发展国际基础科学年倡议的创始伙伴。", "成员", "根据某一国家或区域的国内生产总值和购买力平价,机构间统计所的成员类别从A类(最高缴款)到E类(最低缴款)不等。 所有成员的票数不论成员类别如何都是平等的。 理事会定期审查成员缴款情况。", "目前,下列机构成员是:奥地利、巴西、中国、埃及、芬兰、德国、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、以色列、日本、约旦、墨西哥、挪威、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛伐克、撒哈拉以南非洲区域组织、瑞典、乌克兰、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、美利坚合众国和越南。", "总部地址", "国际应用系统分析研究所", "螺旋花板 1", "A-2361 拉克森堡", "奥地利", "总干事:阿尔伯特·范哈尔斯维尔德先生", "电子邮件:jaersveld@iiasa.ac.at" ]

[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 8 (b) of the provisionalagenda \nUNIDO strategy in response toclimate change", "UNIDO Strategy in response to climate change", "Report by the Director General", "This document presents the UNIDO Climate Change Strategy preparedin response to General Conference resolution GC.19/Res.2 through aconsultative process with UNIDO Member States.", "I. Introduction", "1. The General Conference, in its resolution GC.19/Res.2, requested the Director General to develop a draft strategy in consultation with Member States, for consideration by the Industrial Development Board at its fiftieth session, that will enhance the efficiency, effectiveness and coordination of UNIDO’s activities in support of Member State inclusive and sustainable industrial development-related climate priorities and to implement climate-related best practices across its operations. It further requested the Director General to report to the fiftieth session of the Industrial Development Board on the developments regarding the implementation of this resolution.", "2. In response to these requests, the Secretariat convened two development dialogues, invited inputs and guidance from Member States through a survey and bilateral meetings, and circulated two draft versions of the strategy for review by Member States.", "3. The UNIDO Climate Change Strategy resulting from this consultative process is contained in an annex to the present document.", "II. Action required of the Board", "4. The Board may wish to consider the document included in the annex and provide guidance to the Secretariat on further action as appropriate.", "Annex", "UNIDO Climate Change Strategy", "Background", "1. Human-induced climate change is affecting every region on Earth in multiple ways, while affecting the world’s most vulnerable communities first and hardest.[1] Widespread and severe impacts to people and their livelihoods, infrastructure and ecosystems have resulted from increases in the frequency and intensity of severe weather events, extreme heat, heavy rainfalls, droughts and fires.[2]", "2. Within the global climate regime, governments and non-State stakeholders have to take action to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels; increase the ability to adapt to the effects of climate change; and make finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low-emission climate-resilient development in accordance with the goals of the Paris Agreement.[3]", "3. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement must be implemented based on the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in light of different national circumstances. Climate protection, built on the implementation of the Paris Agreement, must be pursued together with respect for human rights, the protection of biodiversity, and the right to development. These are anchored in the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Developed countries in particular must honour their responsibilities related to climate action and provide climate finance, technology transfer and capacity-building to developing countries, if we are to achieve these goals.", "4. The role of industry in the climate change context is threefold. Industry is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases; it is itself adversely affected by the changing climate and resource depletion; and it has a potential to become a leading provider of technological solutions, business models and green jobs, while influencing consumer behaviour and lifestyles across the globe. Inclusive and sustainable industrialization is a key element of an effective climate change strategy.", "Mandate", "5. Guided by the Abu Dhabi Declaration, which reconfirms the commitment of UNIDO Member States to the Paris Agreement, the Medium-Term Programme Framework 2022–2025 sets “climate-neutral industry and circular economy” as one of the priority areas of intervention of the Organization.", "6. To operationalize this priority, the General Conference, at its nineteenth session, requested the Director General to develop a draft strategy in consultation with Member States, for consideration by the Industrial Development Board at its fiftieth session, that will enhance the efficiency, effectiveness and coordination of UNIDO’s activities in support of Member States climate priorities related to inclusive and sustainable industrial development (ISID) and to implement climate-related best practices across its operations.[4]", "Vision 2050", "7. A world without poverty and hunger, where industry drives low-emission economies, improves the living standards and preserves the liveable environment for present and future generations, leaving no one behind.", "Mission statement", "8. Low-emission climate-resilient development is the guiding principle for UNIDO’s activities on inclusive and sustainable industrial development (ISID). It will be well anchored in its strategic documents and result metrics, and reflected in its institutional structure. Low-emission climate-resilient development also forms a key pillar of UNIDO’s engagement with its Member States, the United Nations System and other partners and stakeholders.", "Scope", "9. UNIDO’s actions to achieve climate neutrality will be aligned with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement; informed by scientific findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; and driven by national climate and industry priorities and needs. The Joint Declaration signed by UNIDO and the Secretariat of the UNFCCC will guide collaboration between the two entities.", "10. The Strategy seeks to create a flexible framework for action supported by all Member States. It will be aligned with other guiding documents, including the Strategy for Post-conflict/-crisis Situations, the Strategies for Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries and Middle-Income Countries, the Strategy for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women, as well as regional strategies.", "11. The implementation of the Strategy will maximize synergies with other priority areas of UNIDO, such as energy, agribusiness development and food security, circular economy and biodiversity. UNIDO will seek to provide solutions to global challenges in a holistic and integrated way, handle trade-offs and maximize co-benefits.", "Operational principles", "12. Support the needs and priorities of developing countries in line with their right to development: Advisory and technical cooperation services of UNIDO are provided in a demand-driven manner, tailored to local conditions and open to the use of a broad range of technologies critical to achieving low-emission climate-resilient development. Technological options for avoiding and reducing greenhouse gas emissions must be further developed. UNIDO seeks to provide a platform for technology transfer, investment mobilization and climate partnerships to accelerate this process.", "13. Strive for a level playing field for industrial policies to promote low-emission climate-resilient development: It is important that global and regional market-based approaches are rooted in the principles of equity and environmental integrity and take into account special circumstances of countries that are most vulnerable to climate change. Fair, transparent, and balanced implementation of such policies would enable developing countries to benefit from significant transfer of know-how, climate technologies and capacity development to modernize and decarbonize industries, especially hard-to-abate sectors, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.", "14. Promote transformational change through economy-wide, sectoral and cross-sectoral approaches: Ultimately, climate neutrality cannot be achieved through a piecemeal approach. Developed countries should continue taking the lead by undertaking an economy-wide approach that combines sector-specific solutions with cross-sectoral priorities.", "15. Mainstream climate adaptation and resilience in industrial development: To overcome the already drastic effects of climate change, reducing emissions alone will not be sufficient. Climate adaptation measures to reduce the damage resulting from climate change or to take advantage of technological innovations or development opportunities need to be fully integrated into industrial development activities, including the pursuit of climate-proofing and risk management-oriented approaches for greater climate resilience.", "16. Target results at the global, regional, national, and local levels: To enhance impact of climate-related interventions, the Organization will concentrate programmatic efforts on well-defined areas of intervention where it adds value in line with its mandate and expertise.", "17. Empower MSMEs, small-scale industries and entrepreneurs: Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) form the backbone of the economy and generate a large share of economic value. When empowered, they can act in an innovative manner, foster alternative business models and respond to evolving demand. Given the scale of climate mitigation and adaptation action needed, it is critical that MSMEs are supported to be part of the solutions, be it as entrepreneurs, in the context of small-scale industries and clusters or through their participation in regional and global value chains.", "18. Harness industrial capabilities of the future: To achieve the transformation needed for climate neutrality, the transfer of know-how and technologies, policy and technical skills development and the creation of conducive regulatory frameworks and business operating environments will be critical.", "19. Deliver through partnerships for maximum impact: Strategic partnerships will be essential to achieve climate-neutral industrial development at the global level, strengthen climate advocacy and deliver solutions that build on such synergies. UNIDO as a coordinating platform, including by making use of its field structure, will further enhance its status as a neutral broker to facilitate partnerships for maximum impact.", "20. Achieve net zero for UNIDO’s activities by 2030: Under the United Nations Greening the Blue initiative, UNIDO and its field offices will adopt climate-related best practice across its operations and be climate-neutral by 2030.", "Areas of work", "21. Raise the profile of ISID in the international climate change discourse and engage industry stakeholders in climate advocacy: UNIDO will foster a global understanding and raise awareness of the role of industry as a solution provider in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. Through its Member States, UNIDO will contribute to a higher profile of industry as part of essential climate solutions, and step up the debate on emerging issues of the climate-industry nexus in the UNFCCC process.", "22. Facilitate international industrial cooperation for climate action: International cooperation plays a central role in developing national solutions that contribute to stabilization of the global climate system. UNIDO will facilitate the establishment of global and regional alliances and partnerships to accelerate collective action, decarbonize global value chains, and expand markets for green industrial products.", "23. Promote Paris-compatible industrial policies: Industry transition is a complex process with actions taken today that will have an impact on economies and societies for decades to come. UNIDO will influence the global discourse on issues at the intersection of climate action and ISID, such as circular economy and industrial decarbonization, but also enhance ongoing work on digitalization, renewable energies and technology solutions, as well as on sustainable agricultural development and climate-smart agriculture.", "24. Provide evidence-based industrial policy advice for low-emission climate-resilient development: UNIDO will support Member States to identify, prioritize and undertake climate action in the industry sector that is nationally appropriate, country-driven and aimed at transformative change. Upon request, UNIDO will assist developing countries in incorporating industry considerations into their national strategies and plans, including National Adaptation Plans, Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, disaster risk reduction and humanitarian response plans.", "25. Facilitate technology and knowledge transfer to achieve low-emission climate-resilient development: UNIDO will continue assisting developing countries in identifying “low-hanging fruit” mitigation measures and adopting mature climate technologies. At the same time, UNIDO will act as a thought leader for a bold climate action in industry that embraces disruptive technologies, climate risk-informed management new business models and mentality shifts to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. It will proactively foster South-South, North-South and triangular cooperation to enable transfer of a broad range of technologies and innovations.", "26. Boost the use of renewable energies in achieving low-emission climate-resilient development: The development of renewable energy sources in developing countries is of great importance for improving livelihoods, creating jobs, enhancing learning opportunities and decarbonizing energy systems. UNIDO will support the fostering of global clean energy cooperation and work with partner countries to leverage suitable technologies to promote industry-related energy and resource efficiency and explore diverse renewable energy applications, including green hydrogen, to achieve significant emissions reductions. Green hydrogen is a viable solution to decarbonizing the industry, energy and transport sectors while creating green jobs opportunities and other socioeconomic benefits.", "27. Strengthen the capacity to integrate low-emission climate-resilient good practices into ISID: UNIDO will assist developing countries in enhancing the national capacity to assess impact of climate change on enterprises, food and energy systems and infrastructure to climate change, and devise measures to prevent and reduce the impacts of weather-induced extreme events, while strengthening resilience to future crises. UNIDO will place a special emphasis on promoting nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based adaptation. UNIDO will further support the identification and scaling up of existing good practices and innovative solutions for climate action in industry and strengthen capacities to tap climate finance opportunities.", "28. Build the capacity of Member States to effectively participate in market-based mechanisms: The new market mechanisms established under the Paris Agreement could facilitate the implementation of NDCs, foster sustainable development and stimulate the broad participation of a broad range of stakeholders in climate action. They can induce increased financial flows to developing countries. Engaging in international market mechanisms requires specific capacities for private and public actors. UNIDO, in collaboration with its partners, will support such capacity-building efforts in developing countries, in particular in least developed countries and small island developing States, including through knowledge-sharing and dissemination of good practices, peer-to-peer exchanges or learning-by-doing approaches.", "29. Coordinate and leverage climate finance opportunities: UNIDO will assist in leveraging industrial development to mobilize private sector investments and international climate finance to enable a paradigm shift towards low-emission climate-resilient development in developing countries, in particular in least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States. UNIDO will seek to broker partnerships to mobilize, facilitate, de-risk and leverage investments for climate-friendly projects and technologies in developing countries from various private, public and unconventional sources.", "30. Foster green and digital skills to enable a just transition of the workforce: Addressing climate change requires a paradigm shift towards building low-emission climate-resilient economies and societies, while ensuring a just transition of the workforce that creates decent jobs, taking into consideration social dimensions of such transition. Given that many labour-intensive industries may be subject to automation in the coming decades, it is essential to equip women and men with the skills they need for the future of manufacturing. UNIDO’s integrated initiatives will include skills development, technical and vocational training, open-access learning platforms, labs and enhanced remote learning options.", "Implementation of the Strategy", "31. An Action Plan including measurable indicators and targets will be developed to operationalize the implementation of the Strategy. The indicators and targets will be harmonized, to the extent possible, with those of the UNIDO Integrated Results Performance Framework and aligned with the Paris Agreement milestones.", "32. The Action Plan will cover the capacity development, resource mobilization, partnerships and communication activities required to implement the Strategy. A capacity needs assessment will be conducted to identify the climate-related learning, knowledge and capacity gaps of the UNIDO headquarters and field offices and inform the development of an internal capacity-building plan. A resource mobilization plan, including a core budget and external climate financing through diversified partnerships and financing agreements, will be developed as part of the Action Plan. A targeted communication plan will be created to raise awareness of the linkages between climate change and industrial development and facilitate the engagement with partners, financiers and stakeholders.", "33. As an organization with limited staffing and resources, UNIDO has to rely on a broad range of partners to be effective and relevant. Partnerships and inter-agency cooperation are essential for leveraging expertise, accessing research and knowledge, harnessing investments and social capital, creating momentum, sparking innovation, avoiding duplication and enhancing complementarities, expanding capacity development and strengthening outreach to deliver impact at scale. A partner engagement plan will be developed to enhance impact of existing partnerships and establish new ones.", "34. The Strategy will be updated periodically to reflect outcomes of monitoring and evaluation and in response to emerging global trends and deliberations under the UNFCCC and other sustainable development processes.", "[1] IPCC, 2021, Climate change widespread, rapid, and intensifying https://www.ipcc.ch/2021/08/09/ar6-wg1-20210809-pr/.", "[2] IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press.", "[3] Paris Agreement, Article 2.", "[4] GC.19/Res.2." ]

[ "工业发展理事会 第五十届会议 2022年11月21日至23日，维也纳 临时议程项目8 (b) \n 工发组织应对气候变化的战略", "工发组织应对气候变化的战略", "总干事的报告", "本文件介绍了工发组织根据大会GC.19/Res.2号决议经由与工发组织成员国进行的协商而编写的气候变化战略。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在其GC.19/Res.2号决议中请总干事与成员国协商制定一项战略草案以供工业发展理事会第五十届会议审议，该战略将提高工发组织为支持成员国与包容可持续工业发展有关的气候优先事项而开展的活动的效率、效力和协调，并在本组织的所有业务工作中贯彻实施与气候有关的最佳做法。它还请总干事向工业发展理事会第五十届会议报告本决议执行情况的动态。", "2. 秘书处针对这些要求召开了两次发展对话，通过调查和双边会议邀请成员国提供意见和指导，并分发了两份战略草案以供成员国审查。", "3. 经过这一协商产生的工发组织气候变化战略载于本文件附件。", "二. 需请理事会采取的行动", "4. 理事会似宜审议附件所列文件，并酌情就进一步行动向秘书处提供指导。", "附件", "工发组织气候变化战略", "背景", "1. 人类引起的气候变化正以多种方式影响着地球上的每一个地区，世界上最脆弱社区首当其冲最受影响。[1]恶劣天气事件、酷热、暴雨、干旱和火灾更为频繁并且强度更大，对人们及其生计、基础设施和生态系统广泛造成严重影响。[2]", "2. 在全球气候机制内，各国政府和非国家利益攸关方必须采取行动，将全球平均气温增幅控制在不超过比工业化前的水平高出2摄氏度的范围以内，并努力将气温增幅限制在不超过比工业化前的水平高出1.5摄氏度的范围以内；提高适应气候变化影响的能力；并根据《巴黎协定》的目标，使资金流动符合低排放的气候适应型发展路径。[3]", "3. 《联合国气候变化框架公约》（《气候变化公约》）及其《巴黎协定》必须根据不同的国情，在公平、共同但有区别的责任和各自能力的原则基础上得到实施。以执行《巴黎协定》为基础的气候保护必须与尊重人权、保护生物多样性和发展权相伴而行。这些均在《2030年议程》和《可持续发展目标》中予以确定。如果我们要实现这些目标，发达国家尤其必须履行它们在气候行动方面的责任，并向发展中国家提供气候融资、开展技术转让和能力建设。", "4. 工业在气候变化方面有三重作用。工业是温室气体的最大排放者之一；它本身受到气候变化和资源枯竭的不利影响；它有潜力成为技术解决方案、商业模式和绿色工作的领先提供方，同时影响全球消费者的行为和生活方式。包容可持续工业化是气候变化战略行之有效的一个关键要素。", "任务", "方框1：气候变化和工业：行动的迫切性 • 35亿人极易受到气候影响和严重缺水的影响。 •2010年至2020年间，高脆弱地区因洪水、干旱和风暴造成的人口死亡率高出15倍。 • 全球有30%的人面临致命的酷热之苦，到2100年该占比将上升到50%至75%。 •到2050年，居住在沿海地区的10亿人将面临风险，预计小岛屿住区和低洼地区将会消失。 • 2019年，34%的人为温室气体排放来自工业部门。 • 到2050年，工业生产过程中持续不断的排放量可能会耗尽全球的所有碳预算。 \n • 极端天气事件造成的经济损失每年总计1740亿美元，并且还在上升。", "5. 依循重申工发组织成员国对《巴黎协定》所持承诺的《阿布扎比宣言》，《2022-2025年中期方案框架》把“气候中性工业与循环经济”确定为本组织干预措施的优先领域之一。", "6. 为落实该优先事项，大会第十九届会议请总干事与成员国协商制定一项战略草案以供工业发展理事会第五十届会议审议，该战略将提高工发组织为支持成员国与包容可持续工业发展有关的气候优先事项而开展的活动的效率、效力和协调，并在本组织的所有业务工作中贯彻实施与气候有关的最佳做法。[4]", "2050年愿景", "7. 世界上不再有贫困和饥饿，由工业推动低排放经济，提高生活水准，保证今世后代有一个宜居的环境，不让任何人掉队。", "使命陈述", "8. 低排放的气候适应型发展是工发组织包容可持续工业发展活动的指导原则。该原则将在工发组织战略文件和成果指标中得到生动体现，并将反映在其组织结构中。低排放的气候适应型发展也是工发组织与其成员国、联合国系统及其他合作伙伴和利益攸关方进行互动的一个重要支柱。", "范围", "9. 工发组织为实现气候中性采取的行动参照了政府间气候变化专门委员会得出的科学结论并受气候和工业国家优先事项和需求的驱动，将与《2030年可持续发展议程》、《气候变化公约》及其《巴黎协定》保持一致。工发组织和气候变化公约秘书处签署的联合声明将指导这两个实体之间的合作。", "10. 该战略寻求创设一个得到所有成员国支持的灵活的行动框架。它将与其他指导文件保持一致，这些文件包括冲突后/危机局势战略、小岛屿发展中国家、最不发达国家和中等收入国家战略、性别平等和增强妇女权能战略以及区域战略。", "11. 该战略的实施将最大限度地发挥与工发组织在诸如能源、农业企业发展与粮食安全、循环经济和生物多样性等其他优先领域的协同作用。工发组织将寻求以全面综合方式提供应对全球挑战的解决方案，处理取舍问题并最大限度地提高连带惠益。", "业务原则", "12. 根据发展中国家的发展权为其需求和优先事项提供支持：工发组织的咨询和技术合作服务是以需求驱动方式提供的，该服务根据当地的情况提供，并对利用关于实现低排放的气候适应型发展的多项关键技术持开放态度。必须进一步开发避免和减少温室气体排放的技术选项。工发组织寻求给技术转让、投资调动和气候伙伴关系提供一个助力加速该进程的平台。", "13. 努力为促进低排放的气候适应型发展工业政策创造公平的竞争环境：重要的是，全球和区域的市场化做法应当立足于公平和环境完整性的原则，并考虑到最易受气候变化影响的国家的特殊情况。公平、透明和平衡地实施这些政策可以让发展中国家能够获益于大量转让专门知识和气候技术及能力发展，从而在各行各业特别是在难以减排的部门实现现代化和脱碳的同时减少温室气体排放。", "14. 采取统贯整个经济体的全局做法、部门和跨部门做法推动根本性变革：气候中性终究无法通过零敲碎打的方法实现。发达国家应继续发挥带头作用，采取把具体部门解决方案与跨部门优先事项相结合的统贯整个经济体的全局做法。", "15. 把气候适应和抵御能力纳入工业发展的主流：为了克服气候变化已经产生的急剧影响，仅仅减少排放是不够的。需要把为减少气候变化造成的损害或为利用技术创新或发展机遇而采取的气候适应措施充分纳入工业发展活动，包括旨在提高气候适应能力的寻求抵御气候变化的做法和以风险管理为导向的做法。", "16. 全球、区域、国家和地方各级的目标成果：为了加强气候相关干预措施的影响，本组织将把方案工作聚焦于按照其任务和专长可以产生附加值的界定明确的干预领域。", "17. 增强中小微企业、小型工业和企业家的能力：微型、小型和中型企业（中小微企业）是经济的支柱，创造了很大一部分经济价值。如果被赋予权能，它们就能以创新方式行事，塑造替代型商业模式，并对不断变化的需求做出回应。鉴于所需的气候缓解和适应行动的规模，把扶持中小微企业作为解决方案的一部分至关重要，无论它们是小型工业和集群中的企业家，还是区域和全球价值链的参与方。", "18. 对今后的工业能力善加利用：实现气候中性所需根本性转变的关键是，转让专门知识和技术、拟订政策和开发技术技能以及创设有利的监管框架和营商环境。", "19. 经由伙伴关系加以落实以取得最大影响：战略伙伴关系至关重要，有利于在全球一级实现气候中性的工业发展、加强在气候问题上的宣传和落实基于此种协同作用的解决方案。把工发组织作为协调平台，包括为此对其驻地结构加以利用，将进一步加强其作为促进伙伴关系以求取得最大影响的中立斡旋人的地位。", "20. 到2030年实现工发组织活动的净零：根据《联合国环境绿动倡议》，工发组织及其驻地办事处将在其所有业务中采用与气候有关的最佳做法，到2030年实现气候中性。", "工作领域", "21. 提高包容可持续工业发展在国际气候变化讨论中的知名度，并让工业方面的利益攸关方参与到对气候问题的宣传中来：工发组织将推动国际社会了解工业作为实现《巴黎协定》各项目标的解决方案提供方所起作用并提升这方面的认识。工发组织将通过其成员国帮助提升工业作为气候解决基本方案一部分的知名度，并在《气候变化公约》的进程中进一步开展关于气候与工业之间关系的新的问题的辩论。", "22. 促进气候行动方面的国际工业合作：国际合作在制定有助于实现全球气候系统稳定的国家解决方案方面发挥着核心作用。工发组织将促进建立全球和区域联盟与伙伴关系，以加快集体行动的步伐，使全球价值链脱碳，并拓宽绿色工业产品市场。", "23. 促进与《巴黎协定》相符的工业政策：工业转型是一个复杂的过程，今天采取的行动将对今后几十年的经济和社会产生影响。工发组织将影响诸如循环经济和工业脱碳等气候行动和包容可持续工业发展交叉问题的全球讨论，但也将加强正在进行的关于数字化、可再生能源和技术解决方案以及可持续农业发展和气候智能型农业的工作。", "24. 为低排放的气候适应型发展提供循证工业政策建议：工发组织将支持成员国在工业部门确定、优先考虑和采取适合国情、由国家驱动并旨在实现根本性变革的气候行动。工发组织将根据请求协助发展中国家把工业方面的考虑纳入其国家战略和计划，包括国家适应计划、《巴黎协定》规定的国家自主贡献、温室气体低排放长期发展战略、减少灾害风险和人道主义应急计划。", "25. 促进技术和知识转让以实现低排放的气候适应型发展：工发组织将继续协助发展中国家确定“易实现的目标”的减缓措施，并采用成熟的气候技术。与此同时，工发组织将充当思想领袖，在工业中采取大胆的气候行动，拥抱颠覆性技术、了解气候风险管理的新型商业模式并改变心态，以将全球平均气温的升幅控制在比工业化前的水平高出2摄氏度以下，并努力将气温升幅限制在比工业化前的水平高出1.5摄氏度以下。它将积极促进为转让涉面广泛的多项技术和创新而开展南南、南北和三边合作。", "26. 提升对可再生能源的使用以实现低排放的气候适应型发展：发展中国家可再生能源的开发对于改善生计、创造就业机会、增加学习机会和使能源系统脱碳都至关重要。工发组织将为促进全球清洁能源方面的合作提供支持，并与伙伴国家协力利用适当的技术以促进提高与工业有关的能源和资源效率，并探索包括绿氢在内的各种可再生能源的应用以实现大幅减排。绿氢是一个可行的解决方案，可以在减少工业、能源和交通部门碳排放的同时创造绿色就业机会及其他社会经济效益。", "方框2：工发组织关于工业绿氢的全球方案 绿氢（GH2）将对实现减缓气候变化的能源转换起到推动作用。发展中国家拥有丰富的可再生能源潜力，在成为GH2主要生产国并利用低排放工业和经济发展新路径上的优势无可替代。投资于可再生能源项目和电解槽，吸引能源密集型钢铁或基础化学品投资，或促进使用绿色钢铁或化学原料的下游工业，均可创造新的就业机会和福利。 作为对这一机遇的回应，工发组织于2021年7月启动了全球工业绿氢方案，以加快GH2在全球的应用步伐，目的是实现工业脱碳及促进低排放的工业发展。该方案基于两大支柱： (1) 全球伙伴关系支柱-侧重于政策对话、知识的开发和传播、技术准则和标准。 (2) 技术合作支柱-侧重于向国家绿氢工业集群、项目路线图和项目的联合开发提供支持。 \n工发组织将与公共和私营部门、金融组织和学术界展开合作，以确保听取所有利益攸关方的意见和坚定走在GH2价值链的轨道上。", "27. 加强把低排放的气候适应型良好做法纳入包容可持续工业发展的能力：工发组织将协助发展中国家加强评估气候变化给企业、粮食和能源系统以及应对气候变化的基础设施所造成的影响的国家能力，并协助其拟订关于预防和减少天气引发的极端事件的影响的措施，同时加强对未来危机的抵御能力。工发组织将特别重视促进基于自然的解决方案和基于生态系统的适应。工发组织将进一步支持确定并推广在工业方面的气候行动现有良好做法和创新解决方案，并加强在挖掘气候融资机遇方面的能力。", "28. 开展成员国高效参与市场化机制的能力建设：根据《巴黎协定》建立的新的市场机制可以便利落实国家自主贡献，推动可持续发展，并促进范围广泛的多个利益攸关方广泛参与气候行动。它们可以吸引更多资金流向发展中国家。对国际市场机制的参与需要私人和公共行为体具备特定的能力。工发组织将与其伙伴们进行合作，给发展中国家，特别是给最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家开展此种能力建设提供支持，包括为此共享知识和传播良好做法、进行同行交流或采取在实践中学习的做法。", "29. 协同利用气候融资方面的机遇：工发组织将协助利用工业发展来调动私营部门的投资和国际气候融资，以协助实现发展中国家，特别是最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家向低排放的气候适应型发展的范式转变。工发组织将寻求促成伙伴关系，以便从各种私人、公共和非常规来源调动助力发展中国家气候友好型项目和技术的投资、给投资提供便利，化解投资风险和对投资善加利用。", "30. 培养绿色和数字技能以实现劳动力的公正过渡：应对气候变化需要有向建设低排放的气候适应型经济体和社会的范式转变，同时确保在顾及过渡所涉社会问题的情况下向创造体面工作的劳动力的公正过渡。鉴于许多劳动密集型工业在今后几十年内都可能会实现自动化，关键是让妇女和男子具备制造业未来所需技能。工发组织的综合举措将包括技能开发、技术和职业培训、开放式学习平台、实验室和增强型远程学习选项。", "战略的实施", "31. 将制定列有可衡量指标和具体目标的行动计划，以落实该战略的实施。这些指标和具体目标将尽可能与工发组织成果绩效综合框架的指标和具体目标协调一致，并与《巴黎协定》所述各里程碑保持一致。", "32. 该行动计划将涵盖战略执行所需能力开发、资源调动、伙伴关系和交流活动。将开展能力需求评估，以查明工发组织总部和驻地办事处在与气候有关的学习、知识和能力上的差距，并为内部能力建设计划的拟订提供参照依据。作为行动计划的一部分，将制定一项资源调动计划，该计划列有核心预算和经由多种伙伴关系和融资协议而在气候问题上提供的外部融资。将制定有针对性的交流计划，以提高对气候变化与工业发展之间联系的认识，并促进与合作伙伴、资金提供人和利益攸关方的互动。", "33. 作为一个人员和资源有限的组织，工发组织的工作成效和相关作用都必须依赖于广大合作伙伴。伙伴关系和机构间合作至关重要，它们有助于利用专门技能、获取研究和知识、善用投资和社会资本、创造前进的势头、激发创新、避免工作的重复和加强互补性、拓展能力开发和加强外联以发挥规模性影响。将制定合作伙伴参与计划，以增强现有伙伴关系的影响并建立新的伙伴关系。", "方框3：利用战略伙伴关系 •工发组织的驻地结构包括在48个国家设有办事处，并经由区域代表覆盖更多国家； •布鲁塞尔、日内瓦和纽约的联络处以及工发组织投资和技术促进办事处的全球网络； • 区域可持续能源中心的全球网络； • 与气候融资架构的伙伴关系：全球环境基金、绿色气候基金和适应基金； • \n 与国际金融机构、企业、慈善家和有影响力的投资人建立新的合作伙伴关系。", "34. 将根据新出现的全球趋势以及在《气候变化公约》及其他可持续发展进程下的审议情况对该战略定期更新，以反映监测和评估的结果。", "[1] 政府间气候变化专门委员会，2021年，普遍、迅猛并且不断加快的气候变化，https://www.ipcc.ch/2021/08/09/ar6-wg1-20210809-pr/。", "[2] ² 政府间气候变化专门委员会，2022年：决策者摘要[H.-O. Pörtner、D.C. Roberts、E.S. Poloczanska、K. Mintenbeck、M. Tignor、A. Alegría、M. Craig、S. Langsdorf、S. Löschke、V. Möller、A. Okem（编辑）]。载于：2022年气候变化：影响、适应和脆弱性。第二工作组对政府间气候变化专门委员会第六次评估报告的贡献[H.-O. Pörtner、D.C. Roberts、M. Tignor、E.S. Poloczanska、K. Mintenbeck、A. Alegría、M. Craig、S. Langsdorf、S. Löschke、V. Möller、A. Okem、B. Rama（编辑）]。剑桥大学出版社。待发表。", "[3] ³ 《巴黎协定》第2条。", "[4] ⁴ GC.19/Res.2。" ]

[ "工业发展理事会第五十届会议\n工发组织应对气候变化的战略", "工发组织 应对气候变化的战略", "总干事的报告", "本文件介绍了根据大会GC.19/Res.2号决议通过同工发组织成员国协商而拟订的工发组织气候变化战略。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会在其GC.19/Res.2号决议中请总干事同成员国协商拟订一份战略草案,供工业发展理事会第五十届会议审议,该战略将提高工发组织支持成员国与包容和可持续的工业发展有关的气候优先事项的活动的效率、效力和协调,并在整个业务中实施与气候有关的最佳做法。 大会还请总干事向工业发展理事会第五十届会议报告执行本决议的进展情况。", "2. 联合国 针对这些请求,秘书处举行了两次发展对话,通过一次调查和双边会议邀请了会员国提供投入和指导,并分发了两个战略草案,供会员国审查。", "3个 这一协商进程产生的工发组织气候变化战略载于本文件附件。", "二. 需请理事会采取的行动", " 4.四. 理事会似宜审议附件所载文件并酌情就进一步行动向秘书处提供指导。", "页:1", "工发组织 气候变化战略", "背景情况", "1. 联合国 人类引起的气候变化正在以多种方式影响地球上的每一个地区,同时首先也影响着世界上最脆弱的社区。 [1] 严重天气事件、极端高温、暴雨、干旱和火灾的频率和强度增加,对人民及其生计、基础设施和生态系统造成了广泛而严重的影响。 [2]", "2. 联合国 在全球气候制度内,各国政府和非国家利益攸关方必须采取行动,将全球平均气温的上升控制在远远低于工业化前水平的2°C以下,并努力将气温上升限制在1.5°以内。 C 高于工业化前水平;提高适应气候变化影响的能力;按照《巴黎协定》的目标,使资金流动符合低排放气候抗御力发展的道路。 [3]", "3个 《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)及其《巴黎协定》必须在公平、共同但有区别的责任和各自能力的原则基础上,根据不同的国情加以执行。 在执行《巴黎协定》的基础上进行气候保护,必须同时尊重人权、保护生物多样性和发展权。 这些都以2030年议程和可持续发展目标为基础。 发达国家尤其必须履行其与气候行动有关的责任,并向发展中国家提供气候资金、技术转让和能力建设,这样才能实现这些目标。", " 4.四. 工业在气候变化方面有三重作用。 工业是温室气体最大的排放地之一;工业本身受到不断变化的气候和资源枯竭的不利影响;工业有可能成为技术解决方案、商业模式和绿色工作的主要提供者,同时影响全球消费者的行为和生活方式。 包容和可持续的工业化是有效的气候变化战略的关键要素。", "任务", "5 (韩语). 以《阿布扎比宣言》为指导,该宣言重申了工发组织成员国对《巴黎协定》的承诺,《2022-2025年中期方案纲要》将 \" 气候中立工业和循环经济 \" 作为本组织干预的优先领域之一。", "6. 国家 为了落实这一优先事项,大会第十九届会议请总干事同成员国协商拟订一项战略草案,供工业发展理事会第五十届会议审议,该战略将提高工发组织支助成员国与包容和可持续的工业发展有关的气候优先事项的活动的效率、效力和协调,并在整个业务中实施与气候有关的最佳做法。 [4]", "2050年展望", "7. 联合国 一个没有贫困和饥饿的世界,在这个世界上,工业推动低排放经济,提高生活水平,为今世后代维护可活的环境,没有人落在后面。", "任务说明", "8. 联合国 低排放的气候抗御力发展是工发组织在包容和可持续工业发展方面的活动的指导原则。 它将很好地扎根于其战略文件和成果指标,并反映在其体制结构中。 低排放的气候抗御力发展也是工发组织与其成员国、联合国系统和其他伙伴及利益有关者接触的一个关键支柱。", "范围", "9. 国家 工发组织实现气候中和的行动将与2030年可持续发展议程、《气候公约》及其《巴黎协定》保持一致;以政府间气候变化专门委员会的科学结论为参考;以国家气候和工业优先事项和需要为动力。 工发组织同《气候公约》秘书处签署的《联合宣言》将指导两个实体之间的合作。", "10个 《战略》寻求建立一个所有会员国支持的灵活行动框架。 它将与其他指导文件保持一致,包括《冲突后/危机局势战略》、《小岛屿发展中国家、最不发达国家和中等收入国家战略》、《两性平等和妇女赋权战略》以及区域战略。", "11个 该战略的实施将最大限度地发挥与工发组织其他优先领域的协同作用,如能源、农产企业发展和粮食安全、循环经济和生物多样性。 工发组织将寻求以整体和综合方式为全球挑战提供解决办法,处理取舍并尽量扩大共同效益。", "业务原则", "12个 支持发展中国家按照其发展权的需要和优先事项: 工发组织的咨询和技术合作服务是按需求提供的,适合当地条件,并开放使用对实现低排放气候抗御力发展至关重要的各种技术。 必须进一步发展避免和减少温室气体排放的技术备选办法。 工发组织力求为技术转让、投资动员和气候伙伴关系提供一个平台来加快这一进程。", "13个 努力为工业政策提供一个公平的竞争环境,以促进低排放气候抗御能力的发展: 全球和区域市场办法必须植根于公平和环境完整性的原则,并考虑到最易受气候变化影响国家的特殊情况。 公平、透明和均衡地执行这些政策,将使发展中国家能够从大量转让专门知识、气候技术和能力发展中获益,使工业,特别是难以获取的部门现代化和去碳化,同时减少温室气体排放。", "14个 通过全经济、部门和跨部门办法促进转型变革: 归根结底,不能通过零敲碎打的办法实现气候中立。 发达国家应继续起带头作用,采取全经济办法,将具体部门的解决办法同跨部门优先事项结合起来。", "15个 将气候适应和复原力纳入工业发展的主流: 为了克服气候变化已经十分严重的影响,仅仅减少排放是不够的。 需要将旨在减少由气候变化所造成的损害或利用技术革新或发展机会的气候适应措施充分纳入工业发展活动,包括采用气候防控和风险管理方针来增强气候复原力。", "16号. 全球、区域、国家和地方各级的目标成果: 为了加强与气候有关的干预措施的影响,本组织将把方案工作集中在明确界定的干预领域,并根据其任务授权和专门知识增加价值。", "17. 增强中小微企业、小型工业和企业家的能力:微型、小型和中型企业构成经济的支柱,并产生一大部分经济价值。 一旦获得授权,它们就能以创新的方式采取行动,促进替代商业模式并应对不断变化的需求。 鉴于缓解和适应行动的规模需要,必须支持中小微企业成为解决办法的一部分,无论是作为企业家,还是作为小规模工业和集群,还是通过它们参与区域和全球价值链。", "18岁。 利用未来的工业能力: 为了实现气候中和所需的转变,转让专门技能和技术、政策和技术技能发展以及建立有利的监管框架和经营环境至关重要。", " 19. 19. 通过伙伴关系实现最大影响:战略伙伴关系对于在全球一级实现气候中和的工业发展、加强气候宣传和提供以这种协同作用为基础的解决办法至关重要。 工发组织作为一个协调平台,包括通过利用其外地结构,将进一步提高其中立中介地位,为最大限度地发挥影响力而促进伙伴关系。", "20号. 到2030年实现工发组织活动净零: 在联合国绿化 \" 蓝色 \" 倡议下,工发组织及其外地办事处将在其整个业务中采用与气候有关的最佳做法,并到2030年做到气候中立。", "工作领域", "21岁 提高可持续发展倡议在国际气候变化讨论中的能见度,并让行业利益攸关方参与气候宣传: 工发组织将促进全球了解并提高对工业作为解决方案提供者在实现《巴黎协定》目标方面的作用的认识。 工发组织将通过其成员国促进提高工业的形象,将其作为基本气候解决办法的一部分,并加紧就《气候公约》进程中新出现的气候与工业关系问题展开辩论。", "22号. 促进气候行动的国际工业合作: 国际合作在制定有助于稳定全球气候系统的国家解决办法方面起核心作用。 工发组织将促进建立全球和区域联盟和伙伴关系,以加快集体行动,使全球价值链脱碳并拓展绿色工业产品的市场。", "23. 联合国 促进符合巴黎的工业政策: 工业转型是一个复杂的过程,今天采取的行动将对今后几十年的经济和社会产生影响。 工发组织将影响关于气候行动与工业争端解决之间问题的全球讨论,如循环经济和工业去碳化,但也将加强目前关于数字化、可再生能源和技术解决方案以及可持续农业发展和气候智能农业等工作。", "24 (韩语). 为低排放气候抗御力发展提供循证的工业政策咨询:工发组织将支持成员国确定、优先考虑和开展适合本国国情、由国家驱动并旨在进行变革的工业部门气候行动。 工发组织将根据请求协助发展中国家将工业考虑纳入其国家战略和计划,包括国家适应计划、《巴黎协定》下的国家坚定贡献、长期低温室气体排放发展战略、减少灾害风险和人道主义反应计划。", "25岁 促进技术和知识的转让以达到低排放气候抗御力的发展:工发组织将继续协助发展中国家确定“低升起的果实”缓解措施并采用成熟的气候技术。 同时,工发组织将作为一个思想领袖,在工业中采取大胆的气候行动,其中包括破坏性技术、气候风险管理、新的商业模式和心态转变,使全球平均气温的上升远远低于工业化前水平的2°C,并努力将气温上升限制在1.5°以内。 C 高于工业化前的水平。 它将积极促进南南合作、南北合作和三角合作,以促成广泛的技术和创新转让。", "26. 联合国 推动可再生能源的使用,以实现低排放气候抗御力发展: 发展中国家可再生能源的开发对于改善生计、创造就业、增加学习机会和使能源系统脱碳至关重要。 工发组织将支持促进全球清洁能源合作并与各伙伴国家合作,以利用适当的技术来提高与工业有关的能源和资源效率并探索各种可再生能源应用,包括绿色氢能,以显著地减少排放。 绿色氢是工业、能源和运输部门去碳化,同时创造绿色就业机会和其他社会经济效益的可行解决方案。", "27个 加强能力,将低排放气候抗御力良好做法纳入工业、工业和工业发展:工发组织将协助发展中国家提高国家能力,以评估气候变化对企业、粮食和能源系统以及基础设施对气候变化的影响,并制订措施来预防和减少由天气引起的极端事件的影响,同时加强应对未来危机的能力。 工发组织将特别强调促进以自然为基础的解决办法和以生态系统为基础的适应。 工发组织将进一步支持查明和扩大现有良好做法和工业气候行动的创新解决办法,并增强利用气候融资机会的能力。", "28岁 建设会员国有效参与市场机制的能力: 根据《巴黎协定》所建立的新市场机制可以促进国家数据中心的执行,促进可持续发展并激励广泛的利害关系方广泛参与气候行动。 它们可促使更多的资金流向发展中国家。 参与国际市场机制需要私营和公共行为者的具体能力。 工发组织将与其伙伴合作,支持发展中国家,特别是最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家的这种能力建设努力,包括通过知识共享和传播良好做法、同行交流或边干边学的办法。", "29. 国家 协调和利用气候融资机会: 工发组织将协助利用工业发展,以调动私营部门投资和国际气候融资,使发展中国家,特别是最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家向低排放气候抗御力发展转变。 工发组织将寻求促成伙伴关系,从各种私人、公共和非常规来源为发展中国家的气候友好型项目和技术调动、促进、去风险并带动投资。", "30岁。 培养绿色和数字技能,使劳动力实现公正的过渡: 应对气候变化需要转变模式,以建设低排放、气候抗御力强的经济体和社会,同时确保劳动力的公正过渡,创造体面的就业机会,同时考虑到这种过渡的社会层面。 鉴于今后几十年许多劳动密集型行业可能实行自动化,必须使妇女和男子掌握制造未来所需的技能。 工发组织的综合举措将包括技能发展、技术和职业培训、开放的学习平台、实验室和加强的远程学习选择。", "战略的执行情况", "31岁 将制定一项行动计划,其中包括可衡量的指标和目标,以实施该战略。 这些指标和目标将尽可能与工发组织综合成果业绩框架的指标和目标相统一,并符合《巴黎协定》的里程碑。", "32. 联合国 《行动计划》将涵盖执行《战略》所需的能力发展、资源调动、伙伴关系和宣传活动。 将进行能力需要评估,以查明工发组织总部和外地办事处与气候有关的学习、知识和能力差距,并指导制定内部能力建设计划。 作为《行动计划》的一部分,将制定一项资源调动计划,包括核心预算和通过多种伙伴关系和融资协议提供的外部气候融资。 将制定有针对性的宣传计划,以提高人们对气候变化与工业发展之间联系的认识,并便利与合作伙伴、金融家和利益攸关方的接触。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 作为一个人员和资源有限的组织,工发组织必须依靠广泛的伙伴才能有效和切合实际。 伙伴关系和机构间合作对于利用专门知识、获取研究和知识、利用投资和社会资本、创造势头、激发创新、避免重复和加强互补性、扩大能力发展和加强外联以发挥规模影响至关重要。 将制定伙伴参与计划,以加强现有伙伴关系的影响并建立新的伙伴关系。", "34. 国家 该战略将定期更新,以反映监测和评价结果,并针对《气候公约》和其他可持续发展进程下新出现的全球趋势和审议情况。", "[1] IPCC, 2021, 气候变化广泛,快速,和强化 https://www.ipcc.ch/2021/08/09/ar6-wg1-20210809-pr.", "[2] 气专委,2022:决策者摘要 [H.-O. Portner, D. C. Roberts, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (编).]. 载于:气候变化 2022:影响、适应和脆弱性。 第二工作组对政府间气候变化专门委员会第六次评估报告的贡献[H.-O. Pörtner、D.C. Roberts、M. Tignor、E.S. Poloczanska、K. Mintenbeck、A. Legría、M. Craig、S. Langsdorf、S. Löschke、V. Möller、A. Okem、B. Rama (编)]。 剑桥大学出版社. 在报.", "[3] 巴黎协定,第2条。", "[4] GC.19/Res.2。" ]

[ "Terms of reference for the Asia-Pacific Innovation Forum", "Note by the secretariat", "Summary \nThe Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science,Technology and Innovation seeks to build consensus on the objectives,theme, participation and modalities for an Asia-Pacific innovationforum, which will form the basis of its terms of reference and aresolution on the subject, to be submitted to the Commission at itsseventy-third session. The present note contains the proposed termsof reference, an overview of the background for a forum and keypoints for discussion.", "I. Introduction", "1. Historically, the science, technology and innovation for sustainable development ecosystem has comprised government institutions, research and academic organizations, and civil society. However, this landscape is expanding along dimensions unforeseen even five years ago.", "2. New actors are looking for original, transformative solutions. Philanthropic foundations and social impact investors are emerging as new sources of finance for innovations and technologies that have the potential to deliver both high social and environmental impact and economic returns.", "3. The technology, design and creative industries themselves are exploring how their skills and expertise could have a new and different impact in the developing world. Today people entering the workforce are looking for opportunities that provide rewards beyond financial gain that also provide sense of social purpose. Some of the most promising development innovations are being pioneered by commercial enterprises that aim to deliver positive social and sustainable change.", "4. Corporations are also exploring how they can benefit society and the environment as well as the economy. Corporations are equipped to deliver innovation at scale, and opportunity in the region is significant, given that 40 per cent of the Forbes Global 500 companies are headquartered in Asia.", "5. The challenge for policymakers is to create an enabling environment for these actors to leverage their respective comparative advantages to proactively engage in sustainable development.", "6. While the Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation will provide an important venue for intergovernmental dialogue and collective action to harness science, technology and innovation for sustainable development, it is also critical to engage the diverse range of stakeholders now operating in this ecosystem if the ambitions of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are to be met. The proposed multi-stakeholder Asia-Pacific innovation forum would provide such a platform to stimulate multisectoral collaboration and identify the opportunities and challenges that science, technology and innovation present.", "7. While the Committee will provide an important venue for facilitating intergovernmental knowledge-sharing, cooperation and collective action, the biennial meeting schedule may hamper countries’ abilities to keep pace with the fast-changing science, technology and innovation landscape. Given the significant science, technology and innovation activity taking place outside the confines of government, it is imperative that government officials have the opportunity to discuss and understand the dynamics from the source. Thus, it is recommended that an additional avenue of cooperation, provided by the proposed forum, be convened in alternate years to the Committee to allow for more regular interactions and to strengthen cooperation on science, technology and innovation among Governments and the diverse stakeholders in this ecosystem, especially in the South-South arena.", "II. Background", "8. At its seventy-second session, the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) adopted resolution 72/12 on harnessing science, technology and innovation for inclusive and sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific. In it, the Commission invited member States to work further on convening a biennial Asia-Pacific innovation forum starting in 2017 through the Committee and to work further on its terms of reference and modalities, the forum to be held in alternative years to the Committee, as a means to enhance and facilitate knowledge-sharing and collaboration among member States, the United Nations system and relevant stakeholders as appropriate.", "III. Proposed terms of reference", "Terms of reference of the Asia-Pacific Innovation Forum", "1. Objectives", "1. The Asia-Pacific Innovation Forum shall provide a platform for the facilitation of knowledge-sharing and collective action and for the establishment of a diverse and multi-stakeholder network to address the challenges and opportunities presented by science, technology and innovation for sustainable development.", "2. The Forum shall address the following objectives:", "(a) Science, technology and innovation knowledge-sharing and collaboration", "(i) Support North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international knowledge-sharing and cooperation;", "(ii) Provide a venue for a sustained dialogue between the diverse actors in the science, technology and innovation for sustainable development ecosystem;", "(iii) Share success stories and lessons learned in the pursuit of scientific breakthroughs, technological advancements and innovative practices;", "(iv) Propose new initiatives and partnerships to harness science, technology and innovation for sustainable development;", "(v) Matchmake between investors and innovators.", "(b) Science, technology and innovation policy and strategy", "(i) Surface and share best practices for policies and strategies on science, technology and innovation in pursuit of sustainable development from a multi-stakeholder perspective;", "(ii) Explore innovative approaches to leveraging human and financial resources for science, technology and innovation;", "(iii) Share approaches to measuring the implementation of science, technology and innovation for the Sustainable Development Goals.", "(c) Science, technology and innovation foresight exercises", "(i) Showcase emerging scientific breakthroughs and technological advances;", "(ii) Showcase innovative policy approaches for sustainable development;", "(iii) Engage in regional foresight exercises.", "(d) Inform the deliberations of the Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation", "(i) Ensure that member States of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) have full visibility of best practices on policies, strategies, concepts, products and services for science, technology and innovation;", "(ii) Ensure that member States keep abreast of emerging science, technology and innovation developments and innovative policy approaches;", "(iii) Provide member States with innovative proposals to advance science, technology and innovation for sustainable development.", "2. Theme", "3. The areas of science, technology and innovation have a fast-paced and ever-changing agenda. While some aspects of the Forum can be perennial, each Forum may also focus on a specific topic highlighting the means by which science, technology and innovation can contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The secretariat of ESCAP shall propose themes for the Forum based on research and analysis of emerging opportunities and challenges in science, technology and innovation, which will be shared with the Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation six months prior to each session of the Forum, and which shall be discussed and finalized at the relevant meeting of the Advisory Committee of Permanent Representatives and Other Representatives Designated by Members of the Commission. A theme or critical issue shall be addressed at each session of the Forum.", "3. Participation", "4. The Forum shall be collaborative and multi-stakeholder in nature, and shall include member States of ESCAP, United Nations entities, other multinational and regional entities, civil society, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, the philanthropic sector, the scientific community, academia, youth, indigenous peoples and others.", "5. The role of stakeholders shall be to highlight how their sector can contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals through science, technology and innovation.", "6. The Forum shall be open to participation of all accredited delegates and representatives. An open call for registration shall be made to ensure a wide range of participants.", "4. Modalities", "7. The Forum shall be organized by ESCAP and be convened on alternate years to the Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation. The Forum shall take place over two to three days.", "8. The Forum may be convened in Bangkok or a different location.", "5. Key output", "9. A key output of the Forum shall be a document on innovation for sustainable development which shall:", "(a) Summarize discussions at the Forum on the key successes and lessons learned in the pursuit of scientific breakthroughs, technological advancement and innovative practices for sustainable development;", "(b) Showcase emerging science, technology and innovation products, services and concepts on the horizon;", "(c) Present proposals from the multi-stakeholder participants for new initiatives, areas of focus and partnerships to harness science, technology and innovation for sustainable development;", "(d) Report on successful matchmaking for South-South or triangular cooperation;", "(e) Include a proposal on an action agenda for the theme of the Forum, as informed by multi-stakeholder discussions.", "IV. Key points for discussion", "1. The terms of reference above are proposed for discussion, with a focus on the objectives, theme of the forum in 2017, participation and modalities.", "10. Possible themes for the forum in 2017 include:", "(a) Promoting open science in Asia and the Pacific;", "(b) Fostering technology collaboration in Asia and the Pacific;", "(c) Innovative financing for sustainable development;", "(d) Developing innovation skills for sustainable development through education institutions and vocational training;", "(e) Building the ecosystem for social enterprise and impact investment in Asia and the Pacific.", "V. Outcome", "11. The Committee seeks to build consensus on the objectives, theme, participation and modalities for an Asia-Pacific innovation forum, which will form the basis of its terms of reference and a resolution on the subject, to be submitted to the Commission at its seventy-third session." ]

[ "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会 信息和通信技术， 科学、技术与创新委员会 第一届会议 2016年10月5日至7日，曼谷 临时议程^(*) 项目3(b) \n科学、技术与创新的政策议题：利用亚太创新论坛促进区域科学、技术和创新协作", "亚太创新论坛的职权范围", "秘书处的说明", "内容摘要 \n信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会寻求就亚太创新论坛的目标、主题、参与及模式达成共识，以此为基础制定其职权范围并形成决议提交经社会第七十三届会议。本说明载有拟议职权范围，并且概述了论坛的背景情况及讨论要点。", "一．导言", "1. 历史上，科学、技术与创新促进可持续发展生态系统由政府机关、科研和教育组织及民间社会组成。然而这一格局正在扩展，其走势即使在五年前都难以预料。", "2. 新的行为者正寻求原创式、具有变革意义的解决方案。慈善基金会及社会创效投资者逐步崛起成为新型资金来源，以促进具有实现社会和环境高效影响和巨大经济效益潜力的各种创新和技术。", "3. 技术、设计及创意产业本身正在探索如何应用其技能和专长对发展中世界产生新的、不同的影响。如今，人们加入劳动大军期待有机会获得具有社会目的感的财务收益。努力实现社会变革和可持续变革的商业企业正在率先推出一些最有前途的发展创新。", "4. 公司也在探索如何为社会、环境及经济造福。公司有能力开展大规模创新，而且，鉴于福布斯全球500强公司有40%将其总部设在亚洲，本区域因此拥有巨大的机遇。", "5. 政策制订者面临的挑战是为这些行为者提供一种扶持环境，使其运用各自的比较优势积极主动地参与可持续发展。", "6. 虽然信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会将为驾驭科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展开展政府间对话和集体行动提供重要场所，但要实现《2030年可持续发展议程》的宏伟目标，就要促使目前跻身这一生态系统的多利益攸关方参与其中。拟议设立的多利益攸关方亚太创新论坛将提供这样一种平台，推动多部门协作并且查明科学、技术和创新所带来的机遇和挑战。", "7. 虽然委员会将为协助政府间知识分享、合作及集体行动提供重要场所，但两年一度的会议安排或许有碍各国紧跟迅速变化的科学、技术和创新形势的能力。鉴于正在发生的大量科学、技术和创新活动超出了政府管理范围，政府官员必须有机会讨论并了解其动态发展的根源。因此，建议由拟议设立的论坛再提供一个合作渠道，与委员会隔年交替举行会议，以便在各国政府与该生态系统领域的多利益攸关方之间，定期开展更多的互动并加强科学、技术和创新合作，尤其是在南南合作领域。", "二．背景", "8. 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)第七十二届会议通过了关于利用科学、技术与创新促进亚洲及太平洋包容的可持续发展的第72/12号决议。经社会在其中请成员国利用该委员会，就2017年起每两年召开一次亚太创新论坛会议一事进一步开展工作，并进一步完善其职权范围和模式，使论坛与委员会会议隔年交替举行，作为酌情提高并促进成员国、联合国系统和相关利益攸关方之间开展知识交流和协作的一种手段。", "三．拟议的职权范围", "亚洲及太平洋创新论坛的职权范围", "1． 目标", "1. 亚洲及太平洋创新论坛应提供一个平台，促进知识分享和集体行动，并建立一种形式多样的多利益攸关方网络以应对科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展所带来的挑战和机遇。", "2. 论坛将处理以下目标：", "a. 科学、技术和创新知识分享与协作", "㈠ 支助南北、南南及三边、区域和国际层面的知识分享与合作；", "㈡ 提供渠道供科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展生态系统领域内的不同行为者之间持续开展对话；", "㈢ 分享追求科学突破、技术进步和创新实践过程中的成功及经验教训；", "㈣ 就加强科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展提出新举措及伙伴关系建议；", "㈤ 协助投资者与创新者结缘。", "b. 科学、技术和创新政策与战略", "㈠ 挖掘并分享从多利益攸关方角度寻求实现可持续发展的科学、技术和创新政策和战略最佳实践；", "㈡ 探索采取创新办法借助人力和财务资源促进科学、技术和创新；", "㈢ 分享开展科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展目标的衡量办法。", "c. 科学、技术和创新的预测活动", "㈠ 展示新出现的科学突破及技术进步；", "㈡ 展示促进可持续发展的创新政策办法；", "㈢ 参与区域预测活动。", "d. 在信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会的讨论中通报情况", "㈠ 确保亚太经社会成员国充分了解有关科学、技术和创新政策、战略、理念、产品及服务的最佳实践；", "㈡ 确保成员国紧紧跟上新出现的科学、技术和创新进展及创新政策办法；", "㈢ 向成员国提供推动科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展的创新建议。", "2. 主题", "3. 科学、技术与创新领域中的议程发展速度快，而且不断变化。虽然创新论坛的部分内容可以常年讨论，但各次论坛也可注重于某一具体题目，突出讨论科学、技术和创新如何协助实现可持续发展目标的方式方法。亚太经社会秘书处应根据对新出现的科学、技术和创新机遇及挑战进行的分析和研究提出拟议专题，在每届论坛会议前六个月与信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会分享，并应送交常驻代表和经社会成员指派的其他代表咨询委员会的相关会议讨论并敲定。论坛每届会议将处理一个主题或重大事宜。", "3. 参加活动", "4. 本论坛的性点应是相互协作和多利益攸关方参与，并应包括亚太经社会成员国、联合国各实体、其他多国及区域实体、民间社会、非政府组织、私营部门、慈善部门、科学界、学术界、青年、土著人及其他方面。", "5. 利益攸关方的作用应突出强调其部门如何运用科学技术与创新协助实现可持续发展目标。", "6. 论坛应向所有经认证的代表开放。为确保广泛参与应公开邀请报名登记。", "4. 模式", "7. 论坛应由亚太经社会举办，并与信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会隔年举行活动。论坛会期为2至3天。", "8. 论坛可在曼谷或其他地点举行。", "5. 主要产出", "9. 论坛的主要产出应是关于创新促进可持续发展的文件，其中：", "(a) 概述论坛关于在追求科学突破，技术进步及创新实践促进可持续发展的过程中的主要经验和教训的讨论情况；", "(b) 展示新出现的科学、技术与创新产品、服务及理念；", "(c) 介绍多利益攸关方参与者对驾驭科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展提出的新举措、重点领域及伙伴关系建议；", "(d) 报告南南或三边合作喜结良缘的情况；", "(e) 根据多利益攸关方讨论情况，纳入关于论坛主题的行动议程建议。", "四. 讨论要点", "9. 建议讨论以上职权范围，重点在于其目标、2017年论坛主题、参与及模式。", "10. 2017年论坛备选主题包括：", "(a) 推动亚洲及太平洋科学开放；", "(b) 促进亚洲及太平洋开展技术协作；", "(c) 开展创新式可持续发展融资；", "(d) 通过教育机构以及职业培训，开发促进可持续发展的创新技能；", "(e) 亚洲及太平洋建立社会企业和影响投资生态系统。", "五. 成果", "11. 委员会寻求就亚洲及太平洋创新论坛的目标、主题、参与及模式达成共识，以此为基础制定其职权范围并形成决议，提交经社会第七十三届会议。" ]

[ "亚太创新论坛的职权范围", "秘书处的说明", "内容提要\n信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会力求就亚太创新论坛的目标、主题、参与和模式达成共识,这将构成其职权范围的基础,并就此事项通过一项决议,提交经社会第七十三届会议。 本说明载有拟议的职权范围、论坛背景概况和讨论要点。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 历史上,促进可持续发展的科学、技术和创新生态系统包括政府机构、研究和学术组织以及民间社会。 然而,即使在五年前,这种景观正沿着无法预见的维度扩展。", "2. 联合国 新行动者正在寻找具有创新性和变革性的解决办法。 慈善基金会和社会影响投资者正在成为创新和技术的新资金来源,这些创新和技术有可能产生高社会和环境影响并带来高经济回报。", "3个 技术、设计和创意产业本身正在探索其技能和专长如何能在发展中国家产生新的不同影响。 今天,进入劳动力队伍的人正在寻找机会,提供超出经济收益的回报,同时提供社会目的感。 一些最有希望的发展创新正在由商业企业率先进行,目的是实现积极的社会和可持续的变革。", " 4.四. 公司也在探索如何为社会和环境以及经济带来惠益。 鉴于福布斯全球500强公司的40%总部设在亚洲,公司具备提供大规模创新的能力,本区域的机会是巨大的。", "5 (韩语). 决策者面临的挑战是创造有利环境,使这些行为体能够利用各自的相对优势,积极主动地参与可持续发展。", "6. 国家 虽然信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会将为政府间对话和集体行动提供重要场所,以利用科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展,但如果要实现《2030年可持续发展议程》的雄心壮志,还必须让目前在这一生态系统中运作的各种利益攸关方参与进来。 拟议的多利益攸关方亚太创新论坛将提供一个平台来激励多部门合作并查明科学、技术和创新带来的机遇和挑战。", "7. 联合国 委员会将为促进政府间知识分享、合作和集体行动提供重要场所,但两年期会议时间表可能妨碍各国跟上迅速变化的科学、技术和创新环境的能力。 鉴于科学、技术和创新活动在政府范围之外进行,政府官员必须有机会从源头上讨论和了解动态。 因此,建议由拟议论坛提供的另一个合作途径在隔年与委员会举行,以便更经常地进行互动,加强各国政府和这一生态系统中的各种利益攸关方之间在科学、技术和创新方面的合作,特别是在南南领域。", "二. 背景情况", "8. 国家 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)第七十二届会议通过了关于利用科学、技术和创新促进亚洲及太平洋包容性和可持续发展的第72/12号决议。 其中,经社会邀请各成员国进一步努力,从2017年起,通过委员会举办一次双年度亚太创新论坛,并更进一步地制定其职权范围和模式,即将在委员会替代年份举行的论坛,以此加强和促进成员国、联合国系统和相关利益攸关方之间的知识共享和协作。", "三. 拟议职权范围", "亚太创新论坛的职权范围", "1. 联合国 目标", "1. 联合国 亚太创新论坛将提供一个平台,促进知识共享和集体行动,并建立一个多样化的多利益攸关方网络,以迎接科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展带来的挑战和机遇。", "2. 联合国 2. 论坛将处理下列目标:", "(a) 科学、技术和创新知识分享与协作", "(一) 支持南北、南南和三角区域和国际知识共享与合作;", "(二) 为科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展生态系统的不同行动者之间持续对话提供场所;", "(三) 交流在追求科学突破、技术进步和创新做法方面的成功经验和教训;", "(四) 提出新的倡议和伙伴关系,以利用科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展;", "(五) 投资者与创新者之间的匹配。", "(b) 科学、技术和创新政策和战略", "(一) 从多方利益有关者的视角出发,就科学、技术和创新政策和战略提出并交流最佳做法;", "(二) 探索利用人力资源和财政资源促进科学、技术和创新的创新办法;", "(三) 交流衡量科学、技术和创新以实现可持续发展目标的方法。", "(c) 科学、技术和创新展望工作", "(一) 出现新的科学突破和技术进步;", "(二) 展示促进可持续发展的创新政策办法;", "(三) 参与区域展望活动。", "(d) 国家 通报信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会的审议情况", "(一) 确保亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)成员国充分了解科学、技术和创新政策、战略、概念、产品和服务方面的最佳做法;", "(二) 确保成员国及时了解新出现的科学、技术和创新动态以及创新政策办法;", "(三) 为成员国提出创新建议,以推进科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展。", "2. 联合国 主题", "3个 科学、技术和创新领域的议程速度快并不断变化。 虽然论坛的一些方面可以是常年性的,但每个论坛也可能侧重于一个具体专题,强调科学、技术和创新可以促进实现可持续发展目标的手段。 亚太经社会秘书处将根据对科学、技术和创新方面新出现的机会和挑战的研究和分析,为论坛提出主题;这些主题将在论坛每届会议前六个月与信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会分享;这些主题将在常驻代表和经社会成员指派的其他代表咨询委员会的相关会议上讨论并定稿。 论坛每届会议将讨论一个主题或关键问题。", "3个 参与", " 4.四. 论坛应具有协作性和多方利益攸关方性质,并包括亚太经社会成员国、联合国实体、其他多国和区域实体、民间社会、非政府组织、私营部门、慈善部门、科学界、学术界、青年、土著人民等。", "5 (韩语). 利益攸关方的作用应当是突出其部门如何通过科学、技术和创新为实现可持续发展目标作出贡献。", "6. 国家 论坛应向所有经认可的代表和代表开放。 应公开要求登记,以确保广泛的参与者。", "4. 方式", "7. 联合国 论坛由亚太经社会组织,于信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会隔年召开。 论坛将举行2至3天。", "8. 国家 论坛可在曼谷或另一个地点召开。", "5 (韩语). 主要产出", "9. 国家 论坛的一项主要产出是一份关于创新促进可持续发展的文件,该文件应:", "(a) 总结论坛关于追求科学突破、技术进步和创新做法以促进可持续发展的主要成功和经验教训的讨论;", "(b) 展示新出现的科学、技术和创新产品、服务和概念;", "(c) 提出多方利益有关者与会者关于利用科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展的新倡议、重点领域和伙伴关系的建议;", "(d) 关于南南合作或三角合作成功匹配的报告;", "(e) 根据多方利益有关者的讨论,列入一项关于论坛主题行动议程的建议。", "四、结 论 讨论要点", "1. 联合国 以上职权范围被提出来讨论,重点是2017年论坛的目标,主题,参与和方式.", "10个 2017年论坛可能的主题包括:", "(a) 促进亚洲及太平洋的开放科学;", "(b) 促进亚洲及太平洋的技术合作;", "(c) 以创新方式为可持续发展筹资;", "(d) 通过教育机构和职业培训,发展促进可持续发展的创新技能;", "(e) 为社会企业建设生态系统并影响亚洲及太平洋的投资。", " V. 结果", "11个 委员会力求就亚太创新论坛的目标、主题、参与和方式达成共识,该论坛将构成其职权范围的基础,并就此事项向经社会第七十三届会议提交一项决议。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda", "The present document contains the provisional agenda of the Ministerial Conference on Transport.[1]", "Senior officials segment", "1. Opening of the session:", "a. Opening addresses;", "b. Election of officers;", "c. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Assessment and evaluation of the implementation of the Ministerial Declaration on Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific and the Regional Action Programme for Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific, phase II (2012-2016).", "3. Major issues in transport:", "(a) Sustainable Development Goals and transport;", "(b) Regional transport infrastructure connectivity;", "(c) Regional transport operational connectivity;", "(d) Strengthening of transport connectivity between Asia and Europe;", "(e) Transport connectivity for least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States;", "(f) Rural connectivity to wider networks;", "(g) Sustainable urban transport;", "(h) Improving road safety.", "1. Draft regional action programme for sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific, phase I (2017-2021).", "2. Draft ministerial declaration on sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific.", "3. Other matters.", "4. Adoption of the report of the senior officials segment.", "Ministerial segment", "5. Opening of the session:", "a. Opening addresses;", "b. Election of officers;", "c. Adoption of the agenda.", "6. Policy debate on issues pertaining to sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific and the implementation of the Ministerial Declaration on Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific and the Regional Action Programme for Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific, phase II (2012-2016), including the report of the senior officials segment.", "7. Other matters.", "8. Adoption of the ministerial declaration on sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific, including a regional action programme for sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific, phase I (2017-2021).", "9. Adoption of the report of the Conference.", "10. Closing of the Conference.", "[1] The Ministerial Conference on Transport has been held every five years since 1985: the Meeting of Ministers Responsible for Transport and Communications was held in Bangkok in 1985; the Meeting of Senior Government Representatives Responsible for the Transport and Communications Decade for Asia and the Pacific, 1985-1994 was held in Bangkok in 1990; the Ministerial Conference on Infrastructure was held in New Delhi in 1996; the Ministerial Conference on Infrastructure was held in Seoul in 2001; the Ministerial Conference on Transport was held in Busan, Republic of Korea, in 2006; and the Ministerial Conference on Transport was held in Bangkok in 2012." ]

[ "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会 \n 交通运输部长级会议 第三届会议 \n 2016年12月5日至9日，莫斯科", "临时议程", "本文件载有交通运输部长级会议的临时议程。[1]", "高级官员会议段", "1. 会议开幕：", "a. 致开幕词；", "b. 选举主席团成员；", "c. 通过议程。", "2. 评估和评价《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》的执行情况。", "3. 交通运输的主要事项：", "a. 可持续发展目标和交通运输；", "b. 区域交通运输基础设施的互联互通；", "c. 区域交通运输运营上的互联互通；", "d. 加强亚洲和欧洲之间的交通运输互联互通；", "e. 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家交通运输的互联互通；", "f. 农村与更广泛网络的互联互通；", "g. 可持续的城市交通运输；", "h. 改善道路安全。", "4. 亚洲及太平洋区域促进可持续交通运输互联互通行动方案第一阶段(2017-2021年)草案。", "5. 亚洲及太平洋区域关于可持续交通运输互联互通的部长级宣言草案。", "6. 其他事项。", "7. 通过高级官员会议段的报告。", "部长级会议段", "8. 会议开幕：", "a. 致开幕词；", "b. 选举主席团成员；", "c. 通过议程。", "9. 政策辩论：亚洲及太平洋区域与可持续交通运输互联互通有关的事项，《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》的执行情况，包括高级官员会议段的报告。", "10. 其他事项。", "11. 通过亚洲及太平洋区域关于可持续交通运输互联互通的部长级宣言，包括亚洲及太平洋区域促进可持续交通运输互联互通行动方案第一阶段(2017-2021年)。", "12. 通过会议报告。", "13. 会议闭幕。", "[1] 交通运输部长级会议自1985年以来一直每五年举行一次：运输和通信部长会议于1985年在曼谷举行； 负责《1985-1994年亚洲及太平洋运输和通信十年》的高级政府代表会议于1990年在曼谷举行；基础设施部长级会议于1996年在新德里举行；基础设施部长级会议于2001年在首尔举行；交通运输部长级会议于2006年在大韩民国釜山举行；以及交通运输部长级会议于2012在曼谷举行。" ]

[ "临时议程", "本文件载有运输问题部长级会议的临时议程。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "高级官员部分", "1. 联合国 会议开幕:", "(单位:千美元) 开幕词;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 选举主席团成员;", "c. 将数据删除; 1. 通过议程。", "评估和评价《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》的执行情况。", "3个 运输方面的主要问题:", "(a) 可持续发展目标和运输;", "(b) 区域运输基础设施的连通性;", "(c) 区域运输业务连通性;", "(d) 加强亚洲和欧洲之间的运输连接;", "(e) 为最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家提供运输连通性;", "(f) 农村与更广泛的网络的联系;", "(g) 可持续的城市交通运输;", "(h) 改善道路安全。", "1. 联合国 亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性区域行动方案草案,第一阶段(2017-2021年)。", "关于亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性的部长级宣言草案。", "3个 其他事项。", " 4.四. 6. 通过高级官员部分的报告。", "部长级会议", "5 (韩语). 会议开幕:", "(单位:千美元) 开幕词;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 选举主席团成员;", "c. 将数据删除; 1. 通过议程。", "6. 国家 关于亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性、《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》执行情况的政策辩论,包括高级官员部分的报告。", "7. 联合国 其他事项。", "8. 国家 通过《亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性部长级宣言》,包括《亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性区域行动方案》第一阶段(2017-2021年)。", "9. 国家 6. 通过会议报告。", "10个 会议闭幕。", "[1] 自1985年以来,运输部长级会议每五年举行一次:1985年在曼谷举行运输和通讯部长会议;1990年在曼谷举行负责1985-1994年亚洲及太平洋运输和通讯十年的政府高级代表会议;1996年在新德里举行基础设施部长级会议;2001年在汉城举行基础设施部长级会议;2006年在大韩民国釜山举行运输部长级会议;2012年在曼谷举行运输部长级会议。" ]

[ "Report on subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms in Asia and the Pacific", "Note by the secretariat", "Summary There is a dynamic, vibrant and pioneering science, technology andinnovation ecosystem in the region which includes many subregionalcooperation mechanisms on these topics. However, these mechanisms are disparate and unconnected and, thus,do not fully harness the region’s vast knowledge and potential.They also exclude many member States in the region. Therefore thereis an opportunity to improve cooperation among these subregionalcooperation mechanisms and to increase their benefits for theregion as a whole. Promoting more, and deeper, collaboration withinthe entire Asia-Pacific region on science, technology andinnovation for inclusive and sustainable development should be apriority for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The purpose of the present note is to provide an overview of thesubregional science, technology and innovation cooperationmechanisms and of proposed modalities for ways that the Economicand Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific could facilitatemore inclusive knowledge-sharing, cooperation and collective actionon these topics. \nThe proposed outcome of this agenda item is consensus on themodalities to ensure the region as a whole is informed onsubregional science, technology and innovation activity and tosupport cooperation on these topics.", "I. Introduction", "1. At its seventy-second session, the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) adopted resolution 72/12 on harnessing science, technology and innovation for inclusive and sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific. In the resolution, the Commission requested the Executive Secretary to raise awareness among member States on the science, technology and innovation dialogues taking place at various forums and international, regional and subregional organizations, by acting as a bridge to facilitate cooperation and joint action when necessary.", "1. As a result, ESCAP has been tasked with playing an active role in supporting member States in harnessing science, technology and innovation for sustainable development. These efforts will be realized through a variety of activities, including research and analysis, capacity-building and technical assistance. ESCAP will also act as a liaison for other United Nations efforts, such as the Technology Bank for the Least Developed Countries and the Technology Facilitation Mechanism. One of the Commission’s key roles will be to ensure that the progress and achievements of the subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms are highlighted not just to each other, but to the member States who currently do not participate in any of those mechanisms so as to promote deeper knowledge-sharing and collaboration within the entire Asia-Pacific region and to promote science, technology and innovation for inclusive and sustainable development. It will allow more rapid advancement by reducing redundancies and improving opportunities to leap-frog.", "2. The Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation presents a unique opportunity to create an inclusive platform for science, technology and innovation that facilitates knowledge-sharing and cooperation across the region as a whole, given its broad membership across Asia and the Pacific.", "2. The present note provides an overview of the vision, mission and strategic areas of focus of science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms in the following subregional cooperation organizations: Asia‑Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Eurasian Economic Commission, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the Secretariat of the Pacific Community and the Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat. The present note also presents proposed modalities that ESCAP could implement to facilitate more inclusive science, technology and innovation knowledge-sharing, cooperation and collective action.", "3. The annex lists the members of each of the subregional organizations mentioned in the present document.", "II. Subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms and their mandates", "4. The Policy Partnership on Science, Technology and Innovation of APEC was established in 2012. Its vision is to have achieved, by 2025, through its efforts, innovative economic growth. Its mission is to support the development of science and technology cooperation as well as effective science, technology and innovation policy recommendations in APEC through collaboration among governments, academia, the private sector and other APEC forums. The Partnership aims to intensify cooperation among governments, the private sector and academia and prioritizes its objectives in three subgroups: (a) building science capacity, (b) promoting an enabling environment for innovation and (c) enhancing regional science and technology connectivity.", "5. The ASEAN Committee on Science and Technology was established in 1978. The Committee’s vision is a science, technology and innovation-enabled ASEAN, which is also innovative, competitive, vibrant, sustainable and economically integrated. The ASEAN Plan of Action on Science, Technology and Innovation 2015-2020 was developed to (a) economically integrate ASEAN through active collaboration between the public and private sectors and talent mobility, (b) deepen awareness of science, technology and innovation and its beneficial impacts, (c) leverage an innovation-driven economy with information and communications technology and a strong engagement of youth in science, technology and innovation, (d) bridge ASEAN innovation to the global market, (e) utilize ASEAN innovation to address the grand challenges of the new millennium and (f) establish active research and development collaboration, technology commercialization, entrepreneurship and network of centers of excellence.", "6. The Economic Cooperation Organization Science Foundation was established by the Council of Ministers of the Economic Cooperation Organization in 2011 as a specialized agency for the promotion of science and technology with the goal of economic development, the creation of a reservoir of highly skilled scientific and technical human resources, and strengthening the scientific and research institutions in its member States. The Science Foundation is mandated to promote scientific and technological research collaboration and other relevant activities among its member States and to promote science and technology innovation at all levels. In addition, the Science Foundation emphasizes cooperation with international organizations and United Nations agencies for collaboration that promotes synergies and complementarities.", "7. The Eurasian Economic Commission Industrial Policy Department was established in 2015 with the purpose of accelerating and improving the sustainability of industrial development and the competitiveness of its member States. Through the implementation of effective cooperation, it aims to increase innovation activities in the industrial sector. States members of the Eurasian Economic Commission agreed on the main direction of industrial cooperation in 2015: to exercise effective and mutually beneficial cooperation between its member States in order to accelerate sustainable industrial development and ensure that it enhances the competitiveness and innovative activity of the industrial sectors.", "8. SAARC cooperation in science and technology is pursued through its Technical Committee on Science and Technology. SAARC has recognized the importance of science, technology and higher education in addressing twenty-first century challenges and has prioritized regional cooperation in these areas to derive benefits from the synergy of collective, well-planned and focused initiatives undertaken by its member States. An action plan for science and technology was developed with four primary focuses: (a) cooperation in the field of science and technology, (b) standardization and laboratory testing, (c) themes for cooperation and (d) project development.", "9. As part of its mission, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community works for the well-being of Pacific people through the effective and innovative application of science and knowledge, guided by a deep understanding of Pacific island contexts and cultures.", "10. The Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat is an international organization that promotes peace and shared prosperity among China, Japan and the Republic of Korea. The Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat consists of four departments: Political Affairs, Economic Affairs, Sociocultural Affairs, and Management and Coordination. Science and technology is a subdivision under Economic Affairs. The Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat believes that scientific progress and innovation have underpinned economic development. It has held trilateral dialogues on science and technology in an effort to establish a future-oriented trilateral science and technology cooperation system as a tool to find solutions to common regional issues and make contributions to Asia and the world through such cooperation.", "III. Modalities for knowledge-sharing and cooperation among subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms", "11. There is a rich body of science, technology and innovation knowledge and practice residing in the above-mentioned cooperation mechanisms. The region as a whole could benefit enormously from this expertise and experience in the pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals. To ensure that the region is fully informed, several ESCAP activities are proposed.", "12. A standing agenda item on subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms at the sessions of the Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation. Appropriate representatives from subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms would be invited to attend the Committee session and discuss its standing agenda item in order to present information on activities and stimulate deeper cooperation, if appropriate.", "13. ESCAP observer status at subregional science, technology and innovation meetings. An appropriate representative from ESCAP would observe subregional science, technology and innovation meetings and attend appropriate forums to facilitate knowledge-sharing with States members of ESCAP.", "14. Annual or biennial report on subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation activities. An annual or biennial report would be produced to ensure that the region is informed about the issues, opportunities and challenges that these mechanisms address.", "15. Online web presence to catalogue science, technology and innovation cooperation activities. A web page would be created to provide an overview of subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation activities.", "IV. Outcome of the agenda item", "16. The Committee seeks consensus on the above-mentioned modalities to ensure the region as a whole is informed on subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation activity and to support deeper cooperation on this topic.", "Annex", "Members of subregional cooperation organizations", "Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)", "Australia Papua New Guinea", "Brunei Darussalam Peru", "Canada Philippines", "Chile Republic of Korea", "China Russian Federation", "Hong Kong, China Singapore", "Indonesia Taiwan Province of China", "Japan Thailand", "Malaysia United States of America", "Mexico Viet Nam", "New Zealand", "Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)", "Brunei Darussalam Myanmar", "Cambodia Philippines", "Indonesia Singapore", "Lao People’s Democratic Republic Thailand", "Malaysia Viet Nam", "Economic Cooperation Organization", "Afghanistan Pakistan", "Azerbaijan Tajikistan", "Iran (Islamic Republic of) Turkey", "Kazakhstan Turkmenistan", "Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan", "Eurasian Economic Commission", "Armenia Kyrgyzstan", "Belarus Russian Federation", "Kazakhstan", "Secretariat of the Pacific Community", "American Samoa Niue", "Australia Northern Mariana Islands", "Cook Islands Palau", "Fiji Papua New Guinea", "France Pitcairn", "French Polynesia Samoa", "Guam Solomon Islands", "Kiribati Tokelau", "Marshall Islands Tonga", "Micronesia (Federated States of) Tuvalu", "Nauru United States of America", "New Caledonia Vanuatu", "New Zealand Wallis and Futuna", "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)", "Afghanistan Maldives", "Bangladesh Nepal", "Bhutan Pakistan", "India Sri Lanka", "Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat", "China Republic of Korea", "Japan" ]

[ "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会 信息和通信技术， 科学、技术与创新委员会 第一届会议 2016年10月5日至7日，曼谷 临时议程^(*) 项目3(c) \n科学、技术与创新政策议题：推动亚洲及太平洋各次区域科技创新合作机制间的知识共享", "关于亚洲及太平洋各次区域科技创新合作机制的报告", "秘书处的说明", "内容摘要 本区域拥有生机勃勃、开拓进取的科学、技术和创新生态系统，其中包括围绕这些主题建立的许多次区域合作机制。 然而，这些机制各不相同且相互脱节，因此无法充分利用本区域博大的知识及其潜力。这些机制也没有纳入本区域的许多成员国。因此，存在着这些次区域合作机制加强合作，并使整个区域从中更多受益的机遇。围绕科技创新促进包容的可持续发展这一主题在整个区域推动更多深入合作，这应当作为实现可持续发展目标的优先事项。 本文件旨在概述各次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制，并概述亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会如何围绕这些主题推动更具包容性的知识共享、合作和集体行动的拟议模式。 \n此议程项目的拟议成果是就该模式达成协商一致，从而确保整个区域了解次区域的科学、技术和创新活动，并支持就这些主题开展合作。", "一．导言", "1. 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)在第七十二届会议上通过了关于“利用科学、技术与创新促进亚洲及太平洋包容的可持续发展”的第72/12号决议。在该决议中，经社会请执行秘书“在必要时，作为促进合作和联合行动的桥梁，向成员国宣传当前各论坛、国际组织、区域组织和次区域组织关于科学、技术和创新方面的对话”。", "2. 因此授权亚太经社会在支持成员国利用科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展方面发挥积极作用。将通过开展以下各项活动落实这些工作，包括研究和分析、能力建设和技术协助。亚太经社会还担任最不发达国家技术库和技术推动机制等联合国其他工作的联络人。经社会发挥的一个重要作用是，确保不仅在各次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制间相互交流取得的进展和成就，而且向那些目前尚未参与任何此类机制的成员国重点介绍其进展和成就，从而在整个亚太区域深化知识共享和协作，并推动科学、技术和创新以促进包容的可持续发展。它将减少重复工作并且增加实现跨越式发展的机会，从而实现更为迅猛的进步。", "3. 鉴于信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会在整个亚太区域拥有广泛成员，该委员会提供了一个独特的机会来创建科学、技术和创新的包容性平台，以推动整个区域的知识共享和合作。", "4. 本文件简要介绍了以下各次区域合作组织科学、技术和创新合作机制的构想、使命和战略重点领域：亚洲及太平洋经济合作组织(亚太经合组织)、东南亚国家联盟(东盟)、经济合作组织、欧亚经济委员会、南亚区域合作联盟(南盟)、太平洋共同体秘书处、中日韩三国合作秘书处。本文件还介绍了亚太经社会可以实施的拟议模式，从而推动开展更具包容性的科学、技术和创新知识共享、合作和集体行动。", "5. 附件列举了本文件所述各次区域组织的成员名单。", "二．次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制及其授权", "6. 亚太经合组织科学、技术和创新政策伙伴关系于2012年设立。其构想是至2025年，通过其努力，实现创新型经济增长。其使命是支持科学和技术合作的发展，并且为亚太经合组织提供有效的科学、技术和创新政策建议，其方法是在政府、学术界、私营部门和其他亚太经合组织的论坛间开展合作。伙伴关系旨在强化政府、私营部门和学术界之间的合作，并且将其目标按照优先次序分为三小类：(a)科学能力建设；(b)推动营造有利于创新的环境；(c)加强区域科学和技术互联互通。", "7. 东盟科学和技术委员会于1978年设立。委员会的构想是“实现由科学、技术和创新驱动的东盟，而东盟也是创新、具有竞争力、生机勃勃、可持续和实现经济一体化的”。制订了《2015-2020年东盟科学、技术和创新行动计划》，以实现以下目标：(a)通过公共部门与私人部门之间的积极合作和人才流动，实现东盟的经济一体化，(b)对科学、技术和创新及其产生的有益影响进行更充分地了解，(c)通过应用信息和通信技术利用创新型经济、以及青年人对科技创新事业的积极参与，(d)将东盟创新与全球市场连接起来，(e)利用东盟创新，以应对新千年的严峻挑战，(f)开展积极的研究和开发合作、技术产业化、创业并建立卓越中心网络。", "8. 经济合作组织科学基金会是2011年由经济合作组织部长理事会设立的，它成为推动科学和技术的专门机构，其目标是在其成员国实现经济发展，建立技术精湛的科学和技术人力资源储备库，并加强科学和研究机构。科学基金会的授权是在其成员国间推动开展科学技术研究合作以及其他相关活动，并推动各级的科学技术创新。此外，科学基金会还强调应当与国际组织和联合国机构开展合作，从而开展协作，以推动实现协同增效和互补作用。", "9. 欧亚经济委员会工业政策司于2015年设立，其目的在于加速并提高其成员国的工业发展可持续性和竞争力。通过开展有效合作，该机构旨在增加工业部门的创新活动。欧亚经济委员会会员国于2015年商定工业合作的主要方向，以期在其成员国间开展有效的互利合作，从而加快可持续的工业发展，并确保可以提高工业部门的竞争力并加强其创新活动。", "10. 南盟在科学和技术方面的合作是通过其科学与技术问题技术委员会进行的。南盟已认识到科学、技术和高等教育在应对二十一世纪挑战方面的重要性，并且确定在这些领域开展区域合作的轻重缓急，从而获益于其成员国实施的共同的、精心策划的、目标明确的举措间所形成的协同增效。已制订一项科学和技术问题行动计划，并确定以下四个基本要点：(a)在科学和技术领域开展合作，(b)标准化与实验室检测，(c)合作主题，(d)项目开发。", "11. 作为其使命的一部分，太平洋共同体秘书处努力提升太平洋地区人民的福祉，其方法是以深入了解太平洋岛屿的环境和文化为指导，高效、创新地应用科学和知识。", "12. 中日韩三国合作秘书处是旨在推动中国、日本和大韩民国实现和平和共同繁荣的国际组织。三国合作秘书处由政治事务处、经济事务处、社会与文件事务处和管理与协调事务处四个部门组成。科学和技术科是经济事务处下设科室。三国合作秘书处认为科学进步和创新支撑经济发展。它举办了三国科学和技术对话，以设立一个面向未来的三国科技合作体系，作为寻求应对本区域共同问题的解决办法，并且通过开展此类合作为亚洲和世界作出贡献的工具。", "三．次区域科技创新合作机制间知识共享和合作的模式", "13. 在上述合作机制中存在大量的科学、技术和创新知识和实践。整个区域可以在寻求实现可持续发展目标方面从这些专业知识和汲取的经验教训中获益颇丰。为了确保本区域对此充分了解，提议亚太经社会开展以下几项活动：", "14. 信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会本届会议设立关于次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制的常设议程项目。将邀请来自次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制的相关代表出席委员会会议，并讨论其常设议程项目，以便酌情介绍活动情况并推动深化合作。", "15. 亚太经社会在次区域科学、技术和创新会议上的观察员地位。来自亚太经社会的相关代表将观摩次区域科学、技术和创新会议，并参加相关论坛，以推动与亚太经社会会员国之间的知识共享。", "16. 关于次区域科学、技术和创新合作活动的年度报告或两年期报告。将编写年度报告或两年期报告，以确保本区域了解这些机制所应对的问题、面临的机遇和挑战。", "17. 制作网页，将科学、技术和创新合作活动编成目录进行分类。将制作网页，以简要介绍次区域的科学、技术和创新合作活动。", "4. 议程项目的成果", "1. 委员会寻求达成关于上述模式的共识，以确保整个区域充分了解次区域的科学、技术和创新合作活动，并且支持就这一主题开展深入合作。", "附件", "次区域合作组织的成员", "亚太经济合作组织(亚太经合组织)", "澳大利亚 巴布亚新几内亚\n 文莱达鲁萨兰国 秘鲁", "加拿大 菲律宾", "智利 大韩民国", "中国 俄罗斯联邦", "中国香港 新加坡", "印度尼西亚 中国台湾省", "日本 泰国", "马来西亚 美利坚合众国", "墨西哥 越南", "新西兰", "东南亚国家联盟(东盟)", "文莱达鲁萨兰国 缅甸", "柬埔寨 菲律宾", "印度尼西亚 新加坡", "老挝人民民主共和国 泰国", "马来西亚 越南", "经济合作组织", "阿富汗 巴基斯坦", "阿塞拜疆 塔吉克斯坦", "伊朗伊斯兰共和国 土耳其", "哈萨克斯坦 土库曼斯坦", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 乌兹别克斯坦", "欧亚经济委员会", "亚美尼亚 吉尔吉斯斯坦\n 白俄罗斯 俄罗斯联邦", "哈萨克斯坦", "太平洋共同体秘书处", "美属萨摩亚 纽埃岛\n 澳大利亚 北马里亚纳群岛", "库克群岛 帕劳", "斐济 巴布亚新几内亚", "法国 皮特凯恩群岛", "法属波利尼西亚 萨摩亚", "关岛 所罗门群岛", "基里巴斯 托克劳群岛", "马绍尔群岛 汤加", "密克罗尼西亚联邦 图瓦卢", "瑙鲁 美利坚合众国", "新喀里多尼亚 瓦努阿图", "新西兰 瓦利斯和富图纳群岛", "南亚区域合作联盟(南盟)", "阿富汗 马尔代夫\n 孟加拉国 尼泊尔", "不丹 巴基斯坦", "印度 斯里兰卡", "三国合作秘书处", "中国 大韩民国\n 日本" ]

[ "关于亚洲及太平洋次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制的报告", "秘书处的说明", "内容提要 本区域有一个充满活力、生机勃勃和开拓性的科学、技术和创新生态系统,其中包括许多关于这些专题的次区域合作机制。 然而,这些机制是互不相干和互不相通的,因此不能充分利用该区域的广泛知识和潜力。 它们还排斥该区域许多成员国。 因此,有机会改善这些分区域合作机制之间的合作并增加它们对整个区域的好处。 促进整个亚太区域在科学、技术和创新方面开展更多和更深入的合作,以促进包容性和可持续发展,应当是实现可持续发展目标的优先事项。 本说明的目的是概述次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制,并概述亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会可如何就这些专题促进更具包容性的知识共享、合作和集体行动。\n本议程项目的拟议成果是就模式达成共识,以确保整个区域了解次区域科学、技术和创新活动,并支持在这些专题上的合作。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)第七十二届会议通过了关于利用科学、技术和创新促进亚洲及太平洋包容性和可持续发展的第72/12号决议。 在该决议中,经社会请执行秘书发挥桥梁的作用,在必要时促进合作和联合行动,以提高成员国对在各种论坛以及国际、区域和次区域组织开展的科学、技术和创新对话的认识。", "1. 联合国 因此,亚太经社会的任务是在支持成员国利用科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展方面发挥积极作用。 将通过包括研究和分析、能力建设和技术援助在内的各种活动来开展这些努力。 亚太经社会还将充当联合国其他努力的联络机构,如最不发达国家技术银行和技术促进机制。 经社会的主要作用之一是确保次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制的进展和成就不仅得到相互重视,而且得到目前没有参与任何此类机制的成员国的重视,以促进整个亚太区域内部更深入地分享知识和开展合作,并为促进包容性可持续发展而促进科学、技术和创新。 它将通过减少冗余和增加跳跃的机会,能够更快地取得进展。", "2. 信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会是一个独特的机会,可以建立一个包容性的科学、技术和创新平台,促进整个区域的知识分享与合作,因为该委员会的成员遍布亚洲和太平洋。", "2. 联合国 本说明概述了下列分区域合作组织科技创新合作机制的愿景、使命和战略重点领域:亚太经济合作组织(亚太经合组织)、东南亚国家联盟(东盟)、经济合作组织、欧亚经济委员会、南亚区域合作联盟(南盟)、太平洋共同体秘书处和三边合作秘书处。 本说明还提出了亚太经社会可实施的拟议模式,以促进更具包容性的科学、技术和创新知识共享、合作和集体行动。", "3个 附件列出了本文件提及的各次区域组织的成员。", "二. 次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制及其任务", " 4.四. 2012年建立了亚太经合组织科学、技术和创新政策伙伴关系。 它的愿景是,通过它的努力,到2025年实现创新的经济增长。 其任务是通过政府、学术界、私营部门和亚太经合组织其他论坛之间的协作,支持亚太经合组织发展科技合作以及有效的科学、技术和创新政策建议。 该伙伴关系旨在加强政府、私营部门和学术界之间的合作,并将其目标优先分三个分组:(a) 建设科学能力,(b) 促进有利于创新的环境,(c) 加强区域科学和技术的连通性。", "5 (韩语). 东盟科学和技术委员会成立于1978年. 委员会的愿景是建立科学、技术和创新支撑的东盟,东盟也是创新、有竞争力、充满活力、可持续和经济一体化的。 制定《2015-2020年东盟科学、技术和创新行动计划》的目的是:(a) 通过公共和私营部门之间的积极合作和人才流动,使东盟实现经济一体化;(b) 加深对科学、技术和创新及其有益影响的认识;(c) 利用信息和通信技术带动创新型经济并促使青年大力参与科学、技术和创新;(d) 将东盟的创新与全球市场联系起来;(e) 利用东盟的创新来应对新千年的巨大挑战;(f) 建立积极的研发合作、技术商业化、创业和英才中心网络。", "6. 国家 经济合作组织科学基金会由经济合作组织部长理事会于2011年设立,是一个促进以经济发展为目标的科学技术,创建高技能科技人力资源库,加强成员国科研机构的专门机构. 科学基金会的任务是促进成员国之间的科学和技术研究合作和其他相关活动,并在各级促进科学和技术创新。 此外,科学基金会强调与国际组织和联合国机构合作,促进协作和互补。", "7. 联合国 欧亚经济委员会于2015年成立工业政策部,目的是加速并改善其成员国工业发展的可持续性和竞争力。 通过开展有效合作,该方案旨在增加工业部门的创新活动。 欧亚经济委员会成员国就2015年工业合作的主要方向达成一致:成员国之间开展有效和互利合作,以加快可持续工业发展,并确保提高工业部门的竞争力和创新活动。", "8. 南盟通过科技技术委员会开展科技合作。 南盟认识到科学、技术和高等教育在应对二十一世纪挑战方面的重要性,并将这些领域的区域合作列为优先事项,以便从其成员国采取的集体、计划周密和重点突出的举措的协同作用中获益。 制定了科学和技术行动计划,主要有四个重点:(a) 科学和技术领域的合作;(b) 标准化和实验室测试;(c) 合作主题;(d) 项目发展。", "9. 国家 作为其使命的一部分,太平洋共同体秘书处以对太平洋岛屿背景和文化的深刻理解为指导,通过有效和创新地应用科学和知识来为太平洋人民的福祉而努力。", "10个 三边合作秘书处是一个促进中国、日本和大韩民国之间和平与共同繁荣的国际组织。 三方合作秘书处由四个部门组成:政治事务、经济事务、社会文化事务以及管理和协调。 科学技术是经济事务下的一个分部门. 三方合作秘书处认为,科学进步和创新是经济发展的基础。 它举行了关于科学和技术的三边对话,以努力建立一个面向未来的三边科学和技术合作系统,作为找到共同区域问题解决办法和通过这种合作为亚洲和世界作出贡献的工具。", "三. 次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制之间的知识共享与合作模式", "11个 上述合作机制拥有丰富的科学、技术和创新知识与实践。 整个区域在追求可持续发展目标的过程中可以从这些专门知识和经验中大大受益。 为确保本区域充分了解情况,建议开展若干亚太经社会活动。", "12个 信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会届会关于次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制的常设议程项目。 将邀请次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制的适当代表出席委员会会议并讨论其常设议程项目,以便酌情介绍活动情况并激励更深入的合作。", "13个 亚太经社会在次区域科学、技术和创新会议的观察员地位。 亚太经社会的一名适当代表将观察次区域科学、技术和创新会议并出席适当的论坛,以促进同亚太经社会成员国的知识共享。", "14个 关于次区域科学、技术和创新合作活动的年度报告或两年期报告。 将编写一份年度报告或两年期报告,以确保该区域了解这些机制所处理的问题、机会和挑战。", "15个 在线网站,对科技创新合作活动进行编目. 将建立一个网页,提供次区域科学、技术和创新合作活动的概况。", "四、结 论 议程项目的结果", "16号. 委员会寻求就上述方式达成共识,以确保整个区域了解次区域科学、技术和创新合作活动,并支持就这一主题开展更深入的合作。", "页:1", "分区域合作组织成员", "亚洲-太平洋经济合作组织(亚太经合组织)", "澳大利亚 巴布亚 新几内亚", "文莱达鲁萨兰国 秘鲁", "加拿大 菲律宾", "智利 大韩民国", "中国 俄罗斯联邦", "香港,我们... 中国 新加坡", "印度尼西亚 中国台湾省", "日本 泰国", "美利坚合众国", "越南", "新西兰", "东南亚国家联盟(东盟)", "文莱达鲁萨兰国 缅甸", "柬埔寨 菲律宾", "印度尼西亚 新加坡", "老挝人民民主共和国 泰国", "马来西亚 越南", "经济合作组织", "阿富汗 巴基斯坦", "阿塞拜疆 塔吉克斯坦", "伊朗伊斯兰共和国 土耳其", "哈萨克斯坦 土库曼斯坦", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 乌兹别克斯坦", "欧亚经济委员会", "亚美尼亚 吉尔吉斯斯坦", "白俄罗斯 俄罗斯联邦", "哈萨克斯坦", "太平洋共同体秘书处", "美属萨摩亚纽埃", "澳大利亚北马里亚纳群岛", "库克群岛", "斐济 巴布亚 新几内亚", "法国 皮特凯恩", "法属波利尼西亚 萨摩亚", "所罗门群岛", "基里巴斯 托克劳", "马绍尔群岛 汤加", "密克罗尼西亚联邦 图瓦卢", "美利坚合众国", "新喀里多尼亚", "新西兰瓦利斯和富图纳", "南亚区域合作联盟(南盟)", "阿富汗 马尔代夫", "孟加拉国 尼泊尔", "不丹 巴基斯坦", "斯里兰卡", "三边合作秘书处", "大韩民国", "日本" ]

[ "Taking the next step: developing an action agenda for science, technology and innovation for sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific", "Note by the secretariat", "Summary The present note contains a summary of the recommendationscontained in the theme study Harnessing Science, Technology andInnovation for Inclusive and Sustainable Development in Asia andthe Pacific for the consideration by member States in their effortsto foster knowledge-sharing and cooperation on science, technologyand innovation in the region. The note also provides an overview of the project of the Economicand Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) to enhanceSouth-South cooperation on social enterprise and impact investmentin the Asia-Pacific region. The Committee on Information and Communications Technology,Science, Technology and Innovation is invited to reflect onpriority areas for regional knowledge-sharing and cooperation onscience, technology and innovation and to identify research andcapacity-building needs to support member States to effectivelyimplement science, technology and innovation for sustainabledevelopment. The results of the Committee’s deliberations will formthe basis for a set of further recommendations and outcomes to bepresented to the Commission at its seventy-third session. \nMember States are also invited to put forward priorities andexpressions of interest in engaging on the ESCAP project to enhanceSouth-South cooperation on social enterprise and impact investmentin the Asia-Pacific region.", "I. Introduction", "Background", "1. The theme for the seventy-second session of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) was science, technology and innovation. At that Commission session, the theme study Harnessing Science, Technology and Innovation for Inclusive and Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific[1] was launched at a ministerial panel. Subsequently, Commission resolution 72/12 on harnessing science, technology and innovation for inclusive and sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific was adopted. In the resolution, the Commission requested, inter alia, the Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation to consider the recommendations outlined in the theme study and to present a further refined set of recommendations to the Commission at its seventy-third session.", "Purpose of agenda item 3 of the provisional agenda for the first session of the Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation", "2. The purpose of agenda item 3 is to facilitate discussions regarding meeting the objectives outlined in resolution 72/12 and to reach consensus on an inclusive and comprehensive set of recommendations to be presented to the Commission at its seventy-third session. Those recommendations will include:", "(a) The prioritization of actions for regional knowledge-sharing and cooperation on science, technology and innovation (section III);", "(b) The identification of the science, technology and innovation research and capacity-building requirements of member States (section IV).", "3. Discussions pursuant to agenda item 3 will also seek the views of member States on priorities to support social enterprises and an enabling environment for impact investment. Expressions of interest with regards to engaging in the ESCAP project to enhance South-South cooperation on social enterprise and impact investment in the Asia-Pacific region will be collected (section V).", "II. Harnessing science, technology and innovation for inclusive and sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific", "4. As is well noted in a variety of documents, a key means of implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals is the effective use of science, technology and innovation. In taking stock of the situation in the Asia-Pacific region, the theme study highlighted the breadth, diversity and dynamism of the science, technology and innovation agenda in the region. It also highlighted some of the region’s most innovative policies and strategies and provided examples of best practices as well as more experimental approaches, which illustrated the dynamic mindset of Governments in the region. As such, the theme study provided examples of the potential gains derived from regional collaboration on, and knowledge-sharing of, what works.", "5. The theme study included a conceptual framework for science, technology and innovation that is bound by the principles of openness, inclusivity, accountability and collaboration and that moves the focus beyond the economic to fully integrate the social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. It also called on Governments to put in place recommended action-oriented science, technology and innovation plans aligned to national development strategies to meet the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.", "6. The conceptual framework called for two normative shifts in policy stance. First, innovation policy on inclusive and sustainable development must move beyond its traditional focus on economic competitiveness to include social justice and environmental protection. Second, the principles of openness and inclusivity must be integrated into innovation strategies to complement policies promoting competition as a driver of innovation.", "7. The conceptual framework also highlighted the five core elements of an effective innovation system for inclusive and sustainable development.", "8. Visionary leadership. To harness the potential of science, technology and innovation for inclusive and sustainable development, visionary leadership is required. Leaders will need to create farsighted action plans informed by foresight activities; put social and environmental as well as economic imperatives at the heart of strategies; and hold the whole of Government to account for the delivery of those plans. It will be essential to engage all actors in the innovation system to ensure that plans incorporate the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. However, this will not happen automatically. Harnessing science, technology and innovation for inclusive and sustainable development will require committed and deliberate action to ensure an integrated governmental approach.", "9. Effective institutions. Effective institutions are the foundation of creation, development and implementation for science, technology and innovation. Institutions define the rules and principles and establish the infrastructure that guides behaviour and structures patterns of interactions. Physical and virtual infrastructure form the foundation on which a knowledge economy is built. A strong regulatory environment, including corporate law and intellectual property law, will also encourage the risk-taking required to innovate. In order to ensure that no one is left behind, it will be critical for Governments to instil in institutions the principles of openness and inclusivity and provide the means for their effective implementation.", "10. Incentivizing investment in science, technology and innovation. Committing to and incentivizing investment in science, technology and innovation will be critical. Innovators often lack funding at crucial stages, preventing basic research or early-stage start-up ventures from being commercialized or achieving scale. Future public investment strategies on science, technology and innovation will need to commit funding aimed at bridging financing shortfalls in order to accelerate innovation from basic and applied research to commercialization. It will be critical to incentivize private investors to back science, technology and innovation and ensure that research and development expenditures produce outputs the private sector can commercialize and, conversely, to ensure that important private sector initiatives receive adequate research and development funding. In this respect, the government funder-private sector investor relationship needs to be strengthened. To effectively and efficiently deploy the various forms of capital at their disposal (such as domestic finance, foreign direct investment and donor capital), alignment of financial flows to science, technology and innovation strategies for sustainable development will be key. In addition to policies aimed at increasing the amount of investment in science, technology and innovation, returns will need to incorporate social and environmental outcomes as well as economic outcomes. While the concept of impact investment – a type of investing that aims to generate social and environmental value, as well as financial return – makes sense, strong incentives and political leadership will be required to move it from the margins to the mainstream.", "11. Support citizens. Fourth, to sustain momentum in science, technology and innovation development, Governments need to nurture and support their most important resource – their citizens. While scientists, technologists, innovators and entrepreneurs are considered the traditional sources of innovative activity, there is potentially an untapped resource of talent residing in what are often termed vulnerable communities or underrecognized community sources. The best government structures, institutions and funding mechanisms in the world will amount to nothing without talented and educated people to generate and implement ideas. Governments need to recognize and support underrepresented communities, including women, as significant sources of talent and innovative ideas. Governments also need to nurture a workforce for the future and enable life-long learning by supporting the development of digital and innovation skills and nurturing problem solvers with adaptive, flexible and innovative minds. By supporting and training the local population, Governments can generate and make fit for the purpose all available human capital through the stages of economic and social disruption that often accompany new technologies or innovative processes. By providing a supportive and transparent regulatory structure, the mass potential of the entrepreneurial class can be harnessed. Inclusive innovation is not only about making innovations available to vulnerable populations but also empowering those communities to realize their own innovative potential.", "12. Open, inclusive and innovative knowledge economies. Finally, creating open, inclusive and innovative knowledge economies has the potential to increase the effectiveness and scale of regional science, technology and innovation efforts for sustainable development. In the context of science, technology and innovation, the 2030 Agenda’s goal to leave no one behind will be unmet if countries do not act collectively to create open inclusive and innovative knowledge economies. This issue is particularly acute in the Asia-Pacific region, which is home to some of the most innovative countries in the world, as well as to some of the most technologically deprived. The many subregional and North-South science, technology and innovation platforms that exist are disparate and unconnected and thus are not fully harnessing the vast knowledge and potential in the region. The Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation provides a unique opportunity to create a truly integrated and inclusive approach to knowledge-sharing and to capture the diversity and dynamism of science, technology and innovation across the region.", "III. Prioritization of actions for regional science, technology and innovation knowledge-sharing and cooperation", "13. Given that the Committee is an intergovernmental platform for the facilitation of knowledge-sharing and cooperation, member States are invited to consider how best ESCAP can support the development of open and inclusive innovative knowledge economies to facilitate effective regional knowledge-sharing and cooperation on science, technology and innovation.", "14. Priority areas for consideration could include:", "(a) Establishing a regional platform for government officials to engage the diversity of stakeholders in the science, technology and innovation ecosystem to effectively discuss, collaborate on and harness these tools for inclusive and sustainable development (namely, through an Asia-Pacific innovation forum, whose terms of reference have been proposed in document E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/8);", "(b) Facilitating knowledge-sharing between subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms in Asia and the Pacific as addressed in document E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/9;", "(c) Negotiating intergovernmental agreements on key science, technology and innovation issues, such as open science policy, people exchange, technology exchange and provisions on science, technology and innovation within trade agreements;", "(d) Promoting the sharing of technical knowledge among countries and providing incentives to promote intercountry technology collaboration and development together with technology trade and transfer;", "(e) Ensuring regional needs and knowledge are incorporated into global science, technology and innovation initiatives (such as the United Nations Technology Facilitation Mechanism and the Technology Bank).", "IV. Identification of the science, technology and innovation research and capacity-building requirements of member States", "15. Member States are invited to identify research and capacity-building requirements for science, technology and innovation to support the effective implementation of science, technology and innovation for sustainable development. Priority areas for consideration could include:", "(a) Surfacing best practices for implementing whole-of-government approaches to science, technology and innovation policy and integrating policy on these topics into development strategies;", "(b) Researching and analysing technology solutions for each of the Sustainable Development Goals;", "(c) Facilitating effective regional research and development collaborations;", "(d) Developing human capital in science, technology and innovation for the Sustainable Development Goals;", "(e) Fostering innovation for sustainable development from corporations;", "(f) Developing effective institutions and funds to support science, technology and innovation;", "(g) Establishing best practice policies for stimulating entrepreneurship;", "(h) Leveraging funding for science, technology and innovation through innovative financing mechanisms.", "V. Special topic: harnessing social entrepreneurship and impact investment for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals", "Broadening traditional notions of science, technology and innovation", "16. In the United Nations system, organizations such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) have focused on more traditional concepts of science, technology and innovation. For example, UNCTAD focuses on supporting States Members of the United Nations in developing innovation policies for economic competiveness, while WIPO and UNESCO focus on more traditional notions of measurement such as patenting activity and research and development expenditure.", "17. Achieving a complete picture of innovation is challenging and is further complicated by the fact that mainstream indicators, such as patenting activity and research and development expenditure, do not capture all dimensions of innovation. Data will be critical to identifying and understanding the drivers of hidden innovation, which refers to innovation activities not reflected in traditional indicators that could equally have the potential for positive impact.", "18. Social enterprise and impact investment are two emerging innovation concepts in the region not captured in the traditional science, technology and innovation measurement frameworks and as such have the potential to broaden the traditional notions of these topics and to push the boundaries of global understanding on the measurement of these tools.", "19. The Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development contains firm commitments made by Member States to foster social innovation – of which social enterprise and impact investment are two key pillars – but it is well recognized that countries need support to implement effective policies and measurement frameworks.", "20. As such, more detailed work in these two areas presents an opportunity to support member States in meeting relevant commitments made in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, while complementing the more traditional science, technology and innovation work in the United Nations system and providing thought leadership on a forward-looking agenda for science, technology and innovation for sustainable development.", "The potential of social enterprise and impact investment", "21. Small and medium-sized enterprises are a source of employment, competition, economic dynamism, and innovation across the world and are particularly significant in Asia and the Pacific, where from 2007 to 2012, they comprised 98 per cent of all enterprises, employed 66 per cent of the national labour force, contributed 38 per cent of the gross domestic product and accounted for 30 per cent of total export value.[2]", "22. The adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals was a clear signal to the world’s economies that social and environmental goals are deeply interconnected with economic development goals. The private sector can play a significant role in internalizing social and environmental impact in entrepreneurial and investment decisions through small and medium-sized enterprises. Hence, it is increasingly important to create an enabling environment for small and medium-sized enterprises in the region, particularly social enterprises – that is, enterprises that integrate social and/or environmental missions into their core business model.", "23. Securing access to finance and creating an economically viable small and medium-sized enterprise is a challenge, one that only gets accentuated in the case of social enterprises that seek to simultaneously pursue economic, social and/or environmental impacts, given that traditional investment decisions are made solely on commercial and economic criteria. Therefore, innovative financing for social enterprise will be critical to unlocking the innovation and power that this sector has the potential to deliver in the service of the 2030 Agenda. In this regard, impact investment is a key component of the enabling environment for social enterprise.", "24. The concepts of social entrepreneurship and impact investment have been gathering momentum in the region with the growing recognition that the three dimensions of sustainable development will be key to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Several member States in the region are in the process of developing and implementing social enterprise and impact investment policies.", "25. Donors are also directing more resources to these sectors in order to support countries in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. As an example, the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland recently published a policy paper which announced a focus on harnessing social investment as a core pillar of its overseas development assistance programme.", "26. There is an opportunity for ESCAP to support these emerging changes in the social enterprise sector by providing capacity-building to support government officials in implementing effective policies by surfacing best practices and enabling these changes throughout the wider region.", "C. Emerging changes in the region", "1. Impact investment", "27. The Monitor Institute and the Rockefeller Foundation define impact investment as the active placement of capital in businesses and funds that generate social and/or environmental good and at least return nominal principal to the investor.[3] A 2011 Asian Development Bank survey of 70 impact investors revealed that more than 50 per cent planned on increasing their investments in Asia.[4] This forecast has been actualized, as presented in the Survey of the Impact Investment Markets 2014 of the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom. The survey ranked sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia as the largest markets for impact investment activity.[5] In 2016, the Global Impact Investing Network, currently the largest and most active industry organization supporting impact investment, published a survey of 158 impact investors from across the world. The report confirmed the Asian Development Bank’s forecast and the Department for International Development’s survey results by highlighting South Asia as well as East and South-East Asia as key markets for impact investment. Figure I highlights the asset allocation of 158 respondents across geographies. While the United States of America and Latin America see greater capital allocation, it is primarily in the form of private debt. The Global Impact Investing Network report highlights that nearly half the assets managed by private equity investors are in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, followed closely by East and South-East Asia.", "Figure I", "Assets managed by a sample of 158 impact investors, by region", "(Number of respondents)", "[]", "Source: Global Impact Investing Network, Annual Impact Investor Survey 2016 (New York, 2016). Available from https://thegiin.org/assets/2016%20GIIN%20Annual%20Impact%20Investor%20Survey_Web.pdf.", "28. The Global Impact Investing Network also released a regional report on the impact investment landscape in South Asia, focusing on six South Asian economies. The report highlighted the fact that the region saw a significant deployment of impact capital between 2004 and 2014, particularly in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan (figure II).", "Figure II", "Impact capital deployment in six South Asian States", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "[]", "[]", "Source: Global Impact Investing Network, The Landscape for Impact Investing in South Asia (New York, 2015). Available from https://thegiin.org/knowledge/publication/the-landscape-for-impact-investing-in-south-asia.", "29. While impact investment is not a silver bullet, it offers a unique solution wherein the positive externalities from impact investment, in terms of job creation, skill development, empowerment of marginalized communities and environmentally sustainable work practices, are as valuable as the direct financial and social impact created by social enterprises.", "2. Social enterprises", "30. Social enterprises, if not encouraged through independent policy measures, are not recognized in the more traditional focus on research and development activities which have historically formed the basis of science, technology and innovation policies implemented by member States. However, some Governments in the region have also made significant progress in supporting social enterprises in their countries through specific policy interventions.", "31. In North-East Asia, the Government of the Republic of Korea announced its Social Enterprise Promotion Act in 2007. The Act provides social entrepreneurs with management consultation, access to professional services and technical assistance and even provides subsidized rentals and reduced taxes. The focus on social enterprise in the Republic of Korea is evident in the Government’s policies and has led to the country being seen as a benchmark in the region by sector experts. Korea Social Investment has also started a pilot on social impact bonds based on childcare for children with special needs. Additionally, the metropolitan government of Seoul enacted an ordinance to procure goods and services from social enterprises ($57 million in 2015). This is possibly one of the most innovative and essential steps for enabling social enterprises to grow and to allow investors to see returns on their investments in the sector. The metropolitan government of Seoul also opened a Social Economy Support Centre that acts as an incubation centre for social enterprises and established a social investment fund. These initiatives to encourage social enterprise have resulted in 353 per cent growth in the number of social enterprises in Seoul between 2012-2015.[6]", "32. In South-East Asia, the Government of Malaysia recently implemented its Social Enterprise Blueprint 2015-2018 to develop a social enterprise ecosystem in the country. A key aim of the initiative is to encourage a greater number of social entrepreneurs who strive to create environmental and social impact through their enterprises while generating economic returns as well. While social enterprise is a relatively new concept in the country, the Government’s active stance on its promotion is an important step.", "33. The Government of Thailand has also actively focused on developing its social enterprise sector in recent years. It established the Thai Social Enterprise Office in 2010 to support social enterprises and followed it up with the recent Social Enterprise Promotion Act. The creation of the National Taskforce on Social Impact Investment is another significant step that highlights the Government’s focus on impact investment. The Government also incentivizes social investment through tax reliefs and is planning to establish an investment fund for social enterprises as well as create a new legal form for social enterprises, similar to community interest companies in the United Kingdom.", "34. The Government of Viet Nam revised its Law on Enterprise in 2014 to provide a legal definition of social enterprise, and the Government promised to encourage, support and promote the development of social enterprises. The vibrant non-governmental organizations and small and medium-sized enterprises in Viet Nam can take advantage of this change and scale-up their enterprises as well as establish new ones to address pressing social issues.", "35. The Governments of Indonesia and the Philippines are in the process of establishing policies to promote social enterprise in their economies. The new entrepreneurship law in Indonesia has provisions for social enterprises, and in the Philippines, the Poverty Reduction through Social Entrepreneurship (PRESENT) Bill, which is expected to be enacted next year, is evidence of the growing recognition of social enterprise as a valuable source of sustainable development innovation.", "36. In South Asia, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan are major destinations for impact capital, and their Governments have taken steps to create an innovation ecosystem to support social enterprises. A key objective of the Vision 2025 Plan of the Government of Pakistan is to promote innovation and enterprise. To support this objective, the Government is establishing a Centre for Social Entrepreneurship. In Bangladesh, viewed by many as the birthplace of social enterprise, a policy dialogue on social enterprise, policy and practice was recently held, which resulted in a report to the Government on high-level policy steps that can be adopted to further foster growth in social enterprises.", "37. In the Pacific, the Government of Australia commissioned the Social Enterprise Development and Investment Fund, a $20 million fund that aims to leverage private sector investment on a one-to-one basis to increase funds available for social enterprises in their seed and growth stages. By allocating management responsibilities to fund managers, it also contributes to capacity-building. Another innovative effort is the Community Development Financial Institutions pilot to improve access to finance for disadvantaged individuals who have been excluded from the financial system. Other steps, such as the establishment of the Office for the Not-for-Profit Sector within the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, demonstrate the Government’s commitment to encouraging social enterprise.", "38. In Central Asia, the concept of social enterprise is fairly new, however, countries in the region have actively integrated social and environmental impacts in their development agendas. In 2013, the Government of Kazakhstan adopted the Green Economy Concept policy as part of its vision for 2050. The National Innovation Fund Joint Stock Company was succeeded by the National Agency for Technological Development Joint Stock Company with a wider innovation mandate. Governments in Central Asia have demonstrated commitment towards social enterprise by actively engaging with each other and industry experts through events such as the Social Innovation Camp.", "39. The supportive social enterprise and impact investment policies adopted by Governments in the region are further evidence of their commitment to adopt innovative ways of addressing pressing development challenges and achieving the ambitious Sustainable Development Goals.", "The Commission’s project", "40. ESCAP will be launching a project to enhance South-South cooperation for social enterprise and impact investment in the Asia-Pacific region. The project will focus on supporting policymakers to formulate and implement effective policies and strategies focusing on fostering social entrepreneurship and creating an enabling environment for impact investment and measuring progress in these two domains.", "41. First, high quality research and think pieces will be published focusing on best practices in the region. Second, knowledge products and online learning modules will be developed to support capacity-building activities. These activities will be complemented by high-level regional events.", "42. The Committee is invited to suggest priority areas for the project. Priority areas for consideration could include:", "(a) Establishing an intergovernmental network of policymakers with social enterprise and impact investment mandates to foster greater knowledge-sharing;", "(b) Developing a regulatory and legal framework for social enterprise;", "(c) Developing an enabling environment for impact investment;", "(d) Researching effective policies to incentivize corporations to integrate social and environmental targets into their core business models;", "(e) Developing a framework to measure and value the social innovation economy.", "VI. Key points for discussion", "43. The following paragraphs enumerate points for discussion during the Committee session.", "44. What do member countries see as priorities for regional science, technology and innovation knowledge-sharing and cooperation?", "(a) Establishing a regional platform for government officials to engage with a diversity of stakeholders in the science, technology and innovation ecosystem (including scientists, technologists, innovators, entrepreneurs, investors and representatives of the private sector, academia and civil society) to effectively discuss, collaborate on and harness science, technology and innovation for inclusive and sustainable development (for example through an Asia-Pacific innovation forum, whose proposed terms of reference are contained in document E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/8);", "(b) Facilitating knowledge-sharing between subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms in Asia and the Pacific as addressed in document E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/9;", "(c) Negotiating intergovernmental agreements on key science, technology and innovation issues, such as open science policy, people exchange, technology exchange and provisions on science, technology and innovation within trade agreements;", "(d) Promoting sharing of technical knowledge among countries and providing incentives to promote intercountry technology collaboration and development together with technology trade and transfer;", "(e) Ensuring regional needs and knowledge are incorporated into global science, technology and innovation initiatives (such as the United Nations Technology Facilitation Mechanism and the Technology Bank).", "45. What priority issues regarding science, technology and innovation would benefit from intergovernmental agreements?", "(a) Open science policy to enable greater access to science, technology and innovation research for sustainable development;", "(b) Policy to enable greater mobility of research and development professionals across the region;", "(c) Specific science, technology and innovation provisions within trade agreements for innovations and technology that could create positive impacts for society and the environment (such as clean technologies).", "46. Where are the major gaps in science, technology and innovation research and capacity-building requirements?", "(a) Best practices for implementing whole-of-government approaches to science, technology and innovation policies and integrating those policies with development strategies;", "(b) Technology solutions for each of the Sustainable Development Goals;", "(c) Best practices for effective regional research and development collaborations;", "(d) Effective strategies for the development of human capital in science, technology and innovation for the Sustainable Development Goals;", "(e) Effective strategies for fostering innovation for sustainable development by corporations;", "(f) Best practices for institutional models and funds to support science, technology and innovation;", "(g) Best practice policies for stimulating entrepreneurship;", "(h) Innovative financing mechanisms to leverage funding for science, technology and innovation.", "47. What are the priorities for supporting member States in their support for the development of social enterprises and an enabling environment for impact investment?", "(a) Establishing an intergovernmental network of policymakers with social enterprise and impact investment mandates to foster greater knowledge-sharing;", "(b) Developing a regulatory and legal framework for social enterprise;", "(c) Developing an enabling environment for impact investment;", "(d) Researching effective policies to incentivize corporations to integrate social and environmental targets into their core business models;", "(e) Developing a framework to measure and value the social innovation economy.", "48. What recommendations should be presented to the Commission at its seventy-third session?", "VII. Next steps", "49. Next steps are as follows:", "(a) Draft text for the recommendations to be presented to the Commission at its seventy-third session;", "(b) Produce a plan of action on science, technology and innovation issues which would benefit from an intergovernmental agreement(s);", "(c) Implement programmes to support member States’ science, technology and innovation capacity-building and research needs;", "(d) Follow up on expressions of interest for participation in the ESCAP project on social enterprise and impact investment.", "[1] United Nations publication, Sales No. E.16.II.F.12. Available from www.unescap.org/resources/harnessing-science-technology-and-innovation-inclusive-and-sustainable-development-asia.", "[2] Asian Development Bank, Asia SME Finance Monitor 2014 (Manila, 2015), based on an analysis of 20 countries. Available from www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/173205/asia-sme-finance-monitor2014.pdf.", "[3] Monitor Institute, Investing for Social & Environmental Impact: A Design for Catalyzing an Emerging Industry (2009). Available from http://monitorinstitute.com/downloads/what-we-think/impact-investing/Impact_Investing.pdf.", "[4] Asian Development Bank, Impact Investors in Asia: Characteristics and Preferences for Investing in Social Enterprises in Asia and the Pacific, (Manila, 2011). Available from www.adb.org/publications/impact-investors-asia-characteristics-and-preferences-investing-social-enterprises-asia.", "[5] United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Department for International Development, Survey of the Impact Investment Markets 2014: Challenges and Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (2015). Available from www.theimpactprogramme.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/DFID-Impact-Programme-Market-Survey-Web-20151.pdf.", "[6] See https://avpn.asia/2016/06/16/building-a-social-economy-in-asia/." ]

[ "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会 信息和通信技术， 科学、技术与创新委员会 第一届会议 2016年10月5日至7日，曼谷 临时议程^(*) 项目3(a) \n科学、技术与创新政策议题：采取下一步举措：制定亚洲及太平洋科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展的行动议程", "采取下一步举措：制定亚洲及太平洋科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展的行动议程", "秘书处的说明", "内容摘要 本文件简要介绍了在专题研究《利用科学、技术与创新促进亚洲及太平洋包容的可持续发展》中提出的建议，以便供成员国在努力促进本区域科学、技术和创新知识共享和合作方面进行审议。 本文件还概述了亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)旨在加强亚太区域关于社会企业和创效投资南南合作的相关项目。 请信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会审议本区域科学、技术和创新知识共享和合作的优先领域，并确定研究和能力建设的需求，从而支持成员国有效实施科学、技术和创新，以促进可持续发展。委员会的审议结果将构成提交经社会第七十三届会议的一系列深入建议和成果的基础。 \n还请成员国提出在参与亚太经社会有关项目方面的优先事项并表达其意向，从而加强亚太区域关于社会企业和创效投资的南南合作。", "一．导言", "A. 背景", "1. 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)第七十二届会议的主题是科学、技术与创新。在这届经社会会议上，一场部长级专题讨论会发布了专题研究《利用科学、技术与创新促进亚洲及太平洋包容的可持续发展》。[1] 随后，经社会第72/12号决议“利用科学、技术与创新促进亚洲及太平洋包容的可持续发展”获得通过。在决议中，经社会，除其他外，请信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会审议专题研究中概述的建议，并向经社会第七十三届会议提出一套经改进的建议。", "B. 信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会第一届会议临时议程项目3的目的", "2. 议程项目3的目的在于推动有关实现第72/12号决议所述目标的讨论，并且围绕将向经社会第七十三届会议提交的一套包容和全面的建议达成共识。这些建议包括：", "(a) 划分本区域科学、技术和创新知识共享和合作相关行动的优先次序(第三节)；", "(b) 确定成员国在科学、技术和创新研究和能力建设方面的要求(第四节)。", "3. 有关议程项目3的讨论还将征求成员国关于在支持社会企业以及营造有利于创效投资的环境方面的优先事项的意见。并征取其对参与亚太经社会有关加强南南合作促进亚太区域社会企业和创效投资的相关项目表达的意向(第五节)。", "二．利用科学、技术与创新促进亚洲及太平洋包容的可持续发展", "4. 正如在各份文件中充分指出的那样，可持续发展目标的主要执行手段在于有效利用科学、技术和创新。在评估亚太区域现状方面，专题研究着重介绍了本区域科学、技术和创新议程的广度、多样性和动态。它还着重介绍了本区域一些最具创新性的政策和战略，介绍了最佳实践的范例以及更实验性的做法，这显示了本区域政府的动态思维。正因为如此，专题研究介绍了围绕有效的做法开展区域合作以及相关知识共享的潜在益处。", "5. 专题研究为科学、技术和创新提出一个概念框架，它受到开放、包容性、问责和协作等原则的约束，而且还使其重点超越可持续发展的经济维度，从而纳入其社会和环境维度。研究还呼吁各国政府为实现《2030年可持续发展议程》的目标制定与国家发展战略保持一致的、以建议为基础的、以行动为导向的科学、技术和创新计划。", "6. 概念框架呼吁在政策立场上实现两个规范性转变。第一，关于包容和可持续发展的创新政策必须超越其以往一味单纯强调经济竞争力的做法，从而涵盖社会正义和环境保护的内容。第二，必须将开放和包容性的原则纳入创新战略，将作为创新的动力，与旨在激励竞争的政策形成补充。", "7. 概念框架还着重强调了一个切实有效创新体系的五大核心要素，以促进包容的可持续发展。", "8. 富有远见的领导作用。为了利用科学、技术和创新促进包容的可持续发展的潜能，需要发挥富有远见的领导作用。领导者应当在富有远见的活动的启示下制定远见卓识的行动计划；将社会和环境任务以及经济任务置于战略的核心；要求整个政府为落实这些计划负责。应当使所有行为者参与创新体系，以确保在计划中纳入可持续发展的经济、社会和环境维度。然而，这并不会自然而然的发生。利用科学、技术和创新促进包容的可持续发展需要采取坚定的、审慎的行动，以确保采取政府一盘棋的做法。", "9. 切实有效的机构。切实有效的机构是科学、技术和创新产生、发展和实施的基础。机构确定规则和原则，并设立可以指导行为和互动结构模式的基础架构。有形基础架构和虚拟基础架构共同构成知识经济得以创建的根基。一个强有力的监管环境、包括企业法和知识产权法，也将激励承担对创新而言非常必要的风险。为了确保没有一个人掉队，政府应当使机构不断理解开放和包容性的原则，并且为其提供有效的执行手段。", "10. 刺激对科学、技术和创新的投资。应当致力于并刺激对科学、技术和创新的投资。创新者往往在关键阶段缺乏资金，阻碍了基础研究或初期阶段创业活动的产业化或规模化。今后科学、技术和创新问题公共投资战略应当划拨资金，以缩小供资缺口，从而加速实现从基础研究和应用研究转变为产业化的创新。应当激励私人投资者支持科学、技术和创新，并确保研究与开发的开支产生私营部门可以借助以进行产业化的产出，相反地，应确保私营部门的重要举措也可以获得充足的研发资金。在此方面，政府供资者-私营部门投资者之间的关系应当得以加强。为了有效、高效地运用它们可以支配的各类资本(例如：国内金融、外国直接投资和捐助方资本)，应当将资金流动与科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展的战略相匹配。除了采取旨在增加科学、技术和创新投资额的政策外，还应当在收益中考虑到社会和环境成果以及经济成果。尽管创效投资作为努力产生社会和环境价值以及财政收益的一类投资，这一理念合乎情理，但却需要强有力的激励和政治领导力，以推动其从边缘走向主流。", "11. 为公民提供支持。为了保持科学、技术和创新发展的势头，政府应当培育和支持其最重要的资源-公民。尽管科学家、技术专家、创新者和创业者被视作创新活动的传统源泉，但在那些往往被称为“弱势”群体或尚未充分获得认可的群体中可能存在尚待开发的人才资源。如果没有有才能的、训练有素的人们提出创意和实施创意，那么即使是世界上最佳的政府结构、机构和供资机制都将毫无意义。政府应当认可并支持那些被忽视的群体(包括妇女)，将其作为人才和创新理念的重要源泉。政府还应支持发展数字技能和创新技能，并培育具有适应性、灵活度和创新理念的解决问题人才，从而培养未来的劳动力大军，并且推动实现终身学习。通过支持和培训当地人口，政府可以在那些往往伴随新技术或创新流程产生的经济和社会的动荡阶段打造可用的人力资本，并且使所有可用的人力资本胜任其职。通过提供一个支持性和透明的监管结构，可以利用创业者的巨大潜力。包容性创新不仅是为弱势群体提供创新，而且是指增强这些群体的权能，从而使其发挥其自身的创新潜能。", "12. 开放和包容的创新知识经济。最后，促进开放和包容的创新知识经济将有可能提高本区域科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展努力的效能并扩大其规模。在科学、技术和创新方面，如果各国没有采取共同行动来促进开放、包容的创新知识经济的话，那么就不能实现《2030年议程》的目标“不让一个人掉队”。在拥有全球若干最具创新性的国家但同时也涵盖全球若干技术上最落后国家的亚太区域，这一问题是尤其尖锐的。目前存在的许多次区域和南北科学、技术和创新平台都是迥然不同但相互脱节的，因此它们并未充分利用本区域的丰富知识和巨大潜能。信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会为确定真正统筹兼顾和包容的知识共享方式、并且展示整个区域科学、技术和创新的多样性和活力提供了一个独特的机会。", "三．为本区域科学、技术和创新知识共享和合作相关行动划定优先次序", "13. 考虑到委员会是一个推动知识共享和合作的政府间平台，因此请成员国审议亚太经社会可以支持发展开放、包容的创新知识经济的最佳方式，以推动本区域开展切实有效的科学、技术和创新知识共享和合作", "14. 供审议的优先事项包括：", "(a) 为政府官员设立区域平台，以便使各种各样的利益攸关方参与科学、技术和创新生态系统，从而有效地讨论、开展协作和利用这些工具促进包容的可持续发展(即可以借助亚太创新论坛，已在文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/8中提出有关其职权范围的建议)；", "(b) 正如在文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/9中所指出的那样，推动亚太区域次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制间的知识共享；", "(c) 围绕开放的科学政策、人文交流、技术交流和贸易协定中的科学、技术和创新条款等主要的科学、技术和创新问题，谈判相关政府间协定；", "(d) 推动各国交流技术知识，并且为推动国家间技术协作和发展以及技术贸易和转让提供激励机制；", "(e) 确保将本区域的需求和知识纳入全球科学、技术和创新举措(例如，联合国技术促进机制和技术库)。", "四. 查明成员国在科学、技术和创新研究和能力建设方面的要求", "15. 请成员国确定科学、技术和创新研究和能力建设的要求，以便支持有效实施科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展。供审议的优先事项包括：", "(a) 为以整个政府一盘棋的做法实施科学、技术和创新政策以及将关于这些专题的政策纳入发展战略等工作发掘最佳实践；", "(b) 研究和分析各个可持续发展目标的技术解决办法；", "(c) 推动本区域开展切实有效的研究和开发协作；", "(d) 为实施可持续发展目标开发科学、技术和创新人力资本；", "(e) 推动来自企业的创新以促进可持续发展；", "(f) 开发切实有效的机构和资金来支持科学、技术和创新；", "(g) 为激励创业而确定最佳实践的政策；", "(h) 借助于创新的筹资机制，利用科学、技术和创新资金", "五. 专题：利用社会企业家精神和创效投资来实施可持续发展目标", "A. 拓展科学、技术和创新的传统理念", "16. 在联合国系统中，联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)、世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)和联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)等组织已将重点放在科学、技术和创新更为传统的理念。例如，贸发会议的重点在于支持联合国会员国制定创新政策，以提高其经济竞争力，而知识产权组织和教科文组织则侧重于在衡量科学、技术和创新方面更传统的观念，例如专利活动和研究与开发的开支。", "17. 实现全面的创新是充满挑战的，而且由于专利活动和研究和开发开支等主流指标尚未展示创新的所有维度这一事实而更加复杂。数据对于查明和理解“隐藏创新”的推动力而言非常关键。“隐藏创新”是指不体现于传统指标的创新活动，但它却同样具有产生积极影响的潜力。", "18. 社会企业和创效投资是本区域两个新兴的创新理念，而且传统的科学、技术和创新衡量框架尚未涵盖这两个理念，正因为如此，它们有可能拓宽这些专题的传统理念，并拓展全球范围对于如何衡量这些工具这一问题的理解。", "19. 发展筹资问题第三次国际会议《亚的斯亚贝巴行动议程》载有成员国为推动社会创新所作的坚定承诺，而社会企业和创效投资正是社会创新的两大主要支柱，但众所周知的是，各国需要支助来落实有效的政策和衡量框架。", "20. 正因为如此，这两个领域中更为详尽的工作为支持成员国履行《亚的斯亚贝巴行动议程》中的相关承诺提供了良机，同时它还与联合国系统中更为传统的科学、技术和创新工作形成补充，并且为科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展的前瞻性议程提供“思路引导”。", "B. 社会企业和创效投资的潜力", "21. 中小型企业是世界范围就业、竞争、经济活力和创新的来源，并且对亚太区域是尤其重要的，这是由于2007至2012年期间亚太区域的中小企业在所有企业中占98%，雇佣各国国内66%的劳动力，为国内生产总值做出38%的贡献，并且占出口总值的30%。[2]", "22. 可持续发展目标获得通过这一事实向全世界的经济体明确传达了一个信号，即社会和环境目标与经济发展目标是紧密关联的。借助于中小型企业，私营部门可以在将社会和环境影响内化为创业和投资决定方面发挥重要作用。因此，为本区域中小型企业、尤其是社会企业营造一个有利的环境具有日益重要的作用，而社会企业是将社会和、或环境任务纳入其核心商业模式的企业。", "23. 寻求获取融资和建立经济上可行的中小型企业是具有挑战性的，而且考虑到传统的投资决定完全是参照商业和经济标准作出的，因此当社会企业同时努力追求产生经济、社会和、或环境效应的情况下，这一挑战只会更加突出。因此，为社会企业提供创新性筹资对于释放创新活力和力量而言非常重要，它使该部门有可能实施《2030年议程》。在此方面，创效投资已成为营造有利于社会企业环境的一个要素。", "24. 随着人们日益认识到可持续发展三个维度对于实现可持续发展目标是非常关键的，在本区域中社会企业家精神和创效投资的理念方兴未艾。本区域若干成员国正不断制定和实施社会企业和创效投资政策。", "25. 捐助方也将更多资源直接用于这些部门，以便支持各国实现可持续发展目标。例如：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府最近发表了一份政策文件，其中宣布将重点放在利用社会投资上，将其作为其海外发展援助方案的核心支柱。", "26. 亚太经社会有机会支持社会企业部门中的这些新出现的变化，其方法是通过在更广泛的区域发掘最佳实践和推动实现这些变化来提供能力建设，以支持政府官员实施有效政策。", "C. 本区域新出现的变化", "1． 创效投资", "27. 监测研究所和洛克菲勒基金会将创效投资定义为“将资本积极投入企业和基金，以产生社会和、或环境利益而且至少使投资者收回名义本金”。[3] 2011年亚洲开发银行对70位创效投资者进行的调查表明，50%以上的投资者计划增加其在亚洲的投资。[4] 正如联合王国国际发展部《2014年创效投资市场调查》中所介绍的那样，这一预想已转化为现实。国际发展部的调查报告将撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚排名为创效投资活动的最大市场。[5] 全球创效投资网络目前是支持创效投资的最大规模的、最活跃的行业组织，它于2016年发表了一份对全球范围158位创效投资者的调查结果。报告重点指出，南亚以及东亚和东南亚是创效投资的主要市场，从而证实了亚洲开发银行的预测以及国际发展部的调查结果。图一重点介绍了158个被调查者在各个地域的资产分配情况。尽管在美利坚合众国和拉丁美洲的资产配置更多，但它主要是以私人债务的形式出现的。全球创效投资网络的报告重点指出的是，由私募股本投资者管理的近一半资产位于撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚，东亚和东南亚则紧随其后。", "图一", "按照区域划分，以158个创效投资者为样本所管理的资产情况", "(被调查者人数)", "[]", "资料来源：全球创效投资网络，《2016年创效投资者年度调查》(2016年，纽约)，可查阅https://thegiin.org/assets/2016%20GIIN%20Annual%20Impact%20 Investor%20Survey_Web.pdf。", "28. 全球创效投资网络还发布了关于南亚区域创效投资格局的报告，该报告侧重于南亚六个经济体。报告重点指出，该区域在2004至2014年期间影响力资本的配置量很大，尤其是在孟加拉国、印度和巴基斯坦(见图二)。", "图二", "南亚六个国家影响效应资本的配置情况", "(百万美元)", "[]", "[]", "资料来源：全球创效投资网络，《南亚创效投资格局》(纽约，2015年)，可查阅：https://thegiin.org/knowledge/publication/the-landscape-for-impact-investing-in-south-asia。", "29. 创效投资也许并非高招，但当创效投资在创造就业、推动技能发展、增强边缘化群体的权能和提供环境上可持续的工作实践方面产生积极的外在影响与社会企业创造的直接的财政和社会影响同样重要的时候，创效投资就提供了一种独特的解决办法。", "2. 社会企业", "30. 如果没有制定独立的政策措施来激励社会企业的发展，那么在传统上对研发活动的关注中并未认可社会企业的重要作用，而过去研发活动一直是成员国所实施的科学、技术和创新政策的基础。然而，本区域一些政府已采取具体的政策干预办法，在支持国内的社会企业方面也取得长足进展。", "31. 在东北亚，大韩民国政府于2007年宣布其《社会企业育成法》。该法案为社会创业提供管理咨询，使其获得专业服务和技术协助，甚至为其提供租金补贴和减税优惠。大韩民国对社会企业的重视已在其政府政策中明显体现出来，并且已引领韩国成为业内专家所公认的本区域其他国家的参照标准。“韩国社会投资”还启动一项关于社会影响力债券的试点项目，该项目立足于具有特殊需求儿童的儿童护理。此外，首尔市政府颁布了一项有关从社会企业采购商品和服务的条例(2015年总额为5700万美元)。这可能是在推动社会企业成长以及使投资者在该部门实现投资收益方面采取的最具创新性和关键的举措。首尔市政府还设立了作为社会企业孵化中心的社会经济支助中心，并设立了社会投资基金。这些旨在鼓励社会企业发展的举措已导致在2012-2015年间首尔的社会企业数增长353%。[6]", "32. 在东南亚，马来西亚政府最近实施了《2015-2018年社会企业蓝图》，以发展国家的社会企业生态系统。这项倡议的一个主要意图在于鼓励更多的社会创业者出现，他们将通过其企业努力产生环境和社会效应，同时产生经济收益。尽管社会企业是该国一个相对新颖的理念，但政府在推动其发展方面所展示的积极立场则标志其迈出重要的一步。", "33. 在近年来泰国政府也积极重视其社会企业部门的发展。它于2010年设立了泰国社会企业发展办公室，以支持社会企业的发展，并且作为其后续行动于近期颁布了《社会企业促进法》。设立社会创效投资问题国家特别工作组是泰国采取的另一重要举措，以凸显出政府对创效投资的重视。政府还减免税收来激励社会投资，而且计划为社会企业设立投资基金，并为社会企业创建类似于联合王国社区公益公司的新型公司形式。", "34. 越南政府于2014年修订其《企业法》，提出社会企业的法律定义，而且政府承诺鼓励、支持和推动社会企业的发展。越南生机勃勃的非政府组织和中小型企业可以利用这一转变，扩大其企业规模，并建立新的企业以应对紧迫的社会问题。", "35. 印度尼西亚和菲律宾政府正不断制定政策推动其国内社会企业的发展。印度尼西亚新的《创业法》中包括有关社会企业的条款，而菲律宾《社会创业减贫法案》预计将于明年颁布，该法案证明人们不断将社会企业视作可持续发展创新的重要源泉。", "36. 在南亚，孟加拉国、印度和巴基斯坦和孟加拉国是影响效应资本的主要目的地，三国政府已采取举措建立一个创新生态系统来支持社会企业的发展。巴基斯坦政府《2025年远景规划》中的一个主要目标是促进创新和企业发展。为了支持这项目标，政府设立社会创业中心。而在被许多人视作社会企业发源地的孟加拉国，最近举办了一场关于“社会企业、政策与实践”的政策对话会，对话会的成果是为政府提交一份有关可以采取的、旨在推动社会企业取得迅猛发展的高级别政策措施的报告。", "37. 在太平洋地区，澳大利亚政府授权资金总额为2000万美元的社会企业发展与投资基金，从而在一对一的基础上利用私营部门投资来增加用于社会企业种子期和成长期的资金。通过向基金经理人分配管理职责，它还有助于开展能力建设。其他的创新之举是社区发展融资机构试点项目，该项目为那些排除在金融体系之外的弱势个人增加利用融资的机会。在总理和内阁部内设立非营利部门办公室等其它举措说明政府致力于鼓励社会企业的发展。", "38. 在中亚，社会企业的理念是相对新颖的，然而，本区域各国已在其发展议程中积极纳入对社会和环境效应的考虑。哈萨克斯坦政府于2013年采取有关绿色经济理念的政策，将其作为其2050年愿景的一部分。国家创新基金联合股份公司由具有更广泛创新授权的国家技术开发联合股份公司取代。中亚各国政府通过举办社会创新营等活动积极开展相互合作，积极与行业专家开展合作，表明它们对发展社会企业的承诺。", "39. 本区域政府所采取的支持性社会企业和创效投资政策进一步证明的是，它们致力于采用创新方式应对紧迫的发展挑战和实现雄心勃勃的可持续发展目标。", "D. 经社会实施的项目", "40. 亚太经社会将启动一个项目，以期加强亚太区域关于社会企业和创效投资的南南合作。该项目的重点在于支持政策制定者制订和实施切实有效的政策和战略，侧重于培育社会企业家精神，并且营造一个有利于创效投资的环境，衡量在这两个领域的进展情况。", "41. 首先，将发表重点介绍本区域最佳实践的优质研究和“构想文件”。第二，将开发知识产品和在线学习单元，以支持开展能力建设活动。这些活动将与本区域的高级别活动形成补充。", "42. 请委员会为该项目提出拟议优先事项。供审议的优先事项包括：", "(a) 建立一个具有社会企业和创效投资授权的政府间政策制定者网络，以推动加强知识共享；", "(b) 为社会企业建立一个监管法律框架；", "(c) 营造一个有利于创效投资的环境；", "(d) 研究制定何种切实有效的政策，以激励企业将社会和环境问题具体目标纳入其核心商业模式；", "(e) 建立一个框架来衡量和评价社会创新经济。", "六. 讨论要点", "43. 以下段落列举了在委员会会议期间的讨论要点。", "44. 成员国认为本区域科学、技术和创新知识共享和合作的优先事项是什么？", "(a) 为政府官员打造一个区域平台，以便与科学、技术和创新生态系统中各种各样的利益攸关方(包括科学家、技术人员、创新者、创业者、投资者、以及私营部门、学术界和民间社会的代表)开展合作，以便有效讨论、开展协作和利用科学、技术和创新，以促进包容的可持续发展(例如，通过亚太创新论坛-文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/8载有拟议的职权范围)；", "(b) 正如在文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/9中所指出的那样，推动亚太区域次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制间的知识共享；", "(c) 围绕开放的科学政策、人文交流、技术交流和贸易协定中科学、技术和创新条款等科学、技术和创新的主要问题，谈判相关政府间协定；", "(d) 推动各国交流技术知识，为促进国家间的技术合作和发展以及技术贸易和转让提供激励机制；", "(e) 确保将本区域的需要和知识纳入全球科学、技术和创新举措(例如，联合国技术促进机制和技术库)。", "45. 科学、技术和创新方面的哪些优先议题将从政府间协定中受益？", "(a) 开放的科学政策，以推动进一步利用科学、技术和创新研究成果，从而促进可持续发展；", "(b) 实施政策，以推动整个区域研究和开发专业人员的进一步流动；", "(c) 创新与技术贸易协定中有关科学、技术和创新问题的具体条款，以便产生积极的社会和环境影响(例如，清洁技术)。", "46. 在科学、技术和创新研究和能力建设要求中的主要差距是什么?", "(a) 在以政府一盘棋的做法实施科学、技术和创新政策以及将这些政策纳入发展战略方面的最佳实践；", "(b) 各个可持续发展目标的技术解决办法；", "(c) 有关有效区域研发合作的最佳实践；", "(d) 为实施可持续发展目标发展科学、技术和创新人力资本的有效战略；", "(e) 推动来自企业的创新、以促进可持续发展的有效战略；", "(f) 有关开发制度模式和资金以支持科学、技术和创新的最佳实践；", "(g) 为激励创业而确定最佳实践政策；", "(h) 借助于创新型筹资机制，以利用科学、技术和创新资金。", "47. 在支持成员国为社会企业发展提供支助和营造有利于创效投资的环境方面应当确定什么优先事项？", "(a) 建立一个具有社会企业和创效投资授权的政府间政策制定者网络，以推动加强知识共享；", "(b) 为社会企业建立一个监管法律框架；", "(c) 营造一个有利于创效投资的环境；", "(d) 研究制定何种切实有效的政策，以激励企业将社会和环境问题具体目标纳入其核心商业模式；", "(e) 建立一个框架来衡量和评价社会创新经济。", "48. 应当向经社会第七十三届会议提出什么建议？", "七. 接下来的举措", "49. 接下来可以采取以下举措：", "(a) 拟订将提交经社会第七十三届会议的建议案文；", "(b) 制订关于将从政府间协定中受益的科学、技术和创新问题的行动计划；", "(c) 实施用以支持成员国科学、技术和创新能力建设及其研究需求的方案；", "(d) 后续跟进对于参与亚太经社会关于社会企业和创效投资的相关项目所表达的意向。", "[1] ¹ 联合国出版物，出售品编号E.16.Ⅱ.F.12。可查阅：www.unescap.org/resources/harnessing-science-technology-and-innovation-inclusive-and", "[2] ² 亚洲开发银行，《2014年亚洲中小企业融资监测》(马尼拉，2015年)-根据对20个国家的分析结果，可查阅：www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/173205/asia-sme-finance-monitor2014.pdf。", "[3] ³ 监测研究所，《社会和环境影响效应投资：为催化一个新兴产业而进行的设计》(2009年)。可查阅：http://monitorinstitute.com/downloads/what-we-think/impact-investing/Impact_Investing.pdf。", "[4] ⁴ 亚洲开发银行，《亚洲的创效投资者：亚太区域对社会企业投资的特征和偏好》。(马尼拉，2011年)，可查阅：www.adb.org/publications/impact-investors-asia-characteristics-and-preferences-investing-social-enterprises-asia。", "[5] ⁵ 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国国际发展部，《2014年创效投资市场调查：撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚面临的挑战和机遇》(2015年)，可查阅：www.theimpactprogramme.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/DFID-Impact-Programme-Market-Survey-Web-20151.pdf。", "[6] 见http://avpn.asia/2016/06/16/building-a-social-economy-in-asia/。" ]

[ "采取下一步:为亚洲及太平洋的可持续发展制定科学、技术和创新行动议程", "秘书处的说明", "内容提要 本说明载有 \" 利用科学、技术和创新促进亚洲及太平洋的包容性和可持续发展 \" 专题研究报告中所载的建议摘要,供成员国在努力促进本区域科学、技术和创新方面的知识共享与合作时审议。 本说明还概述了亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)关于加强社会企业方面的南南合作和对亚太区域投资的影响的项目。 请信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会思考科学、技术和创新方面的区域知识共享与合作的优先领域,并查明研究和能力建设需要,以支持成员国有效实施科学、技术和创新以促进可持续发展。 委员会的审议结果将构成提交经社会第七十三届会议的一套进一步建议和结果的基础。\n还请成员国提出参与亚太经社会项目的优先事项和意向,以加强关于社会企业和影响亚太区域投资的南南合作。", "一. 导言", "背景情况", "1. 联合国 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)第七十二届会议的主题是科学、技术和创新。 在该届经社会会议上,在部长级专题小组上发起了 \" 利用科学、技术和创新促进亚洲及太平洋的包容性和可持续发展 \" 专题研究报告。 随后,经社会通过了关于利用科学、技术和创新促进亚洲及太平洋包容性和可持续发展的第72/12号决议。 在该决议中,经社会请信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会等机构审议专题研究中概述的建议,并向经社会第七十三届会议提出一套经过进一步完善的建议。", "信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会第一届会议临时议程项目3的目的", "2. 联合国 议程项目3的目的是为关于实现第72/12号决议所概述目标的讨论提供方便,并就拟提交经社会第七十三届会议的一套包容而全面的建议达成共识。 这些建议将包括:", "(a) 国家 确定科学、技术和创新方面区域知识共享与合作行动的优先次序(第三节);", "(b) 国家 确定成员国的科学、技术和创新研究和能力建设要求(第四节)。", "3个 在议程项目3下进行的讨论还将征求成员国对支持社会企业的优先事项和有利于影响投资的环境的意见。 将收集对参与亚太经社会项目的兴趣,该项目旨在加强在亚太区域社会企业和影响投资方面的南南合作(第五节)。", "二. 利用科学、技术和创新促进亚洲及太平洋的包容性可持续发展", " 4.四. 正如各种文件所充分指出的那样,执行可持续发展目标的一个关键手段是有效利用科学、技术和创新。 在评估亚太区域的情况时,主题研究强调了该区域的科学、技术和创新议程的广度、多样性和活力。 它还突出了该区域一些最有创意的政策和战略,并举例说明了最佳做法和更多的试验办法,这说明了该区域各国政府的动态心态。 因此,主题研究举例说明了区域合作和知识共享的潜在收益。", "5 (韩语). 主题研究包括一个科学、技术和创新概念框架,该框架受开放、包容性、问责制和协作原则的约束,将重点从经济转向充分整合可持续发展的社会和环境层面。 会议还呼吁各国政府制定与国家发展战略相一致的面向行动的科学、技术和创新计划,以达到《2030年可持续发展议程》的目标。", "6. 国家 概念框架要求改变政策立场的两种规范。 第一,关于包容性和可持续发展的创新政策必须超越其传统上对经济竞争力的关注,而包括社会正义和环境保护。 第二,开放和包容性原则必须纳入创新战略,以补充促进竞争作为创新驱动力的政策。", "7. 联合国 概念框架还突出了促进包容性和可持续发展的有效创新体系的五个核心要素。", "8. 国家 远景领导. 为了发挥科学、技术和创新的潜力,促进包容性和可持续发展,需要有远见的领导。 领导人需要制定有远见的行动计划,以展望活动为根据;将社会和环境以及经济需要置于战略的核心;要求整个政府对这些计划的交付负责。 必须让所有行为者参与创新体系,以确保各项计划纳入可持续发展的经济、社会和环境层面。 然而,这不会自动发生。 要利用科学、技术和创新促进包容性和可持续发展,就必须采取坚定和周密的行动,确保政府采取综合做法。", "9. 国家 有效的机构。 有效的机构是科技创新创造,发展和实施的基础. 各机构界定规则和原则,并建立起指导行为和互动结构的基础设施。 有形和虚拟基础设施构成了建立知识经济的基础。 强有力的监管环境,包括公司法和知识产权法,也将鼓励创新所需的冒险。 为了确保没有人被抛在后头,各国政府向各机构灌输开放和包容原则并为有效执行这些原则提供手段至关重要。", "10个 激励科技创新投资. 致力于并激励对科学、技术和创新的投资至关重要。 创新者往往在关键阶段缺乏资金,使基础研究或早期开办企业无法商业化或实现规模化。 未来关于科学、技术和创新的公共投资战略需要投入资金来弥补资金短缺,以加速创新,从基础和应用研究转向商业化。 必须激励私人投资者支持科学、技术和创新,确保研发支出产生私营部门能够商业化的产出,并反过来确保重要的私营部门举措获得充分的研发资金。 在这方面,需要加强政府出资者与私营部门投资者的关系。 为了有效和高效地利用它们拥有的各种形式的资本(例如国内金融、外国直接投资和捐助资本),关键是要使资金流动与科学、技术和创新战略保持一致,以促进可持续发展。 除了旨在增加科学、技术和创新投资数额的政策外,回报还必须包括社会和环境成果以及经济成果。 影响投资的概念 — — 一种旨在创造社会和环境价值以及财政回报的投资 — — 是有道理的,但需要强有力的激励和政治领导才能将其从边际转向主流。", "11个 支持公民。 第四,为了保持科学、技术和创新发展的势头,各国政府需要培育和支持其最重要的资源——公民。 虽然科学家、技术专家、创新者和企业家被认为是创新活动的传统来源,但有一种潜在的未开发的人才资源,他们居住在通常被称为弱势社区或未得到充分承认的社区来源。 世界上最好的政府结构、机构和筹资机制,如果没有有才华和受过教育的人来产生和执行各种想法,将毫无意义。 各国政府需要承认和支持包括妇女在内的任职人数不足的社区是人才和创新思想的重要来源。 政府还需要培养一支面向未来的劳动力队伍,通过支持发展数字和创新技能并培养具有适应性、灵活性和创新精神的解决问题者,使终身学习成为可能。 通过支持和培训当地人民,政府能够创造并适应所有可用的人力资本,通过经常伴随新技术或创新进程的经济和社会混乱阶段。 通过提供一种支持性和透明的管理结构,可以发挥创业阶层的大规模潜力。 包容性创新不仅涉及向弱势人口提供创新,而且涉及赋予这些社区实现自身创新潜力的能力。", "12个 开放、包容和创新的知识经济。 最后,建立开放、包容和创新的知识经济有可能提高促进可持续发展的区域科学、技术和创新努力的效力和规模。 在科学、技术和创新方面,如果各国不采取集体行动来建立开放的包容性创新知识经济,2030年议程关于不抛下任何人的目标将无法实现。 这一问题在亚太地区尤为严重,该地区是世界上一些最具创新精神的国家以及一些技术条件最差的国家的家园。 现有的许多次区域和南北科学、技术和创新平台互不相干,互不相通,因此没有充分利用该区域的广泛知识和潜力。 信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会提供了一个独特的机会,以建立真正综合和包容性的知识共享办法,并掌握整个区域科学、技术和创新的多样性和活力。", "三. 优先开展区域科技创新知识分享与合作行动.", "13个 鉴于委员会是促进知识共享与合作的政府间平台,请成员国考虑亚太经社会如何能最好地支持发展开放和包容性的创新知识经济,以促进科学、技术和创新方面的有效区域知识共享与合作。", "14个 需要审议的优先领域可包括:", "(a) 为政府官员建立一个区域平台,使科学、技术和创新生态系统中的利益攸关方多样化,以有效讨论、合作和利用这些工具来推动包容性和可持续发展(即通过亚太创新论坛),其职权范围已在文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/8中提出);", "(b) 如文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/9所述,促进亚洲及太平洋次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制之间的知识共享;", "(c) 就科学、技术和创新等关键问题谈判政府间协定,如开放的科学政策、人员交流、技术交流以及贸易协定中关于科学、技术和创新的规定;", "(d) 促进各国之间分享技术知识,并奖励促进国家间技术协作和发展以及技术贸易和转让;", "确保将区域需要和知识纳入全球科学、技术和创新举措(如联合国技术促进机制和技术银行)。", "四、结 论 确定成员国的科学、技术和创新研究和能力建设要求", "15个 请会员国确定科学、技术和创新方面的研究和能力建设要求,以支持科学、技术和创新的有效实施以促进可持续发展。 需要审议的优先领域可包括:", "(a) 推广最佳做法,对科学、技术和创新政策采取全政府办法,并把这些专题的政策纳入发展战略;", "(b) 为每一项可持续发展目标研究和分析技术解决办法;", "(c) 促进有效的区域研究和发展合作;", "(d) 为可持续发展目标发展科学、技术和创新方面的人力资本;", "(e) 促进公司的创新以促进可持续发展;", "(f) 发展有效的机构和基金以支持科学、技术和创新;", "(g) 制定鼓励创业的最佳做法政策;", "(h) 通过创新筹资机制为科学、技术和创新筹集资金。", " V. 专题:利用社会创业和影响投资来实现可持续发展目标", "拓宽科技创新传统观念.", "16号. 在联合国系统中,联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)、世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)和联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)等组织侧重于科学、技术和创新的更传统的概念。 例如,贸发会议侧重于支持联合国会员国制定促进经济竞争力的创新政策,而知识产权组织和教科文组织则侧重于较传统的计量概念,如专利活动以及研究与发展支出。", "17岁。 全面了解创新情况具有挑战性,而且由于专利活动以及研发支出等主流指标没有涵盖创新的方方面面,因而更加复杂。 数据对于查明和了解隐性创新的驱动因素至关重要,因为隐性创新是指传统指标没有反映的创新活动,它们同样具有积极影响的潜力。", "18岁。 社会企业和影响投资是本区域两个新兴创新概念,传统科学、技术和创新计量框架没有体现,因此有可能扩大这些专题的传统概念,并推进全球对这些工具计量的理解。", " 19. 19. 第三次发展筹资问题国际会议的《亚的斯亚贝巴行动议程》载有会员国为促进社会创新所作的坚定承诺,其中社会企业和影响投资是两个主要支柱,但众所周知,各国需要支持来实施有效的政策和衡量框架。", "20号. 因此,在这两个领域开展更详细的工作,提供了一个机会来支持成员国履行《亚的斯亚贝巴行动议程》中所作的相关承诺,同时补充联合国系统更传统的科学、技术和创新工作,并就促进可持续发展的科学、技术和创新前瞻性议程提供思想领导。", "社会企业的潜力和影响投资", "21岁 中小企业是全世界就业、竞争、经济活力和创新的源泉,在亚洲及太平洋尤为重要。 2007至2012年,它们占所有企业的98%,雇用了全国劳动力的66%,贡献了国内生产总值的38%,占出口总值的30%。 [2]", "22号. 可持续发展目标的通过向世界经济发出了一个明确的信号,即社会和环境目标与经济发展目标密切相关。 私营部门可以在通过中小型企业将社会和环境影响纳入企业和投资决策方面发挥重要作用。 因此,为该区域的中小型企业,特别是社会企业,即将社会和(或)环境任务纳入其核心业务模式的企业,创造有利环境日益重要。", "23. 联合国 确保获得资金和建立经济上可行的中小型企业是一项挑战,而只有在社会企业试图同时追求经济、社会和/或环境影响的情况下,这种挑战才更为突出,因为传统的投资决定完全是根据商业和经济标准作出的。 因此,为社会企业提供创新融资对于释放这一部门在为《2030年议程》服务方面可能提供的创新和力量至关重要。 在这方面,影响投资是有利于社会企业的环境的重要组成部分。", "24 (韩语). 社会创业和影响投资的概念在本区域的势头不断增强,人们日益认识到,可持续发展的三个层面将是实现可持续发展目标的关键。 本区域若干成员国正在制定和执行社会企业和影响投资政策。", "25岁 捐助者还向这些部门提供更多的资源,以支持各国实现可持续发展目标。 例如,大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府最近发表了一份政策文件,其中宣布重点利用社会投资作为其海外发展援助方案的核心支柱。", "26. 联合国 亚太经社会有机会支持社会企业部门的这些新变化,提供能力建设,支持政府官员执行有效的政策,在更广大的区域推广最佳做法并促成这些变化。", " C C. 本区域新出现的变化", "1. 联合国 影响投资", "27个 监测研究所和洛克菲勒基金会将影响投资定义为积极将资本投向创造社会和/或环境效益的企业和基金,至少将名义本金退还投资者。 [3] 2011年亚洲发展 对70名影响投资者进行的银行调查显示,50%以上的投资者计划增加在亚洲的投资。 [4] 如联合王国国际开发部2014年《影响投资市场调查》所介绍,这一预测已经实现。 调查将撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚列为影响投资活动的最大市场。 [5] 2016年,目前支持影响力投资的最大和最活跃的行业组织\"全球影响力投资\"网络公布了对全球158个影响力投资者的调查. 该报告强调了南亚以及东亚和东南亚是影响投资的主要市场,从而证实了亚洲开发银行的预测和国际开发部的调查结果。 图一突出显示158个答卷人的资产分布。 虽然美利坚合众国和拉丁美洲的资本分配有所增加,但主要是私人债务。 全球影响投资网络报告强调,私人股权投资者管理的资产近一半位于撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚,其次是东亚和东南亚。", "图一", "按区域分列的由158个影响投资者抽样管理的资产", "(答卷人人数)", "[]", "资料来源:全球影响投资网络,《2016年年度影响投资者调查》(纽约,2016年)。 可查阅https://thegiin.org/assets/2016%20GIIN%20Annual%20Impact%20Investor%20Survey_Web.pdf.", "28岁 全球影响投资网络还发布了一份关于南亚影响投资情况的区域报告,重点是六个南亚经济体。 报告着重指出,2004至2014年期间,该区域显著部署了影响资本,特别是在孟加拉国、印度和巴基斯坦(图二)。", "图二", "在六个南亚国家部署影响资本", "(单位:百万美元)", "[]", "[]", "资料来源:全球影响投资网络,南亚影响投资景观(2015年,纽约)。 可查阅https://thegiin.org/knowledge/publication/the-landscape- for-impact-in-South-asia。 (原始内容存档于2017-09-28).", "29. 国家 虽然影响投资不是一纸空文,但它提供了一个独特的解决办法,在创造就业、技能发展、赋予边缘化社区权力和环境上可持续的工作做法方面,影响投资的积极外差因素与社会企业造成的直接财政和社会影响一样有价值。", "2. 社会企业", "30 (英语). 社会企业如果不通过独立的政策措施加以鼓励,就不会在研究与发展活动这一较传统的重点中得到承认,而研究与发展活动历来是成员国执行科学、技术和创新政策的基础。 然而,本区域一些政府还在通过具体政策干预支持本国社会企业方面取得了重大进展。", "31. 在东北亚,大韩民国政府于2007年宣布了《社会企业促进法》。 该法向社会企业家提供管理咨询、专业服务和技术援助,甚至提供补贴租金和减税。 大韩民国政府的政策明显注重社会企业,因此部门专家将该国视为该区域的基准。 韩国社会投资还启动了一个基于有特殊需要的儿童儿童保育的社会影响债券试点。 此外,首尔市政府颁布了一项法令,从社会企业采购货物和服务(2015年为5 700万美元)。 这可能是使社会企业能够增长并使投资者能够看到其在该部门的投资回报的最创新和最必要的步骤之一。 首尔市政府还开设了一个社会经济支持中心,作为社会企业的孵化中心并建立了社会投资基金. 这些鼓励社会企业的举措导致首尔2012-2015年间社会企业数量增加了353%. [6]", "32. 在东南亚,马来西亚政府最近实施了 \" 2015-2018年社会企业蓝图 \" ,以发展该国的社会企业生态系统。 该倡议的一个主要目标是鼓励更多的社会企业家努力通过企业创造环境和社会影响,同时创造经济回报。 虽然社会企业是该国较新的概念,但政府积极促进社会企业是一个重要的步骤。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 泰国政府近年来还积极注重发展其社会企业部门。 它于2010年设立了泰国社会企业办公室,以支持社会企业,并随后颁布了最近的《社会企业促进法》。 设立国家社会影响投资工作队是又一重要步骤,突出政府注重影响投资。 政府还通过减税刺激社会投资,并计划为社会企业设立投资基金,并创造类似于联合王国社区利益公司的社会企业的新的法律形式。", "34. 国家 越南政府于2014年修订了《企业法》,为社会企业提供了法律定义,政府承诺鼓励、支持和促进社会企业发展。 越南活泼的非政府组织和中小型企业可以利用这一变化,扩大它们的企业,并建立新的企业来解决紧迫的社会问题。", "35. 联合国 印度尼西亚和菲律宾政府正在制定政策,促进经济中的社会企业。 印度尼西亚新的创业法规定社会企业,菲律宾则规定通过社会创业来减少贫穷。 预计将于明年颁布的法案表明,人们日益认识到社会企业是可持续发展创新的宝贵来源。", "36. 在南亚,孟加拉国、印度和巴基斯坦是影响资本的主要目的地,其政府已采取步骤,建立一个创新的生态系统来支助社会企业。 巴基斯坦政府2025年远景计划的一个关键目标是促进创新和企业。 为支持这一目标,政府正在建立一个社会创业中心。 在孟加拉国,许多人认为它是社会企业的发源地,最近就社会企业、政策和做法举行了政策对话,结果向政府提交了一份报告,说明可采取哪些高级别政策措施来进一步促进社会企业的增长。", "37. 联合国 在太平洋地区,澳大利亚政府委托社会企业发展和投资基金,这是一个2 000万美元的基金,旨在一对一地利用私营部门投资,为社会企业种子和成长阶段提供更多资金。 通过将管理责任分配给基金管理人员,它也有助于能力建设。 另一项创新努力是社区发展金融机构试点,以改善被排除在金融系统之外的弱势个人获得资金的机会。 其他步骤,如在总理和内阁部内设立非营利部门办公室,表明政府致力于鼓励社会企业。", "38. 国家 在中亚,社会企业的概念相当新,但该区域各国已积极将社会和环境影响纳入其发展议程。 2013年,哈萨克斯坦政府通过了绿色经济概念政策,作为其2050年愿景的一部分。 国家创新基金股份公司由具有更广泛创新使命的国家技术开发联合股份公司接任. 中亚各国政府通过社会创新营等活动,积极接触彼此和行业专家,表现出对社会企业的承诺。", "39. 联合国 本区域各国政府采取的扶持性社会企业和影响性投资政策进一步证明,它们承诺采取创新方式应对紧迫的发展挑战并实现雄心勃勃的可持续发展目标。", "委员会的项目", " 40. 40. 亚太经社会将发起一个项目,加强南南合作,促进社会企业和影响亚太区域的投资。 该项目将侧重于支持决策者制定和执行有效的政策和战略,重点是促进社会创业,为影响投资创造有利环境并衡量这两个领域的进展。", "41. 国家 首先,将发表高质量的研究和思考文章,重点介绍本区域的最佳做法。 第二,将开发知识产品和在线学习模块,以支持能力建设活动。 这些活动将得到高级别区域活动的补充。", "42. 国家 请委员会就该项目的优先领域提出建议。 需要审议的优先领域可包括:", "(a) 建立具有社会企业和影响投资任务的政府间决策者网络,以促进知识共享;", "(b) 为社会企业制定规章和法律框架;", "(c) 为影响投资创造有利环境;", "(d) 研究有效的政策来激励公司将社会和环境目标纳入其核心商业模式;", "(e) 制定衡量和估价社会创新经济的框架。", "六、结 论 讨论要点", "43. 东帝汶 以下各段列举了供委员会届会期间讨论的要点。", "44. 国家 成员国认为区域科学、技术和创新知识分享与合作的优先事项是什么?", "(a) 为政府官员建立一个区域平台,以便与科学、技术和创新生态系统中的各种利益攸关方(包括科学家、技术专家、创新者、企业家、投资者以及私营部门、学术界和民间社会代表)进行互动,以有效讨论、合作和利用科学、技术和创新促进包容性和可持续发展(例如通过亚太创新论坛,其拟议职权范围载于E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/8号文件);", "(b) 如文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/9所述,促进亚洲及太平洋次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制之间的知识共享;", "(c) 就科学、技术和创新等关键问题谈判政府间协定,如开放的科学政策、人员交流、技术交流以及贸易协定中关于科学、技术和创新的规定;", "(d) 促进各国之间技术知识的分享并奖励促进国家间技术协作和发展以及技术贸易和转让;", "确保将区域需要和知识纳入全球科学、技术和创新举措(如联合国技术促进机制和技术银行)。", "45. 国家 关于科学、技术和创新的哪些优先问题将受益于政府间协定?", "(a) 开放的科学政策,使更多的人能够获得促进可持续发展的科学、技术和创新研究;", "(b) 制订政策,使区域内的研究和发展专业人员能有更大的流动性;", "(c) 贸易协定内关于创新和技术的具体科学、技术和创新规定,这些创新和技术可对社会和环境产生积极影响(例如清洁技术)。", "46. 经常预算: 在科学、技术和创新研究及能力建设要求方面有哪些重大差距?", "(a) 国家 在科学、技术和创新政策方面采取全政府做法并将其纳入发展战略的最佳做法;", "(b) 各项可持续发展目标的技术解决办法;", "(c)) 有效的区域研究和开发合作的最佳做法;", "(d) 为可持续发展目标发展科学、技术和创新人力资本的有效战略;", "(e) 促进公司创新以促进可持续发展的有效战略;", "(f) 与《公约》有关的问题 支持科学、技术和创新的体制模式和基金的最佳做法;", "(g) 国家 激励创业的最佳做法政策;", "(h) 创新筹资机制,为科学、技术和创新筹集资金。", "47. 国家 支持成员国支持社会企业发展和影响投资的有利环境有哪些优先事项?", "(a) 建立具有社会企业和影响投资任务的政府间决策者网络,以促进知识共享;", "(b) 为社会企业制定规章和法律框架;", "(c) 为影响投资创造有利环境;", "(d) 研究有效的政策来激励公司将社会和环境目标纳入其核心商业模式;", "(e) 制定衡量和估价社会创新经济的框架。", " 48. 48. 应向经社会第七十三届会议提出什么建议?", "页:1 今后的步骤", "49. (中文(简体) ). 接下来的步骤如下:", "拟提交经社会第七十三届会议的建议案文草案;", "(b) 就科学、技术和创新问题制定行动计划,从政府间协定中受益;", "(c) 执行支持成员国科学、技术和创新能力建设和研究需要的方案;", "(d) 对表示有兴趣参与亚太经社会社会企业和影响投资项目采取后续行动。", "[1] 联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.16.II.F.12. 可查阅www.unescap.org/resources/harnesing-science-technology-and-innovation-兼容并蓄地发展-asia。", "[2] 亚洲开发银行,《2014年亚洲中小企业金融监测》(马尼拉,2015年),根据对20个国家的分析。 可查阅www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/173205/asia-sme-finance-monitor2014.pdf。", "[3] 监测研究所,社会与环境投资 《影响:新兴工业催化设计》(2009年)。 见http://monitorinstect.com/downloads/What-we-think/impact-investing/Impact_IInvestment.pdf。 (原始内容存档于2018-03-28).", "[4] 亚洲开发银行 《亚洲影响投资者:亚洲及太平洋社会企业投资的特点和优惠》(马尼拉,2011年)。 可查阅www.adb.org/publications/impact-investors-asia-characteristics-and-preferences-investment-social-ecretures-asia。 (原始内容存档于2018-09-28).", "[5] 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国,国际发展部,《2014年投资市场影响调查:撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚的挑战与机遇》(2015年)。 见www.theimpactprogram.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/5/08/DFID-Impact-Programme-Market-Survey-Web-20151.pdf。", "[6] 见https://avpn.asia/2016/06/16/building-a-social-economy-in-asia/." ]

[ "Towards the Asia-Pacific information superhighway", "Note by the secretariat", "Summary The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP), in resolution 71/10, decided to create the open-endedWorking Group on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway. The 1stand 2nd meetings of the Working Group were held in 2015 and 2016respectively. At its 1st meeting, the Working Group agreed that amaster plan for the Asia-Pacific information superhighway andregional cooperation framework document would be developed. TheSteering Group was formed to carry out that task, and the MasterPlan and Regional Cooperation Framework Document were developed andreviewed at the 2nd meeting of the Working Group, in August 2016. In support of efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goalsand the goals of the World Summit on the Information Society, theAsia-Pacific information superhighway is a strategic regionalconnectivity initiative to stimulate the digital economy, narrowthe digital divide and support various regional connectivityinitiatives, such as trade and transport and socioeconomicapplications, while encouraging innovation. The importance has beenrecognized not only by Governments but also by variousstakeholders, such as the private sector, civil society andresearch institutes across the region. \nThis document summarizes the main activities undertaken inaccordance with resolution 71/10, proposes the way forward andhighlights issues for consideration by the Committee on Informationand Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation.", "I. Introduction", "1. Information and communications technology (ICT), in particular broadband technology, has increasingly been seen as an alternative, and in some cases an efficient and effective solution, to overcoming physical barriers, lack of resources and infrastructure and access to information, knowledge and services worldwide. At the same time, ICT plays multiple strategic roles as the meta-infrastructure, growth-industry basis for the expanding digital economy and, most importantly, a critical development enabler that contributes towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.", "2. ICT is a foundation for promoting sustainable development, while being a growth sector that contributes to economic growth. The Internet, for instance, has transformed the way we live by providing instant connectivity to the remotest areas of the world and transmitting data, information and knowledge in multiple formats and languages over fibre-optic cables, wireless networks or satellites. Being highly versatile, ICT now permeates every facet of our lives by enabling trillions of dollars of financial transactions every day, connecting weather forecasts to agricultural production and disaster management, managing intelligent transport, controlling epidemics, advancing climate change adaptation and promoting new businesses and even industries. With the Internet of things and cloud computing, devices will be connected to each other and transmit data, enabling unparalleled opportunities for vast data collection and analysis, while providing ICT capabilities anywhere in the world.", "3. In addition, ICT-enabled financial, transport and trade facilitation infrastructure will be essential to encouraging innovations and developing an inclusive digital economy in the region. Broadband-enabled technologies, such as smart grids, intelligent transport systems, integrated water management systems and single windows, are some of the efficiencies that will drive growth in all sectors of the economy. This emerging infrastructure is built on broadband networks and facilitates the movements of goods, services, people and money across countries, thereby acting as building blocks of the emerging digital economy.", "4. The Internet also plays an important role in modernizing government services and enhancing the quality of interactions and accountability between public administrations, citizens and businesses, while improving efficiency, effectiveness and transparency. In May 2016, the Copenhagen Consensus Center published a report of a project in which it conducted a cost-benefit analysis of various development interventions in Bangladesh.[1] The report found that of more than 70 development activities, the most cost-efficient development interventions were ICT-related: e-procurement ($663 in benefits for every $1 spent), followed by digitization of land records ($619 for every $1). Services provided at Union Digital Centers and broadband expansion in Bangladesh were also listed as having had a positive impact. If aggregated at the regional level, the developmental benefits would be substantial. These are only some of the potential benefits of ICT in general and broadband Internet in particular that will make a tangible difference to the lives of people in the region.", "5. Against this background, ICT has emerged as an indispensable development enabler that contributes to and accelerates the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. At the same time, the Sustainable Development Goals have direct and indirect ICT-related targets. Target 9.1 (Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all) and means of implementation 9.c (Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020) are some of the direct ICT-related targets.[2]", "6. The indirect contributions of ICT to other Sustainable Development Goals targets take various forms, including development-accelerating applications and initiatives. One such application is mobile money, which has been transforming the way financial services are provided to the poor and expanding service coverage not only in middle-income countries, such as the Philippines, but also in other parts of the region. Mobile money and mobile banking constitute an emerging tool to facilitate financial transactions among a much wider segment of the population for a lower cost, not only within the country but also across national boundaries, thereby facilitating financial inclusion.", "7. With the rapid expansion of mobile devices and connectivity, as highlighted in the note by the secretariat entitled “Asia-Pacific information superhighway: for inclusive and seamless connectivity”[3] for the seventy-second session of the Commission in May 2016 and in the following sections of the present note, the landscape of ICT for development has dramatically changed since the last session of the Committee on Information and Communications Technology was organized in 2014. The World Economic Forum published a report in 2016 that highlights that: (a) the digital revolution changes the nature of innovation, based on new technologies and business models; (b) companies need to innovate continuously; (c) businesses and Governments have not yet fully capitalized on the digital opportunities; and (d) a new digital economy requires innovations in governance and regulations.[4] Taking these points into account, the Forum’s Networked Readiness Index 2016 ranks Singapore as number one worldwide, followed in the ESCAP region by: Japan (10); Hong Kong, China (12); the Republic of Korea (13); New Zealand (17); and Australia (18).", "8. The aim of this note is to discuss the progress made in developing affordable and reliable broadband in the region through the Asia-Pacific information superhighway, in particular within the overall objective of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. It also contains analyses on emerging ICT trends and characteristics of the digital divide in Asia and the Pacific.", "II. Progress towards the Asia-Pacific information superhighway", "9. In Commission resolution 69/10 in 2013, member States recognized the need to promote the exchange of best practices and experiences related to the development of ICT infrastructure, including in-depth analysis of the policy and regulatory barriers that could impede efforts to synchronize the deployment of ICT infrastructure across the region in a seamless manner.", "10. Furthermore, in its resolution 71/10, the Commission decided to establish the open-ended Working Group on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway to agree on principles and norms and develop a master plan, covering both the policy and technical aspects of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway, and a regional cooperation framework, and that consideration should be given to amending the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Trans-Asian Railway Network and the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network. It further requested the secretariat to promote the sharing of good practices and lessons learned in ICT for disaster risk reduction and e‑resilience, support the work of the Working Group, undertake research and analysis, build partnerships and collaboration with international and regional organizations and harness cross-sectoral synergies.", "11. Accordingly, the 1st meeting of the Working Group was held in Incheon, Republic of Korea, on 1 and 2 September 2015.[5] At that meeting, which was attended by 19 member countries and representatives from the private sector, civil society and think tanks, the Working Group decided to:[6]", "(a) Draft a master plan encompassing the long-term vision, targeted goals, specific activities and milestones with regard to the four pillars of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway;", "(b) Draft a regional cooperation framework for the Asia-Pacific information superhighway that covers the four pillars;", "(c) Agree upon aspects relating to its own structure and operations.", "III. Activities implemented by and in relation to the Working Group and Steering Group on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway", "12. Subsequently, upon the decision at the meeting of the Working Group, the Steering Group on Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway was established.[7] With members consisting of multi-stakeholder representatives with policy and technical expertise, the primary objective of the Steering Group was to draft the master plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway and the regional cooperation framework document, incorporating the above requirements.", "13. The Steering Group’s discussions on the master plan and regional cooperation framework document started in June 2016 online under the chairmanship of the National Information Society Agency of the Republic of Korea. The outcome documents were presented to the 2nd meeting of the Working Group, held in China on 29 and 30 August 2016.[8] The meeting endorsed both the Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway and the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Regional Cooperation Framework Document[9] and discussed recommendations to be presented to the first session of the Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation.", "14. In support of expanding partnerships and collaboration with various stakeholders, an Asia-Pacific information superhighway private-sector consultative meeting was organized with the participation of the region’s leading telecommunications operators, think tanks, research institutes and financial institutions, such as the International Finance Corporation.[10] The meeting was instrumental in gaining insights and discussing the challenges and opportunities that the private sector faces so as to ensure that their views were reflected in the Asia-Pacific information superhighway design.", "15. Furthermore, the secretariat coordinated with the International Telecommunication Union and the Asia-Pacific Telecommunity to organize the 19th Meeting of the Regional Inter-agency Working Group on Information and Communications Technologies on 15 December 2015.[11] As the only regional platform for agency coordination in the area of ICT and as a follow-up to the deliberations of the fourth session of the Committee on Disaster Risk Reduction,[12] the meeting focused on the emerging topic of ICT for disaster risk reduction and how agencies could cooperate, synergize efforts and produce better development outcomes.", "16. One of the initiatives presented during that inter-agency meeting was the Asia-Pacific Gateway on disaster risk reduction and ICT on how agencies can systematically share information and initiatives online.[13] Since then, in order to conform to the United Nations ICT policy, the Gateway has been updated and upgraded with additional features of online communities. It aims to provide policymakers and relevant stakeholders with a one-stop portal containing a spectrum of resources and tools to promote ICT for development and disaster risk reduction in Asia and the Pacific, while providing a space for discussions and dialogues among policy- and decision makers as well as partners for the advancement of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway.", "IV. Deepening understanding of the four pillars of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway", "17. As a pillar of regional connectivity, the Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative aims to be a catalyst to develop seamless regional broadband networks which improve affordability, reliance, resilience and coverage and thereby address the causes of digital divides, develop the Internet ecosystem, support the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals and stimulate the digital economy in Asia and the Pacific. As described in the note by the secretariat³ for the seventy-second session of the Commission in May 2016, the Asia-Pacific information superhighway is designed around four pillars: (a) strengthening the regional broadband infrastructure; (b) establishing regional Internet traffic and network management systems and policies; (c) enhancing ICT infrastructure resilience; and (d) providing inclusive access to broadband Internet.", "18. Around the four pillars of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway, the secretariat, in partnership with the region’s leading think tanks and research institutes, undertook research and analyses to deepen understanding of emerging trends and policy, regulatory and technological gaps, opportunities and requirements. Some of the reports were already featured in the note by the secretariat for the seventy-second session of the Commission,³ while the findings of the other research and analyses are available on the ESCAP website.[14]", "V. The state of information and communications technology: salient features of the digital divide in Asia and the Pacific", "19. Despite the significant progress made by some advanced economies in the region, the nature and scope of the digital divide have changed. Unaddressed, this disparity between advanced and developing economies will lead to exacerbated gaps in ICT access and capabilities and which will subsequently impact development opportunities, as a result of the very nature of ICT as the meta-infrastructure and a development enabler. For these reasons, the growing digital divide and the need for availability, affordability, reliability and coverage of broadband access in the ESCAP region should be considered a matter of urgent priority.", "20. The secretariat recently updated the analyses on the salient features and characteristics of the region’s digital divide, using the 2015 data set made available by the International Telecommunication Union, as summarized below.", "A. More than half of global fixed broadband subscriptions", "21. For the first time, over 52 per cent of the global fixed broadband subscribers come from ESCAP member countries, followed by Europe (21.9 per cent) and North America (14.1 per cent), according to the latest data from the International Telecommunication Union. This shows a dramatic increase from 2005, when ESCAP subscriptions constituted 38.1 per cent of the global total fixed broadband subscriptions, followed by Europe (28.6 per cent) and North America (26.5 per cent) (see figure I).", "Figure I Global fixed broadbandsubscriptions in 2005 and 2015 \n (Percentage) \n [CHART] [CHART] \nSource: Produced by ESCAP basedon InternationalTelecommunication Union, WorldTelecommunication/ICT Indicatorsdatabase 2016, 20th Edition/June2016. Available fromwww.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx(accessed July 2016).", "B. Lagging behind in fixed broadband penetration", "22. However, when weighted by population, the number of fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in the ESCAP region is lower than Latin America and the Caribbean region, and far lower than Europe and North America which scored more than 25 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, the world average being 11.2 in 2015 (see figure II).", "23. Hence, despite the increase in the total number of fixed broadband subscriptions, there is relatively slow growth in Asia and the Pacific.", "Figure II", "Fixed broadband subscriptions (average), 2000-2015", "(Per 100 inhabitants)", "[]", "Source: Produced by ESCAP based on International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2016, 20th Edition/June 2016. Available from www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (accessed July 2016).", "C. Fixed broadband subscriptions: 75 per cent in East and North-East Asia, driven by China[15]", "24. When analysed by ESCAP subregion, it becomes clear that the total number of fixed broadband subscriptions in 2015 derives predominantly from East and North-East Asia (75 per cent), followed by South and South-West Asia (10 per cent), North and Central Asia (8 per cent), South-East Asia (6 per cent) and the Pacific (1 per cent). In 2014, East and North-East Asia recorded 69 per cent, followed by South-East Asia (11 per cent), South and South-West Asia (10 per cent), North and Central Asia (8 per cent) and the Pacific (2 per cent), illustrating an intensified concentration in East and North-East Asia. When the total number of fixed broadband subscriptions is further disaggregated by country, it becomes clear that the strong performance in North and Central Asia is driven by China. In fact, in the ESCAP region more than half of the broadband subscriptions were in China in 2015. The growth of broadband subscriptions in China has increased steadily over the past decade (see figure III).", "Figure III", "Share of total fixed broadband subscriptions of the top five and other ESCAP countries, 2005-2015", "(Percentage)", "[CHART]", "Source: Produced by ESCAP based on International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2016, 20th Edition/June 2016. Available from www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (accessed July 2016).", "Note: Owing to missing data, the number of subscribers for the Philippines in 2010 is the average between 2009 and 2011.", "25. The increase in fixed broadband subscriptions follows different patterns among countries of different income levels. The upper-middle-income economies have the highest number of subscriptions since 2004, driven by the growth in China, and are the fastest growing group of countries in the region. The high-income economies demonstrate stable but slower growth, while lower-middle-income economies demonstrate accelerated growth since 2009. The most worrying development is a lack of progress in the total number of fixed broadband subscriptions among low-income economies, further accentuating the digital divide between countries (see figure IV).", "Figure IV", "Fixed broadband subscriptions in ESCAP economies by income level, 2000-2015", "(Millions)", "[CHART]", "Source: Produced by ESCAP based on International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2016, 20th Edition/June 2016. Available from www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx.", "Note: The low-income economies do not show on the bar graph owing to extremely low values (0.6 million and less).", "26. The total number of fixed broadband subscriptions is an important indicator, if the market size and commercial opportunities are considered. If a country enjoys fixed broadband penetration of 50 per cent, the market remains small if the total number of broadband subscriptions is just 10,000; however, from the social and digital inclusion perspectives, the number of broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants is a far more important indicator in relation to a given society.", "D. High-income countries more digitally inclusive", "27. ESCAP high-income economies have shown steady growth over the past years with the growth rate matched only by the upper-middle-income economies. However, unless other income groups accelerate broadband expansion through targeted policy interventions, the gap between them and high-income countries is unlikely to narrow according to current growth patterns (see figure V).", "Figure V", "Fixed-broadband subscriptions (average) in ESCAP economies by income level, 2000-2015", "(Per 100 inhabitants)", "[CHART]", "Source: Produced by ESCAP based on International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2016, 20th Edition/June 2016. Available from www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (accessed July 2016).", "E. Fixed broadband growth spreading to the emerging countries, albeit slowly", "28. At the country level, fixed broadband connectivity performance varies among ESCAP member countries over time. Figure VI compares fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants between 2005 and 2015. The inset graph is a close-up of the lower left corner of the main graph. A first group of countries – the Republic of Korea; Hong Kong, China; Japan; Singapore; Australia; New Zealand; and Macao, China – performed well in 2005 and continued to improve significantly in 2015. A second group of countries is catching up fast and has shown significant improvement over time, including the Philippines, Azerbaijan, the Russian Federation, French Polynesia, Kazakhstan and Georgia, among others. The last group of countries is progressing the slowest in both years. The second group may have a lot to offer in terms of effective policy and regulatory measures and investment strategies which led to their rapid expansion of fixed broadband.", "Figure VI", "Fixed broadband subscriptions (average), 2005 and 2015", "(Per 100 inhabitants)", "[]", "Source: Produced by ESCAP based on International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2016, 20th Edition/June 2016. Available from www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (accessed July 2016).", "F. Online services to support socioeconomic development and create demand for ICT infrastructure", "29. The availability of online content and services, especially from Governments, is expected to support the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals and fuel demand for ICT infrastructure, which then would allow more services and applications to be launched, creating a virtuous cycle. Some ESCAP countries are performing well in terms of online services provided by Governments. Data from the United Nations E‑Government Survey 2014 suggest, however, that ESCAP member countries demonstrate diverse growth patterns between development of online services and that of infrastructure.[16]", "30. Disaggregating ESCAP members by subregions with available data (see figure VII), it is clear that Kazakhstan (North and Central Asia) has shown the most progress in terms of advancing both online services and ICT infrastructure between 2008 and 2014. Other ESCAP countries that have performed well on both axes include the Russian Federation, Armenia, Georgia and Uzbekistan.", "31. In the case of South and South-West Asia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, India and the Islamic Republic of Iran progressed well in both telecommunications infrastructure and online services between 2008 and 2014. Other countries progressed well predominantly on telecommunications infrastructure.", "32. In the case of South-East Asia, Singapore stands out as progressing extremely well for both online services and telecommunications infrastructure. As for Pacific developing countries (Australia and New Zealand having progressed well on both axes), Fiji, Tonga, Kiribati, Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia progressed well between 2008 and 2014 in developing online services and telecommunications infrastructure.", "Figure VII \nOnline services contentversus telecommunicationsinfrastructure in four ESCAPsubregions, 2008 and 2014 \n[CHART]\t[CHART] \n \n [CHART] [CHART] Source: Produced by ESCAP,based on United NationsE-Government Survey 2014:E‑Government for the FutureWe Want (United Nationspublication,Sales No. 14.II.H.1).Available fromhttps://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2014(accessed April 2016). \nNote: East and North-EastAsia subregion not includedas only limited dataavailable.", "G. Strong correlation between quality of regulation and fixed broadband adoption", "33. One common denominator that could explain this slow progress in some countries is the perception of the quality of regulations. Perception of poorer regulations in promoting business development is strongly associated with lower ICT connectivity (lower fixed-broadband penetration), and vice versa, in ESCAP countries, as in most other countries in the rest of the world (see figure VIII).", "Figure VIII", "Perception of quality of regulation and fixed broadband connectivity, 2014", "[CHART]", "Source: Produced by ESCAP based on: (a) International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2016, 20th Edition/June 2016 (available from www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx; accessed July 2016); and (b) World Bank, World Development Indicators, World DataBank (available from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators; accessed April 2016).", "Note: Estimates for regulatory quality ranges between -2 (poor regulatory quality) and +2 (very good regulatory quality).", "H. High pricing a major deterrent for fixed broadband adoption", "34. Affordability of access is one of the key factors driving adoption of fixed broadband by consumers and businesses in Central and South Asia and the Caucasus. According to a recent study,[17] in 2 of the 10 countries surveyed – Afghanistan and Tajikistan – the cost of fixed broadband represents more than a quarter of personal income in terms of purchasing power parity (see table 1). This high price therefore means that the vast majority of the population does not have access to affordable broadband. In three additional countries – Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Pakistan – the study indicated that the price of fixed broadband access is expensive, as defined by the Broadband Commission (more than 5 per cent of personal income in terms of purchasing power parity).", "Table 1", "Affordability of fixed broadband services in Central and South Asia", "Country\tMonthlysubscription(UnitedStatesdollars)\tCost(percentageof grossnationalincome percapita)\tCost(percentageof grossnationalincome percapita interms ofpurchasingpowerparity)\tEvaluation\nAfghanistan\t69.00\t123.6\t42.2\tUnaffordable\n Armenia 8.77 2.8 1.2 Affordable\n Azerbaijan 9.50 1.5 0.7 Affordable\n Georgia 8.95^(a) 2.9 1.4 Affordable\n Kazakhstan 20.60^(b) 2.1 1.1 Affordable\n Kyrgyzstan 5.83 5.6 2.2 Moderate \n Pakistan 29.40^(c) 25.0 6.9 Expensive \nTajikistan\t58.44\t64.9\t26.4\tUnaffordable\nTurkmenistan^(d)\t171.40^(e)\t25.6\t14.2\tExpensive\n Uzbekistan 37.50 21.5 7.7 Expensive Source:AsianDevelopmentBank,Economicand SocialCommissionfor Asiaand thePacific andInternetSociety,UnleashingthePotentialof theInternet inCentralAsia, SouthAsia, theCaucasusand Beyond(2015).Availablefromwww.unescap.org/resources/unleashing-potential-internet-central-asia-south-asia-caucasus-and-beyond. ^(a) 2megabitspersecond;no cap. ^(b) 4megabitspersecond;no cap. ^(c) 4megabitspersecond;no cap. ^(d)Turkmenistanhas amonthlysubscriptionplan for$38 permegabit persecond, butit iscapped at400megabitsmonthly,and chargesexcess feesof $0.03permegabit. \n^(e) 512kilobitspersecond;no cap.", "35. All the countries with unaffordable or expensive broadband access in table 1 are listed among the 20 countries in which adoption of fixed broadband is less than 2 per cent.", "36. In South-East Asia, ESCAP conducted a study on broadband networks, gaps and opportunities among member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2015.[18] Lack of diversity in ICT connectivity reduces competition and increases the cost of access to global networks, including via submarine cables. The above-mentioned study found varying costs of Internet transit connectivity, indicating how expensive or affordable broadband access is in each ASEAN country (see table 2).", "Table 2", "Cost of Internet transit connectivity in ASEAN countries", "(United States dollars; per month; per megabit per second)", "Country Cost \n Cambodia 100 \n Indonesia 60/70 - >100 \n Lao People’s Democratic Republic 100 \n Malaysia 25-30^(a) \n Myanmar >100 \n Philippines 80 \n Singapore <10^(a) \n Thailand 80 \n Viet Nam 70", "Source: ESCAP and National Information Society Agency of the Republic of Korea, “A pre-feasibility study on the Asia-Pacific information superhighway in the ASEAN sub‑region: conceptualization, international traffic and quality analysis, network topology design and implementation model” (2016). Available from www.unescap.org/resources/pre-feasibility-study-asia-pacific-information-superhighway-asean-sub-region.", "^(a) When bought in volume.", "I. ESCAP region leading mobile broadband expansion", "37. Another important indicator of ICT connectivity is mobile broadband adoption. Mobile broadband penetration in the ESCAP region has led growth with the majority of mobile broadband subscriptions worldwide, followed by Europe and North America (see figure IX).", "Figure IX", "Total worldwide active mobile broadband subscriptions, by major region, 2007-2015", "(Millions)", "[CHART]", "Source: Produced by ESCAP based on International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2016, 20th Edition/June 2016. Available from www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (accessed July 2016).", "38. China is the largest market for active mobile broadband subscriptions in ESCAP countries, with around 785 million subscriptions, followed by Japan (160 million) and India (120 million). Expansion of mobile broadband subscriptions in ESCAP countries has shown similar patterns of growth, even when disaggregated by economic group (least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States – see figure X), suggesting that the predicaments associated with landlocked or small island countries might not affect the expansion of mobile broadband access, but rather other factors such as income level and quality of regulations. Mobile broadband subscriptions at the global level are almost four times higher in advanced economies than in developing economies.", "Figure X", "Average mobile broadband subscriptions in the ESCAP region overall and by country group", "(Per 100 inhabitants)", "[CHART]", "Source: Produced by ESCAP based on International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2016, 20th Edition/June 2016. Available from www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (accessed July 2016).", "39. Mobile broadband is being used primarily for entertainment purposes. A review of operator websites in emerging Asian markets, according to a 2015 report by the Groupe Spécial Mobile Association (see figure XI), has revealed that mobile applications that focus on agriculture, education and employment are less common.[19] Raising awareness of the availability of productive and educational services (e.g. m-agriculture, m-education) is therefore critical to help users understand and reap the benefits of mobile Internet services.", "Figure XI", "Smartphone activity in selected ESCAP countries in 2015", "[CHART]", "Source: Adapted from Groupe Spécial Mobile Association (2015), www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/programme/connected-society/mobile-internet-usage-challenges-in-asia-awareness-literacy-and-local-content/ (accessed April 2016).", "40. In summary, in this section the trends of ICT connectivity in Asia and the Pacific have been discussed. Fixed broadband trends show that the broadband divide is indeed widening between countries, although mobile broadband has shown steady growth across income groups. Given that mobile broadband alone will not be sufficient for development of the future digital economy and digital society, more attention should be paid to how fixed broadband networks could be developed and regional connectivity enhanced so as to fully benefit from ICT. The quality of regulations and affordable pricing were found to influence broadband adoption rates in the region.", "41. In this context, the Asia-Pacific information superhighway is a critical regional initiative that is designed to ensure that fixed and mobile broadband development addresses the above-mentioned gaps and to support efforts towards inclusive and sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific.", "VI. Conclusion", "42. These findings illustrate a granular landscape of ICT development and the nature of the digital divide in Asia and the Pacific. While mobile broadband has been spreading rapidly across the region, it is not necessarily being used for socioeconomic development. The phenomenal growth in fixed broadband expansion is largely driven by China, and the growth patterns across the region are diverse: low-income countries are making the slowest growth, while some countries are focusing predominantly on telecommunications access over services. Affordability and regulatory quality continue to be formidable challenges, especially among countries that suffer from slow growth in broadband expansion.", "43. Considering the above trends, the Asia-Pacific information superhighway needs first and foremost to address the fundamental challenge of providing affordable and inclusive broadband access across the region. As the Internet and the underlying broadband networks are by default cross-border and interconnected in nature, any improvement in affordability, coverage, reliability and resilience requires cooperation among countries, as described in the note by the secretariat for the seventy-second session of the Commission[20] and other technical material provided by the secretariat. The Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway and the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Regional Cooperation Framework Document lay out processes, mechanisms and activities aimed at achieving the vision of seamless regional broadband connectivity and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and the goals of the World Summit on the Information Society.", "VII. Issues for consideration by the Committee", "44. Unaddressed, the growing and emerging digital divide would constrain development opportunities and widen development gaps in the coming years, since ICT is the meta-infrastructure, growth-industry basis for the digital economy and a critical development enabler. In recognition of this challenge, the Commission, through its resolution 71/10, established the open-ended Working Group on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway and requested the secretariat to report to it at its seventy-third session on the implementation of the resolution.", "45. In this regard, the Committee may wish to consider agreeing on the following:", "(a) The Committee may wish to consider continuing to support the Asia-Pacific information superhighway beyond the seventy-third session of the Commission, in recognition of the critical importance of addressing the widening digital divide and developing regional broadband infrastructure and access;", "(b) The Committee may wish to consider endorsing the outcomes of the 1st and 2nd meetings of the open-ended Working Group, as summarized in the present note;", "(c) The Committee may wish to consider endorsing the Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway and the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Regional Cooperation Framework Document;[21]", "(d) Following the successful deliberations and development of the Master Plan and Regional Cooperation Framework Document, the open‑ended Working Group will transform into an advisory board, as referenced in the Regional Cooperation Framework Document, as a body to oversee implementation and provide advice and guidance to the secretariat and implementing partners;", "(e) The secretariat will continue to expand partnerships and collaboration with various international and regional organizations in the implementation of the Master Plan, guided by the Regional Cooperation Framework Document, the advisory board and the ESCAP member countries;", "(f) The secretariat will continue to promote inter-agency collaboration at the regional level and ensure a harmonized approach and synergy among agencies, while deepening research and analyses on policy and technical aspects of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway;", "(g) The secretariat, member States and partners will ensure that connectivity gains are achieved through the Asia-Pacific information superhighway and are linked to efforts towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and the goals of the World Summit on the Information Society;", "(h) Member States, partners and subregional organizations will actively encourage the engagement and participation of various stakeholders, such as the private sector, academia and think tanks, and participate in the implementation of the Master Plan and the work of the advisory board;", "(i) The recommendations of this Committee session will be presented to the Commission at its seventy-third session for deliberation and decision and subsequently the Asia-Pacific information superhighway will be launched based on the endorsed Master Plan and Regional Cooperation Framework Document.", "[1] See a summary of the project at www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21698302-ambitious-attempt-work-out-best-use-scarce-resources-how-spend-it.", "[2] A more detailed description of the ICT-related targets and their linkage to the action lines of the World Summit on the Information Society can be found in the note by the secretariat on the regional review of the implementation of the World Summit on the Information Society action lines (E/ESCAP/CICSTI(1)/4).", "[3] E/ESCAP/72/17.", "[4] World Economic Forum, The Global Information Technology Report 2016: Innovating the Digital Economy (Geneva, 2016). Available from www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-information-technology-report-2016.", "[5] See www.unescap.org/events/first-meeting-working-group-asia-pacific-information-superhighway.", "[6] See www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Outcome%20Document%20Sept%202015.pdf.", "[7] See www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Ap-IS%20SG%20ToR.pdf.", "[8] See www.unescap.org/events/second-session-working-group-asia-pacific-information-superhighway.", "[9] E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/2 and E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/3.", "[10] See www.unescap.org/events/asia-pacific-information-superhighway-ap-private-sector-consultative-meeting.", "[11] See www.unescap.org/events/19th-meeting-regional-interagency-working-group-iwg-information-and-communication.", "[12] See www.unescap.org/events/committee-disaster-risk-reduction-fourth-session.", "[13] See http://drrgateway.net/.", "[14] See the relevant documents on ICT for e-resilience, transport and sustainable development at www.unescap.org/resources.", "[15] The East and North-East Asia subregion includes: China; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; Hong Kong, China; Japan; Macao, China; Mongolia; Republic of Korea; and Russian Federation.", "[16] United Nations E-Government Survey 2014: E-Government for the Future We Want (United Nations publication, Sales No. 14.II.H.1). Available from https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2014.", "[17] Asian Development Bank, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and Internet Society, Unleashing the Potential of the Internet in Central Asia, South Asia, the Caucasus and Beyond (2015). Available from www.unescap.org/resources/unleashing-potential-internet-central-asia-south-asia-caucasus-and-beyond.", "[18] Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and National Information Society Agency of the Republic of Korea, “A pre-feasibility study on the Asia-Pacific information superhighway in the ASEAN sub-region: conceptualization, international traffic and quality analysis, network topology design and implementation model” (2016). Available from www.unescap.org/resources/pre-feasibility-study-asia-pacific-information-superhighway-asean-sub-region.", "[19] GSMA Intelligence, Analysis: Mobile Internet Usage Challenges in Asia - Awareness, Literacy and Local Content (London, 2015). Available from: www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/150709-asia-local-content-final.pdf.", "[20] E/ESCAP/72/17.", "[21] E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/2 and E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/3." ]

[ "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会 信息和通信技术， 科学、技术与创新委员会 第一届会议 2016年10月5日至7日，曼谷 临时议程^(*) 项目2(a) \n信息和通信技术的政策议题：努力建设亚太信息高速公路", "努力建设亚太信息高速公路", "秘书处的说明", "内容摘要 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)在其第71/10号决议中，决定设立亚洲及太平洋信息高速公路不限成员名额工作组。工作组第一和第二次会议分别于2015和2016年举行。工作组第一次会议商定将制订亚太信息高速公路总体计划及区域合作框架文件，成立了指导小组从事这一工作，之后于2016年8月，工作组第二次会议制订并审查了《总体计划》及《区域合作框架文件》。 为支助努力实现可持续发展目标及信息社会世界峰会目标，亚太信息高速公路作为一项战略性区域互联互通举措，旨在刺激数字经济、缩小数字鸿沟并支持各种区域互联互通举措，如贸易、交通运输及社会经济应用，同时鼓励创新。其重要意义均得到各国政府及私营部门、民间社会和研究机构等等跨区域多个利益攸关方的认可。 \n本文件概述了根据第71/10号决议采取的主要行动，提出今后工作建议并突出谈到供信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会审议的议题。", "一．导言", "1. 信息和通信技术、尤其是宽带技术已越来越成为消除实体障碍、克服资金缺乏和基础设施欠缺以及世界范围获取信息、知识和服务的一种替代手段，而且在某些情况下已成为具有效率和效力的解决方案。与此同时，信通技术作为元基础设施、扩大数字经济的增长产业基础发挥着多种战略作用，而且更为重要的是，作为一种重要的推动发展的手段为努力实现可持续发展目标作出贡献。", "2. 信通技术是推动可持续发展的基础，同时作为一种增长部门促进经济增长。例如，互联网已经改变了我们的生活方式，提供了与世界上最为遥远地区的瞬间联通，并借助光缆、无线网络或卫星，以多种形式和语文传送数据、信息和知识。信通技术具有极为广泛的用途，已经渗透到我们生活的方方面面，促成每天上万亿美元的金融交易，将天气预报与农业生产和灾害管理相联通，掌管智能交通运输，控制瘟疫疾病，推动气候变化适应并促进新企业、甚至新产业。有了物联网以及云计算，各种设备将相互联通并传输数据，这就为大量的数据收集和分析提供了前所未有的机会，同时为世界各地提供信通技术能力。", "3. 此外，信通技术驱动的金融、交通运输及贸易便利化基础设施，是本区域鼓励创新和开发包容的数字经济的关键所在。宽带驱动的各种技术，如智能电网、智能交通运输系统、一体化水管理系统及单一窗口，都是其中的部分效益，它们将驱动经济所有部门实现增长。这一新出现的基础设施以宽带网络为基础，协助物品、服务、人员及货币在各国间流动并因此成为新兴数字经济的组成部分。", "4. 互联网发挥的重要作用还在于使政府服务现代化并改善公共管理、公民及企事业之间发生互动并实行问责的质量，同时提高效率、效力及透明度。2016年5月，哥本哈根共识中心发表了一个项目报告谈到孟加拉国多种发展干预行为的成本效益分析结果。[1] 报告发现，在70多项发展活动中，成本效益最好的发展干预行动都与信通技术有关：电子采购(每花费1美元可获得663美元的效益)，其次是使土地档案数字化(每1美元为619美元)。联盟数字中心提供的服务以及孟加拉国的宽带扩展也列在发挥了积极效益之列。如果按照区域层面分列，其发展效益是巨大的。这些只是总体信通技术及具体宽带互联网所具备的部分潜在效益，它们将使本区域人民生活发生明显变化。", "5. 在此背景下，信通技术已崛起成为帮助实现发展的不可缺少的工具，它有助于并将加快实现可持续发展。与此同时，可持续发展目标包含与信通技术有着直接或间接关系的小目标。小目标9.1(发展优质、可靠、可持续和有韧性的基础设施，包括区域和跨界基础设施，以支持经济发展和促进人类福祉，重点做到所有人都可以公平地使用基础设施，并负担得起)，以及执行手段9c(大幅增加信息和通信技术的普及度，力争最不发达国家到2020年时能以低廉的价格为所有人提供互联网服务)，这些是直接涉及到信通技术的部分小目标。[2]", "6. 信通技术对可持续发展目标其他小目标的间接贡献有多种形式，包括有助于加快发展的各种应用及举措。其中一种应用就是移动货币，它正在改变向穷人提供金融服务的途径，同时不仅向中等收入国家(如菲律宾)、并且向本区域其他地方扩展服务。移动货币及移动银行服务作为一种新兴工具，以更低的费用、向更为广泛的人口便利提供金融交易，不仅是在国家境内而且跨越国境，从而帮助实现金融包容。", "7. 正如秘书处在其为2016年5月经社会第七十二届会议编写的“亚太信息高速公路：促进包容的和无缝连接的互联互通”的说明、[3] 以及在本说明的以下章节中所突出强调的，随着移动设备和互联互通的迅速扩张，信通技术促进发展的局面自从信息和通信技术委员会2014年举行上届会议以来已大为改观。世界经济论坛2016年出版了一份报告突出谈到：(a)在新型技术和商业模式的基础上发生的数据革命改变了创新的性质；(b)公司需要持续创新；(c)企业和政府尚未充分利用数字机遇；(d)新型数字经济需要在治理及监管方面进行创新。[4] 有鉴于此，论坛的2016年网络就绪指数将新加坡排名为世界第一，其次在亚太经社会区域是日本(10)、中国香港(12)、大韩民国(13)、新西兰(17)以及澳大利亚(18)。", "8. 本说明旨在探讨本区域利用亚太信息高速公路开发廉价可靠的宽带服务方面取得的进展，尤其是在实现可持续发展目标的大目标范围内取得的进展。其中还分析了亚洲及太平洋正在兴起的信通技术趋势以及数字鸿沟的特点所在。", "二．努力建设亚太信息高速公路所取得的进展", "9. 成员国在2013年经社会第69/10号决议中认识到，需要促进交流信通技术基础设施开发方面相关的最佳实践和经验，包括深入分析可能阻碍努力以无缝连接方式在整个区域同步部署信通技术基础设施方面的政策和监管障碍。", "10. 此外，经社会在其第71/10号决议中决定设立亚洲信息高速公路不限成员名额工作组，以便商定原则和规范并制订总体计划，其中涵盖亚太信息高速公路的政策和技术内容，并且制订一项区域合作框架，同时决定应考虑修订《泛亚铁路网政府间协定》以及《亚洲公路网政府间协定》。经社会进一步要求秘书处推动分享信通技术用于灾害风险管理及电子抗灾能力方面的良好实践及经验教训，支持工作组开展工作，从事研究和分析，与国际和区域组织建立伙伴关系和开展协作以及加强发挥跨部门协同增效。", "11. 因此，工作组第一次会议于2015年9月1日和2日在大韩民国仁川举行。[5] 19个成员国以及来自私营部门、民间社会及智囊团的代表参加会议，工作组在会上决定：[6]", "(a) 就亚太信息高速公路的四大支柱制定一项涵盖长期愿景、目标、具体活动及里程碑的总体计划；", "(b) 起草一项涵盖四大支柱的亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架；", "(c) 商定自身结构及运作的相关内容。", "三．亚洲信息高速公路工作组及指导小组开展的活动以及相关活动", "1. 随后，根据工作组会议的决定设立了亚太信息高速公路指导小组。[7] 指导小组的成员由具备政策及技术专长的多利益攸关方代表组成，其主要目的在于起草亚太信息高速公路总体计划及区域合作框架文件，其中收入上述各种要求。", "2. 指导小组从2016年6月开始在线讨论总体计划及区域合作框架文件，由大韩民国国家信息社会局负责牵头。其成果文件提交给于2016年8月29日和30日在中国举行的工作组第二次会议。[8] 会议同时核可了亚太信息高速公路总体计划及亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件，[9] 并且讨论了将提交给信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会第一届会议的各项建议。", "3. 为支助扩大与多个利益攸关方的伙伴关系并开展协作，举办了亚太信息高速公路私营部门磋商会议，参加会议的有本区域主要电信公司、智囊团、研究机构及金融机构，如国际金融公司。[10] 会议有助于更深入地了解并探讨私营部门所面临的挑战和机遇，从而确保其观点将收入亚太信息高速公路的设计中。", "15. 此外，秘书处与国际电信联盟及亚太地区电信组织协作，于2015年12月15日举行信息和通信技术区域机构间工作组第十九次会议。[11] 作为信通技术领域开展机构间协调的唯一区域平台，并作为减少灾害风险委员会第四届会议讨论工作的后续行动，[12] 会议重点在于信通技术用于减少灾害风险这一新兴话题，以及各个机构如何开展合作，协同努力并取得更好的发展成果。", "16. 机构间会议期间提出的举措之一是亚太灾害风险管理及信通技术网关，涉及各机构如何在线有系统地分享信息和举措。[13] 从那以后，为了遵循联合国信通技术政策，该网关一直得到更新和升级，增加了在线社区的特点。它的目的在于向政策制订者及相关利益攸关方提供一站式门户，供应多种多样的资源和工具，以推动亚洲及太平洋信通技术促进发展和减少灾害风险，同时为政策和决定制订者以及各个伙伴开展讨论和对话提供空间，以此推进亚太信息高速公路。", "四．深入了解亚太信息高速公路的四大支柱", "17. 作为区域互联互通的一大支柱，亚太信息高速公路举措旨在推动开发无缝区域宽带网络，从而改善价格、可靠性、复原能力及涵盖范围，并以此解决造成数字鸿沟的原因、开发互联网生态系统，支助实施可持续发展目标并刺激亚洲及太平洋数字经济。正如秘书处为2016年5月经社会第七十二届会议编写的说明所指出，³ 亚太信息高速公路围绕四大支柱而设计：(a)加强区域宽带基础设施；(b)设立区域互联网流量和网络管理系统和政策；(c)提高信通技术基础设施复原能力；(d)提供包容的宽带互联网接入。", "18. 秘书处与本区域主要智囊团及研究机构建立伙伴关系，围绕亚太信息高速公路的四大支柱开展研究分析工作，以深化了解新出现的趋势政策、监管和技术差距、机会及条件。其中一些报告已收入秘书处为经社会第七十二届会议编写的说明之中，³ 而其他研究和分析结果放到了亚太经社会网址上。[14]", "五. 信息和通信技术状况：亚洲及太平洋数字鸿沟的主要特点", "19. 尽管本区域一些先进经济体取得了重大进展，数字鸿沟的性质及范围业已改变。如果不加以解决，先进经济体与发展中经济体之间的差距将导致信通技术接入及能力的差距扩大，最终影响到发展机遇，这是信通技术作为元基础设施及推动发展手段的根本性质所决定的。有鉴于此，亚太经社会区域不断扩大的数字鸿沟以及对于提供廉价、可靠及大范围的宽带服务的需求，都应作为紧迫的优先事项予以关注。", "20. 秘书处采用国际电信联盟提供的2015年数据，最近更新了本区域数字鸿沟的主要特点及特征的分析结果，现简介如下。", "A． 超过半数的全球固定宽带用户", "21. 历史上头一次，全球固定宽带用户中超过52%来自亚太经社会成员国，其次是欧洲(21.9%)及北美(14.1%)，这是国际电信联盟提供的最新数据。它表明与2005相比数目急增，当时亚太经社会用户为全球固定宽带总用户数量的38.1%，其次是欧洲(28.6%)和北美(26.5%)(见图一)。", "图一", "2005年及2015年全球固定宽带用户", "(百分比)", "[] []", "资料来源：亚太经社会制作，资料来自国际电信联盟，世界电信/信通技术2016年指标数据库，第20版/2016年6月。见www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx(2016年7月检索)。", "B． 在固定宽带涵盖范围方面落后", "22. 然而，如果按人口加权计算，亚太经社会区域每100居民使用固定宽带的用户低于拉美及加勒比区域，更远远低于欧洲及北美，后者为每100居民有超过25个用户，而2015年的世界平均人数为11.2(见图二)。", "23. 因此，亚洲及太平洋尽管固定宽带用户总数增加，其增长相对缓慢。", "图二", "2000-2015年固定宽带用户(平均)", "(每100居民)", "[]", "资料来源：由亚太经社会制作，资料来自国际电信联盟，世界电信/信通技术2016年指标数据库，第20版/2016年6月。见www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx(2016年7月检索)。", "C． 固定宽带用户：东亚和东北亚为75%，中国是驱动力[15]", "24. 如果按亚太经社会次区域进行分析，可以看出2015年固定宽带用户总体数目主要来自东亚和东北亚(75%)，其次是南亚和东南亚(10%)、北亚和中亚(8%)、东南亚(6%)以及太平洋(1%)。2014年东亚和东北亚为69%，其次是东南亚(11%)、南亚和西南亚(10%)、北亚和中亚(8%)以及太平洋(2%)，显示出东亚和东北亚集中加剧。如果进一步按国家分列固定宽带用户的总数，这就显示北亚和中亚的强劲表现的动力来自中国。实际上，2015年超过半数的宽带用户在中国。中国的宽带用户增长过去十年稳步上升(见图三)。", "图三", "2005-2015年亚太经社会头五名国家及其他国家占有固定宽带用户总数的比例", "(百分比)", "[]", "资料来源：由亚太经社会制作，资料来自国际电信联盟，世界电信/信通技术2016年指标数据库，第20版/2016年6月。见www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (2016年7月检索)。", "说明：由于缺乏数据，2010年菲律宾的用户数目取自2009年及2011年之间的平均值。", "25. 固定宽带用户的增加按不同收入水平国家而呈现不同模式。中高收入经济体2004年以来用户最多(受中国的增长所驱动)并且是本区域增长最快的国家群体。高收入经济体增长稳定但较为缓慢，而中低收入经济体2009年以来增长加快。最为令人担心的情况在于低收入经济体的固定宽带用户总数缺乏进展，进一步突出显示了国家间的数字鸿沟(见图四)。", "图四", "2000-2015年按收入水平分列亚太经社会经济体固定宽带用户", "(百万)", "[]", "资料来源：由亚太经社会制作，资料来自国际电信联盟，世界电信/信通技术2016年指标数据库，第20版/2016年6月。见www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx。", "说明：低收入经济体由于数值极低(60万及更低)而没有在图上显示。", "26. 固定宽带用户的总数是个非常重要的指标，如果考虑到市场规模以及商业机会的话。假如某个国家的固定宽带涵盖范围达到50%，但是其宽带用户总数只为1万，那么其市场仍然有限；然而，从社会及数字包容的角度来看，对某个社会而言，每100名居民中的宽带用户数量是更为重要的指标。", "D． 高收入国家数字包容程度更高", "27. 亚太经社会的高收入经济体过去几年里增长稳定，其增长率只有中高收入经济体可与其媲美。然而，除非其他收入群体通过有针对性的政策干预而加快宽带扩展，否则它们与高收入国家之间的差距按照现有增长模式来看就不太可能得到缩小(见图五)。", "图五", "2000-2015年按收入水平分列亚太经社会经济体固定宽带用户(平均)", "(每100居民)", "[]", "资料来源：由亚太经社会制作，资料来自国际电信联盟，世界电信/信通技术2016年指标数据库，第20版/2016年6月。见www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (2016年7月检索)。", "E． 固定宽带增长扩展到新兴国家，尽管速度不快", "28. 在国家层面，近年来亚太经社会成员国之间固定宽带联通业绩不尽相同。图六对2005年到2015年之间每100居民的固定宽带用户进行比较。嵌入图是主图左下角内容的放大显示。第一组国家(大韩民国、中国香港、日本、新加坡、澳大利亚、新西兰及中国澳门)2005年表现良好，而且2015年持续大幅度改观。第二组国家正迅速赶上并且近年来明显改善，它们包括菲律宾、阿塞拜疆、俄罗斯联邦、法属波利尼西亚、哈萨克斯坦及格鲁吉亚等。最后一组国家在上述两个年份进展都最为缓慢。在采取切实有效的政策和监管措施及投资战略、从而促成固定宽带迅速扩展方面，第二组国家或许可提供许多值得借鉴之处。", "图六", "2005及2015年固定宽带用户(平均)", "(每100居民)", "[]", "资料来源：由亚太经社会制作，资料来自国际电信联盟，世界电信/信通技术2016年指标数据库，第20版/2016年6月。见www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx(2016年7月检索)。", "F． 在线服务支助社会经济发展并为信通技术基础设施创造需求", "29. 在线内容及服务、尤其是由各国政府出面提供的在线内容及服务，预期可支助实现可持续发展目标并创造对信通技术基础设施的需求，它反过来将促使发起更多的服务和应用，从而创造良性循环。一些亚太经社会国家在政府出面提供在线服务方面做得很好。然而，根据《2014年联合国电子政务调查报告》，亚太经社会成员国在开发在线服务与开发基础设施方面其增长模式不尽相同。[16]", "30. 根据现有数据按次区域对亚太经社会成员进行分列统计(见图七)，可以看出哈萨克斯坦(北亚和中亚)在2008-2014年期间推动在线服务及信通技术基础设施两者方面均取得最大进步。在两方面都取得良好业绩的其他亚太经社会国家包括俄罗斯联邦、亚美尼亚、格鲁吉亚及乌兹别克斯坦。", "31. 就南亚和西南亚而言，斯里兰卡、土耳其、印度以及伊朗伊斯兰共和国在2008-2014年期间的电信基础设施及在线服务都取得良好进展。其他国家主要是在电信基础设施方面取得良好进展。", "32. 在东南亚，新加坡的在线服务及电信基础设施都取得了非常卓著的成绩。至于太平洋发展中国家(澳大利亚和新西兰在两方面都取得良好进展)，2008-2014年期间斐济、汤加、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛及密克罗尼西亚联邦在开发在线服务以及通信基础设施方面进展良好。", "图七", "2008及2014年亚太经社会四个次区域的在线服务内容与电信基础设施比较", "[] [] \n [] []", "资料来源：亚太经社会制作，资料来自《2014年联合国电子政务概览：电子政务促进我们希望的未来》(联合国出版物，出售品编号14.II.H.1)见 https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2014(2016年4月检索)。", "说明：东亚和东北亚次区域因可用数据有限而未列其中。", "G． 监管质量与采用固定宽带之间的紧密关联", "33. 部分国家进展缓慢的可能共同因素之一在于监管质量状况。认为监管较差、难以推动企业发展，这与信通技术联通程度偏低(固定宽带涵盖有限)有着直接的关系，反过来也是如此，在亚太经社会国家以及在世界其他国家都是这种状况(见图八)。", "图八", "2014年监管质量印象与固定宽带联通的情况", "[]", "资料来源：亚太经社会制作，资料来自：(a)国际电信联盟、世界电信/信通技术指标2016年数据库，第20版/2016年6月(见：www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx；2016年7月检索)；(b)世界银行、世界发展指数，世界数据库(见：http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators；2016年4月检索)。", "说明：监管质量估算范围从-2(监管质量低下)到+2(监管质量上乘)。", "H． 价格高昂是阻碍采用固定宽带的重大制约", "34. 在中亚和南亚以及高加索地区，价格低廉的接入是推动消费者及企业采用固定宽带的关键因素之一。根据最近一项研究，[17] 在所调查的10个国家中有2个(阿富汗和塔吉克斯坦)，其固定宽带的费用按购买力平价计算超出个人收入四分之一(见表1)。这种高昂的费用因此意味着绝大多数人口无法承受宽带费用。在另外3个国家(土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦和巴基斯坦)，该研究表明固定宽带接入的价格按照宽带委员会的定义属于昂贵(按购买力平价占有个人收入超过5%)。", "表1", "中亚及南亚固定宽带服务承受能力状况", "国家\t每月订购(美元)\t费用(占人均国内总产值比例)\t费用：(按购买力平价计算占人均国内总产值比例)\t评估情况\n 阿富汗 69.00 123.6 42.2 无法承受 \n 亚美尼亚 8.77 2.8 1.2 可以承受 \n 阿塞拜疆 9.50 1.5 0.7 可以承受 \n 格鲁吉亚 8.95^(a) 2.9 1.4 可以承受 \n 哈萨克斯坦 20.60^(b) 2.1 1.1 可以承受 \n 吉尔吉斯 5.83 5.6 2.2 适度 \n 巴基斯坦 29.40^(c) 25.0 6.9 昂贵 \n 塔吉克斯坦 58.44 64.9 26.4 无法承受 \n土库曼斯坦^(d)\t171.40^(e)\t25.6\t14.2\t昂贵\n 乌兹别克斯坦 37.50 21.5 7.7 昂贵 资料来源：亚洲开发银行、亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会以及互联网社会组织，《中亚、南亚、高加索及其他地区释放互联网潜力》(2015年)。见：www.unescap.org/resources/unleashing-potential-internet-central-asia-south-asia-caucasus-and-beyond。 ^(a)每秒2兆；无上限。 ^(b)每秒4兆；无上限。 ^(c)每秒4兆；无上限。 ^(d)土库曼斯坦的月租计划为38美元(每秒每兆)，但每月上限为400兆，超额使用费为每兆0.03美元。 \n^(e)每秒512千比特；无上限。", "35. 表内所有属于无法承受宽带服务费或是宽带服务费昂贵的国家均列在采用固定宽带不到2%的20个国家中。", "36. 在东南亚，亚太经社会于2015年对东南亚国家联盟(东盟)的成员国的宽带网络、差距及机会进行研究。[18] 缺乏多样化信通技术联通降低了竞争力并增加利用海底电缆即其他方式进入全球网络的成本。上述研究发现互联网过境联通的成本不尽相同，显示出每个东盟国家宽带服务费用的高低、是否可承受负担的情况(见表2)。", "表2", "东盟国家互联网过境联通的费用", "(美元；按月、按每秒每兆计算)", "国家 费用 \n 柬埔寨 100 \n 印度尼西亚 60/70 - >100 \n 老挝人民民主共和国 100 \n 马来西亚 25-30^(a) \n 缅甸 >100 \n 菲律宾 80 \n 新加坡 <10^(a) \n 泰国 80 \n 越南 70", "资料来源：亚太经社会及大韩民国信息社会组织，“东盟次区域关于亚太信息高速公路的可行性前期研究：形成概念、国际流量及质量分析、网络拓扑设计及执行模式”。(2016年)。见：www.unescap.org/resources/pre-feasibility-study-asia-pacific-information-superhighway-asean-sub-region。", "^(a) 如果批量购买。", "I． 亚太经社会区域主要移动宽带扩展情况", "37. 信通技术联通的另一个重要指标在于采用移动宽带。亚太经社会区域移动宽带一直领先扩展增长并占有全球移动宽带用户的大多数，其次是欧洲及北美(见图九)。", "图九", "2007-2015年按主要区域分列全球移动宽带经常用户总数", "(百万)", "[]", "资料来源：亚太经社会制作，资料来自：国际电信联盟、世界电信/信通技术指标数据库(2016年)，第20版/2016年6月。见：www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx；(2016年7月检索)。", "38. 中国是亚太经社会各国中移动宽带经常用户的最大市场，拥有约7.85亿用户，其次是日本(1.6亿)及印度(1.2亿)。亚太经社会各国移动宽带用户的扩展有着类似的增长模式，即使是按照经济群体(最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家及小岛屿发展中国家)进行分列也是如此(见图十)，这就表明内陆或小岛屿国家所面临的困境或许并未影响到移动宽带服务的扩展，反而倒是收入水平及监管质量等其他因素在作祟。全球范围内，发达经济体移动宽带用户要比发展中经济体要高出几乎四倍。", "图十", "亚太经社会区域总体以及按国家群体分列平均移动宽带用户", "(每100居民)", "[]", "资料来源：亚太经社会制作，资料来自国际电信联盟、世界电信/信通技术指标数据库(2016年)，第20版/2016年6月。见：www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx；(2016年7月检索)。", "39. 移动宽带主要用于娱乐目的。根据特别移动协会2015年对新兴亚洲市场的互联网运营商进行分析的一份报告(见图十一)显示，移动应用用于农业、教育及就业目的的情况不多见。[19] 因此，扩大宣传生产性服务及教育产品(如移动农业、移动教育)对帮助用户了解移动互联网服务并从中受益非常重要。", "图十一", "2015年选定亚太经社会国家智能手机活动情况", "[]", "资料来源：编自特别移动联盟资料(2015年)：http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/programme/connected-society/mobile-internet-usage-challenges-in-asia-awareness-literacy-and-local-content/(2016年4月检索)。", "40. 概括来说，本章节探讨了亚洲及太平洋信通技术互联互通的趋势。固定宽带趋势显示，国家间宽带鸿沟的确正在扩大，尽管移动宽带在各个收入层面显示出稳定增长。鉴于移动宽带本身并不足以促成未来数字经济及数字社会的发展，应更多注意如何开发固定宽带网络并加强区域互联互通发、从而充分受益于信通技术。人们发现，监管质量及可负担得起的价格影响到本区域的宽带使用率。", "41. 在此方面，亚太信息高速公路不失为一项重要的区域举措，旨在确保固定及移动宽带发展能够处理上述鸿沟并支持亚洲及太平洋努力实现包容和可持续的发展。", "六．结论", "42. 这些研究结果展示了亚洲及太平洋信通技术发展的具体景观及其数字鸿沟的性质所在。虽然整个区域出现了移动宽带的迅速扩展，但它不一定被用于社会经济发展。固定宽带的巨大增长主要来自于中国，而整个区域的增长模式不尽相同；低收入国家增长最慢，而一些国家主要集中于电信接入而不是提供服务。价格承受能力及监管质量继续构成严峻挑战，对那些宽带增长缓慢的国家尤其如此。", "43. 考虑到上述趋势，亚太信息高速公路需要首先处理的根本性挑战在于在整个区域提供可负担得起、具有包容性的宽带服务。鉴于互联网及其支撑宽带网络其本质就是跨境并相互联通，要改善价格承受能力、服务范围、可靠性以及韧性，就要各国开展合作，这正是秘书处为经社会第七十二届会议编写的说明[20] 以及秘书处提供的其他技术材料都提到的内容。亚太信息高速公路总体计划以及亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件列出了各种进程、机制及活动，其目的在于实现无缝区域宽带联通的愿景以及执行可持续发展目标及信息社会世界峰会的目标。", "七．供委员会审议的问题", "44. 如不处理日益扩大以及正在出现的数字鸿沟就会在今后年代遏制发展机遇并扩大发展差距，因为信通技术属于元基础设施，是实现数字经济的增长产业基础，也是实现发展的重要工具。认识到这一挑战，经社会在其第71/10号决议中设立了亚太信息高速公路不限成员名额工作组，并要求秘书处向经社会第七十三届会议报告该决议的执行情况。", "45. 在此方面，委员会不妨考虑商定以下内容：", "a. 认识到处理不断扩大的数字鸿沟、开发区域宽带基础设施和服务极为重要，委员会不妨考虑在经社会第七十三届会议之后继续支持亚太信息高速公路；", "b. 委员会不妨考虑核可本说明中概述的不限成员名额工作组第一和第二次会议的成果；", "c. 委员会不妨考虑核可《亚太信息高速公路总体计划》及《亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件》；[21]", "d. 在《总体计划》及《区域合作框架文件》的讨论和制订工作圆满结束之后，根据区域合作框架文件，不限成员名额工作组将转变为一个咨询小组，负责监督实施工作并向秘书处及执行伙伴提供咨询和指导；", "e. 按照区域合作框架文件、咨询小组及亚太经社会成员国的指导，秘书处将继续扩大与多个国际和区域组织在执行总体计划方面的伙伴关系及相互协作；", "f. 秘书处将继续在区域层面推动开展机构间协作并确保各机构间协调工作并发挥协同增效，同时深入研究和分析亚太信息高速公路的政策和技术问题；", "g. 秘书处、成员国及各个伙伴将确保通过亚太信息高速公路实现互联互通收益，并且与努力实现可持续发展目标以及信息社会世界峰会目标相挂钩；", "h. 成员国、伙伴及次区域组织将积极鼓励私营部门、学术界和智囊团等多个利益攸关方接触和参与，并参加执行总体计划以及咨询小组的工作；", "i. 本次委员会会议的建议将提交经社会第七十三届会议审议并作出决定，随后将根据经核准的总体计划及区域合作框架文件启动亚太信息高速公路。", "[1] See a summary of the project at www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21698302-ambitious-attempt-work-out-best-use-scarce-resources-how-spend-it", "[2] 关于信通技术相关目标的详细介绍及其与信息社会世界峰会行动方针的联系，可见秘书处关于信息社会世界峰会行动方针落实情况区域审评的说明(E/ESCAP/CICSTI(1)/4)。", "[3] E/ESCAP/72/17。", "[4] 世界经济论坛，《2016年全球信息技术报告：数字经济的创新》(日内瓦，2016年)。可查阅：www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-information-technology-report-2016。", "[5] 见：www.unescap.org/events/first-meeting-working-group-asia-pacific-information-superhighway。", "[6] 见：www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Outcome%20Document%20Sept%202015.pdf。", "[7] 见：www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Ap-IS%20SG%20ToR.pdf。", "[8] 见：www.unescap.org/events/second-session-working-group-asia-pacific-information-superhighway。", "[9] E/ESCAPCICTSTI(1)/2 及 E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/3。", "[10] 见：www.unescap.org/events/asia-pacific-information-superhighway-ap-private-sector-consultative-meeting。", "[11] 见：www.unescap.org/events/19th-meeting-regional-interagency-working-group-iwg-information-and-communication。", "[12] 见：www.unescap.org/events/committee-disaster-risk-reduction-fourth-session。", "[13] 见：http://drrgateway.net/。", "[14] 见信通技术用于电子复原能力、交通运输及可持续发展的相关文件，www.unescap.org/resources。", "[15] 东亚及东北亚次区域包括：中国、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、中国香港、日本、中国澳门、蒙古、大韩民国及俄罗斯联邦。", "[16] 《2014年联合国电子政务调查报告：电子政务促进我们希望的未来》(联合国出版物，出售品编号14.II.H.1)。可查阅：https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2014。", "[17] 亚洲开发银行，亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会以及互联网社会组织，《中亚、南亚、高加索及其他地区释放互联网的潜力》(2015年)。可查阅：www.unescap.org/resources/unleashing-potential-internet-central-asia-south-asia-caucasus-and-beyond。", "[18] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会以及大韩民国国家信息社会组织，“东盟次区域关于亚太信息高速公路的可行性前期研究报告：形成要领、国际流量及质量分析、网络拓扑设计及执行模式”(2016年)。可查阅：www.unescap.org/resources/pre-feasibility-study-asia-pacific-information-superhighway-asean-sub-region。", "[19] 特别移动联盟情报，“分析报告：亚洲移动互联网使用面临的挑战；了解情况、识字率及当地内容”(伦敦，2015年)。可查阅：www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/150709-asia-local-content-final.pdf。", "[20] E/ESCAP/72/17。", "[21] E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/2及E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/3。" ]

[ "走向亚太信息高速公路", "秘书处的说明", "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)在第71/10号决议中决定设立亚太信息高速公路问题不限成员名额工作组。 工作组第2次会议分别于2015年和2016年举行。 在其第1次会议上,工作组商定将制订亚太信息高速公路和区域合作框架文件的总计划。 为完成这一任务,成立了工作组,并在2016年8月工作组第二次会议上制定并审查了《总体计划和区域合作框架文件》。 为了支持为实现可持续发展目标和信息社会世界首脑会议的目标而作的努力,亚太信息高速公路是一项战略性的区域连通性举措,目的是刺激数字经济,缩小数字鸿沟,支持各种区域连通性举措,如贸易、运输和社会经济应用,同时鼓励创新。 不仅各国政府,而且各区域的私营部门、民间社会和研究机构等各种利益有关者也认识到了这一重要性。\n本文件概述了根据第71/10号决议开展的主要活动,提出了前进方向并突出强调了供信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会审议的问题。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 信息和通信技术(信通技术),特别是宽带技术,日益被视为克服实际障碍、缺乏资源和基础设施以及在全世界获得信息、知识和服务的一种替代办法,在某些情况下,也是一种高效和有效的解决办法。 同时,信通技术作为扩大数字经济的元基础设施、增长产业基础,以及最重要的是作为有助于实现可持续发展目标的关键发展促进因素,发挥着多重战略作用。", "2. 联合国 信通技术是促进可持续发展的基础,同时也是促进经济增长的增长部门。 例如,因特网改变了我们的生活方式,向世界最偏远地区提供即时连接,并以多种格式和语言通过光纤电缆、无线网络或卫星传送数据、信息和知识。 信息和通信技术具有高度的多能性,它现在渗透到我们生活的方方面面,每天能够进行数以万亿计的金融交易,把天气预报同农业生产和灾害管理联系起来,管理智能运输,控制流行病,推动适应气候变化,促进新的企业甚至工业。 借助于物联网和云计算,设备将相互连接并传输数据,从而能够提供前所未有的机会来进行广泛的数据收集和分析,同时在世界任何地方提供信通技术能力。", "3个 此外,信通技术带动的金融、运输和贸易便利化基础设施对于鼓励本区域创新和发展包容性数字经济至关重要。 宽带带动技术,如智能电网、智能运输系统、综合水管理系统和单一窗口,是推动所有经济部门增长的一些效率。 这种新兴的基础设施建立在宽带网络上,有利于货物、服务、人员和资金在各国之间的流动,从而成为新兴数字经济的组成部分。", " 4.四. 互联网在使政府服务现代化、提高公共行政部门、公民和企业之间互动和问责制的质量、同时提高效率、效力和透明度方面也发挥着重要作用。 2016年5月,哥本哈根共识中心发表了一个项目报告,对孟加拉国的各种发展干预措施进行了成本效益分析. [1] 报告发现,在70多起发展活动中,最具成本效益的发展干预措施与信通技术有关:电子采购(每花一美元受益663美元),其次是土地记录数字化(每1美元619美元)。 孟加拉国联合数字中心提供的服务和宽带扩展也被列为产生了积极影响。 如果在区域一级加以汇总,发展收益将是巨大的。 这些只是信通技术,特别是宽带互联网的一些潜在好处,将对本区域人民的生活产生切实影响。", "5 (韩语). 在此背景下,信息和通信技术已成为促进并加速实现可持续发展目标的一个不可或缺的发展手段。 同时,可持续发展目标有与信通技术有关的直接和间接目标。 具体目标9.1(发展高质量、可靠、可持续和有复原力的基础设施,包括区域和跨界基础设施,以支持经济发展和人类福祉,并侧重于人人负担得起和公平获得信息和通信技术)和执行手段 9.c(在2020年之前显著地增加获得信息和通信技术的机会并努力在最不发达国家普及和负担得起的因特网)是一些与信息和通信技术有关的直接目标。 [2]", "6. 国家 信通技术对其他可持续发展目标的间接贡献有多种形式,包括加快发展应用和举措。 其中一种应用是流动资金,它改变了向穷人提供金融服务的方式,并扩大了服务覆盖面,不仅在菲律宾等中等收入国家,而且在该区域其他地区。 移动货币和移动银行业是一个新兴工具,不仅在国内,而且跨越国界,以更低的成本便利广大人口的金融交易,从而促进金融包容性。", "7. 联合国 2016年5月经社会第七十二届会议题为“亚太信息高速公路:促进包容性和无缝互联互通”的秘书处说明[3] 强调指出,移动装置和连通性迅速扩大,因此自2014年信通技术委员会上届会议举行以来,信通技术促进发展的状况发生了巨大变化。 世界经济论坛于2016年发表一份报告,强调:(a) 数字革命在新技术和商业模式的基础上,改变创新的性质;(b) 公司需要不断创新;(c) 企业和政府尚未充分利用数字机会;(d) 新的数字经济要求在治理和监管方面进行创新。 [4] 考虑到这些要点,论坛2016年网络戒备指数将新加坡列为世界第一,其次是亚太经社会区域:日本(10);中国香港(12);大韩民国(13);新西兰(17);澳大利亚(18)。", "8. 国家 本说明的目的是讨论本区域通过亚太信息高速公路发展负担得起和可靠的宽带方面取得的进展,特别是在实现可持续发展总体目标范围内取得的进展。 报告还分析了亚洲及太平洋新出现的信通技术趋势和数字鸿沟的特点。", "二. 亚太信息高速公路的进展", "9. 国家 在经社会2013年第69/10号决议中,成员国认识到需要促进交流与信通技术基础设施建设有关的最佳做法和经验,包括深入分析可能阻碍以无缝方式在整个区域同步部署信通技术基础设施的政策和监管障碍。", "10个 此外,经社会还在其第71/10号决议中决定设立亚太信息高速公路不限成员名额工作组,以就原则和规范达成一致意见并制定一项总体计划,其中涵盖亚太信息高速公路的政策和技术方面以及区域合作框架,并应考虑修订《泛亚铁路网政府间协定》和《亚洲公路网政府间协定》。 科技咨询机构还请秘书处促进分享信通技术在减少灾害风险和增强抗灾能力方面的良好做法和经验教训,支持工作组的工作,开展研究和分析,与国际和区域组织建立伙伴关系并开展合作,并发挥跨部门的协同作用。", "11个 因此,工作组于2015年9月1日和2日在大韩民国仁川举行了第一次会议。 [5] 工作组在该次会议上决定:[6]", "(a) 就亚太信息高速公路四大支柱起草一个总计划,其中包括长期愿景、目标目标、具体活动和里程碑;", "(b) 国家 起草涵盖四个支柱的亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架;", "(c) 就其本身的结构和业务方面达成协议。", "三. 由亚太信息高速公路工作组和指导小组执行并与之有关的活动", "12个 随后,根据工作组会议的决定,成立了亚太信息高速公路指导小组。 [7] 指导小组由具有政策和技术专长的多利益攸关方代表组成,其主要目标是起草亚太信息高速公路总体计划和区域合作框架文件,并纳入上述要求。", "13个 指导小组关于总体计划和区域合作框架文件的讨论于2016年6月开始,由大韩民国国家信息社会机构主持。 成果文件已提交给2016年8月29日和30日在中国举行的工作组第二次会议。 [8] 会议核可了《亚太信息高速公路总体规划》和《亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件》,并讨论了将提交信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会第一届会议的建议。", "14个 为支持扩大与各利益攸关方的伙伴关系和合作,举办了亚太信息高速公路私营部门协商会议,该区域主要电信运营商、智囊团、研究机构和国际金融公司等金融机构参加了会议。 [10] 会议有助于深入了解情况并讨论私营部门面临的挑战和机会,以确保他们的意见能反映在亚太信息高速公路的设计中。", "15个 此外,秘书处还同国际电信联盟和亚太电信共同体协调,于2015年12月15日组织了区域信息和通信技术机构间工作组第十九届会议。 [11] 作为在信通技术领域进行机构协调的唯一区域平台,并作为减少灾害风险委员会第四届会议审议的后续行动,[12] 会议重点讨论了信通技术促进减少灾害风险的新议题以及各机构如何开展合作、协同努力并取得更好的发展成果。", "16号. 在机构间会议上提出的倡议之一是关于减少灾害风险和信通技术的亚太网关,介绍各机构如何在网上系统地分享信息和倡议。 [13] 此后,为了符合联合国信通技术政策,该网关进行了更新并升级,增加了网上社区的特点。 其目的是为决策者和相关利益攸关方提供一个一站式门户网站,其中包含各种资源和工具,以在亚洲及太平洋促进信通技术促进发展和减少灾害风险,同时为决策者和决策者以及合作伙伴之间开展讨论和对话提供空间,以推进亚太信息高速公路。", "四、结 论 加深对亚太信息高速公路四大支柱的了解.", "17岁。 作为区域互联互通的支柱,亚太信息高速公路举措旨在成为发展无缝区域宽带网络的催化剂,这些网络可提高价格、依赖性、复原力和覆盖面,从而解决数字鸿沟的根源,发展互联网生态系统,支持可持续发展目标的实施并刺激亚洲及太平洋的数字经济。 正如秘书处为2016年5月经社会第七十二届会议编写的说明3所描述的那样,亚太信息高速公路的设计围绕四个支柱:(a) 加强区域宽带基础设施;(b) 建立区域互联网交通和网络管理系统和政策;(c) 加强信通技术基础设施的复原力;(d) 提供宽带互联网的包容性接入。", "18岁。 围绕亚太信息高速公路的四大支柱,秘书处与本区域的主要智囊团和研究机构合作,进行了研究和分析,以加深对新出现的趋势和政策、管理和技术差距、机会和要求的理解。 秘书处为经社会第七十二届会议编写的说明3 已经介绍了其中一些报告,而其他研究和分析的结果可在亚太经社会网站上查阅。 [14]", " V. 信息和通信技术状况:亚洲及太平洋数字鸿沟的突出特点", " 19. 19. 尽管本区域一些发达经济体取得了重大进展,但数字鸿沟的性质和范围已发生变化。 发达经济体和发展中经济体之间的这种差距得不到解决,将导致在信通技术的获取和能力方面的差距加剧,从而影响发展机会,这是因为信通技术作为元基础设施和发展促进因素的性质。 由于这些原因,亚太经社会区域日益扩大的数字鸿沟以及宽带接入的可获性、可负担性、可靠性和覆盖面的必要性,应被视为一个紧迫的优先事项。", "20号. 秘书处最近利用国际电信联盟提供的2015年数据集,更新了关于该区域数字鸿沟的显著特点和特征的分析,现概述如下。", "A类. 全球固定宽带用户一半以上", "21岁 根据国际电信联盟的最新数据,全球固定宽带用户中首次有52%以上来自亚太经社会成员国,其次是欧洲(21.9%)和北美(14.1%)。 这表明,2005年亚太经社会的订阅量占全球固定宽带总订阅量的38.1%,其次是欧洲(28.6%)和北美(26.5%)(见图一)。", "2005年和2015年全球固定宽带订阅情况\n(百分比)\n[恰克] [恰克]\n资料来源:亚太经社会根据国际电信联盟编制,《2016年世界电信/信通技术指标数据库》,第20版/2010年6月。 July 2016 (英语).", "B. 固定宽带普及率落后", "22号. 然而,在按人口加权时,亚太经社会区域每100名居民的固定宽带用户数低于拉丁美洲和加勒比区域,远低于欧洲和北美每100名居民的25个用户数,2015年世界平均水平为11.2个(见图二)。", "23. 联合国 因此,尽管固定宽带用户总数有所增加,但亚洲及太平洋的增长相对缓慢。", "图二", "2000-2015年固定宽带用户(平均)", "(每100名居民)", "[]", "资料来源:亚太经社会根据国际电信联盟编制的《2016年世界电信/信通技术指标数据库》,第20版/2016年6月。 可查阅www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx(2016年7月查阅)。", "C. 固定宽带用户:东亚和东北亚75%,由中国驱动[15]", "24 (韩语). 亚太经社会次区域的分析表明,2015年固定宽带用户总数主要来自东亚和东北亚(75%),其次是南亚和西南亚(10%)、北亚和中亚(8%)、东南亚(6%)和太平洋(1%)。 2014年,东亚和东北亚记录了69%,其次是东南亚(11%)、南亚和西南亚(10%)、北亚和中亚(8%)和太平洋(2%),这表明东亚和东北亚的集中程度有所加剧。 当固定宽带用户总数进一步按国家分列后,显然北亚和中亚的强劲业绩由中国驱动. 事实上,在亚太经社会区域,2015年超过一半的宽带用户在中国。 近十年来,中国宽带用户的增长稳步增长(见图三)。", "图三", "2005-2015年在亚太经社会五大及其他国家固定宽带用户总数中所占份额", "(百分比)", "[夏特]", "资料来源:亚太经社会根据国际电信联盟编制的《2016年世界电信/信通技术指标数据库》,第20版/2016年6月。 可查阅www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx(2016年7月查阅)。", "注:由于数据缺失,2010年菲律宾的用户数是2009至2011年的平均数。", "25岁 固定宽带用户的增加遵循了不同收入水平国家的不同模式。 中上收入经济体的订阅量自2004年以来最高,受中国增长的驱动,是该区域增长最快的国家集团。 高收入经济体呈现出稳定但缓慢的增长,而中低收入经济体则呈现出自2009年以来的加速增长。 最令人担忧的事态发展是,低收入经济体固定宽带用户总数缺乏进展,进一步加剧了各国之间的数字鸿沟(见图四)。", "图四", "2000-2015年亚太经社会各经济体按收入水平分列的固定宽带用户数", "(单位:百万)", "[夏特]", "资料来源:亚太经社会根据国际电信联盟编制的《2016年世界电信/信通技术指标数据库》,第20版/2016年6月。 见www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/STATIS/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx。", "注:由于数值极低(60万和更低),低收入经济体没有出现在条形图上。", "26. 联合国 如果考虑到市场规模和商业机会,固定宽带用户总数是重要的指标。 如果一个国家的固定宽带普及率为50%,如果宽带用户总数只有一万个,市场仍然很小;然而,从社会和数字包容性的角度来看,每100名居民的宽带用户数量就是一个比特定社会重要得多的指标。", "D. 高收入国家更具数字包容性", "27个 亚太经社会的高收入经济体在过去几年中呈现出稳步增长,增长率仅与中上收入经济体相匹配。 然而,除非其他收入群体通过有针对性的政策干预来加快宽带的扩展,否则它们与高收入国家之间的差距不太可能根据目前的增长模式缩小(见图五)。", "图五", "2000-2015年亚太经社会各经济体按收入水平分列的固定宽带用户(平均)", "(每100名居民)", "[夏特]", "资料来源:亚太经社会根据国际电信联盟编制的《2016年世界电信/信通技术指标数据库》,第20版/2016年6月。 可查阅www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx(2016年7月查阅)。", "页:1 固定宽带增长向新兴国家扩展,尽管缓慢", "28岁 在国家一级,亚太经社会成员国的固定宽带连接性能随时间而变化。 图六比较了2005至2015年间每100名居民固定宽带用户. 内置图是主图左下角的特写. 第一批国家——大韩民国、中国香港、日本、新加坡、澳大利亚、新西兰和中国澳门——2005年表现良好,2015年继续显著改善。 第二组国家迅速赶上,并随着时间的推移有了显著改善,其中包括菲律宾、阿塞拜疆、俄罗斯联邦、法属波利尼西亚、哈萨克斯坦和格鲁吉亚等。 最后一组国家的进展是两年中最缓慢的。 第二组在导致固定宽带快速扩展的有效政策和监管措施以及投资战略方面可能有很多东西可以提供。", "图六", "2005年和2015年固定宽带订阅(平均)", "(每100名居民)", "[]", "资料来源:亚太经社会根据国际电信联盟编制的《2016年世界电信/信通技术指标数据库》,第20版/2016年6月。 可查阅www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx(2016年7月查阅)。", "F. 支持社会经济发展和创造信通技术基础设施需求的在线服务", "29. 国家 提供在线内容和服务,特别是各国政府提供在线内容和服务,可望支持实现可持续发展目标和对信通技术基础设施的燃料需求,从而使更多的服务和应用得以启动,从而形成良性循环。 亚太经社会一些国家在政府提供的在线服务方面表现良好。 然而,联合国2014年《电子政务调查》的数据表明,亚太经社会成员国在发展在线服务和基础设施之间显示出不同的增长模式。 [16]", "30 (英语). 按次区域分列亚太经社会成员的现有数据(见图七),哈萨克斯坦(北亚和中亚)显然在2008至2014年期间推进在线服务和信通技术基础设施方面的进展最大。 在这两个方面都表现良好的亚太经社会其他国家包括俄罗斯联邦、亚美尼亚、格鲁吉亚和乌兹别克斯坦。", "31岁 就南亚和西南亚而言,2008至2014年期间,斯里兰卡、土耳其、印度和伊朗伊斯兰共和国的电信基础设施和在线服务都取得了良好进展。 其他国家主要在电信基础设施方面进展良好。", "32. 国家 就东南亚而言,新加坡在在线服务和电信基础设施方面都取得了显著进展。 至于太平洋发展中国家(澳大利亚和新西兰在这两个方面都取得了良好进展),斐济、汤加、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛和密克罗尼西亚联邦在2008至2014年期间在发展在线服务和电信基础设施方面取得了长足进展。", "图七\n2008和2014年亚太经社会四个次区域的在线服务内容与电信基础设施\n[恰克] [恰克]\n\n[恰克] [恰克] 资料来源:亚太经社会根据《2014年联合国电子政务调查:电子政务促进我们希望的未来》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:14.II.H.1)。\n注:东亚和东北亚次区域没有列入仅有的有限数据。", "G. 监管质量与固定宽带采用之间的密切联系", "33. (中文(简体) ). 能够解释一些国家这种缓慢进展的一个共同点是,对规章质量的看法。 人们对促进企业发展的监管较差的看法与信通技术连通性较低(固定宽带普及率更低)密切相关,而亚太经社会国家的情况则与此相反,与世界其他地区大多数其他国家的情况一样(见图八)。", "图八", "2014年对监管质量和固定宽带连通性的认识.", "[夏特]", "资料来源:亚太经社会根据(a) 国际电信联盟、世界电信/信通技术编制。 2016年指标数据库,第20版/2016年6月(可查阅www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx;2016年7月查阅);和(b)世界银行,世界发展指标,世界数据库(可查阅http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators;2016年4月查阅)。", "注:监管质量估计介于−2(监管质量差)和+2(监管质量好)之间。", " H. 高定价是固定宽带采用的主要威慑因素", "34. 国家 在中亚、南亚和高加索,可负担的接入是消费者和企业采用固定宽带的关键因素之一。 根据最近的一项研究,在接受调查的10个国家中,阿富汗和塔吉克斯坦有2个国家[17] 固定宽带费用占购买力平价方面个人收入的四分之一以上(见表1)。 因此,这一高价意味着绝大多数人口无法获得负担得起的宽带。 在另外三个国家 -- -- 土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦和巴基斯坦 -- -- 的研究显示,宽带委员会界定的固定宽带接入价格昂贵(按购买力平价计算,超过个人收入的5%)。", "表1 国家", "中亚和南亚固定宽带服务的可负担性", "每月订阅(美元) 费用(人均国民总收入百分比) 成本(人均国民总收入占购买力平价的百分比) 评价\n阿富汗 负担不起\n亚美尼亚 8.77 2.8 1.2 可负担\n阿塞拜疆 9.50 1.5 0.7 可负担\n2.9 1.4 格鲁吉亚\n哈萨克斯坦 20.60^(b) 2.1 1.1 可负担\n吉尔吉斯斯坦 5.83 5.6 2.2\n巴基斯坦 29.40^(c) 25.0 6.9 昂贵\n塔吉克斯坦 58.44 64.9 26.4 负担不起\n土库曼斯坦^(d) 171.40^(e) 25.6 14.2 费用\n资料来源:亚洲开发银行,经济部。 社会发展委员会 亚洲和太平洋及因特网协会,《揭开中亚、南亚、高加索和后期互联网的潜力》(2015年)。\n^(e) 512kilobitspersecond;无盖。", "35. 联合国 表1所列所有宽带接入费用低廉或昂贵的国家都属于采用固定宽带不足2%的20个国家。", "36. 在东南亚,亚太经社会于2015年开展了一项关于东南亚国家联盟(东盟)成员国宽带网络、差距和机会的研究。 [18] 信通技术连通性缺乏多样性会减少竞争并增加进入全球网络的成本,包括通过海底电缆。 上述研究发现互联网过境连接成本不一,表明每个东盟国家宽带接入成本多高或可负担(见表2)。", "表2. 私营部门", "东盟国家互联网过境连接成本", "(美元;每月;每秒每兆位)", "国家成本\n柬埔寨 100个\n印度尼西亚 60/70 - > 100\n老挝人民民主共和国 100\n马来西亚 25-30^(a)\n缅甸 > 100\n菲律宾 80\n新加坡 < 10^(a)\n泰国\n越南", "资料来源:亚太经社会和大韩民国国家信息社会局,“关于东盟次区域亚太信息高速公路的可行性研究:概念化、国际交通和质量分析、网络地貌设计和实施模式”(2016年)。 可查阅www.unescap.org/resources/pre-fasibility-study-asia-pacific-information-superhiway-asean-sub-region.", "^(a) 当入于量.", "一. 亚太经社会区域率先扩大移动宽带", "37. 联合国 信通技术互联互通的另一个重要指标是移动宽带的采用。 移动宽带渗透率在亚太经社会区域带动了全球大多数移动宽带用户的增长,其次是欧洲和北美(见图九)。", "图九", "按主要区域分列的2007-2015年全世界移动宽带用户总数", "(单位:百万)", "[夏特]", "资料来源:亚太经社会根据国际电信联盟编制的《2016年世界电信/信通技术指标数据库》,第20版/2016年6月。 可查阅www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx(2016年7月查阅)。", "38. 国家 中国是亚太经社会国家活跃移动宽带订阅的最大市场,拥有约7.85亿个用户,其次是日本(1.6亿个)和印度(1.2亿个)。 亚太经社会国家移动宽带用户的扩大也显示出类似的增长模式,即使按经济群体(最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家)分列(见图十),这表明与内陆国家或小岛屿国家有关的困境可能不会影响移动宽带接入的扩大,而是会影响其他因素,如收入水平和监管质量。 全球一级的移动宽带用户在发达经济体几乎是发展中经济体的四倍。", "图十", "亚太经社会区域总体和按国家组别分列的移动宽带平均用户数", "(每100名居民)", "[夏特]", "资料来源:亚太经社会根据国际电信联盟编制的《2016年世界电信/信通技术指标数据库》,第20版/2016年6月。 可查阅www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx(2016年7月查阅)。", "39. 联合国 移动宽带主要用于娱乐目的。 根据Spécial移动协会2015年的一份报告(见图十一),对亚洲新兴市场运营商网站的审查显示,侧重于农业、教育和就业的移动应用不太常见。 [19] 因此,提高对生产性和教育服务(如:m-agriculture,m-education)可用性的认识对于帮助用户理解并收获移动互联网服务的好处至关重要.", "图十一", "2015年亚太经社会某些国家的智能手机活动", "[夏特]", "资料来源:Spécial移动协会(2015年),www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/program/conned-social/mobile-internet-usage-challenges-in-asia-senderation-literacy-and-local-content/。 (2016年4月查阅).", " 40. 40. 总之,本节讨论了亚洲及太平洋信通技术连通性的趋势。 固定的宽带趋势表明,各国之间的宽带鸿沟确实正在扩大,尽管移动宽带在收入群体之间稳步增长。 鉴于单靠移动宽带不足以发展未来的数字经济和数字社会,应更注意如何发展固定宽带网络并增强区域连通性,以从信通技术中充分受益。 监管质量和负担得起的定价对本区域宽带采用率产生了影响。", "41. 国家 在这方面,亚太信息高速公路是一项关键的区域举措,旨在确保固定和移动宽带发展能够弥补上述差距,并支持亚洲及太平洋为实现包容性和可持续发展而作的努力。", "六、结 论 结论", "42. 国家 这些研究结果说明了亚洲及太平洋信通技术发展的一团糟和数字鸿沟的性质。 虽然移动宽带在整个区域迅速扩散,但不一定被用于社会经济发展。 固定宽带扩张的惊人增长主要是由中国推动的,整个区域的增长模式多种多样:低收入国家增长最快,而一些国家主要侧重于电信接入服务。 承受能力和监管质量仍然是严峻挑战,特别是在宽带扩展缓慢增长的国家。", "43. 东帝汶 考虑到上述趋势,亚太信息高速公路首先需要应对在整个区域提供负担得起的包容性宽带接入这一根本挑战。 由于互联网及其基础宽带网络默认是跨国界的并互联互通的,因此,如秘书处为经社会第七十二届会议编写的说明[20] 和秘书处提供的其他技术材料所描述的那样,任何在可负担性、覆盖面、可靠性和复原力方面的改进都需要各国之间的合作。 《亚太信息高速公路总体规划》和《亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件》阐述了旨在实现无缝区域宽带连接愿景并实现可持续发展目标和信息社会世界首脑会议目标的进程、机制和活动。", "页:1 供委员会审议的问题", "44. 国家 由于信息和通信技术是数字经济的元基础设施、增长-产业基础和关键的发展促进因素,因此,日益扩大和正在形成的数字鸿沟将限制发展机会并加大今后几年的发展差距。 认识到这一挑战,经社会在其第71/10号决议中设立了亚太信息高速公路不限成员名额工作组并请秘书处就该决议的执行情况向经社会第七十三届会议提出报告。", "45. 国家 在这方面,委员会不妨考虑商定以下内容:", "(a) 国家 委员会不妨考虑在经社会第七十三届会议后继续支持亚太信息高速公路,认识到解决日益扩大的数字鸿沟和发展区域宽带基础设施和接入的极端重要性;", "(b) 国家 委员会或愿考虑核准本说明中概述的不限成员名额工作组第1次和第2次会议的成果;", "(c) 委员会不妨考虑核准《亚太信息高速公路总体计划》和《亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件》;[21]", "(d) 在成功审议和制定《总体计划和区域合作框架文件》后,不限成员名额工作组将转变为区域合作框架文件中提到的咨询委员会,作为监督执行情况并向秘书处和执行伙伴提供建议和指导的机构;", "(e) 协助 秘书处将在区域合作框架文件、咨询委员会和亚太经社会成员国的指导下,继续扩大与各个国际和区域组织在执行《总体计划》方面的伙伴关系和协作;", "(f) 与《公约》有关的问题 秘书处将继续促进区域一级的机构间合作,确保各机构采取统一的做法并发挥协同作用,同时深化对亚太信息高速公路政策和技术方面的研究和分析;", "(g) 秘书处、成员国和合作伙伴将确保通过亚太信息高速公路实现互联互通效益,并与实现可持续发展目标和信息社会世界首脑会议目标的努力相挂钩;", "(h) 会员国、合作伙伴和次区域组织将积极鼓励私营部门、学术界和智囊团等各利益攸关方的参与,并参与执行《总体计划》和咨询委员会的工作;", "(一) 委员会本届会议的建议将提交经社会第七十三届会议审议并作出决定,随后将根据核准的《总体计划和区域合作框架文件》启动亚太信息高速公路。", "[1] 见www.economist.com/news/finance-和-economics/21698302-attoption-work-out-best-use-scarce-resources-show-spend-it的项目摘要。", "[2] 关于信通技术相关目标及其与信息社会世界首脑会议行动方针的联系的更详细描述,见秘书处关于信息社会世界首脑会议行动方针执行情况区域审查的说明(E/ESCAP/ICSTI(1)/4)。", "[3] E/ESCAP 72.17。", "[4] 世界经济论坛,《2016年全球信息技术报告》: 创新数字经济 (2016年,日内瓦). 可在www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-inform-technology-report-2016上查阅。", "[5] 见www.unescap.org/events/first-meeting-working-group-asia-pacific-information-superhighway.", "[6] 见www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Outcome%20Document%20Sept%202015.pdf.", "[7] 见www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Ap-IS%20SG%20TOR.pdf.", "[8] 见www.unescap.org/events/second-session-working-group-asia-pacific-information-superhighway.", "[9] E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/2和E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/3。", "[10] 见www.unescap.org/events/asia-pacific-information-superhighway-ap-私营部门-咨询-会议。", "[11] 见www.unescap.org/events/19th-meeting-regional-iinternational-working-group-iwg-信息与通信。", "[12] 见www.unescap.org/events/committee-description-risk-reption-fourth-session.", "[13] 见http://drgateway.net/.", "[14] 见关于信通技术促进电子复原力、运输和可持续发展的相关文件,www.unescap.org/resources。", "[15] 东亚和东北亚次区域包括: 中国;朝鲜民主主义人民共和国;中国香港;日本;中国澳门;蒙古;大韩民国;俄罗斯联邦。", "[16] 《2014年联合国电子政务调查:电子政务促进我们希望的未来》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:14.II.H.1)。 可查阅https://publicAdministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-government-Survey-2014。", "[17] 亚洲开发银行、亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会和因特网协会,《释放因特网在中亚、南亚、高加索及其后的潜力》(2015年)。 可查阅www.unescap.org/resources/unleashing-post-internet-Central-asia-South-asia-caucasus-和-beyond。", "[18] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会和大韩民国国家信息社会局,“东盟次区域亚太信息高速公路初步可行性研究:概念化、国际交通和质量分析、网络地貌设计和实施模式”(2016年)。 可查阅www.unescap.org/resources/pre-fasibility-study-asia-pacific-information-superhiway-asean-sub-region.", "[19] GSMA 情报,分析:亚洲移动互联网使用挑战 -- -- 认识、识字和地方内容(伦敦,2015年)。 可查阅:www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/150709-asia-local-content-final.pdf。", "[20] E/ESCAP 72.17。", "[21] E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/2和E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/3。" ]

[ "Space applications as a critical tool for enhanced e-resilience", "Note by the secretariat", "Summary Given the increasing damage and losses caused by natural disastersin the region, new emphasis has been placed on how to design andimplement more resilient infrastructure and services related toinformation and communications technology (ICT), including spacetechnology and applications, as part of overall disaster riskreduction efforts. Addressed holistically, resilient ICTinfrastructure and effective use of ICT at all phases of disastermanagement, or e-resilience, has the potential to reduce disasterrisks and improve disaster management and preparedness. \nThe purpose of this note is to present an overview of the role ofICT, including space applications, at all phases of disastermanagement. In particular, the note reviews national and regionalinitiatives and good practices aimed at strengthening e-resilience,such as specific strategies to incorporate ICT and spaceapplications into disaster risk reduction and disaster managementplanning. The note contains a discussion of current efforts by theEconomic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific to enhanceregional cooperation on space and geographic information systemsfor e-resilience, followed by lessons learned, particularlypertaining to the implementation of ICT and space applications fordisaster risk reduction, and issues for consideration by theCommittee on Information and Communications Technology, Science,Technology and Innovation.", "I. Introduction", "1. Asia and the Pacific is the world’s most disaster-prone region, as highlighted in the Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2015: Disasters without Borders – Regional Resilience for Sustainable Development.[1] Between 2005 and 2014, there were 1,625 reported natural disaster events within the region, which affected 1.4 billion people, killing approximately half a million people and causing more than 520 billion dollars’ worth of damage. This number represented over 40 per cent of all reported natural disaster events worldwide, 45 per cent of all related damage, 60 per cent of all deaths and 80 per cent of all affected people globally during the same period, as illustrated and expanded upon in figure I.", "Figure I", "Occurrence and impact of disasters in the Asia-Pacific region by type, 2005-2014", "[][] \n [][]", "Source: Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2015: Disasters without Borders – Regional Resilience for Sustainable Development (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.15.II.F.13).", "2. Damage and loss to economic and social infrastructure, not to mention loss of human lives, have negated hard-won development gains and set countries back by several years. The Asia- Pacific Disaster Report 2015 thus concludes that addressing disaster risk reduction is a development imperative in Asia and the Pacific.", "3. In response to the increasing damage and losses, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 has shifted focus from responding to disasters to managing disaster risks, while proposing seven tangible targets to assess progress.[2] The Framework enunciates the following four priorities for action: understanding disaster risk; strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk; investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience; and enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.", "II. Information and communications technology and space technology and applications for disaster risk reduction in Asia and the Pacific", "4. At times disaster, information and communications technology (ICT), including space technology and applications, has proven to be effective in delivering vital disaster response and emergency communication services, while maintaining the operations of other critical infrastructure – such as management of the power grid, medical and health services, weather forecasting, natural resource management and transport systems – which are essential for the logistics of humanitarian aid. In recognition of the critical roles that ICT plays before and after disasters, the Committee on Disaster Risk Reduction at its fourth session, in 2015, requested the secretariat of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) to expand its support to disaster information management and e-resilience.[3] In recognition of the importance of e-resilience, the Asia-Pacific information superhighway, a regional broadband connectivity initiative, specifically promotes the enhancement of ICT infrastructure resilience as one of its four pillars.[4]", "5. Space technology applications and geographic information systems (GIS) support decision-making during disaster response and provide an evidence-based approach at all phases of the disaster management cycle. By providing the products and tools necessary to acquire, process, store, distribute and utilize geospatial data effectively, such innovative technologies can help quantify risks and plan actions accordingly. Many countries that are prone to disasters are increasingly taking advantage of this growing field of research and development and adapting it to address disaster management in pursuit of sustainable development.", "6. While developed countries that have existing satellite technology infrastructure experience the benefits of such innovations, many other countries are potentially left behind, adding another dimension to the already widening digital divide in Asia and the Pacific. Disaster-prone countries – in particular countries with special needs, including least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States – can benefit from the use of space technology applications and GIS for disaster risk reduction, disaster risk management and, ultimately, sustainable development.", "III. E-resilience", "7. Given the increased recognition of its importance, new emphasis has been placed on the conceptualization and operationalization of e-resilience and, more specifically, how to design and implement more resilient ICT infrastructure and services, including space technology and applications, as part of overall disaster risk reduction efforts in the region. Addressed holistically, e-resilience has the potential to reduce disaster risks and improve disaster management and preparedness.", "8. ICT is considered crucial to the broader context of achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes that the spread of ICT and global interconnectedness has great potential to accelerate human progress, to bridge the digital divide and to develop knowledge societies.[5] The most closely related Sustainable Development Goal explicitly specifying ICT in this context is Goal 9 which aims to build resilient infrastructure, and within it means of implementation target 9.c, which seeks to significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020.[6] However, as a development enabler, ICT supports all the other Sustainable Development Goals by integrating e-resilience as a basis for sustainable development, and hence should be considered as a priority on the development agenda in Asia and the Pacific.", "9. Resilience can be defined as the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions.[7] When applied specifically to ICT (e-resilience), the concept implies two dimensions: (a) ICT for disaster response and recovery, including the rapid restoration of ICT infrastructure and services; and (b) ICT for disaster risk prevention, risk reduction and preparedness. The two dimensions of e-resilience were described in an ESCAP study on the resilience of ICT infrastructure,[8] and are illustrated in figure II, which has been modified from an analysis of how ICT systems had been effectively used in disaster responses to the 2004 tsunami in the Maldives and Sri Lanka and the 2011 earthquake in Japan.", "Figure II", "Disaster management cycle", "Source: Adapted from ESCAP, “The resilience of ICT infrastructure and its role during disasters” (Bangkok, 2015). Available from www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/The%20resilience%20of%20ICT%20Infrastructures.pdf.", "10. In the management of a disaster, providing the right information to the right people at the right time is critical to prompt timely actions and ensure coordination among different government and humanitarian organizations. The Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2015 identifies five essential steps (figure III): (a) understanding risk; (b) having data- and information-sharing policies; (c) generating actionable information; (d) customizing information and reaching out to people at risk; and (e) using real-time information.", "Figure III", "E-resilience essential steps", "[]", "Source: Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2015: Disasters without Borders – Regional Resilience for Sustainable Development (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.15.II.F.13).", "11. ICT plays a key role in accelerating and facilitating disaster risk reduction efforts as an enabler, while at the same time being a sector to be protected. This distinction helps prioritize initiatives and efforts at all phases of disaster management (see table).", "Role of ICT in disaster risk reduction", "PhaseICTroles\tRiskprevention\tRiskreduction\tPreparednessand response\tRecovery\nKeytasks\tImprovingriskinformationas thebasis forinvestmentsandbusinessstrategiesandoperations\tReducing thechance ofdisasters andmitigatingthe level ofdisruption,damage andlosses\tGetting readyto respond to adisastereventualityadequately,appropriatelyand in timelymanner\tBeing ableto restorefunctions,recoverassets andoperationsand buildbackbetter\nICTforitsownresilience\t- Notcreatingorincreasingrisks- Notexacerbatingexistingrisks-Avoidingandtransferringrisks\t-Addressingtheunderlyingfactorsof risks- Reducingvulnerability-Increasingcapacityandprotection-Retrofitting- Reducingexposure- Investingin earlywarning\t- Planningfor systemand networkcontinuity- Ensuringsystemredundancyand back-up- Ensuringresponsereadiness- Trainingandconductingdrills- Planningforcontingency- Ensuringemergencyresponsemechanisms- Ensuringearlyrecovery\t-Performingarapidassessmentofdamageandlosses-Assessingneedsforrecovery-Factoringinadditionalinvestmenttoreducefuturerisks\nICTforsociety’sresilience\t- MakingICTavailabletoimproveriskassessments- Actingas acrucialanalysistool-Enhancingdevelopmentandbusinessinvestmentplanning\t- Keepingriskdatabases- Using GISfordecision-making,planningandmitigation- Using ICTas a toolforknowledge,innovationandeducation- Enhancingcoordinationvia ICT- Enhancingriskobservation,assessmentand earlywarningby ICT\t- Using ICTassociety’sasset toenhancepreparedness- Using ICTas a toolfor rapidassessmentandemergencydecision-making(assessment,mapping,databasesandplanning)- Enhancingemergencyandhumanitariancommunicationandcoordination\t-Enhancingrapidassessmentsanddetailedpost-disasterneedsassessments-Informingmorerobustfutureinvestmentwithintherecoveryframework", "Source: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, “Unleashing the ICT contributions in DRR and CCA under the sustainable development” (Bangkok, 2016). Available from www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/For%20show%20Prospect%20of%20Gateway%20as%20a%20nexus%20of%20DRR%20and%20ICT.pdf.", "IV. Highlights of national and regional studies on e-resilience", "12. ESCAP has actively pursued a research agenda to identify ways in which telecommunication networks can be strengthened to enhance e‑resilience. A series of country-level case studies (Sri Lanka, China, the Philippines and Mongolia) with a consolidated regional review and a data-gathering exercise including examples at the national, subregional and regional levels were conducted. These analytical exercises provided evidence of the significant role that ICT can play in promoting inclusive and disaster-resilient development and assisting disaster management agencies before and after the event.", "13. In Sri Lanka, since the tsunami in 2004, the focus of the disaster risk reduction policy has shifted from reactive to proactive.[9] Examples of current uses of ICT in disaster risk reduction include the installation of 77 multi-hazard warning towers along the coastal belt. To ensure redundancy, the national emergency operations centre is connected to numerous communications systems.", "14. In the case of China, most natural disasters affect densely populated areas where the telecommunications infrastructure is relatively well developed.[10] However, there is significant regional disparity across China in terms of deployment of the ICT infrastructure and the availability and affordability of ICT services to the local population. This divide may have an impact on the effectiveness of ICT systems for disaster risk management and the resilience of the ICT infrastructure.", "15. The Philippines has shifted its focus from disaster response to a holistic and proactive approach to disaster risk reduction, with the intention of increasing the resilience of the ICT infrastructure.[11] The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (2010) serves as the country’s overall policy and framework and guides the work of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. The Act stipulates that various stakeholders participate in the development, updating and sharing of information on disaster risk reduction, in which ICT plays a critical role, especially in assisting coordination efforts among different stakeholders involved in disaster risk reduction and management.", "16. The Information Technology, Post and Telecommunication Authority of Mongolia has been implementing major telecommunications infrastructure initiatives, including the development of a fibre-optic backbone network.[12] The majority of the fibre-optic cables are installed underground, thus providing optimal robustness against damage and requiring only a short repair time. However, there is an absence of redundancy in the central parts of Mongolia, where some of the country’s worst earthquakes have occurred.", "17. Important lessons can be learned from a study on the use of ICT after the great east Japan earthquake of 2011.[13] The earthquake had a devastating effect on the ICT infrastructure. Based on the lessons learned during and after this earthquake, the Government of Japan carried out a number of measures and provided specific recommendations. Furthermore, transmission cables were moved inland, those on bridges were moved under water and ring network topologies were adapted with bypass routes added for redundancy.", "18. Based on the above studies, on good practices and on lessons learned, the secretariat has identified critical factors for e-resilience in the context of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway, as follows: (a) shortening the time needed for restoration after a disaster; (b) knowing disaster risks and designing for resilience; (c) ensuring last-mile connectivity; (d) promoting mobile and other communication means for redundancy and emergency communications; and (e) exploring innovative mobile, GIS and space applications and big data.[14] These critical factors are explored in more detail in the next section of the present note, while the specific initiatives of using space technology and applications follow in subsequent sections.", "19. The first 72 hours after a disaster event are the most crucial time period in disaster response. Restoring affected telecommunication infrastructure as fast as possible is of particular importance in order to help authorities and people to make effective decisions using, to the extent possible, real-time information. Such information management facilitates the coordination of the delivery of food, water and other supplies by Governments and relief agencies. Understanding disaster risk characteristics is a starting point for e-resilience. ESCAP and the International Telecommunication Union have been mapping out the existing and planned ICT backbone networks under the Asia-Pacific information superhighway. The maps, studies and analysis have paved the way to identifying vulnerabilities in ICT backbone and broadband networks and to enhancing e‑resilience against potential hazards in the region. In the event of a disaster, ICT infrastructure is often damaged and networks experience above-average loads. As ICT infrastructure is not typically designed to handle such increased traffic, networks become congested and relief efforts are hindered. Hence, redundancy, network resilience and above-average network loads should specifically be taken into consideration in future plans to enhance ICT infrastructure, particularly backbone and access networks.", "20. As to ensuring last-mile connectivity, after the earthquake in Nepal in 2015, while the telecommunications backbone in the affected areas was found to be largely intact, other components affecting last-mile connectivity, such as cell-phone towers, suffered damage, meaning that communication between the people was disabled. In other countries, mobile phones have been instrumental in distributing early warning of incoming disasters, as well as determining their impact using imagery and information submitted by the general public in the aftermath. It is important to use a systems-based approach in network planning, with focus on last-mile connectivity and e‑resilience in all components.", "21. Some technologies that are used to collect information after a disaster are purpose-specific and usually involve custom software, whereas others rely on social media and were developed for other purposes. The advantage of purpose-specific applications is that the information can be easily analysed and made understandable to relief works, whereas social media are generally less structured and the general public can participate. A newer generation of tools for managing disasters and crises are designed to consolidate these types of structured and unstructured data for quick decision-making.", "22. Big data also holds promise for enhanced e-resilience. While most practical applications of big data in disaster scenarios are still experimental, useful cases have emerged in incidents such as the earthquake in Haiti in 2010. A survey conducted by the Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan also suggests that big data is expected to make significant contributions to disaster risk reduction in Japan.[15]", "V. Regional cooperation for space technology and applications towards e-resilience", "23. The secretariat has continued to conduct a number of programmes to enhance access to space technology applications and GIS for disaster risk reduction and e-resilience for the member countries. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 was adopted during the lead-up to the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015, specifically promoting space applications for disaster management. The Commission subsequently adopted its resolution 71/12, at its seventy-first session, on strengthening regional mechanisms for the implementation of the Framework in Asia and the Pacific. In this context, the secretariat has, among other activities, been supporting the development of regional cooperation mechanisms for disaster management at the local, national and global level to ensure that disasters with transboundary origins are effectively responded to through the sharing of reliable and timely geospatial data and information.", "24. In relation to the implementation of the Asia-Pacific Plan of Action for Applications of Space Technology and Geographic Information Systems for Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development, 2012-2017, member States adopted Commission resolutions 68/5 and 69/11.[16] These resolutions promote regional cooperation with regard to access to space technology for disaster risk reduction through the sharing of relevant space-technology-based information and GIS applications for sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific region, and call for a ministerial conference to evaluate progress and garner additional effort to proliferate the use of such technologies for disaster-related activities.", "25. The impact of natural disasters very often goes beyond the boundaries of a single country, given that weather and geographical topography do not stop at the boundaries of any one country, city or administrative boundary. Managing disaster risk thus also requires cooperation between neighbouring countries. In Asia and the Pacific, ESCAP, the only regional commission with a programme on space technology applications, supports regional cooperation to ensure access to the technologies and geospatial data necessary for disaster management and sustainable development. Through its Regional Space Applications Programme for Sustainable Development, the ESCAP secretariat brings together space agencies and related stakeholders under one common purpose.[17]", "26. The secretariat has also continued to coordinate with existing global and regional initiatives, programmes and resources through the following core activities.", "A. Timely provision of near real-time satellite imagery to disaster-affected countries", "27. The secretariat, during times of disaster and upon the request of member States, continues to provide support through the facilitation of near real-time satellite imagery and access to geospatial data. This support remains possible thanks to the strategic partnership between ESCAP and the Operational Satellite Applications Programme of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research and through the long-standing ESCAP Regional Space Applications Programme for Sustainable Development network. Disaster-affected member States can therefore receive support for effective emergency response, post-disaster damage and impact assessment and policy advice on recovery and rehabilitation. Such services are of particular benefit to countries with special needs, which normally lack the infrastructure and institutional arrangements required to access and maintain their own well-integrated monitoring, early warning and response mechanisms.", "B. Regional Cooperative Mechanism for Drought Monitoring and Early Warning", "28. Many countries in the region face tremendous challenges in the area of drought monitoring, early warning and management. Given that many people are reliant on the agricultural sector for their basic livelihood needs and that the economies of many countries are at least partially dependent on the sector, agricultural drought is a serious development challenge in Asia and the Pacific. As outlined in the Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2015, drought has affected more than 1.31 billion people over the past 29 years, causing damage worth more than $53 billion in the region. The challenges facing countries in the region include a relatively weak capacity to access and analyse critical information, a lack of effective methodologies to combine space-based data and products with ground-based data for appropriate decision-making, very few regional platforms for sharing such knowledge and good practices, and a lack of coordination and cooperation among agencies and institutions at the national level.", "29. In response, ESCAP launched the Regional Cooperative Mechanism for Drought and Early Warning, which brings together regional resources in space and GIS applications and enhances the capacity for integrated analysis of space and in-season ground data and information, in order to build the resilience of agrarian communities in developing countries that are perennially affected by drought.[18] Under the Drought Mechanism, participating pilot countries in Asia and the Pacific have benefited from enhanced access to space-based data, products and services; institutional capacity-building in drought preparedness and response; strengthened institutional coordination and policies at the country level; and regional and South-South cooperation and support. Eight countries have requested to join the Drought Mechanism’s pilot programme: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal and Sri Lanka. The National Remote Sensing Centre of China, the National Remote Sensing Centre of the Indian Space Research Organization and most recently the Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency of Thailand have been acting as regional service nodes to the Drought Mechanism, supporting the pilot countries by providing space-based data and products and capacity-building assistance for effective drought monitoring, early warning and management.", "30. The National Remote Sensing Centre of Mongolia is now developing and utilizing the drought monitoring system and maps, and is considering ways to extend the system to crop monitoring. In Sri Lanka, a recent high-level forum developed a road map that aims to enable the country to develop and effectively utilize space-derived information to monitor drought without the support of the regional service nodes. Plans have also been developed for Cambodia and Myanmar, with preliminary training in mid-2016.", "31. The Drought Mechanism also complements the Global Framework for Climate Services of the World Meteorological Organization with respect to monitoring in-season crop conditions.[19] During the pilot programme in the eight pilot countries, the Drought Mechanism has been linked to slow-onset disasters through monsoon forums in Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Against the backdrop of the 2015/2016 El Niño phenomenon, the initial results from the Drought Mechanism pilot countries signal a promising trend and a need to scale up the pilot programme with a twin-track strategy. First, the Drought Mechanism will offer a variety of actionable risk information products and services, such as climate outlook, seasonal forecast, in-season monitoring and scenario-based impact outlooks. Second, it will capitalize on existing platforms for risk communication such as national monsoon forums and regional climate outlook forums.[20]", "C. Skills and capacity development to address existing gaps and emerging challenges", "32. Although the Asia-Pacific region has a growing number of spacefaring countries, space technologies are not yet fully benefitting vulnerable people in developing countries, in particular countries with special needs, because of a lack of capacity in terms of human, scientific, technological and institutional resources. Since the third session of the Committee on Disaster Risk Reduction, the secretariat has made efforts to develop member States’ capacities through a series of specialized programmes, based on the needs identified through surveys and a regional inventory on space technology and GIS applications. The focus areas include mainstreaming space applications into disaster risk management; using space applications and GIS in flood-risk mapping, drought monitoring and early warning; facilitating the establishment and use of the Geo-referenced Information System for Disaster Risk Management in countries with special needs; and providing technical advisory services on the effective use of space technology and GIS for disaster management.", "33. Besides the short-term capacity-building events, the secretariat also worked with the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific – the node of the Regional Space Applications Programme for Sustainable Development training network – to provide a nine-month postgraduate course on remote sensing and GIS applications.[21] Since 2014, the secretariat has sponsored seven government officials from Fiji, Myanmar, Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan to attend this postgraduate course, with a scholarship provided by the Indian Government.", "D. Institutional development through knowledge products, standards and procedures", "34. ESCAP has supported member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), particularly countries with special needs in the subregion, by developing a set of procedural guidelines for national disaster management authorities and space agencies, for sharing space-based information during emergency response.[22] The guidelines were developed by ESCAP in collaboration with the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response, the Operational Satellite Applications Programme and the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on Disaster Management, and with extensive consultation with practitioners in ASEAN countries. The recommended operating procedures within the procedural guidelines have been designed to echo working practices at the national, regional and international levels in order to support effective decision-making and provide a more evidence-based approach to integrating Earth observation and geospatial information into disaster emergency response.", "35. Furthermore, the secretariat is currently developing a geospatial decision support handbook for specific hazards, in response to requests by member States during the 4th ASEAN workshop held in Bogor, Indonesia, in April 2016. The secretariat is also converting its recently published manual on rapid assessment for resilient recovery using innovative tools, techniques and space applications for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation to focus on the ASEAN region. The manual is designed to provide guidelines to enhance the capacity of government agencies to conduct rapid post-disaster needs assessments.", "36. The secretariat has been promoting the use of geo-referenced information systems for disaster risk management portals and providing technical assistance for their establishment in Bangladesh, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and Nepal. These portals (available through local intranets only) have been positioned within the appropriate in-country national authorities in order to be used for collecting, analysing and disseminating disaster-related data in a centralized, credible and inclusive manner, together with satellite imagery and socioeconomic information to support decision-making, and are therefore considered essential by the national authorities and agencies concerned.", "37. To further support the capacity-building activities of the secretariat at the regional level, particularly in the development of Geo-referenced Information System for Disaster Risk Management portals, an online e‑learning platform was developed in 2015. The platform provides innovative courses that help practitioners to further develop their core skills of analysis and problem-solving using space technology and GIS applications for disaster risk management. This platform will enhance and facilitate information exchange relating to the application and operation of space technology and GIS applications for disaster risk management and to the development of relevant policies.", "VI. Lessons learned", "38. The Asia-Pacific region has achieved remarkable progress in space technology and GIS applications for disaster management and there is the momentum and strategic scope to further improve their use. Countries with special needs, which are at high risk of disasters and yet have low capacity to respond to them, are facing special challenges such as limited access to ICT and space infrastructure, a shortage of human capital and a lack of technical capacity. These challenges can impede their access to such innovative technologies, which are therefore rendered impractical and underutilized. As stipulated in various United Nations frameworks, it is important that the United Nations system, including regional commissions and their partners, make continuous and concerted efforts to improve the accessibility, availability and affordability of ICT and space applications to those countries by reducing institutional and technical barriers surrounding such innovations while enhancing e-resilience.", "VII. Issues for consideration by the Committee", "39. The secretariat, in collaboration with all partners and stakeholders, will continue to focus on providing assistance to the member States in reducing disaster risks at all levels. In particular, the secretariat will continue efforts to enhance e-resilience in the framework of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway; strengthen regional cooperation and integration through the Regional Space Applications Programme for Sustainable Development and through implementation of the Asia-Pacific Plan of Action for Applications of Space Technology and Geographic Information Systems for Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development, 2012-2017; promote the operationalization of the Regional Cooperative Mechanism for Drought Monitoring and Early Warning; enhance capacity-building of member States with a focus on countries with special needs; and undertake analytical research to identify emerging challenges and needs.", "40. The Committee may wish to:", "a. Guide the secretariat’s work priorities in the area of e‑resilience, in particular with respect to space applications and technology;", "b. Support the work of the secretariat on enhanced e-resilience within the framework of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway and on the Regional Cooperative Mechanism for Drought Monitoring and Early Warning;", "c. Support and contribute to efforts by the secretariat to assist developing countries to gain from advances in applications of space technology and GIS by increasing access to and use of geospatial information, particularly the regional land cover data set and change monitoring, and strengthening disaster risk modelling on floods, monitoring and impact assessment through the development of a series of customized standard operating procedures;", "d. Encourage member States to carry out activities in support of Commission resolutions 69/11 on implementation of the Asia-Pacific Plan of Action for Applications of Space Technology and Geographic Information Systems for Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development, 2012-2017, and 71/12 on strengthening regional mechanisms for the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 in Asia and the Pacific, and update the secretariat on steps taken;", "e. Support and contribute to efforts by the secretariat to survey the capacity of developing countries with regard to geospatial information management, with a view to providing guidance on a regional plan for capacity-building for 2016-2020, focusing on countries with special needs;", "f. Invite member States to host a ministerial conference on space applications for disaster risk reduction and management and sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific, in accordance with Commission resolution 69/11, in 2016 or 2017;", "g. Encourage the sharing of information, experience and technological know-how through ESCAP e-learning platforms and training facilities on space technology and GIS applications for the benefit of countries that are at high risk of disasters but have low capacity to cope with their mitigation.", "[1] Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2015: Disasters without Borders – Regional Resilience for Sustainable Development (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.15.II.F.13).", "[2] General Assembly resolution 69/283, annex II.", "[3] See E/ESCAP/CDR(4)/6.", "[4] For more details on the Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative, see documents E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/1 and E/ESCAP/72/17.", "[5] General Assembly resolution 70/1.", "[6] Other targets and means of implementation targets that explicitly mention ICT include 4.b on education and lifelong learning, 5.b on gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls and 17.8 on means of implementation and the global partnership.", "[7] See www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology.", "[8] Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, “The resilience of ICT infrastructure and its role during disaster” (Bangkok, 2015). Available from www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/The%20resilience%20of%20ICT%20Infrastructures.pdf.", "[9] Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, “Building e-resilience in Sri Lanka: enhancing the role of information and communications technology for disaster risk management” (Bangkok, 2016). Available from: www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-sri-lanka-enhancing-role-information-and-communications-technology.", "[10] Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, “Building e-resilience in China: enhancing the role of information and communications technology for disaster risk management” (Bangkok, 2016). Available from: www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-china-enhancing-role-information-and-communications-technology.", "[11] Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, “Building e-resilience in the Philippines: enhancing the role of information and communications technology for disaster risk management” (Bangkok, 2016). Available from www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-philippines-enhancing-role-information-and-communications-technology.", "[12] Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, “Building e-resilience in Mongolia: enhancing the role of information and communications technology for disaster risk management” (Bangkok, 2016). Available from: www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-mongolia-enhancing-role-information-and-communications-technology.", "[13] See Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, “Building e‑resilience: enhancing the role of ICTs for disaster risk management (DRM)” (Bangkok, 2016). Available from www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-enhancing-role-icts-disaster-risk-management-drm.", "[14] Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, “Enhancing e-resilience of ICT infrastructure: gaps and opportunities in disaster management” (Bangkok, 2015). Available from www.unescap.org/resources/enhancing-e-resilience-ict-infrastructure-gaps-and-opportunities-disaster-management.", "[15] Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan, “White paper 2015: information and communications in Japan” (Tokyo, 2015). Available from www.soumu.go.jp/main_sosiki/joho_tsusin/eng/whitepaper.html.", "[16] Commission resolutions 68/5 on the Asia-Pacific Years of Action for Applications of Space Technology and the Geographic Information System for Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development, 2012-2017, and 69/11 on implementation of the Asia-Pacific Plan of Action for Applications of Space Technology and Geographic Information Systems for Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development, 2012-2017.", "[17] See www.unescap.org/events/18th-session-intergovernmental-consultative-committee-icc-regional-space-application.", "[18] See www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Final_Drought%20brief.pdf.", "[19] See www.wmo.int/gfcs/node/807.", "[20] See http://public.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/climate/regional-climate-outlook-products.", "[21] See www.cssteap.org and www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction/space-technologies-and-gis-applications-sustainable-development/about.", "[22] Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, “Procedural guidelines for NDMAs and space agencies in ASEAN countries: for sharing space‐based information during emergency response – 7-step quick guide” (Bangkok, 2016). Available from www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/7%20Step%20-%20Quick%20Guide.pdf." ]

[ "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会 信息和通信技术， 科学、技术与创新委员会 第一届会议 2016年10月5日至7日，曼谷 临时议程^(*) 项目2(c) \n信息和通信技术的政策议题：空间应用作为提高电子韧性的重要工具", "空间应用作为提高电子韧性的重要工具", "秘书处的说明", "内容摘要 鉴于本区域遭受自然灾害的损害和损失日益加剧，作为减少灾害风险总体工作的一部分，如何设计并执行与包括空间技术和应用在内的信息和通信技术(信通技术)相关的、更具韧性的基础设施和服务，已成为新的工作重点。如能统筹运用具有韧性的信通技术基础设施以及在灾害管理各个阶段有效利用信通技术，或电子韧性，就有可能减少灾害风险并改善灾害管理及备灾工作。 \n本说明概述了信通技术(包括空间应用)在灾害管理各个阶段所发挥的作用。尤其是，本说明审查了旨在加强电子韧性的国家及区域举措和良好做法，例如采取具体战略将信通技术和空间应用纳入减少灾害风险及灾害管理规划工作。本说明首先讨论了亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)目前为扩大空间及地理信息系统促进电子韧性区域合作所开展的工作，然后讨论了吸取的经验教训，尤其是涉及信通技术和空间应用促进减少灾害风险的实施情况，最后讨论了供信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会审议的议题。", "一. 导言", "1. 正如在《2015年亚太灾害报告：灾害无国界——建设区域韧性，促进可持续发展》中所强调的，亚洲及太平洋是世界上灾害最为频发的区域。[1] 据报道，2005至2014年期间，本区域发生了1 625次自然灾害，灾害造成14亿人口受灾，近50万人口丧生以及价值5 200亿美元以上的损失。这一数字占同期世界范围所有已报道发生的自然灾害的40%以上，占所有相关损失的45%，占所有死亡人口的60%以及占全球受灾人口的80%，详情见图一。", "图一", "[]2005-2014年期间亚太区域按类别分列灾情发生及其影响情况", "[] ------- ----- ------- \n ----- \n \n \n \n \n \n \n [] []", "资料来源：《2015年亚太灾害报告：灾害无国界——建设区域韧性，促进可持续发展》(联合国出版物，出售品编号，E.15.II.F.13)。", "2. 对经济和社会基础设施造成的损害和损失，更不用说造成的人员伤亡，破坏了来之不易的发展成果并使国家倒退多年。《2015年亚太灾害报告》因此得出结论，亚洲及太平洋发展的当务之急就是解决减少灾害风险的问题。", "3. 针对日益加剧的损害和损失，《2015-2030年仙台减少灾害风险框架》的重点从应对灾害转向管理灾害风险，同时提出评估进展的七项具体目标。[2]《框架》中阐述了以下四项优先行动：理解灾害风险；加强灾害风险治理，管理灾害风险；投资于减少灾害风险，提高韧性；加强备灾以便有效抗灾，并在复原、恢复和重建中让灾区“重建得更好”。", "二. 亚洲及太平洋信息和通信技术及空间技术和应用促进减少灾害风险", "4. 灾害发生时，包括空间技术和应用在内的信息和通信技术(信通技术)已证明可以切实有效地提供重要的应灾和应急通信服务，同时维持其他重要基础设施的运营，如管理电网、医药和卫生服务、天气预报、自然资源管理及交通运输系统，这些对于人道主义援助的物流工作非常重要。认识到信通技术在灾前及灾后所发挥的关键作用，2015年减少灾害风险委员会第四届会议要求亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)秘书处扩大对灾害信息管理及电子韧性的支持。[3] 认识到电子韧性的重要性，作为区域宽带联通举措的亚太信息高速公路具体推动了作为其四大支柱之一的信通技术基础设施韧性的增强。[4]", "5. 空间技术应用和地理信息系统对应灾期间的决策工作提供支撑，并且在灾害管理周期的各个阶段提供循证办法。通过提供有效购买、处理、储存、散发和使用地理空间数据所需的产品和工具，这种创新技术可协助量化风险并规划相应行动。许多灾害频发的国家正越来越多地利用这一日益增长的研发领域并将其适用于灾害管理工作，以期实现可持续发展。", "6. 虽然具备现有卫星技术基础设施的发达国家享受到这种创新的好处，但许多其他国家则可能瞠乎其后，这使亚洲及太平洋已不断加大的数字鸿沟雪上加霜。灾害频发国家，尤其是包括最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家及小岛屿发展中国家在内的有特殊需求的国家，能够受益于使用空间技术应用和地理信息系统促进减少灾害风险、进行灾害风险管理并最终实现可持续发展。", "三. 电子韧性", "7. 由于加深了对其重要性的认识，电子韧性的概念和运用已得到进一步重视，具体而言，就是作为本区域减少灾害风险总体工作的一部分，如何设计和实施更具韧性的信通技术基础设施和服务，包括空间技术和应用。如能统筹兼顾，电子韧性就有可能减少灾害风险并改进灾害管理和备灾工作。", "8. 人们认为，信通技术在实现可持续发展目标这一大背景下至关重要。《2030年可持续发展议程》承认，信通技术的传播和全球相互联通极有可能加快人类进步、缩小数字鸿沟并创建知识社会。[5] 在这方面明确具体提到信通技术的最为密切相关的可持续发展目标就是旨在建设具有韧性的基础设施的目标9，而且其中又有旨在寻求大幅度普及信息和通信技术的执行手段目标9.c，并且力争到2020年以负担得起的价格在最不发达国家普及互联网服务。[6] 然而作为推进发展的手段，信通技术通过将电子韧性作为可持续发展的基础，对所有其他可持续发展目标提供支撑，因此应作为亚洲及太平洋发展议程的优先事项。", "9. 韧性可定为某个系统、社区或社会面临灾害时，能够及时有效抵御、吸纳和承受灾害的影响并从中恢复的能力，包括保护和修复基本的基础结构及其功能。[7] 这一概念具体应用到信通技术(电子韧性)意味着两个层面：(a)信通技术用于应灾和复原，包括迅速恢复信通技术基础设施和服务；(b)信通技术用于防灾、减险及备灾。电子韧性的这两个方面在亚太经社会一份关于信通技术基础设施韧性的研究报告中作了介绍，[8] 并在图二中显示，它是根据2004年马尔代夫及斯里兰卡发生海啸以及2011年日本发生地震时信通技术系统如何切实有效地用于应灾工作的分析结果修订而成。", "图二", "灾害管理周期", "资料来源：根据亚太经社会“信通技术基础设施的韧性及其在灾害时期的作用”(2015年，曼谷)编制。见www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/The%20 resilience%20of%20", "ICT%20Infrastructures.pdf。", "10. 开展灾害管理工作时，在适当的时间向适当的人员提供适当的信息，对于及时迅速采取行动并确保不同政府和人道主义组织之间协调行动至关重要。《2015年亚洲及太平洋灾害报告》中确定了五个基本步骤(图三)：(a)理解风险；(b)订立数据和信息分享政策；(c)制作可采取行动的信息；(d)定制信息并传达到面临风险的人口；(e)使用实时信息。", "图三", "电子韧性重要步骤", "[][]", "资料来源：《2015年亚太灾害报告：灾害无国界——建设区域韧性，促进可持续发展》(联合国出版物，出售品编号，E.15.II.F.13)。", "11. 信通技术作为推进手段对于加快和促进减灾工作发挥着重要作用，同时它也是应得到保护的部门。这一特征有助于在灾害管理各个阶段确定各种举措的轻重缓急(见表)。", "信通技术在减少灾害风险中的作用", "阶段 风险防范 降低风险 备灾和应对 恢复 信通 \n技术的作用 \n重点任务\t更好地提供风险信息，以此作为投资和企业战略和运营的基础\t减少灾害的发生的机率，并减轻破坏、损害和损失的程度\t准备好充分、适当和及时地应对不测的灾难\t能够恢复运作，挽回资产损失和恢复运营，并重建得更好利用信通技术加强其自身的韧性\t- 不产生或增加风险- 不加剧存在的风险- 避免和转移风险\t- 处理风险的根本因素-减少脆弱性- 增加容量和保护- 翻新改造- 减少受灾的风险- 对预警进行投资\t- 对系统和网络的连续性进行规划- 确保系统冗余度和备份- 确保做好应对准备工作- 培训和进行演习- 对意外灾害进行规划- 确保应急机制的运作\t-快速评估破坏和损失- 评估恢复需求-为减少未来的风险预备额外的投资 \n -确保早日恢复\t利用信通技术加强社会韧性\t-提供信通技术，用以改善风险评估- 作为一个至关紧要的分析工具- 加强发展和企业投资规划\t- 保存风险数据库- 使用地理信息系统来进行决策、规划和减灾- 使用信通技术作为加强知识、创新和教育的工具- 通过信通技术加强协作\t- 利用信通技术，以此作为加强备灾的社会资产- 利用信通技术作为快速评估和应急决策(评估、绘图、数据库和规划)的工具- 加强应急和人道主义通信和协调\t- 加强快速评估和详细的灾后需求评估-在恢复框架内，为更强劲的未来投资提供信息 \n - 利用信通技术来加强风险观测、评估和预警", "资源来源：亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会，《利用信通技术为减少灾害风险和适应气候变化作出更大贡献，促进可持续发展》(曼谷，2016年)。可查阅：www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/For%20show%20Prospect%20of%20Gateway%20as%20a%20nexus%20of%20DRR%20and%20ICT.pdf。", "四. 关于电子韧性的国家研究和区域研究的要点", "1. 亚太经社会积极开展了一项研究项目，以确定可采取何种方法来加强电信网络，增强电子韧性。开展了一系列国家层面的案例研究(斯里兰卡、中国、菲律宾和蒙古)，并汇编成一份区域审查报告，还开展了数据收集工作，包括国家、次区域和区域层面的例子。这些分析工作提供了有力的证据，证明信通技术在促进包容和具有抗灾能力的发展方面，以及在灾前和灾后协助灾害管理机构开展工作方面，可发挥显著作用。", "2. 在斯里兰卡，自2004年发生海啸以来，其减少灾害风险政策的重点已从被动应付转向主动应对。[9] 该国家当前利用信通技术减少灾害风险的例子包括：在沿海岸带设立了77个多灾种预警塔。为确保冗余度，其国家紧急行动中心已与众多通信系统联网。", "3. 在中国，大多数自然灾害影响到人口稠密且电信基础设施比较发达的地区。[10] 然而，中国在信通技术基础设施的部署和对当地人口提供信通技术服务和其价格可承受性方面，存在着显著的地区差异，这一鸿沟也许会影响利用信通技术系统来管理灾害风险的有效性和信通技术基础设施的韧性。", "4. 菲律宾已调整了应对灾害的工作重点，采用全面和积极主动的方法来减少灾害风险，其目的是增强信通技术基础设施的韧性。[11] 《菲律宾减少与管理灾害风险法案》(2010年)成为该国的总体政策和框架，并指导国家减少和管理灾害风险委员会的工作。该法案规定，各利益攸关者应参与开发、更新和共享减少灾害风险的信息，而信通技术在其中起着至关重要的作用，尤其是协助对减少和管理灾害风险所涉不同利益攸关方进行协调。", "5. 蒙古信息技术、邮政和电信管理局一直在执行一些大型的电信基础设施举措，其中包括发展光纤骨干网。[12] 其大多数光纤电缆铺设在地下，从而具有最佳稳定性，不易损坏，受损时只需很短的修复时间。然而，在蒙古发生过一些最严重地震的中部地区，却没有冗余度。", "6. 对2011年东日本大地震之后使用信通技术的情况进行了一项研究，从中可以吸取一些重要的经验教训。[13] 这场地震对信通技术基础设施造成了重大破坏。根据从地震期间和地震后吸取的经验教训，日本政府采取了许多措施，并提供了一些具体建议。此外，传输电缆被移入内陆，那些在桥上的电缆被移到水下，并对环网络布局进行了改进，添加了绕行路线，从而增加了冗余度。", "7. 基于上述研究、良好做法和吸取的经验教训，秘书处已确定在亚太信息高速公路背景下的电子韧性的要素，这些要素如下：(a)缩短灾后恢复所需的时间；(b)了解灾害风险，设计促进韧性；(c)确保最后一英里互联互通； (d)大力加强移动和其他通信手段，确保冗余度和应急通信；(e)探索创新的移动通信、地理信息系统和空间应用和大数据。[14] 这些至关重要的要素将在本说明的下一节详细探讨，在随后的章节，将探讨使用空间技术和空间应用的具体举措。", "8. 灾害事件发生后的最初72小时是救灾的最关键时间段。尽快恢复受影响的电信基础设施尤其重要，以便当局和民众尽可能利用实时信息用来作出高效决定。这样的信息管理有助于协调各国政府和救灾机构运送粮食、水和其他物资。了解灾害风险的特性是增强电子韧性的起点。亚太经社会和国际电信联盟一直在绘制亚太信息高速公路现有的和计划中的信通技术骨干网。相关地图、研究和分析为查明信通技术骨干网和宽带网络的脆弱性，以及增强电子韧性以应对本地区潜在的灾害铺平了道路。在灾害发生时，信通技术基础设施往往受损，网络流量出现过载。因为信通技术基础设施的设计通常不足以处理如此增加的流量，网络就变得拥挤，从而影响救援工作。因此，在未来的规划中，应具体考虑到冗余、网络韧性和上述的网络过载问题，以加强信息通信技术基础设施，尤其是骨干网和接入网。", "9. 关于确保最后一英里的互联互通问题，在2015年尼泊尔发生地震后，尽管人们发现灾区的电信骨干网大都安然无恙，但影响到最后一英里互联互通的其他一些组件，如手机塔，却受到损坏，这意味着人们之间通信能力丧失了。在其他一些国家，手机已在传播即将发生灾害的预警，以及在灾后使用公众提交的图像和信息确定灾害的影响方面，起着有益的作用。使用系统的方法来进行网络规划，并重视最后一英里的互联互通和所有组件的电子韧性，是很重要的。", "10. 一些用来在灾后收集信息的技术是专用的，通常涉及定制软件，而另一些技术则依靠社交媒体，是为其他用途开发的。专用应用程序的优点是可以很容易地用来对信息进行分析，并使救灾人员能理解这些信息，而社交媒体往往结构不够严格，大众都可参加。人们设计出新一代的灾害和危机管理工具，其目的是汇编这些类型的结构化和非结构化数据，供快速决策之用。", "11. 大数据在增强电子韧性方面也颇具前途。尽管大多数灾害情景大数据的实际应用仍然是实验性的，但在一些灾害中，如2010年海地发生的地震中，却出现一些有益的案例。日本总务省进行的一项调查也表明，预计大数据能为日本减少灾害风险作出显著贡献。[15]", "五. 利用空间技术和应用增强电子韧性领域的区域合作", "12. 秘书处继续开展一些相关方案，以便使成员国能更多地利用空间技术应用和地理信息系统来减少灾害风险和增强电子韧性。《2015－2030年仙台减少灾害风险框架》在2015年后联合国发展议程之前获得通过，这一框架具体倡导利用空间应用来管理灾害。随后，经社会第七十一届会议通过关于加强亚洲及太平洋实施《2015-2030 年仙台减少灾害风险框架》的区域机制的第71/12号决议。在此背景下，秘书处，除其他外，一直支持在地方、国家和全球层面发展灾害管理的区域合作机制，用以确保及时共享可靠的地理空间数据和信息，从而有效应对跨境灾害。", "13. 为了执行《2012-2017年亚太应用空间技术和地理信息系统促进减少灾害风险和可持续发展行动计划》，成员国通过了经社会第68/5和第 69/11号决议。[16] 这些决议推动亚太区域开展区域合作，通过共享相关空间技术信息和地理信息系统应用，利用空间技术减少灾害风险，促进可持续发展，并呼吁部长级会议评估所取得的进展情况，推动各方加大努力，在与灾害有关的活动中推广这些技术。", "14. 自然灾害的影响往往超出单个国家的边界，因为天气和地理地貌往往不会止于一个国家、城市或行政边界的界限。因此，管理灾害风险也要求邻国之间开展合作。在亚洲及太平洋地区，亚太经社会是唯一拥有空间技术应用方案的区域委员会，亚太经社会支持开展区域合作，以确保各国能够获取管理灾害和促进可持续发展所必需的技术和地理空间数据。亚太经社会秘书处通过其《空间应用促进可持续发展区域方案》，使各国空间机构和相关利益攸关方为一个共同的目的汇聚在一起。[17]", "15. 秘书处还通过以下一些核心活动，继续与现有的全球和区域性举措、方案和资源进行协调。", "A. 及时向受灾国家提供近实时卫星图像", "16. 在发生灾害和成员国提出请求时，秘书处继续提供援助，协助这些国家获取近实时卫星图像和地理空间数据。之所以能够继续提供这样的援助，要归功于亚太经社会与联合国训练研究所业务卫星应用项目之间结成的战略伙伴关系，以及由来已久的亚太经社会空间应用促进可持续发展区域网络。因此，受灾成员国可以得到有效的应急响应、灾后破坏和影响评估以及恢复和重建政策建议方面的援助。这些服务对有特殊需求的国家尤其有益，这些国家通常没有获取和保持其自身较为一体化的监测、预警和应急机制所需的基础设施和机制安排。", "B. 干旱监测和预警区域合作机制", "17. 本区域许多国家在干旱监测、预警和管理领域面临着巨大挑战。鉴于许多人要依赖农业维持其基本的生活需求，而且许多国家的经济至少部分依赖农业，因此农业干旱是亚洲及太平洋地区一个严重的发展挑战。《2015年亚太灾害报告》中概括指出，在过去29年里，干旱影响了超过13.1亿的人口，给本区域造成的损失价值超过530亿美元。本地区国家所面临的挑战包括：获取和分析关键信息的能力较弱，缺乏将空间数据和产品与地面数据整合起来以作出适当的决策的有效方法，共享这样的知识和良好做法的区域平台很少，以及各主管机构之间和其他机构之间缺乏在国家层面的协调与合作。", "18. 为了应对这些挑战，亚太经社会启动了“干旱监测和预警区域合作机制”，这一机制汇聚了本区域空间和地理信息系统应用方面的资源，提高综合分析空间和当季地面数据和信息的能力，以便帮助常年受干旱影响的发展中国家农村社区建设其韧性。[18] 在干旱机制下，亚洲及太平洋地区的试点国家受益非浅：能更多地获取空间数据、产品和服务；加强了旱灾备灾和应对的体制能力建设；在国家层面加强了体制协调和政策；加强了区域合作和南南合作和支持。目前已有八个国家要求加入干旱机制的试点方案：阿富汗、孟加拉国、柬埔寨、吉尔吉斯斯坦、蒙古、缅甸、尼泊尔和斯里兰卡。中国国家遥感中心、印度空间研究组织国家遥感中心以及近期泰国地理信息与空间技术发展局一直在担任干旱机制的区域服务节点，它们通过提供空间数据和产品以及能力建设援助，使其能更有效地开展干旱监测、预警和管理，从而支持了试点国家。", "19. 蒙古国家遥感中心现在正在开发和利用干旱监测系统和地图，并正在考虑如何将该系统扩展到农作物监测。在斯里兰卡，最近举办的一次高级别论坛制定了一个路线图，以便使该国能够开发和有效利用从空间获得的信息来监测旱情，而不需区域服务节点提供支持。还为柬埔寨和缅甸制定了计划，初步培训在2016年年中进行。", "20. 干旱机制还对世界气象组织《全球气候服务框架》当季作物生长状况监测工作起到补充作用。[19] 在八个试点国家的试点方案中，已通过在柬埔寨、缅甸、尼泊尔和斯里兰卡的季风论坛，将干旱机制与缓发灾害挂钩。在2015至2016年发生的厄尔尼诺现象的背景下，干旱机制试点国家的初步结果表明，出现了很有希望的趋势，而且需要用双轨战略扩大试点方案的范围。首先，干旱机制将提供各种可采取行动的风险信息产品和服务，如气候展望、季节预报、当季监控和基于情景的影响预期。其次，它将利用现有的风险沟通平台，如国家季风论坛和区域气候展望论坛。[20]", "C. 应对现有差距和新出现的挑战的技能和能力建设", "21. 尽管亚太地区拥有越来越多的航天国家，但空间技术还没有充分惠及发展中国家(尤其是有特殊需求的国家)的弱势群体，原因是人力资源、科学、技术和体制资源方面的能力缺乏。自减少灾害风险委员会第三届会议以来，秘书处作出了许多努力，根据相关调查和空间技术和地理信息系统应用区域库存查明的需求，通过一系列的专门方案发展成员国的能力。重点领域包括：将空间应用纳入灾害风险管理的主流；利用空间应用和地理信息系统绘制洪水风险图、开展干旱监测和预警；协助有特殊需求的国家设立和使用“灾害风险管理地理参考信息系统”；并就如何有效利用空间技术和地理信息系统开展灾害管理，提供技术咨询服务。", "22. 除了短期的能力建设活动之外，秘书处还与亚洲及太平洋空间科学与技术教育中心(空间应用促进可持续发展区域方案培训网络的节点)合作，提供为期9个月的遥感和地理信息系统应用研究生课程。[21] 2014年以来，秘书处赞助了来自斐济、缅甸、蒙古、吉尔吉斯斯坦的七名政府官员参加这一研究生班课程，印度政府为此提供一个奖学金名额。", "D. 通过知识产品、标准和程序促进体制发展", "23. 亚太经社会援助了东南亚国家联盟(东盟)成员国，尤其是该次区域有特殊需求的国家，为此为国家灾害管理当局和空间机构制定了一套程序准则，用以在应急反应时共享天基信息，[22] 这一准则是由亚太经社会与联合国灾害管理和应急天基信息平台、业务卫星应用项目和东南亚国家联盟灾害管理人道主义援助协调中心协作并与东盟国家从业者广泛磋商后开发的。程序准则的推荐操作程序的设计旨在与国家、区域和国际层面的工作做法相呼应，以支持有效的决策，并提供一种更加循证的做法，以便将地球观测和地理空间信息纳入救灾应急反应。", "24. 此外，秘书处目前正在编写一本针对一些具体灾害的地理空间决策辅助手册，以回应成员国在2016年4月在印度尼西亚茂物举行的第四次东盟研讨会期间提出的要求。秘书处也正在对其最近为南亚区域合作联盟出版的一本关于使用创新工具、技能和空间应用进行快速评估以促进抗灾重建的手册进行改编，使其重点瞄准东盟地区。该手册旨在提供一些指南，以增强政府机构迅速开展灾后需求评估的能力。", "25. 秘书处一直在推动使用“灾害风险管理地理参考信息系统”门户网站，并为在孟加拉国、库克群岛、斐济、吉尔吉斯斯坦、蒙古和尼泊尔建立其分支网站，提供技术援助。这些网站(仅可通过当地的内部网访问)设在国家内的对口国家主管部门内，以一种集中的、可信的和包容的方式收集、分析和传播与灾害有关的数据，再加上支撑决策的卫星图像和社会经济信息，因此被有关国家当局和机构认为是至关重要的。", "26. 为了进一步支持秘书处在区域一级的能力建设活动，特别是开发“灾害风险管理地理参考信息系统”门户网站，在2015年开发了一个在线电子学习平台。这一平台提供了一些创新的课程，这有助于从业者进一步开发其利用空间技术和地理信息系统应用管理灾害风险方面的分析和解决问题的核心技能。这一平台将加强和促进与应用和运行空间技术和地理信息系统来管理灾害风险以及制订相关政策有关的信息交流。", "六. 吸取的经验教训", "27. 亚太地区在应用空间技术和地理信息系统管理灾害方面，取得了令人瞩目的进展，现在存在着进一步改善其使用的势头和战略空间。有特殊需求国家灾害风险较高，而其应对能力较低，这些国家正面临着一些特殊的挑战，如信通技术和空间基础设施的获取有限、人力资本短缺和技术能力缺乏。这些挑战有可能阻碍它们获得这些创新技术，因此这些技术就会变得不切实际，利用率低。正如联合国多个框架所规定的，联合国系统，包括各区域委员会及其合作伙伴，不断作出协调一致的努力，改进信通技术和空间应用在这些国家的可及性和可用性并减轻人们的负担，为此减少对这些创新体制和技术的障碍，同时增强电子韧性，是非常重要的。", "七. 供委员会审议的议题", "28. 秘书处将与所有合作伙伴和利益攸关方合作，继续注重在各级援助成员国降低灾害风险。尤其是，秘书处将继续努力在亚太信息高速公路框架内增强电子韧性；通过《空间应用促进可持续发展区域方案》，并通过执行《2012-2017年亚太应用空间技术和地理信息系统促进减少灾害风险和可持续发展行动计划》，加强区域合作和一体化；推动《干旱监测和预警区域合作机制》投入运行；加强成员国能力建设，重点放在有特殊需求的国家；并开展分析研究，以查明新出现的挑战和需求。", "29. 委员会不妨：", "(a) 就秘书处在电子韧性领域(特别是空间应用和空间技术领域)的工作重点，提供指导；", "(b) 支持秘书处在亚太信息高速公路框架内增强电子韧性的工作和在《干旱监测和预警区域合作机制》领域的相关工作；", "(c) 支持和促进秘书处援助发展中国家从空间技术和地理信息系统应用的进步中受益，为此帮助其进一步普及和使用地理空间信息，尤其是区域地表覆盖数据集和变化监测，以及加强洪水灾害风险建模、监测和影响评估，方法是开发一系列定制的标准作业程序；", "(d) 鼓励成员国开展活动，以支持落实经社会关于《2012-2017年亚太应用空间技术和地理信息系统促进减少灾害风险和可持续发展行动计划》的执行情况的第69/11号决议和关于加强亚洲及太平洋实施《2015-2030年仙台减少灾害风险框架》的区域机制的第71/12号决议，并向秘书处通报已采取的最新行动；", "(e) 支持和促进秘书处调查发展中国家的地理空间信息管理能力，以期就2016年至2020年能力建设区域计划，提供指导，重点放在有特殊需求的国家；", "(f) 根据经社会第69/11号决议，邀请成员国在2016或2017年主办“亚洲及太平洋利用空间应用促进减少和管理灾害风险以及可进持续发展问题的部长级会议”；", "(g) 鼓励通过亚太经社会电子学习平台和空间技术和地理信息系统应用培训设施，交流相关信息、经验和专门技能，以造福灾害风险较高但减灾能力较低的国家。", "[1] 《2015年亚太灾害报告：灾害无国界——建设区域韧性，促进可持续发展》(联合国出版物，出售品编号，E.15.II.F.13)。", "[2] 联大第69/283号决议，附件二。", "[3] 见E/ESCAP/CDR(4)/6。", "[4] 关于亚太信息高速公路举措的详情，见E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/1及E/ESCAP/72/17。", "[5] 联大第70/1号决议。", "[6] 具体提到信通技术的其他目标和执行手段目标包括关于教育和终身学习的目标4.b，关于性别平等和所有妇女和女童赋权的5.b，以及关于执行手段及全球伙伴关系的第17.8。", "[7] 见www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology。", "[8] 亚太经社会，“信通技术基础设施的抗灾能力及其在灾害时期的作用”(2015年，曼谷)。可查阅：www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/The%20resilience%20of%20ICT%20Infrastructures.pdf。", "[9] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会，《建设斯里兰卡的电子韧性：加强信息和通信技术在管理灾害风险中的作用》（曼谷，2016年）。可查阅：www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-sri-lanka-enhancing-role-information-and-communications-technology。", "[10] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会，《建设中国的电子韧性：加强信息和通信技术在管理灾害风险中的作用》（曼谷，2016年）。可查阅： www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-china-enhancing-role-information-and-communications-technology。", "[11] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会，《建设菲律宾的电子韧性：加强信息和通信技术在管理灾害风险中的作用》（曼谷，2016年）。可查阅：www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-philippines-enhancing-role-information-and-communications-technology。", "[12] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会，《建设蒙古的电子韧性：加强信息和通信技术在管理灾害风险中的作用》（曼谷，2016年）。可查阅：www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-mongolia-enhancing-role-information-and-communications-technology。", "[13] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会，《建设电子韧性：加强信息和通信技术在管理灾害风险中的作用》（曼谷，2016年）。可查阅：www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-enhancing-role-icts-disaster-risk-management-drm。", "[14] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会，《加强信通技术基础设施的电子韧性：灾害管理的差距和机会》（曼谷，2015年）。可查阅：www.unescap.org/resources/enhancing-e-resilience-ict-infrastructure-gaps-and-opportunities-disaster-management。", "[15] 日本总务省，《2015年白皮书：日本的信息和通信技术》(东京，2015年)。可查阅：www.soumu.go.jp/main_sosiki/joho_tsusin/eng/whitepaper.html。", "[16] 经社会第68/5号决议“《2012-2017年亚洲及太平洋空间技术应用和地理信息系统促进减少灾害风险和可持续发展行动五年》”和经社会69/11号决议“《2012-2017年亚太应用空间技术和地理信息系统促进减少灾害风险和可持续发展行动计划》的执行情况”。", "[17] 见：www.unescap.org/events/18th-session-intergovernmental-consultative-committee-icc-regional-space-application。", "[18] 见：www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Final_Drought%20brief.pdf。", "[19] 见：www.wmo.int/gfcs/node/807。", "[20] 见：http://public.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/climate/regional-climate-outlook-products。", "[21] 见：www.cssteap.org and www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction/space-technologies-and-gis-applications-sustainable-development/about。", "[22] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会，《东盟国家的国家灾害管理当局和空间机构程序准则：用以在应急反应期间共享天基信息——七步快速指南》（曼谷，2016年）。可查阅：www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/7%20Step%20-%20Quick%20Guide.pdf。" ]

[ "空间应用作为增强电子复原力的重要工具", "秘书处的说明", "鉴于自然灾害在该区域造成的破坏和损失日益增加,重新强调如何设计和实施与信息和通信技术(信通技术)有关的更具复原力的基础设施和服务,包括空间技术和应用,作为总体减少灾害风险工作的一部分。 在灾害管理或电子复原力的所有阶段全面处理具有复原力的信通技术基础设施并有效利用信通技术,有可能减少灾害风险并改进灾害管理和备灾工作。\n本说明的目的是概述信通技术的作用,包括空间应用在灾害管理各阶段的作用。 特别是,该说明审查了旨在加强电子复原力的国家和区域举措和良好做法,例如将信通技术和空间应用纳入减少灾害风险和灾害管理规划的具体战略。 本说明讨论了亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会目前为加强关于空间和地理信息系统促进电子复原力的区域合作而作的努力,并随后介绍了经验教训,特别是在应用信通技术和空间应用减少灾害风险方面的经验教训,以及供信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会审议的问题。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 如《2015年亚太灾害报告》所强调,亚洲及太平洋是世界上最易受灾的区域: 无国界灾害——可持续发展的区域复原力。 [1] 2005至2014年,区域内共报道了1,625起自然灾害事件,受灾人数为14亿,造成约50万人死亡并造成价值5,200多亿美元的损失. 如图一所显示和扩展的,这一数字占同期全球所有报告自然灾害事件的40%以上,占所有相关损害的45%,占全球所有死亡人数的60%和80%。", "图一", "2005-2014年亚太区域各类灾害的发生和影响", "[][] \n [][]", "资料来源:《2015年亚太灾害报告:无国界灾害-可持续发展的区域复原力》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.15.II.F.13)。", "2. 经济和社会基础设施受到的破坏和损失,更不用说生命损失,使来之不易的发展成果化为乌有,使各国倒退了几年。 因此,《2015年亚洲及太平洋灾害报告》得出结论认为,在亚洲及太平洋,减少灾害风险是一项发展需要。", "3个 针对不断增加的破坏和损失,\"2015-2030年仙台减少灾害风险框架\"将重点从应对灾害转移到了灾害风险管理上,同时提出了评估进展的7个具体目标. [2] 该框架阐明了以下四个优先行动事项:了解灾害风险;加强灾害风险治理以管理灾害风险;投资于减少灾害风险以增强复原力;加强备灾工作以有效应对灾害;在恢复、恢复和重建方面“建设得更好”。", "二. 亚洲及太平洋用于减少灾害风险的信息和通信技术及空间技术和应用", " 4.四. 事实证明,有时灾害、信息和通信技术(信通技术),包括空间技术和应用,能够有效地提供重要的救灾和紧急通信服务,同时维持其他重要基础设施的运作,如电网管理、医疗和保健服务、天气预报、自然资源管理和运输系统,这些基础设施对人道主义援助的后勤工作至关重要。 认识到信通技术在灾害前后的关键作用,2015年减少灾害风险委员会第四届会议请亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)秘书处扩大对灾害信息管理和电子复原力的支持。 [3] 亚太信息高速公路是区域宽带互联互通举措,认识到电子复原力的重要性,特别促进提高信通技术基础设施的复原力,将其作为四大支柱之一。 [4]", "5 (韩语). 空间技术应用和地理信息系统在救灾过程中支持决策,并在灾害管理周期的各个阶段提供循证方法。 通过提供有效获取、处理、储存、分发和使用地理空间数据所必要的产品和工具,这些创新技术可以帮助量化风险并相应规划行动。 许多容易发生灾害的国家正日益利用这一日益扩大的研究和发展领域,并对其进行调整,以处理灾害管理问题,以实现可持续发展。", "6. 国家 虽然拥有现有卫星技术基础设施的发达国家从这些创新中获益,但许多其他国家可能落在后面,使亚洲及太平洋已经扩大的数字鸿沟又增加了另一个层面。 灾害多发国家 -- -- 特别是有特殊需要的国家,包括最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家 -- -- 可受益于利用空间技术应用和地理信息系统来减少灾害风险、灾害风险管理以及最终实现可持续发展。", "三. 电子复原力", "7. 联合国 由于人们日益认识到其重要性,新的重点是电子复原力的概念化和操作化,更具体地说,如何设计和实施更具复原力的信通技术基础设施和服务,包括空间技术和应用,以此作为该区域总体减少灾害风险努力的一部分。 从整体上解决电子复原力问题,有可能减少灾害风险并改进灾害管理和备灾。", "8. 国家 信息和通信技术被认为是实现可持续发展目标的更广泛背景的关键。 《2030年可持续发展议程》认识到,信息和通信技术的传播和全球相互联系在加速人类进步、弥合数字鸿沟并发展知识社会方面具有巨大潜力。 [5] 在这方面明确规定信息和通信技术的最密切相关的可持续发展目标是目标9,其目的是建设具有复原力的基础设施,并在此目标的执行手段具体目标9.c,该具体目标力求大大增加获得信息和通信技术的机会,并力求到2020年使最不发达国家普遍、负担得起地使用因特网。 [6] 然而,信通技术作为推动发展的手段,通过将电子复原力作为可持续发展的基础来支持所有其他可持续发展目标,因此应被视为亚洲及太平洋发展议程的优先事项。", "9. 国家 复原能力可以被定义为一个系统、社区或社会能够及时有效地抵御、吸收、适应并从灾害的影响中恢复,包括通过维护和恢复其基本结构和功能。 [7] 如果具体适用于信通技术(电子复原力),这一概念包含两个层面:(a) 信通技术用于救灾和恢复,包括快速恢复信通技术基础设施和服务;(b) 信通技术用于灾害风险预防、减少风险和备灾。 亚太经社会关于信通技术基础设施复原力的研究[8] 介绍了电子复原力的两个方面,并如图二所示。 图二是根据对信通技术系统如何被有效用于应对2004年马尔代夫和斯里兰卡海啸以及2011年日本地震的分析而修改的。", "图二", "灾害管理周期", "资料来源:亚太经社会,“信通技术基础设施的复原力及其在灾害期间的作用”(曼谷,2015年)。 可查阅:www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/The%20resilience%20of%20ICT%20Infrabultures.pdf。", "10个 在管理灾害方面,在适当的时候向适当的人提供正确的信息对于及时采取行动和确保不同政府和人道主义组织之间的协调至关重要。 《2015年亚太灾害报告》确定了五个基本步骤(图三): (a) 了解风险;(b) 有数据和信息共享政策;(c) 生成可采取行动的信息;(d) 定制信息并接触风险人群;(e) 利用实时信息。", "图三", "电子复原力基本步骤", "[]", "资料来源:《2015年亚太灾害报告:无国界灾害-可持续发展的区域复原力》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.15.II.F.13)。", "11个 信通技术在加快和促进减少灾害风险的努力方面发挥着关键作用,它是一个促进因素,同时也是一个需要保护的部门。 这种区分有助于在灾害管理的所有阶段确定倡议和努力的优先次序(见表)。", "信通技术在减少灾害风险方面的作用", "风险防备和应对\n改进风险信息作为投资和商业战略与业务的基础 减少灾害的伤害并减轻破坏、损坏和损失的程度 做好充分、适当和及时应对灾害事件的准备 能够恢复功能、恢复资产和行动并重建\nICT拥有耐受性 不产生或增加风险 现有风险 -- -- 规避和转移风险 - 应对风险的基本因素 -- -- 减少脆弱性 -- -- 增强能力和保护 -- -- 改造 -- -- 减少风险 -- -- 投资预警 -- -- 系统和网络连续性规划 -- -- 确保系统冗余和备份 -- -- 确保应急准备 -- -- 培训和开展演习 -- -- 应急规划 -- -- 确保应急机制 -- -- 确保早日恢复 - 评估损害和损失 -- -- 评估复原需要 -- -- 额外投资减少风险\n信通技术促进社会的复原力 -- -- 使信通技术可用于改进风险评估 -- -- 发挥关键分析工具的作用 -- -- 促进发展和企业投资规划 -- -- 保持风险数据库 -- -- 利用地理信息系统进行决策、规划和缓解 -- -- 利用信息和通信技术作为知识、创新和教育的工具 -- -- 加强协调 信通技术 -- -- 通过信通技术加强风险观测、评估和预警 -- -- 利用信通技术社会的资产准备能力 -- -- 利用信通技术作为快速评估和应急决策(评估、绘图、数据库和规划)的工具 -- -- 加强紧急情况和人道主义通信与协调 - 加强快速评估和灾后详细需要评估 -- -- 在复原框架内进行未来投资", "资料来源:亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会,“在可持续发展下,在减少灾害风险和共同国家评估中释放信通技术的贡献”(曼谷,2016年)。 可从www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/For%20show%20Prospect%20of%20Gateway%20as%20a%20nexus%20of%20DRR%20和%20ICT.pdf获得.", "四、结 论 国家和区域电子复原力研究要点", "12. 亚太经社会积极推行一项研究议程,以找出加强电信网络的方法来增强电子复原力。 开展了一系列国家一级的案例研究(斯里兰卡、中国、菲律宾和蒙古),并进行了综合区域审查和数据收集工作,其中包括国家、次区域和区域各级的实例。 这些分析工作证明,信通技术在促进包容性和抗灾发展以及在活动前后协助灾害管理机构方面可以发挥重要作用。", "13. 在斯里兰卡,自2004年海啸后,减少灾害风险政策的重点已从被动转向主动。 [9] 目前在减少灾害风险方面使用信通技术的例子包括沿沿海地带安装了77个多灾害警报塔。 为确保冗余,国家紧急行动中心与许多通信系统相接。", "14个 以中国为例,大多数自然灾害影响电信基础设施相对发达的人口稠密地区. [10] 然而,中国各地在信通技术基础设施的部署以及信通技术服务对当地居民的可获性和可负担性方面存在巨大差距。 这种鸿沟可能影响信通技术系统在灾害风险管理方面的有效性和信通技术基础设施的复原力。", "15个 菲律宾已将其重点从救灾转向采取整体和积极主动的减少灾害风险办法,以期提高信通技术基础设施的复原力。 [11] 《菲律宾减少灾害风险和管理法》(2010年)是菲律宾的总体政策和框架,并指导了国家减少灾害风险和管理委员会的工作。 该法规定,各利益攸关方参与减少灾害风险信息的开发、更新和共享,信通技术在其中发挥着关键作用,特别是在协助参与减少灾害风险和管理的不同利益攸关方之间的协调努力方面。", "16. 蒙古国信息技术、邮政和电信管理局一直在实施重大电信基础设施举措,包括发展光纤主干网。 [12] 大部分光纤电缆被安装在地上,从而提供了最佳的坚固性来抵御损坏,只需要很短的修复时间. 然而,蒙古中部地区缺乏冗余,该国一些最严重的地震发生地.", "17岁。 关于2011年日本东部大地震后信通技术使用情况的研究可以吸取重要教训。 [13] 地震对信通技术基础设施造成了破坏性影响。 根据这次地震期间和地震后的经验教训,日本政府采取了若干措施并提出具体建议。 此外,输电电缆被运入内陆,桥梁上的电缆被运入水下,环线网络地形也进行了调整,增加了绕行路线,以进行冗余。", "18岁。 根据上述研究、良好做法和经验教训,秘书处确定了亚太信息高速公路电子复原力的关键因素如下:(a) 缩短灾后恢复所需的时间;(b) 了解灾害风险并设计抗灾能力;(c) 确保最后一英里的连通性;(d) 为冗余和应急通信推广移动和其他通信手段;(e) 探索创新的移动、地理信息系统和空间应用及大数据。 [14] 本说明下一节将更详细地探讨这些关键因素,而利用空间技术和应用的具体举措则将在随后的各节中进行探讨。", " 19. 19. 灾害事件发生后的头72小时是救灾中最关键的时期。 尽快恢复受影响的电信基础设施特别重要,有助于当局和人民尽可能利用实时信息作出有效决定。 这种信息管理有助于协调各国政府和救济机构提供的粮食、水和其他用品。 了解灾害风险特征是电子复原力的一个起点。 亚太经社会和国际电信联盟一直在规划亚太信息高速公路下的现有和计划信通技术骨干网络。 地图、研究和分析为查明信通技术主干网和宽带网络的脆弱性并增强本区域对潜在危害的抵御能力铺平了道路。 在发生灾害时,信通技术基础设施往往被破坏,网络承受的负荷高于平均水平。 由于信息和通信技术基础设施一般不是用来处理这种增加的交通量,网络变得拥挤,救济工作受到阻碍。 因此,在今后加强信通技术基础设施特别是主干网和接入网络的计划中,应特别考虑到冗余、网络复原力和超平均网络负荷。", "20号. 在2015年尼泊尔地震后确保最后一英里的连通性方面,虽然受影响地区的电信主干网基本完好无损,但影响最后一英里连通性的其他部件,如手机塔等,也遭受了破坏,意味着人们之间的交流受阻. 在其他国家,移动电话在分发灾害预警以及利用公众事后提供的图像和信息确定其影响方面发挥了作用。 在网络规划中必须采用基于系统的方法,重点是最后一英里的连通性以及所有组件的e---应变能力。", "21岁 一些用于灾后收集信息的技术是针对特定目的的,通常涉及定制软件,而另一些技术则依赖于社交媒体,并且是为其他目的开发的. 针对特定目的的应用的优点是,信息可以很容易地被分析出来,并且可以被救济工程理解,而社交媒体的结构一般较低,公众也可以参与. 设计了管理灾害和危机的新一代工具,以整合这类结构化和无结构化的数据,以便快速决策。", "22号. 海量数据也为增强电子复原力带来了希望。 虽然大数据在灾害情景中的大多数实际应用仍然是实验性的,但在2010年海地地震等事件中出现了有益的案例. 日本内务和通信部进行的一项调查也表明,大数据有望为日本减少灾害风险作出重大贡献。 [15]", " V. 空间技术和应用促进电子复原力区域合作", "23. 联合国 秘书处继续开展了若干方案来增加成员国获得空间技术应用和地理信息系统的机会,以减少灾害风险并增强电子抗御能力。 《2015-2030年仙台减少灾害风险框架》是在2015年后联合国发展议程的筹备阶段通过的,特别是促进空间应用用于灾害管理。 经社会随后在其第七十一届会议上通过了关于在亚洲和太平洋加强执行《框架》的区域机制的第71/12号决议。 在这方面,秘书处除其他活动外,一直在支持在地方、国家和全球各级建立灾害管理区域合作机制,以确保通过分享可靠而及时的地理空间数据和信息,有效应对跨界灾害。", "24 (韩语). 在执行《2012-2017年亚太应用空间技术和地理信息系统促进减少灾害风险和可持续发展行动计划》方面,成员国通过了经社会第68/5和69/11号决议。 [16] 这些决议通过分享相关以空间技术为基础的信息和地理信息系统应用促进亚太区域的可持续发展,促进在获取空间技术以减少灾害风险方面的区域合作,并呼吁召开一次部长级会议来评估进展情况并争取进一步努力将此类技术推广用于与灾害有关的活动。", "25岁 自然灾害的影响往往超越一个国家的边界,因为天气和地貌并不止于任何国家、城市或行政边界的边界上。 因此,管理灾害风险还需要邻国之间的合作。 在亚洲和太平洋,亚太经社会是拥有空间技术应用方案的唯一区域委员会,它支持区域合作,以确保获得灾害管理和可持续发展所必要的技术和地理空间数据。 亚太经社会秘书处通过其空间应用促进可持续发展区域方案,将空间机构和相关利益攸关方聚集在一个共同目标下。 [17]", "26. 联合国 秘书处还继续通过以下核心活动同现有的全球和区域倡议、方案和资源相协调。", "A类. 及时向受灾国家提供近实时卫星图像", "27个 秘书处在发生灾害时,应成员国的请求,继续通过促进近实时卫星图像和获取地理空间数据提供支持。 由于亚太经社会与联合国训练研究所业务卫星应用方案建立了战略伙伴关系,并通过亚太经社会空间应用促进可持续发展区域方案的长期网络,这种支持仍然是可能的。 因此,受灾害影响的成员国可以在有效的应急反应、灾后损害和影响评估以及关于恢复和重建的政策咨询方面得到支持。 此类服务对有特殊需要的国家特别有益,这些国家通常缺乏获得和维持本国完善的监测、预警和反应机制所需的基础设施和体制安排。", "B. 干旱监测和预警区域合作机制", "28岁 本区域许多国家在干旱监测、预警和管理领域面临巨大挑战。 鉴于许多人的基本生计需要依赖农业部门,而且许多国家的经济至少部分依赖农业部门,农业干旱是亚洲及太平洋严重的发展挑战。 正如《2015年亚太灾害报告》所概述,在过去29年中,干旱已影响到超过13.1亿人,给该区域造成了价值超过530亿美元的损失。 本区域各国面临的挑战包括:获取和分析关键信息的能力相对薄弱;缺乏将天基数据和产品与地面数据相结合以便作出适当决策的有效方法;分享此类知识和良好做法的区域平台很少;以及国家一级各机关和机构之间缺乏协调与合作。", "29. 国家 为此,亚太经社会启动了干旱和预警区域合作机制,该机制汇集了空间和地理信息系统应用方面的区域资源,并增强了综合分析空间和季间地面数据和信息的能力,以建设长期受干旱影响的发展中国家的农业社区的复原力。 [18] 在干旱机制下,参与的亚洲及太平洋试点国家受益于以下方面:更多地获得天基数据、产品和服务;在防备和应对干旱方面的机构能力建设;加强国家一级的机构协调和政策;以及区域和南南合作与支持。 有八个国家要求加入干旱机制的试点方案:阿富汗、孟加拉国、柬埔寨、吉尔吉斯斯坦、蒙古、缅甸、尼泊尔和斯里兰卡。 中国国家遥感中心、印度空间研究组织国家遥感中心以及最近的泰国地理信息和空间技术开发局一直充当干旱机制的区域服务节点,通过提供天基数据和产品以及提供有效干旱监测、预警和管理方面的能力建设援助来支助试点国家。", "30 (英语). 蒙古国家遥感中心目前正在开发和利用干旱监测系统和地图,并正在考虑将该系统扩大到作物监测的方法。 在斯里兰卡,最近一个高级别论坛制定了一份路线图,旨在使该国能够在没有区域服务节点支持的情况下发展和有效利用天基信息来监测干旱。 还为柬埔寨和缅甸制定了计划,初步培训于2016年年中进行。", "31岁 干旱机制在监测季节内作物状况方面也补充了世界气象组织的全球气候服务框架。 [19] 在八个试点国家试点方案期间,通过柬埔寨、缅甸、尼泊尔和斯里兰卡的季风论坛,将干旱机制与缓慢发生的灾害联系起来。 以2015/2016年厄尔尼诺现象为背景,干旱机制试点国家的初步结果表明一个有希望的趋势,需要以双轨战略扩大试点方案。 首先,干旱机制将提供各种可操作的风险信息产品和服务,例如气候展望、季节性预测、季内监测和基于情景的影响展望等。 第二,它将利用现有的风险交流平台,如国家季风论坛和区域气候展望论坛。", "C. 应对现有差距和新挑战的技能和能力发展", "32. 国家 虽然亚太区域的航天国家越来越多,但由于人力、科学、技术和机构资源缺乏,空间技术尚未使发展中国家、特别是有特殊需要的国家的弱势人民充分受益。 自减少灾害风险委员会第三届会议以来,秘书处根据通过调查和关于空间技术和地理信息系统应用的区域清单查明的需要,努力通过一系列专门方案来发展成员国的能力。 重点领域包括将空间应用纳入灾害风险管理的主流;利用空间应用和地理信息系统进行洪水风险绘图、干旱监测和预警;促进在有特殊需要的国家建立和使用灾害风险管理地理参考信息系统;就有效利用空间技术和地理信息系统进行灾害管理提供技术咨询服务。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 除短期能力建设活动外,秘书处还同亚洲及太平洋空间科学和技术教育中心(空间应用促进可持续发展区域方案培训网络的节点)合作,提供为期九个月的遥感和地理信息系统应用研究生课程。 [21] 2014年以来,秘书处赞助了斐济、缅甸、蒙古和吉尔吉斯斯坦的七名政府官员参加这一研究生课程,印度政府提供了奖学金。", "D. 通过知识产品、标准和程序建立体制", "34. 亚太经社会支持东南亚国家联盟(东盟)成员国,特别是该次区域有特殊需要的国家,为国家灾害管理当局和空间机构制定一套程序准则,以便在应急反应期间分享天基信息。 [22] 本准则由亚太经社会与联合国灾害管理和应急天基信息平台、业务卫星应用方案和东盟灾害管理人道主义援助协调中心合作制定,并与东盟各国从业人员进行广泛协商。 程序准则内所建议的操作程序旨在与国家、区域和国际各级的工作做法相呼应,以支持有效的决策,并提供更循证的办法,将地球观测和地理空间信息纳入灾害应急工作。", "35. 联合国 此外,秘书处目前正在根据成员国在2016年4月于印度尼西亚茂物举行的东盟第四次讲习班上提出的要求,编制针对具体危害的地理空间决策支助手册。 秘书处还正在将其最近出版的利用创新工具、技术和空间应用快速恢复评估手册转换为南亚区域合作联盟,以东盟区域为重点。 该手册旨在提供指导方针,以加强政府机构进行灾后快速需要评估的能力。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 秘书处一直在促进将地理参考信息系统用于灾害风险管理门户,并为在孟加拉国、库克群岛、斐济、吉尔吉斯斯坦、蒙古和尼泊尔建立该系统提供技术援助。 这些门户(仅通过当地内联网提供)已设在适当的国内国家当局内,以便集中、可信和包容地用于收集、分析和传播与灾害有关的数据,以及用于支持决策的卫星图像和社会经济信息,因此相关国家当局和机构认为这些门户至关重要。", "37. 联合国 为了进一步支持秘书处在区域一级的能力建设活动,特别是在开发灾害风险管理门户网站地理参考信息系统方面,2015年开发了一个在线电子学习平台。 该平台提供创新课程,帮助从业人员进一步发展利用空间技术和地理信息系统应用进行灾害风险管理的分析和解决问题的核心技能。 该平台将加强并便利有关空间技术和地理信息系统应用在灾害风险管理和制定相关政策的应用和运作方面的信息交流。", "六、结 论 二. 经验教训", "38. 国家 亚太区域在空间技术和地理信息系统应用于灾害管理方面取得了显著进展,并且有进一步改进其使用的势头和战略范围。 有特殊需要的国家面临特殊挑战,例如获得信通技术和空间基础设施的机会有限、人力资本短缺和技术能力不足等,这些国家面临灾害风险高而应对能力又低等风险。 这些挑战会阻碍它们获得这些创新技术,因此,这些技术是不切实际的,也没有得到充分利用。 按照联合国各种框架的规定,联合国系统,包括各区域委员会及其伙伴,必须作出持续和协调一致的努力,通过减少围绕这些创新的体制和技术障碍,同时增强电子复原力,来改善这些国家获得信通技术和空间应用的机会、可得性和可负担性。", "页:1 供委员会审议的问题", "39. 联合国 秘书处将与所有伙伴和利益攸关方合作,继续侧重于向成员国提供援助,以在各级减少灾害风险。 特别是,秘书处将继续努力加强亚太信息高速公路框架内的电子复原力;通过空间应用促进可持续发展区域方案和通过执行《2012-2017年亚太应用空间技术和地理信息系统促进减少灾害风险和可持续发展行动计划》加强区域合作和一体化;促进干旱监测和预警区域合作机制的运作;加强成员国的能力建设,以有特殊需要的国家为重点;并开展分析研究,以查明新出现的挑战和需要。", " 40. 40. 委员会不妨:", "(单位:千美元) 指导秘书处在电子复原力领域的工作重点,特别是在空间应用和技术方面;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 支持秘书处在亚太信息高速公路框架内加强电子复原力和干旱监测和预警区域合作机制的工作;", "c. 将数据删除; 支持和推动秘书处努力协助发展中国家从空间技术和地理信息系统应用的进展中获益,增加获取和使用地理空间信息,特别是区域土地覆盖数据集和变化监测,并制订一系列定制标准作业程序,加强水灾灾害风险建模、监测和影响评估;", "(单位:千美元) 鼓励成员国开展活动,支持经社会关于实施《2012-2017年亚太应用空间技术和地理信息系统促进减少灾害风险和可持续发展行动计划》的第69/11号决议和关于加强亚洲及太平洋实施《2015-2030年仙台减少灾害风险框架》的区域机制的第71/12号决议,并向秘书处提供所采取步骤的最新情况;", "e. 资源 支持和推动秘书处努力调查发展中国家在地理空间信息管理方面的能力,以就2016-2020年区域能力建设计划提供指导,重点是有特殊需要的国家;", "页:1 根据经社会2016年或2017年第69/11号决议,邀请成员国主办一次亚洲及太平洋空间应用促进减少灾害风险和管理与可持续发展部长级会议;", "(单位:千美元) 通过亚太经社会关于空间技术和地理信息系统应用的电子学习平台和培训设施,鼓励交流信息、经验和专门技术知识,使灾害风险高但应对减灾能力低的国家受益。", "[1] 《2015年亚太灾害报告:无国界灾害——可持续发展的区域复原力》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.15.II.F.13)。", "[2] 大会第69/283号决议,附件二。", "[3] 见E/ESCAP/CDR(4)/6。", "[4] 关于亚太信息高速公路倡议的更详细情况,见文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/1和E/ESCAP 72.17。", "[5] 大会第70/1号决议。", "[6] 明确提到信息和通信技术的其他目标和执行手段包括:关于教育和终生学习的4.b;关于两性平等和赋予所有妇女和女孩权力的5.b;关于执行手段和全球伙伴关系的17.8。", "[7] 见www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology.", "[8] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会,“信通技术基础设施的复原力及其在灾害期间的作用”(曼谷,2015年)。 可查阅:www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/The%20resilience%20of%20ICT%20Infrabultures.pdf。", "[9] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会,“在斯里兰卡建设电子复原力:加强信息和通信技术在灾害风险管理中的作用”(曼谷,2016年)。 可查阅:www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-sri-lanka-加强-作用-信息-和-通信-技术。", "[10] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会,\"在中国建设电子复原力:加强信息和通信技术在灾害风险管理中的作用\"(曼谷,2016年)。 可查阅:www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-china-加强-作用-信息-和-通信-技术。", "[11] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会,“在菲律宾建设电子复原力:加强信息和通信技术在灾害风险管理中的作用”(曼谷,2016年)。 可查阅www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-philippins-加强-作用-信息-和-通信-技术。", "[12] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会,“在蒙古建立电子复原力:加强信息和通信技术在灾害风险管理中的作用”(曼谷,2016年)。 可查阅:www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-mongolia-加强-作用-信息-和-通信-技术。", "[13] 见亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会,“建设电子复原力:加强信通技术在灾害风险管理中的作用”(曼谷,2016年)。 可查阅www.unescap.org/resources/building-e-resilience-加强-role-icts-disaster-risk-management-drm。", "[14] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会,“加强信通技术基础设施的电子复原力:灾害管理方面的差距和机会”(曼谷,2015年)。 可查阅www.unescap.org/resources/加强-e-resilience-ict-infratual-gaps-和-机会-灾害管理。", "[15] 日本内务通信部\"2015年白皮书:日本的信息和通信\"(东京,2015年). 可查阅www.soumu.go.jp/main_sosiki/joho_tsusin/eng/whitepaper.html。", "[16] 经社会关于2012-2017年亚太应用空间技术和地理信息系统促进减少灾害风险和可持续发展行动年的第68/5号决议和关于2012-2017年亚太应用空间技术和地理信息系统促进减少灾害风险和可持续发展行动计划执行情况的第69/11号决议。", "[17] 见www.unescap.org/events/18th-session-in-consultive-committee-icc-regional-space-application. [2017年7月23日] (中文(简体) ).", "[18] 见www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Final_Drought%20brief.pdf.", "[19] 见www.wmo.int/gfcs/node/807.", "[20] 见http://public.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/气候/区域-气候-外观-产品.", "[21] 见www.cssteap.org和www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction-space-technology-and-gis-applications-sustainable-development-development/about.", "[22] 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会,“东盟国家国家灾害管理局和空间机构程序指南:应急期间共享天基信息 -- -- 7步快速指南”(曼谷,2016年)。 可查阅www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/7%20Step%20-%20Quick%20Guide.pdf。" ]

[ "Annotated provisional agenda", "The present document contains the provisional agenda for the first session of the Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation (section I) and the annotations to the provisional agenda (section II), which provide key directions for the deliberations of the Committee.", "I. Provisional agenda", "1. Opening of the session:", "(a) Opening statements;", "(b) Election of the Bureau;", "(c) Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Policy issues for information and communications technology:", "(a) Towards the Asia-Pacific information superhighway;", "(b) Regional review of the implementation of the World Summit on the Information Society action lines;", "(c) Space applications as a critical tool for enhanced e-resilience;", "(d) Regional capacity-building on information and communications technology for development.", "3. Policy issues for science, technology and innovation:", "(a) Taking the next step: developing an action agenda for science, technology and innovation for sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific;", "(b) Fostering regional science, technology and innovation collaboration through an Asia-Pacific innovation forum;", "(c) Facilitating knowledge-sharing between subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms in Asia and the Pacific.", "4. Consideration of the future focus of the subprogrammes.", "5. Consideration of possible draft resolutions for submission to the Commission at its seventy-third session.", "6. Dates and venue of and provisional agenda for the second session of the Committee.", "7. Other matters.", "8. Adoption of the report of the Committee on its first session.", "II. Annotations", "1. Opening of the session", "(a) Opening statements", "Documentation", "Tentative programme (E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/INF/3)", "Annotation", "The tentative programme for the opening session will be issued in due course.", "(b) Election of the Bureau", "Documentation", "List of participants (E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/INF/2)", "Annotation", "The Committee will elect a bureau consisting of two co-chairs, one for information and communications technology and one for science, technology and innovation; two vice-chairs to preside over each of the subcommittees; and two additional vice-chairs to serve as rapporteurs of the subcommittees.", "(c) Adoption of the agenda", "Documentation", "Annotated provisional agenda (E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/L.1)", "Annotation", "The annotated provisional agenda will be considered and adopted by the Committee, subject to such changes as may be deemed necessary.", "The work of the secretariat in information and communications technology for development has specific and unique considerations as it concentrates on assisting Asia-Pacific economies in benefiting from the opportunities offered by the information and communications technology revolution and in preventing the digital divide from becoming a development divide. Accordingly, the primary focus of its substantive work has been to promote information and communications technology connectivity, review regional progress against the World Summit on the Information Society and the Sustainable Development Goals, promote the use of space applications for strengthening e-resilience to disasters, and build capacity in the use of information and communications technology for sustainable development.", "The science, technology and innovation programme will focus on bringing attention to science, technology and innovation best practices for sustainable development with an emphasis on policies, investment strategies and effective enabling environments. The programme will also focus on how best to share best practices and on facilitating knowledge-sharing and collective action by creating terms of reference for an Asia-Pacific innovation forum and facilitating knowledge-sharing between the various subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms (such as Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)).", "Discussions on agenda items 2 and 3 will take place in the context of two separate subcommittees meeting in parallel sessions. The Committee will adopt one report in the final common plenary session (agenda item 8).", "2. Policy issues for information and communications technology", "(a) Towards the Asia-Pacific information superhighway", "Documentation", "Towards the Asia-Pacific information superhighway (E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/1)", "Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway (E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/2)", "Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Regional Cooperation Framework Document (E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/3)", "Annotation", "The agenda item will be introduced by the secretariat, followed by an open discussion on the progress made in developing broadband infrastructure and delivering affordable and reliable broadband Internet across the region through the Asia-Pacific information superhighway.", "In resolution 69/10, member States of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) recognized the need to promote the exchange of best practices, experiences and knowledge related to the development of information and communications technology infrastructure, including in-depth analysis of the policy and regulatory barriers that may impede efforts to synchronize the deployment of infrastructure across the region in a seamless manner.", "In accordance with Commission resolution 71/10, the Working Group on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway met in September 2015. At that meeting, participants agreed to form a steering group to develop a draft master plan that would encompass a long-term vision and specific activities with regard to the four pillars of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway. The draft master plan was then reviewed by the Working Group on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway, which met in China in August 2016.", "The Committee is invited to consider and endorse the recommendations contained in the documents under this agenda item.", "(b) Regional review of the implementation of the World Summit on the Information Society action lines", "Documentation", "Regional review of the implementation of the World Summit on the Information Society action lines (E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/4)", "Annotation", "Commission resolution 72/10 mandated the secretariat to hold a regional review of the implementation of the World Summit on the Information Society action lines as part of the session of the Committee and to ensure linkage to the global forums on the Summit.", "The agenda item will be introduced by the secretariat, followed by an open discussion regarding document E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/4, which provides an overview of progress in implementing the World Summit action lines in the context of the new Sustainable Development Goals in the Asia-Pacific region. The document sets out methods to conduct the World Summit regional review, which aims to support the implementation of the Goals in Asia and the Pacific.", "The Committee may wish to discuss issues raised in the document in view of rapid technological advancements and the need to share good practices and lessons learned in this area.", "(c) Space applications as a critical tool for enhanced e-resilience", "Documentation", "Space applications as a critical tool for enhanced e-resilience (E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/5)", "Annotation", "Disasters are becoming more frequent and intense in the Asia-Pacific region. People, governments and businesses throughout the region rely on a vast array of technologies, including space technology applications, to deliver vital services and maintain the operation of other critical infrastructure, at all stages of the disaster cycle.", "The agenda item will be introduced by the secretariat, followed by an open discussion with regard to document E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/5, which provides an overview of national initiatives, lessons learned and good practices aimed at strengthening e-resilience, including strategies to incorporate space applications into disaster risk reduction and disaster management planning. Case studies, including the use of social media and other emerging technologies, will also be examined.", "The Committee is invited to reflect on country experiences and propose policy actions that may promote space applications as a critical tool for enhanced e-resilience and disaster risk management.", "(d) Regional capacity-building on information and communications technology for development", "Documentation", "Report of the Asian and Pacific Training Centre for Information and Communication Technology for Development on its activities during the period 2014-2016 (E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/6)", "Annotation", "The Committee will have before it the report submitted by the Asian and Pacific Training Centre for Information and Communication Technology for Development which provides information on the Centre’s programmes and activities related to building human and institutional capacity in using information and communications technology for inclusive and sustainable development.", "An introduction by the secretariat will be followed by a panel discussion on national experiences on information and communications technology capacity development and an open discussion.", "3. Policy issues for science, technology and innovation", "(a) Taking the next step: developing an action agenda for science, technology and innovation for sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific", "Documentation", "Taking the next step: developing an action agenda for science, technology and innovation for sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific (E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/7)", "Annotation", "Despite consensus on the transformative potential of science, technology and innovation, there remains a lack of clarity on how best to effectively use them to implement inclusive and sustainable development practices.", "The agenda item will be introduced by the secretariat, followed by an open discussion with regard to document E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/7, which contains recommendations on effectively harnessing science, technology and innovation for inclusive and sustainable development. The document also contains a proposal on the role ESCAP could play in facilitating regional science, technology and innovation knowledge-sharing, collaboration and collective action and an outline of a potential policy prioritization process and ways forward.", "The Committee is invited to reflect on, prioritize and propose policy action plans to ensure that the region as a whole reaps the benefits of science, technology and innovation. The Committee is also invited to review and agree on the proposed role of ESCAP in the area of science, technology and innovation.", "(b) Fostering regional science, technology and innovation collaboration through an Asia-Pacific innovation forum", "Documentation", "Terms of reference for the Asia-Pacific Innovation Forum (E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/8)", "Annotation", "In resolution 72/12, the Commission invited member States to work further on convening a biennial Asia-Pacific innovation forum starting in 2017 through the Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation and to work further on its terms of reference and modalities, the forum to be held alternatively with that Committee, as a means to enhance and facilitate knowledge-sharing and collaboration among member States, the United Nations system and relevant stakeholders as appropriate.", "While the Committee will provide an important venue to share knowledge, foster collaboration and facilitate collective action, the biennial meeting schedule may hamper countries’ ability to keep pace with the fast-changing landscape of science, technology and innovation. Thus, an innovation forum would provide an additional avenue of cooperation, which could be convened on alternate years to the Committee. Such a forum would provide a unique opportunity for Asia-Pacific countries to convene on a more regular basis to collectively act on the challenges and opportunities that science, technology and innovation present and to engage a broader range of stakeholders (such as the private sector and civil society) in deliberations.", "The Committee is invited to review and agree on the terms of reference contained in document E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/8. The agenda item will be introduced by the secretariat, followed by an open discussion.", "(c) Facilitating knowledge-sharing between subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms in Asia and the Pacific", "Documentation", "Report on subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms in Asia and the Pacific (E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/9)", "Annotation", "There is a dynamic, vibrant and pioneering science, technology and innovation ecosystem in the region, and there are many regional science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms (such as APEC and ASEAN) that have been put in place to share knowledge and experience in creating an enabling environment in this area, as well as to collaborate on pressing global challenges.", "However, these mechanisms are disparate and unconnected and, as a result, do not fully harness the region’s vast knowledge and potential. They also do not include many countries in the region – 19 Asian-Pacific economies (including many Pacific island countries) do not belong to any of the subregional science, technology and innovation networks. Therefore, much work can be done to further integrate the disparate network of platforms, so as to promote deeper collaboration within the entire Asia-Pacific region and promote inclusive and sustainable innovation.", "Likewise, the fact that many countries in the region are not parties to existing science, technology and innovation cooperation platforms or mechanisms is a distinct challenge for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. To fully harness the underlying potential of the region, it is necessary to establish a platform that spans the whole of Asia and the Pacific, promotes inclusive science, technology and innovation cooperation and provides a forum for both South-South and North-South cooperation. The Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation presents a unique opportunity to create a truly integrated and inclusive approach to sharing knowledge, capturing the diversity and dynamism of science, technology and innovation across the region, and facilitating collaboration.", "Document E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/9 provides a review of the form, function and focus of the various subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation mechanisms in the region.", "The Committee is invited to review the document and make proposals regarding the role of the Committee in ensuring that the region as a whole is fully informed on subregional science, technology and innovation cooperation agendas. The agenda item will be introduced by the secretariat, followed by an open discussion.", "4. Consideration of the future focus of the subprogrammes", "Under this agenda item, the subcommittees may wish to provide the secretariat with guidance on the focus of the short- and long-term work in the area of information and communications technology and science, technology and innovation, respectively, taking into account the programme direction and priorities outlined in the strategic framework for 2016-2017. The subcommittees may also wish to provide the secretariat with guidance on enabling the full integration of the outcome of the Committee’s deliberations into the planning of the strategic framework and programme of work for 2018-2019.", "5. Consideration of possible draft resolutions for submission to the Commission at its seventy-third session", "Member States may wish to circulate, in advance, proposals and/or texts of draft resolutions on priority issues relating to information and communications technology and science, technology and innovation for consideration by the Commission at its seventy-third session.", "6. Dates and venue of and provisional agenda for the second session of the Committee", "The Committee may wish to discuss the tentative dates and venue of and provisional agenda for the second session of the Committee, to be held in 2018.", "7. Other matters", "The Committee may raise any matter not covered under the items mentioned above.", "8. Adoption of the report of the Committee on its first session", "Documentation", "Draft report (E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/L.2)", "Annotation", "The Committee will consider and adopt the report on its first session for submission to the Commission at its seventy-third session, to be held in 2017." ]

[ "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会 信息和通信技术， 科学、技术与创新委员会 第一届会议 \n 2016年10月5日至7日，曼谷", "临时议程说明", "本文件载有信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会第一届会议的临时议程（第一部分）以及临时议程说明（第二部分），旨在为委员会开展议事工作提供重点方向。", "一．临时议程", "1. 会议开幕：", "(a) 致开幕词；", "(b) 选举主席团成员；", "(c) 通过议程。", "2. 信息和通信技术政策议题：", "(a) 努力建设亚太信息高速公路；", "(b) 信息社会世界峰会行动方针落实情况区域审查；", "(c) 空间应用作为提高电子抗灾能力的重要工具；", "(d) 区域信息和通信技术促进发展的能力建设。", "3. 科学、技术与创新政策议题：", "(a) 采取下一步举措：制定亚洲及太平洋科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展的行动议程；", "(b) 利用亚太创新论坛促进区域科学、技术和创新协作；", "(c) 推动亚洲及太平洋各次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制间的知识共享。", "4. 审议各个次级方案的未来工作重点。", "5. 审议可能提交经社会第七十三届会议的决议草案。", "6. 委员会第二届会议的举行日期、地点和临时议程。", "7. 其他事项。", "8. 通过委员会第一届会议的报告。", "二．说明", "1． 会议开幕", "(a) 致开幕词", "文件", "暂定会议日程(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/INF/3)", "说明", "会议开幕式的暂定日程将在适当时候发布。", "(b) 选举主席团成员", "文件", "与会者名单(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/INF/2)", "说明", "委员会将选举主席团成员，有两名主席，一名负责信息和通信技术，另一名负责科学、技术与创新；两名副主席；另有两名副主席担任各个委员会的报告员。", "(c) 通过议程", "文件", "临时议程说明(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/L.1)", "说明", "委员会将审议、并在作出必要修改后通过临时议程说明。", "秘书处在信通技术促进发展领域的工作有着具体和独到的考虑，专注于帮助亚太区域经济体受益于信通技术革命所提供的机遇，并且避免数码鸿沟演变为发展差距。因此，实质性工作的重中之重在于促进信通技术互联互通，审查本区域在落实信息社会世界峰会和《可持续发展目标》方面的进展情况，推动采取空间应用提高电子抗灾能力，以及在应用信通技术促进可持续发展方面开展能力建设。", "科学、技术和创新方案的重点在于发掘科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展的最佳实践，并关注于政策、投资战略和有效的扶持环境。方案还将确定亚太创新论坛的职权范围并推动各个次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制（例如：亚洲太平洋经济合作组织（亚太经合组织）和东南亚国家联盟（东盟））之间的知识共享，从而着重查明如何以最好的方式交流最佳实践、推动知识共享和采取集体行动。", "议程项目2和议程项目3将在两个不同的平行会议上进行审议。委员会将在最后的联合全会上通过一份报告（议程项目(8)）。", "2． 信息和通信技术政策议题", "(a) 努力建设亚太信息高速公路", "文件", "努力建设亚太信息高速公路(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/1)", "亚太信息高速公路总体计划(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/2)", "亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/3)", "说明", "秘书处将介绍该议程项目，然后就区域范围利用亚太信息高速公路开发宽带基础设施以及提供负担得起、可靠的宽带互联网服务方面所取得的进展举行公开讨论。", "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会（亚太经社会）成员国在亚太经社会第69/10号决议中认识到，有必要推动交流与信通技术基础设施发展相关的最佳做法、经验和知识，包括对可能妨碍整个区域努力以无缝方式同步部署基础设施的各种政策和监管障碍进行深入分析。", "根据经社会第71/10号决议，亚太信息高速公路工作组于2015年9月举行会议。会上商定成立指导小组制定一份有关亚太信息高速公路四大支柱的长期愿景和具体活动的总体计划草案。之后，2016年8月在中国举行的亚太信息高速公路工作组审查了总体计划草案。", "请委员会审议并核可本议程项目下文件中所载建议。", "(b) 信息社会世界峰会行动方针落实情况区域审查", "文件", "信息社会世界峰会行动方针落实情况区域审查(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/4)", "说明", "经社会第72/10号决议授权秘书处，作为委员会会议工作的一部分，就信息社会世界峰会行动方针的落实情况举行区域审查并确保与关于峰会的各全球论坛的联系。", "秘书处将介绍该议程项目，然后就第E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/4号文件举行公开讨论，该文件概述了亚太区域在新的《可持续发展目标》背景下落实信息社会世界峰会行动方针的进展情况。文件规定了开展世界峰会区域审查工作的方法，旨在支持亚太区域落实《可持续发展目标》。", "委员会不妨结合技术迅猛发展的现状以及在此领域交流良好实践和经验教训的必要性，就文件中提出的议题展开讨论。", "(c) 空间应用作为提高电子抗灾能力的重要工具", "文件", "空间应用作为提高电子抗灾能力的重要工具(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/5)", "说明", "亚太区域自然灾害愈发频繁剧烈。整个区域的人民、政府和企业依靠包括空间技术应用在内的大量多种技术在灾害周期的全部阶段提供至关重要的服务，并维持其他关键基础设施的运行。", "秘书处将介绍本议程项目，随后对第E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/5号文件进行公开讨论。该文件概述了以加强电子抵御能力为目标的国家举措、经验教训和良好实践，包括将空间应用纳入减少灾害风险及灾害管理规划工作的战略。亦将探讨案例研究，包括社交媒体和其他新兴技术的应用。", "请委员会讨论国别经验，并就可望推动空间应用作为提高电子抗灾能力和灾害风险管理的重要工具的政策行动提出建议。", "(d) 区域范围信息和通信技术促进发展的能力建设", "文件", "亚洲及太平洋信息和通信技术促进发展培训中心2014-2016年间活动报告(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/6)", "说明", "委员会将收到亚洲及太平洋信息和通信技术促进发展培训中心提交的报告，其中介绍了该中心利用信息和通信技术开展人力和体制能力建设以促进包容和可持续的发展的相关方案和活动情况。", "秘书处将介绍议程项目，随后由专题小组讨论信息和通信技术能力建设的国别经验，并进行公开讨论。", "3． 科学、技术与创新政策议题", "(a) 采取下一步举措：制定亚洲及太平洋科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展的行动议程", "文件", "采取下一步举措：制定亚洲及太平洋科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展的行动议程(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/7)", "说明", "尽管一致认识到了科学、技术和创新的变革性潜力，但如何最有效地加以利用以便开展包容和可持续的发展实践，目前尚不清楚。", "秘书处将介绍议程项目，随后就第E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/7号文件进行公开讨论，该文件载有关于有效利用科学、技术和创新促进包容和可持续发展的各种建议。该文件还就亚太经社会在促进区域科学、技术和创新知识分享、相互协作和开展集体行动方面可发挥的作用提出建议，并大致谈到潜在政策优先进程和今后发展。", "请委员会讨论如何确保科学、技术和创新造福整个区域、并确定轻重缓急和提出政策行动计划。还请委员会审议并商定亚太经社会在科学、技术和创新领域拟议发挥的作用。", "(b) 利用亚太创新论坛促进区域科学、技术和创新协作", "文件", "亚太创新论坛的职权范围(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/8)", "说明", "经社会在第72/12号决议中请成员国就借助信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会自2017年起每两年召开一次亚太创新论坛的事宜进一步开展工作，并进一步探讨论坛的职权范围和模式，论坛会议与该委员会会议将交替举行，以此酌情提高并促进成员国、联合国系统及相关利益攸关方之间的知识交流和协作。", "委员会将为分享知识、促进协作和推动集体行动提供重要场所，然而，其两年一次的会议安排或将有碍各国努力跟上瞬息万变的科学、技术和创新形势。因此，创新论坛会议将提供更多合作渠道，可以与委员会会议隔年举办。此论坛会议将提供独一无二的机会，使亚太各国得以增加定期会议以便针对科学、技术和创新所带来的挑战和机遇采取集体行动，并使更加广泛的利益攸关方（如私营部门和民间社会）参与讨论。", "请委员会审议并商定文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/8中所载职权范围。秘书处将介绍本议程项目，随后进行公开讨论。", "(c) 推动亚洲及太平洋各次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制间的知识共享", "文件", "关于亚洲及太平洋各次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制的报告(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/9)", "说明", "本区域拥有生机勃勃、开拓进取的科学、技术和创新生态系统，已建立了诸多区域层面的科学、技术和创新合作机制（例如亚太经合组织及东盟），针对在此领域如何创造有利环境而分享知识、交流经验，并携手应对迫在眉睫的全球性挑战。", "然而这些机制迥然不同且相互脱节，因此无法充分发挥本区域博大的知识和潜力。这些机制也没有纳入本区域的许多国家--有19个亚太经济体（包括许多太平洋岛屿国家）不归属任何次区域科学、技术和创新网络。因此，要想进一步整合杂乱的平台网络，从而促进整个亚太区域深化合作并推动包容和可持续创新，尚大有可为。", "同样，本区域许多国家没有加入现有科学、技术和创新合作平台或机制，这一状况显然对实现可持续发展目标构成了挑战。要充分发挥本区域蕴藏的潜力，有必要建立一个横跨整个亚洲和太平洋的平台，促进包容的科学、技术和创新合作，为南南合作和南北合作提供论坛。信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会提供了独一无二的机遇，便于创立一种真正综合而包容的方式分享知识、捕捉整个区域科学、技术和创新的多样性和活力并促进协作。", "E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/9号文件审议了本区域内不同次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制的形式、功能和工作重点。", "请委员会对文件进行审查，并就委员会如何发挥作用以确保整个区域充分了解次区域科学、技术和创新合作议程提出建议。秘书处将介绍本议程项目，随后进行公开讨论。", "4． 审议各个次级方案的未来工作重点", "在本议程项目下，各委员会不妨就信通技术和科学、技术和创新领域的短期和长期工作的重点向秘书处提供指导，同时兼顾2016-2017年战略框架和工作方案中规定的方案方向和优先事项。各委员会亦不妨就如何将委员会的讨论成果充分纳入2018-2019年工作方案的规划工作，向秘书处提供指导。", "5． 审议可能提交经社会第七十三届会议的决议草案", "成员国不妨提前散发关于信息和通信技术，科学、技术和创新的优先事项的决议草案提案和/或文本，以供经社会第七十三届会议审议。", "6． 委员会第二届会议的举行日期、地点和临时议程", "委员会不妨审议定于2018年举行的委员会第二届会议的暂定日期、地点和临时议程。", "7． 其他事项", "委员会可提出上述议程项目未涵盖的任何其他事项。", "8． 通过委员会第四届会议的报告", "文件", "报告草稿(文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/L.2)", "说明", "委员会将审议并通过第一届会议报告，并提交定于2017年举行的经社会第七十三届会议。" ]

[ "临时议程说明", "本文件载有信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会第一届会议临时议程(第一节)和临时议程说明(第二节),为委员会审议提供了关键方向。", "一. 临时议程", "1. 联合国 会议开幕:", "(a) 开幕发言;", "(b) 选举主席团成员;", "通过议程。", "2. 联合国 信息和通信技术的政策问题:", "(a) 走向亚太信息高速公路;", "(b) 对信息社会世界首脑会议行动方针执行情况的区域审查;", "(c) 空间应用作为增强电子复原力的关键工具;", "(d) 关于信息和通信技术促进发展的区域能力建设。", "3个 科学、技术和创新的政策问题:", "(a) 采取下一步:为亚洲及太平洋的可持续发展制定科学、技术和创新行动议程;", "(b) 通过亚太创新论坛促进区域科学、技术和创新合作;", "(c) 促进亚洲及太平洋次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制之间的知识共享。", " 4.四. 审议各次级方案的未来重点。", "5 (韩语). 审议可能提交经社会第七十三届会议的决议草案。", "6. 国家 5. 委员会第二届会议的日期和地点及临时议程。", "7. 联合国 其他事项。", "8. 国家 6. 通过委员会第一届会议的报告。", "二. 说明", "1. 联合国 会议开幕", "(a) 开幕发言", "文档", "暂定会议日程(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/INF/3)", "注释", "开幕会议的暂定日程将在适当时候印发。", "(b) 选举主席团成员", "文档", "与会者名单(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/INF/2)", "注释", "委员会将选举一个主席团,由两名共同主席组成,一名负责信息和通信技术,另一名负责科学、技术和创新;两名副主席主持每个小组委员会;另两名副主席担任小组委员会报告员。", "通过议程", "文档", "临时议程说明(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/L.1)", "注释", "委员会将审议和通过附加说明的临时议程,但须作必要的修改。", "秘书处在信息和通信技术促进发展方面的工作有着具体而独特的考虑,因为它侧重于协助亚太经济体从信息和通信技术革命提供的机会中获益,并避免数字鸿沟成为发展鸿沟。 因此,其实质性工作的主要重点是促进信息和通信技术的连通性,对照信息社会世界首脑会议和可持续发展目标审查区域进展情况,促进利用空间应用加强灾害的电子复原力,并建设利用信息和通信技术促进可持续发展的能力。", "科学、技术和创新方案将注重提请人们注意促进可持续发展的科学、技术和创新最佳做法,并注重政策、投资战略和有效的有利环境。 本方案还将侧重于如何最好地分享最佳做法,以及如何通过制定亚太创新论坛的职权范围,促进各次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制(如亚太经合组织和东南亚国家联盟(东盟))之间的知识共享来推动知识共享和集体行动。", "关于议程项目2和3的讨论将在两个不同的小组委员会同时举行的会议上进行。 委员会将在最后全体共同会议上通过一份报告(议程项目8)。", "2. 联合国 信息和通信技术的政策问题", "(a) 走向亚太信息高速公路", "文档", "走向亚太信息高速公路(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/1)", "亚太信息高速公路总体规划(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/2)", "亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/3)", "注释", "秘书处将介绍该议程项目,并随后就亚太区域通过亚太信息高速公路发展宽带基础设施和提供负担得起和可靠的宽带互联网方面取得的进展进行公开讨论。", "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)成员国在第69/10号决议中确认需要促进交流与信息和通信技术基础设施发展有关的最佳做法、经验和知识,包括深入分析可能妨碍以无缝方式在整个区域同步部署基础设施的政策和监管障碍。", "根据经社会第71/10号决议,亚太信息高速公路工作组于2015年9月举行了会议。 在该次会议上,与会者商定成立一个指导小组,以拟订一份总计划草案,其中将包含亚太信息高速公路四大支柱的长期愿景和具体活动。 随后,亚太信息高速公路工作组于2016年8月在中国召开会议,对总体规划草案进行了审查.", "请委员会审议并核可本议程项目下文件所载的建议。", "(b) 对信息社会世界首脑会议行动方针执行情况的区域审查", "文档", "信息社会世界首脑会议行动方针执行情况区域审查(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/4)", "注释", "经社会第72/10号决议授权秘书处对信息社会世界首脑会议行动方针的执行情况进行一次区域审查,作为委员会届会的一部分,并确保与首脑会议全球论坛建立联系。", "秘书处将介绍该议程项目,并随后就文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/4进行公开讨论,该文件概述了在亚太区域新的可持续发展目标范围内执行世界首脑会议行动方针的进展情况。 该文件规定了世界首脑会议区域审查的方法,其目的是支持在亚洲和太平洋地区落实千年发展目标。", "委员会不妨讨论文件中提出的问题,因为技术进步迅速,需要交流这方面的良好做法和经验教训。", "(c) 空间应用作为增强电子复原力的重要工具", "文档", "空间应用作为增强电子复原力的关键工具(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/5)", "注释", "亚太区域的灾害日益频繁和严重。 整个区域的人民、政府和企业依靠各种技术,包括空间技术应用,在灾害周期的各个阶段提供关键服务并维持其他关键基础设施的运作。", "秘书处将介绍该议程项目,并随后就文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/5进行公开讨论,该文件概述了旨在加强电子复原力的国家举措、经验教训和良好做法,包括将空间应用纳入减少灾害风险和灾害管理规划的战略。 还将审查个案研究,包括利用社交媒体和其他新兴技术。", "请委员会考虑各国的经验并提议可以促进空间应用的政策行动,以此作为加强电子复原力和灾害风险管理的重要工具。", "(d) 关于信息和通信技术促进发展的区域能力建设", "文档", "亚洲及太平洋信息和通信技术促进发展培训中心关于其2014-2016年期间活动的报告(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/6)", "注释", "委员会将收到亚洲及太平洋信息和通信技术促进发展培训中心所提交的报告,其中介绍了该中心在利用信息和通信技术促进包容性可持续发展方面与建设人力和机构能力有关的方案和活动。", "秘书处的介绍之后将举行关于国家信息和通信技术能力发展经验的小组讨论并进行公开讨论。", "3个 科学、技术和创新的政策问题", "(a) 采取下一步:为亚洲及太平洋的可持续发展制定科学、技术和创新行动议程", "文档", "采取下一步:为亚洲及太平洋的可持续发展制定科学、技术和创新行动议程(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/7)", "注释", "尽管就科学、技术和创新的变革潜力达成了共识,但对于如何最有效地利用这些潜力来实施包容性可持续发展做法仍然缺乏明确性。", "秘书处将介绍该议程项目,并随后就文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/7进行公开讨论,其中载有关于有效利用科学、技术和创新促进包容性和可持续发展的建议。 文件还载有关于亚太经社会在促进区域科学、技术和创新知识分享、协作和集体行动方面可起的作用的建议,并概述了潜在的政策优先进程和前进方向。", "请委员会思考、优先考虑和提出政策行动计划,以确保整个区域都能从科学、技术和创新中获益。 还请委员会审查并商定亚太经社会在科学、技术和创新领域的拟议作用。", "(b) 通过亚太创新论坛促进区域科学、技术和创新合作", "文档", "亚太创新论坛的职权范围(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/8)", "注释", "在第72/12号决议中,经社会邀请成员国通过信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会,从2017年起,进一步努力召开一次两年期亚太创新论坛,并进一步制定其职权范围和模式,即与该委员会轮流举行的论坛,以此加强和促进成员国、联合国系统和相关利益攸关方之间的知识共享和协作。", "虽然委员会将为分享知识、促进协作和促进集体行动提供重要场所,但两年期会议时间表可能会妨碍各国跟上迅速变化的科学、技术和创新格局的能力。 因此,创新论坛将提供一个额外的合作途径,可在委员会隔年召开。 这一论坛将为亚太各国提供一个独特的机会,更经常地召开会议,就科学、技术和创新带来的挑战和机遇采取集体行动,并让更广泛的利益攸关方(如私营部门和民间社会)参与审议。", "邀请委员会审查并商定文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/8所载列的职权范围。 秘书处将介绍该议程项目并随后进行公开讨论。", "(c) 促进亚洲及太平洋次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制之间的知识共享", "文档", "关于亚洲及太平洋次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制的报告(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/9)", "注释", "本区域有一个充满活力、生机勃勃和开拓性的科学、技术和创新生态系统,并建立了许多区域科学、技术和创新合作机制(如亚太经合组织和东盟)来分享在这方面创造有利环境的知识和经验,并合作应对紧迫的全球挑战。", "然而,这些机制是互不相干、互不相通的,因此不能充分利用本区域的丰富知识和潜力。 它们也不包括该区域许多国家,19个亚太经济体(包括许多太平洋岛屿国家)不属于任何次区域科学、技术和创新网络。 因此,可以做许多工作来进一步整合不同的平台网络,以促进整个亚太区域内部更深入地合作,并推进包容性和可持续的创新。", "同样,本区域许多国家没有加入现有的科学、技术和创新合作平台或机制,这是实现可持续发展目标的一个明显挑战。 为了充分利用本区域的基本潜力,必须建立一个覆盖整个亚洲和太平洋的平台,促进包容性的科学、技术和创新合作,并为南南合作和南北合作提供论坛。 信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会提供了一个独特的机会,可借此创造一个真正综合和包容性的知识共享办法,抓住整个区域科学、技术和创新的多样性和活力,并便利协作。", "文件E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/9回顾了本区域各次区域科学、技术和创新合作机制的形式、职能和重点。", "请委员会审查该文件并提出建议,说明委员会在确保整个区域充分了解次区域科学、技术和创新合作议程方面的作用。 秘书处将介绍该议程项目并随后进行公开讨论。", " 4.四. 审议各次级方案的未来重点", "在本议程项目下,各小组委员会不妨就信息和通信技术及科学、技术和创新领域短期和长期工作的重点向秘书处提供指导,同时考虑到2016-2017年战略框架中概述的方案方向和优先事项。 各小组委员会还不妨就使委员会的审议结果充分纳入2018-2019年战略框架和工作方案的规划向秘书处提供指导。", "5 (韩语). 审议可能提交经社会第七十三届会议的决议草案", "成员国不妨事先分发关于与信息和通信技术及科学、技术和创新有关的优先问题的决议草案提案和/或案文,供经社会第七十三届会议审议。", "6. 国家 委员会第二届会议的日期和地点及临时议程", "委员会不妨讨论拟于2018年举行的委员会第二届会议的暂定日期和地点及临时议程。", "7. 联合国 其他事项", "委员会可提出上述项目未涉及的任何事项。", "8. 国家 通过委员会第一届会议的报告", "文档", "报告草稿(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/L.2)", "注释", "委员会将审议和通过第一届会议的报告,以提交将于2017年举行的经社会第七十三届会议。" ]

[ "Annotated provisional agenda", "The present document contains the provisional agenda of the Ministerial Conference on Transport (section I) and the annotations to the provisional agenda (section II).[1]", "I. Provisional agenda", "A. Senior officials segment", "1. Opening of the session:", "a. Opening addresses;", "b. Election of officers;", "c. Adoption of the agenda.", "1. Assessment and evaluation of the implementation of the Ministerial Declaration on Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific and the Regional Action Programme for Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific, phase II (2012-2016).", "2. Major issues in transport:", "a. Sustainable Development Goals and transport;", "b. Regional transport infrastructure connectivity;", "c. Regional transport operational connectivity;", "d. Strengthening of transport connectivity between Asia and Europe;", "e. Transport connectivity for least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States;", "f. Rural connectivity to wider networks;", "g. Sustainable urban transport;", "h. Improving road safety.", "3. Draft regional action programme for sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific, phase I (2017-2021).", "4. Draft ministerial declaration on sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific.", "5. Other matters.", "6. Adoption of the report of the senior officials segment.", "B. Ministerial segment", "7. Opening of the session:", "a. Opening addresses;", "b. Election of officers;", "c. Adoption of the agenda.", "8. Policy debate on issues pertaining to sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific and the implementation of the Ministerial Declaration on Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific and the Regional Action Programme for Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific, phase II (2012-2016), including the report of the senior officials segment.", "9. Other matters.", "10. Adoption of the ministerial declaration on sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific, including a regional action programme for sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific, phase I (2017-2021).", "11. Adoption of the report of the Conference.", "12. Closing of the Conference.", "II. Annotations", "A. Senior officials segment", "1. Opening of the session", "(a) Opening addresses", "The detailed programme for the opening of the session will be made available upon finalization.", "(b) Election of officers", "The senior officials will elect a chair, two vice-chairs and a rapporteur of the senior officials segment.", "(c) Adoption of the agenda", "Documentation", "Provisional agenda (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.1)", "Annotated provisional agenda (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.2)", "Annotation", "The Conference will consider and adopt the provisional agenda and annotated provisional agenda, subject to such changes as may be necessary.", "2. Assessment and evaluation of the implementation of the Ministerial Declaration on Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific and the Regional Action Programme for Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific, phase II (2012-2016)", "Documentation", "Assessment and evaluation of the implementation of the Ministerial Declaration on Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific and the Regional Action Programme for Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific, phase II (2012‑2016) (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/1)", "Annotation", "The document provides an overview of the implementation of the Ministerial Declaration on Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific and the Regional Action Programme for Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific, phase II (2012-2016). It also contains a summary of the major findings and conclusions of an independent evaluation of phase II of the Regional Action Programme.", "3. Major issues in transport", "All documents under item 3 will be taken up together to assess current issues in the transport sector, with each delegation making a single intervention.", "(a) Sustainable Development Goals and transport", "Documentation", "Sustainable Development Goals and transport (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/2)", "Annotation", "The extensive enabling role of transport in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals means that the three pillars of sustainable development – namely economic, social and environmental – need to be integrated into the transport connectivity agenda in a balanced manner, through integrated intermodal transport and logistics systems that optimize the comparative advantages of each mode of transport.", "The document reviews the role of transport in the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. It highlights the key drivers of a more sustainable transport sector. It presents the concept of integrated intermodal transport and logistics systems, with case studies from countries that have implemented this concept in their transport development. It also suggests ways forward to achieve integrated intermodal transport and logistics systems for sustainable transport connectivity.", "(b) Regional transport infrastructure connectivity", "Documentation", "Regional transport infrastructure connectivity (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/3)", "Annotation", "The Asian Highway network, the Trans-Asian Railway network and the network of dry ports of international importance have laid the foundations for creating regional and international integrated intermodal transport and logistics systems. However, the unrestricted flow of goods and people that the region needs for continued economic growth and enhanced social inclusion will require wider connectivity between members and associate members. Existing infrastructure networks too often serve a limited group of countries and seldom extend beyond a single subregion. The result is a lack of integration between networks, missing links, operational bottlenecks, technical incompatibilities and different levels of awareness and use of modern technologies.", "In the document, the substantial progress that has been achieved in the transport sector in recent years is recalled and proposals are highlighted to place its future development within a framework of integrated intermodal transport corridors that could coherently incorporate roads, railways, waterways and ports with harmonized technical standards of transport infrastructure and wider application of new technologies.", "(c) Regional transport operational connectivity", "Documentation", "Regional transport operational connectivity (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/4)", "Annotation", "Along with building transport infrastructure, enhancing regional transport operational connectivity remains a long-term task for members and associate members. The two regional frameworks for facilitation of international road and railway transport adopted by the Commission provide the common targets for regional harmonization of legal instruments, cross-border documents and formalities, operational standards and facilitation measures.", "The document emphasizes the implementation of these frameworks and a logistics programme to realize the vision of operational integrated intermodal transport and logistics systems across the region. For consideration and adoption by the Conference, the document presents the model bilateral and subregional agreements developed within the two regional frameworks for regional harmonization of legal instruments on cross-border and transit transport and the standard model for logistics information systems to fully exploit the benefits of new technologies for the improvement of logistics performance. It also outlines the need for further assistance to members and associate members in developing and implementing cross-border and transit transport agreements and transport facilitation tools. The need for further assistance in harmonizing operational standards is also stressed in the document.", "(d) Strengthening of transport connectivity between Asia and Europe", "Documentation", "Strengthening of transport connectivity between Asia and Europe (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/5)", "Annotation", "For centuries, Euro-Asian transport routes have enabled people, goods, investments and ideas to move across and between the two regions, spurring economic growth, facilitating international trade and fostering cultural and scientific exchanges. Likewise, future socioeconomic progress will rely on enhanced interregional connectivity, which is currently hindered by infrastructure gaps, non-harmonized transport documents and incompatible technical and operational standards.", "The document reviews the latest initiatives on Eurasian transport and the challenges facing the region, and presents ways to strengthen transport connectivity between Asia and Europe. It also proposes to establish an interregional committee on transport between Asia and Europe as an institutional platform that could create synergies among existing initiatives, facilitate the elimination of non-physical barriers and achieve the required level of coordination related to the planning and implementation of infrastructure and facilitation projects.", "(e) Transport connectivity for least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States", "Documentation", "Transport connectivity for least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/6)", "Annotation", "There remain many transport challenges for least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States. The issues can be varied, including lack of investment in transport infrastructure and services, or challenging geography that adds dramatically to development restrictions. A major issue for landlocked developing countries is the lack of economical and efficient access to the sea, and for remote small island developing States, the burdening cost of shipping.", "The document outlines the special needs of least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States with respect to transport and suggests a set of priority areas: (a) facilitating transport and integrated intermodal transport and logistics for least developed countries and landlocked developing countries; (b) improving urban and rural transport and road safety in landlocked developing countries, least developed countries and small island developing States; and (c) enhancing maritime connectivity for small island developing States. It advocates the provision of technical assistance to landlocked developing countries and neighbouring transit developing countries in planning, establishing and operating efficient integrated multimodal transport corridors. The document also recommends a report on the midterm review of the implementation of the Vienna Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries for the Decade 2014-2024, together with capacity-building to enhance transport connectivity, develop urban and rural transport and improve road safety.", "(f) Rural connectivity to wider networks", "Documentation", "Rural connectivity to wider networks (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/7)", "Annotation", "Most of the world’s poorest people live in rural areas, isolated by long distances and difficult terrain from markets, health care and education. This problem is acute in Asia, where almost 700 million people do not have all‑season road access. There is clear evidence that rural isolation is associated with poverty, mainly as a result of low agricultural productivity and lack of access to wider economic opportunity. Isolation is also linked with poor health outcomes and low school enrolment.", "The document outlines the role of rural transport access in reducing poverty and generating positive health, education and economic outcomes. It suggests ways to improve rural connectivity to wider networks such as the Asian Highway, Trans-Asian Railway and dry port networks. It also recommends key areas to support rural transport development, such as financing options to improve rural access, assessment of rural transport connectivity, reporting of regional progress and capacity-building.", "(g) Sustainable urban transport", "Documentation", "Sustainable urban transport (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/8)", "Annotation", "The growing pattern of urban motorization is leading to congestion, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in a decline in productivity and health and climate change issues in the region. The recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals include a goal on sustainable cities with a target to expand public transport. Renewed commitment of members and associate members would be required to tackle the challenges of planning, developing and maintaining sustainable urban transport systems and services.", "The document outlines regional progress and challenges regarding the improvement of urban transport systems and presents the case for developing national policy frameworks on sustainable urban transport development, integrating urban transport modes, developing and applying tools to deploy new innovative technologies, assessing regional progress and building the capacity of members and associate members.", "(h) Improving road safety", "Documentation", "Improving road safety (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/9)", "Annotation", "Road safety is an issue of serious concern to sustainable development, considering its magnitude and consequent negative impact on the economy, public health and general welfare of the people, particularly low-income groups. There were approximately 733,000 fatalities from road crashes in the region in 2013, more than half the worldwide total of 1.25 million fatalities. More efforts are needed to achieve Sustainable Development Goal targets 3.6 (by 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents) and 11.2 (by 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety).", "The document highlights the recent progress made and initiatives taken by regional members and associate members on improving road safety, and reviews major causes of road crashes in the region and potential measures to address such causes, including rules and regulations for key risk factors such as speeding and drink-driving. It proposes an updated set of regional goals and targets which identify priority areas so that regional members and associate members may tailor their efforts towards improving the road safety situation in the region, with the support of the secretariat’s road safety tools and capacity-building programme.", "4. Draft regional action programme for sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific, phase I (2017-2021)", "Documentation", "Draft regional action programme for sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific, phase I (2017-2021) (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/WP.1)", "Annotation", "The integration of sustainable development into transport connectivity will be the theme of the new regional action programme, phase I (2017‑2021). To achieve this target, a fundamental approach is to develop integrated intermodal transport and logistics systems to effectively balance the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.", "The document, in line with this fundamental approach, proposes priority areas of work in the following seven coherent and interconnected components: regional transport infrastructure connectivity; regional transport operational connectivity; strengthening of transport connectivity between Asia and Europe; transport connectivity for least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States; rural transport connectivity to wider networks; urban transport; and road safety. The new regional action programme is designed to assist the region’s developing members and associate members in their efforts to achieve enhanced transport connectivity at the interregional, regional, national, urban and rural levels in a sustainable manner to support the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.", "5. Draft ministerial declaration on sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific", "Documentation", "Draft ministerial declaration on sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/WP.2)", "Annotation", "A draft ministerial declaration on sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific will be considered by the senior officials prior to its submission to the ministerial segment for adoption. The draft will have been reviewed by an expert group meeting on preparation for the Conference and the Advisory Committee of Permanent Representatives and Other Representatives Designated by Members of the Commission prior to its submission to the senior officials. The declaration will reaffirm the commitment of regional members and associate members to promoting sustainable transport development in the region through realization of the vision of the integrated intermodal transport and logistics systems with enhanced transport infrastructural and operational connectivity at the interregional, regional, national, urban and rural levels; strengthened transport connectivity of least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States; improved road safety; and wide application of innovative new technologies, in particular intelligent transport systems. The declaration will provide a framework for the efficient and effective implementation of the regional action programme (2017-2021).", "6. Other matters", "Under this agenda item, the Conference may wish to consider other matters.", "7. Adoption of the report of the senior officials segment", "Documentation", "Draft report of the senior officials (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/CRP.1)", "Annotation", "The senior officials will consider and adopt a draft report on the agenda items allocated to them for consideration by the ministers.", "B. Ministerial segment", "8. Opening of the session", "(a) Opening addresses", "(b) Election of officers", "The ministerial segment will elect a bureau which will comprise a chair, vice-chairs and a rapporteur.", "(c) Adoption of the agenda", "Documentation", "Provisional agenda (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.1)", "Annotated provisional agenda (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.2)", "9. Policy debate on issues pertaining to sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific and the implementation of the Ministerial Declaration on Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific and the Regional Action Programme for Transport Development in Asia and the Pacific, phase II (2012-2016), including the report of the senior officials segment", "The ministers and heads of delegations will deliver their policy statements, highlighting the key issues, policies and initiatives that are central to the sustainable development of transport in their respective countries and the region. The policy statements will also provide an opportunity to showcase the priority transport-related projects of regional significance. Representatives of the United Nations and other intergovernmental and non‑governmental organizations will make brief statements on the policies and initiatives of their organizations in this important area.", "The report of the senior officials (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/10) will be considered concurrently.", "10. Other matters", "Any other matters raised by delegations and/or the secretariat will be considered under this item.", "11. Adoption of the ministerial declaration on sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific, including a regional action programme for sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific, phase I (2017-2021).", "The Conference will consider for adoption the draft ministerial declaration on sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific, including a regional action programme for sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific, phase I (2017-2021) (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.4). The declaration will reaffirm the commitment of regional members and associate members to promote regional cooperation and integration in transport for inclusive and sustainable connectivity and development in the region, including realizing the long-term vision of the integrated intermodal transport and logistics systems. It will also provide a framework for the efficient and effective implementation of the regional action programme.", "12. Adoption of the report of the Conference", "The Conference will consider for adoption the draft report (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.3), which will be submitted to the Commission at its seventy-third session, in 2017.", "13. Closing of the Conference", "Closing statements will be delivered.", "[1] The Ministerial Conference on Transport has been held every five years since 1985: the Meeting of Ministers Responsible for Transport and Communications was held in Bangkok in 1985; the Meeting of Senior Government Representatives Responsible for the Transport and Communications Decade for Asia and the Pacific, 1985-1994, was held in Bangkok in 1990; the Ministerial Conference on Infrastructure was held in New Delhi in 1996; the Ministerial Conference on Infrastructure was held in Seoul in 2001; the Ministerial Conference on Transport was held in Busan, Republic of Korea, in 2006; and the Ministerial Conference on Transport was held in Bangkok in 2012." ]

[ "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会 \n 交通运输部长级会议 第三届会议 \n 2016年12月5日至9日，莫斯科", "临时议程说明", "本文件载有交通运输部长级会议的临时议程(第一部分)和临时议程说明(第二部分)。[1]", "一． 临时议程", "A. 高级官员会议段", "1. 会议开幕：", "(a) 致开幕词；", "(b) 选举主席团成员；", "(c) 通过议程。", "2. 评估和评价《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》的执行情况。", "3. 交通运输的主要事项：", "(a) 《可持续发展目标》与交通运输；", "(b) 区域交通运输基础设施的互联互通；", "(c) 区域交通运输运营上的互联互通；", "(d) 加强亚洲和欧洲之间的交通运输互联互通；", "(e) 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家交通运输的互联互通；", "(f) 农村与更广泛网络的互联互通；", "(g) 可持续的城市交通运输；", "(h) 改善道路安全。", "4. 亚洲及太平洋区域促进可持续交通运输互联互通行动方案第一阶段(2017-2021年)草案。", "5. 亚洲及太平洋区域关于可持续交通运输互联互通的部长级宣言草案。", "6. 其他事项。", "7. 通过高级官员会议段的报告。", "B. 部长级会议段", "8. 会议开幕：", "(a) 致开幕词；", "(b) 选举主席团成员；", "(c) 通过议程。", "9. 政策辩论：亚洲及太平洋区域与可持续交通运输互联互通有关的事项，《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》的执行情况，包括高级官员会议段的报告。", "10. 其他事项。", "11. 通过亚洲及太平洋区域关于可持续交通运输互联互通的部长级宣言，包括亚洲及太平洋区域促进可持续交通运输互联互通行动方案第一阶段(2017-2021年)。", "12. 通过会议报告。", "13. 会议闭幕。", "二. 说明", "A. 高级官员会议段", "1. 会议开幕", "a. 致开幕词", "会议开幕式的详细日程将在最后敲定后予以提供。", "b. 选举主席团成员", "高级官员将选出高级官员会议段的一名主席、两名副主席和一名报告员。", "c. 通过议程", "文件", "临时议程(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.1)", "临时议程说明(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.2)", "说明", "会议将审议并在视需要作出修改后通过临时议程和临时议程说明。", "2. 评估和评价《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》的执行情况", "文件", "评估和评价《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》的执行情况 (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/1)", "说明", "文件概述了《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》的执行情况，并载有对《区域行动方案》第二阶段进行的一项独立评估的主要结果和结论的摘要。", "3. 交通运输的主要事项", "为评估交通运输部门当前面临的问题，会议将综合审议议程项目3项下的所有文件；每一代表团将在此议程项目下有一次发言机会。", "a. 《可持续发展目标》与交通运输", "文件", "《可持续发展目标》与交通运输(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/2)", "说明", "交通运输对实现《可持续发展目标》的广泛推动作用意味着需要将可持续发展的三个支柱(即经济、社会和环境)平衡纳入交通运输互联互通议程，建立一个能够使每一种交通运输方式的相对优势都得到最佳发挥的一体化多式联运和物流系统。", "文件中审议了交通运输对实现《可持续发展目标》的作用，强调了更加可持续的交通运输部门的主要驱动力。文件提出了一体化多式联运和物流系统的理念，列举了一些国家在各自交通运输发展过程中落实这一理念的实例研究，并对未来实现一体化多式联运和物流系统以促进可持续交通运输互联互通的方向提出了建议。", "b. 区域交通运输基础设施的互联互通", "文件", "区域交通运输基础设施的互联互通(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/3)", "说明", "亚洲公路网、泛亚铁路网和具有国际重要性的陆港网络为建立区域和国际一体化多式联运和物流系统奠定了基础。然而，本区域要实现经济持续增长及提高社会包容性所需的货物和人员流通畅通无阻，就要成员和准成员之间加强互联互通。现有的基础设施网络常常只为几个国家所用，一般不超出某个次区域。其结果是各个网络之间缺乏协调，存在缺失环节，运营存在瓶颈，技术上互不兼容，对现代化技术的认识和使用水平参差不齐。", "文件中回顾了交通运输部门近年来取得的显著进展，重点建议将未来的发展纳入一体化多式联运走廊的框架中，将公路、铁路、水路和陆港统筹纳入交通运输基础设施统一技术标准，更广泛地运用新技术。", "c. 区域交通运输运营上的互联互通", "文件", "区域交通运输运营上的互联互通 (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/4)", "说明", "在建设交通运输基础设施的同时，加强区域交通运输运营上的互联互通依然是成员和准成员面临的一项长期任务。经社会通过的有关国际道路和铁路运输便利化的两个区域框架为区域统一法律文书、过境单证和手续、运营标准化和便利化措施提供了共同目标。", "文件强调，要落实这些框架，并实施一项物流方案，从而使全区域实现运营上的一体化多式联运和物流系统的愿景。文件介绍了在这两个区域框架范围内为区域统一跨境和过境交通运输拟定的双边和次区域示范协定以及为便于物流信息系统充分利用新技术的优势改进物流工作而拟定的标准模型，供会议审议和通过。文件还提出，需要进一步协助成员和准成员拟定并落实各项跨境和过境交通运输协定以及交通运输便利化工具。文件还强调需要在统一运营标准方面提供进一步协助。", "d. 加强亚洲和欧洲之间的交通运输互联互通", "文件", "加强亚洲和欧洲之间的交通运输互联互通 (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/5)", "说明", "几百年来，欧亚交通运输线路推动了两大区域范围内以及两大区域之间的人员、货物、投资和思想的交流，从而促进了经济增长，推动了国际贸易，并增进了文化和科学交流。未来的社会经济进步也同样取决于区域间互联互通的加强，而目前基础设施的缺口、运输单证的不统一以及技术和运营标准的不兼容阻碍了互联互通。", "文件中审议了欧亚交通运输方面的最新倡议以及本区域面临的挑战，并提出了加强亚洲与欧洲之间交通运输互联互通的办法。文件中还提议建立亚欧交通运输跨区域委员会，作为一个机构平台，在现有各项倡议之间发挥协同增效作用，推动消除无形障碍，以便实现基础设施和便利化项目规划和实施所需的协调。", "e. 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家交通运输的互联互通", "文件", "最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家交通运输的互联互通 (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/6)", "说明", "最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家在交通运输方面仍然面临很多挑战。这些国家面临的问题可能不尽相同，包括缺乏交通运输基础设施和服务方面的投资，或者是不利的地理条件极大地限制了发展。对内陆发展中国家而言，主要问题在于缺少经济而高效的出海口；对偏远小岛屿发展中国家而言，航运成本负担过重。", "文件中简述了最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家在交通运输方面的特殊需求，并提出了一套优先领域：(a) 推进最不发达国家和内陆发展中国家的交通运输以及一体化多式联运和物流系统；(b) 改善内陆发展中国家、最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家的城乡交通运输以及道路安全；(c) 加强小岛屿发展中国家的海上互联互通。文件中倡导在规划、建设和运营高效一体化多式联运走廊方面向内陆发展中国家及其过境发展中邻国提供技术援助。文件中还建议编写一份关于《2014-2024十年期支援内陆发展中国家维也纳行动纲领》执行情况中期审查的报告，并开展能力建设，以提高交通运输互联互通，发展城乡交通运输，改善道路安全。", "f. 农村与更广泛网络的互联互通", "文件", "农村与更广泛网络的互联互通(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/7)", "说明", "全世界大多数最贫困人口生活在农村地区，因距离遥远和地形崎岖而远离市场，得不到医疗服务和教育机会。这个问题在亚洲尤为尖锐，近七亿人尚未用上全天候公路。事实清楚说明，农村与外界的隔离导致贫困，主要原因在于农业生产力低下，缺乏广泛的经济机遇。与世隔绝还导致健康水平和入学率低下。", "文件中简述了改善农村交通条件对减少贫困以及改善健康、教育和经济条件的作用。文件对改善农村与更广泛网络(如亚洲公路网、泛亚铁路网和陆港网络)互联互通的办法提出了建议，并提出了支持农村交通运输发展的重点领域，如为改善农村交通条件提供多种筹资办法，对农村交通运输互联互通进行评估，报告区域进展情况并开展能力建设。", "g. 可持续城市交通运输", "文件", "可持续城市交通运输(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/8)", "说明", "城市机动化的增长模式导致交通拥堵、污染和温室气体排放，使本区域的生产力下降，并引起健康和气候变化等问题。近期通过的《可持续发展目标》包含了一项有关可持续城市的目标，其中一项具体目标是扩大公共交通。要应对可持续城市交通系统和服务规划、建设和维护的挑战，就要成员和准成员重新作出承诺。", "文件中简述了本区域在改善城市交通系统方面取得的进展和面临的挑战，并大力倡导建立国家可持续城市交通发展政策框架，实现城市交通方式的一体化，开发并运用各种工具以部署新的创新技术，评估区域进展情况，并开展成员和准成员的能力建设。", "h. 改善道路安全", "文件", "改善道路安全(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/9)", "说明", "鉴于道路安全问题的严重性及其对经济、公众健康和民众(特别是低收入群体)总体福祉产生的负面影响，道路安全问题严重关乎可持续发展。本区域2013年因道路交通事故死亡的人数约为73.3万，占全球125万因交通事故死亡总人数的一半以上。要实现《可持续发展目标》具体目标3.6(到2020年时，全球道路交通事故造成的死伤人数减半)和具体目标11.2(到2030年时，为所有人提供安全、价廉、无障碍和可持续的交通系统，改善道路安全)，就要作出更多努力。", "文件中重点介绍了本区域成员和准成员近期在改善道路安全方面取得的进展和提出的倡议，审议了本区域道路交通事故的主因以及消除这些因素可能采取的措施，包括对超速和酒后驾驶等主要风险因素制订条例和法规。文件中提出了一套更新版的区域大目标和具体目标，提出了若干优先领域，从而使本区域的成员和准成员能够在秘书处的道路安全工具和能力建设方案的支持下因地制宜地努力改善本区域的道路安全状况。", "4. 亚洲及太平洋区域促进可持续交通运输互联互通行动方案第一阶段(2017-2021年)草案", "文件", "亚洲及太平洋区域促进可持续交通运输互联互通行动方案第一阶段(2017-2021年)草案(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/WP.1)", "说明", "新的区域行动方案第一阶段(2017-2021年)将以可持续发展和交通运输互联互通相结合为主题。为了实现这一目标，根本的办法是发展一体化的多式联运和物流系统，从而有效平衡经济、社会和环境三方面的可持续发展。", "本文件依据这项基本方针提出了优先工作领域，包括以下七个具有连贯性和相关性的组成部分：区域交通运输基础设施的互联互通；区域交通运输运营上的互联互通；加强亚洲和欧洲之间的交通运输互联互通；最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家交通运输的互联互通；农村与更广泛网络的互联互通；可持续的城市交通运输和改善道路安全。新的区域行动方案旨在协助本区域的发展中成员和准成员努力以可持续的方式加强跨区域、区域、国家和城乡层面的交通运输互联互通。", "5. 亚洲及太平洋区域关于可持续交通运输互联互通的部长级宣言草案", "文件", "亚洲及太平洋区域关于可持续交通运输互联互通的部长级宣言草案 (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/WP.2)", "说明", "高级官员会议段将审议亚洲及太平洋区域关于可持续交通运输互联互通的部长级宣言草案，然后将其提交部长级会议段通过。草案在提交高官会议段之前将由有关此次会议筹备工作的专家组会议以及常驻代表和经社会成员指派的其他代表咨询委员会先行审查。宣言将重申区域成员和准成员对推动本区域可持续交通运输发展的承诺，办法是实现一体化多式联运和物流系统的愿景，加强跨区域、区域、国家、城乡等层面交通运输基础设施和运营上的互联互通，加强最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家交通运输的互联互通，改善道路安全，更广泛地运用新型创新技术，特别是智能交通系统。宣言将为区域行动方案(2017-2021年)的高效和有效实施提供框架。", "6. 其他事项", "会议不妨在此议程项目下审议其他事项。", "7. 通过高级官员会议段的报告", "文件", "高级官员的报告草稿(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/CRP.1)", "说明", "高级官员将审议并通过有关分配给高级官员会议段的议程项目的报告草稿，供部长进行审议。", "B. 部长级会议段", "8. 会议开幕", "a. 致开幕词", "b. 选举主席团成员", "部长级会议段将选出由一名主席、多名副主席和一名报告员组成的主席团。", "c. 通过议程", "文件", "临时议程(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.1)", "临时议程说明(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.2)", "9. 政策辩论：亚洲及太平洋区域与可持续交通运输互联互通有关的事项，《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》的执行情况，包括高级官员会议段的报告", "各位部长和代表团团长将发表其政策声明，重点提出对各自国家和本区域交通运输的可持续发展具有重要性的核心问题、政策和倡议。政策声明还将为展示交通运输方面具有区域意义的优先项目提供机会。联合国和其他政府间组织及非政府组织将就各自组织在此重要领域的政策和倡议作简短发言。", "会议同时还将审议高级官员提交的报告 (E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/10)。", "10. 其他事项", "将在此议程项目下审议各代表团和/或秘书处提出的任何其他事项。", "11. 通过亚洲及太平洋区域关于可持续交通运输互联互通的部长级宣言，包括亚洲及太平洋区域促进可持续交通运输互联互通行动方案第一阶段(2017-2021年)", "会议将审议通过亚洲及太平洋区域关于可持续交通运输互联互通的部长级宣言草案，包括亚洲及太平洋区域促进可持续交通运输互联互通行动方案第一阶段(2017-2021年)(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.4)。宣言将重申本区域成员和准成员承诺：推动交通运输领域区域合作和一体化从而实现本区域包容的和可持续的互联互通和发展，包括实现一体化多式联运和物流系统的长期愿景。宣言还将为区域行动方案的高效和有效实施提供框架。", "12. 通过会议报告", "会议将审议并通过报告草稿(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.3)，以便提交2017年举行的经社会第七十三届会议。", "13. 会议闭幕", "闭幕致辞。", "[1] 交通运输部长级会议自1985年以来一直每五年举行一次：交通运输和通信部长会议于1985年在曼谷举行；亚洲及太平洋交通运输和通信十年(1985-1994年)政府高级代表会议于1990年在曼谷举行；基础设施部长级会议于1996年在新德里举行；基础设施部长级会议于2001年在首尔举行；交通运输部长级会议于2006年在大韩民国釜山举行；交通运输部长级会议于2012年在曼谷举行。" ]

[ "临时议程说明", "本文件载有运输问题部长级会议的临时议程(第一节)和临时议程的说明(第二节)。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "一. 临时议程", "A类. 高级官员部分", "1. 联合国 会议开幕:", "(单位:千美元) 开幕词;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 选举主席团成员;", "c. 将数据删除; 1. 通过议程。", "1. 联合国 评估和评价《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》的执行情况。", "2. 联合国 运输方面的主要问题:", "(单位:千美元) 可持续发展目标和运输;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 区域交通运输基础设施互联互通;", "c. 将数据删除; 区域运输业务连通性;", "(单位:千美元) 加强亚洲和欧洲之间的运输连接;", "e. 资源 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家的交通运输互联互通;", "页:1 农村与更广泛的网络的连接;", "(单位:千美元) 可持续的城市交通;", "缩略语 完善道路安全.", "3个 亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性区域行动方案草案,第一阶段(2017-2021年)。", " 4.四. 关于亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性的部长级宣言草案。", "5 (韩语). 其他事项。", "6. 国家 6. 通过高级官员部分的报告。", "B. 部长级会议", "7. 联合国 会议开幕:", "(单位:千美元) 开幕词;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 选举主席团成员;", "c. 将数据删除; 1. 通过议程。", "8. 国家 关于亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性、《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》执行情况的政策辩论,包括高级官员部分的报告。", "9. 国家 其他事项。", "10个 通过《亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性部长级宣言》,包括《亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性区域行动方案》第一阶段(2017-2021年)。", "11个 6. 通过会议报告。", "12个 会议闭幕。", "二. 说明", "A类. 高级官员部分", "1. 联合国 会议开幕", "(a) 开幕词", "会议开幕的详细日程将在最后确定后提供。", "选举主席团成员", "高级官员将选举高级官员部分的一名主席、两名副主席和一名报告员。", "通过议程", "文档", "临时议程(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.1)", "临时议程说明(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.2)", "注释", "会议将审议和通过临时议程和附加说明的临时议程,但须作必要的修改。", "2. 评估和评价《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》的执行情况", "文档", "评估和评价《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》的执行情况(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/1)", "注释", "本文件概述了《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋发展交通运输区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》的执行情况。 报告还概述了对《区域行动纲领》第二阶段进行独立评价的主要结果和结论。", "3个 运输方面的主要问题", "将一并审议项目3下的所有文件,以评估运输部门当前的问题,每个代表团只作一次发言。", "(a) 可持续发展目标和运输", "文档", "可持续发展目标与交通运输(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/2)", "注释", "运输在实现可持续发展目标方面的广泛有利作用意味着需要通过综合多式联运和物流系统,将可持续发展的三大支柱,即经济、社会和环境,均衡地纳入运输连通性议程,使每一种运输方式的比较优势得到最佳利用。", "该文件审查了运输在实现可持续发展目标方面的作用。 它突出了更可持续的运输部门的主要驱动因素。 报告介绍了综合多式联运和物流系统的概念,并载有在运输发展过程中实施这一概念的国家的案例研究。 它还提出了实现一体化多式联运和物流系统以实现可持续运输互联互通的途径。", "(b) 区域运输基础设施连通性", "文档", "区域交通运输基础设施互联互通(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/3)", "注释", "亚洲公路网、泛亚铁路网和国际重要陆港网为建立区域和国际一体化多式联运和物流系统奠定了基础。 然而,本区域持续经济增长和加强社会包容所需的货物和人员流动不受限制,这就要求在成员和准成员之间建立更广泛的连通性。 现有的基础设施网络往往服务于有限的一组国家,而且很少超出一个次区域。 结果是网络之间缺乏整合,缺失环节,操作瓶颈,技术不相容,现代技术的认识和使用水平也不同.", "文件回顾了近年来在运输部门取得的重大进展,并突出强调了将运输部门的未来发展置于一体化多式联运走廊框架内的建议,这种运输走廊可以连贯一致地将公路、铁路、水道和港口纳入运输基础设施的统一技术标准和新技术的更广泛应用。", "(c) 区域运输业务连通性", "文档", "区域运输业务连通性(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/4)", "注释", "在建设运输基础设施的同时,加强区域运输业务连通性仍然是成员和准成员的一项长期任务。 委员会通过的两个国际公路和铁路运输便利化区域框架为区域统一法律文书、跨界文件和手续、业务标准和便利化措施提供了共同目标。", "该文件强调实施这些框架和物流方案,以实现全区域综合多式联运和物流系统运作的愿景。 本文件介绍了在跨界和过境运输法律文书区域统一两个区域框架内拟订的双边和次区域示范协定以及物流信息系统标准模式,以充分利用新技术的好处来提高物流绩效。 它还概述了需要进一步协助成员和准成员制定和执行跨界和过境运输协定以及运输便利化工具。 文件还强调必须进一步协助统一业务标准。", "(d) 加强亚洲和欧洲之间的运输连接", "文档", "加强亚洲和欧洲之间的运输连接(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/5)", "注释", "几个世纪以来,欧亚运输路线使人、货物、投资和想法能够跨越两个区域并相互移动,刺激了经济增长,促进了国际贸易,并促进了文化和科学交流。 同样地,未来的社会经济进步将有赖于加强区域间的连通性,而目前,这种连通性受到基础设施缺口、运输单据不统一以及技术和业务标准不相容的阻碍。", "该文件审查了关于欧亚运输的最新举措和该区域面临的挑战,并介绍了加强亚洲和欧洲之间运输连接的途径。 它还提议设立一个亚洲和欧洲间运输问题区域间委员会,作为一个机构平台,使现有举措产生协同作用,促进消除无形障碍,并实现与基础设施和便利化项目规划和执行有关的必要协调水平。", "(e) 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家的运输连通性", "文档", "最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家的交通运输连通性(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/6)", "注释", "最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家仍然面临许多运输挑战。 这些问题可能多种多样,包括缺乏对运输基础设施和服务的投资,或地理环境具有挑战性,这大大增加了发展限制。 对内陆发展中国家来说,一个主要问题是缺乏经济和有效的出海通道,对偏远的小岛屿发展中国家来说,运输费用负担沉重。", "该文件概述了最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家在运输方面的特殊需要,并提出了一套优先领域:(a) 为最不发达国家和内陆发展中国家的运输和一体化多式联运及物流提供便利;(b) 改善内陆发展中国家、最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家的城乡运输和道路安全;(c) 加强小岛屿发展中国家的海上连通性。 它主张为内陆发展中国家和相邻的过境发展中国家在规划、建立和运营高效率的综合多式联运走廊方面提供技术援助。 该文件还建议提交关于《2014-2024十年期内陆发展中国家维也纳行动纲领》执行情况中期审查的报告,并开展加强交通运输连通性、发展城乡交通运输和改善道路安全的能力建设。", "(f) 农村与更广泛网络的连通", "文档", "农村与更广泛网络的连通性(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/7)", "注释", "世界上大多数最贫穷的人生活在农村地区,他们远离市场、保健和教育,地势艰难。 这一问题在亚洲十分严重,亚洲有将近7亿人没有季节性道路。 有明显证据表明,农村与世隔绝与贫穷有关,主要原因是农业生产率低和缺乏更广泛的经济机会。 隔离也与健康状况不佳和入学率低有关。", "该文件概述了农村交通在减贫和产生积极的健康、教育和经济成果方面的作用。 它提出了改善农村与亚洲公路网、泛亚铁路网和陆港网等更广泛网络的连通性的方法。 它还建议支持农村运输发展的关键领域,例如改善农村交通的融资办法、农村运输连通性评估、区域进展报告和能力建设。", "(g) 可持续的城市交通", "文档", "可持续的城市交通运输(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/8)", "注释", "不断增长的城市机动化模式正导致拥挤、污染和温室气体排放,导致本区域生产力和健康及气候变化问题的下降。 最近通过的可持续发展目标包括一个可持续城市目标,目标是扩大公共交通。 需要各成员和准成员作出新的承诺来应对规划、发展和维持可持续城市交通运输系统和服务方面的挑战。", "该文件概述了在改进城市交通运输系统方面的区域进展和挑战,并介绍了制定可持续城市交通运输发展国家政策框架、整合城市交通运输模式、开发和应用各种工具来应用新的创新技术、评估区域进展并建设成员和准成员的能力等实例。", "(h) 改善道路安全", "文档", "加强道路安全(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/9)", "注释", "公路安全是可持续发展所严重关切的一个问题,因为公路安全十分严重,对经济、公共卫生和人民,特别是低收入群体的总体福利产生不利影响。 2013年,该区域约有733 000人死于交通事故,占全世界125万人死亡人数的一半以上。 需要做出更多努力来实现可持续发展的具体目标3.6(到2020年将全球道路交通事故死伤人数减半)和11.2(到2030年,为所有人提供安全、负担得起、无障碍和可持续的运输系统,改善道路安全)。", "该文件着重介绍了区域成员和准成员最近在改善道路安全方面取得的进展和采取的举措,并审查了本区域道路撞车的主要原因和解决这些原因的可能措施,包括超速和驾车等关键风险因素的规则和条例。 它提出了一套最新的区域目标和指标,确定优先领域,以便区域成员和准成员能够在秘书处道路安全工具和能力建设方案的支持下,调整其努力,改善该区域的道路安全状况。", " 4.四. 亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性区域行动方案草案,第一阶段(2017-2021年)", "文档", "亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性区域行动方案草案,第一阶段(2017-2021年)(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/WP.1)", "注释", "将可持续发展纳入交通运输连通性将是新的区域行动方案第一阶段(2017--2021年)的主题。 为实现这一目标,一个基本办法是发展一体化多式联运和物流系统,以有效平衡可持续发展的经济、社会和环境层面。", "该文件根据这一基本方针,提出了以下七个连贯而相互关联的组成部分的优先工作领域:区域交通运输基础设施互联互通;区域交通运输业务互联互通;加强亚洲和欧洲之间的交通运输互联互通;为最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家提供交通运输互联互通;与更广泛的网络建立农村交通运输互联互通;城市交通运输;以及道路安全。 新的区域行动方案旨在协助本区域的发展中成员和准成员努力以可持续的方式在区域间、区域、国家、城市和农村各级增强交通运输互联互通,以支持各项可持续发展目标的实施工作。", "5 (韩语). 关于亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性的部长级宣言草案", "文档", "关于亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性的部长级宣言草案(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/WP.2)", "注释", "在提交部长级会议通过之前,高级官员将审议关于亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性的部长级宣言草案。 该草案将在提交高级官员之前由关于会议筹备工作的专家组会议以及常驻代表和经社会成员指派的其他代表咨询委员会审查。 该宣言将重申区域成员和准成员对促进本区域可持续交通运输发展的承诺,为此将实现一体化多式联运和物流系统的愿景,并增强区域间、区域、国家、城市和农村各级的交通运输基础设施和运营连通性;加强最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家的交通运输连通性;改善道路安全;并广泛应用创新的新技术,特别是智能交通运输系统。 该宣言将为高效和有效执行区域行动方案(2017-2021年)提供框架。", "6. 国家 其他事项", "在本议程项目下,缔约方会议不妨审议其他事项。", "7. 联合国 通过高级官员部分的报告", "文档", "高级官员报告草稿(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/CRP.1)", "注释", "高级官员将审议并通过一份关于分配给他们审议的议程项目的报告草稿。", "B. 部长级会议", "8. 国家 会议开幕", "(a) 开幕词", "选举主席团成员", "部长级会议将选出由主席、副主席和报告员组成的主席团。", "通过议程", "文档", "临时议程(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.1)", "临时议程说明(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.2)", "9. 国家 关于亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性、《亚洲及太平洋交通运输发展部长级宣言》和《亚洲及太平洋交通运输发展区域行动方案第二阶段(2012-2016年)》执行情况的政策辩论,包括高级官员部分的报告", "各国部长和代表团团长将发表政策声明,重点阐述对各自国家和本区域运输可持续发展至关重要的关键问题、政策和举措。 政策声明还将为展示具有区域意义的与运输有关的优先项目提供机会。 联合国及其他政府间组织和非政府组织的代表将就各自组织在这一重要领域的政策和倡议作简短发言。", "高级官员的报告(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/10)将同时审议。", "10个 其他事项", "各代表团和/或秘书处提出的任何其他事项将在本项目下审议。", "11个 通过《亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性部长级宣言》,包括《亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输连通性区域行动方案》第一阶段(2017-2021年)。", "会议将审议并通过亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输互联互通部长级宣言草案,包括亚洲及太平洋可持续交通运输互联互通区域行动方案第一阶段(2017-2021年)(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.4)。 该宣言将重申区域成员和准成员致力于促进交通运输领域的区域合作和一体化,以促进本区域的包容性和可持续的互联互通与发展,包括实现一体化多式联运和物流系统的长期愿景。 它还将为切实有效地执行区域行动方案提供框架。", "12个 通过会议报告", "会议将审议并通过报告草稿(E/ESCAP/MCT(3)/L.3),该报告将提交2017年经社会第七十三届会议。", "13个 会议闭幕", "将作闭幕发言。", "[1] 自1985年以来,交通运输部长级会议每五年举行一次:1985年在曼谷举行交通运输部长会议;1990-1994年在曼谷举行负责亚洲及太平洋交通运输十年的政府高级代表会议;1996年在新德里举行基础设施部长级会议;2001年在汉城举行基础设施部长级会议;2006年在大韩民国釜山举行运输部长级会议;2012年在曼谷举行运输部长级会议。" ]

[ "Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway", "Note by the secretariat^(**)", "Summary \nIn accordance with resolution 71/10 of the Economic and SocialCommission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the 1st meeting of theWorking Group on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway was heldin Incheon, Republic of Korea, in September 2015. At that meeting,it was agreed that a master plan on the Asia-Pacific informationsuperhighway and a regional cooperation framework document would bedeveloped and that they would be mutually reinforcing. TheAsia-Pacific Information Superhighway Steering Group was formed tocarry out that task. The Master Plan for the Asia-PacificInformation Superhighway was developed based on studies andanalyses carried out by ESCAP in the region, consultations withvarious stakeholders, including representatives of the privatesector in April 2016, and discussions at a technical meetingorganized in March 2016. The Master Plan contains key strategicinitiatives, targeted goals and a timeline in line with the fourpillars of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative:strengthening the regional broadband infrastructure; establishingregional Internet traffic and network management systems andpolicies; enhancing information and communications technologyinfrastructure resilience; and providing inclusive access tobroadband Internet. The Master Plan was considered for endorsementat the 2nd meeting of the Working Group on the Asia-PacificInformation Superhighway, which was held in Guangzhou, China, on 29and 30 August 2016.", "I. Introduction", "1. In the developing region of Asia and the Pacific, less than 15 per cent of the population has access to high-speed Internet, and the situation in the least developed countries has not improved during the last 15 years according to the latest report of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP).[1] To address this issue, ESCAP, in its resolution 71/10, endorsed continued work on the Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative. The initiative aims to improve regional broadband connectivity through a dense web of open access cross-border infrastructure that will be integrated into a cohesive land- and sea-based fibre network with the ultimate aims of increasing international bandwidth for developing countries in the region, lowering broadband Internet prices and bridging the digital divide in the region.", "2. The Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative complements the commitment of ESCAP member countries to General Assembly resolution 70/125 on the outcome document of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the overall review of the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society, in which the Assembly recognized the urgent need to harness the potential of knowledge and technology for the promotion of the Sustainable Development Goals and the need to find ways to use this potential for development. In 2015, the Commission, in its resolution 71/10, requested the secretariat to promote the sharing of experiences, good practices and lessons learned in information and communications technology (ICT) for disaster risk reduction, management and response and building e-resilience and endorsed the establishment of the Working Group on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway. Its 1st meeting was held in Incheon, Republic of Korea, on 1 and 2 September, 2015. It decided to:", "(a) Draft a master plan encompassing a long-term vision, targeted goals, specific activities and milestones with regard to the four pillars of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative;[2]", "(b) Draft a regional cooperation framework for the Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative consisting of the four pillars.", "3. The Working Group on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway also established the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Steering Group, consisting of the members of the Bureau of the Working Group and multi-stakeholder representatives with policy and technical expertise. The primary objective of the Steering Group was to draft a master plan for the Asia-Pacific information superhighway and a regional cooperation framework document.", "4. In support of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative, and to create the Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway, ESCAP carried out a number of analyses and feasibility studies on the existing and missing terrestrial links and estimated demand for broadband services, e‑resilience and Internet traffic management in South and West Asia, Central Asia and countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).[3] The studies and analyses were carried out in collaboration with other agencies, such as the National Information Society Agency of the Republic of Korea, the Asian Development Bank, LIRNEasia and the Internet Society. These studies were primarily focused on, but not limited to, the status of broadband adoption, fixed and mobile broadband infrastructure, pricing, domestic fibre-optic networks (terrestrial and interregional terrestrial) and international connectivity. With the International Telecommunication Union, ESCAP updates their collaborative broadband network maps.[4]", "5. As drafted, the Master Plan requires the institutionalization of an Asia-Pacific information superhighway governance structure to ensure its effective implementation. The secretariat of the Commission, through intergovernmental processes, will ensure coordination, reporting and support. The Master Plan is intended to add value to the subregional initiatives, such as the ASEAN ICT Master Plan, and other initiatives, including member States’ national ICT plans and initiatives.", "6. The Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway proposes the establishment of network corridors with the aim of achieving an efficient and effective physical network consisting of both terrestrial cross‑border connections and submarine cable landing stations to realize a seamless Asia-Pacific regional information and communication network.", "II. Highlights of the Commission’s findings", "7. Access to international connectivity or transit is largely dominated by submarine cable landings in the Asia-Pacific region. The Commission’s analysis of the terrestrial network has shown that many countries in the region have backhaul domestic infrastructure networks that are poorly meshed and follow a “river system” pattern. Furthermore, the limited number of fibre interconnections across countries also limits the availability of total and per capita international bandwidth. This has affected the landlocked countries in particular, which do not have direct access to submarine cable landing stations and have to rely on limited terrestrial cross-border connections.", "8. To date, ESCAP has conducted a number of studies in three subregions: South and West Asia, Central Asia and the ASEAN region. The findings are summarized below.", "A. The state of information and communications technology in the Asia-Pacific region", "9. More than 52 per cent of global fixed broadband subscriptions come from ESCAP member countries, followed by European countries (21.9 per cent) and North American countries (14.1 per cent). Seventy-four per cent of fixed broadband subscriptions in the ESCAP region are in East and North-East Asia, and more than half of the region’s fixed broadband subscriptions are driven by China alone. High-income ESCAP countries are more digitally inclusive, while low-income ESCAP members show signs of the digital divide. Fixed broadband growth is spreading to emerging countries, albeit slowly and unevenly.", "10. In addition, in the working paper, State of ICT in Asia and the Pacific 2016, a strong correlation between the quality of regulation and fixed broadband penetration was identified. Regarding total mobile broadband subscriptions, phenomenal growth has been observed across emerging economies, which are overtaking advanced countries. However, if weighted by population, it is clear that advanced countries have much higher penetration rates. Researchers analysed the broadband digital divide in ESCAP member countries and found that unless targeted policies are implemented, the digital divide will widen in the coming years.", "B. Central Asian countries", "11. Central Asia[5] has done relatively well in mobile communications due to improved coverage and the availability of affordable devices. However, there is significant variation in Internet adoption across these 10 countries, with varying penetration rates. This has been attributed primarily to the high cost of Internet services. While most countries in the subregion remain significantly below the global average (10 per cent), Azerbaijan, Georgia and Kazakhstan all have fixed broadband penetration rates above the global average, with Armenia only slightly below. In mobile broadband, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan all perform well against the global average.", "12. However, the Central Asian countries, even taken together as a whole, lack adequate international bandwidth. This is in stark contrast to other subregions, such as the ASEAN region, which has sufficient bandwidth. Furthermore, most of these countries are heavily dependent on their neighbours for access to international bandwidth.", "13. The infrastructure connections of these 10 economies with the rest of the world mostly comprise terrestrial landing cables although Pakistan and Georgia have access to submarine cables. These 10 countries are surrounded by the Russian Federation in the north, China in the east, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan in the south, and Turkey in the west. These neighbouring countries could provide additional international bandwidth terrestrially as well as through submarine cables to the landlocked countries. Furthermore, Central Asia has a number of interconnected terrestrial cable networks running through the subregion, such as the Trans-Asia-Europe line, the Europe-Persian Express Gateway and the Trans-Eurasian Information Superhighway. These cable systems could be tapped for international bandwidth by the landlocked countries. Furthermore, these cable systems present an opportunity for alternative redundant routes to the existing choke points in the current undersea cable system.", "14. While broadband penetration is generally low, consumers and businesses across the 10 countries are increasingly accessing the Internet through wireless broadband rather than fixed broadband. This trend is prevalent due to lack of or insufficient fixed line infrastructure, revealing major weaknesses in the Central Asian countries. It has also been noted that most of these countries in particular lack the necessary fixed backbone infrastructure required to support the emerging demand for wireless communications.", "C. Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries", "15. ASEAN countries have made extensive investments in fibre and other broadband infrastructure (domestic as well as international). However, a wide gap in the level of access and services exists among the ASEAN countries. The average Internet speed in ASEAN countries falls below the world average, except in Singapore and Thailand. Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar and Viet Nam would require additional investments to expand their domestic networks.", "16. Observations of the quality of the backbone network and Internet traffic exchange connectivity among ASEAN countries indicate noticeable differences within the subregion. In the worst case, the assessment showed an international backbone trunk line download speed of 0.15 megabits per second, a latency of 230 milliseconds and a tromboning index[6] of 35. In the best case, the assessment showed a download speed of 50.1 megabits, a latency of 7.5 milliseconds and tromboning index of 1. This indicates that the backbone network connectivity and the Internet traffic exchange and management systems in the subregion are significantly inefficient. Broadband penetration in ASEAN is also still very low, with large gaps between countries. It was also noted that there is relatively weak land-based interconnectivity and a high cost or high price structure. The regional Internet transit prices in some countries, such as Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar and the Philippines, were 10 times more expensive than those in Singapore.", "17. International connectivity in most ASEAN countries is relatively weak, except in Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore. Cambodia relies on backhaul agreements with other neighbouring countries for international connectivity. Indonesia has weak and limited interregional connectivity and strongly depends on Singapore for its transit capacity. The only landlocked country in the ASEAN subregion, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, has no direct connectivity to submarine cable networks.", "D. South and West Asian countries", "18. An analysis of telecommunications, Internet markets and broadband infrastructure in nine countries in the subregion (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Turkey) revealed a sharp disparity among the countries in terms of bandwidth availability. Such a disparity is detrimental to economic growth, social development and inclusiveness. This weak terrestrial fibre-optic connectivity has been the root cause of the subregion’s bandwidth inequality and low capacity, high cost and unreliability.[7] It has led to expensive consumer and wholesale pricing of bandwidth and the limited availability and penetration of advanced ICT services and applications, including broadband.[8]", "19. Both fixed and mobile broadband infrastructure in the subregion could be significantly expanded. The price of Internet transit varies from very reasonable (Turkey), to moderate (India), to expensive for the rest of the countries in the subregion. With the exception of India and the Islamic Republic of Iran, which enjoy excellent submarine cable-based international connectivity, the international connectivity of the rest of the countries in the subregion varies from sufficient, somewhat weak to weak. Bhutan and Nepal, the two landlocked countries in the subregion, are entirely dependent on India for international submarine connectivity. The competition in the subregion’s markets is competitive (India), somewhat competitive (Bangladesh and Pakistan) and less competitive (Bhutan, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Turkey).", "E. Status of information and communications technology in the Pacific", "20. ESCAP has yet to carry out studies in the Pacific subregion. However, reforms in the telecommunications sector of the Pacific islands have resulted in a major expansion in terms of connectivity through submarine cables. The impact of mobile phones and Internet access has been widespread, with benefits that include better access to health, education, market information, financial services and information at times of natural disasters.[9]", "III. Vision and the four pillars", "21. As a pillar of regional connectivity, the Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative shall be a catalyst to develop seamless regional broadband networks which improve affordability, reliance, resilience and coverage and thereby address the causes of digital divides, develop the Internet ecosystem to support the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, and stimulate the digital economy in Asia and the Pacific.", "22. Despite the substantial gains reaped from broadband Internet across all sectors, progress has been uneven across Asia and the Pacific, which remains one of the most digitally divided regions in world. The widening digital divide is a legitimate source of concern. To address this concern, the Asia-Pacific information superhighway concept was defined at the 1st meeting of the Working Group on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway based on the above-mentioned research and analysis that identified gaps, opportunities and the need for regional cooperation on topics related to the four pillars (figure I):", "(a) Physical infrastructure upgrade and interconnection;", "(b) Internet traffic management;", "(c) Building regional network resilience;", "(d) Promoting broadband access in underserved areas.", "Figure I", "Four pillars of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway", "[]", "23. ESCAP and the International Telecommunication Union collaborated on an interactive map of the information superhighway.[10] The interactive map has been used to identify a number of missing terrestrial fibre-optic links as well as submarine cable choke points.", "A. Connectivity", "24. The Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative advocates enhancing seamless regional broadband fibre-optic backbone connectivity by upgrading and increasing the resilience of and integrating cross-border intra- and interregional broadband backbone networks, which will lead to open access and better balanced undersea and terrestrial networks. In addition, the initiative advocates leveraging existing regional connectivity opportunities offered by the Asian Highway and the Trans-Asian Railway networks, as well as other trans-border infrastructure, to utilize the rights of way of existing and planned transport networks and to achieve rapid, cost-effective deployment of optical fibre across and within countries. Besides developing regional terrestrial fibre-optic cables, the Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative also seeks to establish operation models of terrestrial cables, facilitate the formation of trans-border terrestrial cable networks and enhance the quality and efficiency of transition, so as to put the completed terrestrial cable resources to more efficient use and to promote regional interconnectivity. These aspects are highlighted in the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Regional Cooperation Framework Document.[11]", "B. Traffic and network management", "25. The Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative also promotes enhancing Internet traffic exchange and management systems and harmonizing related policies in a more efficient and effective manner, domestically as well as at the subregional and regional levels, which will lead to better quality of service. This pillar aims to establish sufficient Internet exchange points within the region, harmonize Internet traffic management practices, principles and related policy and regulatory frameworks in more open, neutral and non-discriminatory ways, and set out general principles on Internet exchange points.", "C. E-resilience", "26. The Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative aims to enhance the resilience of existing/planned ICT infrastructure through methods such as enhanced network diversity, while recognizing the importance of resilient infrastructure to sustainable development and the critical role played by ICT in disaster risk reduction and management.", "D. Broadband for all", "27. The Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative supports an environment that will lead to the promotion of inclusive access for all, acknowledging the special needs and challenges faced by least developed and landlocked developing countries. In addition to enhancing international fibre-optic backbone connectivity, the initiative also drives the development of domestic ICT infrastructure in related countries, including domestic backbone and backhaul networks, access network and internet data centres, among others. The improvement of domestic ICT infrastructure can promote large-scale broadband expansions by lowering broadband costs per capita. Effective use of Internet data centres can lead to the absorption of the demand for international bandwidth and the promotion of the development of domestic ICT applications.", "IV. Asia-Pacific information superhighway layered map of the network structure", "28. The Asia-Pacific information superhighway can also be described with a layered map of the network structure, which primarily explains functional differences in each layer of the network, as shown in figure II, such as the broadband backbone network layer, the policy and regulation layer, the open neutral Internet exchange point layer and the content/content delivery layer. The broadband backbone network layer shall be made up of well-balanced seamless submarine and terrestrial fibre networks after identification of missing links at the national, subregional and regional levels. The policy and regulation layer represents a regional governance system or regional coordination body that coordinates intermediate Internet Protocol (IP) routing and peering or transit and negotiates with regulators to set network neutrality and non-discriminatory rights of access to the backhaul for the newcomers.", "29. The open neutral Internet exchange points layer ensures domestic IP traffic exchange among domestic Internet service providers and regional direct IP peering/transit among neighbouring countries. It is possible to have direct fibre interconnection between Internet exchange points to support the Internet service providers who need diversified connectivity to Internet exchange points or Internet service providers in other countries. The content or content delivery layer serves as the Internet data centre, where independent providers provide content through the content delivery network. The content delivery network service providers and content provider have a very important role in that they reduce cross-border Internet traffic by caching more content on local servers.", "Figure II", "Asia-Pacific information superhighway layered map", "[]", "Source: ESCAP and National Information Society Agency, A Pre-Feasibility Study on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway in the ASEAN Sub-region: Conceptualization, International Traffic & Quality Analysis, Network Topology Design and Implementation Model (Bangkok, 2016). Available from www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/ASEAN%20report%20final.pdf.", "Abbreviations: CDN, content delivery network; CP, content provider; IDC, Internet data centre; ITEC, Internet traffic exchange connectivity; IXP, Internet exchange point; TBBC, terrestrial broadband backbone connectivity.", "V. Medium-term objectives of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway", "30. For the current time frame of the Master Plan, 2016 to 2018, the medium-term objectives focus on three aspects: (a) seamless, affordable and reliable regional broadband connectivity, with well-balanced sea- and land‑based connectivity and Internet traffic exchange management, (b) the promotion of e-resilience and (c) the promotion of inclusive broadband access in underserved areas and narrowing the digital divide.", "31. Regional broadband connectivity initiatives should build on existing research and analyses and lead to concrete initiatives by (a) identifying missing links,[12] (b) tapping cross-sectoral synergies for fibre-optic deployment and (c) improving regulatory frameworks and promoting open access to critical infrastructure.", "32. Sufficient numbers of Internet exchange points at domestic and subregional levels and common principles on Internet traffic exchange need to be established to prevent Internet traffic tromboning and to improve service quality for regional backbone networks for cross-border inter- and intraregional Internet service in order to address the issue of high transit costs.", "33. The objectives for inclusive broadband access include improvements to the regulatory frameworks and market practices in the Asia-Pacific region which often limit competition in both the international transit and national backbone segments of broadband transmission markets. Successful policy and regulatory measures in this respect will involve simplifying licensing regimes for access to submarine and cross-border connections and reducing the exclusive control of incumbents on international gateways and submarine cable land-based stations. Furthermore, accelerating reforms to foster competition on broadband transmission markets is also seen as a key priority to lower the costs of broadband.", "VI. Proposed network corridors for the Asia-Pacific information superhighway", "34. Physically, the subregional network corridor is the cross-border intra- and interregional broadband infrastructure. The network corridor links will be composed mainly of fibre-optic cables, ducts and conduits that cross neighbouring countries, subregions and regions. The network corridor, through the sophisticated physical network infrastructure, will play an important role in determining connectivity and the price of international bandwidth in Asia and the Pacific. Each of the subregional networks will be connected to another subregional network through a corridor using the respective subregion’s main Internet exchange points. The physical networks will be supported by harmonized policies and regulations as well as measures to promote e-resilience and inclusive broadband access, including regional cooperation, as illustrated in the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Regional Cooperation Framework Document.", "35. The establishment of Internet exchange points in each country, which in turn will be connected to the subregional Internet exchange points, which will also be the point of presence for external connectivity to Europe and America, will constitute one main component of the network corridor. In total, five network corridors have been identified for the Asia-Pacific information superhighway (figure III). The Russian-Chinese fibre-optic cable system is considered a network corridor as it will serve as alternate terrestrial routes for international connectivity.", "Figure III", "Proposed network corridors in Asia and the Pacific", "[]", "Abbreviations: ASEAN, Association of Southeast Asian Nations; SIDS, small island developing States.", "VII. Regional partners for the Asia-Pacific information superhighway", "36. Partnerships are an essential building block in the Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway, as the information superhighway covers a wide geographic area and comprises various layers of networks, and the infrastructure will be primarily developed by the private sector. It is anticipated that, through the regional partnership comprising the private sector, Governments, international agencies, non-governmental organizations, research institutes and regional/international financial institutions, the coordination, harmonization, implementation and funding opportunities for various Asia-Pacific information superhighway sub-projects could be secured, while at the same time sharing expertise, good practices and lessons learned.", "37. Regional partners constitute many stakeholders working together within the common framework of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative (figure IV). Within this framework, there are five subregional steering groups consisting of members of the steering committee. Development partners and financial institution partners continue to provide support through their respective mandates at the national, subregional and regional levels to member States. Further details about a regional cooperation framework and financing options are contained in the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Regional Cooperation Framework Document.", "38. Collaboration and partnerships, including with entities in other socioeconomic sectors, are essential to leveraging existing regional connectivity opportunities offered by the Asian Highway and the Trans-Asian Railway networks and other trans-border infrastructure, in order to use rights of way of existing and planned transport networks for the rapid, cost‑effective deployment of optical fibre across and within countries.", "Figure IV", "Regional partners", "Abbreviations: ADB, Asian Development Bank; AIIB, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank; APT, Asia-Pacific Telecommunity; ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific; IFC, International Finance Corporation; ISOC, Internet Society; ITU, International Telecommunication Union; WB, World Bank.", "VIII. Governance structure of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway", "39. The proposed governance structure of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway is intended to support the effective implementation of activities of the initiative (figure V). It consists of the overall Asia-Pacific information superhighway regional layer (steering committee), under which each subregional corridor (steering group) will be supported, where necessary, by an implementation group consisting of telecommunications operators. Activities will be developed around the four pillars, which should facilitate the implementation of the subregional and national ICT initiatives. As shown in figure V, the steering groups will be tasked with discussing and identifying issues pertaining to connectivity, traffic management, e-resilience and the digital divide for each subregion.", "Figure V", "Proposed governance structure for the Asia-Pacific information superhighway network corridors", "40. The proposed governance structure has been designed to align with the subregional initiatives so that it meets the needs of the subregions and dovetails with the overall objectives of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative. In addition, the governance structure will capitalize on relevant international expertise from international and specialized agencies, such as the International Telecommunication Union, the Asia-Pacific Telecommunity, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and other financial institutions. It will also include other institutions such as the Internet Society, LIRNEasia and other research institutes/think tanks as partners. Membership of each subregional steering group will not be limited to member States of that particular subregion, but will be open to all ESCAP member States.", "41. The regional layer will consist of monitoring, coordination and advisory functions, which will subsequently report to various intergovernmental bodies through the ESCAP secretariat, as described in the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Regional Cooperation Framework Document.", "IX. Strategic initiatives 2016-2018", "42. The proposed strategic initiatives of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway for 2016-2018 seek to improve broadband connectivity in the Asia-Pacific region (table 1).", "Table 1", "Strategic initiatives of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway 2016-2018", "Initiative 1:Identification,coordination,deployment,expansion andintegration of theregional backbonenetworks at thecross-border intra-and interregionallevels, incollaboration withmember countries andsubregionalorganizations \nAreas of focus\tDescription\tPartyresponsible\nIntegrated regionalbackbone andinterconnectivity- Terrestrialfibre network- Coherent meshnetwork\t- Identify missinglinks- Design hybrid meshand ring structure ofresilient regionalterrestrial backbonenetwork- Plan centre nodeestablishment for lowcost and reliabledelivery of traffic\tLIRNEasia\nOperation models oftrans-borderterrestrial cables\t- Study operatingmodels and standardsand qualitystandards, interalia, of trans-borderterrestrial cablenetworks\tDomestic broadbandinfrastructure\t- Examine domesticbackbone networkroutes in lessdeveloped countries - Help developbroadband networkdevelopmentstrategies in leastdeveloped countries \n\t- Develop and plan datacentres, cloudinformation-sharingand other affordablealternatives\t\nSupportingactivities\tDescription\tPartyresponsible\n1. Conduct detailedfeasibilitystudies in somecorridors,taking intoaccount thespecial needsand challengesof landlockeddevelopingcountries, leastdevelopedcountries andsmall islanddevelopingStates\t- Determine traffic,revenue, andpreliminary costs andaffordability- Determine specialneeds and challengesfor landlockeddeveloping countries,least developedcountries and smallisland developingStates- Coordinateinfrastructuredevelopment planningwith member countriesand the privatesector among smallisland States\tESCAP, membercountries,researchinstitutes,think tanks,subregionalorganizationsand financialinstitutions1. UpdateAsia-Pacificinformationsuperhighwaytransmissionmaps\t- Maximizecross-sectoralsynergy or utilizeexisting roads andrailroadinfrastructure\tESCAP,InternationalTelecommunicationUnion and membercountries \n\t- Update theAsia-Pacificinformationsuperhighwaytransmission map\t\n1. Rough order ofmagnitude\t- Explore costestimation incollaboration withsuppliers whereapplicable\tESCAP, privatesector", "Initiative 2:Establish a sufficientnumber of Internetexchange points at thenational andsubregional levels andset out commonprinciples on Internettraffic exchange toprevent Internettraffic tromboning,decrease transit costsand improve servicequality \nAreas of focus\tDescription PartyresponsibleHarmonized Internettraffic exchange andmanagement- Enhance regional,subregional andnational Internetexchange points\t- Promotenon-discriminatorydirect bilateralpeering/transitbetweenneighbouringStates’ Internetservice providers \n- Remove entrybarriers to newInternet serviceproviders andpromote fairmarket competition\t- Establishintra-/interregional,neutral Internetexchange points- Establish nationalInternet exchangepoints for thedomestic traffic tobe exchanged insidethe State \nSupporting activities\tDescription\tPartyresponsible\t\n1. Regionaldiagnostic study\t- Conduct diagnosticstudy, analyse bestpractices inInternet trafficexchange/managementin the region\tESCAP,InternationalTelecommunicationUnion,Asia-PacificTelecommunity,AsiaPacificNetworkInformationCentre,membercountriesandtheprivatesector\t\n1. In-depth study ontraffic productionvolume\t- Carry out studieson traffic volume,destination anddistribution,routing anddistance includingoverall Internetservice quality atthe national andregional levels\tESCAP,inconsultationwiththeprivatesector,AsiaPacificNetworkInformationCentreandmembercountries\t\n1. Internet exchangepoint system andoperation model\t- Recommend set-up ofInternet exchangepoints, includingoperating principleand governancemodel\tESCAP,AsiaPacificNetworkInformationCentre,researchinstitutesandtheprivatesector\t\n4. Rough order ofmagnitude\t- Estimate cost incollaboration withdevice vendors orpartner entities\tESCAP,inconsultationwiththeprivatesector", "Initiative 3:Regional social andeconomic studies \nAreas of focus\tDescription\tPartyresponsibleAnalysis of theeconomic and socialimpacts of future andnear-future ICTtrends\t- Review technologicaladvancements anddiscern theirimpacts on economiesand society for theinclusivedevelopment of ICTthat allowspolicymakers to makeinformed decisions- Conduct needsassessment of ICTdevelopment in ESCAPcountries, takinginto account thespecial needs andchallenges oflandlockeddevelopingcountries, leastdeveloped countriesand small islanddeveloping States\tESCAP, UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific, andCulturalOrganization,the privatesector, otherUnited Nationsagencies andfinancialinstitutions \n\t- Conductcapacity-building onenhancing theproductive use ofbroadbandconnectivity", "Initiative 4:Enhancing ICTinfrastructureresilience in theAsia-Pacific region \nAreas of focus\tDescription\tPartyresponsible\n1. Terrestrial fibrelinks tointernationalconnectivity\t- Explore ways tostrengthene‑resilience infibre link to Europe- Explore theprovision ofadditional bandwidthfor landlockedCentral Asiancountries\tESCAP, membercountries, theprivate sectorand financialinstitutions\n1. Diversifiedroutes, includingco-deployment offibre-opticcables embeddedin the AsianHighway and theTrans-AsianRailway networks\t- Explore fibre-opticroutediversificationcapitalizing on theinfrastructure ofthe Asian Highwayand Trans-AsianRailway networks\tESCAP, andmember countries\n1. Protectingcriticalinfrastructurewith disasterrisk reduction\t- Integrate approachto planinfrastructuredevelopment,incorporatingdisaster managementfrom design stage\tESCAP, researchinstitutes,United Nationsagencies and theprivate sector\n1. Cybersecuritypreparedness\t- Support and reviewnational ICTpreparedness forcybersecurity\tAsia PacificNetworkInformationCentre, WorldBank and otherregional andinternationalorganizations\n1. Introduction ofInternet Protocolversion 6\t- Support preparednessfor InternetProtocol version 6\tAsia PacificNetworkInformationCentre", "Initiative 5:Policy andregulations forleveragingexistinginfrastructure,technology andinclusivebroadbandinitiatives \n Areas of focus Description Party responsible1. Submarinecable backhaulandcross-borderaffordabilityandinfrastructuresharing\t-Develop Member countriesand subregionalorganizations cross-border infrastructure-sharing policy based on the above studies, consultations and \n\tpartnerships 1. Local/nationalgovernmentnetworksaccessibilityto Internetexchange pointandpeering/transitat Internetexchange point\t-Develop Member countriesand subregionalorganizations policy on infrastructure sharing, accessibility to Internet exchange \n\tpoint 1. National ICTpolicy andregulatoryframeworks\t-Update ESCAP, UnitedNations agencies,subregionalorganizations andmember countries national policies and regulations to enable infrastructure development and inclusive broadband - Enable policies that lead to open access, non-discriminatory pricing, competition and innovation - Regulatory reforms pertaining to telecommunications, taxes and customs \n\tduties", "Initiative 6:Capacity-building \n Areas of focus Description Party responsible\n1. Institutionaland individualcapacity-building\t- Capacity-building,sharing of goodpractices and lessonslearned at theregional levelpertaining to networktraffic management andmonitoring, deploymentofterrestrial/submarinefibre\tESCAP, all membercountries,researchinstitutes, theprivate sectorand UnitedNations agencies\n1. Technicaltraining\t- Technical training onestablishing Internetservice provider andcybersecurity\tAsia PacificNetworkInformationCentre", "Initiative 7:Asia-Pacificinformationsuperhighwayproject fundingmechanism based onpublic-privatepartnerships \n Areas of focus Description Party responsible7.1 Formulation ofan Asia-Pacificinformationsuperhighwayfunding platform\t- Explore and formulatea mechanism to fundthe Asia-Pacificinformationsuperhighway projectin partnership withthe World Bank, theAsian DevelopmentBank, the AsianInfrastructureInvestment Bank andother financialinstitutes\tESCAP, UnitedNations agencies,subregionalorganizations,the privatesector, financialinstitutions andmember countries - Explore public fundingarrangements andpublic-privatepartnerships andspecial purposevehicles for thepromotion ofinfrastructuredevelopment - Explore governmentfunding options onInternet exchangepoint constructionand operations \n\t- Collect information onICT project fundingmechanisms in theAsia-Pacific region", "X. Implementation plan", "43. The timeline for the Master Plan is 2016 to 2018 (table 2). In 2018, the first review of progress will be submitted to the Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation at its second session, in 2018. Given that some activities may need to be implemented beyond 2018, the Master Plan will be updated and revised after the first review, as described in the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Regional Cooperation Framework Document.", "Table 2", "Asia-Pacific information superhighway implementation plan 2016‑2018 (activities not exhaustive)", "Action item 2016 2017 2018\n 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4", "Steering committee to be established and operational", "1.1 Conduct feasibility studies", "2.3 Internet exchange point system and operation model", "3. Regional social and economic studies", "4.1 Study route diversification as part of e-resilience", "5.1 Undertake policy initiatives for cross-border connectivity", "6.1 Capacity development", "7.1 Formulation of Asia-Pacific information superhighway funding platform", "Present Master Plan for adoption", "Evaluation and progress report", "First session of the Committee", "Seventy-third session of the Commission", "Seventy-fourth session of the Commission", "Annex I", "Terms of reference of the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Steering Committee", "I. Membership criteria", "1. The membership of the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Steering Committee shall consist of all member States of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and, due to the nature of the assigned activities, it will also consist of multi-stakeholder representatives of non-profit organizations and research institutes with policy and technical expertise and experts from member country Governments (in their personal capacity).", "2. The Bureau shall be elected by Steering Committee members for a term of one year.", "3. The Steering Committee shall meet once a year.", "4. The Chair of the Steering Committee shall be elected by the members of the Steering Committee.", "5. The Steering Committee shall be supported in its functions by the secretariat.", "II. Objectives", "6. The Steering Committee shall monitor the implementation of the Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway and the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Regional Cooperation Framework Document, coordinate subregional work, provide policy guidance and, if necessary, set up a technical advisory group.", "Annex II", "Terms of reference of the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway subregional steering groups", "I. Membership criteria", "1. The membership of the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway subregional steering groups shall consist of member States of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) from the subregion concerned as well as any other ESCAP member States interested in subregional work.", "2. The bureau of each steering group shall be elected by ESCAP member States from the subregion for a term of one year.", "3. The chair of each steering group shall be elected by the members of that steering group.", "4. Each steering group shall be supported in its functions by the secretariat.", "II. Objectives", "5. Each steering group shall monitor the implementation of subregional ICT projects, provide policy guidance and, if necessary, set up an implementation group.", "[1] United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, “State of ICT in Asia and the Pacific 2016”, Working Paper (forthcoming).", "[2] Strengthening the regional broadband infrastructure; establishing regional internet traffic and network management systems and policies; enhancing ICT infrastructure resilience; and providing inclusive access to broadband internet.", "[3] See www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction/asia-pacific-information-superhighway/publications?page=1.", "[4] www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction/asia-pacific-information-superhighway/asia-pacific-information-superhighway-maps.", "[5] For the purposes of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway initiative: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.", "[6] A tromboning index is defined as Internet routing distance/straight line distance from the source to the destination of a packet.", "[7] United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, “An in‑depth study on the broadband infrastructure in South and West Asia”. Available from www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Broadband_Infrastructure_South%26West_Asia.pdf.", "[8] Turkey’s per capita international Internet bandwidth was more than 30 kilobytes per second, while Bangladesh’s was only 0.3 kilobyte per second, a ratio of 100 to 1. Countries such as Bangladesh, India and Nepal (which together account for one fifth of the world’s population) have per capita international Internet bandwidth at less than 1 kilobyte per second; bandwidth in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan and Sri Lanka is also extremely weak, at 2.2 kilobytes per second or less, while, in comparison, the average in Western Europe is approximately 100 kilobytes per second. The annual 1 megabit per second broadband subscription plus installation as a percentage of nominal gross domestic product per capita varies from extremely affordable (Turkey), affordable (Sri Lanka), reasonable (Bhutan, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Maldives), somewhat expensive (Pakistan) to very expensive (Bangladesh and Nepal).", "[9] Siope Vakataki’Ofa, Telecommunications Regulatory Reform in Small Island Developing States: The Impact of the WTO’s Telecommunications Commitment (Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012).", "[10] www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction/asia-pacific-information-superhighway/asia-pacific-information-superhighway-maps.", "[11] E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/3.", "[12] See www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction/asia-pacific-information-superhighway/resources." ]

[ "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会 信息和通信技术， 科学、技术与创新委员会 第一届会议 2016年10月5日至7日，曼谷 临时议程^(*) 项目2(a) \n信息和通信技术的政策问题：努力实现亚太信息高速公路", "亚太信息高速公路总体计划", "秘书处的说明^(**)", "内容摘要 \n根据亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)第71/10号决议，亚太信息高速公路工作组第一次会议于2015年9月在大韩民国仁川举行。与会代表一致同意将起草亚太信息高速公路总体计划和区域合作框架文件，两份文件相辅相成。为完成这一任务，组建了亚太信息高速公路指导小组。亚太经社会在本区域进行了调研和分析，于2016年4月与包括私营部门的代表在内的各利益攸关方进行协商，并在2016年3月举办的技术会议上讨论，在此基础上制定了《亚太信息高速公路总体计划》。《总体计划》中列出的关键战略举措、具体目标和时间线均与亚太信息高速公路四大支柱保持一致，即：加强区域宽带基础设施；制订区域互联网流量和网络管理系统和政策；提高信息和通信技术基础设施的韧性；提供包容性的宽带互联网接入。2016年8月29日至30日在中国广州举行的亚太信息高速公路工作组第二次会议将审议并核准《总体计划》。", "一． 导言", "1. 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)新近发布的报告表明，亚太发展中区域不到15%的人口可以访问高速互联网，而在过去15年中，最不发达国家的状况并未得到改善。[1] 为解决这一问题，亚太经社会在第71/10号决议中核准了在亚太信息高速公路倡议方面的持续工作。这一倡议旨在改善区域宽带互联互通，其方式是通过由开放接入的跨境网络基础设施构成的密集网络，将其纳入相互连接的陆缆和海缆光纤网络，以实现以下最终目标：为本区域发展中国家增加国际带宽，降低宽带互联网资费，弥合本区域的数字鸿沟。", "2. 亚太信息高速公路倡议补充了亚太经社会成员国对联大第70/125号决议“关于信息社会世界首脑会议成果文件执行情况全面审查的大会高级别会议成果文件”的承诺，联大在文件中认识到迫切需要发挥知识和技术的潜力促进可持续发展目标，并需要发挥这一潜力促进发展。2015年经社会第71/10号决议呼吁秘书处促进在利用信通技术促进减少灾害风险、灾害管理和响应方面良好实践和经验教训的交流，提高电子韧性，并核准建立了亚太信息高速公路工作组。工作组第一次会议于2015年9月1-2日在大韩民国仁川举行。会议决定：", "(a) 起草总体计划，其中包括与亚太信息高速公路倡议的四大支柱相关的长期愿景、针对性目标、专门活动和时间节点；[2]", "(b) 起草由四大支柱构成的亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架。", "3. 亚太信息高速公路工作组还成立了亚太信息高速公路指导小组，其成员包括指导小组办公室成员以及拥有政策和技术专长的多利益攸关方代表。指导小组的基本目标是起草亚太信息高速公路总体计划和区域合作框架文件。", "4. 为支持亚太信息高速公路倡议并创立亚太信息高速公路总体计划，亚太经社会对现有和缺失的陆地链路进行了若干分析和可行性研究，估算了南亚、西亚、中亚和东南亚国家联盟(东盟)国家对宽带服务、电子韧性和互联网流量管理的需求。[3] 这些调研分析工作是与大韩民国国家信息社会局、亚洲发展银行、亚洲网络经济改革学习举措组织(LIRNEasia)和信息社会组织协作下共同开展的。研究主要集中在但不限于宽带接入、固定和移动宽带基础设施、定价、国内光纤网络(陆缆和区域间陆缆)以及国际互联互通上。亚太经社会也与国际电信联盟合作，更新了宽带网络地图。[4]", "5. 草案指出，需要将亚太信息高速公路治理结构形成制度，方可确保总体计划的有效实施。经社会秘书处将通过政府间进程确保协调、汇报和支助。总体计划旨在为次区域倡议增加价值，例如东盟信通技术总体计划以及包括各成员国国家信通技术计划和举措在内的其他倡议。", "6. 亚太信息高速公路总体计划提出建立网络走廊，旨在形成由跨境陆缆连接和海缆登陆站构成的切实有效的物理网络，实现无缝的亚太区域信息和通信网络。", "二. 经社会研究结果重点", "7. 亚太区域国际互联互通或经转的接入方式主要是海缆登陆。经社会对陆缆网络的分析表明，本区域许多国家的回程国内基础设施网络的网格化程度较低，呈“河流体系”模式。此外，由于各国间光纤互联数量有限，也导致总国际带宽和人均国际带宽供应受到限制。这一问题尤其困扰着内陆国家，它们无法直接接入海缆登陆站，不得不依赖有限的跨境陆缆接入。", "8. 迄今，亚太经社会已在以下三个次区域开展了若干研究：南亚和西亚区域、中亚区域、东盟区域。结论简述如下。", "A. 亚太区域的信息和通信技术状况", "9. 从地理分布来看，52%以上的全球固定宽带用户来自亚太经社会成员国，其后依次为欧洲国家(21.9%)和北美洲国家(14.1%)。亚太经社会区域74%的固定宽带用户位于东亚和东北亚，本区域半数以上固定宽带用户数都是靠中国独力撑起的。亚太经社会高收入国家数字包容度更高，而亚太经社会低收入成员国则呈现出数字鸿沟的迹象。新兴国家中也出现了固定宽带增长，不过速度较慢，发展不均。", "10. 此外，工作报告《2016年亚洲及太平洋信通技术现状》探讨了监管质量与固定宽带渗透率之间的强相关性。新兴经济体的移动宽带用户总数呈快速增长，正在迎头赶上发达国家。但若按人口数量进行加权，发达国家的移动宽带渗透率要明显高出许多。研究人员分析了亚太经社会成员国的宽带数字鸿沟，发现若不采取针对性政策加以干预，未来数年中数字鸿沟将加宽。", "B. 中亚各国", "11. 中亚 [5] 靠扩大覆盖范围并提供廉价手机设备，在移动通信方面表现较为出色。然而中亚10国中互联网使用率呈显著差异，渗透率参差不齐。造成这一现象的主要原因是互联网服务的高成本。虽然本次区域大多数国家仍然大大低于全球平均水平(10%)，但阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦的固定宽带普及率高于全球平均水平，而亚美尼亚仅略低于水平线。在移动宽带方面，亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦的普及情况均优于全球平均水平。", "12. 然而即便将中亚各国作为整体来看，也缺乏足够的国际带宽。这与拥有充足带宽的东盟等其他次区域形成了鲜明对比。此外，大多数此类国家高度依赖邻国以接入国际带宽。", "13. 以上10个经济体与外部世界的基础设施互联主要依靠陆缆光纤，但巴基斯坦和格鲁吉亚可以接入海缆光纤。这10个国家北邻俄罗斯联邦，东邻中国，南邻伊朗伊斯兰共和国和巴基斯坦，西邻土耳其。这些邻国可望经陆缆和海缆为内陆国家提供更多国际带宽。此外，中亚整个区域范围内坐拥若干相互连接的陆缆网络，如亚欧陆地光缆系统、欧洲—伊朗海缆项目和跨欧亚信息高速公路。内陆国家可望利用这些光缆系统接入国际带宽。这些光缆系统还进一步为目前海缆系统中存在的拥堵点提供了替代性冗余路径的机会。", "14. 尽管宽带覆盖率普遍偏低，10国中越来越多的消费者和企业使用无线宽带而非固定宽带来访问互联网。这一趋势盛行的缘由是固定宽带基础设施缺失或不足，暴露出中亚各国的重大缺陷。报告亦指出，大多数此类国家尤其缺乏必要的固定骨干网基础设施以支持无线通信的新兴需求。", "C. 东南亚国家联盟各国", "15. 东盟国家在光纤和其他宽带基础设施(国内和国际)方面广泛投资。然而，东盟国家中互联网接入和服务水平差异较大。除新加坡和泰国外，东盟国家平均网速低于世界平均水平。柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、老挝人民民主共和国、缅甸和越南或将需要额外投资来扩展其国内网络。", "16. 经过对东盟国家间主干网和互联网流量交换互联互通的质量进行考察，发现该次区域内呈现出显著差异。评估表明，在最差的个案中，国际主干中继线下载速度为0.15每秒兆比特，等待时间为230毫秒，远程传输指数 [6] 为35。在最佳的个案中，评估显示下载速度为50.1每秒兆比特，等待时间为7.5毫秒，远程传输指数为1。这表明，该次区域的主干网互联互通和互联网流量交换和管理系统效率严重低下。东盟的宽带普及率也依然偏低，且国别差距严重。报告同时指出，陆地互联互通相对偏弱，呈高成本或高价格结构。柬埔寨、老挝人民民主共和国、缅甸、菲律宾等国的区域互联网经转价格比新加坡贵十倍。", "17. 除马来西亚、菲律宾和新加坡外，大多数东盟国家内国际互联互通相对较弱。柬埔寨依赖与其他邻国间的回程协议来实现国际互联互通。印度尼西亚的跨区域互联互通较为薄弱且有限，其经转能力严重依赖新加坡。东盟次区域唯一的内陆国家老挝人民民主共和国无法直接接入海缆网络。", "D. 南亚及西亚各国", "18. 对本次区域的九国(孟加拉国、不丹、印度、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、马尔代夫、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡和土耳其)电信、互联网市场和宽带基础设施的分析表明，各国在带宽可用性方面存在严峻差距。这一差距不利于经济增长、社会发展和包容性。陆缆光纤互联互通偏弱是造成各次区域带宽不平等、低容量、高成本和不稳定的根本原因。[7] 这导致带宽的消费价格和批发价格高企，包括宽带在内的先进信通技术服务和应用欠缺且普及率偏低。[8]", "19. 该次区域的固定宽带和移动宽带基础设施均可望大幅扩展。互联网经转的价格从非常合理(土耳其)、适中(印度)到昂贵(次区域其他国家)不一而足。除印度和伊朗享受经海缆接入国际互联互通的优越条件外，本次区域其他各国国际互联互通从充足、稍弱到薄弱，程度不等。本次区域两个内陆国家不丹和尼泊尔完全依赖印度方可通过海缆接入国际互联互通。报告指出，本次区域各国市场的竞争状况从充分竞争(印度)、略充分(孟加拉国、巴基斯坦)、不充分竞争(不丹、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡、土耳其、马尔代夫、伊朗伊斯兰共和国)不一而足。", "E. 太平洋区域的信息和通信技术状况", "20. 亚太经社会对太平洋次区域的研究尚有待开展。然而，太平洋诸岛通信部门的改革导致了海缆互联互通的大幅扩张。手机和互联网接入产生了广泛的影响，带来了诸多裨益，例如便于享受医疗、教育、市场信息、金融服务，在自然灾害发生之际获得信息。[9]", "三. 愿景和四大支柱", "21. 作为区域互联互通的支柱，亚太信息高速公路倡议应在无缝的区域宽带网络建设中发挥催化作用，以降低资费，提高稳定性、韧性和覆盖面，因而消除数字鸿沟的成因，建设支持落实可持续发展目标的互联网生态系统，刺激亚太区域的数字经济发展。", "22. 尽管宽带互联网在所有部门均带来了丰厚的收益，但整个亚太区域的进展并不均衡，依然是世界上数字鸿沟最为严重的区域之一。不断加宽的数字鸿沟理应令人担忧。为解决这一问题，亚太信息高速公路工作组第一次会议上将亚太信息高速公路的概念进行了界定，其基础正是上述研究和分析，以查明与以下四大支柱相关的差距、机遇和需求(图1)：", "(a) 物理基础设施升级和互联；", "(b) 互联网流量管理；", "(c) 打造区域网络韧性；", "(d) 在互联网薄弱地区推动宽带接入。", "图一", "亚太信息高速公路的四大支柱", "[]", "23. 亚太经社会与国际电信联盟联合制作了交互式信息高速公路地图。[10] 这份交互式地图用于确定若干缺失的陆地光纤链路以及海缆瓶颈处。", "A. 互联互通", "24. 亚太信息高速公路倡议呼吁通过升级并提高跨境、区域内和区域间宽带骨干网络的韧性并加以整合，改善无缝区域宽带光纤主干网互联互通，势必带来开放接入且更加均衡的海缆和陆缆网络。此外，亚太信息高速公路倡议呼吁发挥现有的亚洲高速公路网和泛亚铁路网以及其他跨境基础设施带来的区域互联互通机遇，利用已有的和规划中的交通运输网络通行权，在国家内部和国家间实施快速、费用低且成效高的光纤布线。除建设区域光纤陆缆外，亚太信息高速公路倡议还力求打造陆缆的运营模式，促进跨境陆缆网络的形成，提高转换的质量和效率，以便更加高效地利用完工的陆缆资源，提高区域互联互通。《亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件》中重点强调了上述方面。[11]", "B. 流量与网络管理", "25. 亚太信息高速公路倡议也呼吁在国内、次区域和区域层面改善互联网流量交换和管理系统，切实有效地协调相关政策以提高服务质量。这一支柱的目标是在区域内建立充足的互联网交换点，协调互联网流量管理实践、原则和相关政策规章框架，使之更加公开、中立、不偏不倚，并制订互联网交换点的总则。", "C. 电子韧性", "26. 鉴于有韧性的基础设施对可持续发展的重要性，而且信通技术在减少灾害风险和灾害管理中发挥了关键作用，亚太信息高速公路倡议旨在通过提高网络多样化等方法来改善现有或规划中的信通技术基础设施的韧性。", "D. 全民享受宽带", "27. 亚太信息高速公路倡议认识到最不发达国家和内陆发展中国家的特殊需求和挑战，支持推广全民上网的环境。除提升国际光纤主干网互联互通外，该倡议还促进了相关国家国内信通技术基础设施的发展，包括国内主干网和回程网络、接入网络和互联网数据中心等。国内信通技术基础设施的改善可以降低人均宽带成本，进而促进宽带的大规模扩展。有效利用互联网数据中心可以满足对国际带宽的需求，推动国内信通技术应用的发展。", "四. 亚太信息高速公路的层级网络结构图", "28. 亚太信息高速公路亦可用层级网络结构图来描述，该图主要解读了网络每一层级在功能方面的差异，如图2所示，例如宽带主干网层级、开放中立互联网交换点层级和内容/内容传递层级。宽带主干网层级应在查明国家、次区域和区域层面的缺失环节后，由比例均衡的无缝海缆和陆缆网络构成。政策和监管层面体现在协调互联网中间协议路由和对等或经转的区域监管系统或区域协调机构，并与监管方进行沟通，确定新来者回程接入的网络中立和非歧视权利。", "29. 开放中立互联网交换点层级确保了国内互联网服务之间的国内互联网协议流量交换，以及邻国间的区域直接互联网协议对等/经转。在互联网交换点之间完全可以建立光纤互联，支持需要多种接入互联网交换点方式的互联网服务提供商或其他国家的互联网服务提供商。内容或内容传递层级可作为互联网数据中心，供独立提供商在此通过内容传递网络提供内容。内容传递网络服务提供商和内容提供商的作用十分重要，他们可以通过在本地服务器上缓存更多内容，减少跨境互联网流量。", "图二", "亚太信息高速公路层级图", "[]", "[][][]", "[][]", "[]", "[]", "[][][]", "[][]", "资料来源：亚太经社会和国家信息社会局，《在东盟次区域实施亚太信息高速公路的预可行性分析：理念、国际流量与质量分析、网络结构设计和实施模式》(曼谷，2016)。可查阅：www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/ASEAN%20report%20final.pdf。", "五. 亚太信息高速公路的中期目标", "30. 总体计划当前项目2016至2018年内，中期目标主要集中在以下三个方面：(a)无缝、且可靠的区域宽带互联互通，以及均衡的海缆和陆缆互联互通和互联网流量交换管理，(b)提高电子韧性(c)在宽带尚未普及的地区促进包容性的宽带接入，缩小数字鸿沟。", "31. 区域宽带互联互通倡议应以现有研究和分析为基础，通过以下方式落实具体举措：(a)查明缺失环节，[12] (b)利用跨部门的协同增效促进光纤布线，(c)改善监管框架，推广关键基础设施的开放接入。", "32. 应在国内和次区域层面建立充足的互联网交换点，确立互联网流量交换的共同准则，以防止互联网流量远程传输，改善区域主干网的跨境、区域内、区域间互联网服务质量，解决经转费用高昂的问题。", "33. 包容性宽带接入的目标包括改善亚太区域的监管框架和市场实践，因为这些监管框架和市场实践往往在宽带传输市场的国际转接和国家主干网等细分市场中限制了竞争。在此方面的成功政策和监管措施将包括简化海缆网络和跨境网络接入的许可制度，减少主导运营商对国际网关和海缆登陆站的独家掌控。此外，加快改革以培育宽带传输市场的竞争格局亦是降低宽带资费的头等大事。", "六. 建议的亚太信息高速公路网络走廊", "34. 在物理方面，次区域网络走廊是一个跨境、区域内和区域间的宽带基础设施。网络走廊链路将主要由穿越邻国、次区域和区域的光缆、导管和管道构成。通过精密的物理网络基础设施，网络走廊将在决定亚洲及太平洋区域互联互通及国际带宽价格方面发挥重要作用。每个次区域网络将利用各次区域的主要互联网交换点，通过一条网络走廊与另一次区域网络连接起来。将通过协调的政策和规定以及区域合作等推进电子韧性和包容性宽带接入的措施来支持物理网络，详见《亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件》。", "35. 网络走廊的主要举措将是在各国建立互联网交换点，这些交换点将连接到次区域互联网交换点，亦即接入欧美的外部网络服务提供点。共计查明了亚太信息高速公路的五条网络走廊(见图3)。俄中光缆系统被视为网络走廊，原因是其可作为国际互联互通的替代性陆地路径。", "图三", "建议的亚洲及太平洋区域网络走廊", "[]", "七. 亚太信息高速公路的区域伙伴", "36. 伙伴关系是亚太信息高速公路总体计划的重要组成部分，由于这一信息高速公路地域广阔且由多重网络构成，基础设施将主要由私营部门负责建设。预计通过私营部门、各国政府、国际机构、非政府组织、研究院所和区域/国际金融机构的区域伙伴关系，各亚太信息高速公路子计划将获得协调、实施和筹资机会，同时可分享专门知识，交流良好实践和经验教训。", "37. 各区域伙伴构成了诸多在亚太信息高速公路倡议的共同框架(图4)下齐心协力的利益攸关方。此框架内包含了由指导委员会成员构成的五个次区域指导小组。发展伙伴和金融机构伙伴将在国家、次区域和区域层面行使各自职能，为成员国提供支助。区域合作框架和融资方案详见《亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件》。", "38. 此外，与其他社会经济部门的实体等进行合作并建立伙伴关系，对发挥亚洲高速公路网和泛亚铁路网以及其他跨境基础设施带来的已有区域互联互通机遇非常重要，以便利用已有的和规划中的交通运输网络通行权，在国家内部和国家间实施快速、费用低且成效高的光纤布线。", "图四", "区域伙伴", "[]", "八. 亚太信息高速公路的治理结构", "39. 建议的亚太信息高速公路治理结构旨在为倡议各项活动的有效实施提供支助(图5)。治理结构由亚太信息高速公路整体区域层面(指导委员会)构成，其下的各次区域走廊(指导小组)将由电信运营商构成的实施小组酌情予以支助。活动将围绕四大支柱展开，应促进次区域和国家信通技术倡议的实施。如图5所示，各指导小组将负责讨论并查明各次区域互联互通、流量管理、电子韧性和数字鸿沟的相关问题。", "图五", "建议的亚太信息高速公路网络走廊治理结构", "40. 建议的治理结构设计理念是要与次区域倡议保持一致，以便满足次区域需求，并契合亚太信息高速公路倡议的总体目标。此外，治理结构将利用国际电信联盟、亚太电信组织、世界银行、亚洲基础设施投资银行和其他金融机构等国际机构和专门机构的相关国际专门知识。亦将吸收信息社会组织、亚洲网络经济改革学习举措组织和其他研究院所/智库为伙伴。各次区域指导小组成员不限于该次区域的成员国，而是面向所有亚太经社会成员国开放。", "41. 区域层面将由监控、协调和咨询职能构成，并通过亚太经社会秘书处向各政府间机构汇报，详见《亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件》。", "九. 2016-2018年期战略倡议", "42. 建议的亚太信息高速公路2016-2018年期战略倡议旨在改善亚太区域宽带互联互通(见表1)。", "表1：", "亚太信息高速公路2016-2018年期战略倡议", "倡议1：与成员国和次区域组织合作，在跨境、区域内和区域间层面开展区域主干网的确定、协作、部署、扩展和整合 \n 重点领域 描述 负责方 一体化区域主干和互联互通- 陆地光纤网络\t- 查明缺失环节- 采用网状和环状混合结构，设计有韧性的区域陆地主干网\t亚洲网络经济改革学习举措组织 \n- 相干网状网\t- 规划建立中心节点，以降低成本，提高流量传输稳定性\t\n跨境陆缆的运营模式\t- 研究跨境陆缆网络的运营模式和标准及质量标准等\t国内宽带基础设施\t- 审查欠发达国家的国内主干网路径 - 协助最不发达国家制定宽带网络发展战略 \n\t-建设并规划数据中心、云数据共享和其他负担得起的备选方案\t\n 支持活动 描述 负责方 \n1. 在部分走廊开展深入的可行性研究，考虑到内陆发展中国家、最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家的特殊需求和挑战\t- 确定流量、收入和前期成本与经济承受能力- 确定最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家的特殊需求和挑战- 与成员国和小岛屿国家私营部门协调基础设施发展规划\t亚太经社会、成员国、研究院所、智库、次区域组织和金融机构1. 更新亚太信息高速公路传输图\t-最大限度发挥跨部门协同增效或利用现有公路和铁路基础设施\t亚太经社会、国际电信联盟和成员国 \n\t-更新亚太信息高速公路传输图\t\n1. 粗数量级\t- 酌情与供应商合作，探索成本评估\t亚太经社会、私营部门", "倡议2：在国家和次区域层面建立充足的互联网交换点，并制订互联网流量交换的共同准则，以防止互联网流量远程传输，降低经转成本，提高服务质量 \n 重点领域 描述 负责方 \n协调统一的互联网流量交换和管理- 改进区域、次区域和国家级互联网交换点- 消除新互联网服务提供商的入门壁垒，推动市场公平竞争\t- 倡导在邻国的互联网服务提供商之间开展非歧视的直接双边对等/经转- 建立区域内/区域间中立的互联网交换点-设立国内互联网交换点，以便国内流量在国内交换 \n重点领域\t描述\t负责方\t\n1. 区域诊断性研究\t- 开展诊断性研究，分析本区域互联网流量交换/管理的最佳实践\t亚太经社会、国际电信联盟、亚太电信组织、亚太网络信息中心、成员国和私营部门\t\n1. 流量产量深入分析\t-开展对流量、目的地和分配、路由和距离的研究，包括在国家层面和区域层面的整体互联网服务质量\t亚太经社会，与私营部门、亚太网络信息中心和成员国协商\t\n1. 互联网交换点系统和运营模式\t-建议建立互联网交换点，包括运营原则和监管模式\t亚太经社会、亚太网络信息中心、研究院所和私营部门\t\n4. 粗数量级\t- 与设备供应商或伙伴实体合作进行成本评估\t亚太经社会，与私营部门协商", "倡议3：区域社会和经济研究 \n 重点领域 描述 负责方 未来和不久的将来信通技术趋势的经济社会影响分析\t-审查技术进步，查明其对经济和社会的影响，促进让决策者做出知情决定的信通技术的包容性发展\t亚太经社会、联合国教育、科学及文化组织、私营部门、其他联合国各机构和金融机构 -在亚太经社会国家开展信通技术发展需求评估，考虑到内陆发展中国家、最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家的特殊需求和挑战 \n\t- 开展促进宽带互联互通在生产中的应用相关能力建设", "倡议4：提高亚太区域信通技术基础设施的韧性 \n 重点领域 描述 负责方 \n1. 接入国际互联互通的陆缆链路\t- 探索加强通往欧洲的光纤链路的电子韧性- 探索为中亚内陆国家提供额外带宽\t亚太经社会，成员国、私营部门和金融机构\n1. 多样化的路线，包括在亚洲公路网和泛亚铁路网沿线共同铺设光缆\t- 利用亚洲公路网和泛亚铁路网的基础设施探索光缆路径的多样化\t亚太经社会与成员国\n1. 减少灾害风险，保护关键基础设施2. 网络安全防备3. 引入网际协议版本6(IPV6)1\t- 整合多种方式以规划基础设施的发展，将灾害管理纳入设计阶段- 支持并审查国家信通技术的网络安全防备- 支持IPV6准备工作\t亚太经社会、研究院所、联合国各机构和私营部门亚太网络信息中心、世界银行和其他区域/国际组织亚太网络信息中心", "倡议5：为充分利用现有基础设施、技术和包容性的宽带倡议的政策和法规 \n 重点领域 描述 负责方 \n1.海底光缆回程和降低跨境资费以及基础设施共享\t-在上述研究、磋商和伙伴关系的基础上，制订跨境基础设施共享相关政策\t成员国和次区域组织\n1. 当地/国家政府网络接入互联网交换点的情况以及在互联网交换点的对等/经转情况\t-制订基础设施共享、接入互联网交换点的相关政策\t成员国和次区域组织1. 国家信通技术政策和监管框架\t- 更新国家政策和规定，促进基础设施发展和包容性宽带\t亚太经社会、联合国各机构、次区域组织和成员国 - 实施用以推进开放接入、非歧视性定价、竞争和创新的政策 \n\t- 与电信、税收和关税相关的监管改革", "倡议6：能力建设 \n 重点领域 描述 负责方 \n6.1→机构和个人能力建设6.2→技术培训\t- 能力建设，交流在区域层面总结的、与网络流量管理和监测、陆缆/海缆布线相关的良好做法和经验教训- 开展建立互联网服务提供商和网络安全的相关技术培训\t亚太经社会、所有成员国、研究院所、私营部门、联合国各机构。亚太网络信息中心", "倡议7：基于公私营伙伴关系的亚太信息高速公路项目融资机制 \n 重点领域 描述 负责方 7.1→规划亚太信息高速公路筹资平台\t- 与世界银行、亚洲发展银行、亚洲基础设施投资银行和其他金融机构合作，探索并规划为亚太信息高速公路筹资的机制\t亚太经社会、联合国各机构、次区域组织、私营部门、金融机构和成员国 -探索公共资金安排和公私营伙伴关系，以及推动基础设施建设的专门工具 -探索互联网交换点建设和运营的政府筹资备选方案 \n\t- 亚太信通技术计划融资机制的信息搜集", "十. 实施计划", "1. 总体计划项目期为2016年至2018年(见表2)。项目进展的首次审评将于2018年提交信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会第二届会议。鉴于部分活动可能需要在2018年之后实施，总体计划将在首次审评后予以更新和修订，详见《亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件》。", "表2", "亚太信息高速公路执行方案2016-2018(仅列出部分活动)", "行动项目 2016 2017 2018\n 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4", "应建立指导委员会并投入运行", "1.1 进行可行性分析", "2.3 互联网交换点系统和运营模式", "3. 区域社会和经济研究", "4.1 将路径多样化作为电子韧性的一部分加以研究", "5.1 落实政策倡议，促进跨境互联互通", "6.1 能力建设", "7.1 规划亚太信息高速公路筹资平台", "提交总体方案供审议通过", "评估与进展报告", "委员会第一届会议", "经社会第七十三届会议", "经社会第七十四届会议", "附件一", "亚太信息高速公路指导委员会的职权范围", "一. 成员标准", "1. 亚太信息高速公路指导委员会应由亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)所有成员国组成，且鉴于所指派活动的性质，还将由来自非营利组织和研究所、拥有政策和技术专长的多利益攸关方代表，以及成员国政府的专家(以个人身份)组成。", "2. 主席团应由指导委员会成员选举产生，任期一年。", "3. 指导委员会应每年召开一次会议。", "4. 指导委员会主席应由指导委员会成员选举产生。", "5. 秘书处将协助指导委员会履行职能。", "二. 目标", "6. 指导小组应监督亚太信息高速公路总体计划和区域合作框架文件的实施情况，协调次区域工作，提供政策指导，并视需要成立技术咨询小组。", "附件二", "亚太信息高速公路次区域指导小组的职权范围", "一. 成员标准", "1. 亚太信息高速公路各次区域指导小组成员应由该次区域的亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)成员国以及任何对次区域工作有兴趣的其他亚太经社会成员国组成。", "2. 指导小组主席团应由该次区域的亚太经社会成员国选举产生，任期一年。", "3. 指导小组主席应由该小组成员选举产生。", "4. 秘书处应协助各指导小组履行其职能。", "二． 目标", "5. 各指导小组应监督次区域信通技术项目的实施情况，提供政策指导，并视需要成立实施小组。", "[1] 联合国，亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会，工作文件《2016年亚洲及太平洋信通技术现状》（即出）。", "[2] 加强区域宽带基础设施；制订区域互联网流量和网络管理系统和政策；增强信通技术基础设施的韧性；提供包容性的宽带互联网接入。", "[3] 可参阅：www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction/asia-pacific-information-superhighway/publications?page=1。", "[4] www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction/asia-pacific-information-superhighway/asia-pacific-information-superhighway-maps.", "[5] 为亚太信息高速公路倡议起见，文中“中亚”是指以下国家：阿富汗、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、巴基斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦。", "[6] 远程传输指数可界定为数据包从始发地到目的地之间互联网路由距离与直线距离之比。", "[7] 联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会，《南亚和西亚宽带基础设施深入研究》。可查阅：www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Broadband_Infrastructure_South%26West_Asia.pdf。", "[8] 土耳其的人均国际互联网带宽超过30千字节每秒，而孟加拉国仅为0.3千字节每秒，两者之比为100:1。孟加拉国、印度和尼泊尔等国（总人口占世界五分之一）人均国际互联网带宽低于1千字节每秒；伊朗伊斯兰共和国、巴基斯坦和斯里兰卡的带宽也极其微弱，仅为2.2千字节每秒甚至更低，相比之下，西欧平均值约为100千字节每秒。各国1每秒兆比特宽带年费加安装费占人均名义国内生产总值的百分比参差不齐，从极其低廉（土耳其）、低廉（斯里兰卡）、合理（不丹、印度、伊朗伊斯兰共和国和马尔代夫）、略贵（巴基斯坦）到极贵（孟加拉国和尼泊尔）不一而足。", "[9] Siope Vakataki’Ofa，《小岛屿发展中国家的电信监管改革：WTO电信承诺的影响》（泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔，剑桥学者出版社，2012)。", "[10] www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction/asia-pacific-information-superhighway/asia-pacific-information-superhighway-maps。", "[11] E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/3。", "[12] 可参阅：www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction/asia-pacific-information-superhighway/resources。" ]

[ "亚太信息高速公路总体规划.", "秘书处的说明^(**)", "内容提要\n根据亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)第71/10号决议,亚太信息高速公路工作组于2015年9月在大韩民国仁川举行了第一次会议。 会上商定将拟订亚太信息高速公路总体计划和区域合作框架文件,并相互加强。 成立了亚太信息高速公路指导小组,以完成这项任务。 《亚太信息高速公路总体规划》是根据亚太经社会在本区域开展的研究和分析、与包括私营部门代表在内的各利益攸关方于2016年4月举行的磋商、以及于2016年3月举行的技术会议上的讨论结果编制的。 《总体计划》载有与亚太信息高速公路倡议四大支柱相一致的关键战略举措、有针对性的目标和时间表:加强区域宽带基础设施;建立区域互联网交通和网络管理系统和政策;加强信息和通信技术基础设施的复原力;以及提供包容性的宽带互联网接入。 \"总体规划\"于2016年8月29日和30日在中国广州举行的亚太信息高速公路工作组第二次会议上被审议通过.", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 根据亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)的最新报告,在亚洲及太平洋发展中地区,不到15%的人口能够使用高速因特网,最不发达国家的情况在过去15年中没有改善。 [1] 为解决这一问题,亚太经社会在其第71/10号决议中赞同继续就亚太信息高速公路倡议开展工作。 该倡议旨在通过一个密集的开放接入跨界基础设施网络,改善区域宽带互联互通,该网络将融入一个有凝聚力的陆地和海上纤维网络,最终目的是为本区域发展中国家增加国际带宽,降低宽带互联网价格并弥合本区域的数字鸿沟。", "2. 联合国 亚太信息高速公路倡议补充了亚太经社会成员国对大会关于全面审查信息社会世界首脑会议成果执行情况的大会高级别会议成果文件的第70/125号决议的承诺。 大会在该决议中确认迫切需要利用知识和技术的潜力来促进可持续发展目标,并需要找到利用这一潜力来促进发展的办法。 2015年,经社会在其第71/10号决议中请秘书处促进分享信通技术在减少灾害风险、管理和应对以及建设电子复原力方面的经验、良好做法和经验教训,并核准设立亚太信息高速公路工作组。 其第一次会议于2015年9月1日和2日在大韩民国仁川举行。 理事会决定:", "(a) 就亚太信息高速公路倡议的四大支柱起草一个总计划,其中包括长期愿景、目标明确的目标、具体活动和里程碑;[2]", "(b) 国家 起草由四大支柱组成的亚太信息高速公路倡议区域合作框架。", "3个 亚太信息高速公路工作组还成立了由工作组主席团成员和具有政策和技术专长的多利益攸关方代表组成的亚太信息高速公路指导小组。 指导小组的主要目标是起草亚太信息高速公路总体计划和一份区域合作框架文件。", " 4.四. 为支持亚太信息高速公路倡议并创建亚太信息高速公路总计划,亚太经社会对南亚和西亚、中亚和东南亚国家联盟(东盟)国家现有的和缺失的地面连接以及宽带服务、电子复原力和互联网交通管理的估计需求进行了一些分析和可行性研究。 [3] 这些研究和分析是与其他机构合作进行的,如大韩民国国家信息社会局、亚洲开发银行、伊斯兰复兴联盟和因特网协会。 这些研究主要侧重于但不限于宽带的采用、固定和移动宽带基础设施、定价、国内光纤网络(地球和区域间地面)和国际连通性。 亚太经社会同国际电信联盟一起更新了它们合作制作的宽带网络地图。 [4]", "5 (韩语). 《总体规划》草案要求亚太信息高速公路治理结构制度化,以确保其有效实施。 委员会秘书处将通过政府间进程确保协调、报告和支助。 该总计划旨在为分区域倡议,如东盟信息和通信技术总计划,以及其他倡议,包括成员国的国家信息和通信技术计划和倡议增加价值。", "6. 国家 《亚太信息高速公路总体规划》建议建立网络走廊,以期实现由地面跨界连接和海底电缆着陆站组成的高效率和高成效的物理网络,实现无缝亚太区域信息和通信网络。", "二. 委员会调查结果要点", "7. 联合国 进入国际连通或过境主要以亚太地区海底电缆起降为主. 委员会对地面网络的分析表明,本区域许多国家的国内基础设施网络的网道不畅并遵循 \" 河道系统 \" 模式。 此外,各国之间的纤维互联有限,也限制了总和人均国际带宽的提供。 这尤其影响到内陆国家,它们无法直接进入海底电缆着陆站,不得不依靠有限的陆地跨界连接。", "8. 国家 迄今为止,亚太经社会已在三个次区域进行了一些研究:南亚和西亚、中亚和东盟区域。 调查结果概述如下。", "A类. 亚太区域的信息和通信技术状况", "9. 国家 全球固定宽带用户中有52%以上来自亚太经社会成员国,其次是欧洲国家(21.9%)和北美国家(14.1%)。 亚太经社会区域的固定宽带用户有74%在东亚和东北亚,该区域一半以上的固定宽带用户仅由中国驱动。 高收入的亚太经社会国家更具数字包容性,而低收入的亚太经社会成员则显示出数字鸿沟的迹象。 固定的宽带增长正在向新兴国家扩展,尽管速度缓慢而不均衡。", "10个 此外,工作文件《2016年亚洲及太平洋信通技术状况》指出,监管质量与固定宽带普及率之间有着密切的相关性。 在移动宽带用户总数方面,新兴经济体出现了惊人的增长,超过发达国家。 但是,如果按人口加权,发达国家的渗透率显然要高得多。 研究人员分析了亚太经社会成员国的宽带数字鸿沟,发现除非实施有针对性的政策,否则数字鸿沟在未来数年内将扩大。", "B. 中亚国家", "11. 中亚[5]在移动通信方面做得相对较好,因为覆盖面得到扩大,而且有负担得起的设备。 然而,这10个国家的互联网采用率差别很大,普及率也各不相同。 这主要是由于因特网服务费用高昂。 虽然该次区域大多数国家仍然大大低于全球平均水平(10%),但阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚和哈萨克斯坦的固定宽带普及率均高于全球平均水平,亚美尼亚仅略低于全球平均水平。 在移动宽带方面,亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦都比起全球平均水平表现良好。", "12个 然而,中亚各国,甚至作为一个整体,也缺乏足够的国际带宽。 这与其他次区域形成了鲜明的对照,例如东盟区域有足够的带宽。 此外,其中大多数国家严重依赖邻国获得国际带宽。", "13个 这10个经济体与世界其他国家之间的基础设施联系主要是地面登陆电缆,尽管巴基斯坦和格鲁吉亚可以使用海底电缆。 这10个国家被北方的俄罗斯联邦,东方的中国,南方的伊朗伊斯兰共和国和巴基斯坦,西方的土耳其所包围. 这些邻国可以从地面和通过海底电缆向内陆国家提供更多的国际带宽。 此外,中亚还有若干互联互通的地面有线电视网络,如泛亚-欧洲线、欧洲-波斯快铁网关和跨欧亚信息高速公路等。 这些有线电视系统可由内陆国家利用,用于国际带宽。 此外,这些有线电视系统为替代目前海底有线电视系统的现有阻塞点提供了一次机会。", "14个 虽然宽带普及率普遍较低,但10个国家的消费者和企业越来越多地通过无线宽带而不是固定宽带上网。 这一趋势普遍存在,原因是固定线路基础设施缺乏或不足,暴露出中亚国家的主要弱点。 还有人指出,这些国家中的大多数尤其缺乏必要的固定骨干基础设施,无法满足新出现的无线通信需求。", "C. 东南亚国家联盟国家", "15个 东盟国家对纤维和其他宽带基础设施(国内和国际)进行了大量投资。 然而,东盟国家之间在获取和服务水平方面存在巨大差距。 东盟国家的平均互联网速度低于世界平均水平,新加坡和泰国除外. 柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、老挝人民民主共和国、缅甸和越南需要额外的投资来扩大国内网络。", "16号. 对东盟国家之间骨干网络和互联网交通交流连接质量的观察表明,次区域内部存在显著差异。 在最坏的情况下,评估显示国际干线下载速度为每秒0.15兆比特,空档为230毫秒,出行指数为35. 在最佳的情况下,评估显示下载速度为50.1兆比特,潜伏时间为7.5毫秒,通缩指数为1. 这表明次区域的骨干网络连接和互联网交通交流和管理系统效率低下。 东盟的宽带普及率也仍然很低,各国之间差距很大。 还有人指出,基于土地的互联互通相对薄弱,成本高或价格高。 柬埔寨、老挝人民民主共和国、缅甸和菲律宾等一些国家的区域互联网过境价格比新加坡高10倍。", "17. 除马来西亚、菲律宾和新加坡外,大多数东盟国家的国际连通性相对薄弱。 柬埔寨依靠与其他邻国的回程协议实现国际连接。 印度尼西亚的区域间连通性薄弱而有限,严重依赖新加坡的过境能力。 东盟次区域唯一的内陆国家老挝人民民主共和国与海底电缆网络没有直接连接。", "D. 南亚和西亚国家", "18岁。 对该次区域9个国家(孟加拉国、不丹、印度、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、马尔代夫、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡和土耳其)的电信、互联网市场和宽带基础设施的分析表明,在带宽提供方面,各国之间存在巨大差距。 这种差距不利于经济增长、社会发展和包容性。 陆地光纤连接薄弱是次区域带宽不平等和容量低、成本高和不可靠的根本原因。 [7] 它导致带宽的消费者和批发价格昂贵,先进信通技术服务和应用,包括宽带的提供和渗透有限。 [8]", " 19. 19. 该次区域的固定和移动宽带基础设施都可以大幅扩展。 因特网过境价格从非常合理的(土耳其)到温和的(印度)不等,对次区域其他国家来说价格也很高。 除了印度和伊朗伊斯兰共和国享有出色的海底有线国际连通性外,该次区域其他国家的国际连通性各有不同,从足够,略微弱到微弱。 该分区域的两个内陆国家不丹和尼泊尔完全依赖印度进行国际海底连接。 该次区域市场的竞争是竞争性的(印度),有些是竞争性的(孟加拉国和巴基斯坦),较不具有竞争力的(不丹、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、马尔代夫、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡和土耳其)。", "E. 太平洋信息和通信技术的现状", "20号. 亚太经社会尚未在太平洋次区域进行研究。 然而,太平洋岛屿电信部门的改革导致通过海底电缆的连通性大幅扩展。 移动电话和因特网接入的影响十分广泛,其好处包括在发生自然灾害时更容易获得保健、教育、市场信息、金融服务和信息。 [9]", "三. 远景和四大支柱", "21岁 作为区域互联互通的支柱,亚太信息高速公路举措应促进发展无缝区域宽带网络,以增进可负担性、依赖性、复原力和覆盖面,从而消除数字鸿沟的根源,发展互联网生态系统以支持可持续发展目标的实施并刺激亚洲及太平洋的数字经济。", "22号. 尽管宽带互联网在所有部门都取得了巨大收益,但亚太区域的进展参差不齐,而亚太区域仍然是世界上数字分化程度最高的区域之一。 日益扩大的数字鸿沟理应引起人们的关切。 为解决这一关切,亚太信息高速公路工作组第一次会议根据上述研究和分析确定了亚太信息高速公路概念,这些研究和分析确定了差距、机会和在与四大支柱有关的专题上开展区域合作的必要性(图一):", "(a) 有形基础设施的升级和互联;", "(b) 因特网交通管理;", "(c) 建立区域网络复原力;", "(d) 促进服务不足地区的宽带接入。", "图一", "亚太信息高速公路四大支柱.", "[]", "23. 亚太经社会和国际电信联盟合作绘制了信息高速公路互动图。 [10] 互动地图被用于识别一些缺失的地面光纤链路和海底电缆窒息点.", "A. 连通性", "24 (韩语). 亚太信息高速公路倡议主张通过提升和增强跨边界的区域内和区域间宽带骨干网络的复原力并整合这些网络,加强无缝区域宽带光纤骨干连接,从而实现开放接入,使海底和陆地网络更加平衡。 此外,该倡议主张利用亚洲公路网和泛亚铁路网以及其他跨界基础设施提供的现有区域互联互通机会,利用现有和计划中的运输网络的通行权,并实现光纤在各国之间和各国内部的快速、成本效益高的部署。 除了开发区域地生光缆外,亚太信息高速公路举措还寻求建立地生光缆的运营模式,为跨界地生光缆网络的形成提供方便,并提升过渡的质量和效率,以将已建成的地生光缆资源更高效地使用并推进区域互通. 亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件强调了这些方面。 [11]", "B. 交通和网络管理", "25岁 亚太信息高速公路倡议还促进加强互联网交通交流和管理系统,并在国内和分区域一级以更高效和更有效的方式协调相关政策,这将提高服务质量。 这一支柱旨在本区域内建立足够的互联网交换点,以更加开放、中立和不歧视的方式协调互联网流量管理做法、原则及相关政策和监管框架,并制定关于互联网交换点的一般原则。", "C. 电子复原力", "26. 联合国 亚太信息高速公路倡议旨在通过增强网络多样性等方法,提高现有/规划中的信通技术基础设施的复原力,同时认识到具有复原力的基础设施对可持续发展的重要性以及信通技术在减少灾害风险和管理方面发挥的关键作用。", "D. 普及宽带", "27个 亚太信息高速公路倡议认识到最不发达国家和内陆发展中国家的特殊需要和挑战,支持创造一个有利于促进人人无障碍的环境。 除了加强国际光纤骨干连接外,该倡议还推动有关国家国内信通技术基础设施的发展,包括国内骨干和回廊网络、接入网络和互联网数据中心等。 国内信通技术基础设施的改进可通过降低人均宽带成本来推动宽带的大规模扩展。 有效利用互联网数据中心可导致对国际带宽需求的吸收并促进发展国内信通技术应用。", "四、结 论 亚太信息高速公路分层网络结构图.", "28岁 亚太信息高速公路也可以用分层的网络结构图来描述,这主要解释了网络每层的功能差异,如图二所示,如宽带主干网层,政策和监管层,开放中性互联网交换点层和内容/内容提供层等. 宽带骨干网络层应由在国家、分区域和区域各级查明缺失环节后平衡无缝的海底和地上纤维网络组成。 政策和监管层是一个区域治理系统或区域协调机构,负责协调中间因特网协议的路由和对等或过境,并与监管机构谈判,为新来者设定网络中立和无歧视的回程通道使用权。", "29. 国家 开放中立的互联网交换点层确保了国内互联网服务提供商之间的国内IP流量交流和相邻国家之间的区域性直接IP对等/中转. 互联网交换点之间可以直接进行纤维连接,以支持需要与互联网交换点或其他国家互联网服务提供者进行多样化连接的互联网服务提供商。 内容或内容提供层充当互联网数据中心,独立提供者通过内容提供网络提供内容. 内容提供网络服务提供商和内容提供者可以发挥非常重要的作用,通过将更多内容困入本地服务器来减少跨境互联网流量.", "图二", "亚太信息高速公路分层图", "[]", "资料来源:亚太经社会和国家信息社会局,关于东盟次区域亚太信息高速公路的可行性研究:概念化、国际交通和质量分析、网络地形设计和实施模式(曼谷,2016年)。 可查阅:www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/东盟%20report%20final.pdf。", "简称:CDN:内容提供网络;CP:内容提供商;IDC:互联网数据中心;ITEC:互联网交通交流互联互通;IXP:互联网交换点;TBBC:地面宽带骨干互联互通.", " V. 亚太信息高速公路的中期目标", "30 (英语). 在2016至2018年《总体规划》目前的时间框架内,中期目标侧重于三个方面:(a) 实现无缝、负担得起和可靠的区域宽带连接,实现平衡的海陆联通和互联网交通交流管理;(b) 促进电子复原力;(c) 促进服务不足地区的包容性宽带接入并缩小数字鸿沟。", "31岁 区域宽带互联互通举措应以现有研究和分析为基础,并导致采取具体举措,具体做法是:(a) 查明缺失环节,[12] (b) 为光纤部署开发跨部门协同效应,并(c) 改进监管框架和促进关键基础设施的开放利用。", "32. 国家 需要在国内和分区域一级建立足够多的互联网交换点和互联网交通交流的共同原则,以防止互联网交通的徘徊并改进跨界区域间和区域内互联网服务区域主干网的服务质量,以解决高过境费用问题。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 包容性宽带接入的目标包括改进亚太区域的监管框架和市场做法,这往往限制了宽带传输市场国际过境和国家骨干部门的竞争。 这方面成功的政策和监管措施将包括简化海底和跨界连接的许可证制度,并减少在国际网关和海底有线地面站任职者的专属控制权。 此外,加快改革以促进宽带传输市场的竞争也被视为降低宽带成本的一个关键优先事项。", "六、结 论 亚太信息高速公路拟议网络走廊", "34. 国家 从物质上讲,次区域网络走廊是区域间和区域内的跨界宽带基础设施。 网络走廊连接将主要由跨越邻国、次区域和区域的光纤电缆、管道和管道组成。 网络走廊将通过精密的有形网络基础设施,在确定亚洲及太平洋的连通性和国际带宽价格方面发挥重要作用。 每个分区域网络将通过一个走廊,利用各分区域的主要因特网交换点同另一个分区域网络相接。 如《亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件》所阐明的,实体网络将得到统一政策和法规以及促进电子复原力和包容性宽带接入的措施的支持,包括区域合作。", "35. 联合国 在每个国家建立因特网交换点,然后与分区域因特网交换点连接,这些交换点也是对外连接欧美的站点,将成为网络走廊的主要组成部分。 亚太信息高速公路共确定了5个网络通道(图三)。 中俄光纤电缆系统被视为网络走廊,因为它将作为国际连通的替代地面通道。", "图三", "亚洲及太平洋拟议网络走廊", "[]", "简称:东盟:东南亚国家联盟;小岛屿发展中国家:小岛屿发展中国家。", "页:1 亚太区域信息高速公路的区域伙伴", "36. (中文(简体) ). 伙伴关系是《亚太信息高速公路总体规划》的重要组成部分,因为信息高速公路覆盖了广泛的地理区域并包含多层网络,基础设施将主要由私营部门开发。 预计,通过由私营部门、各国政府、国际机构、非政府组织、研究机构和区域/国际金融机构组成的区域伙伴关系,可为各种亚太信息高速公路分项目提供协调、统一、执行和供资的机会,同时分享专门知识、良好做法和经验教训。", "37. 联合国 区域伙伴构成许多利益攸关方,在亚太信息高速公路倡议的共同框架内共同努力(图四)。 在这一框架内,由指导委员会成员组成了五个次区域指导小组。 发展伙伴和金融机构伙伴继续通过各自在国家、次区域和区域一级的任务向成员国提供支助。 亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件载有关于区域合作框架和筹资备选方案的进一步细节。", "38. 协作和伙伴关系,包括与其他社会经济部门实体的协作和伙伴关系,对于利用亚洲公路网和泛亚铁路网及其他跨境基础设施所提供的现有区域互联互通机会至关重要,以便利用现有和计划中的运输网络的通行权,在各国之间和各国内部迅速、经济有效地部署光纤。", "图四", "区域伙伴", "简称:亚行:亚洲开发银行;亚投行:亚洲基础设施投资银行;APT:亚太电信共同体;亚太经社会:亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会;国际金融公司;ISOC:因特网学会;国际电联:国际电信联盟;世行:世界银行。", "第八编. 亚太信息高速公路的治理结构", "39. 联合国 拟议的亚太信息高速公路治理结构旨在支持有效执行该倡议的活动(图五)。 它由整个亚太信息高速公路区域地层(指导委员会)组成,根据该地层,每个次区域走廊(指导小组)将在必要时由一个由电信运营商组成的执行小组提供支持。 将围绕这四个支柱开展活动,这应有助于分区域和国家信通技术举措的执行。 如图五所示,各指导小组将负责讨论和确定与每个次区域的连通性、交通管理、电子复原力和数字鸿沟有关的问题。", "图五", "亚太信息高速公路网络走廊拟议治理结构", " 40. 40. 拟议的治理结构旨在与次区域举措相配合,从而满足次区域的需求,并符合亚太信息高速公路举措的总体目标。 此外,治理结构将利用国际电信联盟、亚太电信共同体、世界银行、亚洲开发银行、亚洲基础设施投资银行等国际和专门机构的相关国际专门知识。 它还将包括其他机构,如互联网协会、LIRNEasia和其他研究机构/智囊团作为合作伙伴。 每个次区域指导小组的成员将不限于该次区域的成员国,而是向亚太经社会所有成员国开放。", "41. 国家 如亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件所描述,区域层面包括监测、协调和咨询职能,随后通过亚太经社会秘书处向各政府间机构报告。", "第九编. 2016-2018年战略举措", "42. 国家 拟议的2016-2018年亚太信息高速公路战略举措力求改善亚太区域的宽带互联互通(表1)。", "表1 国家", "2016-2018年亚太信息高速公路战略举措", "倡议1:查明、协调、部署、扩大和整合跨界、区域间和内部区域主干网,与成员国和分区域组织协作\n重点领域\n综合区域后接骨和互联互通-地纤网络-协同网-识别缺失链-设计混合中接环结构 耐受区域地心网-计划中心节点建设,以低成本可靠地交付交通 LIRNEasia\n跨界地铁电缆的运作模式 -- -- 研究跨界地铁电缆网络的运作模式和标准及质量标准 -- -- 国内宽带基础设施 -- -- 审查欠发达国家的国内背骨网络路线 -- -- 帮助最不发达国家发展宽带网络战略\n- 发展和规划数据中心、云信息分享和其他负担得起的替代办法\n支持性活动\n1. 联合国 对一些小岛屿发展中国家进行详细的可行性研究,同时考虑到内陆发展中国家、最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家的特殊需要和挑战 -- -- 确定交通、收入和初步成本和可负担性 -- -- 确定内陆发展中国家、最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家的特殊需要和挑战 -- -- 与成员国和小岛屿发展中国家私营部门协调的基础设施发展规划 更新亚太信息高速公路传输图 -- -- 最大限度地利用跨部门协同或利用现有道路和铁路基础设施\n- 更新亚太信息高速公路传输地图\n1. 联合国 粗略的宽度顺序 -- -- 探索成本估计与适用亚太经社会、私营部门的供应商的配合", "倡议2:在国家和分区域一级设立足够多的因特网交换点,并制定关于因特网交通交换的共同原则,以预防因特网交通流转,降低过境费用并改进服务质量\n重点领域 统一 因特网交通交流和管理 -- -- 加强区域、分区域和国家因特网交换点 - 促进邻国因特网服务提供商之间非歧视性的直接双边交易/过境\n- 消除新因特网服务提供者的入境障碍,促进公平市场竞争 -- -- 建立/建立区域间、中立的因特网交换点 -- -- 建立国内交通交流点\n支助活动\n1. 联合国 区域诊断研究 -- -- 开展诊断研究,分析本区域互联网交通交流/管理方面的最佳做法\n1. 联合国 关于交通量的深入研究 -- -- 在同私营部门、亚太网络信息中心和成员国磋商时,在国家和区域一级对交通量、目的地和分布、路线和距离进行研究,包括所有互联网服务质量\n1. 联合国 互联网交换点系统和运作模式 -- -- 建议建立互联网交换点,包括运营原则和治理模式 亚太经社会、亚太网络信息中心、研究机构和私营部门\n 4.四. 粗略的幅度 -- -- 与私营部门协商,与供应商或伙伴实体协作的估计费用", "倡议3:区域社会和经济研究\n缔约方负责分析未来和相近未来的信通技术对经济和社会的影响 -- -- 审查技术的提高和它们对经济和社会的影响,促进信通技术的包容性发展,使决策者能够作出知情的决定 -- -- 对亚太经社会国家的信通技术发展进行需求评估,同时考虑到内陆发展中国家、最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家的特殊需要和挑战 亚太经社会、联合国教育、科学和文化组织、私营部门、其他联合国机构和金融机构\n- 开展能力建设,加强宽带连接的生产性使用", "倡议4:加强亚太区域的信通技术基础设施能力\n重点领域\n1. 联合国 地面纤维连接到国际连通性 -- -- 探索如何强化与欧洲的不适应性联系 -- -- 探索为内陆地区提供额外带宽 亚太经社会、成员国、私营部门和金融机构\n1. 联合国 多样化路线,包括嵌入亚洲公路网和泛亚铁路网的共同部署离心光缆 -- -- 探索利用亚洲公路网和泛亚铁路网的基础设施提供纤维光纤路由器\n1. 联合国 保护关键基础设施,以减少灾害风险 -- -- 综合规划基础设施发展办法,从设计阶段起纳入灾害管理 亚太经社会、研究机构、联合国机构和私营部门\n1. 联合国 网络安全准备情况----支持和审查国家信通技术准备情况 亚太网络信息中心、世界银行和其他区域和国际组织\n1. 引进因特网协议 6 - 支持准备因特网议定书版本 6个 亚太网络信息中心", "倡议5:政策和规章废除现有基础设施、技术和包容性宽带举措\n重点领域 责任方 根据上述研究、磋商和安排,发展成员国和分区域组织跨界基础设施共享政策\n伙伴关系 1. 地方/国家政府网络的无障碍性 因特网交换点/交换 互联网交换点 -- -- 发展中成员国和分区域组织关于基础设施共享、互联网交换的可获性的政策\n点 1. 国家信通技术政策和监管框架 -- -- 更新亚太经社会、联合国机构、次区域组织和成员国促进基础设施发展和包容性宽带的国家政策和条例 -- -- 促成开放接入、非歧视性定价、竞争和创新的政策 -- -- 与电信、税收和海关有关的监管改革\n职责", "倡议6:能力建设\n负责的缔约方\n1. 联合国 机构和个人能力建设 -- -- 能力建设、分享良好做法和在区域一级吸取的经验教训,以进行网络交通管理和监测、部署亚太经社会、所有成员国、研究机构、私营部门和联合国机构\n1. 联合国 技术培训 -- -- 关于建立互联网服务提供商和网络安全的技术培训 亚太网络信息中心", "倡议7:亚太信息高速公路项目基于公私伙伴关系的供资机制\n负责的缔约方7.1 亚太信息高速公路供资平台 -- -- 与世界银行、亚洲开发银行、亚洲基础设施投资银行和其他金融机构结成伙伴关系,探索和制定资助亚太信息高速公路项目的机制 -- -- 探讨政府资助因特网交换点建设和运作的办法\n- 收集关于亚太区域信通技术项目供资机制的信息", " . 实施计划", "43. 东帝汶 \"总体规划\"的时间表为2016至2018年(表2). 2018年,第一次进展情况审查将提交信息与通信技术,科学,技术和创新委员会2018年第二届会议. 鉴于一些活动可能需要在2018年之后实施,如亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件所描述的,总体规划将在第一次审查后得到更新和修订。", "表2. 私营部门", "2016-2018年亚太信息高速公路实施计划(活动并非详尽无遗)", "行动项目2016-2017年\n1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4 4/4", "指导委员会将设立并开始运作", "1.1 进行可行性研究", "第2.3条 互联网交换点系统和运作模式", "3个 区域社会和经济研究", "4.1 研究路线多样化作为电子复原力的一部分", "5.1 联合国 采取政策举措促进跨界互联互通", "6.1 能力发展", "7.1 建立亚太信息高速公路供资平台", "提交供通过的总计划", "评价和进度报告", "委员会第一届会议", "委员会第七十三届会议", "麻委会第七十四届会议", "页:1", "亚太信息高速公路指导委员会的职权范围", "一. 成员标准", "1. 联合国 亚太信息高速公路指导委员会的成员由亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)的所有成员国组成,由于指定活动的性质,该委员会还将由具有政策和技术专长的非营利组织和研究机构的多利益攸关方代表以及成员国政府的专家(以个人身份)组成。", "2. 联合国 主席团由指导委员会成员选出,任期一年。", "3个 指导委员会应每年举行一次会议。", " 4.四. 指导委员会主席由指导委员会成员选举产生.", "5 (韩语). 指导委员会的职能应得到秘书处的支持。", "二. 目标", "6. 国家 指导委员会将监测《亚太信息高速公路总体规划》和《亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件》的执行情况,协调次区域工作,提供政策指导,并视需要设立一个技术咨询小组。", "页:1", "亚太信息高速公路次区域指导小组的职权范围", "一. 成员标准", "1. 联合国 亚太信息高速公路次区域指导小组的成员应包括来自相关次区域的亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)成员国以及对次区域工作感兴趣的亚太经社会任何其他成员国。", "2. 联合国 每个指导小组的主席团由亚太经社会成员国从该次区域选出,任期一年。", "3个 每个指导小组的主席由该指导小组的成员选出。", " 4.四. 每个指导小组的职能应由秘书处提供支持。", "二. 目标", "5 (韩语). 每个指导小组应监测分区域信息和通信技术项目的执行情况,提供政策指导,并视需要设立一个执行小组。", "[1] 联合国,亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会,“2016年亚洲及太平洋信通技术状况”,工作文件(即将出版)。", "[2] 加强区域宽带基础设施;建立区域互联网交通和网络管理系统和政策;加强信通技术基础设施的复原力;提供宽带互联网的包容性接入。", "[3] 见www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction/asia-pacific-information-superhighway/publications?page=1.", "[4] www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction/asia-pacific-information-superhiway/asia-pacific-information-superhighway-maps.", "[5] 为亚太信息高速公路倡议的目的:阿富汗、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、巴基斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦。", "[6] 通缩指数被定义为从源到一包的目的地的互联网路由距离/直线距离.", "[7] 联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会,“关于南亚和西亚宽带基础设施的深入研究”。 可查阅www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Broadband_Infrastructure_South%26West_Asia.pdf。", "[8] 土耳其人均国际互联网带宽为每秒30千字节以上,而孟加拉国为每秒0.3千字节,比例为100比1. 孟加拉国、印度和尼泊尔等国家(共占世界人口的五分之一)的人均国际互联网带宽不足一千字节每秒;伊朗伊斯兰共和国、巴基斯坦和斯里兰卡的带宽也极为薄弱,为2.2千字节每秒或更低;相比之下,西欧的平均数约为100千字节每秒。 每年每秒宽带订阅1兆比特加安装费占名义人均国内生产总值的百分比,各不相同,从极可负担(土耳其)、可负担(斯里兰卡)、合理(不丹、印度、伊朗伊斯兰共和国和马尔代夫)、有些昂贵(巴基斯坦)到非常昂贵(孟加拉国和尼泊尔)。", "[9] Siope Vakataki ' Ofa, 电信 《小岛屿发展中国家的管理改革:世贸组织电信承诺的影响》(纽卡斯尔对Tyne,剑桥学者出版社,2012年)。", "[10] www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction/asia-pacific-information-superhiway/asia-pacific-information-superhighway-maps. [10] (中文(简体) ).", "[11] E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/3。", "[12] 见www.unescap.org/our-work/ict-disaster-risk-reduction-asia-pacific-information-superhighway/resources." ]

[ "Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Regional Cooperation Framework Document", "Note by the secretariat^(**)", "Summary \nIn accordance with resolution 71/10 of the Economic and SocialCommission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the 1st meeting of theWorking Group on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway was heldin Incheon, Republic of Korea, in September 2015. At that meeting, itwas agreed that a master plan for the Asia-Pacific informationsuperhighway and a regional cooperation framework document would bedeveloped and that they would be mutually reinforcing. TheAsia-Pacific Information Superhighway Steering Group was formed tocarry out that task. The aim of this Regional Cooperation FrameworkDocument is to identify areas of cooperation between membercountries, in particular how they can cooperate and collaborate atthe regional and subregional levels in support of the implementationof the Master Plan. Norms and principles are identified, as aremodalities and processes of associated regional cooperation amongmember countries and various organizations at the regional andsubregional levels. Various potential cooperation and financingmodalities are also included, with examples, in considering thedevelopment of information and communications technologyinfrastructure in the Asia-Pacific region. This Regional CooperationFramework Document was considered for endorsement at the 2nd meetingof the Working Group, which was held in Guangzhou, China, on 29 and30 August 2016. The present document is submitted to the Committee onInformation and Communications Technology, Science, Technology andInnovation for its endorsement.", "I. Introduction", "1. The aim of this Regional Cooperation Framework Document is to identify areas of cooperation between member countries, in particular how they can cooperate and collaborate at the regional and subregional levels in support of the implementation of the Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway. It also includes areas of cooperation with the subregional organizations, international financial institutions, the private sector and other United Nations agencies. The Master Plan is intended not as a substitute for member countries’ and stakeholders’ initiatives and plans related to information and communications technology (ICT), but to add value in order to improve seamless ICT connectivity and increase interconnections by deploying regional broadband networks, establishing sufficient Internet exchange points, enhancing ICT infrastructure resilience and providing inclusive access to broadband Internet for all in the Asia-Pacific region.", "2. In the Master Plan, in line with the four pillars, seven strategic initiatives for seamless regional ICT connectivity of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway are identified. Furthermore, the Master Plan aims to capitalize on a multilateral, regional platform to address areas in which bilateral cooperation may not achieve the desired result, while ensuring synergies and mutual alignments between regional, subregional and national ICT plans, policies and initiatives.", "II. Objectives", "3. The overall objectives of the Regional Cooperation Framework Document are to help achieve the overarching goals of the Master Plan by:", "(a) Fostering partnership and collaboration between member countries, international financial institutions, United Nations agencies, subregional organizations, the private sector, civil society, research institutes and academia in order to improve seamless regional connectivity in Asia and the Pacific;", "(b) Identifying areas of synergy between stakeholders’ ICT initiatives and plans by conducting in-depth analytical studies on feasibility, demand forecasts and network resilience, as well as harmonization of policies and regulations wherever appropriate;", "(c) Raising awareness of the importance of regional cooperation for regional connectivity and enhancing the capacity of the economies of landlocked developing countries, least developed countries and small island developing States through regional cooperation to meet emerging challenges, including the application of new technologies;", "(d) Encouraging the participation of the private sector in developing cross-border broadband infrastructure, especially among landlocked developing countries, least developed countries and small island developing States and in areas where commercial viability has not yet been established;", "(e) Ensuring that the Asia-Pacific information superhighway contributes to the achievement of various regional and international development goals and frameworks, such as the Sustainable Development Goals, the World Summit on the Information Society and the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020;", "(f) Capitalizing on intergovernmental platforms such as the Commission and the Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation for setting norms and principles and building regional consensus, while promoting good practices and lessons learned and ensuring linkages with areas such as sustainable development, energy, transport, trade, statistics and social and economic development.", "III. Norms and principles", "4. The Regional Cooperation Framework Document is guided by the following norms and principles:", "(a) The strategic initiatives for the Asia-Pacific information superhighway promote open and non-discriminatory access to network infrastructure at fair and reasonable wholesale prices and service terms and conditions, in particular passive infrastructure,[1] and promote competition with a view to enhancing affordability and encouraging innovation;", "(b) The Regional Cooperation Framework Document recognizes the importance in creating synergies between national, subregional and regional ICT initiatives;", "(c) The Regional Cooperation Framework Document promotes cross-sectoral collaboration, such as co-deployment of optical fibre cables along Asian highways and railways, and adds value to existing mechanisms and partnerships in the area of ICT for development in general and ICT connectivity in particular.", "IV. Areas of cooperation", "5. The Master Plan provides guidance under strategic initiatives focusing on the four pillars: connectivity, traffic and network management, e‑resilience and broadband for all. The implementation, coordination and monitoring of the initiatives will be guided by a steering committee. Based on the work completed by the Working Group on the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway and its report to the seventy-third session of the Commission in 2017, it is proposed that this steering committee will assume the responsibilities established in the terms of reference once the Master Plan and the Regional Cooperation Framework Document have been endorsed by the Committee in October 2016. Supported by the secretariat and respective network corridors’ focal points, the steering committee will oversee the implementation of activities, provide overall guidance and decide on priorities and directions, while advising on partnerships, potential funding opportunities and emerging technologies. The proposed terms of reference of the steering committee are attached as an annex to the Master Plan for the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway (E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/2).", "6. The steering committee will report on the progress and challenges related to ICT connectivity in respective network corridors to the Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation through the secretariat. The Committee’s report, including recommendations, will be submitted to the Commission at its subsequent session.", "7. In this regard, stakeholders, including member countries, partners and the secretariat, will do the following:", "(a) Cross-border fibre-optic deployment and integration of the regional backbone network including passive infrastructure (initiative 1 of the Master Plan). Taking into consideration the ICT initiatives and plans of subregional organizations,[2] United Nations agencies, the private sector and international financial institutions,[3] identify: (i) direct fibre-optic link (missing links); (ii) possible deployment of hybrid mesh and ring structure of resilient regional backbone networks; and (iii) the need for relevant studies, including in the area of data centres, cloud information-sharing and other affordable alternatives.", "(b) Establishment of Internet exchange points at national and subregional levels (initiative 2 of the Master Plan). Identify areas of cooperation to: (i) establish regional, subregional and national Internet exchange points; and (ii) conduct studies.", "(c) Regional economic and social studies (initiative 3 of the Master Plan): (i) conduct subregional and regional studies on the economic and social impacts of ICT and future ICT trends, including research and analysis on how to improve broadband affordability and inclusive broadband access and narrow the digital divide; (ii) conduct needs assessments of ICT development in ESCAP countries, taking into account the special needs and challenges of landlocked developing countries, least developed countries and small island developing States; and (iii) conduct capacity-building on enhancing the productive use of broadband connectivity.", "(d) Enhancement of ICT infrastructure resilience in the Asia-Pacific region (initiative 4 of the Master Plan). Given the importance of resilient ICT infrastructure to sustainable development and disaster risk reduction in the region, which is the most prone to natural disasters, explore ways to enhance e-resilience, including redundancy and diversification of routes; and integrate disaster management and emergency telecommunication components into ICT infrastructure design to enhance network diversity and resilience.", "(e) ICT-related regulations and policy frameworks (initiative 5 of the Master Plan): (i) encourage updating, harmonization and development of new ICT regulations and policy frameworks to create an enabling Internet ecosystem and foster a competitive market at national, subregional and regional levels; (ii) support and review national ICT preparedness towards cybersecurity; and (iii) support Internet Protocol version 6 preparedness.", "(f) Capacity-building (initiative 6 of the Master Plan). Enhance individual and institutional capacity of member countries in areas of common interest, such as: (i) planning and management of Internet exchange points; (ii) network management and maintenance; (iii) network traffic management; (iv) sharing of best practices in network development and traffic management; and (v) conduct technical training on the establishment of Internet service providers and cybersecurity.", "(g) Funding (initiative 7 of the Master Plan): (i) explore regional funding mechanisms for deployment of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway infrastructure; and (ii) collect information on ICT project funding mechanisms in the Asia-Pacific region.", "(h) Development of ICT applications for the digital economy and digital society. Encourage development of ICT applications, services and contents for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and more inclusive broadband access in collaboration with Governments, various United Nations agencies, international financial institutions, the private sector, think tanks, civil society and academia.", "V. Financing mechanism", "8. ICT infrastructure in the Asia-Pacific region has been developed and financed by Governments or the private sector as well as through various forms of public-private partnership cooperation model. As financing is a persistent challenge in developing ICT infrastructure in the region, various potential financing mechanisms for the Master Plan and Regional Cooperation Framework Document could be considered under the following modalities, among others, depending on the availability of funds and preferred modes of collaboration among the participating countries:", "(a) Project financing or special purpose vehicle model. Private entities (potentially in collaboration with other types of stakeholders) can use special purpose vehicles to finance large infrastructure projects. Special purpose vehicles’ operations are limited to the acquisition and financing of specific assets, and are usually set up as subsidiary companies with asset/liability structures and legal statuses that make their obligations secure even if one of the parent companies goes bankrupt. Given the evidence that there is an appetite for using special purpose vehicles for financing infrastructure development projects, it should be noted that the parameters of their use must be correctly examined.", "(b) Consortium model. This model is probably the most commonly used in submarine cable ventures and could be used as a model for regional terrestrial connectivity. Private operators and groups team up into consortiums with a view to either owning international broadband access for their own operations or being able to offer competitive wholesale solutions. Capital costs are entirely borne by the consortium members, in accordance with their ownership agreement, usually referenced to a construction and maintenance agreement. Each member is allocated units of capacity in minimum investment units or minimum assignable units. A consortium rarely has a legal structure as it represents only a cost-sharing agreement where each member owns part of a major asset.", "(c) Management contract or build-operate-transfer. Under this model, the public sector gives a private player the responsibility for deploying and operating the network on its behalf against annual fees or following a revenue-sharing agreement.", "(d) Donor financing. Projects in developing countries are often supported by development financial institutions, which also provide guarantees for loans as well as direct financing or even, in some cases, equity contributions to projects proven to benefit the development of underserved countries or regions.", "(e) Vendor financing. Financing from the equipment vendors for ICT infrastructure, in terms of providing credit for major equipment and supplies before the projects start generating revenues, can be a financing option worth considering in areas such as submarine cables and large mobile deployments, since such infrastructure investment is capital intensive and related cash inflows only start after the completion of the project. In cases where there is sufficient potential for profitable investments, such delaying of upfront capital commitments has the potential to expedite projects and supplement traditional funding mechanisms.", "VI. Validity and update of the Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Regional Cooperation Framework Document", "9. The Regional Cooperation Framework Document aims to support the implementation of the Master Plan. Therefore, when the Master Plan is revised and updated, the Regional Cooperation Framework Document must be reviewed accordingly. The review will be initiated by the above-mentioned steering committee at its meeting to be held during the last year of implementation of the Master Plan, and any revision will be presented to the attention of the Committee on Information and Communications Technology, Science, Technology and Innovation for its endorsement.", "10. The revision and review will take into account an evaluation of the effectiveness of this Regional Cooperation Framework Document, including the function of the steering committee, as well as technological advancement, requirements, emerging partnerships and financing opportunities for future implementation of the Asia-Pacific information superhighway.", "[1] Passive infrastructure includes fibres, submarine cable landing stations, cross-border terrestrial fibre-optic system facility, towers, poles, ducts and co-location of terminal equipment.", "[2] For example: the e-ASEAN Framework Agreement (2000); the memorandum of understanding between member countries for the Greater Mekong Subregion Information Superhighway (2004); recognition of the importance of ICT by member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation through the creation of a working group on telecommunications and ICT (2004); the South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation’s Information Highway Project agreement (2007); the charter of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (1999); the declaration by the ministers of ICT of the member States of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (2009); the Pacific digital strategy (2005); the Trans-Eurasian Information Super Highway; Trans-Asia-Europe and Trans-Europe-Asia; the Pacific Plan for Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration (revised version, 2007).", "[3] Initiatives by the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank." ]

[ "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会 信息和通信技术， 科学、技术与创新委员会 第一届会议 2016年10月5日至7日，曼谷 临时议程^(*) 项目2(a) \n信息和通信技术的政策议题：努力建设亚太信息高速公路", "亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件", "秘书处的说明", "内容摘要 \n根据亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)第71/10号决议，亚太信息高速公路工作组第一次会议于2015年9月在大韩民国仁川举行。会议商定将制订亚太信息高速公路总体计划及区域合作框架文件，两份文件相辅相成。成立了亚太信息高速公路指导小组以开展这项工作。本《区域合作框架文件》旨在确定成员国间的合作领域，尤其是如何在区域及次区域层面开展合作和协作以支持《总体计划》的落实。确定了各项规范和原则，以及成员国与各组织在区域和次区域层面开展相关区域合作的模式和进程。审议亚太区域信息和通信技术基础设施开发时，还收入了多种可能的合作及融资模式并附有实例。2016年8月29日和30日在中国广州举行的工作组第二次会议审查供核可的本《区域合作框架文件》，并提交信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会核可。", "一．导言", "1. 本《区域合作框架文件》旨在确定成员国间的合作领域，尤其是如何在区域和次区域层面开展合作和协作以支持《亚太信息高速公路总体计划》的落实。文件还载有与次区域组织、国际金融机构、私营部门及其他联合国机构开展合作的领域。《总体计划》不是要取代成员国及利益攸关方的信息和通信技术(信通技术)相关倡议和计划，而是要增加价值，以便改善信通技术无缝联通并加强相互联系，为此部署区域宽带网络，设置充足的互联网交换点，提高信通技术基础设施的复原能力并且为亚太区域所有人提供包容的宽带互联网接入。", "2. 按照其四大支柱内容，《总体计划》中确定了实现亚太信息高速公路无缝区域信通技术互联互通的七大战略举措。此外，《总体计划》旨在利用一种多边区域平台处理双边合作成果可能不太理想的那些领域，同时确保区域、次区域及国家层面的信通技术计划、政策和举措之间发挥协同增效并相互看齐。", "二．目标", "3. 《区域合作框架文件》的总体目标是帮助实现《总体计划》的宏大目标，为此：", "(a) 在成员国、国际金融机构、联合国机构、次区域组织、私营部门、民间社会、研究机构及学术界之间建立伙伴关系及相互协作，以便改善亚洲及太平洋无缝区域互联互通；", "(b) 查明利益攸关方种种信通技术举措和计划之间可发挥协同增效的领域，为此深入分析研究可行性、需求预测及网络复原能力，并酌情协调政策及监管条例；", "(c) 提高对区域合作促进区域互联互通重要性的认识，并通过开展区域合作提高内陆发展中国家、最不发达国家及小岛屿发展中国家经济体应对新出现的挑战的能力，包括应用新技术；", "(d) 鼓励私营部门参与开发跨境宽带基础设施，尤其在内陆发展中国家、最不发达国家及小岛屿发展中国家，尤其是尚未确立商业可行性的领域；", "(e) 确保亚太信息高速公路为实现各种区域和国际发展目标及框架作出贡献，如可持续发展目标、信息社会世界峰会以及《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》；", "(f) 利用经社会及信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会等政府间平台制定规范和原则并达成区域共识，同时推广良好做法并总结经验教训，并确保与可持续发展、能源、交通运输、贸易、统计及社会和经济发展等领域的联系。", "三．规范和原则", "1. 《区域合作框架文件》以下列规范和原则为指导：", "(a) 亚太信息高速公路战略倡议促进以公平合理的批发价格及服务条款和条件，开放和不歧视地提供网络基础设施接入，尤其是无源基础设施，[1] 同时促进竞争以便改善价格承受力并鼓励创新；", "(b) 《区域合作框架文件》认识到国家、次区域及区域信通技术举措之间发挥协同增效的重要性；", "(c) 《区域合作框架文件》推动跨部门协作，例如在亚洲公路及铁路沿线联合部署光纤，并且对信通技术促发展总体领域及信通技术互联互通具体领域内的现有机制和伙伴关系增加价值。", "四．合作领域", "1. 《总体计划》在战略举措下提供指导，重点在于四大支柱：互联互通、流量与网络管理、电子复原能力以及人人享有宽带。各项举措的执行、协调与监测工作将由一个指导委员会负责指导。根据亚太信息高速公路工作组已完成的工作情况及其向2017年经社会第七十三届会议提交的报告，建议在《总体计划》及《区域合作框架文件》于2016年10月获得委员会核准之后，指导委员会便可承担实施职权范围所规定的各项职责。指导委员会将在秘书处及各个网络走廊联络员的帮助下监督执行各项活动，提供总体指导并确定轻重缓急及方向，同时对伙伴关系、潜在供资机会及新兴技术提供咨询意见。指导委员会的拟议职权范围见亚太信息高速公路总体计划附件(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/2)。", "2. 指导委员会将通过秘书处向信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会报告各个网络走廊的信通技术互联互通的相关进展及挑战。委员会的报告，包括其各项建议，将提交经社会下届会议。", "3. 在这方面，利益攸关方，包括成员国、伙伴及秘书处，将开展以下工作：", "(a) 跨境光缆部署以及包括无源基础设施在内的区域主干网络一体化(《总体计划》倡议1)。参考次区域组织、[2] 联合国机构、私营部门及国际金融机构[3] 的各种信通技术举措和计划，确定：㈠ 直通光缆连接(缺失段落)；㈡ 可能部署具有复原能力的区域主干网络混合网格及环形结构；㈢ 开展相关研究的必要性，包括数据中心、云信息分享及其他可负担得起的选择方面的研究。", "(b) 在国家和次区域层面设立互联网交换点(《总体计划》倡议2)。确定以下合作领域 ㈠ 设立区域、次区域及国家层面互联网交换点，㈡ 开展研究。", "(c) 区域经济和社会研究(《总体计划》倡议3)。㈠ 就信通技术的经济和社会影响及其未来趋势开展次区域和区域研究，包括研究分析如何使宽带更可以负担得起并更具包容性，以及缩小数字鸿沟；㈡ 在亚太经社会国家从事信通技术发展需求评估，兼顾内陆发展中国家、最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家的特殊需求和面临挑战；㈢ 就加强宽带联通的生产性使用开展能力建设。", "(d) 提高亚太区域信通技术基础设施的复原能力(《总体计划》倡议4)。鉴于具有复原能力的信通技术基础设施对本区域实现可持续发展以及减少灾害风险的重要性，而且本区域最容易遭受自然灾害，探索办法提高电子复原能力，包括线路冗余和多样化；将灾害管理和应急电信内容纳入信通技术基础设施设计以加强网络多样化并提高复原能力。", "(e) 信通技术相关条例和政策框架(《总体计划》倡议5)。㈠ 鼓励更新、协调并制定新的信通技术条例和政策框架，以便创造扶持性互联网生态系统并且在国家、次区域及区域层面培育有竞争力的市场；㈡ 支助并审查国家信通技术保证网络安全的就绪状况；㈢ 支助互联网协议第六版就绪。", "(f) 能力建设(《总体计划》倡议6)。提高成员国在共同感兴趣的领域的单个和机制能力，例如：㈠ 规划并管理互联网交换点；㈡ 网络管理与维护；㈢ 网络流量管理；㈣ 分享网络开发与流量管理方面的最佳做法；㈤ 就设立互联网服务提供商及网络安全提供技术培训。", "(g) 融资(《总体计划》倡议7)。㈠ 探索部署亚太信息高速公路基础设施的区域融资机制；㈡ 收集亚太信通技术项目筹资机制的信息。", "(h) 开发信通技术应用，促进数字经济和数字社会。与各国政府、各个联合国机构、国际金融机构、私营部门、智囊团、民间社会及学术界开展协作，鼓励开发信通技术应用、服务及内容以促进实现可持续发展目标并提供更为包容的宽带接入。", "五. 融资机制", "1. 亚太区域信通技术基础设施的开发及筹资一直通过各国政府或是私营部门进行，同时也有多种形式的公私营伙伴关系合作模式。鉴于融资是本区域开发信通技术基础设施方面面临的长期挑战，依现有资金情况以及参与国家的首选协作模式而定，《总体计划》及《区域合作框架文件》可考虑采取多种潜在融资机制，包括：", "a. 项目融资或特殊目的载体模式。私营实体(可能与其他类型利益攸关方协作)可采用特殊目的载体为大型基础设施项目融资。特殊目的载体的操作限于具体资产的并购和融资，通常作为子公司而设立，所具备的资产/负债结构及法律地位可确保即使在母公司之一破产的情况下其自身相关义务不受影响。鉴于有证据表明的确需要利用特殊目的载体为基础设施开发项目融资，应注意务必正确研究其使用界限。", "b. 财团模式。这一模式或许是海底电缆工程最常用的模式，并可用作区域地面互联互通。私营公司和集团合伙组成财团，其目的不外是拥有国际宽带接入用于自身业务，或是要有能力提供有竞争力的批发途径。资金费用完全由财团各成员根据其所有权协议自行承担，通常涉及承建和维护协定。每个成员均分摊得到能力单位，以最低投资单位或最低可分配单位计算。财团很少具有法人结构，只是各个成员在大笔资产中占有其中部分的一种费用分担协定。", "c. 管理合约或建设-经营-转让。在此模式下，国营部门准许私营公司代理负责部署和经营网络，采用支付年费、或遵循收益分享协定办法。", "d. 捐助方融资。发展中国家的项目通常由发展融资机构提供支助，而且还提供贷款担保或是直接筹资，有些情况下对那些确实有利于服务欠缺国家或地区的项目甚至注入资金。", "e. 销售方融资。信通技术基础设施的设备销售方，在项目开始获得收益之前，采取为重大设备和供应品提供信贷的形式而筹集资金，这对于海底电缆及大型移动部署等领域来说不失为值得考虑的融资选择，鉴于这类基础设施投资的资本密度高，而且在项目完工之后才有相关现金流入。如若投资盈利的潜力充足，这种推迟垫付资金承诺的做法或能加快项目进度并补充传统融资机制。", "六．《亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件》的效力及更新", "2. 《区域合作框架文件》旨在支助实施《总体计划》。因此修订并更新《总体计划》时也必须相应审查《区域合作框架文件》。上述指导委员会将在《总体计划》执行工作的最后一年举行会议并启动审查工作，修订结果将提请信息和通信技术，科学、技术与创新委员会予以关注并核准。", "3. 修订和审查工作将参照本《区域合作框架文件》的效力评估结果，包括指导委员会的运作情况，以及涉及亚太信息高速公路未来实施工作的技术进步、各种要求、新出现的伙伴关系及融资机会。", "[1] 无源基础设施包括光纤电缆、海底电缆登陆站、跨境陆地光纤系统设施、塔台、立杆、管道及终端设备并置。", "[2] 例如：电子东盟框架协定(2000年)；关于共同推进建设大湄公河次区域信息高速公路谅解备忘录；南亚区域合作联盟成员国认识到信通技术的重要性并因此成立电信和信通技术工作组(2004年)；南亚次区域经济合作信息高速公路项目协定(2007年)；黑海经济合作组织章程(1999年)；黑海经济合作成员国信通技术部长宣言(2009年)；太平洋数字战略(2005年)；跨欧亚信息高速公路；跨亚欧及跨欧亚；加强区域合作和一体化太平洋计划(修订版，2007年)。", "[3] 由亚洲开发银行及世界银行发起的倡议。" ]

[ "亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件", "秘书处的说明^(**)", "内容提要\n根据亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)第71/10号决议,亚太信息高速公路工作组于2015年9月在大韩民国仁川举行了第一次会议。 会上商定,将制定亚太信息高速公路总体规划和一份区域合作框架文件,并将相辅相成。 成立了亚太信息高速公路指导小组,以完成这项任务。 这份区域合作框架文件的目的是确定成员国之间的合作领域,特别是如何在区域和次区域两级开展合作和协作,以支持执行《总体计划》。 准则和原则被确定为成员国和区域及次区域一级各组织之间相关区域合作的模式和进程。 在考虑亚太区域信息和通信技术基础设施的发展时,还包括各种潜在的合作和融资模式等。 这份区域合作框架文件于2016年8月29日和30日在中国广州举行的工作组第二次会议上被审议通过。 本文件提交信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会核准。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 这份区域合作框架文件的目的是确定成员国之间的合作领域,特别是成员国如何在区域和次区域两级开展合作和协作,以支持《亚太信息高速公路总体计划》的实施。 它还包括与次区域组织、国际金融机构、私营部门和其他联合国机构合作的领域。 《总计划》的目的不是要取代成员国和利害关系方与信息和通信技术(信通技术)有关的倡议和计划,而是要增加价值,以便通过部署区域宽带网络、建立足够的互联网交换点、加强信通技术基础设施的复原力和为亚太区域的所有人提供宽带互联网的包容性接入,来改善无缝信通技术的连通性并增加互联互通。", "2. 联合国 在《总体规划》中,根据四个支柱,确定了亚洲及太平洋信息高速公路无缝区域信通技术连接的七项战略举措。 此外,《总计划》旨在利用一个多边、区域平台,处理双边合作可能无法实现所期望结果的领域,同时确保区域、分区域和国家信通技术计划、政策和举措之间的协同增效和相互协调。", "二. 目标", "3个 区域合作框架文件的总目标是通过下列方式帮助实现《总体计划》的总目标:", "(a) 促进成员国、国际金融机构、联合国机构、次区域组织、私营部门、民间社会、研究机构和学术界之间的伙伴关系和协作,以增进亚洲及太平洋区域无缝连接;", "(b) 通过对可行性、需求预测和网络复原力进行深入分析研究,以及酌情统一政策和条例,查明利益有关者的信息和通信技术倡议和计划之间的协同作用领域;", "(c) 通过区域合作应对新出现的挑战,包括应用新技术,提高对区域合作对区域连通性重要性的认识并增强内陆发展中国家、最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家经济的能力;", "(d) 国家 鼓励私营部门参与发展跨界宽带基础设施,特别是在内陆发展中国家、最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家中,并参与尚未建立商业可行性的领域;", "(e) 确保亚太信息高速公路有助于实现各种区域和国际发展目标和框架,如可持续发展目标、信息社会世界首脑会议和《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》;", "(f) 利用亚太经社会和信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会等政府间平台来制定规范和原则并形成区域共识,同时推广良好做法和经验教训,并确保与可持续发展、能源、运输、贸易、统计以及社会和经济发展等领域建立联系。", "三. 准则和原则", " 4.四. 区域合作框架文件遵循以下规范和原则:", "(a) 国家 亚太信息高速公路战略倡议促进以公平合理的批发价格和服务条款和条件,特别是被动的基础设施,开放和无歧视地利用网络基础设施,[1]并促进竞争,以提高承受能力和鼓励创新;", "(b) 《区域合作框架文件》认识到在国家、次区域和区域信通技术举措之间建立协同作用的重要性;", "(c) 《区域合作框架文件》促进跨部门合作,如在亚洲公路和铁路沿线共同部署光纤电缆,并增加信通技术促进发展特别是信通技术连通性领域的现有机制和伙伴关系的价值。", "四、结 论 合作领域", "5 (韩语). 《总体计划》在战略举措下提供指导,重点是四个支柱:连通性、交通和网络管理、人人电子复原力和宽带。 执行、协调和监测这些倡议的工作将由指导委员会指导。 根据亚太信息高速公路工作组所完成的工作及其向2017年经社会第七十三届会议提交的报告,建议指导委员会在2016年10月总体计划和区域合作框架文件得到委员会认可后,承担职权范围规定的职责。 指导委员会将在秘书处和各网络走廊协调中心的支持下,监督各项活动的执行情况,提供总体指导,并就优先事项和方向作出决定,同时就伙伴关系、潜在供资机会和新兴技术提供咨询。 指导委员会的拟议职权范围已作为附件附于《亚太信息高速公路总体规划》(E/ESCAP/CICTSTI(1)/2)。", "6. 国家 指导委员会将通过秘书处向信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会报告各网络走廊信通技术连通性方面的进展和挑战。 委员会的报告,包括建议,将提交人权委员会下届会议。", "7. 联合国 在这方面,包括成员国、合作伙伴和秘书处在内的利益攸关方将开展以下工作:", "(a) 跨界光纤网络的部署和一体化,包括被动基础设施(《总体规划》倡议1)。 考虑到次区域组织的信通技术举措和计划,[2] 联合国机构、私营部门和国际金融机构[3] 确定:(一) 直接光纤联系(缺失联系);(二) 可能部署具有复原力的区域骨干网络的混合网和环结构;(三) 需要进行相关研究,包括在数据中心、云信息分享和其他负担得起的替代办法方面进行研究。", "(b) 在国家和分区域一级建立因特网交换点(《总体规划》倡议2)。 确定合作领域,以:(一) 建立区域、分区域和国家因特网交换点;(二) 进行研究。", "(c) 区域经济和社会研究(《总计划》倡议3): (一) 就信通技术的经济和社会影响以及未来的信通技术趋势开展次区域和区域研究,包括研究和分析如何提高宽带可负担性和包容性宽带接入,并缩小数字鸿沟;(二) 对亚太经社会国家的信通技术发展进行需求评估,同时考虑到内陆发展中国家、最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家的特殊需要和挑战;(三) 就提高宽带连通性生产性利用开展能力建设。", "(d) 加强亚太区域信通技术基础设施的复原力(《总体计划》倡议4)。 鉴于具有复原力的信通技术基础设施对本区域可持续发展和减少灾害风险的重要性 -- -- 本区域最容易发生自然灾害 -- -- 探索加强电子复原力的途径,包括道路冗余和多样化;将灾害管理和应急电信部分纳入信通技术基础设施设计,以提高网络多样性和复原力。", "(e) 与信通技术有关的条例和政策框架(《总计划》倡议5): (一) 鼓励更新、统一和制定新的信通技术条例和政策框架,以创造一个有利的因特网生态系统并促成国家、次区域和区域各级的竞争性市场;(二) 支持并审查国家信通技术为网络安全所作的准备;(三) 支持因特网协议第六版的准备。", "(f) 能力建设(总计划倡议6)。 加强成员国在共同关心的领域的个人和机构能力,如: (一)互联网交换点的规划和管理; (二)网络管理和维护; (三)网络流量管理; (四)分享网络开发和流量管理的最佳做法; (五)开展建立互联网服务提供商和网络安全的技术培训.", "(g) 供资(《总体计划》倡议7): (一) 为部署亚太信息高速公路基础设施探索区域供资机制; (二) 收集关于亚太区域信通技术项目供资机制的信息。", "(h) 为数字经济和数字社会开发信息和通信技术应用。 鼓励与各国政府、联合国各机构、国际金融机构、私营部门、智囊团、民间社会和学术界合作,为实现可持续发展目标开发信通技术应用、服务和内容,并开发更具包容性的宽带接入。", " V. 筹资机制", "8. 亚太区域的信通技术基础设施是由各国政府或私营部门通过各种形式的公私伙伴关系合作模式来开发和供资的。 由于筹资是该区域发展信通技术基础设施的一个长期挑战,除其他外,可以根据以下方式审议《总体计划和区域合作框架文件》的各种潜在筹资机制,这取决于资金的提供情况以及参与国之间的首选合作模式:", "(a) 项目融资或特殊用途车辆模型。 私营实体(可能与其他类型的利益攸关方合作)可以使用特殊用途车辆为大型基础设施项目融资。 特殊用途车辆的业务仅限于特定资产的购置和融资,通常作为子公司设立,拥有资产/负债结构和法律地位,即使母公司之一破产,其义务也得到保障。 鉴于有证据表明人们愿意使用特殊用途车辆为基础设施发展项目融资,应当指出,必须正确审查这些车辆的使用参数。", "(b) 联合会模式。 这个模型可能是海底电缆企业中最常用的,可以作为区域地面连接的模型. 私营运营商和集团联合成财团,以拥有国际宽带接入,或能够提供有竞争力的批发解决方案。 资本费用完全由联营集团成员根据其所有权协议承担,通常参照建筑和维修协议。 每个成员被分配到最低投资单位或最低可分配单位的能力单位。 联营集团很少有法律结构,因为它只是每个成员拥有主要资产一部分的费用分摊协议。", "(c) 管理合同或建设-运营-转让。 在这一模式下,公共部门让私人行为者负责根据年费或收入分享协议代表其部署和运营网络。", "(d) 捐助者筹资。 发展中国家的项目往往得到发展金融机构的支持,它们还为贷款提供担保,并为证明有利于服务不足的国家或区域发展的项目提供直接融资,有时甚至提供股本捐助。", "(e) 供应商融资。 在项目开始产生收入之前,设备供应商为信息和通信技术基础设施提供资金,为主要装备和用品提供信贷,在海底电缆和大规模流动部署等领域,这种融资办法值得考虑,因为这种基础设施投资是资本密集型投资,有关现金流入只有在项目完成后才开始。 在有足够潜力进行有利可图的投资的情况下,这种拖延预付资本承诺的做法有可能加速项目和补充传统的筹资机制。", "六、结 论 亚太信息高速公路区域合作框架文件的有效性和更新", "9. 国家 《区域合作框架文件》旨在支持执行《总体计划》。 因此,在修订和更新《总体计划》时,必须相应审查区域合作框架文件。 审查将由上述指导委员会在实施《总体规划》最后一年举行的会议上启动,任何修订将提交信息和通信技术、科学、技术和创新委员会核准。", "10个 修订和审查将考虑到对本区域合作框架文件的有效性的评估,包括指导委员会的职能,以及今后实施亚太信息高速公路的技术进步、要求、新出现的伙伴关系和融资机会。", "[1] 被动式基础设施包括纤维,海底电缆起落站,跨界地面光纤系统设施,塔台,杆子,管道和终端设备同地办公.", "[2] 例如:电子东盟框架协定(2000年);成员国之间关于大湄公河次区域信息高速公路的谅解备忘录(2004年);南亚区域合作联盟成员国通过设立电信和信通技术工作组承认信通技术的重要性(2004年);南亚次区域经济合作信息高速公路项目协定(2007年);黑海经济合作组织章程(1999年);黑海经济合作成员国信通技术部长宣言(2009年);太平洋数字战略(2005年);跨欧亚信息高速公路;泛亚-欧和跨欧-亚洲;太平洋加强区域合作和一体化计划(2007年修订版)。", "[3] 亚洲开发银行和世界银行的倡议。" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.420 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "ENHANCEMENT OF THE CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURE (CBM) PROCESS", "Submitted by France on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. The disappointing performance of the confidence-building measures", "1. The Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs), relating to Articles V and X of the Convention, were put in place at the Second Review Conference in 1986 and developed further at the Third Review Conference in 1991, with the aim of enhancing transparency and improving the implementation of the Convention. As the study annexed to the present document indicates (English and French only), CBM performance has not matched up to initial expectations:", "(i) The States making CBM declarations often complete the forms in an unsatisfactory manner (responses that are inconsistent, incomplete, etc.) such that it is difficult to extract clear information from them.", "(ii) Overall, too few States Parties make such declarations (between 33 and 45 declarations each year for 155 States Parties to the Convention; 90 States have never submitted a declaration). The goal of transparency pursued by the CBMs has therefore not been satisfactorily attained.", "(iii) In the light of these facts, the EU proposes certain corrective steps to improve the usefulness of the CBMs. Some could be agreed on at the Review Conference, some could be examined in an expert meeting after the Review Conference as part of the next work programme.", "II. EU proposals for the Sixth Review Conference", "2. In order to make progress toward universality, the EU supports two categories of measures to improve the CBM process that could be discussed at the Review Conference: technical improvements and political incentives.", "Technical improvements", "3. An expanded role could be assigned to multiple-choice questionnaires (MCQs), in order to facilitate the task of official departments responsible for submitting the CBMs. Indeed, administrative difficulties probably explain the lack of CBM declarations in many cases.", "4. A computerised CBM form (with or without MCQs) would make it possible to standardise declarations and would make the task of official agencies easier while avoiding any limitation of the scope of the responses: all the questions would be retained and the responses would be integrated into electronic data fields.", "5. Electronic CBMs would also allow faster and easier circulation of declarations to the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA). They would however require a secure system for electronic transmission.", "6. Finally, States Parties in a position to do so could support other States Parties that request assistance in returning their CBMs. Requests for and offers of assistance could be channelled through the BTWC Secretariat.", "Political incentives", "7. Reminders sent out by the DDA to all States Parties to submit CBMs: in addition to the reminder by depository States, the BTWC Secretariat could easily send out to all States Parties reminders of the CBM schedule. States Parties could be invited to designate a point of contact to which these reminders should be sent. If necessary, further reminders could be sent out after the deadline of 15 April.", "8. An additional annual reminder by the United Nations Secretary-General (UNSG): the UNSG could send out a communication in January every year to all States Parties to remind them of the CBM timetable and encourage them to send in the declarations to the DDA before 15 April of the coming year.", "9. The EU considers these changes could easily be made at the Sixth Review Conference.", "III. Further EU proposals to enhance the CBM process", "10. The CBMs currently comprise two parts: a preliminary declaration intended to clarify the content of the CBM return, and the specific forms A-G.", "The preliminary declaration", "11. As this stands, it serves to increase confusion. It needs to be clarified: the “nothing to declare” / “nothing new to declare” declaration is unsatisfactory since the responses of the States Parties are not always clear. If the State Party ticks “nothing new to declare”:", "(i) and completes the related form: it could be assumed that this information is from the previous year.", "(ii) and does not complete the related form: it could be assumed that the information from the previous year is still valid.", "There therefore appear to be at least two different modes of response for one and the same situation.", "12. If on the other hand the State Party ticks “nothing to declare”:", "(i) logic would dictate that the State Party is indicating nothing, which is what some do;", "(ii) but when the relevant form is completed, the interpretation is ambiguous: does the State consider the information to be insignificant?", "There are therefore once again two modes of response for one and the same situation.", "13. Certain States indicate in addition for the same section that they have “nothing”, and also “nothing new” to declare, which seems paradoxical.", "14. The consistency between the preliminary declaration and the items entered on the forms varies considerably from State to State:", "(i) A good many States fill in a very limited number of fields, justifying this by stating that they have nothing to declare.", "(ii) However, some fill in a very limited number of fields without justifying this by adding the statement (nothing/nothing new to declare).", "15. All in all, the “nothing to declare” / “nothing new to declare” declaration does not, contrary to the purpose assigned to it in 1991, simplify the reading of the CBMs but rather adds to the confusion. Certain specific modifications to the preliminary declaration would make the CBMs easier to understand.", "Proposals for clarification of the preliminary declaration", "16. A reshaping of the preliminary declaration form along the lines set out below would make it possible to eliminate the ambiguities arising from the declaration as it is currently constituted:", "Does your country have anything to declare this year on Measure A, part I ?", "(a) Yes, it has something to declare in this form for the first time (please complete form);", "(b) Yes, it has previously declared something in this form, and needs to update or modify details (please complete form);", "(c) Yes, but this information has already been declared since [year] and has not changed; (no need to complete form)", "(d) No - it has nothing at all to declare on this form[2].", "These four questions could then be repeated for each of the forms A to G (including all the parts to forms A and B).", "The questions on the forms A to G", "17. The quality of the responses to the questions on the forms varies considerably from State to State and from one section to another. New “implementation procedures” could therefore supplement or clarify those agreed at the Third Review Conference:", "(i) CBM “A”: the Third Review Conference requested the provision of data on research centres and laboratories that meet very high national or international safety standards, “for example those designated biosafety level 4 or P4 or equivalent standards”. There is a need to ensure that this formula is unequivocal by making it clear that it is necessary to include level 4 laboratories, while not limiting States that want to include other laboratories which meet very high safety standards.", "(ii) CBM “C”: Rather than the manner of interpretation of this measure, it is the measure itself that could include the following clarifications in order to make a clear distinction between “publications” and “policy regarding publication”:", "“Encouragement of publications of results and promotion of use of knowledge", "4.1 Publications of research centres and laboratories covering the area of the confidence-building measures.", "4.2 Policy regarding the publication of results of biological research”", "(iii) CBM “D”: The implementing procedures could provide for two headings: past seminars on the one hand and, on the other, planned seminars: the section would in fact be more easily completed by States Parties if it were retrospective and not solely prospective.", "18. These, and possibly other, modifications of the preliminary declaration adopted in the Final Declaration of 1991 and of the CBM forms could be discussed and agreed on at an intersessional meeting dedicated to CBMs, if necessary for referral to the Seventh Review Conference.", "Annex", "[ENGLISH and FRENCH ONLY]", "CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES: ANNUAL INFORMATION EXCHANGE BY STATES PARTIES", "(REPORTS 2000-2005)", "I. Introduction", "1. At the Second Review Conference of the BTWC in 1986, the States Parties agreed to implement some measures intended to strengthen compliance with the Convention and to improve transparency. These were extended at the Third Review Conference in 1991. These confidence-building measures (CBMs) consist of an annual exchange of data and information, as well as declarations of past and present activities of relevance to the Convention.", "2. In November 2006, the Sixth Review Conference of the BTWC will take place in Geneva and the question of strengthening the CBM mechanism will be one of the issues of interest.", "This report is therefore an overview of the information submitted by States Parties to the BWC from 2000 to 2005.", "II. General trends", "General participation in the exchange since 2000:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 40 40 41 33 43 46 contributions", "[]", "These figures are approximately at the same level as during the previous decade (1990-2000) when the number of contributions varied from 31 (1990) to 53 (1996).", "Between 2000 and 2005:", "In other words, only a minority of States are involved in this exchange of information.", "Every year, less than a third of States Parties to the Convention submit a declaration.", "III. Trends in regional groups", "Trends in the Western Group", "The Western group is composed of 32 States Parties to the BTWC.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 22 22 21 16 22 24 contributions", "% of States participating 69% 69% 66% 50% 69% 75%", "[]", "Number of contributions by Western group States in the period:", "[]", "Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, New-Zealand, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States", "Belgium, France, Japan, Spain", "Iceland, Monaco, Portugal.", "Trends in the Eastern Group", "This group is composed of 24 States Parties.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 12 13 13 13 15 13 contributions", "% of States participating 50% 54% 54% 54% 63% 54%", "[]", "Number of contributions by Eastern group States in the period:", "[]", "Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia.", "Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.", "FYROM, Tajikistan", "Trends in the group of non-aligned and other States:", "This group is composed of 98 States Parties.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 6 5 7 4 6 9 contributions", "% of States participating 6% 5% 7% 4% 6% 9%", "[]", "Number of contributions by States in the period:", "[]", "China, Cuba", "Tunisia, Turkmenistan", "Analysis", "3. These figures allow us to reach two main conclusions:", "(1) The level of participation in each group is quite constant:", "contributions can be observed over the past two years, but it remains below the highest point reached in 1996 (53).", "(2) There are significant differences in the different groups’ level of participation.", "The participation level is especially low in the non-aligned and other States group. In this group, many States have given information only once. About 10 % of them (10 States) have done so since 2000. But many participated once (or twice) in the 80s/90s. That includes 27 (about a third) of the 82 States that have not submitted any data since 2000. Therefore, over 40 % of these States have participated in the exchange at least once in the past. They may consider that participating once is enough if they have nothing more to say.", "IV. Qualitative analysis", "4. After having studied the number of contributions (quantitative analysis), we can now adopt an analytic point of view. This allows us to make different observations. Firstly, some remarks have to be made on the following concepts: “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare”:", "(i) The form is divided into 11 different kinds of measures and questions that States have to answer. A simple pro forma gives States the opportunity to tick boxes labelled “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare” for each CBM. The existence of this introductory Declaration Form is beneficial as a way to buy time, but States seem to have different understandings of these expressions. Indeed, most States do not submit any information on the measures in respect of which they have ticked one of these boxes, but it is not the case for all of them.", "(ii) When States submit data while indicating “nothing new to declare”, this generally means that they are giving the same information as previous years.", "(iii) When States submit data while indicating “nothing to declare”, the situation is more ambiguous. This probably means that these answers are insignificant and/or do not pose any problems regarding compliance with the Convention.", "But these are only assumptions and one cannot be sure regarding the States’ understanding of these concepts. There is no clear definition of these notions. A clarification would be useful.", "5. Secondly, one can note a great variety regarding the quality of the forms. Although a majority of States fill out the form in a substantive manner, this is not the case for all of them:", "(i) A small number of States answer a minority of answers without justifying it by indicating “nothing to declare” or “nothing new to declare”.", "(ii) A greater number of them indicate “nothing to declare” for a lot of CBMs and therefore generally deliver little information. It is difficult to determine whether they have effectively “nothing to declare” or whether it is an issue of willingness.", "(iii) Some others indicate “nothing new to declare” for a lot of CBMs. In theory, this means that the information has been delivered in a previous report, but it is difficult and time-consuming to check.", "(iv) Some others tick both kinds of boxes, which raises the same issues. Some even only tick boxes in the Introduction Declaration Form without submitting further information.", "V. Conclusions", "6. Participation in the exchange is limited. Every year, in the 90s as well as since 2000, less than one-third of States Parties submitted data. Efforts should therefore aim at increasing this level of participation and we can note that the strengthening of the mechanism at the September 1991 Third Review Conference allowed a slight improvement of the participation level which rose from 41 in 1991 to 53 in 1996.", "If participation is not general for any regional groups, the nonaligned and other States group appears to be the one where it is lowest.", "7. The quality of the declarations submitted also fluctuates greatly. This is another issue that could be tackled.", "8. The meaning of the two concepts “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare” is moreover unclear and a redefinition would be useful. The repeated use of the box “nothing new to declare” is particularly confusing. It means - at least in theory - that the information has been delivered in a previous report. Therefore, in order to facilitate the research of information, it would be useful to ask States to specify when the data was submitted, which has not been the case to date.", "[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper.", "[2] Nothing at all to declare means: There is and there has not been in the past any activity to report that could justify the issue of data or any type of information as defined in the Final Declarations of the 1986 and 1991 Review Conferences of the States Parties to the BTWC." ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议 BWC/CONF.VI/WP.420 October 2006CHINESEOriginal: ENGLISH", "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "推进建立信任措施的进程", "法国代表欧洲联盟提交 [1]", "一、建立信任措施的执行情况令人失望", "1. 在1986年第二次审查会议上制定了与《公约》第五条和第十条有关的建立信任措施，在1991年第三次审查会议上进一步发展了这些措施，目的是提高透明度，改善《公约》的执行情况。正如本文件所附研究报告指出的(只有英文和法文文本)，建立信任措施的执行没有达到最初的预期：", "(1) 在建立信任措施方面作出宣布的国家填写表格的方式常常不能令人满意(回答不一致，不完整等等)，以致难以从中清楚地了解情况。", "(2) 总的说来，作出此种宣布的缔约国太少(155个《公约》缔约国每年作出宣布的有33个到45个；有90个国家从未提交过宣布)。因此，建立信任措施想达成的透明目标的实现情况不能令人满意。", "(3) 鉴于这些事实，欧洲联盟提出一些矫正措施以改善建立信任措施的有用性。在本次审查会议上可以就其中一些措施达成一致，另一些措施可以作为下一个工作方案的一个组成部分在审查会议之后的一次专家会议上审议。", "二、欧盟对第六次审查会议的建议", "2. 为了在普遍性方面取得进展，欧盟支持可以在本次审查会议上讨论的两类措施以推进建立信任措施的进程：技术改进和政策激励。", "技术改进", "3. 可以赋予多项选择问卷以更广泛的作用，以便利负责提交建立信任措施材料的政府部门的工作。事实上，在许多情况下，行政方面的难题大概是不作出建立信任措施方面的宣布的原因。", "4. 一张计算机化的建立信任措施表(包括或者不包括多项选择问卷)将使得宣布的标准化成为可能，并且方便政府机构的工作，同时避免对回答范围的任何限制：所有问题将得到保留，对问题的回答将被纳入电子数据段。", "5. 电子化的建立信任措施材料还可以使作出的宣布更快捷更容易地传到联合国裁军事务部。不过需要一个安全的系统来进行电子数据的传输。", "6. 最后，有能力的缔约国可以向请求帮助的其他缔约国提供支持，帮助它们填报建立信任措施材料。可以通过《生物及毒素武器公约》秘书处请求获得帮助和提议给予帮助。", "政策激励", "7. 由裁军部向所有缔约国发出提交建立信任措施材料的提醒通知：除了保存国发出的提醒通知外，《生物及毒素武器公约》秘书处可以很方便地向所有缔约国发出建立信任措施时间表的提醒通知。可以请缔约国指定一个联络机构来接收这些提醒通知。如果必要的话，可以在4月15日这一期限之后进一步发出提醒通知。", "8. 由联合国秘书长发出额外的年度提醒通知：秘书长可以在每年的1月发信给所有缔约国，提醒它们建立信任措施时间表，并鼓励它们在当年的4月15日以前向裁军部提交宣布材料。", "9. 欧盟认为可以很容易地在第六次审查会议上作出这些改变。", "三、欧盟关于推进建立信任措施进程的进一步建议", "10. 建立信任措施材料目前包括两部分：意在阐明建立信任措施填报资料内容的初步宣布，以及具体的A-G表。", "初步宣布", "11. 这样的初步宣布会增加混淆。需要阐明的是：“无情况可供宣布”/“无新情况可供宣布”这样的宣布不能令人满意，因为缔约国的回答并不一定清楚。如果缔约方在“无新情况可供宣布”项上打勾：", "(1) 并且填写相关表格：可以认为该信息是前一年的信息。", "(2) 并且不填写相关表格：可以认为前一年的信息仍然有效。", "因此对于同一种情况似乎至少有两种不同的回答方式。", "12. 另一方面，如果缔约国在“无情况可供宣布”上打勾：", "(1) 根据逻辑可以断定缔约国没有指出任何东西，一些缔约国的确如此；", "(2) 但如果填写了相关表格，那就解释不清了：该国是否认为信息无关紧要？", "因此，对于同一种情况又有了两种回答方式。", "13. 某些国家对于同一部分还指出，它们“无情况”可供宣布，并且又“无新情况”可供宣布，这似乎自相矛盾。", "14. 初步宣布与表格上的填写项目之间的一致性在国家间有很大差异：", "(1) 许多国家填写的项目很少，解释说它们无情况可供宣布。", "(2) 不过，有一些国家填写的项目很少但未增加任何说明(无情况/无新情况可供宣布)。", "15. 总的说来，“无情况可供宣布”/“无新情况可供宣布”这样的宣布有违1991年作出规定时的初衷，没有方便对建立信任措施的了解，反而增加了混淆。对初步宣布做某些具体的修订将使建立信任措施更易于理解。", "关于澄清初步宣布的提议", "16. 按照以下思路重新设计初步宣布表格有可能消除目前的宣布导致的混淆。", "贵国今年关于措施A第一部分有什么要宣布的吗？", "(a) 是，有首次在本表格中要宣布的情况(请填写表格)；", "(b) 是，有已经在本表格中宣布过但需要更新或修订详情的情况(请填写表格)；", "(c) 是，但自(年份)以来该信息已经宣布并且没有变化；(无需填写表格)", "(d) 否――关于该表格根本无情况可宣布[2]。", "随后对表格A到G都可以重复这四个问题(包括表格A和B的所有部分)。", "表格A到G上的问题", "17. 对表格上的问题所作回答的质量在国与国之间以及部分与部分之间存在很大差异。因此，新的“执行程序”能够补充或澄清在第三次审查会议上商定的程序：", "(1) 建立信任措施“A”：第三次审查会议要求提供符合极高的国家或国际安全标准的研究中心和实验室的资料，“例如生物安全4级或P4级标准或同等标准”。有必要明确指出必须包含第4级实验室，但不限制国家把符合极高安全标准的其他实验室包括进来，从而确保这一规定的意思清楚无误。", "(2) 建立信任措施“C”：不是该措施的阐释方式，而是该措施本身可以包含以下说明，以便明确区分“出版物”和“发表政策”：", "“鼓励发表有关成果和促进利用有关知识", "4.1 研究中心和实验室有关建立信任措施领域的出版物。", "4.2 关于生物学研究结果的发表政策。”", "(3) 建立信任措施“D”：执行程序可以有两个标题：一方面是过去的研讨会，另一方面是计划的研讨会：事实上，如果不只可以前瞻而且还可以回顾的话，这一部分对缔约国来说更容易填写。", "18. 对1991年《最后宣言》中通过的初步宣布以及建立信任措施表的这些修订以及可能的其他修订可以在关于建立信任措施的一次闭会期间会议上讨论并商定，并可根据需要提交第七次审查会议。", "Annex", "[ENGLISH and FRENCH ONLY]", "CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES: ANNUAL INFORMATION EXCHANGE BY STATES PARTIES", "(REPORTS 2000-2005)", "I. Introduction", "1. At the Second Review Conference of the BTWC in 1986, the States Parties agreed to implement some measures intended to strengthen compliance with the Convention and to improve transparency. These were extended at the Third Review Conference in 1991. These confidence-building measures (CBMs) consist of an annual exchange of data and information, as well as declarations of past and present activities of relevance to the Convention.", "2. In November 2006, the Sixth Review Conference of the BTWC will take place in Geneva and the question of strengthening the CBM mechanism will be one of the issues of interest.", "This report is therefore an overview of the information submitted by States Parties to the BWC from 2000 to 2005.", "II. General trends", "General participation in the exchange since 2000:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 40 40 41 33 43 46 contributions", "[]", "These figures are approximately at the same level as during the previous decade (1990-2000) when the number of contributions varied from 31 (1990) to 53 (1996).", "Between 2000 and 2005:", "In other words, only a minority of States are involved in this exchange of information.", "Every year, less than a third of States Parties to the Convention submit a declaration.", "III. Trends in regional groups", "Trends in the Western Group", "The Western group is composed of 32 States Parties to the BTWC.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 22 22 21 16 22 24 contributions", "% of States participating 69% 69% 66% 50% 69% 75%", "[]", "Number of contributions by Western group States in the period:", "[]", "Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, New-Zealand, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States", "Belgium, France, Japan, Spain", "Iceland, Monaco, Portugal.", "Trends in the Eastern Group", "This group is composed of 24 States Parties.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 12 13 13 13 15 13 contributions", "% of States participating 50% 54% 54% 54% 63% 54%", "[]", "Number of contributions by Eastern group States in the period:", "[]", "Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia.", "Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.", "FYROM, Tajikistan", "Trends in the group of non-aligned and other States:", "This group is composed of 98 States Parties.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 6 5 7 4 6 9 contributions", "% of States participating 6% 5% 7% 4% 6% 9%", "[]", "Number of contributions by States in the period:", "[]", "China, Cuba", "Tunisia, Turkmenistan", "Analysis", "3. These figures allow us to reach two main conclusions:", "(1) The level of participation in each group is quite constant:", "contributions can be observed over the past two years, but it remains below the highest point reached in 1996 (53).", "(2) There are significant differences in the different groups’ level of participation.", "The participation level is especially low in the non-aligned and other States group. In this group, many States have given information only once. About 10 % of them (10 States) have done so since 2000. But many participated once (or twice) in the 80s/90s. That includes 27 (about a third) of the 82 States that have not submitted any data since 2000. Therefore, over 40 % of these States have participated in the exchange at least once in the past. They may consider that participating once is enough if they have nothing more to say.", "IV. Qualitative analysis", "4. After having studied the number of contributions (quantitative analysis), we can now adopt an analytic point of view. This allows us to make different observations. Firstly, some remarks have to be made on the following concepts: “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare”:", "(i) The form is divided into 11 different kinds of measures and questions that States have to answer. A simple pro forma gives States the opportunity to tick boxes labelled “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare” for each CBM. The existence of this introductory Declaration Form is beneficial as a way to buy time, but States seem to have different understandings of these expressions. Indeed, most States do not submit any information on the measures in respect of which they have ticked one of these boxes, but it is not the case for all of them.", "(ii) When States submit data while indicating “nothing new to declare”, this generally means that they are giving the same information as previous years.", "(iii) When States submit data while indicating “nothing to declare”, the situation is more ambiguous. This probably means that these answers are insignificant and/or do not pose any problems regarding compliance with the Convention.", "But these are only assumptions and one cannot be sure regarding the States’ understanding of these concepts. There is no clear definition of these notions. A clarification would be useful.", "5. Secondly, one can note a great variety regarding the quality of the forms. Although a majority of States fill out the form in a substantive manner, this is not the case for all of them:", "(i) A small number of States answer a minority of answers without justifying it by indicating “nothing to declare” or “nothing new to declare”.", "(ii) A greater number of them indicate “nothing to declare” for a lot of CBMs and therefore generally deliver little information. It is difficult to determine whether they have effectively “nothing to declare” or whether it is an issue of willingness.", "(iii) Some others indicate “nothing new to declare” for a lot of CBMs. In theory, this means that the information has been delivered in a previous report, but it is difficult and time-consuming to check.", "(iv) Some others tick both kinds of boxes, which raises the same issues. Some even only tick boxes in the Introduction Declaration Form without submitting further information.", "V. Conclusions", "6. Participation in the exchange is limited. Every year, in the 90s as well as since 2000, less than one-third of States Parties submitted data. Efforts should therefore aim at increasing this level of participation and we can note that the strengthening of the mechanism at the September 1991 Third Review Conference allowed a slight improvement of the participation level which rose from 41 in 1991 to 53 in 1996.", "If participation is not general for any regional groups, the nonaligned and other States group appears to be the one where it is lowest.", "7. The quality of the declarations submitted also fluctuates greatly. This is another issue that could be tackled.", "8. The meaning of the two concepts “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare” is moreover unclear and a redefinition would be useful. The repeated use of the box “nothing new to declare” is particularly confusing. It means - at least in theory - that the information has been delivered in a previous report. Therefore, in order to facilitate the research of information, it would be useful to ask States to specify when the data was submitted, which has not been the case to date.", "[1] 这是欧盟成员国提交缔约国审议的一系列补充文件之一。加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、稳定与结盟进程及可能的候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国也赞同本文件。", "[2] 根本无情况可宣布指的是：不管是现在还是过去都没有任何要报告的活动能够证明有理由按照1986年和1991年《生物及毒素武器公约》缔约国审查会议《最后宣言》的规定提供数据或任何类型的资料。" ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议 原文:英文 联合国", "2006年11月20日至12月8日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "加强建立信任措施进程", "法国代表欧洲联盟提交 [1]", "我当然知道 I. B. 建立信任措施的令人失望的业绩", "1. 联合国 1986年第二次审查会议制定了与《公约》第五条和第十条有关的建立信任措施,1991年第三次审查会议进一步发展了这些措施,目的是提高透明度并改进《公约》的执行。 如本文件所附研究报告(只有英文和法文)所示,建立信任措施的表现没有达到最初的期望:", "(一) 作出建立信任措施声明的国家往往以不令人满意的方式填写表格(答复不一致、不完整等),因此难以从中获取明确的信息。", "总的来说,作出这种声明的缔约国太少(155个《公约》缔约国每年有33至45个声明;90个国家从未提交过声明)。 因此,建立信任措施所追求的透明度目标没有令人满意地得到实现。", "(三) 鉴于这些事实,欧盟建议采取某些纠正步骤来提高建立信任措施的效用。 有些可以在审查会议上商定,有些可以在审查会议后举行的专家会议上作为下一个工作方案的一部分加以审查。", "二. 欧盟向第六次审查会议提出的建议", "2. 联合国 为了在实现普遍性方面取得进展,欧盟支持在审查会议上可以讨论的改进建立信任措施进程的两类措施:技术改进和政治奖励。", "技术改进", "3个 为便利负责提交建立信任措施的官方部门开展工作,可扩大多种选择调查问卷的作用。 实际上,行政上的困难可能说明在许多情况下没有建立信任措施申报的原因。", " 4.四. 计算机化的建立信任措施表格(有或没有MCQs)将使申报标准化,并使官方机构的任务更加容易,同时避免对答复范围的任何限制:所有问题都将保留,答复将并入电子数据领域。", "5 (韩语). 电子建立信任措施还能够更快、更容易地向联合国裁军事务部(裁军部)分发申报。 然而,它们需要一个安全的电子传输系统。", "6. 国家 最后,有能力的缔约国可以支持请求援助以归还建立信任措施的其他缔约国。 可通过《生物和毒素武器公约》秘书处提出援助请求并提供援助。", "政治奖励", "7. 联合国 裁军事务部向所有缔约国发出提醒函,请它们提交建立信任措施:除了保存国发出的提醒函外,《生物和毒素武器公约》秘书处可以很容易地向所有缔约国发出关于建立信任措施时间表的提醒函。 可请缔约国指定一个联络点,向它发送这些催复通知。 如有必要,可在最后期限4月15日之后再发出催复通知。", "8. 联合国 联合国秘书长每年再提醒一次:联合国秘书长可在每年1月致函所有缔约国,提醒它们注意建立信任措施的时间表,并鼓励它们在来年4月15日之前向裁军事务部提交声明。", "9. 国家 欧盟认为,第六次审查会议可以很容易地作出这些改变。", "三. 欧盟关于加强建立信任措施进程的进一步建议", "10个 建立信任措施目前包括两个部分:旨在澄清建立信任措施返回内容的初步声明和具体表格A-G。", "初步声明", "11个 目前的情况是,这增加了混乱。 需要澄清的是,“没有什么可以宣布的”/“没有新的可以宣布的”声明是不令人满意的,因为缔约国的答复并不总是清楚的。 如果缔约国“无新情况可宣布”:", "(一)并填写有关表格:可以假定这一资料来自上一年。", "(二)且未填写相关表格:可以假定上一年的信息仍然有效.", "因此,对于同一情况,似乎至少有两种不同的应对方式。", "12个 另一方面,如果缔约国表示“无话可说”:", "(一) 逻辑将规定缔约国不表示任何情况,而有些人就是这样做的;", "(二) 但当有关形式完成时,解释含糊不清:国家是否认为信息微不足道?", "因此,对于同样的情况,再次有两种反应方式。", "13. 某些国家在同一节中又说,它们 \" 无 \" , \" 无新 \" ,这似乎自相矛盾。", "14个 初步声明与表格所列项目的一致性因国而异:", "(一) 很多国家填写的字段数量非常有限,说明理由,说它们没有什么可申报的。", "(二) 但是,有些填入的字段非常有限,没有通过增加声明来说明理由(没有新的声明)。", "15个 总而言之,“无所申报”/“无所申报”的声明与1991年赋予它的目的相反,并不简化对建立信任措施的解读,而是增加了混乱。 对初步宣言的某些具体修改将使建立信任措施更容易理解。", "关于澄清初步宣言的建议", "16号. 将初步宣言表格按以下思路重新编排,可以消除目前构成的宣言所产生的含糊不清之处:", "贵国今年是否有任何关于措施A第一部分的声明?", "(a) 是,它第一次需要用这种形式申报(请填写表格);", "(b) 国家 是,它以前曾以这种形式宣布过某种情况,需要更新或修改细节(请填写完整表格);", "(c) 是,但这一资料自[年]起就已宣布,没有改变;(无需填写表格)", "(d) 国家 不,它完全没有在这个表格上声明[2]。", "这四个问题随后可以重复A至G表格中的每个表格(包括表格A和B的所有部分).", "A至G表格的问题", "17岁。 对表格问题的答复质量因国而异,各部分也大相径庭。 因此,新的“执行程序”可以补充或澄清第三次审查会议所商定的程序:", "(一) 建立信任措施“A”类:第三次审查会议要求提供符合非常高的国家和国际安全标准的研究中心和实验室的数据,“例如指定的生物安全4级或P4等标准”。 有必要确保这一公式明确无误,明确指出必须包括4级实验室,同时不限制那些希望包括其他达到极高安全标准的实验室的国家。", "(二) 建立信任措施“C”:不是对这一措施的解释方式,而是措施本身可以包括下列澄清,以便明确区分“出版物”和“关于出版的政策”:", "“鼓励出版成果出版物并推广知识的使用", "4.1 研究中心和实验室的出版物,内容涉及建立信任措施领域。", "4.2 关于出版生物研究成果的政策”", "(三) 建立信任措施“D”: 执行程序可以规定两个标题:一方面是过去的研讨会,另一方面是计划中的研讨会:如果本节是回顾性的,而不仅仅是展望性的,缔约国实际上会更容易完成。", "18岁。 对1991年《最后宣言》所通过初步宣言和建立信任措施表格的这些修改,以及可能的其他修改,可在一次专门讨论建立信任措施的闭会期间会议上讨论并商定,必要时提交第七次审查会议。", "页:1", "[仅英文和法文]", "建立信任措施:缔约国的年度信息交流", "(2000-2005年出口)", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 在1986年《生物和毒素武器公约》第二次审查会议上,缔约国同意执行一些旨在加强遵守《公约》并提高透明度的措施。 1991年第三次审查会议延长了这些期限。 这些建立信任措施包括每年交换数据和资料,以及宣布过去和目前与《公约》有关的活动。", "2. 2006年11月,《生物和毒素武器公约》第六次审查会议将在日内瓦举行,加强建立信任措施机制的问题将是人们感兴趣的问题之一。", "因此,本报告概述了2000年至2005年《生物武器公约》缔约国所提交的资料。", "二. 一般趋势", "一般参加2000年以来的交流:", "2000年、2002年、2003年、2004年、2005年", "国家数目 40 41 33 43 46", "[]", "这些数字与前一个十年(1990-2000年)的捐款数额大致相同,从1990年的31起到1996年的53起不等。", "2000年至2005年间:", "换言之,只有少数国家参与这种信息交流。", "每年只有不到三分之一的《公约》缔约国提交声明。", "三. 区域集团的趋势", "西方集团的趋势", "西方集团由32个《生物和毒素武器公约》缔约国组成。", "参与这一群体的演变:", "2000年、2002年、2003年、2004年、2005年", "国家数目 22 22 21 16 22 24", "参加国百分比 69% 66% 50% 69% 75%", "[]", "西方集团国家在该期间的捐款数目:", "[]", "澳大利亚、加拿大、芬兰、德国、意大利、荷兰、挪威、新泽地、韩国、瑞士、土耳其、联合王国、美国", "比利时、法国、日本、西班牙", "冰岛、摩纳哥、葡萄牙。", "东部集团的趋势", "该小组由24个缔约国组成。", "参与这一群体的演变:", "2000年、2002年、2003年、2004年、2005年", "国家数目 12 13 13 15 13", "参加国百分比 50% 54% 54% 54% 63% 54%", "[]", "东部集团国家在该期间的捐款数目:", "[]", "保加利亚、捷克共和国、立陶宛、俄罗斯、斯洛伐克。", "波兰、罗马尼亚、乌克兰、乌兹别克斯坦。", "塔吉克斯坦,前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国", "不结盟和其他国家集团的趋势:", "该小组由98个缔约国组成。", "参与这一群体的演变:", "2000年、2002年、2003年、2004年、2005年", "国家数量 6 5 7 4 6 9", "参加国百分比 6% 5% 7% 4% 6% 9%", "[]", "这一期间各国捐款的数目:", "[]", "中国、古巴", "突尼斯、土库曼斯坦", "分析", "3个 这些数字使我们能够得出两个主要结论:", "(1) 各组的参与程度相当稳定:", "在过去两年中可以看到捐款,但仍低于1996年达到的最高点(53个)。", "(2) 不同群体的参与程度有很大差别。", "不结盟国家和其他国家集团的参与程度尤其低。 在这个集团中,许多国家只提供了一次信息。 自2000年以来,其中约10%(10个国家)这样做。 但许多人参加了80年代90年代的一次(或两次). 其中包括2000年以来没有提交任何数据的82个国家中的27个(约三分之一)。 因此,这些国家中有40%以上在过去至少参加了一次交流。 他们可能认为,如果无话可说,参加一次就够了。", "四、结 论 定性分析", " 4.四. 在研究了贡献的数量(数量分析)之后,我们现在可以采取分析的观点。 这使我们能够提出不同的看法。 首先,必须就下列概念发表一些看法:“无所申报”和“无所申报”:", "(一) 表格分为11个不同的措施和问题,各国必须回答。 一个简单的方案使各国有机会为每个建立信任措施打勾,标记为“无声无息”和“无声无息”。 本导言性宣言表格的存在有助于争取时间,但各国似乎对这些表述有不同的理解。 实际上,大多数国家没有提交任何资料,说明它们为其中一个方框勾出的措施,但并非所有国家都如此。", "(二) 当各国提交数据同时表示“无新情况可申报”时,这一般意味着它们提供的信息与往年相同。", "(三) 当各国提交数据同时表示“无情况可申报”,情况就更加模糊了。 这可能意味着这些答复微不足道并/或不会对遵守《公约》造成任何问题。", "但这些只是假设,不能肯定各国对这些概念的理解。 这些概念没有明确的定义。 澄清一下将是有益的。", "5 (韩语). 第二,人们可以注意到,表格的质量多种多样。 虽然大多数国家都以实质性方式填写表格,但并非所有国家都如此:", "(一) 少数国家回答少数答复时没有说明理由,即表示“没有什么可以宣布”或“没有新的可以宣布”。", "(二) 更多的国家表示,许多建立信任措施“无话可说”,因此一般提供的资料很少。 很难确定它们是否实际上“没有什么可申报的”,或这是否是一个意愿问题。", "(三) 另一些缔约方表示,许多建立信任措施“没有新情况可申报”。 从理论上讲,这意味着资料是在前一份报告中提供的,但检查是困难和费时的。", "(四) 另一些则在两种框上划勾,这引起同样的问题。 有些甚至只在 \" 导言宣言表格 \" 中打勾,而没有提交进一步的信息。", " V. 结论", "6. 国家 参加交流受到限制。 在90年代和2000年以来,每年提交数据的缔约国不到三分之一。 因此,应努力提高这一参与水平,我们可以注意到,1991年9月第三次审查会议加强该机制,使参与水平略有提高,从1991年的41个增加到1996年的53个。", "如果任何区域集团不普遍参加,则不结盟国家和其他国家集团似乎是参加率最低的国家。", "7. 联合国 所提交声明的质量也波动很大。 这是另一个可以解决的问题。", "8. 联合国 此外,两个概念“无任何声明”和“无新声明”的含义不明确,重新定义将是有益的。 一再使用“无新内容可申报”的方框特别令人困惑。 也就是说,至少在理论上,资料是在前一份报告中提供的。 因此,为了便利信息研究,请各国说明数据是何时提交的,迄今为止情况并非如此。", "[1] 这是欧盟成员国提交缔约国审议的一系列补充文件之一。 加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、稳定与结盟进程国和潜在候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国赞同本文件。", "[2] 没有任何声明意味着: 过去曾经有过任何报告活动,可以证明1986年和1991年《生物和毒素武器公约》缔约国审查会议《最后宣言》所界定的数据或任何类型信息是正当的。" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.520 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "ARTICLE X", "OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION (BTWC)", "Submitted by Finland on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. Introduction", "1. The European Union adopted, on 20 March 2006, a Common Position 2006/242/CFSP outlining the objectives and priorities of the EU for the 2006 Review Conference of the BTWC. The Common Position, in its Article 3, makes reference to specific, practical and feasible proposals for the effective enhancement of the implementation of the BTWC that the EU will prepare for consideration by States Parties at the Review Conference. This working paper is one of the above-mentioned series of proposals and should be considered as one element of an overall EU approach to strengthening the BTWC and its implementation.", "II. BTWC Article X", "2. BTWC Article X grants the States Parties to the Convention the right to participate in, and the undertaking to facilitate, the exchange of equipment, materials and information for the use of biological agents for peaceful purposes, as well as scientific cooperation in the field. Further, Article X states that the implementation of the BTWC should avoid hampering the development of its States Parties or international cooperation in the field of peaceful biological activities. Previous Review Conferences of the Convention have, when reviewing the implementation of Article X, outlined a number of principles, objectives and measures to enhance implementation.", "3. The Sixth Review Conference will, as part of the article-by-article review of the operation of the Convention, address Article X. Since the Fifth Review Conference, besides the rapid advances in biosciences and biotechnology, a number of developments highly relevant to Article X have taken place at the global, regional and national level. This working paper takes stock of relevant developments and discusses possible actions related to Article X to be agreed at the Sixth Review Conference.", "III. Recent developments relevant to Article X implementation", "4. Given the wide range of peaceful biological activities and the depth of international cooperation on these issues, only a limited number of recent relevant developments are highlighted here:", "(i) Meeting of States Parties to the BTWC in December 2004, and its preparatory Meeting of Experts in July 2004, that were considered to be highly successful in discussing and promoting common understanding and effective action on surveillance, detection, diagnosis and combating of infectious diseases.", "(ii) WHO efforts to enhance its capacities in the area of diseases related to possible biological weapons agents following the adoption, at the World Health Assembly in 2001 and 2002, of the resolutions on global health security and on public health preparedness and response to deliberate use of biological and chemical agents or radionuclear material that affect health, as well as the strengthening of FAO, OIE and IPPC capacities in this field.", "(iii) Revision, in 2005, of the International Health Regulations, to be implemented as from 2007.", "(iv) Entry into force, in 2003, of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and the subsequent establishment of a Clearing-House Mechanism, with a capacity-building component, to ensure that all Parties to the Protocol can implement its provisions and facilitate information-sharing on biosafety.", "(v) Other ongoing inter-governmental and non-governmental efforts in the field of biotechnology and biodiversity at global and regional level such as the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, related work at UNEP, UNESCO, UNIDO, and the UNDP/UNEP/World Bank Global Environment Facility, OECD biotechnology initiatives, including the possible establishment of a Global Biological Resource Centre Network, as well as the initiatives of several non-governmental organisations and networks.", "(vi) The vigorous efforts of the international community to combat the spread of avian influenza.", "(vii) The rapid growth of international biological and biotechnological cooperation in the private sector, which greatly facilitates opportunities for exchange of technology and information for the prevention of disease or for other peaceful purposes.", "5. The European Union, and its Member States, have actively participated in the above-mentioned global endeavours and, in addition, have undertaken a number of specific actions that support the implementation of BTWC Article X, including:", "(i) Implementation of the 2002 EU Strategy on Life Sciences and Biotechnology and the related Action Plan, which also covers international cooperation and Europe's responsibilities towards the developing world (see Annex I, in English only).", "(ii) Establishment, in 2005, of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control whose mandate also covers assistance to third countries.", "(iii) EU development cooperation commitments in several relevant sectors, from health and agriculture to assistance in complying with sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, the EU and its Member States being the biggest provider of development assistance in the world.", "(iv) EU education and research policy, notably cooperation programmes in the field of higher education, international cooperation activities integrated in the EU Framework Programmes for Research, and EU-funded research notably in the fields of biosecurity, infectious diseases and biotechnology.", "(v) EU assistance in emergency situations, such as the Asian tsunami where 90 000 people were provided with primary health services and more than 880 000 people were provided with safe water and sanitation facilities.", "6. The Sixth Review Conference should acknowledge the progress made with Article X implementation, and recognise the contribution of the abovementioned and other ongoing international, regional, bilateral and national efforts towards effective implementation of Article X.", "IV. Surveillance, detection, diagnosis and combating of infectious diseases", "7. The EU welcomes the preparatory work undertaken for, the discussions at, and the conclusions of the 2004 Meeting of States Parties, in particular the Synthesis Paper of the Chair[2] and the background documents provided by the Secretariat[3].", "8. At the Sixth Review Conference, States Parties should reaffirm the conclusions of the Meeting of States Parties of 2004[4] and agree on the following actions:", "(i) States Parties should continue strengthening existing international organisations and networks, in particular those of the WHO, FAO, OIE and IPPC as well as non-governmental actors working on infectious diseases.", "(ii) States Parties should promote cooperation and complementarity between the above-mentioned organisations, each acting within its mandate.", "(iii) States Parties should reaffirm that the strengthening of WHO, FAO, OIE and IPPC programmes on diseases related to possible biological weapons agents should be undertaken strictly within the mandates of these organisations. States Parties should note that the role of these organisations is limited to the epidemiological and public/animal/plant health aspects of any disease outbreak, but recognise the added value of information exchange with them.", "(iv) While recognising that a well-functioning health services system is the key to ensuring adequate preparedness and response to disease outbreaks, States Parties should continue establishing and/or improving national and regional capabilities to survey, detect, diagnose and combat infectious diseases and integrate these efforts in national emergency and disaster management plans. For specialist capabilities, States Parties should be encouraged to explore innovative arrangements that help to optimise use of scarce resources (as an example, see Annex II (English only) on the UK’s 'Foresight' programme and Annex III (English only) on the Finnish Centre for Biological Threat Preparedness).", "(v) States Parties should use existing standards, guidelines, and recommendations wherever possible. In particular, States Parties should endeavour to implement WHO Good Laboratory Practices and Good Clinical Practice, FAO Good Emergency Management Practice and IPPC Good Surveillance Practice.", "(vi) States Parties should work to improve communication on disease surveillance at all levels, including with the WHO, FAO, OIE, IPPC and non-governmental organisations, and among States Parties, also making use of information from civil society sources.", "(vii) States Parties in a position to do so should continue supporting, directly as well as through international organisations, capacity-building in States Parties in need of assistance in the fields of surveillance, detection, diagnosis and combating of infectious diseases and related research.", "(viii) States Parties should promote vaccine development and production, including through international cooperation and public-private partnerships.", "(ix) States Parties should continue exchanging experiences and best practices in the field and, in particular, consider discussing during the BTWC intersessional meeting for the period 2007-10 detection of pathogens and response to epidemics in real time.", "V. Further actions to enhance implementation of Article X", "9. Earlier Review Conferences of the BTWC have resulted in a broad common understanding on the action needed to implement Article X, reflected, inter alia, in the Final Declaration of the Fourth Review Conference. At the Sixth Review Conference, States Parties should review those understandings with a view to reconfirming them, and pay particular attention to the following:", "(i) Heightened consciousness of the risks of biological terrorism calls for urgent and vigorous efforts, by all States Parties, to domestically implement BTWC commitments. With a view to the interdependence between strengthening biosecurity and promoting biological sciences and biotechnology, States Parties should recognise that effective national implementation of the Convention worldwide is essential to fully harness the vast potential of biology for peaceful purposes.", "(ii) Recognising the important role of the private sector in the transfer of technology and information, States Parties should increasingly engage private sector actors in efforts that enhance the implementation of Article X at the national, regional and international levels.", "(iii) The review of the operation of Article X in subsequent Review Conferences would benefit from more comprehensive information on the implementation of Article X, including needs identified and efforts undertaken by States Parties. States Parties should share this information with other States Parties on a voluntary basis with the Secretariat facilitating this information exchange.", "Annex I", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "EXTRACT FROM: LIFE SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY – A STRATEGY FOR EUROPE, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS, 27 JANUARY 2002 (COM(2002) 27 FINAL)", "A European Agenda for International Collaboration", "Action 24", "The Commission should continue to play a leading role in developing international guidelines, standards and recommendations in relevant sectors, based on international scientific consensus and, in particular, push for the development of a consistent, science-based, focused, transparent, inclusive and integrated international system dealing with food safety issues.", "Implementer: Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Europe’s Responsibilities Towards the Developing World", "Agriculture", "Action 25", "The Commission will in co-operation with Member States support:", "(i) The redefining of national research towards an appropriate mix of traditional techniques and new technologies, based on priorities developed with local farmers.", "(ii) The establishment of effective research partnerships between public and private research organisations in developing countries and in the EU, and the adequate capacity and infrastructure for developing countries to enter into such partnerships, in accordance with international commitments under the Conventions.", "(iii) Sub-regional, regional and international organisations, in particular the International Agricultural Research Centres.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Genetic resources", "Action 26", "The Commission and the Member States will support the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources in developing countries and their equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use by:", "(i) Supporting the development and enforcement of effective measures to conserve, to use sustainably and to provide access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge, as well as to share equitably the benefit arising from them, including income generated by intellectual property protection. Support for local communities is vital to conserve indigenous knowledge and genetic resources.", "(ii) Supporting the participation of delegates from developing countries in the negotiations of relevant International Conventions.", "(iii) Supporting measures to promote greater regional co-ordination in legislation to minimise disparities in access, benefits and also trade in products derived from genetic resources, in accordance with international commitments.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Health", "Action 27", "The Commission and the Member States should work with the international community to concretise the commitment to research to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB and other main poverty-related diseases and also identify effective measures to support developing countries in establishing the structures needed to deploy a health policy.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Responsible and careful use", "Action 28", "The Commission should support:", "(i) The safe and effective use of modern biotechnologies in developing countries, based on their autonomous choice and on their national development strategies.", "(ii) Measures to increase the capacity of developing countries to assess and manage risk for man and the environment, under conditions prevailing in the country.", "(iii) The development of appropriate administrative, legislative and regulatory measures in the developing countries, for the proper implementation of the Cartagena Protocol.", "(iv) That international research on social, economical and environmental impacts are effectively adapted to take into account conditions prevailing in developing countries and that the findings are subsequently disseminated to them in an appropriate format.", "(v) That the international regulatory requirements remain manageable by developing countries, so as not to impede their trade and production prospects.", "Implementer: Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Annex II", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "AN EXAMPLE FROM THE UK: FORESIGHT.", "INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE", "1. The 'Foresight' programme is owned by the Office of Science and Innovation in the United Kingdom with the aim of producing challenging visions of the future in order to ensure effective strategies now. It has produced reports in several different areas. One of its most recent projects was on infectious diseases and it aimed to use the best available science to evaluate the threats of infectious diseases in humans, animals and plants over the next 10-25 years; and to produce a vision for their management, specifically through systems for detection, identification and monitoring. The project involved more than 300 scientists, experts and stakeholders from around 30 countries. The project findings, which are available at http://www.foresight.gov.uk/Detection_and_Identification_of_Infectious_Diseases/Reports_and_Publications/Final_Reports/E1_ID_Executive_Summary.pdf, provide a considerable body of scientific analysis and fresh insights to inform policy development by the relevant stakeholders at both national and international levels.", "2. The project resulted in the development of an action plan, which includes, inter alia:", "(i) Building a more sustained, pro-active and integrated approach to international surveillance for infectious diseases of humans, animals and plants;", "(ii) Developing effective and sustainable partnerships between richer and poorer countries that help provide infrastructure, technologies and skills to support detection, identification and monitoring activities, specifically the UK and Africa;", "(iii) A wide range of stakeholders will need to act together if the benefits are to be realised.", "3. Participants in the action plan include national and international bodies concerned with infectious diseases, and research funders.", "4. Under the auspices of the project a Pan-African Workshop was held in Uganda in August 2005, in collaboration with leading African experts. The project report notes that: \"In August 2005, a ground-breaking workshop was held in Entebbe, Uganda, concerning the future of infectious disease in Africa. This event was unprecedented in Africa and perhaps worldwide, since it brought together leading disease experts spanning plant, animal and human health. The aim was to take a fresh look at this crucial topic and to inject fresh thinking. The event involved experts from 14 African countries, African institutions, and important international organisations such as the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organisation (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Gatsby Foundation. The event generated a wealth of expert advice about the future challenges facing Africa, and options for response.\"", "Annex III", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "FINNISH CENTRE FOR BIOTHREAT PREPAREDNESS", "1. The Finnish Strategy to Secure Vital Functions of Society from November 2003 defined vital functions of Finnish society and established targets and development policies that would guide each administrative branch of the government in dealing with its strategic tasks. The strategy called for cooperation between each government sector in combating new threats towards society. According to the Government Report on Finnish Security and Defence Policy of 2004, terrorism and epidemics caused by infectious diseases were listed as key threats affecting national security.", "2. Based on the above resolutions, the Centre for Biothreat Preparedness started operation in Helsinki in May 2005. The Centre, which will initially employ eight experts, is a centre of excellence for Finnish scientific and laboratory know-how on biological defence, as well as on biothreat assessment and preparedness. The Centre will actively seek domestic and international collaboration. The Centre is composed of two Units; the Biological Defence Unit of the Finnish Defence Forces, and the Biological Threat Unit of the National Public Health Institute, where scientific work will be carried out in a special biological safety laboratory (BSL-3).", "3. The Finnish Defence Forces are developing their Territorial and Operational NBC Defence units for National Defence, as well as a NBC Detachment for the EU Battle Groups and other international tasks. The NBC Detachment will be equipped with a deployable, diagnostic biological and chemical (BC) laboratory. This field laboratory is under development and it will be operational in 2008.", "4. The development of the Deployable BC Field Laboratory is led by Army Staff in cooperation with the Defence Forces Technical Research Centre and the Centre for Biothreat Preparedness, together with the Centre of Military Medicine. One of the Biothreat Centre’s initial operational tasks will be to establish the biosafety and microbial identification requirements for the BC laboratory. To achieve this, international collaboration with other countries as well as domestic collaboration between expert organisations is needed. The techniques that are developed for microbial identification are primarily based on molecular amplification of microbial genes to ensure laboratory safety and rapidity of the assays. Early microbiological diagnosis will enable timely medical intervention, before onset of possible severe clinical symptoms of those exposed to deliberate release of selected agents.", "[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper.", "[2] Synthesis of considerations, lessons, perspectives, recommendations, conclusions and proposals drawn from the presentations, statements, working papers and interventions made by delegations on the topics under discussion at the meeting of experts, BWC/MSP/2004/3, Annex III", "[3] BWC/MSP/2004/MX/INF.1, BWC/MSP/2004/MX/INF.2", "[4] BWC/MSP/2004/3" ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查 《公约》的实施情况", "《生物与毒素武器公约》第十条", "芬兰代表欧洲联盟提出 [1]", "一、导 言", "1. 欧洲联盟于2006年3月20日通过《共同立场》2006/242/CFSP, 其中概述了欧盟对2006年《生物与毒素武器公约》第六次审查会议的目标和优先事项。《共同立场》第3条提到欧盟将编写供缔约国在审查会议上审议的有效加强《生物与毒素武器公约》实施情况的具体、实际和可行建议。本工作文件是上述一系列建议中的一个，应当被视为欧盟为加强《生物与毒素武器公约》及其实施情况采取的全面做法的一部分。", "二、《生物与毒素武器公约》第十条", "2. 《公约》第十条规定《公约》缔约国有权参与并承诺促进交换关于生物剂使用于和平目的方面的设备、材料和情报以及这方面的科技合作。此外，第十条规定实施《公约》时应避免妨碍缔约国的发展或和平生物活动方面的国际合作。前几次《公约》审查会议在审查第十条实施情况时已提出了一些原则、目标和加强实施情况的措施。", "3. 第六次审查会议将在逐条审查《公约》实施情况时讨论第十条。自第五次审查会议以来，除了生物科学和生物技术迅速进展外，全球、区域和国家各级发生了一些与第十条高度相关的事态发展。本工作文件评估了相关的事态发展并讨论了将由第六次审查会议商定的与第十条有关的可能行动。", "三、与实施第十条有关的最新事态发展", "4. 由于和平生物活动范围很广，有关这些问题的国际合作很多，这里将只着重说明少数最新的有关事态发展：", "(1) 2004年12月举行的《公约》缔约国会议及2004年7月举行的其专家筹备会议被认为在讨论和促进有关监测、检测、诊断和防治传染病的共同谅解和有效行动方面非常成功。", "(2) 在世界卫生大会于2001年和2002年通过关于全球卫生安全的决议以及关于对故意使用影响健康的生物和化学物剂或放射性核材料的公共卫生防备和应对的决议后，卫生组织努力增强其在与可能的生物武器物剂有关的疾病方面的能力，以及粮农组织、国际兽疫局和国际植物保护公约增强这方面的能力。", "(3) 2005年对《国际卫生条例》的修改将从2007年起实施。", "(4) 《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》于2003年生效，随后建立的信息交换机制，包括能力建设，以确保《议定书》所有缔约方都能够执行其规定并促进关于生物安全的信息交流。", "(5) 全球一级和区域一级在生物技术和生物多样性方面正在作出的其他政府间和非政府努力，包括国际遗传工程和生物技术中心、国际植物遗传资源研究所、环境署、教科文组织、工发组织和开发署/环境署/世界银行全球环境基金的相关工作，经合组织生物技术倡议，包括可能建立全球生物资源中心网络，以及若干非政府组织和网络的倡议。", "(6) 国际社会为防止禽流感传播大力作出的努力。", "(7) 私营部门的国际生物和生物技术合作迅速增长，这大大有利于交换有关预防疾病或其他和平用途的技术和信息。", "5. 欧洲联盟及其成员国积极参与上述全球努力，此外还进行一些具体行动支持《公约》第十条的执行，其中包括：", "(1) 执行2002年欧盟关于生命科学和生物技术的战略及相关行动计划，其中也包括国际合作和欧洲对发展中世界的责任(见附件一，只有英文本)。", "(2) 2005年建立欧洲疾病防治中心，其任务也包括向第三国提供援助。", "(3) 欧盟在若干相关部门的发展合作承诺，从卫生和农业到协助达到卫生和植物检疫要求，欧盟及其成员国是世界上最大的发展援助提供者。", "(4) 欧盟教育和研究政策，特别是高等教育方面的合作方案，纳入欧盟研究框架方案的国际合作活动和欧盟资助的研究，特别是在生物安全、传染病和生物技术方面的研究。", "(5) 欧盟的紧急情况援助，例如在亚洲海啸中为90,000人提供初级保健服务，为880,000多人提供安全饮水和卫生设施。", "6. 第六次审查会议应确认执行第十条取得的进展，并承认上述和其他正在进行的国际、区域、双边和国家努力对有效执行第十条的贡献。", "四、监测、检测、诊断和防治传染病", "7. 欧盟欢迎为2004年缔约国会议进行的筹备工作以及缔约国会议的讨论和结论，特别是主席的综合文件[2] 和秘书处提供的背景文件。[3]", "8. 在第六次审查会议上，缔约国应重申2004年缔约国会议的结论[4] 并商定以下行动：", "(1) 缔约国应继续加强现有国际组织和网络，特别是卫生组织、粮农组织、国际兽疫局和国际植物保护公约的网络以及从事传染病工作的非政府行为者。", "(2) 缔约国应促进在各自职权范围内行事的上述组织之间的合作和相辅相成。", "(3) 缔约国应重申加强卫生组织、粮农组织、国际兽疫局和国际植物保护公约与可能的生物武器物剂有关的疾病方案应当严格地在这些组织的职权范围内进行。缔约国应注意到这些组织的作用仅限于任何疾病突发的流行病学和公众/动物/植物方面，但承认与它们交换信息的增加值。", "(4) 承认运作良好的保健服务系统是确保对疾病突发作适当防备和应对的关键，同时缔约国应继续建设和/或改善国家和区域调查、检测、诊断和防治传染病的能力并将这些努力纳入国家紧急情况和疾病管理计划。关于专家能力，鼓励缔约国探讨有助于最佳利用稀少资源的创新安排(例如，见关于联合王国“前瞻”方案的附件二(只有英文本)和关于芬兰生物威胁防备中心的附件三(只有英文本))。", "(5) 缔约国应尽可能使用现有标准、指南和建议。特别是，缔约国应努力执行卫生组织的实验室程序规范和临床程序规范、粮农组织的紧急情况管理规范和国际植物保护公约的监测规范。", "(6) 缔约国应努力改善有关所有各级疾病监测的信息通报，包括与卫生组织、粮农组织、国际兽疫局、国际植物保护公约和非政府组织以及缔约国之间的信息通报，并利用民间社会来源提供的信息。", "(7) 有能力这样做的缔约国应继续直接以及通过国际组织支持在监测、检测、诊断和防治传染病及相关研究方面需要援助的缔约国建设能力。", "(8) 缔约国应推动疫苗开发和生产，包括通过国际合作和公私合伙。", "(9) 缔约国应继续交流这方面的经验和最佳做法，特别是考虑在2007年10月的《生物与毒素武器公约》闭会期间会议讨论检测病原体和实时应对流行病问题。", "五、加强第十条执行情况的进一步行动", "9. 以前的《生物与毒素武器公约》审查会议就执行第十条需要采取的行动得出了广泛的共同谅解，这除其他外反映在第四次审查会议的最后宣言。在第六次审查会议上，缔约国应审查这些谅解以便重申它们，并应特别注意以下各点：", "(1) 提高对生物恐怖主义危险的警觉需要所有缔约国紧急、有力地作出努力在国内执行《生物与毒素武器公约》承诺。为了建立加强生物安全与促进生物科学和生物技术之间的相互依存关系，缔约国应认识到全世界各国有效地执行《公约》对于充分利用生物的巨大潜力于和平用途是很重要的。", "(2) 确认私营部门对技术和信息转让的重要作用，缔约国应越来越多地让私营部门行为者参与国家、区域和国际各级加强执行第十条的努力。", "(3) 以后的审查会议审查第十条的实施情况时将可受益于有关第十条执行情况的更全面信息，包括有关缔约国确定的需要和作出的努力的信息。缔约国应自愿地与其他缔约国分享这一信息，同时秘书处应便利这一信息交流。", "Annex I", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "EXTRACT FROM: LIFE SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY – A STRATEGY FOR EUROPE, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS, 27 JANUARY 2002 (COM(2002) 27 FINAL)", "A European Agenda for International Collaboration", "Action 24", "The Commission should continue to play a leading role in developing international guidelines, standards and recommendations in relevant sectors, based on international scientific consensus and, in particular, push for the development of a consistent, science-based, focused, transparent, inclusive and integrated international system dealing with food safety issues.", "Implementer: Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Europe’s Responsibilities Towards the Developing World", "Agriculture", "Action 25", "The Commission will in co-operation with Member States support:", "(i) The redefining of national research towards an appropriate mix of traditional techniques and new technologies, based on priorities developed with local farmers.", "(ii) The establishment of effective research partnerships between public and private research organisations in developing countries and in the EU, and the adequate capacity and infrastructure for developing countries to enter into such partnerships, in accordance with international commitments under the Conventions.", "(iii) Sub-regional, regional and international organisations, in particular the International Agricultural Research Centres.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Genetic resources", "Action 26", "The Commission and the Member States will support the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources in developing countries and their equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use by:", "(i) Supporting the development and enforcement of effective measures to conserve, to use sustainably and to provide access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge, as well as to share equitably the benefit arising from them, including income generated by intellectual property protection. Support for local communities is vital to conserve indigenous knowledge and genetic resources.", "(ii) Supporting the participation of delegates from developing countries in the negotiations of relevant International Conventions.", "(iii) Supporting measures to promote greater regional co-ordination in legislation to minimise disparities in access, benefits and also trade in products derived from genetic resources, in accordance with international commitments.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Health", "Action 27", "The Commission and the Member States should work with the international community to concretise the commitment to research to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB and other main poverty-related diseases and also identify effective measures to support developing countries in establishing the structures needed to deploy a health policy.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Responsible and careful use", "Action 28", "The Commission should support:", "(i) The safe and effective use of modern biotechnologies in developing countries, based on their autonomous choice and on their national development strategies.", "(ii) Measures to increase the capacity of developing countries to assess and manage risk for man and the environment, under conditions prevailing in the country.", "(iii) The development of appropriate administrative, legislative and regulatory measures in the developing countries, for the proper implementation of the Cartagena Protocol.", "(iv) That international research on social, economical and environmental impacts are effectively adapted to take into account conditions prevailing in developing countries and that the findings are subsequently disseminated to them in an appropriate format.", "(v) That the international regulatory requirements remain manageable by developing countries, so as not to impede their trade and production prospects.", "Implementer: Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Annex II", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "AN EXAMPLE FROM THE UK: FORESIGHT.", "INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE", "1. The 'Foresight' programme is owned by the Office of Science and Innovation in the United Kingdom with the aim of producing challenging visions of the future in order to ensure effective strategies now. It has produced reports in several different areas. One of its most recent projects was on infectious diseases and it aimed to use the best available science to evaluate the threats of infectious diseases in humans, animals and plants over the next 10-25 years; and to produce a vision for their management, specifically through systems for detection, identification and monitoring. The project involved more than 300 scientists, experts and stakeholders from around 30 countries. The project findings, which are available at http://www.foresight.gov.uk/Detection_and_Identification_of_Infectious_Diseases/Reports_and_Publications/Final_Reports/E1_ID_Executive_Summary.pdf, provide a considerable body of scientific analysis and fresh insights to inform policy development by the relevant stakeholders at both national and international levels.", "2. The project resulted in the development of an action plan, which includes, inter alia:", "(i) Building a more sustained, pro-active and integrated approach to international surveillance for infectious diseases of humans, animals and plants;", "(ii) Developing effective and sustainable partnerships between richer and poorer countries that help provide infrastructure, technologies and skills to support detection, identification and monitoring activities, specifically the UK and Africa;", "(iii) A wide range of stakeholders will need to act together if the benefits are to be realised.", "3. Participants in the action plan include national and international bodies concerned with infectious diseases, and research funders.", "4. Under the auspices of the project a Pan-African Workshop was held in Uganda in August 2005, in collaboration with leading African experts. The project report notes that: \"In August 2005, a ground-breaking workshop was held in Entebbe, Uganda, concerning the future of infectious disease in Africa. This event was unprecedented in Africa and perhaps worldwide, since it brought together leading disease experts spanning plant, animal and human health. The aim was to take a fresh look at this crucial topic and to inject fresh thinking. The event involved experts from 14 African countries, African institutions, and important international organisations such as the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organisation (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Gatsby Foundation. The event generated a wealth of expert advice about the future challenges facing Africa, and options for response.\"", "Annex III", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "FINNISH CENTRE FOR BIOTHREAT PREPAREDNESS", "1. The Finnish Strategy to Secure Vital Functions of Society from November 2003 defined vital functions of Finnish society and established targets and development policies that would guide each administrative branch of the government in dealing with its strategic tasks. The strategy called for cooperation between each government sector in combating new threats towards society. According to the Government Report on Finnish Security and Defence Policy of 2004, terrorism and epidemics caused by infectious diseases were listed as key threats affecting national security.", "2. Based on the above resolutions, the Centre for Biothreat Preparedness started operation in Helsinki in May 2005. The Centre, which will initially employ eight experts, is a centre of excellence for Finnish scientific and laboratory know-how on biological defence, as well as on biothreat assessment and preparedness. The Centre will actively seek domestic and international collaboration. The Centre is composed of two Units; the Biological Defence Unit of the Finnish Defence Forces, and the Biological Threat Unit of the National Public Health Institute, where scientific work will be carried out in a special biological safety laboratory (BSL-3).", "3. The Finnish Defence Forces are developing their Territorial and Operational NBC Defence units for National Defence, as well as a NBC Detachment for the EU Battle Groups and other international tasks. The NBC Detachment will be equipped with a deployable, diagnostic biological and chemical (BC) laboratory. This field laboratory is under development and it will be operational in 2008.", "4. The development of the Deployable BC Field Laboratory is led by Army Staff in cooperation with the Defence Forces Technical Research Centre and the Centre for Biothreat Preparedness, together with the Centre of Military Medicine. One of the Biothreat Centre’s initial operational tasks will be to establish the biosafety and microbial identification requirements for the BC laboratory. To achieve this, international collaboration with other countries as well as domestic collaboration between expert organisations is needed. The techniques that are developed for microbial identification are primarily based on molecular amplification of microbial genes to ensure laboratory safety and rapidity of the assays. Early microbiological diagnosis will enable timely medical intervention, before onset of possible severe clinical symptoms of those exposed to deliberate release of selected agents.", "[1] 这是欧盟成员国提出供缔约国审议的一系列补充文件中的一个。申请加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚，候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国，稳定与结盟进程国和潜在候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国支持本文件。", "[2] 从各国代表团就专家会议讨论的专题所作的介绍、声明和发言以及提交的工作文件中摘出的各种考虑、经验教训、观点、建议、结论和提议的综述，BWC/MSP/2004/3, 附件三。", "[3] BWC/MSP/2004/MX/INF.1, BWC/MSP/2004/MX/INF.2。", "[4] WBC/MSP/2004/3。" ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议 原文:英文 联合国", "2006年11月20日至12月8日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "第十条", "《生物和毒素武器公约》(《生物和毒素武器公约》)", "芬兰代表欧洲联盟提交 [1]", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 欧洲联盟于2006年3月20日通过了一项第2006/242/CFSP号共同立场,其中概述了欧盟2006年《生物和毒素武器公约》审查会议的目标和优先事项。 《共同立场》第3条提到欧盟将拟订具体、实际和可行的建议,以有效加强《生物和毒素武器公约》的执行,供缔约国在审查会议上审议。 这份工作文件是上述一系列建议之一,应被视为欧盟加强《生物和毒素武器公约》及其执行的总体办法的一个要素。", "二. 《生物和毒素武器公约》第十条", "2. 《生物和毒素武器公约》条款 X赋予《公约》缔约国参与并承诺促进交换用于和平目的的生物制剂的设备、材料和资料以及该领域的科学合作的权利。 此外,该条 X指出,《生物和毒素武器公约》的执行应避免妨碍缔约国的发展或和平生物活动领域的国际合作。 《公约》前几次审查会议在审查第十条执行情况时,概述了加强执行的若干原则、目标和措施。", "3个 第六次审查会议将讨论第十条,作为逐条审查公约实施情况的一部分。 自第五次审查会议以来,除了生物科学和生物技术的迅速发展外,在全球、区域和国家各级也出现了一些与第十条密切相关的事态发展。 本工作文件评估了相关动态并讨论了有待第六次审查会议商定的与第十条有关的可能行动。", "三. 与第十条执行有关的最近动态", " 4.四. 鉴于和平的生物活动范围很广,在这些问题上的国际合作也很深入,在此仅着重介绍一些最近有关的发展:", "(一) 2004年12月的《生物和毒素武器公约》缔约国会议及其2004年7月的专家会议筹备会议,被认为非常成功地讨论了传染病的监测、检测、诊断和防治问题并增进了共识和采取有效行动。", "(二) 2001年和2002年世界卫生大会通过关于全球卫生安全的决议、关于公共卫生准备和应对蓄意使用影响健康的生物和化学制剂或放射性核材料的决议,以及加强粮农组织、国际兽疫局和国际植物保护方案在这一领域的能力后,卫生组织努力加强其在可能与生物武器制剂有关的疾病领域的能力。", "(三) 2005年修订《国际卫生条例》,自2007年起实施。", "(四) 《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》于2003年生效,并随后建立了一个具有能力建设内容的信息交换所机制,以确保《议定书》所有缔约方能执行其条款并便利生物安全信息交流。", "(五) 在全球和区域两级生物技术和生物多样性领域正在进行的其他政府间和非政府努力,如国际遗传工程和生物技术中心、国际植物遗传资源研究所、环境规划署、教科文组织、工发组织和开发计划署/环境规划署/世界银行全球环境基金的有关工作、经合组织的生物技术倡议,包括可能建立全球生物资源中心网络,以及若干非政府组织和网络的倡议。", "(六)国际社会大力打击禽流感扩散.", "(七) 私营部门的国际生物和生物技术合作迅速增长,这为交流预防疾病或其他和平用途的技术和信息提供了极大的便利。", "5 (韩语). 欧洲联盟及其成员国积极参加了上述全球努力,并采取了一些具体行动,支持执行《生物和毒素武器公约》第十条,其中包括:", "(一) 执行2002年欧盟生命科学和生物技术战略及相关行动计划,其中还涉及国际合作和欧洲对发展中世界的责任(见附件一,仅有英文本)。", "(二) 2005年设立欧洲疾病预防和控制中心,其任务还包括向第三国提供援助。", "(三) 欧盟在若干相关部门的发展合作承诺,从卫生和农业到协助遵守卫生和植物检疫要求,欧盟及其成员国是世界上最大的发展援助提供者。", "(四) 欧盟的教育和研究政策,特别是高等教育领域的合作方案,融入欧盟研究框架方案的国际合作活动,以及欧盟资助的研究,特别是在生物安保、传染病和生物技术领域的研究。", "(五) 欧盟在紧急情况下提供的援助,例如亚洲海啸,向90 000人提供了初级保健服务,向88 000多人提供了安全饮水和卫生设施。", "6. 国家 第六次审查会议应承认在执行第十条方面取得的进展,并承认上述努力和其他正在进行的国际、区域、双边和国内努力为有效执行第十条所作出的贡献。", "四、结 论 传染病的监测、检测、诊断和防治", "7. 联合国 欧盟欢迎为2004年缔约国会议的讨论和结论而作的筹备工作,特别是主席综合文件[2]和秘书处提供的背景文件[3]。", "8. 联合国 在第六次审查会议上,缔约国应重申2004年缔约国会议的结论[4]并商定下列行动:", "缔约国应继续加强现有的国际组织和网络,特别是卫生组织、粮农组织、国际兽疫局和国际植物保护组织以及从事传染病工作的非政府行为者的组织和网络。", "(二) 缔约国应促进上述各组织之间的合作和互补性,每一组织均应在其任务范围内行事。", "缔约国应重申,应当严格在卫生组织、粮农组织、国际兽疫局和国际植物保护委员会的授权范围内加强关于可能与生物武器制剂有关的疾病的方案。 缔约国应注意到,这些组织的作用仅限于任何疾病爆发的流行病学和公共/动物/植物保健方面,但承认与它们交流信息的附加价值。", "(四) 在认识到运作良好的保健服务系统是确保充分防备和应对疾病爆发的关键的同时,缔约国应继续建立和/或提高国家和区域调查、检测、诊断和防治传染病的能力,并将这些努力纳入国家应急和灾害管理计划。 关于专家能力,应鼓励缔约国探索有助于优化利用稀缺资源的创新安排(例如,见附件二(只有英文本),关于联合王国的“展望”方案;附件三(只有英文本),关于芬兰生物威胁准备中心)。", "缔约国应尽可能利用现有的标准、准则和建议。 特别是,缔约国应当努力实施卫生组织的良好实验室做法和良好的临床做法、粮农组织的良好应急管理做法和IPPC的良好监测做法。", "缔约国应努力改进各级有关疾病监测的沟通,包括与卫生组织、粮农组织、国际兽疫局、IPPC和非政府组织以及缔约国之间的沟通,同时利用民间社会提供的信息。", "(七) 有能力的缔约国应继续直接地和通过国际组织支持在传染病的监测、检测、诊断和防治及有关研究领域需要援助的缔约国的能力建设。", "缔约国应促进疫苗的研制和生产,包括通过国际合作和公私伙伴关系。", "缔约国应继续交流这一领域的经验和最佳做法,特别是考虑在《生物和毒素武器公约》2007-2010年期的闭会期间会议上讨论发现病原体和实时应对流行病的问题。", " V. 加强第十条执行工作的进一步行动", "9. 国家 《生物和毒素武器公约》早先的审查会议就执行第十条所需采取的行动达成了广泛的共识,这特别反映在第四次审查会议的最后宣言中。 在第六次审查会议上,缔约国应审查这些谅解,以重新确认这些谅解,并特别注意以下方面:", "(一) 加强对生物恐怖主义风险的认识,要求所有缔约国紧急作出积极努力,在国内履行《生物和毒素武器公约》的承诺。 鉴于加强生物安保和促进生物科学和生物技术之间的相互依存关系,缔约国应当认识到,全世界各国有效执行《公约》对于充分利用用于和平目的的生物的巨大潜力至关重要。", "(二) 认识到私营部门在技术和信息转让中的重要作用,缔约国应当越来越多地使私营部门行为者参与在国家、区域和国际各级加强执行第十条的努力。", "在以后的审查会议上审查第十条的实施情况,将受益于关于第十条执行情况的更全面的资料,包括查明的需要和缔约国作出的努力。 缔约国应在自愿的基础上与其他缔约国分享这一信息,并由秘书处为这种信息交流提供便利。", "页:1", "[仅英文]", "来自:生活科学和生物技术 -- -- 委员会提交理事会、欧洲议会、经济和社会委员会及各区域委员会的一项欧洲战略(2002年1月27日,委员会)", "欧洲国际合作议程", "行动24", "委员会应继续以国际科学共识为基础,在相关部门制定国际准则、标准和建议方面发挥主导作用,并尤其要推动建立一个连贯一致、以科学为基础、有重点、透明、包容和综合的国际体系,处理食品安全问题。", "执行者:委员会", "时限:2002年以后", "欧洲的责任 走向发展中世界", "农业", "行动25", "委员会将与会员国合作,支持:", "(一) 根据与当地农民制定的优先事项,重新界定国家研究,以适当结合传统技术和新技术。", "(二) 在发展中国家和欧盟的公营和私营研究组织之间建立有效的研究伙伴关系,并为发展中国家按照《公约》规定的国际承诺建立这种伙伴关系提供充分的能力和基础设施。", "(三) 分区域、区域和国际组织,特别是国际农业研究中心。", "实施者:会员国、委员会", "时限:2002年以后", "遗传资源", "行动26", "委员会和会员国将通过以下方式支持发展中国家保护和可持续利用遗传资源并公平分享其利用所产生的惠益:", "(一) 支持制定和执行有效措施,以养护、可持续利用和提供获取遗传资源和传统知识的机会,并公平分享由此获得的利益,包括知识产权保护产生的收入。 支持地方社区对于保护土著知识和遗传资源至关重要。", "(二) 支持发展中国家代表参加有关国际公约的谈判。", "(三) 根据国际承诺,支持采取措施,促进在立法方面加强区域协调,以尽量减少遗传资源产品在获取、收益和贸易方面的差距。", "实施者:会员国、委员会", "时限:2002年以后", "卫生", "行动27", "委员会和会员国应同国际社会合作,具体承诺研究防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾、结核病等与贫穷有关的主要疾病,并找出有效措施来支持发展中国家建立实施保健政策所需的结构。", "实施者:会员国、委员会", "时限:2002年以后", "负责任和谨慎的使用", "行动28", "委员会应支持:", "(一) 在发展中国家根据自主选择和国家发展战略安全有效地利用现代生物技术。", "(二) 采取措施,提高发展中国家在国家普遍条件下评估和管理人类和环境风险的能力。", "(三) 在发展中国家制订适当的行政、立法和管制措施,以适当执行《卡塔赫纳议定书》。", "(四) 有效调整关于社会、经济和环境影响的国际研究,以考虑到发展中国家目前的状况,并将研究结果以适当格式分发给发展中国家。", "(五) 发展中国家的国际管制要求仍然可以管理,以便不妨碍它们的贸易和生产前景。", "执行者:委员会", "时限:2002年以后", "页:1", "[仅英文]", "一个来自英国的例子:Foresign。", "重大障碍:为今后做好准备", "1. 联合国 “展望”方案由联合王国科学与创新办公室拥有,目的是提出具有挑战性的未来愿景,以确保现在的有效战略。 它在若干不同领域编写了报告。 最近的项目之一是传染病项目,其目的是利用现有的最佳科学来评估今后10-25年人类、动物和植物的传染病威胁;并特别通过检测、鉴定和监测系统来提出管理这些疾病的设想。 来自约30个国家的300多名科学家、专家和利益攸关方参加了该项目。 项目结果可在http://www.foresight.gov.uk/Detection_和_IDIDITION_of_Infectious_Dises/Reports_and_Publications/Final_Reports/E1_ID_Execution_Summary.pdf上查阅,提供了大量科学分析和新的见解,为国家和国际两级相关利益攸关方的政策制定提供信息。", "2. 联合国 该项目产生了一项行动计划,其中包括:", "(一) 建立更持久、更积极主动、更综合的人类、动物和植物传染病国际监测办法;", "(二) 在富国和穷国之间建立有效而可持续的伙伴关系,帮助提供基础设施、技术和技能,以支持探测、识别和监测活动,特别是联合王国和非洲;", "(三) 要实现效益,需要广泛的利益攸关方共同行动。", "3个 行动计划的参与者包括与传染病有关的国家和国际机构以及研究资助者。", " 4.四. 在该项目的赞助下,2005年8月与非洲主要专家合作在乌干达举办了泛非讲习班。 项目报告指出:\"2005年8月,在乌干达恩德培举行了关于非洲传染病未来的开创性研讨会. 这一事件在非洲甚至全世界都是史无前例的,因为它汇集了植物、动物和人类健康方面的主要疾病专家。 目的是重新审视这一重要议题并注入新的思维。 来自14个非洲国家、非洲机构以及世界动物卫生组织(动物卫生组织)、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、世界卫生组织(卫生组织)、比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会和盖茨比基金会等重要国际组织的专家参加了这次活动。 这次活动就非洲今后面临的挑战和对策提出了丰富的专家建议\".", "联合国", "[仅英文]", "生物技术准备的冰岛中心", "1. 联合国 2003年11月的《芬兰保障社会重要职能战略》确定了芬兰社会的重要职能,并制定了目标和发展政策,以指导政府每个行政部门执行其战略任务。 该战略呼吁政府各部门合作应对社会面临的新威胁。 根据2004年《芬兰安全与防卫政策政府报告》,恐怖主义和由传染病引起的流行病被列为影响国家安全的主要威胁。", "2. 联合国 根据上述决议,生物威胁防范中心于2005年5月在赫尔辛基开始运作。 该中心最初将雇用8名专家,是芬兰在生物防御以及生物威胁评估和防备方面的科学和实验室专门知识的英才中心。 该中心将积极寻求国内和国际合作。 该中心由两个单位组成:芬兰国防军生物防卫股和国家公共卫生研究所生物威胁股,将在一个专门的生物安全实验室(BSL-3)进行科学工作。", "3个 芬兰国防军正在发展其国土和作战的核生化防御部队,以及一支核生化分遣队,用于欧盟作战集团和其他国际任务。 核生化分遣队将配备一个可部署的诊断生物和化学实验室。 这一实地实验室正在开发之中,将于2008年投入使用。", " 4.四. 部署的不列颠哥伦比亚战地实验室由陆军参谋部牵头,与国防军技术研究中心和生物威胁准备中心以及军事医学中心合作开发。 生物威胁中心的初步业务任务之一是为BC实验室确定生物安全和微生物鉴定要求。 为此,需要与其他国家进行国际合作,以及专家组织之间的国内合作。 所开发的微生物鉴定技术主要基于微生物基因的分子放大,以确保实验室安全和化验的迅速性。 早期微生物诊断将有助于在接触特定制剂者可能出现严重临床症状之前及时进行医疗干预。", "[1] 这是欧盟成员国提交缔约国审议的一系列补充文件之一。 加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、稳定与结盟进程国和潜在候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国赞同本文件。", "[2] 从各代表团就专家会议所讨论专题所作的介绍、发言、工作文件和发言中得出的考虑、教训、观点、建议、结论和提议综述,BWC/MSP/2004/3,附件三", "[3] BWC/MSP/2004/MX/INF.1,BWC/MSP/2004/MX/INF.2", "[4] BWC/MSP/2004/3" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.620 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "INCREASING UNIVERSAL ADHERENCE TO THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION (BTWC)", "Submitted by Italy on behalf of the European Union[1]", "1. The European Union considers the BTWC a key component of the international non-proliferation and disarmament framework and the cornerstone of efforts to prevent biological agents and toxins being developed and used as weapons. All 25 Member States of the European Union and two Acceding Countries are Party to the BTWC, which prohibits an entire class of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) which could potentially cause significant damage to civilisation. The Strategy against the proliferation of WMD adopted in December 2003, and Common Position 805 of 17 November 2003, clearly indicate the EU’s commitment towards the universalization and reinforcement of multilateral agreements in the field of non-proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery, including the BTWC. The EU has also agreed to integrate its non-proliferation concerns into its dialogue with other States including through the addition of a non-proliferation clause in agreements with third countries.", "2. UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004) (extended by Resolution 1673(2006)) – “affirming its support for the multilateral treaties whose aim is to eliminate or prevent the proliferation of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons”, and welcoming efforts in this context by multilateral arrangements which contribute to non-proliferation – calls upon all States, inter alia, to promote the universal adoption and full implementation of multilateral treaties to which they are Party, including the BTWC, the aim of which is to prevent the proliferation of WMD. So far, while the membership of the BTWC may seem quite high (155 States), it remains nonetheless significantly lower than membership of the Non-Proliferation Treaty or of the Chemical Weapons Convention.", "3. Therefore, with Common Position 2006/242/CFSP of 20 March 2006 - adopted in preparation for the Sixth BTWC Review Conference - the European Union reiterated its priority of fostering universal adherence of all States to the Convention, including calling on all States not Party to adhere to the Convention without further delay and to commit legally to the disarmament and non-proliferation of biological and toxin weapons. Pending their adherence to the Convention, the EU encourages such States to participate as observers in the meetings of States Party to the BTWC and in the BTWC Review Process and to implement its provisions on a voluntary basis.", "4. And further, on 27 February 2006, the European Union adopted a Joint Action to support, inter alia, the universalization of the BTWC and, in particular, to promote accession by States not Party (signatory as well as non-signatory States) through regional and sub regional workshops. Five of them will be organised in 2006 - respectively in West and Central Africa, in Eastern and Southern Africa, in the Middle East, in Asia and in the Pacific Islands, in Latin America and in the Caribbean - with the aim of encouraging greater membership (and thereby enhanced implementation of the BTWC) and to explain the benefits and consequences of adhering to the Convention. An additional goal of those initiatives will be to understand the obstacles to membership and the possible needs of States not Party to the BTWC and, if needed, to offer technical (administrative and legal) assistance to facilitate their accession to the treaty. As security in Europe is closely linked to security and stability in the Mediterranean, the European Union attaches special importance to the issue of BTWC universalization in that area.", "5. In this perspective, the European Union firmly believes that the universalization of the BTWC alone is not sufficient and it must be accompanied by full national implementation of all its obligations and provisions by all States Parties, including those which adhere in the future. Global adherence to the BTWC without strict national implementation risks creating an empty shell that would not serve the goals of the Convention. That is why the above-mentioned Joint Action also aims at providing assistance (including through visits of EU experts) to States Parties to the BTWC in order to help them to ensure that they transpose the international obligations of the Convention into their national legislation and administrative measures by:", "(i) Adoption of national legislation, including penal legislation, which encompasses the full scope of the prohibitions of the Convention;", "(ii) Effective regulations or legislation to control and monitor transfers of relevant dual-use technologies; and", "(iii) Effective implementation and enforcement to prevent violations and to sanction breaches.", "6. In the process of preparation for the Sixth Review Conference, the European Union has also been carrying out demarches supporting BTWC universalization vis-à-vis countries which have not yet signed or ratified the Convention, stressing the following political, security and economic benefits to be derived from early accession to the BTWC:", "(i) Politically, it demonstrates that a State is a responsible member of the international community, committed to all obligations of the BTWC and multinational efforts to prevent BW terrorism;", "(ii) It offers security benefits since each State Party undertakes to provide or support assistance to any Party to the Convention which so requests, if the UN Security Council decides that such Party has been exposed to danger as a result of violation of the Convention;", "(iii) It offers economic benefits to States Party by participating in the exchange of equipment, materials and information for the use of biological agents for peaceful purposes;", "(iv) It encourages international scientific cooperation in further development and application of scientific discoveries, in bacteriology and other relevant fields, for peaceful purposes; and", "(v) It fosters compliance with UN Security Council Resolution 1540/2004, which calls upon States, inter alia (paragraphs 8(a) and (c)), “to promote the universal adoption and full implementation…of multilateral treaties ….whose aim is to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons” and “to renew and fulfil their commitment to multilateral cooperation, in particular within the framework of ….the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, as important means of pursuing and achieving their common objectives in the area of non-proliferation and of promoting international cooperation for peaceful purposes”.", "7. In that framework, the European Union continues to note with great concern that, notwithstanding the importance of the BTWC as an instrument for promoting peace and security and the benefits deriving from swift accession to it, 16 States have signed but not ratified it, while 24 countries have not yet signed it (listed in Annex I, in English only).", "8. Against this background, the European Union deems it necessary for the Review Conference to call on States Parties to the BTWC to promote and intensify diplomatic activities to encourage States not Party to adhere to the Convention without delay and, further, to foster increased adherence to the BTWC the European Union believes that the Sixth Review Conference should consider adopting a Universality Strategy to promote increased adherence to the Convention. The Strategy would consist of the following actions:", "(i) Establishment, of a network of national (and regional) BTWC “points of contact” inter alia to facilitate implementation of this Universality Strategy. These points of contact would be established on an informal basis. States Parties are requested to inform other States Parties and the UN DDA-based BTWC secretariat of their \"points of contact\" and to keep their information up to date if/as details change; EU Member States have established such contact points and these are listed in Annex II to this paper (English only);", "(ii) Effective promotion of universality of the BTWC by its States Parties in all relevant fora, including in regional, sub-regional and relevant international organizations, and where practicable undertaking joint activities with such organizations;", "(iii) As part of an intersessional process, development of measures to assist States ready to join the Convention in their national preparation for implementing it;", "(iv) In bilateral contacts with States not Party, promoting accession or ratification of the BTWC and offering bilateral assistance visits to States that are ready to become a Party to the Convention to assist them with this effort;", "(v) Regional and sub-regional seminars and workshops to promote the object and purpose of the Convention, inform prospective States Parties of the obligations under the Convention and outline available assistance for both accession and national implementation measures;", "(vi) Establishment and implementation of measures to increase awareness of the Convention, and of the work of the BTWC, including publications in official languages of the final documents of the intersessional activities and of the Review Conferences;", "(vii) Promotion of the BTWC by its States Parties in bilateral, regional and other agreements with States not Party, using tools such as the EU WMD clause.", "9. States Parties are encouraged to implement the above measures that they are able to undertake and to coordinate their implementation to achieve maximum effectiveness with other States Parties through the sharing of information via the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs BTWC secretariat.", "10. Further, the EU believes that the effectiveness and utility of this Universality Strategy should be assessed by the States Parties at the Seventh Review Conference of the BTWC in 2011. Intermediate evaluations and stocktaking of progress achieved in promoting the BTWC could be undertaken during any intersessional meetings of States Parties before that Conference.", "Annex I", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION", "As of 29 August 2006, 16 States have signed but not ratified:", "1.", "2. Burundi", "3. Central African Republic", "4. Côte d'Ivoire", "5. Egypt", "6. Gabon", "7. Guyana", "8. Haiti", "9. Liberia", "10. Madagascar", "11. Malawi", "12. Myanmar (Burma)", "13. Nepal", "14. Somalia", "15. Syrian Arab Republic", "16. United Arab Emirates", "17. United Republic of Tanzania", "As of 29 August 2006, 24 States have not signed:", "1.", "2. Andorra", "3. Angola", "4. Cameroon", "5. Chad", "6. Comoros", "7. Cook Islands", "8. Djibouti", "9. Eritrea", "10. Guinea", "11. Israel", "12. Kazakhstan", "13. Kiribati", "14. Marshall Islands", "15. Mauritania", "16. Micronesia (Federal States of)", "17. Montenegro", "18. Mozambique", "19. Namibia", "20. Nauru", "21. Niue", "22. Samoa", "23. Trinidad and Tobago", "24. Tuvalu", "25. Zambia", "Annex II", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "BTWC POINTS OF CONTACT OF EU MEMBER STATES", "AUSTRIA", "Alexander Benedict", "Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs", "Department II.8 – Global Disarmament, Arms Control, Export", "Control, Multilateral Atomic Energy Issues and IAEA", "A-1014 Vienna, Minoritenplatz 8", "tel: +43(0)501150 – 3354", "fax : +43(0)501159 – 5354", "web: www.bmaa.gv.at", "e-mail: alexander.BENEDICT@bmaa.gv.at", "CZECH REPUBLIC", "Dr Ladislav Bartak", "Director, Department for the Control of Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction", "State Office for Nuclear Safety", "Address: Senovážné nám. 9", "110 00 Praha 1", "Czech Republic", "tel: +420226514665", "fax: +420224223133", "e-mail: ladislav.bartak@sujb.cz", "CYPRUS", "Panayiotis Papadopoulos", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Political Affairs Division – Multilateral Relations", "tel: +357 22 401152", "fax: +357 22 661881", "e-mail: ppapadopoulos@mfa.gov.cy", "DENMARK", "Casper S. Nervil", "Head of Section, Dept. of Security Policy", "Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Office 6 a 67", "Asiatisk Plads 21448 Copenhagen K", "Denmark", "tel direct: +45 33 92 06 77", "cell: +45 2545 9323", "tel: + 45 33 92 00 00", "fax: +45 33 92 18 04", "e-mail: casner@um.dk", "ESTONIA", "Ketlin Süsmalainen", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "First Political Department, First Division", "Islandi väljak 1", "15049 Tallinn", "Estonia", "tel: +3726377100", "fax : +372 637 7199", "e-mail: ketlin.susmalainen@mfa.ee", "FINLAND", "Jani Raappana", "Second Secretary", "Asevalvonnan yksikkö/Unit for Arms Control, Disarmament", "and Non-proliferation", "P.O. Box 176", "00161 Helsinki", "tel: +358 9 1605 6030", "cell: +358 400 954 492", "fax: +358 9 1605 6066", "e-mail: jani.raappana@formin.fi", "FRANCE", "Frédéric JUNG", "Ministère des Affaires Etrangères", "Sous-Direction du Désarmement chimique, biologique", "et de la maîtrise des armements classique", "37 Quai d’Orsay", "75 700 PARIS 07 SP", "tel.: +331 43174306", "fax : +331 43174952", "e-mail: frederic.jung@diplomatie.gouv.fr", "GERMANY", "Alexander Olbrich", "Federal Foreign Office", "Head of BW Division", "Werderscher Markt §1", "10117 Berlin", "tel: +49(0)30 5000-4583", "fax : + 49 (0) 30 5000-54583", "e-mail: 243-rl@auswaertiges-amt.de", "ITALY", "Raffaele De Benedictis", "Permament Mission of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament", "Geneva", "tel: +4122 9180252", "fax: +4122 7400715", "e-mail: raffaele.debenedictis@esteri.it", "LITHUANIA", "Martynas Lukosevicius", "Attache", "Arms Control, Non-proliferation and Disarmament Division", "Security Policy Departments", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania", "tel: +37052362429", "e-mail: martynas.lucosevicius@urm.lt", "NETHERLANDS", "Wouter Wormgoor", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Department of Security Policy / Nuclear Affairs and Non-proliferation", "tel: +31 (0) 70 - 348 5089", "fax: +31 (0) 70 - 348 5684", "e-mail: wouter.wormgoor@minbuza.nl", "POLAND", "Mr. Tadeusz Chomicki", "Deputy Director", "Department of Security Policy", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +48 22 523 92 02", "fax: +48 22 628 58 41", "e-mail: tadeusz.chomicki@msz.gov.pl", "Mr. Janusz Wawrzyniuk", "Counsellor, Non-Proliferation Division", "Department of Security Policy", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +48 22 523 89 19", "fax: +48 22 523 93 03", "e-mail: janusz.wawrzyniuk@msz.gov.pl", "ROMANIA", "Ms. Nineta Barbulescu", "Counsellor", "Nonproliferation, Arms Control and Combating Terrorism Office", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +4021 319 6857", "fax: +4021 319 23 63", "e-mail: Nineta.Barbulescu@mae.ro", "SPAIN", "Luis Gómez Nogueira", "Head of Disarmament Unit", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation", "Serrano Galvache, 26", "28071 MADRID (SPAIN)", "tel: +34 91.379.1759", "fax: +34 91.394.8647", "e-mail: luis.gomez@mae.es", "SWEDEN", "Martin Åberg", "Department for Disarmament and Non-proliferation", "Ministry for Foreign Affairs", "103 39 Stockholm Sweden", "tel: +46 8 405 35 84", "fax: +46 8 723 11 76", "email: martin.aberg@foreign.ministry.se", "SLOVENIA", "Irina Gorsic, Counsellor", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia", "Security Policy Division", "Presernova 25 / SI - 1000 Ljubljana", "tel: +386 1 478 12 50", "fax: +386 1 478 22 29", "e-mail: Irina.Gorsic@gov.si", "UNITED KINGDOM", "Ashi Brant", "Desk Officer for BWC and CTBT", "CBW Section", "Counter Proliferation Department", "Foreign and Commonwealth Office", "tel: 0207 008 2247", "fax : 0207 008 2680", "e-mail: btwc@fco.gov.uk", "[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper." ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物) BWC/CONF.VI/WP.6 及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》 20 October 2006 缔约国第六次审查会议 CHINESE Original: ENGLISH", "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "促进普遍加入《生物和毒素武器公约》", "意大利代表欧洲联盟提交 [1]", "1. 欧洲联盟认为，《生物和毒素武器公约》是国际不扩散和裁军框架的一个重要组成部分，是努力预防作为武器开发和使用生物制剂和毒素的基础。欧洲联盟的全部25个成员国以及两个加入国都是《生物和毒素武器公约》的缔约国，该公约禁止可能对文明造成巨大破坏的所有大规模毁灭性武器。2003年12月通过的反对大规模毁灭性武器扩散战略以及2003年11月17日第805号共同立场清楚地表明，欧盟致力于普及和加强不扩散大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具领域的多边协定，包括 《生物和毒素武器公约》。欧盟还同意把对不扩散问题的关注纳入与其他国家的对话之中，包括通过在与第三国的协定中增加一个不扩散条款。", "2. 联合国安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议(经第1673(2006)号决议扩充) ――申明支持旨在消除或防止核生化武器扩散的各项多边条约”，并欢迎多边安排在这方面所作的有助于不扩散的努力――特别号召所有国家促进普遍通过和全面执行其为缔约方的旨在防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散的各项多边条约，包括《生物和毒素武器公约》。迄今为止，虽然《生物和毒素武器公约》的成员国看来为数众多(155个国家)，但仍比《不扩散条约》或《化学武器公约》的成员国少很多。", "3. 因此，借助2006年3月20日第2006/242/CFSP号共同立场――在筹备《生物和毒素武器公约》第六次审查会议中通过的――欧洲联盟重申，其优先重视促进所有国家普遍加入《公约》，包括呼吁所有非缔约国毫不迟延地加入《公约》并在法律上承诺裁减和不扩散生物和毒素武器。在尚未加入《公约》期间，欧盟鼓励这些国家作为观察员出席《生物和毒素武器公约》缔约国会议和《生物和毒素武器公约》审查进程，并在自愿的基础上执行《公约》条款。", "4. 另外，2006年2月27日，欧洲联盟采取了一项联合行动，以支持――除其他外――《生物和毒素武器公约》的普遍化，特别是通过区域和分区域研讨会促进非缔约国(签署国及非签署国)的加入。2006年将组织五个这样的研讨会――分别在西非和中部非洲、东部非洲和南部非洲、中东、亚洲和太平洋岛屿、拉丁美洲和加勒比――目的是鼓励更多的国家加入《公约》(从而加强《生物和毒素武器公约》的执行)，并阐明加入《公约》的好处和结果。这些倡议的另一个目的是了解在加入《公约》方面的障碍以及非《生物和毒素武器公约》缔约国的可能需要，并在必要时，提供技术(行政和法律)援助，以便利它们加入该条约。由于欧洲的安全与地中海的安全与稳定息息相关，欧洲联盟特别重视该地区普遍加入《生物和毒素武器公约》的问题。", "5. 从这一视角来看，欧洲联盟坚信，光是普遍加入《生物和毒素武器公约》还不够，所有缔约国，包括将来加入《公约》的国家，还必须在国内全面执行《公约》的所有义务和规定。全球加入《生物和毒素武器公约》但在国内不严格执行《公约》，就有可能使《公约》成为一纸空文，于《公约》的目标无益。因此，上面提到的联合行动还旨在向《生物和毒素武器公约》缔约国提供援助(包括通过欧盟专家的访问)，以帮助它们确保通过以下方式将《公约》规定的国际义务转化为国内立法和行政措施：", "(1) 通过国内立法，包括刑事立法，将《公约》所禁止的一切包括在内；", "(2) 有效的条例或立法以控制和监督有关的两用技术的转让；以及", "(3) 有效的实施和执法以预防并惩治违反行为。", "6. 在筹备第六次审查会议的过程中，欧洲联盟还对尚未签署或批准《公约》的国家做了一些工作支持《生物和毒素武器公约》普遍化，强调早日加入《生物和毒素武器公约》在政治、安全和经济方面的下述好处：", "(1) 在政治上，这证明加入国是国际社会中负责任的一员，它承诺履行《生物和毒素武器公约》所规定的一切义务并与其他国家一起努力防止生物武器被用来从事恐怖主义活动；", "(2) 这会带来安全方面的好处，因为每个缔约国都承诺提供或支持对任何提出请求的《公约》缔约国的援助，如果联合国安全理事会认定违反《公约》的行为致使该缔约国遭受威胁的话；", "(3) 这会给缔约国带来经济方面的好处，因为可以为和平目的利用生物制剂而参与设备、材料和信息的交换；", "(4) 这会鼓励在为和平目的进一步发展和应用细菌学及其他相关领域的科学发现方面进行国际合作以及", "(5) 这有助于遵守联合国安全理事会第1540/2004号决议，该决议特别呼吁各国(第8(a)和(c)段)，“促进普遍批准、全面执行……旨在防止核生化武器扩散的……各项多边条约”以及“重申和履行进行多边合作的承诺，尤其是在……《生物和毒素武器公约》的框架内，这是谋求和实现不扩散领域内共同目标和促进为和平目的开展国际合作的重要途径”。", "7. 在该框架内，欧洲联盟仍然极为不安地注意到，尽管《生物和毒素武器公约》作为一个促进和平与安全的手段具有重要意义并且迅速加入《公约》会带来各种好处，但有16个国家签署但未批准《公约》，有24个国家尚未签署《公约》(列于附件一，只有英文文本)。", "8. 在这一背景下，欧洲联盟认为，审查会议有必要号召《生物和毒素武器公约》的缔约国促进和加强外交活动，鼓励非缔约国毫不迟延地加入《公约》，进一步推动更多的国家加入《生物和毒素武器公约》。欧洲联盟认为，第六次审查会议应考虑通过一个普遍性战略，以促进更多的国家加入《公约》。该战略将包括以下行动：", "(1) 建立一个国家(及区域)《生物和毒素武器公约》联络点网络，目的是，除其他外，促进这一普遍性战略的执行。这些联络点将在非正式的基础上建立。请缔约国告知其他缔约国以及设在联合国裁军部的《生物和毒素武器公约》秘书处其“联络点”的信息，如果详情有变则提供最新信息；欧盟成员国建立了这样的联络点，详情列于本文件附件二(只有英文文本)；", "(2) 缔约国在所有相关论坛中有效促进《生物和毒素武器公约》的普遍性，包括在区域、分区域和相关的国际组织中，如果可行的话，与这些组织采取联合行动；", "(3) 作为闭会期间工作的一部分，制定措施以帮助准备加入《公约》的国家在国内开展执行《公约》的筹备工作；", "(4) 在与非缔约国的双边联系中，促进加入或批准《生物和毒素武器公约》 并提议对准备成为《公约》缔约国的国家进行双边援助访问以帮助它们作出这一努力；", "(5) 举办区域和分区域的讨论会和讲习班，以宣传《公约》的目的和意图，向可能的缔约国宣讲《公约》所规定的义务并概述在加入和在国内执行措施方面可以获得的帮助；", "(6) 制定和执行措施以提高对《公约》及《公约》工作的认识，包括用正式语文出版闭会期间活动和审查会议的最后文件；", "(7) 缔约国利用诸如欧盟大规模毁灭性武器条款等手段，在与非缔约国的双边、区域及其他协定中促进《生物和毒素武器公约》。", "9. 鼓励缔约国执行它们能够采取的上述措施，并通过联合国裁军事务部《生物和毒素武器公约》秘书处分享信息，以便与其他缔约国协调执行活动，实现效力最大化。", "10. 此外，欧盟认为，缔约国应在2011年《生物和毒素武器公约》第七次审查会议上评估这一普遍性战略的有效性和有用性。对在促进《生物和毒素武器公约》方面取得的进展的中期评估和总结可以在该会议之前的任何一次闭会期间缔约国会议上进行。", "Annex I", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION", "As of 29 August 2006, 16 States have signed but not ratified:", "1.", "2. Burundi", "3. Central African Republic", "4. Côte d'Ivoire", "5. Egypt", "6. Gabon", "7. Guyana", "8. Haiti", "9. Liberia", "10. Madagascar", "11. Malawi", "12. Myanmar (Burma)", "13. Nepal", "14. Somalia", "15. Syrian Arab Republic", "16. United Arab Emirates", "17. United Republic of Tanzania", "As of 29 August 2006, 24 States have not signed:", "1.", "2. Andorra", "3. Angola", "4. Cameroon", "5. Chad", "6. Comoros", "7. Cook Islands", "8. Djibouti", "9. Eritrea", "10. Guinea", "11. Israel", "12. Kazakhstan", "13. Kiribati", "14. Marshall Islands", "15. Mauritania", "16. Micronesia (Federal States of)", "17. Montenegro", "18. Mozambique", "19. Namibia", "20. Nauru", "21. Niue", "22. Samoa", "23. Trinidad and Tobago", "24. Tuvalu", "25. Zambia", "Annex II", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "BTWC POINTS OF CONTACT OF EU MEMBER STATES", "AUSTRIA", "Alexander Benedict", "Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs", "Department II.8 – Global Disarmament, Arms Control, Export", "Control, Multilateral Atomic Energy Issues and IAEA", "A-1014 Vienna, Minoritenplatz 8", "tel: +43(0)501150 – 3354", "fax : +43(0)501159 – 5354", "web: www.bmaa.gv.at", "e-mail: alexander.BENEDICT@bmaa.gv.at", "CZECH REPUBLIC", "Dr Ladislav Bartak", "Director, Department for the Control of Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction", "State Office for Nuclear Safety", "Address: Senovážné nám. 9", "110 00 Praha 1", "Czech Republic", "tel: +420226514665", "fax: +420224223133", "e-mail: ladislav.bartak@sujb.cz", "CYPRUS", "Panayiotis Papadopoulos", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Political Affairs Division – Multilateral Relations", "tel: +357 22 401152", "fax: +357 22 661881", "e-mail: ppapadopoulos@mfa.gov.cy", "DENMARK", "Casper S. Nervil", "Head of Section, Dept. of Security Policy", "Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Office 6 a 67", "Asiatisk Plads 21448 Copenhagen K", "Denmark", "tel direct: +45 33 92 06 77", "cell: +45 2545 9323", "tel: + 45 33 92 00 00", "fax: +45 33 92 18 04", "e-mail: casner@um.dk", "ESTONIA", "Ketlin Süsmalainen", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "First Political Department, First Division", "Islandi väljak 1", "15049 Tallinn", "Estonia", "tel: +3726377100", "fax : +372 637 7199", "e-mail: ketlin.susmalainen@mfa.ee", "FINLAND", "Jani Raappana", "Second Secretary", "Asevalvonnan yksikkö/Unit for Arms Control, Disarmament", "and Non-proliferation", "P.O. Box 176", "00161 Helsinki", "tel: +358 9 1605 6030", "cell: +358 400 954 492", "fax: +358 9 1605 6066", "e-mail: jani.raappana@formin.fi", "FRANCE", "Frédéric JUNG", "Ministère des Affaires Etrangères", "Sous-Direction du Désarmement chimique, biologique", "et de la maîtrise des armements classique", "37 Quai d’Orsay", "75 700 PARIS 07 SP", "tel.: +331 43174306", "fax : +331 43174952", "e-mail: frederic.jung@diplomatie.gouv.fr", "GERMANY", "Alexander Olbrich", "Federal Foreign Office", "Head of BW Division", "Werderscher Markt §1", "10117 Berlin", "tel: +49(0)30 5000-4583", "fax : + 49 (0) 30 5000-54583", "e-mail: 243-rl@auswaertiges-amt.de", "ITALY", "Raffaele De Benedictis", "Permament Mission of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament", "Geneva", "tel: +4122 9180252", "fax: +4122 7400715", "e-mail: raffaele.debenedictis@esteri.it", "LITHUANIA", "Martynas Lukosevicius", "Attache", "Arms Control, Non-proliferation and Disarmament Division", "Security Policy Departments", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania", "tel: +37052362429", "e-mail: martynas.lucosevicius@urm.lt", "NETHERLANDS", "Wouter Wormgoor", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Department of Security Policy / Nuclear Affairs and Non-proliferation", "tel: +31 (0) 70 - 348 5089", "fax: +31 (0) 70 - 348 5684", "e-mail: wouter.wormgoor@minbuza.nl", "POLAND", "Mr. Tadeusz Chomicki", "Deputy Director", "Department of Security Policy", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +48 22 523 92 02", "fax: +48 22 628 58 41", "e-mail: tadeusz.chomicki@msz.gov.pl", "Mr. Janusz Wawrzyniuk", "Counsellor, Non-Proliferation Division", "Department of Security Policy", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +48 22 523 89 19", "fax: +48 22 523 93 03", "e-mail: janusz.wawrzyniuk@msz.gov.pl", "ROMANIA", "Ms. Nineta Barbulescu", "Counsellor", "Nonproliferation, Arms Control and Combating Terrorism Office", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +4021 319 6857", "fax: +4021 319 23 63", "e-mail: Nineta.Barbulescu@mae.ro", "SPAIN", "Luis Gómez Nogueira", "Head of Disarmament Unit", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation", "Serrano Galvache, 26", "28071 MADRID (SPAIN)", "tel: +34 91.379.1759", "fax: +34 91.394.8647", "e-mail: luis.gomez@mae.es", "SWEDEN", "Martin Åberg", "Department for Disarmament and Non-proliferation", "Ministry for Foreign Affairs", "103 39 Stockholm Sweden", "tel: +46 8 405 35 84", "fax: +46 8 723 11 76", "email: martin.aberg@foreign.ministry.se", "SLOVENIA", "Irina Gorsic, Counsellor", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia", "Security Policy Division", "Presernova 25 / SI - 1000 Ljubljana", "tel: +386 1 478 12 50", "fax: +386 1 478 22 29", "e-mail: Irina.Gorsic@gov.si", "UNITED KINGDOM", "Ashi Brant", "Desk Officer for BWC and CTBT", "CBW Section", "Counter Proliferation Department", "Foreign and Commonwealth Office", "tel: 0207 008 2247", "fax : 0207 008 2680", "e-mail: btwc@fco.gov.uk", "[1] 这是欧盟成员国提交缔约国审议的一系列补充文件之一。加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、参与稳定与结盟进程的国家的可能的候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国也赞同本文件。" ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议 原文:英文 联合国", "2006年11月20日至12月8日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "纳入普遍加入《生物和毒素武器公约》(《生物和毒素武器公约》)", "意大利代表欧洲联盟提交[1]", "1. 联合国 欧洲联盟认为,《生物和毒素武器公约》是国际不扩散和裁军框架的关键组成部分,是防止生物制剂和毒素被开发和用作武器的努力的基石。 欧洲联盟所有25个成员国和两个加入国都是《生物和毒素武器公约》的缔约国,该公约禁止可能给文明造成重大损害的一整类大规模毁灭性武器。 2003年12月通过的《防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散战略》和2003年11月17日第805号共同立场表明,欧盟致力于普及和加强不扩散大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具领域的多边协定,包括《生物和毒素武器公约》。 欧盟还同意将不扩散关切纳入同其他国家的对话,包括在同第三国的协定中增加不扩散条款。", "2. 联合国安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议(由第1673(2006)号决议延长) -- -- \" 申明支持旨在消除或防止核生化武器扩散的多边条约 \" ,并欢迎在这方面由多边安排为有助于不扩散而作的努力 -- -- 呼吁所有国家,除其他外,促进普遍批准并全面执行其加入的多边条约,包括旨在防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散的《生物和毒素武器公约》。 迄今为止,虽然《生物和毒素武器公约》的成员可能似乎相当多(155个国家),但依然大大低于《不扩散条约》或《化学武器公约》的成员。", "3个 因此,2006年3月20日为筹备《生物和毒素武器公约》第六次审查会议而通过的第2006/242/CFSP号共同立场,欧洲联盟重申其促进所有国家普遍加入《公约》的优先事项,包括呼吁所有非缔约国不再拖延地加入《公约》并在法律上承诺裁军和不扩散生物和毒素武器。 在这些国家加入《公约》之前,欧盟鼓励这些国家作为观察员参加《生物和毒素武器公约》缔约国会议和《生物和毒素武器公约》审查进程,并自愿地执行其规定。", " 4.四. 此外,2006年2月27日,欧洲联盟通过了一项联合行动,除其他外,支持普遍加入《生物和毒素武器公约》,特别是通过区域和次区域讲习班促进非缔约国(签署国和非签署国)加入。 其中五项活动将于2006年举办 -- -- 分别在西非和中非、东非和南部非洲、中东、亚洲和太平洋岛屿、拉丁美洲和加勒比 -- -- 目的是鼓励更多的国家加入《生物和毒素武器公约》(从而加强《生物和毒素武器公约》的执行)并解释加入《公约》的益处和后果。 这些举措的另一个目标是了解加入《生物和毒素武器公约》的障碍和尚未加入《公约》的国家的可能需要,并在需要时提供技术(行政和法律)援助,以协助它们加入《条约》。 由于欧洲的安全同地中海的安全与稳定密切相关,欧洲联盟特别重视《生物和毒素武器公约》在该领域的普遍性问题。", "5 (韩语). 在这方面,欧洲联盟坚信,光是普遍加入《生物和毒素武器公约》是不够的,所有缔约国,包括今后加入《公约》的缔约国,必须同时充分履行《公约》的所有义务和规定。 全球加入《生物和毒素武器公约》而不严格执行《公约》,有可能造成一纸空文,无助于实现《公约》的目标。 因此,上述联合行动还旨在向《生物和毒素武器公约》缔约国提供援助(包括通过欧盟专家的访问),以帮助它们确保通过下列方式将《公约》的国际义务纳入其国家立法和行政措施:", "通过国家立法,包括刑事立法,其中涵盖《公约》所禁止的全部内容;", "(二) 管制和监测有关两用技术的转让的有效条例或立法;和", "(三) 有效实施和强制执行,防止违法行为并制裁违法行为。", "6. 国家 在筹备第六次审查会议的过程中,欧洲联盟还针对尚未签署或批准《公约》的国家采取了支持普遍加入《生物和毒素武器公约》的措施,强调早日加入《生物和毒素武器公约》将产生下列政治、安全和经济效益:", "(一) 在政治上,它表明一国是国际社会负责任的成员,致力于履行《生物和毒素武器公约》的所有义务并为防止生物武器的恐怖主义而作出多国努力;", "(二) 它提供安全利益,因为各缔约国承诺向任何提出请求的《公约》缔约方提供或支持援助,如果联合国安全理事会认定该缔约方因违反《公约》而面临危险;", "(三) 它通过参与交换用于和平目的的生物制剂的设备、材料和资料,为缔约国带来经济利益;", "(四) 鼓励国际科学合作,为和平目的进一步发展和应用细菌学和其他相关领域的科学发现;", "(五) 它促进遵守联合国安全理事会第1540/2004号决议,该决议除其他外(第8(a)和(c)段),呼吁各国“促进普遍批准和全面执行......旨在防止核生化武器扩散的多边条约”,并“重申并履行多边合作的承诺,特别是在.《生物和毒素武器公约》的框架内,这是谋求和实现不扩散领域内共同目标和促进为和平目的开展国际合作的重要手段”。", "7. 联合国 在此框架内,欧洲联盟继续极为关切地注意到,尽管《生物和毒素武器公约》作为促进和平与安全的文书具有重要意义并由于迅速加入《公约》而受益,但已有16个国家签署但尚未批准《公约》,有24个国家尚未签署《公约》(列于附件一,只有英文本)。", "8. 联合国 在此背景下,欧洲联盟认为,审议大会需要呼吁《生物和毒素武器公约》缔约国促进和加强外交活动,鼓励非缔约国毫不拖延地加入《公约》,并进一步促进更多国家加入《生物和毒素武器公约》。 欧洲联盟认为,第六次审议大会应考虑通过一项普遍性战略,以促进更多国家加入《公约》。 该战略包括下列行动:", "(一) 建立《生物和毒素武器公约》国家(和区域)“联络点”网络,以利执行本普遍性战略。 这些联络点将在非正式基础上设立。 请各缔约国向其他缔约国和设在联合国裁军事务部的《生物和毒素武器公约》秘书处通报其“联络点”,并在细节发生变化时随时更新其信息; 欧盟成员国已建立了此类联络点,这些联络点列于本文件附件二(仅有英文本);", "(二) 缔约国在所有相关论坛,包括在区域、分区域和有关国际组织,有效促进普遍加入《生物和毒素武器公约》,并在可行的情况下同这些组织开展联合活动;", "(三) 作为闭会期间进程的一部分,制定措施来协助各国准备加入《公约》并为执行《公约》作好国家准备;", "(四) 与非缔约国进行双边接触,促进加入或批准《生物和毒素武器公约》,并向准备加入《公约》的国家提供双边援助访问,以协助它们开展这项工作;", "(五) 区域和分区域讨论会和讲习班,以宣传《公约》的目标和宗旨,向未来的缔约国通报《公约》规定的义务,并概述为加入《公约》和国家执行措施可提供的援助;", "(六) 制定和执行措施,提高对《公约》和《生物和毒素武器公约》工作的认识,包括以正式语文出版闭会期间活动和审查会议的最后文件;", "(七) 缔约国利用欧盟大规模毁灭性武器条款等工具,在与非缔约国的双边、区域和其他协定中促进《生物和毒素武器公约》。", "9. 国家 鼓励缔约国执行它们能够采取的上述措施并协调这些措施的执行,以便通过联合国裁军事务部《生物和毒素武器公约》秘书处交流信息,同其他缔约国取得最大成效。", "10个 此外,欧盟认为,缔约国应当在2011年《生物和毒素武器公约》第七次审查会议上评估这一普遍性战略的有效性和效用。 可在会前举行的任何缔约国闭会期间会议上对促进《生物和毒素武器公约》的进展情况进行中期评价和评估。", "页:1", "[仅英文]", "《生物和毒素武器公约》", "截至2006年8月29日,16个国家已经签署但尚未批准:", "1.", "2. 布隆迪", "3. 中非共和国", " 4.四. 科特迪瓦", "5 (韩语). 埃及", "6. 国家 加蓬", "7. 圭亚那", "8. 海地", "9. 国家 利比里亚", "10个 马达加斯加", "11个 马拉维", "12. 缅甸(缅甸)", "13个 尼泊尔", "14个 索马里", "15个 阿拉伯叙利亚共和国", "16. 阿拉伯联合酋长国", "17. 坦桑尼亚联合共和国", "截至2006年8月29日,有24个国家尚未签署:", "1.", "2. 安道尔", "3个 安哥拉", "4. 喀麦隆", "5 (韩语). 乍得", "6. 国家 科摩罗", "7. 联合国 库克群岛", "8. 吉布提", "9. 国家 厄立特里亚", "10个 几内亚", "11个 以色列", "12. 哈萨克斯坦", "13. 基里巴斯", "14个 马绍尔群岛", "15个 毛里塔尼亚", "16. 密克罗尼西亚联邦", "17岁。 黑山", "18岁。 莫桑比克", "19. 纳米比亚", "20号. 瑙鲁", "21岁 纽埃", "22号. 萨摩亚", "23. 联合国 特立尼达和多巴哥", "24 (韩语). 图瓦卢", "25岁 赞比亚", "页:1", "[仅英文]", "《生物和毒素武器公约》欧盟成员国联系点", "奥地利", "亚历山大·本尼迪克特", "联邦外交部", "第二.8部 -- -- 全球裁军、军备控制、出口", "管制、多边原子能问题和原子能机构", "A-1014 维也纳,实里滕广场 第8条", "电话:+43(0)501150 – 3354", "传真:+43(0)501159 - 5354", "网址:www.bmaa.gv.at", "电子邮件:alexander.BENEDICT@bmaa.gv.at", "捷克共和国", "拉迪斯拉夫·巴塔克博士", "不扩散大规模毁灭性武器司司长", "国家核安全办公室", "地址:Senovážné nám. 第9条", "1100 普拉哈 1个", "捷克共和国", "电话:+4202265154665", "传真:+420224223133", "电子邮件:ladislav.bartak@sujb.cz", "塞浦路斯", "帕纳约蒂斯·帕帕佐普洛斯", "外交部", "政治事务司-多边关系", "电话:+357 22 401152", "传真:+357 22 661881", "电子邮件:ppapadopoulos@mfa.gov.cy", "丹麦", "Casper S. 内维尔", "安保政策司科长", "丹麦皇家外交部", "办公室6 a 67", "亚洲平板电脑 21448 哥本哈根 K", "丹麦", "电话:+45 33 92 06 77", "单元格:+45 2545 9323", "电话:+ 45 33 92 00 00", "传真:+45 33 92 18 04", "电子邮件:casner@um.dk", "埃斯托尼亚", "凯特林·苏斯马莱宁", "外交部", "第一政治处,第一师", "岛屿 väljak 1", "15049 (英语). 塔林语Name", "爱沙尼亚", "电话:+3726377100", "传真:+372 637 7199", "电子邮件:ketlin.susmalainen@mfa.ee", "芬兰", "亚尼·拉帕纳", "二等秘书", "Asevalvonnan yksikkö/军备控制、裁军股", "不扩散问题", "邮箱 176", "00161 赫尔辛基", "电话:+358 9 1605 6030", "单元格:+358 400 954 492", "传真:+358 9 1605 6066", "电子邮件:jani.raappana@formin.fi", "法国", "郑德里克", "埃特朗热尔事务部", "黑猩猩、生物生物武器", "军械和特种装备", "37 \" 奥尔萨 \" 组织", "75 700 巴黎07 SP", "电话:+331 43174306", "传真:+331 43174952", "电子邮件:frederic.jung@diplomatie.gouv.fr", "德国", "亚历山大·奥尔布里奇", "联邦外交部", "生物武器司司长", "Werderscher Markt 第1节", "第10117号 柏林", "电话:+49(0)30 5000-4583", "传真:+ 49(0) 30 5000-54583", "电子邮件:243-rl@auswaertiges-amt.de", "意大利", "拉斐尔·德本尼迪克蒂斯", "意大利常驻裁军谈判会议代表团", "日内瓦", "电话:+4122 9180252", "传真:+4122 7400715", "电子邮件:raffaele.debenedictis@esteri.it", "立陶宛", "马蒂纳斯·卢克塞维修斯", "随附", "军备控制、不扩散和裁军司", "安全政策部", "立陶宛共和国外交部.", "电话:+37052362429", "电子邮件:martynas.lucosevicius@urm.lt", "荷兰", "沃特蠕虫", "外交部", "安全政策/核事务和不扩散部", "电话:+31(0) 70-348 5089", "传真:+31(0)70-348 5684", "电子邮件:wouter.tromgoor@minbuza.nl", "波兰", "塔德乌什·乔米基先生", "副司长", "安全政策部", "外交部", "电话:+48 22 523 92 02", "传真:+48 22 628 58 41", "电子邮件:tadeusz.chomicki@msz.gov.pl", "亚努什·沃日纽克先生", "不扩散司参赞", "安全政策部", "外交部", "电话:+48 22 523 89 19", "传真:+48 22 523 93 03", "电子邮件:janusz.wawrzyniuk@msz.gov.pl", "罗马尼亚", "尼尼塔·巴尔布列斯库女士", "参赞", "不扩散、军备控制和打击恐怖主义办公室", "外交部", "电话:+4021 319 6857", "传真:+4021 319 23 63", "电子邮件:Nineta.Barbulescu@mae.ro", "西班牙", "路易斯·戈麦斯·诺盖拉", "裁军股股长", "外交与合作部", "塞拉诺·加尔瓦奇,26岁", "28071 马德里德(西班牙)", "电话:+34 91.379.1759", "传真:+34 91.394.8647", "电子邮件:luis.gomez@mae.es", "瑞典", "马丁·奥伯格", "裁军和防扩散部", "外交部", "103 39 瑞典斯德哥尔摩", "电话:+46 8 405 35 84", "传真:+46 8 723 11 76", "电子邮件:martin.aberg@foreign.ministry.se", "斯洛文尼亚", "伊琳娜·戈尔西克,参赞", "斯洛文尼亚共和国外交部.", "安全政策司", "Presernova 25 / SI - 1000 卢布尔雅那", "电话:+386 1 478 12 50", "传真:+386 1 478 22 29", "电子邮件:Irina.Gorsic@gov.si", "联合王国", "阿希·布兰特", "《生物武器公约》和《全面禁试条约》主管干事", "中央妇女委员会 节次", "防扩散部", "外交和联邦事务部", "电话:0207 008 2247", "传真:0207 008 2680", "电子邮件:btwc@fco.gov.uk", "[1] 这是欧盟成员国提交缔约国审议的一系列补充文件之一。 加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、稳定与结盟进程国和潜在候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国赞同本文件。" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.720 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION (BTWC): NEED FOR A CONCERTED AND COORDINATED APPROACH", "Submitted by the Netherlands on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. Introduction", "1. The intersessional work programme for 2003 – 2005 has been very successful. It provided States Parties with an opportunity to share national experiences on a range of important topics. The meetings also provided States Parties with an overview of where they stand with regard to the implementation of and compliance with the Convention.", "2. Although many States Parties have implemented the Convention fully or partially, and others have started a process to that end, it is clear that a lot of work still needs to be done, particularly in the areas of national implementing legislation, national measures to maintain the security and oversight of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins (biosafety and biosecurity), and awareness raising. The EU considers that more work is necessary in these areas in the years after 2006.", "3. Apart from the issues discussed during the intersessional programme of work, many States Parties have formally or informally mentioned a number of other issues that need BTWC attention in the years to come, such as improvement of the exchange of Confidence-building Measures (CBMs), and promoting universality of the Convention.", "4. The enhanced emphasis on the importance of compliance with BTWC obligations, through implementing the treaty provisions and commitments made at respective Review Conferences at a national level, has clear parallels with similar developments in the context of the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Non Proliferation Treaty (IAEA Safeguards). The EU considers that this emphasis should and will only increase in the coming years.", "5. The EU also considers that, since States Parties to the BTWC clearly recognise the importance of enhanced implementation of the Convention, they should agree on specific measures to achieve this and should be willing to intensify bilateral and international efforts to meet any concrete targets the Review Conference might agree on.", "II. Increased importance of provision of assistance", "6. Already at the intersessional meetings in 2003 it was suggested by many that States Parties in a position to do so could offer (technical or financial) assistance in respect of national implementing legislation. States Parties in need of such assistance were encouraged to contact those offering assistance. Similar calls were made at the intersessional meetings in 2004 (improvement of disease surveillance and outbreak response) and 2005 (codes of conduct). Already in 2003, a number of countries officially indicated their willingness to provide assistance and provided lists of institutions or experts that could be contacted to that end. The importance of these initiatives needs no further explanation.", "7. As a result of the intersessional meetings, some States Parties are already providing bilateral implementation assistance. The EU, under its Joint Action in support of the BTWC has also committed itself to assist States Parties in their efforts to implement the Convention. Furthermore, the EU as well as other States Parties is actively promoting universality of the Convention and other States Parties have been active in the area of Confidence-building Measures. The EU, through a number of initiatives, is also assisting third countries in complying with sanitary and phytosanitary requirements. The EU welcomes all these initiatives and activities, which should be continued and intensified where possible.", "III. Need for concerted and coordinated approach", "8. In order for all these initiatives to be effective, i.e. contributing to achieving the targets to be agreed at the Review Conference, a coordinated approach is indispensable. Bilateral activities should complement and reinforce each other, and should not overlap. Furthermore, no State Party in need of assistance should be excluded from such assistance simply because countries providing assistance were not aware of the demand. Finally, in some cases, implementation is not so much dependent on the availability of assistance, but on access to basic information concerning treaty obligations and other background knowledge.", "9. A complete overview of all relevant activities by BTWC States Parties in respective areas of assistance at a central point, as well as coordination of such efforts would already contribute much to the effectiveness of States Parties' efforts. Likewise, a central point where all relevant BTWC information can be obtained and received would serve the goal of a more effective treaty.", "IV. Possible roles for BTWC Secretariat in the area of implementation support", "10. The EU considers this to be an impediment to our enhanced and concerted efforts to improve compliance with and effective implementation of the treaty. The EU suggests that States Parties at the Review Conference consider in depth how to make better use of already existing structures in the BTWC context and how to improve these to meet the standard of effectiveness. More specifically, the EU proposes to make better use of the current BTWC Secretariat by assigning it some additional tasks in the field of implementation support.", "11. Apart from managing any future meetings of States Parties, and assisting the Chair thereof as well as participants in these meetings, this enhanced BTWC Secretariat – or ‘Implementation Support Unit’ –, hosted within UNDDA, if so assigned by the Review Conference, could undertake additional tasks, such as:", "(i) Provide a central point of contact for States Parties for all matters concerning the Convention and its implementation, and a standard channel for communication among States Parties.", "(ii) Assist States Parties in their efforts to promote universal adherence to the Convention, including through liaising with non States Parties, and attending universality-related events.", "(iii) Act as a “clearing house”, matching requests from States Parties for assistance with national implementation, submission of CBMs, bio-security and preparedness with offers of such assistance from other States Parties.", "(iv) Maintain a reference collection of existing national implementing legislation, model legislation, international standards, guidelines, codes of conduct, manuals and other resources, provide an annual overview of newly enacted national implementing legislation, and provide basic advice to States Parties on drafting relevant legislation.", "(v) Collect and circulate to States Parties the annual Confidence-Building Measures, send out reminders for CBM submissions, and provide basic advice to States Parties on preparing and submitting CBMs .", "(vi) Assist the Depositaries with the administration of the Convention: maintain status lists, notify States Parties of accessions, meetings, initiation of formal proceedings, etc.", "(vii) Continue to support the intersessional process, and thereby facilitate active participation by all States Parties, by conducting research on assigned topics, preparing background papers, and liaising with relevant organisations.", "12. While these seem to be the most essential tasks for such an ‘Implementation Support Unit’, hosted within UNDDA, with regard to national implementation and universality-related activities, there are other tasks it could carry out, again depending on what States Parties consider useful and necessary.", "13. All the activities described above could be carried out without a significant increase in the costs already involved in secretarial support for the meetings of States Parties and their Chairs. If the Review Conference were to agree to assigning the abovementioned tasks to this ‘Implementation Support Unit’, hosted within UNDDA, it would seem appropriate that the Review Conference should also agree on a mandate to carry out such activities for the whole intersessional period until the next Review Conference in 2011. This would provide the necessary continuity for States Parties as well as certainty for members of the secretariat.", "14. Such an ‘Implementation Support Unit’, hosted within UNDDA, could be financed on the basis of a cost estimate by the secretariat of the Review Conference, to be decided upon by the Review Conference. The cost estimate should cover the activities of such an enhanced BTWC Secretariat for the entire period until the next Review Conference in 2011.", "[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper." ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定 审查《公约》的实施情况", "执行《生物和毒素武器公约》：需要协调一致的办法", "荷兰代表欧洲联盟提交 [1]", "一、导 言", "1. 2003-2005年闭会期间工作方案非常成功，它为缔约国提供了一个借以交流各国在广泛重要议题方面经验的机会。这些会议还使缔约国得以审查自己在执行和遵守《公约》方面的现况。", "2. 许多缔约国充分或部分执行了《公约》，其他国家也为此开始了进程，但显然仍有许多工作要做，特别是在各国执行立法、采取维护安全和监督致病性微生物和毒素(生物安全和生物安保)措施以及提高认识方面尤其如此。欧盟认为2006年以后有必要在这些领域开展更多的工作。", "3. 除闭会期间工作方案中讨论的问题之外，许多缔约国正式或非正式地提到《生物和毒素武器公约》今后需要注意的若干其他问题，例如改进交流建立信任措施和促进普遍加入《公约》。", "4. 通过在国家一级执行条约规定、落实各次审查会议上作出的承诺，更加强调遵守《生物和毒素武器公约》的重要性，显然与《化学武器公约》和《不扩散条约》(原子能机构保障措施)的类似情况发展是平行的。欧盟认为，今后这一侧重点应该并只会更强。", "5. 欧盟还认为，《生物和毒素武器公约》缔约国明确认识到加强执行《公约》的重要性，应该同意为此采取具体措施，愿意加强双边和国际努力，实现审议大会可能商定的任何具体目标。", "二、提供援助更加重要", "6. 许多国家在2003年闭会期间会议上就曾建议，能够在各国执行立法方面提供(技术或财政)援助的缔约国可以提议援助，并鼓励需要这类援助的缔约国与提议援助的缔约国联络。在2004年闭会期间会议(改进对疾病的监测和应对疾病爆发)和2005年闭会期间会议(行为守则)上发出了同样呼吁。在2003年，已有一些国家正式表示愿意提供援助，并提供了可以为此联络的机构或专家名单，这些倡议的重要性无须作进一步解释。", "7. 由于闭会期间会议，一些缔约国已经在提供双边执行援助。根据支持《生物和毒素武器公约》的“联合行动”，欧盟还承诺援助缔约国执行《公约》的工作。此外，欧盟和其他缔约国还积极促进普遍加入《公约》，其他缔约国在建立信任措施方面十分活跃。欧盟通过一些倡议也在援助第三国遵守卫生和植物检疫的要求。欧盟欢迎所有这些倡议和活动，这些倡议和活动在可能的情况下应该继续进行，并得到加强。", "三、需要协调一致的办法", "8. 为了使所有这些倡议卓有成效，即有利于实现审查会议商定的各项目标，有必要采取协调一致的办法。双边活动应该相辅相成，而不应该重叠。此外，不应仅因为提供援助的国家不知道有此需要而使需要援助的缔约国被排除在外。最后，在有些情况下，执行问题并非一定有赖于获得援助的情况，而更多的是取决于是否有争取获得有关条约义务和其他背景知识等基本资料。", "9. 在一个中心机构全面审查《生物和毒素武器公约》缔约国在各个援助领域所有有关活动以及对这类工作进行协调已经非常有利于提高缔约国工作的效力。同样，可以获得和收到所有有关《生物和毒素武器公约》资料的一个中心机构会有利于实现使条约更加有效的目标。", "四、《生物和毒素武器公约》秘书处在 执行支助方面可能发挥的作用", "10. 欧盟认为，这是我们加强一致努力改善遵守和有效执行该项条约的障碍。欧盟建议缔约国在审查会议上深入审议如何更好地利用《生物和毒素武器公约》方面的现有结构以及如何改进这些结构来满足效力标准。更具体来说，欧盟建议更好地利用目前的《生物和毒素武器公约》秘书处，将执行支助领域的一些额外任务交付给秘书处。", "11. 除管理缔约国今后会议以及在这些会议上给予会议主席和与会者协助之外，设在联合国裁军事务部内得到扩充的《生物和毒素武器公约》秘书处――或‘执行支助股’――如果获得审查会议的授权，可承担额外任务，例如：", "(1) 为缔约国所有有关《公约》及其实施事项提供联络中心以及缔约国之间进行交流的标准渠道。", "(2) 协助缔约国努力促进普遍加入《公约》，包括与非缔约国的联络和参加与普遍加入有关的活动。", "(3) 作为“交流中心”，将缔约国协助国家执行、提交建立信任措施报告、生物安保和准备工作的请求与其他缔约国的这类援助提议相匹配。", "(4) 保持现行国内执行立法、示范立法、国际标准、指南、行为守则、手册和其他资源参考资料汇总，对新颁布的国家执行立法进行年度审查，并向缔约国提供起草有关立法的咨询意见。", "(5) 收集并向缔约国分发年度建立信任措施报告，寄发提交建立信任措施报告的提醒函，向缔约国提供编写和提交建立信任措施报告的咨询意见。", "(6) 协助保存人管理《公约》：保持《公约》状况清单、通知缔约国有关加入、会议、启动正式程序等情况。", "(7) 继续支助闭会期间程序，从而便利所有缔约国积极参与，就分配的议题开展研究，编写背景文件，并与有关组织进行联络。", "12. 对设在裁军部内的这样一个‘执行支助股’来说，与国家执行和普遍加入有关的活动似乎是最基本的任务，但该股还可以履行缔约国认为有益和必要的其他任务。", "13. 上述所有活动都可在不明显增加秘书处支助缔约国会议及其主席所涉费用的情况下开展。如果审查会议同意将上述任务分配给设在裁军部的‘执行支助股’，审查会议看来应当商定2011年下一次审查会议前整个闭会期间开展这类活动的任务授权。这将为缔约国提供必要的持续性和使秘书处成员获得确定性。", "14. 设在裁军部的‘执行支助股’可以在有待审查会议决定的费用估计基础上，由审查会议秘书处提供资金。费用估计应该涵盖得到扩充的《生物和毒素武器公约》秘书处2011年下一次审查会议之前整个期间的活动。", "[1] 这是欧盟成员国提交缔约国审议的一系列补充文件之一。加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、参与稳定与结盟进程的国家和可能的候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国也赞同本文件。" ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议 原文:英文 联合国", "2006年11月20日至12月8日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "《生物和毒素武器公约》(《生物和毒素武器公约》)的执行情况: 需要一项明确和协调的办法", "荷兰代表欧洲联盟提交[1]", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 2003-2005年闭会期间工作方案非常成功。 它使缔约国有机会就一系列重要专题交流国家经验。 会议还向缔约国概述了它们在执行和遵守《公约》方面的现状。", "2. 联合国 虽然许多缔约国已经完全或部分地执行《公约》,而其他国家也已经为此启动了一个进程,但显然仍有许多工作要做,特别是在国家执行立法、维护病原微生物和毒素的安全和监督(生物安全和生物安保)的国家措施以及提高认识等领域。 欧盟认为,在2006年之后的几年里,需要在这些领域开展更多的工作。", "3个 除了闭会期间工作方案中讨论的问题外,许多缔约国正式地或非正式地提到了今后几年需要《生物和毒素武器公约》注意的其他一些问题,例如改进建立信任措施的交流,以及促进《公约》的普遍性。", " 4.四. 通过在国家一级执行条约规定和在各次审议大会上作出的承诺,更加强调遵守《生物和毒素武器公约》义务的重要性,这显然与《化学武器公约》和《不扩散条约》(原子能机构保障监督)方面的类似事态发展相类似。 欧盟认为,这种强调应该而且只有在今后几年才会增加。", "5 (韩语). 欧盟还认为,由于《生物和毒素武器公约》缔约国明确承认加强执行《公约》的重要性,它们应商定实现这一目标的具体措施并愿意加强双边和国际努力,以达到审查会议可能商定的任何具体目标。", "二. 增加提供援助的重要性", "6. 国家 在2003年的闭会期间会议上,许多缔约国建议,有能力的缔约国可在国家执行立法方面提供(技术或财政)援助。 鼓励需要这种援助的缔约国与提供援助的缔约国联系。 在2004年(改进疾病监测和疫情应对)和2005年(行为守则)闭会期间会议上也发出了类似的呼吁。 早在2003年,一些国家就正式表示愿意提供援助,并提供了可为此目的联系的机构或专家名单。 这些举措的重要性无需进一步解释。", "7. 联合国 由于闭会期间会议,一些缔约国已经在提供双边执行援助。 欧盟还在其支持《生物和毒素武器公约》的联合行动下,承诺协助缔约国努力执行《公约》。 此外,欧盟及其他缔约国正在积极促进《公约》的普遍性,而其他缔约国也在建立信任措施领域积极开展活动。 欧盟还通过若干倡议协助第三国遵守卫生和植物检疫要求。 欧盟欢迎所有这些倡议和活动,并应尽可能继续和加强。", "三. 需要采取协调一致的办法", "8. 联合国 为了使所有这些倡议切实有效,即有助于实现审查会议所要商定的目标,必须采取协调一致的办法。 双边活动应相辅相成,不应相重叠。 此外,任何需要援助的缔约国都不应仅仅因为提供援助的国家不知道需求而被排除在这种援助之外。 最后,在某些情况下,执行不取决于能否提供援助,而是取决于能否获得有关条约义务和其他背景知识的基本信息。", "9. 国家 全面概述《生物和毒素武器公约》缔约国在中心点在各自援助领域开展的所有相关活动,以及协调这些努力,将大大有助于缔约国努力的有效性。 同样,一个可以获取和获得所有相关《生物和毒素武器公约》信息的中心点,将有助于实现一项更有效的条约的目标。", "四、结 论 《生物和毒素武器公约》秘书处在支持执行领域可能发挥的作用", "10个 欧盟认为,这阻碍了我们加强和协调努力,改善条约的遵守和有效执行。 欧盟建议,缔约国在审查会议上深入审议如何在《生物和毒素武器公约》范围内更好地利用已经存在的结构以及如何改进这些结构以达到有效性标准。 更具体地说,欧盟建议更好地利用目前的《生物和毒素武器公约》秘书处,在支助执行领域赋予它一些额外任务。", "11个 除了管理缔约国今后的任何会议,并协助会议主席以及这些会议的与会者之外,这个经加强的《生物及毒素武器公约》秘书处 -- -- 或 \" 执行支助股 \" -- -- 如果得到审查会议的指定,可以承担其他任务,例如:", "(一) 为缔约国提供有关《公约》及其执行的所有事项的中心联络点,并为缔约国之间的交流提供一个标准渠道。", "(二) 协助缔约国努力促进普遍加入《公约》,包括与非缔约国联络并参加与普遍加入有关的活动。", "(三) 发挥“交换所”的作用,将缔约国在国家执行、提交建立信任措施、生物安保和备灾方面的援助请求与其他缔约国提出的援助请求相匹配。", "(四) 保存现有国家执行立法、示范立法、国际标准、准则、行为守则、手册和其他资源的参考汇编,提供新颁布的国家执行立法的年度概览,并就如何起草有关立法向缔约国提供基本咨询意见。", "(五) 收集并向缔约国分发年度建立信任措施,为提交建立信任措施文件发出催复通知,并就编写和提交建立信任措施向缔约国提供基本咨询意见。", "(六) 协助保存人管理《公约》:维持地位清单、通知缔约国加入、举行会议、启动正式程序等。", "(七) 继续支持闭会期间进程,从而通过对指定专题进行研究、编写背景文件和同有关组织联络来推动所有缔约国的积极参与。", "12个 虽然这些似乎是在裁军事务部内设立这样一个 \" 执行支助股 \" 的最基本任务,涉及国家执行和与普遍性有关的活动,但它还可以执行其他任务,这同样取决于缔约国认为有用和需要什么。", "13个 开展上述所有活动时,不必大量增加为缔约国会议及其主席提供秘书支助的费用。 如果审查会议同意将上述任务分配给设在裁军事务部内的这个 \" 执行支助股 \" ,那么审查会议似乎也应商定一个任务,在2011年下一次审查会议之前的整个闭会期间开展这些活动。 这将为缔约国提供必要的连续性和秘书处成员的确定性。", "14. 这种 \" 执行支助股 \" 设在裁军事务部内,可根据审查会议秘书处的费用估计供资,费用估计由审查会议决定。 费用估计数应涵盖2011年下一次审查会议之前整个期间经加强的《生物和毒素武器公约》秘书处的活动。", "[1] 这是欧盟成员国提交缔约国审议的一系列补充文件之一。 加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、稳定与结盟进程国和潜在候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国赞同本文件。" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.820 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "THE INTERSESSIONAL PROGRAMME OF WORK: ITS UTILITY AND CONTRIBUTION TO FULFILLING THE OBJECT AND PURPOSE OF THE CONVENTION BETWEEN 2003-2005 AND A CASE FOR FURTHER INTERSESSIONAL WORK AFTER 2006", "Submitted by France and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. Introduction", "1. The Fifth Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) agreed to continue the process of strengthening the Convention through a programme of work between 2003 and 2005. The purpose of the intersessional programme of work was 'to discuss, and promote common understanding and effective action on' identified topics as follows:", "(i) The adoption of necessary national measures to implement the prohibitions set forth in the Convention, including the enactment of penal legislation;", "(ii) National mechanisms to establish and maintain the security and oversight of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins;", "(iii) Enhancing international capabilities for responding to, investigating and mitigating the effects of cases of alleged use of biological or toxin weapons or suspicious outbreaks of disease;", "(iv) Strengthening and broadening national and international institutional efforts and existing mechanisms for the surveillance, detection, diagnosis and combating of infectious diseases affecting humans, animals and plants;", "(v) The content, promulgation, and adoption of codes of conduct for scientists.", "2. These topics covered most of the substantive Articles of the Convention, including the scope and purpose of the Convention, non-proliferation issues, national implementation mechanisms, investigation of use, responding to alleged use, and disease surveillance, detection, diagnosis, and mitigation, i.e. Articles I, III, IV, V, VI, VII, and X.", "3. At the Sixth Review Conference States Parties are required to consider any recommendations from the intersessional programme of work and decide on further action. The Member States of the EU, other States Parties and various civil society and non-governmental organisations have already indicated that they would support the agreement to a further intersessional programme of work at the Sixth Review Conference.", "4. This working paper sets out the EU view on the utility and impact of the intersessional programme of work between 2003 and 2005 and how it has contributed to the effective implementation and strengthening of the Convention, which continues to be essential. It forms the basis for our judgment that a further work programme is necessary.", "II. Context of the intersessional programme of work", "5. The BTWC is a landmark agreement - the first disarmament treaty for a weapon of mass destruction. The view of the EU is that the Convention is as valid now as it has always been in addressing all the threats posed by biological and toxin weapons. States Parties would have sent a message that they deemed the Convention of limited value in the current era, if no meetings had taken place between 2002 and 2006, particularly since in 2002 concerns about biological weapons and bioterrorism had reached new levels. The intersessional programme of work helped States Parties focus their efforts after the collapse of the BTWC Protocol negotiations. It maintained a body of international experts from States Parties working to enhance implementation of the BTWC. It also helped develop a renewed sense of ownership of the Convention, and more importantly, national responsibility among States Parties for actual implementation of obligations and compliance with the Convention. It assisted in the development of different approaches to strengthening the BTWC and its actual implementation.", "6. The aim of the intersessional programme of work was to identify how States Parties might address known areas of weakness through action at various levels. Action at the national level, by each individual State Party, was a key component of the programme of work. Action beyond States Parties and outreach to intergovernmental organisations, such as the World Health Organization, and to civil society, were also important.", "III. Impact of the intersessional programme of work", "7. From the perspective of the EU Member States, the work programme assisted implementation in a number of ways, including requiring each State Party to think about and review its implementation of the obligations under the Convention. In preparing for the meetings, EU Member States considered, among others, the following questions:", "(i) Could implementation mechanisms be improved?", "(ii) Were gaps in actual implementation identifiable?", "(iii) Which government departments, agencies, and non-governmental entities had responsibility for implementing the Convention nationally?", "(iv) Was best practice identifiable?", "(v) Was best practice being shared and disseminated among the States Parties?", "(vi) Could the EU Member States learn from the approaches of other States Parties?", "(vii) Was assistance required in some areas to actually implement the Convention's obligations?", "(viii) Could the EU Member States offer assistance in certain areas to other States Parties to ensure implementation of the Convention was more effective?", "8. The work programme had both preparatory and follow-on implications. For example, in 2003 the EU undertook a survey of national implementation mechanisms. The survey not only reported on measures taken by EU Member States, but also illustrated the scope of measures actually required to implement the Convention (BWC/MSP/2003/MX/WP.62). By providing this information to States Parties at the 2003 Meeting of Experts the survey helped to answer the request for sharing of information on actual national implementation issued at the First Review Conference in 1980. Sharing such information provided all States Parties with improved understanding of national practices, contributed to enhanced transparency, and increased opportunities to address issues of national implementation and deal with problems. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches were explored in detail and offers of assistance were made to States Parties. Over the period 2003 through to 2005 preparatory work for the intersessional work programme has resulted in an increase in the amount and quality of information shared between States Parties. This result is unprecedented in the BTWC context.", "9. The outcome of the meeting of experts and States Parties also encouraged, indeed often required, follow-up action. For example, the EU Joint Action on Universality and Implementation Assistance for the Convention (circulated at the Preparatory Committee) is an example of work that was influenced by the outcomes of the intersessional programme of work and the recognition that some States Parties (and future States Parties) would require assistance to fulfil their obligations under the Convention.", "10. Meetings of experts and meetings of States Parties added breadth to implementation of the Convention through participation of more delegations than compared to other non-Review Conference meetings of States Parties. The intersessional programme of work also had an impact on the sense of ‘ownership’ and ‘responsibility’ for the Convention. The number of intergovernmental organisations and non-governmental organisations involved in various aspects of the intersessional programme of work also increased. Indeed, implementation shifted from being perceived as only a concern for a few individuals in governments of States Parties to being an issue involving individuals, departments, and organisations across States Parties, including intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and civil society. To provide two examples: in 2005 preparation for discussions on codes of conduct was facilitated greatly by professional organisations which were able to initiate debates related to biological weapons among the scientific community. This type of awareness-raising activity has a positive impact on maintaining the norm against biological and toxin weapons. In 2004, in considering effective responses to disease outbreaks – whether or not natural occurrences or deliberately induced – States Parties recognised that timely and accurate information on disease outbreaks is important. Thus, disease reporting procedures at the national, regional, and international levels contribute to the object and purpose of the Convention.", "11. Further, the meetings of experts and of States Parties added depth to implementation of the Convention by:", "(i) Providing States Parties with an incentive, and a timeframe, to act in ways conducive to strengthening the Convention in specific areas;", "(ii) Introducing specificity into many of the debates about effective implementation;", "(iii) Permitting engagement with experts of different types, political and technical, in other States Parties;", "(iv) Helping to establish and strengthen contacts between individuals, States Parties, and experts, including both political and technical;", "(v) Facilitating the sharing of expertise and good practice;", "(vi) Raising awareness of the Convention and its objectives and requirements across the wider domestic and international communities.", "12. The intersessional programme of work also helped clarify certain issues. For example, the discussion of the concept and meaning of biosecurity in 2003, and the identification of the types of measures required for biosecurity resulted in the recognition of the value of such measures. Preventing unauthorised access to pathogens and sensitive materials and equipment had been recognised by States Parties as important in 1991 at the Third Review Conference (BWC/CONF.III/23). The meetings in 2003 provided some substance to that recognition, and helped translate a commitment into more positive action.", "13. Stewardship of the Convention has also been enhanced. One of the main lessons from implementation of the Convention over 30 years is that the Convention needs constant attention nationally and by States Parties collectively. It is not a Treaty signed and implemented 30 years ago. States Parties have individual (national) and collective (regional, multilateral, international) responsibilities under the Convention and the programme of work assisted in not only clarifying what such responsibilities are, but also how obligations can be implemented.", "14. The programme of work also kept the bigger picture in focus. The Convention is only one of a number of elements that seek or help to prevent biological or toxin weapons from ever being used in war or for hostile purposes. Discussion on each of the five areas of work demonstrated the connections betweens these elements. For example:", "(i) The object and purpose of the Convention, the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the United Nations Secretary-General’s investigation mechanism for alleged or suspected use of chemical, biological, and toxin weapons;", "(ii) Implementation of the BTWC and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) with regard to toxins;", "(iii) Non-proliferation at the State level under Article III and its application to ‘any recipient whatsoever’ which includes non-State actors, thus establishing that effective implementation of the Convention contributes to fulfilment of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004);", "(iv) Activities under co-operative threat reduction programmes assist in ensuring compliance within States Parties;", "(v) Discussions in the G8 on issues such as non-proliferation, terrorism, and food security all have connections to the Convention;", "(vi) The role of the World Health Organization (WHO), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), whose activities on disease surveillance, detection and diagnosis and on responses to disease outbreaks can make a contribution to the object and purpose of the Convention.", "15. The intersessional programme of work also opened up new fora for action. Some of these were regional initiatives with international reach, such as the EU Joint Action previously mentioned, promoting universality and national implementation assistance. Others were regional, such as the workshops convened by Australia and Indonesia in 2004 and 2005. Others still were non-governmental, such as the work of the InterAcademy Panel on codes of conduct for scientists.", "IV. Conclusion", "16. Taken together, the above examples not only underline the need for national action and fulfilment of national responsibilities but also demonstrate to States Parties the need for approaches across a range of areas. The range goes well beyond the ‘national only’ approach and also well beyond the ‘multinational’ agenda as traditionally understood. The intersessional programme of work not only helped to focus States Parties on specific issues but also facilitated new thinking. It allowed progress to be made in a non-controversial manner and provided the opportunity to discuss, consider and share ideas at practical levels beyond the 'BTWC officials' usually associated with the Convention and its implementation.", "17. The tangible and intangible results of the intersessional programme of work between 2003 and 2005 extend beyond the simple reports agreed at the conclusion of each of the three Meetings of States Parties. Those reports are important, not least in identifying areas of agreement and measures that have value for effective implementation of the Convention, but they are not the totality of the achievements. The programme of work has had other important achievements. For example, the offers of assistance and technical advice on national implementation mechanisms have continued and activity in the area of codes of conduct for scientists is also continuing in various fora in a number of States Parties.", "V. Rationale for a new work programme 2007-2010", "18. The EU strongly believes that continued work on strengthening the Convention and enhancing its implementation is required beyond 2006. The Convention has to be implemented by its States Parties nationally and collectively. There is a balance of responsibilities inherent in this and maintaining the balance is important if the Convention is to continue to contribute to our individual and collective security.", "19. A further programme of work will allow for other important areas of the Convention to be addressed. It will continue to identify how States Parties can rectify areas of weakness through action at various levels, permit continued outreach to intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations to raise awareness of the Convention, and assist in the identification of specific, practical, and feasible measures to enhance implementation of the Convention. The benefits derived from the last programme of work can be taken forward in the next one, and maintain a body of experts focused on implementation of the Convention to address current threats and problems.", "VI. Modalities and possible topics for a new work programme 2007 - 2010", "20. Given the positive benefits of the previous work programme, many of the modalities should continue to serve well. But State Parties might consider some small incremental changes to optimise the work, keeping within the overall pattern of activity already established. For example, where there is consensus, the Meetings of States Parties could make decisions without referral to the Seventh Review Conference. Certain issues could be discussed and reviewed on an annual basis, for example reporting on national implementation mechanisms, national enforcement of legislative and administrative arrangements, biosecurity, scientific and technological developments relevant to the Convention, awareness-raising and educational activities, peaceful uses of biological sciences, and progress towards universal adherence to the Convention. More intensive work on specific issues will also be required. Possible topics for a future work programme are identified below:", "(i) Improvements to the Confidence-Building Measures (linked to Article V) - Discussion on this topic could focus on taking stock of the various measures defined in the CBM framework and lead on to recommendations aimed at ensuring that there is no duplication between them, and to encourage the implementation of common standards to help improve the submission process and the response rate. An overall evaluation of the CBMs could also be presented.", "(ii) Safety and security of pathogens and toxins (linked to Article IV) - The issues in this area are linked directly with the provisions of the BTWC and make possible several mutually complementary approaches: through the interfacing of legislation and standards for biosecurity and biosafety and BTWC for example, or through a discussion of the factors to consider when drawing up controls over pathogens and toxins that may possibly be used for bioterrorism. The aim would be to take forward the debate started in the meetings in 2003.", "(iii) Detection of pathogenic agents and response to epidemics in real time (linked to Articles VI and X) - This topic could usefully supplement the work done in 2004 and would make it possible to take stock of the latest technological developments on the detection of, and responses to, epidemics. In the context of major topical issues of epidemiological relevance, the links between the capacities of the international health and agriculture fora and the concerns of the BTWC could also be made clear. In particular the consequences of the new roles and responsibilities of States Parties to the revised International Health Regulations, which will enter into force in 2007, could be discussed from a BTWC perspective.", "(iv) Raising of the awareness of the biological risk in national populations (linked to Article X) - This topic would cover the strategies implemented at national level to prepare the population for biological risks and to encourage the adoption of appropriate health-related behaviour. More generally, educational measures in the area of biological disarmament and non-proliferation could be examined.", "(v) Judicial, police and customs cooperation on the prevention of proliferation of high-risk products and illicit trade in dual-use equipment (linked to Articles III, IV and X) - Such an expert meeting could offer an opportunity for in-depth exchanges on the actions conducted nationally, with regional partners, within the framework of intergovernmental organisations such as Interpol, and other international and regional mechanisms to prevent proliferation and on ways of enhancing their effectiveness. It would notably provide an opportunity to take stock of the measures implemented under Security Council Resolution 1540 with regard to biological weapons. It would also constitute a logical extension of the topic “reinforcement of national legislation” by considering the implementation of legislation on pathogens and toxins.", "(vi) Redirection of scientists previously involved in military programmes (linked to Article X) - Such a topic would need to encompass all the relevant actors within States Parties. The discussion could notably be aimed at presenting examples of successful and relevant programmes of this kind and at examining appropriate ways and means (institutions, bilateral and multilateral cooperation frameworks) for action in this area (such as the G8 Global Partnership etc.).", "(vii) Regional and sub-regional cooperation on BTWC implementation (linked to Article IV) - The regional and sub-regional organisations of all five continents could be invited in this connection to express their views on the actions they have undertaken to facilitate BTWC implementation. Exchanges of views might cover the areas likely to be the focus of future effort and how to ensure complementarity to relevant work undertaken in other fora. The EU could give feedback on its experience of the implementation of its Joint Action in support of the BTWC.", "(viii) Action in the event of suspected use of biological or toxin weapons (linked to Articles V, VI and VII) - Consideration could be given to all the aspects that would be involved, procedures that would need to be followed, including States Parties consulting each other and other organisations, emergency assistance etc. No specific forum has, so far, been dedicated solely to bioterrorism, which makes it a work topic of many different organisations. Bioterrorism is indirectly linked to several Treaty Articles; an expert meeting about this topic could take stock of all actions undertaken in this field and complement Resolution 1540 related work.", "21. The EU supports a focus on practical and feasible measures which will strengthen the Convention and enhance the effectiveness of its implementation between 2007 and 2010. The EU is ready to discuss with other States Parties how this might be achieved and how a further intersessional programme of work might be developed.", "[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper." ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查 《公约》的实施情况", "闭会期间工作方案：在2003年至2005年期间发挥的 作用和对实现《公约》目标和宗旨作出的贡献， 以及在2006年以后继续闭会期间工作的理由", "法国和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国代表欧洲联盟提出 [1]", "一、导 言", "1. 《生物与毒素武器公约》第五次审查会议商定通过2003年至2005年期间的工作方案继续加强《公约》的进程。闭会期间工作方案的目标是讨论下列经确定的议题并促进就这些议题达成共识和采取有效行动：", "(1) 采取必要的国家措施，包括制定有关刑事法律，以执行《公约》所载的禁止规定；", "(2) 确保和维护微生物和毒素病原体的安全并进行监督的国家机制；", "(3) 加强对据称使用生物或毒素武器的案件或可疑的疾病突发事件作出反应、进行调查和减轻后果的国际能力；", "(4) 加强和扩大国家机构和国际机构在监测、检测、诊断和防治影响人类、动物和植物的传染性疾病方面所做的努力以及现有的机制；", "(5) 科学家行为守则的内容、公布和遵行。", "2. 这些议题包括大多数《公约》实质性条款，其中包括《公约》的范围和目的、不扩散问题、国家执行机制、对使用进行调查、对据称使用作出反应以及疾病监测、检测、诊断和减轻，即第一、第三、第四、第五、第六、第七和第十条。", "3. 在第六次审查会议上，缔约国将需要审议闭会期间工作方案提出的任何建议并就进一步行动作出决定。欧盟成员国、其他缔约国以及各种民间社会和非政府组织已经表示它们将在第六次审查会议上支持进一步开展闭会期间工作方案的一致意见。", "4. 本工作文件阐述了欧盟对2003年至2005年闭会期间工作方案的效用和影响以及它如何对有效执行和加强《公约》作出贡献――这继续是很重要的――的看法。这是我们作出有关进一步的工作方案是必要的判断的基础。", "二、闭会期间工作方案的背景", "5. 《生物与毒素武器公约》是一项划时代的协定――第一项有关大规模毁灭性武器的裁军条约。欧盟的看法是《公约》在处理生物和毒素武器构成的一切威胁方面现在同以往一样是有效的。如果在2002年至2006年期间不举行会议，缔约国发出的信息将是它们认为《公约》在目前时期价值是有限的，特别是因为在2002年对生物武器和生物恐怖主义的忧虑达到新的水平。在《生物与毒素武器公约》议定书的谈判崩溃之后，闭会期间工作方案帮助缔约国找到它们努力的重点。它保有一群来自各缔约国为加强《公约》执行情况工作的国际专家。它也有助于恢复对《公约》的拥有感，更重要的是，各缔约国之间对实际履行《公约》义务和遵守《公约》的国家责任感。它协助拟订加强《公约》及其实际执行的各种不同办法。", "6. 闭会期间工作方案的目的是确定缔约国如何通过在不同层次采取的行动处理已知的薄弱领域。每一个别缔约国在国家一级采取的行动是工作方案的关键组成部分。在缔约国以外政府间组织例如卫生组织和民间社会采取的行动也很重要。", "三、闭会期间工作方案的影响", "7. 从欧盟成员国的角度来看，工作方案以很多方式协助《公约》的执行，包括要求每个缔约国考虑和审查其执行《公约》规定的义务的情况。在为各次会议作准备时，欧盟成员国除其他外考虑了下列问题：", "(1) 执行机制能够改善吗？", "(2) 实际执行中存在的差距能确定吗？", "(3) 哪个政府部门、机构和非政府实体负有在国家一级执行《公约》的责任？", "(4) 最佳做法可以确定吗？", "(5) 最佳做法在缔约国之间交流和传播吗？", "(6) 欧盟成员国能学习其他缔约国的做法吗？", "(7) 为实际执行《公约》义务需要在某些领域提供援助？", "(8) 欧盟成员国可在某些领域向其他缔约国提供援助以确保《公约》的执行比较有效吗？", "8. 工作方案对筹备工作和后续行动都有影响。例如，欧盟在2003年进行了一项国家执行机制调查。该调查不仅报告了欧盟成员国采取的措施，而且说明了为执行《公约》实际需要采取的措施范围(BWC/MSP/2003/MX/WP.62)。由于在2003年专家会议上将这一信息提供给各缔约国，该调查有助于回应1980年第一次审查会议发出的交流有关实际国家执行情况的信息的要求。交流这种信息使所有缔约国能更好地了解国家做法，有助于提高透明度，增加处理国家执行问题和对付问题的机会。详细探讨了各种不同做法的优点和缺点，并向缔约国作出提供援助的提议。在2003年至2005年期间为闭会期间工作方案做的准备工作导致了缔约国之间交流的信息数量和质量的提高。这一结果在《生物与毒素武器公约》范围内是史无前例的。", "9. 专家和缔约国会议的结果也鼓励，的确往往需要采取后续行动。例如，欧盟关于普遍性和《公约》执行援助的联合行动(在筹备委员会上分发)是因受闭会期间工作方案的结果影响和认识到有些缔约国(和未来缔约国)为履行其《公约》义务将需要援助而做的工作例子。", "10. 专家会议和缔约国会议由于有比其他非审查会议的缔约国会议更多的代表团参与而增加了《公约》执行的宽度。闭会期间工作方案也对人们对《公约》的“拥有感”和“责任感”产生影响。参与闭会期间工作方案各个方面的政府间组织和非政府组织也增加了。事实上，人们对执行的看法已从只关系到缔约国政府内少数个人的事转变为涉及缔约国境内的个人、政府部门和组织，包括政府间组织、非政府组织和民间团体的问题。举两个例子：2005年讨论行为守则的准备工作得到了专业组织的很大帮助，它们能够在科学界内开展有关生物武器的辩论。这类提高认识活动对于维持反对生物和毒素武器的规范有积极的影响。2004年在考虑疾病突发――不管是自然发生还是故意引起――的有效应付措施时，缔约国认识到及时准确的疾病突发信息很重要。因此，国家区域和国际各级的疾病报告程序可对《公约》的目标和宗旨作出贡献。", "11. 此外，专家会议和缔约国会议通过下列方式增加《公约》执行的深度：", "(1) 为缔约国以有利于加强《公约》的方式在特定领域采取行动提供奖励和时限；", "(2) 在许多关于有效执行的辩论中引进具体性；", "(3) 提供与其他缔约国各类政治和技术专家讨论问题的机会；", "(4) 帮助建立和加强个人、缔约国、政治和技术专家之间的联系；", "(5) 便利交流专门知识和良好做法；", "(6) 在广大的本国社区和国际社会内提高对《公约》及其目标和要求的认识。", "12. 闭会期间工作方案还帮助澄清某些问题。例如，2003年对生物安全概念和意义的讨论以及对生物安全需要采取哪类措施的确定导致了对这类措施的价值的确认。缔约国在1991年第三次审查会议上已确认防止未经批准的取得病原体以及敏感材料和设备是很重要的(BWC/CONF.III/23)。2003年的会议为该确认提供了一些实质内容，并帮助将一项承诺转变为比较积极的行动。", "13. 《公约》的管理工作也得到了加强。30年来执行《公约》得到的一个主要教训是《公约》需要缔约国在国家一级和集体地不断加以注意。它不是30年前签订和实施的条约，缔约国在《公约》之下有个别的(国家)和集体的(区域、多边、国际)责任，工作方案不仅协助澄清这些责任是什么，而且澄清义务可如何执行。", "14. 工作方案也把重点放在较大的情况。《公约》仅是寻求或帮助防止生物或毒素武器被用于战争或敌对目的的若干要素之一。关于5个工作领域的讨论情况证明了这些要素之间的关联。例如：", "1. 《公约》、1925年《日内瓦议定书》以及联合国秘书长的调查据称或被怀疑使用化学、生物和毒素武器机制的目标和宗旨；", "2. 《生物与毒素武器公约》和《化学武器公约》有关毒素的执行情况；", "3. 第三条规定国家一级的不扩散及其对包括非国家行为者在内的“任何接受者”的适用，因此确认《公约》的有效执行有助于履行联合国安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议；", "4. 减少威胁合作方案下进行的活动有助于确保缔约国之间遵约；", "5. 8国集团关于不扩散、恐怖主义和粮食安全等问题的讨论都与《公约》有关；", "6. 世界卫生组织、国际兽疫局和粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)的作用，这些组织进行的疾病监测、诊断活动以及应对疾病突发的活动可对《公约》的目标和宗旨作出贡献。", "15. 闭会期间工作方案也开创新的行动论坛。其中有些是具有国际影响的区域倡议，例如上面提到的促进普遍性和国家执行援助的欧盟联合行动。另有一些是区域性的，例如澳大利亚和印度尼西亚在2004年和2005年举办的研讨会。还有一些是非政府的，例如科学院间专门小组关于科学家行为守则的工作。", "四、结 论", "16. 总的来说，以上例子不仅强调有必要采取国家行动和履行国家责任，而且表明缔约国有必要采取跨越各种领域的做法。这些领域超出“仅国家一级”的做法，也超出传统意义的“多边”议程。闭会期间工作方案不仅帮助缔约国集中注意具体问题，而且也促进新的想法。它使进展能够无争议地作出，并提供机会在通常与《公约》及其执行有关的“《生物与毒素武器公约》官方”之外实际地讨论、考虑和交流想法。", "17. 2003年至2005年闭会期间工作方案的有形和无形结果远超过三次缔约国会议结束时议定的简单报告所反映者。这些报告是重要的，特别是在确定一致同意的领域和对有效执行《公约》具有价值的措施方面，但它们并没有反映所取得成就的全部。工作方案还有其他重要成就。例如，提供有关国家执行机制的援助和技术咨询一直继续着，科学家行为守则领域的活动也在若干缔约国的各种论坛继续进行。", "五、2007至2010年新工作方案的理由", "18. 欧盟强烈认为需要在2006年以后继续进行有关加强《公约》及其执行的工作。《公约》需要由缔约国在国家一级执行和集体地执行。这里面存在固有的责任平衡，如要《公约》继续对我们个别的和集体的安全作出贡献，维持这一平衡是很重要的。", "19. 进一步的工作方案将使《公约》的其他重要领域能够得到处理。它将继续查明缔约国可如何通过在各级采取行动纠正薄弱领域，使提高对《公约》的认识工作能够继续延伸到政府间组织和非政府组织，并协助确定具体、切实可行的加强《公约》执行情况的措施。前一个工作方案得到的益处可转给下一个工作方案，并保持一批全心投入《公约》执行情况的专家来处理当前的威胁和问题。", "六、2007年至2010年新工作方案的模式和可能议题", "20. 鉴于前一个工作方案得到的益处，许多模式应可继续利用。不过缔约国可考虑作一些小的递增性变动以便使工作做得更好，同时保持已经确定的活动总格局。例如，如果达成协商一致，那么缔约国会议可以作出决定而不须提交第七次审查会议。某些问题可以每年讨论和审查，例如关于国家执行机制的报告、国家执行立法和行政安排的情况、生物安全、与《公约》有关的科学和技术发展、提高认识和教育活动、生物科学的和平利用、普遍加入《公约》的进展情况。也需要就某些具体问题进行比较密集的工作。未来工作方案的可能议题如下：", "(1) 改善建立信任措施(与第五条有关)――关于这个议题的讨论可集中于评估建立信任措施框架内确定的各种措施，并进而提出旨在确保这些措施之间不会重复的建议，并鼓励执行共同标准以帮助改善提交进程和提高答复率。也可提出总的建立信任措施评估报告。", "(2) 病原体和毒素安全和安保(与第四条有关)――这一领域的问题与《生物与毒素武器公约》的规定直接有关，并且能够采取若干相互补充的办法：例如通过生物安全的立法和标准与《生物与毒素武器公约》接口，或者通过讨论在拟订对可能被用于生物恐怖主义的病原体和毒素进行管制的办法时应考虑的因素。目的将是继续进行2003年会议开始的辩论。", "(3) 检测病原体和实时对流行病作出反应(与第六条和第十条有关)――这一议题可有用地补充2004年所做的工作，并且能够评估检测流行病和对其作出反应方面的最新技术发展。在与流行病学有关的主要时事问题范围内，国际卫生和农业论坛的能力与《生物与毒素武器公约》的关切之间的关联也可加以澄清。特别是缔约国对将于2007年生效的修订的《国际卫生条例》发挥新作用和承担新责任的后果可以《生物与毒素武器公约》的角度来讨论。", "(4) 提高国家人民对生物危险的认识(与第十条有关)――本议题将包括国家一级为帮助人民作防生物危险的准备和鼓励人民采取适当的健康行为而执行的战略。更概括地来说，可以研究生物裁军和不扩散领域的教育措施。", "(5) 防止高危险产品扩散和双用途设备非法贸易方面的司法、警察和海关合作(与第三条、第四条和第十条有关)――这种专家会议可提供机会就下述方面进行深入交流：国家一级、与区域伙伴、在国际刑警组织等政府间组织范围内以及其他国际和区域机制为防止扩散采取的行动及加强其实效的方式。特别是它将提供机会评估在安全理事会第1540号决议之下执行的有关生物武器的措施。它也将是“加强国家立法”议题的必然延伸，因为它将审议关于病原体和毒素的立法的执行情况。", "(6) 以前参与军事方案的科学家转业(与第十条有关)――这一议题将需要包括缔约国境内所有的有关行为者。讨论可特别集中于介绍成功的例子和这一类的有关方案并研究适当的方式和方法(机构、双边和多边合作框架)供在这方面采取行动(例如8国集团全球伙伴关系等)。", "(7) 执行《生物与毒素武器公约》方面的区域和分区域合作(与第四条有关)――在这方面可请所有五大洲的区域和分区域组织表示它们对它们为促进《生物与毒素武器公约》的执行采取的行动的看法。交换意见可包括可能是未来努力的重点的领域以及如何确保其对其他论坛进行的有关工作的互补性。欧盟可就其支持《生物与毒素武器公约》联合行动的执行经验提供反馈意见。", "(8) 发生可疑的使用生物或毒素武器时采取的行动(与第五条、第六条和第八条有关)――可以考虑会牵涉到的所有方面，需要遵循的程序，包括缔约国彼此协商和与其他组织协商，紧急援助等。迄今没有特定论坛专致力于生物恐怖主义，这使它成为许多不同组织的工作议题。生物恐怖主义与若干条约条款间接有关；关于这个议题的专家会议可评估在这一领域采取的所有行动并补充与第1540号决议有关的工作。", "21. 欧盟支持在2007年至2010年期间把重点放在可加强《公约》和提高其执行实效的切实可行措施。欧盟愿意与其他缔约国讨论如何做到这一点和如何拟订进一步的闭会期间工作方案。", "[1] 这是欧盟成员国提出供缔约国审议的一系列补充文件中的一个文件。申请加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚，候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国，稳定与结盟进程国和潜在候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚，以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国支持本文件。" ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议 原文:英文 联合国", "2006年11月20日至12月8日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "闭会期间 方案 2003-2005年期间《公约》的用途和目的的利用和贡献以及2006年以后进一步闭会期间工作的情况", "法国和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国代表欧洲联盟提交 [1]", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 1. 生物和毒素武器公约(生物和毒素武器公约)第五次审查会议商定,通过2003至2005年的工作方案,继续加强该公约。 闭会期间工作方案的目的是“就所确定的专题讨论并促进共识并采取有效行动”,具体如下:", "(一) 采取必要的国家措施,执行《公约》规定的禁令,包括颁布刑事立法;", "(二) 建立和维持病原微生物和毒素的安全和监督的国家机制;", "(三) 加强国际应对、调查和减轻指称使用生物或毒素武器或可疑疾病突发事件所产生影响的能力;", "(四) 加强和扩大监测、检测、诊断和防治影响人类、动物和植物的传染病的国家和国际机构努力和现有机制;", "(五) 科学家行为守则的内容、颁布和通过。", "2. 联合国 这些专题涉及《公约》的大部分实质性条款,包括《公约》的范围和宗旨、不扩散问题、国家执行机制、使用调查、对指称的使用作出反应以及疾病监测、检测、诊断和减轻等。 第一、三、四、五、六、七和十条。", "3个 第六次审查会议要求缔约国审议闭会期间工作方案中的任何建议并作进一步行动的决定。 欧盟成员国、其他缔约国、各民间社会和非政府组织已经表示,它们将支持在第六次审查会议上商定进一步的闭会期间工作方案。", " 4.四. 本工作文件阐述了欧盟对2003至2005年闭会期间工作方案的效用和影响的看法,以及该方案如何为有效执行和加强《公约》作出贡献,而《公约》仍然至关重要。 它构成我们判断需要进一步工作计划的基础。", "二. 闭会期间工作方案的背景", "5 (韩语). 《生物和毒素武器公约》是一项具有里程碑意义的协定 -- -- 第一项大规模毁灭性武器裁军条约。 欧盟的看法是,《公约》现在与以往一样有效,能够应对生物和毒素武器所构成的所有威胁。 如果在2002至2006年期间没有举行会议,特别是因为2002年人们对生物武器和生物恐怖主义的关切已经达到新的地步,缔约国本会发出一个信息,即它们认为《公约》在当前时代的价值有限。 闭会期间工作方案有助于缔约国在《生物和毒素武器公约议定书》谈判失败后集中努力。 它保留了一批缔约国的国际专家,致力于加强《生物和毒素武器公约》的执行。 它还有助于重新形成对《公约》的主人翁意识,更重要的是,缔约国对于实际履行义务和遵守《公约》负有国家责任。 它协助制定了加强《生物和毒素武器公约》及其实际执行的不同办法。", "6. 国家 闭会期间工作方案的目的是确定缔约国如何通过在各级采取行动解决已知的薄弱领域。 每个缔约国在国家一级采取的行动是工作方案的一个关键组成部分。 超越缔约国的行动以及与世界卫生组织等政府间组织和民间社会的外联也很重要。", "三. 闭会期间工作方案的影响", "7. 联合国 从欧盟成员国的角度来看,工作方案以多种方式协助了执行工作,包括要求每个缔约国考虑并审查其履行《公约》义务的情况。 在筹备会议时,欧盟成员国除其他外还审议了下列问题:", "(一) 能否改进执行机制?", "(二) 实际执行中的差距是否明确?", "(三) 哪些政府部门、机构和非政府实体负责在全国执行《公约》?", "(四) 最佳做法是否可以确定?", "缔约国之间是否交流和传播最佳做法?", "(六) 欧盟成员国能否学习其他缔约国的做法?", "(七) 是否在某些领域需要援助来实际履行《公约》的义务?", "(八) 欧盟成员国能否在某些领域向其他缔约国提供援助,以确保更有效地执行《公约》?", "8. 联合国 工作方案具有筹备和后续影响。 例如,2003年,欧盟对国家执行机制进行了一次调查。 调查不仅报告了欧盟成员国采取的措施,还说明了为执行《公约》实际需要采取的措施的范围(BWC/MSP/2003/MX/WP.62)。 通过在2003年专家会议上向缔约国提供这一信息,调查有助于答复1980年第一次审议会议提出的分享关于国家实际执行情况的信息的要求。 分享这类信息使所有缔约国更好地了解了本国的做法,有助于提高透明度并增加处理国家执行问题和处理问题的机会。 详细探讨了不同做法的利弊,并向缔约国表示愿意提供援助。 在2003年至2005年期间,闭会期间工作方案的筹备工作已使缔约国之间共享的信息的数量和质量得到提高。 这一结果在《生物和毒素武器公约》中是前所未有的。", "9. 国家 专家会议和缔约国会议的结果也鼓励,事实上往往是必要的,采取后续行动。 例如,欧盟关于普遍加入和执行《公约》的协助的联合行动(在筹备委员会上分发)是受到闭会期间工作方案结果和承认一些缔约国(和未来的缔约国)需要援助以履行《公约》义务影响的工作范例。", "10个 专家会议和缔约国会议比其他非审议会议缔约国会议有更多的代表团参加,从而扩大了《公约》执行工作的广度。 闭会期间的工作方案也对《公约》的 \" 所有权 \" 和 \" 责任 \" 感产生了影响。 参与闭会期间工作方案各个方面的政府间组织和非政府组织的数目也有所增加。 实际上,执行工作从仅仅被视为缔约国政府中一些个人所关心的问题转变为一个涉及缔约国个人、部门和组织的问题,包括政府间组织、非政府组织和民间社会。 举出两个例子:2005年,专业组织极大地促进了行为守则讨论的准备工作,这些专业组织能够启动科学界有关生物武器的辩论。 这种提高认识活动对维持禁止生物和毒素武器的准则具有积极影响。 2004年,缔约国在考虑对疾病爆发作出有效反应时,无论是自然事件还是故意诱发的疾病爆发,都认识到及时准确的疾病爆发信息十分重要。 因此,国家、区域和国际各级的疾病报告程序有助于实现《公约》的目标和宗旨。", "11个 此外,专家会议和缔约国会议通过以下方式使《公约》的执行更加深入:", "(一) 为缔约国提供激励和时限,以有利于在特定领域加强《公约》的方式采取行动;", "(二) 在很多关于有效执行的辩论中纳入具体内容;", "(三) 允许与其他缔约国的不同类型的政治和技术专家接触;", "(四) 协助建立和加强个人、缔约国和专家之间的联系,包括政治和技术方面的联系;", "(五) 促进分享专门知识和良好做法;", "提高广大国内和国际社会对《公约》及其目标和要求的认识。", "12个 闭会期间工作方案还有助于澄清某些问题。 例如,2003年关于生物安保概念和含义的讨论,以及生物安保所需措施类型的确定,导致人们认识到了此类措施的价值。 缔约国1991年第三次审查会议(BWC/CONF.III/23)确认,防止擅自取用病原体和敏感材料及设备十分重要。 2003年的会议为这种承认提供了一些实质内容,并有助于将承诺转化为更积极的行动。", "13个 《公约》的管理也得到加强。 30年来执行《公约》的主要经验教训之一是,《公约》需要各国和缔约国集体不断予以关注。 它不是30年前签署和执行的条约。 缔约国根据《公约》负有个人(国家)和集体(区域、多边、国际)责任,工作方案不仅协助澄清了这种责任是什么,而且协助了如何履行义务。", "14个 工作方案还重点突出大局。 《公约》只是寻求或帮助防止生物或毒素武器被用于战争或敌对目的的若干因素之一。 对五个工作领域的讨论表明了这些要素之间的联系。 例如:", "(一) 公约、1925年《日内瓦议定书》和联合国秘书长对指称或怀疑使用化学、生物和毒素武器的调查机制的目标和宗旨;", "(二) 在毒素方面执行《生物和毒素公约》和《化学武器公约》;", "(三) 第三条规定的国家一级不扩散及其对包括非国家行为者在内的 \" 任何接受国 \" 的适用,从而确定有效执行《公约》有助于履行联合国安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议;", "(四) 合作减少威胁方案下的活动有助于确保在缔约国内遵守;", "(五) 8国集团关于不扩散、恐怖主义和粮食安全等问题的讨论都与《公约》有关;", "(六) 世界卫生组织(卫生组织)、世界动物卫生组织(动物卫生组织)和粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)的作用,它们在疾病监测、检测和诊断以及疾病爆发反应方面的活动能为《公约》的目标和宗旨作出贡献。", "15个 闭会期间工作方案还为采取行动开辟了新的论坛。 其中一些是具有国际影响力的区域倡议,如上文提到的促进普遍性和国家执行援助的欧盟联合行动。 其他讲习班是区域性的,如2004年和2005年由澳大利亚和印度尼西亚举办的讲习班。 还有一些是非政府的,例如科学院间科学家行为守则小组的工作。", "四、结 论 结论", "16号. 总之,上述例子不仅强调国家行动和履行国家责任的必要性,而且向缔约国表明,需要在许多领域采取各种办法。 这一范围远远超出了 \" 国家独有 \" 的做法,也远远超出了传统上理解的 \" 多国 \" 议程。 闭会期间工作方案不仅有助于使缔约国关注具体问题,而且还促进了新的思维。 它允许以无争议的方式取得进展,并提供机会,在通常与《公约》及其执行有关的“《生物和毒素武器公约》官员”以外的实际层面讨论、审议并交流想法。", "17岁。 2003年至2005年闭会期间工作方案的有形和无形成果超越了三次缔约国会议每次结束时商定的简单报告。 这些报告很重要,对确定对有效执行《公约》有价值、但并非全部成就的商定领域和措施也很重要。 工作方案取得了其他重要成就。 例如,继续提供国家执行机制方面的援助和技术咨询,一些缔约国的各种论坛也在继续开展科学家行为守则方面的活动。", " V. 2007-2010年新工作方案的理由", "18岁。 欧盟坚信,2006年以后需要继续努力加强《公约》并加强其执行。 《公约》必须由缔约国在本国和集体执行。 如果《公约》要继续促进我们的个人和集体安全,就存在着责任的平衡,保持平衡是重要的。", " 19. 19. 另一项工作方案将使《公约》的其他重要领域得到处理。 它将继续确定缔约国如何通过在各级采取行动来纠正薄弱之处,允许继续与政府间组织和非政府组织进行外联,以提高人们对《公约》的认识,并协助确定具体、实际和可行的措施来增强《公约》的执行。 从上一个工作方案中获得的好处可以在下一个工作方案中加以推广,并保留一个以执行《公约》为重点的专家机构,以处理当前的威胁和问题。", "六、结 论 2007-2010年新工作方案的模式和可能的议题", "20号. 鉴于前一个工作方案的积极好处,许多模式应继续发挥良好的作用。 但是,缔约国可考虑进行一些小的渐进性改革,以优化工作,同时保持已经确立的总体活动模式。 例如,在达成共识的情况下,缔约国会议可以不提交第七次审查会议作出决定。 可以每年讨论并审查某些问题,例如,报告国家执行机制、国家立法和行政安排的国家执行情况、生物安保、与《公约》有关的科学和技术发展、提高认识和教育活动、生物科学的和平利用以及普遍加入《公约》方面的进展。 还需要就具体问题开展更深入的工作。 未来工作方案的可能议题如下:", "(一) 改进建立信任措施(与第五条有关)----关于这一专题的讨论可侧重于评估建立信任措施框架所定义的各种措施并提出建议,以确保它们之间不发生重复,并鼓励执行共同标准来帮助改进提交程序和答复率。 还可以提出对建立信任措施的总体评价。", "(二) 病原体和毒素的安全和保障(与第四条有关) -- -- 这一领域的问题与《生物和毒素武器公约》的规定直接相联,可以采取若干相辅相成的办法:例如,通过制定生物安全和生物安保的立法和标准以及《生物和毒素武器公约》,或通过讨论在制定对可能用于生物恐怖主义的病原体和毒素的管制时应考虑的因素。 目的是推进2003年会议开始的辩论。", "(三) 实时检测病原体和对流行病的反应(与第六条和第十条有关) -- -- 这一专题可有益地补充2004年所做的工作,并有可能评估在检测和应对流行病方面的最新技术发展。 关于与流行病有关的主要专题问题,还可以明确国际卫生和农业论坛的能力与《生物和毒素武器公约》所关切的问题之间的联系。 特别是将于2007年生效的订正《国际卫生条例》缔约国的新作用和责任的后果,可以从《生物和毒素武器公约》的角度加以讨论。", "(四) 提高国民对生物风险的认识(与第十条有关) -- -- 这一专题将涵盖在国家一级实施的战略,使民众对生物风险做好准备,并鼓励采取适当的与健康有关的行为。 更广泛地说,可以审查生物裁军和不扩散领域的教育措施。", "(五) 为防止高危险产品的扩散和两用设备的非法贸易而开展司法、警察和海关合作(与第三条、第四条和第十条有关) -- -- 这种专家会议可以提供机会,就各国采取的行动、在刑警组织等政府间组织和其他国际和区域机制框架内与区域伙伴就防止扩散和提高其效力的方法进行深入交流。 这尤其将为评估安全理事会第1540号决议就生物武器所实施的措施提供机会。 它还将考虑执行关于病原体和毒素的立法,从而构成“加强国家立法”这一专题的合理延伸。", "(六) 重新指挥以前参与军事方案的科学家(与第十条有关) -- -- 这一专题需要包括缔约国内的所有相关行为者。 讨论的目的主要是介绍此类成功和相关方案的例子,并审查在这一领域采取行动的适当方式和方法(机构、双边和多边合作框架)(如8国集团全球伙伴关系等)。", "(七) 执行《生物和毒素武器公约》的区域和分区域合作(与第四条有关) -- -- 可以请所有五大洲的区域和分区域组织在这方面就它们为促进执行《生物和毒素武器公约》所采取行动发表意见。 交换意见可能涉及今后工作可能侧重的领域,以及如何确保与其他论坛开展的相关工作相辅相成。 欧盟可以就执行支持《生物和毒素武器公约》的联合行动的经验提供反馈。", "(八) 在怀疑使用生物或毒素武器的情况下采取的行动(与第五条、第六条和第七条有关) -- -- 可考虑所涉的所有方面,需要遵循的程序,包括缔约国相互磋商和其他组织、紧急援助等。 迄今为止,还没有一个专门的论坛专门处理生物恐怖主义,这使生物恐怖主义成为许多不同组织的工作主题。 生物恐怖主义与若干《条约》条款间接相关;关于这一专题的专家会议可以评估在这一领域采取的所有行动,并补充与第1540号决议有关的工作。", "21岁 欧盟支持把重点放在切实可行的措施上,这些措施将加强《公约》,并提高其在2007至2010年期间执行的效力。 欧盟准备与其他缔约国讨论如何实现这一目标并如何制定进一步的闭会期间工作方案。", "[1] 这是欧盟成员国提交缔约国审议的一系列补充文件之一。 加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、稳定与结盟进程国和潜在候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国赞同本文件。" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OFTHEDEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND STOCKPILINGOF BACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ANDTOXIN WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION\tBWC/CONF.VI/WP.920 October 2006ENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006 Item 10 of the provisional agenda Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its article XII", "UNIVERSALIZATION", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. The universalization of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction is of fundamental importance in fully achieving its objectives and purposes. Achieving universality contributes to strengthening the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.", "2. To achieve universalization, all States parties must demonstrate political will.", "3. In this regard, the Review Conference is invited to consider the following recommendations:", "(a) It should welcome the fact that, since the last Review Conference, the Governments of Mali, Antigua and Barbuda, Palau, Timor-Leste, the Sudan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova and Tajikistan have acceded to the Biological Weapons Convention or deposited their instruments of ratification, bringing the number of States parties to 155;", "(b) It should call upon States that have not yet adhered to or ratified the Biological Weapons Convention to do so without delay;", "(c) It should call upon States to withdraw all the reservations made to the 1925 Geneva Protocol in order to strengthen the norm that prohibits the use of biological weapons;", "(d) It should underline the importance of promoting international cooperation and technology transfer as incentives to achieve universality;", "GE.06-64690 (E) 031106 061106", "(e) It should adopt an action plan to facilitate universalization of the Biological Weapons Convention, including:", "(i) Authorizing the Support Unit to take action to promote universalization, including:", "legislation to allow them to speed up their process of ratifying or acceding to the Biological Weapons Convention;", "meetings and other events related to the Biological Weapons Convention.", "(ii) Securing a commitment by States parties to intensify their efforts to achieve the universalization of the Biological Weapons Convention, through bilateral means as well as within the framework of regional and multilateral meetings. These efforts might include the exchange of information concerning legislative experience between States parties and non-parties;", "(iii) Inviting States parties to appoint a focal point responsible for coordinating actions aimed at securing the universalization of the Biological Weapons Convention. A report on these actions should be presented to the other States parties at annual meetings." ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定 审查《公约》的实施情况", "普 遍 加 入", "阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、 厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、墨西哥、秘鲁和乌拉圭提出", "1. 普遍加入《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》对充分实现其目标和宗旨至关重要。实现普遍加入《公约》有利于加强大规模毁灭性武器的不扩散问题。", "2. 为了实现普遍加入《公约》，所有缔约国都必须显示出政治意愿。", "3. 在这一点上，谨请审查会议考虑下列各项建议：", "(a) 欢迎自上次审查会议以来马里、安提瓜和巴布达、帕劳、东帝汶、苏丹、阿塞拜疆、吉尔吉斯斯坦、摩尔多瓦共和国和塔吉克斯坦等国政府加入了《生物武器公约》或交存了批准书，使缔约国达到155个这一事实；", "(b) 呼吁尚未加入或批准《生物武器公约》的国家毫不拖延地这样做；", "(c) 呼吁各国撤回对《1925年日内瓦议定书》的所有保留意见，以便加强禁止使用生物武器的准则；", "(d) 强调增进国际合作和技术转让作为鼓励普遍加入的手段的重要性；", "(e) 通过有助于普遍加入《生物武器公约》的行动计划，包括：", "(一) 授权支助股采取行动促进普遍加入，包括：", "(二) 通过双边办法以及在区域和多边会议框架内争取缔约国承诺加强它们为实现普遍加入《生物武器公约》作出的努力。这些努力可包括缔约国和非缔约国交流有关立法经验的信息；", "(三) 请缔约国指定协调中心， 负责协调旨在确保普遍加入《生物武器公约》的行动，并在年度会议上向其他缔约国提出有关这些行动的报告。" ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议 西班牙语", "2006年11月20日至12月8日,日内瓦 临时议程项目10 按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "统一", "阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、墨西哥、秘鲁和乌拉圭提交", "1. 联合国 普遍加入《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》对充分实现其目标和宗旨至关重要。 实现普遍性有助于加强不扩散大规模毁灭性武器。", "2. 联合国 为了实现普遍性,所有缔约国必须表现出政治意愿。", "3个 在这方面,请审查会议审议以下建议:", "(a) 国家 自上次审议大会以来,马里、安提瓜和巴布达、帕劳、东帝汶、苏丹、阿塞拜疆、吉尔吉斯斯坦、摩尔多瓦共和国和塔吉克斯坦等国政府加入了《生物武器公约》或交存了批准书,使缔约国数目达到155个。", "(b) 国家 它应呼吁尚未加入或批准《生物武器公约》的国家毫不拖延地加入或批准;", "(c) 它应呼吁各国撤销对1925年《日内瓦议定书》的所有保留,以加强禁止使用生物武器的准则;", "(d) 国家 它应强调促进国际合作和技术转让作为实现普遍性的奖励手段的重要性;", "06-64690(E) 031106 061106 (中文(简体) ).", "(e) 协助 缔约国应通过一项促进普遍加入《生物武器公约》的行动计划,包括:", "(一) 授权支助股采取行动促进普遍加入,包括:", "* 立法,使它们能够加快批准或加入《生物武器公约》的进程;", "与《生物武器公约》有关的会议和其他活动。", "(二) 确保缔约国承诺加紧努力,通过双边手段并在区域和多边会议的框架内实现《生物武器公约》的普遍性。 这些努力可包括在缔约国与非缔约国之间就立法经验交流信息;", "(三) 请缔约国指定一个协调中心,负责协调旨在确保普遍加入《生物武器公约》的行动。 应在年度会议上向其他缔约国提交关于这些行动的报告。" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OFTHEDEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND STOCKPILINGOF BACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ANDTOXIN WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION\tBWC/CONF.VI/WP.1020 October 2006ENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006 Item 10 of the provisional agenda Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its article XII", "SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ARTICLE X", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. The use of all peaceful applications of biotechnology for economic and technological development constitutes a right of States parties under the Convention on the Prohibition on the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (the Biological Weapons Convention).", "2. From this perspective, the importance of promoting scientific cooperation and technology transfer in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Biological Weapons Convention is to be underscored.", "3. Scientific cooperation and technology transfer constitute important incentives for the universalization of the Biological Weapons Convention\n consider the following recommendations:", "(i) They should fully implement the agreements reached by previous Review Conferences, as well as the Special Conference of the parties to the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(ii) They should ensure scientific cooperation and technology transfer in peaceful activities such as those related to public health, agriculture, farming and animal husbandry;", "(iii) They should develop efficient coordination mechanisms between the specialized agencies of the United Nations system and international and regional organizations, in order to facilitate scientific cooperation and technology transfer;", "(iv) They should report annually on steps taken in the area of scientific cooperation and technology transfer;", "GE.06-64697 (E) 061106 071106", "(v) They should reiterate the request made to the United Nations Secretary-General to collect from and distribute among States parties, on a yearly basis, information on the implementation of article X of the Biological Weapons Convention, and on decisions adopted by the Review Conferences;", "(vi) They should encourage the adoption of measures to create networks between scientific communities and the academic sector regarding the peaceful use of biotechnology, genetic engineering, microbiology and other areas related to the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(vii) They should support the establishment of procedures to assist States parties which request such assistance under article VII of the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(viii) They should review the procedures for consultation and cooperation under article V of the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(ix) They should create a database containing information on opportunities for international cooperation and technology transfer." ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "科学合作和技术转让第十条", "阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、 厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、墨西哥、秘鲁和乌拉圭提交", "1. 为经济和技术的发展和平利用生物技术是缔约国根据《禁止细菌(生物)及毒素武器的发展生产及储存以及销毁这类武器的公约》(《生物武器公约》) 享有的一项权利。", "2. 从这一视角来看，按照《生物武器公约》的宗旨和原则促进科学合作和技术转让的重要性应得到强调。", "3. 科学合作和技术转让对于实现《生物武器公约》的普遍性起着重要的推动作用――因此有必要予以加强并呼吁缔约国考虑下述建议", "(1) 它们应全面执行以前的审查会议以及《生物武器公约》缔约国特别会议所达成的协定；", "(2) 它们应确保和平活动中的科学合作和技术转让，例如与公共卫生、农业和农牧业有关的活动；", "(3) 它们应在联合国系统各专门机构与国际组织及区域组织之间建立有效的协调机制，以促进科学合作和技术转让；", "(4) 它们应就科学合作和技术转让领域内采取的措施提交年度报告；", "(5) 它们应重申对联合国秘书长提出的请求，即每年从缔约国收集并向缔约国传播与《生物武器公约》第十条的执行及审查会议通过的决定有关的信息；", "(6) 它们应鼓励采取措施以便在和平利用生物技术、基因工程、微生物技术方面及与《生物武器公约》有关的其他领域建立科学界与学术部门之间的网络；", "(7) 它们应根据《生物武器公约》第七条之规定支持建立程序来帮助请求给予帮助的缔约国；", "(8) 它们应根据《生物武器公约》第五条之规定审查磋商和合作程序；", "(9) 它们应创建包含国际合作和技术转让机会方面信息的数据库。" ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议 西班牙语", "2006年11月20日至12月8日,日内瓦 临时议程项目10 按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "科学合作和技术转让条款 页:1", "阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、墨西哥、秘鲁和乌拉圭提交", "1. 联合国 将生物技术的一切和平应用用于经济和技术发展,是缔约国根据《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》(《生物武器公约》)所享有的权利。", "2. 联合国 从这个角度出发,应当强调按照《生物武器公约》的宗旨和原则促进科学合作和技术转让的重要性。", "3个 科学合作和技术转让是促进普遍加入《生物武器公约》的重要激励因素\n考虑以下建议:", "(一) 它们应充分执行前几次审议大会以及生物武器公约缔约国特别会议所达成的协议;", "(二) 它们应确保在与公共卫生、农业、农业和畜牧业等有关的和平活动中进行科学合作并转让技术;", "(三) 它们应在联合国系统各专门机构与国际和区域组织之间建立有效的协调机制,以促进科学合作和技术转让;", "(四) 它们应每年就科学合作和技术转让领域采取的步骤提出报告;", "06-64697(E) 061106 071106", "(五) 它们应重申向联合国秘书长提出的要求,即每年从缔约国收集并向缔约国分发关于《生物武器公约》第十条执行情况和审议大会所通过的决定的资料;", "(六) 它们应鼓励采取措施,就和平利用生物技术、遗传工程、微生物学和与《生物武器公约》有关的其他领域在科学界和学术界之间建立网络;", "(七) 它们应支持建立程序,协助根据《生物武器公约》第七条请求此种援助的缔约国;", "(八) 它们应审查《生物武器公约》第五条规定的协商和合作程序;", "(九) 它们应建立一个数据库,收录国际合作和技术转让机会的信息。" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OFTHEDEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND STOCKPILINGOF BACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ANDTOXIN WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION\tBWC/CONF.VI/WP.1120 October 2006ENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006 Item 10 of the provisional agenda Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its article XII", "FOLLOW-UP MECHANISM", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. Although the ad hoc mechanism used in the period between the fifth and sixth review conferences of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (the Biological Weapons Convention) has been useful for exchanging information and experience on some topics, it has suffered from limitations as regards the implementation of all the obligations contained in the Convention.", "2. In order to remedy this situation, we invite the Review Conference to establish a flexible ad hoc follow-up mechanism for the period between the sixth and seventh review conferences of the Biological Weapons Convention. This mechanism would:", "(i) Support annual meetings of governmental experts (one week) and of States parties (two weeks);", "(ii) Analyse, in meetings of governmental experts, developments in the fields of biotechnology, genetic engineering, microbiology and other related areas that may have an impact on the work of the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(iii) Examine systematically, in meetings of the States parties, the preamble as well as the operative section of the Biological Weapons Convention, as well as the work of the preceding meeting of governmental experts, if any, and specify the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting of governmental experts;", "(iv) Discuss, at the first meeting of governmental experts, the following subjects: …;", "(v) Have, during the meetings of the States parties, the capacity to adopt decisions which provide a response to any challenges facing the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(vi) Facilitate the work of the follow-up mechanism through the Support Unit.", "GE.06-64704 (E) 061106 071106" ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "后续机制", "阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、 厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、墨西哥、秘鲁和乌拉圭提交", "1. 尽管《禁止细菌(生物)及毒素武器的发展生产及储存以及销毁这类武器的公约》(《生物武器公约》)第五次审查会议与第六次审查会议期间所用特设机制有助于就某些专题交流信息和经验，但在履行《公约》所规定的所有义务方面却受到限制。", "2. 为了改变这一状况，我们请审查会议为《生物武器公约》第六次审查会议与第七次审查会议之间的时期建立一个灵活的特设后续机制。该机制将：", "(1) 支持政府专家的年度会议(一个星期)和缔约国的年度会议(两个星期)；", "(2) 在政府专家会议上分析生物技术、基因工程、微生物学领域及可能对《生物武器公约》的工作产生影响的其他相关领域的发展情况；", "(3) 在缔约国会议上系统地审议《生物武器公约》的序言部分和执行部分以及先行召开的政府专家会议的任何工作，并具体说明在下次政府专家会议上要讨论的主题；", "(4) 在第一次政府专家会议上讨论下列主题：……；", "(5) 在缔约国会议期间有能力通过应对《生物武器公约》所面临的任何挑战的决定；", "(6) 通过支助股为后续机制的工作提供便利。" ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议 西班牙语", "2006年11月20日至12月8日,日内瓦 临时议程项目10 按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "后续机制", "阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、墨西哥、秘鲁和乌拉圭提交", "1. 联合国 虽然在《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》(《生物武器公约》)第五次和第六次审议大会之间使用的特设机制有助于就某些专题交流信息和经验,但在履行《公约》所载所有义务方面却受到限制。", "2. 联合国 为了纠正这种情况,我们请审议大会为《生物武器公约》第六次和第七次审查会议之间建立一个灵活的特设后续机制。 该机制将:", "(一) 支助政府专家会议(一周)和缔约国年度会议(两周);", "(二) 在政府专家会议上分析生物技术、遗传工程、微生物学和其他有关领域可能对《生物武器公约》工作有影响的动态;", "(三) 在缔约国会议上,系统地审查《生物武器公约》的序言和执行部分,以及上一次政府专家会议(如果有的话)的工作,并具体说明下届政府专家会议将讨论的主题;", "(四) 在政府专家第一次会议上讨论下列议题:.;", "(五) 在缔约国会议期间,有能力通过应对《生物武器公约》所面临挑战的决定;", "(六) 通过支助股为后续机制的工作提供便利。", "页:1" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OFTHEDEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND STOCKPILINGOF BACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ANDTOXIN WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION\tBWC/CONF.VI/WP.1220 October 2006ENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006 Item 10 of the provisional agenda Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its article XII", "CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. Confidence-building measures are necessary for better and more effective implementation of the provisions of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (the Biological Weapons Convention).", "2. Confidence-building measures prevent and reduce areas of ambiguity through greater transparency, and can be useful in carrying out a structured analysis of a compliance regime.", "3. In order to achieve the desired improvement of such measures, States parties are invited to consider the following recommendations within the framework of their annual meetings, assisted by the Support Unit:", "(i) Provision of assistance and cooperation to States parties, when requested, in devising, presenting and implementing confidence-building measures;", "(ii) Review of existing measures and their format;", "(iii) Development of guidelines for enhancement of their implementation;", "(iv) Examination of the desirability of creating new forms with a more readable format, independently of the language in which the forms are presented, and of making them available in electronic format;", "(v) Devising of new measures, where necessary;", "(vi) Study of the possibility of establishing a panel of governmental experts to assist in the duties mentioned above, among other tasks.", "GE.06-64711 (E) 061106 071106" ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "建立信任措施", "阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、 哥斯达黎加、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、墨西哥、 秘鲁和乌拉圭提交", "1. 建立信任措施对于更好地和更有效地执行《禁止细菌(生物)及毒素武器的发展生产及储存以及销毁这类武器的公约》(《生物武器公约》)的条款是必要的。", "2. 建立信任措施通过增加透明度来预防和减少模糊领域，并且能够帮助对遵约机制进行有步骤的分析。", "3为了使这些措施得到理想的改进，请缔约国在支助股的协助下，在其年度会议的框架内考虑下述建议：", "(1) 应缔约国的请求在设计、提交和执行建立信任措施方面向其提供协助和合作；", "(2) 审查现有措施及其格式；", "(3) 为加强措施的执行制定指导方针；", "(4) 审议创建形式更易读并与所使用的语言无关的新表格及以电子形式提供该表格的可取性；", "(5) 必要时拟订新措施；", "(6) 研究设立一个政府专家小组来协助履行上文提到的职责及其他任务的可能性。" ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议 西班牙语", "2006年11月20日至12月8日,日内瓦 临时议程项目10 按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "建立信任措施", "阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、墨西哥、秘鲁和乌拉圭提交", "1. 联合国 建立信任措施是更好和更有效地执行《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》(《生物武器公约》)各项规定所必不可少的。", "2. 联合国 建立信任措施通过提高透明度来防止和减少模糊之处,并且有助于对遵约制度进行有条理的分析。", "3个 为了实现此类措施的预期改进,请缔约国在支助股的协助下,在其年度会议的框架内审议以下建议:", "(一) 应要求在设计、提出和执行建立信任措施方面向缔约国提供援助和合作;", "审查现有措施及其形式;", "(三) 为加强其执行而制定准则;", "(四) 研究是否适宜采用较易读取的格式,而不考虑表格所用的语文,并以电子格式提供表格;", "(五) 视需要制定新措施;", "(六) 研究是否可能设立一个政府专家组来协助履行上述等任务。", "06-64711(E)" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OFTHEDEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND STOCKPILINGOF BACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ANDTOXIN WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION\tBWC/CONF.VI/WP.1320 October 2006ENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention", "as provided for in its article XII", "SUPPORT UNIT", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. A support mechanism is needed to assist States parties in their preparatory work between the review conferences of the Convention on the Prohibition on the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (the Biological Weapons Convention), and to extend their functions.", "2. With this perspective, the Review Conference is invited to create a permanent support unit/secretariat, whose main functions will be:", "(i) To analyse the information received from the States parties in their reports;", "(ii) To provide assistance to States parties on request in the submission of their reports;", "(iii) To provide assistance to States parties on request in the adaptation of their domestic legislation;", "(iv) To develop a database on national standards and legislation related to topics covered in the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(v) To devise a mechanism for the management of confidential information;", "(vi) To prepare documentation for the meetings of the Biological Weapons Convention;", "GE.06-64718 (E) 061106 071106", "(vii) To provide support to the Chairman and the States parties at meetings of the Biological Weapons Convention in the form of advice on technical and procedural issues;", "(viii) To take steps designed to promote universalization;", "(ix) To facilitate links between States parties and the depositaries, international organizations, scientific and academic institutions and non-governmental organizations;", "(x) To update the Biological Weapons Convention website." ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查《公约》的实施情况", "支 助 股", "阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、 厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、墨西哥、秘鲁和乌拉圭提交", "1. 需要一个支助机制来帮助缔约国开展《禁止细菌(生物)及毒素武器的发展生产及储存以及销毁这类武器的公约》(《生物武器公约》)审查会议之间的筹备工作，并扩展其职能。", "2. 有鉴于此，请审查会议成立一个常设支助股/秘书处，其主要职能将是：", "(1) 分析从缔约国报告中获得的信息；", "(2) 应缔约国的请求协助它们提交报告；", "(3) 应缔约国的请求协助它们修订其国内立法；", "(4) 建立一个与《生物武器公约》所涉及的专题有关的国家标准和立法的数据库；", "(5) 为管理保密信息设计一个机制；", "(6) 为《生物武器公约》的会议编写文件；", "(7) 以就技术和程序问题提供咨询意见的形式在《生物武器公约》会议上为主席和缔约国提供支持；", "(8) 采取措施以促进普遍加入《公约》；", "(9) 便利缔约国与保存人、国际组织、科学机构和学术机构及非政府组织之间的联系；", "(10) 更新《生物武器公约》网站。" ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议 西班牙语", "2006年11月20日至12月8日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "审查《公约》的实施情况", "第十二条规定的", "支助特派团", "阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、墨西哥、秘鲁和乌拉圭提交", "1. 联合国 需要有一个支助机制来协助缔约国在《禁止细菌(生物)及毒素武器的发展生产和储存以及销毁这类武器的公约》(《生物武器公约》)审议大会之间开展筹备工作并扩大其职能。", "2. 联合国 为此,请审查会议设立一个常设支助单位/秘书处,其主要职能是:", "(一) 分析缔约国在其报告中提供的资料;", "(二) 应请求协助缔约国提交报告;", "(三) 根据请求协助缔约国修改其国内立法;", "(四) 建立与《生物武器公约》所涵盖专题有关的国家标准和立法数据库;", "(五) 制定管理机密信息的机制;", "(六) 为《生物武器公约》会议编写文件;", "06-64718(E)", "(七) 以就技术和程序问题提供意见的形式向主席和缔约国在《生物武器公约》会议上提供支助;", "(八) 采取步骤促进普遍加入;", "促进缔约国与保存人、国际组织、科学和学术机构以及非政府组织之间的联系;", "(十) 更新《生物武器公约》网站。" ]

[ "Letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Further to my latest report to the Security Council concerning the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) (S/2011/406), I hereby request the Security Council to consider the renewal of the mandate of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), which is due to expire on 31 August 2011. In a letter dated 22 July 2011 addressed to me, the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Emigrants of Lebanon requested that the Security Council extend the mandate of UNIFIL for a further period of one year, without amendment.", "UNIFIL continues to play a crucial role in ensuring peace and stability in southern Lebanon, as well as full respect for the Blue Line by both parties. In accordance with its mandate, UNIFIL continues to monitor the cessation of hostilities and assist the Lebanese Armed Forces in taking steps towards the establishment between the Blue Line and the Litani River of an area free of any unauthorized armed personnel, assets and weapons. UNIFIL also takes all necessary action within its capabilities to ensure that its area of operations is not utilized for hostile activities of any kind.", "Cooperation between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces continues to be essential for the implementation of the UNIFIL mandate. At the tripartite meeting held on 13 July 2011, the Lebanese Armed Forces reiterated the firm commitment of the Government of Lebanon to the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) and its continued cooperation with UNIFIL in this regard. This commitment was echoed by the Prime Minister, Najib Mikati, when he visited the UNIFIL area of operations on 16 July 2011, accompanied by the Minister of Defence and the Commander and senior generals of the Lebanese Armed Forces.", "UNIFIL and Lebanese Armed Forces continue their joint operational activities, including an average of 13 counter-rocket-launching operations during each 24-hour period and six daily foot patrols, while operating 18 co-located checkpoints, 6 of which are on the Litani River. The two forces recently conducted several large-scale joint capability exercises on land and at sea.", "The liaison and coordination arrangements of UNIFIL with the parties, including the tripartite mechanism, have facilitated a number of recent constructive and pragmatic measures and served to build trust.", "After a long impasse in the process of visibly marking the Blue Line due to a lack of consensus over contentious points, the parties responded positively to the most recent initiative of UNIFIL to proceed with the marking of non-contentious points. I am optimistic that after a long hiatus the marking process can now continue in earnest with the requisite support of mine action within the mission.", "The parties have also agreed to discuss maritime security issues through the tripartite mechanism, with the possible inclusion of naval experts. UNIFIL will continue to work with both parties on the modalities for taking these discussions forward.", "UNIFIL, after intensive engagement and discussions with both parties, finalized its proposal regarding the security arrangements to facilitate the withdrawal of the Israel Defense Forces from northern Ghajar. On 25 June 2011, UNIFIL submitted its proposal to the parties for their formal adoption.", "The overall attitude of the local population towards UNIFIL remains positive as it continues to carry out its operational activities, including up to 10,000 patrols per month throughout its area of operations. This notwithstanding, beyond the incidents reported to the Security Council through my periodic reports on the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006), several incidents of unfriendly behaviour and freedom of movement restrictions towards UNIFIL patrols and personnel occurred late in June 2011. Some of the incidents involved stone-throwing and the taking of United Nations property, such as cameras, geographical information systems, communication equipment and maps, from UNIFIL personnel by local civilians. UNIFIL strongly protested about the incidents to the Lebanese Armed Forces. The UNIFIL Force Commander has instructed UNIFIL troops to apply vigorously the rules of engagement in defence of themselves and their property. UNIFIL will continue to work closely with the Lebanese authorities, with the aim of minimizing the occurrence of such incidents.", "The freedom of movement of UNIFIL and the security and safety of its personnel is integral to the effective execution of its tasks. The Security Council in its resolution 1773 (2007) urged all parties to cooperate fully with the United Nations and UNIFIL, and to abide scrupulously by their obligation to respect the safety of UNIFIL and other United Nations personnel, including by avoiding any course of action which endangers United Nations personnel and by ensuring that UNIFIL is accorded full freedom of movement within its area of operations. The primary responsibility for ensuring freedom of movement to UNIFIL personnel in the area of operations lies with the Lebanese authorities.", "I am encouraged by the engagement of UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces in the strategic dialogue process, to which I attach great importance. The strategic dialogue aims to carry out analysis of ground forces and maritime assets, and to set a series of benchmarks reflecting the correlation between the capacities and responsibilities of UNIFIL and those of the Lebanese Armed Forces, with a view to identifying Lebanese Armed Forces requirements for implementing tasks mandated in resolution 1701 (2006). I hope that the pace of the strategic dialogue can be accelerated. The long-term objective of UNIFIL is to gradually transfer responsibilities currently carried out by the Force, on land and at sea, to the Lebanese Armed Forces, and have the Lebanese Armed Forces assume effective security control over the UNIFIL area of operations and Lebanese territorial waters, in line with resolution 1701 (2006).", "The total number of military personnel, as at 15 July 2011, stands at 12,091. That number includes 11,135 UNIFIL ground troops deployed in two sectors, and 616 personnel serving in the Maritime Task Force. The UNIFIL civilian component numbers 354 international and 658 national staff.", "I am grateful to the 36 troop-contributing countries that make up UNIFIL for their ongoing commitment. That commitment, coupled with the development of a strategic partnership with the Lebanese Armed Forces, has permitted the successful implementation of several key aspects of resolution 1701 (2006). However, as the UNIFIL mandate approaches its expiration date, it is clear that more work remains to be done.", "I also would like to express my appreciation to the UNIFIL Head of Mission and Force Commander, Major General Asarta, and to all the military and civilian personnel of UNIFIL, for the work they are carrying out in southern Lebanon in the service of peace.", "Regarding the financial aspects of UNIFIL, by its resolution 65/303 the General Assembly appropriated to the Special Account for UNIFIL a total amount of US$ 545.5 million gross for the maintenance of the Force for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012. Should the Security Council decide to extend the mandate of the Force beyond 31 August 2011, the cost of maintaining it will be limited to the amounts approved by the General Assembly.", "As at 31 May 2011, unpaid assessed contributions to the UNIFIL Special Account amounted to $58 million. Total outstanding assessed contributions for all peacekeeping operations at the same date amounted to $1,849.2 million. I appeal to all Member States to pay their assessments promptly and in full to clear all remaining arrears.", "As at 14 July 2011, amounts owed to troop contributors totalled $13.1 million. Reimbursement of troop- and contingent-owned equipment costs have been made for the periods up to 31 May 2011 and 31 March 2011, respectively, in accordance with the quarterly payment schedule.", "With the above information in mind, I recommend that the Security Council extend the mandate of UNIFIL for a further period of 12 months, until 31 August 2012.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this letter to the attention of the members of the Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "2011年8月5日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "继我关于第1701(2006)号决议执行情况给安全理事会的最新报告(S/2011/406)，我现在请安全理事会考虑延长联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)的任期，这一任期将在2011年8月31日到期。黎巴嫩外交和侨民事务部长在2011年7月22日给我的信中请安全理事会在不修改联黎部队任务的情况下将其任期再延长一年。", "联黎部队继续在确保黎巴嫩南部的和平与稳定以及双方完全遵守“蓝线”方面至关重要的作用。按照其目前的任务规定，联黎部队继续监测停止敌对活动的状况，并协助黎巴嫩武装部队采取步骤在“蓝线”和利塔尼河之间建立无任何未经授权的武装人员、资产和武器区。联黎部队还在自己力所能及的范围内采取一切必要行动，确保其行动区不被用来从事任何种类的敌对活动。", "联黎部队与黎巴嫩武装部队的合作对于执行联黎部队的任务规定依然必不可少。在2011年7月13日举行的三方会议上，黎巴嫩武装部队重申，黎巴嫩政府坚定承诺执行第1701(2006)号决议，并承诺在这方面继续与联黎部队合作。2011年7月16日，纳吉布·米卡提总理在国防部长、黎巴嫩武装部队指挥官和高级将领的陪同下访问联黎部队行动区时，重复了这一承诺。", "联黎部队继续与黎巴嫩武装部队开展其联合业务活动，包括每24小时平均进行13次反火箭发射行动和每天6次徒步巡逻，同时在18个共设检查站执勤，其中6个检查站设在利塔尼河上。两支部队最近在陆地和海上举行了几次大型联合能力演习。", "联黎部队与包括三方机制在内的有关各方的联络和协调安排，促进了最近若干建设性的务实措施，有益于建立信任。", "由于对争议点缺少共识，“蓝线”的显著标识进程处于长期僵持状态，最近联黎部队倡议进行非争议点标识，得到双方的积极响应。我乐观地相信，经过长期的间断，标识进程现在可以认真进行，并得到特派团内地雷行动必不可少的支持。", "有关各方还同意通过三方机制讨论海洋安全问题，有可能包括海军的专家。联黎部队将继续在推动这些讨论的方法方面与双方合作。", "联黎部队在与双方进行广泛接触和讨论后，敲定自己关于安全安排的提议，以促进以色列国防军从盖杰尔北部撤离。2011年6月25日，联黎部队向双方提出自己的提案，供其正式通过。", "联黎部队继续开展自己的业务活动，包括每月在整个行动区进行多达1万次的巡逻，当地民众对联黎部队的态度总体上是积极的。尽管如此，除了我通过关于第1701(2006)号决议执行情况的定期报告向安全理事会报告的事件外，2011年6月下旬发生了几起不友好行为和限制联黎部队巡逻和人员行动自由的事件。其中有些事件涉及扔石块和当地居民从联黎部队人员处拿走联合国财产，如照相机、地理信息系统、通信设备和地图。联黎部队就这些事件向黎巴嫩武装部队提出强烈抗议。联黎部队指挥官指示联黎部队坚决运用接战规则，保护自己和财产。联黎部队将继续与黎巴嫩当局密切合作，以便尽量减少这些事件的发生。", "联黎部队的行动自由及其人员的安全保障对于有效执行其任务不可或缺。安全理事会第1773(2007)号决议促请所有有关各方同联合国和联黎部队充分合作，认真履行尊重联黎部队人员和联合国其他人员安全的义务，包括避免采取任何危及联合国人员安全的行动，确保联黎部队在其行动地区内全面享有行动自由。确保联黎部队人员在行动区行动自由的主要责任在于黎巴嫩当局。", "联黎部队和黎巴嫩武装部队在战略对话进程中的接触使我感到鼓舞，我认为这种接触很重要。战略对话的目的是对地面部队和海洋资产进行分析，并制订一系列基准，反映出联黎部队的能力和责任与黎巴嫩武装部队的能力和责任之间的相互联系，以便查明黎巴嫩武装部队为执行第1701(2006)号决议中规定的任务有什么需要。我希望战略对话的步伐加快。联黎部队的长期目标，是按照第1701(2006)号决议，将该部队目前在陆地和海上履行的职责逐渐移交黎巴嫩武装部队，由黎巴嫩武装部队履行对联黎部队行动区和黎巴嫩领水的有效安全控制。", "截至2011年7月15日，军事人员的总人数为12 091人。这一数字包括部署在两个区的11 135名联黎部队地面部队，616名在海事工作队服役的人员。联黎部队文职部门有354名国际工作人员和658名本国工作人员。", "我感谢组成联黎部队的36个部队派遣国继续承诺。这一承诺，加之与黎巴嫩武装部队建立战略伙伴关系，使得第1701(2006)号决议的几个关键部分得到圆满执行。然而，随着联黎部队的任期即将到期，显然还有更多的工作需要做。", "我还想感谢联黎部队的特派团团长和部队指挥官阿萨塔少将，并感谢联黎部队全体军事和文职人员，感谢他们为了和平在黎巴嫩南部开展工作。", "关于联黎部队的财务问题，大会第65/303号决议为联黎部队特别账户共拨款5.455亿美元(毛额)，作为2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间该部队的维持费用。如果安全理事会决定将该部队的任期延长至2011年8月31日以后，维持费用将限于大会批准的数额。", "截至2011年5月31日，联黎部队特别账户的未缴摊款为5 800万美元。截至同日，所有维持和平行动的未缴摊款总额为18.492亿美元。我吁请所有会员国尽快全额缴付摊款，以便结清所有欠款。", "截至2011年7月14日，对部队派遣国的欠款共计1 310万美元。按照季度付款时间表，部队和特遣队所属装备费用已分别偿还至2011年5月31日和2011年3月31日。", "考虑到上述情况，我建议安全理事会将联黎部队的任期再延长12个月，到2012年8月31日。", "请提请安理会成员注意本函为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "2011年8月5日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "继我最近就第1701(2006)号决议执行情况给安全理事会的报告(S/2011/406)后,我特此请安全理事会考虑延长联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)的任务期限,该部队的任务期限将于2011年8月31日到期。 黎巴嫩外交和移民部长在2011年7月22日给我的信中要求安全理事会将联黎部队的任务期限再延长一年,不作任何修正。", "联黎部队在确保黎巴嫩南部的和平与稳定以及双方充分尊重蓝线方面继续发挥关键作用。 根据其任务规定,联黎部队继续监测停止敌对行动的情况,并协助黎巴嫩武装部队采取步骤,在 \" 蓝线 \" 和利塔尼河之间建立一个没有任何未经许可的武装人员、资产和武器的地区。 联黎部队还在其能力范围内采取一切必要行动,确保其行动区不被用于任何敌对活动。", "联黎部队同黎巴嫩武装部队之间的合作对联黎部队执行任务仍然至关重要。 在2011年7月13日举行的三方会议上,黎巴嫩武装部队重申黎巴嫩政府坚定承诺执行第1701(2006)号决议,并在此方面继续与联黎部队合作。 2011年7月16日,总理纳吉布·米卡蒂在国防部长和黎巴嫩武装部队指挥官和高级将领的陪同下访问了联黎部队行动区,他重申了这一承诺。", "联黎部队和黎巴嫩武装部队继续开展联合行动,包括每24小时平均开展13次反火箭发射行动并进行6次徒步巡逻,同时在18个检查站合用同一地点,其中6个在利塔尼河上。 两支部队最近在陆地和海上进行了几次大规模联合能力演习。", "联黎部队与各方的联络和协调安排,包括三方机制,促进了最近的一些建设性和务实的措施,并有助于建立信任。", "由于没有就争议点达成共识,明显地标出蓝线的进程陷入了长期僵局,此后,各方积极响应了联黎部队最近提出的着手标出无争议点的倡议。 我感到乐观的是,在长时间停顿之后,标记进程现在能够继续认真进行,并得到特派团内排雷行动的必要支持。", "双方还同意通过三方机制来讨论海上安全问题,并可能包括海军专家。 联黎部队将继续同双方就推进这些讨论的方式进行合作。", "在与双方进行密集接触和讨论后,联黎部队最后确定了关于便利以色列国防军从盖杰尔北部撤出的安全安排的建议。 2011年6月25日,联黎部队向双方提交了提案供正式通过。", "在联黎部队继续开展业务活动时,当地民众对联黎部队的总体态度依然积极,包括在整个行动区每月巡逻10 000次。 尽管如此,除了通过我关于第1701(2006)号决议执行情况的定期报告向安全理事会报告的事件外,2011年6月下旬发生了几起对联黎部队巡逻队和人员的不友好行为和行动自由限制的事件。 其中一些事件涉及当地平民向联黎部队人员投掷石块并取走联合国财产,如相机、地理信息系统、通信设备和地图等。 联黎部队就这些事件向黎巴嫩武装部队提出了强烈抗议。 联黎部队指挥官已指示联黎部队部队积极适用接战规则来保卫自己及其财产。 联黎部队将继续同黎巴嫩当局密切合作,以尽量减少此类事件的发生。", "联黎部队的行动自由及其人员的安全保障是有效执行任务的组成部分。 安全理事会第1773(2007)号决议敦促所有各方与联合国和联黎部队充分合作,并严格遵守尊重联黎部队和其他联合国人员安全的义务,包括避免采取任何会危及联合国人员的行动,并确保联黎部队在其行动区内享有充分的行动自由。 确保联黎部队人员在行动区行动自由的主要责任在于黎巴嫩当局。", "我感到鼓舞的是,联黎部队和黎巴嫩武装部队参与了战略对话进程,我非常重视这一进程。 战略对话的目的是分析地面部队和海上资产,并制订一系列基准,反映联黎部队的能力和责任与黎巴嫩武装部队的能力和责任之间的相互关系,以期确定黎巴嫩武装部队执行第1701(2006)号决议所授权任务的要求。 我希望能够加快战略对话的步伐。 联黎部队的长期目标是,根据第1701(2006)号决议,逐步将联黎部队目前在陆地和海上履行的职责移交给黎巴嫩武装部队,并让黎巴嫩武装部队对联黎部队行动区和黎巴嫩领水行使有效的安全控制。", "截至2011年7月15日,军事人员总数为12 091人。 这一数字包括部署在两个区的11 135名联黎部队地面部队和616名海事工作队人员。 联黎部队文职部分有354名国际工作人员和658名本国工作人员。", "我感谢组成联黎部队的36个部队派遣国的持续承诺。 这一承诺,加上同黎巴嫩武装部队建立战略伙伴关系,使第1701(2006)号决议的几个关键方面得以成功执行。 然而,随着联黎部队任务即将结束,显然还有更多的工作要做。", "我还要感谢联黎部队特派团团长和部队指挥官阿萨塔少将以及联黎部队所有军事和文职人员在黎巴嫩南部为和平服务而开展的工作。", "关于联黎部队的财务问题,大会第65/303号决议为联黎部队特别账户批款共计毛额5.455亿美元,充作联黎部队2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的维持费。 如果安全理事会决定将该部队的任务期限延长至2011年8月31日以后,其维持费用将限于大会核准的数额。", "截至2011年5月31日,联黎部队特别账户未缴摊款为5 800万美元。 截至同日,所有维持和平行动的未缴摊款总额为18.492亿美元。 我呼吁所有会员国迅速并全额缴付摊款,以结清所剩所有欠款。", "截至2011年7月14日,拖欠部队派遣国的款项共计1 310万美元。 按照季度付款时间表,已分别偿还了截至2011年5月31日和2011年3月31日的部队费用和特遣队所属装备费用。", "鉴于上述情况,我建议安全理事会将联黎部队的任务期限再延长12个月,至2012年8月31日。", "请将本函提请安理会成员注意为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6598th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 3 August 2011, at 3 p.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in the Middle East." ]

[ "安全理事会第6598次会议临时议程", "定于2011年8月3日星期三下午3时举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 中东局势。" ]

[ "安全理事会第6598次会议临时议程", "定于2011年8月3日星期三下午3时举行", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 联合国 2. 中东局势。" ]

[ "Report of the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of the alternate representatives of Colombia on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 14 March 2011 from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Colombia stating that Mr. Miguel Camilo Ruiz Blanco, Mr. Juan José Quintana Aranguren and Mr. David Orlando Rodríguez Escandón have been appointed alternate representatives of Colombia on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, that letter constitutes adequate provisional credentials." ]

[ "秘书长关于哥伦比亚出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定，秘书长谨报告，他收到哥伦比亚外交部长2011年3月14日的信，内称米格尔·卡米洛·鲁伊斯·布兰科先生、胡安·何塞·金塔纳·阿朗古伦先生和戴维·奥尔兰多·德罗德里格斯·埃斯卡内多先生已被任命为哥伦比亚出席安全理事会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为，这份来文构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "秘书长关于哥伦比亚出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定,秘书长谨报告,他收到哥伦比亚外交部长2011年3月14日的信,内称已任命米格尔·卡米洛·鲁伊斯·布兰科先生、胡安·何塞·金塔纳·阿朗古伦先生和戴维·奥兰多·罗德里格斯·埃斯坎多先生为哥伦比亚出席安全理事会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为,这封信构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session Agenda item 73 Report of the International Criminal Court", "Letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Norway to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to refer to the Review Conference of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, held in Kampala from 31 May to 11 June 2010. The Review Conference adopted, on 8 June 2010, a resolution entitled “Strengthening the enforcement of sentences” (resolution RC/Res.3). The resolution is attached to the present letter (see annex).", "In paragraph 4 of the resolution, the Review Conference requested “the Secretary-General of the United Nations to bring this resolution to the attention of all the members of the United Nations, with a view to encouraging that the above objectives may be considered, as appropriate, in the relevant programmes of assistance of the World Bank, the regional banks, the United Nations Development Programme, and other relevant multilateral and national agencies”.", "I should be grateful if the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 73.", "(Signed) Gjermund Sæther Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Norway to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[Original: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish]", "Resolution RC/Res.3", "Adopted at the 9th plenary meeting, on 8 June 2010, by consensus", "RC/Res.3 Strengthening the enforcement of sentences", "The Review Conference,", "Recalling the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,", "Conscious of the key role of States in the enforcement of the Court’s sentences of imprisonment,", "Recalling that the Court’s sentences of imprisonment shall be served in prison facilities provided by States that have indicated their willingness to accept sentenced persons, in accordance with the Statute,", "Mindful of the need for broader participation of States in the enforcement of sentences in order to allow for such enforcement in all relevant regions and subregions and taking note of the unanimous view expressed by States Parties to this effect,", "Emphasizing the need for enhanced international cooperation with a view to enabling more States to voluntarily accept sentenced persons on the basis of widely accepted international treaty standards governing the treatment of prisoners,", "1. Calls upon States to indicate to the Court their willingness to accept sentenced persons in accordance with the Statute;", "2. Confirms that a sentence of imprisonment may be served in a prison facility made available in the designated State through an international or regional organization, mechanism or agency;", "3. Urges States Parties and States that have indicated their willingness to accept sentenced persons, directly or through competent international organizations, to promote actively international cooperation at all levels, particularly at the regional and subregional levels;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General of the United Nations to bring this resolution to the attention of all members of the United Nations, with a view to encouraging that the above objectives may be considered, as appropriate, in the relevant programmes of assistance of the World Bank, the regional banks, the United Nations Development Programme, and other relevant multilateral and national agencies." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目73", "国际刑事法院的报告", "2011年8月1日挪威常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨提及2010年5月31日至6月11日在坎帕拉举行的国际刑事法院罗马规约审议大会。审议大会于2010年6月8日通过了一项题为“加强判决的执行”的决议(RC/Res.3号决议)。该决议附在本信之后(见附件)。", "审议大会在该决议第4段中请“联合国秘书长提请联合国所有成员注意本决议，以期鼓励在世界银行、各区域银行、联合国开发计划署以及其他相关的多边机构和国家机构的有关援助方案中酌情考虑上述目标。”", "谨请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目73下的文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "耶蒙·塞特(签名)", "2011年8月1日挪威常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "[原件：阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文]", "RC/Res.3号决议", "2010年6月8日全体会议协商一致通过", "RC/Res.3 加强判决的执行", "审议大会，", "回顾《国际刑事法院罗马规约》，", "意识到各国在执行该法院的监禁判决方面的关键作用，", "回顾该法院的监禁判决应在根据《规约》表示愿意接受被判刑人士的国家所提供的监狱设施中执行，", "铭记各国需要更广泛地参与执行判决，以便此类执行可在所有相关区域和次区域执行，考虑到缔约国在这方面表达的一致意见，", "强调需要加强国际合作，以期让更多的国家能自愿地根据广泛接受的关于囚犯待遇的国际条约标准来接受被判刑人士，", "1. 呼吁各国向法院表示愿意根据《规约》接受被判刑人士；", "2. 确认如判处监禁，可在通过国际或区域组织、机制或机构指定的国家所提供的监狱设施中服刑；", "3. 促请直接或通过主管国际组织表示愿意接受被判刑人士的缔约国和国家积极促进所有各级的国际合作，特别是区域和次区域一级的合作；", "4. 请联合国秘书长提请联合国所有成员注意本决议，以期鼓励在世界银行、各区域银行、联合国开发计划署以及其他相关的多边机构和国家机构的有关援助方案中酌情考虑上述目标。" ]

[ "议程项目73 国际刑事法院的报告", "2011年8月1日挪威常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨提及2010年5月31日至6月11日在坎帕拉举行的国际刑事法院罗马规约审查会议。 审议大会于2010年6月8日通过了一项题为“加强判决的执行”的决议(第RC/Res.3号决议)。 该决议附于本函后(见附件)。", "该决议第4段请“联合国秘书长将本决议提请联合国所有会员国注意,以期鼓励在世界银行、各区域银行、联合国开发计划署和其他有关多边和国家机构的有关援助方案中酌情考虑上述目标”。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目73的文件分发为荷。", "杰尔蒙德·塞特(签名)", "2011年8月1日挪威常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "[原件:阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文]", "第RC/Res.3号决议", "2010年6月8日第9次全体会议协商一致通过", "驻地协调员/Res.3 加强判决的执行", "审议大会,", "回顾《国际刑事法院罗马规约》,", "意识到各国在执行法院监禁判决方面的关键作用,", "回顾法院的监禁判决应在表示愿意根据《规约》接受被判刑人的国家提供的监狱设施内执行,", "铭记需要使各国更广泛地参与判决的执行,以便在所有相关区域和分区域执行判决,并注意到缔约国就此发表的一致意见,", "强调必须加强国际合作,使更多的国家能根据关于囚犯待遇的被广泛接受的国际条约标准自愿接受被判刑人,", "1. 联合国 4. 吁请各国向法院表示愿意根据《规约》接受被判刑人;", "2. 联合国 2. 确认监禁判决可在指定国家通过国际或区域组织、机制或机构提供的监狱设施中执行;", "3个 11. 敦促已表示愿意直接或通过主管国际组织接受被判刑人的缔约国和各国积极促进各级国际合作,特别是在区域和分区域一级;", " 4.四. 4. 请联合国秘书长将本决议提请联合国所有成员注意,以期鼓励在世界银行、各区域银行、联合国开发计划署和其他有关多边和国家机构的有关援助方案中酌情考虑上述目标。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 97", "General and complete disarmament", "Letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to forward herewith a press release issued by Pakistan’s National Command Authority (NCA) after its meeting on 14 July 2011 (see annex). NCA is the highest decision-making body on strategic issues and is chaired by the Prime Minister of Pakistan.", "I would greatly appreciate it if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 97.", "(Signed) Raza Bashir Tarar Acting Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Press release", "14 July 2011", "The National Command Authority (NCA) met today under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani. Members of NCA, including Federal Ministers, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, Service Chiefs, the Secretary of NCA, the Director General of the Strategic Plans Division, and other senior officials attended the meeting.", "NCA comprehensively reviewed developments in the regional and global security environment. NCA also undertook detailed appraisal of the international and regional trends and policies and their implications for Pakistan.", "After in-depth consideration and evaluation, NCA, inter alia, decided that Pakistan will continue to pursue its policy of credible minimum deterrence as a responsible nuclear weapons State. NCA expressed satisfaction at the security and safety of Pakistan’s strategic programmes and facilities. It also expressed confidence in the operational readiness of Pakistan’s strategic weapons.", "NCA expressed concern over the continued pursuit of policies that detract from the globally shared norms and rules of equality, inclusiveness and objectivity. NCA cautioned that such policies represent regression in the non-proliferation regime and tend to erode the strategic balance in South Asia. Pakistan would continue to take appropriate countermeasures to ensure its security and to maintain regional stability.", "NCA reiterated Pakistan’s desire to constructively contribute to the realization of a world free of nuclear weapons and to the goals of non-proliferation on the basis of equality and partnership with the international community. Accordingly, Pakistan was keen to join the four export control arrangements.", "NCA reaffirmed the importance of nuclear safety. In this regard, it noted with satisfaction the safety review of all the existing and planned civil nuclear facilities by the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA). NCA directed PNRA and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission to continue to ensure that our programmes conform to the highest levels of safety and international best practices.", "NCA was also briefed on the nuclear security review undertaken recently. It expressed confidence in the institutionalized Command and Control System and comprehensive measures put in place to ensure reliability and security of strategic assets. NCA underlined that the Government and the people of Pakistan stood solidly behind the country’s nuclear and missile programmes, which would be pursued to maintain effective, reliable and credible deterrence capability, and all attempts to undermine this capability would be thwarted with full force.", "As part of the energy security strategy, NCA also reviewed and approved the futuristic, self-sustaining Nuclear Power Programme — 2050, to meet the existing energy shortfalls and to respond to the future requirements of a growing population and economy. NCA emphasized the need to focus on socio-economic development of the people as a foremost priority.", "The NCA also approved Pakistan’s Space Programme — 2040 in order to bring the benefits of the full spectrum of space technology to the people of Pakistan." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目97", "全面彻底裁军", "2011年8月1日巴基斯坦常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨随函转递巴基斯坦国家指挥局在2011年7月14日会议后分发的新闻稿(见附件)。国家指挥局是巴基斯坦最高战略决策结构，由巴基斯坦总理主持。", "请将此信及其附件作为大会议程项目97的文件分发为荷。", "代理常驻代表", "拉扎·阿瓦尔·塔拉(签名)", "2011年8月1日巴基斯坦常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "新闻稿", "2011年7月14日", "国家指挥局今天在赛义德·优素福·拉扎·吉拉尼总理的主持下举行会议。国家指挥局成员，包括联邦部长、参谋长联席会议主席、处长、国家指挥局秘书、战略规划司司长以及其他高级官员均出席了会议。", "国家指挥局全面审视了区域和全球安全环境的发展状况。国家指挥局还对国际和区域趋势和政策及其对巴基斯坦的影响做了详细评估。", "经过深入的审议和评估，除其他外，国家指挥局决定，巴基斯坦作为一个负责任的核武器国家，将继续奉行可信的最低限度威慑能力政策。国家指挥局对巴基斯坦战略计划及设施的安全和安保表示满意。它也对巴基斯坦战略武器的战备状态充满信心。", "国家指挥局对继续奉行背离全球共享的平等、包容和客观规范和规则的政策表示关切。国家指挥局告诫说，这种政策是对不扩散机制的压制，有可能打破东南亚区域的战略平衡。巴基斯坦将继续采取适当的反措施，确保其安全，维护区域稳定。", "国家指挥局重申，巴基斯坦希望在国际社会平等和伙伴关系的基础上为实现无核武器世界和防扩散目标作出建设性的贡献。巴基斯坦因此积极参与四个出口管制措施。", "国家指挥局重申核安全的重要性。在这方面，它满意地注意到，对巴基斯坦核管制局所有现有和计划建立的民用核设施都进行了安全检查。国家指挥局指示巴基斯坦核管制局和巴基斯坦原子能委员会继续确保我们的各项计划达到最高安全级别，符合国际最佳做法。", "国家指挥局还介绍了最近进行的核安全检查。它对指挥和控制系统制度化以及为确保战略资产可靠性和安全性而实施的综合措施充满信心。国家指挥局着重强调，巴基斯坦政府和人民坚定地支持国家核安全和导弹计划，为确保维持有效、可靠和可信的威慑能力将继续执行这个计划。任何破坏这种能力的企图将受到全力打击。", "作为能源安全战略的一部分，国家指挥局还将审查和核准非传统、自我维持的“核力量计划-2050年”，以弥补现有的能源短缺，应对未来人口增长和经济发展的需求。国家指挥局强调，应把人民的社会经济发展列为重中之重。", "国家指挥局还批准了“巴基斯坦空间计划——2040”，以使巴基斯坦人民能充分享受空间技术带来的全方位的益处。" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目97", "全面彻底裁军", "2011年8月1日巴基斯坦常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨随函转递巴基斯坦国家指挥局2011年7月14日会议后发表的新闻稿(见附件)。 NCA是战略问题的最高决策机构,由巴基斯坦总理担任主席.", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目97的文件分发为荷。", "(签名) 拉扎·巴希尔·塔拉尔(签名)", "2011年8月1日巴基斯坦常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "新闻稿", "2011年7月14日,纽约", "国家指挥局今天在赛义德·优素福·拉扎·吉拉尼总理主持下举行会议。 NCA成员,包括联邦部长,参谋长联席会议主席,处长,NCAA秘书,战略计划司司长等高级官员出席了会议.", "全国妇女理事会全面审查了区域和全球安全环境的发展。 国家空间活动委员会还详细评估了国际和区域趋势和政策及其对巴基斯坦的影响。", "经过深入审议和评价后,国家指挥机构除其他外决定,巴基斯坦将继续奉行其作为负责任的核武器国家的可信最低限度威慑政策。 NCA对巴基斯坦的战略方案和设施的安全表示满意。 它还对巴基斯坦战略武器的战备状态表示信心。", "国家竞争主管机构对继续推行有损于全球共同平等、包容性和客观性规范和规则的政策表示关切。 国家管制局警告说,这种政策是不扩散制度的倒退,往往会破坏南亚的战略平衡。 巴基斯坦将继续采取适当的对策,确保其安全并维护区域稳定。", "国家核武器管理局重申,巴基斯坦希望为实现无核武器世界和在与国际社会平等和伙伴关系的基础上实现不扩散目标作出建设性贡献。 因此,巴基斯坦渴望加入四项出口管制安排。", "国家核安全委员会重申了核安全的重要性。 在这方面,它满意地注意到巴基斯坦核管制局对所有现有和计划中的民用核设施进行了安全审查。 NCA指示巴基斯坦核管制局和巴基斯坦原子能委员会继续确保我们的方案符合最高安全水平和国际最佳做法。", "国家核管理局还听取了最近进行的核安全审查的情况介绍。 它对制度化的指挥和控制系统以及为确保战略资产的可靠性和安全而采取的全面措施表示信心。 巴基斯坦国家指挥机构强调,巴基斯坦政府和人民坚决支持该国的核和导弹方案,将致力于维持有效、可靠和可信的威慑能力,并全力以赴地挫败一切破坏这种能力的企图。", "作为能源安全战略的一部分,国家核能管理局还审查并批准了未来自立的2050年核电方案,以满足现有的能源短缺,并满足人口和经济增长的未来需要。 国家妇女理事会强调,必须将人民的社会经济发展作为首要优先事项。", "国家空间活动局还批准了巴基斯坦的空间方案 -- -- 2040年,目的是为巴基斯坦人民带来各种空间技术的好处。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "The right to food", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier De Schutter, submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/220.", "Summary", "Better access to markets is key to improving livelihoods for many small-scale farmers in developing countries. Recently, contract farming has been presented as an optimal solution, benefiting firms as buyers, small-scale farmers as suppliers and Governments. This report identifies the issues raised by the expansion of contract farming and notes seven areas in which Governments and firms could ensure that it results in pro-poor outcomes and contributes to the full realization of the right to food. Contract farming rarely encourages farmers to climb up the value chain and move into the packaging, processing or marketing of their produce. The report therefore also examines other business models that could be more inclusive, such as farmer-controlled enterprises, joint ventures or direct-to-consumer food marketing practices by farmers. It is vital to ensure a diversity of outlets for the produce of small-scale farmers to strengthen their position in the food chain, which contributes to the realization of the right to food in rural communities and rural development in general.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Contract 4 \nfarming A.Drivers 4 behind the rise of contract \nfarming B. Clarification 6 of the implications of the right to \n food C. Avoidance 8 of negative transformations of the political economy of food \nchains III.Elements 12 that a contract should \nintegrate A. Long-term 12 economic \nviability B.Support 13 for small-scale farmers in \nnegotiations C.Gender 13 \nequality \nD.Pricing 13E.Quality 14 \nstandards F. Environmental 14 \nsustainability G. Mediation 14 and dispute \nsettlement IV. Other 15 business models that could benefit small-scale \nfarmers A. Farmer-controlled 15 \nenterprises B. Joint 16 \nventures C.Community-supported 18 \nagriculture V.Conclusions 19 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. There is now a broad consensus on the need to tackle rural poverty and the lack of access to adequate food by increasing support for agriculture. Over the past few years, and particularly since the global food price crisis of 2007-2008, a significant reinvestment in agriculture has been occurring. Previously, the Special Rapporteur documented some of the risks and opportunities resulting from that development. He identified some good practices that could ensure that the investments would contribute to the alleviation of rural poverty and food insecurity and to the empowerment of small-scale farmers (see A/HRC/13/33 and Add.2 and A/65/281). Unless the realization of the right to food serves as the foundation of the current reinvestment in agriculture, the situation of the poorest farmers working on the most marginal land could be further aggravated by this process, which leads to increased competition for productive resources, and the existing dualization of the farming sector could worsen as a result.", "2. A key but often underestimated challenge is how to improve the access of farmers to markets. An overemphasis on export-led agriculture in many developing countries may have perverse consequences, leading those countries to depend on a narrow range of raw commodities for their export revenues and making them highly vulnerable to price shocks as food importers (see A/HRC/10/5/Add.2). Small-scale farmers, herders and fishers producing for local consumption[1] could be the primary beneficiaries of strengthened local and regional markets, which would enhance their access to local buyers, particularly urban consumers. Consequently, the Special Rapporteur has consistently encouraged initiatives that could improve the links between local producers and consumers through appropriate infrastructure and price information and the organization of value chains. Guideline 4.5 of the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security notes that “States should, as appropriate, promote the development of small-scale local and regional markets and border trade to reduce poverty and increase food security, particularly in poor rural and urban areas” (see E/CN.4/2005/131, annex).", "3. The development of small-scale local and regional markets seems to be the most promising avenue towards the realization of the right to food in many developing countries where rural poverty is widespread. The choice to focus the present report on business models that are alternatives either to the spot markets or to large-scale acquisitions or leases of land is consistent with this conviction. While alternative business models, such as contract farming, are generally associated with foreign investment and global supply chains, such alternative models can also be adopted by local actors, including public bodies. Under certain conditions, alternative models can help in the development of localized food chains, for instance by linking farmers’ cooperatives to the local food-processing industry or to local fresh produce retailers serving urban consumers.", "4. The report is based on recent scientific literature and on various site visits undertaken by the Special Rapporteur. It also benefited from inputs from a wide range of stakeholders, including international development cooperation agencies, United Nations funds and agencies, academic institutions, private sector experts and non-governmental organizations.", "II. Contract farming", "5. Contract farming has been defined as an agreement between farmers and processing and/or marketing firms for the production and supply of agricultural products under forward agreements, frequently at predetermined prices.[2]", "A. Drivers behind the rise of contract farming", "6. Contract farming has gained importance in recent years in both developed and developing countries.[3]^(,)[4] Buyers see it as a means of strengthening control down the supply chain in order to respond to an increased need for production traceability and food product standardization, as quality and food safety standards have gained in importance and as consumers express concerns about the environmental and social aspects of production.[5] Controlling contracted farmers to prevent extra-contractual marketing or the diversion of inputs received for uses other than crop production under the contract may be costly, but the costs are generally offset by the improved reliability and more consistent quality of supplies compared with products purchased on the open market.² Contract farming can minimize firms’ risks with respect to changes in supply and demand and allows firms to promote safety standards and other quality requirements. Contracts also enable firms to schedule the delivery of products at optimal times for their business, something that they cannot control when relying on the spot market.⁴", "7. Firms transfer responsibilities for labour management to farmers through contract farming, and labour costs may be lower because contract farmers often use unpaid family workers. Furthermore, firms using contract farming arrangements can maintain more fluid operations because they are not constrained by fixed assets. These are some of the reasons why, for instance, contract farming with smallholders has been seen as an attractive option in India for companies in the horticultural, poultry and dairy sectors. Although transaction costs are relatively high, this model spreads risk over a large number of suppliers (the buyer, therefore, is not at risk if any one major supply source defaults) and provides for flexible supply that adapts easily to volume or quality variations.[6]", "8. A considerable number of small-scale farmers have joined such schemes.^(3,)[7] In part as a result of the withdrawal or reduction of public extension services over the past 30 years, contract farming often represents the only viable option to improve livelihoods, as such agreements guarantee access to markets as well as to good-quality inputs (often supplied at lower wholesale prices) and technical advice, and facilitate both access to certification schemes and meeting standards.[8] The shift to higher-value crops, improved productivity and the lowering of their marketing and transaction costs may result in higher incomes. Contract farming may also improve farmers’ access to credit,[9] either because firms directly provide credit or because banks accept farmers’ contracts as collateral. Depending on the particular type of arrangement, contract farming can provide a guarantee that farming revenues will be relatively stable and insulated from market price fluctuations.² In addition, firms sometimes pay farmers a premium to ensure that they do not engage in selling outside the contract.[10] As a model of direct procurement, which generally cuts out the middleman, contract farming may also be seen as a winning solution for consumers, firms and farmers alike.⁷", "9. Governments have generally supported contract farming.[11] They see it as a way to increase farmers’ incomes, attract foreign investment and reduce the fiscal burden on Governments, as buyers having long-term contractual relationships with producers often provide the services and types of support traditionally provided by Governments.⁹ It has therefore not been unusual for firms to benefit from government financial incentives promoting contract farming, such as tax breaks or tariff reductions.", "B. Clarification of the implications of the right to food", "10. Whether contract farming will contribute to the realization of the right to food will depend on context, the specific contractual arrangements and to what extent a human rights-based approach is adopted.[12] It is thus important for host States, investors and farmers to consider some of the main benefits and drawbacks of traditional contract farming models, as well as to identify the criteria that can ensure that contract farming truly benefits small-scale farmers. A human rights-based approach leads to the criteria set out below.", "1. Duties of the State: respect, protect and fulfil", "11. States, under international law, have the duty to respect, protect and fulfil the right to adequate food. The duty to respect requires States not to take any measures that result in preventing access to adequate food. The duty to protect requires measures by States to ensure that enterprises or individuals do not deprive individuals of their access to adequate food (see E/C.12/1999/5, para. 15). Consequently, States must control long-term arrangements between investors and buyers and between farmers and producers to prevent the risk of abuse or, where abuses do occur, to ensure that effective remedies are available. They must also protect basic labour rights recognized under the core International Labour Organization (ILO) instruments, since the failure to comply with such rights can lead to violation of the rights to work and to an adequate standard of living recognized in international human rights law.[13] The duty to fulfil obliges States to proactively engage in activities intended to strengthen people’s access to and utilization of resources and means to ensure their livelihood, including food security (see E/C.12/1999/5, para. 15). To the maximum extent of their available resources, States must, therefore, create an environment enabling farming communities to enter into various arrangements under conditions that ensure that their rights will be effectively safeguarded, despite sometimes stark inequalities of power and asymmetries of information among the various parties.", "12. States should also support farming communities by providing certain goods and services required to achieve an adequate standard of living through farming. Although private investors may provide some of the same goods and services, leading some commentators to view contract farming as a means to ensure the more efficient distribution of such goods and services,[14] it would be misplaced to view contract farming as a substitute for the indispensable role of the State in this regard. Guideline 2.6 of the Voluntary Guidelines on the right to food recalls the duties of the State where poverty and hunger are predominantly rural. It is expected that States, for instance, will provide technical assistance to farmers through public agricultural extension services, ensure access to reliable and assured credit for small-scale farmers at reasonable rates and help to create basic price support mechanisms for small-scale farmers.[15] Contract farming should not become a driver of the privatization of extension services,[16] or serve as an excuse for Governments to neglect their duty to support farmers with the provision of public goods, since it is precisely the most marginalized farmers who would suffer most from the retreat of State support.", "2. Need for non-discriminatory business models", "13. A human rights-based approach requires a focus on the most vulnerable, those who are most often excluded from progress. Contract farming schemes often exclude the poorest farmers, who have limited and marginal land and fewer resources to invest and live in remote areas. Researchers note that the transaction costs associated with providing inputs, credit and extension services and carrying out product collection and grading are disincentives for firms to contract with smallholders, so firms often prefer to engage with medium- or large-scale farmers.^(5,9,)[17] Unless vulnerable and marginalized groups are considered specifically, they may be excluded from the opportunities that these business models seek to create. Moreover, small-scale farmers are usually in weaker bargaining positions. They may be illiterate or lack the skills to effectively defend their rights and interests in contract negotiations. Women often are marginalized, particularly where decisions are made at the community level through decision-making processes from which they are de facto excluded.", "3. Need to ensure coherence and sustainability", "14. What is in the interest of the parties to certain contractual arrangements or business models may not be in the interest of the community as a whole, and the solutions may not be sustainable. For instance, contract farming may divert agricultural production towards cash crops that, while potentially increasing revenue for some producers, may also lead to local food price increases, as less food would be produced for local consumption, with the risk that food would become unaffordable for the poorest in some communities. This may be in violation of the requirement that “every man, woman and child, alone or in community with others, have physical and economic access at all times to adequate food or means for its procurement” (see E/C.12/1999/5, para. 6). The specialization in cash crops frequently entails a loss of biodiversity and a shift away from diversity and towards mono-cropping in farming systems that may be detrimental to the biotic activity of the soil and may accelerate soil erosion. States have a duty to “protect ecological sustainability and the carrying capacity of ecosystems to ensure the possibility for increased, sustainable food production for present and future generations, prevent water pollution, protect the fertility of the soil, and promote the sustainable management of fisheries and forestry” (E/CN.4/2005/131, annex, para. 8.13).", "C. Avoidance of negative transformations of the political economy of food chains", "15. An analysis of contract farming grounded in the right to food highlights six potential problems. Four arise from the shift to contract farming itself, and two stem from the specific content of the contract farming arrangement into which some farmers enter.", "1. Overspecialization and unsustainable agricultural practices", "16. Contract farming is generally associated with the production of commercial crops for export, mono-cropping and forms of production that rely heavily on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, often with adverse repercussions for human health and for soil. None of these consequences, however, are inevitable in contract farming. As already noted, this kind of contractual arrangement between a buyer and a farmer can be used to produce crops for sale on the domestic market and contribute to the strengthening of local markets, and in particular to improving the links between rural producers and urban consumers. Contract farming could and should include incentives for moving towards more diverse farming systems, using a combination of plants, trees and animals according to the principles of agroecology (see A/HRC/16/49). While contract farming often involves the provision of inputs, including mineral fertilizers, by the buyer, it may also include provisions that oblige the producer to comply with certain environmental conditions, for instance more cautious use of pesticides.", "2. Vulnerability of small-scale farmers to food insecurity through food price volatility", "17. Contract farming often leads the producer to shift from food crops to cash crops. When farmers change all of their crop production to non-food crops covered by contractual arrangements, however, they relinquish the ability to produce food for their families, thus losing a valuable safety net. This renders the farmers vulnerable to food price increases, particularly if firms do not meet their contractual obligations or if farm incomes are lower than expected in comparison to the evolution of food prices. Farmers sometimes also have to manage gaps between contract cycles, during which time they do not earn any money from farming.[18] To mitigate the risks involved in the shift to cash crops and the resulting dependence of farming households on the market to purchase food, a portion of the contracting farmer’s land should be left to the farmer or other household members to grow food crops for household consumption. This can be effective especially where the contract farmer benefits from technology and skills transfers, leading to multiplier effects on non-contracted farming activities, including subsistence crop farming.² Similarly, farmers can use by-products and residues from contract farming activities in various ways, including by selling the by-products or using them for subsistence activities. In Madagascar, small-scale farmers contracted by Lecofruit for vegetable production use part of the land for the production of rice, the staple crop, and the productivity of rice increases (from 3.6 to 6.0 tons/ha) thanks to the use of compost and manure and the recycling of waste from vegetable production. In Mali, the production of biodiesel from jatropha by small-scale farmers contracted by MaliBiocarburant SA (MBSA) produces residual “press cakes” that can be used as an organic fertilizer, as well as glycerine used to produce soap. The jatropha trees are intercropped with maize, which accounts for 80 per cent of the surface, ensuring that priority is given to staple food crops.[19] This should ensure adequate protection for the contract farmer against the risk of occasional bad harvests or sudden crop price depressions.[20] Such a guarantee of a stable income commensurate with an adequate standard of living is essential, and even a pricing mechanism that, as proposed below, guarantees a minimum price to the producer (unless the price is linked to the cost of production and the cost of living) would not provide an equivalent safeguard.", "18. Beyond the farming household, the switch to cash crops also increases vulnerability to price shocks for the local community. When the contracted crops are edible produce that is available on the local market, it may be helpful to ensure the accessibility (physically and economically) of adequate and culturally acceptable food for the population. One possible solution to facilitate the enjoyment of the right to food of the community is to include a local marketing requirement in the contract whereby a certain percentage of crops is sold on the local market.[21]", "3. Transformation of small-scale farmers into false wage-earning agricultural labourers on their own land", "19. More generally, contract farming can lead to a loss of control over production, including which crops to produce and how to produce them. Contract farming can thus cause farmers to become essentially wage-earning agricultural labourers on their own land, but without the benefits associated with paid labour, such as minimum wages, sick leave and other legislated benefits. Contracted small farmers are then seen by the buyer as labour market intermediaries. This is particularly clear after plantations are broken up by owners to create small-scale farms, possibly to break the power of unions or divest firms of their responsibilities, with negative effects on former labourers. Seen in this light, contract farming raises a number of questions that concern the right to work and the conditions of employment on family farms. Contract farmers often rely on family labour to fulfil work requirements. While this may be seen as leading to greater employment opportunities, it often simply results in more family members working without pay because that may be the only way to cut costs and to make the contractual arrangement profitable. In such contexts, child labour can become a problem in contract farming arrangements.[22] Article 10 of the International Covenant on Social and Cultural Rights and article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child impose on States the obligation to protect children and young persons from economic and social exploitation and to punish their employment in work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, spiritual, moral or social development. States must adopt effective measures to ensure that the prohibition of child labour is fully respected (see E/C.12/GC/18, para. 24). It is also relevant to note that in accordance with article 9 of the Covenant, States must guarantee the right to social security, which must also be accessible to independent producers (see E/C.12/GC/19).", "20. Specific problems are associated with the hiring of outside labourers by contracting farmers. Such labourers may not be covered by the same labour laws that cover agricultural workers on larger plantations. Article 7 of the Covenant recognizes the individual dimension of the right to work, stating the right of everyone to the enjoyment of just and favourable working conditions. All workers are entitled to fair wages and equal remuneration for work of equal value without distinction of any kind; in particular, women are guaranteed conditions of work not inferior to those enjoyed by men, with equal pay for equal work; a decent living for themselves and their families; and safe and healthy working conditions. Working conditions for labourers on small farms, however, are often worse than on larger plantations. Wages for labourers on small farms are often extremely low, and women labourers are frequently paid even less than male labourers. Monitoring compliance with labour legislation is difficult, especially since labourers on small farms (just like agricultural workers on large plantations) are unlikely to be unionized, and labourers’ employment situations on small farms are often insecure. Contract farming makes small farms more like large-scale plantations, and in this case in particular it encourages the farmer to hire an outside workforce on a more or less regular basis. In such cases, the enforcement of labour legislation encounters specific challenges, which may be best tackled by ensuring that the buyer controlling production also controls compliance with domestic labour legislation.", "4. Gender effects", "21. Women have less access to contract farming than men. A study found that in the Kenyan horticulture export industry, women comprised fewer than 10 per cent of contracted farmers, and in a sample of 59 contract farmers for French beans exported from Senegal, only one was a woman.[23] The ability of women to benefit from contract farming is determined by their rights over land and by the power relationships both within households or, when the contract is negotiated through representatives of the community or the farmers’ organizations, within those groups. Indeed, even where most of the work is in fact performed by the wife and other family members, it is not unusual for the contract to be signed by the husband, as head of the household, as is seen in sugar contract farming in South Africa or in vegetable contract farming in the Indian Punjab.[24] In addition, studies suggest that women lose control over decision-making when crops are produced for cash rather than for local consumption. While women decide about the use of food produced for self-consumption, they do not decide how the income of the household is spent. Therefore, unless the framework for contract farming respects women’s rights and is gender sensitive, it will undermine gender equality.[25] Research done on bean contract farming in Kenya shows, for instance, that while women performed most of the work, they received a limited portion of the revenues from the contract. In addition, where they did receive cash, they were expected to contribute to household expenditures even when this would have been the husband’s responsibility.[26] Strengthening the position of women is not only a matter of guaranteeing the right to equality of treatment, but also a means of improving productivity, since women receiving a greater proportion of the crop income will have a greater incentive to increase production. Moreover, household food security and children’s health, nutrition and education all gain from improved income for women, in comparison to the gains that result from improved income for men. The more women decide on how to spend household income, the more it is usually spent on children’s needs;²⁵ a child’s chance of survival increases by 20 per cent when the mother controls the household budget (see A/HRC/13/32, para. 58).", "5. Potential for trapping small-scale farmers in cycles of debt", "22. While the ability of buyers to purchase inputs at wholesale prices might allow them to pass savings on to farmers through lower prices, it may also be that when a farmer has access to inputs only through a buyer, the buyer will charge farmers higher than market prices for those inputs. In the course of consultations, the Special Rapporteur received a communication indicating that in the absence of public services, contract farming can create potentially devastating dependence by small farmers on the technology, credit, inputs and services provided by their contracting companies. This not only points to the danger of the Government relinquishing its duty to support farming communities by providing adequate public goods in the hope that private investors will fill in the gap, it also highlights one of the main negative effects of contract farming for farmers, which is its potential to trap them in cycles of debt. One common occurrence is that farmers must borrow money to invest in agricultural production as required under the contract and then do not earn enough money to cover their debts, for instance, because of falling market prices or poor harvests. This risk is particularly important where the investment on the land is related specifically to one type of production for which the contracting firm is the only buyer, a constraint that may be exploited by the firm as a way to exercise monopolistic power and thus gradually impose lower prices on farmers.⁴ Crops that rely on complex production and processing technologies and substantial specialized inputs that are unfamiliar to most growers and require large capital outlays significantly increase the level of risk confronted by growers, as illustrated by the Smallholder Sugar Authority and Smallholder Tea Authority contract-farming schemes in Malawi.[27] The resulting cycle of debt can trap farmers into contractual arrangements that are neither optimal nor easily abandoned, either because of the debt itself or for other reasons, for example, because the soil was degraded by heavy pesticide use or because farmers have lost their relationships with former transaction partners, are unable to re-establish traditional cultivation methods or products or have become too dependent on the firm for other services.⁴", "6. Inequitable contracts resulting from asymmetry of power", "23. The bargaining position of farmers is often weak before they enter into contracts. They typically have less information and negotiating skills than their business partners and a lower degree of legal literacy.³ The way prices are determined, the deductions for the provision of inputs, the conditions under which the contract can be terminated and the way in which the quality grading of the produce is assessed are all areas in which contractual clauses may be heavily biased in favour of the buyer.", "24. Under such clauses, firms may reject delivered products by stating falsely that they do not conform to quality regulations, thus transferring financial losses to farmers when market prices are low. Firms can manipulate prices when the price mechanism specified by the contract is not transparent, using complex price formulas, quantity measurements or price measurements. They also can manipulate delivery schedules to benefit from market price changes or from changes in a product’s qualities upon which prices are based (for example, delaying the purchase of sugar cane when prices are based on sucrose levels because sucrose levels decline rapidly after harvest).⁴", "III. Elements that a contract should integrate", "25. States should pay attention to a number of issues, listed below, to ensure that contract farming arrangements contribute to the realization of the right to food. Agribusiness enterprises also have a role to play. Consistent with their responsibility to respect human rights (see Human Rights Council resolution 17/4), they should seek to incorporate good practices in their dealings with small-scale farmers. The Special Rapporteur highlights seven areas where improvements could be made.", "A. Long-term economic viability", "26. The arrangement must be viable for all the parties concerned. If it appears unviable to the buyer, the contract may be terminated or the buyer may renege on obligations when under financial stress, with detrimental consequences for the livelihoods of farmers. If the arrangement is unviable for the farmer, for instance because of an unsustainable debt, the buyer may face supply problems in the short term and incur high reputational costs with other farmers, which may make it more difficult for the buyer to enter into arrangements with other producers in the longer term. Agreements should be structured so that both farmers and firms benefit and so that both sides desire to respect the contract and do not have strong incentives to renege on it.", "B. Support for small-scale farmers in negotiations", "27. To satisfy the first condition above and because small-scale farmers are in a comparatively weaker bargaining position, they should have the opportunity to contribute to the wording of contract provisions, ensuring that the contracts reflect the farmers’ needs and that obligations are written in terminology that the farmers will understand. Farmers’ organizations may have a key role to play in supporting the negotiation of contracts and in providing advice, and the bargaining position of farmers is strengthened by their being organized in cooperatives that negotiate on behalf of the members. This also lowers the transaction costs for buyers, and may reduce the risk of farmer defaults by providing group lending and improved communication. Once contracts are drafted, farmers must be provided with a copy of the contract. In the case of illiterate parties, the written contract should be reviewed by farmers’ representatives, a farmers’ organization or a supporting non‑governmental organization. Copies should also be made available to relevant governmental agencies to ensure appropriate oversight and reduce the risk of abusive clauses.", "C. Gender equality", "28. Contracts should be put in the woman’s name where it is expected that the woman would be the main person working on the farm, or, in the case of a couple, in the names of both parties. It should not automatically be in the name of the male head of household or the male holder of the title to the land cultivated.", "D. Pricing", "29. The pricing mechanisms should be clear and transparent and show how prices incorporate production costs, risks and returns.⁷ While a variety of price models exist (e.g. spot market-based pricing, split pricing, fixed prices and flexible price model), in the view of the Special Rapporteur, the ideal pricing mechanism is one replicating the formula used in fair trade schemes. The producer should be guaranteed a fixed minimum price based on the need to meet production costs and to ensure a living wage for all the workers concerned (including family members, where applicable) (see A/HRC/13/33, paras. 14-17), but the prices paid by the buyer should be higher if market prices increase. This is the price-setting mechanism used, for instance, by MBSA for the acquisition of jatropha produced by smallholders in Mali. The farmers, represented by a union of cooperatives, are guaranteed a minimum price, which may increase relative to the price of diesel at the pump.¹⁹ This eliminates the temptation for the producer to sell goods outside the terms of the contract, and thus the need for the buyer to closely monitor the producer’s operations. It therefore guarantees a stable supply for the buyer, while simultaneously reducing transaction costs linked with the contracting of a large number of small-scale suppliers. Pricing mechanisms should be subject to an independent arbitration mechanism, and farmers should be provided with the market prices of internationally traded commodities to reduce the risks associated with the asymmetry of information between the parties.", "E. Quality standards", "30. Standards must be clear and specific so that firms cannot manipulate the application of vague standards. On the other hand, they should not be too complex, which could also allow firms to manipulate standards. Firms should demonstrate the standards visually to farmers. In addition, the firm’s representatives should explain well in advance how crops are graded.", "F. Environmental sustainability", "31. Contract farming should increasingly seek to promote agroecological forms of production and provide adequate knowledge as well as biological inputs. Contract farming will increase its sustainability if it is based on sustainable, knowledge-intensive modes of production that rely on on-farm fertility generation and pest management rather than on external inputs. Where the contract provides for highly input-intensive modes of production, specific requirements should ensure that the reliance of the producer on external inputs (in particular, improved varieties of seeds and chemical fertilizers) does not lead to a situation of increased dependency for the contracting farmer: (a) when inputs are provided by the buyer, reasonable prices should be charged, never exceeding commercial prices; (b) farmers should be offered the possibility of seeking insurance to protect them from changes in the price of the inputs they are sold; and (c) other forms of support, particularly technical advice, should be prioritized, ensuring that sustainable practices are tested and promoted, including biological control, composting, polycropping or agroforestry.", "G. Mediation and dispute settlement", "32. Contracts should facilitate communication between parties through appropriate management structures and should identify ways of resolving disputes. It should be acknowledged that in the vast majority of cases where one of the parties fails to comply with the requirements of the contract, there is no resort to courts because the sums involved are too small and because, in many developing countries, courts are in practice inaccessible to the rural poor. Buyers, on the other hand, are reluctant to use formal legal procedures, not only because it is impractical to do so, but also because of the risk that the relationships with the farming communities will turn sour.[28] The real sanctioning mechanism is the breakdown of the contractual relationship. The farmer will refuse to continue to supply the buyer if he or she feels that the relationship is imbalanced, and the firm will cease buying from the farmer if it considers that he or she is not complying with the expectations set.[29] Therefore, while the legal system is one of the main accountability mechanisms available, other mechanisms should be established. Among them are negotiation spaces, independent arbitration mechanisms, forums in which farmers can raise concerns and conflict mediation by non-governmental organizations or third parties. Regular meetings should be organized between the parties to ensure a consistent flow of communication so as to identify problems early on. Specific quotas to ensure the equitable representation of women on committees representing contracting farmers could be established.", "IV. Other business models that could benefit small-scale farmers", "33. Contract farming rarely encourages farmers to climb up the value chain and move into the packaging, processing or marketing of their produce. The purpose of contract farming is to organize a division of labour between the seller and the buyer in which the seller is confined to the production of raw commodities. In addition, all the strategic decisions — about what to grow and how to grow and about which markets to target — are with the buyer. The producer is merely the executor. Finally, in contract farming, the interests of the two parties differ: while both have an obvious interest in the success of the arrangement, the terms of the contract will be more or less favourable to each, at the expense of the other. Other business models, therefore, should be explored.", "34. In the view of the Special Rapporteur, farmer-controlled enterprises, joint ventures and community-supported agriculture schemes provide interesting and complementary ways to rethink the political economy of food chains for the benefit of small-scale farmers. Although there are several other business models not studied in this section,[30] the models explored here highlight the need to think more broadly about investment in agriculture and access to markets for small-scale farmers.", "A. Farmer-controlled enterprises", "35. Farmers can be encouraged to form their own cooperatives, farmer associations or collectives.[31] While such farmer-controlled enterprises can enter into contract farming schemes (in conditions more favourable to the members), they also can strengthen farmers’ negotiating skills and bargaining positions in their dealings with the suppliers of inputs and commodity buyers; they can facilitate access to markets and to moving towards the processing, packaging and marketing of crops; and they can improve the ability of their members to contribute to the design and implementation of public policies that affect them (see A/HRC/13/33, paras. 30 and 31). For instance, the total income of farmers with group marketing in the Philippines (as supported by the MASIPAG network, which reaches 35,000 farmers practising sustainable agriculture) is about 45 per cent higher than the income of other farmers.[32]", "36. Collective ownership models can give small-scale farmers more autonomy over their land and production than traditional contract farming arrangements and can also cut out middlemen that might take a large percentage of earnings. Collective farming can also empower women farmers, strengthen their claims to land and protect their right to work.", "37. Farmer-controlled enterprises come with their own challenges. Large organizations may be unresponsive to the needs of individual farmers, as was the case with some State-controlled cooperatives in the past. Small cohesive groups are generally more successful than larger organizations that might be less responsive to members.³¹ Organizing farmers can require a lot of effort and may not be efficient for farmers with limited time. Particularly where democratic control within the group is weak, such organizations may not always provide economic benefits to its members. The leadership may not be well-trained in managerial and business skills. Accountability towards members must be balanced against the need for continual and effective leadership, for instance by providing that professional managers report to an elected cooperative board without being subject to elections, as in a reported example of a cooperative in Guatemala.⁷ Organizations formed by external agents and supported by development actors may be unsustainable in the long term if their viability depends on the support level they receive. When farmer-controlled enterprises are formed and led by non-governmental organizations, development organizations or the public sector, it may be desirable to set a timeline for the end of external support. The design of such an exit strategy in the business plan when the enterprise is established should ensure that the enterprise is sustainable and will be viable on its own.", "B. Joint ventures", "38. Farmers (generally through their organizations) and private investors may establish joint ventures, with each party contributing in cash or in kind. Such business models ensure, in theory, that both sides are equal partners and are co‑owners of the project. Both sides hold equity shares in the joint venture, while retaining their individual legal status and sharing in profits or losses made by the joint venture. Enabling farmers to be shareholders allows them to influence company governance and negotiate price policy, to share in the benefits (whether profit is reinvested or distributed as dividends) and to improve access to credits and other farm-related services.[33]", "39. For instance, Divine Chocolate Company Ltd. (formerly the Day Chocolate Company) was established in 1998 by Kuapa Kokoo Farmers’ Union (KKFU), representing 68,000 cocoa-producing farmers in Ghana, and TWIN Trading, a membership organization based in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland comprising 24 farmer cooperatives from eight countries dedicated to developing the fair-trade supply chain for the coffee, nuts, cocoa, sugar and fruit produced by 163,000 farmer families. Christian Aid, Comic Relief and Oikocredit, a microfinance institution, also supported the joint venture by taking shares, as did the Body Shop, which later donated its shares to KKFU. The Department for International Development of the United Kingdom guaranteed a bank credit line from a major commercial bank, which gave Divine Chocolate better access to finance and enabled it to grant a larger quantity of shares of the company to KKFU, resulting in greater decision-making power in the operations. KKFU now owns 45 per cent of the shares of Divine Chocolate as well as 33 per cent of the shares of the United States branch of Divine created in 2007. Divine Chocolate sold more than $71.5 million worth of chocolate in its first nine years of operation. In 2001, dividends were paid for the first time, after offsetting set-up costs. They remain symbolic (a direct payment of $1 per member), but come on top of the fixed prices by KKFU, the fair-trade premium and the benefits of the farmer support and development programme, to which Divine contributed more than $1.22 million in its first 10 years of operation. The arrangement facilitated income-generating activities and supported community projects (including boreholes, schools, sanitary facilities and mills), as well as the training of farmers and participatory decision-making.[34]", "40. MBSA is another promising joint venture model, focusing on the production of biodiesel from jatropha in collaboration with smallholders in Burkina Faso and Mali, with support from Dutch private institutional investors and the Government of the Netherlands. In Mali, 2,611 farmers were involved in 2009, having planted 1.6 million jatropha trees on 3,250 ha of land. The farmers are organized in 12 cooperatives, joined in a farmers’ union. The union negotiates the price of the jatropha with MBSA and provides support to the farmers. The farmers’ union is represented on the board of the company and owns a 20 per cent share of the company. The farmers, therefore, benefit directly from the sale of their produce and from dividend payments as shareholders.¹⁹", "41. Joint ventures, however, are not a panacea. A number of studies indicate that this model does not necessarily deliver better livelihoods for small-scale farmers or improve rural development and the realization of the right to food. The firm frequently controls all business decisions, and the joint venture might manipulate accounts to avoid paying out dividends.²¹ Questions arose in South Africa, for instance, after the beneficiaries of the post-1994 land restitution and redistribution programmes were encouraged to establish joint ventures with agribusinesses or to conclude leaseback agreements granting the former landowners use of their lands in conditions sometimes deemed unfair,^(34,)[35] and in Malaysia, after the Government, under the “Konsep Baru” (New Concept) scheme, encouraged production of palm oil on land under native customary rights in Sabah and Sarawak, in the form of a three-way joint venture among a private plantation company (60 per cent of the shares), a local community (30 per cent) and a parastatal agency (10 per cent) in which the local communities in effect relinquished all day-to-day decision-making power within the joint venture.³⁰", "42. To reduce such risks, farmers’ organizations and host Governments should have representatives on the board of the joint venture company, which should include safeguards for minority shareholders. The local partners could also be represented on the board of the holding company.", "C. Community-supported agriculture", "43. Direct-to-consumer food marketing is an even more innovative way of linking small-scale farmers to markets in conditions that allow them to increase their incomes and at the same time to control their production. Although still relatively marginal, local food systems have made spectacular progress in recent years in a range of developed countries. In the United States of America, direct-to-consumer food sales more than doubled in 10 years, moving from $551 million in 1997 to $1.2 billion in 2007, and the number of farmers’ markets rose from 2,756 in 1998 to 5,274 in 2009. In 1986 there were two community-supported organizations, whereas now there are an estimated 1,400 such organizations. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates that in 2007, 136,817 farms were selling directly to consumers.[36] Modern community-supported agriculture emerged in Japan with the teikei system, and now shows a strong growth in several countries, including Canada and France, where the network of “Associations pour le maintien d’une agriculture paysanne” now includes 1,200 community-supported agriculture schemes. Although they are often linked to the increased consumer demand for organic products, such initiatives ensure farmers a guaranteed outlet for their produce and stable revenues.", "44. Two interesting attempts to link small-scale farmers to local consumers through a redefinition of local food systems are found in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, and Durban, South Africa. Both examples were studied closely by the Special Rapporteur when he conducted official missions to those countries in 2009 and 2011. In 1993, Belo Horizonte adopted a municipal law, setting out a policy framework based on the concept of food sovereignty and established a secretariat for food policy and supply. Under this framework, it sought to create various channels of affordable access to healthy food. Because conventional markets were often found to be too expensive for low-income groups and because the poorest parts of the city, the favelas, were usually not well served with respect to food distribution, the secretariat established mobile food distribution services. It sought to support family agriculture through government food purchases and incentives prioritizing local producers, seeing such support as a key to reducing migration to the cities and encouraging organic production methods. The local food system of the city was rethought by integrating the logistics and supply chains of the entire food system and by tying local producers directly to consumers to reduce prices. In 2008, 34 producers from eight rural municipalities of Belo Horizonte, selected through a public process, were assigned fixed sale points throughout the city, and the price and quality of their produce were regulated to ensure that the food would be affordable and healthy. In the same year, the city operated 49 conventional and 7 organic markets, benefiting 97 small producers from surrounding areas.", "45. In the City of Durban/eThekwini Municipality, with a population approaching 4 million people, a new Agricultural Management Section within the municipality seeks not only to support community food gardens, but also community mini-farms and emerging commercial farms. The municipality identified 26 farmers’ associations and 800 community gardens and aims to improve market linkages with the urban residents. It is estimated that, provided that there is adequate support, such gardens could generate 60,000 jobs. One key objective for the municipality is to become increasingly self-sufficient in fresh and affordable food through surplus sales to the urban centre. The Agricultural Management Section established six hubs to pursue this strategy — in effect, centres to support local farmers and improve their ability to market their produce, including sites demonstrating agroecology techniques, a research and development centre on agroecology, training sites, a packing and marketing hub and, in the future, a seed bank.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "46. The Special Rapporteur concludes from his review of alternative business models that they all carry potential risks and benefits for the realization of the right to food and that Governments have a key role to play in protecting individuals against the many risks involved and in ensuring that contract farming and other business models support the right to food of small producers, their local communities and the entire population.", "47. Governments should support the organization of farmers into cooperatives and other types of producers’ organizations that can improve farmers’ bargaining position and help them to move up the value chain into the produce packaging, processing and marketing operations and help them to acquire inputs and sell their produce under better circumstances. This condition is necessary to ensure fairness in the negotiations between investors and farmers’ organizations. Governments could also provide legal advice to farmers or their organizations to enhance their negotiating position and to ensure that any contract they choose to enter into is economically sustainable for them.", "48. As part of their national strategies for the realization of the right to food, Governments should create an environment enabling the development of local markets benefiting small-scale farmers and the creation of a range of options for connecting small-scale farmers in rural areas to urban consumers. The more farmers have alternatives for accessing markets, the stronger their position will be in negotiating the terms of agreements with private entities for contract farming or joint ventures.", "49. Governments have a duty to support the realization of the right to food, to the maximum extent of their available resources, by providing small-scale farmers with appropriate support, including by:", "(a) Providing stable and reliable infrastructure services such as roads, water, electricity and communications;", "(b) Supporting traditional and wholesale markets;", "(c) Establishing schemes allowing small-scale farmers to climb up the value chain, including by identifying at the local or regional level which partnerships could be established between producers, packagers, processors and retailers;", "(d) Requiring public extension services to provide advice to farmers on how to create joint ventures with firms or how to establish farmer-controlled business entities.", "50. Governments could also encourage preferential sourcing from small-scale farmers through fiscal incentives or by making access to public procurement schemes conditional on the bidders’ compliance with certain sourcing requirements.", "51. Governments should ensure that the degree of competition among traders is sufficient to prevent farmers from being locked into unequal relationships with a particular trader in the absence of alternative buyers for a given crop. In particular, Governments should ensure that the expansion of contract farming does not result in the dismantling of public support schemes and the privatization of agricultural extension services, which would narrow the range of options available to small-scale farmers and increase the asymmetry of power between unorganized small-scale farmers and private actors operating on a national, regional or global scale.", "52. Governments should ensure that regulatory oversight keeps pace with the level of the expansion and the complexity of business models, including small-scale farming. Certain key clauses of contracts should be regulated, including those concerning price fixing, quality grading and the conditions under which inputs are provided, and the reservation of a portion of land for the production of food crops for self-consumption. The contracts, once agreed upon by the parties, could be subjected to vetting by authorities to ensure that any abuse is identified and, where appropriate, remedied; in addition, non-judicial dispute resolution mechanisms should be made available. Particular attention should be paid to the seven critical aspects and good practices for contract farming identified in section III above. In addition, Government agencies should:", "(a) Monitor labour conditions in contract farming and ensure that the expansion of such farming does not lead to the overexploitation of cheap family labour or to indirect downward pressure on the labour rights of agricultural workers;", "(b) Link their support for contract farming to compliance with certain environmental conditions, such as reduced use of chemical fertilizers or the planting of trees, or to the adoption of a business plan that provides for a gradual shift to more sustainable types of farming.", "53. National food security institutions should monitor and assess the contribution of the various business models explored in the present report to the realization of the right to food. These institutions could build on the work of the National Council on Food and Nutrition Security in Brazil or the specific work of the South African Human Rights Commission on food security issues. Governments should also set up forums in which the fairness of food chains could be discussed among producers, processors, retailers and consumers to ensure that farmers are paid fair prices for the food they produce. Such forums could examine:", "(a) How the farm gate price relates to the retail price and whether the wedge between the two remains within a reasonable margin;", "(b) How more direct links could be established between producers and consumers.", "This should be seen as part of a larger enterprise of developing local food systems and thus of creating alternative outlets for small-scale farm production.", "54. Agribusiness enterprises should incorporate the seven good practices identified in section III in their dealings with small-scale farmers.", "55. Development partners and international organizations can ensure that contract farming schemes work for the benefit of the poor small-scale food producers and respect the principles of the right to adequate food, including by increasing the capacity of community-based organizations to negotiate equitable agreements with the private sector, by contributing to financing equity participation by local communities in joint ventures or by supporting farmer-controlled enterprises to acquire the assets and managerial skills necessary to climb up the value chain, as initial support is frequently needed to start businesses that will become self-sustaining.", "[1] The present report refers primarily to crop production, but most of the lessons are transposable to these other sectors of farming, broadly conceived.", "[2] C. Eaton and A. Shepherd, Contract Farming: Partnerships for Growth (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 2001).", "[3] M. Brüntrup and R. Peltzer, “Outgrowers — a key to the development of rural areas in Sub‑Saharan Africa and to poverty reduction”, report of the DEG/DIE Workshop on 18 August 2006 (Bonn, 2007).", "[4] C. da Silva, “The growing role of contract farming in agri-food systems development: drivers, theory and practice”, Agricultural Management, Marketing and Finance Service Working Documents, No. 9 (FAO, Rome, 2005).", "[5] R. Rama and J. Wilkinson, “Foreign direct investment and agri-food value chains in developing countries: a review of the main issues”, Commodity Market Review 2007-2008 (FAO, Rome, 2008).", "[6] According to a study conducted for the European Commission, while most buyers prefer to deal with medium-scale farmers, since contracting with small-scale farmers results in high transaction costs (including monitoring costs), some reasons why small-scale farmers may nevertheless be seen as attractive are their reliance on cheap (unpaid) family labour and their higher degree of dependence since they would typically find it difficult to have access to markets except through the buyer.", "[7] B. Vorley et al., “Business models that are inclusive of small farmers”, in Agro-Industries for Development, C. da Silva et al., eds. (Rome, CAB International and FAO, 2009).", "[8] See, e.g., B. Minten et al., “Global retail chains and poor farmers: evidence from Madagascar”, LICOS Discussion Papers, No. 164/06 (showing that small contract farmers from the Highlands of Madagascar producing vegetables for supermarkets in Europe and supported by buyers to comply with complex standards and phytosanitary requirements have higher welfare, shorter lean periods and more income stability than farmers selling to local retailers). It is relevant to note that these findings are strongly related to the buying practices of one company, Lecofruit (Légumineuses Condiments Fruits de Madagascar SA), which is by far the major exporter of high-value vegetables from Madagascar and buys from more than 9,000 contract farmers in the country, each cultivating on average less than 1 ha.", "[9] S. Setboonsarng, “Global partnership in poverty reduction: contract farming and regional cooperation”, Asian Development Bank Institute Discussion Paper No. 89 (Feb. 2008).", "[10] P. Birthal, “Making contract farming work in smallholder agriculture”, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi.", "[11] See in particular New Partnership for Africa’s Development, “Contract farming offers fresh hope for Africa’s declining agriculture”, East Africa Policy Brief, No. 2 (Johannesburg, South Africa, 2006).", "[12] See, for critical views, D. Glover and K. Kusterer, Small Farmers, Big Business: Contract Farming and Rural Development (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1990); P. Little and M. Watts (eds.), Living Under Contract: Contract Farming and Agrarian Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1994).", "[13] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, arts. 6 and 11; see also A/HRC/13/33, paras. 13-20.", "[14] L. Ortega and M. Dirven, “Agroindustry and small-scale agriculture: a comparative synthesis of different experiences”, report LC/R.1663 (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, 1996).", "[15] See, e.g., FAO, “Pathways to success: success stories in agricultural production and food security” (Rome, 2009).", "[16] See P. Birthal et al., “Vertical coordination in high-value food commodities: implications for smallholders”, MTID Discussion Paper No. 85 (International Food Policy Research Institute, Markets, Trade and Institutions Division, Washington, D.C., 2005), and I. Delforge, “Contract farming in Thailand: a view from the farm”, Focus on the Global South, Occasional Papers 2 (Bangkok, 2007).", "[17] N. Key and D. Runsten, “Contract farming, smallholders, and rural development in Latin America: the organization of agroprocessing firms and the scale of outgrower production”, World Development, vol. 27, No. 2 (Feb. 1999); P. Simmons et al., “An analysis of contract farming in East Java, Bali, and Lombok, Indonesia”, Agricultural Economics, vol. 33, s3 (Nov. 2005); J. Coulter et al., “Marrying farmer cooperation and contract farming for service provision in a liberalising sub-Saharan Africa”, Natural Resource Perspectives, No. 48 (Nov. 1999). The evidence on this point is mixed, however. See, for the argument that there is no bias against small-scale farmers, footnote 16.", "[18] I. Delforge, “Contract farming in Thailand: a view from the farm” (see footnote 16).", "[19] Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, “Foreign land deals and human rights: case studies on agricultural and biofuel investment” (New York University School of Law, 2010).", "[20] Indeed, for small-scale farmers who are averse to risk, such a guarantee may be essential to joining a contract farming scheme. See H. Binswanger, “Attitudes toward risk: experimental measurements in rural India”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 62, No. 3 (1980) (showing that smallholders may prefer lower but stable incomes to potentially higher gains but associated with higher levels of risk).", "[21] L. Cotula, “Investment contracts and sustainable development: how to make contracts for fairer and more sustainable natural resource investments”, Natural Resource Issues No. 20, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) (London, 2010).", "[22] S. Singh, “Contract farming in India: impacts on women and child workers”, Gatekeeper Series No. 111, IIED (London, 2003).", "[23] M. Maertens and J. Swinnen, “Are modern supply chains bearers of gender inequality?”, paper presented at the ILO-FAO workshop on Gender and rural employment: differentiated pathways out of poverty (Rome, 2009).", "[24] See J. Behrman et al., “The gender implications of large-scale land deals”, IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 01056, International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington, D.C., 2011).", "[25] See M.-K. Chan, “Improving opportunities for women in smallholder-based supply chains”, for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2010.", "[26] C. Dolan, “Gender and witchcraft in agrarian transition: the Case of Kenyan horticulture”, Development and Change, vol. 33, No. 4 (September 2002).", "[27] What is specific about this example is that the State, rather than private buyers, contracts farmers under this scheme, supplying the growers with credit, crop inputs and extension services, which the growers must reimburse. The costs of participation for small-scale farmers are disproportionate, since fixed costs, including costs for the payment of extension services, are highest for those who cultivate small plots. See M. Warning and W. Soo Hoo, “The impact of contract farming on income distribution: theory and evidence”, paper prepared for the Western Economics Association International Annual Meeting (2000).", "[28] J. Kirsten and K. Sartorius, “Linking agribusiness and small-scale farmers in developing countries: is there a new role for contract farming?”, Development Southern Africa, vol. 19, No. 4 (2002).", "[29] M. Warning and N. Key, “The social performance and distributional consequences of contract farming: an equilibrium analysis of the arachide de bouche program in Senegal”, World Development, vol. 30, No. 2 (2002); H. Guo et al., “Contract farming in China: supply chain or ball and chain?”, paper presented at the 15th Annual International Food and Agribusiness Management Association Forum and Symposium, 2005.", "[30] See S. Vermeulen and L. Cotula, “Making the most of agricultural investment: a survey of business models that provide opportunities for smallholders”, IIED/FAO/International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)/Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) (London/Rome/Bern, 2010).", "[31] See J. Coulter et al. in footnote 17.", "[32] L. Bachmann et al. (eds.), Food Security and Farmer Empowerment, MASIPAG (Los Baños, Philippines, 2009).", "[33] M. de Koning and B. de Steenhuijsen Piters, “Farmers as shareholders: a close look at recent experience”, Bulletins of the Royal Tropical Institute, No. 390 (2009).", "[34] L. Cotula and R. Leonard (eds.), “Alternatives to land acquisitions: agricultural investment and collaborative business models”, chap. 2, IIED/SDC/IFAD/Centro Terra Viva (London/Bern/ Rome/Maputo, 2010).", "[35] Ofreneo, “The leaseback mode of agrarian reform: strengths, weaknesses and options”, Action for Economic Reforms, Poverty Series (September 2000); for a similar situation in the Philippines, C. Flores-Obanil and M. Manahan, “Leaseback arrangements: reversing agrarian reform gains in the Philippines”, Farm Bulletin, vol. 1, No. 2 (2006).", "[36] S. Martinez et al., “Local food systems: concepts, impacts and issues”, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Report No. ERR-97 (May 2010)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "食物权", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递食物权问题特别报告员奥利维娅·德许特按照大会第65/220号决议提交的临时报告。", "摘要", "更好地进入市场，是发展中国家许多小农改善生计的关键。最近，代耕成为最佳解决方案，协助买方商号，供应商小农和政府。本报告列出扩大代耕提出的问题，并注意到，在七个方面，各国政府和企业可以确保其有利于扶贫，协助充分实现食物权。代耕很少鼓励农民攀登价值链，进入其产品的包装，加工或营销。因此，报告还探讨其他更广泛的商业模式，如农民控制的企业，合资企业或农民直接面向粮食消费者的营销手法。重要的是，确保小农户农产品销售网点的多样化，加强其在食物链中的地位，促进农村社区实现食物权，促进总的农村发展。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\t\n2.代耕 3\t\nA.代耕兴起的背后动力 4\t\nB.澄清食物权的影响 5\t\nC.避免食物链政治经济的不利转变 7\t\n3.合同中应当列入的各项要素 11\t\nA.长期经济可行性 11\t\nB.在谈判中支持小农户 11\t\nC.性别平等 11\t\nD.定价 11\t\nE.质量标准 12\t\nF.环境可持续性 12\t\nG.调解和解决争端 12\t\n4.其他可能有利于小农户的商业模式 13\t\nA.农民控制的企业 13\t\nB.合资企业 14\t\nC.社区支持的农业 15\t\n5.结论和建议 16", "一. 导言", "1. 现在有一种广泛共识，认为需要增加对农业的支持，解决农村贫穷和缺乏足够食物问题。过去几年，特别是自2007-2008年全球粮食价格危机后，出现对农业的大量再投资。此前，特别报告员记录了这方面发展造成的一些风险和机会。他列举了一些好的做法，其可确保投资有助于减轻农村贫困和粮食不安全，增加小农户的能力(见A/HRC/13/33和Add.2，A/65/281)。除非获得食物权成为当前农业再投资的基础，否则，最贫穷农民在最贫瘠土地上劳作的情况可能会因这一进程进一步加重，从而增加对生产性资源的竞争，现有农业部门的两极分化可能会因此而恶化。", "2. 一个关键、但常常被低估的挑战是，如何促进农民进入市场。许多发展中国家过分强调出口为主导的农业，可能于事无补，导致其依赖很少的原材料商品出口收入，作为粮食进口国非常容易受到价格冲击(见A/HRC/10/5/Add.2)。小农户、牧民和渔民，为当地消费而生产，[1] 可成为加强当地和区域市场的主要受益者，将促使他们接触本地买家，尤其是城市消费者。因此，特别报告员一直鼓励采取举措，通过适当基础设施、价格信息和组织价值链，改善当地生产者和消费者之间的联系。“国家粮食安全范围内支持逐步实现适足食物权的自愿准则”4.5条指出，“各国应酌情促进发展小规模地方和区域市场及边境贸易，减少贫困，增加粮食安全，特别是在农村和城市贫困地区”(见E/CN.4/2005/131，附件)。", "3. 小规模地方和区域市场的发展似乎是许多农村普遍贫穷的发展中国家实现食物权的最有前途的途径。所以，本报告侧重不同于零散市场，或大规模收购或租赁土地的其他商业模式。代耕等其他替代商业模式，一般与外商投资和全球供应链相关，但本报告强调，这种替代模式也可以通过当地行为者，包括公营机构采用。在一定条件下，替代模式可以帮助开发本地化的食物链，例如，让当地农业社与食品加工业联系起来，或与服务城市消费者的当地新鲜农产品零售商联系起来。", "4. 本报告根据的是最近的科学文献和特别报告员的各次访问。报告也得益于广泛的利益相关者的投入，包括国际发展合作机构、联合国基金和机构、学术机构、私营部门专家和非政府组织。", "二. 代耕", "5. 代耕的定义是“农民与加工和/或销售企业之间商定协议，根据远期协议，生产和供应农产品，价格常常事先确定。”[2]", "A. 代耕兴起的背后动力", "6. 代耕近年来在发达国家和发展中国家均愈显重要。[3]^(、)[4] 买家将其作为一种手段，加强控制供应链，应对关于生产可追溯性和食品产品标准化的更大需求，因为食品质量和安全标准越来越重要，消费者对生产的环境和社会条件表示关注。控制合同农民，防止合同外的市场营销，或把得到的投入由于合同规定作物之外的生产，其成本可能很高。不过，因为提高了可靠性，质量比在公开市场上购买的产品更一致，成本也就抵消了。² 代耕可以缩小商号的风险，减少供需变动，以便加强安全标准和其他质量要求。[5] 合同还使商号能在最佳时间安排交付产品，而若是依赖零散市场，则不能控制。⁴", "7. 商号通过代耕，把劳动管理职责转给农民；劳工成本可能会降低，因为代耕农民常使用无报酬的家庭帮工。此外，商号使用代耕安排，可使操作更流畅，因为其不受固定资产制约。因此，在印度，小农户代耕被看到是有吸引力的园艺、家禽和奶制品行业的选择。虽然交易成本比较高，但这种模式把风险平摊给大量供应商(因此，买方无风险，如果任何一个主要供应源失约)，于是有了灵活的供应，也很容易适应数量或质量的变化。[6]", "8. 相当数量的小农户加入了这些计划。³`[7] 过去30年，部分因撤回或减少公共推广服务，代耕往往成为唯一可行的改善生计的办法，因为这种协议保证市场准入，保证产品优质投入(通常以较低批发价格提供)和技术咨询，还便利获得认证计划，符合标准。[8] 转向价值较高的作物，提高生产力，降低营销和交易成本，可能会增加收入。代耕还可以协助农民获取信贷，[9] 要么是商号直接提供信贷，要么是银行同意农民把合同作为抵押。取决于安排的类型，代耕也保证了种田的收入相对稳定，不受市场价格波动的影响。² 此外，商号有时给农民支付保费，确保农民不从事合同外的活动。[10] 直接采购的模式通常摆脱了中间人，因此，代耕也可视为有利于消费者、商号和农民各方。⁷", "9. 政府通常支持代耕，[11] 认为代耕可增加农民收入，吸引外国投资，并减少政府的财政负担；因为，买方与生产方建立长期合同关系，往往提供政府传统上提供的服务和支持。⁹ 因此，商号也常受益于政府的财政鼓励，促进代耕，如减免税收或削减关税。", "B. 澄清食物权的影响", "10. 代耕是否有助于实现食物权，将取决于具体情况，具体的合同安排，以及在多大程度上采用人权方式。[12] 因此，东道国、投资者和农民要考虑传统代耕模式的一些主要优缺点，以及确定标准，确保代耕真正施惠于小农户。人权方式会引出下列标准，列举如下。", "1. 国家义务：尊重、保护和落实", "11. 根据国际法，各国有义务尊重、保护和落实充足食物权。尊重的义务要求各国不要采取任何阻止人获得充足食物的措施。保护的义务要求缔约国采取措施，确保企业或个人不得剥夺个人获得充足食物的机会(见E/C.12/1999/5，第15段)。因此，各国必须控制投资者和买方与农民和生产者之间的长期安排，防止滥用安排的风险，或在滥用发生时，确保提供有效的补救。各国还必须保护国际劳工组织(劳工组织)核心文书承认的基本劳工权利，如未能遵守这些权利，可导致侵犯国际法认可的工作权和有足够生活水准的权利。[13] 落实的义务要求各国积极参与活动，让人们更多获得和利用资源和手段，确保自己的生计，包括粮食安全(见E/C.12/1999/5，第15段)。在最大限度地提供现有资源情况下，各国必须创造有利环境，使农业社区达成各种安排，但条件是要确保其权利得到有效保障，尽管有时各方之间权力赤裸裸的不平等，信息也不对称。", "12. 各国还应支持农业社区，提供某些物品和服务，以求通过农耕达到适足的生活水准。虽然私人投资者会提供一些同样的物品和服务，致使一些评论家认为，代耕这种手段可以确保更有效地分配这类物品和服务，[14] 但不应把代耕看作可取代国家这方面不可或缺的作用。食物权自愿准则第2.6条指出，贫困和饥饿主要出现在农村地区的国家应承担义务。预计，各国将向农户提供技术援助，推广公共农业服务，确保小农户获得合理利率的可靠和有保证的信贷，帮助为小农户建立基本的价格支持机制。[15] 代耕不应成为推广服务私有化的驱动因素，[16] 或作为各国政府玩忽职守，不向农民提供公共物品的借口，因为，国家撤回支助，受影响的恰恰是最边缘化的农民。", "2. 需要非歧视性的商业模式", "13. 人权方式要求注重最脆弱者，他们常常被排除在进步之外。代耕制度往往排除最贫困的农民，他们的土地有限，贫瘠，投入的资源少，生活在偏远地区。研究人员指出，提供投入、信贷、推广服务和产品收集和分级的交易成本，商号不愿意与小农户达成代耕安排，所以，商号往往喜欢大中型农户。^(5、9、)[17] 弱势和边缘化群体除非得到具体考虑，否则就可能得不到这些商业模式创造的机会。此外，小农户通常处于较弱的谈判地位。他们可能是文盲，或缺乏技能，在合同谈判中无法有效捍卫自身权益。妇女往往被边缘化，特别是在社区一级进行决策时，因为她们事实上给排除在决策进程之外。", "3. 需要确保连贯性和可持续性", "14. 符合某些合同安排或商业模式中各方利益者，可能不符合整体社区的利益，解决方案可能是不可持续的。例如，代耕可能把农业生产引向经济作物，这虽然可能增加一些生产者的收入，也可能导致当地食品价格上涨，因为为地方消费而生产的粮食少了，一些社区内的赤贫者可能买不起食品。这可能破坏“每个男女，每个儿童，无论是单独一人，还是身在社区，也无论何时，物质上和经济上均可有适足食物，或有获得适足食物的手段”(见E/C.12/1995/5，第6段)的规定。经济作物的专业化，经常带来生物多样性的丧失，耕作制度中改多元为单一种植，可能危害土壤的生物活性，加快水土流失。各国有义务“保护生态系统的可持续性和承载能力，确保为当代和子孙后代持续不断地生产更多粮食，防止水污染，保护土壤肥力，推广渔业和林业的可持续管理。”(见E/CN.4/2005/131，附件，第8，13段)。", "C. 避免食物链政治经济的不利转变", "15. 从食物权出发对代耕进行的分析突出了6个潜在问题。4个问题产生于向代耕转变本身，两个问题来自一些农民签订的代耕安排的具体内容。", "1. 过分专业化和不可持续的农业做法", "16. 代耕一般与生产出口经济作物、单一作物和严重依赖化肥和农药的生产方式联系在一起，往往对人类健康和土壤造成不良影响。然而，这些都不是代耕的必然后果。正如已经指出的那样，这种买方和农民之间的合同安排可用于生产在国内市场上销售的农作物，并有助于加强本地市场，特别是改善农村生产者和城市消费者之间的联系。代耕可以并且应当包括鼓励根据农业生态学的原则将植物、树木和动物相结合发展更加多样化的农作制度(A/HRC/16/49)。代耕虽然往往涉及买方提供矿物肥料等投入，但也可包括要求生产者遵守特定环境条件的规定，例如更谨慎地使用农药。", "2. 粮食价格波动性导致小农户粮食无保障", "17. 代耕往往导致生产者从粮食作物转向经济作物。但是，当农民转而全部生产合同安排所涉及的非粮食作物时，他们就放弃了为自己的家庭生产粮食的能力，从而失去了宝贵的安全网。这使得农民容易受到粮食价格上涨的影响，在企业不履行合同义务或者农业收入与粮食价格变化相比低于预期时尤其如此。农民有时还不得不挨过合同周期之间没有任何农业收入的时期。[18] 为了减轻在向经济作物转变过程中的风险以及由此导致的农户依赖市场购买食品，签订合同农民的土地应留一部分给农民或其他家庭成员，用于种植供家庭消费的粮食作物。尤其是在合同农民获益于技术和技能转让，从而对包括维持生存的作物耕种等合同以外的农业活动产生多种效应的地方，这样做十分有效。² 同样，农民可以以各种方式利用代耕活动的副产品和残留物，包括出售副产品，或利用副产品用于维持生计的活动。在马达加斯加，与Lecofruit签订合同生产蔬菜的小农户利用部分土地生产主粮作物稻米，由于使用堆肥和粪肥以及从蔬菜生产中回收的废物，稻米生产率从3.6增至6吨/公顷。在马里，小农户与MaliBiocarburant SA(MBSA)签订合同，从麻风树生产生物柴油，其产生的残余“饼粕”可用作有机肥料，也可用作生产肥皂的甘油。麻风树与占地表80%的玉米间作，以确保主粮作物优先。[19] 这应能确保签订合同的农民受到足够保护，防备偶尔歉收或作物价格突然下降的风险。[20] 这种稳定收入保障对于适当的生活水准至关重要，即便下文提议的保障生产商最低价格的定价机制(除非将该价格与生产成本和生活费用挂钩)，也不会提供同等保障。", "18. 除了农户之外，转种经济作物也使当地社区更难以承受价格冲击。当合同作物是可在本地市场获得的食用作物时，确保居民能够获得文化上可接受的(生理上和经济上)充足的粮食，或许会有帮助。一个方便社区居民享受食物权的可行办法是在合同中包括一条对当地销售的要求，这样一定比例的作物会在当地市场出售。[21]", "3. 小农户转变为自己土地上的虚假的有薪农业工人", "19. 在更一般意义上，代耕可能导致失去对生产的控制，包括生产何种作物以及如何生产。因此，代耕可使农民实际上成为自己土地上的有薪农业工人，但却不能享受与有薪劳动有关的福利，如最低工资、病假及其他法定福利。而后签订合同的小农户就被买方视为劳动力市场中介。种植园主可能为了破坏工会的力量或规避公司的责任而将种植园拆解以建立小规模农场，对以前的工人产生不利影响，此时这一点尤其明显。由此看来，代耕提出了一些有关工作权和家庭农场就业条件的问题。签订合同的农户往往依靠家庭劳动力来满足工作要求。虽然这可视为增加就业机会，但往往只是导致更多的家庭成员无薪工作，因为这可能是削减成本和从合约安排获利的唯一方法。在这种情况下，童工也可能成为代耕安排的一个问题。[22]《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第10条和《儿童权利公约》第32条规定，国家有义务保护儿童和未成年人免受经济和社会的剥削，雇佣他们从事可能有害或影响儿童教育或对儿童健康或身心、精神、道德或社会发展有害的工作，依法应受惩罚。各国必须采取有效措施，确保禁止童工规定得到充分遵守(见E/C.12/GC/18，第24段)。还应注意，根据《公约》第9条，各国必须保证社会保障的权利，独立生产者必须也能够获得这一权利(见E/C.12/GC/19)。", "20. 签订合同的农民在雇用外来工人方面存在一些具体问题。这些工人可能不在管辖较大种植园中农业工人的劳动法的管辖之下。《公约》第7条承认工作权的个人层面，阐明人人有权享受公正和良好的工作条件。所有工人享有公平的工资和同值工作同酬而没有任何歧视；特别是保证妇女享受不差于男子所享受的工作条件，并享受同工同酬；保证他们自己和家人得有符合本公约规定的过得去的生活；安全和卫生的工作条件。然而，小农场工人的工作条件往往比较大种植园的差，小农场的工人工资往往极低，女性工人工资往往比男劳工还要低。尤其是由于小农场的工人(像大型种植园的农业工人一样)不太可能组织工会，而且小农场工人的就业往往不稳定，因此劳动法的遵守情况很难监督。代耕使得小农场更像是大规模种植园，在这种特定情况下，这促使农民或多或少地经常聘请外来工人。在这种情况下，劳工法规的执法遇到具体挑战，最好的解决办法是，确保控制生产的买方也控制国内劳工法规的遵守情况。", "4. 性别效应", "21. 女性得以从事代耕的机会低于男性。一项研究发现，在肯尼亚园艺出口行业中，妇女占签订合同农户的比例不到10%，在塞内加尔，出口法国豆的59个签订合同农民抽样中只有一名妇女。[23] 妇女获益于代耕的能力取决于她们的土地权以及家庭内部的权力关系，或者，当合同通过社区代表或农民组织谈判订立时，取决于那些组织内部的权力关系。事实上，即使大部分工作事实上由妻子和其他家庭成员完成，也往往由作为户主的丈夫来签署合同，南非的食糖代耕和印度旁遮普邦的蔬菜代耕就是这种情况。[24] 此外，一些研究表明，当种植的是经济作物而不供当地消费之用时，妇女就失去了对决策的控制。尽管妇女决定如何使用所生产的供自我消费的食品，但她们不决定如何支配家庭收入。因此，除非代耕的框架尊重妇女的权利并对性别问题具有敏感认识，否则就会破坏两性平等。[25] 例如，对肯尼亚豆类代耕的研究表明，虽然妇女承担了大部分工作，但她们得到的合同收入比例有限。此外，当她们得到了现金时，就被认为应当分担家庭开支，即使这本来应当是丈夫的责任。[26] 加强妇女地位不仅仅是保障平等待遇的权利，还是一种提高生产率的手段，因为得到更大比例作物收入的妇女将有更大的动力去增加生产。此外，与男性收入提高带来的收益相比，妇女收入提高对于家庭粮食安全及儿童健康、营养和教育方面均带来更大的好处。妇女做出的如何支出家庭收入的决定越多，家庭收入就越有可能通常用在儿童的需要上；²⁵ 母亲控制家庭预算，孩子生存机会增加20%(见A/HRC/13/32，第58段)。", "5. 小农户落入债务循环陷阱的可能性", "22. 虽然买方以批发价格购买投入的能力，会使其得以通过降低价格将盈余转让给农民，但也可能当农民只能从一个买方获得投入时，买方向农民索价将高于这些投入的市场价格。在协商过程中，特别报告员收到的一份来文指出，“在没有公共服务的情况下，代耕可能导致小农依赖合同公司提供的技术、信贷、投入和服务，而这种依赖具有潜在破坏性”。这不仅是指政府放弃提供充足公共产品以履行支持农村社区的职责、希望私人投资者来填补缺口的危险，也着重指出了代耕对农民的一个主要负面影响，即其有可能使农民落入债务周期的陷阱。经常发生的情况是，农民必须借钱来根据合同规定投资于农业生产，但由于市场价格下跌或歉收等，赚的钱不足以还债。当对土地的投资仅与一种生产有关，而合同公司是唯一的买方时，这种风险尤为重要，因为公司可以利用这种制约条件行使垄断权力，从而逐渐压低面向农民的价格。⁴ 那些依赖大多数种植者不熟悉的复杂生产和加工技术及十分专门的投入、并需要大量资本支出的作物，显著增加了种植者所面临的风险，马拉维的小农户糖业管理局和小农户茶叶管理局的代耕计划就是这种情况。[27] 由此导致的债务恶性循环会使农民由于债务本身或其他原因陷入既不是最优又难以脱身的合同安排：例如，土壤由于大量使用农药已退化，或是农民已经失去了与以前的交易伙伴的关系，无法重建传统的种植方法或产品，或是已过于依赖公司的其他服务。⁴", "6. 权力不对称导致不平等合同", "23. 农民在订立合同之前的谈判地位往往处于弱势。他们掌握的信息、谈判技巧和法律知识程度通常低于业务伙伴。³ 确定价格的方式、提供投入的扣除款、终止合同的条件以及农产品质量分级评估，都是合同条款可能严重偏向买方的领域。", "24. 依据这样的条款，公司可谎称产品不符合质量规定，拒收交付的产品，从而在市场价格低时将经济损失转嫁给农民。当合同规定的价格机制不透明时，公司可以利用复杂的价格公式、数量计量或价格计量方式来操纵价格。它们还可以操纵交货时间表，从市场价格的变化或作为价格基础的产品质量变化中牟利(例如，因为甘蔗收割后蔗糖含量迅速下降，所以在依据蔗糖含量定价时延后购买甘蔗)。⁴", "三. 合同中应当列入的各项要素", "25. 各国应注意下列一些问题，以确保代耕安排有助于实现食物权。农业企业也可发挥作用。依据它们尊重人权的责任(见人权理事会第17/4号决议)，它们应当努力在与小农打交道时采纳良好做法。特别报告员着重指出了七个有待改进的方面。", "A. 长期经济可行性", "26. 安排必须对所有有关各方均可行。如果对于买方不可行，买方将终止合同或在财政压力下对其义务食言，对农民生计产生有害后果。如果由于不可持续的债务等导致安排对于农民不可行，买方将面临短期内的供应问题，并因此在其他农民中声名狼藉，可能使买方更难在长期与其他生产者订立安排。协议订立的方式应使农民和企业双方均受益，这样双方都愿意履行合同，而没有强大的背约动机。", "B. 在谈判中支持小农户", "27. 为了满足上述第一个条件，而且由于小农户处在相对较弱的谈判地位，他们应该有机会参与制定合同条款的措辞，确保合同反映农民的需求，并确保关于义务的术语的表达方式是农民能够理解的。农民组织可在支持合同谈判和提供咨询方面发挥重要作用，农民组织合作社代表其成员进行谈判，加强了农民的谈判地位。这也降低了买方的交易成本，还可提供集体贷款和改善沟通，从而降低农民违约的风险。合同拟订后，必须向农民提供合同副本。如果农民是文盲，应该由农民代表、农民组织或支持农民的非政府组织审查书面合同。还应向有关政府机构提供副本，以确保适当监督并减少霸王条款的风险。", "C. 性别平等", "28. 当预计农场工作将主要由妇女承担时，合同应写上妇女的名字，或者，工作由一对夫妻承担的时候，应写上夫妻双方的名字。不应自动默认为家庭男性户主的名字或耕地男性所有者的名字。", "D. 定价", "29. 定价机制应明确和透明，并表明价格如何体现生产成本、风险和回报。⁷ 尽管存在多种价格模式(例如现货定价、市场分割定价、固定价格和灵活价格模式)，但特别报告员认为，理想的定价机制是一个套用公平贸易计划中使用的公式的机制。生产者应得到一个固定的最低价格保障，价格的基础是满足生产成本并确保所有工人(在适用情况下包括家庭成员)生活工资的需要(见A/HRC/13/33，第14-17段)，但如果市场价格上升，买方支付的价格应该更高一些。例如，这就是MBSA在马里收购小农户生产的麻疯树时使用的定价机制。农民由合作社联盟代表，得到了最低价格保障，可根据生产时的柴油价格提高这一价格。¹⁹ 这就消除了生产者受到的在合同条款规定之外出售产品的诱惑，从而买方也没有必要密切监测生产者的业务。因此，这保障了买方的稳定供应，同时降低有关与大量小规模供应商签订合同的交易成本。定价机制应受一个独立仲裁机制管辖，应向农民提供国际交易商品的市场价格，以减少各方之间信息不对称所带来的风险。", "E. 质量标准", "30. 标准必须明确、具体，使商号无法操纵模糊标准的应用。另一方面，标准不应过于复杂，否则也会使商号有机会操纵标准。公司应向农民演示标准。此外，公司代表应在作物分级之前及早提前作出解释。", "F. 环境可持续性", "31. 代耕应加强努力促进农业生态生产方式，并提供足够的知识以及生物投入。如果代耕建立在可持续的知识密集型生产方式基础上，依靠农场产生肥料和控制病虫害而不是靠外部投入，那么其可持续性就会增强。如果合同规定采用高度投入密集型的生产模式，那么其具体要求应确保生产者对外部投入的依赖(特别是改良品种的种子和化肥)不会导致签订合同的农民依赖性增加的情况：(a) 当买方提供投入时，收取价格应合理，决不超过商业价格；(b) 应该为农民提供投保的机会，以保护他们不受所购买投入价格变动的影响；及(c) 其他形式的支持特别是技术咨询应作为优先事项，确保可持续做法得到测试和推广，包括生物控制、堆肥、多种耕作制度或复合农林业。", "G. 调解和解决争端", "32. 合同应通过适当管理结构促进各方之间的沟通，并写明解决争议的方式。应该承认，在绝大多数情况下，当一方未履行合同要求时无法诉诸法庭，因为所涉金额太小，而且在许多发展中国家农村贫穷人口实际上没有机会去法院。另一方面，买方不愿意使用正式法律手续不仅是因为这样做不现实，也是因为存在与农业社区的关系转坏的风险。[28] 真正的制裁机制是契约关系的破裂。农民如果认为这种关系不平衡将拒绝继续为买方供货，公司如果认为农民没有达到既定期望值将停止从该农民那里购买。[29] 因此，虽然法律制度是主要的问责机制之一，也应建立其他机制，其中包括：谈判空间、独立仲裁机制，可供农民提出顾虑的论坛，以及由非政府组织或第三方进行的冲突调解。各方之间应组织定期会议，以确保持续交流，以便及早发现问题。可以设立具体配额，以确保妇女在代表合同农民的委员会中的席位得到公平分配。", "四. 其他可能有利于小农户的商业模式", "33. 代耕很少鼓励农民在价值链上向上攀登，进入其产品的包装、加工或营销领域。代耕的目的是组织卖方和买方之间的劳动分工，卖方仅限于生产原材料。此外，所有的战略决策——种植何种作物、如何种植、以哪个市场为目标——都由买方做出。生产者仅仅是执行人。最后，在代耕中，双方的利益有所不同：虽然双方明显对于安排取得成功存在兴趣，但合同条款将或多或少有利于某一方而对另一方不利。因此，应对其他商业模式加以探讨。", "34. 特别报告员认为，农民控股企业、合资企业和社区支持的农业计划提供了令人关注的重新思考，有利于小农户的食物链政治经济学的补充方式。虽然本节中未讨论若干其他业务模型，[30] 但此处探讨的模型强调，对于农业投资和小农户进入市场问题，必须拓宽思路。", "A. 农民控制的企业", "35. 可以鼓励农民组建自己的合作社、农民协会或合作社。[31] 此种农民控制的企业可以进入代耕计划(以比会员更为优惠的条件)，还能加强农民的谈判能力和在与投入品供应商和产品买方打交道时的谈判地位；可以推动农民进入市场并转向作物的加工、包装和市场营销领域；可以提高其成员为影响他们的公共政策的设计和执行工作作出贡献的能力(A/HRC/13/33，第30段和第31段)。例如，菲律宾有团体市场营销的农民的总收入(在实行可持续农业的农民成员达到35 000名的MASIPAG 网络的支持下)比其他农民的收入大约高45%。[32]", "36. 集体所有制模式比传统的代耕安排能使小农户对其土地和生产有更大的自决权，并能绕过可能赚走收入很大百分比的中间商。集体耕种可以增强女农的权能，加强她们的土地产权和保护她们的工作权利。", "37. 农民控制的企业有其自身的挑战。大型组织和过去一些国家控制的合作社一样，可能对各个农民的需求反应迟缓。有凝聚力的小型团体通常比较大的组织更为成功，因为较大的组织可能对成员的反应较为迟缓。³¹ 将农民组织起来可能需要作出很大的努力，并且对于时间有限的农民可能效率较低。特别是在组织内的民主管制薄弱的情况下，组织不一定总能为其成员带来经济效益。管理层在管理和商业技能方面接受的培训可能不足。必须在对成员的问责制和对持续有效领导的需求之间达到平衡，方法包括规定专业管理者不需经过选举即可向经选举产生的合作社委员会报告，如危地马拉报告的一个合作社实例。⁷ 如果外部机构组建的和由发展行为体提供支持的组织的生存能力取决于其所获得的支助水平，这种组织可能在长期无法持续。如果农民控制的企业是由非政府组织、发展组织或公共部门组建和领导的，不妨为结束外部支助设立一个时间表。在企业设立时在商业计划书中编制一个此种退出战略应会确保该企业是可持续的，并能独立生存。", "B. 合资企业", "38. 农民(通常通过其组织)和私人投资者可以设立合资企业，每一方以现金或实物形式出资。在理论上，此种业务模式能够确保双方是同等的合作伙伴并且是项目的共同所有者。双方均在合资企业中持有股权，同时保持其独自的法律地位并分享合资企业的利润或共同承担合资企业的损失。农民成为股东可以使他们对公司治理产生影响和就价格政策谈判、分享收益 (无论利润是重新投入企业还是作为股息发放)和改善获得贷款和其他与农业有关的服务的途径。[33]", "39. 例如，1998年，成立了Divine chocolate有限公司(前Day Chocolate Company)，其中有代表加纳68 000名生产可可的农民的Kuapa Kokoo农民联盟(KKFU)，致力于为163 000个农民家庭生产的咖啡、坚果、可可、糖、水果发展公平贸易供应链的总部设在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、包括来自8个国家的24个农民合作社的会员组织TWIN Trading。一个小额融资机构Christian Aid，Comic Relief and Oikocredit 和美体小铺(The Body Shop)也通过参股支持该合资企业，美体小铺随后向KKFU捐献了其股份。联合王国的国际发展部担保提供一个大型联合王国商业银行的信贷额度，这使 Divine Chocolate能够更好地得到资金，并使其能够将该公司的更多数量的股权给予KKFU，使其在运营中有更大的决策权力。KKFU现在拥有Divine Chocolate 的45%的股权和2007年创立的Divine美国分公司的33%的股权。Divine Chocolate在开始运营的9年时间销售了7 150多万美元价值的巧克力。2001年，在扣除设立费用后首次支付了股息。股息是象征性的(直接向每个成员支付1美元)，但这是在KKFU的固定价格、公平贸易溢价以及Divine在其开始运营的10年中对其捐助了超过122万美元的农民支助和发展方案的惠益之上额外支付的。这种安排推动了创收活动，并支持了社区项目 (包括水井、学校、卫生设施和工厂)以及农民培训和参与性决策。[34]", "40. MBSA是另一个有希望的合资模式，侧重于在荷兰私人机构投资者和荷兰政府的支持下，与马里和布基纳法索的小佃农合作使用麻风树生产生物柴油。在马里，2 611名农民于2009年参与了这一合资模式，在3 250公顷的土地上种植了160万棵麻风树。农民被组织在12个合作社中，并加入了农民联盟。联盟与MBSA协商麻风树的价格，为农民提供支持。公司董事会有农民联盟代表，这些代表拥有公司的20%的股权。因此，农民直接从销售他们的产品和作为股东得到股息中获益。¹⁹", "41. 但是，合资企业并不是灵丹妙药。几份研究显示，这一模式不一定为小农提供更好的生计 ，或改善农村发展和落实食物权。公司往往控制所有的业务决定，并且合资企业可能篡改账目以避免支付股息。²¹ 例如，在南非，在鼓励1994 年后的土地归还和重新分配方案的受益方设立有农业企业的合资企业，或在有时被视为不公平的条件下缔结允许前土地所有者使用其土地的租回协定后，出现了一些问题；^(34、)[35] 在马来西亚，在政府鼓励根据惯有权利在沙巴和沙捞越的以三方合资的形式在土地上生产油棕后也出现了问题，这三方包括一个私人种植公司 (60%的股权)、一个当地社区(30%)和一个半官方机构(10%)，其中当地社区实际上放弃在合资企业内的所有日常决策权力。³⁰", "42. 为降低此种风险，农民组织和东道国政府应在合资企业董事会中指派代表，而合资企业应加入对少数股东的保障。地方合作伙伴也可以在控股公司董事会中指派代表。", "C. 社区支持的农业", "43. 直接送达消费者的食品市场营销是一个更为新颖的途径，它以使小农能增加收入、同时控制其生产的条件将小农户与市场联系起来。尽管地方粮食系统仍然处于主流之外，这种系统最近几年在一些发达国家取得了巨大进展。在美利坚合众国，直接送达消费者的食品销售在十年中增长了一倍以上，从1997年的5.51亿美元增至2007年的12亿美元，并且农民市场的数量从1998年的2 756个增至2009年的5 274个。1986年，有两个社区支持的组织，现在估计有1 400 个此种组织。美国农业部估计，在2007年，136 817个农场直接向消费者销售产品。[36] 现代的社区支持农业在日本以teikei系统的方式产生，现在在加拿大和法国等若干国家显示了强劲的增长，在这些国家“维护家庭养殖协会(AMAP)”网络现在包括1 200个社区支持农业计划。尽管这些社区支持农业计划往往与消费者对有机产品的更大需求有关，此种举措确保农民的产品有一个有保障的出路，并使农民获得稳定的收入。", "44. 在巴西贝洛奥利藏特和南非德班，出现了两个通过重新定义地方粮食系统试图将小农与地方消费者联系起来的有意思的做法。特别报告员在2009年和2011年对这两个国家进行正式访问的时候，对这两个案例都进行了认真的研究。1993年，贝洛奥利藏特通过了一部国内法，根据粮食主权的概念设立了一个政策框架，并设立了一个粮食政策与供应秘书处。在这一框架下，贝洛奥利藏特努力创建获得可负担得起的健康食品的各种渠道。由于低收入群体往往认为传统市场过于昂贵，并且由于该城市中最贫穷的部分——贫民窟——通常无法得到充分的食品分发，秘书处开设了流动食品分发服务。它努力通过政府食品采购和将地方生产者置于优先地位的刺激措施，支持家庭农业，将此种支持视为减少向城市的移徙和鼓励有机生产方法的关键。通过整合整个粮食系统的后勤和供应链，以及将地方生产者与消费者直接联系起来从而降低价格，重新规划了该城市的地方粮食系统。2008年，为经公开程序遴选的来自贝洛奥利藏特的8个农村市镇的34个生产者在整个城市分配了固定的销售点，并监管他们产品的价格和质量，以确保粮食是可负担得起的和有益健康的。在同一年，该市运营49个传统市场和7个有机市场，使周围地区的97个小生产者受益。", "45. 在人口接近400万的徳班/伊特克维尼市，市政当局的农业管理科致力于不仅支持社区食品菜园，还支持社区小型农场和新兴商业农场。市政当局确定了26个农民协会和800个社区菜园，并努力改善市场与城市居民的联系。据估计，如为这些菜园提供充分的支持，这些菜园可以创造 60 000个工作。市政当局的一个关键目标是通过面向城市中心的剩余销售，提高新鲜和可负担得起的粮食的自给自足能力。农业管理科为实施这一战略设立了六个中心——实际上是支持当地农民和提高他们营销产品能力的中心，包括展示农业生态技术的网站和关于农业生态的研究和发展中心、培训地点、一个包装和市场营销中心和将在今后建立的一个种子库。", "五. 结论和建议", "46. 特别报告员在审查备选的商业模式后得出结论， 这些模式对于实现食物权都有潜在的风险和惠益，各国政府在保护个人避免有关风险和确保代耕和其他商业模式支持小生产者、其当地社区和整个社会实现食物权方面具有重要的作用。", "47. 各国政府应支持将农民组织起来，成立合作社和其他生产者组织，这可以改善农民的谈判地位，帮助他们向价值链上游攀升，进入到产品包装、加工和市场运营领域，并在更好的条件下获得投入和销售他们的产品。有必要确保投资者和农民组织之间的谈判条件的公平性。各国政府还可以向农民或农民组织提供法律咨询，以加强他们的谈判地位，并确保他们选择缔结的任何合同对他们是在经济上可持续的。", "48. 作为实现食物权国家战略的一部分，各国政府应创造一个环境，使地方市场的发展能惠及小农，并创造将农村地区的小农与城市消费者联系起来的各种备选方案。可以选择进入市场的农民越多，他们在与私营实体谈判合同农业或合资企业的协议条件时的地位就越高。", "49. 各国政府有责任通过为小农户提供市场支助，支持食物权的实现，并最大程度上利用他们的现有资源。这些包括：", "(a) 提供稳定和可靠的基础设施服务，例如公路、水、电和通信；", "(b) 支持传统和批发市场；", "(c) 建立允许小农向价值链上游攀升的计划，包括通过在地方或区域一级确定在生产商、包装商、加工商和零售商之间可以建立何种伙伴关系；", "(d) 要求开展公共推广服务，为农民提供有关如何与公司创建合资企业或如何建立农民控制的商业实体的咨询。", "50. 各国政府还可通过财政刺激或将进入公共采购计划的条件设为投标人符合特定采购要求的情况，鼓励优先从小农户采购。", "51. 各国政府应确保商人之间有足够的竞争，以防止农民在没有特定作物的其他买家的情况下受制于与特定商人建立的不平等关系中。特别是，各国政府应确保合同农业的扩张不会导致公共支持计划的废弃和农业推广服务的私有化，这些情况将缩小小农的选择面并增加没有组织起来的小农和在国家、区域和全球范围运营的私人行动体之间的权力不对称。", "52. 各国政府应确保管理监督跟上包括小规模耕种的商业模式的扩张和复杂性水平。应监管合同的特定关键条款，包括价格固定、质量评级和提供投入的条件，以及保留一部分土地用于生产供自家口粮。双方商定合同后，合同可能须经当局的审查，以确保识别任何滥用的情况并在适当时对其进行补救，此外应提供非司法解决争端机制。应特别注意七个重要方面和上文第三节中确定的代耕的良好做法。此外，政府机构应：", "(a) 监测合同农业中的劳工条件，并确保此种耕种的扩大不会导致对廉价家庭劳动力的过度使用，或对农业工人的劳动权产生间接的压力；", "(b) 将其对合同农业的支持与遵守特定环境条件联系起来，如减少使用化学肥料或种植树木，或通过规定逐步转向更可持续的耕种类型的商业计划。", "53. 国家粮食安全机构应监测和评估本报告探讨的各种商业模式对实现食物权的贡献。这些机构可以借鉴巴西的国家粮食和营养安全理事会的工作或南非人权委员会关于粮食安全问题的具体工作。各国政府还应设立论坛，在论坛上生产商、加工商、零售商和消费者可以讨论食品链的公平性，以确保向农民支付其所生产粮食的公平价格。此种论坛可以研究(a) 农场交货价与零售价之间的关系，以及这两个价格之间的差距是否保持在合理的范围内；(b) 在生产商和消费者之间如何建立较为直接的联系。这应被视为发展地方粮食系统的更伟大事业的一部分，并因此为小农的产品创造了另一个出路。", "54. 农业企业应在其与小农打交道时结合运用第三节中确定的七个良好做法。", "55. 发展合作伙伴和国际组织可以确保代耕有益于贫穷的小型粮食生产者，并遵循充足食物权原则，包括通过加强基于社区的组织与私营部门谈判公平协议的能力，促进为当地社区在合资企业参股供资，或支持农民控制的企业获得向价值链上游攀升所需要的资产和管理技能，因为开办今后能够自我维持的企业时，往往需要在初期给予支助。", "[1] 本报告中主要指农作物生产，但大部分经验也可转用于广义上其他农耕部门。", "[2] C. Eaton和A. Shepherd,《代耕：合作伙伴促增长》(联合国粮食及农业组织，罗马，2001年。", "[3] M. Brüntrup和R. Peltzer,“撒哈拉以南非洲农村发展的关键——超速生长”《DEG/DIE研讨会报告》2006年8月18日(波恩，2007年)。", "[4] C. da Silva,“代耕在农业粮食系统发展发挥越来越大作用：推动因素、理论与实践”，农业管理、营销和财政服务工作文件，》(联合国粮食及农业组织，罗马，2005年。)", "[5] R. Rama和J. Wilkinson,“发展中国家外国直接投资与农业粮食价值链：主要问题回顾”，《商品市场回顾2007-2008年》(联合国粮食及农业组织，罗马，2008年)。", "[6] 根据欧洲委员会的研究，多数买方喜欢与中等农户打交道，因为与小农户定合约交易成本高(包括监测成本)。不过小农户也有其吸引力的一面是，其依赖廉价(不付钱)的家庭帮工，而且其依赖程度很高，因为除非通过买方，否则通常很难进入市场。", "[7] B. Vorley及其他作者,“包含小农户的商业模式”《农业促进发展》。C.da Silva及其他作者编(CAB国际和联合国粮食及农业组织，2009年)。", "[8] 比如，见B. Minten及其他作者,“全球零售链与贫穷农户：马达加斯加的证据”LICOS讨论文件，第164/06号。(显示马达加斯加高原小代耕农户为欧洲超市生产蔬菜，得到买方支持，遵守复杂的标准化卫生规定，福利较好，农闲时期较短，收入较稳定，胜过把产品卖给地方零售商的农户。)可以指出，这些情况与一家公司Lecofruit(Légumineuses Condiments Fruits de Madagascar SA)的采购实践密切相连,至今它是马达加斯加高价值蔬菜的主要出口商，从该国9 000多代耕农户购买蔬菜，每个农户耕种的土地不足一公顷。", "[9] S. Setboonsarng,“全球扶贫合作伙伴：代耕与区域合作”亚洲开发银行，机构讨论文件，89号(2008年2月)。", "[10] P. Birthal,“让代耕在小农农业中起作用”，全国农业经济与政策研究中心，新德里。", "[11] 尤其见非洲发展新伙伴关系。“代耕为非洲衰落的农业带来新希望”，东非政策简介，第2号。(南非约翰内斯堡，2006年)。", "[12] 关于评述，见D. Glover和K. Kusterer,“小农户、大商业：代耕与农村发展”，(纽约St.Martin’s出版社，1990年；P. Little和M.Watts(编),《依合同生活：代耕与撒哈拉南非洲农业转变》，(麦迪逊，威斯康星大学出版社,1994年)。", "[13] 《国际经济、政治及文化权利公约》第6和第11条。另见A/HRC/13/33,第13-20段。", "[14] L. Ortega和M. Dirven,“农业产业与小农业：比较不同的经验”LC/R.1663号报告(拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会，智利，1996年)。", "[15] 例如，见粮农组织,“通往成功：农业生产与粮食安全的成功经验,”(罗马，2009年)。", "[16] 见P. Birthal及其他作者,“高价值食物的纵向协调：对小农户的影响”，MTID讨论文件，第85号。(国际粮食政策研究所，市场、贸易与机构司，华盛顿特区，2005年。以及I. Delforge,“泰国的代耕：农村的看法”，侧重全球南方活动文件，第2号。(曼谷，2007年)。", "[17] N. Key and D. Runsten,“拉丁美洲代耕，小农户与农村发展：农业加工商号与超量种植生产规模”《世界发展》第27卷第2号(1999年2月)。P. Simmons及其他作者,“分析印度尼西亚East Java, Bali和Lombok的代耕”《农业经济》第33卷第3号(2005年11月)。J. Coulter 及其他作者,“让农民合作与代耕结合起来，在政策放宽到撒哈拉南非洲提供服务”《国家资源角度》第48号，(1999年11月)。这方面的证明各不相同。见关于对小农户无偏见的看法，脚注16。", "[18] I.Delforge,“Contract farming in Thailand: a view from the farmer”(见脚注16)。", "[19] Center for Human Rights and Global Justice,“Foreign land deals and human rights: case studies on agricultural and biofuel invesment”(New York University School of Law,2010).", "[20] 确实，这种保障对于厌恶风险的小规模农户加盟代耕计划是必不可少的。见H.Binswanger,“Attitudes toward risk:experimental measurements in rural India”,American Journal of Agricultural Economics,vol.62,No.3(1980)(说明小农户可能更倾向于较低但稳定的收入，而不是潜在收益更高却有更大风险的收入)。", "[21] L. Cotula,“投资合同与可持续发展：如何使合同有利于更公平、更可持续的自然资源投资”, National Resource Issue No.20,International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)(London,2010)。", "[22] S.Singh,“印度的代耕：对女工和童工的影响”,Gatekeeper Series No.111,IIED(London,2003)。", "[23] M.Maertens and J.Swinnen,“现代供应链是造成男女不平等？”Paper presented at the ILO-FAO workshop on Gender and rural employment:differentiated pathways out of poverty(Rome,2009)。", "[24] 另见J.Behrman et al.,“大规模土地交易对性别的影响”，IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 01056, International Food Polic Research Institute(Washington,D.C.,2011)。", "[25] 见M.-K.Chan,“改善小户供应链中妇女的机遇”,for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,2010。", "[26] C. Dolan,“农业转型中的性别和巫术：肯尼亚的园艺”,Development and Change,vol.33,no.4　(Sep.2002)。", "[27] 本案例特别之处在于，国家而不是私营买方根据这项计划与农民订立合同、向种植者提供信贷、作物投入和延伸服务，种植者必须偿还这些费用。小规模农户的参与成本是不成比例的，因为包括支付延伸服务的费用在内的固定费用对于那些耕种小块土地的人是最高的。见M.Warning and W.Soo Hoo,“The impact of contract farming on income distribution: theory and evidence”,paper presented for the Western Economics Association International Annual Meetings(2000)。", "[28] J.Kirsten and K.Sartorius,“发展中国家农商业与工农户联系起来：代耕的新作用？”，Development Southern Africa,vol.19,No.4(2002)。", "[29] M.Warning and N.Key,“The social performance and distributional consequences of contract farming: an equilibrium analysis of the arachide de bouche program in Senegal”,World Development,vol.30,No.2(2002)；H.Guo et al.,“代耕在中国：供应链还是锁链”,paper presented at the 15th Annual International Food and Agribusiness Management Association Forum and Symposium(2005)。", "[30] 见S.Vermeulen and L.Cotula,“最大限度利用农业投资：给小农户机遇的商业模式普查”,IIED/FAO/ International Fund for Agricultural Development and Cooperation(SCD)(London/Rome/ Bern,2010)。", "[31] J. Coulter et al.，见脚注17。", "[32] L. Bachmann et al.(eds)，粮食安全与农民赋权，MASIPAG，菲律宾洛斯巴尼奥斯，2009年。", "[33] M. de Koning and B. de Steenhuijsen Piters，“身为参股方的农民：新近经验探讨，”Bulletins of the Royal Tropical Institute，No.390，2009。", "[34] L. Cotula and R. Leonard (eds.)，“绕开土地购置：农业投资与合作商业模式”，第2章，IIED/SDC/IFAD/Centro Terra Viva，London/Bern/Rome/Maputo，2010年。", "[35] Ofreneo，“The LEASEBACK Mode of Agrarian Reform：Strengths，Weaknesses and Options，”Action for Economic Reforms，Poverty Series，Sep. 2000；for a similar situation in the Philippines，C. Flores-Obanil & M. Manahan， “Leaseback Arrangements：Reversing Agrarian Reform Gains in the Philippines”，Farm Bulletin，第一卷，第2号(2006年)。", "[36] S. Martinez et al.，“地方粮食系统：概念、影响与问题”，United States Department of Agriculture，Economic Research Report No. ERR-97(May 2010)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "食物权", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递食物权问题特别报告员奥利维耶·德舒特根据大会第65/220号决议所提交的临时报告。", "内容提要", "改善市场准入是改善发展中国家许多小农生计的关键。 最近,承包农作被作为最佳解决办法提出来,使买方、供应商和政府中的小农受益。 本报告查明了扩大合同农业引起的问题,并指出了各国政府和公司可确保在七个领域取得有利于穷人的成果并有助于实现食物权。 承包农作很少鼓励农民爬上价值链并进入其产品的包装、加工或销售。 因此,本报告还审查了其他可能更具包容性的商业模式,例如农民控制的企业、合资企业或农民直接对消费者的粮食销售做法。 至关重要的是,要确保小规模农民生产渠道多样化,以加强他们在食物链中的地位,这有助于实现农村社区的食物权和农村发展。", "目录", "页次\n一、导言. 3\nA. 合同增加背后的驱动因素 4\nB. 澄清食物权的影响 6\nC. 避免8起粮食政治经济的负面变化\n链条 要件12,合同应当\nA. 长期经济. 12\nB. 对小农户的支助 13\nC. 性别 13\n平等\nD. 定价 13 E. 质量 14\nF. 环境. 14\nG. 调解14和争端\n结算 四、结 论 其他15个可惠及小规模企业模式\nA. 农民控制 15\nB. 联合企业. 16\nC. 社区支助 第 18 条\n五、结论19和结论\n建议", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 现在,人们普遍认为,需要通过增加对农业的支助,解决农村贫困和缺乏充足粮食的问题。 在过去几年中,特别是自2007-2008年全球粮价危机后,农业出现了重大的再投资。 此前,特别报告员记录了这一事态发展带来的一些风险和机会。 他确定了一些良好做法,可以确保投资有助于减轻农村贫穷和粮食不安全,并增强小农的能力(见A/HRC/13/33和Add.2和A/65/281)。 除非实现食物权是目前对农业再投资的基础,否则在最边缘地上工作的最贫穷农民的处境会因这一进程而进一步恶化,从而导致对生产资源的竞争加剧,农业部门现有的双重化也因此会恶化。", "2. 联合国 一个关键但常常被低估的挑战是如何改善农民进入市场的机会。 许多发展中国家过分强调以出口为主导的农业,可能造成不良后果,导致这些国家出口收入依赖范围狭窄的原始商品,使它们极易受粮食进口国价格冲击的影响(见A/HRC/10/5/Add.2)。 生产供当地消费的小规模农民、牧民和渔民[1]可成为加强当地和区域市场的主要受益者,这将增加他们接触当地买主的机会,特别是城市消费者。 因此,特别报告员一贯鼓励采取主动行动,通过适当的基础设施和价格信息以及价值链的组织,改善当地生产者与消费者之间的联系。 《支持在国家粮食安全范围内逐步实现充足食物权的自愿准则》准则4.5指出,“各国应酌情促进地方和区域小规模市场和边境贸易的发展,以减少贫穷并增加粮食安全,特别是在贫穷的农村和城市地区”(见E/CN.4/2005/131,附件)。", "3个 发展小型地方和区域市场似乎是实现食物权的最有希望的途径,在农村普遍贫穷的许多发展中国家。 选择将本报告的重点放在可替代现货市场或大规模购置或租赁土地的商业模式上,符合这一信念。 虽然其他商业模式,如合同农作,一般与外国投资和全球供应链有关,但包括公共机构在内的地方行为者也可以采用这种替代模式。 在某些情况下,替代模式有助于发展地方性食品链,例如,将农民合作社与当地食品加工业或与当地为城市消费者服务的新鲜产品零售商联系起来。", " 4.四. 报告是根据最近的科学文献和特别报告员进行的各种实地访问编写的。 它还受益于广泛的利益攸关方,包括国际发展合作机构、联合国基金和机构、学术机构、私营部门专家和非政府组织的投入。", "二. 承包耕作", "5 (韩语). 合同农业的定义是农民与加工和(或)销售公司之间根据远期协议就农产品的生产和供应达成的一项协议,通常以预定价格进行。 [2]", "A类. 承包农业兴起背后的驱动因素", "6. 国家 近年来,合同式农业在发达国家和发展中国家都越来越重要。 [3] (,)[4] 买方视它为一种手段,可加强供应链下的控制,以适应对生产可追踪性和食品标准化的日益需要,因为质量和食品安全标准越来越重要,消费者对生产的环境和社会方面表示关切。 [5] 控制承包农民,防止合同外销售或将所收到的投入转用于合同规定的作物生产以外的用途,费用可能很高,但与公开市场上购买的产品相比,供应的可靠性和一致性一般会提高,从而抵消成本。 承包农作可以尽量减少公司在供求变化方面的风险,使公司能够促进安全标准和其他质量要求。 合同还使公司能够安排在最佳时间交付其业务的产品,这是它们依赖现货市场时无法控制的。", "7. 联合国 企业通过合同农业向农民转移劳动管理责任,劳动成本可能较低,因为合同农民经常使用无报酬的家庭工人. 此外,采用承包农作安排的公司可以维持更能流动的经营,因为它们不受固定资产的制约。 例如,在印度,与小农户签订合同的农作被视为对园艺、家禽和奶制品部门公司的有吸引力的选择。 尽管交易成本相对较高,但这一模式将风险分散到大量供应商(因此,如果出现任何重大供应来源违约,买方不会面临风险),并提供灵活供应,易于适应数量或质量变化。 [6]", "8. 联合国 相当多的小农参加了这种计划。 部分由于过去30年来公共推广服务的撤销或减少,承包农作往往是改善生计的唯一可行选择,因为这种协议保证了市场准入以及高质量投入(通常以较低的批发价格提供)和技术咨询的准入,并为获得认证计划和达到标准提供便利。 [8] 转向高价值作物,提高生产力并降低其销售和交易成本,可能导致收入增加。 承包农作还可能改善农民获得信贷的机会,[9] 要么是因为公司直接提供信贷,要么是因为银行接受农民的合同作为抵押。 视具体安排类型而定,承包农作可以提供保证,保证农作收入相对稳定并不受市场价格波动的影响。 此外,公司有时向农民支付保险费,以确保他们不从事合同外的销售。 [10] 作为直接采购的一种模式,通常将中间人排除在外,承包农作也可被视为消费者、公司和农民的胜出解决办法。", "9. 国家 各国政府普遍支持承包农业。 [11] 他们认为这是增加农民收入、吸引外国投资并减轻政府财政负担的一种方式,因为与生产者有长期合同关系的买方往往提供传统上由政府提供的服务和类型的支助。 因此,公司从政府促进承包农业的财政鼓励措施,如减税或减税,也并非罕见。", "B. 澄清食物权的影响", "10个 合同农业是否有助于实现食物权将取决于具体情况、具体的合同安排以及在何种程度上采取了基于人权的办法。 [12] 因此,东道国、投资者和农民必须考虑传统合同农业模式的一些主要好处和缺点,并找出能够确保合同农业真正使小农受益的标准。 立足人权的方针导致以下标准。", "1. 联合国 国家义务:尊重、保护和履行", "11个 根据国际法,各国有义务尊重、保护和实现取得足够粮食的权利。 尊重的义务要求各国不采取任何导致阻碍获得足够食物的措施。 保护的义务要求各国采取措施,确保企业或个人不剥夺个人取得足够食物的机会(见E/C.12/1999/5, 第15段)。 因此,各国必须控制投资者与买主之间以及农民与生产者之间的长期安排,以防止被滥用的风险,或在确实发生被滥用的情况下,确保提供有效的补救。 它们还必须保护国际劳工组织(劳工组织)核心文书所承认的基本劳工权利,因为不遵守这些权利会导致侵犯国际人权法所承认的工作权和适足生活水准权。 [13] 履行的义务要求各国主动开展活动,加强人民获得和利用资源和手段,确保他们的生计,包括粮食安全(见E/C.12/1999/5, 第15段)。 因此,各国必须在其现有资源所允许的最大限度内创造一个环境,使农业社区能够在确保其权利得到有效保障的条件下达成各种安排,尽管有时各方之间权力严重不平等并存在信息不对称。", "12个 各国还应支持农业社区,提供通过农业实现适足生活水准所需的某些商品和服务。 虽然私人投资者可能提供一些相同的货物和服务,但一些评论家认为合同农业是确保更有效分配这种货物和服务的手段,[14] 将合同农业视为国家在这方面不可或缺的作用的替代是错的。 《食物权自愿准则》准则2.6回顾了以农村为主的贫穷和饥饿国家的义务。 例如,预计各国将通过公共农业推广服务向农民提供技术援助,确保小农以合理价格获得可靠和有保障的信贷,并帮助为小农建立基本的价格支持机制。 [15] 承包农作不应成为推广服务私有化的驱动力,[16] 也不应成为政府忽视其支持农民提供公益品的义务的借口,因为正是最边缘化的农民因国家支持的退缩而受害最深。", "2. 联合国 需要非歧视性的商业模式", "13个 立足人权的方针要求把重点放在最脆弱者身上,他们往往被排除在进步之外。 承包农作计划往往将最贫穷的农民排除在外,他们的土地有限、边缘,投资和生活在偏远地区的资源较少。 研究人员指出,与提供投入、信贷和推广服务以及进行产品收集和分级有关的交易成本不利于公司与小农订立合同,因此,公司往往倾向于与中大规模农民进行接触。 ^(5,9,)[17]除非具体考虑弱势群体和边缘化群体,否则他们可能被排除在这些商业模式寻求创造的机会之外。 此外,小农通常处于较弱的谈判地位。 她们可能不识字,或缺乏在合同谈判中有效维护自己权益的技能。 妇女往往处于边缘地位,特别是在社区一级通过决策进程作出决定时,事实上她们被排斥在决策过程之外。", "3个 需要确保一致性和可持续性", "14个 某些合同安排或商业模式的当事方的利益可能不符合整个社会的利益,解决办法可能无法持续。 例如,合同农业可能将农业生产转向经济作物,而经济作物虽然可能增加一些生产者的收入,但也可能导致当地粮食价格上涨,因为为当地消费生产的粮食会减少,有些社区最贫穷的人可能负担不起粮食。 这可能违反了“每个男子、妇女和儿童,单独或与他人一起,在任何时候都具备取得足够食物的实际和经济条件或获得食物的手段”的规定(见E/C.12/1999/5, 第30段)。 第6页。 经济作物的专业化往往造成生物多样性的丧失,使耕作系统从多样性转向单一耕作,这可能会损害土壤的生物活性并会加速土壤侵蚀。 国家有义务“保护生态可持续性和生态系统的承载能力,以确保为今世后代增加可持续粮食生产的可能性,防止水污染,保护土壤肥力,并促进渔业和林业的可持续管理”(E/CN.4/2005/131,附件,第8.13段)。", "C. 避免粮食链政治经济的负面转变", "15个 对以食物权为基础的合同农业的分析突出了六个潜在的问题。 四是转向承包农业本身,二是部分农民加入的承包农业安排的具体内容.", "1. 联合国 过度专业化和不可持续的农业做法", "16号. 合同种植一般与生产用于出口的商业作物、单一作物和严重依赖化肥和杀虫剂的生产形式有关,往往对人类健康和土壤产生不利影响。 然而,这些后果在承包农业中都不是不可避免的。 如前所述,买方与农民之间的这种合同安排可用于生产作物并在国内市场上销售,有助于加强当地市场,特别是改善农村生产者与城市消费者之间的联系。 合同式耕作可以而且应当包括激励人们按照农业生态学原则,采用植物、树木和动物相结合的办法,走向更加多样化的耕作制度(见A/HRC/16/49)。 虽然合同耕作往往涉及买方提供投入,包括提供矿物肥料,但也可包括规定生产者必须遵守某些环境条件,例如更谨慎地使用农药。", "2. 小农户因粮食价格波动而易受粮食无保障的影响", "17岁 合同种植往往导致生产者从粮食作物转向经济作物。 但是,当农民将其所有作物生产改为合同安排所涵盖的非粮食作物时,他们放弃了为家人生产粮食的能力,从而失去了宝贵的安全网。 这使得农民容易受到粮食价格上涨的影响,特别是如果公司不履行合同义务,或者与粮食价格变化相比,农业收入低于预期。 农民有时还必须管理合同周期之间的差距,在此期间,他们没有从农业中获得任何收入。 [18] 为减轻转向经济作物的风险并由此导致农户依赖市场购买粮食,应把承包农地的一部分留给农民或其他家庭成员来种植粮食作物供家庭消费. 特别是在合同农民受益于技术和技能转让的情况下,这可以有效,从而对非合同农业活动,包括自给作物耕作产生倍增效应。 同样,农民也可以以各种方式利用合同农业活动的副产品和残留物,包括出售副产品或将其用于维持生计的活动。 在马达加斯加,由莱克果承包生产蔬菜的小农将部分土地用于生产大米,主要作物,由于使用堆肥和肥料以及回收蔬菜生产产生的废物,大米生产率从3.6吨/公顷提高到6.0吨/公顷。 在马里,MaliBiocarburant SA(MBSA)承包的小农从麻风树上生产生物柴油,生产了可用作有机肥料的残余 \" 压力蛋糕 \" ,以及用来生产肥皂的甘油。 麻风树与玉米相接,玉米占地表的80%,确保优先种植主食作物。 [19] 这应确保合同农民得到充分保护,避免偶尔发生收成不良或作物价格暴跌的风险。 [20] 这种与适足生活水准相适应的稳定收入的保障至关重要,甚至一种价格机制,如下文所提议,保证生产者的最低价格(除非价格与生产成本和生活成本挂钩)也不会提供同等保障。", "18岁。 除了农户之外,转向经济作物也增加了当地社区易受价格冲击的脆弱性。 如果合同作物是当地市场上现有的可食用产品,那么确保民众(在物质上和经济上)获得充分且文化上可接受的食物可能是有益的。 促进社区享有食物权的一个可能解决办法是,在合同中列入当地销售要求,规定一定比例的作物在当地市场上销售。 [21]", "3个 将小规模农民转变为自己土地上的虚假挣工资的农业工人", " 19. 19. 更一般地说,合同式耕作可能导致丧失对生产的控制,包括对生产哪些作物以及如何生产这些作物的控制。 因此,承包农业可以使农民在自己的土地上基本上成为挣取工资的农业工人,但是没有与有偿劳动有关的福利,如最低工资、病假和其他法定福利。 然后,买方将合同小农视为劳动力市场中介。 这一点在种植园主为了建立小型农场而将种植园拆散之后尤为明显,可能是为了打破工会的权力或剥离企业的责任,对以前的工人产生不利影响。 从这一点来看,承包农作引起了一些问题,涉及家庭农场的工作权和就业条件。 合同农民往往依靠家庭劳力来满足工作要求。 虽然这可以被视为带来更多的就业机会,但往往只是导致更多的家庭成员从事无薪工作,因为这是削减成本和使合同安排有利可图的唯一途径。 在这种情况下,童工可能成为合同农业安排中的一个问题。 [22] 《社会、文化权利国际公约》第10条和《儿童权利公约》第32条规定,各国有义务保护儿童和年轻人免受经济和社会剥削并惩罚他们从事可能有害或妨碍儿童教育或有害儿童健康或身体、精神、道德或社会发展的工作。 各国必须采取有效措施,确保充分尊重禁止童工的规定(见E/C.12/GC/18, 第24段)。 还应当指出的是,根据《公约》第九条,各国必须保障社会保障权,独立生产者也必须能够获得社会保障(见E/C.12/GC/19)。", "20号. 与承包农民雇佣外出劳动力有关的具体问题. 这些劳工可能不受涵盖大种植园农业工人的同一项劳工法的管辖。 《公约》第七条承认工作权的个人方面,指出人人有权享受公正和有利的工作条件。 所有工人都有权获得公平的工资和同等价值的工作同等报酬,没有任何区别;特别是,保障妇女的工作条件不低于男子享有的工作条件,同工同酬;保障她们自己及其家庭过上体面的生活;保障妇女享有安全和健康的工作条件。 然而,小农场工人的工作条件往往比大种植园差。 小农场工人的工资往往极低,而女工的工资往往甚至低于男工. 监督劳工立法的遵守情况是困难的,特别是因为小农场的劳工(与大种植园的农业工人一样)不太可能被工会化,而小农场的劳工就业情况往往不安全。 承包农作使小农场更像大型种植园,在这种情况下,它特别鼓励农民多或少定期雇用外部劳动力。 在这种情况下,劳工立法的执行遇到具体的挑战,最好确保控制生产的买方也控制国内劳工立法的遵守情况。", " 4.四. 性别影响", "21岁 与男子相比,妇女从事合同农业的机会较少。 一项研究发现,在肯尼亚园艺出口行业,妇女只占合同农民的不到10%,在塞内加尔出口的法国豆的59个合同农民样本中,只有一个是妇女。 [23] 妇女从承包农作中受益的能力取决于她们对土地的权利以及家庭内部的权力关系,或者当合同通过社区代表或农民组织谈判时,这些团体内部的权力关系。 实际上,即使大多数工作实际上由妻子和其他家庭成员完成,但由丈夫作为户主签署合同也并非罕见,南非的糖合同种植或印度旁遮普的蔬菜合同种植就证明了这一点。 [24] 此外,研究表明,当作物生产是为了现金而不是当地消费时,妇女就失去对决策的控制。 虽然妇女决定如何使用为自我消费而生产的粮食,但她们并不决定如何使用家庭收入。 因此,除非合同农业的框架尊重妇女权利并对性别问题敏感,否则将破坏两性平等。 [25] 例如,在肯尼亚进行的豆类合同农业研究显示,虽然妇女完成了大部分工作,但她们从合同中获得的收入有限。 此外,当她们确实收到现金时,即使丈夫对此负有责任,她们也应为家庭开支作贡献。 [26] 提高妇女地位不仅是保障平等待遇权的问题,也是提高生产力的手段,因为获得更大比例的作物收入的妇女将更能鼓励增加生产。 此外,家庭粮食安全和儿童的健康、营养和教育都得益于妇女收入的提高,而男子收入的提高则带来了收益。 妇女决定如何支付家庭收入的人数越多,通常用于满足儿童需要的人数就越多;25 当母亲控制家庭预算时,儿童的生存机会增加20%(见A/HRC/13/32, 第58段)。", "5 (韩语). 使小农陷入债务周期的可能性", "22号. 虽然买方以批发价格购买投入的能力可能使他们能够通过更低的价格将储蓄转嫁给农民,但当农民只能通过买方获得投入时,买方对这些投入的收费将高于市场价格。 在磋商过程中,特别报告员收到了一份来文,其中指出,在没有公共服务的情况下,承包农作可能造成小农对其承包公司提供的技术、信贷、投入和服务的潜在破坏性依赖。 这不仅表明政府有可能放弃其支持农业社区的义务,提供适当的公益物,希望私人投资者能够填补这一空白,而且还突出了合同农业对农民的主要不利影响之一,即有可能使他们陷入债务循环。 一种常见的情况是,农民必须按合同要求借钱投资农业生产,然后由于市场价格下跌或收成差等原因,没有挣到足够的钱来还债。 如果对土地的投资具体涉及一种生产,而承包公司是唯一的买主,则这种风险尤其重要,这种限制可能被公司利用来行使垄断权力,从而逐渐地将较低的价格强加给农民。 依赖复杂生产和加工技术以及大多数种植者不熟悉的、需要大量资本支出的大量专门投入的作物大大增加了种植者面临的风险,马拉维小农糖业管理局和小农茶业管理局的合同耕作计划就说明了这一点。 [27] (中文(简体) ). 由此产生的债务循环可能使农民陷入合同安排中,这种安排既不是最佳的,也不是轻易放弃的,原因要么是债务本身,要么是因为其他原因,例如土壤因大量使用农药而退化,要么是因为农民已同以前的交易伙伴失去关系,无法重新确立传统的种植方法或产品,或过于依赖公司提供其他服务。", "6. 国家 权力不对称造成的不公平合同", "23. 联合国 农民在签订合同前的讨价还价地位往往很弱. 他们的信息和谈判技巧通常低于其商业伙伴,法律知识水平也较低。 确定价格的方式、对提供投入的扣减、可以终止合同的条件以及评估产品质量等级的方式都是合同条款可能严重偏向买方的领域。", "24 (韩语). 根据这种条款,公司可以拒绝交付的产品,谎称它们不符合质量规定,从而在市场价格低廉时将经济损失转移给农民。 当合同规定的价格机制不透明时,企业可以操纵价格,使用复杂的价格公式,数量计量或价格计量. 他们还可以操纵交货时间表,从市场价格变化或价格所依据的产品质量变化中获益(例如,在价格以苏克罗斯水平为基础时,由于收成后苏克罗斯水平会迅速下降而推迟购买甘蔗)。", "三. 合同应当纳入的要素", "25岁 各国应注意下述一些问题,以确保合同农业安排有助于实现食物权。 农业企业也可以发挥作用。 根据其尊重人权的责任(见人权理事会第17/4号决议),它们应设法将良好做法纳入与小农的交往。 特别报告员强调了可以改进的七个领域。", "A类. 长期经济可行性", "26. 联合国 这种安排对有关各方必须是可行的。 如果买方认为合同不可行,合同可以终止,或者买方在财政压力下可能背弃义务,对农民的生计产生不利影响。 如果这种安排对农民来说不可行,例如由于无法持续承受的债务,买方可能在短期内面临供应问题并与其他农民产生高昂的声誉成本,这可能会使买方更难与其他生产者达成长期安排。 协议的结构应使农民和公司都受益,使双方都希望遵守合同,没有强烈的违反合同的动机。", "B. 在谈判中支持小农户", "27个 为了满足上述第一个条件,并且由于小农户的谈判地位相对薄弱,他们应当有机会对合同条款的措词作出贡献,确保合同反映农民的需求,并将义务写入农民会理解的术语中。 农民组织在支持合同谈判和提供咨询方面可以发挥关键作用,农民的谈判地位通过在代表成员进行谈判的合作社中组织起来而得到加强。 这也降低了买方的交易成本,并可通过提供集体贷款和改善沟通来降低农民违约的风险。 合同签订后,必须向农民提供合同副本. 对于文盲当事方,应由农民代表、农民组织或支助性非政府组织审查书面合同。 还应向有关政府机构提供副本,以确保适当的监督并减少滥用条款的风险。", "C. 两性平等", "28岁 合同应写在妇女名下,如果妇女是农场的主要劳动者,或者如果是夫妇,则写在双方名下。 不应自动以男性户主或耕地所有权的男性持有者的名义提出。", "D. 定价", "29. 国家 定价机制应明确而透明,并显示价格如何包括生产成本、风险和收益。 虽然存在各种价格模式(例如以市场为基础的即时定价、分价、固定价格和灵活价格模式),但特别报告员认为,理想的定价机制是仿照公平贸易计划所采用的公式。 应根据满足生产成本和确保所有有关工人(酌情包括家庭成员)的生活工资的需要,保证生产者的最低固定价格(见A/HRC/13/33, 第14至17段),但如果市场价格上涨,买方支付的价格应更高。 例如,这是MBSA用于收购马里小农户所生产的麻风病的价格确定机制。 以合作社联盟为代表的农民得到最低价格的保证,比起泵上柴油的价格,最低价格可能会提高。 这消除了生产者在合同条款之外销售商品的诱惑,从而消除了买方密切监测生产者业务的需要。 因此,它保证买方获得稳定的供应,同时降低与大量小规模供应商订约有关的交易成本。 定价机制应接受独立的仲裁机制的制约,应向农民提供国际交易商品的市场价格,以减少与当事方之间信息不对称有关的风险。", "E. 质量标准", "30岁。 标准必须明确而具体,以便公司不能操纵模糊标准的适用。 另一方面,它们不应过于复杂,这也可能使公司操纵标准。 企业应向农民展示标准。 此外,公司代表应及早解释如何对作物进行分级。", "F. 环境可持续性", "31岁 承包农作应越来越多地寻求促进农业生态形式的生产,并提供充分的知识和生物投入。 如果以可持续、知识密集型的生产方式为基础,依靠农场生育力的产生和虫害管理,而不是依靠外部投入,则合同式耕作将提高其可持续性。 如果合同规定投入密集型生产方式,具体要求应确保生产者依赖外部投入(特别是改良种子和化学肥料品种)不会导致承包农民依赖性增加的情况:(a) 当投入由买方提供时,应当收取合理的价格,价格永远不得超过商业价格;(b) 应当向农民提供寻求保险的可能性,保护他们不受所售投入价格变化的影响;(c) 应当优先考虑其他形式的支持,特别是技术咨询,确保测试和推广可持续做法,包括生物控制、堆肥、多作物种植或农林业。", "G. 调解和争端解决", "32. 联合国 合同应当通过适当的管理结构促进当事方之间的沟通,并应当确定解决争端的方法。 应当承认,在绝大多数案件中,如果一方当事人不遵守合同要求,则不能诉诸法院,因为所涉金额太少,而且在许多发展中国家,实际上农村穷人无法诉诸法院。 另一方面,买方不愿意采用正式的法律程序,这不仅是因为这样做不切实际,而且因为与农业社区的关系有可能变成酸。 [28] 真正的制裁机制是合同关系的破裂。 农民认为关系不平衡的,将拒绝继续供货给买主;企业认为买主不符合规定预期的,将停止向买主购买. [29] 因此,虽然法律制度是现有的主要问责机制之一,但应当建立其他机制。 其中包括谈判空间、独立仲裁机制、农民可以提出关切的论坛以及非政府组织或第三方调解冲突。 双方应定期召开会议,确保沟通的连贯性,以便及早发现问题。 可以制定具体的配额,确保妇女在代表承包农民的委员会中有公平的代表性。", "四、结 论 其他可使小农受益的商业模式", "33. (中文(简体) ). 承包农作很少鼓励农民爬上价值链并进入其产品的包装、加工或销售。 承包养殖的目的是组织销售者与购买者分工,其中销售者仅限于生活商品的生产. 此外,所有战略决定——关于什么是增长以及如何增长以及针对哪个市场——都是由买方作出的。 制片人只是执行人. 最后,在承包农作中,双方的利益各有不同:虽然双方都对安排的成功有明显的利益,但合同条款将多少对双方有利,而牺牲另一方的利益. 因此,应探讨其他商业模式。", "34. 国家 特别报告员认为,农民控制的企业、合资企业和社区支持的农业计划为重新思考食物链的政治经济提供了令人感兴趣和相辅相成的方法,有利于小农。 虽然本节没有研究其他几种商业模式,但在此探讨的模式强调需要更广泛地思考农业投资和小农进入市场的问题。", "A. 农民控制的企业", "35. 联合国 可以鼓励农民建立自己的合作社、农民协会或集体。 [31] 虽然这些由农民控制的企业可以签订合同耕作计划(条件对成员更为有利),但它们也可以加强农民在与投入供应商和商品购买者打交道时的谈判技巧和谈判地位;它们可以便利进入市场,并走向作物的加工、包装和销售;它们可以提高其成员的能力,为设计和执行影响他们的公共政策作出贡献(见A/HRC/13/33, 第30和31段)。 例如,菲律宾有集体营销的农民的总收入(由MASIAPAG网络支持,覆盖35 000名从事可持续农业的农民)比其他农民的收入高出约45%。 [32] (中文(简体) ).", "36. (中文(简体) ). 集体所有制模式可以使小农户对其土地和生产拥有比传统的合同农业安排更多的自主权,还可以切断可能占用一大部分收入的中间人。 集体耕作还可以增强女农民的能力,加强她们对土地的主张并保护其工作权利。", "37. 农民控制的企业也面临自己的挑战。 大型组织可能无法对个体农民的需求作出反应,过去一些国家控制的合作社就是这种情况。 小型团结团体一般比对成员反应不大的大型组织更成功。 组织农民需要付出很大努力,对时间有限的农民可能效率不高. 特别是在该集团内民主控制薄弱的地方,这些组织可能并不总是为其成员带来经济利益。 领导层在管理和业务技能方面可能缺乏良好培训。 对成员的问责必须与持续和有效领导的必要性相平衡,例如,规定专业管理人员向选举产生的合作社理事会报告,而不必接受选举,例如危地马拉的一个合作社的例子。 由外部行为者组成并得到发展行为者支持的组织,如果其生存能力取决于它们获得的支助水平,则从长远来看可能无法持续。 当农民控制的企业由非政府组织、发展组织或公共部门组成和领导时,不妨为外部支助的结束规定时限。 企业成立后,在业务计划中制定这种退出战略,应当确保企业是可持续的,并且能够自立。", "B. 合资企业", "38. 国家 农民(一般通过其组织)和私人投资者可以建立合资企业,由各方提供现金或实物。 从理论上讲,这种商业模式确保双方是平等的伙伴,是该项目的共同所有者。 双方持有合营企业的股权,同时保留各自的法律地位并分享合营企业取得的利得或损失. 使农民能够成为股东,使他们能够影响公司治理和谈判价格政策,分享利益(无论是再投资还是作为股息分配),并改善获得信贷和其他与农场有关的服务的机会。 [33]", "39. 联合国 例如,由代表加纳68 000名可可生产农民的Kuapa Kokoo农民联盟(KFU)于1998年成立了Divine巧克力有限公司(前称Day巧克力公司)和TWIN Trading,这是一个设在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国的成员组织,由来自8个国家的24个农民合作社组成,致力于为163 000个农民家庭生产的咖啡、坚果、可可、糖和水果发展公平贸易供应链。 Christian Aid、Comic Relief和Oikocredit是一家小额供资机构,它们也通过分享股份支持合资企业。 身体商店后来将其股份捐赠给KKFU。 联合王国国际开发部担保一家主要商业银行提供银行信贷额度,使Divine Cocolica更好地获得融资,并使该公司能够向KKFU提供更多股份,从而在业务中获得了更大的决策权. KKFU现在拥有Divine巧克力45%的股份,以及2007年创立的Divine美国分公司的33%的股份. Divine Coocle在其头9年的运营中卖出价值超过7150万美元的巧克力. 2001年,在抵消了设置成本后,首次支付了股利. 它们仍然是象征性的(每个成员直接支付一美元),但超过KKFU的固定价格、公平贸易溢价以及农民支助和发展方案的好处,Divine在其头10年的运作中为此捐助了122多万美元。 这项安排促进创收活动,支持社区项目(包括井眼、学校、卫生设施和磨坊)以及农民培训和参与性决策。 [34]", " 40. 40. MBSA是另一个有希望的合资企业模式,其重点是在荷兰私营机构投资者和荷兰政府的支持下,与布基纳法索和马里的小农合作生产麻风病生物柴油。 2009年,马里有2 611名农民参与,在3 250公顷土地上种植了160万棵麻风树。 农民由12个合作社组成,参加农民联盟。 工会与MBSA谈判麻风病价格,并给农民提供支持. 农民工会在公司的董事会中有代表,拥有该公司20%的股份。 因此,农民作为股东直接受益于农产品销售和红利付款。", "41. 国家 然而,合资经营并不是万能药。 一些研究表明,这一模式不一定能为小农提供更好的生计,或改善农村发展和实现食物权。 该公司经常控制所有商业决策,合资企业可能操纵账户以避免支付红利。 例如,南非在鼓励1994年后土地归还和再分配方案的受益者与农业企业建立合资企业或缔结租回协议,允许前土地所有人在有时被认为不公平的条件下使用其土地之后,[35] 出现问题;在马来西亚,政府根据“Konsep Baru”(新概念)计划,鼓励在沙巴和沙捞越根据土著传统权利在土地上生产棕榈油,形式是私营种植园公司(60%的股份)、当地社区(30%)和半官方机构(10%)三方合资经营,其中当地社区实际上放弃了合资企业内所有日常决策权。", "42. 国家 为了减少这种风险,农民组织和东道国政府应在合资企业的董事会中有代表,其中应包括对少数股东的保障。 当地伙伴也可派代表参加控股公司的董事会。", "C. 社区支持的农业", "43. 东帝汶 直接对消费者的粮食销售是将小农户与市场联系起来的更创新的方法,其条件使他们能够增加收入并同时控制其生产。 近年来,当地粮食系统虽然仍然相对边缘,但在一系列发达国家取得了显著进展。 在美利坚合众国,直通消费者的粮食销售在十年中翻了一番多,从1997年的5.51亿美元增加到2007年的12亿美元,农民市场从1998年的2 756个增加到2009年的5 274个。 1986年有两个得到社区支持的组织,而现在估计有1,400个这样的组织。 美国农业部估计,2007年有136,817个农场直接向消费者出售. [36] 现代社区支持的农业在日本以Teikei系统出现,现在在加拿大和法国等几个国家出现强劲增长, \" 农业主干协会 \" 网络现在包括1,200个社区支持的农业计划。 虽然这些举措往往与消费者对有机产品需求的增加有关,但这些举措确保农民获得有保障的产品出口和稳定的收入。", "44. 国家 在巴西的贝洛奥里藏特和南非的德班,通过重新界定当地粮食系统,将小农与当地消费者联系起来的两次令人感兴趣的尝试。 特别报告员在2009年和2011年对这些国家进行正式访问时仔细研究了这两个例子。 1993年,贝洛·奥里藏特通过了一项国内法,在粮食主权概念的基础上制定了政策框架并设立了粮食政策和供应秘书处。 在这个框架内,它寻求建立各种渠道,以负担得起的方式获得健康的食物。 由于通常发现传统市场对低收入群体来说过于昂贵,而且由于城市最贫穷地区,即贫民窟,在粮食分配方面通常得不到很好的服务,秘书处建立了流动粮食分配服务。 它寻求通过政府购买食品和奖励优先安排当地生产者的方式支持家庭农业,将这种支助视为减少向城市迁移和鼓励有机生产方法的关键。 重新思考了该市的地方粮食系统,将整个粮食系统的物流和供应链结合起来,并将当地生产者直接与消费者捆绑起来以降低价格。 2008年,通过公开程序选出的贝洛奥里藏特8个农村城市的34名生产者被分配到全市的固定销售点,他们的出产价格和质量受到监管,以确保食品能够负担得起和健康。 同年,该市经营了49个常规市场和7个有机市场,使周边地区97个小生产者受益.", "45. 国家 在德班市/埃特克韦尼市,人口接近400万人,市内一个新的农业管理科不仅寻求支持社区食品园,而且寻求支持社区小型农场和新兴商业农场。 该市确定了26个农民协会和800个社区花园,旨在改善与城市居民的市场联系。 据估计,如果有充足的支助,这种花园可创造60 000个就业机会。 市镇的一个关键目标是通过向城市中心出售剩余粮食,在新鲜和负担得起的粮食方面日益自给自足。 农业管理科设立了6个中心,以推行这一战略——实际上,这些中心是支持当地农民并提高其产品销售能力的中心,包括展示农业生态技术的地点、农业生态学研究与发展中心、培训地点、包装和营销中心以及未来种子库。", " V. 结论和建议", "46. 经常预算: 特别报告员从对替代商业模式的审查中得出结论,这些模式对实现食物权都具有潜在风险和好处,各国政府可发挥关键作用,保护个人免受许多风险的影响,并确保合同农业和其他商业模式支持小生产者、其当地社区和全体人民的食物权。", "47. 国家 各国政府应支持组织农民参加合作社和其他类型的生产者组织,以改善农民的谈判地位并帮助他们在价值链上走入产品的包装、加工和销售业务,并帮助他们在更好的条件下获得投入并销售其产品。 这一条件对于确保投资者与农民组织之间谈判的公正性是必要的。 各国政府还可以向农民或其组织提供法律咨询,以加强其谈判地位,并确保他们选择订立的任何合同在经济上对他们来说都是可持续的。", " 48. 48. 作为其实现食物权的国家战略的一部分,各国政府应创造一个有利于发展当地市场的环境,使小农户受益,并创造一系列选择方案,将农村地区的小农户与城市消费者联系起来。 农民在市场准入方面拥有的替代办法越多,他们与私营实体就承包农作或合资经营协议条款进行谈判的地位就越强。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 各国政府有责任在其现有资源所允许的最大限度内支持实现食物权,向小农提供适当的支持,包括:", "(a) 提供稳定和可靠的基础设施服务,如道路、水、电和通信;", "(b) 支持传统和批发市场;", "(c) 制定办法,使小农户能攀上价值链,包括在当地或区域一级确定生产者、包装者、加工者和零售商之间可以建立何种伙伴关系;", "(d) 要求公共推广服务就如何与公司建立合资企业或如何建立由农民控制的经营实体向农民提供建议。", " 50. 50. 各国政府还可以通过财政奖励或以投标人遵守某些采购要求为条件,鼓励小规模农民提供优惠采购。", "51. 联合国 各国政府应确保贸易商之间的竞争程度足以防止农民在某一作物没有其他买主的情况下与某一特定贸易商建立不平等的关系。 特别是,政府应确保扩大合同农业不会导致公共支助计划被取消和农业推广服务私有化,这将缩小小农户的可选办法范围并增加无组织的小农户与在国家、区域或全球范围运作的私营行为者之间的权力不对称。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 各国政府应确保监管监督与商业模式,包括小规模农业的扩展程度和复杂性保持同步。 应规范合同的某些关键条款,包括关于定价、质量等级和提供投入的条件的条款,以及将一部分土地用于生产粮食作物供自食其力。 合同一旦经当事方同意,可接受当局的审查,以确保查明任何滥用情况,并酌情予以补救;此外,还应提供非司法性的争端解决机制。 应特别注意上文第三节所指明的七大关键方面和合同农业的良好做法。 此外,政府机构应:", "(a) 监测合同农业的劳动条件,确保这种农业的扩大不会导致对廉价家庭劳动力的过度剥削或对农业工人的劳动权利的间接下行压力;", "(b) 将它们对合同耕作的支助与遵守某些环境条件(例如减少使用化肥或植树)联系起来,或与通过一项业务计划相挂钩,该计划规定逐步转向更可持续的耕作方式。", "53. 联合国 国家粮食安全机构应监测和评估本报告所探讨的各种商业模式对实现食物权的贡献。 这些机构可以借鉴巴西全国粮食和营养安全委员会的工作或南非人权委员会关于粮食安全问题的具体工作。 政府还应建立论坛,让生产者、加工者、零售商和消费者讨论食品链的公平性,以确保农民生产的食品得到公平的价格。 这些论坛可审查:", "(a) 国家 农场大门价格与零售价格的关系,以及两者之间的楔形是否保持在合理的幅度内;", "(b) 国家 如何在生产者和消费者之间建立更直接的联系。", "这应被视为发展当地粮食系统的大型企业的一部分,从而为小规模农业生产建立替代渠道。", "54. 联合国 农业企业在与小规模农户打交道时,应采纳第三节确定的七项良好做法。", "55. 国家 发展伙伴和国际组织可以确保合同农业计划有利于贫穷的小规模粮食生产者并尊重适足食物权的原则,包括提高社区组织与私营部门谈判公平协议的能力,促进当地社区参与合资企业的股本投资,或支持农民控制的企业获得攀升价值链所必要的资产和管理技能,因为往往需要初始支持才能开办能够自我维持的企业。", "[1] 本报告主要提及作物生产,但大多数经验教训可被广泛设想的农业其他部门所取用。", "[2] C. Eaton和A. Shepherd, Contract Farming:促进增长的伙伴关系(联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织),罗马,2001年)。", "[3] M. Brüntrup和R. Peltzer,“移民——撒哈拉以南非洲农村地区发展和减贫的关键”,DEG/DIE讲习班报告,2006年8月18日(2007年,波恩)。", "[4] C. da Silva, “合同农业在农产食品系统发展中的作用越来越大:驱动因素、理论和实践”,农业管理、营销和金融服务部门工作文件,第9号(粮农组织,罗马,2005年)。", "[5] R. Rama和J. Wilkinson,“发展中国家的外国直接投资和农业食品价值链:主要问题审查”,《2007-2008年商品市场评论》(粮农组织,罗马,2008年)。", "[6] 根据为欧洲委员会进行的一项研究,虽然大多数买主倾向于与中等规模的农户打交道,因为与小规模农户签订合同会导致高交易成本(包括监测费用),但小规模农户可能被认为有吸引力的一些原因包括:他们依赖廉价(无报酬)的家庭劳动力,以及他们的依赖程度较高,因为他们通常很难进入市场,除非通过买方。", "[7] B. Vorley等人, “包括小农的商业模式”,载于Agro-Industries for Development, C. da Silva等编。 (罗马,CAB国际和粮农组织,2009年)。", "[8] 见B. Minten等, “全球零售链和贫穷农民:马达加斯加的证据”,LECOS讨论文件,第164/06号(表明来自马达加斯加高地的小型合同农民为欧洲的超市生产蔬菜,在买方的支持下遵守复杂的标准和植物检疫要求,比向当地零售商销售的农民享有更高的福利、更短的缩短时间和更稳定的收入)。 需要指出的是,这些调查结果与一家公司Lecoruke(马达加斯加水果公司)的收购做法密切相关,该公司是马达加斯加高价值蔬菜的主要出口国,从该国9 000多家合同农民那里购买,每家平均种植不到一公顷。", "[9] S. Setboonsarng,“减贫全球伙伴关系:合同农业和区域合作”,亚洲开发银行研究所讨论文件第89号(2008年2月)。", "[10] P. Birthal,“使合同农业在小农农业中工作”,国家农业经济学和政策研究中心,新德里。", "[11] 特别见非洲发展新伙伴关系, \" 契约农业为非洲农业下降带来了新的希望 \" ,东非政策简报,第2号(南非约翰内斯堡,2006年)。", "[12] 关于批评意见,见D. Glover和K. Kuster,《小农、大企业:承包农业和农村发展》(纽约,圣马丁出版社,1990年);P. Little和M. Watts (编),《在合同之下生活:撒哈拉以南非洲承包农业和土地改革》(麦迪逊,威斯康星大学出版社,1994年)。", "[13] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第六条和第十一条;另见A/HRC/13/33, 第13至20段。", "[14] L. Ortega和M. Dirven,“农产工业和小规模农业:不同经验的比较综合”,LC/R.1663号报告(拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会,圣地亚哥,1996年)。", "[15] 例如,见粮农组织,“成功之路:农业生产和粮食安全的成功事例”(罗马,2009年)。", "[16] 见P. Birthal等,“高价值食品的有效协调:对小农的影响”, MTID讨论文件第85号(国际粮食政策研究所,市场、贸易和机构司,华盛顿特区,2005年)和I.Delforge,“泰国的契约农业:农场的观点”,《聚焦全球南方》,专题文件2(2007年,曼谷)。", "[17] N. Key和D. Runsten,“拉丁美洲的承包农业、小农户和农村发展:农产品加工企业的组织和外围种植者生产的规模”,《世界发展》,第27卷,第2号(1999年2月);P. Simmons等人,《世界发展》,1999年3月。 “对印度尼西亚东爪哇、巴厘和伦博克的合同农业的分析”,农业经济学,第33卷,第3期(2005年11月);J. Coulter等人, “在自由化的撒哈拉以南非洲地区为提供服务进行农民合作和合同农业”,《自然资源展望》,第48号(1999年第5期)。 然而,关于这一点的证据有好有坏。 关于对小农没有偏见的论点,见脚注16。", "[18] I. Delforge,“泰国承包农业:农场的观点”(见脚注16)。", "[19] 人权与全球正义中心,“外国土地交易与人权:农业和生物燃料投资案例研究”(纽约大学法学院,2010年)。", "[20] 事实上,对于不愿意冒险的小农来说,这种保证对于加入合同农业计划可能是必不可少的。 见H. Binswanger,“风险研究:印度农村的实验测量”,《美国农业经济学杂志》,第62卷,第3号(1980年)(表明小农户可能更喜欢低而稳定的收入,而不是潜在的较高收益,但与较高风险有关)。", "[21] L. Cotula,“投资合同与可持续发展:如何为更公平和更可持续的自然资源投资订立合同”,《自然资源问题》第20期,国际环境与发展研究所(环发所)(伦敦,2010年)。", "[22] S. Singh,“印度合同农业:对妇女和儿童工人的影响”,门卫丛刊第111号,IIED(2003年,伦敦)。", "[23] M.Maertens和J.Swinnen,“现代供应链是否是两性不平等的承担者?” ,在劳工组织-粮农组织关于“性别和农村就业:有区别地摆脱贫穷的途径”讲习班上提出的论文(2009年,罗马)。", "[24] 见J. Behrman等, “大规模土地交易的性别影响”,IFPRI讨论文件,第01056号,国际粮食政策研究所(2011年,华盛顿特区)。", "[25] 见M.-K. 陈 2010年比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会的“改善妇女在小农供应链中的机会”。", "[26] C. Dolan,“农业转型中的性别和巫术:肯尼亚园艺案例”,《发展与变革》,第33卷,第4期(2002年9月)。", "[27] (中文(简体) ). 这个例子的具体内容是,国家而不是私人购买者根据这个计划与农民签订合同,向种植者提供信贷、作物投入和推广服务,种植者必须偿还这些费用。 小农参与成本过高,因为种植小地块的固定成本,包括支付推广服务费用最高。 见M. Warning和W. Soo Hoo,“合同农业对收入分配的影响:理论和证据”,为西方经济协会国际年会(2000年)编写的文件。", "[28] J. Kirsten和K. Sartorius,“将发展中国家的农产企业和小农挂钩:承包农业是否有新的作用?” 《南部非洲发展》,第19卷,第4号(2002年)。", "[29] M. Warning和N. Key, “承包农作的社会表现和分配后果:塞内加尔Arachide de Bouche方案的平衡分析”,《世界发展》,第30卷,第2号(2002年);H. Guo等人,《世界发展》,第3卷,第2页。 “中国的契约农业:供应链还是球和链?” ,在2005年第15届国际粮食和农业企业管理协会论坛和专题讨论会上发表的论文。", "[30] 见S. Vermeulen和L. Cotula, “充分利用农业投资:对为小农户提供机会的商业模式的调查”,IED/FAO/国际农业发展基金(农发基金)/瑞士发展与合作署(SDC)(伦敦/罗马/伯恩,2010年)。", "[31] 见脚注17中的J. Coulter等。", "[32] L. Bachmann等(编),粮食安全和农民赋权,MASIAPAG(菲律宾洛斯巴尼奥斯,2009年)。", "[33] M. de Koning和B. de Steenhuijsen Piters,“军火商作为股东:对最近经验的仔细研究”,皇家热带研究所公报,第390号(2009年)。", "[34] L. Cotula和R. Leonard (编),“土地收购的替代办法:农业投资和合作商业模式”,第一章。 2, IED/SDC/农发基金/Centro Terra Viva(伦敦/伯恩/罗马/马普托,2010年)。", "[35] 奥弗雷内奥, “土地改革的租回模式:优势、弱点和选择”,经济改革行动,贫穷系列(2000年9月);菲律宾的类似情况,C. Flores-Obanil和M. Manahan,“租回安排:扭转菲律宾土地改革的成果”,《农业公报》,第1卷,第2期(2006年)。", "[36] S. Martinez等人, “地方粮食系统:概念、影响和问题”,美国农业部,第ERR-97号经济研究报告(2010年5月)。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 118", "Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly", "Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly: status of documentation for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "Report of the Secretary-General", "The present addendum contains the status of documentation for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly as at 3 August 2011. The agenda item numbers correspond to those of the provisional agenda (A/66/150).", "Acronyms and abbreviations", "ACABQ\tAdvisory Committee on Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions\n BOA Board of Auditors \n DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs \n DFS Department of Field Support \nDGACM\tDepartment for General Assembly and ConferenceManagement\n DM Department of Management \n DPA Department of Political Affairs \n DPI Department of Public Information \n DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations \n DSS Department of Safety and Security \n EOSG Executive Office of the Secretary-General \n IAAC Independent Audit Advisory Committee \n IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency \n ICJ International Court of Justice \n ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda \n ICTY International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia \n ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Reduction \n OAJ Office of the Administration of Justice \n OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs \n ODA Office for Disarmament Affairs \nOHCHR\tOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner forHuman Rights\nOHRLLS\tOffice of the High Representative for the LeastDeveloped Countries, Landlocked Developing Countriesand Small Island Developing States\n OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services \n OLA Office of Legal Affairs \n OSAA Office of the Special Adviser on Africa \nOSRSG/CAC\tOffice of the Special Representative of theSecretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict\n RCNYO Regional Commissions New York Office \n UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity \n UNCDD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification \n UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development \n UNDP United Nations Development Programme \n UNEP United Nations Environment Programme \nUNFCCC\tUnited Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange\n UNFIP United Nations Fund for International Partnerships \n UNFPA United Nations Population Fund \n UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme \nUNHCR\tOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees\n UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund \n UNJSPF United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund \n UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime \n UNOOSA United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs \nUNRWA\tUnited Nations Relief and Works Agency for PalestineRefugees in the Near East\nUNSCEAR\tUnited Nations Scientific Committee on the Effectsof Atomic Radiation\nUN-Women\tUnited Nations Entity for Gender Equality and theEmpowerment of Women", "Status of documentation for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "Item/sub-item\tSymbolDocument title\tMeetingdate\tAuthor\tSlotdateofsubmission\tDatereceived\tDateissued \n1.\tOpening of the session bythe President of theGeneral Assembly \n\tNo advance documentation\t13/9/2011 \n2.\tMinute of silent prayeror meditation \n\tNo advance documentation\t13/9/2011 \n3.\tCredentials ofrepresentatives to thesixty-sixth session ofthe General Assembly \n(b)\tA/66/\t12/12/2011\tOLA\t7/12/2011 \n\tReport of the CredentialsCommittee \n4.\tElection of the Presidentof the General Assembly \n No advance documentation \n5.\tElection of the officersof the Main Committees \n No advance documentation \n6.\tElection of theVice-Presidents of theGeneral Assembly \n No advance documentation \n7.\tOrganization of work,adoption of the agendaand allocation of items:reports of the GeneralCommittee \n\tA/66/50 DGACM\t15/2/2011\t11/2/2011\t14/2/2011\n\tPreliminary list of itemsto be included in theprovisional agenda of thesixty-sixth regularsession of the GeneralAssembly \n\tA/66/100 DGACM\t15/6/2011\t20/4/2011\t15/6/2011\n\tAnnotated preliminarylist of items to beincluded in theprovisional agenda of thesixty-sixth regularsession of the GeneralAssembly \n\tA/66/150 DGACM\t15/7/2011\t8/7/2011\t15/7/2011\n\tProvisional agenda of thesixty-sixth regularsession of the GeneralAssembly \n\tA/66/100/Add.1 DGACM\t12/8/2011 \n\tAnnotated draft agenda ofthe sixty-sixth regularsession of the GeneralAssembly (addendum) \n\tA/66/200 DGACM\t24/8/2011 \n\tList of supplementaryitems proposed forinclusion in the agendaof the sixty-sixthsession of the GeneralAssembly \n\tA/BUR/66/1 DGACM\t13/9/2011 \n\tMemorandum by theSecretary-General:Organization of thesixty-sixth regularsession of the GeneralAssembly, adoption of theagenda and allocation ofitems \n\tA/66/250 DGACM\t15/9/2011 \n\tFirst report of theGeneral Committee:Organization of thesixty-sixth regularsession of the GeneralAssembly, adoption of theagenda and allocation ofitems \n\tA/66/251 DGACM\t19/9/2011 \n\tAgenda of the sixty-sixthsession of the GeneralAssembly \n\tA/66/252 DGACM\t19/9/2011 \n\tAllocation of agendaitems for the sixty-sixthsession of the GeneralAssembly \n8.\tGeneral debate \n\tNo advance documentation\t21/9/2011 \n9.\tReport of the Economicand Social Council \n\tA/66/3 (Suppl.)\t19/10/2011\tDGACM\t22/8/2011 \n\tReport of the Economicand Social Council(Suppl. No. 3) \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tUNFPA\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Executive Directorof the United NationsPopulation Fund on theUnited Nations PopulationAward, 2011 \n10.\tSport for peace anddevelopment \n\tNo advance documentation\t17/10/2011 \n11.\tGlobal road safety crisis \n\tA/66/\t12/12/2011\tDESA\t3/10/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the World HealthOrganization on improvingglobal road safety \n12.\t2001-2010: Decade to RollBack Malaria inDeveloping Countries,Particularly in Africa \n\tA/66/\t11/10/2011\tDESA\t29/7/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onconsolidating gains andaccelerating efforts tocontrol and eliminatemalaria in developingcountries, particularlyin Africa, by 2015 \n13.\tIntegrated andcoordinatedimplementation of andfollow-up to the outcomesof the major UnitedNations conferences andsummits in the economic,social and related fields \n\tA/66/160\t19/10/2011\tOCHA\t22/7/2011\t19/7/2011\t28/7/2011\n\tHuman security: Note bythe Secretariat \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t04/8/2011 \n\tAnnual report of theindependent expert onhuman rights obligationsrelated to access to safedrinking water andsanitation \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport with options forconsideration by theFifth Committee, toprovide adequatefinancing to fundunforeseen andextraordinary expensesarising from resolutionsand decisions of theHuman Rights Council \n14.\tGlobal Agenda forDialogue amongCivilization \n\tNo advance documentation\t17/10/2011 \n15.\tCulture of peace \n\tA/66/\t17/10/2011\tDESA\t8/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportby the Director-Generalof the United NationsEducational, Scientificand Cultural Organizationon the InternationalDecade for a Culture ofPeace and Non-Violence \n\tA/66/280\t17/10/2011\tDESA\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onintercultural,interreligiousintercivilizationaldialogue \n16.\tInformation andcommunicationtechnologies fordevelopment \n\tA/66/77-E/2011/103\t17/10/2011\tDESA\t9/5/2011\t4/5/2011\t23/5/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theenhanced cooperation onpublic policy issuespertaining to theInternet \n\tA/66/64-E/2011/77\t17/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onprogress made in theimplementation of andfollow-up to the outcomesof the World Summit onthe Information Societyat the regional andinternational levels \n\tA/66/ -E/2011/\t17/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tReport of the WorkingGroup on improvements tothe Internet GovernanceForum \n17.\tMacroeconomic policyquestions \n\tA/66/15 (Part I) (Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tUNCTAD 30/3/2011\t\n\tReport of the Trade andDevelopment Board on itsfifty-first executivesession (Geneva, 29-30November 2010) (Suppl.No. 15) (Part I) \n\tA/66/15 (Part II)(Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tReport of the Trade andDevelopment Board on itsfifty-second executivesession (Geneva, 11-12,14 April 2011) (Suppl.No. 15) (Part II) \n\tA/66/15 (Part III)(Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tReport of the Trade andDevelopment Board on itsfifty-third executivesession (Africa/Reportson Commissions) (Geneva,27 and 28 June and 11July 2011)(Suppl. No. 15) (PartIII) \n\tA/66/15 (Part IV)(Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tReport of the Trade andDevelopment Board on itsfifty-eighth regularsession (Geneva, 12-23September 2011) (Suppl.No. 15) (Part IV) \n(a)\tInternational trade anddevelopment \n\tA/66/138\t03/10/2011\tDESA\t25/7/2011\t14/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onunilateral economicmeasures as a means ofpolitical and economiccoercion againstdeveloping countries \n\tA/66/185\t3/10/2011\tUNCTAD\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninternational trade anddevelopment \n(b)\tInternational financialsystem and development \n\tA/66/167\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t22/7/2011\t21/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theinternational financialsystem and development \n(c)\tExternal debtsustainability anddevelopment \n\tA/66/164\t3/10/2011\tUNCTAD\t25/7/2011\t20/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onexternal debtsustainability anddevelopment \n(d)\tCommodities \n\tA/66/207\t3/10/2011\tUNCTAD\t28/7/2011\t28/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-General onworld commodity trendsand prospects \n18.\tFollow-up to andimplementation of theoutcome of the 2002International Conferenceon Financing forDevelopment and the 2008Review Conference \n\tA/66/\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t31/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefollow-up to andimplementation of theMonterrey Consensus andDoha Declaration onFinancing for Development \n\tA/66/\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t29/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninnovative mechanisms offinancing for development \n19.\tSustainable development \n\tA/66/25 (Suppl.)\t24/10/2011\tUNEP \n\tReport of the GoverningCouncil/GlobalMinisterial EnvironmentForum on the work of itstwenty-sixth session(21-24 February 2011)(Suppl. No. 25) \n\tA/66/ -E/2011/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t25/4/2011 \n\tSummary by the Presidentof the Council of thespecial high-levelmeeting of the Economicand Social Council withthe Bretton Woodsinstitutions, the WorldTrade Organization andthe United NationsConference on Trade andDevelopment \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tUNEP\t12/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theoil slick on Lebaneseshores \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theprotection of coral reefsfor sustainablelivelihoods anddevelopment \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tUNCCD \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of theUnited Nations Conventionto Combat Desertificationin Those CountriesExperiencing SeriousDrought and/orDesertification,Particularly in Africa \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t11/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportssubmitted by thesecretariats of theUnited Nations FrameworkConvention on ClimateChange, the UnitedNations Convention toCombat Desertification inThose CountriesExperiencing SeriousDrought and/orDesertification,Particularly in Africa,and the Convention onBiological Diversity onthe implementation ofUnited Nationsenvironmental conventions \n(a)\tImplementation of Agenda21, the Programme for theFurther Implementation ofAgenda 21 and theoutcomes of the WorldSummit on SustainableDevelopment \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onagricultural technologyfor development \n\tA/66/287\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t9/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of Agenda21, the Programme for theFurther Implementation ofAgenda 21 and theoutcomes of the WorldSummit on SustainableDevelopment \n(b)\tFollow-up to andimplementation of theMauritius Strategy forthe FurtherImplementation of theProgramme of Action forthe SustainableDevelopment of SmallIsland Developing States \n\tA/66/218\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t1/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thereview of United Nationssystem support to smallisland developing States \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onconcrete recommendationsto enhance theimplementation of theBarbados Programme ofAction and the MauritiusStrategy \n(c)\tInternational Strategyfor Disaster Reduction \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tISDR\t12/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onInternational Strategyfor Disaster Reduction:midterm review of theHyogo Framework forAction \n(d)\tProtection of globalclimate for present andfuture generations \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tUNFCCC \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the United NationsFramework Convention onClimate Change onprotection of globalclimate for present andfuture generations ofhumankind \n(f)\tConvention on BiologicalDiversity \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tUNCBD/DESA\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theInternational Year ofBiodiversity, 2010 \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tUNCBD \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Conference of theParties to the Conventionon Biological Diversityon its tenth meeting \n(h)\tHarmony with Nature \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onHarmony with Nature \n(i)\tSustainable mountaindevelopment \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onsustainable mountaindevelopment \n(j)\tPromotion of new andrenewable sources ofenergy \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thepromotion of new andrenewable sources ofenergy \n20.\tImplementation of theoutcome of the UnitedNations Conference onHuman Settlements(Habitat II) andstrengthening of theUnited Nations HumanSettlements Programme(UN-Habitat) \n\tA/66/8 (Suppl.)\t24/10/2011\tUN-Habitat\t2/5/2011 \n\tReport of the GoverningCouncil of the UnitedNations Human SettlementsProgramme, twenty-thirdsession (Nairobi, 11-15April) (Suppl. No. 8) \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tUN-Habitat\t12/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thethird United NationsConference on Housing andSustainable UrbanDevelopment (Habitat III) \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tUN-Habitat\t12/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of theoutcome of the UnitedNations Conference onHuman Settlements(Habitat II) andstrengthening of theUnited Nations HumanSettlements Programme(UN-Habitat) \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDGACM \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reporton the coordinatedimplementation of theHabitat Agenda \n21.\tGlobalization andinterdependence \n\tA/66/187\t10/10/2011\tDESA\t1/8/2011\t26/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportby the Director-Generalof the United NationsEducational, Scientificand Cultural Organizationon culture anddevelopment \n(a)\tRole of the UnitedNations in promotingdevelopment in thecontext of globalizationand interdependence \n\tA/66/223\t10/10/2011\tDESA\t1/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onglobalization andinterdependence:sustained, inclusive andequitable economic growthfor a fair and moreequitable globalizationfor all, including jobcreation \n(c)\tDevelopment cooperationwith middle-incomecountries \n\tA/66/208\t10/10/2011\tUNCTAD\t1/8/2011\t28/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onscience and technologyfor development \n\tA/66/220\t10/10/2011\tDESA\t1/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General ondevelopment cooperationwith middle-incomecountries \n22.\tGroups of countries inspecial situations \n(a)\tFollow-up to the FourthUnited Nations Conferenceon the Least DevelopedCountries \n\tA/CONF.219/7\t10/10/2011\tOHRLLS\t20/6/2011\t16/6/2011\t\n\tReport of the FourthUnited Nations Conferenceon the Least DevelopedCountries (Istanbul,Turkey, 9-13 May) \n\tA/66/66-E/2011/78\t10/10/2011\tOHRLLS\t1/2/2011\t7/2/2011\t14/3/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theten-year appraisal andreview of theimplementation of theBrussels Programme ofAction for the LeastDeveloped Countries forthe Decade 2001-2010 \n\tA/66/134\t10/10/2011\tOHRLLS\t15/7/2011\t13/7/2011\t29/7/2011\n\tReport ofSecretary-General on theoutcome of the FourthUnited Nations Conferenceon the Least DevelopedCountries \n(b)\tSpecific actions relatedto the particular needsand problems oflandlocked developingcountries: outcome of theInternational MinisterialConference of Landlockedand Transit DevelopingCountries and DonorCountries andInternational Financialand DevelopmentInstitutions on TransitTransport Cooperation \n\tA/66/205\t10/10/2011\tOHRLLS\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of theAlmaty Programme ofAction: addressing thespecial needs oflandlocked developingcountries with a newglobal framework fortransit transportcooperation forlandlocked and transitdeveloping countries \n23.\tEradication of povertyand other developmentissues \n(a)\tImplementation of theSecond United NationsDecade for theEradication of Poverty(2008-2017) \n\tA/66/221\t10/10/2011\tDESA\t29/7/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of theSecond United NationsDecade for theEradication of Poverty(2008-2017) \n(b)\tWomen in development \n\tA/66/219\t10/10/2011\tUN-Women\t01/8/2011\t01/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onintegrating a genderperspective into nationaldevelopment strategies \n(c)\tHuman resourcesdevelopment \n\tA/66/206\t10/10/2011\tDESA\t1/8/2011\t28/7/211\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onhuman resourcesdevelopment \n24.\tOperational activitiesfor development \n(a)\tOperational activitiesfor development of theUnited Nations system \n\tA/66/79-E/2011/107\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t6/5/2011\t19/5/2011\t1/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theanalysis of the fundingof operational activitiesfor development of theUnited Nations system for2009 \n(b)\tSouth-South cooperationfor development \n\tA/66/\t3/10/2011\tUNDP\t3/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestate of South-Southcooperation fordevelopment \n25.\tAgriculture developmentand food security \n\tA/66/\t17/10/2011\tDESA\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onagriculture developmentand food security:progress in theimplementation of theoutcome of the WorldSummit on Food Security \n26.\tTowards globalpartnerships \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tEOSG\t22/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onenhanced cooperationbetween the UnitedNations and all relevantpartners, in particularthe private sector \n27.\tSocial development \n\tA/66/136\t03/10/2011\tDESA\t13/7/2011\t13/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General oncooperatives in socialdevelopment andimplementation of theInternational Year ofCooperatives \n\tA/66/62-E/2011/4\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t30/11/2010\t30/11/2010\t22/11/2010\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefollow-up to the tenthanniversary of theInternational Year ofFamily and beyond \n(a)\tImplementation of theoutcome of the WorldSummit for SocialDevelopment and of thetwenty-fourth specialsession of the GeneralAssembly \n\tA/66/124\t03/10/2011\tDESA\t13/7/2011\t11/7/2011\t27/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of theoutcome of the WorldSummit for SocialDevelopment and of thetwenty-fourth specialsession of the GeneralAssembly \n\tA/66/226\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t21/7/2011\t2/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theworld social situation2011: the global socialcrisis \n(b)\tSocial development,including questionsrelating to the worldsocial situation and toyouth, ageing, disabledpersons and the family \n\tA/66/129\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t12/7/2011\t12/7/2011\t29/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theInternational Year ofYouth: Dialogue andMutual Understanding \n\tA/66/61-E/2011/3\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t29/11/2010\t22/11/2010\t28/12/2010\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of theWorld Programme of Actionon Youth: United Nationssystem coordination andcollaboration related toyouth \n\tA/66/128\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t12/7/2011\t12/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onrealization of theMillennium DevelopmentGoals and otherinternationally agreeddevelopment goals forpersons with disabilities \n(c)\tFollow-up to theInternational Year ofOlder Persons: SecondWorld Assembly on Ageing \n\tA/66/173\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t22/7/2011\t22/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefollow-up to the SecondWorld Assembly on Ageing \n28.\tAdvancement of women \n\tA/66/38 (Suppl.)\t10/10/2011\tOHCHR\t1/4/2011\t6/4/2011\t15/6/2011\n\tReport of the Committeeon the Elimination ofDiscrimination againstWomen, forty-sixthsession(12-30 July 2010),forty-seventh session(4-22 October 2010) andforty-eighth session (17January-4 February 2011)(Suppl. No. 38) \n\tA/66/181\t10/10/2011\tUN-Women\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport ofSecretary-General on theimprovement of thesituation of women inrural areas \n\tA/66/212\t10/10/2011\tUN-Women\t29/7/2011\t29/7/2011\t\n\tReport ofSecretary-General onviolence against womenmigrant workers \n\tA/66/99\t10/10/2011\tOHCHR\t1/8/2011\t28/6/2011\t19/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestatus of the Conventionon the Elimination of AllForms of Discriminationagainst Women \n(a)\tAdvancement of women \n\tA/66/215\t10/10/2011\tOHCHR\t1/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron violence againstwomen, its causes andconsequences \n(b)\tImplementation of theoutcome of the FourthWorld Conference on Womenand of the twenty-thirdspecial session of theGeneral Assembly \n\tA/66/211\t10/10/2011\tUN-Women\t29/7/2011\t29/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onmeasures taken andprogress achieved infollow-up to theimplementation of theBeijing Declaration andPlatform for Action andthe outcomes of thetwenty-third specialsession of the GeneralAssembly \n29.\tReport of the SecurityCouncil \n\tA/66/2 (Suppl.)\t8/11/2011\tDPA\t2/9/2011 \n\tReport of the SecurityCouncil covering theperiod from 1 August 2010to 31 July 2011 (Suppl.No. 2) \n30.\tReport of thePeacebuilding Commission \n\tNo advance documentation\t6/10/2011 \n31.\tSupport by the UnitedNations system of theefforts of Governments topromote and consolidatenew or restoreddemocracies \n\tA/66/\t18/11/2011\tDPA\t7/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onsupport by the UnitedNations system of theefforts of Governments topromote and consolidatenew or restoreddemocracies \n32.\tThe role of diamonds infuelling conflict A/66/\t9/12/2011\tDemocratic Republicof \n theCongo \n\tReport by the Chair ofthe Kimberley Process onthe implementation of theProcess \n33.\tPrevention of armedconflict \n\tA/66/\t12/12/2011\tDPA \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onstrengthening the role ofmediation in peacefulsettlement of disputes,conflict prevention andresolution \n34.\tProtracted conflicts inthe GUAM area and theirimplications forinternational peace andsecurity \n\tA/66/\t12/12/2011\tUNHCR/DPKO \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestatus of internallydisplaced persons andrefugees from Abkhazia,Georgia, and theTskhinvali region/SouthOssetia, Georgia \n35.\tThe situation in theMiddle East \n\tA/66/ -S/2011/\t29/11/2011\tDPA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onefforts and developmentson peaceful settlement ofthe question of Palestine \n\tA/66/\t29/11/2011\tDPA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesituation in the MiddleEast \n36.\tQuestion of Palestine \n\tA/66/35 (Suppl.)\t28/11/2011\tDPA\t7/10/2011 \n\tReport of the Committeeon the Exercise of theInalienable Rights of thePalestinian People(Suppl. No. 35) \n\tA/66/ -S/2011/\t28/11/2011\tDPA \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onefforts and developmentson peaceful settlement ofthe question of Palestine \n37.\tThe situation inAfghanistan \n\tA/66/ -S/2011/\t23/11/2011\tDPKO\t23/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesituation in Afghanistanand its implications forinternational peace andsecurity \n38.\tThe situation in theoccupied territories ofAzerbaijan \n\tNo advance documentation\t12/12/2011 \n\tNo advance documentation\t12/12/2011 \n39.\tQuestion of the Comorianisland of Mayotte \n No advance documentation \n40.\tNecessity of ending theeconomic, commercial andfinancial embargo imposedby the United States ofAmerica against Cuba \n\tA/66/114\t25/10/2011\tDPA\t2/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thenecessity of ending theeconomic, commercial andfinancial embargo imposedby the United States ofAmerica against Cuba \n41.\tThe situation in CentralAmerica: progress infashioning a region ofpeace, freedom, democracyand development \n\tA/66/ DPA \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thework of the InternationalCommission againstImpunity in Guatemala \n42.\tQuestion of Cyprus \n No advance documentation \n43.\tArmed aggression againstthe Democratic Republicof the Congo \n No advance documentation \n44.\tQuestion of the FalklandIslands (Malvinas) \n No advance documentation \n45.\tThe situation ofdemocracy and humanrights in Haiti \n No advance documentation \n46.\tArmed Israeli aggressionagainst the Iraqi nuclearinstallations and itsgrave consequences forthe establishedinternational systemconcerning the peacefuluses of nuclear energy,the non-proliferation ofnuclear weapons andinternational peace andsecurity \n No advance documentation \n47.\tConsequences of the Iraqioccupation of andaggression against Kuwait \n No advance documentation \n48.\tAssistance in mine action \n\tA/66/\t28/10/2011\tDPKO\t10/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onassistance in mine action \n49.\tEffects of atomicradiation \n\tA/66/46 (Suppl.)\t21/10/2011\tUNSCEAR \n\tReport of the UnitedNations ScientificCommittee on the Effectsof Atomic Radiation,fifty-eighth session(Vienna, 23-27 May 2011)(Suppl. No. 46) \n50.\tInternational cooperationin the peaceful uses ofouter space \n\tA/66/20 (Suppl.)\t11/10/2011\tUNOOSA \n\tReport of the Committeeon the Peaceful Uses ofOuter Space, fifty-fourthsession (Vienna, 1-10June 2011) (Suppl. No.20) \n51.\tUnited Nations Relief andWorks Agency forPalestine Refugees in theNear East \n\tA/66/13 (Suppl.)\t31/10/2011\tUNRWA\t31/3/2011\t31/3/2011\t\n\tReport of theCommissioner-General ofthe United Nations Reliefand Works Agency forPalestine Refugees in theNear East (Suppl. No. 13) \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tDPA\t22/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting thesixty-fifth report of theUnited NationsConciliation Commissionfor Palestine \n\tA/66/222\t31/10/2011\tUNRWA\t18/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onpersons displaced as aresult of the June 1967and subsequenthostilities \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tDPA\t22/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onPalestine refugees’properties and theirrevenues \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tDPA\t29/9/2011 \n\tReport of the WorkingGroup on the Financing ofthe United Nations Reliefand Works Agency forPalestine Refugees in theNear East \n\tA/66/13/Add.1 (Suppl.)\t31/10/2011\tUNRWA\t16/8/2011 \n\tReport of theCommissioner-General ofthe United Nations Reliefand Works Agency forPalestine Refugees in theNear East (Suppl. No. 13)(addendum) \n52.\tReport of the SpecialCommittee to InvestigateIsraeli PracticesAffecting the HumanRights of the PalestinianPeople and Other Arabs ofthe Occupied Territories \n\tA/66/\t4/11/2011\tOHCHR\t26/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thework of the SpecialCommittee to investigateIsraeli practicesaffecting the humanrights of the Palestinianpeople and other Arabs ofthe occupied territories \n\tA/66/\t4/11/2011\tOHCHR\t26/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting theforty-third report of theSpecial Committee toinvestigate Israelipractices affecting thehuman rights of thePalestinian people andother Arabs of theoccupied territories \n\tA/66/\t4/11/2011\tOHCHR\t26/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theapplicability of theGeneva Conventionrelative to theProtection of CivilianPersons in Time of War,of 12 August 1949, to theOccupied PalestinianTerritory, including EastJerusalem, and the otheroccupied Arab territories \n\tA/66/\t4/11/2011\tOHCHR\t26/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onIsraeli settlements inthe Occupied PalestinianTerritory, including EastJerusalem, and theoccupied Syrian Golan \n\tA/66/\t4/11/2011\tOHCHR\t26/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onIsraeli practicesaffecting the humanrights of the Palestinianpeople in the OccupiedPalestinian Territory,including East Jerusalem \n\tA/66/\t4/11/2011\tOHCHR\t26/8/2011 \n\tReport Secretary-Generalon the occupied SyrianGolan \n53.\tComprehensive review ofthe whole question ofpeacekeeping operationsin all their aspects \n\tA/65/19 (Suppl.)\t24/10/2011\tDGACM\t12/5/2011\t12/5/2011\t20/6/2011\n\tReport of the SpecialCommittee on PeacekeepingOperations on the 2011substantive session (22February-18 March and 9May 2011) (Suppl. 19) \n54.\tQuestions relating toinformation \n\tA/66/21 (Suppl.)\t18/10/2011\tDPI\t1/6/2011\t26/5/2011\t24/6/2011\n\tReport on thethirty-third session ofthe Committee onInformation (27 April-6May 2011) (Suppl. No. 21) \n\tA/66/\t18/10/2011\tDPI\t9/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onquestions relating toinformation \n55.\tInformation fromNon-Self-GoverningTerritories transmittedunder Article 73 e of theCharter of the UnitedNations \n\tA/66/\t3/10/2011\tDPA\t14/3/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninformation fromNon-Self-GoverningTerritories transmittedunder Article 73 e of theCharter of the UnitedNations \n57.\tImplementation of theDeclaration on theGranting of Independenceto Colonial Countries andPeoples by thespecialized agencies andthe internationalinstitutions associatedwith the United Nations \n\tA/66/23 (Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tDGACM\t7/7/2011\t29/6/2011\t\n\tReport of the SpecialCommittee on theSituation with regard tothe Implementation of theDeclaration on theGranting of Independenceto Colonial Countries andPeoples for 2011 (NewYork, June/July 2011)(Suppl. No. 23) \n58.\tOffers by Member Statesof study and trainingfacilities forinhabitants ofNon-Self-GoverningTerritories \n\tA/66/\t3/10/2011\tDPA\t18/3/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onoffers by Member Statesof study and trainingfacilities forinhabitants ofNon-Self-GoverningTerritories \n59.\tImplementation of theDeclaration on theGranting of Independenceto Colonial Countries andPeoples \n\tA/66/\t3/10/2011\tDPA\t25/7/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thequestion of WesternSahara \n60.\tQuestion of the Malagasyislands of Glorieuses,Juan de Nova, Europa andBassas da India \n No advance documentation \n61.\tPermanent sovereignty ofthe Palestinian people inthe Occupied PalestinianTerritory, including EastJerusalem, and of theArab population in theoccupied Syrian Golanover their naturalresources \n\tA/66/78-E/2011/13\t31/10/2011\tRCNYO\t9/5/2011\t6/5/2011\t25/5/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theeconomic and socialrepercussions of theIsraeli occupation on theliving conditions of thePalestinian people in theoccupied Palestinianterritory, including EastJerusalem, and of theArab population in theoccupied Syrian Golan \n62.\tReport of the UnitedNations High Commissionerfor Refugees, questionsrelating to refugees,returnees and displacedpersons and humanitarianquestions \n\tA/66/12 (Suppl.)\t2/11/2011\tUNHCR \n\tReport of the UnitedNations High Commissionerfor Refugees (Suppl. No.12) \n\tA/66/12/Add.1 (Suppl.)\t2/11/2011\tUNHCR \n\tReport of the ExecutiveCommittee of theProgramme of the UnitedNations High Commissionerfor Refugees (Geneva,sixty-first session,October 2011)(Suppl. No. 12A)(addendum 1) \n\tA/66/\t2/11/2011\tUNHCR\t22/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onassistance to refugees,returnees and displacedpersons in Africa \n63.\tNew Partnership forAfrica’s Development:progress inimplementation andinternational support \n\tA/66/202\t11/10/2011\tOSAA\t1/8/2011\t28/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theNew Partnership forAfrica’s Development:ninth consolidatedprogress report onimplementation andinternational support \n(b)\tCauses of conflict andthe promotion of durablepeace and sustainabledevelopment in Africa \n\tA/66/214-S/2011/476\t11/10/2011\tOSAA\t1/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of therecommendations containedin the report of theSecretary-General on thecauses of conflict andthe promotion of durablepeace and sustainabledevelopment in Africa \n64.\tReport of the HumanRights Council \n\tA/66/53 (Suppl.)\t1/11/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the HumanRights Council (Suppl.No. 53) \n\tA/66/53/Add.1 (Suppl.)\t1/11/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the HumanRights Council (Suppl.No. 53A) (addendum) \n\tA/66/\t1/11/2011\tOHCHR\t23/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theproclamation of 24 Marchas the International Dayfor the Right to theTruth concerning GrossHuman Rights Violationsand for the Dignity ofVictims \n\tA/66/\t1/11/2011\tOHCHR\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of the HumanRights Council on itswork and functioning \n65.\tPromotion and protectionof the rights of children \n\tA/66/257\t12/10/2011\tUNICEF\t3/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thegirl child \n(a)\tPromotion and protectionof the rights of children \n\tA/66/230\t12/10/2011\tOHCHR\t3/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestatus of the Conventionon the Rights of theChild \n\tA/66/\t12/10/2011\tOSRSG/CAC\t3/8/2011 \n\tReport of the SpecialRepresentative onChildren and ArmedConflict \n\tA/66/227\t12/10/2011\tOHCHR\t3/8/2011\t2/8/2011\t\n\tAnnual report of theSpecial Representative ofthe Secretary-General onviolence against children \n\tA/66/228\t12/10/2011\tOHCHR\t3/8/2011\t2/8/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the sale of children,child prostitution andchild pornography \n\tA/66/258\t12/10/2011\tUNICEF\t3/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefollow-up to the specialsession of the GeneralAssembly on children \n66.\tRights of indigenouspeoples \n\tNo advance documentation\t17/10/2011 \n67.\tElimination of racism,racial discrimination,xenophobia and relatedintolerance \n(a)\tElimination of racism,racial discrimination,xenophobia and relatedintolerance \n\tA/66/18 (Suppl.)\t31/10/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the Committeeon the Elimination ofRacial Discrimination(Geneva, seventy-eighthsession, 14 February-11March 2011, andseventy-ninth session, 15August-8 September 2011)(Suppl. No. 18) \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tOHCHR\t22/8/2011 \n\tReport of the SpecialRapporteur on theinadmissibility ofcertain practices thatcontribute to fuellingcontemporary forms ofracism, racialdiscrimination,xenophobia and relatedintolerance \n(b)\tComprehensiveimplementation of andfollow-up to the DurbanDeclaration and Programmeof Action \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tOHCHR\t22/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theglobal efforts for thetotal elimination ofracism, racialdiscrimination,xenophobia and relatedintolerance and thecomprehensiveimplementation of andfollow-up to the DurbanDeclaration and Programmeof Action \n68.\tRight of peoples toself-determination \n\tA/66/172\t31/10/2011\tOHCHR\t22/8/2011\t22/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theright of peoples toself-determination \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tOHCHR\t22/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Working Group onthe use of mercenaries asa means of violatinghuman rights and impedingthe exercise of the rightof peoples toself-determination \n69.\tPromotion and protectionof human rights \n(a)\tImplementation of humanrights instruments \n\tA/66/44 (Suppl.)\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the Committeeagainst Torture (Suppl.No. 44) \n\tA/66/40 (Vol. I) (Suppl.)\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the HumanRights Committee (NewYork, 101st session, 14March-1 April 2011;Geneva, 102nd session,11-29 July 2011; and103rd session, 17October-4 November 2011)(Vol. I) (Suppl. No. 40) \n\tA/66/40 (Vol. II)(Suppl.)\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the HumanRights Committee (NewYork, 101st session, 14March-1 April 2011;Geneva, 102nd session,11-29 July 2011; and103rd session, 17October-4 November 2011)(Vol. II) (Suppl. No. 40) \n\tA/66/48 (Suppl.)\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the Committeeon the Protection of theRights of All MigrantWorkers and Members ofTheir Families (Suppl.No. 48) \n\tA/66/121\t18/10/2011\tDESA\t12/7/2011\t7/7/2011\t27/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestatus of the Conventionon the Rights of Personswith Disabilities and theOptional Protocol thereto \n\tA/66/\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR\t9/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onmeasures taken to furtherimprove the effectivenessof, harmonizing andreforming the treaty bodysystem \n\tA/66/175\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR\t27/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Chairs of thehuman rights treatybodies on theirtwenty-third meeting \n\tA/66/217\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR\t9/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestatus of the UnitedNations Voluntary TrustFund on ContemporaryForms of Slavery \n\tA/66/\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theoperations of the specialfund established by theOptional Protocol to theConvention againstTorture \n(b)\tHuman rights questions,including alternativeapproaches for improvingthe effective enjoymentof human rights andfundamental freedoms \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t9/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theSubregional Centre forHuman Rights andDemocracy in CentralAfrica \n\tA/66/225\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t9/8/2011\t2/8/2011\t\n\tReport ofSecretary-General on thefollow-up to theInternational Year ofHuman Rights Learning \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thenational institutions forthe promotion andprotection of humanrights \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tDPA\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onstrengthening the role ofthe United Nations inenhancing theeffectiveness of theprinciple of periodic andgenuine elections and thepromotion ofdemocratization \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theprogramme of activitiesfor the InternationalYear for People ofAfrican Descent \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron torture and othercruel, inhuman ordegrading treatment orpunishment \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theoperations of the UnitedNations Voluntary Fundfor Victims of Torture \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t25/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron extrajudicial, summaryor arbitrary executions \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theInternational Conventionfor the Protection of AllPersons from EnforcedDisappearance \n\tA/66/156\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t4/8/2011\t18/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the interimreport of the SpecialRapporteur on freedom ofreligion or belief \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thepromotion and protectionof human rights,including ways and meansto promote the humanrights of migrants \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t4/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the promotion andprotection of humanrights, including waysand means to promote thehuman rights of migrants \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onglobalization and itsimpact on the fullenjoyment of all humanrights \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t5/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onhuman rights andunilateral coercivemeasures \n\tA/66/216\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t5/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theright to development \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t5/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the right to food \n\tA/66/204\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t5/8/2011\t28/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onprotecting human rightsand fundamental freedomswhile counteringterrorism \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t19/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the promotion andprotection of humanrights and fundamentalfreedoms while counteringterrorism \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t4/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oncombating defamation ofreligions \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tReport of the HumanRights Council on itswork and functioning \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the situation of humanrights and fundamentalfreedoms of indigenouspeople \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron adequate housing \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the promotion andprotection of the rightto freedom of expression \n\tA/66/203\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011\t28/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the situation of humanrights defenders \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t5/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the independent experton the question of humanrights and extremepoverty \n\tA/66/269\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t5/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the right to education \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t5/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the interimreport of the SpecialRapporteur on the rightto health \n\tA/66/289\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the independence ofjudges and lawyers \n\tA/66/283\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron trafficking inpersons, especially womenand children \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the situation of humanrights in the PalestinianTerritories occupiedsince 1967 \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestatus of the Conventionon the Rights of Personswith Disabilities and theOptional Protocol theretoand the implementation ofthe resolution \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the Committeeon Right of Persons withDisabilities \n\tA/66/161\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011\t20/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onhuman rights and culturaldiversity \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof his representative onthe protection andassistance to internallydisplaced persons \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t4/8/2011 \n\tReport of the IndependentExpert on foreign debt \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the situation of humanrights in the IslamicRepublic of Iran \n(c)\tHuman rights situationsand reports of specialrapporteurs andrepresentatives \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t2/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesituation of human rightsin the DemocraticPeople’s Republic ofKorea \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t2/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the situation of humanrights in the DemocraticPeople’s Republic ofKorea \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tDPA\t4/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesituation of human rightsin Myanmar \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/9/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the situation of humanrights in Myanmar \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t2/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesituation of human rightsin the Islamic Republicof Iran \n(d)\tComprehensiveimplementation of andfollow-up to the ViennaDeclaration and Programmeof Action \n\tA/66/36 (Suppl.)\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR\t9/8/2011 \n\tReport of the UnitedNations High Commissionerfor Human Rights (Suppl.No. 36) \n70.\tStrengthening of thecoordination ofhumanitarian and disasterrelief assistance of theUnited Nations, includingspecial economicassistance \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tDSS\t1/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thecomprehensive and updatedreport on the safety andsecurity of humanitarianpersonnel and protectionof United Nationspersonnel \n(a)\tStrengthening of thecoordination of emergencyhumanitarian assistanceof the United Nations \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tOCHA\t16/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theindependent review of theCentral EmergencyResponse Fund at the endof its fifth year ofoperations \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tUNDP\t2/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninternational cooperationand coordination for thehuman and ecologicalrehabilitation andeconomic development ofthe Semipalatinsk regionof Kazakhstan \n\tA/66/81-E/2011/117\t14/11/2011\tOCHA\t16/5/2011\t16/5/2011\t13/6/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestrengthening of thecoordination of emergencyhumanitarian assistanceof the United Nations \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tOCHA\t3/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninternational cooperationon humanitarianassistance in the fieldof natural disasters,from relief todevelopment \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tOCHA\t3/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thehumanitarian assistanceand rehabilitation forselected countries andregions \n(b)\tAssistance to thePalestinian people \n\tA/66/80-E/2011/111\t14/11/2011\tDPA\t9/5/2011\t9/5/2011\t26/5/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onassistance to thePalestinian people \n71.\tAssistance to survivorsof the 1994 genocide inRwanda, particularlyorphans, widows andvictims of sexualviolence \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tOCHA\t3/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onassistance to survivorsof the 1994 genocide inRwanda, particularlyorphans, widows andvictims of sexualviolence \n72.\tReport of theInternational Court ofJustice \n\tA/66/4 (Suppl.)\t27/10/2011\tICJ\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theInternational Court ofJustice(Suppl. No. 4) \n73.\tReport of theInternational CriminalTribunal for theProsecution of PersonsResponsible for Genocideand Other SeriousViolations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of Rwanda andRwandan CitizensResponsible for Genocideand Other Such ViolationsCommitted in theTerritory of NeighbouringStates between 1 Januaryand 31 December 1994 \n\tA/66/209-S/2011/452\t10/10/2011\tICTR\t29/7/2011\t29/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting thesixteenth annual reportof the InternationalCriminal Tribunal for theProsecution of PersonsResponsible for Genocideand Other SeriousViolations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of Rwanda andRwandan CitizensResponsible for Genocideand Other Such ViolationsCommitted in theTerritory of NeighbouringStates between 1 Januaryand 31 December 1994 \n74.\tReport of theInternational Tribunalfor the Prosecution ofPersons Responsible forSerious Violations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of the FormerYugoslavia since 1991 \n\tA/66/210-S/2011/473\t10/10/2011\tICTY\t29/7/2011\t29/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theeighteenth annual reportof the InternationalTribunal for theProsecution of PersonsResponsible for SeriousViolations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of the FormerYugoslavia since 1991 \n75.\tReport of theInternational CriminalCourt \n\tA/66/\t27/10/2011\tOLA\t16/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the InternationalCriminal Court on itsactivities for 2010-2011 \n\tA/66/\t27/10/2011\tOLA\t31/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onexpenses incurred andreimbursements receivedby the United Nations inconnection withassistance provided tothe InternationalCriminal Court \n76.\tOceans and the law of thesea \n(a)\tOceans and the law of thesea \n\tA/66/189\t7/12/2011\tOLA\t1/8/2011\t27/7/2011\t\n\tLetter dated 13 July 2011from the Co-Chairs of theAd Hoc Working Group ofthe Whole addressed tothe President of theGeneral Assembly,transmitting the reporton the Regular Processfor Global Reporting andAssessment of the MarineEnvironment, includingSocio‑economic Aspects \n\tA/66/186\t7/12/2011\tOLA\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tLetter dated 22 July 2011from the Co-Chairs of theConsultative Processaddressed to thePresident of the GeneralAssembly transmitting thereport on the work of theUnited Nations Open-endedInformal ConsultativeProcess on Oceans and theLaw of the Sea at itstwelfth meeting \n\tA/66/119\t7/12/2011\tOLA\t30/6/2011\t30/6/2011\t21/7/2011\n\tLetter dated 30 June 2011from the Co-Chairs of theAd Hoc Open-endedInformal Working Group tothe President of theGeneral Assemblytransmitting itsrecommendations to studyissues relating to theconservation andsustainable use of marinebiological diversitybeyond areas of nationaljurisdiction \n\tA/66/70\t7/12/2011\tOLA\t21/3/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onoceans and the law of thesea \n\tA/66/70/Add.1\t7/12/2011\tOLA\t29/3/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onoceans and the law of thesea (addendum 1) \n\tA/66/70/Add.2\t7/12/2011\tOLA\t30/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onoceans and the law of thesea (addendum 2) \n(b)\tSustainable fisheries,including through the1995 Agreement for theImplementation of theProvisions of the UnitedNations Convention on theLaw of the Sea of 10December 1982 relating tothe Conservation andManagement of StraddlingFish Stocks and HighlyMigratory Fish Stocks,and related instruments \n\tA/66/\t7/12/2011\tOLA\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onactions taken by Statesand regional fisheriesmanagement organizationsand arrangements inresponse to paragraphs 80and 83 to 87 of GeneralAssembly resolution61/105 and paragraphs 113to 117 and 119 to 127 ofGeneral Assemblyresolution 64/72 onsustainable fisheries,addressing the impacts ofbottom fishing onvulnerable marineecosystems and thelong-term sustainabilityof deep-sea fish stocks \n77.\tNationality of naturalpersons in relation tothe succession of States \n\tA/66/178\t17/10/2011\tOLA\t8/8/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tNote by the Secretariattransmitting the commentsreceived from Governmentson the nationality ofpersons in relation tothe succession of States \n78.\tCriminal accountabilityof United Nationsofficials and experts onmission \n\tA/66/174\t7/10/2011\tOLA\t29/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General oncriminal accountabilityof United Nationsofficials and experts onmission \n79.\tReport of the UnitedNations Commission onInternational Trade Lawon the work of itsforty-fourth session \n\tA/66/17 (Suppl.)\t10/10/2011\tOLA \n\tReport of the UnitedNations Commission onInternational Trade Lawon the work of itsforty-fourth session(Vienna, 27 June-15 July)(Suppl. No. 17) \n80.\tUnited Nations Programmeof Assistance in theTeaching, Study,Dissemination and WiderAppreciation ofInternational Law \n\tA/AC.117/2011/CRP.1\t14/10/2011\tOLA\t5/8/2011 \n\tDraft report of theSecretary-General on theUnited Nations Programmeof Assistance in theTeaching, Study,Dissemination and WiderAppreciation ofInternational Law \n81.\tReport of theInternational LawCommission on the work ofits sixty-third session \n\tA/66/10 (Suppl.)\t24/10/2011\tOLA\t22/8/2011 \n\tReport of theInternational LawCommission on the work ofits sixty-third session(Geneva, 26 April-3 Juneand 4 July-12 August2011) (Suppl. No. 10) \n82.\tReport of the SpecialCommittee on the Charterof the United Nations andon the Strengthening ofthe Role of theOrganization \n\tA/66/33 (Suppl.)\t6/10/2011\tOLA\t16/3/2011\t16/3/2011\t30/3/2011\n\tReport of the SpecialCommittee on the Charterof the United Nations andon the Strengthening ofthe Role of theOrganization (New York,28 February-4 March, 7and 9 March 2011) (Suppl.No. 33) \n\tA/66/201\t6/10/2011\tOLA\t28/7/2011\t27/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theRepertory of Practice ofUnited Nations Organs andthe Repertoire of thePractice of the SecurityCouncil \n\tA/66/213\t6/10/2011\tOLA\t9/8/2011\t29/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of theprovisions of the Charterof the United Nationsrelated to assistance tothird States affected bythe application ofsanctions \n83.\tThe rule of law at thenational andinternational levels \n\tA/66/133\t5/10/2011\tEOSG 13/7/2011\t28/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onstrengthening andcoordinating UnitedNations rule of lawactivities \n84.\tThe scope and applicationof the principle ofuniversal jurisdiction \n\tA/66/93\t12/10/2011\tOLA\t3/8/2011\t20/6/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-Generalprepared on the basis ofcomments and observationsof Governments andobservers on the scopeand application of theprinciple of universaljurisdiction \n85.\tThe law of transboundaryaquifers \n\tA/66/116\t18/10/2011\tOLA\t29/7/2011\t29/6/2011\t27/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thelaw of transboundaryaquifers \n86.\tReport of theInternational AtomicEnergy Agency \n\tA/66/95\t1/11/2011\tIAEA\t16/8/2011\t22/6/2011\t27/6/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the InternationalAtomic Energy Agency \n87.\tReduction of militarybudgets \n\tA/66/117\t3/10/2011\tODA\t11/7/2011\t29/6/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onobjective information onmilitary matters,including transparency ofmilitary expenditures \n(b)\tObjective information onmilitary matters,including transparency ofmilitary expenditures \n\tA/66/89\t3/10/2011\tODA\t17/6/2011\t14/6/2011\t11/7/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the group ofgovernmental experts onthe operation and furtherdevelopment of the UnitedNations StandardizedInstrument for ReportingMilitary Expenditures \n\tA/66/117/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t15/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onobjective information onmilitary matters,including transparency ofmilitary expenditures(addendum) \n88.\tProhibition of thedevelopment andmanufacture of new typesof weapons of massdestruction and newsystems of such weapons:report of the Conferenceon Disarmament \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011 \n89.\tImplementation of theDeclaration of the IndianOcean as a Zone of Peace \n\tA/66/29 (Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tDGACM\t29/7/2011\t19/7/2011\t28/7/2011\n\tReport of the Ad HocCommittee on the IndianOcean (Suppl. No. 29) \n90.\tAfricanNuclear-Weapon-Free ZoneTreaty \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n91.\tVerification in all itsaspects, including therole of the UnitedNations in the field ofverification \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n92.\tReview of theimplementation of theDeclaration on theStrengthening ofInternational Security \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n93.\tDevelopments in the fieldof information andtelecommunications in thecontext of internationalsecurity \n\tA/66/152\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t15/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General ondevelopments in the fieldof information andtelecommunications in thecontext of internationalsecurity \n\tA/66/152/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t21/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General ondevelopments in the fieldof information andtelecommunications in thecontext of internationalsecurity (addendum) \n94.\tEstablishment of anuclear-weapon-free zonein the region of theMiddle East \n\tA/66/153 (Part I)\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t15/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestablishment of anuclear-weapon-free zonein the region of theMiddle East (Part I) \n\tA/66/153 (Part I)/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestablishment of anuclear-weapon-free zonein the region of theMiddle East (Part I)(addendum) \n95.\tConclusion of effectiveinternationalarrangements to assurenon-nuclear-weapon Statesagainst the use or threatof use of nuclear weapons \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n96.\tPrevention of an armsrace in outer space \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n97.\tRole of science andtechnology in the contextof international securityand disarmament \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n98.\tGeneral and completedisarmament \n\tA/66/176\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninformation onconfidence-buildingmeasures in the field ofconventional arms \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n\tA/66/176/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t21/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninformation onconfidence-buildingmeasures in the field ofconventional arms(addendum) \n\tA/66/171\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t22/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the annualreport of theOrganization for theProhibition of ChemicalWeapons \n(e)\tTowards an arms tradetreaty: establishingcommon internationalstandards for the import,export and transfer ofconventional arms \n\tA/66/166\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t20/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thearms trade treaty: viewsof Member States \n\tA/66/166/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t21/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thearms trade treaty: viewsof Member States(addendum) \n(g)\tTransparency in armaments \n\tA/66/127\t3/10/2011\tODA\t18/7/2011\t12/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theUnited Nations Registerof Conventional Arms \n\tA/66/127/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t21/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theUnited Nations Registerof Conventional Arms(addendum) \n(h)\tRegional disarmament \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n(i)\tConventional arms controlat the regional andsubregional levels \n\tA/66/154\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t15/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onconventional arms controlat the regional andsubregional levels \n\tA/66/154/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onconventional arms controlat the regional andsubregional levels(addendum) \n(j)\tConfidence-buildingmeasures in the regionaland subregional context \n\tA/66/112\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t28/6/2011\t21/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onconfidence-buildingmeasures in the regionaland subregional context \n\tA/66/112/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t15/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onconfidence-buildingmeasures in the regionaland subregional context(addendum) \n(k)\tAssistance to States forcurbing the illicittraffic in small arms andlight weapons andcollecting them \n\tA/66/177\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onassistance to States forcurbing the illicittraffic in small arms andlight weapons andcollecting them; theillicit trade in smallarms and light weapons inall its aspects \n(l)\tRelationship betweendisarmament anddevelopment \n\tA/66/168\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t21/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therelationship betweendisarmament anddevelopment \n\tA/66/168/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t15/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therelationship betweendisarmament anddevelopment (addendum) \n(m)\tObservance ofenvironmental norms inthe drafting andimplementation ofagreements on disarmamentand arms control \n\tA/66/97\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t27/6/2011\t22/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theobservance ofenvironmental norms inthe drafting andimplementation ofagreements on disarmamentand arms control \n\tA/66/97/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theobservance ofenvironmental norms inthe drafting andimplementation ofagreements on disarmamentand arms control(addendum) \n(n)\tPromotion ofmultilateralism in thearea of disarmament andnon-proliferation \n\tA/66/111\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t28/6/2011\t21/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thepromotion ofmultilateralism in thearea of disarmament andnon‑proliferation \n\tA/66/111/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thepromotion ofmultilateralism in thearea of disarmament andnon‑proliferation(addendum) \n(o)\tNuclear disarmament \n\tA/66/132\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t13/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onnuclear disarmament;reducing nuclear danger;follow-up to the advisoryopinion of theInternational Court ofJustice on the Legalityof the Threat or Use ofNuclear Weapons \n\tA/66/132/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onnuclear disarmament;reducing nuclear danger;follow-up to the advisoryopinion of theInternational Court ofJustice on the Legalityof the Threat or Use ofNuclear Weapons(addendum) \n(p)\tImplementation of theConvention on theProhibition of theDevelopment, Production,Stockpiling and Use ofChemical Weapons and onTheir Destruction \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n(q)\tTowards anuclear-weapon-freeworld: accelerating theimplementation of nucleardisarmament commitments \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n(s)\tMeasures to preventterrorists from acquiringweapons of massdestruction \n\tA/66/115\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t29/6/2011\t26/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onmeasures to preventterrorists from acquiringweapons of massdestruction \n\tA/66/115/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onmeasures to preventterrorists from acquiringweapons of massdestruction (addendum) \n(t)\tThe illicit trade insmall arms and lightweapons in all itsaspects \n\tA/66/177\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onassistance to States forcurbing the illicittraffic in small arms andlight weapons andcollecting them; theillicit trade in smallarms and light weapons inall its aspects (alsounder item 98 (k)) \n(u)\tTreaty banning theproduction of fissilematerial for nuclearweapons or other nuclearexplosive devices \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n(v)\tTransparency andconfidence-buildingmeasures in outer spaceactivities \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011 \n(w)\tUnited action towards thetotal elimination ofnuclear weapons \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n(y)\tMissiles \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n99.\tReview and implementationof the ConcludingDocument of the TwelfthSpecial Session of theGeneral Assembly \n(a)\tUnited Nations RegionalCentre for Peace andDisarmament in Africa \n\tA/66/159\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t19/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theUnited Nations RegionalCentre for Peace andDisarmament in Africa \n(b)\tUnited Nations regionalcentres for peace anddisarmament \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n(c)\tUnited Nations RegionalCentre for Peace,Disarmament andDevelopment in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean \n\tA/66/140\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t14/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theUnited Nations RegionalCentre for Peace,Disarmament andDevelopment in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean \n(e)\tUnited Nations RegionalCentre for Peace andDisarmament in Asia andthe Pacific \n\tA/66/113\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t28/6/2011\t13/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theUnited Nations RegionalCentre for Peace andDisarmament in Asia andthe Pacific \n(f)\tRegionalconfidence-buildingmeasures: activities ofthe United NationsStanding AdvisoryCommittee on SecurityQuestions in CentralAfrica \n\tA/66/163\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t20/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onregionalconfidence-buildingmeasures: activities ofthe United NationsStanding AdvisoryCommittee on SecurityQuestions in CentralAfrica \n100.\tReview of theimplementation of therecommendations anddecisions adopted by theGeneral Assembly at itstenth special session \n\tA/66/123\t3/10/2011\tODA\t29/7/2011\t11/7/2011\t25/7/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the United NationsInstitute for DisarmamentResearch \n\tA/66/125\t3/10/2011\tODA\t29/7/2011\t11/7/2011\t19/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thework of the AdvisoryBoard on DisarmamentMatters \n(a)\tReport of the Conferenceon Disarmament \n\tA/66/27 (Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tODA \n\tReport of the Conferenceon Disarmament (Geneva,August-September 2011)(Suppl. No. 27) \n(b)\tReport of the DisarmamentCommission \n\tA/66/42 (Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tDGACM\t29/4/2011\t21/4/2011\t4/5/2011\n\tReport of the DisarmamentCommission (4-21 April2011) (Suppl. No. 42) \n101.\tThe risk of nuclearproliferation in theMiddle East \n\tA/66/\t3/10/2011\tODA\t11/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therisk of nuclearproliferation in theMiddle East \n102.\tConvention onProhibitions orRestrictions on the Useof Certain ConventionalWeapons Which May BeDeemed to Be ExcessivelyInjurious or to HaveIndiscriminate Effects \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n103.\tStrengthening of securityand cooperation in theMediterranean region \n\tA/66/122\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t8/7/2011\t27/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestrengthening of securityand cooperation in theMediterranean region \n\tA/66/122/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t15/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestrengthening of securityand cooperation in theMediterranean region(addendum) \n104.\tComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty \n\tA/66/155\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t15/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty \n\tA/66/155/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t21/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty(addendum) \n\tA/66/165\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t20/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the annualreport of the PreparatoryCommission for theComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban TreatyOrganization \n105.\tConvention on theProhibition of theDevelopment, Productionand Stockpiling ofBacteriological(Biological) and ToxinWeapons and on TheirDestruction \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n106.\tRevitalizing the work ofthe Conference onDisarmament and takingforward multilateraldisarmament negotiations \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n107.\tCrime prevention andcriminal justice \n\tA/66/\t5/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefollow-up to the TwelfthUnited Nations Congresson Crime Prevention andCriminal Justice andpreparations for theThirteenth United NationsCongress on CrimePrevention and CriminalJustice \n\tA/66/\t5/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tReport of the UnitedNations African Institutefor the Prevention ofCrime and the Treatmentof Offenders \n\tA/66/\t5/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onstrengthening the UnitedNations crime preventionand criminal justiceprogramme, in particularits technical cooperationcapacity \n\tA/66/92\t5/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Conference of theParties to the UnitedNations Conventionagainst TransnationalOrganized Crime \n108.\tInternational drugcontrol \n\tA/66/\t5/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninternational cooperationagainst the world drugproblem \n109.\tMeasures to eliminateinternational terrorism \n\tA/66/37 (Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tOLA\t22/4/2011\t25/4/2011\t17/5/2011\n\tReport of the Ad HocCommittee established byGeneral Assemblyresolution 51/210 of 17December 1996 (New York,11-15 April 2011) (Suppl.No. 37) \n\tA/66/96\t3/10/2011\tOLA\t29/7/2011\t24/6/2011\t26/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onmeasures to eliminateinternational terrorism \n110.\tReport of theSecretary-General on thework of the Organization \n\tA/66/1 (Suppl.)\t4/10/2011\tEOSG\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thework of the Organization(Suppl. No. 1) \n111.\tReport of theSecretary-General on thePeacebuilding Fund \n\tNo advance documentation\t6/10/2011 \n112.\tNotification by theSecretary-General underArticle 12, paragraph 2,of the Charter of theUnited Nations \n\tA/66/300\t8/11/2011\tDPA\t30/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onnotification by theSecretary-General underArticle 12, paragraph 2,of the Charter of theUnited Nations \n113.\tElections to fillvacancies in principalorgans \n(c)\tElection of five membersof the InternationalCourt of Justice \n\tA/66/182-S/2011/452\t10/11/2011\tOLA\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tMemorandum by theSecretary-General on theelection of five membersof the InternationalCourt of Justice \n\tA/66/183-S/2011/453\t10/11/2011\tOLA\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the list ofcandidates nominated bynational groups \n\tA/66/184-S/2011/454\t10/11/2011\tOLA\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting thecurricula vitae ofcandidates nominated bynational groups \n114.\tElections to fillvacancies in subsidiaryorgans and otherelections \n(b)\tElection of the membersof the International LawCommission \n\tA/66/88\t16/11/2011\tOLA\t13/6/2011\t7/6/2011\t10/6/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theelection of the membersof the International LawCommission transmittingthe list of candidatesnominated by Governments \n\tA/66/88/Add.1\t16/11/2011\tOLA 17/6/2011\t17/6/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theelection of the membersof the International LawCommission transmittingthe list of candidatesnominated by Governments(addendum 1) \n\tA/66/88/Add.2\t16/11/2011\tOLA \n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theelection of the membersof the International LawCommission transmittingthe list of candidatesnominated by Governments(addendum 2) \n\tA/66/88/Add.3\t16/11/2011\tOLA \n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theelection of the membersof the International LawCommission transmittingthe list of candidatesnominated by Governments(addendum 3) \n\tA/66/90\t16/11/2011\tOLA\t30/6/2011\t17/6/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theelection of the membersof the International LawCommission transmittingthe curricula vitae ofcandidates nominated byGovernments \n\tA/66/\t16/11/2011\tOLA\t31/10/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theelection of the membersof the International LawCommission transmittingthe consolidated list ofmembers \n\tA/66/90/Add.1\t16/11/2011\tOLA\t29/7/2011\t28/6/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting thecurricula vitae ofcandidates for theelection of the membersof the International LawCommission (addendum) \n115.\tAppointments to fillvacancies in subsidiaryorgans and otherappointments \n(a)\tAppointment of members ofthe Advisory Committee onAdministrative andBudgetary Questions \n\tA/66/101\t3/11/2011\tDM\t15/3/2011\t15/3/2011\t17/3/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of members ofthe Advisory Committee onAdministrative andBudgetary Questions \n(b)\tAppointment of members ofthe Committee onContributions \n\tA/66/102\t3/11/2011\tDM\t15/3/2011\t15/3/2011\t18/3/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of members ofthe Committee onContributions \n(c)\tConfirmation of theappointment of members ofthe Investments Committee \n\tA/66/103\t3/11/2011\tDM\t15/3/2011\t15/3/2011\t18/3/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theconfirmation of theappointment of members ofthe Investments Committee \n(d)\tAppointment of a memberof the Board of Auditors \n\tA/66/104\t3/11/2011\tDM\t15/3/2011\t15/3/2011\t17/3/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of a memberof the Board of Auditors \n(e)\tAppointment of members ofthe Independent AuditAdvisory Committee \n\tA/66/105\t3/11/2011\tDM\t15/3/2011\t15/3/2011\t18/3/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of members ofthe Independent AuditAdvisory Committee \n(f)\tAppointment of members ofthe Committee onConferences \n\tA/66/107\t1/12/2011\tDGACM\t6/6/2011\t6/6/2011\t10/6/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of members ofthe Committee onConferences \n(g)\tAppointment of members ofthe Joint Inspection Unit \n\tA/66/106\t1/12/2011\tDM\t17/6/2011\t16/6/2011\t22/6/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of members ofthe Joint Inspection Unit \n(h)\tApproval of theappointment of the UnitedNations High Commissionerfor Human Rights \n\tA/66/108\t13/12/2011\tEOSG\t19/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theapproval of theappointment of the UnitedNations High Commissionerfor Human Rights \n(i)\tAppointment the judges ofthe United NationsDispute Tribunal \n\tA/66/109\t13/12/2011\tOAJ \n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of the judgesof the United NationsDispute Tribunal \n(j)\tAppointment of the judgesof the United NationsAppeals Tribunal \n\tA/66/110\t13/12/2011\tOAJ \n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of the judgesof the United NationsAppeals Tribunal \n116.\tAdmission of new Membersto the United Nations \n No advance documentation \n117.\tFollow-up to the outcomeof the Millennium Summit \n\tA/66/\t19/9/2011\tOHCHR \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the right toeducation: the right toeducation in emergencysituations \n\tA/66/126\t19/9/2011\tDESA\t11/7/2011\t11/7/2011\t2/8/2011\n\tAnnual report of theSecretary-General onaccelerating progresstowards the MillenniumDevelopment Goals:options for sustained andinclusive growth andissues for advancing theUnited Nationsdevelopment agenda beyond2015 \n\tA/66/\t19/9/2011\tUN-Women \n\tComprehensive report ofthe Secretary-General onthe proposal on the newgender entity \n\tA/66/\t19/9/2011\tDESA \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onsystem-wide coherence \n\tA/66/83\t19/9/2011\tDESA\t2/5/2011\t19/5/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theprevention and control ofnon-communicable diseases \n\tA/66/120\t19/9/2011\tUN-Women\t8/7/2011\t1/7/2011\t28/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-Generalstrengthening theinstitutionalarrangements for supportof gender equality andthe empowerment of women \n\tA/66/\t15/11/2011\tDESA\t6/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onlegal empowerment of thepoor and eradication ofpoverty \n119.\tFollow-up to thecommemoration of thetwo‑hundredth anniversaryof the abolition of thetransatlantic slave trade \n\tA/66/\t8/12/2011\tDPI\t29/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oncontinued action toimplement the programmeof educational outreachto mobilize, inter alia,educational institutionsand civil society on thesubject of rememberingthe transatlantic slavetrade and slavery \n\tA/66/162\t8/12/2011\tUNFIP\t26/7/2011\t20/7/2011\t29/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thepermanent memorial to andremembrance of thevictims of slavery andthe transatlantic slavetrade: status of theUnited Nations Trust Fundfor Partnerships —Permanent Memorial \n120.\tImplementation of theresolutions of the UnitedNations \n\tNo advance documentation\t22/11/2011 \n121.\tRevitalization of thework of the GeneralAssembly \n\tNo advance documentation\t22/11/2011 \n122.\tQuestion of equitablerepresentation on andincrease in themembership of theSecurity Council andrelated matters \n\tNo advance documentation\t8/11/2011 \n123.\tStrengthening of theUnited Nations system \n(a)\tStrengthening of theUnited Nations system \n\tA/66/\t22/11/2011\tDPKO\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thecivilian capacity \n(b)\tCentral role of theUnited Nations system inglobal governance \n\tA/66/\t22/11/2011\tDESA\t31/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onglobal economicgovernance anddevelopment \n124.\tUnited Nations reform:measures and proposals \n No advance documentation \n125.\tFollow-up to therecommendations onadministrative managementand internal oversight ofthe Independent InquiryCommittee into the UnitedNations Oil-for-FoodProgramme \n No advance documentation \n126.\tGlobal health and foreignpolicy \n\tA/66/\t8/12/2011\tDESA\t28/9/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the World HealthOrganization on globalhealth and foreign policy \n127.\tInternational CriminalTribunal for theProsecution of PersonsResponsible for Genocideand Other SeriousViolations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of Rwanda andRwandan CitizensResponsible for Genocideand Other Such ViolationsCommitted in theTerritory of NeighbouringStates between 1 Januaryand 31 December 1994 \n No advance documentation \n128.\tInternational Tribunalfor the Prosecution ofPersons Responsible forSerious Violations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of the FormerYugoslavia since 1991 \n No advance documentation \n129.\tInternational residualmechanism for criminaltribunals \n No advance documentation \n130.\tInteraction between theUnited Nations, nationalparliaments and theInter-Parliamentary Union \n\tNo advance documentation\t2/12/2011 \n131.\tFinancial reports andaudited financialstatements, and reportsof the Board of Auditors \n\tA/66/151 BOA\t18/7/2011\t14/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reporton progress in theimplementation of theInternational PublicSector AccountingStandards \n A/66/ DM \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of therecommendations of theBoard of Auditorscontained in its reporton the capital masterplan for the year ended31 December 2011 \n(b)\tVoluntary fundsadministered by theUnited Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees \n\tA/66/5/Add.5 (Suppl.) BOA\t18/7/2011\t14/7/2011\t\n\tVoluntary fundsadministered by theUnited Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees(Suppl. No. 5E) (addendum5) \n\tA/66/139 BOA\t18/7/2011\t14/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Board of Auditorson implementation of itsrecommendations relatingto the biennium 2008-2009 \n(c)\tCapital master plan \n\tA/66/5 (Vol. V) (Suppl.) BOA\t18/7/2011\t7/7/2011\t\n\tReport of the Board ofAuditors for the yearended 31 December 2010 onthe capital master plan(Vol. V) (Suppl. No. 5) \n132.\tReview of the efficiencyof the administrative andfinancial functioning ofthe United Nations \n\tA/66/16 (Suppl.) DM\t8/7/2011\t5/7/2011\t7/7/2011\n\tReport of the Committeefor Programme andCoordination on itsfifty-first session (6June-1 July 2011) (Suppl.No. 16) \n\tA/66/299 IAAC\t11/8/2011 \n\tReport of the IndependentAudit Advisory Committeeon its activities for theperiod from 1 August 2010to 31 July 2011 \n133.\tProgramme budget for thebiennium 2010-2011 \n\tA/66/ DM\t11/11/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesecond performance reportfor the programme budgetfor the biennium2010-2011 \n\tA/66/188 UNFIP\t27/7/2011\t27/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theUnited Nations Office forPartnerships \n\tA/66/82 DM\t18/5/2011\t18/5/2011\t31/5/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theconsolidated report onthe changes to thebiennial programme planas reflected in theprogramme budget for thebiennium 2010-2011 andthe proposed programmebudget for the biennium2012-2013 \n\tA/66/ DM\t10/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theninth annual progressreport on theimplementation of thecapital master plan \n\tA/66/ DM\t30/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onproposals for financingassociated costs relatedto the capital masterplan \n134.\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013 \n\tA/66/7 (Suppl.) ACABQ\t10/8/2011 \n\tFirst report of theAdvisory Committee onAdministrative andBudgetary Questions onthe proposed programmebudget for the biennium2012-2013 (Suppl. No. 7) \n A/66/6 (Introduction) DM \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: Foreword andintroduction \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 1) DM\t28/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 1,Overall policymaking,direction andcoordination \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 2) DM\t4/5/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 2,General Assembly andEconomic and SocialCouncil Affairs andconference management \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 3) DM\t25/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 3,Political affairs \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 4) DM\t1/4/2011 25/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 4,Disarmament \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 5) DM\t16/5/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 5,Peacekeeping operations \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 6) DM\t31/3/2011\t17/3/2011\t13/4/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 6,Peaceful uses of outerspace \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 7) DM\t31/3/2011\t17/3/2011\t24/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 7,International Court ofJustice \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 8) andCorr.1 DM\t4/4/2011 24/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 8,Legal affairs \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 9) DM\t4/5/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 9,Economic and socialaffairs \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 10) DM\t7/4/2011 25/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 10,Least developedcountries, landlockeddeveloping countries andsmall island developingStates \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 11) DM\t8/4/2011 25/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 11,United Nations supportfor the New Partnershipfor Africa’s Development \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 12) DM\t11/4/2011 27/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 12,Trade and development \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 13) DM\t1/4/2011 20/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 13,International TradeCentre \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 13) DM\t5/9/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 13,International TradeCentre (addendum) \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 14) DM\t15/4/2011 11/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 14,Environment \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 15) DM\t27/4/2011 18/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 15,Human settlements \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 16) andCorr.1 DM\t22/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 16,International drugcontrol, crime andterrorism prevention andcriminal justice \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 17) DM\t2/5/2011 24/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 17,UN-Women \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 18) DM\t25/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 18,Economic and socialdevelopment in Africa \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 19) DM\t20/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 19,Economic and socialdevelopment in Asia andthe Pacific \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 20) DM\t11/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 20,Economic development inEurope \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 21) DM\t18/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 21,Economic and socialdevelopment in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 22) DM\t14/4/2011 26/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 22,Economic and socialdevelopment in WesternAsia \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 23) DM\t4/5/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 23,Regular programme oftechnical cooperation \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 24) DM\t22/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 24,Human rights \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 25) DM\t31/3/2011 15/4/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 25,International protection,durable solutions andassistance to refugees \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 26) andCorr.1 DM\t29/4/2011 24/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 26,Palestine refugees \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 27) DM\t7/4/2011 24/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 27,Humanitarian assistance \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 28) andCorr.1 DM\t13/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 28,Public information \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29) DM\t6/5/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29,Management and supportservices \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29A) DM\t28/4/2011 25/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29A,Office of theUnder-Secretary-Generalfor Management \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29B) DM\t15/4/2011 25/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29B,Office of ProgrammePlanning, Budget andAccounts \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29C) DM\t18/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29C,Office of Human ResourcesManagement \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29D) DM\t22/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29D,Office of Central SupportServices \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29E) DM\t23/5/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29E,Administration, Geneva \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29F) andCorr.1 DM\t20/4/2011 26/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29F,Administration, Vienna \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29G) DM\t29/4/2011 26/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29G,Administration, Nairobi \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 30) DM\t5/5/2011 25/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 30,Office of Information andCommunications Technology \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 31) DM\t8/4/2011 25/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 31,Internal oversight \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 32) DM\t9/5/2011 20/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 32,Jointly financedadministrative activities \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 33) DM\t2/5/2011 16/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 33,Special expenses \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 34) DM\t6/5/2011 1/6/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 34,Construction, alteration,improvement and majormaintenance \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 35) DM\t27/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 35,Safety and security \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 36) DM\t11/5/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 36,Development Account \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 37) DM\t2/5/2011 2/6/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 37,Staff assessment \n\tA/66/6 (Income sect. 1) DM\t9/5/2011 2/6/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: Income section1, Income from staffassessment \n\tA/66/6 (Income sect. 2) DM\t22/4/2011 26/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: Income section2, General income \n\tA/66/6 (Income sect. 3) DM\t29/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: Income section3, Services to the public \n\tA/66/5 (Vol. V) (Suppl.) BOA\t18/7/2011 \n\tReport of the Board ofAuditors for the yearended 31 December 2010for the capital masterplan (Vol. V) (Suppl. No.5) (also under item 131(c)) \n\tA/66/ DM\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theprogress report on thestrategic heritage planat the United NationsOffice at Geneva \n\tA/66/74 OHCHR\t20/4/2011\t20/4/2011\t29/4/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theprogress of theimplementation of therecommendations of thereport of the Office ofInternal OversightServices on theefficiency of theimplementation of themandate of the Office ofthe United Nations HighCommissioner for HumanRights \n\tA/66/ DFS\t6/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thethorough review of thecurrent funding andbackstopping arrangementsfor the special politicalmissions \n\tA/66/85 IAAC\t27/5/2011\t27/5/2011\t15/6/2011\n\tReport of the IndependentAudit Advisory Committeeon internal oversight:proposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012-2013 \n\tA/66/ DM\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theemergency managementframework \n\tA/66/84 DM\t25/5/2011\t24/5/2011\t16/6/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation ofprojects financed fromthe Development Account:seventh progress report \n\tA/66/ DM\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on aproposal for a mechanismto determine retirementpension benefits \n\tA/66/ DM\t7/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theoverseas propertymanagement andconstruction projects inprogress \n\tA/66/ DM\t17/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theSpecial Court in SierraLeone \n\tA/66/ DM\t30/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thethird progress report onthe enterprise resourceplanning project \n\tA/66/ DM\t19/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestimates in respect ofspecial politicalmissions, good officesand other politicalinitiatives authorized bythe General Assemblyand/or Security Council \n\tA/66/ /Add.1 DM\t30/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestimates in respect ofspecial politicalmissions, good officesand other politicalinitiatives authorized bythe General Assemblyand/or Security Council:thematic cluster I \n\tA/66/ /Add.2 DM\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestimates in respect ofspecial politicalmissions, good officesand other politicalinitiatives authorized bythe General Assemblyand/or Security Council:thematic cluster II \n\tA/66/ /Add.3 DM\t11/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestimates in respect ofspecial politicalmissions, good officesand other politicalinitiatives authorized bythe General Assemblyand/or Security Council:thematic cluster III \n\tA/66/ /Add.4 DM\t17/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestimates in respect ofspecial politicalmissions, good officesand other politicalinitiatives authorized bythe General Assemblyand/or Security Council:United Nations AssistanceMission in Afghanistan \n\tA/66/ /Add.5 DM\t17/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestimates in respect ofspecial politicalmissions, good officesand other politicalinitiatives authorized bythe General Assemblyand/or Security Council:United Nations AssistanceMission in Iraq \n\tA/66/ DM\t19/12/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therevised estimates: effectof changes in rates ofexchange and inflation \n\tA/66/ DM\t31/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefeasibility study of theUnited NationsHeadquarters long-termaccommodationrequirements \n\tA/66/ DM\t11/11/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onlimited budgetarydiscretion \n\tA/66/170 DM\t22/7/2011\t21/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therequest for a subventionto the United NationsInstitute for DisarmamentResearch resulting fromthe recommendations ofthe Board of Trustees ofthe Institute on the workprogramme of theInstitute for 2012-2013 \n\tA/66/ DM\t22/12/2011 \n\tConsolidated statement ofcharges to thecontingency fund \n\tA/66/ DM\t30/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therevised estimates for theOffice of theDirector-General of theUnited Nations office inNairobi \n\tA/66/ DM\t18/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefourth progress report onthe adoption ofInternational PublicSector AccountingStandards by the UnitedNations \n\tA/66/ UNJSPF \n\tReport of the UnitedNations Joint StaffPension Board onadministrative expenses \n\tA/66/ DM\t21/11/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therevised estimatesresulting fromresolutions and decisionsadopted by the HumanRights Council at itssixteenth and seventeenthsessions \n\tA/66/ DM\t7/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therevised estimatesresulting fromresolutions and decisionsadopted by the Economicand Social Council at itssubstantive session andits resumed substantivesessions of 2011 \n\tA/66/94 DM\t28/6/2011\t22/6/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onenterprise informationand communicationstechnology initiativesfor the United NationsSecretariat \n135.\tProgramme planning \n\tA/66/16 (Suppl.) DM\t8/7/2011\t5/7/2011\t7/7/2011\n\tReport of the Committeefor Programme andCoordination on itsfifty-first session (6June-1 July 2011) (Suppl.No. 16) (also under item132) \n136.\tImproving the financialsituation of the UnitedNations \n A/66/ DM \n\tPeriodic report of theSecretary-General onimproving the financialsituation of the UnitedNations \n137.\tPattern of conferences \n\tA/66/118 DGACM\t1/7/2011\t1/7/2011\t25/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thepattern of conferences \n\tA/66/32 (Suppl.) DGACM\t26/9/2011 \n\tReport of the Committeeon Conferences for 2011(Suppl. No. 32) \n138.\tScale of assessments forthe apportionment of theexpenses of the UnitedNations \n\tA/66/11 (Suppl.) DM\t8/7/2011\t8/7/2011\t22/7/2011\n\tReport of the Committeeon Contributions on itsseventy-first session(6-24 June 2011) (Suppl.No. 11) \n\tA/66/69 DM\t28/3/2011\t18/3/2011\t29/3/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onmulti-year payment plans \n139.\tHuman resourcesmanagement \n\tA/66/135 DM\t29/7/2011\t13/7/2011\t28/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thepractice of theSecretary-General indisciplinary matters andpossible criminalbehaviour, 1 July 2010 to30 June 2011 \n\tA/66/98 DM\t30/6/2011\t27/6/2011\t13/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onpersonal conflict ofinterest \n\tA/66/ EOSG\t19/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theactivities of the EthicsOffice \n\tA/66/ DM\t31/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thecomposition of theSecretariat \n140.\tJoint Inspection Unit \n No advance documentation \n141.\tUnited Nations commonsystem \n\tA/66/30 (Suppl.) ICSC\t23/8/2011 \n\tReport of theInternational CivilService Commission forthe year 2011 (Suppl. No.30) \n\tA/66/ DM\t30/9/2011 \n\tStatement submitted bythe Secretary-General onthe administrative andfinancial implications ofthe decisions andrecommendations containedin the report of theInternational CivilService Commission inaccordance with rule 53of the rules of procedureof the General Assembly \n142.\tReport on the activitiesof the Office of InternalOversight Services \n\tA/66/ (Part I) OIOS\t9/8/2011 \n\tActivities of the Officeof Internal OversightServices for the periodfrom 1 July 2010 to 30June 2011 (Part I) \n\tA/66/ (Part I)/(Add.1) OIOS\t15/8/2011 \n\tActivities of the Officeof Internal OversightServices for the periodfrom 1 July 2010 to 30June 2011 (Part I)(addendum) \n\tA/66/180 OIOS\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport of the Office ofInternal OversightServices on the review ofthe organizationalframework of the publicinformation function ofthe Secretariat \n143.\tAdministration of justiceat the United Nations \n\tA/66/\t10/10/2011\tEOSG\t18/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theadministration of justiceat the United Nations \n\tA/66/158\t10/10/2011\tEOSG\t18/7/2011\t19/7/2011\t\n\tReport of the InternalJustice Council on theadministration of justiceat the United Nations \n\tA/66/86\t10/10/2011\tEOSG\t18/7/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onamendments to the rulesof procedure for theUnited Nations DisputeTribunal and UnitedNations Appeals Tribunal \n\tA/66/224 EOSG\t3/8/2011\t2/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theactivities of the UnitedNations Ombudsman andMediation Services \n\tA/66/275 EOSG\t2/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theadministration of justiceat the United Nations \n144.\tFinancing of theInternational CriminalTribunal for theProsecution of PersonsResponsible for Genocideand Other SeriousViolations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of Rwanda andRwandan CitizensResponsible for Genocideand Other Such ViolationsCommitted in theTerritory of NeighbouringStates between 1 Januaryand 31 December 1994 \n\tA/66/ DM\t15/11/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesecond performance reportof the InternationalCriminal Tribunal forRwanda for the biennium2010-2011 \n\tA/66/ DM\t30/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thebudget of theInternational CriminalTribunal for Rwanda forthe biennium 2012-2013 \n\tA/66/ DM\t19/12/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onrevised estimates for theInternational CriminalTribunal for the formerYugoslavia and theInternational CriminalTribunal for Rwanda:effect of changes inrates of exchange andinflation \n145.\tFinancing of theInternational Tribunalfor the Prosecution ofPersons Responsible forSerious Violations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of the FormerYugoslavia since 1991 \n\tA/66/ DM\t15/11/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesecond performance reportof the InternationalTribunal for the FormerYugoslavia for thebiennium 2010-2011 \n\tA/66/ DM\t30/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thebudget of theInternational CriminalTribunal for the formerYugoslavia for thebiennium 2012-2013 \n146.\tAdministrative andbudgetary aspects of thefinancing of the UnitedNations peacekeepingoperations \n No advance documentation \n147.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Mission in theCentral African Republicand Chad \n No advance documentation \n148.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Operation in Côted’Ivoire \n No advance documentation \n149.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations PeacekeepingForce in Cyprus \n No advance documentation \n150.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations OrganizationMission in the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo \n No advance documentation \n151.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations OrganizationStabilization Mission inthe Democratic Republicof the Congo \n No advance documentation \n152.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Mission in EastTimor \n No advance documentation \n153.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations IntegratedMission in Timor-Leste \n No advance documentation \n154.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Mission inEthiopia and Eritrea \n No advance documentation \n155.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Observer Missionin Georgia \n No advance documentation \n156.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations StabilizationMission in Haiti \n No advance documentation \n157.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations InterimAdministration Mission inKosovo \n No advance documentation \n158.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Mission inLiberia \n No advance documentation \n159.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations peacekeepingforces in the Middle East \n No advance documentation \n160.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Mission in theSudan \n\tA/66/ DM\t7/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefinal disposition of theassets of the UnitedNations Mission in theSudan \n161.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Mission for theReferendum in WesternSahara \n No advance documentation \n162.\tFinancing of the AfricanUnion-United NationsHybrid Operation inDarfur \n No advance documentation \n163.\tFinancing of theactivities arising fromSecurity Councilresolution 1863 (2009) \n No advance documentation \n164.\tReport of the Committeeon Relations with theHost Country \n\tA/66/26 (Suppl.)\t10/11/2011\tOLA\t28/10/2011 \n\tReport of the Committeeon Relations with theHost Country (Suppl. No.26) \n\tA/AC.154/2011/CRP.___\t10/11/2011\tOLA\t14/10/2011 \n\tDraft report of theCommittee on Relationswith the Host Country \n165.\tObserver status for theCooperation Council ofTurkic-speaking States inthe General Assembly \n No advance documentation \n166.\tObserver status for theInternational EmergencyManagement Organizationin the General Assembly \n No advance documentation \n167.\tObserver status for theUnion of South AmericanNations in the GeneralAssembly \n No advance documentation \n168.\tObserver status for theInternational RenewableEnergy Agency in theGeneral Assembly \n No advance documentation \n169.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Interim SecurityForce for Abyei \n\tA/66/ DM\t21/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thebudget for the UnitedNations Interim SecurityForce for Abyei from1 July 2011 to 31December 2011 \n170.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Mission in SouthSudan \n\tA/66/ DM\t21/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thebudget for the UnitedNations Mission in SouthSudan from 1 July to31 December 2011" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目118", "大会工作的振兴", "大会工作的振兴：大会第六十六届会议文件编制情况", "秘书长的报告", "本增编开列了截至2011年8月3日的大会第六十六届会议文件编制情况。议程项目编号系临时议程(A/66/150)的编号。", "缩写与简称", "行预咨委会 行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "审计委 审计委员会", "经社部 经济和社会事务部", "外勤部 外勤支助部", "大会部 大会和会议管理部", "管理部 管理事务部", "政治部 政治事务部", "新闻部 新闻部", "维和部 维持和平行动部", "安保部 安全和安保部", "秘书长办公厅 秘书长办公厅", "审咨委 独立审计咨询委员会", "原子能机构 国际原子能机构", "国际法院 国际法院", "卢旺达问题国际法庭 卢旺达问题国际法庭", "前南问题国际法庭 前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭", "减灾战略 国际减少灾害战略", "内部司法办公室 内部司法办公室", "人道协调厅 人道主义事务协调厅", "裁军厅 裁军事务厅", "人权高专办 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处", "最不发达等国家高代办 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处", "监督厅 内部监督事务厅", "法律厅 法律事务厅", "非洲顾问办 非洲问题特别顾问办公室", "儿童与武装冲突特代办 儿童与武装冲突问题秘书长特别代表办公室", "区域委纽约办 区域委员会纽约办事处", "生物多样性公约 联合国生物多样性公约", "防治荒漠化公约 联合国防治荒漠化公约", "贸发会议 联合国贸易和发展会议", "开发署 联合国开发计划署", "环境署 联合国环境规划署", "气候公约 联合国气候变化框架公约", "伙伴基金 联合国国际伙伴关系基金", "人口基金 联合国人口基金", "人居署 联合国人类住区规划署", "难民署 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处", "儿基会 联合国儿童基金会", "养恤基金 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金", "禁毒办 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处", "外空办 联合国外层空间事务办公室", "近东救济工程处 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处", "辐射科委会 联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会", "妇女署 联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署", "大会第六十六届会议文件编制情况", "项目/分项\t文号文件标题\t会议日期\t作者\t排定提交日期\t收到日期\t印发日期 \n1.\t大会主席宣布会议开幕 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年9月13日 \n2.\t默祷或默念一分钟 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年9月13日 \n3.\t出席大会第六十六届会议各国代表的全权证书 \n(b)\tA/66/\t2011年12月12日\t法律厅\t2011年12月7日 \n 全权证书委员会的报告 \n4.\t选举大会主席 \n 无预发文件 \n5.\t选举各主要委员会的主席团成员 \n 无预发文件 \n6.\t选举大会副主席 \n 无预发文件 \n7.\t安排工作、通过议程和分配项目：总务委员会的报告 \n\tA/66/50 大会部\t2011年2月15日\t2011年2月11日\t2011年2月14日\n\t大会第六十六届常会临时议程暂定项目表 \n\tA/66/100 大会部\t2011年6月15日\t2011年4月20日\t2011年6月15日\n\t大会第六十六届常会临时议程附加说明的暂定项目表 \n\tA/66/150 大会部\t2011年7月15日\t2011年7月8日\t2011年7月15日\n\t大会第六十六届常会临时议程 \n\tA/66/100/Add.1 大会部\t2011年8月12日 \n\t大会第六十六届常会附加说明的议程草案(增编) \n\tA/66/200 大会部\t2011年8月24日 \n\t提议列入大会第六十六届会议议程的补充项目清单 \n\tA/BUR/66/1 大会部\t2011年9月13日 \n\t秘书长备忘录：大会第六十六届常会安排工作、通过议程和分配项目 \n\tA/66/250 大会部\t2011年9月15日 \n\t总务委员会的第一次报告：第六十六届常会安排工作、通过议程和分配项目 \n\tA/66/251 大会部\t2011年9月19日 \n\t大会第六十六届会议议程 \n\tA/66/252 大会部\t2011年9月19日 \n\t大会第六十六届会议议程项目分配 \n8.\t一般性辩论 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年9月21日 \n9.\t经济及社会理事会的报告 \n\tA/66/3(Suppl.)\t2011年10月19日\t大会部\t2011年8月22日 \n\t经济及社会理事会的报告(补编第3号) \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人口基金\t2011年8月10日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递联合国人口基金执行主任关于2011年联合国人口奖的报告 \n10.\t体育促进和平与发展 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月17日 \n11.\t全球道路安全危机 \n\tA/66/\t2011年12月12日\t经社部\t2011年10月3日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递世界卫生组织关于改善全球道路安全情况的报告 \n12.\t2001-2010：发展中国家特别是非洲减少疟疾十年 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月11日\t经社部\t2011年7月29日 \n\t秘书长的报告：在发展中国家特别是非洲巩固成果并加紧努力，到2015年控制和消除疟疾 \n13.\t联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行及后续行动 \n\tA/66/160\t2011年10月19日\t人道协调厅\t2011年7月22日\t2011年7月19日\t2011年7月28日\n\t人的安全：秘书处的说明 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月4日 \n\t与享有安全饮用水和卫生设施有关的人权义务问题独立专家的年度报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办 \n\t关于提供充分资金，支付人权理事会的决议和决定引起的意外和非常费用的报告，附带供第五委员会审议的备选方案 \n14.\t不同文明对话全球议程 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月17日 \n15.\t和平文化 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月17日\t经社部\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事关于和平和非暴力文化国际十年的报告 \n\tA/66/280\t2011年10月17日\t经社部\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长关于文化间、宗教间和文明间对话的报告 \n16.\t信息和通信技术促进发展 \n\tA/66/77-E/2011/103\t2011年10月17日\t经社部\t2011年5月9日\t2011年5月4日\t2011年5月23日\n\t秘书长的报告：在与因特网有关的公共政策问题方面加强合作 \n\tA/66/64-E/2011/77\t2011年10月17日\t贸发会议 \n\t秘书长的报告：在区域和国际一级执行和落实信息社会世界首脑会议成果方面取得的进展 \n\tA/66/ -E/2011/\t2011年10月17日\t贸发会议 \n\t工作组关于改进因特网治理论坛的报告 \n17.\t宏观经济政策问题 \n\tA/66/15(PartI)(Suppl.)\t2011年10月3日\t贸发会议 2011年3月30日\t\n\t贸易和发展理事会第五十一届执行会议报告(2010年11月29-30日，日内瓦)(补编第15号)(第一部分) \n\tA/66/15(PartII)(Suppl.)\t2011年10月3日\t贸发会议 \n\t贸易和发展理事会第五十二届执行会议报告(2011年4月11-12、14日，日内瓦)(补编第15号)(第二部分) \n\tA/66/15(PartIII)(Suppl.)\t2011年10月3日\t贸发会议 \n\t贸易和发展理事会第五十三届执行会议报告(非洲/关于各委员会的报告)(2011年6月27日和28日及7月11日，日内瓦)(补编第15号)(第三部分) \n\tA/66/15(PartIV)(Suppl.)\t2011年10月3日\t贸发会议 \n\t贸易和发展理事会第五十八届常会报告(2011年9月12-23日，日内瓦)(补编第15号)(第四部分) \n(a)\t国际贸易与发展 \n\tA/66/138\t2011年10月3日\t经社部\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月14日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：以单方面经济措施作为对发展中国家施行胁迫的手段 \n\tA/66/185\t2011年10月3日\t贸发会议\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月25日\t\n\t秘书长关于国际贸易与发展的报告 \n(b)\t国际金融体系与发展 \n\tA/66/167\t2011年10月3日\t经社部\t2011年7月22日\t2011年7月21日\t\n\t秘书长关于国际金融体系与发展的报告 \n(c)\t外债可持续性与发展 \n\tA/66/164\t2011年10月3日\t贸发会议\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月20日\t\n\t秘书长关于外债可持续性与发展的报告 \n(d)\t商品 \n\tA/66/207\t2011年10月3日\t贸发会议\t2011年7月28日\t2011年7月28日\t\n\t秘书长关于世界商品趋势和前景的说明 \n18.\t2002年发展筹资问题国际会议以及2008年审查会议成果的后续行动和执行情况 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月3日\t经社部\t2011年8月31日 \n\t秘书长的报告：《蒙特雷共识》和《关于发展筹资问题的多哈宣言》的后续行动和执行情况 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月3日\t经社部\t2011年8月29日 \n\t大会主席关于创新金融机制促进发展的报告 \n19.\t可持续发展 \n\tA/66/25(Suppl.)\t2011年10月24日\t环境署 \n\t理事会/全球部长级环境论坛第二十六届会议工作报告(2011年2月21-24日)(补编第25号) \n\tA/66/ -E/2011/\t2011年10月24日\t经社部\t2011年4月25日 \n\t经济及社会理事会主席关于理事会与布雷顿森林机构、世界贸易组织和联合国贸易和发展会议举行的高级别特别会议的总结 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t环境署\t2011年8月12日 \n\t秘书长的报告：黎巴嫩海岸的浮油 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t环境署\t2011年8月15日 \n\t秘书长的报告：保护珊瑚礁，促进可持续生计和发展 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t防治荒漠化公约 \n\t秘书长的报告：《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》的执行情况 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t经社部\t2011年8月11日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递联合国气候变化框架公约秘书处、联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约秘书处、以及生物多样性公约秘书处分别提交的关于联合国各项环境公约的执行情况的报告 \n(a)\t《21世纪议程》、《进一步执行〈21世纪议程〉方案》和可持续发展问题世界首脑会议成果的执行情况 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t经社部\t2011年8月15日 \n\t秘书长关于农业技术促进发展的报告 \n\tA/66/287\t2011年10月24日\t经社部\t2011年8月9日 \n\t秘书长的报告：《21世纪议程》、《进一步执行〈21世纪议程〉方案》和可持续发展问题世界首脑会议成果的执行情况 \n(b)\t《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》的后续行动和执行情况 \n\tA/66/218\t2011年10月24日\t经社部\t2011年8月1日\t2011年8月1日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：审查联合国系统对小岛屿发展中国家的支持 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t经社部\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长的报告：加强《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》执行工作的具体建议 \n(c)\t国际减少灾害战略 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t减灾战略\t2011年8月12日 \n\t秘书长的报告：国际减少灾害战略：兵库行动框架中期审查 \n(d)\t为人类今世后代保护全球气候 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t气候公约 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递联合国气候变化框架公约关于为人类今世后代保护全球气候的报告 \n(f)\t生物多样性公约 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t生物多样性公约/经社部\t2011年8月15日 \n\t秘书长关于2010年国际生物多样性年的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t生物多样性公约 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递生物多样性公约缔约方大会第十次会议的报告 \n(h)\t与自然和谐相处 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t经社部\t2011年8月15日 \n\t秘书长关于与自然和谐相处的报告 \n(i)\t山区可持续发展 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t经社部\t2011年8月15日 \n\t秘书长关于山区可持续发展的报告 \n(j)\t推广新能源和可再生能源 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t经社部\t2011年8月15日 \n\t秘书长关于推广新能源和可再生能源的报告 \n20.\t联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的执行情况和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署) \n\tA/66/8(Suppl.)\t2011年10月24日\t人居署\t2011年5月2日 \n\t联合国人类住区规划署理事会第二十三届会议的报告(4月11-15日，内罗毕)(补编第8号) \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t人居署\t2011年8月12日 \n\t秘书长的报告：第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展问题会议(人居三) \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t人居署\t2011年8月12日 \n\t秘书长的报告：联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的执行情况和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署) \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月24日\t大会部 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递关于协调执行人居议程的报告 \n21.\t全球化和相互依存 \n\tA/66/187\t2011年10月10日\t经社部\t2011年8月1日\t2011年7月26日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事关于文化与发展的报告 \n(a)\t联合国在全球化和相互依存的背景下促进发展的作用 \n\tA/66/223\t2011年10月10日\t经社部\t2011年8月1日\t2011年8月1日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：全球化和相互依存：以持续、包容和公平的经济增长推动公平和更加公正的普惠全球化，包括创造就业 \n(b)\t与中等收入国家的发展合作 \n\tA/66/208\t2011年10月10日\t贸发会议\t2011年8月1日\t2011年7月28日\t\n\t秘书长关于科学技术促进发展的报告 \n\tA/66/220\t2011年10月10日\t经社部\t2011年8月1日\t2011年8月1日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：与中等收入国家的发展合作 \n22.\t处境特殊的各国家组 \n(a)\t第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议后续行动 \n\tA/CONF.219/7\t2011年10月10日\t最不发达等国家高代办\t2011年6月20日\t2011年6月16日\t\n\t第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的报告(5月9-13日，伊斯坦布尔) \n\tA/66/66-E/2011/78\t2011年10月10日\t最不发达等国家高代办\t2011年2月1日\t2011年2月7日\t2011年3月14日\n\t秘书长的报告：2001-2010十年期布鲁塞尔支援最不发达国家行动纲领执行情况的十年期评估和审查 \n\tA/66/134\t2011年10月10日\t最不发达等国家高代办\t2011年7月15日\t2011年7月13日\t2011年7月29日\n\t秘书长的报告：第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议成果 \n(b)\t与内陆发展中国家的特殊需要和问题有关的具体行动：内陆和过境发展中国家与捐助国及国际金融和发展机构过境运输合作问题国际部长级会议的成果 \n\tA/66/205\t2011年10月10日\t最不发达等国家高代办\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月25日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：《阿拉木图行动纲领：在内陆和过境发展中国家过境运输合作全球新框架下满足内陆发展中国家的特别需要》的执行情况 \n23.\t消除贫穷和其他发展问题 \n(a)\t联合国第二个消除贫穷十年(2008-2017)的执行情况 \n\tA/66/221\t2011年10月10日\t经社部\t2011年7月29日\t2011年8月1日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：联合国第二个消除贫穷十年(2008-2017)的执行情况 \n(b)\t妇女参与发展 \n\tA/66/219\t2011年10月10日\t妇女署\t2011年8月1日\t2011年8月1日\t\n\t秘书长关于把性别观点纳入国家发展战略的报告 \n(c)\t人力资源开发 \n\tA/66/206\t2011年10月10日\t经社部\t2011年8月1日\t2011年7月28日\t\n\t秘书长关于人力资源开发的报告 \n24.\t发展方面的业务活动 \n(a)\t联合国系统发展方面的业务活动 \n\tA/66/79-E/2011/107\t2011年10月3日\t经社部\t2011年5月6日\t2011年5月19日\t2011年7月1日\n\t秘书长的报告：2009年联合国系统发展方面业务活动供资情况分析 \n(b)\t南南合作促进发展 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月3日\t开发署\t2011年8月3日 \n\t秘书长关于南南合作促进发展的报告 \n25.\t农业发展与粮食安全 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月17日\t经社部\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长的报告：农业发展和粮食安全：世界粮食安全首脑会议成果的执行进展情况 \n26.\t建立全球伙伴关系 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月31日\t秘书长办公厅\t2011年8月22日 \n\t秘书长的报告：加强联合国与所有有关伙伴，特别是私人部门的合作 \n27.\t社会发展 \n\tA/66/136\t2011年10月3日\t经社部\t2011年7月13日\t2011年7月13日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：合作社在社会发展中的作用和实施国际合作社年 \n\tA/66/62-E/2011/4\t2011年10月3日\t经社部\t2011年11月30日\t2011年11月30日\t2011年11月22日\n\t秘书长的报告：国际家庭年十周年及其后的后续行动 \n(a)\t社会发展问题世界首脑会议和大会第二十四届特别会议成果的执行情况 \n\tA/66/124\t2011年10月3日\t经社部\t2011年7月13日\t2011年7月11日\t2011年7月27日\n\t秘书长的报告：社会发展问题世界首脑会议和大会第二十四届特别会议成果的执行情况 \n\tA/66/226\t2011年10月3日\t经社部\t2011年7月21日\t2011年8月2日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：2011年世界社会状况：全球社会危机 \n(b)\t社会发展，包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题 \n\tA/66/129\t2011年10月3日\t经社部\t2011年7月12日\t2011年7月12日\t2011年7月29日\n\t秘书长关于国际青年年：对话和相互了解的报告 \n\tA/66/61-E/2011/3\t2011年10月3日\t经社部\t2011年11月29日\t2011年11月22日\t2011年12月28日\n\t秘书长的报告：实施世界青年行动纲领：联合国系统青年工作的协调与合作 \n\tA/66/128\t2011年10月3日\t经社部\t2011年7月12日\t2011年7月12日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：为残疾人实现千年发展目标和其他国际商定的发展目标 \n(c)\t国际老年人年的后续行动：第二次老龄问题世界大会 \n\tA/66/173\t2011年10月3日\t经社部\t2011年7月22日\t2011年7月22日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：第二次老龄问题世界大会的后续行动 \n28.\t提高妇女地位 \n\tA/66/38(Suppl.)\t2011年10月10日\t人权高专办\t2011年4月1日\t2011年4月6日\t2011年6月15日\n\t消除对妇女歧视委员会第四十六届会议(2010年7月12-30日)、第四十七届会议(2010年10月4-22日) \n\t和第四十八届会议(2011年1月17日-2月4日)的报告(补编第38号) \n\tA/66/181\t2011年10月10日\t妇女署\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月25日\t\n\t秘书长关于改善农村妇女境况的报告 \n\tA/66/212\t2011年10月10日\t妇女署\t2011年7月29日\t2011年7月29日\t\n\t秘书长关于暴力侵害女移徙工人问题的报告 \n\tA/66/99\t2011年10月10日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月1日\t2011年6月28日\t2011年7月19日\n\t秘书长的报告：《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》的现况 \n(a)\t提高妇女地位 \n\tA/66/215\t2011年10月10日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月1日\t2011年8月1日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员的报告 \n(b)\t第四次妇女问题世界会议和大会第二十三届特别会议成果的执行情况 \n\tA/66/211\t2011年10月10日\t妇女署\t2011年7月29日\t2011年7月29日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：执行《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》及大会第二十三届特别会议成果的后续行动中采取的措施和取得的进展 \n29.\t安全理事会的报告 \n\tA/66/2(Suppl.)\t2011年11月8日\t政治部\t2011年9月2日 \n\t安全理事会关于2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间的报告(补编第2号) \n30.\t建设和平委员会的报告 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月6日 \n31.\t联合国系统支持各国政府努力促进和巩固新的民主政体或恢复民主的政体 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月18日\t政治部\t2011年9月7日 \n\t秘书长的报告：联合国系统支持各国政府努力促进和巩固新的民主政体或恢复民主的政体 \n32.\t钻石在助长冲突方面所起的作用 \n\tA/66/\t2011年12月9日\t刚果民主共和国 \n\t金伯利进程主席关于该进程实施进度的报告 \n33.\t预防武装冲突 \n\tA/66/\t2011年12月12日\t政治部 \n\t秘书长的报告：加强调解在和平解决争端、预防冲突和解决冲突方面的作用 \n34.\t古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平、安全与发展的影响 \n\tA/66/\t2011年12月12日\t难民署/维和部 \n\t秘书长的报告：来自格鲁吉亚的阿布哈兹和茨欣瓦利地区/南奥塞梯的境内流离失所者和难民的现状 \n35.\t中东局势 \n\tA/66/ -S/2011/\t2011年11月29日\t政治部\t2011年9月19日 \n\t秘书长的报告：和平解决巴勒斯坦问题方面的努力和各项发展 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月29日\t政治部\t2011年9月19日 \n\t秘书长关于中东局势的报告 \n36.\t巴勒斯坦问题 \n\tA/66/35(Suppl.)\t2011年11月28日\t政治部\t2011年10月7日 \n\t巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会的报告(补编第35号) \n\tA/66/ -S/2011/\t2011年11月28日\t政治部 \n\t秘书长关于和平解决巴勒斯坦问题的努力与事态发展的报告 \n37.\t阿富汗局势 \n\tA/66/ -S/2011/\t2011年11月23日\t维和部\t2011年9月23日 \n\t秘书长的报告：阿富汗局势及其对国际和平与安全的影响 \n38.\t被占领阿塞拜疆领土的局势 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年12月12日 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年12月12日 \n39.\t科摩罗马约特岛问题 \n 无预发文件 \n40.\t必须终止美利坚合众国对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁 \n\tA/66/114\t2011年10月25日\t政治部\t2011年8月2日 \n\t秘书长的报告：必须终止美利坚合众国对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁 \n41.\t中美洲局势：形成和平、自由、民主和发展区域的进展 \n\tA/66/ 政治部 \n\t秘书长的报告：消除危地马拉国内有罪不罚现象国际委员会的工作 \n42.\t塞浦路斯问题 \n 无预发文件 \n43.\t对刚果民主共和国的武装侵略 \n 无预发文件 \n44.\t福克兰(马尔维纳斯)群岛问题 \n 无预发文件 \n45.\t海地的民主和人权状况 \n 无预发文件 \n46.\t以色列对伊拉克核设施的武装侵略及其对已确立的关于和平利用核能、不扩散核武器及国际和平与安全的国际制度的严重后果 \n 无预发文件 \n47.\t伊拉克占领和侵略科威特的后果 \n 无预发文件 \n48.\t协助地雷行动 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月28日\t维和部\t2011年8月10日 \n\t秘书长关于协助地雷行动的报告 \n49.\t原子辐射的影响 \n\tA/66/46(Suppl.)\t2011年10月21日\t辐射科委会 \n\t联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会的报告(第五十八届会议，2011年5月23-27日，维也纳)(补编第46号) \n50.\t和平利用外层空间的国际合作 \n\tA/66/20(Suppl.)\t2011年10月11日\t外空办 \n\t和平利用外层空间委员会第五十四届会议的报告(2011年6月1-10日)(补编第20号) \n51.\t联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处 \n\tA/66/13(Suppl.)\t2011年10月31日\t近东救济工程处\t2011年3月31日\t2011年3月31日\t\n\t联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处主任专员的报告(补编第13号) \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月31日\t政治部\t2011年8月22日 \n\t秘书长的说明：转递联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会的第六十五次报告 \n\tA/66/222\t2011年10月31日\t近东救济工程处\t2011年8月18日\t2011年8月1日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：因1967年6月及其后的敌对行动而流离失所的人 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月31日\t政治部\t2011年8月22日 \n\t秘书长的报告：巴勒斯坦难民的财产及其收益 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月31日\t政治部\t2011年9月29日 \n\t联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处经费筹措问题工作组的报告 \n\tA/66/13(Suppl.)\t2011年10月31日\t近东救济工程处\t2011年8月16日 \n\t近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处主任专员的报告(补编第13号)(增编) \n52.\t调查以色列侵害占领区巴勒斯坦人民和其他阿拉伯人人权的行为特别委员会的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月4日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月26日 \n\t秘书长关于调查以色列侵害占领区巴勒斯坦人民和其他阿拉伯人人权的行为特别委员会工作的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月4日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月26日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递调查以色列侵害占领区巴勒斯坦人民和其他阿拉伯人人权的行为特别委员会第四十三次报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月4日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月26日 \n\t秘书长的报告：1949年8月12日《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》适用于包括东耶路撒冷在内被占领巴勒斯坦领土和其他被占领的阿拉伯领土 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月4日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月26日 \n\t秘书长的报告：以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土和被占领的叙利亚戈兰的定居点 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月4日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月26日 \n\t秘书长的报告：以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土侵害巴勒斯坦人民人权的行为 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月4日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月26日 \n\t秘书长关于被占领的叙利亚戈兰的报告 \n53.\t整个维持和平行动问题所有方面的全盘审查 \n\tA/66/19(Suppl.)\t2011年10月24日\t大会部\t2011年5月12日\t2011年5月12日\t2011年6月20日\n\t维持和平行动特别委员会2011年实质性会议(2011年2月22日-5月9日)的报告(补编第19号) \n54.\t有关信息的问题 \n\tA/66/21(Suppl.)\t2011年10月18日\t新闻部\t2011年6月1日\t2011年5月26日\t2011年6月24日\n\t新闻委员会第三十三届会议(2011年4月27日-5月6日)的报告(补编第21号) \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月18日\t新闻部\t2011年8月9日 \n\t秘书长关于新闻问题的报告 \n55.\t按照《联合国宪章》第七十三条(辰)款递送的非自治领土情报 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月3日\t政治部\t2011年3月14日 \n\t秘书长的报告：按照《联合国宪章》第七十三条(辰)款递送的非自治领土情报 \n57.\t各专门机构和与联合国有联系的国际机构执行《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》的情况 \n\tA/66/23(Suppl.)\t2011年10月3日\t大会部\t2011年7月7日\t2011年6月29日\t\n\t给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言执行情况特别委员会的2011年报告(2011年6月/7月，纽约)(补编第23号) \n58.\t会员国向非自治领土居民提供学习和训练便利 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月3日\t政治部\t2011年3月18日 \n\t秘书长的报告：会员国向非自治领土居民提供学习和训练便利 \n59.\t《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》的执行情况 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月3日\t政治部\t2011年7月25日 \n\t秘书长关于西撒哈拉问题的报告 \n60.\t马达加斯加格洛里厄斯群岛、新胡安岛、欧罗巴岛和印度巴萨斯岛问题 \n 无预发文件 \n61.\t包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上的巴勒斯坦人民和被占领叙利亚戈兰的阿拉伯居民对其自然资源的永久主权 \n\tA/66/78-E/2011/13\t2011年10月31日\t区域委纽约办\t2011年5月9日\t2011年5月6日\t2011年5月25日\n\t秘书长的说明：以色列占领对包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上的巴勒斯坦人民和被占领叙利亚戈兰的阿拉伯居民的生活条件造成的经济和社会影响 \n62.\t联合国难民事务高级专员的报告：与难民、回返者和流离失所者有关的问题以及人道主义问题 \n\tA/66/12(Suppl.)\t2011年11月2日\t难民署 \n\t联合国难民事务高级专员的报告(补编第12号) \n\tA/66/12/Add.1(Suppl.)\t2011年11月2日\t难民署 \n\t联合国难民事务高级专员方案执行委员会的报告(第六十一届会议，2011年10月，日内瓦)(补编第12A号)(增编1) \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月2日\t难民署\t2011年8月22日 \n\t秘书长关于援助非洲难民、回返者和流离失所者的报告 \n63.\t非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行进展情况和国际支持 \n\tA/66/202\t2011年10月11日\t非洲顾问办\t2011年8月1日\t2011年7月28日\t\n\t秘书长关于非洲发展新伙伴关系的报告：关于执行进展情况和国际支持的第九份综合报告 \n(b)\t非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展 \n\tA/66/214-S/2011/476\t2011年10月11日\t非洲顾问办\t2011年8月1日\t2011年8月1日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：秘书长关于非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展的报告所载建议的执行情况 \n64.\t人权理事会的报告 \n\tA/66/53(Suppl.)\t2011年11月1日\t人权高专办 \n\t人权理事会报告(补编第53号) \n\tA/66/53/Add.1(Suppl.)\t2011年11月1日\t人权高专办 \n\t人权理事会报告(补编第53A号)(增编) \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月1日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月23日 \n\t秘书长的报告：宣布3月24日为了解严重侵犯人权行为真相权利和维护受害者尊严国际日 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月1日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月15日 \n\t人权理事会关于其工作和运作情况的报告 \n65.\t促进和保护儿童权利 \n\tA/66/257\t2011年10月12日\t儿基会\t2011年8月3日 \n\t秘书长关于女童问题的报告 \n(a)\t促进和保护儿童权利 \n\tA/66/230\t2011年10月12日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月3日 \n\t秘书长关于《儿童权利公约》现况的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月12日\t儿童与武装冲突特代办\t2011年8月3日 \n\t儿童与武装冲突问题特别代表的报告 \n\tA/66/227\t2011年10月12日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月3日\t2011年8月2日\t\n\t暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表的年度报告 \n\tA/66/228\t2011年10月12日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月3日\t2011年8月2日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/258\t2011年10月12日\t儿基会\t2011年8月3日 \n\t秘书长的报告：落实大会儿童问题特别会议的结果 \n66.\t土著人民权利 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月17日 \n67.\t消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为 \n(a)\t消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为 \n\tA/66/18(Suppl.)\t2011年10月31日\t人权高专办 \n\t消除种族歧视委员会（第七十八届会议，2011年2月14日-3月11日和第七十九届会议(2011年8月15日-9月8日，日内瓦)的报告(补编第18号) \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月31日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月22日 \n\t特别报告员的报告：取缔某些助长当代形式的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和有关不容忍行为的做法 \n(b)\t《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月31日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月22日 \n\t秘书长的报告：彻底消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和有关不容忍行为的全球努力以及《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动 \n68.\t人民自决的权利 \n\tA/66/172\t2011年10月31日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月22日\t2011年7月22日\t\n\t秘书长关于人民自决权利的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月31日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月22日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递利用雇佣军作为侵犯人权阻止人民行使自决权利的手段问题工作组的报告 \n69.\t促进和保护人权 \n(a)\t人权文书的执行情况 \n\tA/66/44(Suppl.)\t2011年10月18日\t人权高专办 \n 禁止酷刑委员会的报告 \n\tA/66/40(Vol.I)(Suppl.)\t2011年10月18日\t人权高专办 \n\t人权事务委员会报告(第一〇一届会议，2011年3月14日-4月1日，纽约；第一〇二届会议，2011年7月11-29日，日内瓦；第一〇三届会议，2011年10月17日-11月4日)(Vol.I)(补编第40号) \n\tA/66/40(Vol.II)(Suppl.)\t2011年10月18日\t人权高专办 \n\t人权事务委员会报告(第一〇一届会议，2011年3月14日-4月1日，纽约；第一〇二届会议，2011年7月11-29日，日内瓦；第一〇三届会议，2011年10月17日-11月4日)(Vol.II)(补编第40号) \n\tA/66/48(Suppl.)\t2011年10月18日\t人权高专办 \n\t保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会的报告(补编第48号) \n\tA/66/121\t2011年10月18日\t经社部\t2011年7月12日\t2011年7月7日\t2011年7月27日\n\t秘书长的报告：《残疾人权利公约》及其任择议定书的现状 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月18日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月9日 \n\t秘书长的报告：为进一步提高条约机构制度的效力以及统一和改革该制度所采取的措施 \n\tA/66/175\t2011年10月18日\t人权高专办\t2011年7月27日\t2011年7月25日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递第二十三届人权条约机构主席会议的报告 \n\tA/66/217\t2011年10月18日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月9日\t2011年8月1日\t\n\t秘书长关于联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金现状的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月18日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长的报告：《禁止酷刑公约》任择议定书所设特别基金的业务 \n(b)\t人权问题，包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月9日 \n\t秘书长关于中部非洲次区域人权与民主中心的报告 \n\tA/66/225\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月9日\t2011年8月2日\t\n\t秘书长关于国际人权学习年后续行动的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长关于促进和保护人权的国家机构的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t政治部\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长的报告：加强联合国在提高定期真正选举原则的效力和促进民主化方面的作用 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长的报告：非洲裔国际年活动方案 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递酷刑和其他残忍、不人道和有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长的报告：联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金的业务 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月25日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递法外处决、即决处决或任意处决问题特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月10日 \n\t秘书长的报告：《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》 \n\tA/66/156\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月4日\t2011年7月18日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员的临时报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月10日 \n\t秘书长的报告：促进和保护人权，包括促进移徙者人权的方式方法 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月4日 \n\t秘书长的说明：转递促进和保护人权，包括促进移徙者人权的方式方法特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长的报告：全球化及其对所有人权的充分享受的影响 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月5日 \n\t秘书长关于人权与单方面胁迫性措施的报告 \n\tA/66/216\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月5日\t2011年8月1日\t\n\t秘书长关于发展权的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月5日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递食物权问题特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/204\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月5日\t2011年7月28日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：在打击恐怖主义同时保护人权和基本自由 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月19日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递在打击恐怖主义同时保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月4日 \n\t秘书长关于遏制对宗教的诽谤的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月10日 \n\t人权理事会关于其工作和运作情况的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月10日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递土著人人权和基本自由状况特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递适足住房问题特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月10日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递促进和保护言论自由权问题特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/203\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月10日\t2011年7月28日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递人权维护者处境问题特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月5日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递人权和赤贫问题独立专家的报告 \n\tA/66/269\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月5日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递教育权问题特别报告员的临时报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月5日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递健康权利问题特别报告员的临时报告 \n\tA/66/289\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月10日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/283\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月10日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月10日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递1967年以来巴勒斯坦被占领土人权状况特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月10日 \n\t秘书长的报告，《残疾人权利公约》及其任择议定书的现况和决议执行情况 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办 \n\t残疾人权利委员会的报告 \n\tA/66/161\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月10日\t2011年7月20日\t\n\t秘书长关于人权与文化多样性的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月10日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递负责保护和协助境内流离失所者问题秘书长代表的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月4日 \n\t外债问题独立专家的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月10日 \n\t秘书长的说明，伊朗伊斯兰共和国人权状况特别报告员的报告 \n(c)\t人权状况及特别报告员和代表的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月2日 \n\t秘书长关于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国境内人权情况的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月2日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递朝鲜民主主义人民共和国境内人权情况特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t政治部\t2011年8月4日 \n\t秘书长关于缅甸境内人权情况的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年9月8日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递缅甸境内人权情况特别报告员的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月19日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月2日 \n\t秘书长关于伊朗伊斯兰共和国境内人权情况的报告 \n(d)\t《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动 \n\tA/66/36(Suppl.)\t2011年10月18日\t人权高专办\t2011年8月9日 \n\t联合国人权事务高级专员的报告(补编第36号) \n70.\t加强联合国人道主义和救灾援助，包括特别经济援助的协调 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月14日\t安保部\t2011年9月1日 \n\t秘书长的报告：关于人道主义人员的安全保障和对联合国人员的保护的最新综合报告 \n(a)\t加强联合国紧急人道主义援助的协调 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月14日\t人道协调厅\t2011年9月16日 \n\t秘书长的报告：中央应急基金开始业务活动第五年年底的独立审查 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月14日\t开发署\t2011年9月2日 \n\t秘书长的报告：为哈萨克斯坦塞米巴拉金斯克区域人的康复、生态恢复和经济发展开展国际合作与协调 \n\tA/66/81-E/2011/117\t2011年11月14日\t人道协调厅\t2011年5月16日\t2011年5月16日\t2011年6月13日\n\t秘书长关于加强联合国紧急人道主义援助的协调的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月14日\t人道协调厅\t2011年9月3日 \n\t秘书长的报告：自然灾害领域人道主义援助从救济向发展过渡的国际合作 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月14日\t人道协调厅\t2011年9月3日 \n\t秘书长的报告：为选定的国家和区域开展的人道主义援助和复原工作 \n(b)\t援助巴勒斯坦人民 \n\tA/66/80-E/2011/111\t2011年11月14日\t政治部\t2011年5月9日\t2011年5月9日\t2011年5月26日\n\t秘书长关于援助巴勒斯坦人民的报告 \n71.\t对1994年卢旺达境内种族灭绝幸存者，特别是孤儿、寡妇和性暴力行为受害人的援助 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月14日\t人道协调厅\t2011年9月3日 \n\t秘书长的报告：对1994年卢旺达境内种族灭绝幸存者，特别是孤儿、寡妇和性暴力行为受害人的援助 \n72.\t国际法院的报告 \n\tA/66/4(Suppl.)\t2011年10月27日\t国际法院\t2011年8月8日 \n\t国际法院的报告(补编第4号) \n73.\t起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭的报告 \n\tA/66/209-S/2011/452\t2011年10月10日\t卢旺达问题国际法庭\t2011年7月29日\t2011年7月29日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭第十六次年度报告 \n74.\t起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭的报告 \n\tA/66/210-S/2011/473\t2011年10月10日\t前南问题国际法庭\t2011年7月29日\t2011年7月29日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭第十八次年度报告 \n75.\t国际刑事法院的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月27日\t法律厅\t2011年8月16日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递国际刑事法院关于其2010-2011年活动的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月27日\t法律厅\t2011年8月31日 \n\t秘书长的报告：联合国向国际刑事法院提供协助所支付的费用和收到的偿还 \n76.\t海洋和海洋法 \n(a)\t海洋和海洋法 \n\tA/66/189\t2011年12月7日\t法律厅\t2011年8月1日\t2011年7月27日\t\n\t2011年7月13日特设全体工作组共同主席给大会主席的信,转递关于就海洋环境包括社会经济方面的状况作出全球报告和评估的经常程序的报告 \n\tA/66/186\t2011年12月7日\t法律厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月25日\t\n\t2011年7月22日联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额协商进程共同主席给大会主席的信，转递非正式协商进程第十二次会议工作报告 \n\tA/66/119\t2011年12月7日\t法律厅\t2011年6月30日\t2011年6月30日\t2011年7月21日\n\t2011年6月30日不限成员名额非正式特设工作组共同主席给大会主席的信,转递非正式特设工作组关于研究国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用问题的建议 \n\tA/66/70\t2011年12月7日\t法律厅\t2011年3月21日 \n\t秘书长关于海洋和海洋法的报告 \n\tA/66/70/Add.1\t2011年12月7日\t法律厅\t2011年3月29日 \n\t秘书长关于海洋和海洋法的报告(增编1) \n\tA/66/70/Add.2\t2011年12月7日\t法律厅\t2011年8月30日 \n\t秘书长关于海洋和海洋法的报告(增编2) \n(b)\t通过1995年《执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>有关养护和管理跨界鱼类种群和高度洄游鱼类种群的规定的协定》和相关文书等途径实现可持续渔业 \n\tA/66/\t2011年12月7日\t法律厅\t2011年8月15日 \n\t秘书长的报告：各国和区域渔业管理组织和安排根据大会第61/105号决议第80和83至87段、第64/72号决议第113至117段和第119至127段的规定，针对海底捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类资源的长期可持续性所产生影响采取的可持续渔业行动 \n77.\t国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题 \n\tA/66/178\t2011年10月17日\t法律厅\t2011年8月8日\t2011年7月25日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递各国政府就国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题提交的评论 \n78.\t追究联合国官员和特派专家的刑事责任 \n\tA/66/174\t2011年10月7日\t法律厅\t2011年7月29日\t2011年7月25日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：追究联合国官员和特派专家的刑事责任 \n79.\t联合国国际贸易法委员会第四十四届会议工作报告 \n\tA/66/17(Suppl.)\t2011年10月10日\t法律厅 \n\t联合国国际贸易法委员会第四十四届会议工作报告(6月27日-7月15日，维也纳)(补编第17号) \n80.\t联合国国际法的教学、研究、传播和广泛了解协助方案 \n\tA/AC.117/2011/CRP.1\t2011年10月14日\t法律厅\t2011年8月5日 \n\t秘书长的报告草稿：国际法的教学、研究、传播和广泛了解协助方案 \n81.\t国际法委员会第六十三届会议工作报告 \n\tA/66/10(Suppl.)\t2011年10月24日\t法律厅\t2011年8月22日 \n\t国际法委员会第六十三届会议工作报告(2011年4月26日-6月3日和7月4日-8月12日，日内瓦)(补编第10号) \n82.\t联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会的报告 \n\tA/66/33(Suppl.)\t2011年10月6日\t法律厅\t2011年3月16日\t2011年3月16日\t2011年3月30日\n\t联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会的报告(2011年2月28日-3月4日以及7日和9日，纽约)(补编第33号) \n\tA/66/201\t2011年10月6日\t法律厅\t2011年7月28日\t2011年7月27日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：《联合国机关惯例汇编》和《安全理事会惯例汇辑》 \n\tA/66/213\t2011年10月6日\t法律厅\t2011年8月9日\t2011年7月29日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：执行《联合国宪章》中有关援助因实施制裁而受影响的第三国的规定 \n83.\t国内和国际的法治 \n\tA/66/133\t2011年10月5日\t秘书长办公厅 2011年7月13日\t2011年7月28日\n\t秘书长关于加强和协调联合国法治活动的报告 \n84.\t普遍管辖权原则的范围和适用 \n\tA/66/93\t2011年10月12日\t法律厅\t2011年8月3日\t2011年6月20日\t\n\t秘书长根据各国政府评论和意见编写的报告：普遍管辖权原则的范围和适用 \n85.\t跨界含水层法 \n\tA/66/116\t2011年10月18日\t法律厅\t2011年7月29日\t2011年6月29日\t2011年7月27日\n\t秘书长关于跨界含水层法的报告 \n86.\t国际原子能机构的报告 \n\tA/66/95\t2011年11月1日\t原子能机构\t2011年8月16日\t2011年6月22日\t2011年6月27日\n\t秘书长的说明，转递国际原子能机构的报告 \n87.\t裁减军事预算 \n\tA/66/117\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月11日\t2011年6月29日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：关于军事情况的客观情报，包括军事支出的透明度 \n(b)\t军事情况的客观情报，包括军事支出的透明度 \n\tA/66/89\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年6月17日\t2011年6月14日\t2011年7月11日\n\t秘书长的说明，转递联合国军事支出标准汇报表的运作和进一步发展问题政府间专家组的报告 \n\tA/66/117/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月15日 \n\t秘书长的报告：关于军事情况的客观情报，包括军事支出的透明度(增编) \n88.\t禁止发展和制造新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统：裁军谈判会议的报告 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日 \n89.\t《宣布印度洋为和平区宣言》的执行情况 \n\tA/66/29(Suppl.)\t2011年10月3日\t大会部\t2011年7月29日\t2011年7月19日\t2011年7月28日\n\t印度洋特设委员会的报告(补编第29号) \n90.\t非洲无核武器区条约 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n91.\t核查的一切方面，包括联合国在核查领域的作用 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n92.\t审查《加强国际安全宣言》的执行情况 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n93.\t从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展 \n\tA/66/152\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月15日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展 \n\tA/66/152/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月21日 \n\t秘书长的报告：从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展(增编) \n94.\t建立中东无核武器区 \n\tA/66/153(Part I)\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月15日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：建立中东无核武器区(第一部分) \n\tA/66/153(PartI)/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月19日 \n\t秘书长的合并报告：建立中东无核武器区(第一部分)(增编) \n95.\t缔结关于保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n96.\t防止外层空间的军备竞赛 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n97.\t科学和技术在国际安全和裁军领域的作用 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n98.\t全面彻底裁军 \n\tA/66/176\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月25日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：关于常规武器领域建立信任措施的信息 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n\tA/66/176/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月21日 \n\t秘书长的报告：关于常规武器领域建立信任措施的信息(增编) \n\tA/66/171\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月22日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递禁止化学武器组织的年度报告 \n(e)\t推动拟订一项武器贸易条约：建立常规武器进出口和转让共同国际标准 \n\tA/66/166\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月20日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：武器贸易条约：会员国的意见 \n\tA/66/166/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月21日 \n\t秘书长的报告：武器贸易条约：会员国的意见(增编) \n(g)\t军备的透明度 \n\tA/66/127\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月18日\t2011年7月12日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：联合国传统武器登记册 \n\tA/66/127/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月21日 \n\t秘书长的报告：联合国传统武器登记册(增编) \n(h)\t区域裁军 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n(i)\t区域和次区域两级的常规军备控制 \n\tA/66/154\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月15日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：区域和次区域两级的常规军备控制 \n\tA/66/154/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月19日 \n\t秘书长的报告：区域和次区域两级的常规军备控制(增编) \n(j)\t区域和次区域建立信任措施 \n\tA/66/112\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年6月28日\t2011年7月21日\n\t秘书长的报告：区域和次区域建立信任措施 \n\tA/66/112/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月15日 \n\t秘书长的报告：区域和次区域建立信任措施(增编) \n(k)\t协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集 \n\tA/66/177\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月25日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集；小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题 \n(l)\t裁军与发展之间的关系 \n\tA/66/168\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月21日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：裁军与发展之间关系 \n\tA/66/168/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月15日 \n\t秘书长的报告：裁军与发展之间关系(增编) \n(m)\t拟订和执行裁军和军备控制协定时遵守环境规范 \n\tA/66/97\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年6月27日\t2011年7月22日\n\t秘书长的报告：拟订和执行裁军和军备控制协定时遵守环境规范 \n\tA/66/97/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月19日 \n\t秘书长的报告：拟订和执行裁军和军备控制协定时遵守环境规范(增编) \n(n)\t促进裁军和不扩散领域的多边主义 \n\tA/66/111\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年6月28日\t2011年7月21日\n\t秘书长的报告：促进裁军和不扩散领域的多边主义 \n\tA/66/111/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月19日 \n\t秘书长的报告：促进裁军和不扩散领域的多边主义(增编) \n(o)\t核裁军 \n\tA/66/132\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月13日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：核裁军；减少核危险；国际法院关于“威胁使用或使用核武器的合法性”的咨询意见的后续行动 \n\tA/66/132/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月19日 \n\t秘书长的报告：核裁军；减少核危险；国际法院关于“威胁使用或使用核武器的合法性”的咨询意见的后续行动(增编) \n(p)\t《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》的执行情况 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n(q)\t建立一个无核武器世界：加速履行核裁军承诺 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n(s)\t防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器的措施 \n\tA/66/115\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年6月29日\t2011年7月26日\n\t秘书长的报告：防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器的措施 \n\tA/66/115/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月19日 \n\t秘书长的报告：防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器的措施(增编) \n(t)\t小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题 \n\tA/66/177\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日 \n\t秘书长的报告：协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集；小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题(又见项目98(k)) \n(u)\t禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n(v)\t外层空间活动中的透明度和建立信任措施 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日 \n(w)\t采取联合行动彻底消除核武器 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n(y)\t导弹 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n99.\t审查和执行大会第十二届特别会议的《结论文件》 \n(a)\t联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心 \n\tA/66/159\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月19日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心 \n(b)\t联合国和平与裁军区域中心 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n(c)\t联合国和平、裁军与发展拉丁美洲和加勒比区域中心 \n\tA/66/140\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月14日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：联合国和平、裁军与发展拉丁美洲和加勒比区域中心 \n(e)\t联合国和平与裁军亚洲及太平洋区域中心 \n\tA/66/113\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年6月28日\t2011年7月13日\n\t秘书长的报告：联合国和平、裁军与发展亚洲及太平洋区域中心 \n(f)\t区域建立信任措施：联合国中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会的活动 \n\tA/66/163\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月20日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：区域建立信任措施：联合国中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会的活动 \n100.\t审查大会第十届特别会议通过的建议和决定的执行情况 \n\tA/66/123\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月29日\t2011年7月11日\t2011年7月25日\n\t秘书长的说明，转递联合国裁军研究所的报告 \n\tA/66/125\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月29日\t2011年7月11日\t2011年7月19日\n\t秘书长的报告：裁军事务咨询委员会的工作 \n(a)\t裁军谈判会议的报告 \n\tA/66/27(Suppl.)\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n\t裁军谈判会议的报告(2011年8月-9月，日内瓦)（补编第27号） \n(b)\t裁军审议委员会的报告 \n\tA/66/42(Suppl.)\t2011年10月3日\t大会部\t2011年4月29日\t2011年4月21日\t2011年5月4日\n\t裁军谈判会议的报告(2011年4月4-21日)(补编第42号) \n101.\t中东的核扩散危险 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年10月11日 \n\t秘书长的报告：中东的核扩散危险 \n102.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n103.\t加强地中海区域的安全和合作 \n\tA/66/122\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月8日\t2011年7月27日\n\t秘书长的报告：加强地中海区域的安全和合作 \n\tA/66/122/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月15日 \n\t秘书长的报告：加强地中海区域的安全和合作(增编) \n104.\t全面禁止核试验条约 \n\tA/66/155\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月15日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：全面禁止核试验条约 \n\tA/66/155/Add.1\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年9月21日 \n\t秘书长的报告：全面禁止核试验条约(增编) \n\tA/66/165\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月20日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会的报告 \n105.\t关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n106.\t振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月3日\t裁军厅 \n107.\t预防犯罪和刑事司法 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月5日\t禁毒办 \n\t秘书长的报告：第十二届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动和第十三届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的筹备情况 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月5日\t禁毒办 \n\t联合国非洲预防犯罪和罪犯待遇研究所的报告 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月5日\t禁毒办 \n\t秘书长的报告：加强联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案，特别是其技术合作能力 \n\tA/66/92\t2011年10月5日\t禁毒办 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议的报告 \n108.\t国际药物管制 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月5日\t禁毒办 \n\t秘书长的报告：国际合作对付世界毒品问题 \n109.\t消除国际恐怖主义的措施 \n\tA/66/37(Suppl.)\t2011年10月3日\t法律厅\t2011年4月22日\t2011年4月25日\t2011年5月17日\n\t1996年12月17日第51/210号决议特设委员会的报告(2011年4月11-15日，纽约)(补编第37号) \n\tA/66/96\t2011年10月3日\t法律厅\t2011年7月29日\t2011年6月24日\t2011年7月26日\n\t秘书长的报告：消除国际恐怖主义的措施 \n110.\t秘书长关于联合国工作的报告 \n\tA/66/1(Suppl.)\t2011年10月4日\t秘书长办公厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月25日\t\n\t秘书长关于联合国工作的报告(补编第1号) \n111.\t秘书长关于建设和平基金的报告 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年10月6日 \n112.\t秘书长按照《联合国宪章》第十二条第二项提出通知 \n\tA/66/300\t2011年11月8日\t政治部\t2011年8月30日 \n\t秘书长的报告：秘书长按照《联合国宪章》第十二条第二项提出通知 \n113.\t选举各主要机构成员以补空缺 \n(c)\t选举国际法院五名法官 \n\tA/66/182-S/2011/452\t2011年11月10日\t法律厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月25日\t\n\t秘书长的备忘录：选举国际法院五名法官 \n\tA/66/183-S/2011/453\t2011年11月10日\t法律厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月25日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递各国家团体提名的候选人名单 \n\tA/66/184-S/2011/454\t2011年11月10日\t法律厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月25日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递各国家团体提名的候选人的简历 \n114.\t选举各附属机构成员以补空缺，并进行其他选举 \n(b)\t选举国际法委员会成员 \n\tA/66/88\t2011年11月16日\t法律厅\t2011年6月13日\t2011年6月7日\t2011年6月10日\n\t秘书长关于选举国际法委员会成员的说明，转递各国政府提名的候选人名单 \n\tA/66/88/Add.1\t2011年11月16日\t法律厅 2011年6月17日\t2011年6月17日\n\t秘书长关于选举国际法委员会成员的说明，转递各国政府提名的候选人名单(增编1) \n\tA/66/88/Add.2\t2011年11月16日\t法律厅 \n\t秘书长关于选举国际法委员会成员的说明，转递各国政府提名的候选人名单(增编2) \n\tA/66/88/Add.3\t2011年11月16日\t法律厅 \n\t秘书长关于选举国际法委员会成员的说明，转递各国政府提名的候选人名单(增编3) \n\tA/66/90\t2011年11月16日\t法律厅\t2011年6月30日\t2011年6月17日\t\n\t秘书长关于选举国际法委员会成员的说明，转递各国政府提名的候选人的简历 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月16日\t法律厅\t2011年10月31日 \n\t秘书长关于选举国际法委员会成员的说明，转递合并成员名单 \n\tA/66/90/Add.1\t2011年11月16日\t法律厅\t2011年7月29日\t2011年6月28日\t\n\t秘书长关于选举国际法委员会成员的说明，转递各国政府提名的候选人的简历(增编) \n115.\t任命各附属机构成员以补空缺，并作出其他任命 \n(a)\t任命行政和预算问题咨询委员会成员 \n\tA/66/101\t2011年11月3日\t管理部\t2011年3月15日\t2011年3月15日\t2011年3月17日\n\t秘书长的说明：任命行政和预算问题咨询委员会成员 \n(b)\t任命会费委员会成员 \n\tA/66/102\t2011年11月3日\t管理部\t2011年3月15日\t2011年3月15日\t2011年3月18日\n\t秘书长的说明：任命会费委员会成员 \n(c)\t认可投资委员会成员的任命 \n\tA/66/103\t2011年11月3日\t管理部\t2011年3月15日\t2011年3月15日\t2011年3月18日\n\t秘书长的说明：认可投资委员会成员的任命 \n(d)\t任命审计委员会成员 \n\tA/66/104\t2011年11月3日\t管理部\t2011年3月15日\t2011年3月15日\t2011年3月17日\n\t秘书长的说明：任命审计委员会成员 \n(e)\t任命独立审计咨询委员会成员 \n\tA/66/105\t2011年11月3日\t管理部\t2011年3月15日\t2011年3月15日\t2011年3月18日\n\t秘书长的说明：任命独立审计咨询委员会成员 \n(f)\t任命会议委员会成员 \n\tA/66/107\t2011年12月1日\t大会部\t2011年6月6日\t2011年6月6日\t2011年6月10日\n\t秘书长的说明：任命会议委员会成员 \n(g)\t任命联合检查组成员 \n\tA/66/106\t2011年12月1日\t管理部\t2011年6月17日\t2011年6月16日\t2011年6月22日\n\t秘书长的说明：任命联合检查组成员 \n(h)\t核准联合国人权事务高级专员的任命 \n\tA/66/108\t2011年12月13日\t秘书长办公厅\t2011年8月19日 \n\t秘书长的说明：核准联合国人权事务高级专员的任命 \n(i)\t任命联合国争议法庭法官 \n\tA/66/109\t2011年12月13日\t内部司法办公室 \n\t秘书长的说明：任命联合国争议法庭法官 \n(j)\t任命联合国上诉法庭法官 \n\tA/66/110\t2011年12月13日\t内部司法办公室 \n\t秘书长的说明：任命联合国上诉法庭法官 \n116.\t接纳新会员加入联合国 \n 无预发文件 \n117.\t千年首脑会议成果的后续行动 \n\tA/66/\t2011年9月19日\t人权高专办 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递受教育权利问题特别报告员的报告：紧急局势中的受教育权利 \n\tA/66/126\t2011年9月19日\t经社部\t2011年7月11日\t2011年7月11日\t2011年8月2日\n\t秘书长的年度报告：加快实现千年发展目标：持续和包容性增长的可选办法以及在2015年后推进联合国发展议程的问题 \n\tA/66/\t2011年9月19日\t妇女署 \n\t秘书长的综合报告：关于新的性别平等实体的提议 \n\tA/66/\t2011年9月19日\t经社部 \n\t秘书长关于全系统一致性的报告 \n\tA/66/83\t2011年9月19日\t经社部\t2011年5月2日\t2011年5月19日\t\n\t秘书长关于预防和控制非传染性疾病的报告 \n\tA/66/120\t2011年9月19日\t妇女署\t2011年7月8日\t2011年7月1日\t2011年7月28日\n\t秘书长的报告：加强支持两性平等和增强妇女力量的体制安排 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月15日\t经社部\t2011年9月6日 \n\t秘书长的报告：促进穷人法律权益与消除贫穷 \n119.\t纪念废除跨大西洋贩卖奴隶二百周年的后续活动 \n\tA/66/\t2011年12月8日\t新闻部\t2011年9月29日 \n\t秘书长的报告：继续采取行动，执行宣传教育方案，以动员教育机构和民间社会等方面牢记跨大西洋贩卖奴隶和奴隶制的历史 \n\tA/66/162\t2011年12月8日\t伙伴基金\t2011年7月26日\t2011年7月20日\t2011年7月29日\n\t秘书长的报告，奴隶制和跨大西洋贩卖奴隶行为受害者永久纪念碑和对受害者的纪念：联合国永久纪念碑伙伴信托基金 \n120.\t执行联合国各项决议 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年11月22日 \n121.\t大会工作的振兴 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年11月22日 \n122.\t安全理事会席位公平分配和成员数目增加问题及有关事项 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年11月8日 \n123.\t加强联合国系统 \n(a)\t加强联合国系统 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月22日\t维和部\t2011年8月15日 \n\t秘书长关于民事能力的报告 \n(b)\t联合国系统在全球治理中的核心作用 \n\tA/66/\t2011年11月22日\t经社部\t2011年8月31日 \n\t秘书长关于经济治理与发展的报告 \n124.\t联合国改革：措施和提议 \n 无预发文件 \n125.\t联合国石油换粮食方案独立调查委员会就行政管理和内部监督所提建议的后续行动 \n 无预发文件 \n126.\t全球卫生与外交政策 \n\tA/66/\t2011年12月8日\t经社部\t2011年9月28日 \n\t秘书长的说明，转递世界卫生组织关于全球卫生与外交政策的报告 \n127.\t起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭 \n 无预发文件 \n128.\t起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭 \n 无预发文件 \n129.\t刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制 \n 无预发文件 \n130.\t联合国与各国议会和各国议会联盟之间的互动 \n\t无预发文件\t2011年12月2日 \n131.\t财务报告和已审计财务报表以及审计委员会的报告 \n\tA/66/151 审计委\t2011年7月18日\t2011年7月14日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递关于执行国际公共部门会计准则的进度报告 \n\tA/66/ 管理部 \n\t秘书长的报告，审计委员会关于基本建设总计划2011年12月31日终了年度的报告所载各项建议的执行情况 \n(b)\t联合国难民事务高级专员经管的自愿基金 \n\tA/66/5/Add.5(Suppl.) 审计委\t2011年7月18日\t2011年7月14日\t\n\t联合国难民事务高级专员经管的自愿基金(补编第5号)(增编5) \n\tA/66/139 审计委\t2011年7月18日\t2011年7月14日\t\n\t秘书长的说明，转递审计委员会关于其与2008-2009两年期有关的各项建议执行情况的报告 \n(c)\t基本建设总计划 \n\tA/66/5(Vol.V)(Suppl.) 审计委\t2011年7月18日\t2011年7月7日\t\n\t审计委员会关于2010年12月31日终了年度基本建设总计划的报告(补编第5号) \n132.\t审查联合国行政和财政业务效率 \n\tA/66/16(Suppl.) 管理部\t2011年7月8日\t2011年7月5日\t2011年7月7日\n\t方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议的报告(2011年6月6日-7月2日)(补编第16号) \n\tA/66/299 审咨委\t2011年8月11日 \n133.\t2010-2011两年期方案预算 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年11月11日 \n\t秘书长的报告：2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告 \n\tA/66/188 伙伴基金\t2011年7月27日\t2011年7月27日\t\n\t秘书长关于联合国伙伴关系办公室的报告 \n\tA/66/82 管理部\t2011年5月18日\t2011年5月18日\t2011年5月31日\n\t秘书长的报告：关于2010-2011两年期方案预算和2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中反映的两年期方案计划变化的合并报告 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年10月10日 \n\t秘书长的报告：关于基本建设总计划执行情况的第九次年度进展报告 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年9月30日 \n\t秘书长的报告：为基本建设总计划相关费用筹资的提议 \n134.\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算 \n\tA/66/7(Suppl.) 行预咨委会\t2011年8月10日 \n\t行政和预算问题咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期方案预算的第一次报告(补编第7号) \n\tA/66/6(Introduction) 管理部 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：前言和导言 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.1) 管理部\t2011年4月28日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第1款：通盘决策、领导和协调 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.2) 管理部\t2011年5月4日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第2款：大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.3) 管理部\t2011年4月25日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第3款：政治事务 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.4) 管理部\t2011年4月1日 2011年5月25日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第4款：裁军 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.5) 管理部\t2011年5月16日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第5款：维持和平行动 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.6) 管理部\t2011年3月31日\t2011年3月17日\t2011年4月13日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第6款：和平利用外层空间 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.7) 管理部\t2011年3月31日\t2011年3月17日\t2011年5月24日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第7款：国际法院 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.8)和Corr.1 管理部\t2011年4月4日 2011年5月24日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第8款：法律事务 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.9) 管理部\t2011年5月4日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第9款：经济和社会事务 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.10) 管理部\t2011年4月7日 2011年5月25日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第10款：最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.11) 管理部\t2011年4月8日 2011年5月25日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第11款：联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.12) 管理部\t2011年4月11日 2011年5月27日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第12款：贸易和发展 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.13) 管理部\t2011年4月1日 2011年5月20日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第13款：贸发会议/世贸组织国际贸易中心 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.13) 管理部\t2011年9月5日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第13款：贸发会议/世贸组织国际贸易中心(增编) \n\tA/66/6(Sect.14) 管理部\t2011年4月15日 2011年5月11日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第14款：环境 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.15) 管理部\t2011年4月27日 2011年5月18日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第15款：人类住区 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.16) 管理部\t2011年4月22日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第16款：国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.17) 管理部\t2011年5月2日 2011年5月24日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第17款：妇女署 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.18) 管理部\t2011年4月25日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第18款：非洲经济和社会发展 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.19) 管理部\t2011年4月20日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第19款：亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.20) 管理部\t2011年4月11日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第20款：欧洲经济发展 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.21) 管理部\t2011年4月18日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第21款：拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.22) 管理部\t2011年4月14日 2011年5月26日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第22款：西亚经济和社会发展 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.23) 管理部\t2011年5月4日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第23款：技术合作经常方案 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.24) 管理部\t2011年4月22日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第24款：人权 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.25) 管理部\t2011年3月31日 2011年4月15日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第25款：对难民的国际保护、持久解决和援助 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.26)和Corr.1 管理部\t2011年4月29日 2011年5月24日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第26款：巴勒斯坦难民 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.27) 管理部\t2011年4月7日 2011年5月24日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第27款：人道主义援助 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.28) 管理部\t2011年4月13日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第28款：新闻 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.29) 管理部\t2011年5月6日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第29款：管理和支助事务 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.29 A) 管理部\t2011年4月28日 2011年5月25日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第29A款：主管管理事务副秘书长办公室 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.29 B) 管理部\t2011年4月15日 2011年5月25日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第29B款：方案规划、预算和账户厅 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.29 C) 管理部\t2011年4月18日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第29C款：人力资源管理厅 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.29 D) 管理部\t2011年4月22日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第29D款：中央支助事务厅 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.29 E) 管理部\t2011年5月23日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第29E款：行政，日内瓦 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.29 F) 管理部\t2011年4月20日 2011年5月26日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第29F款：行政，维也纳 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.29 G) 管理部\t2011年4月29日 2011年5月26日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第29G款：行政，内罗毕 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.30) 管理部\t2011年5月5日 2011年5月25日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第30款：信息和通信技术厅 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.31) 管理部\t2011年4月8日 2011年5月25日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第31款：内部监督 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.32) 管理部\t2011年5月9日 2011年5月20日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第32款：合资办理的行政活动 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.33) 管理部\t2011年5月2日 2011年5月16日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第33款：特别费 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.34) 管理部\t2011年5月6日 2011年6月1日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第34款：建筑、改建、装修和主要维修 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.35) 管理部\t2011年4月27日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第35款：安全和安保 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.36) 管理部\t2011年5月11日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第36款：发展账户 \n\tA/66/6(Sect.37) 管理部\t2011年5月2日 2011年6月2日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：第37款：工作人员薪金税 \n\tA/66/6(Income Sect.1) 管理部\t2011年5月9日 2011年6月2日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：收入第1款：工作人员薪金税收入 \n\tA/66/6(Income Sect.2) 管理部\t2011年4月22日 2011年5月26日\n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：收入第2款：一般收入 \n\tA/66/6(Income Sect.3) 管理部\t2011年4月29日 \n\t2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：收入第3款：服务公众 \n\tA/66/5(Vol.V)(Suppl.) 审计委\t2011年7月18日 \n\t审计委员会关于2010年12月31日终了年度基本建设总计划的报告(补编第5号)(又见项目131(c)) \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长的报告：联合国日内瓦办事处战略遗产计划进度报告 \n\tA/66/74 人权高专办\t2011年4月20日\t2011年4月20日\t2011年4月29日\n\t秘书长的报告：内部监督事务厅关于联合国人权事务高级专员办事处执行任务效率的报告所载建议执行情况进度报告 \n\tA/66/ 外勤部\t2011年9月6日 \n\t秘书长的报告；彻底审查特别政治任务的现行供资和支助安排 \n\tA/66/85 审咨委\t2011年5月27日\t2011年5月27日\t2011年6月15日\n\t独立审计咨询委员会关于内部监督的报告：2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长关于紧急情况管理框架的报告 \n\tA/66/84 管理部\t2011年5月25日\t2011年5月24日\t2011年6月16日\n\t秘书长的报告：发展账户供资项目执行情况：第七次进度报告 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年8月8日 \n\t秘书长的报告：关于建立一个退休金核定机制的提议 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年9月7日 \n\t秘书长的报告：海外财产管理和进行中的建筑项目 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年10月17日 \n\t秘书长关于塞拉利昂问题特别法庭的报告 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年9月30日 \n\t秘书长关于企业资源规划项目的第三次进度报告 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年10月19日 \n\t秘书长的报告，大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措费用估计数 \n\tA/66/…/Add.1 管理部\t2011年8月30日 \n\t秘书长报告：大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措费用估计数——第一专题组 \n\tA/66/…/Add.2 管理部\t2011年8月15日 \n\t秘书长报告：大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措费用估计数——第二专题组 \n\tA/66/…/Add.3 管理部\t2011年10月11日 \n\t秘书长报告：大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措费用估计数——第三专题组 \n\tA/66/…/Add.4 管理部\t2011年10月17日 \n\t秘书长报告：大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措费用估计数——联合国阿富汗援助团 \n\tA/66/…/Add.5 管理部\t2011年10月17日 \n\t秘书长报告：大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措费用估计数——联合国伊拉克援助团 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年12月19日 \n\t秘书长的报告：订正估计数：汇率变化和通货膨胀的影响 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年8月31日 \n\t秘书长的报告：关于联合国总部所需长期办公房地的可行性研究 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年11月11日 \n\t秘书长关于有限预算酌处权试验的报告 \n\tA/66/170 管理部\t2011年7月22日\t2011年7月21日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：根据联合国裁军研究所董事会关于研究所2012-2013年工作方案的建议为研究所申请补助金 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年12月22日 \n 应急基金支出合并报表 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年9月30日 \n\t秘书长的报告：联合国内罗毕办事处主任办公室订正估计数 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年8月18日 \n\t秘书长的报告：联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则情况第四次进度报告 \n\tA/66/ 养恤基金 \n\t联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会关于行政费用的报告 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年11月21日 \n\t秘书长的报告：人权理事会第十六次会议和第十七次会议通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年10月7日 \n\t秘书长的报告：经济及社会理事会2011年实质性会议和实质性会议续会通过的决议和决定引起的订正概算 \n\tA/66/94 管理部\t2011年6月28日\t2011年6月22日\t\n\t秘书长的报告：联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术倡议 \n135.\t方案规划 \n\tA/66/16(Suppl.) 管理部\t2011年7月8日\t2011年7月5日\t2011年7月7日\n\t方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议的报告(2011年6月6日-7月1日)(补编16)(又见项目132) \n136.\t改善联合国财政情况 \n\tA/66/ 管理部 \n\t秘书长关于改善联合国财政情况的定期报告 \n137.\t会议时地分配办法 \n\tA/66/118 大会部\t2011年7月1日\t2011年7月1日\t2011年7月25日\n\t秘书长的报告：会议时地分配办法 \n\tA/66/32(Suppl.) 大会部\t2011年9月26日 \n\t会议委员会的2011年报告(补编第32号) \n138.\t联合国经费分摊比额表 \n\tA/66/11(Suppl.) 管理部\t2011年7月8日\t2011年7月8日\t2011年7月22日\n\t会费委员会第七十一届会议(2011年6月6-24日)报告(补编第11号) \n\tA/66/69 管理部\t2011年3月28日\t2011年3月18日\t2011年3月29日\n\t秘书长关于多年付款计划的报告 \n139.\t人力资源管理 \n\tA/66/135 管理部\t2011年7月29日\t2011年7月13日\t2011年7月28日\n\t秘书长的报告：关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间秘书长处理纪律问题和可能犯罪行为的做法 \n\tA/66/98 管理部\t2011年6月30日\t2011年6月27日\t2011年7月13日\n\t秘书长的报告：个人利益冲突 \n\tA/66/ 秘书长办公厅\t2011年8月19日 \n\t秘书长关于道德操守办公室活动的报告 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年8月31日 \n\t秘书长关于秘书处工作人员组成的报告 \n140.\t联合检查组 \n 无预发文件 \n141.\t联合国共同制度 \n A/66/30(Suppl.) \n\t国际公务员制度委员会2011年度报告(补编第30号) 公务员制度委员会\t2011年8月23日 \n 根据：A/63/30 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年9月30日 \n\t秘书长按照大会议事规则第153条提交的说明：国际公务员制度委员会报告所载决定和建议所涉行政和财务问题 \n142.\t关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告 \n\tA/66/ (Part I) 监督厅\t2011年8月9日 \n\t内部监督事务厅2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的活动(第一部分) \n\tA/66/ (Part I)/Add.1 监督厅\t2011年8月15日 \n\t内部监督事务厅2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的活动(第一部分)(增编) \n\tA/66/ 监督厅\t2011年7月25日\t2011年7月25日\t\n\t内部监督事务厅的报告：对秘书处新闻职能组织框架的审查 \n143.\t联合国内部司法 \n\tA/66/\t2011年10月10日\t秘书长办公厅\t2011年8月18日 \n\t秘书长的报告：联合国内部司法 \n\tA/66/158\t2011年10月10日\t秘书长办公厅\t2011年7月18日\t2011年7月19日\t\n\t内部司法理事会的报告：联合国内部司法 \n\tA/66/86\t2011年10月10日\t秘书长办公厅\t2011年7月18日 \n\t秘书长的报告：联合国争议法庭和联合国上诉法庭法官议事规则修正案 \n\tA/66/224 秘书长办公厅\t2011年8月3日\t2011年8月2日\t\n\t内部司法理事会的报告：联合国监察员和调解事务办公室的活动 \n\tA/66/275 秘书长办公厅\t2011年8月2日 \n\t秘书长的报告：联合国内部司法 \n144.\t起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭经费的筹措 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年11月15日 \n\t秘书长的报告：卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年9月30日 \n\t秘书长的报告：卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2012-2013两年期预算 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年12月19日 \n\t秘书长的报告：前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭订正估计数：汇率变化和通货膨胀的影响 \n145.\t起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭经费的筹措 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年11月15日 \n\t秘书长的报告：前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年9月30日 \n\t秘书长的报告：前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭2012-2013两年期预算 \n146.\t联合国维持和平行动经费筹措的行政和预算问题 \n 无预发文件 \n147.\t联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n148.\t联合国科特迪瓦行动经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n149.\t联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n150.\t联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n151.\t联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n152.\t联合国东帝汶特派团经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n153.\t联合国东帝汶综合特派团经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n154.\t联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n155.\t联合国格鲁吉亚观察团经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n156.\t联合国海地稳定特派团经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n157.\t联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n158.\t联合国利比里亚特派团经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n159.\t联合国中东维持和平部队经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n160.\t联合国苏丹特派团经费的筹措 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年10月7日 \n\t秘书长的报告：联合国苏丹特派团资产的最后处置 \n161.\t联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n162.\t非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动经费的筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n163.\t安全理事会第1863(2009)号决议引起的活动的经费筹措 \n 无预发文件 \n164.\t东道国关系委员会的报告 \n\tA/66/26(Suppl.)\t2011年11月10日\t法律厅\t2011年10月28日 \n\t东道国关系委员会的报告(补编第26号) \n\tA/AC.154/2011/CRP.__\t2011年11月10日\t法律厅\t2011年10月14日 \n\t东道国关系委员会的报告草稿 \n165.\t给予突厥语国家合作委员会大会观察员地位 \n 无预发文件 \n166.\t给予国际紧急状况应对组织大会观察员地位 \n 无预发文件 \n167.\t给予南美洲国家联盟大会观察员地位 \n 无预发文件 \n168.\t给予国际可再生能源机构大会观察员地位 \n 无预发文件 \n169.\t联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队经费的筹措 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年10月21日 \n\t秘书长的报告：联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队2011年7月1日-12月31日预算 \n170.\t联合国南苏丹特派团经费的筹措 \n\tA/66/ 管理部\t2011年10月21日 \n\t秘书长的报告：联合国南苏丹特派团2011年7月1日-12月31日预算" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目118", "大会工作的振兴", "大会工作的振兴:大会第六十六届会议文件编制情况", "秘书长的报告", "本增编载有大会第六十六届会议截至2011年8月3日的文件编制情况。 议程项目编号为临时议程(A/66/150)的编号。", "缩略语", "ACABQ 行政和预算问题咨询委员会(行预咨委会)\n审计委员会\n经社部\n外勤支助部\n大会和会议管理部\n管理部 管理事务部\n政治部\n新闻部\n维和部\n安全和安保部\nEOSG 秘书长办公厅\n审咨委 独立审计咨询委员会\n原子能机构 国际原子能机构\n国际法院\n卢旺达国际刑事法庭\n前南问题国际法庭\n国际减少灾害战略\nOAJ 内部司法办公室\n人道协调厅 人道主义事务协调厅\n裁军事务厅\n联合国人权事务高级专员办事处\n最不发达等国家高代办 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处\n监督厅\n法律厅\n非洲顾问办 非洲问题特别顾问办公室\n秘书长特别代表办公室/廉政公署 负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室\nRCNYO 区域委员会纽约办事处\nUNCBD 联合国生物多样性公约\n《联合国防治荒漠化公约》\n贸发会议 联合国贸易和发展会议\n开发计划署 联合国开发计划署\n环境规划署 联合国环境规划署\n《联合国气候变化框架公约》 变动\n伙伴基金 联合国国际伙伴关系基金\n联合国人口基金\n联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)\n难民署 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处\n儿童基金会 联合国儿童基金会\n联合国合办工作人员养恤基金(养恤基金)\n联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处\n联合国外层空间事务厅\n近东救济工程处 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处\n联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会\n联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署", "大会第六十六届会议文件编制情况", "项目/分项 文件标题\n1. 联合国 大会主席宣布会议开幕\n2011年9月13日没有预发文件\n2. 默祷者默念一分钟\n2011年9月13日没有预发文件\n3个 出席大会第六十六届会议代表的全权证书\n(b) A/66/12/2011 2011年12月7日 (中文(简体) ).\n全权证书委员会的报告\n 4.四. 选举大会主席\n无预发文件\n5 (韩语). 选举各主要委员会的主席团成员\n无预发文件\n6. 国家 选举大会副主席\n无预发文件\n7. 联合国 安排工作、通过议程和分配项目:总务委员会的报告\nA/66/50 大会部 15/2/2011 11/2/2011 14/2/2011\n大会第六十六届常会临时议程暂定项目表\nA/66/100 大会部 2011年6月15日 20/4/2011 15/6/2011\n大会第六十六届常会临时议程附加说明的暂定项目表\nA/66/150 大会部 2011年7月15日 2011年7月8日 2011年7月15日\n大会第六十六届常会临时议程\n大会和会议管理部印发 2011年8月12日 (中文(简体) ).\n大会第六十六届常会附加说明的议程草案(增编)\nA/66/200 大会部 2011年8月24日 (英语).\n提议列入大会第六十六届会议议程的补充项目清单\n大会和会议管理部(大会部) 2011年9月13日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长的备忘录: 大会第六十六届常会的组织、议程的通过和项目的分配\nA/66/250 大会部 2011年9月15日,纽约\n总务委员会的第一次报告: 大会第六十六届常会的组织、议程的通过和项目的分配\n大会部 2011年9月19日 (简体中文)\n大会第六十六届会议议程\nA/66/252 大会部 2011年9月19日 (简体中文)\n大会第六十六届会议议程项目的分配\n8. 联合国 一般性辩论\n2011年9月21日无预发文件\n9. 国家 经济及社会理事会的报告\nA/66/3(补编) 2011年10月19日 大会部 2011年8月22日 (中文(简体) ).\n经济及社会理事会的报告(补编第3号)\nA/66/19/10/2011 人口基金 2011年8月10日,纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递联合国人口基金执行主任关于2011年联合国人口奖的报告\n10个 体育促进和平与发展\n2011年10月17日无预发文件\n11个 全球道路安全危机\nA/66/12/2011 经社部 2011年10月3日 (简体中文)\n秘书长的说明:转递世界卫生组织关于加强全球道路安全的报告\n12. 2001-2010:在发展中国家特别是非洲减少疟疾十年\nA/66/11/10/2011 经社部 2011年7月29日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于到2015年在发展中国家,特别是在非洲巩固成果并加紧努力控制和消除疟疾的报告\n13个 联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行及后续行动\n2011年10月19日 人道协调厅 2011年7月22日 2011年7月19日 2011年7月28日\n人的安全: 秘书处的说明\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月4日 (中文(简体) ).\n与获得安全饮用水和卫生设施有关的人权义务问题独立专家的年度报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办\n载有供第五委员会审议、为人权理事会决议和决定引起的意外及非常费用提供充足的资金的各种备选办法的报告\n14. 不同文明对话全球议程\n2011年10月17日无预发文件\n15个 和平文化\nA/66/17/10/2011 经社部 2011年8月8日,纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事关于和平文化与非暴力十年的报告\nA/66/280 2011年10月17日 2011年8月8日,纽约\n秘书长关于文化间、宗教间和文明间对话的报告\n16. 信息和通信技术促进发展\n2011年10月17日 经社部 2011年5月9日 2011年5月4日 2011年5月23日\n秘书长关于在涉及因特网的公共政策问题上加强合作的报告\n2011年10月17日 贸发会议\n秘书长关于区域和国际两级执行和落实信息社会世界首脑会议成果所取得进展的报告\nA/66/-E/2011/17/10/2011 贸发会议\n改进因特网治理论坛工作组的报告\n17岁 宏观经济政策问题\nA/66/15(Part I)(补编) 2011年10月3日 贸发会议 2011年3月30日 (简体中文)\n贸易和发展理事会第五十一届执行会议的报告(2010年11月29日至30日,日内瓦)(补编第15号) (编)\nA/66/15(Part II)(补编)\n贸易和发展理事会第五十二届执行会议的报告(2011年4月11日至12日至14日,日内瓦)(补编第15号)(第二部分)\nA/66/15(第三部分)(补编)\n贸易和发展理事会第五十三届执行会议的报告(非洲/报告委员会)(2011年6月27日和28日及7月11日,日内瓦)(补编第15号)(第三部分)\nA/66/15(第四部分)(补编)\n贸易和发展理事会第五十八届常会的报告(2011年9月12日至23日,日内瓦)(补编第15号)(第四部分)\n(a) 国际贸易与发展\nA/66/138 03/10/2011 经社部 25/7/2011 14/7/2011\n秘书长关于以单方面经济措施作为对发展中国家进行政治和经济胁迫的手段的报告\nA/66/185 3/10/2011 贸发会议 2011年7月25日 2011年7月25日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于国际贸易与发展的报告\n(b) 国际金融体制与发展\n2011年10月3日,纽约 2011年7月22日 2011年7月21日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于国际金融体制与发展的报告\n(c) 外债可持续性与发展\n2011年10月3日 贸发会议 2011年7月25日 2011年7月20日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于外债可持续性与发展的报告\n(d) 商品\nA/66/207 3/10/2011 贸发会议 2011年7月28日 2011年7月28日 纽约\n秘书长关于世界商品趋势和前景的说明\n18. 2002年发展筹资问题国际会议以及2008年审查会议成果的后续行动和执行情况\nA/66/3/10/2011 经社部 2011年8月31日 (英语).\n秘书长关于《蒙特雷共识》和《发展筹资问题多哈宣言》的后续行动和执行情况的报告\nA/66/3/10/2011 经社部 2011年8月29日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长的报告:创新型发展筹资机制\n 19. 19. 可持续发展\nA/66/25(补编) 2011年10月24日 环境署\n理事会/全球部长级环境论坛的报告 第二十六届会议(2011年2月21日至24日)(补编第25号)\nA/66/-E/2011/24/10/2011 2011年4月25日,纽约\n理事会主席关于经济及社会理事会同布雷顿森林机构、世界贸易组织和联合国贸易和发展会议举行的高级别特别会议的摘要\nA/66/24/10/2011 环境署 2011年8月12日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于黎巴嫩海岸的浮油的报告\nA/66/24/10/2011 经社部 2011年8月15日,纽约\n秘书长关于为可持续生存和发展保护珊瑚礁的报告\nA/66/24/10/2011 《荒漠化公约》\n秘书长关于《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》执行情况的报告\nA/66/24/10/2011 经社部 2011年8月11日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长的说明:转递《联合国气候变化框架公约》、《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》和《生物多样性公约》秘书处就联合国各项环境公约的执行情况所提交的报告\n(a) 《21世纪议程》、《进一步执行〈21世纪议程〉方案》和可持续发展问题世界首脑会议结果的执行情况\nA/66/24/10/2011 经社部 2011年8月15日,纽约\n秘书长关于农业技术促进发展的报告\n2011年10月24日 经社部 2011年8月9日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于《21世纪议程》、《进一步执行〈21世纪议程〉方案》和可持续发展问题世界首脑会议结果执行情况的报告\n(b) 《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》的后续行动和执行情况\n2011年10月24日 经社部 2011年8月1日 2011年8月1日 纽约\n秘书长关于审查联合国系统对小岛屿发展中国家的支助的报告\nA/66/24/10/2011 经社部 2011年8月8日,纽约\n秘书长关于加强执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》的具体建议的报告\n(c) 国际减少灾害战略\nA/66/24/10/2011 减灾战略 2011年8月12日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于国际移徙问题的报告 减灾战略:对《海牙行动框架》的中期审查\n(d) 为今世后代保护全球气候\nA/66/24/10/2011 《气候公约》\n秘书长的说明:转递联合国气候变化框架公约关于为今世后代保护全球气候的报告\n(f) 生物多样化公约\nA/66/24/10/2011 联合国生物多样性公约/经社部 2011年8月15日,纽约\n秘书长关于2010国际生物多样性年的报告\nA/66/24/10/2011 《联合国生物多样性公约》\n秘书长的说明:转递生物多样性公约缔约方会议第十次会议的报告\n(h) 与自然和谐相处\nA/66/24/10/2011 经社部 2011年8月15日,纽约\n秘书长关于与自然和谐相处的报告\n(一) 山区可持续发展\nA/66/24/10/2011 经社部 2011年8月15日,纽约\n秘书长关于山区可持续发展的报告\n(j) 促进新能源和可再生能源\nA/66/24/10/2011 经社部 2011年8月15日,纽约\n秘书长关于促进新能源和可再生能源的报告\n20. 联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的执行情况和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)\nA/66/8(补编) 2011年10月24日 人居署 2011年5月2日\n联合国人类住区规划署理事会第二十三届会议(4月11日至15日,内罗毕)的报告(补编第8号)\nA/66/24/10/2011 人居署 12/8/2011\n秘书长关于第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展会议(人居三)的报告\nA/66/24/10/2011 人居署 12/8/2011\n秘书长关于联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的执行情况和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)的报告\nA/66/24/10/2011 大会部\n秘书长的说明:转递关于协调执行《人居议程》的报告\n21. 全球化和相互依存\n页:1 2011年10月10日 2011年8月1日 2011年7月26日 纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事的报告\n(a) 联合国在全球化和相互依存的背景下促进发展的作用\n2011年10月10日 经社部 2011年8月1日 2011年8月1日 纽约\n秘书长关于全球化和相互依存:持续、包容和公平经济增长,为所有人实现公平和更公平的全球化,包括创造就业的报告\n(c) 与中等收入国家的发展合作\n2011年10月10日 贸发会议 2011年7月28日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于科学和技术促进发展的报告\nA/66/220 2011年10月10日 经社部 2011年8月1日 2011年8月1日 纽约\n秘书长关于同中等收入国家的发展合作的报告\n22号. 处境特殊的各类国家组\n(a) 第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的后续行动\n2011年10月10日 最不发达等国家高代办 2011年6月20日 2011年6月16日 纽约\n第四次联合国最不发达国家会议的报告(5月9日至13日,土耳其伊斯坦布尔)\n2011年10月10日 最不发达等国家高代办 1/2011 7/2/2011 14/3/2011\n秘书长关于《2001-2010十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》执行情况的十年期评估和审查的报告\n第五委员会的报告 A/66/134 2011年10月10日 最不发达等国家高代办 2011年7月15日 2011年7月13日 2011年7月29日 2011年7月29日\n秘书长关于第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议成果的报告\n(b) 与内陆发展中国家的特殊需要和问题有关的具体行动:内陆和过境发展中国家与捐助国及国际金融和发展机构过境运输合作问题国际部长级会议的成果\nA/66/205 2011年10月10日 最不发达等国家高代办 2011年7月25日 2011年7月25日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于执行《阿拉木图行动纲领》:以新的过境运输合作全球框架满足内陆发展中国家的特殊需要的报告\n23. 联合国 消除贫穷和其他发展问题\n(a) 联合国第二个消除贫穷十年(2008-2017年)的执行情况\n2011年10月10日 经社部 2011年7月29日 2011年8月1日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于第二个联合国消除贫穷十年(2008-2017年)执行情况的报告\n(b) 妇女参与发展\n页:1 妇女署 2011年8月1日 2011年8月1日\n秘书长关于将性别观点纳入国家发展战略的报告\n(c) 人力资源开发\n2011年10月10日 经社部 2011年8月1日 28/7/211号\n秘书长关于人力资源开发的报告\n24 (韩语). 发展方面的业务活动\n(a) 联合国系统发展方面的业务活动\n2011年10月3日 经社部 6/5/2011 19/5/2011 1/7/2011\n秘书长关于2009年联合国系统发展方面业务活动资金筹措情况分析的报告\n(b) 南南合作促进发展\nA/66/3/10/2011 开发署 3/8/2011号\n秘书长关于南南合作促进发展状况的报告\n25岁 农业发展和粮食安全\nA/66/17/10/2011 经社部 2011年8月8日,纽约\n秘书长关于农业发展和粮食安全:执行世界粮食安全首脑会议成果的进展情况的报告\n26. 联合国 建立全球伙伴关系\nA/66/31/10/2011 EOSG 2011年8月22日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长的报告:加强联合国同所有相关伙伴特别是私营部门的合作\n27个 社会发展\n2011年10月3日,纽约 2011年7月13日 2011年7月13日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长的报告:合作社在社会发展和实施国际合作社年\n2011年10月3日 经社部 30/11/2010 30/11/2010 22/11/2010\n秘书长关于国际家庭年十周年及其后的后续行动的报告\n(a) 社会发展问题世界首脑会议和大会第二十四届特别会议成果的执行情况\n页:1 2011年10月3日 经社部 2011年7月13日 2011年7月11日 2011年7月27日 2011年7月27日\n秘书长关于社会发展问题世界首脑会议和大会第二十四届特别会议成果执行情况的报告\n2011年10月3日 经社部 2011年7月21日 2011年8月2日 纽约\n秘书长关于2011年世界社会状况:全球社会危机的报告\n(b) 社会发展,包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题\nA/66/129 3/10/2011 经社部 2011年7月12日 2011年7月12日 2011年7月29日 2011年7月29日\n秘书长关于 \" 国际青年年:对话和相互了解 \" 的报告\nA/66/61-E/2011/3 2011年10月3日 29/11/2010 22/11/2010 28/12/2010\n秘书长关于《世界青年行动纲领》执行情况的报告:联合国系统与青年有关的协调和协作\nA/66/128 3/10/2011 经社部 2011年7月12日 2011年7月12日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于为残疾人实现千年发展目标和其他国际商定发展目标的报告\n(c) 国际老年人年的后续行动: 第二次老龄问题世界大会\n2011年10月3日 经社部 2011年7月22日 2011年7月22日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于第二次老龄问题世界大会的后续行动的报告\n28岁 提高妇女地位\nA/66/38(补编) 2011年10月10日 人权高专办 2011年4月1日 6/4/2011 15/6/2011\n消除对妇女歧视委员会第四十六届会议(2010年7月12日至30日)、第四十七届会议(2010年10月4日至22日)和第四十八届会议(2011年1月17日至2月4日)的报告(补编第38号)\n第五委员会的报告 A/66/181 妇女署 2011年7月25日 2011年7月25日\n秘书长关于改善农村地区妇女状况的报告\n妇女署 2011年7月29日 2011年7月29日\n秘书长关于对移徙女工的暴力行为的报告\nA/66/99号文件 2011年10月10日 人权高专办 2011年8月1日 2011年6月28日 2011年7月19日 纽约\n秘书长关于《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》现况的报告\n(a) 提高妇女地位\nA/66/215 2011年10月10日 人权高专办 2011年8月1日 2011年8月1日 纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递暴力侵害妇女、其原因和后果问题特别报告员的报告\n(b) 第四次妇女问题世界会议和大会第二十三届特别会议成果的执行情况\nA/66/211 2011年10月10日 妇女署 2011年7月29日 2011年7月29日\n秘书长关于在执行《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》和大会第二十三届特别会议成果后采取的措施和取得的进展的报告\n29. 国家 安全理事会的报告\nA/66/2(补编) 2011年11月8日 2011年9月2日 (中文(简体) ).\n安全理事会2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间的报告(补编第2号)\n30岁 建设和平委员会的报告\n无预发文件 6/10/2011\n31岁 联合国支持各国政府努力促进和巩固新的或恢复的民主\nA/66/18/11/2011 2011年9月7日 (简体中文)\n秘书长关于联合国系统支持各国政府努力促进和巩固新的或恢复民主的报告\n32. 联合国 钻石在助长冲突方面的作用 A/66/9/12/2011 刚果民主共和国\n刚果\n金伯利进程主席关于金伯利进程执行情况的报告\n33. (中文(简体) ). 预防武装冲突\nA/66/12/2011\n秘书长关于加强调解在和平解决争端、预防和解决冲突方面的作用的报告\n34. 国家 古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平与安全的影响\nA/66/12/2011 难民署/维和部\n秘书长关于格鲁吉亚阿布哈兹和格鲁吉亚茨欣瓦利地区/南奥塞梯的境内流离失所者和难民状况的报告\n35. 联合国 中东局势\nA/66/-S/2011/29/11/2011 2011年9月19日 (简体中文)\n秘书长的报告:巴勒斯坦问题的和平解决\nA/66/29/11/2011 2011年9月19日 (简体中文)\n秘书长关于中东局势的报告\n36. 巴勒斯坦问题\nA/66/35(补编) 2011年11月28日 2011年10月7日 (中文(简体) ).\n巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会的报告(补编第35号)\nA/66/-S/2011/28/11/2011\n秘书长的报告:巴勒斯坦问题的和平解决\n37. 联合国 阿富汗局势\nA/66/-S/2011/23/11/2011 2011年9月23日 (简体中文)\n秘书长关于阿富汗局势及其对国际和平与安全的影响的报告\n38. 国家 阿塞拜疆被占领土的局势\n2011年12月12日无预发文件\n2011年12月12日无预发文件\n39. 联合国 科摩罗马约特岛问题\n无预发文件\n 40. 40. 必须终止美利坚合众国对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁\nA/66/114/25/10/2011 2011年8月2日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于必须终止美利坚合众国对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁的报告\n41. 国家 中美洲局势:和平、自由、民主和发展区域建设的进展\nA/66/政治部\n秘书长关于国际反危地马拉暴行委员会的工作的报告\n42. 塞浦路斯问题\n无预发文件\n43. 东帝汶 对刚果民主共和国的武装侵略\n无预发文件\n44. 国家 福克兰(马尔维纳斯)群岛问题\n无预发文件\n45. 国家 海地境内的民主和人权情况\n无预发文件\n46. 经常预算: 以色列对伊拉克核设施的武装侵略及其对已确立的关于和平利用核能、不扩散核武器及国际和平与安全的国际制度的严重后果\n无预发文件\n47. 国家 伊拉克占领和侵略科威特的后果\n无预发文件\n 48. 48. 协助排雷行动\nA/66/28/10/2011,维和部 2011年8月10日,纽约\n秘书长关于协助地雷行动的报告\n49. (中文(简体) ). 原子辐射的影响\nA/66/46(补编) 2011年10月21日\n原子辐射影响问题联合国科学委员会第五十八届会议(2011年5月23日至27日,维也纳)(补编第46号)\n 50. 50. 和平利用外层空间的国际合作\nA/66/20(补编) 2011年10月11日\n和平利用外层空间委员会第五十四届会议的报告(2011年6月1日至10日,维也纳)(补编第20号)\n51. 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工作署\nA/66/13(补编) 2011年10月31日 近东救济工程处 2011年3月31日 2011年3月31日 (中文(简体) ).\n联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济工程处主任专员的报告(补编第13号)\nA/66/31/10/2011 2011年8月22日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长的说明:转递联合国巴勒斯坦调解委员会第六十五次报告\nA/66/222 2011年10月31日 近东救济工程处 2011年8月18日 2011年8月1日 纽约\n秘书长关于因1967年6月及其后的敌对行动而流离失所的人的报告\nA/66/31/10/2011 2011年8月22日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于巴勒斯坦难民财产及其收益的报告\nA/66/31/10/2011 2011年9月29日 (简体中文)\n联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济工程处经费筹措问题工作组的报告\nA/66/13/Add.1(补编) 2011年10月31日 近东救济工程处 2011年8月16日,纽约\n联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处主任专员的报告(补编第13号)(增编)\n52. (中文(简体) ). 调查以色列侵害占领区巴勒斯坦人民和其他阿拉伯人人权的行为特别委员会的报告 调查以色列侵害占领区巴勒斯坦人民和其他阿拉伯人人权的行为特别委员会的报告\nA/66/4/11/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月26日\n秘书长关于调查以色列侵害占领区巴勒斯坦人民和其他阿拉伯人人权的行为特别委员会工作的报告\nA/66/4/11/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月26日\n秘书长的说明:转递调查以色列侵害占领区巴勒斯坦人民和其他阿拉伯人人权的行为特别委员会第四十三次报告\nA/66/4/11/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月26日\n秘书长关于1949年8月12日《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》适用于包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土和其他被占领的阿拉伯领土的报告\nA/66/4/11/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月26日\n秘书长关于以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土和被占领的叙利亚戈兰的定居点的报告\nA/66/4/11/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月26日\n秘书长关于以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土侵害巴勒斯坦人民人权的行为的报告\nA/66/4/11/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月26日\n秘书长关于被占领的叙利亚戈兰的报告\n53. 联合国 整个维持和平行动问题所有方面的全盘审查\nA/65/19(补编) 2011年10月24日 大会部 2011年5月12日 2011年5月12日 2011年6月20日\n维持和平行动特别委员会2011年实质性会议(2011年2月22日至3月18日和5月9日)的报告(补编第19号)\n54. 联合国 有关信息的问题\nA/66/21(补编) 2011年10月18日 新闻部 2011年6月1日 2011年5月26日 2011年6月24日\n新闻委员会第三十三届会议报告(2011年4月27日至5月6日) (补编第21号)\nA/66/18/10/2011 新闻部 2011年8月9日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于与信息有关的问题的报告\n55. 非自治领土根据《联合国宪章》 《联合国宪章》第七十三条(辰)款\nA/66/3/10/2011 政治部 2011年3月14日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于非自治领土情报的报告 《联合国宪章》第七十三条(辰)款\n57. 各专门机构和与联合国有关系的国际机构执行《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》的情况\nA/66/23(补编) 2011年10月3日 2011年7月7日 2011年6月29日 (中文(简体) ).\n《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》执行情况特别委员会2011年报告(2011年6月/7月,纽约)(补编第23号)\n58. 联合国 会员国提供非自治领土居民学习和训练设施\nA/66/3/10/2011 政治部 2011年3月18日,纽约\n研究和训练设施为非自治领土居民服务的会员国提交的秘书长的报告\n59. 《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》的执行情况\nA/66/3/10/2011 政治部 2011年7月25日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于西撒哈拉问题的报告\n60. 马达加斯加格洛里厄斯群岛、新胡安岛、欧罗巴岛和印度巴萨斯岛问题\n无预发文件\n61. 国家 包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上的巴勒斯坦人民和被占领叙利亚戈兰的阿拉伯人民对其自然资源的永久主权\n2011年10月31日,纽约 2011年5月9日 2011年5月6日 2011年5月25日\n秘书长关于以色列占领对包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上巴勒斯坦人民和被占领叙利亚戈兰上阿拉伯居民生活条件的经济和社会影响的说明\n62. 联合国 联合国难民事务高级专员的报告:有关难民、回返者和流离失所者的问题和人道主义问题\nA/66/12(补编) 2011年11月2日 难民署\n联合国难民事务高级专员的报告(补编第12号)\nA/66/12/Add.1(补编) 2011年11月2日\n联合国难民事务高级专员方案执行委员会的报告(日内瓦,第六十一届会议,2011年10月)(补编第12A号)(增编1)\nA/66/2/11/2011 难民署 2011年8月22日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于向非洲境内难民、回返者和流离失所者提供援助的报告\n63. 国家 非洲发展新伙伴关系:执行进展情况和国际支持\nA/66/202 (英语). 2011年10月11日 非洲顾问办 2011年7月28日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于非洲发展新伙伴关系:关于执行情况和国际支持的第九次综合进度报告的报告\n(b) 非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展\n2011年10月11日 非洲顾问办 2011年8月1日 2011年8月1日 纽约\n秘书长关于执行秘书长关于非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展的报告所载建议的报告\n64. (中文(简体) ). 人权理事会的报告\nA/66/53(补编) 2011年11月1日\n人权理事会的报告(补编第53号)\nA/66/53/Add.1(补编) 2011年11月1日 人权高专办\n人权理事会的报告(补编第53A号)(增编)\nA/66/1/11/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月23日\n秘书长关于宣布3月24日为关于严重侵犯人权行为和争取受害者尊严的真理国际日的报告\nA/66/1/11/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月15日\n人权理事会关于其工作和运作情况的报告\n65. 国家 促进和保护儿童权利\nA/66/257 2011年10月12日 儿童基金会 3/8/2011号\n秘书长关于女童问题的报告\n(a) 促进和保护儿童权利\nA/66/230 2011年10月12日 人权高专办 3/8/2011号\n秘书长关于《儿童权利公约》现况的报告\nA/66/12/10/2011 OSRSG/CAC 3/8/2011号\n儿童与武装冲突问题特别代表的报告\n2011年10月12日 人权高专办 2011年8月3日 2011年8月2日 (中文(简体) ).\n负责暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表的年度报告\nA/66/228 2011年10月12日 人权高专办 2011年8月3日 2011年8月2日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长的说明:转递买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员的报告\nA/66/258 2011年10月12日 儿童基金会 3/8/2011号\n秘书长关于大会儿童问题特别会议后续行动的报告\n66. (中文(简体) ). 土著人民的权利\n2011年10月17日无预发文件\n67. (中文(简体) ). 消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为\n(a) 消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为\nA/66/18(补编) 2011年10月31日 人权高专办\n消除对妇女歧视委员会的报告(2011年2月14日至3月11日,日内瓦;2011年8月15日至9月8日,第七十九届会议)(补编第18号)\nA/66/31/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月22日\n不容忍某些助长当代形式的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍的做法问题特别报告员的报告\n(b) 《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动\nA/66/31/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月22日\n秘书长关于彻底消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和有关不容忍行为的全球努力以及《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动的报告\n68. (中文(简体) ). 人民自决的权利\nA/66/172 2011年10月31日 人权高专办 2011年8月22日 2011年7月22日 (英语).\n秘书长关于人民自决的权利的报告\nA/66/31/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月22日\n秘书长的说明:转递利用雇佣军作为手段侵犯人权并阻挠人民行使自决权利问题工作组的报告\n69. 促进和保护人权\n(a) 人权文书的执行情况\nA/66/44(补编) 2011年10月18日 人权高专办\n禁止酷刑委员会的报告(补编第44号)\nA/66/40(Vol.I)(补编) 2011年10月18日 人权高专办\n人权事务委员会的报告(纽约,第101届会议,2011年3月14日至4月1日;日内瓦,第102届会议,2011年7月11日至29日;第103届会议,2011年10月17日至11月4日)(第一卷)(补编第40号)\nA/66/40(Vol.II)(补编) 2011年10月18日 人权高专办\n人权事务委员会的报告(纽约,第101届会议,2011年3月14日至4月1日;日内瓦,第102届会议,2011年7月11日至29日;第103届会议,2011年10月17日至11月4日)(第二卷)(补编第40号)\nA/66/48(补编) 2011年10月18日 人权高专办\n保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会的报告(补编第48号)\nA/66/121 2011年10月18日 2011年7月12日 2011年7月7日 2011年7月27日 2011年7月27日\n秘书长关于《残疾人权利公约》及其《任择议定书》现况的报告\nA/66/18/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月9日\n秘书长关于为进一步提高条约机构系统的效力、协调和改革而采取的措施的报告\nA/66/175 2011年10月18日 人权高专办 2011年7月27日 2011年7月25日\n秘书长的说明:转递人权条约机构主席第二十三次会议的报告\nA/66/217 2011年10月18日 人权高专办 2011年8月9日 2011年8月1日 纽约\n秘书长关于联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金状况的报告\nA/66/18/10/2011 人权高专办 8/8/2011\n秘书长关于《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约任择议定书》所设特别基金的运作情况的报告 酷刑\n(b) 人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月9日\n秘书长关于中部非洲次区域人权与民主中心的报告\nA/66/225 2011年10月19日 人权高专办 2011年8月9日 2011年8月2日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于国际人权学习年后续行动的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 8/8/2011\n秘书长关于促进和保护人权的国家机构的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 2011年8月8日,纽约\n秘书长关于加强联合国在提高定期真正选举原则的效力和促进民主化方面的作用的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 8/8/2011\n秘书长关于非洲人后裔国际年活动方案的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 8/8/2011\n秘书长的说明:转递酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 8/8/2011\n秘书长关于联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金运作情况的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月25日\n秘书长的说明:转递法外处决、即审即决或任意处决问题特别报告员的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月10日,纽约\n秘书长关于《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的报告\n2011年10月19日 人权高专办 2011年8月4日 2011年7月18日 纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员的临时报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月10日,纽约\n秘书长关于促进和保护人权,包括促进移徙者人权的方式方法的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月4日\n秘书长的说明:转递促进和保护人权,包括促进移徙者人权的方式方法问题特别报告员的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 8/8/2011\n秘书长关于全球化及其对所有人权的充分享受的影响的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月5日\n秘书长关于人权与单方面胁迫性措施的报告\nA/66/216 2011年10月19日 人权高专办 2011年8月5日 2011年8月1日 纽约\n秘书长关于发展权的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月5日\n秘书长的说明:转递食物权问题特别报告员的报告\nA/66/204 2011年10月19日 人权高专办 2011年7月28日 第28次会议\n秘书长关于在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权和基本自由的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月19日,纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递在打击恐怖主义的同时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月4日\n秘书长关于打击诋毁宗教行为的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月10日,纽约\n人权理事会关于其工作和运作情况的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月10日,纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递土著人民人权和基本自由情况特别报告员的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 8/8/2011\n秘书长的说明:转递适足住房问题特别报告员的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月10日,纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递增进和保护言论自由权问题特别报告员的报告\nA/66/203 (英语). 2011年10月19日 人权高专办 2011年7月28日 第28次会议\n秘书长的说明:转递人权维护者处境问题特别报告员的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月5日\n秘书长的说明:转递人权与赤贫问题独立专家的报告\nA/66/269 2011年10月19日 人权高专办 5/8/2011号\n秘书长的说明:转递教育权问题特别报告员的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月5日\n秘书长的说明:转递健康权问题特别报告员的临时报告\n简要记录 A/66/289 2011年10月19日 人权高专办 2011年8月10日,纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员的报告\nA/66/283 2011年10月19日 人权高专办 2011年8月10日,纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月10日,纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递1967年以来巴勒斯坦被占领土人权状况特别报告员的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月10日,纽约\n秘书长关于《残疾人权利公约》及其《任择议定书》现况和决议执行情况的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办\n残疾人权利委员会的报告\n2011年10月19日 人权高专办 2011年8月10日 2011年7月20日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于人权与文化多样性的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月10日,纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递其代表关于保护和援助国内流离失所者的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月4日\n外债问题独立专家的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月10日,纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递伊朗伊斯兰共和国人权状况特别报告员的报告\n(c) 人权情况及特别报告员和代表的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月2日\n秘书长关于朝鲜民主人民共和国人权状况的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月2日\n秘书长的说明:转递特别报告员关于朝鲜民主人民共和国境内人权情况的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 2011年8月4日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于缅甸人权状况的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年9月8日\n秘书长的说明:转递缅甸人权状况特别报告员的报告\nA/66/19/10/2011 人权高专办 2011年8月2日\n秘书长关于伊朗伊斯兰共和国人权状况的报告\n(d) 《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动\nA/66/36(补编) 2011年10月18日 人权高专办 2011年8月9日\n联合国人权事务高级专员的报告(补编第36号)\n70. 联合国 加强联合国人道主义和救灾援助,包括特别经济援助的协调\nA/66/14/11/2011 2011年9月1日 (英语).\n秘书长关于人道主义人员的安全保障和保护联合国人员的全面和最新报告的报告\n(a) 加强联合国紧急人道主义援助的协调\nA/66/14/11/2011 2011年9月16日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于中央应急反应基金业务第五年结束时独立审查的报告\nA/66/14/11/2011 开发署 2011年9月2日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于为哈萨克斯坦塞米巴拉金斯克区域人的康复、生态恢复和经济发展开展国际合作与协调的报告\nA/66/81-E/2011/117 2011年11月14日 2011年5月16日 2011年5月16日 2011年6月13日 纽约\n秘书长关于加强联合国紧急人道主义援助的协调的报告\nA/66/14/11/2011 2011年9月3日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于自然灾害领域人道主义援助从救济向发展过渡的国际合作的报告\nA/66/14/11/2011 2011年9月3日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于人道主义援助和选定国家和区域的复原的报告\n(b) 向巴勒斯坦人民提供援助\nA/66/80-E/2011/111 2011年11月14日 2011年5月9日 2011年5月9日 2011年5月26日 2011年5月26日 纽约\n秘书长关于援助巴勒斯坦人民的报告\n71. 联合国 对1994年卢旺达境内种族灭绝幸存者,特别是孤儿、寡妇和性暴力行为受害人的援助\nA/66/14/11/2011 2011年9月3日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于援助1994年卢旺达境内种族灭绝幸存者,特别是孤儿、寡妇和性暴力行为受害人的报告\n72. 联合国 国际法院的报告\nA/66/4(补编) 2011年10月27日 国际法院 2011年8月8日,纽约\n国际法院的报告(补编第4号)\n73 (中文(简体) ). 起诉应对卢旺达和卢旺达公民境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的人的国际刑事法庭的报告 1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭经费的筹措\n2011年10月10日 卢旺达问题国际法庭 2011年7月29日 2011年7月29日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长的说明:转递起诉应对卢旺达和卢旺达公民境内灭绝种族和其他这类违法行为负责者的国际刑事法庭第十六次年度报告 1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭经费的筹措\n74. 国家 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭的报告\n2011年10月10日 前南问题国际法庭 2011年7月29日 2011年7月29日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭第十八次年度报告的说明\n75. 国家 国际刑事法院的报告\nA/66/27/10/2011 法律厅 2011年8月16日,纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递国际刑事法院2010-2011年活动报告\nA/66/27/10/2011 法律厅 2011年8月31日 (英语).\n秘书长关于联合国因向国际刑事法院提供协助而收取的费用和补偿的报告\n76. 联合国 海洋和海洋法a\n(a) 海洋和海洋法a\nA/66/189 2011年12月7日法律事务厅 2011年8月1日 2011年7月27日 (中文(简体) ).\n2011年7月13日特设全体工作组共同主席给大会主席的信,转递关于海洋环境包括社会经济方面全球报告和评估经常程序的报告\n2011年12月7日 法律厅 2011年7月25日 2011年7月25日 (中文(简体) ).\n2011年7月22日协商进程共同主席给大会主席的信,其中转递联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第十二次会议工作报告\nA/66/119 2011年12月7日法律厅 2011年6月30日 2011年6月30日 2011年7月21日\n2011年6月30日不限成员名额非正式特设工作组共同主席给大会主席的信,转递其关于研究国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用问题的建议\nA/66/70 2011年12月7日法律厅 2011年3月21日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于海洋与海洋法的报告a\n2011年12月7日 法律厅 2011年3月29日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于海洋与海洋法的报告a(增编1)\n2011年12月7日法律厅 2011年8月30日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于海洋与海洋法的报告a(增编2)\n(b) 包括1995年在内的可持续渔业 《执行1982年12月10日联合国海洋法公约有关养护和管理跨界鱼类种群和高度洄游鱼类种群的规定的协定》和相关文书\n法律厅 2011年12月7日 2011年8月15日,纽约\n秘书长关于各国和区域渔业管理组织和安排针对大会第61/105号决议第80和83至87段以及大会关于可持续渔业的第64/72号决议第113至117和119至127段所采取行动的报告,其中述及底鱼捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响\n77. 国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题\n第五委员会的报告 A/66/178 2011年10月17日 2011年7月25日 第8次会议\n秘书处的说明:转交从各国政府收到的关于国家继承涉及的人的国籍的评论\n78. 国家 追究联合国官员和特派专家的刑事责任\nA/66/174 2011年10月7日法律事务厅 2011年7月29日 2011年7月25日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于追究联合国官员和特派专家刑事责任的报告\n79. 联合国 联合国国际贸易法委员会第四十四届会议工作报告\nA/66/17(补编) 2011年10月10日法律厅\n联合国国际贸易法委员会第四十四届会议工作报告(6月27日至7月15日,维也纳)(补编第17号)\n80. 联合国国际法教学、研究、传播和广泛了解协助方案\n简要记录 A/AC.117/2011/CRP.1 2011年10月14日法律厅 5/8/2011号\n秘书长关于联合国国际法教学、研究、传播和广泛了解协助方案的报告草稿\n81个 国际法委员会第六十三届会议工作报告\nA/66/10(补编) 2011年10月24日法律厅 2011年8月22日 (中文(简体) ).\n国际法委员会第六十三届会议工作报告(2011年4月26日至6月3日和7月4日至8月12日,日内瓦)(补编第10号)\n82. 联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会的报告\nA/66/33(补编) 2011年10月6日 2011年3月16日 2011年3月16日 2011年3月30日 纽约\n联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会的报告(2011年2月28日至3月4日,纽约,3月7日和9日)(补编第33号)\n2011年10月6日法律事务厅 2011年7月28日 2011年7月27日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于联合国机关惯例汇编和安全理事会惯例汇辑的报告\n法律事务厅 2011年10月6日 2011年7月29日 第9次会议\n秘书长关于执行《联合国宪章》中有关援助受实施制裁影响的第三国的规定的报告\n83个 国内和国际的法治\nA/66/133 5/10/2011 EOSG 2011年7月13日 2011年7月28日 纽约\n秘书长关于加强和协调联合国法治活动的报告\n第八十四会. 普遍管辖权原则的范围和适用\nA/66/93 2011年10月12日法律厅 2011年8月3日 20/6/2011号\n秘书长根据各国政府和观察员关于普遍管辖权原则的范围和适用的评论和意见编写的报告\n85. 跨界含水层法\n2011年10月18日法律事务厅 2011年7月29日 2011年6月29日 2011年7月27日\n秘书长关于跨界含水层法的报告\n86. 国际原子能机构的报告\nA/66/95 1/11/2011 2011年8月16日 2011年6月22日 2011年6月27日 2011年6月27日\n秘书长的说明:转递国际原子能机构的报告\n87. 裁减军事预算\nA/66/117 3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年7月11日 29/6/2011号\n秘书长关于军事事项的客观资料,包括军事支出的透明度的报告\n(b) 军事事项的客观资料,包括军事开支的透明度\nA/66/89 3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年6月17日 2011年6月14日 2011年7月11日\n秘书长的说明:转递联合国军事支出标准汇报制度的运作和进一步发展问题政府专家组的报告\nA/66/117/Add.1 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年9月15日,纽约\n秘书长关于军事事项的客观资料,包括军事支出的透明度的报告(增编)\n88个 禁止发展和制造新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统:裁军谈判会议的报告\n没有预发文件 3/10/2011\n89. 《印度大洋和平区宣言》的执行情况\nA/66/29(补编) 2011年10月3日 大会部 2011年7月29日 2011年7月19日 2011年7月28日 2011年7月28日\n印度洋特设委员会的报告(补编第29号)\n90. (中文(简体) ). 非洲无核武器区条约\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n91. 联合国 核查其所有方面,包括核查领域联合国的作用\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n92. (中文(简体) ). 审查《加强国际安全宣言》的执行情况\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n93. 国家 从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展\nA/66/152 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年7月15日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展的报告\nA/66/152/Add.1 2011年10月3日 2011年9月21日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展的报告(增编)\n94. 国家 在中东地区建立无核武器区\nA/66/153(Part I) 2011年10月3日 官方发展援助 25/7/2011 15/7/2011\n秘书长关于在中东地区建立无核武器区的报告(第一部分)\nA/66/153(Part I)/Add.1 2011年10月3日 2011年9月19日 (简体中文)\n秘书长关于在中东地区建立无核武器区的报告(第一部分)(增编)\n95号. 缔结关于保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n96. (中文(简体) ). 防止外层空间的军备竞赛\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n97. 国家 科学和技术在国际安全和裁军领域的作用\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n98. 全面彻底裁军\nA/66/176 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年7月25日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于常规武器领域建立信任措施的信息的报告\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\nA/66/176/Add.1 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年9月21日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于常规武器领域建立信任措施的信息的报告(增编)\nA/66/171 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年7月22日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长的说明:转递禁止化学武器组织的年度报告\n(e) 推动拟订一项武器贸易条约:建立常规武器进出口和转让共同国际标准\nA/66/166 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年7月20日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于武器贸易条约的报告:会员国的看法\nA/66/166/Add.1 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年9月21日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于武器贸易条约的报告:会员国的意见(增编)\n(g) 军备的透明度\nA/66/127 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年7月18日 2011年7月12日 纽约\n秘书长关于联合国常规武器登记册的报告\nA/66/127/Add.1 2011年10月3日 官方发展援助 2011年9月21日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于联合国常规武器登记册的报告(增编)\n(h) 区域裁军\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n(一) 区域和次区域两级的常规军备控制\nA/66/154 3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年7月15日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于区域和次区域两级的常规军备控制的报告\nA/66/154/Add.1 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年9月19日 (简体中文)\n秘书长关于区域和次区域两级的常规军备控制的报告(增编)\n(j) 区域和次区域建立信任措施\nA/66/112 3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年6月28日 2011年7月21日\n秘书长关于区域和次区域建立信任措施的报告\nA/66/112/Add.1 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年9月15日,纽约\n秘书长关于区域和次区域建立信任措施的报告(增编)\n(k) 协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集\nA/66/177 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年7月25日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集;小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题的报告\n(l) 裁军与发展之间的关系\n2011年10月3日A/66/168 2011年7月25日 2011年7月21日 纽约\n秘书长关于裁军与发展之间的关系的报告\nA/66/168/Add.1 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年9月15日,纽约\n秘书长关于裁军与发展之间的关系的报告(增编)\n(m) 拟订和执行裁军和军备控制协定时遵守环境规范\nA/66/97 3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年6月27日 2011年7月22日\n秘书长关于拟订和执行裁军和军备控制协定时遵守环境规范的报告\nA/66/97/Add.1 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年9月19日 (简体中文)\n秘书长关于拟订和执行裁军和军备控制协定时遵守环境规范的报告(增编)\n(n) 促进裁军和不扩散领域的多边主义\nA/66/111 3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年6月28日 2011年7月21日\n秘书长关于促进裁军和不扩散领域的多边主义的报告\nA/66/111/Add.1 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年9月19日 (简体中文)\n秘书长关于促进裁军和不扩散领域的多边主义的报告(增编)\n(o) 核裁军\nA/66/132 3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年7月13日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于核裁军;减少核危险;国际法院关于以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性的咨询意见的后续行动的报告\nA/66/132/Add.1 2011年10月3日 官方发展援助 2011年9月19日 (简体中文)\n秘书长关于核裁军;减少核危险;国际法院关于以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性的咨询意见的后续行动的报告(增编)\n(p) 《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》的执行情况\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n(q) 建立一个无核武器世界:加速履行核裁军承诺\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n(s) 防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器的措施\nA/66/115 3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年6月29日 2011年7月26日\n秘书长关于防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器的措施的报告\nA/66/115/Add.1 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年9月19日 (简体中文)\n秘书长关于防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器的措施的报告(增编)\n(t) 小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各个方面\nA/66/177 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集;小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题的报告(也在项目98(k)下)\n(u) 禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n(五) 外层空间活动中的透明度和建立信任措施\n没有预发文件 3/10/2011\n(w) 采取联合行动彻底消除核武器\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n(y) 导弹\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n99号. 审查和执行大会第十二届特别会议的《结论文件》\n(a) 联合国非洲和平与裁军区域中心\nA/66/159 3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年7月19日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心的报告\n(b) 联合国和平与裁军区域中心\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n(c) 联合国和平、裁军与发展拉丁美洲和加勒比区域中心\nA/66/140 3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年7月14日 纽约\n秘书长关于联合国和平、裁军与发展拉丁美洲和加勒比区域中心的报告\n(e) 联合国和平与裁军亚洲及太平洋区域中心\nA/66/113 3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年6月28日 2011年7月13日 纽约\n秘书长关于联合国和平与裁军亚洲及太平洋区域中心的报告\n(f) 区域建立信任措施:联合国中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会的活动\nA/66/163 3/10/2011 2011年7月25日 2011年7月20日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于区域建立信任措施:联合国中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会活动的报告\n一百个 审查大会第十届特别会议通过的建议和决定的执行情况\nA/66/123 3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年7月29日 2011年7月11日 2011年7月25日 2011年7月25日\n秘书长的说明:转递联合国裁军研究所的报告\nA/66/125 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年7月29日 2011年7月11日 2011年7月19日 2011年7月19日\n秘书长关于裁军事项咨询委员会工作的报告\n(a) 裁军谈判会议的报告\nA/66/27(补编) 2011年10月3日\n裁军谈判会议的报告(2011年8月至9月,日内瓦)(补编第27号)\n(b) 裁军审议委员会的报告\nA/66/42(补编) 2011年10月3日 29/4/2011 21/4/2011 4/5/2011\n裁军审议委员会的报告(2011年4月4日至21日)(补编第42号)\n101. (中文(简体) ). 中东的核扩散危险\nA/66/3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年10月11日 (英语).\n秘书长关于中东的核扩散危险的报告\n102. 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器 伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n第103页。 加强地中海区域的安全和合作\nA/66/122 3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年7月8日 2011年7月27日 2011年7月27日\n秘书长关于加强地中海区域的安全和合作的报告\nA/66/122/Add.1 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年9月15日,纽约\n秘书长关于加强地中海区域的安全和合作的报告(增编)\n104 (韩语). 全面禁止核试验条约\n2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年7月15日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于全面禁止核试验条约的报告 条约\nA/66/155/Add.1 2011年10月3日官方发展援助 2011年9月21日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于全面禁止核试验条约的报告(增编)\nA/66/165 3/10/2011 官方发展援助 2011年7月25日 2011年7月20日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长的说明:转递全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会的年度报告\n105. (中文(简体) ). 关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n106. (中文(简体) ). 振兴裁军谈判会议的工作并推进多边裁军谈判\n2011年10月3日没有预发文件\n107 (韩语). 预防犯罪和刑事司法\nA/66/5/10/2011 毒品和犯罪问题办公室\n秘书长关于第十二届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的后续行动和第十三届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会的筹备工作的报告\nA/66/5/10/2011 毒品和犯罪问题办公室\n非洲预防犯罪和罪犯待遇研究所的报告\nA/66/5/10/2011 毒品和犯罪问题办公室\n秘书长关于加强联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法方案,特别是其技术合作能力的报告\nA/66/92 5/10/2011 毒品和犯罪问题办公室\n秘书长的说明:转递联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议的报告\n108. (中文(简体) ). 国际药物管制\nA/66/5/10/2011 毒品和犯罪问题办公室\n秘书长关于国际合作对付世界毒品问题的报告\n第109页. 消除国际恐怖主义的措施\nA/66/37(补编) 2011年10月3日法律厅 22/4/2011 25/4/2011 17/5/2011\n大会1996年12月17日第51/210号决议所设特设委员会的报告(2011年4月11日至15日,纽约)(补编第37号)\n2011年10月3日法律事务厅 2011年7月29日 2011年6月24日 2011年7月26日\n秘书长关于消除国际恐怖主义的措施的报告\n110. 国家 秘书长关于联合国工作的报告\nA/66/1(补编) 2011年10月4日 2011年7月25日 2011年7月25日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于联合国工作的报告(补编第1号)\n111. 秘书长关于建设和平基金的报告\n无预发文件 6/10/2011\n112号 秘书长按照《联合国宪章》第十二条第二项提出通知\nA/66/300 8/11/2011 2011年8月30日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于秘书长按照《联合国宪章》第十二条第二项提出通知的报告\n113号. 选举各主要机构成员以补空缺\n(c) 选举国际法院五名法官\n2011年11月10日 法律厅 2011年7月25日 2011年7月25日\n秘书长关于选举国际法院五名法官的备忘录\n2011年11月10日 法律厅 2011年7月25日 2011年7月25日\n秘书长的说明:转递各国家团体提名的候选人名单\n2011年11月10日 法律厅 2011年7月25日 2011年7月25日\n秘书长的说明:转递各国家团体提名的候选人简历\n114 (韩语). 选举各附属机构成员以补空缺并进行其他选举\n(b) 选举国际法委员会成员\nA/66/88号文件 2011年11月16日法律厅 2011年6月13日 2011年6月7日 2011年6月10日\n秘书长关于选举国际法委员会成员的说明,转递各国政府提名的候选人名单\nA/66/88/Add.1 2011年11月16日法律厅 2011年6月17日 2011年6月17日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于选举国际法委员会成员的说明,转递各国政府提名的候选人名单(增编1)\n2011年11月16日 法律厅\n秘书长关于选举国际法委员会成员的说明,转递各国政府提名的候选人名单(增编2)\n法律厅 2011年11月16日\n秘书长关于选举国际法委员会成员的说明,转递各国政府提名的候选人名单(增编3)\n页:1 2011年11月16日法律厅 2011年6月30日 2011年6月17日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于选举国际法委员会成员的说明,其中转交各国政府提名的候选人简历\nA/66/1 2011年11月16日法律厅 2011年10月31日 (英语).\n秘书长关于选举国际法委员会成员的说明,转递成员综合名单\n第五委员会的报告 A/66/90/Add.1 2011年11月16日法律厅 2011年7月29日 2011年6月28日 纽约\n秘书长的说明:转递国际法委员会成员选举候选人的简历(增编)\n115. (中文(简体) ). 任命各附属机构成员以补空缺,并作出其他任命\n(a) 任命行政和预算问题咨询委员会成员\nA/66/101 2011年11月3日 管理部 15/3/2011 15/3/2011 17/3/2011\n秘书长关于任命行政和预算问题咨询委员会成员的说明\n(b) 任命会费委员会成员\nA/66/102 2011年11月3日 管理部 2011年3月15日 2011年3月15日 2011年3月18日 2011年3月18日 纽约\n秘书长关于任命会费委员会成员的说明\n(c) 确认投资委员会成员的任命\nA/66/103 2011年11月3日 马克 2011年3月15日 2011年3月15日 2011年3月18日 2011年3月18日 纽约\n秘书长关于确认任命投资委员会成员的说明\n(d) 任命审计委员会一名成员\nA/66/104 2011年11月3日 管理部 15/3/2011 15/3/2011 17/3/2011\n秘书长关于任命审计委员会一名成员的说明\n(e) 任命独立审计咨询委员会成员\n2011年11月3日,纽约 2011年3月15日 2011年3月15日 2011年3月18日 2011年3月18日 纽约\n秘书长关于任命独立审计咨询委员会成员的说明\n(f) 任命会议委员会成员\nA/66/107 2011年12月1日 大会部 2011年6月6日 2011年6月6日 2011年6月10日 2011年6月10日\n秘书长关于任命会议委员会成员的说明\n(g) 任命联合检查组成员\nA/66/106 1/12/2011 管理部 2011年6月17日 2011年6月16日 2011年6月22日 2011年6月22日 纽约\n秘书长关于任命联合检查组成员的说明\n(h) 核准联合国人权事务高级专员的任命\n页:1 2011年12月13日 EOSG 2011年8月19日,纽约\n秘书长关于核准联合国人权事务高级专员任命的说明\n(一) 任命联合国争议法庭法官\n第五委员会的报告 A/66/109 2011年12月13日 OAJ\n秘书长关于任命联合国争议法庭法官的说明\n(j) 任命联合国行政法庭法官\nA/66/110 2011年12月13日 OAJ\n秘书长关于任命联合国上诉法庭法官的说明\n116 (英语). 接纳新会员加入联合国\n无预发文件\n117. 千年首脑会议成果的后续行动\nA/66/19/9/2011 人权高专办\n秘书长的说明:转递教育权问题特别报告员的报告:紧急情况下的受教育权\n2011年9月19日 经社部 2011年7月11日 2011年7月11日 2011年8月2日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长的年度报告:加快实现千年发展目标:持续和包容性增长的可选办法以及推进联合国2015年后发展议程的问题\nA/66/19/9/2011 妇女署\n秘书长关于新性别实体提案的综合报告\nA/66/19/9/2011 经社部\n秘书长关于全系统一致性问题的报告\n2011年9月19日,纽约 2011年5月2日 2011年5月19日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于预防和控制非传染性疾病的报告\n2011年9月19日 妇女署\n秘书长的报告:加强支持两性平等和赋予妇女权力的体制安排\nA/66/15/11/2011 2011年9月6日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于从法律上增强穷人能力和消除贫穷的报告\n119. 纪念废除跨大西洋贩卖奴隶二百周年的后续行动\nA/66/8/12/2011 新闻部 2011年9月29日 (简体中文)\n秘书长的报告:继续采取行动,执行教育外联方案,以动员教育机构和民间社会等机构,纪念跨大西洋贩卖奴隶和奴隶制\nA/66/162 8/12/2011 伙伴基金 2011年7月26日 2011年7月20日 2011年7月29日 2011年7月29日\n秘书长关于奴隶制和跨大西洋贩卖奴隶行为受害者永久纪念碑:联合国伙伴关系信托基金的地位——永久纪念碑的报告\n120号. 联合国各项决议的执行情况\n2011年11月22日没有预发文件\n121. (中文(简体) ). 大会工作的振兴\n2011年11月22日没有预发文件\n122. (中文(简体) ). 安全理事会席位公平分配和成员数目增加问题及有关事项\n无预发文件 8/11/2011\n123. 国家 加强联合国系统\n(a) 加强联合国系统\nA/66/22/11/2011 维和部 2011年8月15日,纽约\n秘书长关于民事能力的报告\n(b) 联合国系统在全球治理中的核心作用\nA/66/22/11/2011 2011年8月31日 (英语).\n秘书长关于全球经济治理与发展的报告\n124. (中文(简体) ). 联合国的改革:措施和提议\n无预发文件\n125. (中文(简体) ). 联合国石油换粮食方案独立调查委员会关于行政管理和内部监督的建议的后续行动\n无预发文件\n126. (中文(简体) ). 全球卫生与外交政策\nA/66/8/12/2011 2011年9月28日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长的说明:转递世界卫生组织关于全球卫生与外交政策的报告\n127. 起诉应对卢旺达和卢旺达公民境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的人的国际刑事法庭 1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n128. 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭\n无预发文件\n129. 国家 国际刑事留守机制\n无预发文件\n130. (中文(简体) ). 联合国、各国议会和各国议会联盟之间的互动\n2011年12月2日没有预发文件\n131. 国家 财务报告和已审计财务报表以及审计委员会的报告\nA/66/151 审计委员会 2011年7月18日 2011年7月14日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长的说明:转递关于国际公共部门会计准则执行进展情况的报告\nA/66/DM\n秘书长关于审计委员会在其关于基本建设总计划2011年12月31日终了年度的报告中所提建议执行情况的报告\n(b) 联合国难民事务高级专员管理的自愿基金\nA/66/5/Add.5(补编)\n联合国难民事务高级专员管理的自愿基金(补编第5E号)(增编5)\nA/66/139 审计委员会 2011年7月18日 2011年7月14日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长的说明:转递审计委员会关于审计委员会就2008-2009两年期所提建议执行情况的报告\n(c) 基本建设总计划\nA/66/5(Vol.V)(补编) 2011年7月7日 纽约\n审计委员会关于基本建设总计划的2010年12月31日报告(第五卷)(补编第5号)\n132. (中文(简体) ). 审查联合国行政和财政业务效率\nA/66/16(补编) 2011年7月8日 2011年7月5日 2011年7月7日\n方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议(2011年6月6日至7月1日)的报告(补编第16号)\nA/66/299 审咨委 2011年8月11日 (中文(简体) ).\n独立审计咨询委员会关于其2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间活动的报告\n133. (中文(简体) ). 2010-2011两年期方案预算\nA/66/DM 2011年11月11日 第11次会议\n秘书长关于2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告的报告\nA/66/188 伙伴基金 27/7/2011 27/7/2011\n秘书长关于联合国伙伴关系办公室的报告\nA/66/82 DM 18/5/2011 18/5/2011 31/5/2011\n秘书长关于2010-2011两年期方案预算和2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中反映的两年期方案计划变化的合并报告的报告\nA/66/DM 2011年10月10日 (英语).\n秘书长关于基本建设总计划执行情况第九次年度进展报告的报告\nA/66/DM 30/9/2011号文件\n秘书长关于为与基本建设总计划有关的连带费用筹资的提议的报告\n134. 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算\nA/66/7(补编) 行预咨委会 2011年8月10日,纽约\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告(补编第7号)\nA/66/6(导言)\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算: 前言和介绍\nA/66/6(Sect.1) 2011年4月28日马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:款次 1. 通盘决策、指导和协调\nA/66/6(Sect.2) 2011年5月4日德国马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第2款,大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理\nA/66/6(Sect.3) 2011年4月25日马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第3款,政治事务\nA/66/6(Sect.4) 2011年4月1日,德国马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第4款,裁军\nA/66/6(Sect.5) 管理部 2011年5月16日,纽约\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:款次 5,维持和平行动\nA/66/6(Sect.6) 管理部 31/3/2011 17/3/2011 13/4/2011\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:款次 6. 和平利用外层空间\nA/66/6(Sect.7) 管理部 2011年3月31日 2011年3月17日 2011年5月24日 纽约\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第7款,国际法院\nA/66/6(Sect.8)和Corr.1 DM 4/4/2011 24/5/2011\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:款次 8. 法律事务\nA/66/6(Sect.9) 2011年5月4日德国马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第9款,经济和社会事务\nA/66/6(Sect.10) 2011年4月7日,德国马克 2011年5月25日\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第10款:最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家\nA/66/6(第11款)\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第11款,联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系\nA/66/6(Sect.12) 管理部 2011年4月11日 2011年5月27日 (中文(简体) ).\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第12款:贸易和发展\nA/66/6(Sect.13) 2011年4月1日 20/5月\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第13款,国际贸易中心\nA/66/6(Sect.13) 2011年9月5日马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第13款,国际贸易中心(增编)\nA/66/6(Sect.14) 2011年4月15日,德国马克 2011年5月11日\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第14款,环境\nA/66/6(Sect.15) 2011年4月27日 18/5月\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第15款,人类住区\nA/66/6(Sect.16)和Corr.1 2011年4月22日德国马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第16款:国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法\nA/66/6(Sect. 17) 2011年5月2日,德国马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第17款,妇女署\nA/66/6(Sect.18) 2011年4月25日德国马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第18款:非洲的经济和社会发展\nA/66/6(Sect.19) 2011年4月20日德国马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第19款,亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展\nA/66/6(Sect.20) 管理部 2011年4月11日,纽约\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第20款,欧洲经济发展\nA/66/6(Sect.21) 管理部 2011年4月18日,纽约\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第21款(拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展)\nA/66/6(Sect.22) 2011年4月14日,德国马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第22款:西亚经济和社会发展\nA/66/6(Sect.23) 2011年5月4日德国马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第23款,技术合作经常方案\nA/66/6(Sect.24) 2011年4月22日马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算: 第24款,人权\nA/66/6(Sect.25) 管理部 2011年3月31日 2011年4月15日 纽约\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第25款:对难民的国际保护、可持久解决办法和援助\nA/66/6(Sect.26)和Corr.1 2011年4月29日,德国马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第26款:巴勒斯坦难民\nA/66/6(Sect.27) 2011年4月7日,德国马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第27款:人道主义援助\nA/66/6(Sect.28)和Corr.1 管理部 2011年4月13日 (中文(简体) ).\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第28款,新闻\nA/66/6(Sect.29) 2011年5月6日马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第29款(管理和支助事务)\nA/66/6(Sect.29A) 2011年4月28日德国马克 2011年5月25日\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第29A款,主管管理事务副秘书长办公室\nA/66/6(Sect.29B) 2011年4月15日,25/5月25日,德国马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第29 B款,方案规划、预算和账户厅\nA/66/6(Sect.29C) 管理部 2011年4月18日,纽约\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第29 C款,人力资源办公室 管理层\nA/66/6(第29 D款) 2011年4月22日马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第29 D款,中央支助事务厅\nA/66/6(第29 E款) 管理部 2011年5月23日,纽约\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:款次 29E,行政,日内瓦\nA/66/6(第29 F款)和Corr.1 DM 20/4/2011 26/5/2011\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:款次 29F. 行政,维也纳\nA/66/6(第29G款)\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:款次 29G,行政,内罗毕\nA/66/6(Sect.30) 2011年5月5日德国马克 2011年5月25日\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第30款(信息和通信技术厅)\nA/66/6(Sect.31) 2011年4月8日德国马克 2011年5月25日\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第31款,内部监督\nA/66/6(第32款)\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第32款,合资办理的行政活动\nA/66/6(Sect.33) 2011年5月2日,德国马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第33款,特别费\nA/66/6(Sect.34) 2011年5月6日德国马克 2011年6月1日\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第34款(建筑、改建、装修和主要维修)\nA/66/6(Sect.35) 2011年4月27日马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第35款,安全和安保\nA/66/6(Sect.36) 管理部 2011年5月11日,纽约\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第36款,发展账户\nA/66/6(Sect.37) DM 2011年5月2日 2011年6月2日\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:第37款,工作人员薪金税\nA/66/6(收入一节)。 (1) 2011年5月9日,德国马克 2011年6月2日\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算: 收入第1款,工作人员评估收入\nA/66/6(收入一节)。 (2) 2011年4月22日 26/5/2011马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算:收入第2款,一般收入\nA/66/6(收入一节)。 (3) 2011年4月29日马克\n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算: 收入第3款,服务公众\nA/66/5(Vol.V)(补编) 2011年7月18日 (中文(简体) ).\n审计委员会关于基本建设总计划(第五卷)2010年12月31日终了年度的报告(补编第5号)(也列在项目131(c)下)\nA/66/DM 8/8/2011号文件\n秘书长关于联合国日内瓦办事处战略遗产计划的进度报告的报告\nA/66/74 人权高专办 20/4/2011 20/4/2011 29/4/2011\n秘书长关于执行内部监督事务办公室关于联合国人权事务高级专员办事处任务执行效率的报告所载建议的进展情况的报告\nA/66/DFS 2011年9月6日\n秘书长关于彻底审查特别政治任务当前供资和支助安排的报告\nA/66/85 审咨委 2011年5月27日 2011年5月27日 2011年6月15日\n独立审计咨询委员会关于内部监督的报告:2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算\nA/66/DM 8/8/2011号文件\n秘书长关于紧急情况管理框架的报告\nA/66/84 DM 25/5/2011 24/5/2011 16/6/2011\n秘书长关于发展账户供资项目执行情况的报告:第七次进度报告\nA/66/DM 8/8/2011号文件\n秘书长关于确定退休金福利机制的建议的报告\n2011年9月7日,纽约\n秘书长关于海上财产管理和在建工程项目的报告\nA/66/DM 2011年10月17日 (英语).\n秘书长关于塞拉利昂特别法庭的报告\nA/66/DM 30/9/2011号文件\n秘书长关于企业资源规划项目第三次进度报告的报告\nA/66/DM 2011年10月19日 (英语).\n秘书长关于大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措的估计的报告\nA/66//Add.1 管理部 2011年8月30日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措的估计的报告:专题群组一\nA/66/Add.2 管理部 2011年8月15日,纽约\n秘书长关于大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措的估计的报告:第二专题组\nA/66/Add.3 管理部 2011年10月11日,纽约\n秘书长关于大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措的估计的报告:第三专题组\nA/66/Add.4 管理部 2011年10月17日 (英语).\n秘书长关于大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措的估计:联合国阿富汗援助团的报告\nA/66/Add.5 管理部 2011年10月17日 (英语).\n秘书长关于大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措的估计:联合国伊拉克援助团的报告\nA/66/DM 2011年12月19日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于订正估计数:汇率和通货膨胀率变动的影响的报告\nA/66/DM 31/8/2011号文件\n秘书长关于联合国总部长期住宿需求可行性研究的报告\nA/66/DM 2011年11月11日 第11次会议\n秘书长关于有限预算酌处权的报告\nA/66/170 2011年7月22日 2011年7月21日\n秘书长关于要求按照联合国裁军研究所董事会关于研究所2012-2013年工作方案的建议向研究所提供补助金的报告\n2011年12月22日,纽约\n应急基金费用综合说明\nA/66/DM 30/9/2011号文件\n秘书长关于联合国内罗毕办事处主任办公室订正概算的报告\nA/66/DM 2011年8月18日,纽约\n秘书长关于联合国采用国际公共部门会计标准的第四次进度报告的报告\nA/66/ 养恤基金\n联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会关于行政开支的报告\nA/66/DM 2011年11月21日,纽约\n秘书长关于人权理事会第十六次和第十七届会议通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数的报告\nA/66/DM 7/10/2011号文件\n秘书长关于经济及社会理事会实质性会议及其2011年实质性会议续会通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数的报告\nA/66/94 2011年6月28日 22/6/2011\n秘书长关于联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术倡议的报告\n135. (中文(简体) ). 方案规划\nA/66/16(补编) 2011年7月8日 2011年7月5日 2011年7月7日\n方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议(2011年6月6日至7月1日)的报告(补编第16号)(也见项目132)\n136. (中文(简体) ). 改善联合国的财务状况\nA/66/DM\n秘书长关于改善联合国财政情况的定期报告\n137号. 会议时地分配办法\nA/66/118 大会部 2011年7月1日 2011年7月1日 2011年7月25日 2011年7月25日 纽约\n秘书长关于会议时地分配办法的报告\nA/66/32(补编) 2011年9月26日 (中文(简体) ).\n2011年委员会会议报告(补编第32号)\n138. 联合国经费分摊比额表\nA/66/11(补编) 2011年7月8日 2011年7月8日 2011年7月22日 2011年7月22日\n会费委员会第七十一届会议(2011年6月6日至24日)的报告(补编第11号)\n2011年3月28日 2011年3月18日 2011年3月29日 2011年3月29日\n秘书长关于多年付款计划的报告\n139. (中文(简体) ). 人力资源管理\nA/66/135 管理部 2011年7月29日 2011年7月13日 2011年7月28日 2011年7月28日\n秘书长关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日秘书长在纪律事项和可能的犯罪行为方面的做法的报告\nA/66/98 DM 30/6/2011 27/6/2011 13/7/2011\n秘书长关于个人利益冲突的报告\n2011年8月19日,纽约\n秘书长关于道德操守办公室活动的报告\nA/66/DM 31/8/2011号文件\n秘书长关于秘书处的组成的报告\n 140.: 140. 联合检查组\n无预发文件\n141 (英语). 联合国共同制度\nA/66/30(补编)\n国际公务员制度委员会2011年报告(补编第30号)\nA/66/DM 30/9/2011号文件\n秘书长关于国际公务员制度委员会报告内的决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题的说明\n142. (中文(简体) ). 关于内部监督事务办公室活动的报告\nA/66/(Part I) 监督厅 2011年8月9日\n2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间内部监督事务厅的活动(第一部分)\nA/66/(Part I)/(Add.1) 监督厅 2011年8月15日\n内部监督事务厅2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的活动(第一部分)(增编)\n监督厅 2011年7月25日 2011年7月25日\n内部监督事务厅关于审查秘书处新闻职能组织框架的报告\n143. (中文(简体) ). 联合国内部司法\nA/66/10/2011 EOSG 2011年8月18日,纽约\n秘书长关于联合国司法制度的报告\n页:1 2011年10月10日 EOSG 2011年7月18日 2011年7月19日 (中文(简体) ).\n内部司法理事会关于联合国司法制度的报告\nA/66/86号文件 2011年10月10日 EOSG 2011年7月18日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于联合国争议法庭和联合国上诉法庭程序规则修正案的报告\nA/66/224 秘书长办公厅 2011年8月3日 2011年8月2日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于联合国监察员和调解处活动的报告\nA/66/275 EOSG 2/8/2011\n秘书长关于联合国司法制度的报告\n144. (中文(简体) ). 起诉应对卢旺达和卢旺达公民境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的人的国际刑事法庭经费的筹措 1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭经费的筹措\nA/66/DM 2011年11月15日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告的报告\nA/66/DM 30/9/2011号文件\n秘书长关于卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2012-2013两年期预算的报告\nA/66/DM 2011年12月19日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于前南斯拉夫国际刑事法庭和卢旺达国际刑事法庭订正概算的报告:汇率和通货膨胀率变动的影响\n145 (英语). 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭经费的筹措\nA/66/DM 2011年11月15日 (中文(简体) ).\n秘书长关于前南斯拉夫国际法庭2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告的报告\nA/66/DM 30/9/2011号文件\n秘书长关于前南斯拉夫国际刑事法庭2012-2013两年期预算的报告\n146. 国家 联合国维持和平行动经费筹措的行政和预算问题\n无预发文件\n147页. 联合国驻中非共和国和乍得特派团经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n 148. 148. 联合国科特迪瓦行动经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n149 (英语). 联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n150 (英语). 联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n151 (英语). 联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n152. (中文(简体) ). 联合国东帝汶特派团经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n153 (英语). 联合国东帝汶综合特派团经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n154 (英语). 联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n155 (英语). 联合国格鲁吉亚观察团经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n156 (英语). 联合国海地稳定特派团经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n157. (中文(简体) ). 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n158 (英语). 联合国利比里亚特派团经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n159 (英语). 联合国中东维持和平部队经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n160 (英语). 联合国苏丹特派团经费的筹措\nA/66/DM 7/10/2011号文件\n秘书长关于联合国苏丹特派团资产最后处置情况的报告\n161 (英语). 联合国西撒哈拉观察团经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n162 (英语). 达尔富尔混合行动经费的筹措\n无预发文件\n163 (英语). 安全理事会第1863(2009)号决议引起的活动的经费筹措\n无预发文件\n164. (中文(简体) ). 东道国关系委员会的报告\nA/66/26(补编) 2011年11月10日法律厅 2011年10月28日 第28次会议\n东道国关系委员会的报告(补编第26号)\n简要记录 A/AC.154/2011/CRP.__ 2011年11月10日法律厅 2011年10月14日 (英语).\n东道国关系委员会的报告草稿\n165 (英语). 给予突厥语国家合作理事会大会观察员地位\n无预发文件\n166 (英语). 给予国际应急管理组织大会观察员地位\n无预发文件\n167. (中文(简体) ). 给予南美洲国家联盟大会观察员地位\n无预发文件\n168 (英语). 给予国际可再生能源机构大会观察员地位\n无预发文件\n169 (英语). 阿卜耶伊临时安全部队经费的筹措\nA/66/DM 2011年10月21日 (简体中文)\n秘书长关于2011年7月1日至2011年12月31日期间阿卜耶伊临时安全部队预算的报告\n170 (英语). 联合国南苏丹特派团经费的筹措\nA/66/DM 2011年10月21日 (简体中文)\n秘书长关于2011年7月1日至12月31日联合国南苏丹特派团预算的报告" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 9 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the Economic and Social Council", "United Nations Population Award 2011", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of the Executive Director of the United Nations Population Fund on the United Nations Population Award, established by the Assembly in its resolution 36/201. The report covers the year 2011, and was prepared in accordance with Economic and Social Council decision 1982/112.", "Report of the Executive Director of the United Nations Population Fund on the United Nations Population Award 2011", "I. Introduction", "1. On 17 December 1981, by its resolution 36/201, the General Assembly established the United Nations Population Award. The Award is presented annually to an individual or individuals, to an institution or institutions, or to any combination thereof, for the most outstanding contribution to increasing awareness of population questions or to finding solutions to them.", "2. The Committee for the United Nations Population Award selects the laureate for the Award. The Committee is composed of representatives of 10 States Members of the United Nations, elected by the Economic and Social Council for a period of three years.", "3. In decision 41/445, the General Assembly amended article 2, paragraph 1, of the regulations governing the United Nations Population Award, so that an individual and an institution could share the award.", "4. In decision 1987/129, the Economic and Social Council amended the rules of procedure of the Committee for the Population Award accordingly.", "5. The current elected members of the Committee are Bangladesh, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Ghana, Guatemala, Jamaica, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Norway and the United Republic of Tanzania.", "6. During its organizational meeting, on 5 January 2011, the Committee elected Ambassador Maged A. Abdelaziz (Egypt) as Chair for 2011.", "II. United Nations Population Award 2011", "7. The Committee received 10 nominations from qualified nominators for the 2011 Award. Of these, five were for the individual category and five were for the institutional category. On 9 March 2011, in accordance with the mandate given to it by the General Assembly, and after a thorough review of the nominations, the Committee selected Professor Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the individual category, and the Institut de formation et de recherche démographique, based in Cameroon, in the institutional category.", "8. The Committee selected Professor Abbasi-Shavazi in recognition of (a) his exemplary contribution to understanding the dynamics of fertility decline in the Islamic Republic of Iran, by demonstrating the linkages between improving the education and status of women — in particular, by facilitating their access to reproductive health services — and smaller families; (b) his contributions to improving the understanding of values and beliefs related to family and demographic behaviour, through studies in nearly 20 countries that demonstrate that social, economic and cultural differences among countries are more important than religion as explanations of fertility differentials, and that gender equality, delayed marriage and lower fertility are both causes and consequences of socio-economic development; and (c) his success in serving as a bridge between the world’s outstanding demographers and Iranian scholars and programme managers.", "9. Professor Abbasi-Shavazi is a social sciences academician. After completing his BA in social sciences (Esfahan University, Islamic Republic of Iran, 1987), he obtained an MA in demography from the University of Tehran (1991), and a PhD in demography at the Research School of Social Sciences of the Australian National University in 1998. His professional career has combined teaching, demographic research, and advisory and policy services. His work has focused on population and development, reproductive health and fertility, family change, immigration and refugees. Since 2001, he has been Chair of the Division of Population Research at the University of Tehran.", "10. As a social sciences researcher, Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has contributed to understanding the dynamics of fertility decline in the Islamic Republic of Iran, demonstrating that improving the education and status of women, as well as their access to reproductive health services, has facilitated the adoption of smaller family size ideals. He has conducted research on the situation of Afghan refugees in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and he is also the Chair of the Scientific Panel on Refugees at the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. He has played a major role in training and guiding a new generation of demographers in the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "11. Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has been instrumental in establishing and consolidating population institutions at national and international levels. He has served as a member of numerous professional and advisory boards of population journals and professional associations. He was a leading force in creating the Asian Population Association, of which he is the current President. Since 2007, he has served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research in Bangladesh. In 1993, he was nationally recognized after he co-authored a textbook on population and family planning that became the manual used by the Ministry of Education in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In 2009, he prepared the Population Assessment Report for the Islamic Republic of Iran, in collaboration with the country’s Ministry of Health and the United Nations Population Fund.", "12. Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has had a long history of research collaboration with the Australian National University and is now Future Fellow at the Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute. His decade-long research collaboration with researchers at the Australian National University on the sharp fertility decline in the Islamic Republic of Iran culminated in a book, The Fertility Transition in Iran: Revolution and Reproduction, published by Springer, which won the 2011 World Prize for Book of the Year of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Since 2006, Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has been an active member of the Developmental Idealism Study Group at the University of Michigan. The Group has been studying values and beliefs related to family and demographic behaviour in nearly 20 countries; the results of this interdisciplinary subject have demonstrated that gender equality, delaying the age at marriage, and achieving lower fertility are both causes and consequences of socio-economic development. Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has promoted the view that social, economic and cultural differences among countries are more important than religion as explanations of fertility differentials.", "13. The Committee for the United Nations Population Award selected the Institut de formation et de recherche démographique (IFORD) in recognition of its achievements since 1972: (a) training African population specialists, including more than 500 African demographers; (b) conducting research relevant to understanding African population issues in the areas of poverty, sexual and reproductive health, gender and demography, and migration; (c) conducting research on the linkages between population, environment and development, critical to capacity-building and policymaking in more than 26 countries in Africa and the Indian Ocean region; (d) offering technical support to countries to conduct their population censuses, establish local research activities, provide local training, create and manage databases, and provide advice on formulating and evaluating population policies; and (e) producing respected, high-quality scientific publications, including the Bulletin de Liaison.", "14. IFORD is an African academic institution dedicated to training population specialists and to conducting research. IFORD was created upon the recommendation of the Council of Ministers of the Economic Commission for Africa. It began its activities in 1972 and is headquartered in Yaoundé. IFORD is linked academically to the University of Yaoundé. IFORD has three principal goals: (a) to train African teams in the field of population and development; (b) to conduct research relevant to understanding African population issues; and (c) to offer technical support to countries in the field of population and development.", "15. The training programme at IFORD has two levels — the first one leads to an MA degree in demography, and the second one leads to a PhD degree in demography. Since its creation, IFORD has trained more than 500 African demographers through these two programmes. More recently, IFORD has expanded its capacity to provide short training programmes of three to five weeks’ duration.", "16. IFORD has a continuous programme of research that concentrates on five areas: poverty; sexual and reproductive health; gender and demographic issues; migration; and the linkages between population, the environment and development. Research projects are conducted by the staff of IFORD, with the participation of its graduate students and visiting scholars. In the area of technical support, IFORD assists African countries in conducting their population censuses, establishing local research activities, providing local training, creating and managing databases, and providing advice on formulating and evaluating population policies. Two recent examples are the in-depth, three-year study on the linkages between poverty and unmet needs in reproductive health among adolescents and young people in Central Africa; and the study on adolescent reproductive health policies and programmes in Burkina Faso, Cameroon and Togo.", "17. IFORD is the leading institution in Africa and the Indian Ocean region for training, research and technical assistance in the field of population, serving 26 countries. IFORD has a long list of scientific publications; in 1979, it launched the Bulletin de Liaison, the main instrument for disseminating information. Other periodic publications, including Les Annales de l’IFORD, Les Cahiers de l’IFORD and Les Dossiers de l’IFORD, have complemented the Bulletin de Liaison. Recently, the National Statistical Office of Cameroon assisted IFORD in installing the National Data Archive application to make survey metadata and microdata available online to the general public.", "III. Financial matters", "18. As at 31 December 2010, the Trust Fund for the United Nations Population Award had a total fund balance of $1,782,100.84. Interest income in 2010 was $28,405.02. Expenditure in 2011, including prizes given to the two laureates, totalled $80,845.51." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目9", "经济及社会理事会的报告", "2011年联合国人口奖", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递联合国人口基金执行主任关于大会第36/201号决议所设联合国人口奖的报告。报告涵盖2011年，根据经济及社会理事会第1982/112号决定编写。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "联合国人口基金执行主任关于2011年联合国人口奖的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 1981年12月17日，大会第36/201号决议设立了联合国人口奖。该奖每年颁发给对增进人口问题的认识或对人口问题的解决作出最杰出贡献的一个人或若干人、一个机构或若干机构或个人与机构的任何组合。", "2. 获奖者由联合国人口奖委员会选出，该委员会由经济及社会理事会选出的10个联合国会员国的代表组成，任期三年。", "3. 大会第41/445号决定对联合国人口奖规章第2条第1款进行了修正，以使个人和机构可共同获得该奖。", "4. 经济及社会理事会第1987/129号决定对联合国人口奖委员会议事规则作了相应的修订。", "5. 委员会现任当选成员为孟加拉国、捷克共和国、埃及、加纳、危地马拉、牙买加、马来西亚、尼加拉瓜、挪威和坦桑尼亚联合共和国。", "6. 委员会在2011年1月5日的组织会议上选举马吉德·阿卜杜拉齐兹大使(埃及)担任其2011年主席。", "二. 2011年联合国人口奖", "7. 委员会收到合格提名者提出的2011年人口奖提名10项，其中5项为个人类别，5项为机构类别。2011年3月9日，根据大会授权，委员会对各项提名进行了认真审查，选出伊朗伊斯兰共和国的穆罕默德·贾拉勒·阿巴西-沙瓦兹（Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi）教授为个人获奖者，选出设在喀麦隆的人口研究训练所为机构获奖者。", "8. 委员会选出阿巴西-沙瓦兹教授是为了表彰他(a) 通过证明提高妇女受教育程度和妇女地位——尤其是帮助她们获得生殖保健服务——与家庭少生孩子之间的关联，为理解伊朗伊斯兰共和国生育率下降的动态作出了卓越贡献；(b) 通过在近20个国家的研究，证明各国之间社会、经济和文化的差异对于解释生育率的差别比宗教更加重要，而且性别平等、晚婚和降低生育率与社会-经济发展互为因果，从而为增进对家庭和人口行为价值观和信念的理解作出了贡献；(c) 他成功地充当了世界杰出人口学家与伊朗学者和方案管理人之间的桥梁。", "9. 阿巴西-沙瓦兹教授是一位社会科学院士。在获得社会学学士学位(1987年，伊朗伊斯兰共和国伊斯法罕大学)后，他又获得德黑兰大学人口学硕士学位(1991年)，并于1998年在澳大利亚国立大学社会科学研究院获得人口学博士学位。他的职业生涯是教学、人口研究、咨询和政策服务的结合。他的工作重点是人口与发展、生殖健康与生育率、家庭变迁、移民和难民。自2001年以来，他一直是德黑兰大学人口研究所所长。", "10. 作为一名社会学研究者，阿巴西-沙瓦兹教授为理解伊朗伊斯兰共和国生育率下降的动态作出了贡献，证明提高妇女受教育程度和妇女地位以及改善她们获得生殖健康服务的机会，使家庭少生孩子的理念得到采纳。他对伊朗伊斯兰共和国境内阿富汗难民的境况进行过研究，他也是国际人口问题科学研究联合会难民问题科学小组的主席。他在培养和指导伊朗伊斯兰共和国新一代人口学家方面发挥了重要作用。", "11. 阿巴西-沙瓦兹教授推动设立和加强了国家一级和国际一级的一批人口机构。他担任了许多人口刊物和专业协会的专业和咨询委员会委员。他主导设立了亚洲人口学会并担任其现任会长。自2007年以来，他担任了孟加拉国国际腹泻病研究中心董事会董事。1993年，他因合著一部关于人口和计划生育的教科书而受到国家表彰，该教材已成为伊朗伊斯兰共和国教育部使用的手册。2009年，他与伊朗伊斯兰共和国卫生部及联合国人口基金协作编写了该国的人口评估报告。", "12. 阿巴西-沙瓦兹教授与澳大利亚国立大学有长期协作研究的历史，现在是澳大利亚人口和社会研究所的未来研究员。他与澳大利亚国立大学研究人员对伊朗伊斯兰共和国生育率急剧下降问题长达10年的协作研究，最终形成了一部著作，名为《伊朗生育率转型：革命与繁衍》。该书由施普林格出版社出版，获得2011年伊朗伊斯兰共和国世界年度图书奖。自2006年以来，阿巴西-沙瓦兹教授是密西根大学发展理想主义研究小组的活跃成员。该小组一直在对近20个国家的家庭和人口行为价值观和信念进行研究。这一交叉学科专题研究的成果显示，性别平等、推迟结婚年龄和降低生育率与社会-经济发展互为因果。阿巴西-沙瓦兹教授推广了这样一种观点，即各国之间社会、经济和文化的差异对于解释生育率的差别比宗教更加重要。", "13. 联合国人口奖委员会选出人口研究训练所(人口所)，是为了表彰它自1972年以来取得的下列成就：(a) 培训非洲人口专家，其中包括500多名非洲人口学家；(b) 进行关于理解以下方面的非洲人口问题的研究：贫穷、性与生殖健康、性别与人口、移民；(c) 进行关于人口、环境与发展之间关联的研究，这种研究对于非洲和印度洋区域超过26个国家的能力建设和政策制订至关重要；(d) 提供技术，帮助各国开展人口普查、设立本地研究活动、提供本地培训、设立和管理数据库并就制订和评价人口政策提供咨询；(e) 编制受重视的高质量科学出版物，包括《联络公报》。", "14. 人口所是非洲的一个学术机构，致力于培训人口专家和进行研究。人口所依照非洲经济委员会部长理事会的建议设立，1972年开始活动，总部设在雅温得。人口所与雅温得大学有学术联系。人口所有三个主要目标：(a) 培养人口与发展领域的非洲队伍；(b) 进行与理解非洲人口问题有关的研究；(c) 为各国提供人口与发展领域的技术支持。", "15. 人口所的培训方案分两个层次：第一个层次培养人口学硕士，第二个层次培养人口学博士。自创建以来，人口所通过这两种方案已培训了500多名非洲人口学者。最近，人口所扩大了能力，以提供为期3至5周的短期培训方案。", "16. 人口所有一个持续的研究方案，其重点为五个领域：贫穷；性与生殖健康；性别与人口问题；移民；人口、环境与发展之间的关联。研究项目由人口所人员开展，其中有该所研究生和访问学者参与。在技术支持方面，人口所协助非洲国家进行人口普查、设立本地研究活动、提供本地培训、设立和管理数据库并就制订和评价人口政策提供咨询。两个最近的事例是：关于中非青少年中贫穷与未获满足的生殖健康需求之间关联的为期三年的深入研究；关于布基纳法索、喀麦隆和多哥青少年生殖健康政策和方案的研究。", "17. 人口所是非洲和印度洋区域人口领域中培训、研究和技术援助方面的领头机构，为26个国家提供服务。人口所出版了一大批科学刊物；1979年，它发行了作为传播信息主要工具的《联络公报》。《人口所年鉴》、《人口所手册》和《人口所卷宗》等其他定期出版物为《联络公报》发挥了补充作用。最近，喀麦隆国家统计局协助人口所安装了国家数据档案应用程序，以便在网上向普通公众提供调查元数据和微观数据。", "三. 财务事项", "18. 截至2010年12月31日，联合国人口奖信托基金资金结余总额为1 782 100.84美元。2010年利息收入为28 405.02美元。2011年支出共计80 845.51美元，其中包括给两个获奖者的奖金。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目9", "经济及社会理事会的报告", "2011年联合国人口奖", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递联合国人口基金执行主任关于大会第36/201号决议所设联合国人口奖的报告。 本报告涵盖2011年,是根据经济及社会理事会第1982/112号决定编写的。", "联合国人口基金执行主任关于2011年联合国人口奖的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 1981年12月17日,大会第36/201号决议设立了联合国人口奖。 该奖每年颁发给个人或个人、机构或各种机构,以表彰它们对提高对人口问题的认识或找到解决人口问题的办法的最杰出贡献。", "2. 联合国人口奖委员会选出该奖的得主。 委员会由经济及社会理事会选出的10个联合国会员国的代表组成,任期三年。", "3个 大会在第41/445号决定中修订了《联合国人口奖条例》第2条第1款,以便个人和机构可以分享该奖项。", " 4.四. 经济及社会理事会第1987/129号决定相应修订了人口奖委员会的议事规则。", "5 (韩语). 委员会目前的当选成员是孟加拉国、捷克共和国、埃及、加纳、危地马拉、牙买加、马来西亚、尼加拉瓜、挪威和坦桑尼亚联合共和国。", "6. 国家 在2011年1月5日的组织会议上,委员会选举马吉德·阿卜杜拉齐兹大使(埃及)为2011年主席。", "二. 2011年联合国人口奖", "7. 联合国 委员会收到了2011年奖的合格提名人的10个提名。 其中,5个是个人类别,5个是机构类别。 2011年3月9日,根据大会赋予的任务,并在对提名进行彻底审查后,委员会选定伊朗伊斯兰共和国的Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi教授为个人类别,并选定设在喀麦隆的组织和研究所为机构类别。", "8. 联合国 委员会选出Abbasi-Shavazi教授是为了承认:(a) 他为了解伊朗伊斯兰共和国生育率下降的动态作出了堪称楷模的贡献,表现了改善妇女的教育和地位——特别是通过便利她们获得生殖保健服务——与小家庭之间的联系;(b) 他通过对近20个国家的研究,对增进了解与家庭和人口行为有关的价值观和信仰作出了贡献,这些研究显示,作为生育率差异的解释,各国之间的社会、经济和文化差异比宗教更为重要;两性平等、推迟结婚和生育率降低是社会经济发展的原因和后果;(c) 他成功地充当了世界杰出人口学家与伊朗学者和方案主管之间的桥梁。", "9. Abbasi-Shavazi教授是社会科学学者。 在完成社会科学学士学位(伊朗伊斯兰共和国伊斯法罕大学,1987年)后,他于1998年从德黑兰大学(1991年)获得人口学硕士学位,并获得澳大利亚国立大学社会科学研究学院人口学博士学位。 他的专业生涯结合了教学,人口研究,以及咨询和政策服务. 他的工作重点是人口与发展、生殖健康和生育、家庭变化、移民和难民。 自2001年起出任德黑兰大学人口研究司会长.", "10个 作为一名社会科学研究者,Abbasi-Shavazi教授帮助了解了伊朗伊斯兰共和国生育率下降的动态,表明提高妇女的教育和地位以及她们获得生殖保健服务的机会,有助于采纳规模较小的家庭理想。 他对伊朗伊斯兰共和国境内的阿富汗难民的状况进行了研究,并担任了国际人口科学研究联合会难民问题科学小组主席。 他在培训和指导伊朗伊斯兰共和国新一代人口学家方面发挥了重要作用。", "11个 Abbasi-Shavazi教授在国家和国际两级建立和巩固人口机构方面发挥了重要作用。 他是人口杂志和专业协会众多专业和咨询委员会的成员。 他是创建亚洲人口协会的领导力量,他是该协会的现任主席。 2007年起出任孟加拉国国际腹泻病研究中心董事会成员. 1993年,他共同编写了一本关于人口和计划生育的教科书,成为伊朗伊斯兰共和国教育部使用的手册后,获得全国承认。 2009年,他与伊朗伊斯兰共和国卫生部和联合国人口基金合作,编写了伊朗伊斯兰共和国人口评估报告。", "12. Abbasi-Shavazi教授长期与澳大利亚国立大学开展研究合作,现为澳大利亚人口和社会研究所未来研究员。 他与澳大利亚国立大学研究人员就伊朗伊斯兰共和国生育率急剧下降进行了长达十年的研究合作,最终产生了由斯普林格所出版的\"伊朗生育率过渡:革命与再生\"一书,该书荣获了2011年世界伊朗伊斯兰共和国年度图书奖. 自2006年起,Abbasi-Shavazi教授一直是密歇根大学发展理想主义研究组的积极成员. 该小组一直在研究近20个国家与家庭和人口行为有关的价值观和信仰;这一跨学科课题的结果表明,两性平等、推迟结婚年龄以及降低生育率都是社会经济发展的原因和后果。 Abbasi-Shavazi教授提倡一种观点,即各国的社会、经济和文化差异比宗教更重要,是生育率差异的解释。", "13个 联合国人口奖委员会挑选人口、环境和发展之间的联系进行研究,这对于非洲和印度洋区域26个以上国家的能力建设和决策至关重要;(d)向各国提供技术支助,以进行人口普查,开展地方研究活动,提供地方培训,建立和管理数据库,并就如何制定和评价人口政策提供建议;(e)编制受到尊重的高质量科学出版物,包括《联络公报》。", "14个 人口研究所是一个非洲学术机构,致力于培训人口专家并开展研究。 根据非洲经济委员会部长理事会的建议,设立了国际发展筹资论坛。 它于1972年开始活动,总部设在雅温得. 联合会在学术上与雅温得大学有联系。 人口和发展国际联合会有三个主要目标:(a) 在人口与发展领域培训非洲小组;(b) 进行与了解非洲人口问题有关的研究;(c) 在人口与发展领域向各国提供技术支助。", "15个 人口研究所的培训方案分为两个层次:第一个层次是人口学硕士学位,第二个层次是人口学博士学位。 联合会自成立以来,通过这两个方案培训了500多名非洲人口学家。 最近,和睦社国际联合会扩大了提供3至5周短期培训方案的能力。", "16号. 联合会有一个持续研究方案,集中于五个领域:贫穷;性健康和生殖健康;性别和人口问题;移徙;以及人口、环境与发展之间的联系。 研究项目由训练所工作人员进行,其研究生和访问学者参加。 在技术支助方面,人口研究所协助非洲国家进行人口普查,开展地方研究活动,提供地方培训,建立和管理数据库,并就人口政策的制定和评价提供建议。 最近的两个例子是关于中部非洲青少年和青年在生殖健康方面贫穷与未满足需求之间的联系的三年深入研究;关于布基纳法索、喀麦隆和多哥青少年生殖健康政策和方案的研究。", "17岁 联合会是非洲和印度洋区域在人口领域进行培训、研究和技术援助的主要机构,为26个国家服务。 和睦社国际联合会有一长串科学出版物;1979年,它推出了《联络公报》,这是传播信息的主要工具。 其他定期出版物,包括Les Annales de l ' IFORD、Les Cahiers de l ' IFORD和Les Dossiers de l ' IFORD,是对《联络公报》的补充。 最近,喀麦隆国家统计局协助IFORD安装了国家数据档案应用程序,向公众提供在线调查元数据和微观数据。", "三. 财务事项", "18岁。 截至2010年12月31日,联合国人口奖信托基金的资金结余总额为1 782 100.84美元。 2010年利息收入为28 405.02美元。 2011年的支出,包括向两名获奖者颁发的奖金,共计80 845.51美元。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the interim report prepared by the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Anand Grover, in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 15/22 and 6/29.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health", "Summary", "In the present report, the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health considers the interaction between criminal laws and other legal restrictions relating to sexual and reproductive health and the right to health. The right to sexual and reproductive health is a fundamental part of the right to health. States must therefore ensure that this aspect of the right to health is fully realized.", "The Special Rapporteur considers the impact of criminal and other legal restrictions on abortion; conduct during pregnancy; contraception and family planning; and the provision of sexual and reproductive education and information. Some criminal and other legal restrictions in each of those areas, which are often discriminatory in nature, violate the right to health by restricting access to quality goods, services and information. They infringe human dignity by restricting the freedoms to which individuals are entitled under the right to health, particularly in respect of decision-making and bodily integrity. Moreover, the application of such laws as a means to achieving certain public health outcomes is often ineffective and disproportionate.", "Realization of the right to health requires the removal of barriers that interfere with individual decision-making on health-related issues and with access to health services, education and information, in particular on health conditions that only affect women and girls. In cases where a barrier is created by a criminal law or other legal restriction, it is the obligation of the State to remove it. The removal of such laws and legal restrictions is not subject to resource constraints and can thus not be seen as requiring only progressive realization. Barriers arising from criminal laws and other laws and policies affecting sexual and reproductive health must therefore be immediately removed in order to ensure full enjoyment of the right to health.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4\nII. Background 4III. International 5 human rights law and the right to sexual and reproductive \nhealth IV.Criminal 6 laws and other legal restriction affecting the right to sexual and reproductive \nhealth Impactof 7 criminal laws andotherlegal restrictionsonsexual and \nreproductivehealth \nV.Recommendations 19", "I. Introduction", "1. Since his previous report to the General Assembly (A/65/255), the Special Rapporteur has undertaken country missions to the Syrian Arab Republic in November 2010 (A/HRC/17/25/Add.3) and Ghana in May 2011. He submitted reports on the right to health and development (A/HRC/17/25) and on the expert consultation on access to medicines as a fundamental component of the right to health (A/HRC/17/43) to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session, held in June 2011. He convened an expert consultation and held a public consultation on the right to health of older persons in April 2011, which informed the report submitted to the Council at its eighteenth session in September 2011.", "2. The Special Rapporteur has contributed to a number of meetings and conferences on the right to health, including the meeting on human rights and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, organized by the Open Society Institute/Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in New York in March 2011, and the conference on enforcement of the right to health organized by the Central European University in Budapest in June 2011. The Special Rapporteur gave keynote presentations at the Northern Ireland Assembly in September 2010 on the Millennium Development Goals and at the International Drug Policy Consortium seminar, held in London in May 2011, on proportionality in sentencing for drug offences.", "3. The Special Rapporteur also held regional civil society consultations in Nairobi, for East Africa; Budapest, for Eastern Europe; and Moscow, the Russian Federation and Central Asia. The consultations allowed the Rapporteur to gather information regarding realization of the right to health in those regions and to disseminate information about the mandate.", "II. Background", "4. The present report considers the criminalization of certain sexual and reproductive health services, particularly in relation to women, and their impact on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (hereafter, the “right to health”). It also discusses the effect of other legal restrictions and policies affecting conduct and decision-making in the context of sexual and reproductive health. It examines how laws and other legal restrictions are used to regulate abortion, conduct during pregnancy, sexual and reproductive education, and contraception and family planning. It also discusses the negative impact that such criminal laws and other legal restrictions may have on health care, including access to goods, services and information, on the freedoms and human dignity of affected persons, particularly women, and on public health outcomes.", "5. The Special Rapporteur decided to address those issues given that the right to sexual and reproductive health is an area in which conduct and decision-making are regulated by the State through a range of criminal laws and other legal restrictions that may violate the right to health.", "III. International human rights law and the right to sexual and reproductive health", "6. The right to sexual and reproductive health is an integral component of the right to health. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights emphasizes aspects of the right to sexual and reproductive health in article 12.2 (a). General Comment No. 14 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights states that the right to health includes measures to improve child and maternal health, sexual and reproductive health services, including access to family planning, prenatal and post-natal care, emergency obstetric services and access to information, as well as to resources necessary to act on that information (E/C.2/2000/4, para. 14). Moreover, it notes that women’s right to health requires the removal of all barriers interfering with access to health services, education and information, including in the area of sexual and reproductive health (ibid., para. 21). The recommendations of the Committee have consistently supported that approach.[2]", "7. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women[3] requires States to take action to ensure that women are afforded broad equality in, inter alia, education, employment and access to health care. The Convention specifically provides for a proper understanding of maternity as a social function, access to family planning information, and the elimination of discrimination against women in marriage and family relations. Furthermore, article 16.1 (e) mandates that women be provided the same rights to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children and to have access to the information, education and means to enable them to exercise those rights.", "8. The Convention on the Rights of the Child provides for the protection of the right to health of young persons under the age of 18. Article 24 of the Convention affirms the right to health as established in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which is especially relevant given the importance of sexual and reproductive health to the lives of young women and men.[4] The Convention urges States to ensure prenatal and post-natal care for mothers, develop family planning education and services and ensure the elimination of traditional practices that are “prejudicial to the health of children”.[5]", "9. Reproductive health rights also feature prominently in the Programme of Action of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action and the Millennium Development Goals, which affirm the rights of women to control all aspects of their health, to respect bodily autonomy and integrity and to decide freely in matters relating to their sexuality and reproduction, free of discrimination, coercion and violence. The Beijing Platform for Action states that States should consider removing punitive measures related to sexual and reproductive health. The relationship between improved sexual and reproductive health for women and poverty reduction is particularly emphasized. Unfortunately, the Millennium Development Goals Report 2010[6] declared that progress in parts of the world in some indicative areas, such as adolescent pregnancy and contraceptive use, had slowed and that aid for family planning as a proportion of total aid to health had declined sharply between 2000 and 2008.", "10. General Comment No. 14 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights elaborates the concept of reproductive health, stating that women and men have the freedom to decide if and when to reproduce and the right to be informed and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of family planning of their choice and appropriate health-care services that will, for example, enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth (E/C.12/2000/4, footnote 12). Sexual health is a “state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being related to sexuality, not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity”.[7] The Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development states that sexual health includes the right to a satisfying and safe sex life as well as the freedom to decide when and how often to reproduce (A/CONF.171/13, para. 7.2). It also states that sexual health requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.", "IV. Criminal laws and other legal restrictions affecting the right to sexual and reproductive health", "11. Criminal laws are enacted by the State to regulate conduct perceived as threatening, dangerous, or harmful to an individual, to other individuals or society. Such laws represent the strongest expression of the State’s power to punish and are among its most intentional acts. Criminal laws punish those who engage in prohibited conduct; they are also intended to deter others from similar conduct, incapacitate and rehabilitate offenders, and provide restitution for victims.", "12. The use of overt physical coercion by the State or non-State actors, such as in cases of forced sterilization, forced abortion, forced contraception and forced pregnancy has long been recognized as an unjustifiable form of State-sanctioned coercion and a violation of the right to health.[8] Similarly, where the criminal law is used as a tool by the State to regulate the conduct and decision-making of individuals in the context of the right to sexual and reproductive health the State coercively substitutes its will for that of the individual.", "13. States also use other legal restrictions, including provisions in civil and administrative laws to restrict or prohibit access and/or availability of sexual and reproductive health services, goods and information.", "14. In their application, criminal laws and other legal restrictions may prevent access to certain sexual and reproductive health-care goods, such as contraceptive methods, directly outlaw a particular service, such as abortion, or ban the provision of sexual and reproductive information through school-based education programmes or otherwise. In practice, these laws affect a wide range of individuals, including women who attempt to undergo abortions or seek contraception; friends or family members who assist women to access abortions; practitioners providing abortions; teachers providing sexual education; pharmacists supplying contraceptives; employees of institutions that are established to provide family planning services; human rights defenders advocating for sexual and reproductive health rights; and adolescents seeking access to contraception for consensual sexual activity.", "15. Criminal laws and other legal restrictions on sexual and reproductive health may have a negative impact on the right to health in many ways, including by interfering with human dignity. Respect for dignity is fundamental to the realization of all human rights. Dignity requires that individuals are free to make personal decisions without interference from the State, especially in an area as important and intimate as sexual and reproductive health.", "16. Criminal laws and other legal restrictions affecting sexual and reproductive health may amount to violations of the right to health. Although the present report deals predominantly with the impact of these laws and legal restrictions on women and girls, it by no means discounts similar problems faced by men and boys. Women, however, are generally more likely to experience infringements of their right to sexual and reproductive health[9] given the physiology of human reproduction and the gendered social, legal and economic context in which sexuality, fertility, pregnancy and parenthood occur. Persistent stereotyping of women’s roles within society and the family establish and fuel societal norms. Many of those norms are based on the belief that the freedom of a woman, especially with regard to her sexual identity, should be curtailed and regulated (see E/CN.4/2002/83, para. 99). Where women transgress these stereotype-driven norms in the pursuit of sexual and reproductive freedom, they are often punished severely,⁶ with resultant adverse effects on their health outcomes and violations of their right to health. The criminal laws and other legal restrictions examined in the present report facilitate and justify State control over women’s life, such as forcing women to continue unwanted or unplanned pregnancies.", "17. The causal relationship between the gender stereotyping, discrimination and marginalization of women and girls and their enjoyment of their right to sexual and reproductive health is well documented (see E/CN.4/2002/83 and E/CN.4/2004/49). Criminalization generates and perpetuates stigma; restricts their ability to make full use of available sexual and reproductive health-care goods, services and information; denies their full participation in society; and distorts perceptions among health-care professionals which, as a consequence, can hinder their access to health-care services. Criminal laws and other legal restrictions disempower women, who may be deterred from taking steps to protect their health, in order to avoid liability and out of fear of stigmatization. By restricting access to sexual and reproductive health-care goods, services and information these laws can also have a discriminatory effect, in that they disproportionately affect those in need of such resources, namely women. As a result, women and girls are punished both when they abide by these laws, and are thus subjected to poor physical and mental health outcomes, and when they do not, and thus face incarceration.", "18. States most frequently cite two grounds for implementing criminal or other restrictive laws in relation to the right to sexual and reproductive health: public health and public morality. Public morality cannot serve as a justification for enactment or enforcement of laws that may result in human rights violations, including those intended to regulate sexual and reproductive conduct and decision-making. Although securing particular public health outcomes is a legitimate State aim, measures taken to achieve this must be both evidence-based and proportionate to ensure respect of human rights. When criminal laws and legal restrictions used to regulate public health are neither evidence-based nor proportionate, States should refrain from using them to regulate sexual and reproductive health, as they not only violate the right to health of affected individuals, but also contradict their own public health justification.", "19. Securing the rights of women is crucial to improving health outcomes for both sexes. However, substantial underreporting of reproductive and sexual health problems is a serious challenge and probably arises for a variety of political, social, and cultural reasons. By generating a chilling effect on the open exchange of information and data collection, criminalization further exacerbates the underreporting of important health indicators. As a result, effectively addressing poor health outcomes is rendered impossible, and difficulties faced by the international community in meeting core development goals are compounded. Moreover, development indicators do not capture the full impact of criminalization because they only address specific quantifiable public health data and exclude deprivations of dignity and autonomy.", "20. The use by States of criminal and other legal restrictions to regulate sexual and reproductive health may represent serious violations of the right to health of affected persons and are ineffective as public health interventions. These laws must be immediately reconsidered. Their elimination is not subject to progressive realization since no corresponding resource burden, or a de minimis one, is associated with their elimination.", "Impact of criminal laws and other legal restrictions on sexual and reproductive health", "1. Criminalization and other legal restrictions related to abortion", "21. Criminal laws penalizing and restricting induced abortion are the paradigmatic examples of impermissible barriers to the realization of women’s right to health and must be eliminated. These laws infringe women’s dignity and autonomy by severely restricting decision-making by women in respect of their sexual and reproductive health. Moreover, such laws consistently generate poor physical health outcomes, resulting in deaths that could have been prevented, morbidity and ill-health, as well as negative mental health outcomes, not least because affected women risk being thrust into the criminal justice system. Creation or maintenance of criminal laws with respect to abortion may amount to violations of the obligations of States to respect, protect and fulfil the right to health.", "22. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has strongly disapproved of restrictive abortion laws, especially those that prohibit and criminalize abortion in all circumstances (see CEDAW/C/CH/CO/4, para. 19). It has also confirmed that such legislation does not prevent women from procuring unsafe illegal abortions and has framed restrictive abortion laws as a violation of the rights to life, health and information.[10] The Committee on the Rights of the Child is also concerned about the impact of highly restrictive abortion laws on the right to health of adolescent girls.[11] The Committee against Torture has further stated that punitive abortion laws should be reassessed since they lead to violations of a woman’s right to be free from inhuman and cruel treatment.[12] The Human Rights Committee concluded that equality between men and women required equal treatment in the area of health and the elimination of discrimination in the provision of goods and services and addressed the need to review abortion laws to prevent rights violations (see CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.10, paras. 20, 28 and 31). The former Special Rapporteur on the right to health called for removal of punitive measures against women who seek abortions (see E/CN.4/2004/49, para. 30).", "23. In States where abortion is criminalized, particular grounds for seeking an abortion may be exempt from criminalization. In the most severe cases, however, abortion is completely criminalized without exception — a situation that exists in only a handful of States — or allowed only to save the life of the woman. Approximately 25 per cent of the world’s population lives under legal regimes that prohibit all abortions except for those following rape or incest, as well as those necessary to save a woman’s life. Slightly less restrictive legal regimes permit abortion on a number of physical health, mental health and socio-economic grounds, such as poverty and number of children. Finally, abortion is unrestricted on any grounds in 56 States, though limits still exist with respect to how late in pregnancy an abortion will be permitted.[13]", "24. Other legal restrictions also contribute to making legal abortions inaccessible. Conscientious objection laws create barriers to access by permitting health-care providers and ancillary personnel, such as receptionists and pharmacists, to refuse to provide abortion services, information about procedures and referrals to alternative facilities and providers.[14] Examples of other restrictions include: laws prohibiting public funding of abortion care; requirements of counselling and mandatory waiting periods for women seeking to terminate a pregnancy; requirements that abortions be approved by more than one health-care provider; parental and spousal consent requirements; and laws that require health-care providers to report “suspected” cases of illegal abortion when women present for post-abortion care, including miscarriages. These laws make safe abortions and post-abortion care unavailable, especially to poor, displaced and young women. Such restrictive regimes, which are not replicated in other areas of sexual and reproductive health care, serve to reinforce the stigma that abortion is an objectionable practice.", "25. The World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed that legal grounds largely shape the course for women with an unplanned pregnancy towards a safe or an unsafe abortion.[15] As legal restrictions primarily influence whether abortion is safe or not,[16] more unsafe abortions are likely to occur in legal regimes that are more restrictive of abortion. The rate of unsafe abortions and the ratio of unsafe to safe abortions both directly correlate to the degree to which abortion laws are restrictive and/or punitive.[17] Unsafe abortions are estimated to account for nearly 13 per cent of all maternal deaths globally.¹⁴ A further 5 million women and girls suffer short- and long-term injuries due to unsafe abortions,[18] including haemorrhage; sepsis; trauma to the vagina, uterus and abdominal organs; cervical tearing; peritonitis; reproductive tract infections; pelvic inflammatory disease and chronic pelvic pain; shock and infertility.", "26. The conditions under which unsafe abortions occur include: limited access to information, particularly concerning when and how legal abortions may be obtained; abortion induced by an unskilled provider in unhygienic conditions or by a health-care worker outside of appropriate facilities; abortion induced by the woman herself or a traditional medical practitioner through insertion of an object into the uterus, drinking of a hazardous substance or violent massage; and incorrectly prescribed medicine with no follow-up or further information provided.[19] Criminalization of abortion creates and perpetuates these unsafe conditions. In more liberal regimes, women are able to legally seek service and treatment through professional health-care providers under safe and medically appropriate circumstances, including the use of medical abortion pills, which allow for safe, self-induced early abortions.", "27. Criminal prohibition of abortion is a very clear expression of State interference with a woman’s sexual and reproductive health because it restricts a woman’s control over her body, possibly subjecting her to unnecessary health risks. Criminal prohibition also requires women to continue unplanned pregnancies and give birth when it is not their choice to do so. States are obliged to ensure that women are not denied access to necessary post-abortion medical services, irrespective of the legality of the abortion undertaken.", "28. States are also obliged to protect against infringement of the right to health by third parties. In States where abortion is prohibited, public health and safety regulations regarding abortion, such as provisions for the training and licensing of health-care workers, cannot exist, thus increasing the potential for unsafe abortion practices. Decriminalization, coupled with appropriate regulation and the provision of accessible, safe abortion services, is the most expeditious method of fully protecting the right to health against third-party violations. Additionally, States should take measures to protect those who provide abortions and related services from harassment, violence, kidnappings and murder perpetrated by non-State actors (religiously motivated or otherwise).", "29. States must take measures to ensure that legal and safe abortion services are available, accessible, and of good quality. Safe abortions, however, will not immediately be available upon decriminalization unless States create conditions under which they may be provided. These conditions include establishing available and accessible clinics; the provision of additional training for physicians and health-care workers; enacting licensing requirements; and ensuring the availability of the latest and safest medicines and equipment.", "30. Women are entitled to equal health protection afforded by the State as part of the right to health. Regardless of the legal status of abortion, women are entitled to receive access to goods, services and information related to sexual and reproductive health. In particular, they are entitled to have access to quality health services for the management of complications, including those arising from unsafe abortions and miscarriages. Such care must be unconditional even where the threat of criminal punishment is present, and it should not be contingent on a woman’s cooperation in any subsequent criminal prosecution, or used as evidence in any proceeding against her or the abortion providers. Laws must not require health-care personnel to report women for abortion-related care to law enforcement or judicial authorities.", "31. Absolute prohibition under criminal law deprives women of access to what, in some cases, is a life-saving procedure. Even where a clandestine abortion can be performed in a relatively safe, hygienic setting, it may be financially inaccessible for the most vulnerable women. Poor and marginalized women may instead turn to unsafe, self-induced abortions. Where narrow exceptions to the criminalization of abortion exist, such as to save the life of a woman, criminalization may effectively block access to information about legal abortion services. Women often remain unaware of these exceptions because the stigma surrounding the issue of abortion prevents dissemination and discussion of such necessary information. Legal restrictions on the availability of information relating to abortions also exist because criminal laws often include explicit provisions prohibiting the production and distribution of the information.", "32. The provision of health-care goods and services that are of poor quality is a major problem arising from legal regimes criminalizing abortion. In these circumstances, the lack of State and professional regulation of medical practices means that abortions are performed by unskilled practitioners, in unhygienic conditions, in order to evade law enforcement.[20] On the contrary, when performed by trained health-care providers under appropriate conditions, abortion is one of the safest medical procedures available.[21] Criminalization further prevents practitioners from accessing accurate health information and, where exceptions to criminalization exist, the chilling effect created by its associated stigma may prevent health-care workers from seeking training and information on abortion. Health-care workers who choose to perform abortions under these circumstances may accordingly be uninformed and untrained on appropriate abortion procedure and post-abortion care, reducing the quality and availability of legal abortions.", "33. Health-care workers have, on occasion, denied women access to legally available sexual and reproductive health services or simply refused to treat women suffering from complications resulting from a clandestine abortion performed elsewhere. Owing to the stigma surrounding abortion, health-care workers have also provided erroneous information to women, such as stating that a woman may have only one legal abortion.", "34. The marginalization and vulnerability of women as a result of abortion-related stigma and discrimination perpetuate and intensify violations of the right to health. Abortion-related stigma prevents women from seeking abortions and prevents those who undergo abortions from requesting treatment for resulting medical complications. The gross underreporting of abortion — only 35 to 60 per cent are reported — is one indicator of the magnitude of the stigma attached to abortion. Although many social and cultural factors generate and exacerbate the stigma attached to abortion, criminalization of abortion perpetuates discrimination and generates new forms of stigmatization. For example, a woman’s infertility may be misunderstood to be the result of a previous abortion, placing “culpability” on the woman as a result of the stigma associated with abortion rather than acknowledging that her infertility may be due to various unrelated health conditions.", "35. The stigma resulting from criminalization creates a vicious cycle. Criminalization of abortion results in women seeking clandestine, and likely unsafe, abortions. The stigma resulting from procuring an illegal abortion and thereby breaking the law perpetuates the notion that abortion is an immoral practice and that the procedure is inherently unsafe, which then reinforces continuing criminalization of the practice.", "36. The criminalization of abortion also has a severe impact on mental health. The need to seek illegal health services and the intense stigmatization of both the abortion procedure and women who seek such procedures can have deleterious effects on women’s mental health.[22] In some cases, women have committed suicide because of accumulated pressures and stigma related to abortion.[23] In jurisdictions where rape is not a ground for termination of pregnancy, women and girls who are pregnant as a result of rape but who do not wish to continue their pregnancy are either forced to carry the pregnancy to term or seek an illegal abortion. Both options can cause enormous anguish. In electing to pursue either option, the overarching threat of being investigated, prosecuted and punished within the criminal justice system has significant negative impacts on the emotional health and well-being of both those who seek abortions and those who do not. Moreover, while the psychological impact of seeking an illegal abortion or carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term is well documented, no corresponding evidence supports the existence of long-term mental health sequelae resulting from elective abortion.[24]", "2. Control over and criminalization of conduct during pregnancy and delivery", "37. Maternal health, prenatal and post-natal care, and access to information, are all elements of the right to health elaborated under General Comment No. 14. Additionally, article 10.2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provides that special protection should be accorded to mothers. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women also recognizes that women should be provided with appropriate services in connection with pregnancy. In chapter VII.A., the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development observes that reproductive health includes access to services that enable women to go through pregnancy and childbirth safely.[25] Despite these positive obligations to support women during pregnancy and post-birth, certain States have proposed or enacted criminal laws or other legal restrictions prohibiting certain forms of conduct, which infringe the right to health of affected women.", "38. In certain jurisdictions, pregnant women have been prosecuted for various types of conduct during pregnancy. A number of prosecutions have occurred in relation to the use of illicit drugs by pregnant woman, including under pre-existing laws relating to child abuse, attempted murder, manslaughter and criminally negligent homicide. Criminal laws have also been used to prosecute women for other conduct, including alcohol use during pregnancy, the birth of stillborn babies or the miscarriage of a foetus (see A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 68), failing to follow a doctor’s orders, failing to refrain from sexual intercourse, and concealment of the birth.", "39. In some instances, civil legislation related to child welfare has been expanded to include punitive sanctions for prenatal drug exposure, where such exposure may provide a ground for the termination of parental rights and the removal of the child upon birth. A pregnant woman’s positive toxicology report or clinical signs of drug exposure in newborns, may be regarded as proof of child abuse or neglect under these legislative schemes. In some jurisdictions, health professionals are required to test pregnant women or newborns for drug exposure or may do so provided the woman is given notice. Others have enacted legislation authorizing the institutionalization of women who have used drugs during pregnancy. Health professionals may also be obliged to report positive drug-screening results to the Government.", "40. Some States have also criminalized perinatal HIV transmission. For example, in one jurisdiction, a person infected with HIV (and aware of the fact) must “‘take all reasonable measures and precautions to prevent the transmission of HIV to others and in the case of pregnant women, the foetus’, with criminal sanctions imposed for failure to do so” (see A/HRC/14/20, para. 67). In this case, no exception or defence is allowed in relation to unavailability or lack of access to preventive health-care goods, services and information. Statutes from other jurisdictions, which criminalize HIV transmission generally, may also be applied to perinatal transmission.", "41. Criminalization of conduct during pregnancy impedes access to health-care goods and services, infringing the right to health of pregnant women. Where women fear criminal prosecution, they may be deterred from accessing health services and care, as well as pregnancy-related information. For example, women may not seek antenatal services if they are faced with the risk of prosecution from transmitting HIV, which poses a risk to their health and the health of the foetus. This undermines public health objectives related to HIV, because women may refuse testing entirely if they face criminal penalties for transmission.", "42. While public health goals can justify some degree of interference with personal freedoms, it has been well documented that the public health goals are not realized through criminalization; rather, they are often undermined by it (see A/HRC/14/20, para. 51). The application of criminal law to regulate conduct such as alcohol consumption during pregnancy is a disproportionate response and an ineffective deterrent. A number of professional medical associations oppose use of the criminal law as a means to address substance abuse by pregnant women, on the grounds of ineffectiveness and disproportionality.[26] In order to realize public health outcomes effectively and simultaneously promote the right to health of women, States should not criminalize such conducts during pregnancy, but rather ensure the provision of health-care goods, services and information that promote health throughout pregnancy and childbirth.", "43. Certain criminal laws effectively shift the burden of realizing the right to health away from States onto pregnant women, punishing women for the lack of effective provision of health-care goods, services and education by the Government. For instance, where a woman living with HIV must take all reasonable measures and precautions to prevent the transmission of HIV to the foetus but there is limited or no access to health-care services and antiretroviral treatment, the State fails to provide what is needed for a woman to avoid criminal prosecution. The Special Rapporteur has observed that “where the right to access to appropriate health services … is not ensured, women are simply unable to take necessary precautions to prevent transmission, which could place them at risk of criminal liability” (see A/HRC/14/20, para. 66). As availability of, and access to, health-care goods and services is the responsibility of States, it is particularly perverse that the criminal law has the potential to punish women for the inadequacy of the Government in this respect.", "3. Contraception and family planning", "44. WHO defines family planning as a process that allows people to attain their desired number of children and determine the spacing of pregnancies which is achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of infertility.[27] Use of family planning methods is an integral component of the right to health. Contraception is a method of fertility control by which family planning is affected. Some forms can also be used for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections, primarily through physical barrier methods of contraception such as condoms. Various other forms of contraception exist, ranging from surgical sterilization to pharmaceutical methods, such as the oral contraceptive pill, which do not protect against sexually transmitted infections.", "45. Family planning empowers women to make autonomous and informed choices about their sexual and reproductive health. It reduces maternal mortality by delaying pregnancies in young women who would otherwise face an increased risk of health problems and death from early childbearing. Evidence shows that access to voluntary family planning can reduce maternal deaths by between 25 and 40 per cent.[28] Family planning also reduces the number of unsafe abortions and the perinatal transmission of HIV. Condom use not only results in lower incidences of sexually transmitted infections but, when used correctly and consistently, male condoms are 98 per cent effective toward preventing pregnancy.²⁶", "46. The global unmet need for family planning remains a significant barrier to achieving rights-related and development goals. WHO estimates that 200 million couples in developing countries would like to delay or stop childbearing but are not using any method of contraception.²⁶ In 2009, 24 per cent of women of reproductive age in the least developed countries, who were married or in a union, reported not wanting any more children or wanting to delay the birth of their next child.[29] Reasons for the global unmet need included limited access to contraception; limited choice of contraceptive methods; fear or experience of side-effects; cultural or religious opposition; poor quality of available services; and gender-based barriers.", "47. Family planning allows women to choose whether and when to reproduce and is thus integral to development and the full participation of women in society. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, contraceptive use is four times higher among women with a secondary education than among those with no education, and is almost four times higher among women in the richest households than those in the poorest households.[30] One cross-national survey suggests that the percentage of women in the labour force is directly related to national birth rates.[31] Strong links have also been observed between contraception use by women and opportunities to work outside of the home; in one country, the average income growth for women with one to three pregnancies was twice that of women who had been pregnant more than seven times.³⁰", "48. Criminal laws and other legal restrictions that reduce or deny access to family planning goods and services, or certain modern contraceptive methods, such as emergency contraception, constitute a violation of the right to health. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women calls upon States to ensure access to specific educational information to help to ensure the health and well-being of families, including information and advice on family planning, as well as access to adequate health-care facilities, including information, counselling and services in family planning.[32] In General Comment No. 14, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights calls upon States to take measures to “improve child and maternal health, sexual and reproductive health services, including access to family planning … and access to information, as well as to resources necessary to act on that information” (see E/C.12/2000/4, para. 14).", "49. In chapter II, principle 8, of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development confirms that States should take all appropriate measures to ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, universal access to health-care services, including those related to reproductive health care, which includes family planning and sexual health. It also stresses the need for participation and notes that family planning programmes are most successful when women are fully involved in the design, provision, management and evaluation of services. It further adds that Governments should remove all unnecessary legal, medical, clinical and regulatory barriers to information and to access to family-planning services and methods. In paragraph 96, the Beijing Platform for Action declares that the human rights of women include their right to have control over and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality, including sexual and reproductive health, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.", "50. However, in many States access to family planning goods and services is severely curtailed by criminal laws and other legal restrictions. In these jurisdictions, women and men (especially the poor) lack access to safe and effective contraception and are denied the freedom to decide whether or not to reproduce.", "51. For example, some States have criminalized the distribution and use of emergency contraception,[33] justifying such laws with claims that emergency contraception is abortifacient. WHO, however, confirms that emergency contraception is a valid form of contraception.[34] Women who carry an unplanned pregnancy to term as a result of such laws also might face adverse physical and mental health outcomes.[35] At the same time, women who lack access to emergency contraception as a result of criminal prohibitions may ultimately be forced to seek clandestine abortions, thus exposing themselves to the associated health risks.", "52. Restricting access to surgical methods of contraception also contravenes the obligations of States to ensure that quality services are available and accessible. For instance, tubal ligation, a safe and effective sterilization procedure for women, is prohibited by law in some countries except under narrow circumstances where the procedure is therapeutically necessary. Read in conjunction with laws criminalizing violence causing permanent damage to a limb, this law exposes health professionals who perform the procedure to criminal liability, thus restricting women’s access to this method of contraception. Women may instead seek tubal ligation procedures in unlicenced health facilities, potentially placing them at the risk of experiencing health complications and effectively denying access to poor women who cannot afford such procedures.", "53. Other laws restricting access to family planning and contraception include a city-wide de facto ban on so-called “artificial” contraception in one jurisdiction, which created significant difficulty for women in accessing reliable forms of birth control (see A/HRC/14/20/Add.1). A total of 70 per cent of the affected population, a majority of whom were poor and marginalized, depended on Government providers for services including female sterilization, oral pills, intrauterine devices and injectables (ibid.). The ban resulted in the absolute deprivation of access to family planning services and contraception for many women and men. In other instances, States require women to obtain their husband’s consent and adolescents to obtain parental consent before acquiring various forms of contraception. Other jurisdictions allow pharmacists, and in some cases pharmacies, to refuse to dispense emergency contraception, which is otherwise legally available. These laws directly infringe upon the right of women and girls to make free and informed choices about their sexual and reproductive health and reflect discriminatory notions of women’s roles in the family and society.", "54. Women are also entitled to participate in all decisions affecting their sexual and reproductive health at all levels of decision-making. Community-level participation concerning use of contraception has been shown to increase a woman’s autonomy and capacity to freely choose to use condoms, not only providing her with a means of controlling fertility but also protecting her own health in preventing sexually transmitted infections.[36]", "55. The obligation to respect the right to health requires that States abstain from limiting access to contraceptives and other means of maintaining sexual and reproductive health. States should therefore remove criminal laws and other legal restrictions, including parental consent laws and other third party authorizations, to ensure access to family planning and contraceptive goods, services and information. The obligation to protect requires States ensure that neither third parties nor harmful social or traditional practices interfere with access to prenatal and post-natal care and family-planning (see E/C.12/2000/4, para. 35), or curtail access to some or all contraceptive methods. Finally, the obligation to fulfil includes adopting and implementing a national public health strategy, which includes the provision of “a wide range of sexual and reproductive health services, including access to family planning (...) and access to information (see E/CN.4/2004/49, para. 29)”.", "4. Education and information on sexual and reproductive health", "56. The provision of comprehensive education and information on sexual and reproductive health is an essential component of the right to health and to the realization of other rights, such as the right to education and access to information. Criminal and other laws restricting access to comprehensive education and information on sexual and reproductive health are thus incompatible with the full realization of the right to health and should be removed by States (see E/C.12/2000/4, para. 11). Both women and men are adversely affected by these barriers. Women, however, are disproportionately impacted.", "57. General Comment No. 14 places emphasis on access to information because it is a critical component of the right to health (ibid; footnote 8), and particularly guarantees access to sexual and reproductive health information. States are additionally required to provide adequate resources and refrain “from censoring, withholding or intentionally misrepresenting health-related information, including sexual education and information (see E/C.12/2000/14, para. 14)”. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has recommended that a comprehensive understanding of the content of sexual and reproductive education encompass the topics of reproductive rights, responsible sexual behaviour, sexual and reproductive health, prevention of sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS, prevention of teenage pregnancies, and family planning,[37] and stressed that education campaigns are urgently needed to combat harmful practices such as female genital mutilation.[38] Comprehensive education and information on sexual and reproductive health is also useful in reducing knowledge gaps between men and women on these issues.[39]", "58. The International Guidelines on Sexuality Education of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) describe optimal sexual education as “an age-appropriate, culturally sensitive and comprehensive approach … that include programmes providing scientifically accurate, realistic, non-judgmental information”.[40] Moreover, comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education and information should provide “opportunities to explore one’s own values and attitudes and to build decision-making, communication, and risk reduction skills about all aspects of sexuality”.³⁹ The Special Rapporteur on the right to education has further emphasized that a comprehensive curriculum requires sensitivity to sexual diversity and a gendered perspective (see A/65/162, para. 23).", "59. Laws restricting information about sexual and reproductive health and which censor discussions of homosexuality in the classroom fuel stigma and discrimination of vulnerable minorities.[41] For example, laws and policies that promote abstinence-only education reduce sexual education to images and stereotypes of heteronormativity, given their focus on procreation; some of these programmes even contain explicitly discriminatory content on gender and sexual orientation.[42] In certain instances, teachers have been suspended or threatened with lawsuits for engaging in discussions on “inappropriate” sexual matters with their students when discussing sexual and reproductive health issues in the classroom. In other cases, pursuant to abstinence-only and anti-obscenity policies, school districts, courts and legislators have prohibited civil society organizations from meeting in public schools. Such laws and policies perpetuate false and negative stereotypes concerning sexuality, alienate students of different sexual orientations and prevent students from making fully informed decisions regarding their sexual and reproductive health.", "60. Even in jurisdictions where sexual and reproductive health education is permitted in some form, its quality and effectiveness can be severely diminished by policy prescriptions. States have assisted in the dissemination of misinformation on condom use either by distributing materials that contain inaccurate information or by remaining silent on the topic, which allows for the proliferation of contradictory and inaccurate information.[43] Similarly, abstinence-only campaigns that focus only on abstaining from sexual intercourse as a means to avoid sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies provide a narrow and incomplete rather than a comprehensive perspective. Such programmes, which often lack accurate and evidence-based information, have been shown to have a minimal or no effect on reducing the transmission of sexually transmitted infections.", "61. Studies have shown that while few young people have accurate knowledge about HIV/AIDS,[44] women are generally even less well informed than men. In a UNAIDS study of 147 countries, whereas more than 70 per cent of young men were found to recognize that condoms can protect against HIV, only 55 per cent of young women identified condoms as an effective strategy for HIV prevention.[45] Women and girls are disproportionally impacted by legal restrictions to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education and information, which both reinforces and exacerbates the gender inequalities that the figures demonstrate. The existence of legal restrictions on access to sexual and reproductive health information and education lead to the provision of inaccurate information through informal sources that are often inaccurate and may reinforce negative gender stereotypes. As a result, young women are less prepared for their sexual and reproductive lives, leaving them vulnerable to coercion, abuse and exploitation, as well as to an increased risk of unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, maternal mortality, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections.[46]", "62. In jurisdictions where aspects of sexual and reproductive health are criminalized, the availability and accessibility of related information is greatly restricted. For example, penal codes may contain specific provisions that prohibit dispensing information on the prevention or interruption of pregnancies, or materials that supposedly conflict with notions of morality or decency. Punishments can range from fines to imprisonment. Moreover, the restriction of information relating to health can be an unintended result of laws relating to other information, such as pornography laws, which can also extend to criminalize sexual and reproductive health materials.[47] Thus, public health and empowerment programmes and activities that rely on such information — educational campaigns on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infection prevention, family planning, domestic violence, gender discrimination, female genital mutilation, sexual diversity, overall sexual and reproductive health — are effectively prohibited. Women and girls are most likely to be affected by this gap in available services and programming because they are exposed to a higher risk of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections, maternal mortality, unsafe abortion and unwanted or unplanned pregnancies.", "63. Adequate knowledge about sexual and reproductive health has repeatedly proved to be effecting in lowering rates of maternal mortality; preventing unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortion, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections; delaying the onset of sexual intercourse; increasing knowledge about family planning options; and protecting against gender-based violence (see E/C.12/2000/4, para. 21). Empowering women through comprehensive education and information on sexual and reproductive health is also imperative since young women often have less power or control in their relationships, which make them disproportionately vulnerable to coercion, abuse and exploitation.[48] As a tool for empowerment and means to critically examine gender inequalities and stereotypes, comprehensive education and information also becomes a way of eroding deeply entrenched systems of patriarchy; such systems perpetuate violations of women’s rights, including their right to health (see A/65/162, paras. 7-9). Providing women with knowledge and skills relating to their sexual and reproductive health, related education and information enhances their freedom in making informed health-related decisions, and promotes their equal participation in society.", "64. States that implement and enforce criminal or other laws to restrict access to sexual and reproductive health information actively reduce access to information and therefore do not meet their obligation to respect the right to health. As a consequence of such laws and the stigma they generate, third parties, such as teachers, publishers, or booksellers may also deny women and girls access to necessary sexual and reproductive health materials. The obligation of States to fulfil the right to health requires that they develop strategies to ensure that comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education and information is provided to everyone, especially women and young girls.", "V. Recommendations", "65. In applying a right-to-health approach, States should undertake reforms toward the development and implementation of policies and programmes relating to sexual and reproductive health as required by international human rights law. In that context, the Special Rapporteur calls upon States to:", "(a) Formulate public health policies and programmes that disseminate evidence-based information regarding sexual and reproductive health, as well as the prevention of perinatal HIV transmission;", "(b) Develop comprehensive family planning policies and programmes, which provide a wide range of goods, services and information relating to contraception and are available, accessible and of good quality;", "(c) Decriminalize the supply and use of all forms of contraception and voluntary sterilization for fertility control and remove requirements for spousal and/or parental consent;", "(d) Take steps to ensure the availability, accessibility and quality of a full range of contraceptive methods, including both pharmaceutical and surgical contraceptive methods;", "(e) Decriminalize the provision of information relating to sexual and reproductive health, including evidence-based sexual and reproductive health education;", "(f) Formulate policies to ensure that existing criminal laws, such as those concerning pornography, are not applied to restrict access to, or punish those who provide, evidence-based sexual and reproductive health information and education;", "(g) Take steps to standardize national curricula to ensure that sexual and reproductive education is comprehensive, evidence-based, and includes information regarding human rights, gender and sexuality;", "(h) Decriminalize abortion, including related laws, such as those concerning abetment of abortion;", "(i) Consider, as an interim measure, the formulation of policies and protocols by responsible authorities imposing a moratorium on the application of criminal laws concerning abortion, including legal duties on medical professionals to report women to law enforcement authorities;", "(j) Ensure safe, good quality health services, including abortion, using services, in line with WHO protocols;", "(k) Establish policies and programmes to ensure the accessibility and availability of safe, reliable and good quality services for abortion-related complications and post-abortion care, in line with WHO protocols, particularly in jurisdictions where abortion is criminalized;", "(l) Ensure that accurate, evidence-based information concerning abortion and its legal availability is publicly available and that health-care providers are fully aware of the law related to abortion and its exceptions;", "(m) Ensure that conscientious objection exemptions are well-defined in scope and well-regulated in use and that referrals and alternative services are available in cases where the objection is raised by a service provider;", "(n) Suspend/abolish the application of existing criminal laws to various forms of conduct during pregnancy, such as conduct related to treatment of the foetus, most notably miscarriage, alcohol and drug consumption and HIV transmission.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] See E/C.12/1/Add.98, para. 43; E/C.12/1/Add.105 and Corr.1, paras. 53 and 54; E/C.12/BRA/ CO/2, para. 29; and E/C.12/COL/CO/5, para. 5.", "[3] See in particular articles 5, 10 (h), 11, 12.1 and 16.", "[4] See United Nations Population Fund, Eight Lives: Stories of Reproductive Health (New York, 2010).", "[5] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, No. 27531, article 24; see also CRC/GC/2003/4, para. 31.", "[6] United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.I.7.", "[7] Paul Hunt and Judith Bueno de Mesquita, The Rights to Sexual and Reproductive Health (Colchester, Essex, University of Essex, 2006).", "[8] See CRC/C/15/Add.268, para. 46(e); CEDAW/C/CHN/CO/6, para. 32; E/CN.4/2004/49, para. 25.", "[9] With the exception of men who have sex with men; see A/HRC/14/20.", "[10] See A/53/38/Rev.1, para. 337; and A/54/38/Rev.1, part I, paras. 56, 228 and 393.", "[11] CRC/C/15/Add.107, para. 30; CRC/C/CHL/CO/3, para. 55; and CRC/C/URY/CO/2, para. 51.", "[12] CAT/C/PER/CO/4, para. 23; CAT/C/NIC/CO/1, para. 16; and CAT/C/CR/32/5, para. 7.", "[13] R. Boland, “Second trimester abortion laws globally: actuality, trends and recommendations”, Reproductive Health Matters, vol. 18, No. 36 (2010), pp. 67-89.", "[14] Louise Finer and Judith Bueno de Mesquita, Conscientious Objection: Protecting Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights (Colchester, Essex, University of Essex, 2010).", "[15] WHO, Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2008, 6th ed. (Geneva, 2011), p. 2.", "[16] Axel I. Mundigo, “Determinants of unsafe induced abortion in developing countries”, in Ina K. Warriner and Iqbal H. Shah, eds., Preventing Unsafe Abortion and its Consequences: Priorities for Research and Action (New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2006), pp. 51-54.", "[17] WHO, Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems (Geneva, 2003), p. 86.", "[18] Lori Ashford, “Hidden suffering: disabilities from pregnancy and childbirth in less developed countries” (Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau, 2002). Available from: http://www.prb.org/pdf/HiddenSufferingEng.pdf.", "[19] Michael Vlassoff and others, “Estimates of health care system costs of unsafe abortion in Africa and Latin America”, International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, vol. 35, No. 3 (2009), pp. 114-121.", "[20] WHO, Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates, p. 7 (see footnote 14 above).", "[21] WHO, Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance, p. 14 (see footnote 16 above).", "[22] WHO, Mental Health Aspects of Women’s Reproductive Health (Geneva, 2008), p. 54.", "[23] Ibid, p. 52.", "[24] Vignetta E. Charles and others, “Abortion and long-term mental health outcomes: a systematic review of the evidence”, Contraception, vol. 78, No. 6 (December 2008), p. 436.", "[25] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, No. 20378, article 12.", "[26] National Advocates for Pregnant Women, “What’s wrong with making it a crime to be pregnant and to have a drug problem?” (9 March 2006).", "[27] WHO, Family Planning, Fact sheet No. 351 (April 2011).", "[28] World Bank, “Population issues in the 21st century: the role of the World Bank”, Health, Nutrition, and Population (Washington, D.C., April 2007).", "[29] World Contraceptive Use 2010 (POP/DB/CP/Rev2010), available from http://www.un.org/esa/ population/publications/WCP_2010/Data.html.", "[30] Millennium Development Goals Report 2010 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.I.7), p. 37.", "[31] World Bank, “Population issues”, p. 26 (see footnote 27 above).", "[32] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, No. 20378, articles 10 (h), 14 (b).", "[33] Eileen Kelly, “Crisis of conscience: pharmacist refusal to provide health care services on moral grounds”, Employee Responsibility Rights, vol. 23, No. 1 (2011), 37-54.", "[34] WHO, Emergency contraception, Fact Sheet No. 244 (revised October 2005). Available from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs244/en/index.html.", "[35] WHO, Mental health, p. 55 (see footnote 21 above).", "[36] For example, in Kolkata, India, the rate of condom use among sex workers rose from 3 to 90 per cent over the course of seven years as a result of a community-led structural intervention called the Sonagachi Project. See T. Ghosea and others, “Mobilizing collective identity to reduce HIV risk among sex workers in Sonagachi, India: the boundaries, consciousness, negotiation framework”, Social Science Medicine, vol. 67, No. 2 (2008), pp. 311-320.", "[37] See A/56/38, para. 224; A/56/38, para. 303; A/53/38, para. 349; CEDAW/C/PHI/CO/6, para. 28.", "[38] See E/C.12/1/Add.78, para. 31; and E/C.12/1/Add.62, para. 39.", "[39] UNAIDS, Global Report on the AIDS Epidemic 2008 (Geneva, 2008).", "[40] UNESCO, International Guidelines on Sexuality Education: An Evidence Informed Approach to Effective Sex, Relationships and HIV/STI Education (Paris, 2009), p. 61.", "[41] See the International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights (INTERIGHTS) v. Croatia; Human Rights Watch, Rights at Risk, Executive Summary (2011); and BBC, “Brazil sex education material suspended by President” (25 May 2011). Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13554077.", "[42] See A/65/162, paras. 68 and 69; and A/HRC/14/20/Add.3, para. 25.", "[43] UNESCO, “Review of sex, relationships and HIV education in schools” (2007), pp. 16 and 17.", "[44] UNAIDS, Global Report 2008, p. 98 (see footnote 38 above).", "[45] Ibid.", "[46] UNESCO, International Guidelines on Sexuality Education, p. 2 (see footnote 39 above).", "[47] Amnesty International, Left Without a Choice: Barriers to Reproductive Health in Indonesia (London, 2010).", "[48] See UNESCO, International Guidelines on Sexuality Education, p. 20 (see footnote 39 above)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进人权 和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "人人享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递人人有权享有能达到的最高标准身心健康问题特别报告员阿南德·格罗夫根据人权理事会第15/22号决议和第6/29号决议编拟的中期报告。", "人人有权享有能达到的最高标准身心健康问题特别报告员的中期报告", "摘要 在本报告中，人人有权享有能达到的最高标准身心健康问题特别报告员审议了关于性健康和生殖健康及健康权的刑法与其他法律限制之间的相互作用。性健康和生殖健康权利是健康权的一个基本部分。因此，各国必须确保这方面的健康权得到充分实现。 特别报告员审议了刑事限制和其他法律限制对堕胎、孕期行为、避孕和计划生育，以及提供性教育与生殖教育和信息的影响。上述各领域的一些刑事限制和其他法律限制常常具有歧视性，并因限制获取优质产品、服务和信息，侵犯了健康权。它们因对个人根据健康权有权享有的自由加以限制，特别是以与决策和身体健全相关的自由加以限制，侵犯了人的尊严。此外，将这些法律作为实现某些公共健康成果的途径通常效率低下且不相称。 \n实现健康权须消除干涉个人做出健康相关问题决策和获取特别是仅影响妇女和女童的健康状况的健康服务、教育和信息的障碍。如果这种障碍是因刑法或其他法律限制造成的，则各国有义务将其废除。这些法律和法律限制的废除工作不受资源的制约，从而不能被视为仅要求逐步实现。因此必须立即消除因刑法和其他影响性健康和生殖健康的法律和政策造成的障碍，以便确保充分享有健康权。", "目录", "页次\n 1. 导言 4\n 2. 背景 4\n 3. 国际人权法与性健康和生殖健康权利 4\n4. 影响性健康和生殖健康权的刑法和其他法律限制刑法和其他法律限制对健康与生殖健康的影响\t6\n5. 建议\t19", "一. 导言", "1. 特别报告员自向大会提交上一份报告(A/65/255)以来，于2010年11月和2011年5月分别对阿拉伯叙利亚共和国(A/HRC/17/25/Add.3)和加纳开展了国别访问。他向2011年6月召开的人权理事会届会提交了一份关于健康权与发展的报告(A/HRC/17/25)，以及一份关于获得药品是健康权的基本内容的专家协商会的报告(A/HRC/17/43)。2011年4月，他就老年人的健康权召开了一次专家协商和一次公众协商，这为提交2011年9月人权理事会届会的报告提供了信息。", "2. 特别报告员向若干关于健康权问题的会议和大会做出了贡献，包括2011年3月开放社会学会/联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病规划署)在纽约举行的关于人权与全球防治艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金的会议，以及2011年6月中欧大学在布达佩斯举行的关于行使健康权问题的会议。2010年9月，特别报告员在北爱尔兰议会做了关于千年发展目标的主题发言，2011年5月在伦敦举行的国际毒品政策联合会讨论会上做了关于毒品罪判刑相称原则的主题发言。", "3. 特别报告员还分别为东非、东欧以及俄罗斯联邦和中亚在内罗毕、布达佩斯和莫斯科举行了区域民间社会协商。这些协商使报告员得以收集关于在这些区域实现健康权的信息，并传播任务授权相关信息。", "二. 背景", "4. 本报告审议了将某些性健康和生殖健康服务，特别是与妇女相关的服务进行刑事定罪的问题，以及这些服务对人人享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利(下称“健康权”)的影响。报告还讨论了影响性健康和生殖健康方面的行为和决策的其他相关法律限制和政策的影响。报告审查了如何运用这些法律和其他法律限制，规范堕胎、孕期行为、性教育和生殖教育，以及避孕和计划生育。报告还讨论了这些刑法和其他法律限制可能对保健(包括获取产品、服务和信息)、受影响人群特别是妇女的自由和人的尊严，以及公共健康成果造成的不利影响。", "5. 考虑到性健康和生殖健康权利是由各国通过许多可能侵犯健康权的刑法和其他法律限制予以规范行为和决策的一个领域，特别报告员决定讨论这些问题。", "三. 国际人权法与性健康和生殖健康权利", "6. 性健康和生殖健康权利是健康权一个不可分割的组成部分。《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第12.2(a)条强调了性健康和生殖健康权利所涉各方面的问题。经济、社会和文化权利委员会第14号一般性意见指出，健康权包括采取措施，改善儿童和母亲的健康、性健康和生殖健康服务，包括获取计划生育、产前和产后保健、紧急产科服务和获取信息，以及根据获取的信息采取行动所需的资源(E/C.12/2000/4，第14段)。此外，它指出妇女的健康权必须清除所有影响获得健康服务、教育和信息的障碍，包括在性健康和生殖健康领域(同上，第21段)。委员会的建议一贯支持该方法。[2]", "7. 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》[3] 要求各国采取行动，确保妇女除其他外在教育、就业和获取保健服务方面享有广泛的平等。《公约》特别规定正确了解母性的社会功能、获取计划生育信息和消除在婚姻和家庭关系上对妇女的歧视。此外，第16.1(e)条规定妇女有相同的权利，自由负责地决定子女人数和生育间隔，并有机会获得使她们能够行使这种权利的知识、教育和方法。", "8. 《儿童权利公约》规定保护18周岁以下青年的健康权。《公约》第24条申明了《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》所确定的健康权，鉴于性健康和生殖健康对青年男女生活的重要意义，这一点尤其重要。[4]《公约》敦促各国确保母亲得到适当的产前和产后保健，开展计划生育教育和服务，以及确保废除“对儿童健康有害”的传统习俗。[5]", "9. 生殖健康权还在1994年《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》、1995年《北京行动纲要》和千年发展目标中占据重要的地位。这些文件申明，妇女享有在没有歧视、胁迫和暴力的情况下，控制其健康的所有方面、尊重身体自主和完整并自由决定与性和生殖相关事项的权利。《北京行动纲要》指出，各国应考虑取消与性健康和生殖健康相关的惩罚措施。对妇女性健康和生殖健康的改善与减贫之间的关系予以了特别强调。遗憾的是，《2010年千年发展目标报告》[6] 宣布，世界一些地区在少女怀孕和避孕药具使用等指示性领域的进度减缓，并且2000至2008年期间计划生育援助在健康援助总额中所占比例大幅下降。", "10. 经济、社会和文化权利委员会第14号一般性意见述及了生殖健康的概念，并指出男女有权自由决定是否和何时生育，以及有权了解情况和得到安全、有效、能够支付得起和可以接受的、由他们自己选择的计划生育方法，有权得到适当的卫生保健服务，例如可使妇女安全的渡过孕期和生产(E/C.12/2000/4，脚注12)。性健康是与性能力有关的生理、情感、心理和社会福祉方面的状态，而不仅仅指没有疾病、功能不紊乱或不虚弱。[7] 人发会议《行动纲领》指出，性健康包括拥有满意而且安全的性生活以及自由决定何时生育和生育间隔的权利(A/CONF.171/13，第7.2段)。它还指出，性健康要求对性能力和性关系实行积极和尊重的办法，以及能够在没有歧视、胁迫和暴力的情况下，享有愉悦和安全的性经历。", "四. 影响性健康和生殖健康权的刑法和其他法律限制", "11. 各国颁布刑法旨在规范被认为对个人、他人或社会造成威胁、危险或有害的行为。这些法律是国家惩罚权最有力的表述，属于国家目的最为明确的法案之一。刑法惩罚那些参与禁止行为的人；刑法还用于阻止其他人从事类似行为，剥夺罪犯权利并对其进行改造，向受害人提供赔偿。", "12. 长期以来，人们一直认为国家或非国家行为者在强迫绝育、强迫堕胎、强迫避孕和强迫怀孕等情况下使用公开身体胁迫是一种不合理的国家制裁的胁迫形式，并侵犯了健康权。[8] 同样，当国家将刑法用作规范性健康和生殖健康权方面的个人行为和决策的工具时，国家胁迫性地用其意志代替了个人意志。", "13. 国家还利用其他法律限制，其中包括民法和行政法条款，来限制或禁止获取和/或提供性健康和生殖健康服务、产品和信息。", "14. 在应用中，刑法和其他法律限制可防止获取避孕方法等某些性保健和生殖保健产品，直接宣布堕胎等特定服务违法，或者通过学校教育方案或以其他方式禁止提供性健康和生殖健康信息。实际上，受这些法律影响的个人范围广泛，其中包括想要堕胎或寻求避孕的妇女；协助妇女获取堕胎服务的朋友或家庭成员；提供堕胎服务的从业人员；提供性教育的教师；提供避孕药具的药剂师；旨在提供计划生育服务的机构的员工；倡导性健康和生殖健康权利的人权捍卫者；和为自愿同意的性行为寻求获取避孕药具的青少年。", "15. 关于性健康和生殖健康的刑法及其他法律限制可通过干涉人的尊严等多种方式对健康权造成不利影响。尊重尊严是实现所有人权的基础。尊严要求个人㹉在不受国家干涉的情况下做出个人决定，特别是在如性健康和生殖健康这样重要私密的领域。", "16. 影响性健康和生殖健康的刑法和其他法律限制可构成对健康权的侵犯。虽然本报告着重述及了这些法律和法律限制对妇女和女童的影响，但是其绝非要低估男人和男童面临的类似问题。不过，一般而言，鉴于人类生殖的生理机能以及性、生育、怀孕和生育方面与性别相关的社会、法律和经济环境，妇女的性健康和生殖健康权更易被侵犯。[9] 关于妇女在社会和家庭中角色的持续存在的陈规定型观念确立和巩固了相关社会规范。其中许多规范基于这样一个观点，即妇女的自由，特别是妇女的性行为特性方面的自由，应当加以约束和管制(见E/CN.4/2002/83，第99段)。如果妇女违反这些基于陈规定型观念的规范，追求性自由和生殖自由，她们则会常常受到严厉惩罚，从而导致其健康状况受到不利影响，健康权遭到侵犯。本报告审查的刑法和其他法律限制便于国家控制妇女的生活并为这种控制提供了理由，如迫使妇女继续意外怀孕和计划外怀孕。", "17. 对性别陈规定型观念、妇女和女童被歧视和边缘化与其享有性健康和生殖健康权利之间的因果关系有详细的记载(见E/CN.4/2002/83和E/CN.4/2004/49)。刑事定罪引发了指责，并使这种现象长期存在；限制了她们充分利用可获得的性保健和生殖保健产品、服务和信息的能力；剥夺了她们充分参与社会的机会；扭曲了保健专业人员的认识，从而会妨碍妇女获得保健服务。刑法和其他法律限制削弱了妇女的权能，为逃避责任并且由于担心受到指责，妇女可能不采取保护其健康的措施。通过限制获取性保健和生殖保健产品、服务和信息，这些法律还会造成歧视效果，因为它们对需要这些资源的人(即妇女)造成了极大地影响。结果是，不论遵守还是违犯这些法律，妇女和女孩均会受到惩罚，因为前者会使其身心健康状况很差，后者会使其面临监禁。", "18. 各国最常以如下两点作为执行与性健康和生殖健康权相关刑法和其他限制性法律的理由：公共健康和公共道德。公共道德不能成为强制执行或颁布可导致侵犯人权的法律的理由，包括旨在规范性行为和生殖行为以及相关决策的法律。尽管保证某些公共健康成果是一个合法的国家目的，但必须以基于证据和相称的方式采取实现此目的的措施，以确保尊重人权。当用来规范公共健康的刑法和法律限制既没有基于证据也不相称时，各国应避免用其规范性健康和生殖健康，因为这些法律不仅侵犯了受影响个人的健康权，而且也与其本身的公共健康理由相矛盾。", "19. 保证妇女的权利对改善两性健康成果至关重要。然而，对生殖健康和性健康问题的报告严重不足是一个严峻挑战，这可能是因各种政治、社会和文化原因引起的。刑事定罪对公开信息交流和数据搜集产生了令人胆寒的影响，从而进一步加剧了对重要健康指标报告不足的现象。结果导致无法有效应对恶劣的健康成果，国际社会在实现核心发展目标时面临的困难更为复杂。此外，发展指标显示不出刑事定罪的所有影响，因为这些指标只涉及具体的可量化公共健康数据，不包括剥夺尊严和自主权的情况。", "20. 国家使用刑事限制和其他法律限制来规范性健康和生殖健康可能会构成对受影响个人健康权的严重侵犯，是一项不力的公共卫生干预措施。各国必须立即重新审议这些法律，这些法律的废除无须逐步实现，因为法律废除不涉及相应的资源负担或负担很少。", "刑法和其他法律限制对健康与生殖健康的影响", "1. 堕胎相关的刑事定罪和其他法律限制", "21. 处罚和限制堕胎的刑法是实现妇女健康权的禁用障碍的一个典型例子，必须予以废除。这些法律因严格限制妇女做出与其性健康和生殖健康相关的决策而侵犯了妇女的尊严和自主权。此外，这些法律经常造成身体健康不良的结果，从而导致本可避免的死亡、患病和健康状况欠佳，这些法律还会为精神健康造成负面影响，其中一个主要原因是妇女面临被卷进刑事司法系统的风险。制定或维持与堕胎相关的刑法可能有悖国家尊重、保护和履行健康权的义务。", "22. 消除对妇女歧视委员会强烈反对限制性堕胎法律，特别反对那些在所有情况下均对堕胎予以禁止和进行刑事定罪的法律(CEDAW/C/CH/CO/4，第19段)。委员会还证实这种立法不会防止妇女获取不安全的非法堕胎服务，认为限制性堕胎法律侵犯了生命权、健康权和信息权。[10] 儿童权利委员会也对高度限制性堕胎法律对少女健康权的影响表示关切。[11] 禁止酷刑委员会还指出，应当重估惩罚性堕胎法律，因为这些法律导致侵犯了妇女不受非人道和残忍待遇的权利。[12] 人权委员会的结论是，男女平等要求其在保健领域享有平等待遇，消除产品和服务提供方面的歧视，并需要对堕胎法进行审查以防止侵犯权利。[13] 前健康权问题特别报告员呼吁废除针对试图堕胎妇女的惩罚性措施(见E/CN.4/2004/49，第30段)。", "23. 在将堕胎刑事定罪的国家，提供试图堕胎的特定理由可免于刑事定罪。不过，在最严重的情况下，堕胎无一例外地全部被进行刑事定罪(只有少数几个国家存在这种情况)或者只在为了挽救妇女生命时才允许堕胎。涵盖全世界约25%的人口的法律制度禁止所有堕胎，强奸或乱伦的情况以及为挽救妇女生命所必须的除外。限制性稍低的法律制度允许出于一些身体健康、精神健康以及贫穷和子女数量等社会经济理由堕胎。最后，堕胎在56个国家不受任何限制，尽管对在孕期哪个阶段不允许堕胎仍有限制。[14]", "24. 其他法律限制还致使不能获取合法堕胎。依良心反对的法律允许保健提供人员以及接待员和药剂师等辅助人员拒绝提供堕胎服务和关于程序的信息，并拒绝转诊至其他设施和提供人员，这为获取堕胎服务设置了障碍。[15] 其他限制措施的例子包括：禁止公共资助堕胎护理的法律；针对试图终止怀孕的妇女的咨询要求和强制等待时间；堕胎需经一个以上保健提供人员批准的要求；父母或配偶同意的要求；以及要求保健提供人员在妇女进行堕胎后护理(包括流产在内)时，报告“可疑”非法堕胎案例的法律。这些法律使特别是流离失所的贫穷青年妇女不能获得安全的堕胎和堕胎后护理服务。这些限制性制度在性保健和生殖保健的其他领域没有重复出现，强化了认为堕胎是可予拒绝的行为的蔑视观点。", "25. 世界卫生组织(世卫组织)确定法律理由大体设定了计划外怀孕妇女实现安全或不安全堕胎的过程。[16] 由于法律限制主要对是否安全堕胎产生影响，[17] 因此在堕胎限制较多的法律制度内易于出现更多不安全的堕胎。不安全堕胎率及不安全堕胎与安全堕胎之间的比率均与堕胎法律的限制和/或惩罚程度直接相关。[18] 据估计，全球近13%的孕产妇死亡因不安全堕胎所致。另有500万妇女和女童因不安全堕胎遭受短期和长期伤害，[19] 其中包括出血、脓毒症、阴道、子宫及腹腔器官受损、宫颈撕裂、腹膜炎、生殖道感染、盆腔炎以及慢性骨盆疼痛、休克及不育。", "26. 出现不安全堕胎的情况包括：信息特别是关于何时和如何获得合法堕胎的信息的获取受到限制；由技术不熟悉的提供人员在不卫生的条件下进行堕胎或由保健人员在适当设施外进行堕胎；妇女自己堕胎和传统医务从业人员通过向子宫插入物体、喝一种有毒物质或暴力按摩进行堕胎；以及在未采取后续行动或提供更多信息情况下不正确地开药。[20] 将堕胎刑事定罪会产生这些不安全的情况，并使之长期存在。在更宽松的制度内，妇女能够合法地寻求专业保健提供人员在安全适当的医疗环境下提供服务和治疗，包括使用医疗堕胎药，从而使人们能够及早自行进行安全堕胎。", "27. 刑事禁止堕胎非常明显地体现了国家对妇女性健康和生殖健康的干涉，因为这限制了妇女对其身体的控制，可能将其置于不必要的风险之下。刑事禁止还要求妇女在并非出于自身选择情况下继续进行计划外怀孕和分娩。各国有义务确保无论堕胎是否合法，妇女均能获取必要的堕胎后医疗服务。", "28. 各国还有义务保护健康权不受第三方的侵犯。在禁止堕胎的国家，不会出台向保健人员提供培训和授予许可等堕胎相关的公共健康和安全条例，这从而增加了采取不安全堕胎做法的可能性。合法化再加上适当的监管和提供可获得的安全堕胎服务是充分保护健康权不受第三方侵犯的最快速的方法。此外，各国应采取措施保护那些提供堕胎和相关服务的人员不受非国家行为者(出于宗教或其他动机)的骚扰、暴力、绑架和谋杀。", "29. 各国必须采取措施确保可使用并可获得合法安全的优质堕胎服务。不过，除非各国创造提供安全堕胎的条件，否则安全堕胎不会在合法化之后立即就可获得。这些条件包括：建立可使用和可获得的诊所；向医生和保健人员提供更多的培训；颁布发放许可的要求；以及确保提供最新和最安全的药物和设备。", "30. 妇女有权平等地享有国家提供的健康保护，这是健康权的一部分。无论堕胎有何法律地位，妇女有权获取与性健康和生殖健康相关的产品、服务和信息。具体而言，妇女有权获取高质的医疗服务以处理并发症，包括因不安全堕胎和流产导致的并发症。这种护理必须是无条件的，即使有刑事惩罚的威胁存在也不受影响，而且这种护理不应视妇女在任何随后的刑事起诉中的合作情况而定，也不应在起诉妇女或堕胎提供人员的法律程序中用作证据。法律不得要求保健人员向执法或司法机构举报寻求堕胎相关护理的妇女。", "31. 刑法的绝对禁止条款使妇女不能使用(在有些情况下)挽救生命的做法。即使可在相对安全卫生的环境下进行秘密堕胎，但最弱势的妇女也可能因经济原因不能获取该服务。贫穷和边缘化的妇女可能转而进行不安全地自行堕胎。当存在将堕胎进行刑事定罪的极少数例外情况(如挽救妇女生命)时，刑事定罪做法会有效地妨碍获取关于合法堕胎服务的信息。由于对堕胎问题的指责阻止了对这种必要信息的传播和讨论，因此妇女常常不知道这些例外情况。由于刑法常常载有明确禁止制造和传播关于堕胎相关信息的条文，因此也存在关于此类信息可获得性的法律限制。", "32. 提供劣质保健产品和服务是将堕胎刑事定罪的法律制度造成的一个主要问题。在这些环境下，缺乏对医疗做法的国家和专业监管意味着为逃避执法，会由技能不熟练的从业人员在不卫生的条件下进行堕胎。[21] 相反，当由训练有素的保健提供人员在适当条件下进行堕胎时，堕胎是可提供的最安全的医疗程序之一。[22] 刑事定罪还不利于从业人员获取准确的健康信息，并且在存在刑事定罪的例外情况时，相关指责带来的令人胆寒的影响会阻止保健人员寻求堕胎相关培训和信息。因此，选择在这些环境下实施堕胎的保健人员可能会在适当堕胎程序和堕胎后护理方面获得的信息和培训不足，从而降低了合法堕胎的质量和可获得性。", "33. 保健人员有时会拒绝向妇女提供合法可用的性健康和生殖健康服务，或者仅拒绝向因在别处秘密堕胎而患有并发症的妇女提供治疗服务。由于对堕胎的职责，保健人员还向妇女提供错误信息，如声称一名妇女只有一次合法堕胎机会。", "34. 堕胎相关的指责和歧视导致妇女被边缘化和变得脆弱，这延续和助长了对健康权的侵犯。堕胎相关指责不利于妇女寻求堕胎服务，也不利于已堕胎妇女要求对堕胎造成的医疗并发症进行治疗。堕胎的报告严重不足(仅35%至60%的堕胎得到报告)是显示堕胎相关指责程度的一个指标。尽管许多社会和文化因素造成和加剧了堕胎相关的指责，但堕胎的刑事定罪使对堕胎的歧视持续存在，并造成了新的指责形式。例如，一名妇女不育可能被误解为是上一次堕胎的结果。由于堕胎相关指责，这种观点认为妇女“有罪”，而不是承认不育可能因各种不相关的健康状况导致。", "35. 刑事定罪导致的指责产生了一个恶性循环。对堕胎进行刑事定罪导致妇女寻求秘密并且常常是不安全的堕胎服务。因获取非法堕胎服务违法导致的指责使堕胎是不道德的做法、堕胎程序本身是不安全的观念持续存在，这继而又加强了对该做法的持续刑事定罪。", "36. 对堕胎进行刑事定罪还严重影响精神健康。寻求非法保健服务的需求和对堕胎程序及寻求该程序妇女的强烈指责会对妇女的精神健康造成不利影响。[23]在一些情况下，妇女因堕胎相关的累积压力和指责而自杀。[24] 在强奸不是终止妊娠理由的法域，因强奸而怀孕又不希望继续妊娠的妇女和女孩要么被迫把孩子生下来，要么寻求进行非法堕胎。这两种选择均会造成巨大的痛苦。无论选择哪一种，在刑事司法系统内被调查、被起诉和被惩罚的巨大威胁均会对寻求堕胎和不堕胎的人的心智健康和福祉造成巨大的不利影响。此外，尽管对寻求非法堕胎和将意外怀孕的孩子生下来造成的心理影响有详细记载，但是,没有相应证据证明是否存在选择性堕胎导致的长期精神健康后遗症。[25]", "2. 对孕期和产期行为的控制和刑事定罪", "37. 孕产妇健康、产前和产后保健以及信息的获取是第14号一般性意见详述的健康权的所有要素。此外，《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第10.2条规定，应给予母亲特别保护。《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》还认识到，应向妇女提供与怀孕有关的适当服务。[26]《人发会议行动纲领》在第七A章中认为，生殖健康包括获得使妇女安全度过孕期和分娩的服务。尽管有在孕期和产后向妇女提供支助的积极义务，但一些国家已提出或颁布了刑法或其他法律限制，禁止侵犯受害妇女健康权的某些行为。", "38. 在某些法域，对孕妇在孕期做出的各种行为提出了控诉。很多控诉涉及孕妇使用非法药物，包括根据现行法律与虐待儿童、企图谋杀、杀人和需负刑事责任的过失杀人有关的起诉。刑法还用于起诉妇女的其他行为，包括在孕期酗酒、生下死婴或胎儿流产(见A/HRC/17/26/Add.2，第68段)、未能遵照医生嘱咐、未能戒除性生活以及隐瞒婴儿出生的情况。", "39. 在某些情况下，已经将与儿童福祉相关的民事立法范围扩大，以纳入对产前药物暴露行为的惩罚性制裁，这种暴露可成为剥夺父母权利和在婴儿出生后剥夺其照看权利的理由。若孕妇的毒理学报告呈阳性，或新生儿呈现出药物暴露的临床症状，可将其视作这些立法计划规定的虐待或忽视儿童行为的证据。在某些法域，医务人员须对孕妇或新生儿进行药物暴露方面的检测，或对接到通知的孕妇进行检测。其他法域已颁布立法，核准将妇女在孕期使用药物的问题制度化。医务人员可能还有义务向政府报告呈阳性的药物筛选结果。", "40. 一些国家还将艾滋病毒母婴传播进行刑事定罪。例如，在一个法域，感染艾滋病毒者(和意识到这个事实)必须“‘采取一切合理措施和预防，防止将艾滋病毒传播给其他人，以及在孕妇的情况下传播给胎儿’，如果不这么做，将被处以刑事制裁”(见A/HRC/14/20，第67段)。在这种情况下，毫无例外地不得以无法获得预防性保健品、服务和资料或获取途径不足为由进行辩护。其他一般将艾滋病毒传播进行刑事定罪的法域的法规可能也适用于母婴传播。", "41. 将孕期行为进行刑事定罪不利于保健品和服务的获取，从而侵犯了孕妇的健康权。如果妇女担心受到刑事起诉，她们在获得保健服务和护理以及与怀孕有关信息方面便可能受到限制。例如，如果妇女面临因传播艾滋病毒被起诉的风险，她们可能不会寻求产前服务，但这会对其健康和胎儿健康带来风险。这样有损与艾滋病毒相关的公共健康目标，因为在面临传播带来的刑事处罚时，妇女可能拒绝接受全面检测。", "42. 尽管公共健康目标能够成为在一定程度上干涉个人自由的合理理由，但有据可查的是，公共健康目标不能通过刑事定罪来实现；相反，刑事定罪往往会有损这一目标(见A/HRC/14/20，第51段)。将刑法用于监管孕期酗酒等行为是过激的反应和无效的威慑。大量专业医疗协会反对以刑法作为解决孕妇滥用药物问题的手段，因为这是无效且过激的。[27]为有效实现公共健康成果，以及同时促进妇女的健康权，各国不得将孕期的此类行进行刑事定罪，而应确保提供促进孕期和产期健康的保健品、服务和信息。", "43. 某些刑法有效地将国家实现健康权的负担转移给了孕妇，政府缺乏对保健品、服务和信息的有效供应，却对孕妇进行惩罚。例如，如果携带艾滋病毒的妇女必须采取一切合理措施和预防，防止将艾滋病毒传播给胎儿，但其无法获得保健服务和抗逆转录病毒治疗或获取途径有限，则该国不能向妇女提供避免其被刑事起诉的保障。特别报告员认为，“在不能确保享有获得适当的保健服务……的权利时，妇女根本不能采取防止传播的必要的预防，这可能使她们面临刑事责任的风险(见A/HRC/14/20，第66段)。”因为提供和获取保健品和服务是各国的责任，所以刑法可能因国家政府在这方面的能力不足而惩罚妇女的做法尤为不当。", "3. 避孕和计划生育", "44. 世卫组织将计划生育界定为一个使人们得以按自己期望的数目和怀孕间隔生育子女的过程，该过程是通过使用避孕方法和治疗不孕不育来实现的。[28]使用计划生育方法是健康权不可分割的组成部分。避孕是一种控制生育的方法，并影响着计划生育。还能用一些形式预防性传播感染，具体途径主要是避孕套等物理屏障避孕方法。存在各种其他避孕方法，从绝育手术到口服避孕药等药物方法不等，但这些做法不能预防性传播感染。", "45. 计划生育赋予了妇女就其性健康和生殖健康做出自主和知情选择的权利。计划生育通过推迟青年妇女怀孕年龄，降低了孕产妇死亡率，早育还会使青年妇女面临其他更高风险的健康问题，甚至是死亡。证据表明，进行自愿计划生育能使孕产妇死亡率降低25%至40%。[29] 计划生育还能减少不安全堕胎的次数和艾滋病毒母婴传播的几率。避孕套的使用不仅降低了性传播感染的发病率，而且如果正确和坚持使用，避孕成功率能达到98%。²⁷", "46. 全球在实现计划生育方面未满足的需要仍是实现权利相关目标和发展目标的重大障碍。世卫组织估算，发展中国家2亿夫妇打算推迟或停止生育，但并未使用任何避孕方法。²⁷据报告，2009年，最不发达国家24%的已婚或同居的育龄妇女不想生育更多子女或想推迟生育下一个孩子的时间。[30] 全球存在未满足需要的原因包括：获得避孕药具的途径有限；避孕方法的选择有限；有副作用方面的担心或经历；文化或宗教方面的反对；可用服务的质量低劣；以及基于性别的障碍。", "47. 计划生育使妇女得以选择是否与何时生育，因此是妇女发展和全面参与社会的重要前提。在撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲的部分地区，受过中等教育的妇女使用避孕药具次数比没受过教育的妇女高四倍，来自最富裕家庭的妇女比来自最贫穷家庭的妇女高近四倍。[31] 一项全国调查显示，妇女在劳动人口中所占比例与国家生育率有直接关系。[32] 调查还指出，妇女使用避孕药具的情况与其在家庭外获得工作机会的情况有着紧密的联系；在一个国家，怀孕一到三次的妇女收入平均增幅是怀孕七次以上的妇女的两倍。³¹", "48. 刑法和其他法律限制减少或拒绝提供计划生育用品和服务，或者紧急避孕等某些现代化避孕方法的行为都是对健康权的侵犯。《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》呼吁各国确保有接受特殊知识辅导的机会，以有助于保障家庭健康和福祉，包括关于计划生育的知识和赴台在内，并利用充分的保健设施，包括计划生育方面的知识、辅导和服务。[33] 在第14号一般性意见中，《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》呼吁各国采取措施，“改善儿童和孕产妇的健康、性健康和生殖健康服务，包括实行计划生育……和获得信息，以及根据获得的信息采取行动所需的资源(见E/C.12/2000/4，第14段)。”", "49. 在第二章中，《人发会议行动纲领》原则8证实，各国应采取一切适当措施来确保，在两性平等的基础上，普遍获得保健服务，包括与生殖保健相关的服务，其中涉及计划生育和性健康。该行动纲领还强调参与的必要性，并指出，当妇女全面参与服务的制定、提供、管理和评估时，计划生育方案是最成功的。该行动纲领进一步补充说，各国政府应摒除所有在获得信息以及计划生育服务和方法方面不必要的法律、医学、临床和监管障碍。在第96段，《北京行动纲要》宣布，妇女的人权包括在不受胁迫和歧视以及没有暴力的情况下，控制并负责任和自主地决定与其性生活有关的事项，包括性健康和生殖健康。", "50. 然而，在很多国家，刑法和其他法律限制严重抑制了计划生育产品和服务的获取。在这些法域中，妇女和男子(特别是贫穷人口)缺乏获得安全和有效的避孕药具的途径，并被剥夺了决定是否生育的自由。", "51. 例如，一些国家已将分发和使用紧急避孕药具的做法进行刑事定罪，[34] 以紧急避孕药具是堕胎药具的理由为这些法律辩护。然而，世卫组织证实，紧急避孕药具是有效的避孕形式。[35] 根据这些法律，意外怀孕的妇女可能也要承担不良的身体和精神健康后果。[36] 同时，因刑事禁令无法进行紧急避孕的妇女可能最终被迫进行秘密堕胎，从而给她们自身带来了相关的健康风险。", "52. 限制获得避孕手术方法还违背了各国确保提供和获得优质服务的义务。例如，一些国家的法律禁止实施对妇女进行安全和有效的绝育手术——输卵管结扎术，除非在该手术是治疗所需的极少情况下。与判定对肢体造成永久伤害的暴力行为是刑事犯罪的法律一并阅读，该法使实施该手术的医务人员须承担刑事责任，从而限制了妇女获得该避孕方法的途径。但妇女可能寻求在无照经营的卫生设施中接受输卵管结扎手术，这可能给其带来患上并发症的风险，并有效阻止了无力负担这类手术费用的贫穷妇女进行手术。", "53. 在一个法域，限制获得计划生育和避孕服务的其他法律包括对所谓的“人工”避孕实施全市范围内真正意义上的禁止，这使得妇女在获得可靠的节育方法方面面临极大困难(见A/HRC/14/20/Add.1)。在总共70%的受害人口中，绝大多数是贫穷和边缘化人口，他们依靠政府提供女性绝育手术、口服避孕药、宫内避孕器和注射剂等服务(同上)。该禁令绝对剥夺了众多妇女和男子获得计划生育服务和避孕药具的途径。在其他情形中，国家要求妇女和青少年在进行各种形式的避孕前分别得到丈夫和父母的同意。其他法域允许药剂师，以及在某些情况下，允许药店拒绝分发紧急避孕药具，但这些药具本来是应合法提供的。这些法律直接侵犯了妇女和女孩就其性健康和生殖健康做出自由和知情选择的权利，并反映出歧视妇女在家庭和社会中所起作用的观念。", "54. 妇女还有权在各决策层面上参与影响其性健康和生殖健康的所有决定。已证实涉及避孕药具使用的社区一级的参与能增强妇女自由选择使用避孕套的自主权和能力，这不仅为其提供了一种控制生育的手段，还在预防性传播感染方面保护了其自身健康。[37]", "55. 尊重健康权的义务要求，各国不得限制获得避孕药具以及保持性健康和生殖健康的其他方式。因此，各国应取消刑法和其他法律限制，包括关于父母同意的法律和其他第三方授权，以便确保获得计划生育和避孕产品、服务和信息。保护的义务要求各国确保，第三方或有害的社会和传统做法都不能干预获得产前和产后护理和计划生育(见E/C.12/2000/4，第35段)，或阻止一些或一切避孕方法的获取。最后，履行的义务包括采取和执行国家公共健康战略，其中涉及提供“范围广泛的一系列性健康和生殖健康服务，包括获得计划生育(……)和获得资料”(见E/CN.4/2004/49，第29段)。", "4. 关于性健康和生殖健康的教育和信息", "56. 提供关于性健康和生殖健康的全面教育和信息是实现健康权和其他权利的重要组成部分，如受教育权和获取信息的权利。因此，限制获得性健康和生殖健康方面的全面教育和信息的刑法和其他法律与全面实现健康权不符，各国应取消相关法律(见E/C.12/2000/4，第11段)。这些障碍对妇女和男子造成了负面影响。然而，妇女受到的影响更大。", "57. 第14号一般性意见强调了信息的获取，因为这是健康权的重要组成部分(同上，脚注8)，而且特别保障性健康和生殖健康方面的信息获取。此外，各国还须提供充足的资源，不得“审查、扣留或故意歪曲与健康相关的信息，包括性教育和有关信息(见E/C.12/2000/14，第14段)。”消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约委员会建议，全面了解性教育和生殖教育的内容包括生殖权利、负责任的性行为、性健康和生殖健康、预防包括艾滋病毒/艾滋病在内的性传播感染、防止未成年人怀孕，以及计划生育这些议题，[38] 并强调迫切需要开展教育活动，以便打击切割女性生殖器官等有害做法。[39] 关于性健康和生殖健康的全面教育和信息还有益于缩小两性在这些问题上的知识差距。[40]", "58. 联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)《性教育国际准则》将最佳性教育描述为“适龄、具有文化敏感性和全面的方法……包括提供具有科学准确性、真实和非评判性信息的方案”。[41] 此外，全面的性健康和生殖健康教育应提供“探索个人自身价值观和态度，以及培养就性所涉各方面进行决策、交流和降低风险的技能的机会”。⁴⁰ 教育权问题特别报告员进一步强调，全面的课程需具备对性多元化的敏感性和性别观点(见A/65/162，第23段)。", "59. 限制了解性健康和生殖健康信息以及审查关于同性恋问题课堂讨论的法律助长了对弱势少数族裔的羞辱和歧视。[42] 例如，提倡禁欲教育的法律和政策将性教育降低到异性恋规范的印象和固定模式上，因为这些法律和政策注重生殖。一些方案甚至明确包含关于性别和性取向的歧视性内容。[43] 在一些情况下，如果教师在课堂上讨论性健康和生殖健康问题时，与其学生共同讨论“不适当”的性问题，则会面临被勒令停职或被控诉的危险。在其他情况下，根据禁欲和反淫秽政策，校区、法庭和立法者禁止民间社会组织在公立学校内集会。这些法律和政策将使性方面的虚假和负面固定模式长期存在下去，具有不同性取向的学生被疏远，并不利于学生就其性健康和生殖健康做出完全知情的决定。", "60. 尽管一些法域准许开展某些形式的性健康和生殖健康教育，但政策规定会严重削弱教育的质量和效力。各国在传播避孕套使用的错误信息方面起到了推波助澜的作用，具体方法要么是分发载有错误信息的材料，要么是对该问题保持缄默，从而导致传播矛盾和不准确的信息。[44] 同样地，只注重将禁止性交作为防止性传播感染和意外怀孕的手段的禁欲活动反映了狭隘、不完整且不全面的观点。这些方案往往缺乏准确和基于证据的信息，被证实对减少性传播感染的效果微乎其微或没有任何效果。", "61. 研究表明，尽管少数青年对艾滋病毒/艾滋病有正确的认识，[45] 但妇女通常比男子了解得更少。在艾滋病规划署涉及147个国家的研究中，尽管发现超过70%的青年男子认识到避孕套能预防艾滋病毒，但确定只有55%的青年妇女将使用避孕套视为预防艾滋病毒的有效途径。[46] 对获得全面性健康和生殖健康教育和信息的法律限制给妇女和女孩造成了格外严重的影响，这些法律限制加大并加剧了数据表明的性别不平等的情况。在获得性健康和生殖健康的信息和教育方面存在的法律限制导致了非正规来源的错误信息的出现，非正规来源往往是有误的，并且可能强化负面的性别固定模式。因此，青年妇女对其性生活和生育生活准备更加不足，容易受到胁迫、虐待和剥削，并且面临更大的意外怀孕、不安全堕胎、孕产妇死亡、感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病和其他性传播感染风险。[47]", "62. 在将性健康和生殖健康的某些方面进行刑事定罪的法域，相关信息的可用性和可获性受到了严重限制。例如，刑法可能具体规定了，禁止分发关于防止或终止怀孕的信息，或所谓违背道德或行为规范观念的材料。惩罚范围可从罚款到监禁不等。此外，对与健康相关信息的限制可能是与其他信息相关的法律产生的意外后果，如色情法，这也能对性健康和生殖健康信息进行刑事定罪。[48] 因此，基于这些信息的公共健康和赋权方案及活动——关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病和预防性传播感染、计划生育、家庭暴力、性别歧视、女性生殖器切割、性多元化、全面性健康和生殖健康的教育活动——被有效禁止了。妇女和女孩是最有可能受可用服务和方案编制缺口影响的，因为她们面临艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染和性传播感染、孕产妇死亡、不安全堕胎以及不必要和意外怀孕的风险更高。", "63. 一再证实对性健康和生殖健康具有充分认识能有效降低孕产妇死亡率；防止意外怀孕、不安全堕胎、感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病和其他性传播感染；推迟首次性交年龄；加强对计划生育选择的了解；以及防止发生基于性别的暴力(见E/C.12/2000/4，第21段)。还必须通过全面的性健康和生殖健康教育和信息增强妇女权能，因为青年妇女往往缺乏性关系方面的权力和控制，这使她们很容易受到胁迫、虐待和剥削。[49]作为赋权手段以及认真审视性别不平等问题和固定模式问题的方法，全面教育和信息还是消除根深蒂固的父权制度的方法；父权制使侵犯妇女权利的现象长期存在，包括其健康权(见A/65/162，第7-9段)。向妇女提供与其性健康和生殖健康相关的知识和技能、相关教育和信息能使其更为自由地做出与健康相关的知情决定，并促进其平等地参与社会。", "64. 实施和强制执行限制获得性健康和生殖健康信息的刑法或其他法律的国家积极减少对信息的获取，因此没有履行其尊重健康权的义务。由于这些法律的存在和法律引起的指责，教师、出版商或书商等第三方可能也拒绝向妇女和女孩提供获得必要的性健康和生殖健康资料的途径。各国实现健康权的义务要求其制定战略，确保向所有人，特别是妇女和少女提供全面的性健康和生殖健康教育和信息。", "五. 建议", "65. 在适用实现健康权方法方面，各国应根据国际人权法的要求，就制定和执行与性健康和生殖健康相关的政策和方案进行改革。在这方面，特别报告员呼吁各国：", "(a) 拟定公共健康政策和方案，宣传涉及性健康和生殖健康及预防艾滋病毒母婴传播的基于证据的信息；", "(b) 制定全面的计划生育政策和方案，以提供范围广泛的与避孕相关的产品、服务和信息，且产品、服务和信息可使用、可获得并质量优良；", "(c) 使提供和使用一切避孕形式以及为控制生育进行自愿绝育的做法合法化，并取消对配偶和/或家长同意的要求；", "(d) 采取措施，确保各种避孕方法的可用性、可获得性和质量，其中包括药物和手术避孕方法；", "(e) 使提供与性健康和生殖健康相关的信息合法化，其中包括开展基于证据的性健康和生殖健康教育；", "(f) 拟定政策，以便确保色情相关法律等现有刑法不适用于限制获得基于证据的性健康和生殖健康信息和教育，或者不对这方面信息和教育的供应者予以处罚；", "(g) 采取措施，使国家课程标准化，以便确保性教育和生殖教育全面、以证据为依据，并载有与人权、性别和性相关的内容；", "(h) 使堕胎合法化，包括相关法律，如涉及唆使堕胎的法律；", "(i) 考虑作为暂行措施由责任当局拟定政策和议定书，以暂停适用关于堕胎的刑法，包括医务人员向执法机关报告妇女情况的法律职责；", "(j) 确保根据世卫组织议定书，提供包括堕胎在内的安全优质的健康服务，并使用相关服务；", "(k) 制定政策和方案，以便确保特别是在将堕胎进行刑事定罪的法域，根据世卫组织议定书，获得和利用关于堕胎相关并发症和堕胎后护理的安全、可靠和优质的服务；", "(l) 确保关于堕胎及其可用性的准确和基于证据的信息公开可用，并且卫生保健供应者充分认识到与堕胎及其例外情况相关的法律；", "(m) 确保在范围方面，对出于良心而反对豁免的情况作出明确界定，在使用时予以认真监管，并且在服务供应者提出反对的情况下，提供转诊和替代性服务；", "(n) 中止/取消现行刑法对孕期各种形式行为的适用，如与治疗胎儿、尤其是流产、酗酒和使用药物以及传播艾滋病毒相关的行为。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 见E/C.12/1/Add.98，第43段；E/C.12/1/Add.105和Corr.1，第53和54段；E/C.12/BRA/CO/2，第29段；以及E/C.12/COL/CO/5，第5段。", "[3] 特别见第5、10(h)、11、12.1和16条。", "[4] 见联合国人口基金，《八个生命：生殖健康的故事》(纽约，2010年)。", "[5] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1577卷，第27531号，第24条；(另见CRC/GC/2003/4，第31段)。", "[6] 联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.10.I.7。", "[7] Paul Hunt and Judith Bueno de Mesquita. The Rights to Sexual and Reproductive Health(Colchestex Essex, University of Essex, 2006)。", "[8] 见CRC/C/15/Add.268，第46(e)段。CEDAW/C/CHN/CO/6，第32段；E/CN.4/2004/49，第25段。", "[9] 与男性发生性关系的男性除外；见A/HRC/14/20。", "[10] 见A/53/38/Rev.1，第337段；以及A/54/38/Rev.1，第一部分，第56、228和393段。", "[11] CRC/C/15/Add.107，第30段；CRC/C/CHL/CO/3，第55段；以及CRC/C/URY/CO/2，第51段。", "[12] CAT/C/PER/CO/4，第23段；CAT/C/NIC/CO/1，第16段；以及CAT/C/CR/32/5，第7段。", "[13] CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.10，第20、28和31段。", "[14] R. Boland, “Second trimester abortion laws globally: actuality, trends and recommenda tions”, Reproductive Health Matters, vol. 18, No. 36 (2010), pp. 67–89。", "[15] Louise　Finer和Judith Buenode Mesquita，《良知拒绝：保护性健康和生殖健康权》(埃塞克斯科尔切斯特，埃塞克斯大学，2010年)。", "[16] 世卫组织，《不安全的堕胎：2008年全球和区域不安全堕胎和相关死亡的估计数》，第6版，(日内瓦，2011年)，第2页。", "[17] A.I. Mundigo, “Determinants of Unsafe Induced Abortion in Developing Countries,” in Ina K. Warriner and Iqbal H. Shah, eds., Preventing Unsafe Abortion and its Consequences: Priorities for Research and Action(纽约，古特马赫研究院，2006年)，pp.51-54。", "[18] 世卫组织，《安全堕胎：健康系统技术和政策指南》(日内瓦，2003年)，第86页。", "[19] Lori Ashford, “Hidden suffering: Disabilities from pregnancy and childbirth in less developed countries”. (华盛顿特区，人口资料局，2002年)。Available from: http://www.prb.org/pdf/ hiddensufferingeng.pdf。", "[20] Michael Vlassoff, and others, “Estimates of health care system costs of unsafe abortion in Africa and Latin America”, International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, vol. 35, No. 3 (2009), pp.114–121。", "[21] 世卫组织，《不安全的堕胎：全球和区域估计数》，第7页(见上文脚注14)。", "[22] 世卫组织，《安全堕胎：技术和政策指南》，第14页(见上文脚注16)。", "[23] 世卫组织，《妇女生殖健康的精神健康方面》(日内瓦，2008年)，第54页。", "[24] 同上，第52页。", "[25] Vignetta E. Charles and others, “Abortion and long-term mental health outcomes: a systematic review of the evidence”, Contraception, vol. 78, No. 6. (December 2008), p. 436。", "[26] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1249卷，第20378号，第12条。", "[27] 全国怀孕妇女倡议者，“将怀孕和药物问题视为犯罪错在何处？”(2006年3月9日)。", "[28] 世卫组织，“计划生育”，第351号概况介绍(2011年4月)。", "[29] 世界银行，“21世纪的人口问题：世界银行的作用”，健康、营养和人口(2007年4月，华盛顿特区)。", "[30] 2010年世界避孕药具使用情况(POP/DB/CP/Rev2010)；可查阅：http://www.un.org/esa/ populations/wcu2010/Main.html。", "[31] 《2010年千年发展目标报告》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.10.I.7)，第37页。", "[32] 世界银行，“人口问题”，第26页(见上文脚注27)。", "[33] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1249卷，第20378号，第 10(h)和 14(b)条。", "[34] Eileen Kelly. “Crisis of Conscience: Pharmacist Refusal to Provide Health Care Services on Moral Grounds”, Employee Responsibility Rights, vol.23, No.1 (2011), 37-54。", "[35] 世卫组织，“紧急避孕”，第244号概况介绍(2005年10月修订)。可查阅：http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs244/en/index.html。", "[36] 世卫组织，《精神健康》，第55页(见上文脚注21)。", "[37] 例如，在印度的加尔各答，由于社区牵头的结构性干预措施Sonagachi项目，七年中性工作者使用避孕套的比例从3%增至了90%。见T. Ghosea and others, “Mobilizing collective identity to reduce HIV risk among sex workers in Sonagachi, India: The boundaries, consciousness, negotiation framework,” Social Science Medicine, vol. 67, No. 2 (2008), pp. 311–320。", "[38] 见A/56/38，第224段；A/56/38，第303段；A/53/38，第349段；CEDAW/C/PHI/CO/6，第28段。", "[39] 见 E/C.12/1/Add.78，第31段；以及E/C.12/1/Add.62，第39段。", "[40] 艾滋病规划署，《全球艾滋病疫情报告》(2008年，日内瓦)。", "[41] 教科文组织，《性教育国际准则：有效性伙伴关系和艾滋病毒/性传播感染教育的循证知情办法》(2009年，巴黎)，第61页。", "[42] 见人权合法保护者国际中心诉克罗地亚；人权观察、危急的权利、执行摘要(2011年)；英国广播公司，“总统暂停的巴西性教育材料”(2011年5月25日)。可查阅：http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13554077。", "[43] 见A/65/162，第 68-69段；以及A/HRC/14/20/Add.3，第25段。", "[44] 教科文组织，《对学校性、性关系和艾滋病毒教育的审查》，(2007年)，第16和17段。", "[45] 艾滋病规划署，《2008年全球报告》，第98页(见上文脚注38)。", "[46] 同上。", "[47] 教科文组织，《性教育国际准则》，第2页(见上文脚注39)。", "[48] 国际特赦组织，“别无选择：印度尼西亚生殖健康的障碍”(2010年，伦敦)。", "[49] 见教科文组织，《性教育国际准则》，第20页(见上文脚注39)。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程项目69(b) [1]", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "人人享有能达到的最高标准的身心健康的权利", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递人权理事会人人有权享有能达到的最高标准身心健康问题特别报告员阿南德·格罗弗根据人权理事会第15/22和6/29号决议编写的临时报告。", "人人有权享有能达到的最高标准身心健康问题特别报告员的临时报告", "内容提要", "在本报告中,人人有权享有能达到的最高标准身心健康问题特别报告员考虑了刑法与性与生殖健康和健康权有关的其他法律限制之间的相互作用。 性健康和生殖健康权是健康权的一个基本部分。 因此,各国必须确保充分实现健康权的这一方面。", "特别报告员审议了刑事和其他法律限制对堕胎、怀孕期间的行为、避孕和计划生育以及提供性和生殖教育和信息的影响。 这些领域中往往具有歧视性的一些刑事和其他法律限制,限制了获得优质商品、服务和信息的机会,从而侵犯了健康权。 它们通过限制个人根据健康权应享有的自由,特别是在决策和身体健全方面,侵犯了人的尊严。 此外,将这些法律用作取得某些公共卫生成果的手段往往没有效果,也不相称。", "实现健康权需要消除妨碍个人就与健康有关的问题作出决定的障碍,以及妨碍获得保健服务、教育和信息的机会,尤其是只影响妇女和女童的健康状况。 在刑法或其他法律限制造成障碍的情况下,国家有义务消除障碍。 取消这种法律和法律限制不受资源限制,因此不能认为只需要逐步实现。 因此,必须立即消除刑法和其他影响性健康和生殖健康的法律和政策所形成的障碍,以确保充分享有健康权。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言. 4\n二. 背景情况 第5国际人权法以及性权利和生殖权利\n卫生 影响性权利和生殖权利的刑法6等法律限制\n7项刑法和其他法律对性和\n生殖健康\n五、建 议. 19", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 自上次向大会提交报告(A/65/255)以来,特别报告员分别于2010年11月(A/HRC/17/25/Add.3)和2011年5月对阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和加纳进行了国别访问。 他向人权理事会2011年6月举行的第十七届会议提交了关于健康权与发展权的报告(A/HRC/17/25)和关于获得药品作为健康权基本组成部分的专家磋商会的报告(A/HRC/17/43)。 他于2011年4月举行了一次专家磋商会并举行了一次关于老年人健康权的公开磋商会,磋商会为2011年9月提交理事会第十八届会议的报告提供了信息。", "2. 联合国 特别报告员为若干关于健康权的大小会议作出了贡献,包括开放社会研究所/联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病规划署)2011年3月在纽约组织的关于人权和全球防治艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金的会议,以及中欧大学2011年6月在布达佩斯组织的关于落实健康权的会议。 特别报告员在2010年9月北爱尔兰大会关于千年发展目标和2011年5月在伦敦举行的国际毒品政策联合会研讨会上就毒品犯罪量刑的相称性作了主旨发言。", "3个 特别报告员还在内罗毕为东非、布达佩斯为东欧、莫斯科、俄罗斯联邦和中亚举行了区域民间社会磋商会。 磋商使报告员能够收集关于在这些区域实现健康权的信息并传播有关其任务的信息。", "二. 背景情况", " 4.四. 本报告审议将某些性健康和生殖健康服务,尤其是与妇女有关的服务定为犯罪的问题,以及这些服务对人人享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利(下称“健康权”)的影响。 报告还讨论了影响性健康和生殖健康方面的行为和决策的其他法律限制和政策的影响。 它审查如何利用法律和其他法律限制来管制堕胎、怀孕期间的行为、性和生殖教育以及避孕和计划生育。 报告还讨论了这种刑法和其他法律限制对保健,包括获得商品、服务和信息的机会,对受影响者的自由和人的尊严,特别是妇女的自由和人的尊严,以及对公共卫生结果可能产生的消极影响。", "5 (韩语). 特别报告员决定解决这些问题,因为性健康和生殖健康权是国家通过一系列刑法和其他可能侵犯健康权的法律限制来规范行为和决策的一个领域。", "三. 国际人权法与性健康和生殖健康权", "6. 国家 性健康和生殖健康权是健康权的一个组成部分。 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第12条第2款(a)项强调了性健康和生殖健康权利的各个方面。 经济、社会、文化权利委员会第14号一般性意见指出,健康权包括采取措施,改善儿童和孕产妇的健康、性健康和生殖健康服务,包括获得计划生育、产前和产后护理、产科急诊服务、信息以及根据这些信息采取行动所需的资源(E/C.2/2000/4, 第14段)。 此外,委员会注意到,妇女的健康权需要消除妨碍获得保健服务、教育和信息的一切障碍,包括在性健康和生殖健康领域(出处同上,第21段)。 委员会的建议一贯支持这种做法。 [2]", "7. 联合国 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》[3]要求各国采取行动,确保妇女在教育、就业和获得保健等方面享有广泛的平等。 《公约》具体规定正确了解母性的社会功能、获得计划生育信息以及消除婚姻和家庭关系中对妇女的歧视。 此外,第16.1(e)条规定,妇女有相同的权利自由负责地决定子女人数和生育间隔,并有机会获得使她们能够行使这种权利的知识、教育和方法。", "8. 联合国 《儿童权利公约》规定保护18岁以下青年的健康权。 《公约》第24条申明《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》规定的健康权,鉴于性健康和生殖健康对青年男女生活的重要性,这项权利特别重要。 [4] 《公约》促请各国确保为母亲提供产前和产后护理,发展计划生育教育和服务,并确保消除“危害儿童健康”的传统习俗。 [5]", "9. 国家 1994年国际人口与发展会议的《行动纲领》、1995年《北京行动纲要》和《千年发展目标》也突出了生殖健康权利。 《行动纲领》申明妇女有权控制其健康的所有方面,尊重身体的自主性和完整性,并在不受歧视、胁迫和暴力的情况下自由决定与其性和生殖有关的事项。 《北京行动纲要》指出,各国应考虑取消与性健康和生殖健康有关的惩罚措施。 特别强调改善妇女的性健康和生殖健康与减少贫穷之间的关系。 不幸的是,《2010年千年发展目标报告》[6]宣布,世界一些地区在某些指示性领域,如少女怀孕和避孕药具使用方面取得的进展已经放缓,2000至2008年期间,计划生育援助占保健援助总额的比例急剧下降。", "10. 经济、社会、文化权利委员会第14号一般性意见阐述了生殖健康的概念,指出妇女和男子有权决定是否和何时生育,有权了解并获得自己选择的安全、有效、负担得起和可以接受的计划生育方法以及适当的保健服务,例如,这些保健服务将使妇女能够安全地通过怀孕和分娩(E/C.12/2000/4,脚注12)。 性健康是“与性有关的身体、情感、精神和社会福祉状态,而不仅仅是没有疾病、功能障碍或体弱”。 [7] 《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》指出,性健康包括享有满意和安全的性生活的权利,以及决定生育时间和生育次数的自由(A/CONF.171/13, 第18段)。 联合国 它还指出,性健康要求对性行为和性关系采取积极而尊重的态度,并有可能在不受胁迫、歧视和暴力的情况下,有愉快和安全的性经历。", "四、结 论 影响性健康和生殖健康权利的刑法和其他法律限制", "11个 国家颁布刑法是为了规范被视为威胁、危险或有害个人、其他个人或社会的行为。 这些法律最有力地体现了国家惩罚的权力,是国家最蓄意的行为之一。 刑法惩罚那些从事被禁行为的人;刑法还旨在阻止他人采取类似行为,使罪犯丧失能力和恢复正常生活,并向受害者提供赔偿。", "12个 长期以来,国家或非国家行为者使用公开的身体胁迫,如强迫绝育、强迫堕胎、强迫避孕和强迫怀孕,被认为是国家批准的胁迫和侵犯健康权的不正当形式。 [8] 同样地,如果国家将刑法作为工具,在性健康和生殖健康权方面规范个人的行为和决策,国家就强制地将其意愿取而代之。", "13个 各国还利用其他法律限制,包括民法和行政法的规定,限制或禁止获得和(或)提供性健康和生殖健康服务、货物和信息。", "14个 在适用过程中,刑法和其他法律限制可能妨碍获得某些性保健和生殖保健用品,例如避孕方法,直接将堕胎等特定服务定为非法,或通过学校教育方案或其他方式禁止提供性和生殖信息。 在实践中,这些法律影响到广泛的个人,包括试图堕胎或寻求避孕的妇女;帮助妇女获得堕胎服务的朋友或家庭成员;提供堕胎服务的从业者;提供性教育的教师;提供避孕药具的药剂师;为提供计划生育服务而设立的机构的雇员;倡导性健康和生殖健康权利的人权维护者;以及寻求为自愿性活动获得避孕药具的青少年。", "15个 刑法和对性健康和生殖健康的其他法律限制可能在许多方面对健康权产生负面影响,包括干预人的尊严。 尊重尊严是实现所有人权的根本。 尊严要求个人在不受国家干涉的情况下自由作出个人决定,特别是在与性健康和生殖健康一样重要和亲密的领域。", "16. 影响性健康和生殖健康的刑法和其他法律限制可能构成对健康权的侵犯。 虽然本报告主要论述这些法律和法律限制对妇女和女童的影响,但绝不低估男子和男孩面临的类似问题。 然而,鉴于人类生殖的生理学以及性、生育、怀孕和为人父母的社会、法律和经济背景,妇女普遍更有可能遭受性与生殖健康权利的侵犯。 对妇女在社会和家庭中的作用的陈规定型观念持续存在,这确立并助长社会规范。 其中许多准则基于这样的信念,即妇女的自由,特别是其性身份的自由,应当受到限制和管制(见E/CN.4/2002/83, 第99段)。 如果妇女在追求性自由和生育自由时违反这些定型观念所驱动的准则,她们往往受到严厉惩罚,6 从而对其健康结果产生不利影响并侵犯其健康权。 本报告审查的刑法和其他法律限制便利并证明国家控制妇女生活是正当的,例如强迫妇女继续意外怀孕或意外怀孕。", "17岁 对妇女和女童的性别陈规定型观念、歧视和边缘化与她们享有性健康和生殖健康权利之间的因果关系已有大量文件记载(见E/CN.4/2002/83和E/CN.4/2004/49)。 刑事定罪产生并延续了耻辱感;限制了他们充分利用现有的性保健和生殖保健产品、服务和信息的能力;剥夺了他们充分参与社会的权利;扭曲了保健专业人员的看法,从而可能阻碍他们获得保健服务。 刑法和其他法律限制剥夺了妇女的权力,她们可能因为害怕受到污名而不敢采取措施保护自己的健康,以避免承担责任。 通过限制获得性保健和生殖保健用品、服务和信息,这些法律也可能产生歧视性影响,因为它们不成比例地影响到需要这些资源的人,即妇女。 因此,妇女和女童在遵守这些法律时都会受到惩罚,从而受到不良身心健康的影响,在她们不这样做时,她们会面临监禁。", "18岁。 各国最经常地援引执行有关性健康和生殖健康权利的刑法或其他限制性法律的两个理由:公共卫生和公共道德。 公共道德不能作为颁布或执行可能导致侵犯人权的法律,包括旨在规范性行为和生殖行为及决策的法律的理由。 虽然确保特定公共卫生成果是国家的合法目标,但为实现这一目标而采取的措施必须既以证据为基础,又与确保尊重人权相称。 当用于管制公共卫生的刑法和法律限制既不以证据为依据,也不相称时,国家应避免利用它们来管制性健康和生殖健康,因为它们不仅侵犯了受影响个人的健康权,而且违背了他们自己的公共卫生理由。", " 19. 19. 保障妇女权利对于改善两性的健康成果至关重要。 然而,生殖健康和性健康问题报告严重不足是一个严重挑战,可能是由于各种政治、社会和文化原因。 通过对公开交流信息和数据收集产生冷淡影响,刑事定罪进一步加剧了重要健康指标报告不足的情况。 因此,无法有效处理保健方面的不良结果,国际社会在实现核心发展目标方面面临的困难也更加复杂。 此外,发展指标没有充分反映刑事定罪的影响,因为它们只涉及具体的可量化的公共卫生数据,并排除剥夺尊严和自主权。", "20号. 各国使用刑事和其他法律限制来管制性健康和生殖健康,可能严重侵犯了受影响者的健康权,而且作为公共卫生干预措施无效。 必须立即重新审议这些法律。 消除这些障碍并不取决于逐步实现,因为没有相应的资源负担,或者说微不足道的资源负担与消除这些障碍有关。", "刑法和其他法律限制对性健康和生殖健康的影响", "1. 与堕胎有关的定罪和其他法律限制", "21岁 惩罚和限制人工流产的刑法是阻碍实现妇女健康权的不可允许的典型例子,必须予以消除。 这些法律严重限制了妇女在性健康和生殖健康方面的决策,从而侵犯了妇女的尊严和自主权。 此外,这些法律始终造成身体健康不良的结果,导致本可被预防的死亡、发病和不健康,以及负面的心理健康结果,这尤其是因为受影响的妇女有可能被推入刑事司法系统。 制定或维持有关堕胎的刑法可能构成违反国家尊重、保护和实现健康权的义务。", "22号. 消除对妇女歧视委员会强烈反对限制性堕胎法,特别是禁止在任何情况下进行堕胎并将堕胎定为犯罪的法律(见CEDAW/C/CH/CO/4, 第18段)。 页:1 它还确认,这种立法并不妨碍妇女进行不安全的非法堕胎,并且制定了限制性堕胎法,侵犯了生命权、健康权和知情权。 [10] 儿童权利委员会还关切高度限制性的堕胎法对少女健康权的影响。 [11] 禁止酷刑委员会还指出,应重新评估惩罚性堕胎法,因为这些法律导致侵犯妇女免受不人道和残忍待遇的权利。 [12] 人权事务委员会的结论是,男女平等要求在保健领域获得平等待遇并消除提供商品和服务方面的歧视,并讨论了审查堕胎法以防止侵犯权利的必要性(见CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.10, 第20、28和31段)。 前健康权问题特别报告员呼吁取消对寻求堕胎的妇女的惩罚措施(见E/CN.4/2004/49, 第30段)。", "23. 联合国 在堕胎被定为刑事犯罪的国家,寻求堕胎的特定理由可以免于定罪。 然而,在最严重的情况下,堕胎毫无例外地被完全定为犯罪——这种情况只在少数几个国家存在——或者只允许挽救妇女的生命。 全世界约有25%的人口生活在禁止一切堕胎的法律制度之下,但强奸或乱伦之后的堕胎以及为挽救妇女生命所必须的堕胎除外。 限制性稍小的法律制度允许基于一些身体健康、精神健康和社会经济理由,例如贫困和儿童人数而堕胎。 最后,在56个国家,堕胎因任何理由而不受限制,尽管在允许堕胎的怀孕后期方面仍然存在限制。 [13]", "24 (韩语). 其他法律限制也促使人们无法进行合法堕胎。 依良心拒服兵役的法律通过允许保健提供者和辅助人员,如接待员和药剂师,拒绝提供堕胎服务、有关程序的信息以及转诊到其他设施和提供者,为获得堕胎服务设置了障碍。 [14] 其他限制的例子包括:禁止为堕胎护理提供公共资金的法律;要求寻求终止妊娠的妇女接受咨询和强制性等候期;要求堕胎须得到一个以上保健提供者的批准;父母和配偶同意的要求;要求保健提供者在妇女接受堕胎后护理,包括流产时报告“被怀疑的”非法堕胎案件的法律。 这些法律使安全堕胎和堕胎后护理得不到提供,特别是贫穷、流离失所和年轻妇女。 这种限制性制度在性保健和生殖保健的其他领域没有推广,这加深了堕胎是一种令人厌恶的做法的耻辱感。", "25岁 世界卫生组织(卫生组织)确认,法律理由在很大程度上决定了计划外怀孕的妇女走向安全堕胎或不安全堕胎的道路。 [15] 由于法律限制主要影响堕胎是否安全,[16] 较限制堕胎的法律制度中可能出现更多的不安全堕胎。 不安全堕胎率和不安全与安全堕胎的比率都与堕胎法的限制性和/或惩罚性程度直接相关。 [17] 据估计,不安全堕胎占全球孕产妇死亡总数的近13%。 另有500万妇女和女孩因不安全堕胎而受短期和长期伤害,[18] 包括出血;败血症;阴道、子宫和腹部器官受创伤;宫颈撕裂;腹膜炎;生殖道感染;骨盆炎和慢性骨盆疼痛;休克和不育。", "26. 联合国 不安全堕胎的条件包括:获得信息的机会有限,特别是关于何时和如何获得合法堕胎的信息;由不卫生条件下的非熟练提供者或适当设施外的保健人员进行堕胎;由妇女本人或传统医生通过将物品插入子宫、饮用有害物质或进行暴力按摩来进行堕胎;不正确的处方药,没有后续或提供进一步信息。 [19] 堕胎的刑事定罪造成并维持这些不安全的条件。 在较为自由的政权中,妇女能够在安全和适合医疗的情况下通过专业的保健提供者合法地寻求服务和治疗,包括使用允许安全、自发的早期堕胎的堕胎药。", "27个 刑事禁止堕胎是国家干涉妇女的性健康和生殖健康的一个非常明显的表现,因为它限制了妇女对其身体的控制,可能使她面临不必要的健康风险。 刑事禁令还要求妇女继续进行计划外怀孕,并在她们无法选择的情况下分娩。 国家有义务确保妇女不被剥夺获得堕胎后必要医疗服务的机会,无论堕胎的合法性如何。", "28岁 各国还有义务保护健康权不受第三方侵犯。 在禁止堕胎的国家,关于堕胎的公共卫生和安全条例,如关于培训保健工作者和发放许可证的规定,无法存在,从而增加了不安全堕胎做法的可能性。 取消刑事定罪,加上适当的管制和提供方便和安全的堕胎服务,是充分保护健康权不受第三方侵犯的最迅速方法。 此外,各国应采取措施,保护提供堕胎和相关服务的人免遭非国家行为者(出于宗教动机或其他原因)的骚扰、暴力、绑架和谋杀。", "29. 国家 各国必须采取措施,确保提供合法和安全的堕胎服务,而且服务质量良好。 但是,除非国家创造条件,提供安全堕胎服务,否则不会在非刑罪化的情况下立即提供安全堕胎服务。 这些条件包括建立现有和无障碍的诊所;为医生和保健工作者提供额外培训;颁布许可证要求;确保提供最安全的最新药品和设备。", "30岁。 作为健康权的一部分,妇女有权获得国家提供的平等的健康保护。 无论堕胎的法律地位如何,妇女都有权获得与性健康和生殖健康有关的商品、服务和信息。 特别是,她们有权获得优质保健服务,以管理并发症,包括不安全堕胎和流产引起的并发症。 即使存在刑事惩罚威胁,这种护理也必须是无条件的,不应取决于妇女在随后的任何刑事诉讼中的合作,也不应在任何针对她或堕胎提供者的诉讼中用作证据。 法律不得要求保健人员向执法或司法当局报告妇女的堕胎护理情况。", "31岁 刑法的绝对禁止使妇女无法利用在某些情况下是一种拯救生命的程序。 即使秘密堕胎可以在相对安全、卫生的环境中进行,最脆弱的妇女也可能在经济上无法获得。 贫穷和边缘化的妇女可能转而进行不安全的、自发的堕胎。 在对堕胎的刑事定罪存在狭隘例外的情况下,例如为了挽救妇女的生命,刑事定罪可能实际上阻碍获得关于合法堕胎服务的信息。 妇女往往不了解这些例外,因为围绕堕胎问题的污名妨碍传播和讨论这些必要的信息。 对提供堕胎相关信息的法律限制也存在,因为刑法往往包括禁止制作和传播信息的明确规定。", "32. 联合国 提供质量低下的保健物品和服务,是将堕胎定为犯罪的法律制度所引起的一个重大问题。 在这种情况下,缺乏国家和专业对医疗实践的监管,意味着堕胎由不熟练的从业者在不卫生的条件下进行,以逃避执法。 [20] 相反,如果在适当条件下由训练有素的保健提供者实施堕胎,则堕胎是最安全的医疗程序之一。 [21] 刑事定罪进一步妨碍从业者获取准确的卫生信息,如果存在刑事定罪的例外情况,则由此引起的耻辱感可能会使保健工作者无法寻求有关堕胎的培训和信息。 因此,选择在这种情况下实施堕胎的保健工作者在适当的堕胎程序和堕胎后护理方面可能不知情,也没有受过培训,从而降低了合法堕胎的质量和可得性。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 保健工作者有时不让妇女获得合法提供的性健康和生殖健康服务,或干脆拒绝治疗因在别处进行秘密堕胎而并发症的妇女。 由于堕胎的耻辱感,保健工作者也向妇女提供了错误的信息,例如说妇女可能只进行一次合法堕胎。", "34. 国家 与堕胎有关的耻辱和歧视使妇女边缘化并处于弱势地位,使侵犯健康权的行为永久化并加剧。 与堕胎有关的耻辱使妇女无法寻求堕胎,也使堕胎者无法要求治疗由此引起的并发症。 堕胎报告严重不足——据报告只有35%至60%——是堕胎耻辱程度的一个指标。 虽然许多社会和文化因素造成并加重了堕胎带来的耻辱感,但将堕胎定为犯罪使歧视永久化并产生新的耻辱感。 例如,妇女不孕症可能被误解为以前堕胎的结果,因为堕胎带来的耻辱而将 \" 可归咎于 \" 妇女,而不是承认其不孕症可能是由于各种无关的健康状况所致。", "35. 联合国 定罪造成的耻辱造成了恶性循环。 堕胎的刑事定罪导致妇女寻求秘密和可能不安全的堕胎。 非法堕胎导致的耻辱感使堕胎是一种不道德的做法,而且堕胎程序本身就不安全,从而强化了继续将堕胎定为犯罪的观念。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 将堕胎定为犯罪也严重影响了心理健康。 寻求非法保健服务的必要性以及对堕胎手术和寻求这种手术的妇女的强烈污名化可能会对妇女心理健康产生有害影响。 [22] 在某些情况下,妇女由于与堕胎有关的累积压力和耻辱而自杀。 [23] 在强奸不是终止妊娠的理由的法域中,因被强奸而怀孕但不愿继续妊娠的妇女和女童要么被迫怀有妊娠,要么寻求非法堕胎。 这两种选择都可能造成巨大的痛苦。 在选择选择其中一种选择时,在刑事司法系统内进行调查、起诉和惩罚这一首要威胁对寻求堕胎者和不堕胎者的精神健康和福祉产生了重大的负面影响。 此外,虽然寻求非法堕胎或怀有不想要的妊娠的心理影响有充分的文件证明,没有相应的证据证明存在选择性堕胎造成的长期精神健康后果。", "2. 联合国 对怀孕和分娩期间行为的控制和刑事定罪", "37. 联合国 产妇保健、产前和产后护理以及获得信息,都是第14号一般性意见所阐明的健康权的要素。 此外,《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第10条第2款规定,应给予母亲特别保护。 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》还确认应为妇女提供有关怀孕的适当服务。 《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》第七章A节指出,生殖健康包括获得使妇女能够安全地怀孕和分娩的服务。 [25] 尽管有这些积极的义务支持妇女在怀孕和产后期间,但某些国家已提议或颁布刑法或其他法律限制,禁止某些侵犯受影响妇女的健康权的行为。", "38. 国家 在某些司法管辖区,孕妇因怀孕期间的各种行为而被起诉。 已经对孕妇使用非法毒品提起了多起诉讼,包括根据先前存在的有关虐待儿童、谋杀未遂、过失杀人和过失杀人的法律提起的诉讼。 刑法还被用来起诉妇女的其他行为,包括怀孕期间酗酒、产下死胎或流产(见A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, 第68段)、不服从医生的命令、不进行性交和隐瞒出生。", "39. 联合国 在某些情况下,有关儿童福利的民事立法已经扩大,包括了对产前毒品接触的惩罚性制裁,这种接触可能为终止父母权利和在出生时将其带走提供理由。 根据这些立法计划,孕妇的阳性毒理学报告或新生儿接触药物的临床迹象可被视为虐待儿童或忽视儿童的证据。 在一些司法管辖区,保健专业人员必须对孕妇或新生儿进行药物接触测试,或者在通知该妇女的情况下可能这样做。 其他国家颁布了立法,授权将怀孕期间吸毒的妇女制度化。 保健专业人员也可能有义务向政府报告药物筛选结果。", " 40. 40. 一些国家还将围产期艾滋病毒传播定为刑事犯罪。 例如,在一个法域,艾滋病毒感染者(并意识到这一事实)必须 \" 采取一切合理措施和预防措施,防止将艾滋病毒传染给他人,如果是孕妇和胎儿的话 \" ,否则将受到刑事制裁 \" (见A/HRC/14/20, 第67段)。 在这种情况下,不允许在无法获得或无法获得预防性保健物品、服务和信息方面有任何例外或辩护。 将艾滋病毒传播普遍定为犯罪的其他司法管辖区的法规也可适用于围产期传播。", "41. 国家 对怀孕期间行为的刑事定罪妨碍人们获得保健物品和服务,侵犯了孕妇的健康权。 如果妇女害怕受到刑事起诉,她们可能无法获得保健服务和护理以及与怀孕有关的信息。 例如,如果妇女面临感染艾滋病毒的起诉风险,她们可能不会寻求产前服务,这对其健康和胎儿健康构成威胁。 这有损于与艾滋病毒有关的公共卫生目标,因为如果妇女因传染而受到刑事处罚,她们可能完全拒绝检测。", "42. 国家 虽然公共卫生目标可以证明某种程度干涉个人自由是有道理的,但有充分的证据表明,公共卫生目标不是通过定罪来实现的;相反,这些目标往往受到定罪的破坏(见A/HRC/14/20, 第51段)。 对怀孕期间饮酒等行为适用刑法是一种不相称的反应,是一种无效的威慑。 一些专业医学协会反对将刑法用作解决孕妇滥用药物问题的手段,理由是无效和不相称。 [26] 为了有效地实现公共卫生结果并同时促进妇女的健康权,各国不应将怀孕期间的此类行为定为刑事犯罪,而应确保提供可促进整个怀孕和分娩期间健康的保健物品、服务和信息。", "43. 东帝汶 某些刑法实际上将实现健康权的负担从国家转移到孕妇身上,惩罚政府未能有效提供保健物品、服务和教育的妇女。 例如,如果感染艾滋病毒的妇女必须采取一切合理措施和预防措施,防止艾滋病毒传染给胎儿,但获得保健服务和抗逆转录病毒治疗的机会有限或根本没有机会,那么国家未能提供妇女避免刑事起诉所需的条件。 特别报告员指出,“如果获得适当保健服务的权利得不到保障,妇女根本无法采取必要的预防措施来防止传染,因为这可能使她们面临刑事责任的风险”(见A/HRC/14/20, 第66段)。 由于提供和获得保健物品和服务是国家的责任,刑法可能因政府在这方面的不足而惩罚妇女,这是特别不正常的。", "3个 避孕和计划生育", "44. 国家 卫生组织将计划生育定义为使人们能够达到所希望的生育人数和确定通过使用避孕方法和治疗不孕而实现的怀孕间隔的过程。 [27] 使用计划生育方法是健康权的一个组成部分。 避孕是计划生育的一种控制生育的方法。 某些形式还可用于预防性传播感染,主要是通过诸如避孕套等有形屏障避孕方法。 存在各种其他避孕形式,从外科绝育到药物方法,如口服避孕药,不能防止性传播感染。", "45. 国家 计划生育使妇女能够自主和知情地选择自己的性健康和生殖健康。 它通过推迟年轻妇女的怀孕来降低产妇死亡率,否则她们将面临更大的健康问题和早育后死亡的风险。 有证据表明,获得自愿计划生育可减少25%至40%的产妇死亡。 [28] 计划生育还减少不安全堕胎和围产期艾滋病毒传播。 避孕套的使用不仅会降低性传播感染的发病率,而且如果正确和一贯地使用,男用避孕套在预防怀孕方面有效达到98%。", "46. 经常预算: 全球尚未满足的计划生育需要仍然是实现与权利有关和发展目标的重大障碍。 卫生组织估计,发展中国家有2亿对夫妇希望推迟或停止生育,但没有使用任何避孕方法。 2009年,最不发达国家24%的育龄妇女(已婚或同居)报告不再想要孩子或希望推迟下一个孩子的出生。 [29] 全球需求未得到满足的原因包括获得避孕药具的机会有限;避孕方法的选择有限;对副作用的恐惧或经历;文化或宗教上的反对;现有服务的质量差;以及基于性别的障碍。", "47. 国家 计划生育使妇女能够选择是否和何时生育,因此是发展和妇女充分参与社会的组成部分。 在撒哈拉以南非洲部分地区,受过中等教育的妇女使用避孕药具的比例是未受过教育的妇女的四倍,最富裕家庭的妇女使用避孕药具的比例几乎是最贫穷家庭的四倍。 [30] 一项跨国调查表明,妇女在劳动力中的比例与国家出生率直接相关。 [31] 妇女使用避孕药具与在外工作的机会之间也存在密切联系;在一个国家,怀孕一至三次的妇女的平均收入增长是怀孕七倍多的妇女的两倍。", " 48. 48. 刑法和其他法律限制,减少或剥夺获得计划生育产品和服务的机会,或某些现代避孕方法,如紧急避孕,构成对健康权的侵犯。 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》呼吁各国确保提供具体的教育知识,帮助确保家庭的健康和福利,包括关于计划生育的知识和辅导,以及获得适当的保健设施,包括计划生育方面的知识、辅导和服务。 [32] 经济、社会、文化权利委员会在第14号一般性意见中呼吁各国采取措施,“改善儿童和产妇的健康、性健康和生殖健康服务,包括获得计划生育......、信息以及就这些信息采取行动所需的资源”(见E/C.12/2000/4, 第14段)。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》第二章原则8中,各国应当采取一切适当措施,确保在男女平等的基础上普遍获得保健服务,包括与生殖保健有关的保健服务,包括计划生育和性保健。 它还强调必须参与,并指出,如果妇女充分参与服务的设计、提供、管理和评价,计划生育方案就最为成功。 报告还说,各国政府应消除所有不必要的法律、医疗、临床和管理障碍,以获得信息和获得计划生育服务和方法。 《北京行动纲要》第96段宣布,妇女的人权包括她们在不受胁迫、歧视和暴力的情况下自由和负责任地控制和决定与其性有关的事务,包括性健康和生殖健康。", " 50. 50. 然而,在许多国家,由于刑法和其他法律限制,获得计划生育产品和服务的机会受到严重限制。 在这些司法管辖区,妇女和男子(特别是穷人)无法获得安全和有效的避孕手段,被剥夺了决定是否生育的自由。", "51. 联合国 例如,一些国家将分发和使用紧急避孕措施定为犯罪,[33] 声称紧急避孕是流产的,为这种法律辩护。 然而,世卫组织确认,紧急避孕是一种有效的避孕形式。 [34] 由于这种法律而计划外怀孕而终止妊娠的妇女也可能面临不利的身心健康后果。 [35] 同时,由于刑事禁令而无法获得紧急避孕的妇女最终可能被迫寻求秘密堕胎,从而面临相关的健康风险。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 限制获得外科避孕方法也违反了国家确保提供和获得高质量服务的义务。 例如,有些国家的法律禁止对妇女实施安全有效的输卵管结扎手术,除非这种手术在治疗上是必要的。 结合将造成肢体永久损害的暴力定为刑事犯罪的法律,该法使从事该程序的保健专业人员承担刑事责任,从而限制了妇女获得这种避孕方法的机会。 相反,妇女可能在无许可证的保健设施寻求输卵管结扎手术,这有可能使她们面临健康并发症的风险,并实际上剥夺了无力负担这种手术的贫穷妇女的机会。", "53. 联合国 限制计划生育和避孕的其他法律包括,在一个管辖区内,全市事实上禁止所谓的“人工”避孕,这给妇女获得可靠的节育方式造成了很大困难(见A/HRC/14/20/Add.1)。 共有70%的受影响人口(其中多数为穷人和边缘化人口)依赖政府提供的服务,包括女性绝育、口服避孕药、宫内避孕器和注射用具(同上)。 禁令导致许多妇女和男子绝对无法获得计划生育服务和避孕措施。 在其他情况下,国家要求妇女在获得各种形式的避孕手段之前必须征得丈夫的同意,青少年必须征得父母的同意。 其他司法管辖区允许药剂师,在某些情况下允许药店拒绝发放紧急避孕用具,否则在法律上是可以获得的。 这些法律直接侵犯了妇女和女童就其性健康和生殖健康作出自由和知情选择的权利,反映了妇女在家庭和社会中角色的歧视性观念。", "54. 联合国 妇女还有权参与各级决策中影响其性健康和生殖健康的所有决定。 事实证明,社区一级对使用避孕手段的参与提高了妇女自由选择使用避孕套的自主权和能力,不仅为她提供了控制生育的手段,而且在预防性传播感染方面保护了自己的健康。 [36]", "55. 国家 尊重健康权的义务要求各国避免限制获得避孕药具和其他维持性健康和生殖健康的手段。 因此,各国应取消刑法和其他法律限制,包括父母同意法和其他第三方授权,以确保获得计划生育和避孕用品、服务和信息。 保护的义务要求各国确保第三方和有害的社会或传统做法都不得妨碍获得产前和产后护理和计划生育(见E/C.12/2000/4, 第35段),或限制获得部分或全部避孕方法。 最后,履行的义务包括通过和执行国家公共卫生战略,其中包括提供“广泛的性保健和生殖保健服务,包括获得计划生育(......)和获得信息(见E/CN.4/2004/49, 第29段)”。", " 4.四. 性健康和生殖健康方面的教育和信息", "56. (中文(简体) ). 提供关于性健康和生殖健康的全面教育和信息是健康权和实现其他权利,如受教育权和获得信息权的一个基本组成部分。 因此,限制获得关于性健康和生殖健康的全面教育和信息的刑法和其他法律与充分实现健康权不相容,各国应予以删除(见E/C.12/2000/4, 第11段)。 妇女和男子都受到这些障碍的不利影响。 然而,妇女受到的影响不成比例。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 第14号一般性意见强调获得信息是健康权的一个关键组成部分(出处同上;脚注8),并特别保证获得性健康和生殖健康信息。 此外,还要求各国提供充足的资源,并避免“审查、扣留或故意歪曲健康相关信息,包括性教育和信息(见E/C.12/2000/14, 第14段)。 消除对妇女歧视委员会建议,全面了解性教育和生殖教育的内容应包括生殖权利、负责任的性行为、性健康和生殖健康、包括艾滋病毒/艾滋病在内的性传播感染的预防、少女怀孕的预防以及计划生育等专题,[37] 并强调需要开展教育运动来打击切割女性生殖器官等有害做法。 [38] 关于性健康和生殖健康的全面教育和信息也有助于缩小男女在这些问题上的知识差距。 [39]", "58. 联合国 联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)的《性教育国际准则》将最佳性教育描述为 \" 适合年龄、对文化有敏感认识和全面的办法.其中包括提供科学准确、现实、非判断性信息的方案 \" 。 [40] 此外,全面的性健康和生殖健康教育及信息应提供 \" 机会,以探讨个人的价值观和态度,并培养有关性行为各个方面的决策、交流和减少风险的技能 \" 。 教育权问题特别报告员还强调指出,综合课程要求注意性多样性和性别观点(见A/65/162,第23段)。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 限制性和生殖健康信息并审查课堂上同性恋讨论的法律助长了对弱势少数群体的耻辱和歧视。 [41] 例如,促进禁欲教育的法律和政策将性教育降低到异性恋的形象和定型观念,因为它们侧重于生育;其中一些方案甚至包含关于性别和性取向的明确歧视性内容。 [42] 在某些情况下,教师因在课堂上讨论性和生殖健康问题时与学生讨论“不当”性问题而被停职或受到诉讼威胁。 在其他情况下,根据禁欲和禁欲政策,校区、法院和立法者禁止民间社会组织在公立学校聚会。 这种法律和政策使关于性行为的虚假和消极的定型观念长期存在,疏远了不同性取向的学生,使学生无法就其性健康和生殖健康作出充分知情的决定。", "60. 联合国 即使在允许以某种形式进行性健康和生殖健康教育的管辖区,其质量和有效性也会被政策处方所严重削弱。 各国通过散发含有不准确信息的材料或保持沉默,协助传播避孕套使用方面的错误信息,使矛盾和不准确的信息得以扩散。 [43] 同样,只注重避免性交作为避免性传播感染和意外怀孕的手段的禁欲运动提供了狭隘而不完整的视角,而不是全面的视角。 这类方案往往缺乏准确和有据可查的信息,但事实证明,这些方案对减少性传播感染的传播影响很小或没有影响。", "61. 国家 研究表明,虽然对艾滋病毒/艾滋病掌握准确知识的年轻人很少,但妇女比男子了解得更少。 在艾滋病规划署对147个国家的一项研究中,发现70%以上的青年男子认识到安全套可以防止艾滋病毒,而只有55%的青年妇女认为安全套是预防艾滋病毒的有效战略。 [45] 妇女和女孩受到全面性健康和生殖健康教育和信息方面法律限制的极大影响,这既强化又加剧了数字显示的性别不平等。 对获得性健康和生殖健康信息和教育的法律限制导致通过非正式来源提供不准确的信息,这些信息往往不准确并可能强化负面的性别陈规定型观念。 因此,年轻妇女对性生活和生殖生活准备不足,使她们容易受到胁迫、虐待和剥削,以及意外怀孕、不安全堕胎、产妇死亡率、艾滋病毒/艾滋病和其他性传播感染的风险增加。 [46]", "62. 联合国 在将性健康和生殖健康方面定为刑事犯罪的法域,相关信息的提供和获取受到严重限制。 例如,《刑法典》可能载有具体规定,禁止发布有关预防或中止怀孕的信息,或据称与道德或体面概念相冲突的材料。 惩罚从罚款到监禁不等。 此外,限制有关健康的信息也可能是涉及其他信息的法律(例如色情法)的出乎意料的结果,因为色情法也可扩大到将性健康和生殖健康材料定为犯罪。 [47] 因此,依靠这种资料的公共卫生和赋权方案和活动——关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病和性传播感染预防的教育运动、计划生育、家庭暴力、性别歧视、切割女性生殖器官、性多样性、总体性健康和生殖健康——被有效禁止。 妇女和女童最有可能受到现有服务和方案拟订中这一差距的影响,因为她们面临艾滋病毒/艾滋病和性传播感染、孕产妇死亡率、不安全堕胎以及意外或意外怀孕等更高风险。", "63. 国家 事实证明,对性健康和生殖健康的足够知识一再有助于降低产妇死亡率;防止意外怀孕、不安全堕胎、艾滋病毒/艾滋病和其他性传播感染;推迟性交的开始;增加对计划生育办法的了解;以及防止基于性别的暴力(见E/C.12/2000/4, 第21段)。 通过有关性健康和生殖健康的全面教育和信息来赋予妇女权力,也是必要的,因为年轻妇女在关系上的权力或控制往往较少,使她们特别容易受到胁迫、虐待和剥削。 [48] 作为赋予权力的工具和批判性地审查两性不平等和定型观念的手段,全面的教育和信息也成为削弱根深蒂固的父权制度的一种方式;这种制度使侵犯妇女权利,包括侵犯其健康权的行为长期存在(见A/65/162,第19-21段)。 页:1 向妇女提供与其性健康和生殖健康有关的知识和技能、相关的教育和信息,可增进她们作出知情的与健康有关的决定的自由,并促进妇女平等参与社会。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 执行和执行刑法或其他法律来限制获得性健康和生殖健康信息的国家积极减少获得信息的机会,因此没有履行尊重健康权的义务。 由于这些法律及其所产生的耻辱,教师、出版商或书商等第三方也可能不让妇女和女童获得必要的性健康和生殖健康材料。 国家履行健康权的义务要求它们制定战略,确保向每个人,特别是妇女和少女提供全面的性健康和生殖健康教育和信息。", "五. 建议", "65. 国家 在采用健康权办法时,各国应进行改革,按照国际人权法的要求,制定和执行与性健康和生殖健康有关的政策和方案。 在这方面,特别报告员呼吁各国:", "(a) 制定公共卫生政策和方案,以传播有关性健康和生殖健康以及预防围产期艾滋病毒传播的循证信息;", "(b) 制定全面的计划生育政策和方案,提供各种与避孕有关的商品、服务和信息,并提供、方便和优质的服务;", "(c) 将提供和使用一切形式的避孕和自愿绝育以控制生育的行为非刑罪化,并取消对配偶和(或)父母同意的要求;", "(d) 采取步骤,确保各种避孕方法,包括药品和外科避孕方法的提供、可获得和质量;", "(e) 将提供性健康和生殖健康方面的信息,包括基于证据的性健康和生殖健康教育非刑罪化;", "(f) 制订政策,确保现行刑法,例如有关色情的法律,不被用来限制或惩罚那些提供循证性健康和生殖健康信息和教育的人;", "(g) 采取步骤使国家课程标准化,确保性和生殖教育全面、以证据为基础,并包括有关人权、性别和性的信息;", "(h) 将堕胎非刑罪化,包括相关法律,例如有关教唆堕胎的法律;", "(一) 作为一项临时措施,考虑由主管当局制订政策和议定书,暂停适用关于堕胎的刑法,包括医疗专业人员向执法当局报告妇女的法律义务;", "(j) 确保根据卫生组织议定书,利用各种服务提供安全、优质的保健服务,包括堕胎;", "(k) 制定政策和方案,确保根据世卫组织议定书,特别是在堕胎被定为犯罪的管辖区,为堕胎并发症和堕胎后护理提供安全、可靠和优质的服务;", "(l) 确保公开提供关于堕胎及其合法提供情况的准确、循证信息,并确保保健提供者充分了解有关堕胎的法律及其例外情况;", "确保出于良心拒服兵役豁免在范围上得到明确界定,并在使用中加以妥善管理,并确保在服务提供人提出反对的情况下提供转诊和替代服务;", "(n) 暂停/废除现行刑法对怀孕期间各种行为的适用,例如与胎儿治疗有关的行为,最明显的是流产、酗酒和吸毒以及艾滋病毒的传播。", "[1] (中文(简体) ).", "[2] 见E/C.12/1/Add.98, 第43段;E/C.12/1/Add.105和Corr.1, 第53和54段;E/C.12/BRA/CO/2, 第29段;和E/C.12/COL/CO/5, 第30段。 5 (韩语).", "[3] 特别见第5、10(h)、11、12.1和16条。", "[4] 见联合国人口基金,《八活:生殖健康的故事》(纽约,2010年)。", "[5] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1577卷,第27531号,第24条;又见CRC/GC/2003/4, 第31段。", "[6] 联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.10.II.A.1。 一.7. 国家", "[7] Paul Hunt和Judith Bueno de Mesquita,《性健康和生殖健康权利》(Colchester,埃塞克斯大学,2006年)。", "[8] 见CRC/C/15/Add.268, 第46(e)段;CEDAW/C/CHN/CO/6, 第32段;E/CN.4/2004/49, 第25段。", "[9] 除了男男性行为者之外;见A/HRC/14/20。", "[10] 见A/53/38/Rev.1, 第337段;A/54/38/Rev.1, 第一部分, 第56、228和393段。", "[11] CRC/C/15/Add.107, 第30段;CRC/C/CHL/CO/3, 第55段;CRC/C/URY/CO/2, 第30段。 51. 联合国", "[12] CAT/C/PER/CO/4, 第23段;CAT/C/NIC/CO/1, 第16段;CAT/C/CR/32/5, 第16段。 7. 联合国", "[13] R. Boland,“全球第二季度堕胎法:实际性、趋势和建议”,《生殖健康事务》,第18卷,第36号(2010年),第67-89页。", "[14] 路易丝·菲纳和朱迪思·布埃诺·德·梅斯基塔,《良心反对:保护性和生殖健康权利》(克勒切斯特,埃塞克斯大学,2010年)。", "[15] 世卫组织,《不安全堕胎:2008年不安全堕胎和相关死亡率的全球和区域估计》,第6版(2011年,日内瓦),第2页。", "[16] Axel I. Mundigo,“发展中国家不安全人工流产的决定因素”,Ina K. Warriner和Iqbal H. Shah编;《预防不安全人工流产及其后果:研究和行动的优先事项》(纽约,古特马赫研究所,2006年),第51-54页。", "[17] 卫生组织,《安全堕胎:保健系统技术和政策指导》(2003年,日内瓦),第86页。", "[18] Lori Ashford,“Hidden Effect:较不发达国家怀孕和分娩造成的残疾”(华盛顿特区,人口参考局,2002年)。 可查阅:http://www.prb.org/pdf/HiddenSufferingEng.pdf。", "[19] Michael Vlassoff等,“非洲和拉丁美洲不安全堕胎保健系统成本估计”,《关于性健康和生殖健康的国际展望》,第35卷,第3号(2009年),第114-121页。", "[20] 卫生组织,《不安全堕胎:全球和区域估计》,第7页(见上文脚注14)。", "[21] 卫生组织,《安全堕胎:技术和政策指导》,第14页(见上文脚注16)。", "[22] 卫生组织,《妇女生殖健康的精神健康方面》(日内瓦,2008年),第54页。", "[23] 同上,第52页。", "[24] Vignetta E. Charles等,“堕胎和长期心理健康结果:对证据的系统审查”,《避孕》,第78卷,第6期(2008年12月),第436页。", "[25] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1249卷,第20378号,第12条。", "[26] 全国孕妇倡导者,“将怀孕和有毒品问题定为犯罪有什么问题?” (2006年3月9日)。", "[27] 世卫组织,《计划生育》,第351号概况介绍(2011年4月)。", "[28] 世界银行, “21世纪的人口问题:世界银行的作用”,卫生、营养和人口(2007年4月,华盛顿特区)。", "[29] 2010年世界避孕药具使用情况(POP/DB/CP/Rev2010),可查阅http://www.un.org/esa/ 人口/出版物/WCP_2010/Data.html.", "[30] 《2010年千年发展目标报告》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.10.I.7),第37页。", "[31] 世界银行,“人口问题”,第26页(见上文脚注27)。", "[32] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1249卷,第20378号,第10(h)和14(b)条。", "[33] 艾琳·凯利, “良心危机:药剂师以道德为由拒绝提供保健服务”,《雇员责任权利》,第23卷,第1号(2011年),第37-54页。", "[34] 卫生组织,紧急避孕,第244号概况介绍(2005年10月修订)。 可查阅http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs244/en/index.html。", "[35] 卫生组织,《精神健康》,第55页(见上文脚注21)。", "[36] 例如,在印度的加尔各答,由于一个名为 \" 索纳加奇项目 \" 的由社区主导的结构性干预,7年来性工作者使用避孕套的比例从3%上升到90%。 见T. Ghosea等,“调动集体身份以减少印度索纳加奇性工作者感染艾滋病毒的风险:界限、意识、谈判框架”,《社会科学医学》,第67卷,第2期(2008年),第311至320页。", "[37] 见A/56/38, 第224段;A/56/38, 第303段;A/53/38, 第349段;CEDAW/C/PHI/CO/6, 第28段。", "[38] 见E/C.12/1/Add.78, 第31段;和E/C.12/1/Add.62, 第39段。", "[39] 艾滋病规划署,《2008年艾滋病流行病全球报告》(2008年,日内瓦)。", "[40] 教科文组织,《性教育国际准则:有效性、关系和艾滋病毒/性传播感染教育的知情证据》(巴黎,2009年),第61页。", "[41] 见国际人权法律保护中心诉克罗地亚;人权观察社,《危难中的权利》,执行摘要(2011年);英国广播公司,“巴西性教育材料被总统中止”(2011年5月25日)。 可查阅http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-merica-13554077。", "[42] 见A/65/162, 第68和69段;和A/HRC/14/20/Add.3, 第25段。", "[43] 教科文组织,“审查学校中的性别、关系和艾滋病毒教育”(2007年),第16和17页。", "[44] 艾滋病规划署,《2008年全球报告》,第98页(见上文脚注38)。", "[45] 同上。", "[46] 教科文组织,《性教育国际准则》,第2页(见上文脚注39)。", "[47] 大赦国际,《无所选择:印度尼西亚生殖健康的障碍》(伦敦,2010年)。", "[48] 见教科文组织,《性教育国际准则》,第20页(见上文脚注39)。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Items 13 and 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted to the General Assembly by. Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/292, and in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 15/9 and 16/2. It reviews the major issues surrounding the resources available for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation. Section II of the report offers a brief review of the status of resources for the sectors. It then considers several principal sources of financing within the sectors and offers suggestions on how these can be augmented and improved through alignment with human rights principles, and recaps the tremendous benefits of investing in the rights to water and sanitation. Section III considers the related challenge of targeting resources effectively. It offers concrete examples of how stakeholders can better utilize limited resources by keeping human rights principles in mind. Finally, section IV addresses additional challenges to adequate financing, such as institutional fragmentation and lack of transparency.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Inadequate 4 funding for water and \nsanitation A. Incorporating 6 human rights into traditional financing \nmechanisms B.Sources 7 of \nfinancing C.Benefits 13 of investing in water and \nsanitation III. Targeting 14 resources \neffectively A. Human 14 rights and \ntargeting B. Resources 15 are not reaching the most vulnerable and \nmarginalized C.Choosing 16 appropriate \ntechnologies D. Operation 17 and \nmaintenance E.Decentralization 18 and \ncapacity-building \nF.Regulation 19G. Awareness-raising 19 and community \noutreach IV. Taking 20 accurate stock of \nresources A.Problems 20 of \nfragmentation B.Problems 22 of \ntransparency C.No 24 measurement of individual \ncontributions V.Conclusions 24 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque, in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 15/9, by which the Council requested the Special Rapporteur (then an independent expert) to report annually to the General Assembly, and in pursuance of General Assembly resolution 64/292, in which the Assembly requested the Special Rapporteur, in her report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, to address the principal challenges related to the realization of the human right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation and their impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Pursuant to her mandate, as renewed by the Human Rights Council in resolution 16/2, the Special Rapporteur, is also working on identifying challenges and obstacles to the full realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "2. The Special Rapporteur has addressed specific challenges to the realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation in other reports, such as lack of political will and the need for national plans of action (e.g. A/HRC/18/33). Lack of resources is, however, consistently invoked by different stakeholders and is deserving of special attention. Thus, she has chosen to focus on this topic for in the present report.", "3. The report tackles the issue of resources for the realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, querying whether the resources available are enough to realize that right and whether they are being spent appropriately. Overall, the conclusion is that, while additional resources could and should be devoted to the sectors, much more can be done with existing funds through better targeted interventions aligned with human rights obligations. Greater transparency and improved coordination will contribute to better overall knowledge of the resources that are being directed to the sectors and how they are being utilized, thus supporting improved policy design and implementation.", "4. The Special Rapporteur underlines the inescapable truth that the realization of human rights, including civil and political rights, costs money. A functioning judicial system, a police force which respects human rights, social policies which protect the most disadvantaged populations and construction of infrastructure are necessary to support a society built on respect for human rights, and have monetary costs. These costs are generally shared by a combination of State support and the payments of individuals. For instance, education and legal aid is often supported by taxes and health care through insurance programmes and taxes.", "5. Investments in water and sanitation do not occur in a vacuum. Macroeconomic policies greatly influence State decision-making when it comes to determining how and where resources are spent. Policies that prioritize economic growth in its own right without addressing the economic and social needs of the population can threaten the enjoyment of human rights.[1] For instance, certain economic theories disregard the relevance of income distribution and advocate minimizing public spending based on the assumption that resources can be more efficiently spent by the private sector.[2] However, a narrow focus on economic growth, without simultaneous attention on whether outcomes are equitable and on building a strong regulatory framework, raises important human rights concerns. Economic growth can play a central role in poverty reduction, the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and, ultimately, the realization of human rights, but only if the most vulnerable sectors of society are able to participate.", "6. The availability of resources for water and sanitation is also closely related to how money is lent and borrowed globally. States required to devote large portions of gross domestic product to service external debt may be restricted in their ability to determine their national budget and resource allocation for essential public services, including water and sanitation. Furthermore, the continued use of conditionalities in these financing arrangements can also distort State priorities and have a deleterious effect on human rights, as further discussed below.[3]", "7. Economic policy must be guided by human rights and serve as a tool for their realization. States and international policymakers have a responsibility to consider their macroeconomic policy choices in the light of their human rights obligations. Economic policy should be scrutinized for compliance with human rights standards and such principles as progressive realization, non-retrogression, non‑discrimination, transparency, participation and accountability. It is not within the scope of the present report to comment in detail on economic policy, but it is crucial to understand from the outset that financing access to safe drinking water and sanitation for all takes place within, and is impacted by, this larger context.", "8. Bearing the larger context in mind, the present report demonstrates how a deeper commitment on the part of States and international donors to incorporate human rights principles into sector financing can aid States in mobilizing, spending and tracking resources. To prepare the report, the Special Rapporteur met with experts in human rights law, water, sanitation, macroeconomics and development in Lisbon in May 2011,[4] and continued to consult bilaterally with a number of experts. The perspectives and expertise they offered have been extremely helpful and the Special Rapporteur is thankful to all those who shared their views.", "II. Inadequate funding for water and sanitation", "9. The most recent estimates reveal that nearly one billion people lack access to an improved source of drinking water, and 2.6 billion still do not have access to improved sanitation.[5] The Millennium Development Goal target on sanitation is woefully off track and the number of people with no access is on the rise.[6] Even if the 2015 target were met, over 1.7 billion people would still lack access to improved sanitation.⁶ The target for water is on track, but progress remains shaky. If achieved, at least 672 million people throughout the world will continue to lack access to improved water sources[7] and the number of people without access to safe water would undoubtedly be much higher since current data do not include measurements of water quality or affordability. Invariably, it is the most marginalized and excluded populations which will continue to be without access; sadly, the progress made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals has not resulted in significant changes for people living in poverty.", "10. In her report to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/254), the Special Rapporteur explained how the normative content of the rights to water and sanitation can support the achievement of target 7.C of the Millennium Development Goals in a more comprehensive, accountable, participatory, non‑discriminatory and sustainable manner. She now stresses that, while the Goals provide concrete development benchmarks, a human rights perspective highlights legally binding obligations and envisions universal, equitable and affordable access.", "11. Irrespective of whether the focus is on development goals or human rights, the reality is that, at current funding levels and with current spending patterns, there are not enough resources available to attain either. One study estimates that achieving universal access to water and sanitation by 2015 implies an annual cost of US$ 16.58 billion but notes that this figure is probably an underestimate.[8] Concerning the Millennium Development Goal targets, funding for the water and sanitation sector must increase significantly, perhaps even double, if target 7.C is to be met by 2015.[9] By various estimates, the global cost of meeting the 2015 targets ranges between US$ 6.7 billion to US$ 75 billion annually, depending on factors such as baseline years, population growth and distribution, costs of technology, and whether cost estimates include the costs of new infrastructure, operation and maintenance and/or of building institutional capacity to sustain access.[10] At the national level, it has been estimated that, at a minimum, States should aim to spend 1 per cent of gross domestic product on water and sanitation.[11]", "12. Contrasting with these substantial costs, the reality is that neither governments nor donors are committing sufficient resources to water and sanitation services. In 2008, the total international aid commitment to water and sanitation was just US$ 7.4 billion, or 5 per cent of all reported international aid.[12] Compared to spending on health and education, the proportion of international aid devoted to water and sanitation has dwindled over the past decade,[13] even though investments in water and sanitation have a crucial impact in achieving other Millennium Development Goals, such as reduction of maternal mortality, achievement of universal primary education, empowerment of women and reduction of child mortality. Water and sanitation must figure more prominently in the priorities of Governments, both domestically and internationally, if all of the Goals are to be achieved and the rights to water and sanitation fully realized.", "A. Incorporating human rights into traditional financing mechanisms", "13. Although human rights law recognizes that States often have limited means, they are nonetheless required to work progressively to fully realize the rights to water and sanitation. The principle of progressive realization acknowledges that fully implementing economic, social and cultural rights is a long-term process, but affirms that States must progress over time, taking deliberate, concrete and targeted steps towards meeting the obligations recognized in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,[14] in order to move as expeditiously and effectively as possible towards fulfilment of those rights.[15] Running corollary to this principle is the prohibition of deliberately retrogressive measures.¹⁵ States which renege on their basic obligations and reduce protection for a particular right bear the burden of proof to show that such measures are justified by reference to the totality of the rights provided for in the Covenant and in the context of full use of the maximum available resources.¹⁵", "14. With a view to achieving progressively full realization of the rights to water and sanitation, each State is obliged to take steps to the maximum of its available resources[16] and cannot justify neglect of its human rights obligations based on assertions that it lacks the necessary funds or human resources.[17] Rather, there is a positive obligation for States to mobilize resources from those living within their borders and, where necessary, the international community.[18] Regardless of the funding sources that a State chooses, it must always ensure that there are corresponding mechanisms in place to support transparency, public participation and accountability.", "15. It is not enough, however, for States to mobilize a large amount of resources for the water and sanitation sector without also ensuring that they are spent in ways that have the greatest possible impact on achieving universal realization. States should look to maximize results by, inter alia, developing sector-wide strategies and strong regulatory frameworks; working to increase awareness and demand for water and sanitation services; and investing in low-cost, high-efficiency technologies, where appropriate. Emerging strategies in the area of quantitative assessment make it possible to monitor whether the maximum of available resources are directed towards the realization of economic, social and cultural rights, including the rights to water and sanitation.[19] Human rights law also requires States to actively promote non-discrimination.[20] States must prioritize their spending to target groups and communities with the greatest need.", "16. While some aspects of the rights to water and sanitation are subject to progressive realization, human rights law also contemplates obligations of immediate effect that should dictate State priorities and decision-making in the short term.[21] In the context of the rights to water and sanitation, this involves, inter alia, prioritizing access to minimum essential levels of water and sanitation on a non‑discriminatory basis; adopting and implementing a national water and sanitation strategy; and beginning to monitor the extent of the realization of the rights to water and sanitation.[22]", "B. Sources of financing", "17. Beyond investing in efficient technology and prioritizing basic needs, States should also look to diversify and optimize sources of funding for the water and sanitation sectors, including tariffs and user contributions, national and local tax revenue, and international assistance, whether in the form of grants or loans. Many projects to extend access will involve a combination of different sources of financing.", "18. Incorporating human rights principles, such as accountability, participation and non-discrimination, into financing mechanisms will enhance their impact by ensuring that resources are distributed so as to focus on improving access to water and sanitation services for those who currently have no or inadequate access.", "1. Household and user contributions", "19. The Special Rapporteur stresses that a human rights framework does not require that water and sanitation services be provided free of charge. Obtaining water at no cost may actually harm low-income households by depriving service providers of the revenue needed to expand and maintain the service, and risks being unsustainable.[23] Further, resistance to payment does not always rest with the most disadvantaged and low-income communities which are not connected to the formal network and thus pay considerably more per litre for water from informal vendors. For the people in those communities, paying for formal service provision is often a welcome opportunity to have a more regular service and better quality water and sanitation.[24]", "20. There are several means by which households may contribute to improving access to water and sanitation. In cases of networked supply, discussions concerning tariffs are particularly important, as most water (and sewerage) utilities cover at least part of their costs through tariffs (i.e. direct payments by households for access to water and sanitation services).[25] Increasingly, utilities are ring-fenced, so that the funds raised from tariffs can only be used on the operation, maintenance and improvement or extension of access to water and sanitation services and cannot be utilized for other government purposes. Some governments also demand that the cost recovery principle be followed, at a minimum insofar as operation and maintenance costs, meaning that all costs related to operating and maintaining water (and in some cases, sanitation) services are paid for through tariffs. User fees however normally do not generate the level of revenue needed to invest in new projects or expand existing infrastructure.²⁵ Where there is a cost recovery principle in place, it is crucial that the tariffs be structured such that those who cannot afford to pay cost price for the delivery of water (and sanitation) services are assisted through supplementary systems that ensure affordability. Therefore there is an inconsistency in that utilities are expected to deliver services on a commercial basis but at the same time provide an affordable public good.", "21. Another form of household contribution in accessing formal water and sewerage services is the connection charges. These costs consist of payments to the utility for the cost of connection to the network (e.g. the physical costs of bringing the pipes to the household) and the cost of improvements within the household to enable such a connection (e.g. in-house pipes, water storage tanks etc.). These costs are often a significant barrier for those living in extreme poverty, with recent research suggesting that in Africa the average connection cost paid to utilities was US$ 185.50, and in Asia, US$ 168.90. Putting these numbers in context, connecting to the water system in, for example, Ghana requires about one year’s income.[26] Some countries have decided to reduce the barriers to accessing water and sanitation services by removing this charge for all or some households, or by incorporating some or all of the cost of extending the service into standard service charges. Arguably, expanding the customer base of the water utility has the potential to bring in more revenue than insisting on high connection charges.[27]", "22. Household contributions for water and sanitation services in rural areas and in informal settlements can differ quite substantially from household contributions for standard piped water and sewerage provision. In these cases, user costs can range from the construction of communal or individual household provision (a well, communal or household toilet), through the storage of water (buckets, jerry cans, tanks), treatment of water (boiling, chlorine, filters etc.), cleaning, maintenance, emptying of latrines or septic tanks, to the disposal of excreta.", "23. In any event, the human rights framework obliges States to ensure, first, that the cost of accessing water and sanitation remains affordable and appropriately reflects the needs of marginalized and vulnerable groups and, second, that there is a safety net in place for those who cannot afford to pay or who can only afford to pay a minimal fee. In this context, affordable means that the costs should not significantly detract from a household’s ability to pay other essential costs, such as food, housing or health care.[28]", "24. As discussed below, various forms of government support, for instance, direct or cross subsidization, can have a positive impact on affordability.[29] Sound, transparent indicators for measuring and monitoring affordability help to further promote accountability in the sector.", "While consideration is given throughout the present report tofinancing for both water and sanitation, it is worth assessing thereasons why financing for sanitation differs from that for water. Although the benefits from investing in sanitation are considerablymore pronounced than investing only in water, requirements for thewater sector are easier to finance than requirements for thesanitation sector, with 37 per cent of aid funding^(a) and anaverage of a mere 20 per cent of government spending on the sectorsgoing to sanitation.^(b) \nAccess to water is a need felt by every woman, child and man,regardless of economic status, and there is no substitute, sopeople will pay high prices even for poor quality water if there isno alternative. For these reasons, water is generally higher onboth the political agenda of governments and list of budgetpriorities of households, schools, workplaces and clinics than issanitation, where the economic and health benefits of owning andusing a latrine are not fully understood.\nFurther, sanitation can be a taboo subject, with many culturesfinding it difficult to discuss individual needs, particularlythose of women. This means that there is not enough information onwho does not have adequate access to sanitation and why, makingplanning and budgeting difficult, if not impossible.\nA male head of household, who may be the decision maker in budgetprioritization, has often a wider range of options for accessingsafe sanitation, whether at the workplace or through cultural normswhich make it more acceptable for men to urinate, if not defecate,in the open. This may mean that women’s needs are not representedin household budgetary decisions, and their need for convenient andsafe sanitation, not only for personal use but also to assist incare of children, the sick and the elderly, is not met.\nFinancing for sanitation is required for all aspects of adequatesanitation, including the purchase or construction of a latrine ortoilet, and removal or transport of waste matter (i.e. sewerage ora pit/septic tank emptying system) and its treatment, disposaland/or reuse. While many households may plan effectively for theconstruction of a toilet or latrine, planning and budgeting forappropriate transport, treatment, disposal and reuse is morecomplex and requires, particularly in urban areas, a more holisticapproach. Wastewater treatment efforts by governments and donorshave focused on networked sewerage systems which are often notavailable to the poorest households, leaving treatment of faecalsludge from latrines and septic tanks unaddressed. More must bedone to find appropriate systems of excreta disposal in dense urbanenvironments and rural areas not connected to the sewer system.^(c)\nFor access to sanitation to be sustainable, investments in areassuch as awareness-raising are usually necessary to stimulatedemand. Providing sanitation infrastructure and fittings wheredemand is low risks non-use of the facility.^(d)^(a) UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation andDrinking-water 2010: Targeting Resources for Better Results(Geneva, World Health Organization, March 2010), p. 28. ^(b) Ibid., p. 29. ^(c) Maggie Black and Ben Fawcett, The Last Taboo: Opening the Dooron the Global Sanitation Crisis (London and Stirling, Virginia,Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2008), pp. 212-216. \n^(d) See Carolien van der Voorden and Andy Peal, Public Funding forSanitation: The Many Faces of Sanitation Subsidies (Geneva, WaterSupply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, 2009); and SophieTrémolet, Pete Kolsky and Eddy Perez, Financing On-site Sanitationfor the Poor: A Six Country Comparative Review and Analysis(Washington, D.C., World Bank Water and Sanitation Programme,January 2010).", "2. Taxes and government funding", "25. While tariffs and user fees can support the provision of water and sanitation services, they rarely cover all associated costs, in particular expansion into new or under-served areas. This holds true for both developed and developing countries. For instance, in Japan, government subsidies account for 7 per cent of investment in these sectors, while in Portugal, 31 per cent of financing for the water and sanitation sectors is provided through financing from the national and municipal budgets, rather than from tariffs (http://insaar.inag.pt/index.php?id=31).[30]", "26. Government support is for several reasons therefore necessary to ensure financing. First, it is often the primary source of funding for capital-intensive infrastructure projects, such as building wastewater treatment facilities.[31] Indeed, in cases in which expanding access involves working in unserved and impoverished areas, such as slums or other informal settlements, where initial costs are high and short-term returns on investment are low, States may be the only actors willing and able to deliver on a major scale.", "27. Second, government funding in the form of subsidies may be necessary to improve the affordability of services in low-income households. One issue with major human rights implications is whether government subsidy programmes should be universal or targeted in nature.[32] Targeted subsidies aimed at reaching only those in need reflect the reality that budgetary limitations restrict the resources that States can devote to any given sector.[33] Those who are able to contribute on their own, meanwhile, should be expected to do so. Accordingly, States may undertake measures such as means testing to identify those eligible for support.", "28. Ensuring that targeted subsidies reach the intended beneficiaries can, however, be complicated and expensive. It is especially important to ensure that targeted subsidies are not a mask for favouritism of certain groups based on political connections, or subject to capture by the elite, as this could reinforce disparities among groups or regions. In this regard, it is especially important that the targeting process and eligibility criteria be fair, reasonable, objective and transparent.[34] Where identifying the persons in need is difficult, a universal system of subsidies may be appropriate in order to guarantee that those most in need of assistance actually benefit. With no system of means testing, universal systems can also be cheaper to administer. Essentially, States must have a system in place to ensure that households requiring assistance in accessing water and sanitation obtain such assistance, taking into account the needs of present and future generations as well as the efficient use of resources.", "29. Where individuals or households manage their own localized services, it may be necessary to provide grants or subsidies to ensure sustained access to water and sanitation. In some cases, subsidies are available for the construction of water points or latrines, but seldom for their operation and maintenance. Very little support is provided by Governments to assist households in managing the safe disposal of excreta. Lack of attention to sustainability runs the risk of retrogression and, potentially, violations of human rights law. Approaches such as community-led total sanitation have provided valuable lessons, especially in terms of allocating funding towards capacity-building for the community rather than direct subsidies for latrine construction to ensure that latrines will be both maintained and used effectively.", "3. International aid", "30. Where household contributions and government spending are insufficient to realize the rights to water and sanitation, international aid frequently contributes to financing.[35] In order to employ the maximum available resources in compliance with the principle of progressive realization, countries have an obligation to turn to international support when necessary.[36] In turn, countries in a position to assist have an obligation to provide support in a manner consistent with human rights principles.[37] This obligation of international cooperation applies to States parties to relevant human rights treaties in general and does not pertain to any particular State (E/CN.4/2006/WG.23/2, para. 50).", "31. While there has been a trend towards greater domestic financing over the past decade, international aid remains the primary source of funding for the water and sanitation sector in many developing countries and for some countries in transition.[38] Meanwhile, the share of international aid going to water and sanitation has decreased over the past decade[39] and deserves higher priority in funding given the significant benefits brought by enhanced access (see below).", "32. In the current economic climate, States relying heavily on international aid to support the realization of the rights to water and sanitation should push for the prioritization of funding for water and sanitation within existing aid allocations, while also adopting measures to sustain progress towards realization of those rights even without significant increases in funding.", "33. This process begins with strong sectoral planning, including the articulation of both a uniform, sector-wide policy and specific targets. Evidence shows that without a clear national policy framework, effective and efficient service delivery is particularly difficult to achieve.[40] Moreover, when international donors consider which sectors to prioritize they regularly cite the existence of strong sectoral plans as a crucial factor influencing their decision-making.[41] Sectoral planning, meanwhile, should begin with a comprehensive assessment of available resources and the current status of the realization of the rights to water and sanitation, both in terms of overall access as well as affordability, acceptability and quality.[42]", "34. If developing countries are obliged to take steps to ensure that international aid allocations for the water and sanitation sectors are sustainable and support progressive realization, international donors have a corresponding obligation to facilitate this process. International aid should adhere to the principles articulated in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action, ensuring that aid agreements are consistent with international human rights law and aligning aid priorities with the national policy frameworks of their development partners.[43]", "35. In addition, money for water and sanitation is mobilized through loans and grants from international financial institutions and donors. These actors must work to eliminate inappropriate conditionalities attached to these financing agreements.[44] When money for development hinges on the enactment of particular macroeconomic policies, it can lead to cuts in public expenditures that could otherwise support the realization of the rights to water and sanitation.[45] Privatization of government assets, including providers of water and sanitation services, may also feature in conditionalities. While private sector participation is not prohibited under human rights law, without the simultaneous implementation of specific measures to regulate service provision and to maintain affordable access for all, there is significant risk that such participation could reduce incentives to expand and improve access in under-served areas while contributing to lower accountability and higher household costs.", "4. Private sector and non-governmental support", "36. Private sector financing mainly comes into play to cover gaps in service resulting from a lack of government support. Water vendors, for instance, play a significant, albeit frequently informal, role in unserved communities. In the case of sanitation, private actors are involved in the construction, management or maintenance of individual or public latrines as well as in selling soap and other cleaning products. More generally, the private sector may be involved in bridging financing gaps, offsetting some of the costs associated with the provision of water and sanitation services. Financing by the formal private sector, however, is generally provided on the understanding that such funds will be recouped, which can be a disincentive to delivering services to low-income settlements. Similarly, non‑governmental organizations can play an important role, but their contribution in terms of overall financing remains minimal. The Special Rapporteur has addressed in detail the role of the private sector in supporting the realization of the rights to water and sanitation (see A/HRC/15/31), reiterating that human rights law is neutral with respect to economic models and that States are the primary duty bearers and, as such, are responsible for the effective contracting and regulation of private actors.", "C. Benefits of investing in water and sanitation", "37. In discussing the costs of investing in water and sanitation it is easy to lose sight of the benefits. Indeed, the economic costs of not spending more on water and sanitation are potentially much higher. In developed nations, advances in life expectancy and child mortality accompanied economic growth only after governments began making substantial investments in water supply and, more importantly, in sanitation.[46]", "38. The economic benefits of such improvements are staggering. By some estimates, the combined cost-benefit ratio for meeting both the water and sanitation Millennium Development Goal targets is 8 to 1.[47]", "39. Universal access to water and sanitation combined could produce benefits of US$ 170 billion in countries non-members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.⁴⁷ These benefits are particularly felt in improved health: for instance, through averted cases of diarrhoea and savings in the treatment of illnesses caused by lack of access to water and sanitation.[48] Indeed, the total global disease burden in terms of disability-adjusted life years could be reduced by at least 10 per cent through investment in improvements to water and sanitation services.[49] The benefits of a household connection also have considerable positive impacts on reducing child mortality; one study carried out in Argentina found that increased household connections reduced child mortality in the poorest municipalities by 24 per cent.[50] The economic benefits of improved access to water and sanitation include increased productivity of adults and school attendance of children, both of which may be affected by chronic illness that stems from poor hygiene.[51]", "40. Not all benefits can be monetized. Intangible benefits, such as time saved and dignity gained, warrant careful consideration for their impact on human well-being. The particularly positive impact for women and girls of investing in water and sanitation is crucial for realizing human rights obligations related to gender equality. Environmental benefits are also difficult to put a figure on, but may be enormous, given that improving water and sanitation services helps combat environmental degradation.", "III. Targeting resources effectively", "A. Human rights and targeting", "41. Successfully mobilizing the resources needed to ensure universal access does not by itself guarantee success in fully realizing the rights to water and sanitation. Human rights principles offer three basic considerations which should guide States and international donors when determining how to allocate resources for water and sanitation. First, resources should initially be directed towards meeting obligations of immediate effect.[52] States can then build on that foundation to more fully realize the rights and move to higher levels of service. Second, States and donors must vigorously promote non-discrimination in their water and sanitation programmes and policies, looking to eliminate disparities in access based on, inter alia, race, colour, ethnic origin, religion, gender, economic status or citizenship. Finally, the principle of non-retrogression suggests that resources should contribute to the long-term sustainability of efforts towards universal realization. Quite often this means optimizing the use of existing resources and creating the necessary physical and regulatory infrastructure, as well as the human capacity needed to absorb additional resources in the future.", "42. Recent assessments of resources available to the water and sanitation sectors show that they are not always being used to make gains towards realization of the rights. At both the international and national level, the majority of resources are benefiting the relatively well off rather than low-income communities which lack even basic access.[53] Moreover, while States and international donors have made headway in terms of expanding coverage, corresponding investments in operation and maintenance, capacity-building and awareness-raising, all of which support the sustainability of progress towards realizing the rights, are not a priority. In short, money is being spent in the wrong places. The subsections below highlight some of the key human rights arising out of current targeting within the sector and offer suggestions on how States can utilize resources more effectively.", "B. Resources are not reaching the most vulnerable and marginalized", "43. Meeting the obligations of immediate effect related to the rights to water and sanitation means guaranteeing basic access to all people while prioritizing the most vulnerable and marginalized individuals and communities. Under the current allocation of resources, priority is, however, generally not assigned to these groups, and there is no correlation between the amount of aid a particular country receives and the percentage of the population with adequate access to water and sanitation services.[54]", "44. There are several reasons for this, including poor targeting and monitoring as a result of a lack of data at both the international and national level and because donors prioritize certain recipient countries for geopolitical reasons. At the international level, most donors do not know specifically whom their resources are reaching or how they are being targeted. Only slightly more than one half of them indicate that they measure the impact of their aid on the poorest sectors of the population,[55] many reporting that more than one half of their aid commitments to water and sanitation were to middle-income countries.[56] Indeed, 7 of the top 10 recipient countries of aid for water and sanitation report levels of access to improved water and sanitation of more than 90 per cent.[57] While aid to middle-income countries is important, it is crucial to ask whether these significant resources are reaching those who are most marginalized and disadvantaged or whether the funds go towards improving access for the relatively well off.", "45. At the national level, few States report that they have developed or consistently apply criteria designed to ensure that sectoral resources are distributed equitably, particularly with respect to sanitation.[58] In India, for example, 166 million people gained access to improved sanitation between 1995 and 2008, yet access among the poorest quintile of the population improved by only around 3 per cent.[59]", "46. States and international donors must prioritize in their water and sanitation strategies the obligations of immediate effect related to the rights. Donors should consider shifting their focus and resources to low-income countries in which levels of basic access remain low or, alternatively, developing stronger indicators to ensure that aid allocations to middle-income countries effectively target marginalized and disadvantaged communities. States, meanwhile, should develop national strategies for water and sanitation that emphasize the expansion of basic access, ensuring that the most marginalized and excluded are reached. This will also necessitate heightened financial support for monitoring at both the national and international level in order to track where their funds are going, as well as who benefits. Consultation with communities will also provide important information on which households are the most in need.", "47. Current funding patterns disproportionately target networked urban areas. Large systems in urban areas (e.g. wastewater treatment facilities and sewerage pipelines etc.) receive vastly larger sums than basic services in rural areas and deprived urban areas (e.g. latrines, boreholes and hand pumps). Currently, 62 per cent of all of the sectoral aid goes to developing large systems, while only 16 per cent goes to basic systems.[60] This marks a near 10 per cent decline in funding basic services since 2003.", "48. Where large-scale systems are planned, it is important to investigate who benefits: do these investments improve services for those who already enjoy access, or do they expand coverage to those who lack it? Piped water systems generally offer the best quality water at the lowest cost per capita owing to economies of scale. These systems must, however, also be made available to those households which are unserved or under-served in peri-urban and informal settlements. At present, the benefits from large-scale systems largely go to middle and upper-income households, reinforcing discrimination and exacerbating disparities between rich and poor.[61]", "C. Choosing appropriate technologies", "49. Progressive realization of the rights to water and sanitation does not automatically translate into higher costs. Different regions and contexts will require consideration of different technologies. Low-cost alternative technologies exist and further innovation is necessary to devise the most appropriate solutions for different contexts. Alternative technologies may be useful in providing access in an efficient manner, in the short to medium term, to those parts of the population living in remote rural areas or informal urban settlements. Some of these alternative technologies will be low cost, others might be higher cost but more sustainable and thus a better investment over time. These options should be carefully examined to determine which technology is most appropriate in a given context to fully realize the rights to water and sanitation. Investing in more expensive technologies does not necessarily lead to significant improvements in service.[62] Investing in low-cost, high-efficiency technologies, meanwhile, can dramatically reduce the amount of funding required to achieve the rights.[63]", "50. The Special Rapporteur does not categorically reject any particular technology or suggest that expanding or improving access to water and sanitation should be done cheaply. Low-cost solutions for sanitation are often only temporary solutions, as reliable services that yield the long-term public health improvements normally come at a higher cost. States should determine which technology is appropriate based on the objective. If the goal is, for instance, to stabilize access to water in an informal settlement in the short term with the expectation that the community will be reached by more permanent services after a few years, low-cost options such as water kiosks served by utilities might be acceptable for a limited period.", "D. Operation and maintenance", "51. Directing more resources towards operation and maintenance is essential for the long-term sustainability of efforts to realize the rights to water and sanitation. Seventy-five per cent of the current annual resource needs to achieve the Millennium Development Goal targets for water and sanitation are for replacing and maintaining existing resources.[64] Unfortunately, despite progress in expanding coverage of water and sanitation services, there are clear signs of slippage, whereby communities that had received improved coverage fell into old patterns owing to poor maintenance.[65] In India, for instance, roughly 30 per cent of all communities that had gained improved access to water and sanitation have since lost some or all of that coverage.[66] Throughout Africa, it is estimated that, at any given moment, between 30 and 40 per cent of hand pumps are not functional.[67] Comparatively little international aid currently goes to covering such expenses.[68]", "52. Investments that take the life-cycle cost of a water or sanitation improvement into account, or that are specifically directed towards the maintenance and operation of new and existing services, are essential to avoid this sort of retrogression. In terms of efficiency, it is also vastly more cost effective to invest in operation and maintenance than to rehabilitate a project after it has failed.[69]", "E. Decentralization and capacity-building", "53. The long-term success of the realization of the rights to water and sanitation also requires investment in governmental and human capacity, particularly at the local level. Decentralizing responsibility for managing water and sanitation services may boost their efficiency, and thus their sustainability, while also enhancing transparency, accountability and sensitivity to local needs.[70] These attributes of decentralization, however, are not automatic and the central Government maintains an important monitoring role in respect of human rights. In particular, the central Government must ensure that the most marginalized and disadvantaged groups are prioritized, and adopt the necessary measures (e.g. through tied or earmarked transfers to local authorities), so as to avoid funding being diverted to, or captured by, privileged segments of the population or other sectors.", "54. Local governments rarely have the financial or technical capacity needed to address the accessibility, affordability and quality of services. Decentralized responsibility for providing water and sanitation services is not effective unless accompanied by support to local authorities as they learn to modify tariff and/or subsidy structures, plan new projects or mobilize additional resources. There are, however, reportedly few resources available to support capacity improvement.[71] Local governments are not routinely assigned resources sufficient to pay for all of their obligations and few are in a position to raise the money themselves. One recent study revealed that only around one third of State expenditure on water and sanitation goes to local government budgets.[72]", "55. In order to ensure that they are fully complying with their obligation to progressively realize the rights to water and sanitation to the maximum of available resources, States choosing to decentralize control over water and sanitation must improve the efficiency and the efficacy of the process by devoting more resources to building capacity at the local level. Investments in capacity-building should focus primarily on two areas. First, States and international donors should devote more resources to supporting the ability of local governments to finance projects and expand services independently, while ensuring that resources are spent on those in greatest need. Not simply a question of giving local authorities more money, this may involve improving a local government’s creditworthiness and its ability to attract its own external funding.[73]", "56. Second, more funding must go towards improving the ability of local actors to absorb additional resources and to manage and deliver water and sanitation services. This means more practical training in how to operate and maintain water and sanitation improvements as well as administrative training in how to plan and budget new projects, collect fees and, in some cases, implement a subsidy programme.[74]", "F. Regulation", "57. As with capacity-building, progress towards realization of the rights to water and sanitation cannot be sustainable unless it occurs within the context of a strong regulatory framework.[75] National regulatory frameworks bolster the rights in a number of ways, such as setting clear targets and benchmarks for implementation; clarifying and harmonizing the responsibilities of various actors; setting minimum standards for quality, accessibility and affordability; and improving accountability by creating incentives for compliance.[76] Regulatory frameworks allow governments to prioritize unserved or under-served populations and can form the foundation of subsidy programmes and other safeguards for low-income households[77].", "G. Awareness-raising and community outreach", "58. The proliferation and sustainability of water and sanitation services depends not only on financing and constructing new facilities. States also have an obligation to educate communities about the hygienic use of water and sanitation services.[78] Devoting resources towards educating communities about the use and benefits of water and sanitation and consulting with them about their specific needs have a number of benefits, including, inter alia, ensuring that the services are used correctly and in a manner that supports their long-term sustainability; improving local ownership, transparency and accountability; ensuring that facilities are acceptable and reflect the cultural needs of the community; and improving overall public health. Despite these benefits, most countries still have limited capacity to devote further resources to this area.[79] International support also remains low, representing just 1 per cent of total aid to the sector in 2008.[80]", "59. Outreach and awareness-raising also lay the groundwork for more effective expansion of services in the future. Devoting resources to these activities can often translate into greater demand and consequently result in greater political will. The need to create demand is especially relevant with respect to sanitation, where the benefits of improved services are not immediately obvious and the barriers to access can be high.[81] While the benefits of having access to water are more obvious, community outreach can still play an important role by spreading the word about subsidy programmes.[82] Fortunately, States are beginning to recognize the importance of allocating resources to community outreach and awareness-raising, as reflected, for instance, in the 2008 eThekwini Declaration commitment to increase the profile of sanitation and hygiene in national poverty reduction strategies.[83]", "IV. Taking accurate stock of resources", "60. It is not possible for States to make realistic assessments of where and how resources should be spent until they can accurately take stock of available resources. For a variety of reasons, including institutional fragmentation, a lack of transparency and the absence of mechanisms for monitoring individual contributions, it is currently difficult to accurately measure or track the amount of resources flowing into, or leaking out of, the sector. The present section briefly addresses these obstacles and offers some preliminary recommendations for improvement.", "A. Problems of fragmentation", "61. Fragmentation, that is, when resources and responsibilities are dispersed across a wide array of institutions and projects, each with their own rules and objectives, presents a central challenge to accurately measuring resources.[84] Because they span a number of sectors, ranging from public health to housing, water and sanitation are especially susceptible in this regard.[85]", "62. Fragmentation often occurs horizontally between institutions when sectoral aid is managed by a variety of government ministries; for instance, one regulatory agency may be in charge of managing tariffs, while another monitors water quality. In such cases, fragmentation is not always particularly inefficient, nor does it pose a serious threat to resource tracking. It becomes a problem, however, when multiple institutions are charged with similar responsibilities, or when one institution is responsible for articulating policy while another controls the purse strings.[86] Horizontal fragmentation also plagues donors at the international level.[87] When negotiating aid packages, for instance, individual donors often seek out personalized, extrabudgetary arrangements with Governments. These agreements may undermine a State’s ability to account for all available resources when developing strategies for the sector.[88] The Special Rapporteur has expressed concern about the problems caused by horizontal fragmentation in the reports on her missions to Costa Rica and Egypt (A/HRC/12/24/Add.1 and Corr.1, para. 61, and A/HRC/15/31/Add.3 and Corr.1, para. 13) but discussions with many experts indicate that they are systemic in the water and sanitation sectors around the world.", "63. Fragmentation can also be vertical, occurring not just between ministries, but also between national, subnational and local institutions. It often occurs in the context of decentralization when it is not coupled with a coherent national strategy or strong regulatory framework.[89] Financing channels can often become convoluted, leading to costly overlap and duplication,[90] and inconsistent standards across a country may be applied. The Special Rapporteur has commented on the overarching role of the central Government in ensuring the rights to water and sanitation in the context of decentralized arrangements for delivering these services, especially in her reports on her missions to Slovenia and the United States of America.[91]", "64. In terms of measuring available resources, fragmentation presents an obstacle in several ways. For one, it is fairly common that a variety of institutions at the national or local level will have an entry point into the water and sanitation sector as part of their broader portfolio of responsibilities. Because in regard to budgeting each agency’s contribution to the sector may be couched in terms of these larger responsibilities (e.g. public health initiatives, housing initiatives, environmental initiatives etc.), it is difficult for States to ascertain with precision the amount of resources they devote to water and sanitation.[92] Indeed, this diffusion of responsibility for water and sanitation is a major contributor to under-resourcing.[93] Furthermore, with resources located in several different accounts, it is difficult to monitor disbursements. For example, a Treasury single account, which consolidates all of the Government’s cash and provides a trail of how the funds are spent and to whom,[94] offers one way of addressing this challenge.", "65. Similarly, with multiple agencies and stakeholders focusing on the same sector, there is a high potential for overlap or wasteful duplication of services. For instance, a report on water point mapping in Malawi found that, as a result of lack of coordination, new water points were drilled next to existing boreholes while under-served areas continued to be neglected.[95] Accordingly, even if it were possible to determine how much a State is spending on water and sanitation at any given moment, it still might be difficult to determine the amount of resources that could be available if this waste were eliminated. Finally, different institutions, including international donors, may have different monitoring mechanisms for water and sanitation that consider various criteria and employ unique methodologies. This poses a serious problem for Governments hoping to implement a national water and sanitation strategy, as it leads to varying assessments of need and cost.[96]", "66. The Special Rapporteur has emphasized the importance of national planning and a clear allocation of responsibilities to effectively realize the rights to water and sanitation (see A/HRC/18/33). States must therefore take their obligation to coordinate the work of actors at all levels seriously, and adopt comprehensive sector-wide policies for water and sanitation.[97]", "B. Problems of transparency", "67. Limited transparency within the water and sanitation sectors represents another key challenge to accurately taking stock of resources. Transparent budgeting for water and sanitation is essential to the sustainability and long-term success of improvements in the sector as it supports predictability, planning and the equitable distribution of resources and facilitates coordination among various agencies. Transparent budgeting can also serve as a platform for advocacy and accountability within vulnerable or unserved communities.[98]", "68. A low level of transparency in budgeting is primarily the product of a lack of detail in budgeting. All too often, national budgets do not adequately account for how, where and by whom expenditures in the water and sanitation sector will be allocated. This problem is closely related to horizontal fragmentation, mentioned above, whereby water and sanitation are enveloped within multiple broader portfolios. Even where budgets are sufficiently detailed, access to information about the budget may still be limited. Specific water and sanitation initiatives, such as WASHCost (www.washcost.org) and the UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water, are taking important steps towards better monitoring of financing for the sectors and ensuring improved access to information for individuals and institutions. Human rights budget monitoring work has increased substantially in recent years, offering important tools to civil society and other stakeholders to demand access to information and track budget allocations with a view to holding Governments accountable for meeting their human rights obligations. This work involves disaggregating budgets by region and group and can have a profound impact on understanding whether funds are being allocated in line with human rights obligations. Public expenditure tracking is also important for assessing whether funds have actually been spent in line with the stated intention in the budget.", "69. Even transparent budgeting can seldom account for the additional off-budget resources spent on water and sanitation by international donors and non‑governmental organizations, which often wish to manage their projects independent of Governments. The resources expended on these projects are then almost never recorded in national budgets. In cases in which States rely on international contributions for the majority of their work in the water and sanitation sector, this means that Governments and communities have little knowledge of how much funding is actually available. In Malawi in 2006, for example, it is estimated that off-budget spending by non-governmental organizations was as much as three times the reported annual budget for water and sanitation.[99]", "70. A lack of transparency may also impede accurate measurement of resources when States enter into contracts for service delivery with the private sector, particularly as bidding processes and contracts tend not to be made public.[100] The Special Rapporteur has emphasized the importance of transparency in private sector participation, particularly noting that the final contract and terms of reference must be available for public scrutiny and comment (A/HRC/15/31, para. 36). Private contractors have also sometimes intentionally underbid, artificially lowering costs in order to win contracts and then securing more favourable terms in bilateral renegotiations of contracts, a practice which the Special Rapporteur has highlighted as contrary to human rights requirements.", "71. In all forms of financing, a lack of transparency can create incentives to siphon off resources, to make or accept bribes, or to engage in other unsavoury behaviour. These activities translate into added costs that are rarely reported, leaving Governments and individual agencies without a clear notion of how much money is actually available for water and sanitation.[101] For instance, Transparency International has estimated that corruption could increase the cost of meeting Millennium Development Goal target 7.C by 2015 by nearly US$ 50 billion.[102]", "C. No measurement of individual contributions", "72. As explained above, individual and household contributions play a significant role in the expansion and improvement of access to water and sanitation. The Human Development Report cited the case of China which has seen rapid progress in access to sanitation in rural areas, with 70 per cent of financing for these improvements coming from households.[103] The value of these contributions is, however, rarely factored into State assessments of costs.", "73. It is exceedingly difficult to track these contributions and factor them into overall planning and budgeting. While tariffs for water and sanitation services will be relatively easy to monitor, the amount that households spend to build and maintain their access is more difficult, especially in cases of non-networked services. A human rights analysis requires consideration of these costs as they impact the affordability of water and sanitation. This information is essential for understanding which segments of the population require which kind of assistance in order to ensure their access to water and sanitation. The significant level of household contributions often required for gaining or maintaining access to water and sanitation can function as a barrier for people living in poverty.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "74. The present report has reviewed various challenges in financing access to water and sanitation for the realization of these human rights. Ensuring water and sanitation for all will require considerably more resources to extend sustainable access to the billions of people who still lack access. Beyond the need for additional resources, however, existing resources must also be better targeted to prioritize the most excluded and marginalized. More transparent budgets and better coordination will also assist in acquiring a more complete understanding of the resources available to tackle the water and sanitation crisis.", "75. Based on the findings of the present report, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States:", "(a) Prioritize funding, both in the national budget and for official development assistance, for water and sanitation with a particular focus on extending access to the unserved or under-served. This should include measures to identify the most marginalized, excluded and disadvantaged populations in terms of access to water and sanitation and specific initiatives to improve their situation;", "(b) Ensure that household contributions, whether tariffs or other forms of contributions, remain affordable, including by establishing supplementary systems to support low-income households to gain and maintain access to water and sanitation;", "(c) Increase the percentage of international aid allocated to water and sanitation and incorporate a human rights approach;", "(d) Ensure that funding to the sectors is reported by all actors, including donors, private providers and non-governmental organizations, in order to obtain a complete picture of the resources allocated to the sectors and how it is being targeted;", "(e) Prioritize spending on systems which are more likely to reach the most marginalized and disadvantaged, including ensuring that a piped water supply is also available to informal settlements, and consult with communities on the range of technologies available to ensure sustainable access;", "(f) Integrate cost considerations of operation and maintenance into investments with a view to ensuring sustainability;", "(g) Invest resources in building the capacity of local authorities in cases of decentralization;", "(h) Invest resources in ensuring that regulation can be carried out effectively and with the necessary expertise;", "(i) Invest resources in awareness-raising about the importance of water, sanitation and hygiene as a means of creating greater demand for these services;", "(j) Ensure coordination, both horizontally and vertically, as well with other stakeholders such as donors, private service providers and non‑governmental organizations;", "(k) Ensure transparency of budgets and other funding for the sectors, including disaggregated information on which segments of the population have which level of access.", "76. The Special Rapporteur encourages donor States, non-governmental organizations and international organizations to ensure that their policies, programmes and projects support efforts towards more coordinated and transparent funding of the water and sanitation sectors.", "[1] Radhika Balakrishnan, Diane Elson and Raj Patel, Rethinking Macro Economic Strategies from a Human Rights Perspective (Carnegie Council, February 2009), pp. 10 and 11. Available from http://www.cwgl.rutgers.edu/globalcenter/publications/whymes2.pdf.", "[2] Ibid.", "[3] See also the report of the independent expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of States on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights (A/65/260).", "[4] The meeting, on macroeconomic policy and the rights to water and sanitation, was organized in conjunction with the Center for Women’s Global Leadership, Rutgers University.", "[5] World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: 2010 Update, pp. 6 and 7. Available from www.wssinfo.org/documents-links/documents/.", "[6] Ibid., p. 8.", "[7] Ibid., p. 9.", "[8] WHO and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), “Economic and health effects of increasing the coverage of low-cost household drinking water supply and sanitation interventions” (WHO/SDE/WSH/07/05), pp. 21 and 22. Available from www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/economic/mdg10_offtrack.pdf.", "[9] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership, Financing Water for All: Report of the World Panel on Financing Water Infrastructure (March 2003), foreword. Available from www.financingwaterforall.org/index.php?id=1098.", "[10] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-water 2010: Targeting Resources for Better Results (Geneva, World Health Organization, March 2010), p. 20. Available from www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/glaas/en/.", "[11] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006: Beyond Scarcity — Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis (New York, 2006), p. 9.", "[12] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 14.", "[13] Ibid., p. 15.", "[14] General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 2. Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 1991, Supplement No. 3 (E/1991/23), annex III.", "[15] Ibid., para. 9", "[16] Article 2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI), annex).", "[17] General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 10.", "[18] Balakrishnan, Elson and Patel, Rethinking Macro Economic Strategies, p. 8.", "[19] See, for example, E. Felner, “A new frontier in economic and social rights advocacy? Turning quantitative data into a tool for human rights accountability”, International Journal on Human Rights, No. 9 (December 2008); and S. Fukuda-Parr, T. Lawson-Remer and S. Randolph, “Measuring the progressive realization of human rights obligations: an index of economic and social rights fulfilment” Economic Rights Working Paper Series, No. 8 (Storrs, Connecticut, University of Connecticut Human Rights Institute, August 2008).", "[20] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 2, para. 2.", "[21] General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 10.", "[22] General Comment No. 15 (2002) of the Committee, para. 37.", "[23] World Water Council, Enhancing Access to Finance for Local Governments: Financing Water for Agriculture, Task Force on Financing Water for All, Report No. 1 (Marseilles, France, March 2006), p. 6. Available from www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/wwc_task_force_financing_water_for_all.pdf (accessed 9 August 2011).", "[24] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006: Beyond Scarcity — Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis (New York, 2006), pp. 52 and 53.", "[25] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services (Paris, OECD Publishing, 2010), p. 70.", "[26] R. W. A. Franceys, “Charging to enter the water shop? The costs of urban water connections for the poor”, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, vol. 5, No. 6 (London, International Water Association (IWA) Publishing, 2005), pp. 209-216, 213 and 215.", "[27] Ibid., p. 216.", "[28] General Comment No. 15 (2002) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.", "[29] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services, p. 77.", "[30] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services, p. 72.", "[31] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership, Financing Water for All.", "[32] In her forthcoming report to the Human Rights Council on good practices (to be issued as A/HRC/18/33/Add.1), the Special Rapporteur describes common types of subsidies used by States to support the affordability of water and sanitation services.", "[33] Thandika Mkandawire, “Targeting and universalism in poverty reduction”, Social Policy and Development Programme, paper No. 23 (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, December 2005).", "[34] Report of the independent expert on the question of human rights and extreme poverty (A/HRC/11/9), para. 39.", "[35] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership, Financing Water for All, p. 2.", "[36] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 2, para. 1, and General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 13.", "[37] Charter of the United Nations, Arts. 55 and 56; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 11; General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, paras. 13 and 14.", "[38] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 46.", "[39] Ibid., p. 15.", "[40] Ibid., p. 38.", "[41] Ibid., p. 22.", "[42] For more information on national planning from a human rights perspective, see the report submitted by the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council at its eighteenth session (A/HRC/18/33).", "[43] Paris Declaration, para. 16.", "[44] Accra Agenda (A/63/539, annex), para. 18.", "[45] See report of the independent expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of States (A/65/260), sect. B.", "[46] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, pp. 28-31.", "[47] Ibid., p. vi.", "[48] Ibid., pp. 25-29.", "[49] Annette Prüss-Üstün and others, Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health (Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008), p. 7.", "[50] R. W. A. Franceys, “Charging to enter the water shop?”, p. 210.", "[51] Hutton, Haller and Bartram, “Economic and health effects”, p. 30.", "[52] Draft guidelines for the realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation (see E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/25), para. 2.3 (a).", "[53] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 26.", "[54] Ibid., p. 33.", "[55] Ibid., p. 35.", "[56] Ibid., p. 26.", "[57] Ibid. p. 24.", "[58] Ibid., p. 34.", "[59] UNICEF, “Equity fact sheet: MDG 7”. Available from www.childinfo.org/files/MDG7.pdf.", "[60] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 30.", "[61] Sophie Trémolet, Pete Kolsky and Eddy Perez, Financing On-site Sanitation for the Poor: A Six Country Comparative Review and Analysis (Washington, D.C., World Bank Water and Sanitation Programme, January 2010).", "[62] Catarina Fonseca and others, “Life-cycle costs approach for water and sanitation services that last” (WASHCost, April 2011). Available from www.washcost.info/page/121 (log-in required).", "[63] Guy Hutton and Jamie Bartram, “Regional and global costs of attaining the water supply and sanitation target (target 10) of the Millennium Development Goals, document WHO/HSE/AMR/08/01 (Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008). Available from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/economic/mdg_global_costing.pdf.", "[64] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 21.", "[65] Fonseca and others, “Life cycle costs approach for water and sanitation services that last”.", "[66] Ton Schouten and others, “Taking a service delivery approach to monitoring water supply in low-income areas and implications for the Joint Monitoring Programme” (WASHCost, International Water and Sanitation Centre, 2011), sect. 1.1. Available from www.washcost.info/redir/.../Monitoring_sustainability_JMP_Berlin.pdf (log-in required).", "[67] Ibid.", "[68] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 32. Of 27 international donors, 8 were able to break down disbursements according to new services, increased service or treatment levels, and maintain or replace existing services, with the latter receiving only 13 per cent of aid.", "[69] Fonseca and others, “Life cycle costs approach for water and sanitation services that last”.", "[70] Meera Mehta and Dinesh Mehta, Financing Water and Sanitation at Local Levels (London, WaterAid, January 2008), p. 45. Available from www.wateraid.org/documents/ plugin_documents/financing_water_and_sanitation_at_local_levels.pdf.", "[71] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 46.", "[72] Mehta and Mehta, Financing Water and Sanitation at Local Levels, p. 46.", "[73] World Water Council, Enhancing Access to Finance for Local Governments: Financing Water for Agriculture, p. 5. See also World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership, Financing Water for All, p. 15.", "[74] Ibid.", "[75] General Comment No. 15 (2002) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, paras. 16, 47 and 48.", "[76] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership, Financing Water for All, p. 9. See also Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAS), Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Manual on the Right to Water and Sanitation (2008), p. 37; available from www.cohre.org/sites/default/files/ manual_on_the_right_to_water_and_sanitation_2008.pdf.", "[77] Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Working Group on Regulation and Private Sector Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa, “Sharing the Experience on Regulation in the Water Sector” (April 2004). Available from www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-regulation-water-sector-africa.pdf (accessed 10 August 2011).", "[78] General Comment No. 15 (2002) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 25; and COHRE, AAS, SDC and UN-Habitat, Manual on the Right to Water and Sanitation, p. 106.", "[79] Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) and WHO, Securing Sanitation: The Compelling Case to Address the Crisis (Stockholm, 2005), p. 25. Available from www.who.int/ water_sanitation_health/hygiene/securingsanitation.pdf.", "[80] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 30.", "[81] SIWI and WHO, Securing Sanitation, pp. 24 and 25.", "[82] Sophie Trémolet, “World Water Day: a global inundation of funds is not enough”, The Guardian, 22 March 2011. Available from www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/ mar/22/world-water-day-sanitation-hygiene.", "[83] Commitment No. 4 of the eThekwini Declaration, adopted by the Second African Conference on Sanitation and Hygiene, held in Durban, South Africa, from 18 to 21 February 2008. The text of the Declaration is available from www.africasan3.com/Images/eThekwiniAfricaSan.pdf.", "[84] Mehta and Mehta, Financing Water and Sanitation at Local Levels, p. 59.", "[85] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, pp. 12 and 61.", "[86] Ibid.", "[87] Ibid., pp. 70 and 71.", "[88] Tom Slaymaker and Peter Newborne, “Implementation of water supply and sanitation programmes under PRSPs: synthesis of research findings from sub-Saharan Africa” (London, Overseas Development Institute, August 2004). Available from www.odi.org.uk/ resources/details.asp?id=1663&title=water-supply-sanitation-prsps-synthesis-research-sub-saharan-africa.", "[89] Mehta and Mehta, Financing Water and Sanitation at Local Levels, p. 59.", "[90] Ibid., p. 28.", "[91] A/HRC/18/33/Add.2, para. 48, calling on the Slovenian Government to intervene in municipalities failing to meet human rights obligations related to the Roma population, and A/HRC/33/Add.4 (forthcoming), calling for a mandatory federal standard on affordability in the United States of America.", "[92] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, p. 62.", "[93] Ibid., p. 61.", "[94] Ehtisham Ahmad, “Macro, fiscal and decentralization options to address marginality: reaching the extreme poor”, paper prepared for the International Roundtable Conference on Marginality and Extreme Poverty: Towards Inclusive Development for and with the Poorest, held at the Centre for Development Research, University of Bonn, Germany, from 20 to 22 June 2011.", "[95] Katharina Welle, “Learning for advocacy and good practice: WaterAid water point mapping: report of findings based on country visits to Malawi and Tanzania”, WaterAid Report (London, Overseas Development Institute, December 2005). Available from www.odi.org.uk/resources/ download/2952.pdf.", "[96] WHO and UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (www.wssinfo.org/country-collaborations/data-reconciliation).", "[97] General Comment No. 15 (2002) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 51.", "[98] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, p. 63.", "[99] African Ministers’ Council on Water, Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation; a Status Review of Sixteen African Countries (December 2006), p. 47.", "[100] Nila Ardhianie, “Water privatisation in Indonesia”, in B. Balanyá and others (eds.), Reclaiming Public Water: Achievements, Struggles and Visions from Around the World (Amsterdam: Transnational Institute and Corporate Europe Observatory, 2005), p. 227; and Violeta Petrova, “At the frontiers of the rush for blue gold: water privatization and the human right to water, Brooklyn Journal of International Law, vol. 31, No. 2 (2006), pp. 577‑614.", "[101] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership, Financing Water for All, p. 10.", "[102] Global Corruption Report 2008: Corruption in the Water Sector (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 10. Available from www.transparency.org/publications/gcr/gcr_2008.", "[103] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, p. 128." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目13和69(b)", "联合国经济、社会及有关领域", "各次主要会议和首脑会议成果", "的统筹协调执行及后续行动", "促进和保护人权：", "人权问题，包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员的报告", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔丽娜·德阿尔布克尔克按照大会第64/292号决议及人权理事会第15/9号决议和第16/2号决议，向大会提交本报告。报告审查了涉及可用于实现水和卫生设施权利资源的重要问题。报告第二部分简要回顾了相关部门的资源状况。接下来审议了各部门范围内的一些主要筹资来源，就如何通过与人权原则保持一致来扩大和完善这些来源提出了建议，并扼要阐述了投资饮水和卫生设施权利的巨大益处。第三部分审议了有效调拨资源的相关挑战。该部分通过具体实例介绍了利益攸关方可如何通过铭记人权原则，更好地利用有限资源。最后，第四部分论及了进行充分筹资的其他挑战，诸如机构分散和缺少透明度。", "目录", "页次\n 1. 导言 3\n 2. 对水和卫生设施的供资不足 4\n A. 将人权纳入传统筹资机制 6\n B. 筹资来源 7\nC. 投资水和卫生设施的益处\t13\n3. 有效定位资源\t14\nA. 人权和定位\t14\nB. 最弱势群体和边缘群体未享受到资源\t15\nC. 选择适当的技术\t16\nD. 运作和维持\t17\nE. 权力下放和能力建设\t17\nF. 监管\t18\nG. 提高认识和社区外展\t19\n4. 准确评估资源\t20\nA. 分割问题\t20\nB. 透明度问题\t22\nC. 无法衡量个人缴费情况\t23\n5. 结论和建议\t24", "一. 导言", "1. 享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔丽娜·德阿尔布克尔克按照人权理事会第15/9号决议和大会第64/292号决议，向大会提交本报告。在前一份决议中，理事会请特别报告员(当时为独立专家)向大会提交年度报告，在后一份决议中，大会请特别报告员在其提交大会第六十六届会议的报告中介绍在实现享有安全清洁饮用水和卫生设施的人权方面存在的主要挑战，以及这些挑战对实现千年发展目标努力的影响。根据人权理事会第16/2号决议而延长的任务规定，特别报告员还在努力确定在充分实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权方面存在的挑战和障碍。", "2. 特别报告员在其他报告中提及在实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权方面存在的具体挑战，诸如缺乏政治意愿和需要出台国家行动计划(如，A/HRC/18/33)。然而，缺少资源问题经常被各利益攸关方提及，应予以特别关注。因此，她选择将该议题作为本报告的重点。", "3. 报告处理了用于实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权的资源问题，并询问现有资源是否足以实现此项权利，以及这些资源是否得到了妥善利用。总而言之，得出的结论是，虽然可以并且应该向各部门投入更多资源，但通过采取符合人权义务的更具针对性的干预措施，能够利用现有资源开展更多相关工作。提高透明度及加强协调将有助于更好地全面了解直接用于各部门的资源，以及如何利用这些资源，从而有助于完善政策制订和执行。", "4. 特别报告员强调指出，不可回避的事实是，实现包括公民权利和政治权利在内的人权需要资金。司法系统运作良好、警察部队尊重人权、社会政策保护最弱势人群和建设基础设施是支持建立基于尊重人权的社会和获得经费的必要条件。这些费用通常由国家支助和个人付款共同分摊。例如，教育和法律援助通常由税收予以支助，而保健则是通过保险方案和税收。", "5. 投资水和卫生设施不应脱离实际进行。在决定资源的使用方式和使用领域时，宏观经济政策极大地影响着国家决策。在未满足人们的经济和社会需求的情况下，将自身经济增长作为优先事项会对人权的享有构成威胁。[2] 例如，某些经济理论无视收入分配的意义，并根据私营部门能够更为有效地使用资源这一假设，提倡尽量减少公共开支。[3] 然而，如果不对成果是否公平予以同等关注，注重经济增长和建立强有力的监管框架的狭隘做法会引发对人权的重大关切。只有社会最弱势阶层能够参与其中，经济增长才能在减少贫穷、实现千年发展目标和最终实现人权方面发挥关键作用。", "6. 水和卫生设施资源的供应情况还与全球范围内的资金借贷方式密切相关。需将较大部分国内生产总值用于偿还外债的国家确定其基本公共服务(包括水和卫生设施)国家预算和资源分配的能力可能会受到限制。此外，如下文所进一步讨论的，继续在上述筹资安排中使用附加条件还会扭曲国家优先事项，并对人权造成有害影响。[4]", "7. 经济政策必须以人权为指导，并作为实现人权的一项工具。各国和国际决策者有责任根据其人权义务审议其宏观经济政策选择。应对经济政策进行审查，以符合人权标准，并逐步实现、不后退、不歧视、透明、参与和问责等原则。虽然对经济政策提出详细评论意见不属于本报告范畴，但必须从一开始就了解，对人人享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的筹资是在这一更大背景下进行的，并且这一背景影响着筹资。", "8. 在铭记更大背景的同时，本报告表明，各国和国际捐助方坚定承诺将人权原则融入部门的筹资工作能够帮助各国筹集、使用和跟踪资源。为编制本报告，特别报告员于2011年5月与人权法、水、卫生设施、宏观经济学和发展领域的专家在里斯本举行会议，[5] 并继续与一些专家进行双边协商。专家们提供的观点和专门知识极有帮助，特别报告员感谢专家分享其观点。", "二. 对水和卫生设施的供资不足", "9. 最新估计显示，近10亿人得不到经改良的饮用水源，26亿人仍无法获取经改善的卫生设施。[6] 千年发展目标关于卫生设施的具体目标严重偏离轨道，无法获取的人数仍在上升。[7]即使2015年的目标能够实现，仍然有超过17亿人得不到经改善的卫生设施。⁶关于水的具体目标已步入轨道，但进展情况仍不稳定。如果实现，全世界至少6.72亿人仍将无法获取经改良的水源，[8] 无法获取安全饮水的人数必将增长，因为目前的数据并不包括对水质或负担能力的衡量。最弱势和最受排挤的人群无一例外地仍将无法获取；令人遗憾的是，实现千年发展目标方面取得的进展并未给穷人带来显著改变。", "10. 在其提交大会第六十五届会议的报告(A/65/254)中，特别报告员解释道，水和卫生设施权利的规范性内容能够以更为全面、负责、更具参与性、不歧视和可持续的方式，支助实现千年发展目标具体7.C。她现在强调，尽管目标提供了具体的发展基准，但人权观点突出表明了具有法律约束力的义务，并设想了普遍、公平和负担得起的获取。", "11. 无论重点是发展目标还是人权，事实是，以目前的供资水平和使用模式，现有资源不足以实现任一方面。一项研究估计，到2015年实现普遍享有水和卫生设施意味着每年需花费165.8亿美元，但指出该数字可能为一个低估数。[9] 关于千年发展目标的具体目标，如果要在2015年之前实现具体目标7.C，则必须大幅增加甚至双倍于对水和卫生设施部门的供资。[10] 根据各项估计，全球实现2015年具体目标每年所需的费用从67亿美元到750亿美元不等，具体取决于基准年份、人口增长和分布、技术费用，以及费用估计数是否包括新基础设施、运作和维护和/或建设持续享有的机构能力的费用等因素。[11] 在国家一级，据估计，各国至少应将国内生产总值的1%用于水和卫生领域。[12]", "12. 与上述高额费用相比，事实上国家政府和捐助者都没有向水和卫生设施服务承诺充足的资源。2008年，水和卫生设施领域的国际援助承诺额仅为74亿美元，占报告的所有国际援助的5%。[13] 尽管对水和卫生设施的投资对实现千年目标产生了重大影响，诸如孕产妇死亡率降低，实现了初级教育普及，增强妇女权能和儿童死亡率降低，但与用于健康和教育的开支相比，投入水和卫生设施领域的国际援助比例在过去十年中有所减少。[14] 如果要实现所有目标，并充分实现水和卫生设施权利，水和卫生设施必须在国家政府国内和国际优先事项中占据更加显著的地位。", "A. 将人权纳入传统筹资机制", "13. 虽然人权法认识到各国拥有的途径通常很有限，但其需要逐步开展充分实现水和卫生设施权利的工作。逐步实现的原则承认充分行使经济、社会和文化权利是一个长期过程，但申明各国须在一段时间内取得进展，并采取周密、具体和有针对性的步骤，履行《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》所确认的义务，[15] 以尽可能迅速和有效地充分实现上述权利。[16]执行该原则的必然结果是禁止故意的倒退措施。¹⁵不履行其基本义务并减少对特定权利的保护的国家承担提供证据的责任，证实参照《公约》规定的总体权利和从充分利用尽可能多的可用资源的角度看，采取这些措施是合理的。¹⁵", "14. 为逐步充分实现水和卫生设施权利，各国有义务采取步骤，最大限度地利用可用资源，[17] 并且不能以缺乏必要资金或人力资源为由，无视其人权义务。[18] 同时，各国还有一项从其境内居民并在必要时从国际社会筹集资源的积极义务。[19] 无论各国选择的供资来源如何，其自始至终必须确保出台相应的机制，支持透明、公众参与和问责制。", "15. 然而，对各国而言，如果为水和卫生设施部门筹集大量资源，但同时却不能确保其使用能对实现普及产生尽可能大的影响，这样是不够的。除其他外，各国应设法通过以下方式实现最大成果：制定全部门战略和有力的监管框架；努力提高对水和卫生设施服务的认识和需求；酌情投资低成本但高效率的技术。数量评估领域的新兴战略使得监测是否将尽可能多的可用资源用于实现经济、社会和文化权利(包括水和卫生设施权利)成为可能。[20] 人权法还要求各国积极促进不歧视做法。[21] 各国必须将其经费优先用于需求最大的目标群体和社区。", "16. 虽然水和卫生权利的一些方面需要逐步实现，但人权法也设想了即刻产生效果的义务，应根据这些义务规定国家短期优先事项和决策。[22] 在水和卫生设施权利方面，它包括在没有歧视的基础上，优先获得最基本的水和卫生设施；通过并执行国家水和卫生设施战略；以及开始监测水和卫生设施权利的实现程度。[23]", "B. 筹资来源", "17. 除了投资于高效技术和将基本需求列为优先事项外，各国还应努力实现水和卫生部门供资来源的多样化，并优化这些来源，其中包括收费和用户缴费、国家和地方税收，以及国际援助(赠款或贷款)。许多扩大获取机会的项目将涉及不同的筹资来源。", "18. 将问责制、参与和不歧视等人权原则纳入筹资机制能增强其影响，具体方法是确保分配这些资源，使其侧重于增加目前没有或未充分获取水和卫生设施服务的人群的获得机会。", "1. 家庭和用户缴费", "19. 特别报告员强调，人权框架并不要求免费提供水和卫生设施服务。免费获取水资源实际上可能会剥夺服务提供者扩大和保持服务所需的收入，从而对低收入家庭造成损失，并使其面临不可持续的风险。[24] 此外，拒绝缴费的并不总是那些因没有接入正规网络而从非正规供应商购买大量水的最弱势和低收入家庭。对于上述社区的人而言，支付正式服务供给费通常是一个获得更常规的服务和更高质量水和卫生设施的好机会。[25]", "20. 家庭可通过若干方式促进改善获得水和卫生设施的机会。在网络供应的情况下，收费问题讨论尤为重要，因为多数供水(和污水)部门至少通过收费(例如，家庭直接支付获取水和卫生设施的费用)支付其部分经费。[26] 对相关设施的限制日趋加大，通过收费筹集的资金只能用于运营、维护和改善或扩大水和卫生设施服务，且不能被用于其他政府用途。一些国家政府还要求遵循费用回收原则，至少通过收费来支付运作和维护费用，这意味着与运作和和维护水(及有时卫生设施)服务相关的所有费用。然而，通过收取用户费筹得的资金一般达不到投资新项目或扩大现有基础设施所需的资金水平。²⁵ 如果制定了费用回收原则，则必须对收费进行调整，通过确保负担得起的补充制度援助无力支付水(和卫生设施)服务供给成本价格的家庭。因此，会出现不一致情况，原因是供水部门需要在商业性基础上提供服务，但同时也需提供负担得起的公共产品。", "21. 在获取正规的水和污水服务方面，另一种家庭缴费方式是连接费。这些费用包括向供电部门支付网络连接费(如，给家庭接通管道的实际费用)，以及改良家庭管道使其能够连通的费用(如，内部管道、储水箱等)。这些费用通常是赤贫家庭的一个重大障碍。最新研究表明，在非洲，向供水部门支付的连通费平均为185.50美元，亚洲为168.90美元。在具体环境下连通水系统的费用方面，举例来说，加纳需要一年的收入。[27] 一些国家已决定减少获取水和卫生设施服务的障碍，取消所有家庭或部分家庭的这一支出，或将部分或全部扩大服务的费用纳入标准服务费用。可以说，扩大供水部门的客户基础可能比坚持收取高昂的连通费更能够带来更大的收入。[28]", "22. 农村地区和非正规居住区水和卫生设施服务的家庭缴费与标准自来水和污水服务供应的家庭缴费大不相同。在这些情况下，用户费用从建立社区和个别家庭供应(一个干净的公共或家庭厕所)、水储存(桶、罐、箱)、水处理(煮沸、氯化、过滤等)、清洁、维护、清空厕所或化粪池，到粪便处置不等。", "23. 在任何情况下，人权框架要求各国首先确保获得水和卫生设施的费用仍然可负担得起，并且适当反映边缘化和弱势人群的需求，其次，确保针对无力支付或仅能够支付最低费用的人群出台一个安全网络。在这种情况下，可负担得起表示该费用不得大幅削弱家庭支付食物、住房或保健等其他基本费用的能力。[29]", "24. 如下文所讨论的，直接或交叉性补贴等各种形式的政府支助可对负担能力产生积极影响。[30] 采用健全和透明的衡量指标并监测负担能力有助于进一步促进该部门的问责。", "虽然本报告通篇都考虑到了为水和卫生设施筹资的问题，但应评估为卫生设施筹资不同于为供水筹资的原因。 虽然投资卫生设施比仅投资于水能够带来更为显著的益处，但与卫生设施部门相比较，更易筹得供水部门的所需资源，37%的援助供资^(a)和平均仅20%的关于相关部门的政府支出被用于卫生设施。^(b) 无论经济状况如何，妇女、儿童和男子均认为获得水资源是一项需求，且此需求不可替代。因此在没有选择的情况下，人们甚至愿意支付高昂的价格以获得劣质水。因此，在没有充分了解拥有和使用厕所的经济和健康益处的情况下，供水在各国政府的政治议程及家庭、学校、工作场所和诊所的预算优先事项清单上的地位一般高于卫生设施。 此外，卫生设施可能是一个禁忌话题，因为在许多文化中，很难对个人需求，特别是妇女需求开展讨论。这意味着，无法充分了解哪些人没有充分获得卫生设施及其原因(如果不是不可能获得)，从而使规划和预算编制变得困难。 男性户主可能是预算优先次序的决策者，他们在获得卫生设施方面往往有更多选择，无论是在工作场所还是根据文化习俗，这些习俗使得男子随地小便(如果不是大便)更易为人所接受。这可能意味着，家庭预算决定没有反映妇女的需求，并且没有满足其对方便和安全的卫生设施的需求，这些设施不只用于个人用途，也有助于照料儿童、病人和老人。 适足卫生设施所涉的各个方面都要求为卫生设施进行筹资，这些方面包括购买或修建厕所或盥洗室，清除或运输废物(例如污水或坑式厕所/化粪池清空系统)及其处理、处置和/或再利用。虽然许多家庭可能对修建盥洗室或厕所进行了有效规划，但相关运输、处理、处置和再利用方面的规划和预算编制更为复杂，需要(特别是在城市地区)采用更为全面的做法。各国政府和捐助方废水处理的工作重点是网络污水系统，但这些系统往往未普及至最贫穷的家庭，因而没有解决厕所和化粪池粪便污泥处理问题。为在密集的城市环境中和未连接下水道系统的农村地区找到适当的粪便处置系统，必须开展更多的工作。^(c) 为了可持续地获得卫生设施，对宣传等领域的投资通常是刺激需求的必要条件。在需求很小的情况下，提供卫生基础设施和装置会带来设施得不到使用的风险。^(d) _________ ^(a)《2010年联合国水机制全球卫生与饮水年度评估：向更好的成果划拨资源》(日内瓦，世界卫生组织，2010年3月)，第28页。 ^(b) 同上，第29页。 ^(c) Maggie Black and Ben Fawcett, The Last Taboo: Opening the Dooron the Global Sanitation Crisis (London and Stirling, Virginia,Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2008), pp. 212-216。 \n^(d) 见Carolien van der Voorden and Andy Peal, Public Funding forSanitation: The Many Faces of Sanitation Subsidies (Geneva, WaterSupply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, 2009); and SophieTrémolet, Pete Kolsky and Eddy Perez, Financing On-site Sanitationfor the Poor: A Six Country Comparative Review andAnalysis(华盛顿特区，世界银行饮水和卫生方案，2010年1月)。", "2. 税收和政府供资", "25. 虽然收费和用户费能够支助水和卫生设施服务的提供，但它们几乎不能支付全部费用，特别是将服务扩大至新的或未得到充分服务的地区时。[31] 发达国家和发展中国家的情况均是如此。例如，在日本，政府补贴占到对这些部门投资的7%，而在葡萄牙，水和卫生设施部门31%的筹资来自国家和市政预算，而非收费(http://insaar.inag.pt/index.php?id=31)。", "26. 因此，政府支助是确保筹得资金的必要条件，原因如下：第一，这通常是为资本密集型基础设施项目供资的主要来源，诸如建设废水处理设施。[32] 如果扩大获取范围涉及在贫民窟和其他非正规居住区等未得到服务和贫穷地区开展工作，且初期费用高昂及投资的短期收益很低，各国可能是愿意和有能力进行大规模供给的唯一行为者。", "27. 第二，补贴形式的政府供资可能是提高低收入家庭负担相关服务的能力的必要条件。具有重大人权影响的一个问题是政府补贴方案应具有普遍性质，还是具有针对性。[33] 仅仅旨在普及至有需求人群的具有针对性的补贴反映出，预算拮据限制了各国可投入任何特定部门的资源。[34] 同样，能够独自进行补贴的国家也应采取此种做法。因此，各国可采取经济情况调查等方式确定符合获得支助条件的人群。", "28. 然而，确保具有针对性的补贴普及至预期受益者可能很复杂，且费用高昂。尤为重要的是，要确保具有针对性的补贴不是出于政治关系偏袒某些人群，或者被中坚力量攫获的一种掩护，因为这样会加剧各群体或宗教之间的差距。在这方面，选定目标的过程和符合资格的标准尤其必须做到公正、合理、客观和透明。[35] 在难以确定有需求人群的情况下，普及补贴制度可能适宜保障最需要援助的人群实际获益。如果没有经济情况调查制度，普及制度在管理方面的费用也较低。从本质上来讲，各国必须出台一项制度，确保在获得水和卫生设施方面需要援助的家庭能够获得此类援助，同时考虑到今世后代的需求及资源的有效利用。", "29. 在个人或家庭管理其自身本地化服务的情况下，可能有必要提供赠款或补贴，以确保持续获得水和卫生设施。在一些情况下，为修建供水点或厕所提供了补贴，但却很少对其运营和维护提供补贴。各国政府很少为援助家庭安全处理粪便提供支助。对可持续性的关注不够会带来后退风险，并可能违反人权法。社区牵头的全面卫生做法等方法提供了宝贵经验，特别是在向社区能力建设划拨经费，而不是为确保厕所既得到维护又得到有效使用对修建厕所体进行直接补贴方面。", "3. 国际援助", "30. 在家庭缴费和政府支出不足以实现水和卫生设施权利的情况下，国际援助通常为筹资提供捐助。[36] 为根据逐步实现原则最大限度利用可用资源，各国有义务在必要时诉诸国际支助。[37] 反过来，能够提供援助的国家有义务根据人权原则提供支助。[38] 这一国际合作义务对相关人权条约的缔约方普遍适用，且不是针对任何具体国家(E/CN.4/2006/WG.32/2，第50段)。", "31. 尽管过去十年国内筹资呈现增加的趋势，但国际援助依然是诸多发展中国家及一些转型国家的水和卫生部门筹资的主要来源。[39] 同时，用于水和卫生设施领域的国家援助份额在过去十年有所减少，并且考虑到增加获取带来的巨大利 益，[40] 应将此援助列为供资方面的重点优先事项(见下文)。", "32. 在当前的经济环境下，严重依赖国际援助支助实现水和卫生设施权利的国家应力争在现有援助分配的范围之内，将为水和卫生设施供资作为优先事项，同时还应采用各项措施，即使是在供资没有大幅增长的情况下，也能继续在实现上述权利方面取得进展。", "33. 该过程首先是进行有力的部门规划，其中包括制订统一的全部门政策和具体目标。证据表明，在没有明确的国家政策框架的情况下，尤其难以有效和高效地提供服务。[41] 此外，国际捐助者在考虑将哪些部门列为优先事项时，是否制定了有力的部门计划经常是为影响其决策的一个重要因素。[42] 同时，在开展部门规划时，应首先从总体获取情况及负担能力、可接受性和质量方面，对可用资源和实现水和卫生设施权利的现状进行全面评估。[43]", "34. 如果发展中国家有义务采取步骤，确保可持续向水和卫生设施领域划拨国际援助，并支持逐步实现，则国际捐助者也有相应地义务促进这一过程。国际援助应恪守《援助实效问题巴黎宣言》和《阿克拉行动纲领》所述的各项原则，从而确保援助协定符合国际人权法，以及援助优先事项与其发展伙伴的国家政策框架相一致。[44]", "35. 此外，通过国际金融机构和捐助者提供的贷款和赠款为水和卫生设施领域调集资金。上述行为者必须努力消除这些筹资协定所附的不当附加条件。[45] 如果发展资金有赖于具体宏观经济政策的颁布，则会导致可以其他方式支助实现水和卫生设施权利的公共开支出现削减。[46] 政府资产(包括水和卫生设施服务提供者)私有化，也可能是附加条件方面的一个特点。虽然人权法并未禁止私营部门参与，但如果同时不施具体措施，监测服务的提供并保持所有人可负担得起的获取，则会存在巨大风险，即此类参与会降低扩大和改善未得到充分服务的地区获取的动力，同时还会导致问责削弱，家庭成本增加。", "4. 私营部门和非政府支助", "36. 私营部门筹资主要用于弥补因政府支助不足而出现的服务缺口。例如，尽管通常属于非正规性质，但供水商在未得到服务的社区发挥重要作用。在卫生设施方面，私营行为者参与修建、管理或维护个人或公共厕所，并出售肥皂和其他清洁用品。更为普遍的是，私营部门可以弥补筹资差距，并抵消与提供水和卫生设施服务相关的费用。然而，正规私营部门提供筹资的一个前提条件通常是能够收回这些资金，这不利于向低收入居民区提供服务。同样，非政府组织也可发挥重要作用，但按总体筹资计算，其捐助依然很少。特别报告员详述了私营部门在支助实现水和卫生设施权利方面的作用(见A/HRC/15/31)，并重申从经济模式来说，人权法持中立态度，国家是主要负责方，且有责任进行有效承包和监管私营行为者。", "C. 投资水和卫生设施的益处", "37. 在讨论投资水和卫生设施的成本时，很容易忽视其好处。不向水和卫生设施领域花费更多资金的确会产生更高的经济成本。在发达国家，只有在国家政府开始向供水及且更为重要的卫生设施做出重大投资之后，才会伴随经济增长和预期寿命延长，儿童死亡率降低。[47]", "38. 这些改善带来的利益惊人。根据一些估计，同时实现千年发展目标关于水和卫生设施的具体目标的综合成本-效益比率为8：1。[48]", "39. 在经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)非成员国，同时普及水和卫生设施可带来1 700亿美元的效益。⁴⁷ 在改善健康方面，上述利益尤为明显：例如，通过避免腹泻和救治因不能获得水和卫生设施引起的疾病。[49] 通过对改善水和卫生设施服务进行投资，以残疾调整生命年计算的全球疾病总负担确实可至少降低10%。家庭接通水管也能对降低儿童死亡率产生巨大的积极影响；[50] 在阿根廷开展的一项研究表明，增加最贫穷城市接通水管的家庭可使儿童死亡率降低24%。[51] 增加获得水和卫生设施机会的经济利益包括成人生产效率和儿童入学率提高，因卫生条件恶劣引起的慢性疾病会对这两者造成影响。[52]", "40. 并不是所有好处都能用金钱进行量化。需要对节省时间和获得尊严等无形利益予以认真考虑，因为其可对人类福祉产生影响。投资水和卫生设施给妇女和女孩带来的尤为积极的影响对于实现与两性平等相关的人权义务至关重要。也很难得出关于环境利益的准确数字，但鉴于改善水和卫生设施服务有助于抵御环境恶化，其会给这方面带来巨大利益。", "三. 有效定位资源", "A. 人权和定位", "41. 成功调动确保普遍享有所需的资源本身并不能保证成功实现获得水和卫生设施的权利。人权原则提供了三个基本考虑因素，可以用来指导各国和国际捐助者确定如何将资源分配给水和卫生设施。首先，资源应首先用于履行即刻产生效果的义务。[53] 各国之后可基于该基础，更充分地实现权利并转到更高的服务水平。第二，各国和捐助者必须在其水和卫生设施方案和政策中积极宣传无歧视，以消除主要基于种族、肤色、民族、宗教、性别、经济状况或公民身份的获得机会的不平等。最后，不追溯原则表明资源应促进朝普遍实现的努力的长期可持续性。通常这意味着优化使用现有资源，并创造必要的有形基础设施和监管基础设施，以及必需的人力资源能力，以吸收未来额外的资源。", "42. 近期对水和卫生设施部门可用资源的评估表明：这些资源的利用并不总是为了实现权利。从国际和国内层面来看，大部分资源的受益者为相对较为富裕的人，而不是缺少基本获得机会的低收入社区。[54] 次外，尽管各国和国际捐助者在扩大覆盖范围、运作和维护的相关投资、能力建设和提高认识方面取得了进展，但支持可持续性朝向权利实现发展的并不是优先事项。简而言之，钱花的地方不对。下面这一小节将强调本部门目前定位产生的一些关键人权问题，并就各国如何更有效地利用资源提出了建议。", "B. 最弱势群体和边缘群体未享受到资源", "43. 履行与水和卫生设施权利有关的即刻产生效果的义务意味着保证所有人的基本获得机会，同时将最弱势和边缘化的个人和群体列为优先目标。然而，根据目前的资源分配，这些群体通常不列为优先群体，并且一个国家收到的援助金额与充分获得水和卫生设施服务的人口比例之间并无联系。[55]", "44. 出现这种情况有几个原因，包括因缺乏国际层面和国家层面的数据导致定位和监测不佳，且捐助者出于地理政治原因将几个受援国列为优先目标。从国际层面来看，大多数捐助者并不明确了解他们的资源到了哪些人手里，也不明确了解如何确定这些人。只有一半稍多的人表示会衡量其援助对最贫困人口的影响。[56] 许多人称其对水和卫生设施的援助承诺中有一大半是针对中等收入国家的。[57] 实际上，前10个水和卫生设施援助接受国中有7个报告改善的水和卫生设施的获得率超过90%。[58] 尽管对中等收入国家的援助很重要，但关键是要确认这些重要资源是否被分到最边缘和最弱势群体手中，以及资金是否被用于改善小康人士的获得机会。", "45. 从国家层面看，鲜有国家报告它们已制定或坚持适用旨在确保部门间资源平等分配的标准，尤其是针对卫生设施的标准。[59] 例如，在印度，1995年至2008年间，1.66亿人获得改善的卫生设施，但是最贫穷的五分之一人口的获得几率仅提高了大约3%。[60]", "46. 各国和国际捐助者必须在其水和卫生设施战略中将与权利有关的即刻产生效果的义务列为优先事项。捐助者应考虑将其关注点和资源转至基本获得机会仍然很低的国家，或者制定更强的指标确保其对中等收入国家的援助分配有效用于边缘和弱势群体。同时，各国应制定全国水和卫生设施战略，强调扩大基本获得范围，确保最边缘和弱势群体能够享受到。这也需要提高对国家和国际层面监督的资金支持，以便跟踪资金去向和具体受益人。与各社群之间进行协商也提供了关于哪些家庭最需要帮助的重要信息。", "47. 目前的资助模式过度关注网络化的城区。城市地区的大型系统(例如污水处理设施和污水管道等)比农村地区和城市贫困区的基本服务设施(例如公共厕所、钻孔和手泵)接收的量更大。目前，所有部门援助中有62%流向发展中的大型系统，而只有16%用于基本系统。[61] 这表明自2003年起，基本服务设施的资助降低了约10%。", "48. 在计划大规模系统时，重要的一点是研究哪些人受益：这些投资是否改善已享受设施的人所获得的服务，或其是否扩大至那些缺乏设施的人群？由于规模经济，管道供水系统一般以人均最低成本提供最佳质量的水。但是也需向城郊和非正式定居点的未获得服务或服务率不足的家庭提供这些系统。目前，大型系统的受益人主要为中高等收入家庭，这加深了歧视并加剧了贫富差距。[62]", "C. 选择适当的技术", "49. 水和卫生设施权利的逐步实现并不会自动推高成本。不同的区域和情况要求考虑使用不同的技术。存在低成本的替代技术，且需要进一步创新来为不同的情况设定最适宜的解决方案。在短期到中期内，向居住在偏远农村地区或非正式城市定居点的人有效提供服务的过程中，替代技术可能是有用的。某些替代技术为低成本技术，其他一些可能是高成本但更具持续性的技术，因此，随着时间的推移，是更好的投资。应仔细审查这些选择方案，确定在特定环境下哪项技术是最适宜的，以充分实现水和卫生设施权利。对更昂贵技术的投资并不一定会导致服务得到重大改善。[63] 同时，对低成本高效率技术的投资可大幅降低实现权利所需的资金额度。[64]", "50. 特别报告员并未断然否定任何特定技术或表明扩大或改善水和卫生设施的使用范围应维持低成本。卫生设施的低成本方案通常只是临时方案，因为长期改善公共健康的可靠服务设施往往成本较高。各国应依据目标确定适用的技术。举例来说，如果目标是短期内稳定非正式定居点的用水情况，希望数年之后社区将得到更多永久设施，那么对有限时期来说，公共事业公司提供的水站等低成本方案可能是合适的。", "D. 运作和维持", "51. 将更多资源用于运作和维持对实现水和卫生设施权利工作的长期可持续性至关重要。为实现水和卫生设施千年发展目标所需的当前年度资源的75%被用于替换和维护现有资源。[65] 不幸的是，尽管在扩大水和卫生设施覆盖范围方面取得了进展，但有明显迹象表明存在下滑趋势，由于维护不佳，覆盖范围有所改善的社区的设施出现老化。[66] 例如在印度，所有水和卫生设施得到改善的社区中约有30%失去部分或所有设施覆盖。[67] 在整个非洲，据估计在任何特定时刻，约有30%-40%的手泵无法使用。[68] 用于承担这些开支的国际援助目前相当之少。[69]", "52. 将改进水和卫生设施的使用寿命成本纳入考虑的投资，或特别针对新的和现有服务设施的维护和运作的投资对避免这种后退很有必要。至于效率，对运作和维护进行投资比失效后翻修一个项目要节省得多。[70]", "E. 权力下放和能力建设", "53. 水和卫生设施权利实现的长期成功还要求对政府和人才能力(尤其是地方政府和人才能力)进行投资。水和卫生设施管理责任的分权可能提高其效率，从而提高可持续性，同时也改善透明度、问责制和对当地需求的敏感度。[71] 然而，权力下放的这些性质并不是自动的，中央政府在人权方面发挥着重要的监督作用。具体而言，中央政府必须确保大部分边缘化和弱势群体被列为优先对象，并采纳必要措施(例如通过有约束的转交或专门转交给地方机构)，以避免资金被用于特权群体或其他部门或被其占用。", "54. 地方政府极少有解决服务设施的使用、购买和质量所需的资金或技术能力。除非得到地方机构的支持，例如他们学习修订税费和/或补助金结构、规划新项目或调集其他资源，否则下放提供水和卫生设施的责任是无效的。但是据报告，有几项资源被用于支持能力改进。[72] 地方政府并未定期得到足以承担其所有责任的资源，并且几乎无能力自筹资金。近期的一项研究发现各国对水和卫生设施的支出中大约只有三分之一进入地方政府预算。[73]", "55. 为了确保地方政府在可用资源的最大范围内，完全遵循其逐步实现水和卫生设施权利的责任，选择下放水和卫生设施控制权的国家必须通过对地方能力建设提供更多资源，以提高过程效率和效能。能力建设投资应主要关注两个方面。首先，各国和国际捐助者应提供更多资源，用于支持地方政府独立资助项目并扩大服务范围的能力，同时确保资源用于最有需求的人。向地方机构提供更多资金并非易事，这可能涉及改善当地政府的信誉及其吸引外资的能力。[74]", "56. 第二，在改进当地行为体吸收额外资源并管理和提供水和卫生设施服务方面，应提供更多资金。这意味着需要更多关于如何进行和维持水和卫生设施改善的实际培训以及关于如何进行新项目规划和预算编制、筹集费用以及在某些情况下执行补助方案的行政培训。[75]", "F. 监管", "57. 与能力建设一样，水和卫生设施权利的实现进展只有在强大的监管框架中才可以持续。[76] 国家监管框架以几种方式对权利予以支持，例如设定明确的实施目标和基准；澄清并协调各行为体的责任；设定最低质量、可用性和负担能力标准；并通过设定合规鼓励措施来改进问责制。[77] 监管框架让政府能够将未获得服务或服务率不足的人口列为优先对象，并可形成补助方案和其他针对低收入家庭保障措施的基础。[78]", "G. 提高认识和社区外展", "58. 水和卫生设施服务的扩散和可持续不仅取决于资金和构建新设施。各国也有责任就水和卫生设施的卫生使用提供社区教育。[79] 就水和卫生设施的使用和益处进行社区教育的专用资源和与社区进行有关其特别需求的商讨有几点好处，主要包括：确保以支持其长期可持续性的方式正确使用服务设施；改善地方自主权、透明度和问责制；确保设施适用并反映社区的文化需求；并改善整体公共健康。但尽管有这些益处，大部分国家对该领域划拨更多资源的能力有限。[80] 国际支助也很低，2008年仅占该领域总援助的1%。[81]", "59. 外展和提高认识也为将来更有效地扩展服务奠定基础。这些活动的专用资源常常可转化为更大需求，从而形成更大的政治意愿。创造需求的必要性尤其与环境卫生相关，这种情况下改善服务的益处并不非常明显且获得壁垒可能很高。[82] 而尽管得到水的好处很明显，但社区外展仍能通过宣传补助方案发挥重要作 用。[83] 幸运的是，各国开始认识到对社区外展和提高认识分配资源的重要性，举例来说，这反映在承诺扩大国家减贫战略中环境卫生和个人卫生范畴的2008年《特克维尼宣言》之中。[84]", "四. 准确评估资源", "60. 在准确评估可用资源之后，各国才能对在何处使用和如何使用资源进行实际评估。由于各种原因，包括制度分割、缺乏透明度和缺乏对个人缴费的监督机构，目前很难准确衡量或跟踪流入该部门或从该部门流出的资源量。本节简要讨论了这些障碍并提供一些初步的改善建议。", "A. 分割问题", "61. 分割(即资源和责任在大量机构和项目间分散，每一个机构和项目均有其自身的规则和目标)是准确衡量资源的核心挑战。[85]由于其分布于数个部门，从公共健康到住房，所以在这方面水和卫生设施尤其容易受到影响。[86]", "62. 当部门援助由一系列政府部门管理时(例如一个监管机构可能负责管理税费，而另一个监督水质量)，分割通常横向出现在各机构当中。在这种情况下，分割并不总是毫无效果，它对资源跟踪也不会产生严重威胁。但是，当多个机构负责类似职责时，或当一个机构负责制定政策而另一个机构控制开支时，它就成了问题。[87] 横向分割也困扰着国际捐助者。[88] 例如，在协商援助项目时，个人捐助者常常想与政府达成个人化的预算外协议。这些协议可能会破坏一国在制定部门策略时计算所有可用资源的能力。[89] 特别报告员已在其哥斯达黎加和埃及特派团报告中表达其对横向分割所产生问题的关注(A/HRC/12/24/Add.1和Corr.1，第61段和A/HRC/15/31/Add.3和Corr.1，第13段)，但是与许多专家的讨论表明，在全世界水和卫生设施部门中这些是系统性问题。", "63. 分割也可能是纵向的，不仅出现在部委之间，也出现在国家、国家以下各级和地方机构之中。在权力下放时往往会出现分割，同时没有一致性国家战略和强有力的监管框架。[90] 资金渠道常常错综复杂，导致代价不菲的重叠和重复，[91] 且整个国家可能使用不一致的标准。特别报告员对中央政府在服务供应设施分散安排的环境下确保水和卫生设施权的首要作用发表评论，特别在其斯洛文尼亚和美国特派团报告中提及。[92]", "64. 关于衡量可用资源，分割在数个方面造成障碍。举例来说，许多国际或地方机构在水和卫生设施部门有一个进入点，作为其更广泛职责范畴的一部分。因为就预算编制而言，每个机构对部门的贡献可能包含在更大的职责范围中(例如公共卫生措施、住房措施、缓解措施等)，所以各国很难准确查明用于水和卫生设施的资源量。[93] 实际上，水和卫生设施责任的扩散是资金不足的主要原因。[94] 此外，由于资源位于几个不同的账户，所以很难监督其支付情况。例如，合并所有政府现金并提供资金如何使用和由谁使用[95]线索的财政部单一账户提供了处理这个问题的一种方法。", "65. 同样，由于多个机构和利益攸关方关注同一个部门，所以极有可能存在服务重叠或无谓的重复。例如，马拉维取水点制图报告发现，由于缺少协调，在现有钻井旁钻出新的取水点，而服务率不足的地区还是继续被忽略。[96] 因此，即使有可能确定一国在任一既定时间的水和卫生设施开支，也可能仍然难以确定若消除这种浪费则可以使用的资源量。最后，不同的机构，包括国际捐助者，可能有不同的水和卫生设施监管机构，这些机构考虑的是不同的标准，使用的是自身特定的方法。这给希望实施全国性水和卫生设施战略的政府带来了问题，因为其将导致不同的需求和成本评估。[97]", "66. 特别报告员已强调国家规划和明确分配责任，以有效实现水和卫生设施权的重要性(见A/HRC/18/33)。因此各国必须承担其义务，认真协调各层面行为体的工作，并采用针对水和卫生设施的综合部门政策。[98]", "B. 透明度问题", "67. 水和卫生设施部门内透明度有限是准确评估资源库存的另一个主要挑战。水和卫生设施预算编制的透明度对该部门改进的可持续性和长期成功至关重要，因为它支持各机构资源和设施协调的可预测性、规划和平等分配。透明的预算编制还可作为弱势群体或未获服务社区中的宣传和问责平台。[99]", "68. 预算编制透明度低主要是因为缺乏预算编制细节。国家预算往往未能充分考虑如何分配水和卫生设施部门的开支，分配在何处、由谁来分配。这个问题与上文提到的横向分割有着密切关系，这种情况下水和卫生设施属于多个更广阔的范畴。即使预算足够详细，但预算资料的获得机会仍然有限。几项水和卫生设施措施，例如WASHCost(www.washcost.org)和联合国水机制全球环境卫生和饮用水年度评估报告，针对更好地监督部门资金并确保改进个人和机构的信息获取采取了重要措施。人权预算监督工作近年来大幅增加，为要求获得信息和跟踪预算分配的民间团体和其他利益攸关方提供重要工具，以便让政府对履行其人权义务负责。这个工作涉及到按照区域和群体分列预算，对了解资金是否根据人权义务而分配具有深远影响。公共开支跟踪对于评估资金是否准确依据预算所述目标而使用也很重要。", "69. 即使是透明的预算编制，也很少能说明国际捐助者和非政府组织对水和卫生设施的额外预算外资源的去向，这些机构常常希望独立于政府对其项目的管理。花费在这些项目上的资源几乎从未记录在国家预算之中。如果国家依赖国际捐助来进行其大部分的水和卫生设施工作，那么这意味着政府和社区几乎不知道实际上能获得多少资金。就2006年马拉维的例子来说，据估计非政府组织的预算外开支是报告的水和卫生设施年度预算的三倍。[100]", "70. 当国家与私营部门达成服务供应合同(特别是招标过程和合同不对外公开)时，缺乏透明度也可能影响资源的准确评估。[101] 特别报告员强调了私营部门参与时透明度的重要性，特别指出最终合同和职权范围必须接受公共监督和评论(A/HRC/15/31，第36段)。私营承包商有时也会估计出低价，为赢得合同而人为降低成本，之后在双边的合同重新谈判中获得更有利的条件，特别报告员指出这种做法与人权要求相违背。", "71. 在所有筹资形式中，缺乏透明度可能刺激产生侵吞资源、贿赂或收受贿赂或其他不当行为的现象。这些行为会转化为很少见报告的附加成本，导致政府和个别机构无法清晰了解实际上有多少钱可用于水和卫生设施。[102] 举例而言，据透明国际估算，到2015年，腐败可能导致实现千年发展目标7.C的成本增加约500亿美元。[103]", "C. 无法衡量个人缴费情况", "72. 如上文所解释的，个人和家庭缴费在水和卫生设施获得机会的扩展和改进方面发挥着重要作用。《人类发展报告》以中国为例，指出农村地区卫生设施快速发展，70%的改进资金来自家庭。[104] 然而，这些缴费的价值很少被纳入国家成本评估。", "73. 对这种缴费进行跟踪并将其纳入总体规划和预算极为困难。尽管水和卫生设施的收费相对来说容易监控，但家庭用于建造和维持其使用的开支金额(特别在非网络化服务中)是很难监控的。人权分析要求考虑这些成本，因为其影响了对水和卫生设施的承付能力。这一信息对了解哪些人需要哪种援助至关重要，这样才能确保其获得水和卫生设施。对于穷人而言，大量家庭缴费是获得或持续获得水和卫生设施的障碍。", "五. 结论和建议", "74. 本报告分析了在为获得水和卫生设施提供资金以实现这些人权方面的各种挑战。确保人人享有水和卫生设施需要获得相当多的资源，才能向仍然无法获得水和卫生设施的上亿人提供可持续的水和卫生设施。但是，除了需要额外资源外，现有资源也必须有更好的定位，将最受排斥和边缘化群体列为优先对象。更透明的预算和更好的协调也有助于更完整地了解可用于解决水和卫生设施危机的资源。", "75. 基于本报告的调查结果，特别报告员建议各国：", "(a) 在国家预算和官方发展援助中将水和卫生设施的资金列为优先事项，特别着重扩大至未获服务或服务率不足的地区。这应包括确定在享有水和卫生设施方面处于最边缘、最受排斥和弱势群体的措施，以及改善其状况的特别措施；", "(b) 确保家庭缴费(不论是税费还是其他形式的缴费)能够负担得起，包括设立补充系统支持低收入家庭获得并持续享有水和卫生设施；", "(c) 增加分配给水和卫生设施的国际援助份额并纳入人权方法；", "(d) 确保所有行为者(包括捐助者、私营提供者和非政府组织)报告用于该部门的资金，以便完整地了解分配给部门的资源及其如何定位；", "(e) 将最有可能延伸到最边缘化和弱势群体的系统的开支列为优先事项，包括确保非正式定居点也获得管道供水，并就可用于确保可持续使用的技术选择范围同社区进行磋商；", "(f) 将运作和维护成本考虑因素纳入投资，以确保可持续性；", "(g) 在权力下放的情况下，为地方当局的能力建设投入资源；", "(h) 为在具有必备专业知识的情况下有效执行监管投入资源；", "(i) 为提高对水、环境卫生和个人卫生的认识投入资源，作为增加对这些服务设施的需求的手段；", "(j) 确保横向和纵向协调，以及其他利益攸关方(例如捐助者、私营服务提供者和非政府组织)之间的协调；", "(k) 确保预算和其他部门资金的透明度，包括关于由谁获得何种水平的设施的分列资料。", "76. 特别报告员鼓励捐助国、非政府组织和国际组织确保其政策、方案和项目支持旨在更协调和更透明地资助水和卫生设施部门的工作。", "——————", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] Radhika Balakrishnan、Diane Elson 和 Raj Patel, Rethinking Macro Economic Strategies from a Human Rights Perspective(卡内基理事会，2009年2月)，第10页和第11页。见 http://www.cwgl.rutgers.edu/globalcenter/publications/whymes2.pdf(2011年8月9日查阅)。", "[3] 同上。", "[4] 见独立专家关于国家的外债和其他有关国际金融义务对充分享受所有人权，尤其是经济、社会、文化权利的影响的报告(A/65/260)。", "[5] 与拉特格斯大学妇女全球领导地位中心联合举办的关于宏观经济政策及水和卫生设施权力的会议。", "[6] 世界卫生组织(世卫组织)和联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)，供水和卫生联合监测方案，《卫生和饮用水方面的进展：2010年最新情况》，第6页和第7页。可查阅：www.wssinfo.org/documents-links/documents/(2011年8月9日查阅)。", "[7] 同上，第8页。", "[8] 同上，第9页。", "[9] 世卫组织和联合国开发计划署(开发署)，“扩大低收入家庭饮用水供应和卫生干预措施覆盖范围的经济和健康影响”(WHO/SDE/WSH/07/05)，第21页和第22页。可查阅：www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/economic/mdg10_offtrack.pdf(2011年8月9日查阅)。", "[10] 世界水事理事会、第三届世界水论坛和全球水事伙伴关系，《资助向所有人提供饮水：世界水基础设施筹资小组的报告》(2003年3月)，前言。可查阅：www.financingwaterforall.org/ index.php?id=1098(2011年8月9日查阅)。", "[11] 《2010年联合国水机制全球卫生与饮水年度评估：向更好的成果划拨资源》(日内瓦，世界卫生组织，2010年3月)，第20页。可查阅：www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/glaas/en/(2011年8月9日查阅)。", "[12] 开发计划署，《2006年人类发展报告：消除匮乏——电力、贫穷和全球用水危机》(纽约，2006年)，第9页。", "[13] 《联合国水机制全球年度评估》，第14页。", "[14] 同上，第15页。", "[15] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会第3号一般性意见(1990年)，第10段(《经济及社会理事会正式记录》，1991年，补编第3号，(E/1991/23)，附件三)。", "[16] 同上，第9段。", "[17] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第2条(大会第2200 A (XXI)号决议，附件)。", "[18] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会第3号一般性意见(1990年)，第10段。", "[19] Balakrishnan, Elson and Patel, Rethinking Macro Economic Strategies, p. 8。", "[20] 例如见E. Felner, “A new frontier in economic and social rights advocacy? Turning quantitative data into a tool for human rights accountability”, International Journal on Human Rights, No. 9 (December 2008); and S. Fukuda-Parr, T. Lawson-Remer and S. Randolph, “Measuring the progressive realization of human rights obligations: an index of economic and social rights fulfilment” Economic Rights Working Paper Series, No. 8 (Storrs, Connecticut, University of Connecticut Human Rights Institute, August 2008)。", "[21] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第2条，第2款。", "[22] 经济、社会、文化权利委员会第3号一般性意见(1990年)，第10段。", "[23] 委员会第15号一般性意见(2002年)，第37段。", "[24] 世界水事理事会，《增加地方政府获得经费的机会：为农业用水筹资》，资助向所有人提供饮水工作队，第1号报告(Marseilles，法国，2006年3月)，第6页。可查阅：www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/wwc_task_force_financing_water_for_all.pdf(2011年8月9日查阅)。", "[25] 开发署，《2006年人类发展报告：消除匮乏——电力、贫穷和全球用水危机》(纽约，2006年)，第52页和第53页。", "[26] 经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)，《对水资源及水和卫生服务进行定价》(巴黎，经合组织出版，2010年)，第70页。", "[27] R.W.A. Franceys, “Charging to enter the water shop? The costs of urban water connections for the poor”, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, vol. 5, No. 6 (伦敦，世界淡水协会出版，2005年)，第209-216、 213和215页。", "[28] 同上，第216页。", "[29] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会第15号一般性意见(2002年)。", "[30] 经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)，《对水资源及水和卫生服务进行定价》，第77页。", "[31] 经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)，《对水资源及水和卫生服务进行定价》，第72页。", "[32] 世界水事理事会、第三届世界水论坛和全球水事伙伴关系，《资助向所有人提供饮水》。", "[33] 在其即将提交人权理事会的关于良好做法的报告(将作为A/HRC/18/33/Add.1印发)中，特别报告员介绍了各国为支助对水和卫生设施服务的负担能力所使用的常见补贴类型。", "[34] Thandika Mkandawire, “Targeting and universalism in poverty reduction“, Social Policy and Development Programme, paper No. 23(联合国社会发展研究所，2005年)。", "[35] 人权与赤贫问题独立专家的报告(A/HRC/11/9)，第39段。", "[36] 世界水事理事会、第三届世界水论坛和全球水事伙伴关系，《资助向所有人提供饮水》，第2页。", "[37] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》，第2条，第1款，以及经济、社会和文化权利委员会第3号一般性意见(1990年)，第13段。", "[38] 《联合国宪章》，第五十五条和第五十六条；《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》，第11条；经济、社会和文化权利委员会第3号一般性意见(1990年)，第13段和第14段。", "[39] 《联合国水机制全球年度评估》，第46页。", "[40] 同上，第15页。", "[41] 同上，第38页。", "[42] 同上，第22页。", "[43] 关于从人权角度进行国家规划的更多信息，见特别报告员提交人权理事会第十八届会议的报告(A/HRC/18/33)。", "[44] 《巴黎宣言》，第16段。", "[45] 《阿克拉纲领》(A/63/539，附件)，第18段。", "[46] 见国家的外债和其他有关国际金融义务的影响问题独立专家的报告(A/65/20)，B部分。", "[47] 开发署，《2006年人类发展报告》，第28-31页。", "[48] ⁴⁷ 同上，第六页。", "[49] ⁴⁸ 同上，第25-29页。", "[50] ⁴⁹ Annette Prüss-Üstün and others, Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health(日内瓦，世界卫生组织，2008年)，第7页。", "[51] ⁵⁰ R.W.A. Franceys, “Charging to enter the water shop?”, p. 210。", "[52] ⁵¹ Hutton, Haller and Bartram, “Economic and health effects”, p. 30。", "[53] ⁵² 有关实现安全饮水和环境卫生权利的指南草案(见E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/25)，第2.3(a)段。", "[54] ⁵³ 《联合国水机制全球年度评估》，第26页。", "[55] ⁵⁴ 同上，第33页。", "[56] ⁵⁵ 同上，第35页。", "[57] ⁵⁶ 同上，第26页。", "[58] ⁵⁷ 同上，第24页。", "[59] ⁵⁸ 同上，第34页。", "[60] ⁵⁹ 联合国儿童基金会，“平等情况报道：千年发展目标7”。见www.chindinfo.org/files/MDG7.pdf (2011年8月10日查阅)。", "[61] ⁶⁰《联合国水机制全球年度评估》，第30页。", "[62] Sophie Tremolet、Pete Kolsky 和 Eddy Perez，Financing Onsite Sanitation for the Poor: A Six Country Comparative Review and Analysis (哥伦比亚特区华盛顿，世界银行水和环境卫生方案，2010年1月)。", "[63] ⁶² Catarina Fonseca等人，“维持水和卫生设施的使用寿命成本方法”(WASHCost，2011年4月)，查阅来源www.washcost.info/page/121(要求登录)。", "[64] ⁶³ “实现千年发展目标的供水和卫生设施目标(目标10)的区域和全球成本”，文件WHO/HSE/AMR/08/01(日内瓦，世界卫生组织，2008年)，查阅来源http://www.who.int/water_ sanitation_health/economic/mdg_global_costing.pdf(2011年8月10日查阅)。", "[65] 《联合国水机制全球年度评估》，第21页。", "[66] ⁶⁵ Fonseca等人，“维持水和卫生设施的使用寿命成本方法”。", "[67] ⁶⁶ Ton Schouten等人，“采用服务交付方法监测低收入区的供水和联合监测方案的影响”(WASHCost，国际供水和卫生中心，2011年)，第1.1节。查阅来源www.washcost.info/ redir/.../Monitoring_sustainability_JMP_Berlin.pdf(要求登入)。", "[68] ⁶⁷ 同上。", "[69] ⁶⁸ 《联合国水机制全球年度评估》，第32页，在27位国际捐助者中，有8位能够根据新服务设施、新增的服务或处理水平来分列支出情况，并维护或替换现有服务设施，现有服务设施仅得到13%的援助。", "[70] ⁶⁹ Fonseca等人，“维持水和卫生设施的使用寿命成本方法”。", "[71] ⁷⁰ Meera Mehta 和Dinesh Mehta，《资助地方的水和卫生设施》(伦敦，WaterAid，2008年1月)，第45页。查阅来源www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/financing_water_and_ sanitation_at_local_levels.pdf(2011年8月10日查阅)。", "[72] ⁷¹ 《联合国水机制全球年度评估》，第46页。", "[73] ⁷² Mehta和 Mehta，《资助地方的水和卫生设施》，第46页。", "[74] ⁷³ 世界水理事会，《强化地方政府的资金获得：农业用水资金》，第5页。参见世界水理事会、第三次世界水论坛和全球水事伙伴关系，《全民用水投资》，第15页。", "[75] ⁷⁴ 同上。", "[76] ⁷⁵ 经济、社会和文化权利委员会第15号一般性意见(2002年)，第16、47和48段。", "[77] ⁷⁶ 世界水理事会、第三届世界水论坛和全球水事伙伴关系，全民用水投资，第9页。另见维护住房权利反对驱逐房客中心、美国科学促进协会、瑞士发展和合作署和联合国人类住区规划署，水和卫生设施权利手册，(2008年)，第37页；查阅来源www.cohre.org/sites/default/ files/manual_on_the_right_to_water_and_sanitation_2008.pdf(2011年8月10日查阅)。", "[78] ⁷⁷ 德国技术合作署、撒哈拉以南非洲监管和私营部门参与工作组，“供水部门监管经验共享”，(2004年4月)。查阅来源www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-regulation-water-sector-africa.pdf(2011年8月10日查阅)。", "[79] ⁷⁸ 经济、社会和文化权利委员会第15号一般性意见(2002年)，第25段；和维护住房权利反对驱逐房客中心、美国科学促进协会、瑞士发展和合作署和联合国人类住区规划署，《水和卫生设施权利手册》，第106页。", "[80] ⁷⁹ 斯德哥尔摩国际水研究所和世界卫生组织，《获取卫生设施：解决危机的引人注目的案例》(斯德哥尔摩，2005年)，第25页。查阅来源www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/ hygiene/ securingsanitation.pdf(2011年8月10日查阅)。", "[81] ⁸⁰ 《联合国水机制全球年度评估》，第30页。", "[82] ⁸¹ 斯德哥尔摩国际水研究所和世界卫生组织，《获取卫生设施》，第24页和25页。", "[83] ⁸² Sophie Trémolet，“世界水日：全球资金泛滥也不够”，《卫报》，2011年3月22日。查阅来源www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/mar/22/world-water-day-sanita tion-hygiene(2011年8月10日查阅)。", "[84] ⁸³ 《特克维尼宣言》第4号评论，由2008年2月18-21日在南非德班举行的第二届非洲环境卫生和个人卫生大会通过。《宣言》文本查阅来源www.africasan3.com/Images/eThekwini AfricaSan.pdf(2011年8月10日查阅)。", "[85] ⁸⁴ Mehta和Mehta，《资助地方的水和卫生设施》，第59页。", "[86] ⁸⁵ 开发署，《2006年人类发展报告》，第12和第61页。", "[87] ⁸⁶ 同上。", "[88] ⁸⁷ 同上，第79页和第71页。", "[89] ⁸⁸ Tom Slaymaker和Peter Newborne，“根据PRSP实施供水和卫生设施方案：撒哈拉以南非洲研究结果合集”(伦敦，海外发展研究所，2004年8月)。查阅来源www.odi.org.uk/resources/ details.asp?id=1663&title=water-supply-sanitation-prsps-synthesis-research-sub-saharan-africa(2011年8月10日查阅)。", "[90] ⁸⁹ Mehta和 Mehta，《资助地方的水和卫生设施》，第59页。", "[91] ⁹⁰ 同上，第28页。", "[92] ⁹¹ A/HRC/18/33/Add.2，第48段，呼吁斯洛文尼亚政府干预各市未能满足与罗马人口有关的人权义务事宜和A/HRC/33/Add.4(即将发布)，呼吁对美国承付能力实施一项强制联邦标准。", "[93] ⁹² 开发署，《2006年人类发展报告》，第62页。", "[94] ⁹³ 同上，第61页。", "[95] ⁹⁴ Ehtisham Ahmad，“处理边缘化的宏观、财务和权力下放意见：延伸到极端贫困人口”，为于2011年6月20-22日在德国波恩大学发展研究中心举行的“关于边缘化和极端贫困：为赤贫者并与赤贫者一起朝向包容性发展努力国际圆桌会议”准备的论文。", "[96] ⁹⁵ Katharina Welle，“宣传和良好做法学习：WaterAid取水点制图：基于对马拉维和坦桑尼亚的国际访问的结果报告”，WaterAid报告(伦敦，海外发展研究所，2005年12月)。查阅来源www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/2952.pdf(2011年8月10日查阅)。", "[97] ⁹⁶ 世界卫生组织和联合国儿童基金会，供水和卫生设施的联合监测方案(www.wssinfo.org/ country-collaborations/data-reconciliation)。", "[98] ⁹⁷ 经济、社会和文化权利委员会第15号一般性意见(2002年)，第51段。", "[99] ⁹⁸ 开发署，《2006年人类发展报告》，第63页。", "[100] ⁹⁹ 非洲部长级水理事会，《让非洲步入实现关于水和卫生设施的千年发展目标的轨道；非洲十六国状况审查》(2006年12月)，第47页。", "[101] ¹⁰⁰ Nila Ardhianie，“印度尼西亚的供水私营化”，见B. Balanyá等人(编辑)，《收回公共用水：全球成果、斗争和设想》(阿姆斯特丹，跨国学会和企业欧洲观察，2005年)，第227页；和Violeta Petrova，“淘水热前沿：水私有化和人类用水权”，《布鲁克林国际法期刊》，第31卷，第2号(2006年)，第577–614页。", "[102] ¹⁰¹世界水理事会、第三届世界水论坛和全球水事伙伴关系，《全民用水投资》，第10页。", "[103] ¹⁰² 《2008年全球腐败报告：水部门中的腐败》(纽约，剑桥大学出版社，2008年)，第10页。查阅来源www.transparency.org/publications/gcr/gcr_2008(2011年8月10日查阅)。", "[104] ¹⁰³ 开发署，《2006年人类发展报告》，第128页。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目13和69(b)", "联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议结果的统筹协调执行及后续行动", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员的报告", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告由大会提交。 根据大会第64/292号决议和人权理事会第15/9和16/2号决议,享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔琳娜·德阿尔布克尔克。 报告回顾了与实现水和卫生设施权的现有资源有关的主要问题。 本报告第二节简要回顾了各部门的资源状况。 然后,报告审议了各部门的几个主要资金来源,并就如何通过符合人权原则来扩大和改进这些资金来源提出了建议,并概述了对水和卫生设施权进行投资的巨大好处。 第三节审议了有效确定资源目标的相关挑战。 它提供了利益攸关方如何通过铭记人权原则更好地利用有限资源的具体实例。 最后,第四节述及充分筹资面临的更多挑战,例如机构分散和缺乏透明度等。", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 3 4项水和\nA. 将6个人权纳入传统融资\nB. 来源 7\nC. 投资于水和\n卫生 目标14资源\nA. 人权 14\nB. 资源15没有惠及最脆弱和\nC. 选择16个适当的\nD. 行动17和\nE. 权力下放 18 和\n能力建设\nF. 第19G条。 提高认识19个社区\n外联四。 准确评估\nA. 问题\n问题\nC. 24 个人计量\n五、结论24和结论\n建议", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告由享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔丽娜·德阿尔布克尔克根据人权理事会第15/9号决议提交大会,理事会在该决议中请特别报告员(当时的独立专家)每年向大会提交报告,并根据大会第64/292号决议,其中大会请特别报告员在向大会第六十六届会议提交的报告中述及与实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权有关的主要挑战及其对实现千年发展目标的影响。 根据经人权理事会第16/2号决议延长的任务授权,特别报告员还正努力查明充分实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权所面临的挑战和障碍。", "2. 联合国 特别报告员在其他报告中讨论了实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权所面临的具体挑战,例如缺乏政治意愿和需要国家行动计划(例如A/HRC/18/33)。 然而,不同利益攸关方一贯援引缺乏资源的问题,值得特别注意。 因此,她选择在本报告中集中讨论这一专题。", "3个 报告述及实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权的资源问题,并询问现有资源是否足以实现这一权利,以及这些资源是否得到适当的使用。 总的来说,结论是,虽然可以而且应该为各部门投入额外资源,但通过与人权义务相一致的更有针对性的干预措施,利用现有资金可以做更多的工作。 提高透明度并改进协调将有助于全面更好地了解用于各部门的资源及其利用情况,从而支持改进政策设计和执行。", " 4.四. 特别报告员强调指出,实现人权,包括公民权利和政治权利,需要金钱。 一个正常运作的司法系统、一支尊重人权的警察部队、保护处境最不利人口的社会政策以及基础设施的建设,对于支持一个以尊重人权为基础的社会是必要的,而且需要花钱。 这些费用一般由国家支助和个人付款相结合分担。 例如,教育和法律援助往往通过保险方案和税收得到税收和保健的支持。", "5 (韩语). 对水和卫生设施的投资不是在真空中进行的。 在决定如何和在何处使用资源时,宏观经济政策对国家决策产生很大影响。 将经济增长本身列为优先事项而不满足人民的经济和社会需要的政策可能威胁到人权的享受。 [1] 例如,某些经济理论忽略了收入分配的相关性,主张根据私营部门可以更有效地使用资源这一假设,尽量减少公共开支。 [2] 然而,狭隘地关注经济增长,而不同时关注结果是否公平以及建立强有力的监管框架,引起了重要的人权问题。 经济增长可以在减贫、实现千年发展目标以及最终实现人权等方面发挥核心作用,但只有社会最脆弱群体能够参与。", "6. 国家 供水和卫生设施之用的资源也与全球借贷资金的方式密切相关。 要求将国内生产总值的一大部分用于偿还外债的国家在确定国家预算和为基本公共服务,包括供水和卫生设施分配资源的能力方面可能受到限制。 此外,如下文所进一步讨论的,在这些融资安排中继续使用附加条件也会扭曲国家优先事项并对人权的有害影响。 [3]", "7. 联合国 经济政策必须以人权为指导,并作为实现人权的工具。 各国和国际决策者有责任根据其人权义务考虑其宏观经济政策选择。 应当仔细审查经济政策是否符合人权标准以及逐步实现、不倒退、不歧视、透明度、参与和问责制等原则。 对经济政策作出详细评论不属于本报告的范围,但从一开始就必须了解,为所有人获得安全饮用水和卫生设施提供资金是在这一大背景下进行的,并受其影响。", "8. 联合国 考虑到更大的背景,本报告表明,各国和国际捐助者更深入地承诺将人权原则纳入部门筹资,如何能协助各国调动、支出和跟踪资源。 为编写报告,特别报告员于2011年5月在里斯本会见了人权法、水、卫生、宏观经济和发展等方面的专家,[4] 并继续与一些专家进行双边磋商。 他们提供的观点和专门知识非常有帮助,特别报告员感谢所有发表意见的人。", "二. 水和卫生经费不足", "9. 国家 最近的估计表明,近10亿人得不到经改善的饮用水,26亿人仍然得不到经改善的卫生设施。 [5] 千年发展 关于卫生设施的具体目标不幸偏离轨道,无法获得卫生设施的人数正在增加。 [6] 即使实现了2015年的目标,17多亿人仍然无法获得更好的卫生设施。 水的目标已经走上正轨,但进展仍然不稳定。 如果能够做到这一点,全世界至少6.72亿人将继续无法获得经改善的水源[7],而无法获得安全用水的人数无疑会高得多,因为现有数据不包括水质或可负担性的测量。 边缘化和受排斥程度最高的人口将始终得不到帮助;可悲的是,在实现千年发展目标方面取得的进展并没有给生活在贫困中的人带来重大变化。", "10个 特别报告员在提交大会第六十五届会议的报告(A/65/254)中解释了水和卫生设施权的规范性内容如何能支持实现目标7。 * 以更加全面、负责、参与性、不歧视和可持续的方式实现千年发展目标。 她现在强调,虽然千年发展目标提供了具体的发展基准,但从人权角度看问题突出了具有法律约束力的义务,并设想了普遍、公平和负担得起的机会。", "11个 不论重点是发展目标还是人权,实际情况是,在目前的供资水平和目前的支出模式下,没有足够的资源可以实现。 一项研究估计,到2015年实现人人享有水和卫生设施意味着每年费用为165.8亿美元,但指出这一数字可能低估。 [8] 关于千年发展 若要到2015年实现具体目标7.C,对水和卫生部门的供资必须大幅增加,甚至增加一倍。 [9] 根据各种估计,实现2015年目标的全球成本每年在67亿至750亿美元之间,这取决于基准年、人口增长和分布、技术成本等因素,以及费用估计数是否包括新的基础设施、运行和维护以及(或)建设机构能力以维持获取途径的费用。 [10] 在国家一级,据估计,各国至少应力求将国内生产总值的1%用于水和卫生。 [11]", "12个 与这些高额费用相比,现实情况是,无论是政府还是捐助者,都没有为水和卫生服务投入足够的资源。 2008年,对水和卫生的国际援助承诺总额仅为74亿美元,占所报告的所有国际援助的5%。 [12] 与保健和教育支出相比,用于水和环境卫生的国际援助比例在过去十年中有所下降,[13] 尽管对水和环境卫生的投资对实现其他千年发展目标,如降低孕产妇死亡率、实现普及初级教育、赋予妇女权力和降低儿童死亡率具有关键的影响。 要想实现所有目标并充分实现享有水和卫生设施的权利,水和卫生必须在国内和国际各国政府的优先事项中占据更突出的地位。", "A类. 将人权纳入传统筹资机制", "13个 尽管人权法承认各国往往资源有限,但它们必须逐步地为充分实现水和卫生设施权而努力。 逐步实现的原则承认,充分落实经济、社会和文化权利是一个长期进程,但申明各国必须逐步取得进展,采取深思熟虑、具体和有针对性的步骤来履行《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》[14]中确认的义务,以尽可能迅速和有效地实现这些权利。 [15] 这项原则的必然结果是禁止故意采取倒退措施。 违反其基本义务并减少对某项权利保护的国家负有举证责任,应证明这些措施是合理的,因为参照《公约》规定的全部权利,并充分利用最大限度的现有资源。", "14个 为了逐步实现水和卫生设施权,每个国家必须尽最大可能采取步骤,[16] 并且不能以缺乏必要的资金或人力资源为借口忽视其人权义务。 [17] 相反,各国有积极义务从其境内居民以及必要时从国际社会筹集资源。 [18] 无论国家选择何种资金来源,它都必须确保有相应的机制支持透明度、公众参与和问责制。", "15个 然而,各国为水和卫生部门调集大量资源,而不确保这些资源的使用方式能对实现普遍实现产生最大影响,是不够的。 各国应力求取得最大成果,特别是制定全部门战略和强有力的监管框架;努力提高对水和卫生设施服务的认识和需求;并酌情投资于低成本高效益技术。 数量评估领域新出现的战略使得有可能监测现有资源的最大程度是否用于实现经济、社会和文化权利,包括享有水和卫生设施的权利。 [19] 人权法还要求各国积极促进不歧视。 [20] 各国必须将其开支优先用于需求最大的目标群体和社区。", "16号. 水和卫生设施权利的某些方面有待逐步实现,而人权法也设想了立即生效的义务,这在短期内应决定国家的优先事项和决策。 [21] 在水和卫生设施权方面,除其他外,这涉及:在不歧视的基础上优先提供最低限度的基本水和卫生设施;通过并执行国家水和卫生设施战略;并开始监测实现水和卫生设施权的程度。 [22]", "B. 资金来源", "17岁 除了投资于高效技术和优先考虑基本需求外,各国还应考虑使供水和环境卫生部门的经费来源多样化并优化,包括关税和用户缴款、国家和地方税收以及国际援助,无论是赠款还是贷款。 许多扩大准入的项目将涉及不同资金来源的组合。", "18岁。 将问责制、参与和不歧视等人权原则纳入筹资机制,将加强这些机制的影响,确保分配资源,以注重改善目前没有或没有适当机会获得水和卫生设施服务的人获得水和卫生设施的机会。", "1. 联合国 家庭和用户的贡献", " 19. 19. 特别报告员强调,人权框架并不要求免费提供水和卫生设施服务。 免费取水可能剥夺服务提供者扩大和维持服务所需的收入,实际上会损害低收入家庭,并有可能无法持续。 [23] 此外,对付款的抵制并不总是发生在处境最不利和低收入的社区,这些社区与正规网络没有联系,因此每升从非正规供应商取水的费用要多得多。 对于这些社区的人来说,支付正规服务费用往往是获得更正规服务、质量更佳的水和卫生设施的可喜机会。 [24] (简体中文).", "20号. 家庭可以通过几种方式帮助改善获得水和卫生设施的机会。 在联网供应的情况下,关于收费的讨论特别重要,因为大多数水(和下水道)公用事业至少通过收费来支付其部分费用(即家庭直接支付供水和卫生设施服务费)。 [25] 公用事业越来越受到束缚,因此从收费中筹集的资金只能用于供水和卫生设施的运营、维护、改善或扩展,不能用于其他政府目的。 一些政府还要求至少就运营和维护费用而言,遵循成本回收原则,这意味着所有与运营和维护供水(有时还包括卫生设施)服务有关的费用都通过收费支付。 然而,使用费通常不会产生投资新项目或扩大现有基础设施所需的收入水平。 在实行成本回收原则的情况下,至关重要的是,关税的结构应使那些无力支付水(和卫生)服务费用的人能够通过确保可负担性的补充系统得到援助。 因此,公用事业在商业基础上提供服务,同时提供负担得起的公益服务,这是不一致的。", "21岁 家庭在获得正规取水和下水道服务方面的另一种贡献形式是连接费。 这些费用包括支付连接网络的水电费(例如,将管道送入家庭的实际费用)和在家庭内改善连接的费用(例如,内部管道、储水罐等)。 这些费用往往对生活在赤贫中之人来说是一个重大障碍,最近的研究表明,在非洲,向公用事业支付的平均连接费用为185.50美元,在亚洲为168.90美元。 把这些数字放在上下文中,与加纳的供水系统连接,大约需要一年的收入。 [26] 一些国家决定通过取消对所有或某些家庭的这种收费,或将扩大服务的部分或全部费用纳入标准服务收费,来减少获得水和卫生设施服务的障碍。 可以说,扩大供水设施的客户基础有可能带来比坚持收取高额连接费更多的收入。", "22号. 农村地区和非正规住区的家庭供水和环境卫生服务捐款与家庭供自来水和污水处理的标准捐款差别很大。 在这些情况下,用户费用可以包括建造社区或个人家庭供养(水井、社区或家庭厕所)、储存取水(桶、罐子、罐子)、处理取水(沸水、氯、过滤等)、清洁、维修、取出厕所或化粪池,以及处理粪便等。", "23. 联合国 无论如何,人权框架要求各国确保:第一,获得水和卫生设施的费用仍然负担得起并适当反映边缘化和弱势群体的需要;第二,为无力支付或仅能支付最低费用的人建立安全网。 在这方面,可负担的费用意味着费用不应大大削弱家庭支付其他基本费用的能力,例如食品、住房或保健。", "24 (韩语). 如下文所讨论,各种形式的政府支助,例如直接或交叉补贴,可对负担能力产生积极影响。 [29] 衡量和监测承受能力的可靠、透明的指标有助于进一步促进该部门的问责制。", "虽然本报告通篇都考虑为水和卫生设施筹资,但值得评估为什么为卫生设施筹资不同于为水筹资的理由。 虽然在卫生设施方面投资的好处远比仅仅投资于水更明显,但水部门的需求比卫生部门的需求更容易获得资金,援助资金的37%为(a),用于卫生部门的政府支出平均只有20%。\n获得水是每一个妇女、儿童和男人都感到的需要,无论经济状况如何,没有替代品,因此,即使没有替代品,人们也会付出高价。 由于这些原因,无论是在政府的政治议程还是在家庭、学校、工作场所和诊所的预算优先权清单上,水通常都高于卫生状况,因为人们并不完全了解拥有和使用厕所的经济和健康惠益。\n此外,卫生设施可能是一个禁忌话题,许多文化都难以讨论个人需求,特别是妇女的需求。 这意味着,没有关于谁不能充分获得卫生设施的足够信息,以及为什么使规划和预算编制变得困难,甚至不可能。\n男性户主可能是预算优先化的决策者,在获得安全卫生设施方面往往有更广泛的选择,无论是在工作场所,还是通过文化规范,男性更容易在露天排便(如果不是排便的话)。 这可能意味着妇女在家庭预算决定中没有代表妇女的需要,她们对方便和安全的卫生设施的需要,不仅为了个人使用,而且为了帮助照顾儿童、病人和老人,都得不到满足。\n卫生经费必须用于充分卫生的所有方面,包括购买或建造厕所或厕所,清除或运输废物(即下水道洞/化粪池清空系统)及其处理、处置和/或再利用。 虽然许多家庭可以有效地规划建造厕所或厕所,但为适当的交通、处理、处置和再利用进行规划和编制预算更为复杂,需要更加全面的办法,特别是在城市地区。 各国政府和捐助者的废水处理工作侧重于网络污水处理系统,而最贫穷的家庭往往得不到这种系统,使厕所和化粪池排出粪便的处理得不到解决。 还必须有更多的床单,以便在与下水道系统没有连接的密集城市环境和农村地区找到适当的粪便处理系统。\n要使获得卫生设施的机会可持续,通常必须在提高认识等领域进行投资,以刺激需求。 提供卫生设施基础设施和配件,在需求低的情况下不使用该设施。\n^(d) 见Carolien van der Voorden和Andy Peal,《为卫生提供公共资金:卫生补贴的多面面面》(2009年,日内瓦,供水和卫生合作理事会);和Sophie Trémolet、Pete Kolsky和Eddy Perez,《为穷人提供现场卫生:六个国家比较审查和分析》(2010年1月,华盛顿特区,世界银行水和卫生方案)。", "2. 税收和政府供资", "25岁 虽然收费和用户费可以支持提供水和卫生服务,但很少支付所有相关费用,特别是扩大到新的或服务不足的地区。 发达国家和发展中国家都是如此。 例如,在日本,政府补贴占这些部门投资的7%,而在葡萄牙,供水和卫生设施部门资金的31%来自国家和市政预算,而不是关税(http://insaar.inag.pt/index.php?id=31)。", "26. 联合国 因此,为确保筹资,政府的支持是必要的。 首先,它往往是建设废水处理设施等资本密集型基础设施项目的主要资金来源。 [31] 的确,如果扩大准入涉及在诸如贫民窟或其他非正规住区等得不到服务并贫穷地区工作,而这些地区的初始成本高而投资的短期回报低,国家可能是愿意和能够大规模交付的唯一行为者。", "27个 第二,政府可能需要以补贴形式提供资金,以提高低收入家庭获得服务的能力。 一个对人权有重大影响的问题是,政府补贴方案应具有普遍性还是有针对性。 [32] 目标明确的补贴只针对有需要者,这反映出预算限制限制了国家可用于任何特定部门的资源。 [33] 同时,那些能够自己缴款的人应该这样做。 因此,各国可采取经济情况测试等措施,以查明有资格获得支助的人。", "28岁 然而,确保目标明确的补贴惠及预期受益者可能十分复杂和昂贵。 尤其重要的是,确保有针对性的补贴不会掩盖某些群体基于政治联系的偏袒,或被精英阶层抓住,因为这会加剧群体或地区之间的差距。 在这方面,目标选择程序和资格标准必须公平、合理、客观和透明,这一点特别重要。 [34] 在难以查明需要援助者的情况下,可能应当建立普遍补贴制度,以保证最需要援助者实际受益。 由于没有经济情况测试系统,通用系统管理成本也较低。 从根本上说,各国必须有一个制度,确保需要获得水和卫生设施援助的家庭获得这种援助,同时考虑到今世后代的需求以及资源的有效利用。", "29. 国家 如果个人或家庭管理自己的本地化服务,可能需要提供赠款或补贴,以确保持续获得水和卫生设施。 在某些情况下,为修建供水点或厕所提供补贴,但很少为这些设施的运营和维护提供补贴。 政府很少提供支助,协助家庭管理粪便的安全处置。 缺乏对可持续性的关注有倒退和可能违反人权法的风险。 社区主导的全面环境卫生等办法提供了宝贵的经验教训,特别是在为社区能力建设划拨资金方面,而不是在修建厕所方面提供直接补贴,以确保厕所得到维护和有效利用。", "3个 国际援助", "30岁。 在家庭捐款和政府支出不足以实现水和卫生设施权的地方,国际援助往往有助于筹资。 [35] 为了按照逐步实现的原则最大限度地利用现有资源,各国有义务在必要时求助于国际支持。 [36] 反过来,有能力提供援助的国家有义务以符合人权原则的方式提供支持。 [37] 这一国际合作义务一般适用于相关人权条约的缔约国,而不适用于任何特定国家(E/CN.4/2006/WG.23/2, 第50段)。", "31岁 虽然过去十年出现了国内筹资增加的趋势,但国际援助仍然是许多发展中国家和一些转型期国家水和卫生部门的主要资金来源。 [38] 与此同时,在过去十年中,用于水和卫生设施的国际援助份额已经下降[39],鉴于增加获得服务所带来的重大利益,在供资方面值得给予更优先考虑(见下文)。", "32. 联合国 在目前的经济环境下,严重依赖国际援助支持实现水和卫生设施权的国家应推动在现有援助拨款中优先为水和卫生设施提供资金,同时采取措施,维持在实现这些权利方面取得的进展,即使没有大幅度增加资金。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 这一进程从强有力的部门规划入手,包括阐明一个统一的全部门政策和具体目标。 有证据表明,如果没有一个明确的国家政策框架,就特别难以切实有效地提供服务。 [40] 此外,当国际捐助者认为哪些部门需要优先处理时,它们经常指出存在强有力的部门计划是影响其决策的关键因素。 [41] 与此同时,部门规划应首先全面评估现有资源以及实现水和卫生设施权的现状,无论是在总的可获取性方面还是在可负担性、可接受性和质量方面。 [42]", "34. 国家 如果发展中国家有义务采取步骤,确保用于水和卫生部门的国际援助分配是可持续的,并支持逐步实现,国际捐助者就有义务促进这一进程。 国际援助应坚持《援助实效问题巴黎宣言》和《阿克拉行动议程》所阐明的原则,确保援助协定符合国际人权法并与其发展伙伴的国家政策框架保持一致。", "35. 联合国 此外,还通过国际金融机构和捐助者的贷款和赠款来筹集供水和环境卫生资金。 这些行为者必须努力消除这些融资协定附带的不适当的条件。 [44] 当发展资金取决于具体宏观经济政策的颁布时,它可能导致削减公共开支,否则会有助于实现水和卫生设施权。 [45] 政府资产私有化,包括供水和卫生服务供应商私有化,也可能是附加条件的一部分。 虽然人权法不禁止私营部门参与,但如果不同时执行具体措施来规范服务的提供,并维持所有人负担得起的获得服务的机会,这种参与很有可能会减少在服务不足地区扩大和改善获得服务的动机,同时会降低问责制并增加家庭成本。", " 4.四. 私营部门和非政府支助", "36. (中文(简体) ). 私营部门的筹资主要是为了弥补由于缺乏政府支助而造成的服务差距。 例如,供水商在无供水服务的社区发挥了重大、但往往是非正式的作用。 在卫生设施方面,私人行为者参与建造、管理或维护个人或公共厕所以及出售肥皂和其他清洁产品。 更广泛地说,私营部门可能参与弥补资金缺口,抵消与提供水和卫生服务有关的一些费用。 然而,正规私营部门的筹资一般是基于这样的理解,即这类资金将被收回,这可能会妨碍向低收入住区提供服务。 同样,非政府组织可以发挥重要作用,但它们在总体筹资方面的贡献仍然很小。 特别报告员详细讨论了私营部门在支持实现饮水和卫生设施权方面的作用(见A/HRC/15/31),重申人权法在经济模式方面是中立的,国家是首要责任承担者,因此负责对私人行为者进行有效的订约和管理。", "C. 对水和卫生进行投资的益处", "37. 联合国 在讨论对水和卫生设施进行投资的代价时,很容易忽视这些好处。 事实上,不把更多的钱花在水和卫生上的经济代价可能要高得多。 在发达国家,随着预期寿命和儿童死亡率的提高,只有在政府开始对供水进行大量投资,更重要的是对卫生设施进行投资之后,经济增长才有所进展。 [46]", "38. 国家 这种改善的经济效益是惊人的。 根据一些估计,实现水和卫生千年发展目标各项指标的综合成本效益比率为8比1.[47]", "39. 联合国 在非经济合作与发展组织成员国中,普遍获得水和卫生设施可带来1 700亿美元的好处。 这些好处在改善健康方面尤其能感受到:例如,通过避免腹泻病例和节省治疗因缺乏水和卫生设施而导致的疾病。 [48] 事实上,通过投资改善水和卫生服务,按残疾调整寿命计算的全球疾病总负担可以至少减少10%。 [49] 家庭联系的好处对降低儿童死亡率也有相当大的积极影响;阿根廷进行的一项研究发现,家庭联系的增加使最贫穷城市的儿童死亡率降低了24%。 [50] 改善获得水和卫生设施的经济效益包括提高成年人的生产力和儿童上学率,两者都可能受到由卫生条件差而来的长期疾病的影响。 [51]", " 40. 40. 并非所有利益都可以货币化. 无形利益,例如节省的时间和获得的尊严,值得认真考虑它们对人类福祉的影响。 对水和卫生设施进行投资对妇女和女童产生特别积极的影响,对于履行与性别平等有关的人权义务至关重要。 鉴于改善水和卫生服务有助于防止环境退化,环境效益也很难算出数字,但可能是巨大的。", "三. 有效确定资源目标", "A. 人权与针对性", "41. 国家 成功调动确保普及所需的资源本身并不能保证在充分实现水和卫生设施权利方面取得成功。 人权原则提供了三项基本考虑,应指导国家和国际捐助者确定如何为水和卫生设施分配资源。 首先,最初应把资源用于履行立即生效的义务。 [52] 然后,各国可以在此基础上更充分地实现各项权利并转向更高水平的服务。 第二,各国和各捐助者必须在其水和卫生方案和政策中大力促进不歧视,以期消除基于种族、肤色、族裔血统、宗教、性别、经济地位或公民身份等原因在获得服务方面的差距。 最后,不倒退原则表明,资源应有助于实现普遍实现的努力的长期可持续性。 这往往意味着优化现有资源的利用,并创建必要的有形和监管基础设施,以及今后吸收额外资源所需的人力。", "42. 国家 最近对供水和卫生设施部门使用的资源进行的评估表明,这些资源并不总是用于实现权利。 在国际和国家一级,大多数资源惠及相对富裕的社区,而不是连基本机会都没有的低收入社区。 [53] 此外,虽然各国和国际捐助方在扩大覆盖面方面取得了进展,但对运营和维护、能力建设和提高认识进行相应投资,所有这些都有助于在实现这些权利方面取得进展的可持续性,但并不是优先事项。 简言之,钱被花在错误的地方。 以下各分节强调了该部门目前的目标设定所产生的一些关键人权,并就如何使国家更有效地利用资源提出了建议。", "B. 资源没有惠及最脆弱和最受排斥的群体", "43. 东帝汶 履行与水和卫生设施权利有关的立即生效义务意味着保障所有人的基本获得,同时优先考虑最弱势和最边缘化的个人和社区。 然而,根据目前的资源分配,通常没有优先考虑这些群体,而且特定国家获得的援助数额与能够充分获得水和卫生设施服务的人口比例之间没有关联。 [54] (中文(简体) ).", "44. 国家 造成这种情况的原因有几个,包括由于缺乏国际和国家一级的数据,以及捐助者出于地缘政治原因优先考虑某些受援国,因此目标确定和监测不力。 在国际一级,大多数捐助者并不具体知道它们的资源是向谁提供,还是如何成为目标。 其中只有略多于一半的国家表示,它们衡量其援助对人口中最贫穷阶层的影响,[55] 许多国家报告说,它们对水和卫生的援助承诺一半以上是提供给中等收入国家的。 [56] 事实上,在获得水和卫生援助最多的10个受援国中,有7个国家报告说,获得改善的水和卫生设施的比例超过90%。 [57] 虽然对中等收入国家的援助很重要,但关键是要问这些重要资源是否惠及最受排斥和处境最不利者,或资金是否用于改善相对富裕者的获得机会。", "45. 国家 在国家一级,很少有国家报告说,它们已经制定或一贯适用旨在确保部门资源公平分配的标准,特别是在卫生方面。 [58] 例如,在印度,1995至2008年期间,有1.66亿人获得经改善的卫生设施,但最贫穷的五分之一人口获得卫生设施的机会只增加了约3%。 [59]", "46. 经常预算: 国家和国际捐助者必须在其水和卫生战略中优先考虑与这些权利有关的立即生效的义务。 捐助方应考虑将其重点和资源转移到那些基本获得服务水平仍然很低的低收入国家,或者制定更强有力的指标,以确保向中等收入国家分配的援助切实针对边缘化和处境不利的社区。 与此同时,各国应为水和卫生设施制定国家战略,强调扩大基本获取机会,确保向最受排斥和最受排斥的人提供服务。 这还需要在国家和国际两级加大对监测的财政支持,以跟踪资金流向和受益者。 与社区协商还将提供重要信息,说明哪些家庭最需要帮助。", "47. 国家 目前的供资模式不成比例地针对联网的城市地区。 城市地区的大型系统(例如废水处理设施和下水道管道等)得到的资金远远超过农村地区和贫困城市地区的基本服务(例如厕所、井眼和手泵)。 目前,所有部门援助的62%用于发展大型系统,而只有16%用于基本系统。 [60] 这标志着自2003年以来,基本服务的供资减少了近10%。", " 48. 48. 在规划大规模系统的地方,必须调查谁的好处:这些投资是改善那些已经享有服务的人的服务,还是扩大覆盖那些缺乏服务的人? 由于规模经济,管道供水系统通常以最低的人均成本提供质量最好的水。 然而,还必须向那些在城郊和非正规住区得不到服务或服务不足的家庭提供这些系统。 目前,大规模制度的好处主要来自中高收入家庭,加剧了歧视并加剧了贫富差距。", "C. 选择适当的技术", "49. (中文(简体) ). 逐步实现水和卫生设施权不会自动导致更高的成本。 不同的区域和背景需要考虑不同的技术。 存在低成本替代技术,需要进一步创新,以便为不同的情况设计出最适当的解决办法。 替代技术可能有助于在中短期内有效地向生活在偏远农村地区或非正规城市住区的人口提供获取机会。 其中一些替代技术成本较低,另一些技术成本较高,但更具可持续性,因此随着时间的推移投资会更好。 应仔细审查这些备选办法,以确定哪些技术最适合在特定情况下充分实现水和卫生设施权。 对更昂贵的技术进行投资并不一定导致服务的重大改善。 [62] 同时,投资于低成本高效益技术可大大减少实现这些权利所需的资金。 [63]", " 50. 50. 特别报告员没有断然拒绝任何特定技术,也没有建议以廉价方式扩大或改善获得水和卫生设施的机会。 低成本的环境卫生解决办法往往只是临时解决办法,因为能够带来长期公共卫生改善的可靠服务通常成本较高。 各国应根据这一目标确定哪些技术是适当的。 例如,如果目标是在短期内稳定非正式住区的取水机会,并期望在几年后通过更永久性的服务向社区供水,那么在一段有限的时间内,水电站等低成本的供水站可能是可以接受的。", "D. 运作和维修", "51. 联合国 将更多的资源用于运作和维护对于实现水和卫生设施权的努力的长期可持续性至关重要。 实现千年发展目标有关水和卫生的具体目标,目前每年所需资源的75%用于替代和维持现有资源。 [64] 遗憾的是,尽管在扩大水和卫生服务覆盖面方面取得了进展,但显然有下滑的迹象,即由于维修不良,获得更佳覆盖面的社区陷入了旧模式。 [65] 例如,在印度,所有获得改善的水和卫生设施的社区中,大约30%已经失去了部分或全部的覆盖率。 [66] 在整个非洲,据估计,在任何时候,30%至40%的手泵不起作用。 [67] 目前用于支付此类费用的国际援助相对较少。 [68]", "52. (中文(简体) ). 将改善水或环境卫生的生命周期成本考虑在内,或专门用于维持和运行新的和现有的服务的投资,对于避免这种倒退至关重要。 在效率方面,对运营和维护进行投资比在项目失败后修复项目更具成本效益。 [69]", "E. 权力下放和能力建设", "53. 联合国 实现水和卫生设施权的长期成功还需要对政府和人的能力进行投资,特别是在地方一级。 将管理水和卫生服务的责任下放可能会提高效率,从而提高其可持续性,同时也会加强透明度、问责制和对当地需要的敏感性。 [70] 然而,权力下放的这些属性并不是自动的,中央政府在人权方面保持重要的监督作用。 特别是,中央政府必须确保最受排斥和处境最不利的群体得到优先考虑,并采取必要措施(例如,通过向地方当局提供附带条件或指定用途的拨款),以避免资金被转用于或被特权阶层或其他部门所获取。", "54. 联合国 地方政府很少具备解决服务的可获取性、可负担性和质量问题所需的财政或技术能力。 除非地方当局学会修改关税和/或补贴结构、规划新项目或调动额外资源,否则下放提供水和卫生设施服务的责任是无效的。 然而,据报道,可用于支持提高能力的资源很少。 [71] 地方政府没有例行分配足以支付其所有义务的资源,很少有政府能够自己筹集资金。 最近的一项研究显示,用于水和卫生设施的国家支出只有约三分之一用于地方政府预算。 [72]", "55. 国家 为确保它们充分履行义务,在现有资源所允许的最大限度内逐步实现水和卫生设施权,选择对水和卫生设施实行权力下放的国家必须通过将更多的资源用于地方一级的能力建设来提高这一进程的效率和效能。 对能力建设的投资应主要集中于两个领域。 首先,各国和国际捐助者应投入更多资源,支持地方政府独立资助项目和扩大服务的能力,同时确保资源用于最需要的人。 这不仅是一个给予地方当局更多资金的问题,这还可能涉及提高地方政府的信誉及其吸引外部资金的能力。 [73]", "56. (中文(简体) ). 第二,必须提供更多资金来提高当地行动者吸收额外资源以及管理和提供水和卫生服务的能力。 这意味着在如何操作和维持改善水和卫生设施方面进行更实际的培训,以及在如何规划和规划新项目、收取费用以及在某些情况下执行补贴方案方面进行行政培训。", "F. 条例", "57. 萨尔瓦多 与能力建设一样,除非在强有力的监管框架范围内取得进展,否则在实现水和卫生设施权方面的进展是不可持续的。 [75] 国家监管框架以多种方式加强权利,如制定明确的执行目标和基准;澄清并统一各行为者的责任;为质量、可获取性和可负担性制定最低标准;通过建立遵守奖励措施来改进问责制。 [76] 监管框架允许政府优先考虑未获得服务或服务不足的人口,并可构成低收入家庭补贴方案和其他保障的基础[77]。", "G. 提高认识和社区外联", "58. 联合国 水和卫生服务的扩散和可持续性不仅取决于筹资和建造新的设施。 各国还有义务教育社区如何卫生地使用水和卫生设施服务。 [78] 将资源用于教育社区,使其了解水和卫生的使用和益处,并征求他们的意见,具有若干好处,除其他外,包括确保正确使用这些服务,支持其长期可持续性;改善地方所有权、透明度和问责制;确保设施可以接受并反映社区的文化需要;改善总体公共卫生。 尽管有这些好处,但大多数国家将更多资源用于这一领域的能力仍然有限。 [79] 国际支助也仍然很低,仅占2008年对该部门援助总额的1%。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 外联和提高认识也为今后更有效地扩大服务奠定了基础。 将资源用于这些活动往往会转化为更大的需求,从而产生更大的政治意愿。 创造需求的必要性与环境卫生特别相关,因为改善服务的好处不是立即明显,获得服务的障碍可能很大。 [81] 虽然获得水的好处更为明显,但社区外联仍然能够发挥重要作用,宣传补贴方案。 [82] 幸运的是,各国开始认识到为社区外联和提高认识分配资源的重要性,例如,2008年的eThekwini宣言承诺提高环境卫生和个人卫生在国家减贫战略中的地位。 [83]", "四、结 论 准确评估资源", "60. 联合国 在各国能够准确评估现有资源之前,不可能现实地评估资源应在何处和如何使用。 由于各种原因,包括机构分散、缺乏透明度和缺乏监测个人捐款的机制,目前很难准确衡量或跟踪流入或流出该部门的资源数量。 本节简要地论述这些障碍并提出了一些初步的改进建议。", "A类. 不成体系问题", "61. 国家 当资源和责任分散在各种机构和项目之间,每个机构和项目都有各自的规则和目标时,分化就对准确衡量资源构成核心挑战。 [84] 由于它们涉及从公共卫生到住房等多个部门,因此在这方面特别容易受到水和卫生的影响。 [85] (中文(简体) ).", "62. 联合国 当部门援助由政府各部管理时,各机构之间往往横向出现分化;例如,一个管理机构可能负责管理关税,而另一个监管机构则监测水质。 在这种情况下,分散性并不总是特别低效,也没有对资源追踪构成严重威胁。 然而,当多个机构承担类似的责任时,或者当一个机构负责阐明政策而另一个机构控制钱包时,就成为一个问题。 [86] 横向分裂也困扰着国际一级的捐助者。 [87] 例如,在谈判一揽子援助计划时,个别捐助者往往寻求与政府作出个性化的预算外安排。 这些协定可能损害国家在为该部门制定战略时对一切现有资源进行衡算的能力。 [88] 特别报告员在访问哥斯达黎加和埃及的报告(A/HRC/12/24/Add.1和Corr.1, 第61段,以及A/HRC/15/31/Add.3和Corr.1, 第13段)中对横向分散造成的问题表示关切,但与许多专家的讨论表明,这些问题在世界各地水和卫生部门是系统性的。", "63. 国家 分裂也可能是纵向的,不仅发生在各部之间,而且也发生在国家、国家以下和地方机构之间。 在权力下放的背景下,往往出现这种情况,因为权力下放与连贯的国家战略或强有力的监管框架不相配合。 [89] 筹资渠道往往会变得模糊不清,造成费用高昂的重叠和重复,[90] 一国可能适用不一致的标准。 特别报告员评论了中央政府在提供这些服务的分权安排中,特别是在她关于访问斯洛文尼亚和美利坚合众国的报告中,在确保享有饮水和卫生设施权方面所起的首要作用。 [91]", "64. (中文(简体) ). 在衡量现有资源方面,不成体系在若干方面构成了障碍。 首先,很常见的是,国家或地方一级的各种机构将有一个进入水和卫生部门的切入点,作为其更广泛的责任组合的一部分。 由于在为每个机构对该部门的缴款编制预算方面,可能以这些更大的责任(例如公共卫生倡议、住房倡议、环境倡议等)来表述,因此,各国很难准确确定它们用于水和卫生的资源数额。 [92] 事实上,这种对水和卫生责任的传播是造成资源不足的主要原因。 [93] 此外,由于资源位于几个不同的账户,因此难以监测付款情况。 例如,财政部的一个单一账户将政府的所有现金合并起来,并跟踪资金的使用情况和向谁[94]提供应对这一挑战的一种方式。", "65. 国家 同样,由于多个机构和利益攸关方侧重于同一部门,服务重叠或浪费性重复的可能性很大。 例如,一份关于马拉维水点测绘的报告发现,由于缺乏协调,在现有井眼旁钻取了新的水点,而服务不足的地区仍然被忽视。 [95] 因此,即使有可能确定一个国家在任何特定时刻在水和卫生设施上花费了多少资金,但如果消除这种废物,仍可能难以确定可获得的资源数量。 最后,不同机构,包括国际捐助者,可能有不同的水和卫生监测机制,可以考虑各种标准并采用独特的方法。 这给希望执行国家水和卫生战略的各国政府带来了严重问题,因为这导致对需要和成本的不同评估。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员强调国家规划和明确责任分配对于有效实现水和卫生设施权的重要性(见A/HRC/18/33)。 因此,各国必须履行它们的义务,认真协调各级行动者的工作,并采用全面的全部门水和卫生政策。", "B. 透明度问题", "67. (中文(简体) ). 水和卫生部门透明度有限是准确评估资源的另一个关键挑战。 透明的水和卫生预算编制对于该部门的改进能否持续和长期成功至关重要,因为它有助于资源的可预测性、规划和公平分配,并便利各机构之间的协调。 透明的预算编制也可以作为脆弱或无服务社区内倡导和问责的平台。 [98] (中文(简体) ).", "68. (中文(简体) ). 预算编制透明度低主要是预算编制缺乏细节的结果。 国家预算往往没有充分说明如何、在何处和由谁分配水和卫生部门的支出。 这个问题与上文提到的横向分散密切相关,即用水和卫生设施被包在多个更广泛的组合中。 即使在预算足够详细的情况下,获得预算信息的机会仍然有限。 具体的水和卫生倡议,如讲卫生运动中心(www.washcost.org)和联合国水机制全球环境卫生和饮用水年度评估,正在采取重要步骤,以更好地监测各部门的筹资情况,并确保个人和机构更容易获得信息。 近年来,人权预算监测工作大幅增加,为民间社会和其他利益攸关方提供了重要工具,以要求获取信息并跟踪预算拨款情况,使各国政府对履行其人权义务负责。 这项工作涉及按区域和组别分列预算,可能对了解是否按照人权义务分配资金产生深远影响。 公共支出跟踪对于评估资金是否按照预算表明的意向实际使用也很重要。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 即使是透明的预算编制,也很少能说明国际捐助者和非政府组织在水和卫生方面的额外预算外资源,它们往往希望独立于政府管理其项目。 因此,用于这些项目的资源几乎从未记入国家预算。 在国家依赖国际捐助从事其水和卫生部门的大部分工作的情况下,这意味着政府和社区对实际有多少资金了解甚少。 例如,2006年在马拉维,估计非政府组织的非预算支出是报告的水和卫生年度预算的三倍。", "70. 联合国 当国家与私营部门签订提供服务合同时,缺乏透明度还可能妨碍准确衡量资源,特别是因为投标程序和合同往往不公开。 [100] 特别报告员已强调私营部门参与透明度的重要性,并特别指出,最终合同和职权范围必须可供公众审查和评论(A/HRC/15/31, 第36段)。 私人承包商有时还故意低价,人为地降低成本,以赢得合同,然后在双边合同重新谈判中获得更优惠的条件,特别报告员强调这种做法与人权要求相悖。", "71. 联合国 在所有形式的融资中,缺乏透明度可产生刺激措施来榨取资源、行贿或收受贿赂,或从事其他令人憎恶的行为。 这些活动变成很少报告的额外费用,使各国政府和个别机构无法清楚地了解有多少资金可用于水和卫生。 例如,透明国际估计,到2015年,腐败可能使实现千年发展目标具体目标7.C的费用增加近500亿美元。 [102] (中文(简体) ).", " C C. 没有衡量个人捐款", "72. 联合国 如上所解释的,个人和家庭的贡献在扩大和改善获得水和卫生设施方面起重要作用。 《人类发展报告》列举了中国的例子,中国在农村地区获得卫生设施方面迅速取得进展,70%的改善资金来自家庭。 .[103] 然而,国家成本评估很少考虑到这些捐款的价值。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 跟踪这些捐款并将其纳入总体规划和预算编制极为困难。 虽然水和卫生服务收费比较容易监测,但家庭为建设和维持其获得服务而花去的数额却比较困难,特别是在非网络服务的情况下。 人权分析需要考虑这些成本,因为它们影响到水和卫生设施的承受能力。 这些资料对于了解人口中哪些阶层需要何种援助以确保他们获得水和卫生设施至关重要。 获得或保持用水和卫生设施往往需要大量家庭捐助,这对生活贫困的人来说是一个障碍。", " V. 结论和建议", "74. 国家 本报告审查了为实现这些人权而为获得水和卫生设施提供资金方面的各种挑战。 确保人人享有饮水和卫生设施,需要大量的资源,才能向仍然得不到供水的数十亿人提供可持续的供水。 然而,除了需要额外资源外,还必须将现有资源更好地用于优先考虑最受排斥和最受排斥的群体。 更透明的预算和更好的协调也有助于更全面地了解可用于解决水和卫生危机的资源。", "75. 国家 根据本报告的调查结果,特别报告员建议各国:", "(a) 优先从国家预算和官方发展援助中为水和卫生提供资金,并特别注重向未获得服务或服务不足的人提供此种服务。 这应包括采取措施,确定在获得水和卫生设施方面最边缘化、受排斥和处境最不利的人口,并采取具体举措改善他们的处境;", "(b) 国家 确保家庭的贡献,无论是关税还是其他形式的贡献,都能负担得起,包括建立补充制度,支持低收入家庭获得并保持获得水和卫生设施的机会;", "(c) 增加用于水和卫生设施的国际援助的百分比,并纳入人权办法;", "(d) 国家 确保包括捐助者、私人提供者和非政府组织在内的所有行为者报告对各部门的供资情况,以便全面了解分配给各部门的资源情况以及如何确定目标;", "(e) 优先安排较有可能惠及最受排斥和处境最不利者的各种系统的开支,包括确保非正规住区也有自来水供应,并与各社区就确保可持续获得供水的各种现有技术进行协商;", "(f) 将运营和维护的成本考虑纳入投资,以确保可持续性;", "(g) 为地方当局在权力下放情况下的能力建设投入资源;", "(h) 投入资源,确保以必要的专门知识有效地实施监管;", "(一) 投入资源,以提高人们对水、环境卫生和个人卫生重要性的认识,以此作为增加对这些服务的需求的手段;", "(j) 确保与捐助者、私营服务提供者和非政府组织等其他利益攸关方的横向和纵向协调;", "(k) 与《公约》有关的问题 确保各部门的预算和其他供资的透明度,包括提供分类资料,说明哪些人口阶层能达到何种水平。", "76. 联合国 特别报告员鼓励捐助国、非政府组织和国际组织确保其政策、方案和项目支持为水和卫生设施部门提供更协调和更透明资金的努力。", "[1] Radhika Balakrishnan、Diane Elson和Raj Patel,《从人权角度重新思考宏观经济战略》(Carnegie Council,2009年2月),第10和11页。 可查阅http://www.cwgl.rutgers.edu/globalcenter/publications/whymes2.pdf。", "[2] 同上。", "[3] 另见国家的外债和其他有关国际金融义务对充分享有所有人权尤其是经济、社会和文化权利的影响问题独立专家的报告(A/65/260)。", "[4] 这次会议是与妇女全球领导地位中心、拉特格斯大学联合举办的,主题是宏观经济政策和享有水和卫生设施的权利。", "[5] 世界卫生组织(卫生组织)和联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会),供水和卫生联合监测方案,《环境卫生和饮水方面的进展:2010年最新情况》,第6和7页。 可查阅www.wssinfo.org/documents-links/documents/。", "[6] 同上,第8页。", "[7] 同上,第9页。", "[8] 卫生组织和联合国开发计划署(开发计划署),“增加低成本家庭饮用水供应和卫生干预措施覆盖面的经济和健康影响”(WHO/SDE/WSH/07/05),第21和22页,可查阅www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/economic/mdg10_offtrack.pdf。", "[9] 世界水事理事会、第三届世界水事论坛和全球水事伙伴关系,《为人人提供水资源供资:世界水基础设施供资问题小组的报告》(2003年3月),前言。 可查阅www.financewaterforall.org/index.php?id=1098。", "[10] 联合国水机制2010年环境卫生和饮用水全球年度评估:确定资源目标以取得更好的成果(日内瓦,世界卫生组织,2010年3月),第20页,可查阅www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/glas/en/。", "[11] 开发计划署,人类发展 《2006年报告:超越匮乏——权力、贫穷和全球水危机》(纽约,2006年),第9页。", "[12] 联合国水机制全球年度评估,第14页。", "[13] 同上,第15页。", "[14] 经济、社会、文化权利委员会第3号一般性意见(1990),第3段。 2. 《经济及社会理事会正式记录,1991年,补编第3号》(E/1991/23),附件三。", "[15] 同上,第15段。 第9条", "[16] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第二条(大会第2200 A(XXI)号决议,附件)。", "[17] 经济、社会、文化权利委员会第3号一般性意见(1990),第17段。 10个", "[18] Balakrishnan, Elson and Patel, \"反思宏观经济战略\", 第8页.", "[19] 例如,见E. Felner,“经济和社会权利倡导方面的一个新领域? 将定量数据转化为人权问责制的工具,《国际人权杂志》,第9期(2008年12月);以及S. Fukuda-Parr、T. Lawson-Remer和S. Randolph,“衡量逐步实现人权义务:经济和社会权利实现指数”,《经济权利工作文件系列》,第8期(2008年8月,康涅狄格大学康涅狄格人权研究所,Storrs)。", "[20] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第二条第2款。 2. 联合国", "[21] 经济、社会、文化权利委员会第3号一般性意见(1990年),第2段。 10个", "[22] 委员会第15(2002)号一般性意见,第37段。", "[23] 世界水事理事会,《加强地方政府获得资金的机会:为农业提供水融资》,人人享有水融资工作队,第1号报告(2006年3月,法国马赛),第6页,可查阅www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrags/wc_task_force_finance_water_for_all.pdf(2011年8月9日查阅)。", "[24] 开发署,《2006年人类发展报告:超越匮乏——权力、贫穷和全球水危机》(纽约,2006年),第52和53页。", "[25] 经济合作与发展组织,《水资源定价与水和卫生服务》(巴黎,经合组织出版,2010年),第70页。", "[26] R.W.A.Franceys,“试图进入水店? 穷人的城市供水连接费用”,《水科学技术:供水》,第5卷,第6号(伦敦,国际水协会出版,2005年),第209-216、213和215页。", "[27] 同上,第216页。", "[28] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会第15(2002)号一般性意见。", "[29] 经济合作与发展组织,《水资源定价及水和卫生服务》,第77页。", "[30] 经济合作与发展组织,《水资源定价与水和卫生服务》,第72页。", "[31] 世界水理事会、第三届世界水论坛和全球水伙伴关系、为人人享有水筹资。", "[32] (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员在即将提交人权理事会的关于良好做法的报告(将作为A/HRC/18/33/Add.1号文件印发)中,介绍了各国为支付水和卫生设施服务费用而使用的共同类型的补贴。", "[33] Thandika Mkandawire,“减贫的目标和普遍性”,社会政策和发展方案,第23号文件(2005年12月,联合国社会发展研究所)。", "[34] 人权与赤贫问题独立专家的报告(A/HRC/11/9),第39段。", "[35] 世界水事理事会,第三届世界水事论坛和全球水事伙伴关系,《为人人享有水资源筹资》,第2页。", "[36] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》,第2条第1款,以及经济、社会、文化权利委员会第3号一般性意见(1990年),第3段。 13个", "[37] 《联合国宪章》第55和56条;《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第11条;经济、社会和文化权利委员会第3号一般性意见(1990),第13和14段。", "[38] 联合国水机制全球年度评估,第46页。", "[39] 同上,第15页。", "[40] 同上,第38页。", "[41] 同上,第22页。", "[42] 关于从人权角度进行国家规划的更多信息,见特别报告员提交人权理事会第十八届会议的报告(A/HRC/18/33)。", "[43] 《巴黎宣言》,第16段。", "[44] 《阿克拉议程》(A/63/539,附件),第40段。 18岁。", "[45] 见国家的外债和其他有关国际金融义务的影响问题独立专家的报告(A/65/260),第三节。 B组.", "[46] 开发署,《2006年人类发展报告》,第28-31页。", "[47] 同上,第vi页。", "[48] 同上,第25-29页。", "[49] Annette Prüss-üstün等,《更安全的水,更好的健康:保护和促进健康干预措施的成本、效益和可持续性》(日内瓦,世界卫生组织,2008年),第7页。", "[50] R. W. A. Franceys,“进入水店?” 第210页。", "[51] Hutton, Haller和Bartram, “经济和健康影响”, 第30页。", "[52] 实现安全饮用水和卫生设施权利的准则草案(见E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/25),第2.3(a)段。", "[53] 联合国水机制全球年度评估,第26页。", "[54] 同上,第33页。", "[55] 同上,第35页。", "[56] 同上,第26页。", "[57] 同上,第24页。", "[58] 同上,第34页。", "[59] 儿童基金会,“公平概况介绍:千年发展目标7”。 可查阅www.childinfo.org/files/MDG7.pdf。", "[60] 联合国水机制全球年度评估,第30页。", "[61] Sophie Trémolet、Pete Kolsky和Eddy Perez,《为穷人的现场环境卫生筹资:六个国家比较审查和分析》(哥伦比亚特区华盛顿,世界银行水和卫生方案,2010年1月)。", "[62] Catarina Fonseca等,“长期供水和卫生服务的生活周期费用办法”(WASHCost,2011年4月)。 可查阅www.washcost.info/page/121(需要登录)。", "[63] Guy Hutton和Jamie Bartram,“实现千年发展目标的供水和卫生目标(目标10)的区域和全球成本,WHO/HSE/AMR/08/01号文件(日内瓦,世界卫生组织,2008年)。 见http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/economic/mdg_global_costing.pdf。 (原始内容存档于2013-10-12).", "[64] 联合国水机制全球年度评估,第21页。", "[65] Fonseca等,“长期供水和卫生服务的生活周期费用办法”。", "[66] Ton Schouten等人,“采用提供服务的办法监测低收入地区的供水情况及其对联合监测方案的影响”(WASHCost,国际水和卫生中心,2011年),第三节。 1.1. 可在www.washcost.info/redir/./Monitoring_sustainable_JMP_Berlin.pdf(需要登录)。", "[67] 同上。", "[68] 联合国水机制全球年度评估,第32页。 在27个国际捐助者中,8个能够根据新的服务、增加的服务或治疗水平细分付款,并维持或取代现有的服务,后者只得到援助的13%。", "[69] Fonseca等,“长期供水和卫生服务的生活周期费用办法”。", "[70] Meera Mehta和Dinesh Mehta,《为地方一级的水和卫生筹资》(伦敦,水援助组织,2008年1月),第45页。 可查阅www.wateraid.org/documents/插件_documents/finance_water_and_sanitation_at_local_levels.pdf。", "[71] 联合国水机制全球年度评估,第46页。", "[72] Mehta和Mehta,《在地方一级为水和卫生筹资》,第46页。", "[73] 世界水事理事会,《加强地方政府获得资金的机会:为农业提供水的融资》,第5页。", "[74] 同上。", "[75] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会第15(2002)号一般性意见,第16、47和48段。", "[76] 世界水理事会,第三届世界水论坛和全球水伙伴关系,《为人人享有水筹资》,第9页。 另见住房权利和驱逐房客问题中心(住房权利和驱逐房客问题中心)、美国科学促进会(AAS)、瑞士发展和合作署(SDC)和联合国人类住区规划署(人居署),《水和卫生设施权利手册》(2008年),第37页;可查阅www.cohre.org/sites/default/files/ 手册_on_the_right_to_water_and_sanitation_2008.pdf。", "[77] Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit(德国技术合作公司),撒哈拉以南非洲监管和私营部门参与问题工作组,“分享水部门监管经验”(2004年4月)。 可查阅www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-regulation-water-section-Africa.pdf(2011年8月10日查阅)。", "[78] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会第15(2002)号一般性意见,第25段;和住房权利中心、AAS、SDC和人居署,《饮水和卫生权手册》,第106页。", "[79] 斯德哥尔摩国际水研究所和卫生组织,《确保环境卫生:解决危机的胁迫案例》(斯德哥尔摩,2005年),第25页。 可查阅www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/seuringsanitation.pdf。", "[80] 联合国水机制全球年度评估,第30页。", "[81] SIWI和卫生组织,《确保环境卫生》,第24和25页。", "[82] Sophie Trémolet,“世界水日:全球淹没资金是不够的”,《卫报》,2011年3月22日。 可查阅www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/ mar/22/世界水日 -- -- 卫生 -- -- 卫生。", "[83] 2008年2月18日至21日在南非德班举行的第二届非洲环境卫生和个人卫生会议通过的《eThekwini宣言》承诺4。 《宣言》全文见www.africasan3.com/Images/eThekwiniAfricaSan.pdf。", "[84] Mehta和Mehta,《在地方一级为水和卫生筹资》,第59页。", "[85] 开发署,《2006年人类发展报告》,第12和61页。", "[86] 同上。", "[87] 同上,第70和71页。", "[88] Tom Slaymaker和Peter Newborne,“减贫战略文件下供水和卫生方案的执行情况:撒哈拉以南非洲研究结果综述”(伦敦,海外发展研究所,2004年8月)。 可查阅www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1663&title=供水-sanitation-prsps-synthesis-research-sub-saharan-Africa。 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011-12-22.", "[89] Mehta和Mehta,《在地方一级为水和卫生筹资》,第59页。", "[90] 同上,第28页。", "[91] A/HRC/18/33/Add.2, 第48段,呼吁斯洛文尼亚政府干预未能履行与罗姆人有关的人权义务的市镇,以及A/HRC/33/Add.4(即将出版),呼吁美利坚合众国制定强制性联邦负担能力标准。", "[92] 开发署,《2006年人类发展报告》,第62页。", "[93] 同上,第61页。", "[94] Ehtisham Ahmad,“解决边缘化问题的宏观经济、财政和权力下放备选方案:帮助赤贫者”,为2011年6月20日至22日在德国波恩大学发展研究中心举行的边缘化和赤贫问题国际圆桌会议编写的文件。", "[95] Katharina Welle,“学习倡导和良好做法:水援助水点绘图:根据对马拉维和坦桑尼亚的国别访问得出的调查结果报告”,水援助报告(伦敦,海外发展研究所,2005年12月)。 可查阅www.odi.org.uk/resources/下载/2952.pdf。", "[96] 卫生组织和儿童基金会,供水和卫生联合监测方案(www.wssinfo.org/country-collites/data-reconciation)。", "[97] 经济、社会、文化权利委员会第15(2002)号一般性意见,第9段。 51. 联合国", "[98] 开发署,《2006年人类发展报告》,第63页。", "[99] 非洲水问题部长理事会,《使非洲走上实现水和卫生方面的千年发展目标的道路;16个非洲国家的状况审查》(2006年12月),第47页。", "[100] 尼拉·阿尔迪亚尼, “印度尼西亚的水私有化”,载于B. Balanyá等(编),《恢复公共水:世界各地的成就、斗争和愿景》(阿姆斯特丹:跨国研究所和公司欧洲观察站,2005年),第227页;和Violeta Petrova,“急于寻找蓝金的前沿:水私有化和用水的人权”,《布鲁克林国际法杂志》,第31卷,第2号(2006年),第577页。", "[101] 世界水理事会,第三届世界水论坛和全球水伙伴关系,《为人人享有水筹资》,第10页。", "[102] 《2008年全球腐败报告:水部门的腐败》(纽约,剑桥大学出版社,2008年),第10页,可查阅www.transparency.org/publications/gcr/gcr_2008。", "[103] 开发署,《2006年人类发展报告》,第128页。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 65 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children:", "promotion and protection of the rights of children", "Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict", "Summary The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assemblyresolution 51/77 and subsequent resolutions on the rights of thechild, the most recent of which is resolution 64/146. In resolution64/146, the Assembly requested the Special Representative of theSecretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict to submit a reportto the General Assembly containing information on her field visits,on the progress achieved and the challenges remaining on the childrenand armed conflict agenda. The present report covers the period from August 2010 to August 2011and provides an overview of progress in the children and armedconflict agenda, followed by an account of the trends and remainingchallenges faced. Section II details progress made over the pastyear, including on awareness-raising, partnership building,information collection and the release of children from armed forcesand groups. Section III highlights remaining challenges in thecontext of the changing nature of conflict and outlines otheremerging issues of concern. Section IV describes the way forward interms of ending violations committed against children. Section Vdescribes actions taken to mainstream the children and armed conflictagenda within the United Nations system Section VI presents a set ofactionable recommendations on the protection of children affected byconflict for the attention of the General Assembly. \nThe annex to the report sets out suggested standard operatingprocedures outlining minimum measures that may be put in place bynational armed forces, as well as multinational and peacekeepingforces, to ensure the protection of children in the course ofmilitary operations.", "* A/66/150.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted to the General Assembly pursuant to resolution 51/77 and subsequent resolutions on the rights of the child, the most recent of which is resolution 64/146. The report covers the period from August 2010 to August 2011 and highlights progress made over the past year, current trends and challenges, the way forward on ending grave violations against children in armed conflict and child protection mainstreaming in the United Nations system. The report ends with recommendations aimed at enhancing the protection of children affected by conflict.", "II. Children and armed conflict agenda: overview of progress", "A. Raising global awareness", "2. Raising awareness and promoting the collection of information on the plight of children affected by armed conflict is a core aspect of the mandate given to the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict by the General Assembly. A multipronged approach to awareness-raising has been undertaken by the Office of the Special Representative during the reporting period.", "3. The Special Representative has continued to submit reports on the situation of children and armed conflict to the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council. In addition, the Office of the Special Representative has served as the Secretariat entity charged with the preparation, in close consultation with United Nations partners and country task forces, of the Secretary-General’s annual and country-specific reports on children and armed conflict to the Security Council. These reports provide a platform for advocacy and an authoritative and regular account of the progress made and challenges faced with regard to the protection of children in concrete country situations.", "4. The Office of the Special Representative supports the development of policy through the preparation and distribution of literature that contributes to policy discussions. Working papers on key aspects of child protection, such as the 2010 paper on internally displaced children, build knowledge and understanding of “grey areas” in the subject by distilling academic and policy experience and supporting advocacy efforts. In addition, together with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and other key United Nations partners, the Office of the Special Representative has produced a broad range of guidelines for the field, including guidance and templates for use by field-based United Nations partners in the development of action plans to halt sexual violence and the killing and maiming of children.", "5. The Special Representative, in her role as global advocate for children affected by armed conflict, has continued to serve as an independent moral voice for such children. Through field trips, outreach and use of traditional and social media, the Special Representative has managed to relay the concerns of children in conflict areas, mobilize solidarity with children affected by armed conflict and maintain a sense of urgency amongst key decision makers. In addition, during the reporting period her Office organized nine events to raise awareness and knowledge related to children and armed conflict.", "6. The Special Representative’s emphasis on field missions continues to be central to her advocacy efforts. Field visits enable first-hand assessments of the situation of children, engagement with Governments to support their efforts in protecting children, the securing of concrete commitments from parties to conflict on child protection and support for the implementation of monitoring and reporting activities, and dialogue with relevant parties. During the reporting period and upon the invitation of the Governments concerned, the Special Representative undertook field visits to Somalia (November 2010), Afghanistan (January 2011), the Philippines (April 2011), and Chad (June 2011).", "B. Building global partnerships", "7. In line with the mandate given to the Special Representative by the General Assembly, building global partnerships and a network of stakeholders is indispensable to enhancing protection. Playing a convening role, the Special Representative brings together those with stakes in the protection of children affected by armed conflict and acts as a bridge between all parties.", "8. Maintaining close contact with members of the General Assembly in order to create awareness, take stock of their priorities and strengthen global support for the protection of children affected by armed conflict has been a key priority for the Special Representative. The Group of Friends of Children and Armed Conflict, composed of Member States from all regional groups committed to the child protection agenda, has been critical for this engagement.", "9. Continuing consultations with Member States, particularly during the preparation of the Secretary-General’s annual and country-specific reports on children and armed conflict, are essential to ensure that the concerns of Member States are taken into account in the drafting of the reports. Going forward, the Special Representative aims to continue this critical dialogue with concerned Member States, in order to strengthen collaboration and ensure buy-in and commitment to the protection of children.", "10. Civil society organizations are fundamental to the work of the Office of the Special Representative. They inform the Office of emerging matters of concern, provide innovative suggestions on policy questions and challenges and alert the Office to areas in need of improvement, when necessary. The Special Representative works closely with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) operating at the global and national levels and holds regular meetings with civil society representatives to brainstorm, discuss areas of common concern and keep them abreast of developments on the agenda. Concerted advocacy efforts on specific country situations during the reporting period, including on the situation of children affected by conflict in the Central African Republic, have led to a closer partnership with the authorities, increased international attention and operational commitments by child protection partners on the ground.", "C. Collection of information on children affected by armed conflict", "11. With the establishment of the monitoring and reporting mechanism on children and armed conflict in 2005 pursuant to Security Council resolution 1612 (2005) and its subsequent implementation in various countries, efforts to gather timely and reliable information on grave violations against children have borne fruit. The creation of country task forces on the monitoring and reporting of grave violations against children, under the leadership of the highest United Nations authority on the ground, has strengthened United Nations data-gathering capacities and improved the collection and flow of accurate information on six grave violations. This comprehensive framework of information collection contributes to a better understanding of the issue of children and armed conflict and to a greater range of appropriate responses from Headquarters and agencies and programmes in the field. To date, the monitoring and reporting mechanism has been successfully implemented in 15 country situations.", "12. As a result of information collection efforts on behalf of the Secretary-General, the Office of the Special Representative has, during the reporting period, prepared six country-specific reports, on the situation of children and armed conflict in Afghanistan, Chad, the Central African Republic, Iraq, the Sudan and Somalia, in consultation with relevant partners. These reports raise the profile of the children and armed conflict agenda and, through their dissemination, provide a solid information base for response by national and international child protection partners and civil society, while providing data for the academic community.", "D. Release of children from armed forces and groups", "13. The 1996 Graça Machel study on the impact of armed conflict on children (A/51/306 and Add.1) highlighted the recruitment and use of children by armed forces and groups as an alarming characteristic of contemporary conflict and one which constitutes a grave violation. Since then, through advocacy and the focused efforts of national and international child protection partners, numerous children have been separated from armed forces and groups. In 2010, 11,393 children (8,624 male and 2,769 female) benefited from reintegration assistance supported by United Nations agencies, funds and programmes (see A/65/741, para. 16).", "14. Marrying advocacy with practical commitment to halt the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict, action plans requested by the Security Council in, inter alia, resolution 1539 (2004), also respond to General Assembly resolution 64/146, in which Member States called on all parties to conflict to take time-bound and effective measures to end all violations and abuses against children. Action plans to end grave violations against children signal a widespread acknowledgement that the impact of armed conflict on children is an affront not only to human rights and development, but also to the peace and security agenda of the United Nations.", "15. To date, action plans to halt the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict have been signed with 15 State and non-State parties in 8 countries: Afghanistan, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Nepal, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, the Sudan and Uganda. During the reporting period, the Afghan and Chadian security forces signed action plans to release children present in their units and put in place the legal safeguards and practical protocols necessary to prevent the recruitment and use of children. Six action plans have been successfully completed to date. The Office of the Special Representative, together with key United Nations partners, including UNICEF and the International Labour Organization (ILO), supports advocacy for the signature of action plans and provides technical support and guidance for their preparation and implementation.", "16. The durable separation of children from armed forces and groups is a complex process that requires appropriate security safeguards, support from child protection partners and the existence of economic as well as social reintegration opportunities. In line with the Paris Principles and Guidelines on Children associated with Armed Forces or Armed Groups, the experience of operational partners has shown that reintegration assistance to children must be tailored to their specific needs. As such, the needs of younger children are different to those of working age (15-17 depending on national legislation). While for younger children reintegration assistance should emphasize schooling combined, where appropriate, with economic assistance to the family, older children usually require vocational training or apprenticeships, which would enable a transition to employment. The Office of the Special Representative, through the Inter-Agency Working Group on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration, co-chaired by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), will continue to contribute to policy and guidance development on child disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and to conduct advocacy for the implementation and mainstreaming of such guidance.", "E. Enhancing the legal and normative framework for children and armed conflict", "17. During the reporting period, the Special Representative worked towards the strengthening of the legal and normative framework for the protection of children, including through the implementation of the campaign for the universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. The campaign, Zero Under 18, has been conducted in cooperation with UNICEF, the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Violence against Children, and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). The Optional Protocol, adopted in 2000, prohibits the forced recruitment of children under the age of 18 by armed forces and armed groups and their direct participation in hostilities.", "18. The Special Representative has conducted outreach activities with 34 Member States that are not party to the Optional Protocol and briefed several regional organizations, including the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). The Office of the Special Representative organized a treaty signing event during the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals in September 2010 and held a forum in New York on the occasion of the first anniversary of the campaign in May 2010. During a seminar organized by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research, the Office provided technical advice to Member States on the ratification process.", "19. Since the launch of the campaign in May 2010, 12 treaty actions have been taken: three Member States have signed the Optional Protocol (Central African Republic, Ethiopia and Iran (Islamic Republic of)), five have ratified it (Cyprus, Djibouti, Gabon, Malawi and Seychelles) and five have acceded to it (Congo, Georgia, Guyana, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Saudi Arabia). To date, the Optional Protocol has been ratified by 142 States.", "20. The Special Representative continues to encourage Member States to become party to other relevant treaties, including ILO Convention No. 182 (1999) concerning the prohibition and immediate action for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour, which defines child recruitment as one of the worst forms of child labour, as well as the African Charter of the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1999), which prohibits child recruitment and upholds the fundamental rights of children.", "III. Children and armed conflict: trends and challenges", "A. The changing nature of conflict", "1. Use of children as instruments of violence in conflict", "21. Of growing concern is the use of children — sometimes unbeknownst to them — to carry or wear explosives. The reporting period has seen a steady increase in the number of girls and boys being used by armed groups for such purposes. These children, sometimes as young as eight, are often unaware of the actions or consequences of the acts they are instigated to commit. Such acts often lead to their own death and the killing of civilians, including other children.", "22. Little is known of the strategies used by armed actors to access children for these acts of violence. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that families are forced to hand over their children to take part in these actions, and there have also been cases of poor families being induced by armed groups to give their children away, through the promise of money. The use of very young children and/or disabled children for such acts is also a horrifying trend of grave concern. There is an urgent need to fill the knowledge gap and to reach a better understanding of how these acts could be prevented. Concomitantly, there is a need to better address the stigmatization of, and prejudice against, children suspected of collaboration with armed actors, which lead to other violations including beatings, threats to children and their families, acts tantamount to torture, arbitrary arrests and detentions. In this context, particular attention must be given to young children, girls and disabled children.", "2. Protection of children during military operations", "23. In her last report, the Special Representative emphasized the risks for children during the course of military operations and the need to put in place specific policies and procedures, including tactical directives and standard operating procedures, in order to uphold international humanitarian law and prevent violations against children. New instruments of war, including the use of new technologies, the absence of clear battlefields and identifiable opponents have led to greater risks to children during military operations. The use of aerial attacks, including by drone, and night raids should be reviewed as a matter of priority by all armed actors, in order to minimize incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians and damage to civilian objects.", "24. The safety and security of children is critical to the legitimacy and credibility of any military activity. This is even more important in the context of peacekeeping or stabilization operations, where consent for the foreign presence is paramount to the success of the mission. The rules of engagement of armed forces must stipulate the protection of civilians as a foremost consideration in military operations, including in the context of counter-insurgency activities. The principles of proportionality and distinction must be upheld in today’s conflict settings by all armed actors; it is only through respect for these principles that the victimization of children can be avoided.", "25. The Special Representative reiterates her call for the development of directives and standard operating procedures to ensure that military operations are conducted in conformity with applicable international humanitarian law and safeguard the protection of civilians, including children. During the reporting period, standard operating procedures have been developed by the Ugandan army, with the support of the Office of the Special Representative, to ensure the protection of children captured by, or in the custody of, the armed forces during operations against the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA). The Special Representative reiterates her call to all relevant military actors, including armed forces, multinational forces and peacekeeping operations, to implement as a matter of priority the minimum set of measures highlighted in the annex to the present report.", "3. Detention and prosecution of children associated with armed groups", "26. States are increasingly arresting and detaining children for alleged association with armed groups. Children who are captured and placed in detention are sometimes kept in conditions which do not meet the minimum standards set out in various international legal instruments.", "27. In some situations, States place children in administrative detention, rather than charging them with a criminal offence and bringing them before a court. These children are often detained for long periods without being granted access to a lawyer and without other legal safeguards being applied. Evidence abounds that, when deprived of their liberty, children are particularly vulnerable to human rights abuses, including degrading and inhuman treatment and/or acts tantamount to torture.", "28. In other situations, States charge children for allegedly having committed acts during their association with an armed group that are regarded as crimes under national or international law. These children sometimes languish in prolonged pretrial detention without access to legal assistance. In addition, trials before national courts or military tribunals do not generally apply juvenile justice standards and due process safeguards. As a result, children are frequently tried without legal representation or assistance, are not accompanied by their parents or a legal guardian and do not have a clear understanding of the charges brought against them.", "29. Given the often forced nature of their association with armed groups, and considering their age, children should be treated primarily as victims, not as perpetrators. Emphasis should be placed on prosecuting individuals based on the concept of command responsibility. States should also prosecute adult recruiters and commanders not only for the crime of child recruitment, but also for other crimes they may have forced children to commit.", "30. The detention and prosecution of children for crimes arising from active participation in hostilities should always be a measure of last resort. Many children who are charged with such crimes may themselves have been forced or enticed to join armed groups. During their association with an armed group, children are often abused, beaten, exploited and manipulated by commanders to commit criminal acts, ranging from minor security offences to war crimes. Although the need for some form of formal accountability is acknowledged, diversion from the judicial system is more suitable for children. Alternatives that take the best interest of the child into consideration and promote the reintegration of the child into his or her family and community include non-judicial mechanisms such as restorative justice measures, truth-telling, traditional healing ceremonies and reintegration programmes.", "31. The Convention on the Rights of the Child requires that States seek alternatives to judicial proceedings for children at the national level and that any solution needs to take into account “the child’s assuming of a constructive role in society.” For children, understanding and acknowledging a past wrongdoing plays a crucial role in their psychosocial development and reintegration process. Accountability based on restorative approaches contributes to a child’s rehabilitation and reconciliation with his or her community.", "32. The Office of the Special Representative is finalizing a working paper which will explore the issue of the responsibility and accountability of children who have committed criminal acts during armed conflict and the alternatives that can be used to assist children in reintegrating into society. The purpose will be to bring conceptual clarity to the issue by examining the international legal framework related to the detention of children; the treatment and rights of children in detention; and the protection of children who are subject to prosecution and trial. It will also discuss other, non-judicial justice mechanisms with more rehabilitative functions.", "B. Child protection and security sector reform", "33. In recent years, at the request of Governments or the Security Council, United Nations bodies have played an increasing role in assisting national actors in their efforts to develop accountable and effective security institutions on the basis of non-discrimination, respect for human rights and the rule of law. Support has ranged from facilitating discussions on security arrangements as part of wider negotiations between parties to a prospective peace agreement, to technical advice on and/or support for the implementation of security sector reform plans. In this context, child protection considerations are central to efforts to build rights-based, accountable security systems.", "34. The security needs of marginalized or socially excluded groups, particularly those of children and women, should be taken into account when developing plans for security sector reform. Security institutions should integrate the protection of children as a priority area of their mandates; threats to children have often been overlooked, resulting in the exposure of children to grave violations, both in conflict and peacetime. In countries such as the Sudan and South Sudan, the establishment of specialized child protection units in the armed forces has gone a long way to ensuring timely response to cases of violations against children and has helped raise awareness of child rights and welfare among the security forces more widely. Such positive initiatives should be replicated elsewhere. In addition, in order to prevent mobilization of children, recruitment protocols must ensure rigorous age verification: civil registry records, when incomplete or inaccurate, must be supplemented by other procedures to ascertain age.", "35. Where armed forces and groups are merged, or demobilized and reintegrated as part of a peace agreement, there is a need to ensure, as a first step in any security sector reform process, that children who may be associated with the parties are separated. The initial stage in such situations is often the registration of combatants. Measures must be systematically put in place to effect age verification or, where reliable State-managed data on birth dates are not available, to establish a solid method of for age determination. However, separating children from armed forces and groups should not be dependent on security sector reform plans. Recruitment and use of children in armed conflict is a violation of international law; there is a normative imperative for children to be identified and separated, inter alia in the context of the action plans mentioned earlier.", "36. Awareness-raising and training on child protection is critical to strengthening accountability and respect for human rights within the security forces. Such training must be administered to all actors in the security sector and should cover the international and national normative framework and its application, as well as the care and treatment of children in conflict with the law.", "37. Ultimately, ensuring that security institutions uphold and practice child protection is a long-term endeavour, requiring dedicated and focused efforts on the part of national actors: the Government, legislative bodies, the judiciary and civil society. It is through a partnership between national actors, with international support, that child protection can be mainstreamed into the security sector.", "C. Protecting education in armed conflict", "38. In her previous reports, the Special Representative has consistently noted with concern the increasing trend of attacks on education. Such acts include the partial or total destruction of schools and other education facilities and threatened or actual targeting of education personnel. Attacks on education undermine the establishment of a protective environment for children and their chances for a better future. In addition, violent attacks on girls and targeted attacks on their education undermine their role in society and prevent them from exercising their rights.", "39. The reporting period has seen progress in terms of protective measures for education and the rights of children to education. Greater international attention led to the creation in 2010 of the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack, composed of United Nations agencies and NGOs. It has helped prevent attacks on education; develop effective response to attacks; improve knowledge, monitoring and reporting; and advocate for international norms and standards and increased accountability. In March 2011, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) published an innovative report highlighting the impact of armed conflict on education.[1] The Special Representative welcomes these initiatives and looks forward to working closely with the Global Coalition, UNESCO and other concerned partners to enhance protection from attacks on education.", "40. Following the adoption by the General Assembly of its groundbreaking resolution 64/290 on the right to education in emergency situations, the Security Council also strengthened its efforts on this matter. In July 2011, the Security Council adopted resolution 1998 (2011), expanding the listing in the annexes to the annual reports of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict to perpetrators of recurrent attacks against schools and recurrent attacks or threats of attacks against protected personnel in relation to such facilities. The Special Representative commends the focused attention of the General Assembly and the Security Council on the right of children to access education and urges Member States, together with other child protection partners, to implement the decisions of both bodies.", "D. Cross-border efforts to protect children affected by conflict", "41. With the flow of civilians and combatants across borders, the regional aspects of conflicts have brought new challenges to the safety, security and protection of children. The activities across borders by armed groups such as the LRA, operating over vast stretches of the central African hinterland, have proven difficult to follow, and as a result the threat posed by them has been concomitantly difficult to contain. Two aspects are worthy of note with regard to the operational response to the challenges posed by cross-border threats.", "42. First, there is a need to ensure a well-coordinated monitoring and reporting mechanism, which is able to pull the various country-specific strands of information together in order to develop a comprehensive view of the trends and patterns of violations perpetrated by armed groups. This is critical in order to ensure that appropriate practical measures are taken to protect civilians in affected areas. For instance, during the reporting period, with the support of the Office of the Special Representative, UNICEF enhanced its capacity to facilitate coordination and information-sharing on LRA between child protection teams in the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Sudan and Uganda.", "43. Secondly, the reintegration of children formerly associated with armed forces and groups often involves a repatriation component, where the child, operating alongside the armed force or group on foreign soil, returns to his or her country of origin for reintegration into civilian life. In such cases, close contact and coordination between national authorities and child protection partners is essential.", "IV. Ending violations and abuses against children in conflict", "A. Root causes", "44. Efforts to end violations and abuses against children during conflict must stem from a thorough understanding of the structural causes of conflict and the circumstances that give rise to these violations and abuses. Poverty, discrimination, environmental degradation, social and economic marginalization and inequity are some of the factors that create the conditions for children to be associated with armed forces or groups, forcibly or voluntarily.", "45. Research has demonstrated a strong correlation between poverty and violent conflict, as well as between violent conflict and poor human development indicators. Millennium Development Goal indicators reveal that countries in situations of armed conflict account for one third of those living in extreme poverty, half of the children with no access to primary education and half of the children who die before their fifth birthday. While not all poor children in conflict situations become soldiers, poverty is an important motivating factor for children to join armed forces and groups. In some areas, poverty means a lack of access to education and other basic social services and few opportunities for employment and income generation. Children, often with the encouragement of parents and the incitement of armed actors, become combatants in the hope that they will be well fed, housed and protected.", "46. Perceptions of discrimination, social injustice, political exclusion and economic disparity are often motivating factors for children to join armed groups. Compounded with collective identity, defined often in ethnic, regional or religious terms, these perceptions become potent mobilizers of communities, including children. Loyalty to the group sometimes becomes a bargaining tool for armed groups, and members of the community are called upon to play their part and contribute their children to the struggle. Children are susceptible to these demands, not only as a result of social pressure or a sense of obligation, but also as a consequence of personal injustices suffered. When crimes against children are committed with impunity, many join armed groups motivated by a desire for revenge.", "47. The weak writ of the State, particularly in peripheral areas, is another contributing factor to conflict and has played a role in exposing children to violence. Where the State is challenged in its ability to provide security, deliver basic social services, adjudicate on grievances and facilitate economic activity, local communities turn to alternative forms of authority. Traditional governance structures and/or justice mechanisms, may take precedence over weak statutory institutions. However, traditional governance structures are often not underpinned by the normative standards and protection mechanisms facilitated by the State. Where conflict is occurring, local communities also often form self-defence groups and frequently enlist young children in the community to fight and defend them against external threats.", "48. In some societies, protracted violent conflict becomes an end in itself, with a political economy driven by the logic of economic gain and political compromise. In such contexts, children are socialized to accept war as the norm, not the exception, and to seek advancement in the structures it creates. Military commanders become role models for children and the military ethos becomes part of everyday life. Joining an armed group may facilitate social mobility, with access to resources and the ability to wield power and influence in the territory under the control of the armed group. In such situations of chronic conflict, joining an armed group may be seen by children as a legitimate avenue of advancement in a society that offers them few other options.", "49. The above are some of the key factors which create an environment that is conducive to children being caught up in conflict. Without addressing the conditions which create conflict at the strategic level, children will continue to be victimized by armed conflict. In this regard, as called for by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/241, States must “enhance complementarity and coordination of national policies and strategies related to security, development, human rights and humanitarian issues, with a view to addressing the short-, medium- and long-term impact of armed conflict on children in an effective, sustainable and comprehensive manner”. The United Nations system and the international community more widely must support the efforts of Governments in building societies that are resilient during conflict, including by contributing to economic development and equity, while supporting initiatives to strengthen social justice and accountability.", "B. Prevention of violations and abuses against children", "50. At the strategic level, clearly the most effective way of protecting children from the scourge of war is by mitigating the outbreak of armed conflict. Conflict prevention means addressing the root causes of violence and promoting sustainable and equitable human development. As identified in the Machel study and the 2007 10-year review of that study (see A/62/228), sustainable conflict prevention and peacebuilding require going beyond political settlements and strengthening the key vectors of peace, including good governance; the creation of an accountable, legitimate and rule-based security sector; an independent and effective judicial system; the delivery of basic social services; and the creation of an economic environment conducive to employment and wealth creation.", "51. Studies suggest that there is a strong correlation between a disproportionately large youth population and civil strife. While demographics alone do not instigate conflict, systematically engaging and targeting young people as the beneficiaries of development programmes, particularly in countries with a youth bulge, could mitigate the risk. The need to promote youth employment and the development of skills among young people during peacetime and in post-conflict periods must be an important component of reconstruction and development strategies.", "52. The above are broad and long-term measures that States affected by conflict must address progressively, with the sustained support of the international community. A number of more direct protective steps may be taken by national actors, with international support. During conflict, the creation of child protection networks may assist in helping communities to better protect their children. These networks alert the community to threats or violations and can help develop a community-based response to the consequences of violence. They can also help prevent abuses by raising awareness and forging linkages with entities that can provide protection. Being able to rely on a network of support makes children feel more secure and provides a mechanism for assistance when violations or abuses are committed against them.", "53. At the start of any conflict, community leaders should be persuaded to make a special effort to negotiate with parties to ensure that schools are designated as “zones of peace” and are not the targets of attacks or use by military forces or armed groups. In this way, children will be free to pursue their education without abuse or violence. Community-based action to protect schools is another way in which to ensure that children are safe. Maintaining a degree of normalcy in the lives of children during conflict, through the continuation of schooling, sustains their development, while protecting them from recruitment by armed actors.", "C. Addressing accountability at the global level", "54. Since the 1996 Machel study, the international community has made significant progress in strengthening the legal framework for the protection of children in armed conflict and in bringing perpetrators to justice. Violations against children have been addressed by the International Criminal Court, the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. These international and hybrid courts, along with mixed chambers such as those established in Bosnia and Herzegovina, have been critical in complementing national justice mechanisms in addressing crimes against children.", "55. It must be emphasized that international efforts alone cannot achieve durable results in the fight against impunity. Sustained accountability for crimes committed can only be reached through the ownership of the people and justice system of the nation concerned, in conformity with international standards. In societies emerging from conflict, where State institutions and the social fabric have been weakened by war, the international community has an important role to play in supporting national efforts to strengthen the justice sector and the rule of law more broadly. Developing the capacity of societies to deal with violations through an effective justice system is the only way to ensure that justice will be sustainable.", "56. The international community should also support reparations mechanisms in countries emerging from armed conflict. Reparations are a way of providing social justice in post-conflict societies, and are an effective additional accountability mechanism. This is particularly the case in areas where access to justice and redress through the courts is difficult or not possible because of a weak judicial system or a lack of confidence in the judiciary, where the identity of perpetrators are unknown, or where, for political reasons, perpetrators of human rights abuses are exempted from judicial accountability processes.", "D. The need for a protection dialogue", "57. In its resolution 64/146, the General Assembly called on States and other parties to armed conflict that engage in violations and abuses against children in contravention of applicable international law to take time-bound and effective measures to end such practices. The delivery of protection and assistance to child victims of violations and abuses in armed conflict by States, together with United Nations entities, civil society and regional organizations, necessitates a dialogue among all partners involved, in order to ensure coordination and the establishment of appropriate response mechanisms. Partnerships with Governments are critical in ending grave violations against children. In this regard, inter-ministerial committees composed of relevant Government entities can serve as effective forums for coordination and dialogue with United Nations counterparts.", "58. Where relevant and possible, dialogue with non-State actors may take place in the context of peace processes. However, working closely with the relevant Governments, dialogue on the establishment of time-bound and effective measures to protect child victims — including action plans to halt particular violations — should be explored regardless of the status of political discussions. Contexts vary and experience has shown that innovation is a key ingredient for effective protection measures to be put in place. In the absence of a peace process Governments, as the primary duty-bearers for the protection of children, should work in partnership with the United Nations to ensure that time-bound and effective measures, including action plans, are put in place by all parties.", "E. Targeted and graduated measures", "59. Efforts to strengthen the links between the work of the Security Council on children and armed conflict and its sanctions regime is an area of ongoing work. Targeted and graduated sanctions should be applied against persistent perpetrators as a measure of last resort, when all other means have failed to end impunity for crimes committed against children. In its most recent resolution on children and armed conflict (resolution 1998 (2011)), the Security Council reaffirmed its readiness, expressed in previous resolutions and presidential statements, to adopt targeted and graduated measures against persistent perpetrators of grave violations against children, and increasingly to integrate violations against children into its sanctions regimes.", "60. In response, in May of this year, the Special Representative briefed the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea, proposing the addition of grave violations against children as designation criteria for sanctions. The Security Council, by its resolution 2002 (2011), expanded the sanctions regime in Somalia to include grave violations against children in armed conflict in its designation criteria. Closer collaboration between the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea and the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict will enhance coherence in the work of the Council and strengthen its actions against impunity. Going forward, it will be critical to expand this practice to other sanctions committees which address persistent perpetrators of grave violations against children.", "F. Role of Governments in protecting children affected by conflict", "61. Governments bear the primary responsibility for the protection of children and, more widely, of civilians. A number of steps must be taken to build a protective environment for children, before, during and after conflict. Foremost is the establishment of a national legal framework enshrining international norms that upholds the rights of children and protects them from the consequences of conflict. In this regard, the ratification and subsequent implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, inter alia through translation into national legislation, followed by the necessary administrative, budgetary and social policy adjustments, is a key foundational step towards the protection of children. Further child-specific legal instruments, such as child protection codes or acts, which include a gamut of measures from juvenile justice to punitive measures against violations and abuses of child rights, have provided an additional layer of legal protection in States affected by conflict.", "62. Where societies are emerging from conflict, transitional justice mechanisms should be put in place by national authorities to ensure that wartime crimes against children are accounted for. Transitional justice mechanisms based on judicial processes may be complemented by non-judicial accountability mechanisms. These mechanisms, which can include truth-seeking and restorative approaches, can provide the cathartic effect required for reconciliation and are appropriate for child perpetrators who, as children, should be spared from prosecution. The recently passed Victims Law in Colombia, for example, is a laudable initiative aiming at ensuring that child victims of violations and abuses during conflict receive reparations from the Government.", "G. Advocacy", "63. With significant challenges remaining to the protection of children affected by conflict, advocacy is critical in developing awareness and instigating behaviour change with a view to ultimately ending grave violations against children in conflict. The Special Representative’s advocacy efforts will continue to highlight key issues of concern with a view to creating greater political and donor support for Governments and operational partners working on the protection of children affected by conflict.", "64. Advocacy efforts will focus on a number of key priority areas. These include the delivery of comprehensive and long-term reintegration assistance for children, based on identified programmatic best practice; the rights of internally displaced children, particularly with regard to access to education and security; the rights of children in contact with justice systems, both as victims and perpetrators; the relationship between conflict and poverty, with particular reference to Millennium Development Goal indicators; and the protection challenges raised by the changing nature of conflict and the exposure of children to military operations.", "65. The Special Representative will continue to engage with Member States, experts and the academic community to foster greater knowledge and develop and refine knowledge and understanding of emerging challenges to the protection of children in conflict.", "V. Mainstreaming child protection within the United Nations system", "A. Child protection in United Nations field missions", "66. A key priority for the Special Representative has been the mainstreaming of child protection expertise within the United Nations system, in line with her mandate to contribute to the coordination of efforts and to promote the collection of information on the plight of children affected by armed conflict. Within the Secretariat, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs, two departments with a field presence, have appointed focal points to ensure that child protection concerns are factored into their departmental policy and operational activities, while working closely with the Office of the Special Representative. In 2011, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations obtained a regular post for the child protection focal point, enabling the provision of dedicated and sustained support to field-based child protection advisers and the mainstreaming of child protection at Headquarters. Given the increasing child protection challenges as outlined in the present report, there is a critical need for a consistent focus on child protection within relevant departments of the Secretariat. The Special Representative encourages key Secretariat bodies, including the Department of Political Affairs, OHCHR and the Peacebuilding Support Office to follow the example of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.", "67. The Department of Peacekeeping Operations-Department of Field Support child protection policy directive, established in 2009 and outlined in the previous report of the Special Representative (A/65/219) , has guided child protection activities in peacekeeping operations and contributed to the collection of accurate, objective, reliable and verifiable information on grave violations against children. The policy directive defines the roles and responsibilities of child protection personnel in peacekeeping operations and provides a clear framework for the division of labour and complementarity between peacekeeping operations and United Nations agencies, funds and programmes. It is expected that the policy directive will be reviewed and updated during the next reporting cycle. This review may constitute an opportunity to consider the development of joint child protection guidance by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support and the Department of Political Affairs, applicable to all United Nations field missions. Mainstreaming child protection in special political missions and peacebuilding offices managed by the Department of Political Affairs is critical, as they are called to play an increasing child protection role in post-conflict environments and during the complex transition from peacekeeping to peacebuilding.", "68. Since the adoption of the child protection policy, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations has developed a policy implementation plan to facilitate sustained and systematic implementation of the child protection mandate in the field and at Headquarters. Among the key priorities identified in the plan is the strengthening of training activities for peacekeeping personnel. In this regard, the Department is partnering with the Office of the Special Representative, UNICEF and Save the Children to strengthen and develop predeployment and in-mission training programmes and material.", "69. The support of the General Assembly for the deployment and role of child protection advisers has been significant, including through resolution 62/141 on the rights of the child and the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations. Child protection advisers have been appointed in seven field missions. In this regard, it is notable that most mandates for United Nations peacekeeping and political missions now include a child protection dimension. The commitment to protect children has increasingly been reflected in the child protection staffing and resources approved by the General Assembly for United Nations field operations, through the work of the Fifth Committee, with the advice of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and support of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations. The Special Representative appreciates the critical support provided by the General Assembly to the mainstreaming of child protection in United Nations activities and urges continued support for the same.", "B. Partnerships on child protection in the United Nations system", "70. As chair of the Headquarters Task Force on Children and Armed Conflict, the Special Representative convenes 16 departments, agencies, funds and programmes in order to consult on child protection issues of concern and the preparation of the annual report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict. These encounters help identify areas requiring further advocacy, mainstreaming and/or increased cooperation and coordination. Through the country task forces, the Office of the Special Representative has continued to support field-based child protection efforts, including through the provision of technical support, as well as support for training, advocacy and fund-raising.", "71. The close partnership between UNICEF and the Office of the Special Representative continued during the reporting period. This cooperation has been critical for the children and armed conflict agenda, at both the global and field levels, and technical coordination continues to bear fruit in terms of guidance for the field, the implementation of action plans and the strengthening of child protection capacities in the field. The Special Representative remains committed to advocating with donor countries to ensure that these action plans and reintegration programmes led by UNICEF receive the necessary attention in terms of long-term sustainable funding.", "72. Regular coordination also takes place with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children on issues of common concern, including the joint campaign for the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child.", "73. The Office of the Special Representative has continued to work closely with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Sexual Violence in Conflict to advance preventive activities on sexual violence against children. This reporting period has seen increased collaboration at the technical level to ensure that the activities of the two offices complement each other. Members of staff of the Office of the Special Representative participated in a workshop organized by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations on this matter and engaged on an ongoing basis with the Office of the Special Representative for Sexual Violence in Conflict, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and UNICEF for the preparation of guidance on sexual violence for field missions and partners. It has been agreed that the Special Representative for Sexual Violence in Conflict will take the lead on all matters related to sexual violence, including on obtaining commitments from parties to conflict where appropriate, and in close consultation with the Office of the Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict for matters relating to children. In situations where there is no monitoring and reporting framework for the sexual violence in conflict agenda to take the lead, the Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict will continue to advocate for the implementation of action plans on sexual violence against children.", "VI. Recommendations for the way forward", "74. The Special Representative urges Member States, United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and NGOs to redouble efforts to implement the full range of protection and programmatic measures outlined in the recommendations of the 1996 Machel study and the 2007 10-year review of that study. In this regard, part two of the report of the Special Representative of 2007 (A/62/228), which included recommendations based on the findings of the 10-year review, is referenced.", "75. Cognizant of the primary responsibility of States in the protection of children, the Special Representative urges Member States to strengthen policies and practices that ensure prevention of violation and abuse and stands ready to facilitate the sharing of best practices between Member States in that regard.", "76. The Special Representative reiterates her call for States to establish 18 years as the minimum age for voluntary recruitment into the armed forces when depositing their binding declaration (under article 3) upon ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict.", "77. The Special Representative calls upon Member States to end impunity and to prosecute and punish those who commit grave violations against children during armed conflict. The international community should support Member States whenever appropriate by developing their capacity to deal with issues of justice during conflict situations.", "78. Given the serious impact that military operations, particularly those involving aerial attacks, including by drone and helicopter, and night raids, have on children, the Special Representative welcomes efforts by multinational forces to adopt and implement tactical directives and standard operating procedures to minimize civilian casualties and destruction of civilian installations and urges all multinational forces and peacekeeping operations to ensure that appropriate policies and procedures be put in place, and the requisite training of military personnel conducted.", "79. The Special Representative encourages Member States to apply juvenile justice standards and due process safeguards when bringing a child to trial and to avoid maintaining children in administrative or prolonged pretrial detention. Where possible, Member States should consider excluding children below 18 from criminal responsibility for crimes committed while associated with an armed force or an armed group, by virtue of their age, the chain of command and the forced nature of recruitment. Non-judicial, restorative accountability mechanisms that take the best interests of the child into consideration and promote their reintegration should be introduced.", "80. Recognizing that sustainable, long-term social and economic reintegration is the cornerstone for the durable separation of children from parties to armed conflict, the Special Representative urges donors to provide sustained and long-term support to reintegration in line with the Paris Principles and Guidelines on Children associated with Armed Forces or Armed Groups, including in the areas of education, vocational training and income-generating activities, as appropriate, and to support the financial aspects of the implementation of actions plans to end the recruitment and use, killing and maiming of and sexual violence against children, as well as attacks on schools and hospitals.", "81. The Special Representative encourages Member States to continue to support the mainstreaming of child protection in United Nations activities, both in field missions and at Headquarters, and to facilitate the timely deployment of child protection advisers in peacekeeping and peacebuilding, as appropriate, as well as the authorization of adequate resources for this purpose.", "82. Member States contributing uniformed personnel are encouraged to incorporate a child protection module into their national predeployment training for military, police and civilian personnel.", "83. The Special Representative encourages all relevant United Nations agencies and programmes to strengthen their child protection capacity, including with dedicated capacity when appropriate, at global and field levels.", "Annex", "Suggested standard operating procedures for the protection of children in the conduct of military operations", "(a) Establish a joint military-civilian assessment of the security risk for populations, and especially children, prior to any military action;", "(b) Refrain from engaging in combat and/or using heavy artillery in highly populated areas. In this context, the protection of schools and hospitals as “zones of peace” should be paramount;", "(c) Refrain from occupying or using schools and health facilities, or their vicinity, for purposes that could turn them into military targets;", "(d) Undertake systematic post-operation assessment of the impact on civilians including children;", "(e) Implement an immediate and transparent framework of investigation into alleged crimes committed against children by elements of the armed forces in the conduct of military operations. Reports on the progress and results of these investigations should be made public and disciplinary measures, if appropriate, should be promptly taken against the perpetrators;", "(f) Establish a framework to ensure reparations and/or compensation are provided to children and their families for violations committed in the context of military operations that led to the killing and/or maiming of children or acts of sexual violence against children;", "(g) Develop procedures for the reception, treatment and rapid handover to United Nations child protection actors of children separated from armed groups in the course of military operations;", "(h) Appoint a focal point on children and armed conflict within the armed forces in order to follow up on all steps mentioned above.", "[1] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, The Hidden Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education (Paris, 2011)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目65(a)", "促进和保护儿童权利：", "促进和保护儿童权利", "负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表的报告", "摘要", "提交本报告的依据是大会第51/77号决议和其后关于儿童权利的决议，其中最近的是第64/146号决议。大会在第64/146号决议中，请负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表向大会提交报告，说明进行实地访问的情况，以及在处理儿童与武装冲突问题上所取得的进展和依然面临的挑战。", "本报告所述期间为2010年8月至2011年8月，报告说明了在处理儿童与武装冲突问题上所取得的进展，以及出现的趋势和依然面临的挑战。第二节详细介绍了在过去一年中所取得的进展，包括在提高认识、建立伙伴关系、收集信息和从武装部队和武装团体释放儿童方面的进展。第三节着重介绍在冲突性质发生变化的背景下依然存在的挑战，并概述了其他新出现的关切问题。第四节介绍了在制止侵犯儿童行为方面前进的方向。第五节描述了在将儿童与武装冲突议程纳入联合国系统主流方面采取的行动。第六节提出了一套可操作的保护受冲突影响的儿童建议，供大会审议。", "本报告的附件列出了一套建议采用的标准作业程序，其中概述了国家武装部队以及多国部队和维持和平部队为确保在军事行动中保护儿童而可实施的最低限度措施。", "一. 导言", "1. 提交本报告的依据是大会第51/77号决议和其后关于儿童权利的决议，其中最近的是第64/146号决议。本报告所述期间为2010年8月至2011年8月，报告着重介绍了在过去一年中取得的进展、目前的趋势和挑战、在制止在武装冲突中侵犯儿童的行为以及将儿童保护问题纳入联合国系统主流方面前进的方向。该报告最后就如何加强对受武装冲突影响的儿童的保护提出建议。", "二. 儿童与武装冲突议程：进展综述", "A. 提高全球意识", "2. 在受武装冲突影响的儿童困境问题上提高认识和促进信息收集是大会交付负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表的任务的一个核心方面。特别代表办公室在本报告所述期间已采用了一个多管齐下的提高认识办法。", "3. 特别代表继续就儿童与武装冲突状况向大会和人权理事会提交报告。此外，特别代表办公室担任秘书处负责编写秘书长在儿童与武装冲突问题上向安理会提交的年度和具体国家报告的实体。在这一过程中，该办公室与联合国各伙伴和联合国各国家工作队密切协商。这些报告为提供了一个平台，可宣传在具体国家情况下保护儿童方面所取得的进展和所面临的挑战，并进行权威和经常的记录。", "4. 特别代表办公室通过编写和分发有助于政策讨论的文献，支持制定有关政策。2010年关于国内流离失所儿童的文件等关于儿童保护问题的关键工作文件通过总结学术和政策方面的经验和支持宣传活动，积累了关于这一主题“灰色地带”的知识和认识。此外，特别代表办公室与联合国儿童基金(儿基会)和其他主要的联合国伙伴一起，已制定了该领域广泛的准则，包括供外地联合国合作伙伴使用的准则和模板，以便它们制定制止对儿童的性暴力和杀害及残害的行动计划。", "5. 特别代表作为受武装冲突影响的儿童全球代言人，继续为这类儿童发出独立的道义上的声音。通过实地考察、宣传和使用传统媒体和社会媒体，特别代表得以传达冲突地区儿童的关切，动员对受武装冲突影响的儿童的支持和保持关键决策者的紧迫感。此外，她的办公室在本报告所述期间共举办了9次活动，以提高有关儿童与武装冲突问题的意识和认识。", "6. 特别代表强调外地特派团，这仍然是她宣传活动的核心。通过实地考察，可对儿童情况进行第一手评估，与各国政府接触以支持它们保护儿童的努力，得到冲突各方对儿童保护的具体承诺和对实施监测和报告活动的支持，并与有关方面进行对话。在本报告所述期间，应有关国家政府的邀请，特别代表对下列国家进行了实地考察：索马里(2010年11月)、阿富汗(2011年1月)、菲律宾(2011年4月)和乍得(2011年6月)。", "B. 建立全球伙伴关系", "7. 按照大会给予特别代表的任务，建立全球伙伴关系以及利益攸关方网络对加强保护是必不可少的。特别代表把在保护受武装冲突影响的儿童问题上的利益攸关方召集在一起，充当各方之间的桥梁。", "8. 与大会成员保持密切接触，以便灌输意识，了解他们的优先事项，并加强保护受武装冲突影响的儿童的全球支持，这已成为特别代表的一个关键优先事项。由来自所有致力于保护儿童议程的区域集团的会员国组成的儿童与武装冲突问题之友小组对于这种参与至关重要。", "9. 继续与会员国协商，尤其是在秘书长关于儿童与武装冲突问题的年度和具体国家报告编制过程中，是必不可少的，有助于确保会员国的关切能够被纳入报告起草工作的考量之中。展望未来，特别代表的目标是继续与有关会员国进行极其重要的对话，以加强协作并确保对儿童保护的支持和承诺。", "10. 民间社会组织对特别代表办公室的工作具有根本重要的意义。它们可向该办公室通报出现的问题，提出关于政策问题和挑战的创新建议，并在必要时提醒该办公室注意需要改进的领域。特别代表与在全球一级和国家一级行动的非政府组织密切合作，并与民间社会的代表举行定期会议，集思广益，讨论共同关心的领域，让它们了解日程的最新情况。在本报告所述期间就具体国家的情况，包括中非共和国受冲突影响的儿童的处境进行了协调一致的宣传工作，从而与各国当局建立了更密切的伙伴关系，增加了国际社会的关注和在实地的儿童保护合作伙伴的行动承诺。", "C. 收集关于受武装冲突影响的儿童的信息", "11. 随着关于儿童与武装冲突问题的监测和报告机制根据安理会第1612(2005)号决议于2005年建立，以及此后在各国得到实施，收集关于严重侵犯儿童行为的及时和可靠信息的工作已见成效。通过在联合国在实地最高权威的领导下建立严重侵犯儿童行为监测和报告国家工作队，加强了联合国对六种严重侵犯行为的数据收集能力并完善了准确信息的收集和流通。这一全面的信息收集框架有助于更好地了解儿童与武装冲突问题，并有助于总部和在该实地的机构和方案采取更多的适当反应措施。到目前为止，监测和报告机制已成功在15个国家实施。", "12. 因其代表秘书长进行的信息收集工作，并在与有关合作伙伴进行协商基础上，特别代表办公室在本报告所述期间得以编写六个具体国家，即阿富汗、乍得、中非共和国、伊拉克、苏丹和索马里的儿童与武装冲突问题报告。这些报告提高了儿童与武装冲突议程的地位，并通过其分发，为国家和国际的儿童保护伙伴和民间社会的应对举措提供了一个坚实的信息依据，同时也为学术界提供了数据。", "D. 从武装部队和武装团体释放儿童", "13. 1996年格拉萨-马谢尔关于武装冲突对儿童的影响的研究(A/51/306和Add.1)突出介绍了作为当代冲突一个令人震惊的特点并构成了严重侵犯的行为，即武装部队和武装团体招募和使用儿童的行为。从那时起，通过国家和国际儿童保护伙伴的宣传和有针对性的努力，许多儿童已脱离武装部队和团体。2010年，11 393名儿童(8 624名男童和2 769名女童)受益于联合国各机构、基金和方案支助的重返社会援助(见A/65/741，第16段)。", "14. 为了将宣传与实际的承诺结合起来而实施的制止在武装冲突中招募和使用儿童行为行动计划是应安理会第1539(2004)号决议等文件要求进行的，同时也响应了大会第64/146号决议，在该决议中会员国呼吁冲突各方采取有时限的有效措施，制止一切侵犯和虐待儿童的行为。制止对儿童严重侵犯行为行动计划释放了一个信号，即武装冲突对儿童的影响不仅侵犯了人权和有害于发展，而且也威胁到联合国的和平与安全议程，这一点已经成为普遍共识。", "15. 至目前为止，已与下列8个国家中的15个国家和非国家当事方签订了制止在武装冲突中招募和使用儿童行为行动计划：阿富汗、乍得、科特迪瓦、尼泊尔、菲律宾、斯里兰卡、苏丹和乌干达。在本报告所述期间，阿富汗安全部队和乍得安全部队签署了释放其部队中的儿童行动计划，并制定了必要的法律保障措施，达成切实可行的协议，以防止招募和使用儿童兵。迄今，有六项行动计划已顺利完成实施。特别代表办公室同联合国主要伙伴，包括儿基会和国际劳工组织(劳工组织)一道，支持对签订行动计划一事的宣传，并制定实施提供技术支持和指导。", "16. 使儿童从武装部队和武装团体持久脱离的工作是一个复杂的过程，需要适当的安全保障、儿童保护伙伴的支持、以及在经济以及社会上重新融入的机会。按照《关于与武装部队或武装团体有关系的儿童的巴黎原则和导则》，行动伙伴的经验表明，对儿童重返社会的援助必须针对他们的特定需要。换言之，年幼孩子的需要不同于工作年龄(15-17岁，取决于国家立法)的需要。对年幼儿童重返社会的援助应强调学校教育以及在适当的情况下对其家庭的经济援助，而年龄较大的儿童则通常需要职业培训或学徒机会，以便向就业过渡。特别代表办公室将通过由维持和平行动部和联合国开发计划署(开发署)共同主持的解除武装、复员和重返社会问题机构间工作组，继续促进关于儿童解除武装、复员和重返社会政策和准则的制定，并对这种准则的实施和主流化进行宣传。", "E. 加强儿童与武装冲突问题的法律和规范框架", "17. 在报告所述期间，特别代表努力加强保护儿童的法律和规范框架，包括开展普遍批准《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题任择议定书》运动。该运动的名称为“无未满18岁者”，运动是与暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表办公室、儿基会、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)合作进行的。于2000年通过的这一《任择议定书》禁止武装部队和武装团体强迫招募未满18岁儿童直接参加敌对行动。", "18. 特别代表已对34个非《任择议定书》缔约国的会员国进行了外展活动，并向一些区域组织，包括加勒比共同体(加共体)和伊斯兰合作组织介绍了情况。特别代表办公室在2010年9月大会千年发展目标高级别全体会议上组织了一次签署条约活动并在2010年5月在纽约举办该运动一周年论坛。在由联合国训练研究所主办的一次研讨会期间，该办公室向会员国提供了关于批准进程的技术咨询。", "19. 自2010年5月发起该运动以来，已采取了12项条约行动：三个会员国已签署《任择议定书》(中非共和国、埃塞俄比亚和伊朗(伊斯兰共和国))、5个已予以批准(塞浦路斯、吉布提、加蓬、马拉维和塞舌尔)和5个已加入(刚果、格鲁吉亚、圭亚那、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯和沙特阿拉伯)。迄今为止，共142个国家已批准《任择议定书》。", "20. 特别代表将继续鼓励各会员国成为其他有关条约缔约方，其中包括国际劳工组织关于禁止和立即行动消除最恶劣形式的童工劳动的第182(1999)号公约(其中将招募儿童定义为最恶劣童工的形式)，以及《非洲儿童权利与福利宪章》(1999年)(其中禁止招募儿童并主张维护儿童根本权利)。", "三. 儿童与武装冲突：趋势和挑战", "A. 冲突性质的变化", "1. 在冲突中将儿童用作暴力工具", "21. 人们越来越关注的是利用儿童(有时瞒着他们)携带或穿戴炸药的做法。在本报告所述期间，被武装团体用于上述目的的女童和男童数量稳步增长。这些儿童有时仅有8岁，往往不知道他们在教唆下去作出的行为的具体行动或后果。这种行为往往会导致孩子自己的死亡和平民死亡，其中包括其他儿童遭杀害。", "22. 武装行动者为找到进行这些暴力行为的儿童而采取的战略则鲜为人知。但是，有传闻证据表明，家庭往往被迫送出子女去参加这些行动，也有武装团体通过承诺给钱来诱使贫穷家庭让它们带走孩子的情况。而新出现的一个可怕趋势是使用非常年幼的儿童和/或残疾儿童来进行这种行为，这也是一个令人严重关切的现象。现迫切需要获悉未知情况，更好地了解如何防止这些行为。同时，有必要更好地解决对涉嫌与武装行为者合作的儿童的耻辱化和偏见，因为这进而会导致其他侵害儿童的行为，包括殴打、威胁儿童及其家人，这些行为无异于酷刑、任意逮捕和羁押。在这种情况下，必须特别注意对年幼儿童、女童和残疾儿童的保护。", "2. 军事行动期间对儿童的保护", "23. 在她的最后报告中，特别代表强调了儿童在军事行动中面临的风险，并强调需要有具体的政策和程序，包括战术指示和标准作业程序，以维护国际人道主义法和防止侵犯儿童的行为。新的战争手段，包括新技术的使用、没有明确的战场和可识别的对象等因素给军事行动中的儿童造成更大的风险。作为优先事项，所有武装行动者应对使用空中袭击，包括通过无人驾驶飞机袭击以及夜袭的情况进行审查，以尽量减少附带造成的平民生命损失、平民受伤和对民用物体的破坏。", "24. 儿童的安全和安保是任何军事活动合法性和可信性至关重要的条件。在维持和平或稳定行动情况下，这一点更重要，因为在此类情况下对外国派军进入的同意是任务成功至关重要的条件。武装部队的接战规则必须规定，在军事行动中，包括在打击叛乱活动的区域内进行的军事行动中，对平民的保护均须作为首要考虑的因素。在今天的冲突环境中，所有武装行动者均必须恪守相称和区分的原则;只有通过尊重这些原则，才可避免儿童受害。", "25. 特别代表重申她的一项呼吁，即制定有关指示和标准作业程序，以确保军事行动是在符合适用的国际人道主义法前提下进行的，并确保保护平民，包括儿童。在本报告所述期间，乌干达军队已在特别代表办公室支持下制定了有关标准作业程序，以确保保护其武装部队在对上帝抵抗军的行动期间抓获或看管的儿童。特别代表重申她的一项呼吁，即所有有关军事行动者，包括军队、多国部队和维持和平行动部队均实施本报告附件专门规定的最低限度措施，将之作为一个优先事项。", "3. 对与武装团体有关系的儿童的羁押和起诉", "26. 各国越来越多地逮捕和扣留涉嫌与武装团体有关系的儿童。被捕获并被羁押的儿童有时其关押条件不符合各项国际法律文书规定的最低标准。", "27. 在某些情况下，国家行政拘留儿童，而不是指控他们犯有刑事罪行和将他们告上法庭。这些儿童往往被长期关押，而没有获得律师帮助，也没有得到其他法律保障。有许多证据表明，被剥夺自由时，儿童人权特别容易受到侵犯，包括遭受有辱人格和不人道的待遇和/或无异于酷刑的行为。", "28. 在其他情况下，国家指控儿童因在他们与武装团体有关系期间涉嫌犯下根据国家或国际法律属犯罪的行为。这些儿童有时会长时间受到审前羁押的折磨，却无法获得法律援助。此外，国家法院或军事法庭的审判一般不适用少年司法标准和正当程序方面的保障措施。因此，儿童往往在没有法律代表或得到法律协助的情况下受审，没有他们的父母或法定监护人陪同，而且对他们受到的指控也没有一个清楚的认识。", "29. 由于与武装团体之间的关系常常是被迫的，并考虑到他们的年龄尚幼，儿童应主要被视为受害者，而不是肇事者。重点应放在根据指挥责任的概念起诉有关个人。各国还应该起诉成年的招募者和指挥官，不仅起诉其招募儿童的罪行，也要起诉他们为了迫使儿童就范而可能犯下的其他罪行。", "30. 羁押和起诉因积极参与敌对行动而犯下罪行的儿童，应始终作为万不得已的措施。被控犯下此类犯罪的许多儿童本身可能是被强迫或引诱加入武装团体的。在他们与武装团体有关系期间，儿童往往遭到指挥官虐待、殴打、剥削和操纵，以迫使其犯下罪行，包括轻微的治安罪行和战争罪行。虽然公认对此需要某种形式的正式问责，但更宜将儿童从司法系统中移交出去处理。考虑儿童最佳利益并促进儿童重新融入其家庭和社区的替代办法包括非司法机制，如恢复性司法措施、说明真相，传统的治疗仪式以及重返社会方案。", "31. 《儿童权利公约》要求各国在国家一级寻求对儿童的司法程序的替代办法，而且任何解决方案均需要考虑到让儿童“在社会中发挥积极作用”。儿童若了解和承认过去的不当行为，则对他们的心理发育和重返社会进程可起至关重要的作用。基于恢复性办法的问责有利于儿童的康复和与社区和解。", "32. 特别代表办公室正在最后敲定一份工作文件，该文件将探讨在武装冲突期间犯有罪行的儿童的责任和问责问题，以及可用以协助儿童重新融入社会的替代办法。其目的是通过审视下列若干因素，以从概念上澄清这一问题：与羁押儿童有关的国际法律框架;被羁押的儿童的待遇和权利；和保护受起诉和审判的儿童。该文件还将讨论具备更多康复功能的其他非司法公正机制。", "B. 儿童保护和安全部门改革", "33. 近年来，在各国政府或安全理事会的要求下，联合国各机构在协助国家行为者努力建立基于不歧视和尊重人权和法治的可问责和有效安全机构方面发挥了越来越大的作用。这种支持具体包括促进作为各方之间更广泛谈判一部分的安全安排讨论、期望达成的和平协议、以及关于实施安全部门改革计划的技术咨询和/或支持。在这一问题上，儿童保护方面的考虑则是构建基于权利的可问责安全系统的核心。", "34. 边缘化或被社会排斥的群体，特别是妇女和儿童的安全需求在制定安全部门改革计划时应予以考虑。安全机构应将儿童保护纳入自己的任务，作为优先领域；无论是在冲突还是在和平时期，儿童受到的威胁往往被忽视，从而导致儿童受到严重侵犯。在苏丹和南苏丹等国家，通过在武装部队中建立专门的儿童保护单位已大大促进了确保及时应对侵犯儿童的案件，并有助于在广大安全部队中提高对儿童权利和福利的意识。这种积极的举措应在其他地方得到仿效。此外，为了防止动员儿童入伍，招募协议必须保证严格核实年龄：当民事登记记录不完整或不准确时，必须辅以其他程序，以确定年龄。", "35. 在武装部队和团体按照和平协议合并或复员和重新融入社会时，作为任何安全部门改革进程的第一步，都必须确保让可能会与有关各方有关系的儿童脱离各方。在此类情况下，初始阶段往往是战斗人员的登记。必须采取措施系统地进行年龄验证或在无法获得国家管理的可靠出生日期数据时，制定一个严格的年龄测定方法。然而，让儿童脱离武装部队和武装团体一事不应依赖于安全部门的改革计划。在武装冲突中招募和使用儿童是违反国际法的，从规范上而言，特别是在前面提到的行动计划的背景下，确定儿童并使之脱离是必须进行的。", "36. 进行儿童保护方面的提高认识和培训活动，对在安保部队内加强问责和对人权的尊重至关重要。这种培训必须对安全部门的所有工作人员进行，并应包括国际和国家的规范框架及其应用，以及依法对冲突中的儿童予以关怀和对待。", "37. 归根结蒂，确保安全机构奉行和实施对儿童的保护是一项长期的工作，需要国家行为者，即政府、立法机构、司法机构和民间社会进行专门和集中的努力。通过在国际社会的支持下建立国家行为者之间的伙伴关系，才能将儿童保护纳入安全部门的主流。", "C. 保护武装冲突中的教育机构", "38. 在她以前的报告中，特别代表一直关切地注意到对教育机构的袭击增加的趋势。这些行为包括对学校和其他教育设施的部分或全部破坏和对教育人员的威胁或实际袭击。对教育机构的袭击有损于为儿童创造一个保护环境的工作，也有损于他们拥有美好未来的机会。此外，对女童的暴力袭击和针对其教育机构的袭击也有损于她们在社会中的作用，妨碍她们行使自己的权利。", "39. 在本报告所述期间，在采取保护教育机构和儿童受教育权措施方面有所进展。在国际社会更大的关注下，2010年创立了由联合国机构和非政府组织组成的保护教育设施不受袭击全球联盟。该联盟有助于以下几个方面的工作：防止对教育机构的袭击；制定有效的应对袭击的措施；提高知识、监测和报告工作水平；以及倡导国际规范和标准并加强问责。2011年3月，联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)出版了一份创新报告，其中突出介绍了武装冲突对教育的影响。[2] 特别代表欢迎此类举措，并期待着与全球联盟、教科文组织和其他有关伙伴密切合作，以加强对教育机构的保护，使之免于袭击。", "40. 大会通过其关于紧急情况中的受教育权利的开拓性决议，即第64/290号决议后，安理会也加强了在这一问题上的努力。2011年7月，安理会通过第1998(2011)号决议，扩大了秘书长关于儿童与武装冲突问题的年度报告附件中的清单，使之包括对学校进行经常袭击和对这些设施相关受保护人员进行袭击或威胁的肇事者。特别代表赞扬大会和安理会将注意力集中于儿童受教育权利，并敦促各会员国与其他儿童保护伙伴执行上述两机构的决定。", "D. 为保护受武装冲突影响的儿童而采取的跨境举措", "41. 因有平民和战斗人员跨越国界流动，冲突的区域特点造成了新的儿童安全、保障和保护挑战。“上帝抵抗军”等武装团体在非洲中部腹地广袤地带的跨越国界活动已证明难以跟踪，并因此难以遏制其构成的威胁。在从行动上应对跨境威胁所带来的挑战方面有两点值得注意。", "42. 首先，有必要确保有协调良好的监测和报告机制，可用来将各国的信息汇集起来，以形成对武装团伙侵犯人权行为的趋势和规律的全面看法。这对确保采取适当的切实措施以保护受影响地区的平民至关重要。例如，在本报告所述期间，在特别代表办公室支持下，儿基会增强其能力，以促进儿童保护工作队之间就上帝抵抗军在中非共和国、刚果民主共和国、苏丹和乌干达的活动进行协调和信息共享。", "43. 其次，以前与武装部队和武装团体有关系的儿童重返社会过程中往往需进行遣返，即遣返那些随着武装部队或团体来到外国领土作战的儿童，须使其返回原籍国，重归平民生活。在这种情况下，国家主管部门与儿童保护伙伴之间的密切关系和协调是必不可少的。", "四. 消除在冲突中侵犯和虐待儿童的行为", "A. 根源", "44. 为制止在冲突中侵犯和虐待儿童行为而进行的努力必须基于对冲突的结构性原因以及引起这些侵犯和虐待行为的情形的透彻了解。贫穷、歧视、环境退化、社会和经济边缘化和不平等因素为儿童被迫或自愿与武装部队或团体建立关系创造了条件。", "45. 研究已显示出,在贫穷与暴力冲突之间，以及在暴力冲突与低人类发展指标水平之间有很强的相关性。千年发展目标指标显示，那些生活在极端贫穷中的人有三分之一、没有获得初级教育的儿童有一半以及五岁前死亡的儿童有一半属于处在武装冲突局势中的国家。虽然不是所有的贫穷儿童在冲突情况下都成为士兵，但是贫穷是儿童加入武装部队和武装团体的一个重要激励因素。在一些地区，贫穷意味着缺乏教育条件及其他基本社会服务而且就业及创收的机会极少。儿童往往在家长的鼓励和武装行为者煽动下成为战斗人员，以期得到很好的衣食、住房和保护。", "46. 对歧视/社会不公正/政治排斥和经济差距的看法往往是儿童加入武装团体的激励因素。这些看法与集体认同，即与民族、地区或宗教方面因素交织在一起，成为动员社区，包括儿童入伍的有力工具。对某一集团的忠诚有时会成为一个武装团体讨价还价的工具，社区也往往被呼吁发挥其作用，将自己的儿童送去参加斗争。儿童很容易接受这些要求，这不仅是出于一种社会压力或义务感，也是因为个人遭受的不公正。当针对儿童的犯罪不受惩罚时，许多儿童就会在复仇欲望的驱动下参加武装团体。", "47. 国家法律软弱无力，特别是在边缘地区，则是冲突的另一个因素，会使儿童暴露于暴力之下。凡国家提供安全保障、提供基本社会服务、裁定纠纷和促进经济活动的能力受到质疑，则当地社区会转向其他权威形式。传统的治理结构和/或司法机制，可能会接管虚弱的法定机构。然而，传统的治理结构往往不是基于国家推动的规范标准和保护机制。在冲突发生时，当地社区也往往组建自卫团，并经常在社会中登记幼童参战并保卫社区免受外来威胁。", "48. 在某些社会，旷日持久的暴力冲突本身成为目的，其政治经济是受经济利益和政治妥协的逻辑驱动的。在这样的情况下，儿童经过社会灌输接受战争为常态，而不是例外，并寻求在其创建的结构中步步高升。军事指挥员成为儿童的榜样，军事风气成为日常生活的一部分。加入武装团体可能会提高一个人在社会上进取的机会以及对资源的获取机会，并能够在武装团体控制下的领土上呼风唤雨。在此类长期冲突情况下，儿童可能把加入武装团体看作自己在社会中飞黄腾达的合法途径，可借以为自己提供一些其他选择。", "49. 以上是一些会为促使儿童卷入冲突创造环境的关键因素。若不能在战略层面上解决导致冲突的条件，儿童则将继续成为武装冲突的受害者。在这方面，由大会在其第64/241号决议中呼吁，各国必须“加强关于安全、发展、人权和人道主义问题的国家政策和战略之间的互补性和协调，从而有效、可持续和全面地处理武装冲突对儿童的短期、中期和长期影响”。联合国系统和整个国际社会必须支持各国政府努力建设在冲突期间具有弹性的社会，包括通过促进经济发展和公平，同时支持加强社会公正和问责的措施。", "B. 防止侵害和虐待儿童的行为", "50. 显然，在战略层面上，保护儿童免于战争祸害的最有效方法是减少武装冲突的爆发。防止冲突意味着要解决暴力的根源并促进可持续和公平的人类发展。如马谢尔研究报告和2007年该研究报告十年审查(见A/62/228)指出，要实现可持续的防止冲突和建设和平，就需要以下若干条件：超越政治解决方案并加强和平的关键载体，包括善政；创造一个负责任的、合法的和以规则为基础的安全部门；一个独立和有效的司法系统；提供基本社会服务；和创造一个有利于就业和创造财富的经济环境。", "51. 研究表明，在人口中青少年人数过多和内乱之间存在很强的相关性。虽然人口因素单独不会煽动冲突，系统地吸纳和专注于青少年，使之受益于发展方案，则可降低风险，尤其是在青年人较多的国家。必须在和平时期和在冲突后时期促进青年就业和培养其技能，这须成为重建和发展战略的重要组成部分。", "52. 上述是受冲突影响各国须在国际社会持续支持下逐步解决的广泛和长期措施。国家行为者可在国际社会支持下采取一些更直接的保护措施。在冲突过程中，若建立儿童保护网络，则可有利于帮助社区更好地保护自己的儿童。这些网络会向社区发出威胁或侵犯行为警示，并可帮助建立以社区为基础的应对暴力后果的措施。他们还可以通过提高认识并建立与可提供保护的实体之间的关系，从而有助于防止虐待行为。能够依靠一个支持网络，这让儿童感到更安全，而且也可在其遭受侵犯或虐待时提供一个援助机制。", "53. 在任何冲突开始时，应说服社区领袖作出特别的努力与各方谈判，以确保指定学校为“和平区”，规定不得将之作为军队或武装团体袭击或使用的目标。这样，儿童则可在不受虐待或暴力的情况下自由地求学。另一种方式是开展以社区为基础的保卫学校行动，以确保儿童安全。在一定程度上保持冲突中儿童生活的正常状态，即使其学校教育得以继续，这可维持其发展，同时也可保护他们不被武装分子招募入伍。", "C. 在全球一级解决问责问题", "54. 自1996年马谢尔研究报告以来，国际社会在加强保护武装冲突中的儿童的法律框架方面，以及在将肇事者绳之以法方面已取得重大进展。国际刑事法院、前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和塞拉利昂特别法庭已审判过对儿童的侵犯行为案。这些国际和混合法庭，以及在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那等处建立的混合分庭已在处理针对儿童的犯罪方面，对国家司法机制起到关键的补充作用。", "55. 必须强调，在打击有罪不罚现象过程中，单靠国际努力不能达到持久的效果。要对犯下的罪行进行持续的问责，就只能通过有关国家的人民和司法系统按照国际标准自主这一过程。在刚刚摆脱冲突的社会中，国家机构和社会结构已经被战争削弱，国际社会则可发挥重要作用，支持国家努力更广泛地加强司法部门和法治。发展社会通过有效的司法系统处理侵犯行为的能力，是确保可持续正义的必由之路。", "56. 国际社会也应支持刚刚摆脱武装冲突的国家的赔偿机制。赔偿作为在冲突后社会中提供社会正义的一种方式，是一种有效的额外问责机制。这在以下情况下尤其如此：因司法系统薄弱或对司法机关缺乏信心而难以或无法通过法院诉诸法律和申诉；肇事者身份不明，或侵犯人权的肇事者出于政治原因而免于司法问责程序。", "D. 进行保护对话的必要性", "57. 在第64/146号决议中，大会呼吁各国和武装冲突其他各方，在冲突中发生了违反适用的国际法对儿童侵犯和虐待行为的情况下，应采取有时限的有效措施予以制止。国家若与联合国各实体、民间社会和区域组织一道，对武装冲突中受侵犯和虐待的儿童提供保护和援助，就必须在所有有关伙伴之间进行对话，以确保协调一致并建立适当的反应机制。与各国政府伙伴关系是制止严重侵犯儿童行为工作的关键所在。在这方面，有关的政府实体组成的部际委员会可作为与联合国对应部门进行有效协调和对话的论坛。", "58. 凡在适当和可能的情况下，则可在和平进程中与非国家行为者进行对话。但是，不论政治讨论如何，均应与有关政府密切合作，尝试进行对话，商讨制定保护受害儿童的有时限和有效措施——包括行动计划，以制止特定的侵犯行为。各个局势的情形不同，而且经验表明，若要将有效的保障措施落实到位，创新则是一个关键因素。在没有启动和平进程的情况下，各国政府作为保护儿童的首要责任承担者应与联合国合作，以确保各方将有时限和有效的措施，包括行动计划落实到位。", "E. 有针对性和程度有别的措施", "59. 加强安理会关于儿童与武装冲突的工作与其制裁制度之间的关系，这是一个工作正在进行的领域。对屡犯者采取有针对性和程度有别的制裁，这应作为最后的手段，即当其他所有手段都未能起到制止对儿童犯下的罪行有罪不罚现象时才采用。在其最近关于儿童与武装冲突的第1998(2011)号决议中，安理会重申它在以往的决议和主席声明中表示的意愿，即要对严重侵犯儿童行为的屡犯者采取有针对性和程度有别的措施，并逐步把侵犯儿童行为纳入其制裁制度。", "60. 因此，今年5月，特别代表向安全理事会关于索马里和厄立特里亚的第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议委员会进行了通报，提出将严重侵犯儿童行为增加为确定制裁的标准。安全理事会第2002(2011)号决议扩大了对索马里的制裁制度，将在武装冲突中严重侵犯儿童行为增加为确定制裁的标准。安全理事会关于索马里和厄立特里亚的第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议委员会与安理会儿童与武装冲突问题工作组之间更紧密的合作将有助于提高安理会工作的连贯性并加强其打击有罪不罚现象的行动。展望未来，应将这种做法扩大到其他处理严重侵犯儿童行为屡犯者的制裁委员会，这具有极其重要的意义。", "F. 政府在保护受武装冲突影响的儿童方面的作用", "61. 政府承担着保护儿童和广大平民的首要责任。必须采取若干步骤，为儿童建立一个在冲突之前、之中和之后均予以保护的环境。最重要的是建立一个国家法律框架，其中要包含有关国际准则，以维护儿童权利并保护他们免受冲突后果的危害。在这方面，《儿童权利公约》的批准和随后的执行，特别是通过转化为国家立法来予以落实，并辅之以必要的行政、预算和社会政策调整，是在儿童保护方面一个关键的根本步骤。进一步的专门针对儿童的法律文书，如儿童保护法令或法案，包括少年司法和对侵犯儿童权利行为的惩罚性措施等一系列措施，则在受冲突影响的国家提供了一层额外的法律保护。", "62. 在刚刚摆脱冲突的社会中，国家主管部门应建立过渡时期司法机制，以确保战时对儿童的犯罪受到惩处。基于司法程序的过渡时期司法机制可通过非司法问责机制得到补充。这些机制可含有查明真相和恢复性办法，可提供和解所需的净化效果并适合于儿童肇事者，因为作为儿童，对他们应免于起诉。例如，哥伦比亚最近通过的受害者法律是一个值得称赞的举措，其目的是确保在冲突中侵犯和虐待行为的儿童受害者从政府获得赔偿。", "G. 宣传", "63. 在保护受武装冲突影响的儿童方面仍存在重大挑战，因此，宣传具有至关重要的作用，可为最终制止在冲突中对儿童的严重侵犯而提高意识和激发行为转变。特别代表的宣传努力将继续突出重点关注的问题，为各国政府和受冲突影响的儿童保护工作行动伙伴动员更大的政治和捐助者支持。", "64. 宣传工作将把重点放在一些关键的优先领域。这些领域包括：按照总结出的方案最佳实践，为儿童提供全面和长期的重返社会援助；国内流离失所的儿童权利，特别是受教育权和安全；与司法系统接触的儿童(无论是作为受害者和肇事者)权利；冲突与贫穷之间的关系，特别要结合千年发展目标指标；以及因冲突性质发生变化和儿童暴露于军事行动而造成的保护挑战。", "65. 特别代表将继续与会员国、专家和学术界接触，以促进知识的积累、发展和完善，以便更好地了解在保护冲突中儿童方面新出现的挑战。", "五. 儿童保护在联合国系统内的主流化", "A. 联合国外地特派团的儿童保护工作", "66. 特别代表的任务是帮助协调有关努力，促进关于受武装冲突影响的儿童困境的信息收集，因此，她的一个关键的优先事项是儿童保护在联合国系统内的主流化。在秘书处内，两个有外地存在的部门，即维持和平行动部和政治事务部已任命协调人，以确保将儿童保护问题纳入其部门的政策和业务活动，同时与特别代表办公室紧密合作。2011年，维持和平行动部的儿童保护协调人获得一个经常预算员额，从而可以向外地的儿童保护顾问提供专用的和持续的支持，并在总部实现儿童保护主流化。由于本报告中所述的在儿童保护方面日益增加的挑战，秘书处有关部门迫切需要一贯地注重对儿童的保护。特别代表鼓励秘书处的主要机构，包括政治事务部、人权高专办和建设和平支助办公室借鉴维持和平行动部的例子。", "67. 维持和平行动部和外勤支助部关于儿童保护的政策指示制定于2009年，特别代表以前的报告(A/65/219)中曾加以概述，该指示为在维和行动中保护儿童的活动提供了指导，并有助于收集关于严重侵犯儿童行为的准确、客观、可靠和可核查的信息。政策指示定义了维和行动中的儿童保护人员的角色和责任，并为维持和平行动与联合国机构、基金和方案之间的分工和互补性提供了一个明确的框架。据预期，政策指示将在今后的报告周期中得到审查和更新。这一审查有可能提供一个机会，可借以考虑由维持和平行动部、外勤支助部和政治事务部联合出台一份适用于联合国所有外地特派团的儿童保护准则。在政治事务部管理的政治特派团以及各建设和平办事处实现儿童保护的主流化是至关重要的，因为这些特派团和办事处现在需要在冲突后的环境中和在复杂的从维持和平向建设和平过渡期间发挥更大的保护儿童作用。", "68. 自儿童保护政策通过以来，维持和平行动部已经制定了一项政策实施计划，以促进在外地和总部儿童保护任务的持续和有系统实施。在计划中确定的关键优先事项包括加强维和人员的培训活动。在这方面，维和部与特别代表办公室、联合国儿童基金会和救助儿童会合作，以加强和完善部署前和任务中的培训方案和材料。", "69. 大会通过关于儿童权利的第62/141号决议以及维持和平行动特别委员会，大力支持儿童保护顾问的部署及其作用的发挥。已经在7个外地特派团任命了儿童保护顾问。在这方面，值得注意的是，联合国维持和平特派团和政治特派团的大部分任务规定中现在包括儿童保护的内容。对儿童保护的承诺越来越多地体现在：通过第五委员会的工作，根据行政和预算问题咨询委员会的建议和在维持和平行动特别委员会支持下，大会为联合国外地行动批准的儿童保护员额及资源。特别代表赞赏大会为儿童保护在联合国活动中主流化提供的关键支持，并敦促一如既往予以支持。", "B. 联合国系统内的儿童保护伙伴关系", "70. 作为总部的儿童与武装冲突问题工作队主席，特别代表召集16个部门、机构、基金和方案，以便就关切的儿童保护问题和秘书长关于儿童与武装冲突的年度报告的编写进行谘商。这些谘商活动有助于确定在哪些领域需要进一步宣传，进行主流化和/或加强合作和协调。通过国家工作队，特别代表办公室继续支持外地的儿童保护努力，包括提供技术支持、以及培训、宣传和经费筹措。", "71. 儿童基金会和特别代表办公室之间的密切合作伙伴关系在本报告所述期间继续维持。这种合作对全球一级和外地一级的儿童与武装冲突议程至关重要，双方的技术协调继续在下列方面产生效益：为外地提供指导、实施行动计划、以及加强外地保护儿童的能力。特别代表继续致力于向捐助国进行宣传，以确保这些行动计划和儿童基金会领导的重返社会方案在长期可持续资金来源方面得到必要的重视。", "72. 也与秘书长负责暴力侵害儿童行为问题的特别代表就共同关心的问题进行经常的协调，包括联合开展普遍批准《儿童权利公约任择议定书》行动。", "73. 特别代表办公室继续与负责武装冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表密切合作，以更好地防止对儿童的性暴力行为。在本报告所述期间，双方在技术层面上加强了合作，以确保两个办公室的活动相互补充。特别代表办公室的工作人员参加了维持和平行动部举办的一个关于该问题的讲习班，与冲突中的性暴力问题特别代表办公室、维持和平行动部和儿基会保持接触，参与制定给外地特派团和合作伙伴的性暴力问题指南。各部门商定，将由冲突中的性暴力问题特别代表在与性暴力有关的所有事项上，包括在酌情获得冲突各方的承诺方面牵头开展工作，并在涉及儿童的事项上与儿童与武装冲突问题特别代表办公室密切协商。若没有监测和报告框架以便性暴力冲突议程牵头，儿童与武装冲突问题特别代表则将继续倡导实施对儿童的性暴力问题行动计划。", "六. 关于前进道路的建议", "74. 特别代表敦促会员国、联合国各机构、基金和方案以及非政府组织加倍努力，实施1996年马谢尔研究报告和2007年该研究报告十年审查的建议中提出的全套保护和方案措施。在这方面，可参考特别代表2007年报告(A/62/228)的第二部分，其中包括在十年审查的结论基础上提出的建议。", "75. 特别代表认识到各国在儿童保护方面的首要责任，敦促会员国加强有关政策和做法，以确保防止侵犯和虐待行为，并随时准备推动成员国之间分享这方面的最佳做法。", "76. 特别代表重申她呼吁各国在批准《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》后交存具有法律约束力的声明时，规定其允许自愿应征加入本国武装部队的最低年龄为18岁(根据第3条的规定)。", "77. 特别代表呼吁各会员国制止有罪不罚现象并起诉和惩罚那些在武装冲突中犯有严重侵犯儿童行为的人。国际社会应酌情支持会员国发展其处理冲突局势中司法问题的能力。", "78. 鉴于军事行动，特别是那些包含空中袭击(包括动用无人驾驶飞机和直升机的袭击)及夜袭对儿童造成的严重影响，特别代表欢迎多国部队努力采取和实施有关战术指示和标准作业程序，以尽量减少平民伤亡和对民用设施的破坏，并敦促所有多国部队和维持和平行动确保将适当的政策和程序落实到位，并对军事人员进行必要的培训。", "79. 特别代表鼓励各会员国在对儿童进行审判时适用少年司法标准和正当程序保障措施，避免对儿童进行行政拘留或审前超期羁押。在可能的情况下，会员国应考虑免除18岁以下的儿童在与武装部队或武装团体有关系期间所犯罪行的刑事责任，因为他们的年龄尚幼、受人指挥而且是被强迫招募的。应引入非司法、恢复性的问责机制，以顾及儿童的最佳利益，并推动其重返社会。", "80. 特别代表认识到，可持续长期的社会和经济融合是让儿童从武装冲突各方持久分离的基石，因此敦促捐助者按照《关于与武装部队或武装团体有关系的儿童的巴黎原则和导则》为重返社会提供持续和长期的支持，包括在教育、职业培训和创收活动领域酌情提供支持，并在财务方面支持行动计划的实施，以制止招募和使用、杀害、残害、暴力侵害和性暴力侵害儿童的行为，以及对学校和医院的袭击。", "81. 特别代表鼓励会员国继续支持在联合国的活动中，包括在外地特派团和总部实现儿童保护主流化，并推动在维持和平和建设和平过程中酌情及时部署儿童保护顾问，并为此核准足够的资源。", "82. 鼓励派遣军警人员的会员国将儿童保护模块纳入自己国家军队、警察和文职人员的部署前训练。", "83. 特别代表鼓励所有有关的联合国机构和方案加强其保护儿童的能力，包括酌情在全球一级和外地一级动用的专用能力。", "附件", "建议在军事行动中采用的儿童保护标准作业程序", "(a) 在任何军事行动之前，由军民联合进行人口，特别是儿童面临的安全风险评估；", "(b) 应避免在人口稠密地区接战和/或使用重炮。在此情形中，将学校和医院作为“和平区”加以保护，是重中之重；", "(c) 不得为可能将之变成军事目标的目的占用或使用学校和保健设施或其周边地带；", "(d) 在行动后对包括儿童在内的平民所受影响进行系统评估；", "(e) 为对据控在开展军事行动过程中军队人员对儿童犯下的罪行进行调查而实施一个立即反应的和透明的框架。关于调查进展和结果的报告应予以公布，并应酌情及时对肇事者采取惩戒措施；", "(f) 应建立一个框架，以确保就在导致儿童遭杀害和/或残害或性暴力的军事行动中犯下的侵犯人权行为，对受害儿童及其家庭提供赔偿和/或补偿；", "(g) 制定有关程序，以便接收、处理并向联合国儿童保护行动者迅速移交在军事行动中从武装团体分离出的儿童；", "(h) 在武装部队内任命一名儿童与武装冲突问题协调人，以就上述所有步骤进行后续。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, The Hidden Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education (Paris, 2011)。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目65(a)", "促进和保护儿童权利:", "促进和保护儿童权利", "负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表的报告", "内容提要 1. 本报告是根据大会第51/77号决议和其后关于儿童权利的各项决议提交的,最近一项是第64/146号决议。 大会在其第64/146号决议中请负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表向大会提交一份报告,其中载列她实地访问的情况、取得的进展以及儿童与武装冲突问题上仍然存在的挑战。 1. 本报告涵盖2010年8月至2011年8月期间,概述了儿童与武装冲突议程的进展情况,随后介绍了趋势及仍然存在的挑战。 第二节详细介绍了过去一年取得的进展,包括提高认识、建立伙伴关系、收集信息和释放来自武装部队和团体的儿童。 第三节重点介绍了冲突性质不断变化所产生的其余挑战,并概述了其他令人关切的问题。 第四节介绍了制止侵犯儿童行为的今后阶段。 财务科 阐述为将儿童与武装冲突问题纳入联合国系统第六节而采取的行动,提出了一套可付诸行动的建议,供大会注意。\n报告附件提出了标准操作程序,概述了国家武装部队以及多国和维持和平部队为确保在军事行动中保护儿童而可能采取的最低标准。", "* A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "页: 1 1. 本报告是根据第51/77号决议和其后关于儿童权利的各项决议提交大会的,最近一项是第64/146号决议。 报告涵盖2010年8月至2011年8月期间,重点介绍了过去一年取得的进展、目前的趋势和挑战、结束武装冲突中严重侵犯儿童行为的道路以及将儿童保护问题纳入联合国系统的主流。 报告最后提出了旨在加强保护受冲突影响儿童的建议。", "II. 儿童与武装冲突议程:进展情况概述", "A. 导 言 提高全球认识", "2. 结 论 提高对受武装冲突影响儿童困境的认识并促进其收集工作,是大会赋予负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表的任务的核心内容。 在本报告所述期间,特别代表办公室对提高认识采取了多管齐下的办法。", "3. 。 特别代表继续向大会和人权理事会提交关于儿童与武装冲突问题的报告。 此外,特别代表办公室作为秘书处实体,负责与联合国合作伙伴和国家工作队密切协商,编写秘书长向安全理事会提交的关于儿童与武装冲突问题的年度和国别报告。 这些报告提供了一个宣传平台,并定期权威地说明在具体国家保护儿童方面取得的进展和面临的挑战。", "4. 第四届会议 特别代表办公室通过编写和分发有助于政策讨论的文献,支持制定政策。 关于儿童保护主要方面的工作文件,例如关于境内流离失所儿童的2010年文件,通过淡化学术和政策经验和支持宣传工作,在这一主题上建立对“灰色地区”的了解和理解。 此外,特别代表办公室与联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)和联合国其他主要合作伙伴一道,制定了广泛的外地准则,包括供外地的联合国合作伙伴在制定制止性暴力以及杀害和残害儿童的行动计划时使用的指导和模板。", "5. 特别代表作为全球受武装冲突影响儿童倡导者,继续充当这些儿童的独立道义声音。 通过实地考察、外联和利用传统和社会媒体,特别代表设法转达冲突地区儿童的关切,动员对受武装冲突影响的儿童的声援,并在主要决策者中保持一种紧迫感。 此外,在本报告所述期间,人权高专办组织了9次活动,提高对儿童与武装冲突问题的认识和了解。", "6. 任务 特别代表强调外地特派团仍然是她宣传工作的核心。 实地访问能够对儿童状况进行第一手评估,与各国政府接触,支持它们保护儿童的努力,确保冲突各方作出保护儿童的具体承诺,支持开展监测和报告活动,并与有关各方进行对话。 在本报告所述期间,应有关国家政府的邀请,特别代表对索马里(2010年11月)、阿富汗(2011年1月)、菲律宾(2011年4月)和乍得(2011年6月)进行了实地访问。", "B. 建立全球伙伴关系", "7. 基本考虑 根据大会赋予特别代表的任务,建立全球伙伴关系和利益攸关方网络对于加强保护必不可少。 特别代表发挥召集作用,把保护受武装冲突影响儿童利益攸关各方聚集在一起,并充当各方之间的桥梁。", "8.8 与大会成员保持密切接触,以提高认识,评估其优先事项,加强全球对保护受武装冲突影响的儿童的支持,是特别代表的一个关键优先事项。 儿童与武装冲突问题之友小组由致力于儿童保护议程的所有区域集团会员国组成,对于这一参与至关重要。", "9 September 2005 必须继续与会员国协商,特别是在秘书长编写关于儿童与武装冲突问题的年度报告和国别报告过程中进行协商,以确保在起草报告时考虑到会员国的关切。 展望未来,特别代表打算继续与有关会员国进行这一关键对话,以加强协作,确保接受并致力于保护儿童。", "10.10 民间社会组织对特别代表办公室的工作至关重要。 他们向办事处通报新出现的关切问题,就政策问题和挑战提出创新建议,并在必要时提醒办事处注意需要改进的领域。 特别代表与在全球和国家一级开展活动的非政府组织密切合作,定期与民间社会代表举行会议,以集思广益,讨论共同关心的领域,并随时了解议程上的发展。 在本报告所述期间,就具体国家局势,包括就中非共和国受冲突影响的儿童的状况,进行了协调一致的宣传,从而与当局建立了更紧密的伙伴关系,加强了国际社会的关注,在实地的儿童保护合作伙伴作出了业务承诺。", "C. 收集关于受武装冲突影响儿童的资料", "注 2005年,根据安全理事会第1612(2005)号决议建立了儿童与武装冲突问题监测和报告机制,随后在各国实施该机制,为及时收集严重侵犯儿童行为的可靠信息的努力取得了成果。 在联合国最高当局的领导下,设立了国家监察和报告严重侵害儿童行为工作队,加强了联合国数据收集能力,改善了6起严重侵犯行为的准确信息的收集和流通。 这一综合信息收集框架有助于更好地了解儿童与武装冲突问题,并有助于总部及外地机构和方案作出更多适当的反应。 迄今为止,监测和报告机制已在15个国家成功实施。", "12. 第12段。 由于代表秘书长收集资料的努力,特别代表办公室在报告所述期间与有关伙伴协商,编写了6份国别报告,说明阿富汗、乍得、中非共和国、伊拉克、苏丹和索马里的儿童与武装冲突问题。 这些报告提高了儿童与武装冲突议程的知名度,并通过其传播,为国家和国际儿童保护合作伙伴和民间社会提供坚实的信息基础,同时为学术界提供数据。", "D. 出席情况 武装部队和团体释放儿童", "13 August 2001 1996年格拉萨·马谢尔关于武装冲突对儿童的影响的研究报告(A/51/306和Add.1)强调,武装部队和团体招募和利用儿童是当代冲突的一个令人震惊的特点,也是严重的侵犯行为。 从那时起,通过宣传和国家和国际儿童保护合作伙伴的集中努力,许多儿童与武装部队和团体分离。 2010年,11 393名儿童(8 624名男性和2 769名女性)受益于联合国各机构、基金和方案支助的重返社会援助(见A/62/641,第16段)。", "十四、任 务 安全理事会在第1539(2004)号决议中要求的行动计划,以切实承诺停止在武装冲突中招募和使用儿童,响应大会第64/146号决议,其中会员国呼吁冲突各方采取有时限的有效措施,制止一切侵害和虐待儿童行为。 制止严重侵犯儿童行为的行动计划表明,人们普遍承认,武装冲突对儿童的影响不仅是对人权的和发展的侮辱,也是对联合国和平与安全议程的侮辱。", "15 迄今为止,已在8个国家与15个国家和非国家当事方签署了停止在武装冲突中招募和使用儿童的行动计划:阿富汗、乍得、科特迪瓦、尼泊尔、菲律宾、斯里兰卡、苏丹和乌干达。 在本报告所述期间,阿富汗和乍得安全部队签署了行动计划,释放其部队中的儿童,并制定必要的法律保障和实际议定书,防止招募和使用儿童。 迄今为止,已经成功完成了六项行动计划。 特别代表办公室与联合国主要合作伙伴,包括儿童基金会和国际劳工组织(劳工组织)一道,支持宣传行动计划的签署,并为行动计划的拟订和执行提供技术支持和指导。", "161 儿童与武装部队和团体的持久分离是一个复杂的过程,需要适当的安全保障,需要儿童保护合作伙伴的支持,以及存在经济和社会重新融合的机会。 根据《关于与武装部队或武装团体有关系的儿童的巴黎原则和准则》,业务伙伴的经验表明,向儿童提供重返社会援助必须符合他们的具体需要。 因此,年幼儿童的需求与工作年龄的儿童不同(根据国家立法,15-17岁)。 年轻的儿童重返社会援助应当酌情强调教育,同时向家庭提供经济援助,但老年儿童通常需要职业培训或学徒培训,以便能够向就业过渡。 特别代表办公室将通过由维持和平行动部和联合国开发计划署(开发署)共同主持的解除武装、复员和重返社会问题机构间工作组,继续推动有关儿童解除武装、复员和重返社会的政策和指南的制定,并宣传此类指导的实施和主流化。", "E. 出席情况 加强儿童与武装冲突问题的法律和规范框架", "17. 第17条。 在本报告所述期间,特别代表努力加强保护儿童的法律和规范框架,包括开展运动,争取普遍批准《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》。 这项运动是同儿童基金会、负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表办公室和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)合作开展的。 2000年通过的《任择议定书》禁止武装部队和武装团体强迫招募18岁以下儿童并直接参与敌对行动。", "第18条 特别代表与34个尚未加入《任择议定书》的会员国开展了外联活动,并向包括加勒比共同体(加共体)和伊斯兰会议组织在内的若干区域组织作了通报。 特别代表办公室在2010年9月关于千年发展目标的大会高级别全体会议期间组织了一次签署条约的活动,并在2010年5月这一运动一周年之际在纽约举行了一次论坛。 在联合国训练研究所举办的研讨会上,该办公室就批准进程向会员国提供了技术咨询。", "191 自2010年5月发起这项运动以来,已经采取了12项条约行动:三个会员国(中非共和国、埃塞俄比亚和伊朗伊斯兰共和国)签署了《任择议定书》,五个会员国(塞浦路斯、吉布提、加蓬、马拉维和塞舌尔)批准了《任择议定书》,五个会员国(刚果、格鲁吉亚、圭亚那、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯和沙特阿拉伯)加入了《任择议定书》。 迄今为止,《任择议定书》已有142个国家批准。", "20.20 特别代表继续鼓励会员国加入其他相关条约,包括劳工组织关于禁止和立即行动消除最恶劣形式的童工劳动的第182号公约(1999年),该公约将招募儿童界定为最恶劣形式的童工劳动,以及《非洲儿童权利与福利宪章》(1999年),其中禁止招募儿童并维护儿童的基本权利。", "页: 1 儿童与武装冲突:趋势与挑战", "A. 导 言 冲突性质的变化", "页: 1 利用儿童作为冲突中暴力的手段", "21.21。 越来越令人关切的是,使用儿童——有时他们不知——携带或佩戴爆炸物。 在本报告所述期间,武装团体用于这种目的的女孩和男孩数量稳步增加。 这些儿童,有时甚至不到八岁,往往不知道他们唆使采取的行动或后果。 这种行为往往导致他们自己的死亡和杀害平民,包括其他儿童。", "第22章 很少了解武装行为者为这些暴力行为利用儿童的战略。 然而,传闻证据表明,家庭被迫交出子女参加这些行动,而且也有一些贫穷家庭被武装团体诱导,通过金钱承诺让孩子离开。 使用非常年幼的儿童和(或)残疾儿童从事这种行为也是令人严重关切的可怕趋势。 迫切需要填补知识空白,更好地了解如何防止这些行为。 同时,有必要更好地处理对涉嫌与武装行为者合作的儿童的污名化和偏见,造成其他侵权行为,包括殴打、对儿童及其家人的威胁、相当于酷刑的行为、任意逮捕和拘留。 在这方面,必须特别关注幼儿、女童和残疾儿童。", "2. 在军事行动期间保护儿童", "23. 会议报告。 特别代表在上一份报告中强调,在军事行动期间儿童面临风险,需要制定具体政策和程序,包括战术指令和标准作业程序,以维护国际人道主义法,防止侵害儿童行为。 新的战争手段,包括使用新技术、没有明确的战场和可以识别的反对派,在军事行动期间给儿童带来了更大的风险。 所有武装行为者应优先审查空中攻击(包括无人驾驶)和夜间袭击的使用情况,以尽量减少附带平民丧生、平民受伤和民用物体受损害的情况。", "24. 第24段。 儿童的安全和安保对于任何军事活动的合法性和可信性都至关重要。 在维持和平或稳定行动方面,这一点尤其重要,因为外国存在的同意对特派团的成功至关重要。 武装部队的交战规则必须规定保护平民是军事行动中首要考虑,包括在反叛乱活动中。 所有武装行为者必须在当今冲突环境中维护相称和区别的原则;只有通过尊重这些原则,才能避免儿童受害。", "258. 特别代表再次呼吁制定指令和标准作业程序,确保军事行动符合适用的国际人道主义法,并保障对平民包括儿童的保护。 在本报告所述期间,乌干达军队在特别代表办公室的支持下制定了标准作业程序,以确保保护武装部队在打击上帝抵抗军(上帝军)的行动中俘虏或拘留的儿童。 特别代表再次呼吁所有相关军事行为体,包括武装部队、多国部队和维持和平行动,作为优先事项执行本报告附件所强调的最低限度措施。", "3. 拘留和起诉与武装团体有关联的儿童", "262. 报 告 越来越多的国家因涉嫌与武装团体有联系而逮捕和拘留儿童。 被俘和被拘禁的儿童有时处于不符合各种国际法律文书规定的最低标准的条件下。", "。 在某些情况下,国家将儿童置于行政拘留中,而不是指控他们犯有刑事罪,并将他们送交法院。 这些儿童往往被长期拘留,得不到律师的帮助,没有其他法律保障。 有证据表明,在被剥夺自由时,儿童特别容易受到侵犯人权行为的伤害,包括有辱人格和不人道的待遇和/或相当于酷刑的行为。", "第28次会议 在其他情况下,国家指控儿童在与被国内法或国际法视为犯罪的一个武装团体有关系期间犯有行为。 这些儿童有时被长期审前拘留,得不到法律援助。 此外,国家法院或军事法庭的审判一般不适用于少年司法标准和适当程序保障。 因此,儿童常常在没有法律代表或协助的情况下受到审判,没有父母或法定监护人陪伴,也没有对他们提出的指控的明确理解。", "29. 。 鉴于他们与武装团体的联系常常是强迫的,考虑到他们的年龄,儿童应主要作为受害者而不是肇事者对待。 应当强调根据指挥责任概念起诉个人。 国家还应起诉成人招募者和指挥官,不仅针对招募儿童兵的罪行,而且针对他们可能强迫儿童实施的其他罪行。", "30. 。 因积极参与敌对行动而对儿童实施拘留和起诉,应始终是最后的措施。 许多被控犯有此类罪行的儿童本身可能被迫或被迫加入武装团体。 在与武装团体的联系期间,儿童常常受到指挥官的虐待、殴打、剥削和操纵,以实施从轻微的安全犯罪到战争罪等犯罪行为。 虽然承认需要某种形式的正式问责制,但从司法系统转移更适合儿童。 考虑儿童最佳利益并促进儿童重新融入其家庭和社区的其他办法包括非司法机制,例如恢复性司法措施、真相电话、传统康复仪式和重返社会方案。", "313. 《儿童权利公约》要求各国在国家一级寻求替代儿童司法程序的办法,任何解决办法都必须考虑到“儿童在社会中发挥建设性作用”。 对于儿童来说,理解和承认过去发生的错失行为在他们的心理发展和重返社会进程中发挥着至关重要的作用。 以恢复性做法为基础的问责制有助于儿童康复和与其社区和解。", "323 特别代表办公室正在最后完成一份工作文件,其中将探讨武装冲突期间犯下犯罪行为的儿童的责任和问责问题,以及可用来协助儿童重返社会的替代办法。 目的是通过审查与拘留儿童有关的国际法律框架、被拘留儿童的待遇和权利以及保护受到起诉和审判的儿童,来澄清这一问题。 它还将讨论其他非司法性司法机制,其职能更重。", "B. 儿童保护和安全部门改革", "336. 近年来,应各国政府或安全理事会的要求,联合国各机构在协助国家行为体努力在不歧视、尊重人权和法治的基础上建立负责和有效的安全机构方面发挥着越来越大的作用。 支助范围包括促进关于安全安排的讨论,作为未来和平协议各方之间更广泛谈判的一部分,以及就执行安全部门改革计划提供技术咨询和(或)支持。 在这方面,儿童保护方面的考虑对于建立基于权利的、负责任的安全制度的努力至关重要。", "343. 事实和争论 在制定安全部门改革计划时,应考虑到边缘化或受社会排斥的群体,特别是儿童和妇女的安全需要。 安全机构应将保护儿童作为其任务的一个优先领域;对儿童的威胁往往被忽视,使儿童在冲突与和平时期遭受严重侵害。 在苏丹和苏丹南部等国,在武装部队中设立专门的儿童保护单位,为确保及时应对侵犯儿童案件,并帮助更广泛地提高安全部队对儿童权利和福利的认识,已经取得了长足进展。 这种积极举措应在其他地方推广。 此外,为防止动员儿童,招聘程序必须确保严格的年龄核查:民事登记记录如不完整或不准确,必须辅之以其他确定年龄的程序。", "353. 在武装部队和团体合并、复员和重返社会作为和平协定的一部分的情况下,需要确保,作为任何安全部门改革进程的第一步,可能与各方有关联的儿童将被分离。 这种情况的初期阶段往往是战斗人员的登记。 必须系统地采取措施,对年龄进行核查,或如果没有国家管理的出生日期可靠数据,制定确定年龄的坚实方法。 然而,将儿童与武装部队和团体分开不应取决于安全部门改革计划。 在武装冲突中招募和利用儿童是违反国际法的行为;除其他外,在前面提到的行动计划中,必须确定和分离儿童。", "363. 。 提高对儿童保护的认识和培训对于加强安全部队内部的问责制和尊重人权至关重要。 这种培训必须面向安全部门的所有行为者,并应涵盖国际和国家规范框架及其应用,以及照料和处理触法儿童。", "378 最后,确保安全机构维护和实行儿童保护是一项长期工作,需要国家行为者——政府、立法机构、司法机构和民间社会——作出有重点和有重点的努力。 正是通过国家行为者之间的伙伴关系,在国际支持下,儿童保护可以纳入安全部门的主流。", "C. 保护武装冲突中的教育", "页: 1 在以前的报告中,特别代表一直关切地指出,对教育的攻击呈上升趋势。 这些行为包括部分或全部摧毁学校和其他教育机构,威胁或实际针对教育人员。 攻击教育破坏了为儿童建立一个保护性的环境及其实现更美好未来的机会。 此外,对女孩的暴力攻击和对她们的教育的定点攻击损害了她们在社会中的作用,妨碍她们行使其权利。", "39 在本报告所述期间,在教育保护措施和儿童受教育的权利方面取得了进展。 由于国际社会给予更多的关注,于2010年成立了保护教育不受攻击的全球联盟,由联合国各机构和非政府组织组成。 它有助于防止对教育的攻击;制定有效对策应对攻击;改善知识、监测和报告;倡导国际规范和标准并加强问责制。 联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)于2011年3月发表了一份创新报告,着重说明武装冲突对教育的影响。 *** 特别代表欢迎这些举措,并期待与全球联盟、教科文组织和其他有关伙伴密切合作,加强保护,使其免受教育攻击。", "404 大会通过关于紧急状况下的受教育权的开拓性第64/290号决议之后,安全理事会也加强了这方面的努力。 2011年7月,安全理事会通过了第1998(2011)号决议,将秘书长关于儿童与武装冲突问题的年度报告附件所列名单扩大至经常袭击学校、经常攻击或威胁攻击与这些设施有关的受保护人员的人。 特别代表赞扬大会和安全理事会重点关注儿童接受教育的权利,并敦促会员国与其他儿童保护伙伴一道执行这两个机构的决定。", "D. 跨界努力保护受冲突影响的儿童", "41 随着平民和战斗人员跨境流动,冲突的区域方面给儿童的安全、安全和保护带来了新的挑战。 上帝军等武装团体跨越边界的活动,在非洲中部内陆一带活动,证明难以跟踪,因此,它们构成的威胁也难以遏制。 有两个方面值得注意,即应对跨界威胁带来的挑战的行动。", "42 首先,需要确保有一个协调良好的监测和报告机制,能够把各国特有的信息汇集到一起,以便全面了解武装团体侵权的趋势和模式。 这对于确保采取适当的切实措施保护受影响地区的平民至关重要。 例如,在报告所述期间,在特别代表办公室的支持下,儿童基金会加强了其能力,促进中非共和国、刚果民主共和国、苏丹和乌干达儿童保护小组就上帝军问题进行协调和交流信息。", "434 第二,以前与武装部队和团体有关系的儿童重返社会往往涉及遣返部分,儿童与武装部队或外国领土上的团体一起行动,返回原籍国,重新融入平民生活。 在这种情况下,国家当局与儿童保护合作伙伴之间的密切接触和协调至关重要。", "四、结 论 制止冲突中侵犯和虐待儿童的行为", "A. 导 言 根源", "444 制止冲突期间侵犯和虐待儿童行为的努力必须源于对冲突结构性原因和导致这些侵犯和虐待行为的环境的透彻了解。 贫穷、歧视、环境退化、社会和经济边缘化以及不平等是造成儿童被迫或自愿加入武装部队或团体的条件的一些因素。", "454 研究显示,贫穷与暴力冲突之间以及暴力冲突与人类发展指标差之间有着密切的关联。 千年发展目标 目标指标显示,武装冲突局势中的国家占极端贫穷人口的三分之一,一半的儿童得不到初等教育,一半的儿童在五岁生日前死亡。 虽然并非所有冲突局势中的贫困儿童都成为士兵,但贫穷是儿童加入武装部队和团体的重要激励因素。 在某些领域,贫穷意味着无法获得教育和其他基本社会服务,就业和创收机会很少。 儿童往往得到父母的鼓励和武装行为者的煽动,成为战斗人员,希望他们能够得到良好的食物、住房和保护。", "46 对歧视、社会不公正、政治排斥和经济差异的观念往往促使儿童加入武装团体。 这些观念往往以族裔、区域或宗教等术语定义,再加上集体身份,成为包括儿童在内的社区强大的动员者。 对武装团体的不满有时成为一种讨价还价的工具,要求社区成员发挥自己的作用,为他们的孩子贡献力量。 儿童不仅由于社会压力或义务感,而且由于个人不公正而容易受到这些要求的影响。 当侵害儿童的罪行不受惩罚时,许多人加入了出于报复愿望的武装团体。", "474. 147 国家软弱无力,特别是在外围地区,是造成冲突的另一个因素,在使儿童面临暴力方面发挥了作用。 如果国家在提供安全、提供基本社会服务、对申诉作出裁决和促进经济活动的能力方面受到挑战,地方社区就会求助于替代权力形式。 传统治理结构和/或司法机制可能优先于薄弱的法定机构。 然而,传统的治理结构往往得不到国家推动的规范标准和保护机制的支持。 在发生冲突的地方,地方社区往往组成自卫团体,并经常招募青年儿童参加社区,打击和捍卫他们不受外部威胁。", "488. 住房 在一些社会中,旷日持久的暴力冲突本身就是目的,而政治经济则以经济利益和政治妥协的逻辑为驱动。 在这种情况下,儿童被社会化,接受战争,而不是例外,并在战争产生的结构中寻求进步。 军事指挥官成为儿童的角色模式,军事道德成为日常生活的一部分。 加入武装团体可促进社会流动,获得资源,并有能力在武装团体控制下的领土内行使权力和影响。 在这种长期冲突的情况下,儿童可将加入武装团体视为一个在社会取得进步的合法途径,而社会几乎没有其他选择。", "494. 人口 以上是造成有利于儿童卷入冲突的环境的一些关键因素。 如果不解决在战略层面造成冲突的条件,儿童将继续受到武装冲突的伤害。 在这方面,正如大会第63/241号决议所要求的,各国必须“加强有关安全、发展、人权和人道主义问题的国家政策和战略的互补性和协调,以便有效、可持续和全面地处理武装冲突对儿童的短期、中期和长期影响”。 联合国系统和国际社会必须更广泛地支持各国政府努力建设在冲突中具有复原力的社会,包括促进经济发展和公平,同时支持加强社会正义和问责制的举措。", "B. 防止侵犯和虐待儿童", "50 。 在战略层面,保护儿童免遭战祸的最有效途径显然是减轻武装冲突的爆发。 预防冲突意味着消除暴力的根源,促进可持续和公平的人类发展。 正如马谢尔研究报告和2007年对这项研究的十年期审查(见A/62/228)所指出的,可持续预防冲突和建设和平需要超越政治解决方案,加强和平的主要载体,包括善治;建立一个负责、合法和基于规则的安全部门;建立一个独立和有效的司法系统;提供基本社会服务;以及创造有利于就业和创造财富的经济环境。", "51 研究表明,大量青年人口与内乱之间有着紧密的联系。 尽管仅靠人口并不能引发冲突,但有系统地让年轻人参与发展方案并成为其受益者,特别是在青年人口动荡的国家,可以减轻风险。 在和平时期和冲突后时期促进青年就业和发展年轻人的技能,必须是重建和发展战略的重要组成部分。", "52 以上是受冲突影响的国家必须在国际社会的持续支持下逐步采取的广泛和长期措施。 国家行为者可以在国际支助下采取一些更为直接的保护性措施。 在冲突期间,建立儿童保护网络可能有助于帮助社区更好地保护儿童。 这些网络提醒社区注意威胁或侵犯行为,并能够帮助制定社区应对暴力后果的办法。 它们还可以通过提高认识和与能够提供保护的实体建立联系,帮助防止虐待。 由于能够依靠支助网络,儿童感到更加安全,并在遭受侵犯或虐待时提供援助机制。", "532. 移民 在任何冲突开始时,应说服社区领导人作出特别努力,与各方进行谈判,确保学校被指定为“和平区”,而不是军队或武装团体攻击或使用的目标。 这样,儿童就可以在没有虐待或暴力的情况下继续接受教育。 保护学校的社区行动是确保儿童安全的另一种方式。 通过继续上学,使冲突期间儿童的生活保持一定程度的正常状态,维持他们的发展,同时保护他们不受武装行为者的招募。", "C. 在全球一级处理问责制问题", "542. 自1996年马谢尔研究报告以来,国际社会在加强保护武装冲突中儿童的法律框架和将肇事者绳之以法方面取得了重大进展。 国际刑事法院、前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭以及塞拉利昂问题特别法庭都处理了侵害儿童的问题。 这些国际法院和混合法院,以及波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那设立的混合法庭,对于补充国家司法机制处理侵害儿童罪行至关重要。", "555. 255 必须强调的是,单靠国际努力不能在打击有罪不罚现象方面取得持久的成果。 只有按照国际标准,由有关国家的人民和司法系统主导,才能持续追究所犯罪行的责任。 在刚刚摆脱冲突的社会中,国家机构和社会结构被战争削弱,国际社会可以发挥重要作用,支持各国努力更广泛地加强司法部门和法治。 通过有效的司法系统发展社会处理侵权行为的能力,是确保司法能够持续的唯一途径。", "565. 妇 女 国际社会还应支持刚摆脱武装冲突国家的赔偿机制。 补偿是冲突后社会提供社会正义的一种方式,也是有效的额外问责机制。 在司法体制薄弱或缺乏对司法机关的信任、犯罪者身份不明、或出于政治原因侵犯人权者不受司法问责程序约束的领域尤其如此。", "D. 出席情况 需要进行保护对话", "57 大会在其第64/146号决议中呼吁违反适用的国际法从事侵犯和虐待儿童行为的国家和其他武装冲突当事方采取有时限的有效措施,制止这种做法。 各国与联合国各实体、民间社会和区域组织一道,向武装冲突中侵犯和虐待行为的儿童受害者提供保护和援助,需要所有有关伙伴之间的对话,以确保协调和建立适当的应对机制。 与各国政府的伙伴关系对于制止严重侵犯儿童行为至关重要。 在这方面,由相关政府实体组成的部际委员会可以充当与联合国对应方进行协调和对话的有效论坛。", "58 在相关和可能的情况下,可以在和平进程中与非国家行为体进行对话。 然而,应当与有关政府密切合作,探讨建立有时限的有效措施以保护受害儿童的对话,包括制止特定侵权行为的行动计划,而不论政治讨论的地位如何。 情况各不相同,经验表明,创新是制定有效保护措施的关键因素。 如果没有和平进程,各国政府作为保护儿童的主要义务承担者,应当与联合国合作,确保各方制定有时限的有效措施,包括行动计划。", "E. 定向和分级措施", "59 加强安全理事会儿童与武装冲突问题工作与其制裁制度之间的联系的努力是一个持续的工作领域。 在所有其他手段都未能终止侵害儿童罪行不受惩罚的现象时,应作为最后手段,对惯犯采取有针对性和循序渐进的制裁。 在最近关于儿童与武装冲突问题的决议(第1998(2011)号决议)中,安全理事会重申以前的决议和主席声明表明,它随时准备针对持续犯下严重侵犯儿童行为的人采取有目标、有步骤的措施,并越来越多地将侵害儿童行为纳入其制裁制度。", "60 。 在今年5月,特别代表根据关于索马里和厄立特里亚的第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议向安全理事会委员会通报了情况,建议将严重侵犯儿童行为列为制裁的指定标准。 安全理事会第2002(2011)号决议扩大了索马里的制裁制度,将武装冲突中严重侵犯儿童行为纳入其指定标准。 安全理事会委员会根据关于索马里和厄立特里亚的第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议与安全理事会儿童与武装冲突问题工作组进行更密切的合作,将加强安理会工作的一致性,加强其打击有罪不罚现象的行动。 今后,必须把这种做法扩大到其他制裁委员会,这些制裁委员会处理长期严重侵犯儿童行为的人。", "F. 各国政府在保护受冲突影响的儿童方面的作用", "61 各国政府对保护儿童以及更广泛地保护平民负有主要责任。 必须采取若干步骤,在冲突之前、期间和之后为儿童建立保护环境。 最重要的是建立一个国家法律框架,阐明维护儿童权利和保护儿童权利不受冲突影响的国际规范。 在这方面,批准和随后执行《儿童权利公约》,特别是将《公约》翻译成国家立法,随后进行必要的行政、预算和社会政策调整,是保护儿童的关键基础步骤。 其他针对儿童的法律文书,如儿童保护法或法案,包括从少年司法到惩罚侵犯和侵犯儿童权利的措施,在受冲突影响的国家提供了更多的法律保护。", "62 。 在社会摆脱冲突的情况下,国家当局应建立过渡司法机制,确保追究针对儿童的战时罪行。 以司法程序为基础的过渡司法机制可以辅之以非司法问责机制。 这些机制可包括寻求真相和采取恢复性措施,可提供和解所需的混乱效应,并适合儿童犯罪者,他们作为儿童应免于起诉。 例如,最近在哥伦比亚通过的《受害者法》是一项值得称赞的举措,目的是确保冲突期间侵犯和虐待的儿童受害者得到政府的赔偿。", "G. 宣传", "63/63。 由于在保护受冲突影响的儿童方面仍然存在重大挑战,宣传对于提高认识和促进改变行为至关重要,以便最终结束冲突中严重侵犯儿童的行为。 特别代表的宣传工作将继续强调主要关切问题,以期为从事保护受冲突影响儿童工作的各国政府和业务伙伴提供更多的政治和捐助者支助。", "644. 宣传工作将侧重于若干关键优先领域。 这些援助包括:根据确定的方案最佳做法,为儿童提供全面和长期重返社会援助;国内流离失所儿童的权利,特别是在获得教育和安全方面的权利;作为受害者和犯罪者与司法系统接触的儿童的权利;冲突与贫困之间的关系,特别是参照千年发展目标的指标;以及冲突性质不断变化以及儿童接触军事行动所带来的保护挑战。", "656.65 特别代表将继续与会员国、专家和学术界接触,以增进对保护冲突中儿童面临的新挑战的认识,发展并加深对这些挑战的认识。", "页: 1 将儿童保护纳入联合国系统的主流", "A. 导 言 联合国外地特派团的儿童保护", "66 特别代表的一个主要优先事项是,根据她的任务,将儿童保护专门知识纳入联合国系统的主流,协助协调各项努力,促进收集关于受武装冲突影响儿童困境的信息。 在秘书处内部,维持和平行动部和政治事务部有外地存在的两个部门已经指定了协调人,以确保将儿童保护问题纳入其部门政策和业务活动,同时与特别代表办公室密切合作。 2011年,维持和平行动部为儿童保护问题协调人设立了一个经常员额,为外地儿童保护顾问提供专门和持续的支助,并将儿童保护问题纳入总部的主流。 鉴于本报告概述的儿童保护挑战不断增加,秘书处相关部门亟需始终关注儿童保护问题。 特别代表鼓励秘书处主要机构,包括政治事务部、人权高专办和建设和平支助办公室,效仿维持和平行动部的做法。", "67 维持和平行动部-外勤支助部儿童保护政策指示于2009年设立,特别代表上一次报告(A/61/319)对此作了概述,指导了维和行动中的儿童保护活动,并协助收集准确、客观、可靠和可核查的关于严重侵犯儿童行为的信息。 该政策指示界定了儿童保护人员在维和行动中的作用和责任,并为维持和平行动与联合国各机构、基金和方案之间的分工和互补性提供了明确的框架。 预计政策指示将在下一个报告周期进行审查和更新。 这次审查可提供机会,审议维持和平行动部、外勤支助部和政治事务部制订适用于所有联合国外地特派团的联合儿童保护指南。 将儿童保护纳入政治事务部管理的特别政治任务和建设和平办事处至关重要,因为它们需要在冲突后环境中以及在从维持和平到建设和平的复杂过渡中发挥越来越大的儿童保护作用。", "686.68 自儿童保护政策通过以来,维持和平行动部制定了一项政策执行计划,以促进在外地和总部持续和系统地执行儿童保护任务。 该计划确定的主要优先事项之一是加强维和人员的培训活动。 在这方面,该部正在与特别代表办公室、儿童基金会和拯救儿童联盟合作,加强和发展部署前和特派团内培训方案和材料。", "69 大会支持儿童保护顾问的部署和作用,包括通过关于儿童权利的第62/141号决议和维持和平行动特别委员会。 在7个外地特派团任命了儿童保护顾问。 在这方面,值得注意的是,联合国维持和平特派团和政治特派团的大多数任务现在都包括儿童保护问题。 保护儿童的承诺越来越多地反映在大会为联合国外地行动核准的儿童保护工作人员和资源中,通过第五委员会的工作,在行政和预算问题咨询委员会的咨询意见和维持和平行动特别委员会的支持下。 特别代表赞赏大会为将儿童保护问题纳入联合国活动的主流提供的关键支持,并敦促继续给予支持。", "B. 联合国系统有关儿童保护的伙伴关系", "707.70 作为总部儿童与武装冲突问题工作队的主席,特别代表召集了16个部、机构、基金和方案,以便就关切的儿童保护问题进行协商,并编写秘书长关于儿童与武装冲突问题的年度报告。 这些会晤有助于确定需要进一步宣传、主流化和(或)加强合作与协调的领域。 特别代表办公室通过国家工作队继续支持外地儿童保护工作,包括提供技术支助,支持培训、宣传和筹资。", "71 在本报告所述期间,儿童基金会与特别代表办公室继续保持密切的伙伴关系。 这种合作对于全球和外地两级的儿童和武装冲突议程至关重要,技术协调继续在指导外地、执行行动计划和加强外地儿童保护能力方面取得成果。 特别代表仍然致力于与捐助国一道,确保儿童基金会领导的这些行动计划和重返社会方案在长期可持续供资方面得到必要的关注。", "72. 第72段。 还定期与负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表就共同关心的问题进行协调,包括联合开展运动,争取普遍批准《儿童权利公约任择议定书》。", "73 特别代表办公室继续与负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表密切合作,推动针对儿童性暴力的预防活动。 在本报告所述期间,在技术层面加强了协作,以确保两个办事处的活动相辅相成。 特别代表办公室工作人员参加了维持和平行动部举办的关于此事的讲习班,并不断与冲突中性暴力问题特别代表办公室、维持和平行动部和儿童基金会合作,为外地特派团和合作伙伴编写性暴力问题指南。 已经商定,冲突中性暴力问题特别代表将牵头处理与性暴力有关的所有事项,包括酌情从冲突各方那里获得承诺,并与儿童与武装冲突问题特别代表办公室密切协商,处理与儿童有关的问题。 在冲突议程中没有监测和报告性暴力框架的情况下,儿童与武装冲突问题特别代表将继续倡导执行针对儿童性暴力的行动计划。", "六、结 论 三. 前进方向的建议", "74 特别代表敦促各会员国、联合国各机构、基金和方案以及非政府组织加倍努力,执行1996年马谢尔研究报告和2007年该研究报告十年期审查建议中概述的全面保护和方案措施。 在这方面,提到了特别代表2007年报告(A/62/228)第二部分,其中根据十年审查的结果提出了建议。", "757. 特别代表认识到各国在保护儿童方面的主要责任,促请会员国加强政策和做法,确保防止侵犯和虐待,并随时准备促进会员国交流这方面的最佳做法。", "76 特别代表再次呼吁各国在批准《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》时,将自愿入伍最低年龄定为18岁(第3条)。", "77国集团 特别代表呼吁会员国结束有罪不罚现象,起诉和惩罚在武装冲突期间严重侵犯儿童行为的人。 国际社会应酌情支持会员国,发展它们处理冲突局势中司法问题的能力。", "第78次会议 鉴于军事行动,特别是空中攻击(包括无人驾驶和直升机攻击)和夜间袭击对儿童造成严重影响,特别代表欢迎多国部队努力通过和执行战术指令和标准作业程序,以尽量减少平民伤亡和摧毁民用设施,并敦促所有多国部队和维持和平行动确保制定适当的政策和程序,并对军事人员进行必要的培训。", "797. 特别代表鼓励会员国在将儿童送交审判时适用少年司法标准和适当程序保障,避免儿童被行政拘留或长期审前拘留。 在可能的情况下,会员国应考虑将未满18岁的儿童排除在因年龄、指挥链和招募的强迫性质而与武装部队或武装团体有关的犯罪行为之外。 应当引入考虑到儿童最佳利益的非司法、恢复性问责机制,并促进儿童重返社会。", "808. 特别代表认识到,可持续、长期的社会经济重新融合是儿童与武装冲突各方持久分离的基石,因此敦促捐助者根据《关于与武装部队或武装团体有关系的儿童的巴黎原则和准则》,包括酌情在教育、职业培训和创收活动方面,持续提供长期支助,并支持执行行动计划的财务方面,以终止招募和使用儿童、杀害和残害儿童以及对儿童实施性暴力,以及攻击学校和医院。", "页: 1 特别代表鼓励会员国继续支持将儿童保护问题纳入联合国活动的主流,包括在外地特派团和总部,并酌情促进在维持和平和建设和平中及时部署儿童保护顾问,并为此目的授权提供充足的资源。", "82. 鼓励提供军警人员的会员国将儿童保护模块纳入国家军事人员、警察和文职人员部署前培训。", "83 特别代表鼓励联合国所有相关机构和方案加强其儿童保护能力,包括酌情在全球和外地一级提供专门能力。", "附件", "建议在军事行动中保护儿童的标准作业程序", "(a) 在任何军事行动之前,对民众、特别是儿童的安全风险进行联合军事-民事评估;", "(b) 避免在人口稠密地区从事战斗和(或)使用重炮。 在这方面,保护学校和医院作为“和平区”应居首位;", "(c) 不占领或使用学校、保健设施或邻近设施,以达到军事目标;", "(d) 对包括儿童在内的平民的影响进行系统的行动后评估;", "(e) 立即建立一个透明框架,调查武装部队成员在军事行动中对儿童犯下的罪行。 应公布关于这些调查进展情况和结果的报告,并酌情迅速对肇事者采取纪律措施;", "(f) 建立一个框架,确保向儿童及其家人提供赔偿和/或补偿,补偿他们在军事行动中犯下的导致杀害和(或)残害儿童或对儿童实施性暴力的行为;", "(g) 制定程序,接收、处理和迅速向联合国儿童保护行为者移交在军事行动中脱离武装团体的儿童;", "(h) 在武装部队中任命儿童与武装冲突问题协调人,以便落实上述所有步骤。", "*** 联合国教育、科学及文化组织,《充满危机:武装冲突与教育》(巴黎,2011年)。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 100 of the provisional agenda*", "Review of the implementation of the recommendations and decisions adopted by the General Assembly at its tenth special session", "United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Corrigendum", "1. Annex II", "For the table following paragraph 2 substitute", "(In thousands of United States dollars)", "Staffing requirement Total net Common Representation Total salaries staff costs allowance", "1 D-2 210.2 75.7 0.6 286.5", "1 D-1 193.3 69.6 — 262.9", "2 General Service (Other 201.6 72.6 — 274.2 level)", "Total       823.6", "2. Annex III", "The column headings should read", "Voluntary contributions 2009 2010 2011^(a) 2012^(a)" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "暂定项目表^(*) 项目101", "审查大会第十届特别会议所通过 建议和决定的执行情况", "联合国裁军研究所", "^(*) A/66/150。", "秘书长的说明", "更正", "1. 附件二", "第2段后的表格替换为：", "(千美元)", "所需人员编制 薪金净额总数 一般人事费 出席会议津贴 费用共计", "1个D-2 210.2 75.7 0.6 286.5", "1个D-1 193.1 69.6 — 262.9", "2个一般事务(其他职等) 201.6 72.6 — 274.2", "共计 823.6" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程* 项目100", "审查大会第十届特别会议通过的建议和决定的执行情况", "联合国裁军研究所", "秘书长的说明", "更正", "页: 1 附件二", "第2款后面的表格改为", "(千美元)", "工作人员薪金毛额", "1 D-2 210.2 757 0.6 286.5", "1 D-1 193.3 69.6, 262.9", "2个一般事务(其他职等 201.6 72.6-274.2)", "共计 823.6", "2. 附件三", "栏目应改为", "2009年自愿捐款" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 65 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children", "The girl child", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to the request of the General Assembly in its resolution 64/145, contains a brief overview of international obligations and commitments with respect to the girl child stemming from human rights treaties and international conferences, as well as legal and policy development. It assesses the negative impact on the girl child caused by poverty and the global economic crisis; violence, abuse and exploitation; gender disparities in education; lack of adequate water, sanitation and hygiene; nutrition; HIV/AIDS; health; disabilities; humanitarian crises; and participation, and highlights action taken to address child and forced marriage.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted in accordance with the request of the General Assembly in its resolution 64/145, entitled “The girl child”, that the Secretary-General submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution, with a view to assessing its impact on the well-being of the girl child, with an emphasis on ending child and forced marriage. For the purpose of the preparation of the report, notes verbales requesting relevant information on the implementation of the resolution were sent to Member States[1] and United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and letters were sent to key non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working to promote the rights of girls.", "2. The report follows up on the report submitted by the Secretary-General to the General Assembly at its sixty-fourth session (A/64/315), which included a focus on ending female genital mutilation. It provides an overview of: the existing legal and normative frameworks and international commitments with respect to the rights of the girl child (sect. II); the situation of the girl child in areas covered by resolution 64/145 (sect. III); and a detailed analysis of the practice of child and forced marriages (sect. IV). The report also highlights progress and achievements made to promote the rights of the girl child (sect. V) and recommendations for future action (sect. VI).", "II. Legal and normative framework and global commitments", "A. Human rights treaties and other international conventions", "3. The fulfilment of the rights of girls is an obligation and a moral imperative which is reflected in international law. There is a comprehensive international legal framework establishing the obligations of States regarding the human rights of the girl child. In addition to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which provides a comprehensive set of rights to be enjoyed “without discrimination of any kind”, including discrimination on the grounds of sex, all fundamental human rights treaties include provisions confirming the principle of non-discrimination and equality between men and women, boys and girls. Of particular importance is the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which, while focusing on women, has a direct bearing on the situation and well-being of the girl child. Furthermore, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which entered into force in May 2008, includes specific language with respect to children (article 7). In addition, according to article 6 of that Convention, “States Parties recognize that women and girls with disabilities are subject to multiple discrimination, and in this regard shall take measures to ensure the full and equal enjoyment by them of all human rights and fundamental freedoms”.", "4. In addition to the human rights treaties, legal obligations stem from legally binding labour law instruments, including the 1973 Minimum Age Convention (No. 138) and the 1999 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (No. 182) of the International Labour Organization (ILO). This legal framework for the rights of children in general, and for the rights of girls in particular, is further strengthened by regional human rights instruments, including the 2005 Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa.", "5. Normative developments during the reporting period include the adoption by the Committee on the Rights of the Child of its general comment No. 13 (2011) on the right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence, elaborating on article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The general comment analyses the gender dimensions of violence against children and recommends that: “States Parties should ensure that policies and measures take into account the different risks facing girls and boys in respect of various forms of violence in various settings”. It further calls on States to address all forms of gender discrimination as part of a comprehensive violence-prevention strategy, including addressing gender stereotypes, power imbalances, inequalities and discrimination which support and perpetuate the use of violence and coercion in the home, in school and educational settings, in communities, in the workplace, in institutions and in society at large. “Men and boys”, it asserts, “must be actively encouraged as strategic partners and allies, and, along with women and girls, must be provided with opportunities to increase their respect for one another and their understanding of how to stop gender discrimination and its violent manifestations” (CRC/C/GC/13, para. 72 (b)).", "B. International conferences, intergovernmental bodies and related commitments", "6. In addition to ratifying international legally binding instruments, Member States have also made far-reaching commitments to eliminate discrimination against the girl child in the context of world conferences and other international forums. The United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing in 1995, was the first such conference to include a specific segment on the girl child. The Beijing Platform of Action[2] included strategic objectives on issues ranging from the elimination of all forms of discrimination against the girl child and negative cultural attitudes and practices against girls to the promotion and protection of the rights of the girl child in the areas of education, health and nutrition, child labour, violence and participation in economic and political life.", "7. In its resolution 64/145, the General Assembly reaffirmed other outcomes of major United Nations summits and conferences relevant to the girl child, including: the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, entitled “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”;[3] the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development;[4] the Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social Development;[5] and the declaration adopted by the Commission on the Status of Women at its forty-ninth session,[6] as well as the agreed conclusions adopted by the Commission at its fifty-first session, at which it considered as its priority theme “The elimination of all forms of discrimination and violence against the girl child”.[7]", "8. At its 16th session, the Human Rights Council considered the joint report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children (A/HRC/16/56). The report focused on effective and child-sensitive counselling and complaint and reporting mechanisms to which children can safely report incidents of violence, including sexual violence and exploitation. The report noted that the non-governmental organization Child Helpline International, in its 2010 report on violence against children, had recorded more than 250,000 incidents of violence and abuse from the 62 help lines contributing to its survey. Most complaints concerned children between the ages of 10 and 15, in particular girls. Physical abuse and bullying were most frequently reported, followed by neglect, sexual abuse and emotional violence. The report also acknowledged that girls remain the main victims of sexual violence in armed conflict.", "9. Following a panel discussion held at the same session of the Human Rights Council, on the protection and promotion of the rights of children living and/or working on the street, the Council, expressing deep concern about the situation of girls and boys working and/or living on the street worldwide and the negative impact this has on the full enjoyment of their rights and their development, strongly condemned violations of the rights of those children, including gender-based violence, and urged States to ensure a holistic rights-based and gender-responsive approach to address this phenomenon (see Human Rights Council resolution 16/12).", "III. Discrimination and the situation of the girl child", "A. Poverty and the impact of the global economic crisis", "10. Globally, over 8 million children die before the age of 5, of whom over 5.7 million die before the age of 1.[8] Poverty acutely affects the lives of children, threatening their survival and development, and their rights to health, adequate food and nutrition and education. It also has a negative impact on their rights to participation and to protection from violence, harm and exploitation. Moreover, girls not only suffer from the effects of poverty and disease, but also from other factors, including: social and cultural norms that reinforce gender inequality; discrimination on the basis of their ethnicity; and social, geographical and income inequities, which may compound the gender discrimination they face. They are therefore extremely vulnerable to further deprivation and marginalization.", "11. The global economic crisis, which began in 2008, has exacerbated the impact of poverty on children, and the magnitude of the poverty that many of them face. During crises, age-specific and gender-based vulnerabilities are compounded: women and youth may be the first to lose their jobs or be underemployed; households may be forced to reduce spending, thus affecting the nutritional intake of children; and children may have to drop out of school to help their families seek additional income.[9] Recent estimates suggest that 30,000 to 50,000 more infant deaths, the majority of them girls, could have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa because of the crisis.[10]", "12. Although the global economy is now showing signs of recovery, and global gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates have rebounded considerably since 2009, girls and women are still vulnerable to many of the lingering effects of the crisis. Recent surges in food prices may also negatively affect girls. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Food Price Index, which measures the international price of food for a common basket of food commodities, has surged in recent months, averaging 234 points in June 2011, just below record highs in February and 39 per cent higher than in June 2010.[11] Domestic food prices have also remained alarmingly high since the previous spike in food prices in 2008.[12] Recent estimates suggest that, because of the recent food price hikes, approximately 44 million people have been pushed into poverty.[13]", "13. As Governments move to address mounting fiscal deficits, there is concern that spending in key areas that affect the well-being of girls could be cut. Furthermore, where contractions in public spending on health and education occur, the cost burden often shifts to households, in particular to women and girls. When household income falls, women often have no choice but to take on low-status and temporary jobs, in addition to their other responsibilities, and girls may face disparities in how food is distributed within the household.³", "B. Violence, abuse and exploitation", "14. For millions of girls and women worldwide, violence is a part of their daily lives, at home, at school, in care and justice institutions, at their workplace and in their community. This is the case in every country, both developed and developing.", "15. Data suggest that 150 million girls under the age of 18 have experienced some form of sexual violence,[14] and more than 70 million girls and women between the ages of 15 and 49 in 29 countries have undergone female genital mutilation/ cutting.[15] Evidence from many areas of sub-Saharan Africa shows that female circumcision can lead to severe and chronic disabling pelvic and urinary tract problems and mobility impairment and can place girls at increased risk for a number of infectious diseases, including HIV.[16] However, data in this field is limited, and violence against girls and women is under-recognized and underreported or unrecorded because of stigma, fear, social tolerance and the often illegal and covert nature of such activities.", "16. Girls often carry the triple burden of housework, schoolwork and work outside the home, paid or unpaid. Such burdens, in particular hours spent on unrecognized work within the household, significantly reduce their school achievement and completion rates and increase the likelihood that they, and their children, will continue the cycle of child labour.[17]", "C. Gender disparities in education", "17. Increased enrolments in the last decade have ensured that the gender gap in the out-of-school population at the primary education level has narrowed: girls of primary school age who are out of school decreased from 57 per cent in 1998 to 53 per cent in 2008. However, nearly 36 million at the primary level and over 39 million girls at the lower secondary level remain out of school. Progress has been uneven and aggregate figures often mask large variations among countries and regions. The number of out-of-school girls is much larger in South and West Asia and in sub-Saharan Africa.[18]", "18. Along with gender, factors such as poverty, ethnicity and household location also increase the likelihood of a child being out of school. In developing regions overall, girls in the poorest 20 per cent of households are 3.5 times more likely to be out of school than girls in the richest households and four times more likely to be out of school than boys from the richest households.[19]", "D. Lack of access to water, sanitation and hygiene facilities", "19. Girls, more often than boys, bear the responsibility of collecting water. Data from 45 developing countries indicate that girls under 15 years of age are twice as likely to bear this responsibility as boys in the same age group. The ratio increases as girls move into womanhood, with women being responsible for collecting water in almost two thirds of households. In some cases, girls have to walk great distances to collect water, increasing their workload and affecting their health and their ability to spend time on their education. In addition, collection and exposure to unsafe water can take a physical toll.[20]", "20. In addition, girls, particularly adolescent girls, may be at risk of sexual harassment or rape at wells or other water points as well as in school toilets, especially those that are located outside the protective environment of the school. In humanitarian crises, problems facing girls in terms of access to water, sanitation and hygienic practices are even more acute.", "E. Inadequate nutrition services and prevalence of anaemia", "21. There are negligible gender disparities at the global level in nutrition outcome indicators relating to girls and boys under 5 years of age. In general, however, the inadequacy of nutrition services (in terms of the coverage of nutrition programmes and quality/availability of food and supplies) has a disproportionately negative impact on women and girls. This is because of the higher nutritional needs of women and adolescent girls, the cultural barriers that prevent them from travelling far distances to reach services and lack of time owing to their workload. In addition, studies and analyses have found a significant association between low maternal literacy and poor nutritional status of young children.[21]", "22. It is notable that anaemia (two thirds of the cases of anaemia are due to iron deficiency), which is highly prevalent among adolescent girls and women in developing countries, increases the risk of maternal death. The high rates of anaemia among girls and women are related to the loss of iron they experience, especially during adolescence, owing to menstruation and pregnancy.", "F. HIV and AIDS: the disproportionately high risk", "23. Young women and adolescent girls continue to face a disproportionately high risk of infection due to biological vulnerability, social inequality and exclusion. Nearly 78 per cent of all young people living with HIV in the 15- to 24-year-old age group are from sub-Saharan Africa; most of them are female and are not aware of their HIV status. Over 60 per cent of all adolescents living with HIV in the 10- to 19-year-old age group are girls.[22]", "24. Globally (excluding China), 11 per cent of adolescent girls have had sex before age 15, and adolescent girls under age 20 account for about 15 million births every year.[23] Early experiences with sex and drugs are key factors associated with the risk to adolescent girls for contracting HIV. These behaviours reflect problems in the environment of adolescent girls and are the result of multiple failures in protection and care, possibly associated with violence, exploitation, abuse and neglect.", "25. Social and income inequality and inadequate knowledge about sexuality and HIV underlie other behaviours that exacerbate the risk for HIV infection, including sex with multiple partners and age-disparate relationships. Young women and adolescent girls are often compelled to be in relationships with older partners as a survival strategy for money, food, protection or other social or material gain. Their risk of infection is heightened by laws, policies and practices that restrict the access of adolescent girls to condoms, HIV testing and accurate, comprehensive sex education. Intimate partner violence, which often occurs with the knowledge of families and communities, also limits the ability of young women and girls to make effective choices for the prevention of HIV and further adds to the risk of contracting the virus.", "G. Adolescent health", "26. While under-five mortality tends to be higher for boys than for girls because girls have certain biological and genetic advantages, gender inequality results in girls having to confront greater health risks in adolescence.[24] Early pregnancy and childbirth are among the leading causes of death worldwide for adolescent girls between the ages of 15 and 19. At this stage of their lives, girls tend to be at greater risk than boys of negative health outcomes, including depression, and these risks are often magnified by gender-based discrimination and abuse. Girls are particularly prone to eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, and this vulnerability derives in part from profound anxieties over body image, fuelled by cultural and media stereotypes of feminine beauty.¹⁵", "H. Disabilities: stigma and marginalization", "27. Girls with disabilities not only face the same social stigma and marginalization that boys with disabilities encounter, they face additional discrimination because of their sex. In addition to suffering from marginalization within the family, the community, at school and in wider social circles, which may lead to poor health and education outcomes, girls with disabilities are often at greater risk of violence, injury, abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment and exploitation.[25] Furthermore, girls with disabilities may be subjected to forced sterilization or abortion.[26]", "I. Humanitarian crises", "28. During humanitarian crises, including armed conflict and natural disasters, girls are exposed to a dramatic increase in rights violations as a result of the greater instability and insecurity that ensue, including the related breakdown of formal and informal protection mechanisms. The consequences of humanitarian crises are highly gendered and may be shaped by pre-existing gender inequalities that can exacerbate negative impact for girls. In emergencies, girls, in particular adolescent girls, are vulnerable to rape and sexual exploitation at the hands of fighting forces, community members, humanitarian workers and uniformed personnel. In the context of armed conflict, girls may be abducted or recruited into armed forces or groups. Reports of girls engaging in transactional sex for aid or selling sex to meet their own needs or those of their families are frequent. Such activity increases their vulnerability to sexual exploitation and abuse, HIV/sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies. Girl survivors of sexual violence and other forms of gender-based violence suffer mental health and psychosocial problems, severe social stigmatization and exclusion.", "29. Crisis-affected girls are less likely than boys to be enrolled in school or to have access to early education; they also have limited access to sexual and reproductive health services. In cultures where boys are more valued than girls, boys may be given priority by families and community members in distribution of aid. Increased poverty resulting from crisis may also drive parents to push their daughters into child marriage (as a coping mechanism) in some cases. Girls who, along with women, traditionally take on the majority of household chores, often shoulder an increased workload during crises to support their families in the face of diminished social services. This adds to their daily burden, leaving less time for school and other activities.", "J. Lack of participation opportunities", "30. The fulfilment of article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which states that “States Parties shall assume to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters” affecting him or her, poses profound challenges for Governments in most regions of the world. Traditionally, children have not been deemed to have the experience, knowledge or understanding necessary to be directly involved in contributing to major decisions affecting their lives. Social and cultural patterns of conduct within the family typically present further barriers to the ability of girls and women to claim their rights. Increasingly, youth service programmes are creating spaces for the participation of young people. However, the proportion of girls, in particular those who are out of school and disadvantaged, in typical peer clubs and youth programmes is often very low. Many communities also lack strong female leaders to serve as role models and opportunities for girls and women to establish networks and realize their right to participation.", "IV. Ending child and forced marriages", "31. Marriage of a girl or boy before the age of 18 is recognized in international legal instruments to be a violation of the child’s human rights.[27] Even if the child consents to it, child marriage is an outcome of prevailing social norms whereby children are expected to marry as children. It can therefore be considered forced marriage. In some cases, child marriage is referred to as early marriage; however, this terminology is equivocal because it is relative in nature. For example, it could also apply to the promotion of marriage at an earlier age in countries where the average age of marriage is over 30 years.", "32. Child marriage is the result of the interplay of economic and social forces, forces which are particularly strong with respect to the marriage of girls. The cost of marriage for families tends to be lower if the children are younger, both because they leave the care of their parents and because younger girls tend to require a lower dowry. These social forces are manifested by the social approval that families enjoy if they are seen to uphold tradition, safeguard the chastity of their girls, protect the honour of the family and minimize the risk of girls bearing children out of wedlock. Failure to abide by social norms is met with social disapproval, which may even entail violence against the girl or members of the family.", "33. A review conducted by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in 2010 using data from the latest demographic and health surveys and multiple indicator cluster surveys shows that about a third of women in the developing world who are currently 20 to 24 years old were married before the age of 18. It also indicates that, overall, the prevalence of child marriage has been decreasing, albeit slowly. While 48 per cent of women in the developing countries between 45 and 49 years of age were married before reaching 18 years of age, the proportion drops to 35 per cent for women between the ages of 20 and 24.^(24,)[28]", "34. Data also indicate significant inequities. Child marriage is strongly associated with girls who have received little formal education. Decreases in the practice have occurred almost exclusively among households in the highest income quintile, while prevalence among the households in the lowest income quintile has remained almost unchanged. Data substantiate the perception that child marriage is motivated in part by economic factors and although it is necessary to address those factors, such actions alone will not be sufficient to bring about an end to the practice.", "35. In communities where the practice is prevalent, marrying a girl as a child is part of a cluster of gender norms and attitudes that reflect the low value accorded to the human rights of girls. These norms include: early and continuous childbearing, with negative consequences on the health of both the mother and her children; dowry or bride price whereby girls are considered an economic asset; giving preference to the education of boys over that of girls; having girls eat after the men and boys in the household, with potential negative effects on the overall health and nutritional status of girls; and the general expectation that girls should be subservient to men, which infringes on their right to participation.", "36. Where child marriage is prevalent, adolescent girls become brides, get pregnant and have children before they are physically, emotionally and socially ready to be mothers. Approximately 15 million adolescent girls, the majority of whom are married, give birth each year.²³ Most of them lack awareness of their rights and of health-care services, including reproductive health. As a result, they face significant risks during pregnancy, including obstetric fistula and death. Girls between 10 and 14 years of age are five times more likely than women aged 20 to 24 to die in pregnancy and childbirth.[29] Because they start childbearing early, adolescent girls are likely to have more children and at shorter intervals, putting them at higher risk of maternal death and disability. As a result, their life options are also constrained by reduced opportunities to complete their education, gain comprehensive health knowledge, participate in the community or develop employable skills. Child marriage also exposes young married girls to greater risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections, as they lack the power to refuse unwanted and unprotected sexual intercourse with older husbands. There are also negative consequences for the next generation: stillbirths and death are 50 per cent more likely for babies born to mothers younger than 20 years than among babies born to mothers of between 20 to 29 years of age.[30]", "37. Progress towards the goal of ending child marriage is of crucial importance for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It will also contribute to the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and will respond to the recommendations of the 2006 report of the Secretary-General on violence against children.¹⁴", "38. Country experience shows that ending child marriage requires an approach that includes Government commitment through the enactment of appropriate legislation as well as support to communities to enable them to find better alternatives. While necessary, in contexts where social support for child marriage is high, legislation that bans the practice is very difficult to enforce. Nonetheless, legal measures and communications strategies can be used to diminish support for the practice and, as social acceptance begins to wane, to provide legitimacy and support to those who are moving to end the practice.", "39. Several countries are enacting legislation setting the minimum age of marriage at 18, in accordance with general comment No. 4 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, while others are increasing the minimum age of marriage to 18 and eliminating differences in the legal age between boys and girls. In 2009, Eritrea revised its Civil and Penal Code to increase the minimum age of marriage to 18 for both boys and girls, ensure that marriage is consensual and equal and limit bride price and dowry. In Malawi, the law is being redrafted to increase the legal age of marriage from 16 years of age. In other countries, including Mali and Yemen, the issue is a topic of debate, with proposals for setting or increasing the legal age of marriage under discussion.", "40. Ending child marriage requires support for community discussions to collectively explore alternatives to the practice.[31] Such discussions need to be respectful of the desire of families to uphold tradition while simultaneously exposing the harm associated with the practice and reinforcing human rights principles. Information can be provided through credible sources, including medical personnel and religious leaders, and a greater voice can be given to girls themselves ensuring consistency of message throughout the community. The strong engagement of men and boys is also needed. Such awareness-raising actions have been reported from countries in various regions.", "41. Comprehensive policies and programmes on child marriage address the needs of adolescents who are already married while supporting actions to end the practice. They provide viable alternatives and institutional support, especially expanded educational opportunities for girls, including for those who are already married or pregnant. Countries are increasing physical access to education by establishing safe residential facilities, increasing financial incentives to families, promoting the empowerment of girls, improving educational quality and ensuring safe and hygienic conditions in schools. In some countries, such as Djibouti, legal measures have been taken to make school attendance mandatory up to 16 years of age.", "42. Despite its widespread practice, child marriage has historically received limited attention, although there are increased efforts among a range of partners, notably non-governmental organizations, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and UNICEF. The latter two entities have stepped up their advocacy and programme support to countries, including through the United Nations Inter-agency Task Force on Adolescent Girls. In addition, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the Committee on the Rights of the Child are in the process of drafting a joint general comment/recommendation on harmful practices, which will update the guidance provided to States parties on child marriage. Development cooperation agencies such as USAID are also increasing attention to the issue of ending child and forced marriage.", "43. Experience in countries as diverse as Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Ethiopia, India, Niger, Senegal, Somalia and Sweden indicates that combining legal measures with support to communities, providing viable alternatives and enabling them to discuss and reach the explicit, collective decision to end child marriage yields positive results. In addition, there have been many encouraging outcomes from the efforts of national and local civil society organizations. Other countries have also made progress on some of the elements needed to end child marriage. For example, Belgium, Nicaragua and Slovakia report strengthening the legislative framework banning child marriage. In other countries, however, ending child marriage is given a low priority despite the fact that the practice infringes on the rights of a high proportion of adolescent girls and a proportion, albeit smaller, of adolescent boys.", "44. If current trends continue, as many as 100 million girls could be married during the next decade.[32] However, with the available knowledge and experience and increased action by States in enhanced partnerships with civil society, the majority of girls and boys could delay marriage and realize much more of their potential, to the benefit of the entire community.", "V. Progress and achievements", "45. Progress has been made in a number of areas with respect to the promotion of the rights of girls and the implementation of General Assembly resolution 64/145. Some key achievements are highlighted below.", "A. Strengthened legislation and commitment", "46. National legislation addressing violence against women and girls is being systematically improved across the world. Numerous States have adopted laws and policies, including specific action plans and strategies, to address the multiple forms of violence against girls, including human trafficking, sexual violence and exploitation, female genital mutilation/cutting and child marriage. In addition, the institutional response to violence and exploitation has been strengthened in some countries through intersectoral coordination and capacity-building in the social welfare, justice, education and health sectors.", "47. Owing in part to the global campaign, launched in May 2010, for the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and on the involvement of children in armed conflict, approximately 75 per cent of all Member States have now ratified both Optional Protocols and are working to implement their provisions. A number of countries have already passed some form of legislation to stop child pornography.", "48. The Convention Concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers, adopted by ILO in June 2011, establishes a set of international standards aimed at improving the working conditions of tens of millions of domestic workers worldwide, including children, of whom 90 per cent are estimated to be girls.¹⁵", "49. The international response to protecting girls affected by conflict has been strengthened by the adoption of Security Council resolution 1882 (2009) on children and armed conflict, which expands the monitoring and reporting mechanism to include sexual violence in armed conflict, resolution 1888 (2009) and resolution 1960 (2010) on prevention and protection from conflict-related sexual violence, which establish strengthened mechanisms to hold perpetrators to account, and resolution 1889 (2009) on women and peace and security, which calls for a set of global indicators to better monitor the inclusion of girls and women in peacebuilding, to meet their security needs and to provide basic services.", "B. Joint initiatives", "50. with the support of UNFPA and UNICEF, 15 African countries have adopted a common approach to ending harmful practices. The approach includes the promotion of laws and community programmes, large-scale community discussion sessions based on human rights principles and community and district-wide public declarations for the abandonment of female genital mutilation/cutting.", "51. Many Governments are also carrying out multisectoral initiatives to provide support to girls and women and to address violence against girls in the home, schools, communities and the workplace. Within the context of the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, which entered into force on 1 July 2010, countries are combining systemic interventions with awareness-raising and direct support to girls and women experiencing violence, including establishing child help lines and making information on preventive and protective measures available to communities.", "52. The United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative, launched in 2000 at the World Education Forum, continues to play a significant role in keeping the spotlight on the education of the girl child. The initiative brings together diverse stakeholders, Governments, civil society organizations, bilateral aid agencies, the private sector and the United Nations system, to work to ensure the right to free and compulsory education and gender equality. The partnership is currently operational in 47 countries in Africa and Asia.", "53. The United Nations Inter-agency Task Force on Adolescent Girls, co-chaired by UNFPA and UNICEF, and including ILO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UN-Women and the World Health Organization (WHO), provides a platform for collective action for the most marginalized adolescent girls. Work is under way with Governments and their partners to develop comprehensive programmes in Ethiopia, Guatemala, Malawi, Liberia, the United Republic of Tanzania and other countries.", "54. The humanitarian community has increasingly invested in ensuring that inter‑agency coordination mechanisms respond to the distinct needs of girls, as well as boys, women and men. In 2010, new inter-agency tools and guidelines were developed to help humanitarian actors better respond to the distinct needs and rights of girls affected by crisis situations. They include: the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies “Pocket Guide to Gender” (2010), which provides concrete examples of how to promote girls’ education in emergency situations; the “Handbook for Coordinating Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings” (2010), which provides guidance on leadership roles, key responsibilities and specific actions to be taken; and the Adolescent Sexual Reproductive Health Toolkit for Humanitarian Settings (2010), which addresses the special needs of adolescents in humanitarian crises, with special attention to the particular vulnerabilities of girls and those most marginalized, such as indigenous groups, migrants and persons with disabilities.", "C. Improved access to, and quality of, education", "55. Since the launch of the “Education for All” initiative in 1990, a number of interventions across developing countries have successfully accelerated school enrolment and school completion rates for girls. For example, the elimination of user fees and the provision of stipends and cash transfers to girls has led to greater demand for education, inter alia, in Bangladesh, El Salvador, Mexico and Kenya. In Namibia, efforts have focused on addressing cultural and social norms that impede girls’ education through the adoption of a policy allowing teenage mothers to return to school after they have their babies. In addition, the Government has launched a national “zero-tolerance” campaign for gender-based violence and efforts have been made to build the capacity of administrators across all sectors to handle cases of gender-based violence, as well as that of media professionals reporting on the issue.", "56. Several Member States and United Nations organizations, including UNICEF, FAO, UNESCO and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), are supporting girls’ transition to secondary education and advocating for vocational education training opportunities for adolescent girls, based on their specific needs and contexts. The World Food Programme (WFP) has been providing take-home rations as an incentive to enrol and keep girls in school. In addition to improved access, efforts are also being made to improve girls’ experience of schooling and the quality of education they receive by ensuring that schools are child-friendly and gender-responsive and that they promote human rights education.", "57. Countries such as El Salvador and Nicaragua are integrating human rights and life skills education, including reproductive health issues, into school curricula in order to equip adolescent girls with appropriate knowledge. In Madagascar, the United Nations Democracy Fund supports organizations such as the scouts and youth environmental clubs to promote an appreciation among children and youth of gender equality and human rights. In Ghana, UNICEF supports a children’s radio broadcasting network known as “Curious Minds” to serve as a knowledge platform for the exchange of ideas and dissemination of laws affecting children in general. Such networks have served as useful channels for publicizing information on girls’ education, protection from traditional practices and teenage pregnancy.", "58. Additional measures have been taken to recruit qualified female teachers and build the capacity of teachers and educational administrators to address gender issues. In Malta and Sweden, for example, policymakers, teachers and students are sensitized to the need for greater gender equality in career choices, with a focus on increased participation of girls in mathematics and science.", "D. Improved health services", "59. Health services for girls have been strengthened in many parts of the world. For example, in Djibouti, confidential family planning services are provided and women and girls are at the centre of the national strategic plan on HIV/AIDS for 2008-2012. In Bangladesh, the use of the integrated management of childhood illness and the training of community health workers have helped reduce gender disparities in immunization coverage. UNRWA health programmes provide paediatric preventive and curative services for Palestinian refugees, including through schools, while raising awareness on ending child marriage and the prevention of gender-based violence.", "E. Girls’ participation", "60. Initiatives have been undertaken to promote the empowerment of girls by creating opportunities for their participation, developing their leadership skills, informing them about their rights and helping them build the skills to exercise those rights. In Jamaica, a child symposium and gender training workshops, the latter organized by the Bureau of Women’s Affairs, were held to inform girls and boys about their rights and raise awareness of gender-based violence and sexual and reproductive health. In Chile, UN-Women supported a study, developed by 40 young women, on violence against young women in marriage and other relationships. The results of the study will be used for advocacy with Parliamentarians.", "61. In Cameroon, an initiative was set up, with UNICEF support, to develop young people’s leadership skills by creating youth municipal councils. The initiative has resulted in the establishment of 21 such councils, of which 17 are headed by adolescent girls. Girls make up half the membership of the councils, compared to only 6 per cent of national councils being led by female mayors. The youth mayors and their councillors advocate youth participation in decision-making within their communities. UNFPA is working to empower young girls in Guatemala, Malawi and Ethiopia by promoting safe spaces, building leadership skills and supporting life skills education activities with a focus on sexual and reproductive health. These programmes are also being managed by youth leaders.", "F. Mitigation of the impact of the global economic crisis", "62. Special measures have been taken to mitigate the impact of the economic crisis on girls and women. Successful examples include maintaining necessary social sector expenditures and implementing social protection policies to help ensure their rights to health care, education and maternal health services. A recent study found that in 35 countries an estimated 25 per cent of stimulus spending, amounting to $653 billion, went to social protection measures.[33] It is important to ensure that these measures are not cut back as part of austerity programmes to curb public-sector spending. Moreover, transformative social protection measures, including anti-discrimination policies and legislation reform, have the potential to address social vulnerabilities, ensuring equitable access to services by girls and boys.", "VI. Recommendations", "63. While progress has been made, as the above examples demonstrate, such efforts must be built upon and expanded. This requires decisive action by Governments, supported by development agencies, non-governmental organizations and civil society, with the active engagement of girls and boys, men and women.", "A. Empower girls", "64. Girls’ participation and empowerment should be further promoted as called for by the Commission on the Status of Women, the Committee on the Rights of the Child and other bodies.[34] It is important to recognize girls as key actors in achieving both gender equality and their own empowerment. Programmes to develop their leadership skills should be supported as part of school curricula, or through other means, such as girls-only clubs or as part of broader skills training programmes. The involvement of girls in the design and delivery of development programmes intended to reach them should also be promoted. Efforts must also ensure that the perspectives of girls, including adolescent girls, are included in discussions about humanitarian preparedness, response and recovery, institutionalizing opportunities for them to speak about their distinct concerns and formulating recommendations on how to address them.", "65. Girls cannot exercise their rights unless they have access to information in a form that they can use and understand. Social networks and safe spaces for girls can facilitate their access to essential information and health and protective services. Comprehensive, age-appropriate sex education and knowledge of their HIV status enhance their ability to protect themselves and take charge of their health and well‑being.", "B. Support social change and transform power relations", "66. Where inequalities and discrimination against girls are entrenched, social change and transformation of power relations are essential to achieving gender equality and the empowerment of girls and women. A better understanding of the role of social norms and the ways they affect the decision-making processes of individuals, families and communities to inform policies and strategies and to scale up interventions is a vital complement to higher-level initiatives such as legislative reform. Without addressing the root causes of gender inequality and the exclusion of girls, it is not possible to meet collective obligations to protect and fulfil the rights of girls. Governments, communities and households are accountable for shaping positive environments that do not tolerate discrimination or violence against girls.", "C. Keep girls in school", "67. Investing in the education of girls empowers them and helps accelerate the fight against poverty, inequity and gender discrimination. Special efforts are needed to identify and reach out to girls who are the hardest to reach and most excluded, including girls from: the poorest households; rural, slum and remote areas; socially excluded groups, including children with disabilities; and indigenous and disadvantaged minority populations.", "68. Gains made in primary education during the last decades must be consolidated, while accelerating progress by expanding pre-primary education programmes, to ensure that girls start and stay in primary school, and through targeted interventions aimed at getting out-of-school children, the majority of whom are girls, back in school. Since gender disparities are the greatest at the secondary education level, the transition of girls from primary to secondary education should be facilitated and increased and access to secondary education expanded, with particular attention to reducing dropout rates among girls. Multiple pathways of education, both formal and informal, should be promoted to ensure that girls successfully complete their basic education and make the school-to-work transition. Furthermore, multisectoral strategies covering education as well as health and nutrition, social protection, infrastructure and the labour market should be employed to ensure gender equality in education.", "D. Address the rights of adolescent girls", "69. Girls face increased discrimination in adolescence. While gender discrimination is a factor even before birth and gender stereotypes are typically introduced early in the life of the child, when girls reach adolescence, they often face new restrictions and limitations. Much too often, they find themselves prematurely in adult roles of wife, mother, worker or caretaker, losing the special provisions and protections of childhood. Educated, healthy and skilled adolescent girls can help advance social justice, support economic development and contribute to eradicating poverty. It is important to invest in the rights and protection of adolescent girls and to ensure they are no longer neglected in development policies and programmes.", "E. Strengthen data collection and analysis", "70. There is a need for better sex- and age-disaggregated data to provide a better understanding of the situation of girls. It is also necessary to go beyond disaggregating data by sex and to analyse data that reveal the multiple forms of exclusion that girls face, including discrimination because of disabilities, living in the poorest communities or belonging to indigenous or minority groups. This should include the collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data and information.", "F. Promote inclusive policies and programmes", "71. Programmes should also take a holistic approach to addressing the full range of discrimination girls may face in order to protect their rights effectively. Part of respecting girls as human beings with rights involves recognizing the realities of their lives and the diversity of their circumstances. This includes ensuring a gender-focused response to the recovery process in relation to the global economic crisis. National commitments that support and protect girls’ rights through adequate and sustained investments in health care and nutrition, clean water, basic education, child and social protection services and participation mechanisms must be upheld and, where possible, expanded. Responses, including in the form of special measures focused on the most marginalized and vulnerable, should be introduced to ensure the enjoyment and protection of the rights of children, including girls and other disadvantaged and vulnerable groups in society.", "G. Expand and improve services for girls", "72. Health, nutrition and other services should be expanded and improved so as to address the needs and rights of girls. For example, comprehensive services should be provided for adolescent girls and young women living with HIV. Male and female health and nutrition service providers should receive training to use gender-responsive approaches. Multisectoral referral and response systems should be established providing links to childcare, livelihood, microfinance, vocational education and employment programmes. Inequalities in access to health care should be addressed through efforts to reach girls with disabilities by promoting inclusive health services, including age-appropriate sexual and reproductive health services, so that all girls can realize their right to health. Dedicated outreach programmes are needed to reach the youngest first-time mothers to enable them to better access life-saving maternal health services. Efforts should also be made to ensure access to safe water close to the home in order to reduce the workloads of girls, so that they can stay in school, care for their health, play and undertake other activities on an equal basis with boys. Such services should be carefully designed, wherever necessary, to address the particular vulnerabilities and needs of girls. This is of particular importance in humanitarian situations, where the needs of girls, including adolescent and marginalized girls, are in danger of remaining neglected or overlooked when using a “one size fits all” model.", "73. Dedicated resources should be earmarked for programming specific to girls, whenever required. The identification and response to the rights and needs of girls should be ensured across the scope of humanitarian action, including in the context of disaster risk reduction, as well as in relation to preparedness, response and recovery from humanitarian crises. To be effective, this work should be carried out within a broader gender equality framework that analyses the needs and capacities of girls alongside that of boys, women and men and that mobilizes not just women and girls, but also men and boys around the common goal of a more just and equitable society.", "[1] The following States submitted information which has informed the content of the report: Argentina, Belgium, Djibouti, El Salvador, Finland, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Malta, Namibia, Nicaragua, Oman, Peru, Qatar, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and the United States of America.", "[2] Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4-15 September 1995 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.96.IV.13), chapter I, resolution I, annex II.", "[3] Resolution S-23/2, annex, and resolution S-23/3, annex.", "[4] Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 5-13 September 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.95.XIII.18), chapter I, resolution I, annex.", "[5] Report of the World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, 6-12 March 1995 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.96.IV.8), chapter I, resolution I, annex II.", "[6] E/2005/27 and Corr.1, chap. I.A.", "[7] E/2007/27, chap. I.A.", "[8] See www.childinfo.org/mortality.html.", "[9] Caroline Harper, Nicola Jones, Andy McKay and Jessica Espey, “Children in times of economic crisis: Past lessons, future policies”, background note, Overseas Development Institute, March 2009.", "[10] See Jed Friedman and Norbert Schady, “How Many More Infants are Likely to Die in Africa as a Result of the Global Financial Crisis?”, World Bank, 2009.", "[11] FAO Food Price Index (www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/). (Report released 7 July 2011).", "[12] Isabel Ortiz, Jingqing Chai and Matthew Cummins, “Escalating food prices: The threat to poor households and policies to safeguard a recovery for all”, Social and Economic Policy Working Paper, UNICEF, 2011.", "[13] Food Price Watch (http://www.worldbank.org/foodcrisis/food_price_watch_report_ feb2011.html), World Bank.", "[14] See Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, World Report on Violence against Children, United Nations, 2006 (http://www.violencestudy.org).", "[15] See The State of the World’s Children 2011, Adolescence — An Age of Opportunity, UNICEF (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.XX.1).", "[16] Nora Groce, “Girls and women with disability: A global overview”, One in Ten, vol. 17 (1997).", "[17] See Joining forces against child labour: Inter-agency report for The Hague Global Child Labour Conference of 2010, ILO and Understanding Children’s Work, May 2010.", "[18] See Education for All (EFA) Global Monitoring Report 2011: The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education, UNESCO, 2011.", "[19] See The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010, United Nations, 2010. Figures are based on household survey data from 42 countries.", "[20] See Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water (2010 update), WHO and UNICEF, 2010.", "[21] See Jane E. Miller and Yana V. Rodgers, “Mother’s Education and Children’s Nutritional Status: New Evidence from Cambodia”, Asian Development Review, vol. 26, No. 1 (2009).", "[22] See Opportunity in Crisis: Preventing HIV from early adolescence to young adulthood, UNICEF, June 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.XX.5).", "[23] James E. Rosen, “Position paper on mainstreaming adolescent pregnancy in efforts to make pregnancy safer”, WHO, 2010 (WHO/MPS/10.03).", "[24] See Progress for Children: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals with Equity (No. 9), UNICEF, 2010.", "[25] See resolution 61/106.", "[26] E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/31, para. 34 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.92.XIV.4).", "[27] Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, article 16, para. 2; Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 21 (1994), Equality in marriage and family relations; Convention on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 4 (2003), Adolescent health and development in the context of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.", "[28] Figures are for paragraph 33 and the following paragraphs.", "[29] See “Giving Girls Today and Tomorrow: Breaking the Cycle of Adolescent Pregnancy”, United Nations Population Fund, 2007 (see http://www.unfpa.org).", "[30] See Miriam Temin and Ruth Levine, Start with a Girl: A New Agenda for Global Health, Center for Global Development, 2009.", "[31] See “Child Protection Meta-Evaluation”, final report, UNICEF, 15 May 2008 (see http://www.unicef.org).", "[32] Fact Sheet, United Nations Inter-agency Task Force on Adolescent Girls, 3 March 2009.", "[33] Yanchun Zhang, Nina Thelen and Aparna Rao, “Social Protection in Fiscal Stimulus Packages: Some Evidence”, working paper, UNDP/Office of Development Studies, 2010.", "[34] See E/2005/27 and Corr.1; Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 12 (2009), on the right of the child to be heard." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目65(a)", "促进和保护儿童权利", "女童", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会第64/145号决议的要求提交的。决议概述了人权条约和国际会议产生的关于女童的国际义务和全球承诺，以及法律和政策的发展情况。报告评估了下列因素对女童造成的负面影响：贫穷和全球经济危机；暴力、虐待和剥削；教育中的性别差距；缺乏足够的水、环境卫生和个人卫生；营养；艾滋病毒/艾滋病；健康；残疾；人道主义危机；以及参与。报告着重介绍了为解决童婚和迫婚问题而采取的行动。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是根据大会题为“女童”的第64/145号决议提交的。决议要求秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交关于该决议执行情况的报告，其中应重点说明终止童婚和迫婚方面的情况，以便评估本决议对女童福祉的影响。为了编写本报告，向会员国[1] 和联合国各机构、方案和部门发出普通照会，要求提出与该决议的执行情况相关的信息，并致函重要的以促进女童权利为宗旨的非政府组织。", "2. 本报告是秘书长提交大会第六十四届会议的报告(A/64/315)的后续，重点介绍了终止女性生殖器切割方面的情况。报告概述了在尊重女童的权利方面现有的法律和规范框架和国际承诺(第二节)；介绍了在第64/145号决议所述各领域中女童的境况(第三节)；详细分析了童婚和迫婚做法(第四节)。报告还着重介绍了在促进女童的权利方面的进展和成就(第五节)并提出了今后的行动建议(第六节)。", "二. 法律/规范框架和全球承诺", "A. 人权条约和其他国际公约", "3. 尊重女童的权利是国际法规定的一项义务和道义责任。现在已经具备全面的国际法律框架，其中规定了各国对女童的人权义务。《儿童权利公约》规定了一整套权利，其享受不受“任何形式的歧视”，包括性别歧视。此外，所有基本人权条约都包括各种规定，确认男女之间及男童女童之间的不歧视和平等原则。在这方面尤其重要的是《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》，虽然该公约以妇女为重点，但对女童的状况和福祉有直接影响。另外，2008年5月生效的《残疾人权利公约》，其第7条不仅具体提到一般儿童，还特别提到女童。在其第6条，该公约规定：“缔约国确认残疾妇女和残疾女童受到多重歧视，在这方面，应当采取措施，确保她们充分和平等享有所有人权和基本自由”。", "4. 除了人权条约外，法律义务还来源于具有法律约束力的劳动法文书，包括国际劳工组织下列公约：1973年《最低年龄公约(第138号)》和1999年《最恶劣形式的童工劳动公约(第182号)》。这个一般儿童权利、特别是女童权利的综合法律框架，进一步得到区域人权文书的加强，如2005年《非洲人权和人民权利宪章关于非洲妇女权利的议定书》。", "5. 在报告所述期间制定的新规范包括2011年通过的《儿童权利委员会关于儿童免遭一切形式暴力侵害的权利的第13号一般性意见(2011年)》。该文件对《儿童权利公约》第19条进行了详尽的论述。在第72b段中，一般性意见分析了暴力侵害儿童问题中的性别因素，并建议：各缔约国应确保其政策和措施考虑到对于各种环境下各种形式的暴力，男女儿童面临的风险不同。文件还呼吁各国将处理一切形式的性别歧视作为全面的暴力预防战略的内容之一。这包括消除基于性别的成见、力量不平衡、不平等和歧视，这些问题使得使用暴力和威胁的现象在家中、学校和教育场所、社区、工作场所、机构和整个社会得到支持并得以延续。文件称，“应积极鼓励男性和男童成为战略伙伴和同盟，还应为他们及女性和女童提供机会，使大家更加相互尊重，更好地了解如何消除性别歧视及由此导致的暴力行为”(CRC/C/GC/13,第72(b)段)。", "B. 国际会议、政府间机构和有关承诺", "6. 除了国家批准的、具有法律约束力的国际文书，会员国在世界会议和其他国际论坛也为消除对女童的歧视作出了意义深远的承诺。1995年在北京举行的联合国第四次妇女问题世界会议首次包括了关于女童的专门部分，而其后的《行动纲要》[2] 提出下列问题的战略目标：消除一切形式对女童的歧视和对女童的负面文化态度和做法，在有关教育、保健和营养、童工、暴力和社会、经济和政治生活的参与方面促进和保护女童权利。", "7. 大会第64/145号决议再次申明主要联合国首脑会议和大型会议同女童有关的其他结果，包括大会题为“2000年妇女：二十一世纪两性平等、发展与和平”的第二十三届特别会议的结果、[3] 国际人口与发展会议《行动纲领》、[4] 社会发展问题世界首脑会议《行动纲领》[5] 和妇女地位委员会第四十九届会议通过的宣言[6] 以及把“消除一切形式歧视和暴力侵害女童行为”作为优先主题审议的委员会第五十一届会议的商定结论。[7]", "8. 在其第16次会议上，人权理事会审议了买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员和暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表的联合报告(A/HRC/16/56)。该报告侧重于有效的且对儿童问题有敏感认识的咨询、投诉和报告机制，使儿童能够安全地报告暴力事件，包括性暴力和剥削。联合报告指出，据“国际儿童帮助热线网络”在其2010年关于暴力侵害儿童问题的报告中记录，其调查中启用的62个热线共报告了超过25万起暴力和虐待事件。其中大部分投诉涉及年龄在10至15岁的儿童，尤其是女童。身体虐待和欺凌是最经常报告的事件，其次是遭忽视、性虐待和情感暴力。该报告还确认，女童仍是武装冲突中性暴力的主要受害者。", "9. 在同一次会议上还举行了关于保护和促进流落街头和(或)在街头谋生的儿童权利的小组讨论。讨论后，人权理事会对全世界流落街头和(或)在街头谋生的女童和男童境况，以及这对他们充分享受自己的权利和他们的发展的负面影响深表关切，并强烈谴责对这些儿童的权利的侵犯行为，包括基于性别的暴力行为，敦促各国确保采用一个全面的基于权利和促进性别平等的办法来纠正这一现象(见人权理事会第16/12号决议)。", "三. 歧视和女童境况", "A. 贫穷和全球经济危机的影响", "10. 在全球范围内，超过800万儿童死于5岁前，其中超过570万死于1岁前。[8] 贫穷严重影响着儿童的生活，威胁着他们的生存和发展、以及他们的健康权、充足食物权和营养权、以及受教育权。贫穷对儿童的参与权和受到保护免遭暴力、伤害和剥削的权利产生负面影响。然而，女童不仅遭受贫穷和疾病的影响，而且还受其他因素的影响：如助长性别不平等现象的社会和文化规范；基于其种族而受到的歧视；以及社会、地域和收入的不平等，这些因素可能加重其所面临的性别歧视。因此，女童极易受到进一步的剥削和边缘化。", "11. 2008年开始的全球经济危机加剧了贫穷对儿童的影响，加重了许多儿童面临的贫穷程度。危机期间，特定年龄的和因性别而导致的脆弱性加剧，妇女和青年可能会首当其冲地失去工作或就业不足；其家庭可能被迫减少支出，从而影响儿童的营养摄入量；而儿童也可能辍学，以帮助家庭寻求额外收入。[9] 最近的估计表明，危机可能导致撒哈拉以南非洲婴儿死亡数增加30 000-50 000，其中大部分是女婴。[10]", "12. 尽管全球经济正呈现复苏迹象，而且2009年以来的全球国内生产总值增长率出现强力反弹很大，女童和妇女仍然容易受到危机的许多持续影响。最近的粮食价格激增也可能对女童产生负面影响。粮农组织食品价格指数，即衡量一篮子食品类商品国际价格的指数最近几个月大幅上升，在2011年6月平均为234点，仅略低于2月份的纪录高位，比2010年6月高出39%。[11] 自2008年食品价格上涨以来，国内粮食价格仍然高得惊人。[12] 最近的估计表明，由于近期食品价格上涨，约44亿人已经陷入贫穷境地。[13]", "13. 在政府着手解决日益增长的财政赤字的情况下，人们感到关切的是，在影响女童福祉的重点领域的支出可能会遭削减。此外，在健康和教育方面公共开支收缩时，费用的负担往往转移到家庭，特别是妇女和女童的肩头。而当家庭收入下降时，妇女往往没有选择，只能接受地位低的和临时的工作，同时还要承担其他职责；在一家之内如何分配食物方面，女童可能受到不平等的待遇。³", "B. 暴力、虐待和剥削", "14. 对全世界数以百万计的女童和妇女而言，暴力是其日常生活的一部分,在家里、在学校、在护理和司法机构、在其工作场所以及在其社区之中均是如此。这是每个国家的情况，无论是发达国家还是发展中国家。", "15. 数据表明，1.5亿18岁以下的女童都遭受过某种形式的性暴力,[14] 29个国家中超过7 000万15-49岁的女童和妇女曾受到女性生殖器官切割(女性生殖器切割)。[15] 来自撒哈拉以南非洲的许多地区的证据还表明，女性割礼可导致严重和慢性致残的骨盆和尿路问题和行动不便，并可导致女童感染一些传染病，包括艾滋病毒的风险增加。[16] 然而，这方面的数据是有限的，暴力侵害女童和妇女行为没有得到充分的认识和报告或记录，这是因为受害者耻辱、恐惧的心理、社会对这种行为的纵容以及这些活动经常具有的非法和隐蔽性质。", "16. 女童还往往承受着家务、功课以及家庭之外有偿或无偿工作的三重负担。这种负担，特别是在家庭内数小时得不到承认的工作，大大降低了女童的学习成绩和学业完成率，增加了女童本人以及其子女身陷童工这一恶性循环之中的可能性。[17]", "C. 在教育方面的性别差距", "17. 在过去十年中，入学率有所增加，因此小学教育的失学人口中的性别差距已经缩小：小学适龄女童失学率从1998年的57%下降到2008年的53%。然而，近3 600万小学和超过3 900万初中学龄女童仍在失学之中。取得的进展也不平衡，一些总的数字往往掩盖了国家和地区之间的巨大差异。南亚和西亚以及撒哈拉以南非洲的失学女童人数远远高于其他地区。[18]", "18. 除性别外，贫穷、种族和家庭收入排位等因素也增加了失学的可能性。就发展中地区整体而言，最贫穷的20%的家庭的女童失学可能性是最富裕家庭的女童失学可能性的3.5倍，是最富裕家庭的男孩失学可能性的四倍。[19]", "D. 难以获得水、环境卫生和个人卫生设施", "19. 女童比男孩承担的寻水责任更多。来自45个发展中国家的数据表明，未满15岁的女童承担的寻水责任是在同一年龄组男孩的两倍。随着女童长大成人，成为妇女，这一比例也随之增加，在几乎三分之二的家庭中，负责寻水的是妇女。在某些情况下，女童可能要步行很远的距离去取水，这增加了她们的工作量，会影响她们的健康以及花在教育上的时间。此外，收集和接触不安全的水也会影响她们的身体安全。[20]", "20. 此外，在供水点和在学校的厕所，特别是在那些处于学校保护环境之外的地点，女童 ，尤其是少女可能面临骚扰和强奸的风险。在人道主义危机中，因获取水、环境卫生和个人卫生方面的做法而导致女童所面临的问题甚至更加严峻。", "E. 营养不足和贫血病患病率", "21. 全球5岁以下女童和男孩营养结果指标水平中的性别差距微不足道。然而，营养服务的不足(营养计划的覆盖范围和食品和用品的质量/可用性)一般会对妇女和女童造成较大的负面影响。这是因为妇女和少女对营养的需要较高，而文化上的障碍又让她们难以前往较远的地方获取服务，另外，因为她们的工作量过重，她们也没有时间。此外，研究和分析还发现，在产妇低识字水平与年幼儿童低营养水平之间存在显著的关联。[21]", "22. 值得注意的一点是，在发展中国家的少女和妇女中，贫血(三分之二的情况是由于缺铁)是非常普遍的，这增加了产妇死亡的风险。女童和妇女贫血率很高与其体内铁的损失有关，特别是在青春期，由于月经和怀孕，损失量尤大。", "F. 艾滋病毒和艾滋病：不成比例的高风险", "23. 由于其特有的生物脆弱性、以及遭受的社会不平等和排斥，年轻妇女和少女仍面临过高的感染风险。属于15至24岁年龄组的感染艾滋病毒的年轻人近78%来自非洲撒哈拉以南地区，其中大部分是女性而且不知道自己的艾滋病毒状况。在所有属于10至19岁年龄组的感染艾滋病毒的青少年中超过60%是女童。[22]", "24. 在全球范围内(不包括中国)，11%的少女曾在15岁前发生性行为，每年约有1 500万名产妇是20岁以下的少女。[23] 过早发生性关系和接触毒品是造成少女感染艾滋病毒风险的关键因素。这些行为反映了少女的环境中存在的问题，以及在保护和照顾她们方面的多重缺失，甚至可能是暴力、剥削、虐待和忽视的结果。", "25. 社会和收入不平等和有关性和艾滋病毒的知识不足也是导致其他加剧艾滋病毒感染风险的行为原因，这些行为包括与多个伙伴发生性关系和双方年龄差距过大的性关系。年轻妇女和少女往往被迫与年纪较大的伙伴发生关系，换取金钱、食物、保护或其他社会或物质利益，以为生存之计。一些法律、政策和做法限制少女获得避孕套、艾滋病毒检测和准确、全面的性教育，因而导致她们感染的风险增加。亲密伴侣的暴力行为往往是在家庭和社区知情的情况下发生的，这种暴力也限制了年轻妇女和女童在预防艾滋病毒方面进行有效选择的能力，因而进一步增加了其感染病毒的风险。", "G. 青少年健康", "26. 虽然五岁以下儿童死亡率通常男孩高于女童，因为女童有一定的生物和遗传优势，但是，性别不平等导致女童在青春期面临更大的健康风险。[24] 早期妊娠和分娩是全球15至19岁少女死亡的主要原因。在这个年龄阶段，女童面临的负面健康后果，包括抑郁症的风险往往要大于男孩，而这些风险往往又因为基于性别的歧视和虐待而增大。女童特别容易患饮食紊乱症，如厌食症和贪食症，而导致这一脆弱性的部分原因来自其对体形的深度忧虑，这种忧虑则因在阴柔之美方面的文化陈见以及媒体在这方面的刻板宣传而愈发严重。¹⁵", "H. 残疾：耻辱化和边缘化", "27. 残疾女童不仅要面对残疾男孩所遇的社会耻辱化和边缘化，而且还会因性别遭受更多的歧视。除在家庭、在社区、在学校和在更广泛社会内遭受边缘化，并因而可能导致其健康状况和教育成绩不佳外，残疾女童遭受暴力、伤害、虐待、忽视或照料不周、恶待和剥削的风险往往更大。[25] 此外，残疾女童可能会遭受强迫绝育或人工流产。[26]", "I. 人道主义危机", "28. 在人道主义危机，包括武装冲突和自然灾害中，因不稳定和不安全的局势导致侵犯人权行为急剧增加，而且有关正式和非正式的保护机制也遭破坏，在这种情况下，女童面临遭受侵害的风险。社会性别不平等现象在很大程度上导致并影响着人道主义危机的后果，并加剧了其对女童的负面影响。在紧急事件下，落入作战部队、社区成员、人道主义工作者和军警人员手中的女童，特别是少女容易受到强奸和性剥削。在武装冲突中，女童可能被绑架或招入武装部队或团体。关于女童从事性交易以换取援助或出售性服务以满足自己或其家庭需要的报告不绝于耳。这增加了她们受剥削和虐待、感染艾滋病毒/性传播疾病以及意外怀孕的风险。基于性别的暴力和其他形式的性暴力的女幸存者饱受心理健康和心理问题的折磨，并受到严重的社会耻辱化和排斥。", "29. 受危机影响的女童上学或得到早期教育的可能性比男孩小，她们获得性和生殖健康服务的机会也有限。在重男轻女的文化中，家庭和社区成员在分配援助时可能会优先考虑男孩。危机加剧的贫穷也可能常常促使家长强迫女儿幼年嫁人(以应对贫穷)。女童和女性传统上承担着大部分的家务，而在危机期间则往往肩负更多的工作量，以应付社会服务的减少，抚养家人。这增加了她们的日常负担，使学习和其他活动的时间减少。", "J. 缺乏参与的机会", "30. 履行《儿童权利公约》第12条(其中规定，“缔约国应确保有主见能力的儿童有权对影响到其本人的一切事项自由发表自己的意见”)，对世界大部分地区的各国政府而言是一项深刻的挑战。传统上，孩子们被认为没有必要，也没有经验、知识或理解力来直接参与影响他们生活的重大决定。家庭内的社会和文化行为形态通常为女童和妇女主张自己权利的能力造成进一步障碍。青年服务方案为青年人参与创造着越来越多的空间。然而，女童，特别是那些失学和弱势女童在特定同行俱乐部和青年方案中的比例往往是非常低的。许多社区还缺乏强有力的女性领导人，以便成为女童和妇女的模范，并为建立网络和实现其参与权带来机会。", "四. 结束童婚和迫婚", "31. 国际法律文书公认女童或男孩在18岁前结婚是对孩子人权的侵犯。[27] 即使孩子同意，童婚也是迫于那些期待孩子幼年成婚的现行社会习俗而进行的。因此，这可以被认为是迫婚。在某些情况下，童婚是指早婚，然而，这一术语是模棱两可的，因为它在本质上是相对的。例如，它也可用来在平均结婚年龄超过30岁的国家提倡提早结婚年龄。", "32. 童婚是特定经济和社会力量相互作用的结果，而且在女童结婚方面，这些力量还特别强大。对于一个家庭而言，孩子越年轻，其婚姻的费用往往就越低，这是因为孩子可以脱离父母的照顾，也是因为年幼女童需要的嫁妆往往较少。这些社会力量体现于，若一家庭奉行传统、维护自家女童的贞洁、保护家庭名誉且尽量减少女童非婚生育的风险，则会得到社会认可。如果不遵守社会规范，则会遭到社会的谴责，甚至可能为女童或其家庭成员招来暴力侵害。", "33. 2010年，联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)使用最新的人口数据和健康调查和多指标类集调查进行了一次审查，审查显示，目前发展中世界20至24岁的妇女约三分之一在18岁之前结婚。审查还表明，总体而言，童婚的普遍程度已经下降，尽管降速缓慢。尽管发展中国家45至49岁妇女在中有48%在年满18岁之前结婚，但这一比例在20至24岁²⁴ 的妇女中已经下降到35%。[28]", "34. 数据还显示了显著的不平等。童婚是与女童教育水平低有着密切的关系。在实践中，童婚减少的情况几乎全部发生在收入最高的五分之一家庭，而童婚收入最低的五分之一家庭的普遍程度几乎保持不变。数据证实，童婚部分是由经济因素促成的，而且尽管有必要解决这些因素，仅仅做到这一点，还不足以结束童婚的做法。", "35. 在童婚盛行的社区，让女童嫁人是一整套轻视女童人权的性别规范和态度的一部分。这些规范包括早育和持续生育(这对产妇及其孩子的健康造成负面的后果)；嫁妆或彩礼(因而女童被认为是一种经济资产)；在教育上重男轻女；在家中男子和男孩先吃饭女童后吃(这对女童整体健康和营养状况造成潜在的负面影响)；普遍期望女童屈从于男性(因而侵犯了她们的参与权)。", "36. 在童婚盛行的地方，少女早早成婚、怀孕和生育，但她们在身体、情感和与社会打交道方面还没有做好身为人母的准备。现在每年大约有1 500万青春期少女生育、²³ 其中大多数是已婚。她们大多对保健服务和自己的权利，包括生殖健康缺乏认识。因此，她们在怀孕期间面临重大风险，包括产科瘘和死亡的风险。10至14岁女童怀孕和分娩时死亡的可能性比20至24岁妇女高五倍。[29] 因为早育，青春期少女可能会生育更多的孩子而且间隔更短，因此她们面临的产妇死亡和残疾风险更高。女童的人生选择也受到制约，因为她们更难以完成学业，获得全面的健康知识，参与社区以及发展就业技能。童婚也增加了年少已婚女童的艾滋病毒和性传播感染的风险，因为她们无力拒绝与年纪较大的丈夫进行不想要的和无保护的性交。这也对下一代有消极后果：20岁以下产妇出现死胎和所生婴儿死亡的可能性比20至29岁产妇高50%。[30]", "37. 在终止童婚方面的进展对实现千年发展目标至关重要。这也将有助于实施《儿童权利公约》和《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》，也符合2006年联合国秘书长关于暴力侵害儿童问题的报告的建议。", "38. 国家的经验表明，要终止童婚，采取的办法就必须包括政府承诺，即由政府制定适当的立法，还要包括对社区给予支持，使社区能够找到更好的替代办法。虽然进行反童婚立法是必要的，但在对这种做法的社会支持仍根深蒂固的地方，要禁止这种做法，也是非常难以执行的。不过，可以通过法律和沟通策略来减少对这种做法的支持，而且随着社会接受度开始降低，可进一步为那些着手结束这种做法的人提供合法性和支持。", "39. 有几个国家根据儿童权利委员会第4号一般性意见进行了立法，将结婚的最低年龄设定在18岁，而有些国家则是将结婚的最低年龄提高到18岁，并取消了男孩和女童法定年龄之间的差别。2009年，厄立特里亚修订了其民法和刑法，以将男孩和女童最低结婚年龄提高至18岁，确保婚姻是双方自愿和平等进行的，并限制彩礼和嫁妆。马拉维对法律进行了修改，法定结婚年龄从16岁有所提高。在其他国家，包括马里和也门，童婚是一个有争论的话题，有关方面正在讨论设定或提高法定结婚年龄的建议。", "40. 要终止童婚，就需要支持社区进行讨论，共同探索这一做法的替代办法。[31] 这种讨论必须要尊重那些坚持传统的家庭的愿望，但同时要揭露这一做法的祸害，并强化人权原则。可通过可靠来源提供信息，其中包括通过医务人员和宗教领导人提供信息，并给予女童更大的发言权，以确保整个社会有关信息的一致性。男子和男孩的积极参与也是必要的。据报，各地区的国家已经开展了这种提高认识的行动。", "41. 全面的童婚政策和方案考虑到已婚少女的需要，同时支持为结束这种做法而采取的行动。他们提供可行的替代方案和机构支持，特别是扩大对女童，包括已婚或已孕女童的教育机会。各国正在改善亲身入校接受教育的条件，建立安全的居住设施，增加对家庭的财政激励措施，促进女童赋权，提高教育质量以及确保学校的安全和卫生条件。一些国家，如吉布提，已采取法律措施，使16岁以下儿童上学成为强制政策。", "42. 尽管童婚普遍存在，但历来得到的关注有限。不过，也有许多合作伙伴，特别是非政府组织、联合国人口基金和儿基会加大了力度。联合国人口基金和儿基会已加强了他们向各国进行倡导和支持的方案，包括通过联合国青春期少女问题机构间工作队来给予支持。此外，消除对妇女歧视委员会和儿童权利委员会正在起草一份关于有害做法的联合一般性意见/建议，这将更新在童婚问题上向缔约国提供的指导。发展合作机构，如美国国际开发署也日益重视结束童婚和迫婚的问题。", "43. 在各类不同的国家，如孟加拉国、布基纳法索、吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、印度、尼日尔、塞内加尔、索马里和瑞典的经验表明，将法律措施与支持社区相结合，提供可行的替代办法，使其能够讨论并达成结束童婚的明确和集体决定，会产生了积极的成果。许多令人鼓舞的结果也来自国家和地方民间社会组织的努力。其他国家也在一些终止童婚所需元素方面取得了进展。例如，比利时、尼加拉瓜和斯洛伐克报告称其禁止童婚，加强了立法框架。然而，对于其他国家而言，终止童婚并非重要事项，尽管事实上这种做法侵犯了许多少女的权利和以及在较小规模上也侵犯了青春期男孩的权利。", "44. 如果目前的趋势继续下去，多达1亿的女童在未来十年内会结婚。[32] 然而，在现有的知识和经验水平基础上，而且因为各国与民间社会增加了伙伴关系并加强行动，男孩和女孩多数可能推迟结婚，并实现其潜力，造福于整个社区。", "五. 进展和成就", "45. 在促进女童权利和执行大会第64/145号决议所涉若干领域中，已经取得了进展。下文着重介绍一些主要成就。", "A. 加强立法和承诺", "46. 世界各地在暴力侵害妇女和女童行为问题上的国家立法均有改善。许多国家已经实施了法律和政策，以及具体的行动计划或战略，以解决多种形式的对女童的暴力，包括贩卖人口、性暴力和性剥削、女性生殖器切割和童婚。此外，一些国家通过社会福利、司法、教育和保健各部门间的协调和能力建设，加强了对暴力和剥削行为的机构反应。", "47. 在2010年5月启动的批准《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》和批准《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》全球运动的推动下，75%的会员国现已批准了这两项任择议定书，并正在执行有关规定。一些国家已经通过某种形式的立法，以制止儿童色情。", "48. 2011年6月通过的《家庭佣工体面工作公约》建立了一套国际标准，旨在改善全球数以千万计的家庭佣工的工作条件，其中包括童工，童工中又有90%估计是女童。¹⁵", "49. 安全理事会分别通过下列各项决议，从而加强了国际上对受冲突影响的女孩的保护：关于儿童与武装冲突的第1882(2009)号决议，该决议扩大了有关监测和报告机制，将武装冲突中的性暴力纳入其中；关于预防和保护武装冲突中性暴力的第1888(2009)号决议和第1960(2010)号决议，这两项决议建立了加强的问责机制，旨在追究凶手的责任；以及关于妇女、和平与安全的第1889(2009)号决议，该决议呼吁设立一套全球指标，以便更好地监测女童和妇女参与建设和平的情况，并满足她们的安全需要和提供基本服务。", "B. 联合倡议", "50. 在人口基金和联合国儿基会的支持下，15个非洲国家采取了一个共同办法，以结束一些有害的做法。这一办法包括推行法律和社区方案，开展基于人权原则的大型社区讨论会，以及由社区和地区公开声明摒弃女性生殖器切割的习俗。", "51. 许多国家的政府还开展了多部门的行动，以向女童和妇女提供支持，解决在家庭、学校、社区和工作场所暴力侵害女童的问题。《欧洲委员会关于保护儿童免受性剥削和性虐待的公约》于2010年7月1日生效，在这一背景下，各国正在将系统的干预措施与提高认识和直接支持遭受暴力的女童和妇女的措施相结合，包括设立儿童求助热线，以及向社区提供预防和保护措施的信息等。", "52. 2000年世界教育论坛推出的“联合国女童教育倡议”在继续保持对女童教育的重视方面发挥了很大的作用。该倡议将不同的利益攸关方(政府、民间社会组织、双边援助机构、私营部门和联合国系统)召集起来，共同确保免费义务教育的权利和性别平等。这一伙伴关系目前已开始在非洲和亚洲的47国家进行活动。", "53. 由人口基金和儿基会共同主持并包括劳工组织、联合国教科文组织(教科文组织)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)、妇女署和世界卫生组织(世卫组织)的联合国青春期少女问题机构间工作队提供了一个为最边缘化的少女采取集体行动的平台。正在与政府及其伙伴合作，在埃塞俄比亚、危地马拉、马拉维、利比里亚、坦桑尼亚联合共和国等国制定实施全面的方案。", "54. 人道主义界进行了越来越多的投资，以确保机构间协调机制能够满足女孩、以及男孩、妇女和男子特殊的需要。2010年，制定了一些新的机构间工具和指导方针，帮助人道主义工作人员更好地满足受危机影响的女孩特殊的需要和权利。这包括：机构间紧急情况中教育网络的《袖珍性别问题指南(2010)》，该指南就在紧急情况下如何促进女童教育问题提供了具体的例子；《人道主义环境下协调性别暴力措施手册(2010)》，该手册就领导作用、主要职责和应采取的具体行动提供了指导；以及《人道主义背景下青少年性生殖健康工具包(2010)》，其中涉及人道主义危机中青少年的特殊需要，特别强调女童以及那些土著群体、移民和残疾人等最边缘化群体的特殊脆弱性。", "C. 改善受教育的条件和质量", "55. 自1990年推出“人人享受教育”倡议以来，各发展中国家采取的若干干预措施已成功地提高了女童的入学率和学业完成率。例如，在孟加拉、萨尔瓦多、墨西哥和肯尼亚等国，由于免去女孩有关用费和向她们提供助学金和现金转移，因此女童踊跃接受教育。纳米比亚将工作集中在解决阻碍女童教育的文化和社会规范上，即通过实施一项政策，允许身为人母的少女在产后回到学校继续读书。此外，政府已推出了一项全国性别暴力零容忍运动，并已作出努力，建立跨部门的管理者能力，以便处理性别暴力，并建立媒体专业人员在这个问题上的报告能力。", "56. 若干会员国和联合国若干组织，包括儿基会、粮农组织、教科文组织和联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)在为女童升入中学提供支持，并倡导根据其具体的需求和环境为少女提供职业教育培训机会。世界粮食计划署(粮食署)提供带回家的口粮作为激励手段，鼓励女童注册入校和继续在校学习。除了受教育条件得到改善外，还正在努力改善女孩受教育过程中的体验和其受教育的质量，即确保学校对儿童友好，有利于两性平等且促进人权教育。", "57. 萨尔瓦多和尼加拉瓜等国将人权和生活技能教育，包括生殖健康问题教育纳入学校课程，以便少女掌握适当的知识。在马达加斯加，联合国民主基金支持童子军和青年环保俱乐部等组织促进儿童和青少年对性别平等和人权的认识。与此同时，在加纳，儿基会支持一个名叫“好奇的头脑”的儿童广播网络，作为一个交流思想和宣传涉及一般儿童的法律的知识平台。这种网络服务也可作为宣传女童教育、保护少女免受传统习俗之害和少女怀孕的信息的有用渠道。", "58. 还采取措施招聘合格的女教师和培养教师和教育管理者解决性别问题的能力。如在马耳他和瑞典，对决策者、教师和学生进行了宣传，使之认识到需要增进在职业选择上的性别平等，重点是在数学和科学上让女童越来越多地参与。", "D. 改进保健服务", "59. 世界许多地方的女童健康服务均得到了加强。例如，在吉布提，有关方面提供了保护隐私的计划生育服务，妇女和女童成为2008-2012年全国艾滋病毒/艾滋病战略计划的核心。在孟加拉国，有关方面采用儿童疾病综合管理战略并进行社区保健工作者培训，从而帮助缩小在免疫覆盖方面的性别差距。近东救济工程处的保健方案为巴勒斯坦难民提供儿科预防和治疗服务，包括通过学校提供服务，同时提高结束童婚和预防性别暴力的意识。", "E. 女童的参与", "60. 已采取举措促进女童赋权，具体做法是为她们提供参与机会，培养她们的领导能力，让她们了解自己的权利和帮助她们获得技能，以便行使自己的权利。在牙买加，举行了一次儿童问题研讨会和性别培训讲习班(后者由妇女事务局主办)，旨在让女童和男孩了解自己的权利和提高对性别暴力以及性和生殖健康的意识。在智利，妇女署支持由40名青年妇女开发的一项关于在婚姻和其他关系中对年轻女性的暴力问题的研究。这项研究的结果将被用于对议员进行宣传。", "61. 在喀麦隆，在儿基会的支持下实施了一项培养年轻人领导能力的活动，即创建青年市议会。现已建立了21 个青年市议会，其中17个是由少女领导的。女童占市议员的一半，而全国由女市长领导的市议会只有6%。青年市长和他们的议员倡导青年参与其社区内的决策。人口基金在危地马拉、马拉维和埃塞俄比亚开展年少女童的赋权工作，推动建立安全空间，培养领导技能和支持生活技能教育活动，重点是性和生殖健康。这些方案也由青年领袖管理。", "F. 缓解全球经济危机的影响", "62. 已采取特别措施减轻经济危机对女童和妇女的影响。成功的例子包括保持必要的社会部门支出和实施社会保障政策，以帮助确保她们获得保健、教育和孕产妇保健服务的权利。最近的一项研究发现，在35个国家，估计25%刺激消费，金额达653亿美元，用于社会保障措施。[33] 重要的是，要确保这些措施不会作为因遏制公共部门开支而实施的紧缩计划一部分而遭削减。此外，变革性的社会保障措施，包括反歧视政策和立法改革，有解决女童的社会脆弱性和确保女童和男孩公平获取服务的潜力。", "六. 建议", "63. 虽然如上述例子所证明，已经取得了进展，但是这些努力必须得到继承和扩大。这就需要各国政府在发展机构、非政府组织和民间社会支持下，在女童和男孩、男子和妇女的积极参与下，采取果断行动。", "A. 赋予女童力量", "64. 应按照妇女地位委员会、儿童权利委员会和其他机构的要求，进一步促进女童的参与和赋权。[34] 重要的是，要认识到女童是在实现两性平等和她们自己权能方面的主要行为体。培养她们领导能力的方案应作为学校课程的一部分而得到支持，或通过其他方式，如仅对女童开放的俱乐部或作为更广泛的技能培训计划的一部分予以支持。也应促进女童参与旨在为其服务的发展方案的设计和交付。还必须努力确保女童，包括青春期少女的观点能够被纳入关于人道主义危机防备、反应和恢复的讨论支助，从制度上为女童表达其特有的关切提供机会，并就如何解决这些问题拟定建议。", "65. 若不能获取形式上她们可以使用和理解的信息，女童则不能行使自己的权利。为女童创建的社会网络和安全空间有助于她们获得必要的信息和健康及保护服务。全面、年龄适当的性教育和对自己艾滋病毒状况的了解可增强她们自我保护的能力和掌握自己健康和福祉的能力。", "B. 支持社会变革和转变权力关系", "66. 在对女童不平等和歧视现象根深蒂固的地方，必须进行社会变革和权力关系的转变，才能实现两性平等以及女童和妇女赋权。更好地理解社会规范的作用及其对个人、家庭和社区决策过程的影响、对政策和战略的参考以及扩大干预措施规模，这是对更高层次的举措，如立法改革的重要补充。不解决性别不平等和排斥女童现象的根源，则不可能履行在保护和实现女童权利方面的集体义务。政府、社区和家庭有责任塑造不容忍歧视和暴力侵害女童行为的积极环境。", "C. 留住女生", "67. 对女童教育的投资可使她们获得力量且有助于加快反贫穷、反不平等和反性别歧视斗争。需要进行特别的努力，以确定和惠及最难惠及和最受排斥的女童：来自最贫穷家庭的女童；农村、贫民窟和偏远地区的女童；以及遭受社会排斥的群体，包括残疾儿童，以及来自土著和弱势少数人口的儿童。", "68. 小学教育在过去的几十年里取得的成绩必须得到巩固，同时要加快进展速度，即扩大学前教育方案，以确保女童开始就读小学且不辍学，并开展有针对性的干预活动，旨在让失学儿童(其中大部分是女童)回到学校。由于中学教育中性别的差距最大，应促进和增加女童向初中的升学，扩大其获得中学教育的渠道，尤其要注意降低女童失学率。应该推广教育的多种途径(正式和非正式的)，以确保女童成功地完成基础教育并实现从学校向工作的过渡。此外，应实施包括教育、及健康和营养、社会保障、基础设施和劳动力市场在内的多部门战略，以确保教育中的性别平等。", "D. 解决少女的权利问题", "69. 女童在青春期面临的歧视更大。虽然性别歧视是一个甚至在出生之前就已经存在的因素，而性别方面的陈旧观念通常在儿童早年就已经灌输，但是当女童长至青春期时，她们往往面临着新的限制和规矩。女童往往过早地担负人妻、人母、劳作或照料他人等的成人角色，失去了童年应特别享有的抚养和保护。少女若能拥有教育、健康和有技能，则可帮助促进社会公正，支持经济发展并为消灭贫穷作出贡献。重要的是，要投资于少女的权利和保护并确保她们不再被发展政策和方案所忽视。", "E. 加强数据收集和分析", "70. 需要有更好的按性别和年龄分类的数据，以便更全面地了解女童的境况。也有必要超越按性别分列数据并对数据进行分析，以揭示女童所面临的多种形式的排斥，包括因身患残疾、生活在最贫穷的社区或属于土著或少数民族群体而遭到歧视。这应包括对定量和定性数据和信息的收集和分析。", "F. 促进包容性的政策和方案", "71. 有关方案也应采取一种全面的方法来解决女童可能面临的各种歧视，以有效地保护她们的权利。尊重女童的人权，也需认识到其生活现实和其境况的多样性。这包括确保在从全球经济危机中恢复过程中采取以性别平等为重点的应对措施。必须奉行在国家层面作出的支持和保护女童权利的承诺，包括在保健和营养、清洁水、基础教育、儿童和社会保障服务以及参与机制方面提供足够和持续的投资，并在可能的情况下予以扩大。应采取应对措施，包括针对最边缘化和易受伤害的女童的特别措施，以确保儿童，包括女童和其他弱势和社会脆弱群体的权利能够得以享受和保护。", "G. 扩展和改善对女童的服务，", "72. 应扩大和改进保健、营养和其他服务，以满足女童的需要和尊重她们的权利。例如，应向感染艾滋病毒的少女和年轻妇女提供全面的服务。男性和女性健康和营养服务提供者应当接受培训，学会使用对性别平等敏感的方法。应建立多部门的转介和回应系统，提供育儿、生活、小额信贷、职业教育和就业计划等方面的信息链接。对在获得保健方面的不平等应得到纠正，即应努力为残疾女童提供服务，具体做法就是推行包容性的保健服务，包括提供适龄的性和生殖健康服务，从而使所有女童都可以实现自己的健康权。需要开展专门的外联方案，以使得服务及于最年轻的首次孕产妇，使她们能够更好地获得可救命的孕产妇保健服务。还应当努力确保在住家附近获得安全饮用水，以减少女童工作量，使她们能够留在学校，要照顾她们的健康、童趣和与男孩平等进行的其他活动。此外，在必要的情况下，应经过精心设计有关服务，以专门解决女童特有的脆弱性和需要。这在人道主义局势中具有特别重要的意义，因为在这样的局势中，若使用“一刀切”的模式，女童，包括少女和边缘化女童则有继续被忽略或忽视的危险。", "73. 在需要时，应预留专门资源，用于开展专为女童设立的方案。确定并满足女童的权利和需要的工作在整个人道主义行动中，包括在减少灾害风险过程中，以及在人道主义危机的防备、应对和恢复过程中均应得到确保。要取得实效，这项工作就必须在更广泛的性别平等框架下开展，该框架应对女童以及男孩、妇女和男子的能力和需要一并进行分析，并动员妇女和女童以及男人和男孩，携手实现更加公正和公平的社会的共同目标。", "[1] 本报告参考了下列国家提交的一些信息：阿根廷、比利时、吉布提、萨尔瓦多、芬兰、印度尼西亚、意大利、牙买加、日本、马耳他、纳米比亚、尼加拉瓜、阿曼、秘鲁、卡塔尔、斯洛伐克、西班牙、瑞典和美利坚合众国。", "[2] 见第四次妇女问题世界会议(1995年9月4日至15日，北京)的报告，(联合国出版物，销售品编号E.96.IV.13)，第一章，决议一，附件二。", "[3] S-23/2号决议，附件，和S-23/3号决议，附件。", "[4] 国际人口与发展会议(1994年9月5日至13日，开罗)的报告,(联合国出版物，销售品编号 E.95.XIII.18)，第一章，决议一，附件。", "[5] 社会发展问题世界首脑会议(1995年3月6日至12日，哥本哈根)的报告,(联合国出版物，销售品编号E.96.IV.8)，第一章，决议一，附件。", "[6] E/2005/27和Corr.1，第一章，A节。", "[7] E/2007/27，第一章，A节。", "[8] 见www.childinfo.org/mortality.html。", "[9] Caroline Harper, Nicola Jones, Andy McKay and Jessica Espey, “Children in times of economic crisis:Past lessons, future policies”,Background Note,Overseas Development Institute, March 2009.", "[10] Jed Friedman and Norbert Schady,How Many More Infants are Likely to Die in Africa as a Result of the Global Financial Crisis?, World Bank,2009,p.2.", "[11] 见粮农组织食品价格指数(www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/)。2011年7月7日公布的报告。", "[12] Isabel Ortiz, Jingqing Chai and Matthew Cummins, “Escalating Food Prices: The threat to poor households and policies to safeguard a Recovery for All”, Social and Economic Policy Working Paper, UNICEF,2011。", "[13] 世界银行《食品价格观察》(http://www.worldbank.org/foodcrisis/food_price_watch_ report_feb2011.html)。", "[14] 见Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, World Report on Violence against Children, United Nations, 2006(http://www.violencestudy.org)。", "[15] The State of the World’s Children 2011,Adolescence–An Age of Opportunity,UNICEF, (United Nations Publications,Sales NO.E.11.XX.1)。", "[16] Nora Groce,“Girls and Women with Disability:A global review”,One in Ten,vol.17(1997)。", "[17] 见Joining Forces against Child Labour: Inter-agency report for The Hague Global Child Labour Conference of 2010,ILO and Understanding Children’s Work,May 2010。", "[18] 见Education for All(EFA)Global Monitoring Report 2011: The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education,UNESCO,2011。", "[19] 见《2010年千年发展目标报告》，联合国，2010年。数字依据从42个国家收集的家庭调查数据。", "[20] 见Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water(2010 Update),WHO and UNICEF,2010。", "[21] 见Jane E. Miller and Yana V. Rodgers,“Mother’s Education and Children’s Nutritional Status: New Evidence from Cambodia”,Asian Development Review,vol.26,No.1(2009)。", "[22] 见Opportunity in Crisis: Preventing HIV from early adolescence to young adulthood, UNICEF,June 2011(United Nations publications,Sales No.E.11.XX.5)。", "[23] James E.Rosen，Position Paper on Mainstreaming Adolescent Pregnancy in Efforts to Make Pregnancy Safer,WHO,2010(WHO/MPS/10.03)。", "[24] 见Progress for Children: Achieving the MDGs with Equity(No.9),UNICEF,2010。", "[25] 见第61/106号决议。", "[26] E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/31(United Nations publications,Sales No.E.92.XIV.4)。", "[27] 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》,第16条2款；消除对妇女歧视委员会关于平等婚姻和家庭关系的一般性建议21(1994)；儿童权利委员会，第4号一般性意见(2003年)，《儿童权利公约》下青少年的健康和成长问题。", "[28] 数字供第33段及其后各段参考。", "[29] 见“Giving Girls Today and Tomorrow: Breaking the Cycle of Adolescent Pregnancy”, UNFPA, 2007(见http://www.unfpa.org)。", "[30] 见Miriam Temin and Ruth Levine, Start with a Girl: A New Agenda for Global Health, Center for Global Development,2009。", "[31] 见“Child Protection Meta Evaluation”：Final Report,UNICEF,15 May 2008(见http://www. unicef.org)。", "[32] Fact Sheet,United Nations Interagency Task Force on Adolescent Girls,3 March 2009。", "[33] Yanchun Zhang,Nina Thelen and Aparna Rao,“Social Protection in Fiscal Stimulus Packages: Some Evidence,”working paper,UNDP/ODS,2010。", "[34] 见E/2005/27和Corr.1；儿童权利委员会关于儿童表达意见权的第12号一般性意见(2009年)。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程* 项目65(a)", "促进和保护儿童权利", "女童", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "1. 本报告是根据大会第64/145号决议的要求提交的,其中简要概述了人权条约和国际会议以及法律和政策制定对女童的国际义务和承诺。 它评估了贫穷和全球经济危机对女童的负面影响;暴力、虐待和剥削;教育方面的性别差距;缺乏适当的水、环境卫生和个人卫生;营养;艾滋病毒/艾滋病;健康;残疾;人道主义危机;以及参与,并着重说明为解决儿童和强迫婚姻而采取的行动。", "一. 导言", "页: 1 1. 本报告是按照大会题为“女童”的第64/145号决议的要求提交的,该决议请秘书长就该决议的执行情况向第六十六届会议提交报告,以评估其对女童福祉的影响,重点是结束童婚和强迫婚姻。 为编写报告,向会员国发出了普通照会,要求提供有关该决议执行情况的信息。 135 联合国各机构、基金和方案以及信函被送至致力于促进女童权利的主要非政府组织。", "2. 结 论 报告对秘书长提交大会第六十四届会议的报告(A/64/315)进行了跟踪,报告重点阐述了终止切割女性生殖器的做法。 报告概述了:关于女童权利的现行法律和规范框架以及国际承诺(第二节);第64/145号决议(第三节)所述领域女童的状况;详细分析了童婚和强迫婚姻的做法(第四节)。 报告还强调了在促进女童权利方面取得的进展和取得的成绩(第五节),以及今后行动的建议(第六节)。", "II. 法律和规范框架及全球承诺", "A. 人权条约和其他国际公约", "3. 。 实现女孩的权利是一项义务,也是一项道义上的必要,这体现在国际法中。 有一个全面的国际法律框架,规定了各国在女童人权方面的义务。 《儿童权利公约》规定了一整套“无歧视”享有的权利,包括基于性别的歧视,除此之外,所有基本人权条约都包括确认不歧视和男女平等原则的条款。 尤其重要的是《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》,该公约在注重妇女的同时,直接影响到女童的处境和福祉。 此外,《残疾人权利公约》于2008年5月生效,其中载有关于儿童的具体措辞(第7条)。 此外,根据《公约》第6条,“缔约国承认残疾妇女和女孩受到多重歧视,并在这方面采取措施,确保她们充分和平等地享有所有人权和基本自由”。", "4. 第四届会议 除人权条约外,法律义务源自具有法律约束力的劳工法文书,包括国际劳工组织1973年《最低年龄公约》(第138号)和1999年《最恶劣形式的童工劳动公约》(第182号)。 区域人权文书,包括《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》2005年议定书,进一步加强了这一普遍儿童权利,特别是女童权利的法律框架。 《非洲妇女权利》。", "5. 报告所述期间的规范发展包括儿童权利委员会通过了关于儿童免遭一切形式暴力的权利的第13号一般性意见(2011年),其中详细阐述了《儿童权利公约》第19条。 一般性意见分析了暴力侵害儿童行为的性别层面,并建议:“缔约国应确保政策和措施考虑到女孩和男孩在不同环境中遭受各种形式暴力的不同风险”。 委员会还呼吁各国将一切形式的性别歧视作为全面预防暴力战略的一部分,包括处理性别定型观念、权力不平衡、不平等和歧视,这些观念支持并延续家庭、学校和教育环境中、社区、工作场所、机构和整个社会使用暴力和胁迫。 它称,“必须积极鼓励男子和男童作为战略伙伴和盟友,必须同妇女和女孩一道,有机会增进彼此尊重并了解如何制止性别歧视及其暴力表现形式”(CRC/C/GC/13,第72(b)段)。", "B. 国际会议、政府间机构和相关承诺", "6. 任务 除了批准具有法律约束力的国际文书外,会员国还作出深远承诺,在世界会议和其他国际论坛上消除对女童的歧视。 1995年在北京举行的联合国第四次世界妇女大会是第一次这样的会议,专门包括一个关于女童的部分。 《北京行动纲要》2 包含了从消除对女童的一切形式歧视、对女童的消极文化态度和做法到促进和保护女童在教育、保健和营养、童工、暴力和参与经济和政治生活等领域的权利等问题的战略目标。", "7. 基本考虑 1. 大会第64/145号决议重申联合国各次主要会议和首脑会议有关女童的其他成果,包括:题为“2000年妇女:二十一世纪两性平等、发展与和平”的大会第二十三届特别会议成果;[3]《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》;[4] 《社会发展问题世界首脑会议行动纲领》;[5] 和妇女地位委员会第四十九届会议通过的宣言[6] 以及委员会第五十一届会议通过的商定结论, 认为其优先主题 “消除对女童的一切形式的歧视和暴力”。 [7]", "8.8 1. 人权理事会第十六届会议审议了买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员和负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表的联合报告(A/HRC/16/56)。 报告侧重于儿童能够安全地报告包括性暴力和性剥削在内的暴力事件的有效和对儿童敏感的咨询和申诉及报告机制。 报告指出,非政府组织儿童求助热线国际在其2010年关于暴力侵害儿童问题的报告中,记录了来自其调查的62个帮助热线的25万多起暴力和虐待事件。 大多数申诉涉及10至15岁的儿童,特别是女孩。 据报告,身体虐待和欺凌最频繁,其次是忽视、性虐待和情感暴力。 报告还承认女孩仍然是武装冲突中性暴力的主要受害者。", "9 September 2005 在人权理事会同届会议上就保护和促进流落街头和(或)街头谋生儿童的权利举行了小组讨论之后,理事会对世界各地街头谋生和(或)流落街头的女孩和男孩的状况及其对充分享有其权利和发展的不利影响深表关切,强烈谴责侵犯这些儿童权利的行为,包括基于性别的暴力,并敦促各国确保采取基于权利的、注重性别的办法解决这一问题(见人权理事会第16/12号决议)。", "页: 1 歧视与女童的状况", "A. 贫穷和全球经济危机的影响", "10.10 在全球范围内,有800多万儿童在5岁之前死亡,其中570多万儿童在1岁之前死亡。 [......] 贫困严重影响了儿童的生活,威胁到他们的生存和发展,以及他们的健康、适足食物、营养和教育权利。 它还对其参与权以及免遭暴力、伤害和剥削的权利产生不利影响。 此外,女孩不仅受到贫穷和疾病的影响,还受到其他因素的影响,包括:加剧两性不平等的社会和文化规范;基于其族裔的歧视;以及社会、地理和收入不平等,可能加剧她们面临的性别歧视。 因此,他们极易遭受进一步剥夺和边缘化。", "注 全球经济危机始于2008年,加剧了贫困对儿童的影响,以及许多儿童面临的贫困程度。 在危机期间,针对年龄和性别的弱点更加严重:妇女和青年可能首先失去工作或就业不足;家庭可能被迫减少开支,从而影响儿童的营养摄入;儿童可能不得不辍学,帮助其家庭寻求额外收入。 [9] 最近的估计表明,由于危机,撒哈拉以南非洲可能有30 000至50 000名婴儿死亡,其中大多数是女孩。", "12. 第12段。 尽管全球经济正在显示出复苏的迹象,全球国内生产总值(国内总产值)的增长率自2009年以来大幅下降,但女孩和妇女仍然容易受到危机许多持续的影响。 最近粮食价格的上涨也可能对女孩产生不利影响。 联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)粮食价格指数衡量了粮食共同篮的国际价格,近几个月来急剧上涨,2011年6月平均达到234点,低于2月份的创纪录水平,比2010年6月高出39%。 [11] 自2008年粮食价格上扬以来,国内粮食价格也居高不下,令人吃惊。 [12] 最近的估计表明,由于最近粮食价格上涨,大约4 400万人陷入贫困。 [13]", "13 August 2001 随着政府着手解决日益严重的财政赤字问题,人们担心,影响女孩福祉的关键领域的支出可能会减少。 此外,在卫生和教育方面的公共支出出现紧缩的情况下,费用负担往往转移到家庭,特别是妇女和女童。 当家庭收入下降时,妇女除了承担其他责任外,往往别无选择,只能从事低地位和临时工作,而女孩在家庭内部分配粮食方面可能面临差距。", "B. 暴力、虐待和剥削", "十四、任 务 对全世界数百万女孩和妇女来说,暴力是她们日常生活的一部分,在家庭、学校、护理和司法机构、工作场所和社区都是如此。 无论发达国家还是发展中国家,情况都是如此。", "15 数据表明,有1.5亿18岁以下女孩遭受过某种形式的性暴力,在29个国家,超过7 000万15至49岁的女童和妇女遭受切割女性生殖器官。 [15] 撒哈拉以南非洲许多地区的证据表明,女性割礼可能会导致严重和长期伤残的子宫颈癌和尿道问题,并会给包括艾滋病毒在内的一些传染病的女孩带来更大的风险。 [16] 然而,这一领域的数据有限,由于污名化、恐惧、社会容忍以及这类活动往往非法和隐蔽的性质,对女童和妇女的暴力行为没有得到充分承认、报告或记录。", "161 女孩往往承担家务劳动、学校工作和在家庭外工作、有偿或无偿工作的三重负担。 这种负担,特别是用于家庭内部未经承认的工作的时间,大大降低了他们的学业成绩和完成率,增加了他们及其子女继续从事童工劳动的可能性。", "C. 教育方面的性别差异", "17. 第17条。 过去十年入学率的提高确保了小学校外人口性别差距缩小:失学的小学学龄儿童从1998年的57%降至2008年的53%。 然而,小学将近3 600万女孩和初中3 900多万女孩仍然辍学。 进展不平衡,总体数字往往掩盖各国和各区域之间的巨大差异。 南亚和西亚以及撒哈拉以南非洲的失学女孩人数大得多。 [18]", "第18条 除性别外,贫穷、族裔和家庭地点等因素也增加了儿童辍学的可能性。 在发展中地区,最贫穷的20%家庭的女孩辍学的可能性比最富裕家庭的女孩高3.5倍,比最富裕家庭的男孩高出四倍。 [19]", "D. 出席情况 无法获得水、环境卫生和个人卫生设施", "191 女孩比男孩更经常地承担着收集水的责任。 45个发展中国家的数据表明,15岁以下女孩承担这一责任的可能性是同一年龄组男孩的两倍。 随着女孩进入妇女行列,这一比例上升,近三分之二的家庭由妇女负责收集水。 在某些情况下,女孩必须走很远的路去收集水,增加她们的工作负担,影响她们的健康和花费时间接受教育的能力。 此外,收集和接触不安全的水可能会造成物质损失。", "20.20 此外,女孩,特别是少女,可能在水井或其他水点以及学校厕所,特别是那些位于学校保护环境之外的厕所受到性骚扰或强奸。 在人道主义危机中,女孩在获得水、环境卫生和卫生习惯方面面临的问题更为严重。", "E. 营养服务不足和贫血发病率", "21.21。 在全球一级,与5岁以下女童和男童有关的营养结果指标方面,男女差距微不足道。 然而,总体而言,营养服务不足(在营养方案覆盖面以及食物和用品的质量/供应方面)对妇女和女孩的影响不成比例。 这是因为妇女和少女的营养需求增加,文化障碍阻碍她们前往远距服务,而且由于她们的工作量而缺乏时间。 此外,研究和分析发现,产妇死亡率低与幼儿营养状况差之间存在着重要联系。 [21]", "第22章 值得注意的是,贫血症(三分之二的贫血病例是由于缺铁所致)在发展中国家少女和妇女中非常流行,增加了产妇死亡的风险。 少女和妇女的贫血率高,与她们因休婚和怀孕而失去铁有关,特别是在青春期。", "F. 艾滋病毒和艾滋病:高风险", "23. 会议报告。 由于生物脆弱性、社会不平等和排斥,年轻妇女和少女继续面临较高的感染风险。 15至24岁年龄段所有感染艾滋病毒的年轻人中,有近78%来自撒哈拉以南非洲;大多数是女性,并且不知道其艾滋病毒状况。 10至19岁年龄段所有感染艾滋病毒的青少年中,60%以上是女孩。", "24. 第24段。 在全球(不包括中国),11%的少女在15岁之前有过性,20岁以下少女每年大约生育1 500万个孩子。 这些行为反映了少女在环境中的问题,是保护和照料方面多次失败的结果,可能与暴力、剥削、虐待和忽视有关。", "258. 社会与收入不平等以及对性行为和艾滋病毒认识不足,使加剧艾滋病毒感染风险的其他行为,包括与多个伴侣的性行为和年龄差别的关系。 年轻妇女和少女往往被迫与老年伙伴建立关系,作为金钱、食物、保护或其他社会或物质利益的生存战略。 限制少女获得避孕套、艾滋病毒检测和准确、全面的性教育的法律、政策和做法增加了她们感染的风险。 伴侣间的暴力行为往往在家庭和社区知情的情况下发生,也限制了年轻妇女和女孩作出有效选择以预防艾滋病毒的能力,并增加了感染这一病毒的风险。", "G. 青少年健康", "262. 报 告 尽管由于女孩具有某些生物和遗传优势,5岁以下儿童的死亡率往往高于女孩,但两性不平等导致女孩在青春期面临更大的健康风险。 [24] 早孕和分娩是全世界15至19岁少女死亡的主要原因。 在生活的这一阶段,女孩往往比男孩更容易受到包括抑郁在内的不利健康后果的影响,而且这些风险往往因基于性别的歧视和虐待而加剧。 女孩特别容易受饮食紊乱,如厌食和乙uli,而这种脆弱性部分源于对身体形象的深刻的焦虑,因为文化和媒体对女性美容的陈规。", "H. 残疾:污名化和边缘化", "。 残疾女孩不仅面临与残疾男孩相同的社会污名和边缘化,还因其性别而面临更多的歧视。 除了在家庭、社区、学校以及更广泛的社会阶层中遭受边缘化之外,残疾女孩往往更容易遭受暴力、伤害、虐待、忽视或疏忽、虐待和剥削。 [25] 此外,残疾女孩可能被迫绝育或堕胎。 [26]", "一. 人道主义危机", "第28次会议 在包括武装冲突和自然灾害在内的人道主义危机期间,由于随之而来的更加不稳定和不安全,包括正式和非正式保护机制的相关崩溃,女童权利遭到侵犯的情况急剧增加。 人道主义危机的后果非常性别化,可能受到以前存在的两性不平等的影响,这种不平等可能会加剧对女孩的消极影响。 在紧急状况下,女孩,特别是少女,很容易受到交战部队、社区成员、人道主义工作者和军警人员的强奸和性剥削。 在武装冲突中,女孩可能被绑架或招募加入武装部队或团体。 经常有报告说,女孩从事性交易,以获得援助或进行性交易,以满足她们自己或家人的需要。 这种活动增加了她们遭受性剥削和性虐待、感染艾滋病毒/性传染疾病和意外怀孕的脆弱性。 性暴力和其他形式基于性别的暴力的女童幸存者遭受心理健康和心理社会问题、严重的社会污名化和排斥。", "29. 。 受危机影响的女孩上学或获得早期教育的可能性低于男孩;她们获得性健康和生殖健康服务的机会也很有限。 在男孩比女孩更受重视的文化中,家庭和社区成员在分配援助时可能优先考虑男孩。 危机导致的贫困加剧还可能迫使父母将女儿推入童婚(作为一种应对机制)。 传统上,与妇女一起承担大部分家务劳动的女孩,在危机期间往往承担更多的工作量,在社会服务减少的情况下支持家庭。 这增加了他们的日常负担,使学校和其他活动的时间减少。", "J. 缺乏参与机会", "30. 。 《儿童权利公约》第12条规定,“缔约国应承担有能力形成自己意见的儿童,有权就影响其本人的一切事项自由发表意见”,这给世界大多数地区的政府带来了深刻的挑战。 传统上,儿童被认为没有必要的经验、知识或理解,直接参与促进影响其生活的重大决定。 家庭中的社会和文化行为模式通常进一步妨碍女孩和妇女主张其权利的能力。 越来越多的青年服务方案为年轻人的参与创造了空间。 然而,在典型的同伴俱乐部和青年方案中,女孩,特别是辍学和处于不利地位的女孩的比例往往很低。 许多社区也缺乏强大的女性领导人,无法成为女孩和妇女建立网络和实现参与权利的榜样和机会。", "四、结 论 结束儿童和强迫婚姻", "313. 国际法律文书承认18岁以下女童或男童的婚姻侵犯了儿童的人权。 [27] 即使儿童同意,童婚也是现行社会规范的结果,据此,儿童可以结婚。 因此,它可被视为强迫婚姻。 在某些情况下,童婚被称为早婚;然而,这一术语是相当的,因为它具有相对的性质。 例如,在平均结婚年龄为30岁以上的国家,也可适用于促进早婚。", "323 童婚是经济和社会力量相互作用的结果,这些势力在女孩婚姻方面尤为强大。 如果孩子越年轻,家庭结婚的成本就会降低,因为孩子离开父母的照顾,而且年轻女孩往往需要较低的嫁妆。 这些社会力量表现在,如果家庭被认为维护传统,维护其女孩的贞洁,保护家庭荣誉,并尽可能降低非婚生子女女孩的风险,那么家庭就享有社会认可。 不遵守社会规范的行为是社会不赞同的,甚至可能给女孩或家庭成员带来暴力。", "336. 联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)在2010年利用最新的人口与健康调查和多指标类集调查数据进行的审查表明,目前20至24岁的发展中世界大约有三分之一的妇女是在18岁之前结婚的。 它还表明,总的说来,童婚率一直在下降,尽管进展缓慢。 在45至49岁的发展中国家,有48%的妇女在年满18岁之前结婚,20至24岁的妇女则下降到35%。", "343. 事实和争论 数据还表明存在严重的不平等。 童婚与接受正规教育很少的女孩密切相关。 实践的下降几乎完全发生在收入最高的五分之一家庭,而收入最低的五分之一家庭中的流行率几乎没有变化。 数据证实了这样一种看法,即童婚的部分动机是经济因素,虽然有必要解决这些因素,但单靠这种行动不足以结束这种做法。", "353. 在习俗盛行的社区,将女孩作为儿童结婚是一系列性别规范和态度的一部分,反映了女孩人权的价值低。 这些规范包括:早孕和持续生育,对母亲及其子女的健康造成负面影响;嫁妆或新娘价格,使女孩被视为一种经济财富;优先考虑男孩的教育而不是女孩的教育;让女孩在家里吃上男人和男孩,对女孩的总体健康和营养状况产生潜在的负面影响;以及普遍期望女孩应当服从男子,这侵犯了她们的参与权。", "363. 。 在童婚盛行的地方,少女成为新娘,怀孕,孩子在身体、情感和社会方面愿意成为母亲。 每年大约有1 500万少女生育,其中大多数已婚。 其中多数人缺乏对其权利和包括生殖健康在内的保健服务的认识。 因此,她们在怀孕期间面临重大风险,包括产科瘘和死亡。 10至14岁的女孩在怀孕和分娩中死亡的可能性比20至24岁的妇女高出五倍。 [29] 由于少女早就开始生育,她们可能生育更多的子女,而且间隔时间较短,因此她们面临产妇死亡和残疾的高风险。 因此,由于完成教育、获得全面保健知识、参与社区或发展可就业技能的机会减少,他们的生活选择也受到限制。 童婚还使已婚少女面临更大的感染艾滋病毒和性传染疾病的风险,因为她们无权拒绝与老年丈夫进行不想要和不受保护的性交。 对下一代人也有消极后果:20岁以下母亲所生婴儿的死胎率比20至29岁母亲所生婴儿高50%。", "378 在实现结束童婚目标方面取得进展对于实现千年发展目标至关重要。 它还将为执行《儿童权利公约》和《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》作出贡献,并将对秘书长2006年关于暴力侵害儿童行为的报告的建议作出回应。", "页: 1 国家经验显示,结束童婚需要采取包括政府承诺在内的办法,颁布适当的立法,支持社区,使他们能够找到更好的选择。 虽然有必要,但在社会支持童婚的情况下,禁止这种做法的立法很难执行。 然而,法律措施和通信战略可以用来减少对这一做法的支持,随着社会接受的启动,为那些正在结束这种做法的人提供合法性和支持。", "39 若干国家正在根据儿童权利委员会第4号一般性意见颁布立法,规定最低结婚年龄为18岁,而另一些国家则将最低结婚年龄提高到18岁,消除男女法定年龄的差异。 2009年,厄立特里亚修订了《民法》和《刑法》,将男女最低结婚年龄都提高到18岁,确保婚姻是自愿的,平等,并限制彩礼和嫁妆。 在马拉维,正在重新起草法律,将法定结婚年龄从16岁提高到16岁。 在包括马里和也门在内的其他国家,这个问题是一个辩论主题,正在讨论关于确定或提高法定结婚年龄的建议。", "404 结束童婚需要支持社区讨论,共同探讨替代做法的办法。 [31] 这种讨论必须尊重家庭维护传统的愿望,同时揭露与实践相关的伤害,加强人权原则。 可以通过可信来源,包括医务人员和宗教领袖提供信息,还可以向女孩自己发出更大的声音,确保整个社区的信息一致。 也需要男子和男孩的大力参与。 各区域的国家报告了这种提高认识的行动。", "41 关于童婚的全面政策和方案满足已经结婚的青少年的需要,同时支持采取行动结束这种做法。 它们提供可行的替代方案和体制支持,特别是扩大女孩,包括已经结婚或怀孕女孩的教育机会。 各国通过建立安全的居住设施、增加对家庭的财政奖励、促进赋予女孩权力、提高教育质量和确保学校的安全和卫生条件,增加实际获得教育的机会。 在吉布提等一些国家,已经采取了法律措施,使入学率达到16岁。", "42 尽管童婚现象十分普遍,但历来受到的关注有限,尽管许多伙伴,特别是非政府组织、联合国人口基金(人口基金)和儿童基金会的努力有所加强。 后两个实体加强了对各国的宣传和方案支持,包括通过联合国少女问题机构间工作组。 此外,消除对妇女歧视委员会和儿童权利委员会正在起草一份关于有害做法的联合一般性意见/建议,更新向缔约国提供的关于童婚的指导。 美国国际开发署等发展合作机构也日益关注结束儿童和强迫婚姻问题。", "434 孟加拉国、布基纳法索、吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、印度、尼日尔、塞内加尔、索马里和瑞典等不同国家的经验表明,将法律措施与支持社区结合起来,提供可行的替代办法,并使他们能够讨论和达成终止童婚的明确的集体决定,产生了积极的成果。 此外,国家和地方民间社会组织的努力取得了许多令人鼓舞的成果。 其他国家也在结束童婚所需的一些内容方面取得进展。 例如,比利时、尼加拉瓜和斯洛伐克报告加强了禁止童婚的法律框架。 然而,在其他国家,尽管这种做法侵犯了少女比例很高的权利,而男孩的比例虽然较小,但终止童婚仍是一个低优先事项。", "444 如果目前的趋势继续下去,在今后十年中,多达1亿女孩可以结婚。 [32] 然而,凭借现有的知识和经验以及各国在加强与民间社会的伙伴关系方面采取更多的行动,大多数女孩和男孩可能会推迟结婚,实现其更大潜力,造福于整个社区。", "页: 1 A. 进展和成就", "454 在增进女童权利和执行大会第64/145号决议的若干领域取得了进展。 下文着重介绍一些关键成就。", "A. 导 言 加强立法和承诺", "46 世界各地正在系统地改进处理暴力侵害妇女和女孩行为的国家立法。 许多国家通过了法律和政策,包括具体行动计划和战略,以处理针对女孩的多种形式暴力行为,包括贩运人口、性暴力和剥削、切割女性生殖器和童婚。 此外,一些国家通过社会福利、司法、教育和卫生部门的部门间协调和能力建设,加强了对暴力和剥削的体制反应。", "474. 147 部分由于2010年5月发起全球运动,争取普遍批准《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》和关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题任择议定书,约有75%的会员国现已批准这两项任择议定书,并努力执行这些文书的规定。 一些国家已经通过某种形式的立法制止儿童色情。", "488. 住房 劳工组织于2011年6月通过的《关于帮佣工人体面工作的公约》制定了一套国际标准,旨在改善世界各地数以千万计的家庭工人,包括儿童的工作条件,其中90%估计是女孩。", "494. 人口 安全理事会通过了关于儿童与武装冲突问题的第1882(2009)号决议,扩大了监测和报告机制,将性暴力纳入武装冲突,第1888(2009)号决议和关于预防和保护免遭与冲突有关的性暴力的第1960(2010)号决议,该决议建立了追究犯罪者责任的强化机制,以及关于妇女与和平与安全的第1889(2009)号决议,该决议呼吁制定一套全球指标,以更好地监测将女孩和妇女纳入建设和平工作的情况,满足她们的安全需要,并提供基本服务。", "B. 联合举措", "50. 在人口基金和儿童基金会的支持下,15个非洲国家采取了结束有害做法的共同办法。 这一做法包括促进法律和社区方案,根据人权原则举办大规模的社区讨论会议,以及在全区公开宣布放弃切割女性生殖器。", "51 许多国家政府也在采取多部门举措,向女孩和妇女提供支持,解决在家庭、学校、社区和工作场所对女孩的暴力行为。 在2010年7月1日生效的《欧洲委员会保护儿童免遭性剥削和性虐待公约》框架内,各国将系统干预与提高认识和直接支持遭受暴力的女孩和妇女结合起来,包括建立儿童求助热线,并向社区提供关于预防和保护措施的信息。", "52 2000年在世界教育论坛上发起的联合国女童教育倡议继续在关注女童的教育方面发挥重要作用。 该倡议汇集了不同利益攸关方、各国政府、民间社会组织、双边援助机构、私营部门和联合国系统,努力确保免费义务教育和两性平等的权利。 该伙伴关系目前在非洲和亚洲的47个国家开始运作。", "532. 移民 由人口基金和儿童基金会共同主持的联合国少女问题机构间工作队,包括劳工组织、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)、联合国妇女和世界卫生组织(世卫组织),为最边缘化的少女提供了一个集体行动平台。 正在与各国政府及其伙伴合作,在埃塞俄比亚、危地马拉、马拉维、利比里亚、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和其他国家制定综合方案。", "542. 人道主义界越来越多地投入到确保机构间协调机制满足女孩以及男孩、妇女和男子的不同需求。 2010年,制定了新的机构间工具和准则,帮助人道主义行为者更好地满足受危机影响的女孩的特殊需要和权利。 其中包括:机构间紧急状况教育网络“性别袖珍指南”(2010年),其中提供了如何在紧急状况下促进女孩教育的具体实例;“在人道主义环境中协调基于性别的暴力干预手册”(2010年),该手册就领导作用、关键责任和将要采取的具体行动提供指导;以及“青年生殖健康工具包”(2010年),其中述及人道主义危机中青少年的特殊需要,特别注意女孩和最边缘化群体,如土著群体、移民和残疾人的特殊脆弱性。", "C. 出席情况 3. 改善获得教育的机会和质量", "555. 255 自1990年启动“全民教育”倡议以来,发展中国家采取的一些干预措施成功地加快了女孩的入学率和毕业率。 例如,在孟加拉国、萨尔瓦多、墨西哥和肯尼亚等国,取消使用费,向女孩提供津贴和现金转拨,导致对教育的需求增加。 在纳米比亚,通过采取一项政策,允许少女母亲在生育后返回学校,努力解决阻碍女孩接受教育的文化和社会规范。 此外,政府还发起了一场针对基于性别的暴力的全国“零容忍”运动,并努力建设所有部门的管理人员处理基于性别的暴力案件的能力,以及报道这一问题的媒体专业人员的能力。", "56. 一些会员国和联合国组织,包括儿童基金会、粮农组织、教科文组织和联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)正在根据少女的具体需要和情况,支持女孩向中等教育过渡,并倡导为少女提供职业教育培训机会。 世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)一直在提供带回家的口粮,作为鼓励女孩入学和继续上学的动力。 除改善入学机会外,还努力提高女孩的入学率和教育质量,确保学校对儿童友好、促进两性平等,并促进人权教育。", "57 萨尔瓦多和尼加拉瓜等国正在将人权和生活技能教育,包括生殖健康问题纳入学校课程,以便使少女掌握适当的知识。 在马达加斯加,联合国民主基金支持各种组织,如out和青年环境俱乐部,促进儿童和青年对两性平等和人权的认识。 在加纳,儿童基金会支持一个称为“智障”的儿童广播网络,作为交流思想和普及影响儿童的法律的知识平台。 这些网络成为宣传女孩教育、保护她们免受传统习俗和少女怀孕信息的有用渠道。", "58 还采取了其他措施,招聘合格的女教师,建设教师和教育管理人员处理性别问题的能力。 例如,在马耳他和瑞典,政策制定者、教师和学生都认识到,在职业选择中必须实现更大程度的两性平等,重点是提高女孩对数学和科学的参与。", "D. 改善保健服务", "59 在世界许多地方,加强了对女孩的保健服务。 例如,在吉布提,提供保密的计划生育服务,妇女和女孩是2008-2012年国家艾滋病毒/艾滋病战略计划的核心。 在孟加拉国,利用儿童疾病综合管理以及培训社区保健工作者有助于减少免疫接种覆盖面方面的性别差距。 近东救济工程处的保健方案为巴勒斯坦难民提供儿科预防和治疗服务,包括通过学校,同时提高对终止童婚和防止基于性别的暴力的认识。", "E. 女孩的参与", "60 。 已经采取行动,通过创造参与的机会,发展她们的领导技能,向她们宣传她们的权利,帮助她们掌握行使这些权利的技能,来增强女孩的能力。 在牙买加,妇女事务局举办了儿童研讨会和性别问题培训讲习班,向女孩和男孩宣传他们的权利,提高对基于性别的暴力以及性健康和生殖健康的认识。 在智利,联合国妇女支助了由40名年轻妇女编写的一项关于在婚姻和其他关系中暴力侵害年轻妇女的研究。 研究结果将用于向议员进行宣传。", "61 在喀麦隆,在儿童基金会的支持下,制定了一项倡议,通过设立青年市政委员会来发展年轻人的领导技能。 该倡议设立了21个这样的委员会,其中17个由少女领导。 女孩占委员会的一半,而只有6%的国家委员会由女性市长领导。 青年市长及其议员倡导青年参与社区内部的决策。 人口基金正在致力于增强危地马拉、马拉维和埃塞俄比亚的年轻女孩的能力,促进安全空间,培养领导技能,支持以性健康和生殖健康为重点的生活技能教育活动。 这些方案也由青年领袖管理。", "F. 减轻全球经济危机的影响", "62 。 已采取特别措施减轻经济危机对女孩和妇女的影响。 成功的例子包括维持必要的社会部门支出,执行社会保护政策,帮助确保她们获得保健、教育和产妇保健服务的权利。 最近的一项研究发现,在35个国家,估计25%的刺激支出(6 530亿美元)用于社会保护措施。 [33] 必须确保这些措施不作为遏制公共部门支出的紧缩方案的一部分而削减。 此外,包括反歧视政策和立法改革在内的变革性社会保护措施有可能解决社会脆弱性问题,确保女孩和男孩平等获得服务。", "六、结 论 建议", "63/63。 虽然如上述例子所示,已经取得了进展,但这些努力必须加以巩固和扩大。 这要求各国政府在发展机构、非政府组织和民间社会的支持下,在女孩和男孩、男子和妇女的积极参与下,采取果断行动。", "A. 导 言 赋予女童权力", "64. 应妇女地位委员会、儿童权利委员会和其他机构的要求,进一步促进女孩的参与和赋权。 [34] 必须承认女孩是实现两性平等和赋予她们权力的关键行为者。 应支持发展其领导技能的方案,将其作为学校课程的一部分,或通过其他手段,例如只靠女孩的俱乐部,或作为更广泛的技能培训方案的一部分。 还应当促进女孩参与设计并执行旨在惠及她们的发展方案。 还必须努力确保将包括少女在内的女孩的观点纳入关于人道主义准备、应对和复原的讨论,使她们有机会表达其独特的关切,并就如何解决这些问题提出建议。", "656.65 女孩不能行使其权利,除非她们能够以他们能够使用和理解的方式获得信息。 女孩的社会网络和安全空间可以便利她们获得基本信息、保健和保护服务。 全面、适龄的性教育和了解其艾滋病毒状况,提高了他们自我保护的能力,并提高了他们的健康和福祉。", "B. 支持社会变革和改变权力关系", "66 在对女孩的不平等和歧视根深蒂固的情况下,社会变革和权力关系转变对于实现两性平等和赋予女童和妇女权力至关重要。 更好地理解社会规范的作用及其影响个人、家庭和社区决策过程的方式,以便了解政策和战略并加大干预力度,是立法改革等高级别举措的重要补充。 如果不解决两性不平等和排斥女孩的根源,就不可能履行保护和实现女孩权利的集体义务。 政府、社区和家庭有责任营造不容忍对女孩的歧视或暴力行为的积极环境。", "C. 不让女孩上学", "67 对女孩教育的投资能够增强她们的能力,并有助于加快消除贫困、不平等和性别歧视的斗争。 需要做出特别努力,查明最难以接触和最受排斥的女孩,包括最贫穷家庭、农村、贫民窟和偏远地区的女孩;受社会排斥的群体,包括残疾儿童;以及土著和处境不利的少数群体。", "686.68 必须巩固过去几十年在初级教育方面取得的成果,同时通过扩大学前教育方案加快进展,确保女孩开始和留在小学,并采取有针对性的干预措施,使辍学儿童(其中大多数是女孩)退学。 由于在中等教育阶段性别差距最大,应当促进女孩从小学到中学的过渡,扩大她们接受中等教育的机会,特别注意降低女孩的辍学率。 应当促进多种正规和非正规教育途径,以确保女孩成功完成基础教育,并使学校向工作过渡。 此外,应当采用多部门战略,涵盖教育、保健和营养、社会保护、基础设施和劳动力市场,以确保教育中的两性平等。", "D. 出席情况 处理少女的权利", "69 女孩在青春期面临更多的歧视。 性别歧视甚至在出生之前就是一个因素,而性别定型观念通常在儿童生活中很早就被引入,当女孩达到青春期时,她们往往面临新的限制和限制。 她们往往过早地担任妻子、母亲、工人或看守的成年角色,失去特殊规定和保护童年。 受过教育、健康和有技能的少女可以帮助促进社会正义,支持经济发展,帮助消除贫穷。 必须投资于少女的权利和保护,并确保她们不再被忽略于发展政策和方案。", "E. 出席情况 加强数据收集和分析", "707.70 需要更好的按性别和年龄分列的数据,以更好地了解女孩的状况。 还必须超越按性别分列的数据,分析数据,显示女孩面临的多种排斥形式,包括残疾、生活在最贫穷社区或属于土著或少数群体的歧视。 这应包括收集和分析定量和定性数据和信息。", "F. 促进包容性政策和方案", "71 方案还应采取综合办法,解决女孩可能面临的各种歧视,以便有效地保护她们的权利。 尊重女孩作为有权利的人的部分内容是承认她们生活的现实和他们的情况的多样性。 这包括确保对与全球经济危机有关的恢复进程采取注重性别的对策。 必须坚持国家承诺,通过在保健和营养、清洁饮水、基础教育、儿童和社会保护服务以及参与机制方面进行充分和持续的投资,支持和保护女孩的权利,并在可能的情况下予以扩大。 应当采取应对措施,包括采取以最边缘化和最易受伤害者为重点的特别措施,确保儿童,包括女童和其他社会弱势群体,享有和保护其权利。", "G. 扩大和改善对女孩的服务", "72. 第72段。 应当扩大和改善健康、营养和其他服务,以满足女孩的需要和权利。 例如,应向感染艾滋病毒的少女和年轻妇女提供全面服务。 男女保健和营养服务提供者应当接受培训,以采用促进两性平等的办法。 应当建立多部门转诊和反应系统,提供与托儿、生计、小额供资、职业教育和就业方案的联系。 应通过努力向残疾女孩提供包容性保健服务,包括适合年龄的性健康和生殖健康服务,解决获得保健方面的不平等问题,以便所有女孩都能实现其健康权。 需要专门的外联方案,帮助最年轻的初生母亲,使他们能够更好地获得救生的孕产妇保健服务。 还应当作出努力,确保靠近家庭的地方获得安全饮用水,以减少女孩的工作负担,以便她们能够留在学校,照顾她们的健康,从事与男孩平等的其他活动。 必要时,应认真设计这种服务,以解决女孩的特殊脆弱性和需要。 在人道主义情况下,这一点特别重要,因为女孩,包括少女和边缘化女孩,在使用“一刀切”模式时,有可能被忽视或被忽视。", "73 如有需要,应指定专用于女童的方案规划。 在人道主义行动范围内,包括在减少灾害风险方面,以及在防备、应对和从人道主义危机中恢复方面,应保证查明和满足女孩的权利和需要。 为了取得成效,这项工作应在更广泛的两性平等框架内进行,这一框架将分析女孩与男孩、妇女和男子的需求和能力,并且不仅动员妇女和女童,而且动员男子和男孩参与建设一个更加公正和公平的社会的共同目标。", "*** 下列国家提交了报告内容的资料:阿根廷、比利时、吉布提、萨尔瓦多、芬兰、印度尼西亚、意大利、牙买加、日本、马耳他、纳米比亚、尼加拉瓜、阿曼、秘鲁、卡塔尔、斯洛伐克、西班牙、瑞典和美利坚合众国。", "《第四次妇女问题世界会议的报告,1995年9月4日至15日,北京》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.96.IV.13),第一章,决议一,附件二。", "[3] S-23/2号决议,附件和S-23/3号决议,附件。", "[4] 《国际人口与发展会议的报告,1994年9月5日至13日,开罗》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.95.XIII.18),第一章,决议一,附件。", "[5] 《社会发展问题世界首脑会议的报告,1995年3月6日至12日,哥本哈根》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.96.IV.8),第一章,决议一,附件二。", "[6] E/2005/27和Corr.1,第一章。 页: 1", "[7] E/2007/27,第一章A节。", "见www.childinfo.org/mortality.html。", "[9] Caroline Harper、Nicola Jones、Andy McKay和Jessica Espey,“经济危机时期的儿童:过去的经验教训、未来政策”,背景说明,海外发展研究所,2009年3月。", "[10] See Jed Friedman and Norbert Schady, “How many More Infants are Equally to Die in Africa as a Result of the Global Financial Crisis?” 世界银行,2009年。", "[11] 粮农组织 食品价格指数(www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/)。 (2011年7月7日发布的报告)。", "[12] Isabel Ortiz, Chengqing Chai and Matthew Cummins, “Escalating food Price: 对贫穷家庭的威胁和保障人人恢复的政策”,《社会和经济政策工作文件》,儿童基金会,2011年。", "[13] Food Price Watch (http://www.worldbank.org/food crisis/food_price_watch_report_ feb2011.html), World Bank.", "[14] See Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, World Report on Violence against Children, United Nations, 2006 (http://www.violencestudy.org)。", "[15] See The State of the World's Children 2011, Adolescence - An Age of Opportunity, UNICEF (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.XX.1)。", "[16] Nora Groce, “Girls and women with disabilities: A global overview”, One in Ten, vol. 17 (1997).", "[17] See Joining forces against child labour: 《2010年海牙全球童工会议机构间报告》,劳工组织,《了解儿童的工作》,2010年5月。", "[18] 见《2011年全民教育全球监测报告》。 隐性危机:武装冲突与教育,教科文组织,2011年。", "[19] 见《2010年千年发展目标报告》,联合国,2010年。 图是根据42个国家的住户调查数据得出的。", "[20] 见《环境卫生和饮用水方面的进展》(2010年更新),卫生组织和儿童基金会,2010年。", "[21] See Jane E. Miller and Yana V. Rodgers, “Mother's Education and Children's Nutritional Status: New Evidence from Cambodia”, Asian Development Review, vol. 26, No. 1(2009).", "[22] See Opportunity in Crisis: Prevention HIV from early adolescence to young adulthood, UNICEF, June 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.XX.5).", "[23] James E. Rosen, “关于使怀孕更安全的努力纳入青少年怀孕工作主流的政治宣言”,世卫组织,2010年(WHO/MPS/10.03)。", "[24] 见《儿童进步:平等实现千年发展目标》(第9号),儿童基金会,2010年。", "[25] 见第61/106号决议。", "[26] E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/31, para. 34 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.92.XIV.4).", "[27] 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》,第16条第1款。 2; 消除对妇女歧视委员会,第21号一般性建议(1994年),婚姻和家庭关系平等;《儿童权利公约》,第4号一般性意见(2003年),《儿童权利公约》范围内的青少年健康和发展。", "[28] 第33段和以下各段的数字。", "[29] 见“今日和明天:打破青少年怀孕循环”联合国人口基金,2007年(见http://www.unfpa.org)。", "[30] See Miriam Temin and Ruth Levine,start with a girls: A New Agenda for Global Health, Center for Global Development, 2009。", "[31] 见“儿童保护元评价”,最后报告,儿童基金会,2008年5月15日(见http://www.unicef.org)。", "[32] Fact Sheet, United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Adolescent girls, 3 March 2009。", "页: 1 Nina Thelen and Aparna Rao, “Social Protection in Fiscal Stimulus Packs: Some Evidence”,working paper, UNDP/Office of Development Studies, 2010。", "[34] 见E/2005/27和Corr.1;儿童权利委员会,关于儿童发表意见权利的第12号一般性意见(2009年)。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 65 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children: follow-up to the outcome of the special session on children", "Follow-up to the special session of the General Assembly on children", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is issued in response to General Assembly resolutions 58/157 and 58/282, in which Member States requested the Secretary-General to continue to report to the General Assembly on the progress made in implementing the commitments made at the special session of the General Assembly on children, as contained in the outcome document of that special session, entitled “A world fit for children” (S-27/2). The report provides an overview of the progress and challenges in that regard, and the actions needed to achieve further progress, particularly the need to reach the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children in each context.", "In the report, it is noted that failure to achieve the commitments will significantly undermine efforts towards realizing the aspirations of the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 and beyond.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Follow-up 4 to the special session of the General Assembly on \nchildren A.Planning 4 for \nchildren B. Promoting 4 the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the \nChild C. Collaboration 5 and leveraging resources for \nchildren D.Monitoring 6 \nprogress E. Participation 7 and self-expression of \nchildren III.Progress 7 in the four major goal \nareas A. Promoting 7 healthy \nlives B. Providing 10 quality \neducation C.Protecting 12 against abuse, exploitation and \nviolence D. Combating 16 \nHIV/AIDS IV.Ways 18 \nforward", "I. Introduction", "1. During the past decade, the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals have led to unprecedented commitments and partnerships for goal-driven progress towards fulfilling the rights of children, reaffirmed in successive summits and meetings. A commemorative high-level plenary meeting on the commitments of “A world fit for children” (S-27/2) was held in 2007 to review the outcome and progress made in implementing the Declaration and the Plan of Action. In General Assembly resolution 65/1, entitled “Keeping the promise: united to achieve the Millennium Development Goals”, Member States further committed to accelerating progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "2. The present report follows previous reports[1] and assesses the progress made in achieving the goals set out in “A world fit for children”, many of which correspond to key targets for children as envisaged in the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals.", "3. Compared with 2000, when the Millennium Declaration was adopted, 2.1 million fewer children are dying every year from preventable causes before reaching their fifth birthday; the number of primary school age children out of school dropped by 39 million from 1999 to 2008. Yet each year there are 8.1 million deaths in children under 5 years of age and over 350,000 maternal deaths; close to 67 million children are still out of school; and in developing countries 195 million children under 5 years of age are suffering from stunting, jeopardizing the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Millions of children continue to experience the searing impacts of conflict, such as the loss of parents or sudden, forced relocation. It is estimated that more than 1,000 babies continue to be born with HIV every day and nearly 5 million young people aged 15-24 are living with HIV. More than 200 million children under the age of 5 do not have a birth certificate.", "4. The global economic downturn in 2008-2009 and price volatility in food and energy commodities exposed the interdependence of countries in the global economy and the need to strengthen the use of development policy both at the national and global levels to safeguard the status of children, especially in the poorest families. Capacity weaknesses, financial volatility and increased indebtedness have proved to be destabilizing for the sustained achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in many developing countries and have often been associated with widening disparities between and within societies.", "5. Declining social investments, combined with long-standing challenges such as the social exclusion of indigenous and disadvantaged minority groups, children with disabilities and girls, as well as the effects of migration, rapid urban expansion and climate instability, are making the implementation of “A world fit for children” more challenging.", "II. Follow-up to the special session of the General Assembly on children", "A. Planning for children", "6. In 2010, major thematic studies or analyses on the rights of children and women were carried out in at least 81 countries. Six more countries joined the Global Initiative on Child Poverty and Disparities, led by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), raising the number of participating countries to 52. Situation analyses increasingly focused on identifying the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children and women in order to promote equity-focused strategies that could better support them. Findings are used to advance policies to protect and promote the rights of children.", "7. In 2011, UNICEF published a report entitled The State of the World’s Children: Adolescence — An Age of Opportunity, in which it highlighted the importance of investing in adolescents in order to break cycles of poverty and inequity. Facing an increasingly uncertain world where climate change, urbanization, economic recession and rising unemployment pose unprecedented challenges, the report emphasizes the need to provide adequate support to adolescents so that they reach their full potential.", "8. Support for protecting the most vulnerable in each country context was seen as an urgent priority. A continued focus on boosting employment growth, maintaining basic services and strengthening social protection measures are recognized as crucial for solidifying and broadening economic recovery and well-being for all.", "B. Promoting the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "9. In May 2010, the Secretary-General, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, UNICEF, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and partners launched a global campaign to promote the universal ratification and implementation of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child by 2012. The campaign aims at raising awareness of the importance of mechanisms for protection against violence, including adherence to international standards and their effective enforcement. Since the launch of the campaign, eight more countries have ratified/acceded to the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, and one country has signed it, bringing the total number of States parties to 145 and signatories to 118. In 2010, seven additional countries ratified the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict.[2]", "10. The first regional training of trainers using the “Training manual to fight trafficking in children for labour, sexual and other forms of exploitation” was piloted in 2010 with the support of UNICEF and the International Labour Organization (ILO).", "11. Increased international attention to sexual violence was achieved through support to the Human Rights Council general day of discussion and its resolution (13/20) on sexual violence against children. As a follow-up to that thematic debate, a joint report (A/HRC/16/56) by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children and the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography to the Human Rights Council called for the establishment in every country of accessible, safe and child-sensitive counselling and complaint and reporting mechanisms for children to report incidents of violence. Technical knowledge on social norms and addressing harmful traditional practices was shared with the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to help to ensure that the knowledge is reflected in a future joint general comment of the Committees on harmful practices.", "12. Partnerships continued to be strengthened. In 2010, the scope of the “Together for Girls” initiative, an innovative multi-country partnership established in 2009 to end sexual violence against girls in Africa and East Asia, was broadened to focus on data collection and coordinated programme response and advocacy around the prevention of violence against children, particularly sexual violence. Those efforts galvanized action at the local level, while stimulating the interest and support of global partners. A workbook for corporations on child rights and child-focused impact assessments was completed, and a consultation was held with stakeholders. The United Nations Adolescent Girls Task Force advocates for and promotes comprehensive policies and programmes for adolescent girls, especially the most marginalized. In addition, UNICEF continued to foster the relationship with the Hague Conference on International Private Law on four of its conventions on children. Technical inputs were provided to the Hague Global Child Labour Conference, and follow-up and support were provided to countries for implementation of the recommendations contained in the Road Map for Achieving the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour by 2016.", "13. For children in the poorest countries and most disadvantaged population groups, expanding coverage of essential services will be critical to fulfilling their rights. “Going to scale” involves a complex range of actions, including expanding the delivery of tried-and-tested interventions and overcoming behavioural, institutional and environmental impediments to service delivery. That, in turn, requires a good understanding of the bottlenecks to delivering essential services for children and the barriers faced by families in accessing them. Initiatives will require greater coherence and harmonization.", "C. Collaboration and leveraging resources for children", "14. In 2010, increased collaboration with donors led to greater coordination of leveraging resources for children in emergencies. New donors provided humanitarian funding in order to improve capacity for humanitarian response. New mechanisms incorporated into funding agreements, such as multi-year and country cycle-specific thematic agreements, provided increased flexibility and funding predictability for programmes.", "15. According to the 2010 report of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force, aid from members of the Development Assistance Committee reached almost $120 billion in 2009, increasing by less than 1 per cent, in real terms. However, the share of official development assistance in the gross national income of donors was only 0.31 per cent, well below the target of 0.7 per cent, which has been reached and exceeded by only five donor countries. Remittances have become a growing source of income in many developing countries, reaching a high of an estimated $336 billion in 2008. In the current crisis, remittances have proved to be more resilient than private capital flows. Partnerships involving foundations, non-governmental organizations and global programmes expanded further in 2010, providing opportunities to leverage additional funding for children worldwide. Among the major contributors were Rotary International, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.", "16. With the financial downturn, global discussions are increasingly focused on key investment sectors such as infrastructure and agriculture. While overall levels appear not to have declined, resources for investments in children are still highly inadequate in most countries. The consequences could have harmful implications for future funding of basic social services, which are critical to the well-being of children.", "D. Monitoring progress", "17. Global databases on children and women were updated throughout 2010. Data from national household surveys and other sources were analysed and disaggregated by sex, wealth and location in order to provide a stronger understanding of inequalities. The United Nations directed significant efforts towards harmonizing work on data among partners, including through common recognition of new methodologies, standardization of indicators and monitoring tools, building national statistical capacity and developing joint estimates.", "18. Nearly 200 multiple indicator cluster surveys have been conducted globally in the first three rounds (1995, 2000, 2005-2006). The fourth round is being carried out during 2009-2011, with a wider range of indicators. The results of the surveys started to be produced in 2010.", "19. The common United Nations Development Group database software, DevInfo, has been adopted worldwide as a tool to organize, display and analyse standardized human development data. By 2010, DevInfo had over 120 adaptations available. More than 1,000 professionals from many programme countries have been trained to support the effort of establishing national repositories of data on human development, including a wide range of child-related indicators.", "20. In 2010, a UNICEF study entitled “Narrowing the gaps to meet the Goals” provided compelling evidence for an equity-based strategy that, compared with the traditional path, could move the global community more quickly and cost-effectively towards meeting Goals 4 and 5 of the Millennium Development Goals. That strategy, according to the study, has the potential to help to avert millions of maternal and child deaths by the 2015 deadline.", "E. Participation and self-expression of children", "21. There has been an increase in children’s participation in contributing to the fulfilment of the rights of the child and meeting the Millennium Development Goals. A few countries have established a standing committee of parliamentarians on the rights of the child to have regular face-to-face continuous dialogue with girls and boys. Many countries reported on children’s media initiatives and the use of information technology to further the participation of children. There has also been an increase in the number of surveys and polls taken of young people to further the understanding of their perspectives and opinions regarding the societies in which they live. Special efforts are being made to strengthen the participation of children who are often marginalized, such as adolescent girls, children with disabilities and indigenous children.", "22. The International Year of Youth has seen the growing participation of young people and adolescents in addressing the many issues affecting the governance of nations. A number of capacity-building tools were finalized to help States to strengthen children’s participation, such as the Handbook on General Comment No. 12, concerning the Convention on the Rights of the Child, produced by UNICEF and Save the Children for government officials. UNICEF and the Inter‑Parliamentary Union also completed a handbook for parliamentarians on child participation, with the objective of promoting the interests and perspectives of children in parliamentary processes.", "23. The participation of children in key global forums that affect the lives and well-being of children and adolescents has continued to increase. They include the Global Migration Group, the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, and the preparation of the reports of the Secretary-General on the girl child and on youth. UNICEF and the Alliance of Youth community-based organizations, with support from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, produced “Climate Change: Take Action Now!”, a guide to supporting the local actions of children and young people, with special emphasis on girls and adolescents.", "III. Progress in the four major goal areas", "A. Promoting healthy lives", "24. Since 1990, the under-5 mortality rate for developing countries has declined from 99 deaths per 1,000 live births to 66 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2009. An estimated 12.4 million children born alive died before their fifth birthday in 1990, but by 2009 that had been reduced to 8.1 million, the lowest number on record. That represents an annual rate of decline of 2.1 per cent, which must now accelerate to at least 11.6 per cent each year to achieve the target of reducing the rate by two thirds by 2015. The mortality rate of children under age 5 is, on average, more than twice as high for the poorest 20 per cent of households in developing countries as for the richest 20 per cent. Similarly, children in rural areas are significantly more likely to die before their fifth birthday than those in urban areas.", "25. Nearly 1.5 million children under age 5 die from pneumonia each year, accounting for nearly one in five child deaths globally. Diarrhoea remains the second leading cause of death among children under five, followed by measles. Globally, 82 per cent of children under age 1 were immunized against measles in 2009. Similarly, estimates for the global immunization coverage of three doses of vaccine against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus stood at 82 per cent in 2009, up from 74 per cent in 2000. From 2000 to 2008, the combination of improved immunization coverage and the opportunity for a second dose contributed to a 78 per cent drop in deaths caused by measles globally. However, progress in reducing neonatal mortality continues to be slower.", "26. Owing to increased funding for and policy attention to malaria control, from 2008 to 2010 alone, 290 million insecticide-treated nets were distributed in sub‑Saharan Africa, enough to cover almost 80 per cent of the reported need.", "27. Since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative began in 1988, 2.5 billion children have been immunized, but polio is not yet eradicated and transmission continues in four endemic countries (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan). Conflict and related security concerns, combined with poor coverage of services and natural disasters, have constrained progress in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan.", "28. Globally, one third of deaths among children under age 5 are associated with undernutrition. Although the percentage of children who are underweight in developing countries declined from 31 per cent around 1990 to 26 per cent around 2008, many countries are still making insufficient or no progress. From 1995 to 2009, no meaningful improvement was seen in Southern Asia among children in the poorest households, while underweight prevalence among children from the richest 20 per cent of households decreased by almost one third. In developing countries, 40 per cent of young children in the poorest wealth quintile are underweight, compared with 15 per cent in the richest. In the developing world, children in rural areas are twice as likely to be underweight as those in urban areas and are 50 per cent more likely to be stunted. As of early 2011, only 58 of 118 countries with data available were on track to meet the target of reducing the number of underweight children by 50 per cent.", "29. Vitamin A supplementation coverage continued to be high among children in the least developed countries, with 87 per cent of children fully covered with two doses in 2009, including 81 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa and 76 per cent in Asia. The coverage has more than doubled in the least developed countries, rising from 41 per cent in 2000 to 88 per cent in 2008.", "30. There has also been progress in eliminating iodine deficiency disorders. Some 37 countries have reached the target of at least 90 per cent of households using adequately iodized salt, an increase from 21 countries in 2002, when the universal salt iodization goal was endorsed at the special session of the General Assembly on children. According to recent data, some 72 per cent of households in developing countries have been consuming adequately iodized salt, including about 73 per cent of households in Asia and 61 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa.", "31. Progress in infant and young child feeding has been modest. In the developing world, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding has increased only slightly, from 33 per cent in 1995 to 38 per cent around 2008. However, some 19 countries, through a combination of sound policies, legislative enforcement and community-based support, have shown significant increases of at least 20 percentage points in the past 5 to 10 years.", "32. In 2010, the Secretary-General’s High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis placed greater emphasis on improving nutrition and helped to promote dialogue and maintain global strategic partnerships and initiatives. Significant efforts were made to improve the nutrition of children and women in developing countries, including through the development of a road map to implement the recommendations contained in the “Scaling Up Nutrition” framework, with more than 100 agencies participating.", "33. Globally, the annual decline in the maternal mortality ratio from 1990 to 2008 was estimated at only 2.3 per cent, compared with the 5.5 per cent annual decline needed from 1990 to reach the 2015 target. An estimated 358,000 maternal deaths occurred in 2008, a decline of 34 per cent against the target of a 75 per cent decline from 1990 levels. From 1990 to 2008, 147 countries achieved a decline in the maternal mortality ratio, 90 of which showed a decline of 40 per cent or more. Despite that progress, developing countries continued to account for 99 per cent of all maternal deaths; sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia accounted for 87 per cent. Complications related to pregnancy and childbirth are among the leading causes of death worldwide for adolescent girls aged 15-19.", "34. Maternal health is another area where there is a conspicuous gap between the rich and poor. While almost all births are attended by skilled health personnel in developed countries, in the least developed countries, the figure for women in urban areas is only 41 per cent. The ratio of richest to poorest quintiles is 3 to 1. Disparities in access to care during pregnancy are also striking within developing countries, with women in urban areas 1.3 times as likely as rural women to obtain antenatal care coverage at least once before giving birth. The ability of women to choose when and how many children they will have significantly affects maternal morbidity and mortality. By 2008, more than half of all women aged 15-49 who were married or in union were using some form of contraception. However, progress slowed from 2000 to 2008. Women in sub-Saharan Africa continue to have the lowest level of contraceptive prevalence (22 per cent), with little progress reported since 2000. Worldwide, more than 120 million women aged 15-49 who are married or in union have an unmet need for family planning.", "35. Today, 87 per cent of the world’s population, a total of 5.9 billion people worldwide, use drinking water from improved sources, an increase of 1.8 billion people since 1990. However, 884 million people, almost all of them in developing regions, still do not get their drinking water from such sources. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for over a third of that number and is lagging behind in progress towards the target in Goal 7 of the Millennium Development Goals. Huge disparities remain between regions, countries and rural and urban areas. In sub-Saharan Africa, an urban-dweller is 1.8 times more likely to use an improved drinking water source than a rural-dweller. While 94 per cent of the urban population of developing regions uses improved sources, the figure for rural populations is only 76 per cent. However, in urban areas, the increase in coverage is barely keeping pace with population growth. Since 1990, the world’s urban population has risen by 1.09 billion, while the urban population without improved drinking water sources has increased from 102 million to 140 million.", "36. Over 2.6 billion people still lack access to flush toilets or other forms of improved sanitation. Although approximately 1.3 billion people gained access to improved sanitation from 1990 to 2008, the world will miss the sanitation target by 13 percentage points. Unless great efforts are made, the target for lowering the proportion of people without access to basic sanitation will not be met.", "37. In 2010, the launch of Sanitation and Water for All, a global partnership of developing countries, donors, multilateral agencies, civil society and others working together to achieve universal and sustainable access, helped to scale-up water, sanitation and hygiene programmes. The immediate focus has been to accelerate progress towards meeting targets in those countries that are most off track and in the most deprived communities. In 2010, 49 countries received sanitation support, with the goal of eliminating open defecation through demand-led, participatory community approaches to total sanitation. In addition, the number of countries with an intensive communication programme to change national behaviours, promoting hand-washing with soap, rose from 53 in 2008 to 87 in 2010.", "38. The 2010 World Conference on Early Childhood Care and Education called for stronger commitments in that area, with a focus on equity and inclusion, and for the extension of quality care for young children by strengthening the capacities of parents, families and service providers. A revised Care for Child Development training package was developed jointly by UNICEF and the World Health Organization and launched at the 2010 International Paediatric Association Congress, held in Johannesburg, South Africa.", "39. In order to accelerate progress in women’s and children’s health, the Secretary-General spearheaded a global effort to bring together all key stakeholders from Government, civil society and the corporate sector to develop a plan to promote the achievement of Goals 4 and 5 of the Millennium Development Goals. The resulting Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health outlines the key areas where action is urgently required to enhance financing, strengthen policy and improve service delivery. All concerned parties are called upon to coordinate action to maximize the impact of tried-and-tested interventions for the most deprived populations.", "40. In 2010, nearly 300 humanitarian situations occurred in close to 100 countries, affecting millions of children. The earthquake emergency in Haiti and monsoon floods in Pakistan had a daunting impact on communities and children, affecting more than 3 million people in Haiti and nearly 20 million in Pakistan. In addition, there were earthquakes in Chile, China and Indonesia; drought and worsening malnutrition in the Niger and the Sahel region; protracted crises in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia and the Sudan; and new conflicts elsewhere.", "B. Providing quality education", "41. Considerable progress has been made towards achieving Goal 2 of the Millennium Development Goals in terms of increased enrolments, narrowed gender gaps and extended opportunities for children in disadvantaged groups. However, an estimated 67 million children of primary school age were still out of school in 2008, despite a reduction in the numbers of such children by 39 million since 1999. Projections based on the recent rates of progress in school enrolments suggest that at least 72 million children of primary school age are still unlikely to be in school in 2015. In addition, 74 million children of lower-secondary school age are still out of school.", "42. Though enrolment in primary education has continued to rise, reaching 89 per cent in the developing world, there was little improvement in the net enrolment rate between 1999 and 2008 in several countries. In at least 20 countries, the net enrolment rate even fell. Worldwide, among children of primary school age not enrolled in school, 42 per cent, or 28 million children, live in poor countries affected by conflict. Even in middle-income countries, there are often large numbers of children from marginalized groups not attending primary school. Based on an analysis of data from 42 countries in the developing world, girls in the poorest 20 per cent of households are 3.5 times more likely to be out of school than girls in the richest households, and 4 times more likely to be out of school than boys in the richest households. A global initiative on out-of-school children was launched at the beginning of 2010 with the aim of introducing a more systematic approach to the challenge of including out-of-school children. Measures to address cost barriers to access and retention, such as school fee abolition and equity-focused social protection measures and school feeding programmes, are now being expanded in many countries. In 2010, 44 per cent of 146 reporting countries had developed policies, accompanied by concrete mechanisms and adequate budgets, to address costs and other barriers to primary education.", "43. In 2010 there was an increase in the number of reporting countries with national policies on school readiness. Sixty-five of the 146 reporting countries had such policies in place compared with 50 in 2008. Also in 2010, policy development was undertaken and gender-focused interventions were scaled up in basic education in 44 countries, including through partnerships of the United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative. A key achievement at the global level was the adoption of the Dakar Declaration on Accelerating Girls’ Education and Gender Equality.", "44. Barriers to the retention of girls and their transition to secondary school were addressed in 2010 through various approaches, including remedial classes, grants, scholarship programmes for girls and gender-sensitized teacher training and classroom materials. In poor communities, learning and teaching materials were distributed that are based on active learning, focused on equity and incorporating new curricula. In order to enrol and retain disadvantaged children, Governments in many countries implemented accelerated age-appropriate learning initiatives. Environmental and climate change education was incorporated into primary school curricula in 47 countries and into secondary school curricula in 51 countries.", "45. The Education For All Fast Track Initiative, launched in 2002 to help low-income countries achieve free, universal basic education and ensure accelerated progress towards Goal 2 of the Millennium Development Goals, has been successful in leveraging funds for country education sector plans and the development of plans, including in several fragile States.", "46. Recent evidence, however, shows that the quality of education is lagging behind the improvement in school enrolment ratios. In response, 79 countries had adopted quality standards for primary education based on child-friendly schools or similar models by 2010, compared with 43 in 2005. Establishing a protective learning environment for children, especially for girls, is now included as an integral part of quality education. Programmes for safe spaces, the prevention of violence and sexual abuse of children, psychosocial services and community-based interventions have taken root in a number of countries. Efforts have also continued to introduce a ban on all forms of violence within the school system. By 2010, 79 countries had developed national policies to end the practice of corporal punishment; 50 countries had created national education sector plans that address issues of children affected by HIV and AIDS; and 88 countries had implemented activities about water, sanitation and hygiene education in schools, benefiting 4.2 million children in more than 20,000 schools. In April 2010, a multi-partner call for action for such activities was launched, to intensify focus on the issue.", "47. The International Task Force on “Teachers for Education for All”, coordinated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization with the involvement of 64 countries and 24 international governmental and non‑governmental organizations, has emphasized action on a number of important issues relating to teachers and the achievement of the Education for All goals and Millennium Development Goals on primary education.", "48. A review of the constraints to the implementation of education programmes highlighted the following: limited capacity of partners and Government counterparts; poor coordination among Government departments and between the national and subnational levels; unstable political situations; lack of flexibility in funding; and weak systems of monitoring and evaluation. Strategic focus on promoting equitable and inclusive results within education sector plans, on maintaining attention to both out-of-school children and children at risk of dropping out and not learning, and on strengthening national monitoring and evaluation systems, is needed to accelerate the achievement of Goal 2 of the Millennium Development Goals.", "49. In 2010, education was a key component of the humanitarian response. In Haiti, UNICEF and partners led the education response, which reached some 583 schools, or well over 1 million children and 50,000 teachers. In Pakistan, more than 400,000 children and 500 schools received support in 2010. Back-to-school campaigns were also a feature in Iraq, Yemen and other countries affected by natural disasters or conflict. In 2010, the global education cluster mechanism of the Inter‑Agency Standing Committee was strengthened through the establishment of 35 country-level clusters. While humanitarian responses have contributed to faster recovery, a further challenge lies in consolidating responses in order to contribute to longer-term rebuilding and reform of education systems.", "C. Protecting against abuse, exploitation and violence", "50. Children across all wealth quintiles, in development and emergency contexts, and in low-income, middle-income and industrialized countries, are vulnerable to various forms of violence, abuse and exploitation in a range of settings, including schools, welfare and justice institutions, the home, the workplace and the community. Robust data on child protection are gradually becoming more available, including on the situation of children and the characteristics of those most at risk.", "51. Nearly half of children under age 5 in developing countries are not registered and are therefore beyond the reach of the protection and basic services to which they have a right, such as health care, social welfare and education. Children from the wealthiest households are two to three times more likely to have their births registered than those from the poorest. A relationship also exists between wealth quintile and child marriage: across many developing countries, girls from the poorest households are 3 times more likely than those from the richest to be married before the age of 18.", "52. While poverty is a predictor of vulnerability to some child protection violations, many other factors are at play, linked to discrimination and deeply entrenched social norms, attitudes and behaviours. Some forms of violence cut across all wealth quintiles and geographic regions. Across all regions, many children experience psychological violence and physical punishment regardless of their economic status. Female genital mutilation and cutting rates vary more by ethnicity than by any other sociodemographic variables. Across 29 countries in Africa and one country in the Middle East, more than 70 million girls and women (aged 15-49 years) have undergone the practice.", "53. Although precise data on some protection issues are difficult to collect, the available estimates raise concern: between 500 million and 1.5 billion children experience violence annually, often perpetrated by those they should be able to trust. According to the ILO estimates, approximately 215 million children under age 18 worldwide are engaged in child labour, for which boys are more likely to be engaged in economic activity and girls are disproportionately engaged in household chores. At least 2 million children are also thought to be living in institutions, and children are forcibly recruited by armed groups or forces in at least 25 countries.", "54. The strengthening of child protection systems continued to be a major focus, with mapping and assessments producing important lessons to ensure that child protection issues are holistically addressed. Advances were also made in addressing social norms that underlie violence, exploitation and abuse, including through declarations to abandon female genital mutilation and cutting. While the application of social-change approaches to broader forms of violence remains a challenge, the knowledge base was strengthened in that area in 2010 and is informing practical application in a number of countries. An estimated 131 programme countries are engaged in strengthening social welfare and justice systems and at least 15 countries initiated a comprehensive exercise to map child protection systems. Law reform for children’s protection from violence is gaining momentum worldwide. Currently, 29 countries have introduced a comprehensive legal ban prohibiting all forms of violence in all settings, including corporal punishment in the home. Across regions, significant legislative reforms are under way to achieve full prohibition, and in a large number of nations, new legislation has been adopted to prohibit specific forms of violence, including trafficking, sexual abuse and exploitation, domestic violence and female genital mutilation and cutting.", "55. A collective starting point for understanding child protection systems was articulated in the 2010 paper entitled “Adapting a systems approach to child protection: key concepts and considerations”, endorsed by UNICEF, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Save the Children, and Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago. The paper details the functions of a child protection system and provides the basis for mapping and assessment tools, some of which were piloted and rolled out in early 2010 in sub-Saharan Africa and other regions.", "56. Mapping and assessment exercises are essential to systems-strengthening work. They support the utilization of all available resources, promote the connections between all system components and identify methods by which vulnerable people can access and benefit from a system. By including relevant actors within formal and less formal structures, the mapping process builds a political consensus around the goals of the child protection system and the actions needed.", "57. There has been a growing trend in aligning national policies with international standards for alternative care, including those recommended by the 2009 Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children, with 58 countries having adopted national policies consistent with international standards in 2010, compared with 36 in 2005. Countries submitting their reports to the Committee on the Rights of the Child are being urged, in its concluding observations, to consider the Guidelines when developing their child protection services. Globally, a framework for measuring and monitoring armed violence was developed and includes child-specific indicators. To address global challenges in monitoring and evaluation in the sector, an inter‑organizational child protection monitoring and evaluation reference group was set up, which aims to improve data collection methodologies and coordination.", "58. In countries with low levels of birth registration, studies and mapping exercises provided a basis for national action plans and policies. Strengthening human resource capacity and collaboration with health services to improve protection-related service delivery is another core component of work in child protection systems and was a focus in 2010 in various countries. Innovations, such as Short Message Service technology for birth registration, were employed to strengthen institutional capacities to deliver protection services for children.", "59. In 2010, UNICEF and other partners worked with legislators and policymakers from at least 99 countries to improve legal and policy frameworks around child protection. Efforts were also scaled up towards influencing national agendas on the use of diversion from judicial proceedings and alternative measures to detention, helping to advance recognition that they are both essential to ensuring the protection of the rights of children in conflict with the law and are in conformity with the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Furthermore, in 2010, some 24 programme countries used child-friendly and gender-appropriate investigation and court procedures, compared with 17 in 2008.", "60. The social norms perspective was further operationalized through the United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF Joint Programme, which intensified its efforts in 15 countries in 2010 to support acceleration of the abandonment of female genital mutilation and cutting. Visible results included more widespread public abandonment of that practice by entire communities, increasingly at the subdistrict or district level. Under the Together for Girls initiative, global and country cooperation is being strengthened to reduce violence against children. Development of a national strategy to end child marriage is expected to start in India in 2011, based on State-level action plans and the findings from formative research on social norms that was completed in 2010.", "61. The organization of the general day of discussion and adoption in March 2010 by the Human Rights Council of a resolution on sexual violence against children (see para. 11, above), and the joint report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children and the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography presented key guiding principles and recommendations to inform the work of countries on combating sexual violence and the exploitation of children.", "62. As a result of the Global Child Labour Conference, held at The Hague in 2010, an agreed Road Map for Achieving the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour by 2016 will be used to track progress through 2016. In addition, at the ninety-ninth session of the International Labour Conference, member States of the ILO agreed to develop a convention and recommendation on domestic labour.", "63. In the response to large-scale natural disasters, the inter-agency guidance and tools developed for conflict but adapted for disaster have been found to be inadequate. Efforts to address those gaps were initiated in 2010, and include the development of inter-agency standards on “child-friendly spaces”, the development of rapid response teams for child protection in emergencies with standby partners, and inter-agency emergency preparedness training. Building on capacity development efforts in 2009, countries were supported to address gender-based violence. That will be a central area of focus for the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), with other partners.", "64. In line with the responsibilities mandated by the Security Council in resolution 1612 (2005), implementation of the monitoring and reporting mechanism on grave violations against children was supported in situations of armed conflict in 13 countries. A monitoring and reporting mechanism based on Security Council resolution 1888 (2009) is being developed. This will include a set of indicators to gauge the response of the United Nations to sexual violence and to provide guidance on how monitoring and reporting systems can be put in place at the country, regional and global levels. Efforts will also need to be intensified to collect and analyse data on protection and other challenges facing the most marginalized children and groups.", "65. In 2010, reintegration support was provided to 28,000 children affected by armed conflict and 11,400 boys and girls associated with armed forces and armed groups in 15 conflict-affected countries. Eleven more countries endorsed the Paris Commitments to protect children from unlawful recruitment or use by armed forces or armed groups, raising the total to 95.", "66. The work of the child protection sub-cluster strengthened the recognition of child protection activities in broader emergency and humanitarian responses, including issues on gender-based violence and mental health and psychosocial support. Nineteen countries received technical support in child protection in emergencies. Of particular interest is the programme convergence that was developed in the Haiti emergency response on issues of child protection, water and sanitation, nutrition and health through multisectoral assessments of children in institutions as well as in child-friendly spaces for displaced children and unaccompanied/separated children. This resulted in a more comprehensive understanding of the needs of children in institutions and child-friendly spaces in Haiti.", "67. As part of a multi-year partnership to strengthen the capacity of religious communities, particularly interreligious mechanisms, to protect children affected by conflict, UNICEF and Religions for Peace published the guide entitled “From commitment to action: what religious communities can do to eliminate violence against children”, in keeping with the recommendations contained in the report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children (A/61/299).", "68. Experience supports the continued focus on strengthening child protection systems and addressing social norms in all contexts, including in conflicts and natural disasters. Awareness and knowledge exchange among partners need to be further strengthened on strategic approaches to addressing the needs of the most vulnerable children. While progress has been made in monitoring and evaluation, and data on child protection have expanded, challenges still remain. Current household surveys do not capture the situation of children living outside of households, including children in institutions, in detention centres, in the worst forms of child labour, or living on the street. More comprehensive knowledge on the most vulnerable and marginalized, including children without family care, is vital for ensuring that interventions have a positive impact and are in children’s best interests.", "D. Combating HIV/AIDS", "69. In 2009, an estimated 33.3 million people were living with HIV, an increase of 27 per cent from 1999. It is estimated that 5 million young people (aged 15-24) were living with HIV in 2009, accounting for 41 per cent of new HIV infections in people aged 15 and older in the same year. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the most severely affected region, accounting for 68 per cent of all people living with HIV and 72 per cent of AIDS deaths. An estimated 890,000 young people aged 15-24 were newly infected with HIV in 2009 — nearly 2,500 every day — with 75 per cent of the new infections occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. The epidemic particularly affects women and girls. Globally, 60 per cent of young people living with HIV are young women; in sub-Saharan Africa, that figure jumps to 72 per cent. Adolescent girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa are several times more likely to be living with HIV than males of the same age. With the number of people receiving antiretroviral treatment increasing 13-fold from 2004 to 2009, the number of AIDS-related deaths declined by 19 per cent during the same period. Still, the epidemic continues to exact severe consequences. From 2005 to 2009, the number of children orphaned by AIDS increased from 14.6 million to 16.6 million.", "70. Routine, voluntary HIV testing and counselling of all pregnant women is the key entry point for services in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The proportion of pregnant women tested for HIV in low- and middle-income countries increased from 7 per cent in 2005 to 26 per cent in 2009. By the end of 2009, 27 out of all low- and middle-income countries had already reached the target set by the General Assembly at its twenty-seventh special session (see resolution S‑27/2), that 80 per cent of all pregnant women should have access to HIV testing and counselling by 2010. In low- and middle-income countries in 2009, 53 per cent of pregnant women living with HIV received antiretroviral treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, compared with 45 per cent in 2008. In sub‑Saharan Africa, that proportion increased from 45 per cent in 2008 to 53 per cent in 2009. About one third of infants born to mothers who are HIV positive receive such treatment for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission; coverage has increased only slightly in low- and middle-income countries, from 32 per cent in 2008 to 35 per cent in 2009. Reaching the goal of eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV requires a more substantial effort towards universal testing and at least 95 per cent coverage for antiretroviral treatment.", "71. Globally, treatment coverage is notably lower for children (28 per cent) than for adults (37 per cent). In accordance with new guidelines, in 2010, many more children with HIV, including all those under age 2, became eligible to initiate antiretroviral treatment. However, new data reveal that this potential remains largely unrealized. In 2009, there were 2.5 million children under age 15 living with HIV. Although the number of children in low- and middle-income countries receiving antiretroviral treatment increased from an estimated 275,300 in 2008 to 356,400 in 2009, that figure is still only 28 per cent of the 1.27 million children currently estimated to be in need under the new guidelines. However, the true gap between adults and children is far greater, as about 50 per cent of children infected with HIV who receive no treatment die before their second birthday. An array of cost-effective antiretroviral formulations for children is now available, and improved technology permits rapid HIV diagnosis.", "72. In 2001, 5.7 million young people aged 15-24 were estimated to be living with HIV. At the end of 2009, that number had dropped to 5.0 million. Further, an estimated 890,000 new infections occurred among young people aged 15-24 in 2009. The significant decline in HIV prevalence among young people is linked to clear trends towards safer behaviours and practices, including delayed age of first sex, reduction in the number of partners, and increased condom use. In 2010, the United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS reported a decline in prevalence among young people of more than 25 per cent in 22 key countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 2001 and 2008. In most parts of the world, new HIV infections are steadily falling or stabilizing. An estimated 80 per cent of all infections in young people globally are in 20 countries spanning several regions of the world and representing a diversity of epidemic settings. Young women still shoulder the greater burden of infection, and in many countries women face their greatest risk of infection before age 25. Data on comprehensive knowledge of HIV among young people still show levels well below the target of 95 per cent by 2010, set by the General Assembly at its twenty-seventh special session and highlight variations between regions and countries. Since 2000, condom use increased by 10 or more percentage points among young men in 11 of 17 countries with trend data and among young women in 11 of 22 countries with trend data. To reduce HIV infections in young people, greater efforts are needed to increase the comprehensive knowledge of HIV among young people in and out of school, the numbers of young people reporting condom use during sexual intercourse and the HIV testing and counselling services available to young people.", "73. Most countries in sub-Saharan Africa have made significant progress towards parity in school attendance for orphans and non-orphans aged 10-14. In 27 out of 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa that have reported data for at least two points in time, school attendance among children who have lost one or both parents has increased. Despite those impressive gains, concerns remain about the low coverage of external care and support for households caring for orphans and vulnerable children. In 25 countries where household surveys were conducted between 2005 and 2009, a median of 11 per cent of households were receiving external support. Despite the large number of children in need, the responses for orphans and vulnerable children remain small and fragmented, and fail to connect to broader prevention and treatment efforts for children affected by AIDS. Until now, orphans have been considered a convenient proxy for children affected by AIDS, yet orphanhood is not necessarily a marker of the most vulnerable children, including those living outside of households. There is growing interest in developing more multidimensional indicators of vulnerability that describe not only the extent to which children are affected by AIDS, but also broader poverty-related vulnerability.", "74. Children who have lost parents to AIDS will need continued attention long after rates of new infection subside. Care and support for orphans and children made vulnerable by HIV should be seen as part of a cycle of intervention giving paramount priority to linkages between care and support and primary prevention and access to treatment for young people living with HIV. Investment in social protection measures and child protection for orphans and children made vulnerable by HIV is crucial for ensuring more equitable outcomes. Not only can such programmes reduce the economic vulnerability of children who have lost parents or who are living with sick relatives, but they can also be protective and reduce vulnerability to HIV infection, as demonstrated by evidence related to keeping adolescent girls in school. Well-designed cash transfers offer incentives for adherence to treatment and for the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. That is one of many AIDS-specific interventions with broad potential for improving the health and welfare of families caring for children, whatever the cause of the vulnerability.", "IV. Ways forward", "75. Although considerable progress has been seen in several key child-related indicators during the nearly 10 years since the convening of the special session of the General Assembly on children, disparities within many countries and among regions are in many cases worsening or staying at the same levels. An equity-focused approach, with efforts concentrating on the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children and families, is potentially the most cost-effective and quickest way to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The approach will also help to sustain progress and to assure the children of poor and disadvantaged communities of a future that is consistent with global commitments made to all children in the Declaration and Plan of Action that emerged from the special session. The commitments were reaffirmed at the commemorative high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly devoted to the follow-up to the outcome of the special session on children, held in December 2007. Equity-focused strategies will improve the provision and use of social services and reduce barriers that result from factors such as geographical location, income poverty, lack of information and social discrimination.", "76. The 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals and resolution 65/1, entitled “Keeping the promise: united to achieve the Millennium Development Goals”, provided new impetus to meet the aspirations of children and families worldwide. Further initiatives at the country, regional and global levels, including through an appropriate commemorative high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly in 2012, may be considered by Member States as a mechanism with which to review progress, especially for children who are most disadvantaged, and to further galvanize action to make the world fit for children by 2015.", "[1] Annual reviews of progress have been submitted to the General Assembly, beginning with the fifty-eighth session (A/58/333, A/59/274, A/60/207, A/61/270, A/62/259, A/63/308, A/64/285 and A/65/226).", "[2] See United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2171, No. 27531. The Optional Protocols were adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 54/263, annex I (on the involvement of children in armed conflict) and annex II (on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目65(b)", "促进和保护儿童权利： 儿童问题特别会议成果的后续行动", "大会儿童问题特别会议的后续行动", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告根据大会第58/157和58/282号决议的要求印发，在上述两个决议中，会员国要求秘书长继续向大会报告关于大会儿童问题特别会议所做承诺的执行进展情况，这些承诺载于题为“适合儿童生长的世界”的特别会议成果文件(S-27/2)中。本报告概述在这方面取得的进展和面临的挑战，以及进一步取得进展所需采取的行动，尤其是在各种情况下帮助最易受害和处境最不利的儿童的必要性。", "本报告指出，如果无法兑现承诺，则到2015年及其后实现《联合国千年宣言》的愿望和千年发展目标的努力将受到严重影响。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\t\n2.大会儿童问题特别会议的后续行动 3\t\nA.为儿童制定计划 3\t\nB.推动执行《儿童权利公约》 4\t\nC.为儿童开展协作和调集资源 5\t\nD.监测进展 5\t\nE.儿童的参与和自我表达 6\t\n3.四个主要目标领域的进展情况 7\t\nA.促进健康生活 7\t\nB.提供优质教育 9\t\nC.防止虐待、剥削和暴力 11\t\nD.防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病 14\t\n4.今后方向 16", "一. 导言", "1. 过去10年中，《联合国千年宣言》和千年发展目标促成了前所未有的承诺和伙伴关系，目的是在实现儿童权利方面取得进展。历届首脑会议和会议重申了这些承诺和伙伴关系。2007年，举行了关于建立一个“适合儿童生长的世界”(S-27/2)的承诺的高级别纪念全体会议，审查《宣言》和《行动计划》执行成果和进展情况。在题为“履行诺言：团结一致实现千年发展目标”的大会第65/1号决议中，会员国进一步承诺加快实现千年发展目标的进展。", "2. 本报告沿用以往报告[1] 的做法，评估在实现“适合儿童生长的世界”所载目标方面取得的进展。其中许多目标与《联合国千年宣言》和千年发展目标为儿童设想的关键目标相一致。", "3. 与2000年通过《千年宣言》时相比，5周岁前死于可预防原因的儿童人数每年减少210万；1999至2008年间，小学适龄儿童辍学人数减少了3 900万。但是，每年5岁以下儿童死亡人数达810万，孕产妇死亡人数超过35万；仍有将近6 700万儿童失学；在发展中国家有1.95亿5岁以下儿童发育迟缓，阻碍了千年发展目标的实现。数百万计儿童继续承受冲突带来的强烈影响，例如失去父母或者突如其来地被迫迁移别处。估计每天仍然有1 000多名婴儿出生时携带艾滋病毒，近500万15至24岁青年感染艾滋病毒。2亿多名5岁以下儿童没有出生证明。", "4. 2008至2009年的全球经济衰退以及粮食和能源商品价格的波动，证实各国在全球经济中相互依存，并且需要在国家和全球各级加强利用发展政策保障儿童地位，尤其是最贫困家庭儿童的地位。能力薄弱、金融动荡和负债增加已证实阻碍许多发展中国家持续实现千年发展目标，并往往造成社会之间和社会内部的差距不断扩大。", "5. 社会投资下降，加上长期存在的挑战，例如土著人民和处境不利的少数群体、残疾儿童和女孩受到社会排斥，移民、城市快速扩张和气候不稳定产生影响，使推行“适合儿童生长的世界”变得更加困难。", "二. 大会儿童问题特别会议的后续行动", "A. 为儿童制定计划", "6. 2010年至少有81个国家就儿童和妇女权利问题开展了重大专题研究或分析。又有6个国家加入了由联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)牵头提出的儿童贫穷与差距问题全球倡议，使参加国增加至52个。在情况分析中更加关注确认最易受害和最弱势儿童和妇女，以推动注重公平，能更好地支持他们的战略。将分析结果用于发展政策，保护和促进儿童权利。", "7. 2011年，儿基会出版了一份题为《世界儿童状况：青春期——充满机遇的年代》的报告。该报告强调了对青少年投资以打破贫穷和不平等周期的重要性。气候变化、城市化、经济衰退和就业率上升给当今世界带来了前所未有的挑战，面对这样一个日益不确定的世界，报告强调需要充分支持青少年，使他们充分发挥自身的潜力。", "8. 支持根据各国国情保护最易受伤害的群体被视为紧急优先事项。继续注重提高就业增长率、维持基本服务和加强社会保护措施对巩固和扩大经济复苏和全体人民的福祉至关重要。", "B. 推动执行《儿童权利公约》", "9. 2010年5月，秘书长、负责暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表、负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表、儿基会、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处和合作伙伴发起了一项全球运动，以推动在2012年底前普遍批准和执行《儿童权利公约》任择议定书。该运动的目的在于提高人们对防止暴力机制，包括遵守国际标准和有效执行这些标准的重要性的认识。自此次运动发起以来，又有8个国家批准/加入了关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书，1个国家签署了该议定书，使缔约国数量增加至145个，签字国数量增加至118个。2010年，另有7个国家批准了关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书。[2]", "10. 2010年在儿基会和国际劳工组织(劳工组织)的支持下，首次尝试利用“打击以劳动力剥削、性剥削和其他形式剥削为目的贩运儿童的培训手册”举办区域培训员培训。", "11. 通过支持人权理事会关于性暴力侵害儿童行为的一般讨论日和决议(13/20)，加大了国际社会对性暴力行为的关注。作为该专题辩论的后续行动，负责暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表和买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员联合编写了一份报告(A/HRC/16/56)提交人权理事会，该报告呼吁在每个国家为儿童建立无障碍、安全和对儿童问题敏感的心理咨询、投诉和报告机制，以报告暴力事件。同儿童权利委员会和消除对妇女歧视委员会分享了社会规范和处理有害传统做法的技术知识，以帮助确保上述两委员会在今后关于有害做法的一般性联合评论中体现这些知识。", "12. 伙伴关系继续得到加强。2010年，“携手扶持女孩”举措的范围得到扩大，重点是围绕防止暴力侵害儿童，尤其是性暴力侵害儿童行为开展数据收集和协调一致的方案响应和宣传活动。“携手扶持女孩”举措是2009年推出的创新多国伙伴关系，目的在于制止对非洲和东亚女孩的性暴力。这些努力鼓励了在地方一级采取行动，同时又激发全球伙伴的兴趣，促进他们提供支助。关于儿童权利和针对儿童的影响评估的公司工作手册已编写完成，并与利益攸关方进行了协商。联合国少女工作队倡导并促进为少女，尤其是最边缘化少女制定全面的政策和方案。另外，儿基会继续就海牙国际私法会议的4项儿童公约与其建立进一步关系。向海牙全球童工问题会议投入了技术，并向各国提供后续行动和支持，以执行到2016年消除最恶劣形式童工现象的路线图所载建议。", "13. 对于生活在最贫穷国家和处境最不利群体中的儿童而言，扩大基本服务的覆盖范围对实现他们的权利至关重要。“扩大规模”涉及一系列复杂的行动，包括扩大实施各种经检验的干预措施和克服提供服务时面临的行为、体制和环境障碍。而这又要求充分理解为孩子提供基本服务时所遇到的瓶颈和家庭在获取这些服务时所面临的障碍。要求各项措施具备更高的一致性和统一性。", "C. 为儿童开展协作和调集资源", "14. 2010年，与捐助方的合作增加，使得在紧急状况下为儿童调集资源的协调工作得到加强。新的捐助方提供了人道主义资金，以提高人道主义应急能力。多年和多国具体周期专题协议等供资协议纳入了新机制，从而提供了更大的灵活性和对方案供资有了更高的可预测性。", "15. 根据联合国千年发展目标差距工作队2010年报告，2009年发展援助委员会成员的援助额接近1 200亿美元，按实际价值计算，增幅不足1%。但是官方发展援助在捐助国国民总收入中所占份额仅为0.31%，远低于0.7%的目标。仅有5个捐助国达到并超过了这一目标。在许多发展中国家，汇款已成为不断增长的收入来源，估计2008年的汇款额高达3 360亿美元。在目前的危机下，汇款已证实比私人资本流动更具韧性。2010年，进一步扩大了涉及基金会、非政府组织和全球方案的伙伴关系，为全世界儿童调集额外资金提供了机会。主要捐助方包括国际扶轮社、比尔及梅林达·盖茨基金会和全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金。", "16. 随着金融滑坡，全球讨论越来越关注于基础设施和农业等关键投资部门。虽然总体水平似乎没有下降，但是多数国家投资于儿童的资源仍然远远不够。结果可能会对今后的基本社会服务供资造成有害影响，而这方面供资对儿童的福祉至关重要。", "D. 监测进展", "17. 全球儿童和妇女数据库在2010年得到更新。对来自国家户口调查和其它来源的数据进行了分析，并按性别、财富和地点分类，以便更深刻了解不平等状况。联合国作出大量努力，以统一合作伙伴间的数据，包括对新方法、指标标准化、监测工具、建立国家统计能力以及拟订联合评估形成共同认识。", "18. 在前三轮(1995年、2000年、2005至2006年)，全球共进行了近200次多指标类集调查。第四轮在2009至2011年进行，涵盖更为广泛的指标。2010年开始产生调查结果。", "19. 联合国发展集团共同数据库软件——发展信息数据系统——作为一个组织、展示和分析标准化人力发展数据的工具，在世界范围内得到采用。截至2010年，发展信息数据系统共有120多种适应版本可供使用。来自众多方案国的1 000多名专家得到了培训，以支持各国努力建立国家人类发展数据储存库，包括与儿童相关的广泛指标。", "20. 2010年，儿基会进行的一项名为“拉近差距，实现目标”的研究，为一项基于公平原则的战略提供了有说服力的证据，这与传统途径相比，可使全球社会更快、更具成本效益地实现千年发展目标中的具体目标4和5。根据该研究，这项战略具有潜力，可在2015年最后期限到来之前，帮助避免数百万计妇女和儿童的死亡。", "E. 儿童的参与和自我表达", "21. 儿童越来越多地参与到落实儿童权利和实现千年发展目标的工作中。一些国家建立了议员儿童权利问题常设委员会，不间断地定期与儿童进行面对面的对话。许多国家报告了儿童的媒体活动以及使用信息技术，增进儿童的参与。针对年轻人进行的调查和民意测验越来越多，以进一步了解年轻人对他们所在社会的观点和意见。正在做出特别努力，以加强往往处于边缘化的儿童(如少女、残疾儿童和土著儿童)的参与。", "22. 在国际青年年期间，越来越多的青少年参与解决影响国家治理的诸多问题。许多帮助国家加强儿童参与的能力建设工具已开发完成，比如，儿基会和“拯救儿童”为政府官员制订的关于《儿童权利公约》的第12号一般性意见手册。儿基会和各国议会联盟也完成了有关儿童参与的议员手册，目的是在议会进程中促进儿童的利益和观点。", "23. 参与影响儿童和青少年生活和福祉的重要全球论坛的儿童人数持续增长，包括参与全球移徙问题小组、联合国土著问题常设论坛以及秘书长关于女童和青年报告的编制工作。儿基会和青年联盟社区组织在联合国粮食及农业组织的支持下，制订了“气候变化：立即采取行动！”指南，以支持当地儿童和青年的行动，并特别重视女童和青少年。", "三. 四个主要目标领域的进展情况", "A. 促进健康生活", "24. 自1990年以来，发展中国家的5岁以下幼儿死亡率从每千个活产儿死亡99人下降到2009年的每千个活产儿死亡66人。1990年，约1 240万活产儿在5岁之前死亡，但在2009年，这一数字减少到了810万，为有记录以来的最低数字。这代表着年下降率为2.1%，但现在这一比例必须提升到每年至少达11.6%，才能实现到2015年将5岁以下幼儿死亡率减少三分之二的目标。在发展中国家，20%最贫穷家庭的5岁以下幼儿死亡率平均是20%最富裕家庭的2倍多。同样，农村地区5岁以下儿童死亡率可能远远高于城市地区。", "25. 每年有近150万5岁以下儿童死于肺炎，占全球儿童死亡人数的近五分之一。腹泻仍是造成5岁以下儿童死亡的第二大原因，第三大原因是麻疹。2009年，全球82%的一岁以下儿童接种了麻疹疫苗。同样，估计全球白喉、百日咳、破伤风三联疫苗免疫覆盖率从2000年的74%增加到了2009年的82%。2000年至2008年，改善免疫覆盖率与给予第二剂接种机会相结合，使全球因麻疹而死亡的人数下降了78%。但降低新生儿死亡率的进展仍较为缓慢。", "26. 由于疟疾防控工作资金增加并在政策上得到更多关注，仅2008年至2010年，在撒哈拉以南非洲就发放了2.9亿顶驱虫蚊帐，这足以满足近80%经报道的需求。", "27. 自1988年发起全球消除小儿麻痹症倡议以来，25亿儿童接受了免疫接种，但小儿麻痹症仍未得到根除，并持续在该疾病的四个流行国家(阿富汗、印度、尼日利亚和巴基斯坦)传播。冲突和相关的安全关切以及服务覆盖面不足和自然灾害限制了在阿富汗和巴基斯坦部分地区取得进展。", "28. 全球三分之一的5岁以下儿童死亡率与营养不良有关。虽然发展中国家体重不足儿童的比例由1990年的31%下降到了2008年的26%，但许多国家仍没有取得足够进展或没有取得任何进展。1995年至2009年，南亚地区最贫困家庭儿童的状况没有得到切实改善，而20%最富裕家庭儿童体重不足的普遍现象却下降了近三分之一。在发展中国家，最贫困的五分之一家庭中有40%的幼儿体重不足，而最富裕五分之一家庭中的此一比例则为15%。在发展中国家，农村地区儿童体重不足的可能性是城市地区的两倍，而发育迟缓的可能性比城市地区高出50%。截至2011年初，有数据记录的118个国家中，只有58个国家正在按计划达到将体重不足儿童的数目减半的目标。", "29. 最不发达国家儿童的维生素A补充剂覆盖率仍然较高，2009年，87%的儿童得到了两剂维生素A补充剂，其中撒哈拉以南非洲为81%，亚洲为76%。最不发达国家的覆盖率提高了一倍以上，从2000年的41%增加到了2008年的88%。", "30. 消除缺碘性失调症的工作也持续取得进展。2002年，大会儿童问题特别会议核可了普及食盐碘化的目标，当时有21个国家至少90%的家庭使用适当加碘食盐，现在达到这一目标的国家为37个。据最新数据显示，发展中国家约72%的家庭消费适当加碘食盐，亚洲家庭约为73%，撒哈拉以南非洲为61%。", "31. 婴幼儿喂养方面取得的进展有限。在发展中国家，全母乳喂养率仅稍有增长，从1995年的33%增长到了2008年的38%。但是，19个国家在过去的5至10年中，通过健全的政策、执法和社区支助相结合的方式，全母乳喂养率显著提升了至少20%。", "32. 2010年，秘书长的全球粮食安全危机高级别工作队特别强调了改善营养的重要性，并协助促进对话以及维持全球战略伙伴关系和倡议。发展中国家为改善儿童和妇女营养状况作出大量努力，包括通过制订路线图，以实施100多个机构参与制定的加强营养框架中提出的建议。", "33. 据估算，1990年至2008年，全球孕产妇死亡率每年仅下降2.3%，但要实现2015年的目标，从1990年起，每年的死亡率必须下降5.5%。2008年的孕产妇死亡率估计为35.8万例，虽与1990年相比下降了34%，但目标则为下降75%。1990年至2008年，147个国家实现了孕产妇死亡率的下降，其中90个国家下降40%或以上。虽然取得了该项进展，但发展中国家仍占孕产妇死亡率总数的99%，其中撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚占87%。怀孕和分娩并发症是全世界15至19岁少女死亡的主因之一。", "34. 富裕人口和贫困人口在孕产妇保健领域也存在显著差距。在发达国家，几乎所有的分娩过程都有熟练的保健人员助产，而在最不发达国家，城市地区妇女的这一数字仅为41%。最富裕的五分之一家庭和最贫困的五分之一家庭的比例是3比1。在发展中国家，妇女在妊娠期间接受护理的差异也很显著，城市地区妇女在分娩前至少接受一次产前护理的可能性是农村地区妇女的1.3倍。妇女是否有能力决定生育子女的时间和数量显著影响着产妇的发病率和死亡率。2008年，超过半数的15至49岁已婚或同居妇女使用某种形式的避孕措施。但2000年至2008年，避孕措施进展缓慢。撒哈拉以南非洲妇女的避孕普及率最低(22%)，并且自2000年以来，基本未取得进展。全世界计划生育需求未得到满足的15至49岁已婚或同居妇女的人数超过1.2亿。", "35. 如今，世界人口的87%，共59亿人使用源自改良水源的饮用水，这一数字较1990年增长了18亿。但是，8.84亿人仍无法从改良水源获得饮用水，这些人几乎全部生活在发展中地区。撒哈拉以南非洲占该数字的三分之一以上，并在实现千年发展目标具体目标7方面进展滞后。地区、国家和城乡间差异仍十分巨大。在撒哈拉以南非洲，城市居民使用改良饮用水源的可能性是农村居民的1.8倍。发展中地区94%的城市人口使用改良水源，但农村人口仅为76%。但是在城市地区，覆盖率的扩大几乎跟不上人口增长的步伐。1990年以来，世界城市人口增长了10.9亿，而无法使用改良饮用水源的人口也从1.02亿增加到了1.4亿。", "36. 超过26亿人仍缺少抽水马桶或其它形式的改良卫生设施，虽然1990至2008年，获得改良卫生设施的人数约达13亿，但全世界仍将落后环境卫生目标13个百分点。除非作出巨大努力，否则将无法实现降低得不到基本卫生设施的人口比例的目标。", "37. 2010年发起了“人人享有环境卫生和饮用水”活动，帮助扩大饮用水、环境卫生和个人卫生方案，这是一项发展中国家、捐助国、多边机构、民间社会和其它实体共同努力实现普遍、可持续地享有卫生设施和饮用水的全球伙伴关系。当前的重点是加快严重偏离正规的国家和最贫困的社区实现目标的进程。2010年，49个国家接受了卫生支助，目标是通过从需求出发的参与性社区全面卫生办法，消除随地大小便现象。此外，已制定改变国家行为的密集宣传方案、提倡用肥皂洗手的国家由2008年的53个增加到2010年的87个。", "38. 2010年世界幼儿期照料和教育会议呼吁加强在该领域的承诺，并强调公平和包容；会议还呼吁通过加强父母、家庭和服务提供者的能力，扩展对幼儿的高质量照料。儿基会和世界卫生组织联合制订了一份订正的儿童发育护理训练计划，2010年在南非约翰内斯堡召开的国际儿科协会大会启动了这项计划。", "39. 为加快在妇女和儿童健康方面取得进展，秘书长带头推动一项全球性努力，召集了来自政府、民间社会和公司部门的所有主要利益攸关方，制订促进实现千年发展目标具体目标第4和5的计划。随之发起的全球妇女和儿童健康战略概述了急需采取行动增加筹资、加强政策和改善服务提供的主要领域。该战略要求有关各方协调行动，使针对最贫困人口采取的经检验的干预措施产生最大影响。", "40. 2010年，约100个国家发生了近300起人道主义状况，影响了数百万的儿童。海地的地震紧急情况和巴基斯坦的季风洪灾对社区和儿童造成了严重危害，影响了超过300万的海地居民和近2 000万的巴基斯坦居民。此外，智利、中国和印度尼西亚也发生了地震，尼日尔和萨赫勒地区发生了旱灾和不断恶化的营养不良状况；阿富汗、刚果民主共和国、索马里和苏丹的危机旷日持久，世界其它地区则发生新的冲突。", "B. 提供优质教育", "41. 为实现千年发展目标具体目标2，在提高入学率、缩小性别差距和为弱势群体儿童提供更多机会方面取得了长足进展。但2008年仍有大约6 700万小学适龄儿童失学，尽管失学儿童数量自1999年以来已减少3 900万。以最近学校入学率增速为基础的预测指出，2015年至少仍有7 200万小学适龄儿童有可能失学。另外，仍有7 400万初中适龄儿童失学。", "42. 虽然初等教育入学率继续上升，在发展中世界达到89%，但一些国家的净入学率从1999年到2008年并无提高。至少有20个国家的入学率甚至下降。全世界未入学的小学适龄儿童中，42%、即2 800万名此类儿童生活在受冲突影响的贫穷国家。甚至中等收入国家也往往有大量边缘化群体中的儿童不能上小学。根据对42个发展中国家的数据分析表明，最贫穷的20%家庭的女孩的失学几率比最富有家庭的女孩高3.5倍，比最富有家庭的男孩高4倍。失学儿童问题全球倡议在2010年初启动，目标是引入较为系统的办法以应对让失学儿童上学的挑战。许多国家正在推广诸如取消学费、注重公平的社会保护手段和学校供餐方案等措施，旨在消除费用对入学和继续上学构成的障碍。2010年，146个报告国中，44%制定了政策，并配有具体机制和适当预算，以消除费用和其他因素对普及初等教育构成的障碍。", "43. 2010年，有更多报告国制定了学校落实到位的国家政策。146个报告国中，65个国家制定了该项政策，而2008年是50个。2010年，44个国家通过与联合国女孩教育倡议建立伙伴关系等途径，推动基础教育的政策发展，并更大规模地实施注重性别平等的干预措施。全球一级的重大成果是通过了《加速女孩教育与性别平等达喀尔宣言》。", "44. 2010年，通过为女孩开设辅导班，设立补助金和奖学金计划，进行重视性别平等的教师培训以及提供课堂材料等各种办法，为女孩继续上学和升入中学消除障碍。在贫穷社区分发以积极学习、重视公平和编入新课程为基础的学习和教学材料。多国政府为使弱势儿童入学并继续上学，采取了适龄儿童速成学习举措。47个国家在初等教育课程、51个国家在中等教育课程中纳入了环境与气候变化方面的教育。", "45. 2002年启动了全民教育“快车道倡议”，旨在帮助低收入国家普及免费基础教育，并确保它们加快实现千年发展目标具体目标2。该倡议成功调集资金用于国家教育部门计划及制定计划，包括在若干脆弱国家内。", "46. 然而最近有证据显示，教育质量落后于学校入学比率的提升。为解决这个问题，截止2010年，79个国家采用了以爱生学校或类似模式为基础的小学教育质量标准，而2005年是43个国家。建立保护儿童、特别是保护女孩的学习环境现已成为优质教育必不可少的组成部分。各种创造安全空间，防止暴力侵害和性虐待儿童行为的方案，以及心理社会服务和社区干预措施已经在一些国家深入进行。仍在继续努力在学校系统中禁止一切形式暴力行为。截止2010年，79个国家制定了禁止体罚的国家政策；50个国家制定了国家教育部门计划，以应对感染艾滋病毒和艾滋病的儿童问题；88个国家在学校开展了以饮水、环卫和讲卫生为主题的活动，超过2万所学校的420万儿童从中受益。2010年4月，启动了此类活动的“多伙伴行动呼吁”，以加强对该问题的重视。", "47. “教师促进全民教育”国际工作队强调在与教师有关的重要问题上采取行动，并实现全民教育目标和有关初等教育的千年发展目标，工作队由联合国教育、科学及文化组织负责协调，64个国家和24个国际政府组织和非政府组织参与其中。", "48. 在一项关于教育方案执行情况的审查中重点提到了下列制约因素：合作伙伴和政府对应部门的能力有限；政府各部门间、国家级与国以下各级间协调欠佳；政治局势不稳定；资金灵活性不够；以及监测和评价制度薄弱。要加快实现千年发展目标具体目标2，就必须在战略上重视促进教育部门计划中的公平和包容性成果，不仅对失学儿童、也对面临中途辍学和失学危险的儿童保持关注，以及加强国家监测和评价制度。", "49. 2010年，教育是人道主义应急行动的关键组成部分。在海地，儿基会及其合作伙伴领导了教育应急行动，涵盖大约583所学校，即远超过100万名儿童和5万名教师。在巴基斯坦，40多万名儿童和500多所学校在2010年获得支助。重返校园运动也成为伊拉克、也门和其他受自然灾害或冲突影响国家的一个特点。2010年，成立了35个国家级教育小组，从而加强了机构间常设委员会的全球教育小组机制。虽然人道主义应急行动有助于更快实现恢复，但更大的挑战在于如何加强应急行动，促进教育体制更长期的重建和改革。", "C. 防止虐待、剥削和暴力", "50. 无论在哪个财富阶层、处于何种发展和紧急情况背景下，属于低收入、中等收入还是工业化国家，儿童都容易在学校、福利和司法机构、家庭、工作场所和社区等一系列环境中，受到各种形式暴力、虐待和剥削的侵害。关于儿童保护，包括儿童状况和最可能受侵害的儿童的特征方面的有力数据日益增多。", "51. 发展中国家有近半数5岁以下儿童没有办理登记，因此得不到保护，也无法享受他们有权获得的保健、社会福利和教育等基本服务。最富有家庭的儿童办理出生登记的可能性比最贫穷家庭的儿童高2到3倍。财富阶层还与童婚有联系：在许多发展中国家，最贫穷家庭的女孩在18岁前结婚的可能性比最富有家庭的女孩高3倍。", "52. 虽然贫穷是预测某些儿童保护措施易遭违反的一项指标，但是造成这种现象的还有与歧视以及根深蒂固的社会规范、态度和行为有关的其他许多因素。某些形式的暴力行为跨越所有财富阶层和地理区域。在所有区域，许多儿童不论经济地位如何都遭受心理暴力和体罚。切割女性生殖器比率因族裔不同，而非因社会人口变量而出现差异。非洲29个国家和中东1个国家中的7 000多万名女孩和妇女(15到49岁)受到此陋习的侵害。", "53. 虽然很难收集与一些保护问题有关的确切数据，但现有的估计数字令人忧虑：每年遭受暴力侵害的儿童人数在5亿至15亿之间，施害者往往是儿童应该信任的人。据劳工组织估计，全世界大约有2.15亿18岁以下儿童沦为童工，其中男孩较可能从事经济活动，而很大一部分女孩则从事家务劳动。据认为至少有200万儿童被安置在机构中，至少有25个国家的儿童被武装团体或部队强制招募入伍。", "54. 加强儿童保护制度仍然是一个主要重点，通过制订计划和评估总结重大经验教训，以确保全面应对儿童保护问题。在消除构成暴力、剥削和虐待根源的社会规范方面也取得了进展，包括通过宣言摒弃切割女性生殖器的陋习。虽然将社会变革办法用于对付更广泛形式的暴力行为仍然是一项挑战，但这方面的知识库在2010年得到加强，并为一些国家的实际运用提供信息。大约有131个方案国家致力于加强社会福利和司法制度，至少有15个国家开展了构建儿童保护制度的综合行动。全世界为防止暴力侵害儿童而进行的法律改革势头有增无减。目前，29个国家颁布了全面的法律禁令，禁止在任何环境中实施任何形式的暴力，包括家庭体罚。各地区正在进行重大立法改革以实现全面禁止，很多国家通过了新立法，以禁止贩卖、性虐待和性剥削、家庭暴力以及切割女性生殖器等具体形式的暴力。", "55. 2010年，儿基会、联合国难民事务高级专员、拯救儿童和芝加哥大学蔡平馆签署了一份题为“调整适应儿童保护的系统办法：重大概念和考虑”的文件，其中阐明了了解儿童保护制度的共同出发点。文件详述了儿童保护制度的功能，为开发规划和评估工具奠定了基础，其中一些工具于2010年初在撒哈拉以南非洲和其他区域得到试用和推出。", "56. 规划和评估活动对于加强制度工作至关重要。这项活动支持利用所有现有资源，促进制度的各组成部分间的联系，并确定弱势民众能够利用该制度并从中获益的途径。规划进程通过将相关行为体纳入正式或不太正式的架构中，就儿童保护制度的目标和需要采取的行动达成政治共识。", "57. 国家政策与替代性照料国际标准保持一致的趋势日益明显，包括与《关于替代性儿童照料的导则》中建议的国际标准保持一致。2010年，有58个国家通过了符合国际标准的国家政策，而2005年是36个。在结论意见中敦请向儿童权利委员会提交报告的国家在开展儿童保护服务时应考虑到《导则》。在全球范围制定了一项衡量和监测武装暴力行为框架，其中包括有关儿童的具体指标。为了应对在该部门进行监测和评价的全球挑战，设立了一个机构间儿童保护监测和评价咨商小组，目的是改进数据收集方法和加强协调。", "58. 在出生登记率低的国家，研究和规划活动为制定国家行动计划和政策提供了基础。加强人力资源能力，以及与卫生服务部门合作改进提供与保护有关的服务，是儿童保护制度工作中的另一个核心组成部分，是2010年很多国家的工作重点。为加强向儿童提供保护服务的机构能力，利用短信息服务技术等创新办法进行出生登记。", "59. 2010年，儿基会和其他伙伴与至少99个国家的立法者和决策者合作，改进与儿童保护有关的法律和政策框架。还加大努力影响绕过司法程序和采取替代拘留措施的国家议程，有助于更深刻地认识到两者对于确保根据《儿童权利公约》保护触法儿童权利，至关重要。此外在2010年，大约有24个方案国利用了爱幼和性别意识正确的调查及法庭程序，而2008年是17个。", "60. 2010年，联合国人口基金-儿基会通过联合方案在15个国家加紧努力，进一步应用社会规范认识，支持加速摒弃切割女性生殖器官陋习。显著成果包括全社区更广泛地公开摒弃这一陋习，区以下和区一级摒弃这一陋习的现象日益增加。在“携手扶持女孩倡议”下，为减少暴力侵害女孩行为在全球和国家进行的合作正在得到加强。印度根据国家一级行动计划和2010年完成的社会规范成长研究结果，可望在2011年制定一项禁止童婚国家战略。", "61. 一般性讨论日、2010年3月人权理事会通过的关于打击性暴力侵害儿童行为的决议(见上文第11段)，以及负责暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表和买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员的联合报告，是为各国打击对儿童的性暴力和性剥削行为的工作提供借鉴的重要指导原则和建议。", "62. 2010年海牙全球童工问题会议召开之后，将利用商定的到2016年消除最恶劣形式童工路线图，跟踪直到2016年的进展情况。此外，在第九十九届国际劳工大会上，劳工组织成员国同意拟定一项关于家务劳动的公约和建议。", "63. 把应对冲突、后调整为应对灾害的机构间导则和工具用来应对大规模自然灾害被发现是不够的，2010年开始努力弥补差距，其中包括制定“儿童友好空间”机构间标准、与待命伙伴共组紧急情况下儿童保护快速反应小组和提供机构间应急准备培训。在2009年能力建设基础上，支持各国消除基于性别的暴力行为。这将是联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)与其他合作伙伴的一个重点核心领域。", "64. 根据安全理事会第1612(2005)号决议规定的职责，支持在13个国家武装冲突局势下实施关于严重侵害儿童行为的监督和报告机制。正在根据安全理事会第1888(2009)号决议制定一个监督和报告机制，其中将包括一套指标，用以衡量联合国对性暴力行为采取的对策，并为如何在国家、区域和全球各级建立监督和报告制度提供指导。还需加大力度收集和分析关于最边缘化儿童和群体的保护和他们所面临的其他挑战的数据。", "65. 2010年，向15个受冲突影响国家提供支助，帮助28 000名受武装冲突影响的儿童和11 400名与武装部队和武装团体有牵连的儿童重返社会。另有11个国家签署了保护被武装部队或武装团伙非法征召或利用的儿童的《巴黎承诺》，使签署国总数增加到95个。", "66. 通过儿童保护分组工作加深认识在更广泛的应急反应和人道主义应急工作中开展的儿童保护活动，包括加深认识基于性别的暴力行为、精神保健和心理社会支助问题。19个国家得到紧急情况下保护儿童的技术支助。尤其令人关注的是，在海地应急行动中通过对安置在机构中的儿童和流离失所儿童、孤身/失散儿童的儿童友好空间进行的儿童问题多部门评估，在儿童保护、水和环卫、营养和卫生问题上形成的方案统一。由此而对海地机构中儿童的需求和儿童友好空间有了一个更全面的了解。", "67. 作为加强宗教社群，特别是宗教间机制保护受冲突影响儿童的能力的多年伙伴关系的一部分，儿基会和宗教致力于和平组织根据联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题独立专家的报告(A/61/299)中所载建议，共同出版了题为“从承诺到行动：宗教社群可为消除暴力侵害儿童行为采取的行动”的导则。", "68. 经验表明需继续重视儿童保护制度和改善一切情况下，包括冲突和自然灾害中的社会规范。合作伙伴间需要进一步加强对以战略方法处理最弱势儿童需求的认识和知识交流。虽然在监督和评价方面取得了进展，儿童保护数据得到了扩充，但是挑战依然存在。当前的户口调查并未将离家儿童，包括安置在机构中、拘留中心、从事最恶劣形式童工劳动或流落街头的儿童包括在内。为确保干预措施产生积极成效及符合儿童的最大利益，更全面地了解最弱势和最边缘化儿童，包括无家庭照料的儿童状况，至关重要。", "D. 防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病", "69. 2009年，估计有3 330万人感染艾滋病毒，比1999年增长27%。据估计，2009年，有500万青年人(15至24岁)感染艾滋病毒，占同年15岁及以上艾滋病毒新感染者的41%。撒哈拉以南非洲仍然是受影响最严重地区，占艾滋病毒感染者总数的68%，占艾滋病死亡人数的72%。2009年，约890万15至24岁青年为艾滋病毒新患者，每天增加近2 500名患者，其中75%的新患者在撒哈拉以南非洲。此流行病尤其影响到妇女和儿童。全球60%感染艾滋病毒的年轻人是青年妇女；在撒哈拉以南非洲，这一数字更高达72%。撒哈拉以南非洲的少女和青年妇女感染艾滋病毒的可能性高于同龄男性好几倍。2004至2009年，接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的人数增长了13倍，同期与艾滋病有关的死亡人数也随之减少19%。然而此流行病继续产生严重后果。2005至2009年，艾滋病孤儿人数从1 460万增加到1 660万。", "70. 所有孕妇自愿接受常规艾滋病毒检测和咨询，是提供服务防止母婴传播艾滋病毒的一个关键切入点。中、低收入国家孕妇接受艾滋病毒检测的比例从2005年的7%上升到2009年的26%。截至2009年底，在所有中、低收入国家中，27个国家已经达到大会第二十七届特别会议制定的目标(见第S-27/2号决议)，即到2010年80%的孕妇接受了艾滋病毒检测和咨询。2009年，在感染艾滋病毒的孕妇中，53%接受了预防母婴传播艾滋病毒的抗逆转录病毒治疗，而2008年是45%。在撒哈拉以南非洲，这一比例从2008年的45%提升到2009年的53%。在滋病毒呈阳性母亲生育的婴儿中，约三分之一接受了防止母婴传播的治疗；在中、低收入国家，这一覆盖面只略有提高，从2008年的32%增加到2009年的35%。必须作出更加实质性的努力，实现普遍检测和在抗逆转录病毒治疗上达到95%的覆盖率，才能实现消除母婴传播艾滋病毒的目标。", "71. 在全球，儿童接受治疗的覆盖面(28%)明显低于成人(37%)。根据2010年的新准则，更多感染艾滋病毒的儿童，包括所有2岁以下儿童，有资格开始接受抗逆转录病毒治疗。但是新数据显示，这一潜在机会在很大程度上未得到利用。2009年，有250万名15岁以下儿童为艾滋病毒感染者。虽然中、低收入国家接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的儿童人数从2008年的275.3万人增加到2009年的356.4万人，但是这一数字在目前新准则规定有此需要的127万儿童中，仍然只占28%。然而，成人与儿童之间的实际差距要大得多，约50%感染艾滋病毒、又得不到治疗的儿童在二周岁之前就夭折。现在已可提供一系列具有成本效益的抗逆转录病毒儿童配方，通过技术改进，可以快速诊断艾滋病毒。", "72. 2001年估计有570万15至24岁青年感染上艾滋病毒。2009年底，这一数字降低到500万。此外，2009年估计有890万15至24岁青年新感染了艾滋病毒。青年人中间艾滋病毒流行程度大幅降低，与初次性生活年龄推迟、减少性伴侣人数和增加使用避孕药具等更安全行为和做法的明显趋势有关。根据联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署2010年的报告，2001至2008年期间，在撒哈拉以南非洲22个关键国家，青年人中间的流行率骤降了25%以上。在世界多数地区，艾滋病毒新感染率稳步下降或保持稳定。在全球感染艾滋病毒的青年人中，估计80%居住在20个国家，分散在世界好几个区域，并有着该疾病流行的多种环境。年轻妇女仍然更容易受到感染。很多国家的妇女在25岁前就染上艾滋病毒的风险最大。关于青年人掌握艾滋病毒全面知识的数据表明，整体水平仍远落后于大会第二十七届特别会议设定的到2010年达到95%的目标，并突显不同区域和国家间的差异。自2000年以来，在17个有青年男性趋势数据和22个有青年女性趋势数据的国家中，11个国家男女青年避孕药具的使用率都提高了十个百分点或以上。为减少青年人感染艾滋病毒的人数，必须加大努力增强校内外青年人有关艾滋病毒的全面知识，增加青年人报告性行为期间使用避孕药具的人数，以及加强为青年人提供的艾滋病毒检测和咨询服务。", "73. 多数撒哈拉以南非洲国家，在实现10至14岁孤儿和非孤儿在校比例均等方面取得了重大进展。在至少提供两个时间点数据的31个撒哈拉以南非洲国家，27个国家失去父亲或母亲或父母双亡的儿童在校率提高。尽管取得了明显进展，孤儿和易受伤害儿童得到外部照顾和家庭照顾支助的覆盖面较低，仍令人关切。 在2005至2009年期间做过户口调查的25个国家，11%的中位数家庭接受了外部支助。尽管大批儿童需要帮助，为孤儿和易受伤害儿童采取的措施仍然较少且不成系统，未能与更大范围的防止儿童感染艾滋病和为其提供治疗的努力联系起来。直到现在，孤儿随便成为艾滋病感染儿童的代名词，但是并非孤儿就一定被打上最易受伤害儿童，包括离家儿童的标记。制定多层面脆弱性指标的意向日益明显，其中不仅说明儿童易感染艾滋病的程度，还包括与贫穷有关的更广义的脆弱性。", "74. 在新感染率下降的很长一段时期内，失去艾滋病患者父母的儿童仍需要继续得到关爱。对易感染艾滋病毒的孤儿和儿童提供照料和支助，应成为循环干预措施的一部分，其中优先重视照料和支助与初级预防和感染艾滋病毒的青年人接受治疗之间的联系。投资于社会保护措施及为易感染艾滋病毒的孤儿和儿童提供的儿童保护，对于确保取得更加公平的成果，至关重要。与让少女继续上学有关的证据显示，这类方案不仅能减少失去双亲或与病患亲属生活在一起的儿童的经济脆弱性，还能防止感染艾滋病毒和减少易受感染率。精心设计的现金转移措施为坚持治疗和消除母婴传播艾滋病毒提供了奖励。这是针对艾滋病的多种干预措施的其中一种，具有改进照料儿童家庭的保健和福利的巨大潜力，而不论造成脆弱性的根源是什么。", "四. 今后方向", "75. 在关于儿童问题的大会特别会议举行后的近10年里，在达到与儿童有关的几个关键指标方面取得了长足进展，但是在很多情况下，许多国家内部和区域之间的差距不断扩大或维持在同等水平上。以最弱势和处境最不利儿童和家庭为工作重点的注重公平的方法，很可能是实现千年发展目标最具成本效益和最快的途径。这一方法还将有助于维持进展，确保贫穷和处境不利社区的儿童拥有的未来正是特别会议在《宣言》和《行动计划》的全球承诺中为所有儿童承诺的未来。2007年12月举行的专门讨论落实大会儿童问题特别会议成果后续行动的高级别全体纪念会议重申了这些承诺。注重公平的战略将改善社会服务的提供和利用，减少地理位置、收入贫穷、信息缺乏和社会歧视等因素构成的障碍。", "76. 2010年大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议和题为“履行诺言：团结一致实现千年发展目标”的第65/1号决议为实现全世界儿童和家庭的愿望提供了新的动力。会员国不妨将国家、区域和全球各级的进一步举措，包括在2012年适当时候举行的大会高级别全体纪念会议作为一项机制，用以审查进展，特别是在帮助处境最不利的儿童方面取得的进展，并加快采取行动，以便到2015年建成一个适合儿童生长的世界。", "[1] 自第五十八届会议起向大会提交关于进展情况的年度审查(A/58/333、A/59/274、A/60/207、A/61/270、A/62/259、A/63/308、A/64/285和A/65/226)。", "[2] 见联合国，《条约汇编》，第2171卷，第27531号，大会第54/263号决议附件一(关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题)和附件二(关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题)通过了这些任择议定书。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程* 项目65(b)", "促进和保护儿童权利:儿童问题特别会议成果的后续行动", "关于儿童问题的大会特别会议的后续行动", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "1. 本报告是根据大会第58/157号和第58/282号决议印发的。 会员国在决议中请秘书长继续向大会报告落实题为“适合儿童生长的世界”的大会特别会议成果文件(S-27/2)所载儿童问题特别会议所作承诺的进展情况。 报告概述了这方面的进展和挑战,以及为取得进一步进展所需采取的行动,特别是必须接触每个情况下最易受伤害和处境最不利的儿童。", "报告指出,未能兑现承诺将大大损害到2015年及以后实现《联合国千年宣言》和千年发展目标的愿望的努力。", "目录", "页 次\n页: 1 大会特别会议的后续行动4\nA. 儿童4\nB. 促进执行《儿童权利公约》4\nC. 协作5和利用资源\nD. 监 测 6\nE. 参与7和自我表达\n儿童三。 四大目标的进展7\nA. 促进健康7\nB. 提供10种质量\nC. 保护12人不受虐待、剥削和剥削\nD. 打击16\n艾滋病毒/艾滋病四。 B. 办法 18\n前进方向", "一. 导言", "页: 1 在过去十年中,《联合国千年宣言》和《千年发展目标》产生了史无前例的承诺和伙伴关系,以便在实现儿童权利方面取得进展,这些承诺和伙伴关系在历次首脑会议和会议上得到重申。 2007年举行了一次关于“适合儿童生长的世界”承诺的高级别纪念全体会议(S-27/2),审查在执行《宣言》和《行动计划》方面取得的成果和取得的进展。 在题为“兑现承诺:团结一致实现千年发展目标”的大会第165号决议中,会员国进一步承诺加快实现千年发展目标的进展。", "2. 结 论 1. 本报告沿用了以前的报告 ∗ ,并评估了在实现“适合儿童生长的世界”所定目标方面取得的进展,其中许多目标与《联合国千年宣言》和《千年发展目标》所设想的儿童关键目标相吻合。", "3. 。 与2000年通过《千年宣言》相比,每年有210万儿童死于可预防的疾病,直到其五岁生日;从1999年到2008年,小学学龄儿童辍学人数减少了3 900万。 然而,每年有810万5岁以下儿童死亡,350 000多名产妇死亡;近6 700万儿童仍然失学;在发展中国家,1.95亿5岁以下儿童发育迟缓,危及千年发展目标的实现。 数百万儿童继续遭受冲突的影响,如失去父母或突然被迫搬迁。 据估计,每天仍有1 000多名婴儿感染艾滋病毒,将近500万15至24岁的年轻人感染艾滋病毒。 2亿多五岁以下儿童没有出生证。", "4. 第四届会议 2008-2009年全球经济下滑以及粮食和能源商品价格波动暴露了各国全球经济的相互依存性,也暴露了在国家和全球两级加强使用发展政策以保障儿童,特别是最贫困家庭儿童的地位的必要性。 事实证明,能力薄弱、金融动荡和负债增加,对许多发展中国家持续实现千年发展目标具有破坏稳定的作用,而且往往与社会之间和内部不断扩大的差距有关。", "5. 社会投资下降,加上长期的挑战,如对土著和处境不利的少数群体、残疾儿童和女孩的社会排斥,以及移民的影响、迅速的城市扩张和气候不稳定,使得“适合儿童生长的世界”的实施更具挑战性。", "II. 关于儿童问题的大会特别会议的后续行动", "A. 导 言 儿童规划", "6. 任务 2010年,至少有81个国家进行了关于儿童和妇女权利的主要专题研究或分析。 另有6个国家加入了由联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)牵头的全球儿童贫穷和不平等倡议,使参与国家增加到52个。 情况分析越来越侧重于查明最易受伤害和处境最不利的儿童和妇女,以促进以公平为重点的战略,更好地支持他们。 调查结果用于推动保护和促进儿童权利的政策。", "7. 基本考虑 2011年,儿童基金会发表了一份题为“世界儿童状况:青少年——机会时代”的报告,其中强调对青少年进行投资以打破贫穷和不平等的循环的重要性。 面对气候变化、城市化、经济衰退和失业率上升构成前所未有的挑战的日益捉摸不定的世界,报告强调必须向青少年提供充分的支持,使他们充分发挥潜力。", "8.8 据认为,支持保护每一个国家最易受伤害者是一项紧迫的优先事项。 继续注重促进就业增长、维持基本服务和加强社会保护措施,对于巩固和扩大所有人的经济复苏和福祉至关重要。", "B. 促进执行《儿童权利公约》", "9. 2010年5月,秘书长、负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表、负责儿童和武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表、儿童基金会、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处和合作伙伴发起了一场全球运动,促进到2012年普遍批准和执行《儿童权利公约》的任择议定书。 该运动旨在提高对预防暴力机制重要性的认识,包括遵守国际标准和有效执行这些标准。 自发起这项运动以来,又有8个国家批准/加入《关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》,1个国家签署了该议定书,使缔约国总数达到145个,签署国达到118个。 2010年,又有7个国家批准了《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》。 页: 1", "10.10 在儿童基金会和国际劳工组织(劳工组织)的支持下,在2010年试行了使用“培训手册打击为劳动力、性和其他剥削形式贩运儿童”的培训员第一次区域培训。", "注 通过支持人权理事会关于对儿童的性暴力问题的一般性讨论日及其决议(13/20),国际社会加强了对性暴力的关注。 作为这次专题辩论的后续行动,秘书长暴力侵害儿童问题特别代表和买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员向人权理事会提交的一份联合报告(A/HRC/16/56)呼吁在每个国家建立便于利用、安全和对儿童敏感的咨询和申诉机制,并报告暴力事件。 与儿童权利委员会和消除对妇女歧视委员会分享关于社会规范和处理有害传统习俗的技术知识,以帮助确保这些知识反映在委员会今后关于有害习俗的联合一般性意见中。", "12. 第12段。 伙伴关系继续得到加强。 2010年,扩大了“女孩共同”倡议的范围,这是2009年为结束非洲和东亚针对女孩的性暴力而建立的一个创新的多国伙伴关系,其重点是数据收集和协调方案应对和宣传,重点是防止暴力侵害儿童,特别是性暴力。 这些努力激励了地方一级的行动,同时激发了全球合作伙伴的兴趣和支持。 完成了公司儿童权利和以儿童为重点的影响评估工作手册,并与利益攸关方进行了协商。 联合国少女工作队倡导和促进针对少女、特别是最边缘化少女的全面政策和方案。 此外,儿童基金会继续促进与海牙国际私法会议有关其四项儿童公约的关系。 向海牙全球童工会议提供了技术投入,各国落实《到2016年消除最恶劣形式的童工劳动路线图》所载建议的后续行动和支持。", "13 August 2001 对最贫穷国家和处境最不利的群体的儿童来说,扩大基本服务覆盖面对于实现其权利至关重要。 “努力扩大规模”涉及一系列复杂的行动,包括扩大提供经过审判和测试的干预措施,克服提供服务方面的行为、体制和环境障碍。 而这反过来又要求更好地了解向儿童提供基本服务的瓶颈以及家庭在获得这些服务方面所面临的障碍。 这些举措将需要更大的一致性和协调性。", "C. 为儿童开展协作和调集资源", "十四、任 务 2010年,与捐助方加强协作,导致在紧急状况下为儿童提供资源方面加强协调。 新捐助者提供了人道主义资助,以提高人道主义应急能力。 纳入供资协定的新机制,如多年和国别周期专题协定,为方案提供了更大的灵活性和资金可预测性。", "15 根据联合国千年发展目标差距工作队2010年报告,发展援助委员会成员的援助在2009年达到将近1 200亿美元,按实际价值计算增加了不到1%。 然而,官方发展援助在捐助方国民总收入中的份额仅为0.31%,远远低于0.7%的目标,只有5个捐助国达到并超过了这一目标。 汇款已成为许多发展中国家日益增长的收入来源,2008年达到3 360亿美元。 在当前的危机中,汇款比私人资本流动更有活力。 基金会、非政府组织和全球方案的伙伴关系在2010年进一步扩大,为全世界儿童提供更多资金提供了机会。 主要捐助者包括国际扶轮社、比尔及梅林达·盖茨基金会和全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金。", "161 随着金融下滑,全球讨论越来越侧重于基础设施和农业等关键投资部门。 虽然总体水平似乎并未下降,但大多数国家用于儿童投资的资源仍然严重不足。 这些后果可能会对今后为基本社会服务提供资金产生有害影响,而这些服务对儿童的福祉至关重要。", "D. 监测进展情况", "17. 全球儿童和妇女数据库在2010年全年更新。 对来自国家家庭调查和其他来源的数据进行了分析,并按性别、财富和地点分列,以加深对不平等的认识。 联合国作出了重大努力,通过共同承认新的方法、指标标准化和监测工具、建设国家统计能力和发展联合估计数等办法,协调各伙伴之间在数据方面的工作。", "第18条 在全球前三轮(1995年、2000年、2005-2006年)中进行了近200次多指标类集调查。 第四个回合是在2009-2011年期间进行的,有更广泛的指标。 调查的结果始于2010年。", "191 联合国发展集团共同数据库软件DevInfo在全世界被采用,作为组织、展示和分析标准化人类发展数据的工具。 到2010年,DevInfo有120多项适应措施。 来自许多方案国家的1 000多名专业人员接受了培训,以支持建立全国人类发展数据库的工作,包括各种与儿童有关的指标。", "20.20 2010年,儿童基金会的一项题为“缩小差距以实现千年发展目标”的研究为一项以公平为基础的战略提供了令人信服的证据,这一战略与传统的道路相比,可以更快和符合成本效益地推动国际社会实现千年发展目标4和5的目标。 根据该项研究,这一战略有可能帮助在2015年最后期限之前避免数百万产妇和儿童死亡。", "E. 儿童的参与和自我表达", "21.21。 儿童对促进实现儿童权利和实现千年发展目标的参与有所增加。 少数国家设立了议员儿童权利常设委员会,与女孩和男孩定期进行面对面的对话。 许多国家报告了儿童媒体举措和利用信息技术促进儿童参与的情况。 对年轻人的调查和民意调查也有所增加,以进一步了解他们对他们所生活的社会的看法和意见。 正在作出特别努力,加强经常被边缘化的儿童,如少女、残疾儿童和土著儿童的参与。", "第22章 国际青年年看到,青年和青少年越来越多地参与解决影响国家治理的许多问题。 为帮助各国加强儿童参与,已经敲定了一些能力建设工具,例如儿童基金会和拯救儿童联盟为政府官员编写的《关于《儿童权利公约》的第12号一般性意见手册》。 儿童基金会和各国议会联盟还编写了议员儿童参与手册,目的是在议会进程中促进儿童的利益和观点。", "23. 会议报告。 儿童参与影响儿童和青少年生活和福祉的主要全球论坛的情况继续增加。 其中包括全球移民小组、联合国土著问题常设论坛以及秘书长关于女童和青年的报告的编写。 儿童基金会和青年社区组织联盟在联合国粮食和农业组织的支持下编写了“气候变化:立即行动!” ,作为支持儿童和青年当地行动的指导方针,特别强调女童和青少年。", "页: 1 四大目标领域的进展", "A. 导 言 促进健康生活", "24. 第24段。 自1990年以来,发展中国家五岁以下儿童的死亡率从每1 000名活产死亡99人降至2009年每1 000名活产死亡66人。 据估计,1990年有1 240万活胎的儿童在五岁生日前死亡,但到2009年已降至810万,这是记录中最低的。 这表明每年的下降率为2.1%,现在必须加快到每年至少达到11.6%,以实现到2015年把比率降低三分之二的目标。 5岁以下儿童的死亡率平均高出发展中国家20%最贫穷家庭20%的两倍以上,达到最富的20%。 同样,农村地区儿童在五岁生日前死亡的可能性大大高于城市地区。", "258. 每年有近150万5岁以下儿童死于肺炎,占全球五分之一。 腹泻仍然是五岁以下儿童死亡的第二个主要原因,其次是麻疹。 在全球范围内,82%的1岁以下儿童于2009年接种了麻疹疫苗。 同样,全球三剂白喉、百日 the和破伤风疫苗的免疫覆盖率估计在2009年为82%,而2000年为74%。 从2000年到2008年,免疫覆盖率的提高和第二次剂量的机会相结合,使全球麻疹死亡人数减少了78%。 然而,在降低新生儿死亡率方面进展缓慢。", "262. 报 告 由于仅从2008年到2010年,对疟疾防治的供资和政策关注有所增加,在撒哈拉以南非洲发放了2.9亿顶驱虫蚊帐,足以满足报告的80%的需求。", "。 自1988年全球消除小儿麻痹症倡议启动以来,有25亿儿童接种了疫苗,但小儿麻痹症尚未根除,4个地方性国家(阿富汗、印度、尼日利亚和巴基斯坦)继续传播。 冲突和相关的安全关切,加上服务覆盖面差和自然灾害,限制了阿富汗和巴基斯坦部分地区的进展。", "第28次会议 在全球范围内,五岁以下儿童中三分之一死亡与营养不良有关。 虽然发展中国家体重不足儿童的百分比从1990年的31%降至2008年的26%,但许多国家仍然不足或没有进展。 从1995年到2009年,南亚最贫穷家庭的儿童没有取得有意义的改善,而最富裕的20%家庭的儿童体重不足的情况减少了近三分之一。 在发展中国家,40%的最贫穷的五分之一人口中的幼儿体重不足,而最富的只有15%。 在发展中世界,农村地区儿童体重不足的可能性是城市地区的两倍,而且可能发育迟缓的50%。 截至2011年初,有数据的118个国家中,只有58个国家正在按计划实现将体重不足儿童人数减少50%。", "29. 。 维生素 最不发达国家的儿童补充覆盖率仍然很高,2009年有87%的儿童完全接受两次剂量治疗,其中包括撒哈拉以南非洲81%和亚洲76%。 最不发达国家覆盖率翻了一番以上,从2000年的41%上升到2008年的88%。", "30. 。 在消除缺碘症方面也取得了进展。 大约有37个国家达到了至少90%的家庭使用适当碘盐的目标,比2002年的21个国家有所增加,当时关于儿童问题的大会特别会议认可了普及食盐碘化的目标。 根据最新数据,发展中国家约72%的家庭食用了适当碘盐,包括亚洲约73%的家庭和撒哈拉以南非洲61%的家庭。", "313. 婴儿和幼儿喂养方面的进展不大。 在发展中世界,全母乳喂养率仅略有上升,从1995年的33%上升到2008年的38%。 然而,大约19个国家通过健全政策、立法执行和社区支持相结合,在过去5至10年里至少增加了20个百分点。", "32. 2010年,秘书长全球粮食保障危机高级别工作队更加重视改善营养状况,帮助促进对话,维持全球战略伙伴关系和倡议。 作出了重大努力,改善发展中国家儿童和妇女的营养状况,包括制定路线图,执行“改善营养”框架所载建议,有100多个机构参加。", "336. 从全球来看,1990年至2008年产妇死亡率年下降仅为2.3%,而1990至2015年指标所需年下降为5.5%。 2008年估计有358 000名产妇死亡,比1990年水平下降75%的目标下降了34%。 从1990年到2008年,147个国家的产妇死亡率有所下降,其中90个国家的产妇死亡率下降了40%或以上。 尽管取得了这一进展,发展中国家仍占所有产妇死亡的99%;撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚占87%。 与怀孕和分娩有关的并发症是全世界15-19岁少女死亡的主要原因。", "343. 事实和争论 产妇健康是富人和穷人之间明显差距的另一个领域。 虽然几乎所有分娩都由发达国家的熟练保健人员接生,但在最不发达国家,城市地区的妇女人数仅为41%。 最富裕的五分之一人口的比例为3比1。 在发展中国家,在怀孕期间获得护理的机会也存在差距,城市地区的妇女比农村妇女至少获得一次产前护理的可能性要高出1.3倍。 妇女能够选择什么时候和多少孩子会对产妇发病率和死亡率产生重大影响。 到2008年,在15-49岁已婚或同居的妇女中,一半以上采用某种避孕方法。 然而,2000年至2008年进展缓慢。 撒哈拉以南非洲妇女避孕普及率最低(22%),自2000年以来几乎没有进展。 在全世界,有1.2亿15-49岁已婚或同居的妇女不需要计划生育。", "353. 今天,87%的世界人口,全世界共有59亿人,使用改良水源的饮用水,自1990年以来增加了18亿人。 然而,8.84亿人,几乎全部生活在发展中区域,仍然得不到饮用水。 撒哈拉以南非洲占这一数目的三分之一以上,在实现《千年发展目标》目标7方面的进展滞后。 各区域、国家、农村和城市地区之间仍然存在巨大差距。 在撒哈拉以南非洲,城市居民比农村居民多1.8倍。 虽然94%的发展中区域城市人口使用改良水源,但农村人口只有76%。 然而,在城市地区,覆盖面的增加几乎跟不上人口增长。 自1990年以来,世界城市人口增加了19.9亿,而没有改善饮用水来源的城市人口从1.02亿增加到1.4亿。", "363. 。 超过26亿人仍然无法使用抽水马桶或其他形式的改善环境卫生。 虽然从1990年到2008年,大约有13亿人获得了改善的环境卫生,但世界将把环境卫生目标错误地定为13个百分点。 除非作出巨大努力,否则将无法实现降低无法获得基本卫生设施的人口比例的目标。", "378 2010年,启动人人享有环境卫生和水,这是发展中国家、捐助者、多边机构、民间社会和其他各方为实现普及和可持续的供水而共同努力的全球伙伴关系,有助于扩大水、环境卫生和个人卫生方案。 眼前的重点是加快实现那些最偏离轨道的国家和最贫困社区的目标。 2010年,49个国家接受了环境卫生支助,目标是通过需求主导、参与性的社区办法,消除公开的缺碘现象。 此外,实施密集通信方案以改变国家行为、促进用肥皂洗手的国家数目从2008年的53个增加到2010年的87个。", "38. 2010年世界幼儿保育和教育会议呼吁在这一领域作出更有力的承诺,重点是公平和包容,通过加强父母、家庭和服务提供者的能力,扩大对幼儿的优质护理。 儿童基金会和世界卫生组织联合编制了儿童发展护理订正培训教材,并在2010年南非约翰内斯堡举行的国际儿科协会大会上推出。", "39 为了加快妇女和儿童健康方面的进展,秘书长带头开展全球努力,使政府、民间社会和公司部门的所有关键利益攸关方聚集一堂,制定计划,促进实现千年发展目标4和5。 由此产生的《全球妇女和儿童健康战略》概述了迫切需要采取行动加强筹资、加强政策和改善服务交付的关键领域。 呼吁有关各方协调行动,尽量扩大受审判和测试的干预措施对最贫困人口的影响。", "404 2010年,近100个国家发生了近300起人道主义局势,影响到数百万儿童。 海地的地震紧急情况和巴基斯坦的季风洪水对社区和儿童产生了巨大影响,影响到海地300多万人和巴基斯坦近2 000万人。 此外,智利、中国和印度尼西亚发生地震;尼日尔和萨赫勒地区的干旱和营养不良状况恶化;阿富汗、刚果民主共和国、索马里和苏丹的长期危机;以及其他地方的新冲突。", "B. 提供优质教育", "41 在提高入学率、缩小性别差距、扩大弱势群体儿童的机会方面,在实现《千年发展目标》目标2方面取得了相当大的进展。 然而,2008年估计有6 700万小学适龄儿童仍然失学,尽管自1999年以来这类儿童人数减少了3 900万。 根据最近入学率的预测,到2015年,至少7 200万小学学龄儿童仍然不可能上学。 此外,7 400万初中学龄儿童仍然辍学。", "42 虽然小学入学率继续上升,在发展中国家达到89%,但1999年至2008年期间,一些国家的净入学率几乎没有改善。 在至少20个国家,净入学率甚至有所下降。 在全世界,小学学龄儿童中,42%,即2 800万儿童生活在受冲突影响的穷国。 即使在中等收入国家,往往有大量来自边缘化群体的儿童没有上小学。 根据对来自发展中世界42个国家的数据的分析,最贫穷的20%家庭的女孩离校的可能性比最富裕家庭的女孩高3.5倍,最富裕家庭的失学率比男孩高4倍。 在2010年初发起了一项关于失学儿童的全球倡议,目的是对将失学儿童包括在内的挑战采取更系统的办法。 许多国家正在扩大解决入学和留用费用障碍的措施,例如取消学费、采取以公平为重点的社会保护措施和学校供餐方案。 2010年,146个报告国中有44%制定了政策,同时制定了具体机制和充足的预算,以解决初级教育的费用和其他障碍。", "434 2010年,有国家学校准备就绪政策的报告国数量有所增加。 在146个报告国中,有65个国家制定了此类政策,而2008年为50个国家。 另外,在2010年,还通过联合国女童教育倡议的伙伴关系,在44个国家开展了政策制定工作,扩大了以性别为重点的基础教育干预措施。 在全球一级取得的一项重大成就是通过了《加快女孩教育和两性平等达喀尔宣言》。", "444 在2010年,通过各种办法,包括补习班、赠款、女孩奖学金方案、对性别问题有敏感认识的教师培训和课堂材料,解决了女童保留和向中学过渡的障碍。 在贫穷社区,根据积极学习、注重公平和纳入新课程,散发了学习和教材。 为了招收和留住弱势儿童,许多国家的政府采取了加速适龄学习举措。 47个国家将环境和气候变化教育纳入小学课程,51个国家纳入中学课程。", "454 “全民教育快车道倡议”于2002年启动,旨在帮助低收入国家实现免费普及基础教育,确保加快实现千年发展目标2的进展。 该倡议成功地为国家教育部门的计划和计划筹集资金,包括在几个脆弱国家。", "46 然而,最近的证据表明,教育质量落后于入学率的提高。 为此,截至2010年,79个国家采用了基于爱幼学校或类似模式的初等教育质量标准,而2005年只有43个国家。 为儿童,特别是女童建立保护性学习环境,现已成为高质量教育的组成部分。 在一些国家,安全空间、防止暴力和对儿童的性虐待、心理社会服务和社区干预措施等方案已经扎根。 还继续努力在学校系统中禁止一切形式的暴力。 到2010年,79个国家制定了终止体罚做法的国家政策;50个国家制定了国家教育部门计划,处理受艾滋病毒和艾滋病影响的儿童的问题;88个国家在学校开展了有关水、环境卫生和个人卫生教育的活动,20 000多所学校的420万儿童受益。 2010年4月,发起了多方呼吁,要求采取行动开展这类活动,加紧关注这一问题。", "474. 147 联合国教育、科学及文化组织协调的“全民教育教师”国际工作队在64个国家和24个国际政府组织和非政府组织的参与下,强调就与教师和实现全民教育目标和千年发展目标有关的一些重要问题采取行动。", "488. 住房 对执行教育方案所受限制的审查强调如下:合作伙伴和政府对应方能力有限;政府部门之间以及国家和国家以下各级之间的协调差;政治局势不稳定;资金缺乏灵活性;监测和评价制度薄弱。 必须从战略上注重在教育部门计划中促进公平和包容性的成果,关注辍学儿童和有可能辍学儿童,以及加强国家监测和评价制度,以加速实现千年发展目标2。", "494. 人口 2010年,教育是人道主义反应的一个关键组成部分。 在海地,儿童基金会和合作伙伴领导了教育对策,达到约583所学校,即100多万儿童和50 000名教师。 在巴基斯坦,2010年有400 000多名儿童和500所学校获得支助。 在伊拉克、也门和受自然灾害或冲突影响的其他国家,退学运动也是一个特点。 2010年,通过设立35个国家一级的分组,加强了机构间常设委员会的全球教育分组机制。 虽然人道主义反应有助于更快的恢复,但进一步的挑战在于巩固对策,以便有助于长期重建和改革教育系统。", "C. 防止虐待、剥削和暴力", "50 。 在发展和紧急状况下,在低收入、中等收入和工业化国家,所有财富阶层的儿童都容易受到各种形式的暴力、虐待和剥削,包括学校、福利和司法机构、家庭、工作场所和社区。 关于儿童保护的有力数据正在逐渐增加,包括儿童状况和风险最大者的特点。", "51 在发展中国家,将近一半的5岁以下儿童没有登记,因此无法得到他们有权享有的保护和基本服务,如保健、社会福利和教育。 最富裕家庭的儿童比最贫穷家庭的儿童登记生育的可能性高出两到三倍。 财富之五与童婚之间的关系也存在:在许多发展中国家,最贫穷家庭的女孩比最富裕的18岁以前结婚的女孩多三倍。", "52 虽然贫穷是某些儿童保护侵犯的脆弱性的预测者,但许多其他因素正在发挥作用,与歧视以及根深蒂固的社会规范、态度和行为有关。 某种形式的暴力横跨所有财富阶层和地理区域。 在所有地区,许多儿童都经历过心理暴力和体罚,无论其经济状况如何。 女性生殖器残割和切割率因族裔而异,高于任何其他社会人口变量。 在非洲29个国家和中东1个国家,7 000多万女孩和妇女(年龄在15至49岁之间)接受了这一做法。", "532. 移民 虽然很难收集一些保护问题的确切数据,但现有估计数引起人们的关注:每年有5亿到15亿儿童遭受暴力侵害,他们常常是他们能够信任的人所为。 根据劳工组织的估计,全世界大约有2.15亿18岁以下的儿童从事童工劳动,男孩更有可能从事经济活动,女孩从事家务劳动的比例过高。 至少200万儿童也被认为生活在收容院,儿童被武装团体或军队在至少25个国家强行招募。", "542. 加强儿童保护制度继续是一个主要重点,绘图和评估提供了重要的经验教训,以确保全面处理儿童保护问题。 在处理暴力、剥削和虐待的社会规范方面也取得了进展,包括宣布放弃切割女性生殖器和切割生殖器。 虽然在更广泛的暴力形式上采用社会变革办法仍然是一项挑战,但2010年加强了这方面的知识基础,并正在为一些国家的实际应用提供信息。 估计有131个方案国家参与加强社会福利和司法系统,至少有15个国家发起全面行动,绘制儿童保护制度图。 保护儿童免遭暴力的法律改革正在全世界取得势头。 目前,有29个国家实行全面的法律禁止,禁止一切情况下的一切形式的暴力行为,包括家庭中的体罚。 各区域正在进行重大立法改革,以完全禁止,许多国家通过了新的立法,禁止特定形式的暴力,包括贩运、性虐待和剥削、家庭暴力和切割女性生殖器。", "555. 255 在儿童基金会、联合国难民事务高级专员、拯救儿童组织和芝加哥大学Chapin Hall认可的题为“采取系统办法保护儿童:关键概念和考虑”的2010年文件中阐明了理解儿童保护制度的集体起点。 该文件详细介绍了儿童保护制度的职能,并为测绘和评估工具提供了基础,其中一些工具于2010年初在撒哈拉以南非洲和其他地区进行了试验和推出。", "565. 妇 女 制图和评估工作对于加强系统工作至关重要。 它们支持利用所有现有资源,促进系统各组成部分之间的联系,确定弱势人群能够利用和受益于系统的方法。 通过将相关行为者纳入正规和非正规结构,制图进程围绕儿童保护系统和所需行动的目标形成政治共识。", "57 越来越多的趋势是,国家政策与替代性照料的国际标准,包括2009年《儿童替代照料准则》所建议的标准相一致,有58个国家在2010年通过了符合国际标准的国家政策,而2005年为36个国家。 正在敦促向儿童权利委员会提交报告的国家在其结论性意见中,在发展儿童保护服务时考虑这些准则。 在全球范围内,制定了衡量和监测武装暴力的框架,其中包括针对儿童的指标。 为了应对该部门监测和评价方面的全球挑战,设立了一个组织间儿童保护监测和评价咨商小组,目的是改进数据收集方法和协调。", "58 在出生登记水平低的国家,研究和绘图工作为国家行动计划和政策提供了基础。 加强人力资源能力和与保健服务合作,以改善与保护有关的服务提供,是儿童保护系统工作的另一个核心内容,在2010年,各国的重点是加强这种能力。 采用了诸如出生登记短信服务技术等创新措施,以加强为儿童提供保护服务的机构能力。", "59 2010年,儿童基金会和其他伙伴与至少99个国家的立法者和决策者合作,改进有关儿童保护问题的法律和政策框架。 此外,还扩大了努力,以影响关于利用从司法程序转向拘留的替代措施的国家议程,有助于进一步确认这些议程对于确保保护触法儿童的权利并符合《儿童权利公约》。 此外,在2010年,大约24个方案国家采用了方便儿童和适合性别的调查和法院程序,而2008年为17个。", "60 。 联合国人口基金-儿童基金会联合方案进一步落实了社会规范观点,该方案于2010年在15个国家加紧努力,支持加速放弃切割女性生殖器的做法。 显著的成果包括,整个社区越来越普遍地公开放弃这种做法,在分区或区一级。 根据“共同促进女孩”倡议,正在加强全球和国家合作,以减少对儿童的暴力。 预计印度将于2011年根据国家一级的行动计划和2010年完成的对社会规范的形成性研究的结果,开始制定结束童婚的国家战略。", "61 人权理事会于2010年3月组织了关于对儿童的性暴力问题的决议(见上文第11段)的一般性讨论日和秘书长暴力侵害儿童问题特别代表和买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员的联合报告,提出了指导各国打击性暴力和剥削儿童工作的主要指导原则和建议。", "62 。 继2010年在海牙举行的全球童工问题会议之后,将使用商定的路线图,在2016年之前消除最恶劣形式的童工劳动。 此外,在第九十九届国际劳工大会上,劳工组织成员国商定制定一项关于国内劳工的公约和建议。", "63/63。 在应对大规模自然灾害方面,为冲突制定但适应灾害的机构间指导和工具被认为不足。 消除这些差距的努力于2010年启动,其中包括制订关于“爱幼空间”的机构间标准,与待命伙伴一道,为紧急状况下的儿童保护建立快速反应小组,以及机构间应急准备培训。 在2009年能力建设努力的基础上,各国得到了支持,以解决基于性别的暴力问题。 这将是联合国两性平等和赋予妇女权力实体(联合国妇女实体)与其他伙伴共同关注的一个中心领域。", "644. 根据安全理事会第1612(2005)号决议赋予的职责,在13个国家武装冲突局势中支持执行监测和报告机制。 目前正在根据安全理事会第1888(2009)号决议建立一个监测和报告机制。 这将包括一套指标,用以衡量联合国对性暴力的反应,并就如何在国家、区域和全球各级建立监测和报告制度提供指导。 还需要加紧努力,收集和分析关于最边缘化儿童和群体面临的保护和其他挑战的数据。", "656.65 2010年,向25个受冲突影响国家的28 000名受武装冲突影响的儿童和11 400名与武装部队和武装团体有关联的男孩和女孩提供了重返社会支助。 另有11个国家批准了《保护儿童免遭武装部队或武装团体非法招募或使用的巴黎承诺》,使总数达到95个。", "66 儿童保护分组的工作加强了对更广泛的应急和人道主义反应中儿童保护活动的承认,包括关于基于性别的暴力、心理健康和社会心理支持的问题。 有19个国家在紧急情况下得到儿童保护方面的技术支助。 尤其令人感兴趣的是,通过在各机构以及流离失所儿童和孤身/孤身儿童关爱儿童的地方对儿童问题进行多部门评估,在海地应急反应中就儿童保护、水和环境卫生、营养和健康等问题制定了方案。 这使得人们更加全面地了解海地收容机构和爱幼场所的儿童的需要。", "67 作为加强宗教团体、特别是宗教间机制保护受冲突影响儿童的能力的多年伙伴关系的一部分,儿童基金会和宗教促进和平组织根据联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题独立专家的报告(A/61/299)所载建议,出版了题为“从承诺到行动:宗教界可以做些什么来消除暴力侵害儿童行为”的指南。", "686.68 经验支持继续注重加强儿童保护制度,处理各种情况下的社会规范,包括在冲突和自然灾害中的社会规范。 合作伙伴之间需要进一步加强认识和知识交流,以采取战略办法满足最弱势儿童的需求。 虽然在监测和评价方面取得了进展,儿童保护数据也有所扩大,但挑战依然存在。 目前的家庭调查没有反映生活在家庭之外的儿童的状况,包括收容机构、拘留中心、最恶劣形式的童工或流落街头的儿童。 更全面地了解最弱势和边缘化群体,包括无家庭照顾的儿童,对于确保干预措施产生积极的影响并符合儿童的最佳利益至关重要。", "D. 防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病", "69 2009年,估计有3 330万人感染艾滋病毒,比1999年增加27%。 据估计,2009年有500万年轻人(15-24岁)感染艾滋病毒,占同年15岁和15岁以上人口新感染艾滋病毒人数的41%。 撒哈拉以南非洲仍然是受影响最严重的地区,占所有艾滋病毒感染者的68%,占艾滋病死亡人数的72%。 2009年,估计有890 000名15至24岁的年轻人新感染艾滋病毒,几乎每天有2 500人,其中75%的新感染发生在撒哈拉以南非洲。 这一流行病尤其影响到妇女和女童。 在全球,感染艾滋病毒的年轻人中有60%是年轻妇女;在撒哈拉以南非洲,这一数字升至72%。 撒哈拉以南非洲的少女和年轻妇女感染艾滋病毒的可能性比同龄男性高出几倍。 2004年至2009年接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的人数增加了13倍,同期与艾滋病有关的死亡人数减少了19%。 然而,这一流行病继续造成严重的后果。 2005年至2009年,因艾滋病而成为孤儿的儿童人数从1 460万增至1 660万。", "707.70 例行、自愿的艾滋病毒检测和向所有孕妇提供咨询,是预防母婴传染的关键切入点。 在中低收入国家,接受艾滋病毒检测的孕妇比例从2005年的7%增加到2009年的26%。 到2009年底,所有中低收入国家中已有27个国家达到了大会第二十七届特别会议确定的目标(见S‐27/2号决议),即到2010年,80%的孕妇都应获得艾滋病毒检测和咨询。 2009年,在中低收入国家,53%的感染艾滋病毒的孕妇接受了抗逆转录病毒治疗,以预防母婴传播艾滋病毒,而2008年为45%。 在撒哈拉以南非洲,这一比例从2008年的45%增加到2009年的53%。 艾滋病毒抗体阳性母亲所生婴儿中约有三分之一得到这种治疗,以预防母婴传染;中低收入国家的覆盖率仅略有增加,从2008年的32%增至2009年的35%。 要实现消除艾滋病毒母婴传染的目标,就需要作出更大的努力,普及检测,至少95%的抗逆转录病毒治疗覆盖率。", "71 在全球范围内,儿童的治疗覆盖率明显低于成年人(37%)。 根据新的准则,2010年,更多的感染艾滋病毒的儿童,包括所有2岁以下者,都有资格获得抗逆转录病毒治疗。 然而,新的数据显示,这一潜力基本上仍未实现。 2009年,有250万15岁以下的儿童感染艾滋病毒。 虽然接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的中低收入国家的儿童人数从2008年的275 300人增加到2009年的356 400人,但这一数字仍然只占目前根据新准则估计需要治疗的127万儿童中的28%。 然而,成人和儿童之间的真正差距要大得多,大约50%的感染艾滋病毒儿童在第二次出生日之前没有接受治疗。 现在可以为儿童提供多种具有成本效益的抗逆转录病毒制剂,经过改进的技术可以迅速诊断艾滋病毒。", "72. 第72段。 2001年,估计有570万15至24岁的年轻人感染艾滋病毒。 截至2009年底,这一数字已降至500万。 此外,估计2009年15至24岁的年轻人新感染了890 000例。 青年人中艾滋病毒流行率的大幅下降与更安全的行为和做法的明显趋势有关,包括初等性别的延迟年龄、伴侣人数的减少以及避孕套的使用增加。 2010年,联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署报告说,2001年至2008年期间,撒哈拉以南非洲22个主要国家的年轻人感染率下降25%以上。 在世界大多数地区,新的艾滋病毒感染正在稳步减少或稳定。 估计全球青年人中80%的感染发生在20个国家,涉及世界若干地区,代表了流行病环境的多样性。 年轻妇女仍然承担着更大的感染负担,在许多国家,妇女在25岁之前面临最大的感染风险。 关于青年人对艾滋病毒的全面了解的数据仍然远远低于大会第二十七届特别会议确定的到2010年达到95%的目标,并突出了各区域和国家之间的差异。 自2000年以来,有趋势数据的17个国家中的11个国家以及有趋势数据的22个国家中的11个国家的年轻妇女使用避孕套的比例增加了10或10个百分点。 为了减少年轻人感染艾滋病毒的情况,必须加大努力,提高学校内外年轻人对艾滋病毒的全面认识,增加在性交期间报告使用避孕套的年轻人人数,并向年轻人提供艾滋病毒检测和咨询服务。", "73 撒哈拉以南非洲大多数国家在10-14岁孤儿和非孤儿的入学率方面取得了重大进展。 在31个撒哈拉以南非洲国家中,有27个国家报告了至少两个时间点的数据,而失去父母一方或双方的儿童的入学率有所提高。 尽管取得了这些令人瞩目的成就,但对照顾孤儿和弱势儿童的家庭的外部护理和支持覆盖率低仍然感到关切。 在2005年至2009年期间进行家庭调查的25个国家中,11%的家庭得到外部支持。 尽管需要帮助的儿童人数众多,但孤儿和弱势儿童的反应仍然很小,而且支离破碎,无法与更广泛的受艾滋病影响儿童的预防和治疗工作联系起来。 直到现在,孤儿被视为受艾滋病影响的儿童的方便代理人,但孤儿不一定是最弱势儿童,包括生活在家庭之外的儿童的标志。 越来越有兴趣制定更多层面的脆弱性指标,不仅说明儿童受艾滋病影响的程度,而且说明与贫困有关的更大脆弱性。", "74 那些因艾滋病而失去父母的儿童,在新的感染率降低之后,需要继续受到关注。 照顾和支持感染艾滋病毒的孤儿和易受艾滋病毒影响的儿童,应被视为干预周期的一部分,其中最优先考虑照顾和支助与初级预防之间的联系,以及感染艾滋病毒的年轻人获得治疗。 对社会保护措施的投资以及对因艾滋病毒而易受伤害的孤儿和儿童的儿童保护,对于确保取得更公平的结果至关重要。 这些方案不仅能够减少失去父母或与生病亲属一起生活的儿童的经济脆弱性,而且还能够保护他们,减少感染艾滋病毒的可能性,这体现在有关让少女留在学校的证据中。 精心设计的现金转移为坚持治疗和消除艾滋病毒母婴传播提供了奖励。 这是许多针对艾滋病的干预措施之一,其广泛潜力是改善照顾儿童家庭的健康和福利,无论造成脆弱性的原因为何。", "四、结 论 今后的道路", "757. 虽然自召开关于儿童问题的大会特别会议以来的近十年中,与儿童有关的若干关键指标取得了相当大的进展,但许多国家和区域之间的差异在许多情况下恶化或保持同一水平。 以公平为重点的办法,集中努力处理最易受伤害和处境最不利的儿童和家庭,可能是实现千年发展目标最有成本效益和最快的途径。 这一做法还将有助于保持进展,并向贫穷和处境不利社区的儿童保证一个符合特别会议《宣言和行动计划》中向所有儿童作出的全球承诺的未来。 2007年12月举行的专门讨论儿童问题特别会议成果后续行动的大会高级别纪念会议重申了这些承诺。 以平等为重点的战略将改善社会服务的提供和使用,减少因地理位置、收入贫困、信息匮乏和社会歧视等因素而产生的障碍。", "76. 关于千年发展目标的2010年大会高级别全体会议和题为“兑现承诺:团结一致实现千年发展目标”的第165号决议,为实现全世界儿童和家庭的愿望提供了新的动力。 会员国可以考虑在国家、区域和全球各级采取进一步举措,包括通过在2012年举行适当的高级别纪念会议,以此作为一种机制,审查进展情况,特别是对处境最不利的儿童的进展,并进一步激励采取行动,使世界到2015年适合儿童。", "*** 自第五十八届会议起,向大会提交了年度进展情况审查报告(A/58/333、A/59/274、A/60/207、A/61/270、A/62/259、A/63/308、A/64/285和A/63/226)。", "*** 联合国,《条约汇编》,第2171卷,第27531号。 大会第54/263号决议附件一(关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题)和附件二(关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题)通过了《任择议定书》。" ]

[ "Report of the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of the alternate representative of Colombia on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 28 March 2011 from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Colombia stating that Mr. Francisco Alberto González has been appointed alternate representative of Colombia on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, that letter constitutes adequate provisional credentials." ]

[ "秘书长关于哥伦比亚出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定，秘书长谨报告，他收到哥伦比亚外交部长2011年3月28日的信，内称已任命弗朗西斯科·阿尔韦托·冈萨雷斯先生为哥伦比亚出席安理会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为，本信函构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "秘书长关于哥伦比亚出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定,秘书长谨报告,他收到哥伦比亚外交部长2011年3月28日的来信,内称已任命弗朗西斯科·阿尔韦托·冈萨雷斯先生为哥伦比亚出席安全理事会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为,这封信构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Human rights of migrants", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly a note by the Secretariat pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/212, in which the Assembly invited the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants to report to it at its sixty-sixth session.", "Activities of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants", "Summary", "This note has been prepared by the Secretariat pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/212, in which the Assembly invited the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants to report to it at its sixty-sixth session. In view of the change of mandate holder, the note provides an overview of the activities carried out by the outgoing Special Rapporteur, Jorge Bustamante, during his term as mandate holder from August 2005 to July 2011. The new mandate holder, François Crépeau, assumed his functions on 1 August 2011 and will present an oral report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "I. Introduction", "1. This note is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/212, in which the Assembly invited the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants to report to it at its sixty-sixth session, and Human Rights Council resolution 8/10. It provides a review of the work of the outgoing Special Rapporteur, Jorge Bustamante, who served as mandate holder from August 2005 to July 2011, and reports on activities undertaken in fulfilment of his mandate during the reporting period (1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011).", "2. The activities of the Special Rapporteur are carried out in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1999/44, by which the mandate was first established. Since then, the mandate of the Special Rapporteur has been extended by Commission on Human Rights resolutions 2002/62 and 2005/47 and Human Rights Council resolutions 8/10 and 17/12, each time for a period of three years.", "3. The international legal framework for the work and methods of work of the outgoing Special Rapporteur are described in his first report to the Commission on Human Rights (E/CN.4/2006/73 and Add.1 and 2). In the pursuit of his mandate, the Special Rapporteur has been guided by international human rights law, primarily the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, and other international instruments, including those of the International Labour Organization. Dialogue, consultation and partnerships have constituted essential features of his work.", "4. In June 2011, the Human Rights Council decided, by resolution 17/12, to extend the mandate for a period of three years. At its seventeenth session, the Human Rights Council appointed François Crépeau (Canada) as the new Special Rapporteur. François Crépeau assumed his functions as the new Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants on 1 August 2011. He is the third mandate holder, after Jorge Bustamante (Mexico) (2005-2011) and Gabriela Rodríguez Pizarro (Costa Rica) (1999-2005).[1]", "II. Activities", "A. Country visits", "5. During his term as mandate holder, the Special Rapporteur visited the following countries: South Africa (24 January-1 February 2011); Japan (23‑31 March 2010); Senegal (17-21 August 2009); United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (21-26 June 2009); Romania (15-20 June 2009); Guatemala (24-28 March 2008); Mexico (9-15 March 2008); United States of America (30 April-18 May 2007); Indonesia (12-21 December 2006); and Republic of Korea (5-12 December 2006). Invitations for country visits by the Special Rapporteur have been received from the Governments of Albania, Australia, Belarus and Greece. Requests for country visits which are still awaiting response concern Bahrain, Canada, India, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Malaysia, Mauritania, the Philippines, Spain and Thailand.", "6. During the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur undertook a country mission to South Africa from 24 January to 1 February 2011 at the invitation of the Government. While recognizing efforts made by the Government to protect migrants, the Special Rapporteur noted, in his report on the visit (A/HRC/17/33/Add.4), that a number of challenges still need to be addressed. In particular, he noted the absence of a clear and comprehensive immigration policy, the lack of data and statistics, the question of detention of foreign nationals, access to health-care services and the situation of unaccompanied foreign children, and made a number of recommendations in this context.", "B. Reports", "7. The Special Rapporteur submitted six thematic reports to the Commission on Human Rights and its successor, the Human Rights Council,[2] and four reports (prior to the present document) to the General Assembly.[3] In his reports to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur examined the following themes: impact of certain laws and administrative measures against migrants (A/HRC/4/24); criminalization of irregular migration (A/HRC/7/12); the protection of children in the context of migration (A/HRC/11/7); and major challenges in the realization of migrants’ right to health and adequate housing (A/HRC/14/30).", "8. In his final report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/33), presented at its seventeenth session in June 2011, the Special Rapporteur recapitulated the concerns and findings in relation to those themes. In conclusion, the Special Rapporteur expressed concern at the increasing intolerance and vulnerability of migrants to potential racist or xenophobic violence, trafficking and smuggling and the fact that migrants with irregular status often fear to seek protection from authorities and are hence left without access to basic social rights. He emphasized, however, that migration can be an essential component of development and prosperity in all countries of origin, transit and destination around the globe (ibid., para. 78).", "9. The reports submitted by the Special Rapporteur to the General Assembly have examined in further depth some of these themes, notably the protection of children (A/64/213) and criminalization of migration (A/65/222), and have covered other areas deemed to be of particular interest to the Assembly, such as the High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development (A/61/324).", "C. Communications", "10. From August 2005 to July 2011, the Special Rapporteur sent 162 communications to Governments on alleged or imminent violations of the human rights of migrants. Of these, 108 were letters of allegation and 54 were urgent appeals. The Special Rapporteur received 102 replies (63 per cent) from Governments to those communications. The majority of communications (112) were issued jointly with other special procedures mandate holders. Specifically, joint letters of allegation (66) were most frequently sent together with the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children; the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences; and the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. With respect to urgent appeals (46), joint communications were more frequently issued with the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, and the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers.", "11. In the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur sent a total of 22 communications alleging violations of the rights of migrants. To these, 15 responses from the Governments concerned were received. The addendum to his last report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/33/Add.1) includes a summary of communications sent to Governments from 1 April 2010 to 15 March 2011, as well as replies received from 11 May 2010 to 10 May 2011. The communications sent and received since then will be presented to the Human Rights Council at future sessions.", "12. In his communications to Governments sent from April 2010 to May 2011, the Special Rapporteur expressed concern at a number of situations of alleged violations of the human rights of migrant workers, including (a) arbitrary arrest, sexual violence, torture and other forms of cruel, degrading and inhuman treatment or punishment; excessive use of force; and forced labour; (b) mass expulsions and forcible return; (c) inadequate standard of living, including lack of access to adequate food and housing; (d) sale of children, including for purposes of economic exploitation; (e) killings by border authorities; (f) trafficking for sexual and economic exploitation; (g) verbal and physical abuse by immigration authorities; (h) abuse and exploitation of domestic migrant workers, including denial of basic labour rights, such as non-payment of wages; (i) restrictions on freedom of movement of nationals; and (j) racist and xenophobic propaganda against migrants.", "D. Other activities", "13. During his mandate, the Special Rapporteur participated in a number of activities and events relating to the protection and promotion of the rights of migrants. These included consultation with and participation in the activities of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and its Task Force on Migration, the International Organization for Migration and the World Health Organization.", "14. The Special Rapporteur contributed to and presented reports on issues relating to the mandate in the context of major conferences, including the annual meetings of the Global Forum on Migration and Development, the World Social Forum on Migration, a regional conference as part of preparations for the Durban Review Conference and the fifth International Congress on Migration and Development. Further, the Special Rapporteur engaged in dialogue with regional organizations and forums and participated in training and other activities organized by academic institutions and civil society organizations.", "15. During the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur participated in the Festival Viva América, organized by Casa América, in Madrid (October 2010) and the International Conference on Protecting and Supporting Children on the Move, organized by the Global Movement for Children, with the support of Save the Children and other organizations, in Barcelona, Spain (5-7 October 2010), together with the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences. On 8 and 9 November 2010, the Special Rapporteur also participated in the Fourth Global Forum on Migration and Development, hosted by the Government of Mexico in Puerto Vallarta, on the topic of partnerships for migration and human development.", "16. In the fulfilment of his mandate, the Special Rapporteur also issued, separately or jointly with special procedures and other United Nations human rights mechanisms, several statements to bring critical issues relating to the human rights of migrants to the attention of the international community. These included joint statements on International Migrants Day (18 December) with the Chair of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, calling for wider ratification of the Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.", "III. Main thematic issues examined by the Special Rapporteur", "17. The Special Rapporteur focused on three main thematic issues during his term as mandate holder, namely, criminalization of irregular migration, protection of children in the context of migration, and the rights of migrants to health and adequate housing. They are briefly summarized below. As a general rule, the Special Rapporteur held that the guiding principle of migration governance must be the fulfilment and protection for all migrants, regardless of their immigration status, of their internationally recognized human rights at all stages of the migratory processes — in countries or territories of origin, transit and destination (A/65/222, para. 67).", "18. The Special Rapporteur observed with deep concern the increasing trend towards criminalization of irregular migration and the increasing abuse of irregular migrants throughout the migration process.[4] Two measures taken by States illustrated this general trend: the externalization of migration control policies and the criminalization of labour migration. In efforts to curb irregular migration and simultaneously address national security issues, the externalization of border controls to countries of origin and transit through bilateral agreements to restrict migratory flows has contributed to a tendency to treat violations of migration procedures as criminal rather than administrative offences. States have also resorted to criminalization by making irregular stay in the country a criminal offence. He noted that these measures have weakened the human rights protection of migrants, as seen in the administrative detention of migrants intercepted at sea and/or by land, outbreaks of xenophobic abuse and violence in countries of destination and the expansion of smuggling and trafficking. While acknowledging the sovereign right of States to safeguard borders and manage migration, the Special Rapporteur observed that these policies fail to adequately acknowledge the demand-driven nature of migration and the labour needs of host countries and their detrimental consequences for migrant populations as a whole and host societies at large. To assist States in implementing human rights-based migration policies, the Special Rapporteur offered practical recommendations for reforming regional and bilateral cooperation mechanisms and agreements and provided good examples and alternatives to the criminalization of irregular migration.", "19. Recalling the obligation of States to protect the rights of the child at all stages of the migration process, the Special Rapporteur considered the specific protection needs and vulnerability of children in the migration process.[5] He identified three categories of children affected by migration: children “left behind”, children “on the move”, and migrant children in host countries. While noting that the impact of migration on children left behind by adult migrants responsible for them is difficult to measure, the Special Rapporteur stressed the necessity of promoting family unity and reunion with family members in host countries. Children moving across borders migrate with family members or independently, often for education or employment opportunities, but also forcibly, when falling victim to organized crime networks. These children, in particular when unaccompanied or undocumented, need specific protection against sexual violence, deportation and repatriation, unlawful and arbitrary deprivation of liberty. With respect to children in host countries, the Special Rapporteur indicated two areas where enhanced efforts by States are needed: protection from transnational organized crime and ensuring the full enjoyment of human rights by children of a migrant background. Major challenges in the protection of children during migration include the lack of child-specific provisions, and the lack of distinction between adult and child migrants, in national migration laws and policies and the particular vulnerabilities of the girl child and children in irregular migration. To assist States in addressing these and other pertinent issues, the Special Rapporteur presented a number of recommendations for further consideration and action.", "20. The Special Rapporteur’s third focus concerned the realization of the rights to health and adequate housing in the light of the growing trend in many host countries to adopt immigration policies and measures which significantly hamper the enjoyment of those rights.[6] He expressed concern at the general lack of comprehensive policies and measures aimed at protecting the rights of migrants to health and adequate housing and noted that the absence of necessary support, such as language training and information about laws and regulations, further obstructed the enjoyment of these rights. In relation to the right to health, the Special Rapporteur was concerned at the vulnerability of migrants to poor health due to their low socio-economic status. He observed that their entitlements and access to health care varied enormously. At one end of the spectrum, non-nationals were not able to access life-saving medication because facilities denied treatment on the basis of “being foreign” or not having a national identity document. The Special Rapporteur identified women domestic migrant workers as one of the most vulnerable groups of migrant workers and reported a widespread pattern of physical, sexual and psychological abuse among these women. Concerning the right to adequate housing, the Special Rapporteur noted “a disturbingly large gap” between international human rights standards and the situation prevailing in many parts of the world, in particular with respect to migrant women and children. Notably, discrimination often inhibited migrants’ access to the private housing market. The situation was particularly difficult for irregular migrants, especially in countries where irregular stay is a criminal offence. In his recommendations, the Special Rapporteur underlined that, as a matter of fundamental principle, States should fulfil the “minimum core obligation” to ensure the satisfaction of minimum essential levels of primary health care as well as basic shelter and housing for all individuals within their jurisdiction.", "21. In his final report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/33), the Special Rapporteur presented two themes considered important for future research: migration in the context of climate change and the political participation and civil rights of migrants. He noted that further discussion on these themes would allow the mandate to present innovative approaches; they also underlined the need for a human rights perspective in global discussions among stakeholders on migration.", "IV. Conclusion", "22. In recapitulating the concerns and findings gathered in the exercise of his mandate, the Special Rapporteur reiterated concern at the increasing intolerance towards migrants and their vulnerability to potential racist or xenophobic violence, trafficking and smuggling and the fact that migrants with irregular status often fear to seek protection from authorities and are hence left without access to basic social rights. He stressed that migration can be an essential component of development and prosperity in all countries of origin, transit and destination around the globe. The Special Rapporteur thanked the Human Rights Council for the privilege and opportunity of serving the mandate.", "23. The new Special Rapporteur, François Crépeau, will present an oral report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session and will submit his first report to the Human Rights Council at its twentieth session in June 2012.", "[1] For an overview of the mandate and activities of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, see www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/migration/rapporteur/index.htm.", "[2] E/CN.4/2006/73 and Add.1 and 2; A/HRC/4/24 and Add.1-3; A/HRC/7/12 and Add.1 and 2; A/HRC/11/7 and Add.1 and Add.1/Corr.1 and Add.2 and 3; A/HRC/14/30 and Add.1-3; and A/HRC/17/33 and Add.1-4.", "[3] A/60/357, A/61/324, A/64/213 and Corr.1 and A/65/222.", "[4] See A/65/222, A/HRC/7/12 and A/HRC/17/33.", "[5] See A/HRC/11/17 and A/HRC/17/33.", "[6] See A/HRC/14/30 and A/HRC/17/33." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进人权 和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "移徙者人权", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递秘书处依照大会第65/212号决议提交的说明，其中，大会请移徙者人权问题特别报告员向大会第六十六届会议提交报告。", "移徙者人权问题特别报告员的活动", "摘要", "本说明是秘书处依照大会第65/212号决议编制的，其中，大会请移徙者人权问题特别报告员向大会第六十六届会议提交报告。鉴于任务执行人的变更，本说明概述了即将卸任的特别报告员豪尔赫·布斯塔曼特2005年8月至2011年7月担任任务执行人期间开展的活动。新的任务执行人弗朗索瓦·克雷波于2011年8月1日任职，将向大会第六十六届会议提出口头报告。", "一. 导言", "1. 本说明是依照大会第65/212号决议和人权理事会第8/10号决议提交的，在第65/212号决议中，大会请移徙者人权问题特别报告员向大会第六十六届会议提交报告。说明回顾了即将卸任的特别报告员豪尔赫·布斯塔曼特2005年8月至2011年7月担任任务执行人的工作，还报告了豪尔赫·布斯塔曼特在报告所述期间(2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日)为履行任务规定开展的活动。", "2. 特别报告员的活动是依照人权委员会第1999/44号决议开展的，依照该决议先制订了任务规定。此后，特别报告员的任务规定根据人权委员会第2002/62和第2005/47号决议以及人权理事会第8/10和第17/12号决议有所延长，每次延期三年。", "3. 特别报告员提交给人权委员会的第一次报告(E/CN.4/2006/73及Add.1和2)说明了即将卸任的特别报告员的工作和工作方法国际法律框架。特别报告员在履行任务规定时以国际人权法为指导，主要是《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》和其他国际文书，其中包括国际劳工组织的文书。对话、协商和伙伴关系是特别报告员工作的主要特色。", "4. 2011年6月，人权理事会依照第17/12号决议，决定把特别报告员的任务期限延长三年。人权理事会第十七届会议任命弗朗索瓦·克雷波(加拿大)担任新的特别报告员。2011年8月1日，弗朗索瓦·克雷波作为新的移徙者人权问题特别报告员就任。他是继豪尔赫·布斯塔曼特(墨西哥)(2005-2011)和加布里埃尔·罗德里格斯·皮扎罗(Gabriela Rodríguez Pizarro)(哥斯达黎加)(1999-2005)之后的第三位任务执行人。[1]", "二. 活动", "A. 国家访问", "5. 在担任任务执行人期间，特别报告员访问了下列国家：南非(2011年1月24日至2月1日)；日本(2010年3月23日至31日)；塞内加尔(2009年8月17日至21日)；大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(2009年6月21日至26日)；罗马尼亚(2009年6月15日至20日)；危地马拉(2008年3月24日至28日)；墨西哥(2008年3月9日至15日)；美利坚合众国(2007年4月30日至5月18日)；印度尼西亚(2006年12月12日至21日)；大韩民国(2006年12月5日至12日)。特别报告员收到了阿尔巴尼亚、澳大利亚、白俄罗斯和希腊政府的访问邀请。巴林、加拿大、印度、马来西亚、毛里塔尼亚、菲律宾、西班牙和泰国发来邀请，尚未答复。", "6. 在报告所述期间，特别报告员应南非政府邀请于2011年1月24日至2月1日访问了南非。特别报告员确认南非政府为保护移徙者做出了努力，但在访问报告中(A/HRC/17/33/Add.4)指出，仍有若干问题需要解决。特别是，他注意到没有明确和全面的移民政策、缺乏资料和统计数据、拘留外国人问题、获取保健服务情况和无成人陪伴的外国儿童状况，并就此提出了若干建议。", "B. 报告", "7. 特别报告员向人权委员会及其后继机构人权理事会提交了六份专题报告，[2] 向大会提交了四份报告(在本文件前)。[3] 特别报告员在提交给人权理事会的报告中审查了以下主题：针对移徙者的一些法律和行政措施的影响(A/HRC/4/24)；非正常移徙刑罪化(A/HRC/7/12)；保护移徙背景下的儿童(A/HRC/11/7)；落实移徙者健康权和适足住房权的主要挑战(A/HRC/14/30)。", "8. 特别报告员提交给人权理事会2011年6月第十七届会议的最后报告(A/HRC/17/33)概述了与这些主题有关的关切问题和调查结果。最后，特别报告员表示关切的是，对移徙者的日益不宽容行为及移徙者易于受到潜在的种族主义或仇外主义暴力、贩运和走私行为的影响，还关切无正规身份移徙者往往害怕寻求当局保护，因此，不能获取基本的社会权利。然而，他强调，移徙可能是世界各地所有原籍国、过境国和目的地国发展、繁荣的一个重要因素(同上，第78段)。", "9. 特别报告员提交给大会的报告更深入地审查了其中一些主题，特别是保护儿童(A/64/213)和移徙刑罪化(A/65/222)，还涉及了被认为大会特别感兴趣的其他领域，如关于国际移徙和发展问题高级别对话(A/61/324)。", "C. 信件", "10. 2005年8月至2011年7月，特别报告员向各国政府发送了162份关于指控侵犯移徙者人权或即发性侵犯移徙者人权行为的信件，其中，108份是指控信，54份是紧急呼吁。特别报告员收到了各国政府对这些信件的102份答复(占63%)。大多数信件(112)是与其他特别程序任务执行人联合发出的。具体说来，共同指控信(66)最常见的是与以下特别报告员共同发出的：贩运人口、特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员；暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员；买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员。关于紧急呼吁(46)，则是更经常与以下方面发出联合信件：酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员；任意拘留问题工作组；法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员。", "11. 在报告所述期间，特别报告员共发出了22份指控侵犯移徙者权利的信件，就此，收到了有关国家政府的15份答复。特别报告员提交给人权理事会的最后一份报告增编(A/HRC/17/33/Add.1)包括2010年4月1日至2011年3月15日发给各国政府的信件，以及2010年5月11日至2011年5月10日收到的答复综述。此后发收的信件将提交给人权理事会今后几届会议。", "12. 特别报告员在2010年4月至2011年5月发给各国政府的信件中，对若干指控侵犯移徙工人人权的情况表示关切，其中包括：(a) 任意逮捕、性暴力、酷刑和其他残忍、有辱人格和不人道的待遇或处罚；过度使用武力；强迫劳动；(b) 大规模驱逐和强迫回返；(c) 生活标准不令人满意，包括不能获取适足的食品和住房；(d) 包括出于经济剥削目的买卖儿童；(e) 边境当局的杀戮；(f) 为性剥削和经济剥削目的贩运人口；(g) 移民当局的谩骂和体罚；(h) 虐待和剥削国内移徙工人，包括剥夺基本的劳动权，例如，不支付工资；(i) 限制国民的自由移动；(j) 针对移徙者的种族主义和仇外主义宣传。", "D. 其他活动", "13. 在任务期间，特别报告员参加了与保护和促进移徙者权利有关的若干大小活动，包括与保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处及其移徙问题工作队、国际移徙组织和世界卫生组织协商和参加这些机构的活动。", "14. 在举行主要会议、包括全球移徙与发展论坛年会、世界移徙问题社会论坛、作为筹备德班审查会议一部分的区域会议和第五次移徙与发展国际大会时，特别报告员向与任务有关的问题所涉报告提供材料并提交这方面的报告。此外，特别报告员与各区域组织和论坛对话，还参加各学术机构和民间社会组织组办的培训和其他活动。", "15. 在报告所述期间，特别报告员与买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员和当代形式奴隶制包括其因果问题特别报告员参加了Casa América在马德里举办的Viva América节(2010年10月)，还参加了全球儿童运动在拯救儿童和其他组织的帮助下在西班牙巴塞罗那组办的保护和支持移动中的儿童国际会议(2010年10月5日至7日)。2010年11月8日和9日，特别报告员还参加了墨西哥政府在瓦利亚塔港主办的关于移徙与人类发展伙伴关系主题的第四次全球移徙与发展论坛。", "16. 特别报告员为履行任务规定还分别或与特别程序和联合国其他人权机制一道发布了几个声明，把与移徙者人权有关的重大问题提请国际社会注意，其中包括与保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会主席共同发布的国际移徙者日(12月18日)联合声明，要求更广泛地批准《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利公约》。", "三. 特别报告员审查的主要专题问题", "17. 特别报告员在任务执行人任期期间侧重于三个主要专题问题，即，非正常移徙刑罪化、保护移徙背景下的儿童以及移徙者的健康权和适足住房权，这在下文做了简述。一般说来，特别报告员认为，移徙治理的指导原则必须是，在移徙过程的所有阶段——在原籍国、过境国以及目的地国或领土，履行和保护所有移徙者的国际公认人权而不论其移民身份 (A/65/222，第67段)。", "18. 特别报告员深为关切地注意到非正常移徙日益刑罪化的趋势，还注意到在整个移徙过程中日益增加的虐待非法移民现象。[4] 各国采取的两个措施表明了这一总趋势：移徙管制政策外在化和劳工移徙刑罪化。为了遏制非正常移徙且同时应对国家安全问题，通过限制移徙潮的双边协定把边境管制外在化用于原籍国和过境国，加剧了把违反移徙程序行为作为刑罪而非行政过错的趋势。各国还采取刑罪化办法，规定在国内的非正常逗留是刑事犯罪。特别报告员指出，这些措施削弱了对移徙者的人权保护，具体可见于行政拘留在海上和(或)在陆上截住的移徙者、在目的地国爆发仇外虐待和暴力行为以及走私和贩运在扩大。尽管特别报告员确认各国有保卫边境和管理移徙事务的主权权利，但其指出，这些政策未能充分确认移徙是受需求驱动的，也未能确认所在国的劳工需求及其对整个移徙人口和所在国社会的有害后果。为了协助各国执行基于人权的移徙政策，特别报告员提出了改革区域和双边合作机制和协定的切实建议，还提供了应对非正常移徙刑罪化的良好例子和其他办法。", "19. 特别报告员回顾各国有义务在移徙过程的所有阶段保护儿童权利，审议了在移徙过程中对儿童的具体保护需求和儿童的脆弱性。[5] 特别报告员确定了受移徙影响的三类儿童：留在原居地的儿童、正在移徙的儿童和所在国的移徙儿童。特别报告员指出，难以计量移徙对负有照料责任的移徙成年人留在身后的儿童的影响，尽管如此，特别报告员强调，所在国必须促进家庭团聚和与家人重聚。穿越边境的儿童往往为了寻求教育或就业机会与家人一起或独自移徙，还会被迫成为有组织犯罪网络的牺牲品。这些儿童、特别是无成人陪伴或没有证件的儿童需要特殊保护，以免遭到性暴力、驱逐和遣返以及被非法和任意剥夺自由。关于所在国的儿童，特别报告员表示各国需要在两个领域加大努力：保护这些儿童不加入跨国有组织犯罪，确保移徙背景的儿童充分享有人权。保护移徙儿童的主要挑战包括，国家移徙法律和政策没有针对儿童的具体规定，也没有区分移徙成年人和移徙儿童，而且，女童和非正常移徙儿童的处境特别不安全。为了协助各国应对这些问题和其他相关问题，特别报告员提出了若干建议供进一步审议和采取行动。", "20. 特别报告员的第三个重点涉及落实健康权和适足住房权，因为许多移徙者所在国日益采取极大损害享受这些权利的移民政策和措施。[6] 特别报告员对普遍缺乏旨在保护移徙者健康权和适足住房权的综合政策和措施表示关切，还注意到，没有诸如语文培训以及关于法律法规的信息等必要支助，进一步阻碍了享有这些权利。关于健康权，特别报告员关切的是，移徙者因社会经济地位低下容易健康出问题。特别报告员指出，移徙者的应有权益和获取保健的机会有很大差异。一个极端方面是，非本国国民不能获取救生药物，原因是医疗设施因为是外国人或没有本国身份证件而拒绝治疗。特别报告员认为国内外来务工妇女是最弱势的移徙工人群体之一，还报告这些妇女广泛受到身体虐待、性虐待和心理虐待。关于适足住房权，特别报告员注意到国际人权标准和世界许多地方的普遍情况、特别是在移徙妇女和儿童方面的差距之大令人不安。特别是，歧视往往阻碍移徙者进入私人住房市场。特别是在非正常逗留是刑事犯罪的国家，非正常移徙者的处境尤其艰难。特别报告员在其提出的建议中强调，一个基本原则是，各国应履行“最起码的核心义务”，确保在其职权范围内满足所有人最低层面的必不可少的初级保健，以及基本住所和住房需求。", "21. 特别报告员在提交给人权理事会的最后一次报告(A/HRC/17/33)中提出了被认为对今后研究有重要意义的两个主题：移徙与气候变化以及移徙者的参政和公民权。特别报告员指出，关于这些主题的进一步讨论可以要求提出新办法；还强调，移徙问题利益攸关方在全球讨论中需要采取人权视角。", "四. 结论", "22. 特别报告员在概述履行任务中收集的关切问题和调查结果时，重申关切对移徙者的日益不宽容以及移徙者易于受到潜在的种族主义或仇外主义暴力、贩运和走私行为的影响，还关切身份不正常的移徙者往往害怕寻求当局保护，因此，不能获取基本的社会权利。特别报告员强调，移徙可能是全球各地所有原籍国、过境国和目的地国发展和繁荣的一个必要因素。特别报告员感谢人权理事会使他非常荣幸有机会供职。", "23. 新的特别报告员弗朗索瓦·克雷波将向大会第六十六届会议提出口头报告，还将于2012年6月向人权理事会第十二届会议提交第一份报告。", "[1] 关于移徙者人权问题特别报告员的任务规定和活动概况，见www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/ migration/rapporteur/index.htm。", "[2] E/CN.4/2006/73及Add.1和2；A/HRC/4/24及Add.1-3；A/HRC/7/12及Add.1和2；A/HRC/11/7及Add.1和Add.1/Corr.1与Add.2和3；A/HRC/14/30及Add.1-3；A/HRC/17/33及Add.1-4。", "[3] A/60/357、A/61/324、A/64/213 和Corr.1及A/65/222。", "[4] 见A/65/222、A/HRC/7/12和A/HRC/17/33。", "[5] 见A/HRC/11/17和A/HRC/17/33。", "[6] 见A/HRC/14/30和A/HRC/17/33。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "移民的人权", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递秘书处根据大会第56/12号决议编写的一份说明,大会在该决议中请移徙者人权问题特别报告员向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "移民人权问题特别报告员的活动", "内容提要", "1. 本说明是秘书处根据大会第60/212号决议编写的,大会在该决议中请移徙者人权问题特别报告员向第六十六届会议提出报告。 鉴于任务负责人的变动,本说明概述了即将离任的特别报告员豪尔赫·布斯塔曼特在2005年8月至2011年7月担任任务负责人期间所开展的活动。 新任任务执行人弗朗索瓦·克雷波于2011年8月1日就职,并将向大会第六十六届会议提出口头报告。", "一. 导言", "页: 1 1. 本说明是根据大会第60/212号决议提交的,大会在该决议中请移民人权问题特别报告员向第六十六届会议提交报告,并根据人权理事会第8/10号决议提交。 报告审查了即将离任的特别报告员豪尔赫·布斯塔曼特2005年8月至2011年7月担任任务执行人的工作,并报告了报告所述期间(2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日)为完成任务所开展的活动。", "2. 结 论 特别报告员的活动是根据人权委员会第1999/44号决议进行的,该决议首先规定了特别报告员的任务。 此后,人权委员会第2002/62和2005/47号决议以及人权理事会第8/10和17/12号决议将特别报告员的任务延长三年。", "3. 。 即将离任的特别报告员的工作和工作方法国际法律框架载于他向人权委员会提交的第一次报告(E/CN.4/2006/73和Add.1和2)。 特别报告员在执行任务时遵循国际人权法,主要是《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》,以及其他国际文书,包括国际劳工组织的文书。 对话、协商和伙伴关系是他工作的重要特点。", "4. 2011年6月,人权理事会通过第17/12号决议,决定将任期延长三年。 人权理事会第十七届会议任命弗朗索瓦·克雷波(加拿大)为新任特别报告员。 弗朗索瓦·克雷波于2011年8月1日就任新的移民人权问题特别报告员。 在Jorge Bustamante(墨西哥)(2005-2011年)和Gabriela Rodríguez Pizarro(哥斯达黎加)(1999-2005年)之后,他是第三个任务负责人。 页: 1", "II. 活动", "A. 导 言 国别访问", "5. 在担任任务负责人期间,特别报告员访问了下列国家: 南非(2011年1月24日至2月1日);日本(2010年3月23日);塞内加尔(2009年8月17日至21日);大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(2009年6月21日至26日);罗马尼亚(2009年6月15日至20日);危地马拉(2008年3月24日至28日);墨西哥(2008年3月9日至15日);美利坚合众国(2007年4月30日至5月18日);印度尼西亚(2006年12月12日至21日);大韩民国(2006年12月5日至12日)。 收到了阿尔巴尼亚、澳大利亚、白俄罗斯和希腊政府关于特别报告员国别访问的邀请。 仍在等待答复的国家访问请求涉及巴林、加拿大、印度、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、马来西亚、毛里塔尼亚、菲律宾、西班牙和泰国。", "6. 任务 在本报告所述期间,特别报告员应南非政府的邀请,于2011年1月24日至2月1日对该国进行了访问。 特别报告员在承认政府为保护移民所作的努力的同时,在访问报告(A/HRC/17/33/Add.4)中指出,仍然需要应对一些挑战。 他特别指出,该国缺乏明确和全面的移民政策,缺乏数据和统计数字,拘留外国国民的问题,获得保健服务的机会,以及孤身外籍儿童的状况,并就此提出了一些建议。", "B. 报告", "7. 基本考虑 特别报告员向人权委员会及其继任者——人权理事会——提交了6份专题报告,并向大会提交了4份报告(本文件摘要)。 [3] 在提交人权理事会的报告中,特别报告员审查了以下主题:某些法律和行政措施对移民的影响(A/HRC/4/24);非正常移徙的刑事定罪(A/HRC/7/12);移徙背景下保护儿童(A/HRC/11/7);以及实现移民健康和适足住房权方面的重大挑战(A/HRC/14/30)。", "8.8 在2011年6月提交人权理事会第十七届会议的最后报告(A/HRC/17/33)中,特别报告员概述了与这些主题有关的关注和调查结果。 最后,特别报告员对移民越来越不宽容和易受潜在的种族主义或仇外暴力、贩运和走私以及身份不正常的移民往往害怕寻求当局的保护,因此得不到基本的社会权利表示关切。 然而,他强调,移徙可以成为全球所有原籍国、过境国和目的地国发展和繁荣的重要组成部分(同上,第78段)。", "9 September 2005 特别报告员向大会提交的报告进一步深入地审查了其中一些主题,特别是保护儿童(A/64/213)和将移民定为犯罪(A/61/322),并涵盖大会认为特别感兴趣的其他领域,如国际移民与发展高级别对话(A/61/324)。", "C. 来文", "10. 2005年8月至2011年7月,特别报告员就据称或即将发生的侵犯移民人权行为向各国政府发出了162份来文。 其中108份是指控信,54份是紧急呼吁。 特别报告员收到了各国政府对这些来文的102份答复(63%)。 大多数来文(112份)是与其他特别程序任务执行人联合发出的。 具体来说,与贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员、暴力侵害妇女、其原因和后果问题特别报告员以及买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员一道,最常见的是联合指控信(66)。 关于紧急呼吁(46),更经常地与酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员、任意拘留问题工作组和法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员发出联合信函。", "注 在本报告所述期间,特别报告员共发出了22份指控侵犯移民权利的来文。 收到有关政府15份答复。 他提交人权理事会的上一次报告增编(A/HRC/17/33/Add.1)载有从2010年4月1日至2011年3月15日向各国政府发出的函件以及从2010年5月11日至2011年5月10日收到的复函摘要。 此后发送和收到的来文将提交人权理事会今后各届会议。", "12. 第12段。 特别报告员于2010年4月至2011年5月致函各国政府,对据称侵犯移徙工人人权的若干情况表示关切,包括:(a) 任意逮捕、性暴力、酷刑和其他形式的残忍、有辱人格和不人道的待遇或惩罚;过度使用武力;强迫劳动;(b) 大规模驱逐和强迫遣返;(c) 生活水准不足,包括无法获得适足的食物和住房;(d) 买卖儿童,包括为经济剥削目的买卖儿童;(e) 边境当局杀人;(f) 为性剥削和经济剥削目的贩运;(g) 移民当局的言语和肉体虐待;(h) 对移民工人的剥削和剥夺(j) 对移民工人的行动自由。", "D. 出席情况 其他活动", "13 August 2001 在其任期内,特别报告员参加了与保护和促进移民权利有关的一些活动和活动。 其中包括与保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处及其移民问题工作队、国际移民组织和世界卫生组织进行协商并参与其活动。", "十四、任 务 特别报告员为主要会议,包括全球移民与发展论坛年度会议、世界移民社会论坛、作为德班审查会议和第五次国际移民与发展大会筹备工作的一部分的区域会议,贡献并提交了有关任务问题的报告。 此外,特别报告员与区域组织和论坛进行对话,并参加了学术机构和民间社会组织举办的培训和其他活动。", "15 5. 在本报告所述期间,特别报告员参加了卡萨·阿梅里察在马德里举办的Viva América节(2010年10月)和由全球儿童运动在西班牙巴塞罗那举办的“保护和支持儿童”国际会议(2010年10月5日至7日),以及买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员和当代形式奴隶制包括其原因和后果问题特别报告员。 5. 2010年11月8日和9日,特别报告员还参加了墨西哥政府在瓦拉尔塔港主办的第四次全球移民与发展论坛,主题是移徙和人类发展伙伴关系。", "161 在执行任务时,特别报告员还分别或与特别程序和联合国其他人权机制联合发表了若干声明,提请国际社会注意有关移徙者人权的关键问题。 其中包括与国际移民日(12月18日)的联合声明,其中呼吁更广泛地批准《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》。", "页: 1 特别报告员审查的主要专题", "17. 第17条。 特别报告员在其担任任务负责人期间重点讨论了三个主要专题问题,即:将非法移民定为犯罪、在移徙中保护儿童以及移民享有健康和适足住房的权利。 下文简要介绍这些内容。 作为一项一般规则,特别报告员认为,移民治理的指导原则必须是,在原籍国、过境国和目的地国的移民过程的所有阶段,不论移民身份如何,实现和保护所有移民的人权(A/61/322,第67段)。", "第18条 特别报告员深为关切地注意到,在整个移民过程中,对非法移民的刑事定罪呈上升趋势,对非法移民的滥用日益增加。 [4] 各国采取的两项措施表明了这一普遍趋势:移民管制政策外部化和劳工移徙的刑事定罪。 在努力遏制非法移民并同时处理国家安全问题时,通过双边协定将边界管制外部化,限制移民流动,助长了将违反移民程序视为刑事犯罪而不是行政犯罪的趋势。 各国还诉诸刑事定罪,将在该国非法居留定为刑事犯罪。 他指出,这些措施削弱了对移民的人权保护,在海上和(或)陆地拦截的移民的行政拘留、在目的地国爆发的仇外虐待和暴力行为以及走私和贩运的扩大就是明证。 特别报告员承认各国保护边界和管理移民的主权权利,但指出,这些政策未能充分承认移民需求驱动的性质以及东道国的劳动力需求及其对整个移徙人口和整个东道国社会的不利影响。 为了协助各国执行基于人权的移民政策,特别报告员提出了改革区域和双边合作机制和协定的实际建议,并为非正常移徙的刑事定罪提供了良好的范例和替代方法。", "191 特别报告员回顾了各国在移民过程的各个阶段保护儿童权利的义务,并在移民过程中考虑了儿童的特别保护需要和脆弱性。 [5] 他确定了受移徙影响的三类儿童:儿童“背后”、“流动时”的儿童和东道国的移徙儿童。 特别报告员指出,移民对成年移民遗留下来的儿童的影响难以衡量,但他强调必须促进家庭团结,并与东道国的家庭成员团聚。 跨边界的儿童与家庭成员移徙,或独自移徙,往往是为了教育或就业机会,但在成为有组织犯罪网络受害者时也被迫移徙。 这些儿童,特别是无人陪伴或无证件的儿童,需要得到特别保护,防止性暴力、驱逐和遣返、非法和任意剥夺自由。 关于收容国的儿童,特别报告员指出了需要各国加强努力的两个领域:保护他们免遭跨国有组织犯罪,确保移民背景的儿童充分享有人权。 在移徙期间保护儿童方面的主要挑战包括:在国家移徙法律和政策中缺乏针对儿童的规定,以及成人与儿童移民之间缺乏区别,以及女童和非法移民儿童的特殊脆弱性。 为了协助各国解决这些和其他相关问题,特别报告员提出了一些供进一步审议和采取行动的建议。", "20.20 特别报告员的第三个重点涉及实现健康权和适足住房权,因为许多东道国越来越倾向于采取移民政策和措施,严重阻碍享有这些权利。 [6] 他对普遍缺乏旨在保护移民健康和适足住房权利的全面政策和措施表示关切,并指出缺乏必要的支持,例如语言培训以及法律和法规方面的信息,进一步妨碍了这些权利的享受。 关于健康权,特别报告员对移民由于其社会经济地位低下而易受不良健康影响表示关切。 他指出,他们的应享权利和获得保健的机会差别很大。 在一端,非国民无法获得救生药品,因为设施以“外国福利”为由拒绝治疗,或者没有国民身份证件。 特别报告员指出,女性家庭佣工是移徙工人中最易受伤害的群体之一,并报告说这些妇女普遍遭受身体、性和心理虐待。 关于适足住房权,特别报告员指出,国际人权标准与世界许多地区,特别是移徙妇女和儿童的状况存在“令人不安的巨大差距”。 值得注意的是,歧视往往阻碍移民进入私人住房市场。 非法移民的处境特别困难,特别是在非法居留为刑事犯罪的国家。 特别报告员在其建议中强调,作为一项基本原则,各国应当履行“最低核心义务”,确保在其管辖范围内的所有个人获得起码的基本保健以及基本住所和住房。", "21.21。 特别报告员在提交人权理事会的最后报告(A/HRC/17/33)中提出了两个被认为对未来研究很重要的主题:在气候变化背景下的移徙以及移民的政治参与和公民权利。 他指出,关于这些主题的进一步讨论将使任务能够提出创新做法;这些讨论还强调,在利益攸关方关于移徙问题的全球讨论中,必须从人权角度看待移徙问题。", "四、结 论 结论", "第22章 特别报告员在总结执行任务时所关注的事项和调查结果时,重申关注对移民的不容忍日益加剧,他们容易遭受潜在的种族主义或仇外暴力、贩运和走私,而且身份不正常的移民往往害怕寻求当局的保护,因此无法享有基本的社会权利。 他强调,移徙可以成为全球所有原籍国、过境国和目的地国发展和繁荣的重要组成部分。 特别报告员感谢人权理事会为执行任务提供的特权和机会。", "23. 会议报告。 新任特别报告员弗朗索瓦·克雷波将向第六十六届会议提出口头报告,并将在2012年6月向人权理事会第二十届会议提交第一次报告。", "页: 1", "E/CN.4/2006/73和Add.1和2;A/HRC/4/24和Add.1-3;A/HRC/7/12和Add.1和2;A/HRC/11/7和Add.1和Add.1/Corr.1和Add.2和3;A/HRC/14/30和Add.1-3;以及A/HRC/17/33和Add.1-4。", "[3] A/60/357、A/61/324、A/64/213和Corr.1和A/63/222。", "[4] 见A/63/222、A/HRC/7/12和A/HRC/17/33。", "[5] 见A/HRC/11/17和A/HRC/17/33。", "[6] 见A/HRC/14/30和A/HRC/17/33。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: implementation of human rights instruments", "Special Fund established by the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report contains information on the operations of the Special Fund established by the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.", "I. Introduction", "A. Submission of the report", "1. The present note was prepared in accordance with the arrangements approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/205, in which it encouraged contributions to the Special Fund established by the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and requested the Secretary-General to report on the operations of the Special Fund.", "B. Mandate of the Special Fund", "2. The Special Fund was established pursuant to article 26 of the Optional Protocol to help finance the implementation of the recommendations made by the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture following a visit to a State Party to the Optional Protocol, as well as education programmes of national preventive mechanisms.", "3. The Special Fund receives voluntary contributions from Governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and other private or public entities.", "C. Management of the Special Fund", "4. The Special Fund is administered by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations. Information will be provided as requested by the General Assembly when expenditures have occurred.", "II. Financial situation of the Special Fund", "5. At the time of writing, the following contributions to the Special Fund established by the Optional Protocol had been received: $20,271.52 from the Czech Republic, $5,000 from the Maldives, $82,266.30 from Spain and $855,263.16 from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The table below shows the contributions received.", "Contributions received from 2008 to 2011", "(In United States dollars)", "Donors Amount Date of receipt", "Czech Republic 10 000.00 16 November 2009", "Czech Republic 10 271.52 27 December 2010", "Maldives 5 000.00 27 May 2008", "Spain 25 906.74 16 December 2008", "Spain 29 585.80 10 November 2009", "Spain 26 773.76 29 December 2010", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and 855 263.16 20 June 2011 Northern Ireland", "III. Making a contribution", "6. Contributions to the Special Fund should always be marked “Payee: Special Fund established by the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture, account CH”. Payments may be made either by bank transfer (a) in United States dollars to UNOG General Fund, account No. 485001802, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 270 Park Avenue, 43rd floor, New York, NY 10017, United States of America (Swift code: CHAS US 33; bank number: (ABA) 021000021); (b) in euros to the United Nations Office at Geneva, account No. 6161600934, J.P. Morgan Chase AG, Grueneburgweg 2 — 60322 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Swift code: CHAS DE FX, bank number: (BLZ) 50110800, IBAN: DE78 5011 0800 6161 6009 34); (c) in pounds sterling to the United Nations Office at Geneva, account No. 23961903, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 25 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AJ, United Kingdom (Swift code: CHAS GB 2L, bank number: (SC) 609242, IBAN: GB68 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 03); (d) in Swiss francs to the United Nations Geneva General Fund, account No. 240-C0590160.0, UBS AG, rue du Rhône 8, case postale 2600, CH‑1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland (Swift code: UBSW CH ZH 80A, bank number: 240, IBAN: CH92 0024 0240 C059 0160 0); (e) in other currencies to the United Nations Geneva General Fund, account No. 240-C0590160.1, UBS AG, rue du Rhône 8, case postale 2600, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland (Swift code: UBSW CH ZH 80A, bank number: 240, IBAN: CH65 0024 0240 C059 0160 1); or (f) by cheque payable to the United Nations, addressed to Trésorerie, Nations Unies, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.", "7. Donors are requested to inform the Donor and External Relations Section of OHCHR when a payment has been made (including a copy of the bank transfer order or of the cheque) to facilitate effective follow-up on the official recording procedure and preparation of reports of the Secretary-General.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "8. Governments are strongly encouraged to contribute to the Special Fund, in order to provide the Special Fund with the resources required to carry out its mandate." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(a)", "^(*) A/66/150。", "促进和保护人权：人权文书的 执行情况", "《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》所设特别基金", "秘书长的说明", "摘要", "本报告介绍了《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》所设特别基金的运转情况。", "一. 导言", "A. 递交报告", "1. 本说明按照大会第65/205号决议核定的安排编写，大会在该决议中鼓励向《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》(任择议定书)所设特别基金捐款，并请秘书长提交关于特别基金运作情况的报告。", "B． 特别基金的任务", "2. 特别基金是根据《任择议定书》第26条设立的，目的是资助落实禁止酷刑委员会小组委员会在访问《任择议定书》缔约国之后提出的建议以及开展国家预防机制的教育方案。", "3. 特别基金接收政府、政府间组织和非政府组织以及其他私营或公营实体的自愿捐款。", "C. 特别基金的管理", "4. 特别基金由联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)按照《联合国财务条例和细则》予以管理。将按大会要求提供支出情况资料。", "二. 特别基金的财务状况", "5. 编写本说明时，《任择议定书》所设特别基金已收到下列国家的捐款：捷克共和国20 271.52美元；马尔代夫82 266.30美元；西班牙5 000美元；大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国855 263.16美元。下表列出收到的捐款。", "2008-2011年收到的捐款", "(单位：美元)", "捐助国 数额 收款日期 \n 捷克共和国 10 000.00 2009年11月16日 \n 捷克共和国 10 271.52 2010年12月27日 \n 马尔代夫 5 000.00 2008年5月27日 \n 西班牙 25 906.74 2008年12月16日 \n 西班牙 29 585.80 2009年11月10日 \n 西班牙 26 773.76 2010年12月29日 \n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\t855 263.16\t2011年6月20日", "三. 捐款", "6. 向基金提供的捐款一律应写明“受款人：《禁止酷刑公约任择议定书》所设特别基金，CH账户”。款项可以通过银行转账支付：(a) 美元：UNOG General Fund, Aaccount No. 485001802, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 270 Park Avenue, 43rd floor, New York, NY 10017, United States of America (Swift code: CHAS US 33；bank number:(ABA)code: 021000021)；(b) 欧元：United Nations Office at Geneva, account no. 6161600934, J.P. Morgan Chase AG, Grueneburgweg 2-60322 Frankfurt am Main, Germany(Swift code: CHAS DE FX, bank number: (BLZ) 50110800, IBAN: DE78 5011 0800 6161 6009 34)；(c) 英镑：United Nations at Geneva, account no. 23961903, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 25 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AJ, United Kingdom (Swift code: CHAS GB 2L, bank number: 609242, IBAN: GB68 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 03)；(d) 瑞士法郎：United Nations Geneva General Fund, Aaccount no. 240-C0590160.0, UBS AG, rue du Rhône 8, case postale 2600, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland (Swift code: UBSW CH ZH 80A；bank number: 240；IBAN: CH92 0024 0240 CO59 0160 0)；(e) 其他货币：United Nations Geneva General Fund, account no. 240-C0590160.1, UBS AG, rue du Rhône 8, case postale 2600, CH-Geneva 1211 2, Switzerland (Swift code: UBSW CH ZH 80A；bank number: 240；IBAN: CH65 0024 0240 CO59 0160 1)；或者(f) 以支票支付给联合国，地址是：Trésorerie, Nations Unies, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, witzerland。", "7. 请捐助国在付款以后通知人权高专办捐助和对外关系科(附上一份银行转账通知复印件或支票复印件)，以便有效地追踪正式记录程序和编写秘书长的报告。", "四. 结论和建议", "8. 大力鼓励各国政府向特别基金捐款，以便为该基金提供履行任务所需的资源。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程* 项目69(a)", "促进和保护人权:人权文书的执行情况", "《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》所设特别基金", "秘书长的说明", "内容提要", "本报告载有《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》所设特别基金运作情况的资料。", "一. 导言", "A. 导 言 提交报告", "页: 1 1. 本说明是根据大会第61/105号决议核准的安排编写的,大会在该决议中鼓励向《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》所设特别基金捐款,并请秘书长报告特别基金的运作情况。", "B. 特别基金的任务", "2. 结 论 特别基金是根据《任择议定书》第26条设立的,目的是帮助资助执行防止酷刑小组委员会在访问《任择议定书》缔约国后提出的建议,以及国家预防机制的教育方案。", "3. 。 特别基金接受各国政府、政府间组织和非政府组织以及其他私营或公共实体的自愿捐款。", "C. 特别基金的管理", "4. 第四届会议 特别基金由人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)根据《联合国财务条例和细则》管理。 在出现支出时,将按照大会的要求提供信息。", "II. 特别基金的财务状况", "5. 在编写本报告时,已收到下列对《任择议定书》所设特别基金的捐款:捷克共和国20 271.52美元、马尔代夫5 000美元、西班牙82 266.30美元和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国855 263.16美元。 下表显示收到的捐款。", "2008年至2011年收到的捐款", "(美元)", "A. 捐助者收到的款项", "捷克共和国 2009年11月16日", "捷克共和国", "马尔代夫 2008年5月27日", "2008年12月16日", "2009年11月10日", "西班牙", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国", "页: 1 A. 贡献", "6. 任务 对特别基金的捐款应始终贴上“Payee:根据《禁止酷刑公约任择议定书》设立的特别基金,CH账户”。 可通过银行转账(a)向日内瓦办事处普通基金付款,账户编号485001802,J.P。 Morgan Bridge Bank, 270 Park Avenue, 43rd floor, New York, NY 10017, United States (Swift Code: CHAS US 33; bank number: (ABA) 021000021); (b) in euro to the United Nations Office at Geneva, account No. 6161600934, J.P. Morgan 大通公司,Greneburgweg 2 - 60322 法兰克福,德国(Swift代码:CHAS DE 摩根大通银行编号:(BLZ) 50110800, IBAN:DE78 5011 0800 6161 6009 34);(c) 给联合国日内瓦办事处的英镑,第23961903号账户,J.P.摩根大通银行,25 伦敦墙,EC2Y 5AJ,联合王国 (Swift Code: CHAS GB 2L, bank number: (SC) 609242, IBAN: GB68 CHAS 609223 9619 03); (d) 以瑞士法郎表示给联合国日内瓦普通基金,账户编号240-C0590160.0, UBS AG, rue du Rhône 8, case postale 2600, CH‐1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland (Swift Code:UBSW CHCHZH 80A, 银行编号: 240, IBAN: CH92 0024 0C059160, (e)", "7. 基本考虑 请捐助方在支付款项(包括银行转账令或支票的副本)时通知人权高专办的捐助方和对外关系科,以便利对正式记录程序和编写秘书长的报告采取有效的后续行动。", "四、结 论 结论和建议", "8.8 大力鼓励各国政府向特别基金捐款,以便向特别基金提供执行任务所需的资源。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 59 of the provisional agenda*", "Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples", "Question of Western Sahara", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/112, summarizes the report submitted by the Secretary-General to the Security Council on the situation concerning Western Sahara in the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "1. On 10 December 2010, the General Assembly adopted, without a vote, resolution 65/112 on the question of Western Sahara. The present report, covering the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, is submitted in accordance with paragraph 7 of that resolution.", "2. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1920 (2010), the Secretary-General submitted a report dated 1 April 2011 (S/2011/249) to the Security Council on the situation concerning Western Sahara. In that report, the Secretary-General informed the Council of the activities of his Personal Envoy to promote negotiations on Western Sahara. He also included some new ideas for the parties’ consideration (ibid., para. 120).", "3. The period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 was one of intensified activity on this item with the parties and neighbouring States, as well as with other members of the international community. By the end of the five rounds of informal talks held during this time frame, the parties had agreed to future discussion of factors affecting the negotiating atmosphere, as well as of specific subjects of mutual interest, and had reaffirmed, and in some cases agreed to steps to implement, prior agreements on confidence-building measures. They also succeeded in conducting their exchanges throughout the five rounds on the basis of a respectful give-and-take dialogue and committed themselves to meeting more frequently. However, on the core issues of the future status of Western Sahara and the means by which the self‑determination of the people of Western Sahara is to occur, no progress was registered. The parties continued to adhere to what the Personal Envoy has previously characterized as “unyielding adherence to mutually exclusive positions”. In short, they continued to demonstrate the political will to meet at regular intervals, but have yet to demonstrate the political will to break the stalemate.", "4. From 21 June to 1 July 2010, the Personal Envoy visited the capitals of three States members of the Group of Friends of Western Sahara — London, Paris and Madrid — to encourage their sustained interest in and continued support of the negotiating process and to exchange views on how best to steer that process towards a mutually acceptable political solution. To the same end, he consulted with senior officials in Washington, D.C., on 16 July 2010 and in Moscow from 12 to 14 September 2010. Everywhere, he found recognition of the need to move beyond the status quo, a readiness to work with him and the parties to promote more substantive engagement and more flexible discussions, and agreement on the need to intensify work on confidence-building measures, including the resumption of family visits by air, the early inauguration of family visits by road and early consideration of other confidence-building measures contained in the 2004 plan of action of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).", "5. A third round of informal talks between the parties was to have taken place in early August 2010. However, the sudden death in July of Mahfoud Ali Beiba, the head of the delegation of the Frente Polisario, made it difficult to maintain this schedule, and the parties concurred that it was best to wait until after Ramadan (11 August to 10 September) and the high-level meetings and general debate of the General Assembly to meet again.", "6. In mid-September 2010, UNHCR and the Personal Envoy again attempted to resume family visits by air, but a dispute over proper notification to the parties and other issues prevented their resumption.", "7. The Personal Envoy undertook a fourth visit to the region from 17 to 26 October 2010 to prepare the way for a third round of informal talks by holding discussions with the parties and neighbouring States. As on his previous visit, he met with the Heads of State of Algeria, Mauritania and Morocco, with the Secretary-General of the Frente Polisario and other senior officials. All reiterated their commitment to the negotiating process, while at the same time restating their red lines on the core issues of the future status of Western Sahara and the form of self‑determination of its people. His consultations also provided an opportunity to discuss human rights and terrorism.", "8. That fourth visit coincided with increased tensions arising from the action by Saharan residents of Laayoune to establish an encampment outside that city to protest difficult socio-economic conditions, including unemployment and perceived discrimination.", "9. The third round of informal talks was held from 7 to 10 November 2010 on Long Island, New York. The opening session, scheduled for the morning of 8 November, coincided with Moroccan action to dismantle the Saharan protest encampment outside Laayoune and subsequent confrontations within the city. The ensuing tensions threatened to derail the talks, inasmuch as the delegation of the Frente Polisario questioned the motives and timing of the Moroccan action and the utility of proceeding with talks as violence escalated. It took a significant effort by my Personal Envoy to convene the opening session, and throughout the round the Frente Polisario and Morocco accused each other repeatedly of escalating tensions and engaging in human rights violations in Western Sahara and in the refugee camps in the Tindouf area.", "10. As became the pattern in succeeding rounds, the first session was devoted to the two proposals that the parties had presented in April 2007 (see S/2007/206 and S/2007/210). By the end of this discussion, it was clear that, as in the past, neither party accepted the proposal of the other as the sole basis of future negotiations. To foster constructive engagement despite the continuing impasse, the Personal Envoy proposed to the parties that they reflect on how to create a new dynamic at future rounds by pondering innovative approaches for the negotiating process and identifying subjects that could be discussed irrespective of the final status of Western Sahara. The goal was to get the parties to deconstruct their proposals, find subjects to be discussed as building blocks towards the consideration of the core issues, and foster the gradual emergence of trust and confidence. They agreed to incorporate this approach into future rounds; in so doing, the parties sought and received assurances that such an approach did not constitute an abandonment of their respective proposals, but was instead a supplementary way of approaching the core issues.", "11. For the session on confidence-building measures, the Personal Envoy sought and obtained the active participation of the delegations of the neighbouring States, Algeria and Mauritania, in the discussions for the first time, thus deepening their contribution to the overall negotiating process. At the same time, the two neighbouring States maintained their insistence that the core issues must be addressed solely by Morocco and the Frente Polisario. The Personal Envoy stressed that present and future confidence-building measures were humanitarian in nature and must not be subjected to political considerations. This being so, he asked that family visits by air resume unconditionally and without delay, and the parties agreed. To permit a full review of current and proposed confidence-building measures, the Personal Envoy also proposed that delegations from the parties and the neighbouring States meet, in his presence, with UNHCR in Geneva in early February 2011, and all agreed.", "12. The fourth round of informal talks was held from 16 to 18 December 2010 at the same venue as the third. The April 2007 proposals of the parties were again presented, and again each party continued to reject the proposal of the other as the sole basis for future negotiations. As agreed at the previous round, and with the assistance of my Personal Envoy, the parties engaged in preliminary discussions on innovative approaches and on subjects to be discussed. However, the atmosphere was again affected by the aftermath of the events in Laayoune, with each party accusing the other of human rights violations and questioning the other’s political will to find a solution to the conflict. At the end of the round, the Personal Envoy called upon the parties to create a new dynamic in 2011 on the basis of regular meetings and to avoid actions that undermined the creation of the atmosphere of trust needed for progress to be made.", "13. The fifth round of informal talks was held from 21 to 23 January 2011 at the same venue as the two previous rounds. Again, the parties continued to reject each other’s proposals as the sole basis of future negotiations. As agreed at the previous round, the Personal Envoy invited the parties to continue their exploration of innovative approaches and subjects for discussion. The parties responded by making concrete proposals for over a dozen innovative approaches and some 10 subjects for discussion. Most of these were couched in terms that served the agenda of one or another of the parties, and, as a result, the parties were unable to reach a consensus on any of them other than the “innovative approach” of having the Personal Envoy intensify and diversify his activities. To achieve more progress at the next round, the Personal Envoy asked the parties to prepare a revised list of innovative approaches and subjects for discussion, putting aside the most controversial elements and, where possible, recasting others in terms to which both parties could agree.", "14. As agreed at the third round of informal talks, delegations from the parties and neighbouring States met with representatives of UNHCR in the presence of the Personal Envoy and my Special Representative for Western Sahara and Head of MINURSO on 9 and 10 February 2011 in Geneva. During that meeting, the parties and neighbouring States reiterated their support for the proper implementation of the 2004 plan of action of UNHCR on confidence-building measures, as well as for the UNHCR technical mission to be deployed in April 2011, to create the most favourable conditions possible for the implementation of family visits by land. They also agreed to meet every six months with UNHCR in Geneva to follow up on the implementation of the confidence-building measures.", "15. The sixth round of informal talks was held from 7 to 9 March 2011 in Mellieha, Malta, with logistical assistance from the Government of Malta. In opening this round, the Personal Envoy asked the delegations of the parties and of the neighbouring States to reflect on the implications for the Western Saharan negotiating process of the protest movements sweeping across the Middle East and North Africa and suggested that, to minimize the dangers to their own subregion, the parties would do well to begin negotiating seriously, while the neighbouring States could lend greater assistance to the process.", "16. To focus the opening session on the two proposals of April 2007, the Personal Envoy asked the delegations of the parties to summarize the various questions that each had asked of the other with regard to the two proposals, beginning with the first round of informal talks held in Dürnstein, Austria, on 9 and 10 August 2009.", "17. The delegation of the Frente Polisario reviewed the questions it had asked on substantive aspects of the Moroccan proposal. In previous rounds, the delegation of Morocco had refrained from fully replying to those questions, arguing that they were being posed solely in the framework of the proposal of the Frente Polisario for a referendum that included independence as an option. On this occasion, the delegation of Morocco did provide answers that clarified many aspects of its proposal.", "18. The delegation of Morocco, for its part, put forward observations and questions on the proposal of the Frente Polisario. These dealt largely with the origins and timing of that proposal, the fact that it seemed to have been inspired by the last peace plan put forward by the former Personal Envoy, James Baker, and its omission of any discussion of the option of autonomy. No questions were asked on that portion of the proposal that described the parameters for relations with Morocco in the event of independence. The delegation of the Frente Polisario refrained from answering most of the questions posed, arguing that they were out of place, ignored the essence of its proposal and sought to blame it for not addressing the option of autonomy.", "19. At the session on innovative negotiating approaches and specific subjects for discussion to be examined in detail at future meetings, the parties engaged in extensive exchanges on the various proposals put forward in the course of previous rounds. With regard to subjects to be discussed, the parties agreed to examine two proposals: the demining programme and the natural resources of Western Sahara and their use. With regard to innovative negotiating approaches, the parties finally agreed to examine three subjects: what constitutes provocation and how to avoid it, what measures can be taken to calm the situation, and what diversified and complementary forms of activity the Personal Envoy can undertake. After lengthy exchanges that highlighted fundamental differences between the parties as to the parameters and timing of any eventual discussion, the issue of human rights, proposed by the delegation of the Frente Polisario at previous rounds and embraced by the delegation of Morocco at this round, was withdrawn at the request of the delegation of the Frente Polisario.", "20. The seventh round of informal talks was held on Long Island, New York, from 5 to 7 June 2011. The purpose of the meeting was to review the guidance provided in Security Council resolution 1979 (2011) and to encourage the parties to deepen their discussion of their two proposals, including by expanding their exploration of innovative approaches and topics for discussion and devoting attention to the ideas in paragraph 120 of my report of 1 April 2011 (S/2011/249), and exchanging views on resolution 1979 (2011). As in previous informal meetings, the parties discussed the two proposals. At the end of the meeting, it was once again clear that neither party was prepared to accept the proposal of the other. However, for the first time, the parties engaged in exchanges on the mechanism for self‑determination of the Sahrawi people. They also began discussing demining and asked for the assistance of the United Nations Secretariat in proposing a framework for reflection for future exchanges on natural resources. Regarding confidence-building measures, the parties and the neighbouring States reiterated their support for the implementation of family visits by road, as well as for a workshop to be organized by UNHCR in Madeira, Portugal, in September 2011 and a six-month review meeting with UNHCR later in the year. For the next informal meeting, the parties agreed to propose for discussion specific aspects of governance of the Territory regardless of the final solution.", "21. The agreements reached to date, particularly those with regard to subjects for future discussion, provide a considerable agenda for future meetings. However, much will depend on the motivations and spirit of the parties as they proceed to engage on them. While both emphasize their full commitment to the search for a solution, a total lack of trust continues to haunt the negotiating process, and each party harbours deep suspicions of the other. The delegation of Morocco, for its part, has expressed concern that the Frente Polisario is attempting both to steer the talks back to the last peace plan of the former Personal Envoy, James Baker, instead of embracing Morocco’s proposal for autonomy, and to present the international community with the conclusion that no significant progress has been made on the core issues of the future status of Western Sahara and the exercise of self‑determination.", "22. The delegation of the Frente Polisario has voiced concern that Morocco is exploiting the exploration of innovative approaches and specific subjects for discussion both to divert the talks from examination of the proposals of April 2007 and to present the international community with the appearance of progress.", "23. The parties have agreed to hold another round of informal talks from 19 to 21 July 2011 to examine the proposals of April 2007 yet again and to discuss one or more of the innovative approaches or specific subjects. In addition, the parties have agreed in principle to hold further rounds regularly until enough progress has been made to convene a round of formal negotiations. As this process unfolds, ample opportunities will exist for the parties to confirm their intentions, demonstrate the political will not only to continue meeting, but also to engage in genuine negotiations and to accept greater shared ownership of the negotiating process. These more frequent meetings will also give the parties and the neighbouring States, as they have in the past, informal opportunities to exchange views and clarify positions on important regional and bilateral issues of common interest." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目59", "《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》 的执行情况", "西撒哈拉问题", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会第65/112号决议提交的，是秘书长向安全理事会提交的关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间西撒哈拉局势的报告的摘要。", "1. 2010年12月10日，大会未经表决通过了关于西撒哈拉问题的第65/112号决议。本报告是根据该决议第7段提交的，所述期间为2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日。", "2. 依照安全理事会第1920(2010)号决议，秘书长于2011年4月1日向安全理事会提交了关于西撒哈拉局势的报告(S/2011/249)。在该报告中，秘书长向安理会通报了他的个人特使推动西撒哈拉谈判的活动。他还提出了一些新想法，供双方考虑(同上，第120段)。", "3. 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间，我的个人特使就这一问题与双方、邻国及国际社会其他成员开展了大量活动。在此期间举行的五轮非正式会谈结束时，双方商定继续讨论影响谈判气氛的因素和双方感兴趣的具体议题。他们还重申并在某些情况下商定了先前关于建立信任措施的协议的实施步骤。在这五轮会谈过程中，他们还在礼貌、互让对话的基础上成功地进行了交流并承诺举行更多会议。然而，在西撒哈拉未来地位和西撒哈拉人民实现自决的方式等核心问题上，双方没有取得任何进展。双方继续坚持我的个人特使以前曾描述的“毫不退让且相互排斥的立场”。总之，他们继续表现出定期举行会议的政治意愿，但尚未表现出打破僵局的政治意愿。", "4. 2010年6月21日至7月1日，我的个人特使访问了西撒哈拉之友小组三个成员国的首都——伦敦、巴黎和马德里，鼓励他们持续关注并继续支持谈判进程，并就如何最佳地指导谈判进程找到双方可接受的政治解决办法交换了意见。为同样目的，他于2010年7月16日在华盛顿特区、2010年9月12日至14日在莫斯科分别与高级官员进行了磋商。每到一地他都发现，这些官员认识到打破现状的必要性、愿意与他和双方努力推动更实质性的接触及进行更灵活的讨论，并赞同必须在建立信任措施方面加强工作，包括恢复空路探亲、早日启动陆路探亲和尽早考虑2004年联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)行动计划列举的其他建立信任措施。", "5. 双方第三轮非正式会谈原定在2010年8月初举行。然而，7月波利萨里奥阵线代表团团长马赫福兹·阿里·贝巴突然去世，使得很难再按原计划举行会谈，双方认为，最好等到斋月(8月11日至9月10日)和大会高级别会议和一般性辩论之后再举行会谈。", "6. 2010年9月中旬，难民署和我的个人特使再次要求恢复空路探亲，但双方对适当通知对方和其他问题存在的争议阻碍了探亲的恢复。", "7. 2010年10月17日至26日，我的个人特使第四次访问该区域，与双方和邻国进行讨论，为第三轮非正式会谈铺路。像上次访问那样，他会晤了阿尔及利亚、毛里塔尼亚和摩洛哥的国家元首、波利萨里奥阵线秘书长及其他高级官员。所有人都重申致力于谈判进程，同时再次表明他们在西撒哈拉未来地位和西撒哈拉人民自决形式等核心问题上的红线。协商还为讨论人权和恐怖主义问题提供了机会。", "8. 第四次访问时正遇到当地紧张局势加剧，阿尤恩的撒哈拉居民在城外搭建了营地，抗议包括失业在内的社会经济条件艰苦和感受到的歧视。", "9. 2010年11月7日至10日在纽约长岛举行了第三轮非正式会谈。定于11月8日上午举行的开幕式，正赶上摩洛哥采取行动，拆除阿尤恩城外撒哈拉人的抗议营地和随后在阿尤恩城市中发生的对抗。随之而来的紧张局势差点使谈判脱轨，波利萨里奥阵线代表团对摩洛哥行动的动机和时机以及在暴力升级的同时继续谈判的效用提出了质疑。我的个人特使作出了重大努力，才举行了开幕式。在整个会谈期间，波利萨里奥阵线和摩洛哥一再相互指责对方在西撒哈拉和在廷杜夫地区的难民营加剧紧张局势和侵犯人权。", "10. 第一次会议专门讨论了双方在2007年4月提出的两项提议(见S/2007/206和S/2007/210)，这成了随后几轮会谈的模式。讨论结束时，显然同过去一样，任何一方都不同意把另一方的提议作为未来谈判的唯一基础。在持续僵局的情况下，为推动建设性接触，我的个人特使向双方提议，他们应认真考虑在今后几轮谈判中如何创造新的活力，思考以创新方式推动谈判进程，并确定不论西撒哈拉的最终地位如何均可讨论的议题。其目标是让双方分解他们的提议、找到可为审议核心问题添砖加瓦的讨论议题并促使双方逐步建立信任和信心。他们同意将这种方式纳入今后几轮会谈；在这样做时，双方寻求并获得保证，这种方式并不表示双方放弃各自的提议，相反它是解决核心问题的一种补充方式。", "11. 关于建立信任措施的会议，我的个人特使寻求并争取到邻国阿尔及利亚和毛里塔尼亚代表团首次积极参与讨论，从而使他们为整个谈判进程做出了更大贡献。同时这两个邻国坚持认为，核心问题必须完全由摩洛哥和波利萨里奥阵线解决。我的个人特使强调，目前和将来的建立信任措施是人道主义性质的，不得受政治考虑因素的制约。为此，他要求立即无条件地恢复空路探亲，双方也都表示同意。为全面审查目前和提议的建立信任措施，我的个人特使还提议2011年2月初双方和邻国代表团在日内瓦与难民署举行有他出席的会议，各方一致同意。", "12. 2010年12月16日至18日在第三轮会谈的同一地点举行了第四轮非正式会谈。会谈中双方再次提出2007年4月的提议，但每一方都再次继续拒绝将另一方的提议作为今后谈判的唯一基础。按照上一轮会谈商定的意见，并在我的个人特使的协助下，双方初步讨论了创新方式和要讨论的议题。不过，会谈气氛再次受到阿尤恩事件后果的影响，每一方都指责对方侵犯人权并质疑对方寻求冲突解决办法的政治意愿。我的个人特使在这一轮会谈结束时呼吁双方2011年在定期会议的基础上创造新的活力，避免采取不利于创造取得进展所需信任气氛的行动。", "13. 2011年1月21日至23日在前两轮会谈的同一地点举行了第五轮非正式会谈。双方再次继续拒绝把对方的提议作为今后谈判的唯一基础。按照上轮会谈商定的意见，我的个人特使请双方继续探讨创新方式和讨论议题。双方提出了10多个具体创新方式和约10个讨论议题。其中大部分的表述都是服务于一方或另一方的计划，结果，除了让我的个人特使加强活动和实现活动多样化的“创新方式”之外，双方无法在任何提议上达成共识。为了下一轮会谈取得更大进展，我的个人特使请双方编写一份有关创新方式和讨论议题的修订清单，撇开最有争议的内容并尽可能以双方都能同意的方式重新提出其他问题。", "14. 按照第三轮非正式会谈商定的意见，2011年2月9日和10日双方和邻国代表团在日内瓦会见了难民署代表，我的个人特使和我的西撒哈拉问题特别代表兼西撒特派团团长在场。双方和邻国在会谈期间重申支持适当执行关于建立信任措施的2004年难民署行动计划以及在2011年4月部署难民署技术特派团，以便为实现陆路探亲尽可能创造最有利条件。各方还商定每6个月在日内瓦与难民署会晤一次，跟踪建立信任措施的执行情况。", "15. 2011年3月7日至9日在马耳他梅利莱举行了第六轮非正式会谈，马耳他政府提供了后勤援助。我的个人特使在会谈开幕式上请双方和邻国的代表团认真考虑席卷中东和北非的抗议浪潮对西撒哈拉问题谈判进程的影响，并建议双方不妨认真着手谈判，以尽量减少抗议浪潮对所在次区域的威胁，而邻国可以为谈判进程提供更多援助。", "16. 为了把2007年4月的两项提议作为开幕式的重点，我的个人特使请双方代表团从2009年8月9日和10日在奥地利迪恩斯泰举行的第一轮非正式会谈开始，总结一方向另一方提出的关于这两项提议的各种问题。", "17. 波利萨里奥阵线代表团回顾了它过去提出的同摩洛哥提议实质内容有关的问题。在过去几轮会谈中，摩洛哥代表团一直回避充分答复这些问题，声称它们完全是在波利萨里奥阵线关于全民投票的提议的框架内提出的，其中把独立作为一种选择。不过，摩洛哥代表团这次进行了回答，澄清了其提议的许多方面内容。", "18. 摩洛哥代表团就波利萨里奥阵线的提议提出了意见和问题。这些问题主要涉及该提议的起因和时机、它似乎受到我的前任个人特使詹姆斯·贝克提出的前一个和平计划的启发而且未包括关于自治选择的任何讨论等。不过，对于一旦独立后与摩洛哥关系的参数的那部分提议，摩洛哥代表团并没有提出任何问题。波利萨里奥阵线代表团未回答所提出的大多数问题，声称这些问题不合时宜、无视波利萨里奥阵线提议的实质内容并试图指责该阵线未提及自治选择。", "19. 在关于创新谈判方式和今后会议要详细审查的具体讨论议题的会议上，双方就前几轮会谈提出的各项提议广泛交流了意见。关于要讨论的议题，双方商定审查两项提议：排雷方案和西撒哈拉自然资源及其使用。关于创新谈判方式，双方最后商定审查3项议题：挑衅的构成和避免挑衅的方式、平息局势可采取的措施以及我的个人特使可开展的多元和互补活动。在长时间地交换意见并突显出双方对任何最终讨论的参数和时机存在根本分歧之后，波利萨里奥阵线代表团在前几轮会谈中提出并被摩洛哥代表团在这一轮接受的人权问题应波利萨里奥阵线代表团的请求被撤回。", "20. 2011年6月5日至7日在纽约长岛举行了第七轮非正式会谈。会议目的是审查安全理事会第1979(2011)号决议提供的指导并鼓励双方进一步讨论他们提出的两项提议，包括更多探讨创新方式及讨论议题，关注本人2011年4月1日报告(S/2011/249)第120段提出的想法，以及就第1979(2011)号决议交流意见。与之前的非正式会谈一样，双方讨论了这两项提议。会议结束时，显然又是每一方都不准备接受另一方的提议。但双方首次就撒哈拉人的自决机制进行了交流。双方还开始讨论排雷问题，并请求联合国秘书处提供援助，提出关于今后就自然资源问题进行交流的框架供研究。关于建立信任措施，双方和邻国重申支持落实陆路探亲，并由难民署于2011年9月在葡萄牙马德拉组织一个讲习班，并在今年晚些时候与难民署开展一个为期6个月的审查会议。关于下次非正式会谈，双方商定无论最终的解决办法如何，都将提出关于领土治理具体方面的提议，以便讨论。", "21. 迄今达成的协议，特别是有关今后讨论议题的协议，为今后会议提供了一个相当大的议程。然而，这在很大程度上将取决于双方在着手讨论这些议题时的动机和精神。虽然双方都强调完全致力于寻求解决办法，但双方完全缺乏信任的情况继续阻扰谈判进程，而且每一方都对另一方深疑不信。摩洛哥代表团表示关切的是，波利萨里奥阵线企图使会谈倒退到我的前任个人特使詹姆斯·贝克的上一个和平计划上，而不是接受摩洛哥的自治提议，并企图向国际社会提出这样的结论，即在西撒哈拉未来地位和行使自决权等核心问题上没有取得重大进展。", "22. 波利萨里奥阵线代表团表示关切的是，摩洛哥在利用探讨创新方式和具体讨论议题的机会，转移会谈审议2007年4月提议的大方向，并向国际社会展示会谈似乎取得进展的表象。", "23. 双方商定于2011年7月19日至21日再举行一轮非正式会谈，再次审查2007年4月的提议并讨论一个或多个创新方式或具体议题。此外，双方原则上同意定期举行更多轮非正式会谈，直到取得足够进展后再举行一轮正式谈判。随着这一进程的展开，双方将有大量的机会确认其意图，表明其不仅有继续会晤的政治意愿，而且有进行真正谈判的政治意愿，并且更多地共同自主掌握谈判进程。就像过去一样，这些更频繁的会议也将给双方和邻国提供非正式机会，可以就共同关心的重大区域和双边问题交换意见和澄清立场。", "[1] ^(∗) A/66/150。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程* 项目59", "《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》的执行情况", "西撒哈拉问题", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "1. 本报告是根据大会第64/212号决议提交的,概述了秘书长向安全理事会提交的关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间西撒哈拉局势的报告。", "页: 1 2010年12月10日,大会未经表决通过了关于西撒哈拉问题的第16512号决议。 1. 本报告涵盖2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间,是依照该决议第7段提交的。", "2. 根据安全理事会第1920(2010)号决议,秘书长于2011年4月1日向安全理事会提交了关于西撒哈拉局势的报告(S/ 2249)。 秘书长在该报告中向安理会通报了他的个人特使为促进西撒哈拉谈判而开展的活动。 他还提出了一些供各方考虑的新想法(同上,第120段)。", "3. 。 在2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间,与双方和邻国以及国际社会其他成员加强了有关这一项目的活动。 到本阶段举行的五轮非正式会谈结束时,双方商定今后讨论影响谈判气氛的因素以及共同关心的具体问题,并在某些情况下重申采取步骤执行先前关于建立信任措施的协定。 他们还在五轮会谈中成功地进行了交流,进行了相互尊重的让步对话,并承诺更经常地举行会议。 然而,关于西撒哈拉未来地位的核心问题和西撒哈拉人民实现自决的手段,没有取得进展。 双方继续坚持个人特使以前所说的“坚持相互排斥的立场”。 简言之,它们继续表现出定期开会的政治意愿,但还没有表现出打破僵局的政治意愿。", "4. 从2010年6月21日至7月1日,个人特使访问了西撒哈拉之友小组三个成员国——伦敦、巴黎和马德里——的首都,鼓励它们持续关心和继续支持谈判进程,并就如何最好地指导这一进程达成彼此可以接受的政治解决办法交换意见。 为此,他于2010年7月16日在华盛顿特区和2010年9月12日至14日在莫斯科与高级官员进行了磋商。 在任何地方,他都认识到,必须超越现状,愿意与他和各方合作,促进更实质性的参与和更加灵活的讨论,并商定需要加强建立信任措施方面的工作,包括恢复空中家属探访,尽早开始路边探亲,早日考虑联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)2004年行动计划所载的其他建立信任措施。", "5. 双方将于2010年8月初举行第三轮非正式会谈。 然而,波利萨里奥阵线代表团团长马赫福德·阿里·贝巴7月突然死亡,使维持这一时间表变得困难,双方一致认为,最好等到斋月(8月11日至9月10日)以及大会高级别会议和一般性辩论之后再开会。", "6. 任务 在2010年9月中旬,难民署和个人特使再次试图通过空中恢复家属探访,但因向双方发出适当通知而出现争端和其他问题,无法恢复探访。", "7. 基本考虑 个人特使于2010年10月17日至26日对该区域进行了第四次访问,通过与双方和邻国进行讨论,为第三轮非正式会谈做准备。 他在上次访问时会见了阿尔及利亚、毛里塔尼亚和摩洛哥国家元首、波利萨里奥阵线秘书长和其他高级官员。 他们都重申对谈判进程的承诺,同时重申他们对西撒哈拉未来地位和西撒哈拉人民自决形式核心问题的红线。 他的磋商也为讨论人权与恐怖主义提供了机会。", "8.8 第四次访问恰逢阿尤恩的撒哈拉居民采取行动,在该城外修建一个营地,抗议包括失业和被认为的歧视在内的困难的社会经济条件,造成紧张局势加剧。", "9 September 2005 第三轮非正式会谈于2010年11月7日至10日在纽约长岛举行。 开幕会议定于11月8日上午举行,正值摩洛哥采取行动拆除阿尤恩城外的撒哈拉抗议营地以及随后的城市内部对抗之时。 随之而来的紧张局势有可能破坏会谈,因为波利萨里奥阵线代表团质疑摩洛哥行动的动机和时机,以及随着暴力升级而开始会谈的效用。 我的个人特使为召开开幕会议作出了重大努力,在整个圆桌会议期间,波利萨里奥阵线和摩洛哥一再指责西撒哈拉和廷杜夫地区难民营紧张局势升级和侵犯人权。", "10.10 随着今后几轮谈判的格局,第一届会议专门讨论了双方在2007年4月提出的两项建议(见S/2007/206和S/2007/210)。 在本次讨论结束时,显然,与过去一样,任何一方都不接受对方的建议,认为这是今后谈判的唯一基础。 为了促进建设性参与,尽管继续陷入僵局,个人特使向双方提议,他们应思考如何在今后几轮谈判过程中创造新的活力,确定无论西撒哈拉最终地位如何均可讨论的议题。 目标是使双方解开其提案,将讨论的议题作为审议核心问题的基础,并促进逐步建立信任和信心。 他们同意将这种做法纳入今后几轮谈判;在这样做时,双方寻求并得到了保证,这种办法不构成放弃各自提案,而是处理核心问题的一种补充方式。", "注 就建立信任措施会议而言,个人特使第一次寻求并争取邻国阿尔及利亚和毛里塔尼亚代表团积极参与讨论,从而加深它们对整个谈判进程的贡献。 与此同时,两个邻国坚持认为,核心问题必须完全由摩洛哥和波利萨里奥阵线处理。 个人特使强调,目前和今后建立信任措施是人道主义性质的,不应受到政治考虑。 因此,他要求无条件和毫不拖延地恢复家属探访,双方同意。 为了充分审查目前的和拟议的建立信任措施,个人特使还建议双方和邻国的代表团在2011年2月初与难民署在日内瓦会晤,并商定所有这些措施。", "12. 第12段。 第四轮非正式会谈于2010年12月16日至18日举行,地点与第三轮会谈相同。 双方再次提出了2007年4月的建议,双方继续拒绝对方的提议,认为这是今后谈判的唯一基础。 按照上一轮商定的,在我的个人特使的协助下,双方就创新做法和有待讨论的议题进行了初步讨论。 然而,在阿尤恩事件之后,气氛再次受到影响,各方指责对方侵犯人权,质疑对方寻求解决冲突的政治意愿。 在该轮谈判结束时,个人特使呼吁双方在2011年定期会议的基础上创造新的动力,避免采取破坏创造取得进展所需的信任气氛的行动。", "13 August 2001 第五轮非正式会谈于2011年1月21日至23日举行,地点与前两轮相同。 双方继续拒绝对方的建议,认为这是今后谈判的唯一基础。 按照上一轮协议,个人特使请双方继续探讨创新做法和讨论议题。 各方作出了回应,就十几个创新做法和大约10个讨论主题提出了具体建议。 其中大多数是按为一方或另一方议程服务的条件拟订的,因此,双方未能就其中任何一方达成共识,而“创新做法”是让个人特使加紧活动并使其多样化。 为了在下一轮会谈中取得更大进展,个人特使请双方拟定一份新办法和议题订正清单,供讨论,搁置最有争议的内容,并在可能的情况下根据双方可以同意的条件重新拟定其他内容。", "十四、任 务 正如第三轮非正式会谈所商定的那样,双方和邻国的代表团于2011年2月9日和10日在日内瓦会见了难民署代表、我的西撒哈拉问题特别代表兼西撒特派团团长。 在那次会议上,双方和邻国重申支持适当执行难民署2004年关于建立信任措施的行动计划,并支持难民署技术特派团于2011年4月部署,以创造最有利的条件,实施陆路家庭探访。 他们还商定每六个月在日内瓦与难民署举行会议,就建立信任措施的执行情况采取后续行动。", "15 第六轮非正式会谈于2011年3月7日至9日在马耳他梅利萨举行,得到马耳他政府的后勤援助。 个人特使在开始这一轮谈判时,请双方和邻国代表团考虑整个中东和北非的抗议运动对西撒哈拉谈判进程的影响,并建议,为了尽量减少对其次区域的危险,双方将认真开始谈判,而邻国可以为这一进程提供更多的援助。", "161 为了把开幕会议重点放在2007年4月的两项提议上,个人特使请双方代表团总结各自就两项提案提出的各种问题,首先是2009年8月9日和10日在奥地利杜尔恩斯坦举行的第一轮非正式会谈。", "17. 第17条。 波利萨里奥阵线代表团审查了它就摩洛哥提案的实质性方面提出的问题。 在前几轮投票中,摩洛哥代表团没有对这些问题作出充分答复,认为这些问题只是根据波利萨里奥阵线提出的将独立作为一项选择的全民投票提案提出的。 当时,摩洛哥代表团确实提供了答案,澄清了建议的许多方面。", "第18条 摩洛哥代表团就波利萨里奥阵线的建议提出了意见和问题。 这些问题主要涉及该建议的起源和时机,似乎受到前个人特使詹姆斯·贝克提出的最后一项和平计划的启发,而且没有讨论自治方案。 该建议中阐述独立时与摩洛哥关系参数的部分没有被问及。 波利萨里奥阵线代表团不回答所提出的大多数问题,认为这些问题已经过时,忽视了建议的实质内容,并试图指责它不处理自治选择。", "191 在关于创新谈判办法和供今后会议详细审查的具体讨论议题的会议上,各方就前几轮提出的各种建议进行了广泛的交流。 关于要讨论的议题,双方同意审查两项建议:排雷方案和西撒哈拉的自然资源及其使用。 关于创新性谈判办法,双方最后商定审查三个主题:什么是挑衅,如何避免挑衅,可以采取哪些措施来平息局势,个人特使可以开展哪些多样化和互补的活动。 波利萨里奥阵线代表团在前几轮会谈中提出、摩洛哥代表团在第一轮会谈中接受的人权问题,经波利萨里奥阵线代表团请求,撤回了这些问题。", "20.20 第七轮非正式会谈于2011年6月5日至7日在纽约举行。 会议的目的是审查安全理事会第1979(2011)号决议提供的指导,鼓励双方深化对两项建议的讨论,包括扩大探索创新方法和讨论专题,并注意我2011年4月1日报告(S/ 2249)第120段中的想法,并就第1979(2011)号决议交换意见。 同前几次非正式会议一样,双方讨论了这两项提案。 在会议结束时,双方再次明确表示,双方都不愿意接受对方的建议。 然而,双方第一次就撒哈拉人民自决机制进行交流。 他们还开始讨论排雷问题,并要求联合国秘书处协助提出考虑未来自然资源交流的框架。 关于建立信任措施,双方和邻国重申支持通过陆路进行家属探访,支持难民署于2011年9月在葡萄牙马德拉举办讲习班,并在该年晚些时候与难民署举行为期6个月的审查会议。 在下一次非正式会议上,双方同意提议讨论领土治理的具体方面,不论最终解决办法如何。", "21.21。 迄今达成的协议,特别是关于今后讨论的议题的协定,为今后会议提供了相当大的议程。 然而,在开始参与各方时,在很大程度上将取决于各方的动机和精神。 虽然双方都强调它们充分致力于寻求解决办法,但完全缺乏信任继续阻碍谈判进程,每个当事方都对另一方持有深刻的怀疑。 摩洛哥代表团对波利萨里奥阵线试图引导谈判回到前个人特使詹姆斯·贝克的上一次和平计划,而不是接受摩洛哥的自治建议,并对国际社会的结论表示担忧:在西撒哈拉未来地位和行使自决权的核心问题上没有取得重大进展。", "第22章 波利萨里奥阵线代表团表示关切,摩洛哥利用探索创新做法和讨论的具体议题,将谈判从审查2007年4月的建议中转移出去,并使国际社会看到进展。", "23. 会议报告。 双方商定于2011年7月19日至21日举行另一轮非正式会谈,再次审查2007年4月的提议,并讨论一个或多个创新办法或具体议题。 此外,各方原则上同意定期举行进一步谈判,直到取得足够进展以举行一轮正式谈判为止。 随着这一进程的展开,各方将有充分的机会确认其意图,展现政治意愿,不仅继续开会,而且参与真正的谈判,并接受对谈判进程的进一步共同所有权。 这些更频繁的会议还将为双方和邻国提供非正式机会,就共同关心的重要区域和双边问题交换意见和澄清立场。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 54 of the provisional agenda*", "Questions relating to information", "* A/66/150.", "Questions relating to information", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, prepared in response to General Assembly resolution 65/107 B, provides highlights of recent strategic communications work of the Department of Public Information on key issues, including the Millennium Development Goals, sustainable development and climate change, international peace and security and human rights. The activities of the network of United Nations information centres, whose support is crucial to the implementation of the Department’s communications campaigns, are also reviewed. The report highlights the Department’s services to the media and civil society, with a particular emphasis on the expanded use of new information and communications technologies. It also provides an update on the Department’s outreach activities, including the organization of a global Model United Nations and the newly launched United Nations Academic Impact initiative.", "I. Introduction", "1. In paragraph 83 of its resolution 65/107 B, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the Committee on Information at its thirty-third session and to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the activities of the Department of Public Information and on the implementation of all recommendations and requests contained in that resolution. Accordingly, the Department submitted three reports for consideration by the Committee at its thirty-third session, held from 27 April to 6 May 2011 (A/AC.198/2011/2, A/AC.198/2011/3 and A/AC.198/2011/4). The deliberations of the Committee with regard to those reports are reflected in the report of the Committee on its thirty-third session (A/66/21).", "2. The present report updates the information provided to the Committee on Information at its thirty-third session, and describes activities undertaken by the Department from February to July 2011 through its three subprogrammes: strategic communications services, news services and outreach services.", "II. Strategic communications services", "A. Thematic issues", "Millennium Development Goals", "3. In order to sustain momentum on the Millennium Development Goals, a system-wide task force of the United Nations Communications Group, composed of more than 25 partners, drafted common messages. In addition, the Department promoted the advocacy group of the Secretary-General on the Millennium Development Goals, for which a website was launched at the end of April (www.un.org/millenniumgoals/advocates).", "Sustainable development and climate change", "4. Leading up to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012, the Department coordinated activities to promote informed discussion on sustainable development and related issues, such as forests, oceans, biodiversity and climate change. Through a dedicated task force of the United Nations Communications Group, the Department coordinated the development of a system-wide communications strategy for the Conference that included common messages and a logo. The Department worked to promote the implementation of the Cancún Agreements and the launch of a report on renewable energy by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In addition, it played a lead role in promoting United Nations participation in Earth Hour and other efforts to promote sustainability, including on World Environment Day, with a staff-targeted campaign to reduce the use of paper. On biodiversity, the Department worked to increase the number of signatories to the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity.", "5. For the International Year of Forests, which was observed in 2011, a number of United Nations information centres participated in film festivals, poster competitions, tree-planting events and other awareness-raising activities. For example, United Nations Information Centre Canberra established a partnership with the Canberra Institute of Technology and the Australian National Botanic Gardens for a year-long photographic competition and United Nations Information Centre Rio de Janeiro provided support for a series of activities, including a conference on forests, in São Paulo organized by the Instituto Humanitare in partnership with HSBC Bank Brazil.", "Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries", "6. In preparation for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul, Turkey, from 9 to 13 May, the Department carried out extensive public information outreach activities by preparing key messages, a comprehensive press kit in English and French and four op-eds. At the conference, it accredited and worked with 500 journalists.", "High-level meeting on HIV and AIDS", "7. The Department provided communications support to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), both before and during a three-day high-level meeting held in New York from 8 to 10 June 2011. An official website in the six official languages of the United Nations was launched and the Department’s social media team worked closely with UNAIDS to connect with young audiences.", "High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases", "8. In the lead-up to the High-Level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, to be held in New York on 19 and 20 September 2011, the Department organized a media forum in June 2011 in partnership with the American Cancer Society. Close to 60 journalists from more than 45 countries were invited to briefings at United Nations Headquarters on the causes, incidence and prevention of cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular and lung diseases.", "Women’s issues", "9. The Department continued to support the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) by promoting its launch at the end of February, including through social media platforms and a website developed specifically for International Women’s Day. Furthermore, the Department worked closely with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations to develop a section of the peacekeeping website on gender and peacekeeping in support of the launch of a 10-year study on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000), on women and peace and security.", "10. The Department promoted the fifty-fifth session of the Commission on the Status of Women, held in New York on 12 March 2010, from 22 February to 4 March 2011 and on 14 March 2011, by reaching out to media and by publicizing special events held during the session, including for the “UNiTE to End Violence against Women” campaign of the Secretary-General.", "11. United Nations Regional Information Centre Brussels launched a Europe-wide advertising competition called “Create4theUN” on the theme “No to violence against women”.", "12. United Nations Information Centre Ankara established a partnership with the Turkish daily newspaper Milliyet by which the newspaper posted, for more than a month, one of the centre’s campaign banners on its home page, which received more than 1 million visitors daily.", "13. United Nations Information CentreSana’a produced, with the support of the United Nations Communications Group in Yemen, three radio pieces dealing with women’s education, work and early marriage. The pieces were aired on Sana’a Radio.", "Global action against racism", "14. On the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (21 March), a videoconference on racial discrimination with a special focus on people of African descent was organized at Headquarters for 200 middle- and high-school students from Canada, Trinidad and Tobago and the United States of America. The network of United Nations information centres launched a range of outreach activities.", "Nelson Mandela International Day", "15. For the second observance of Nelson Mandela International Day, on 18 July 2011, the Department focused its campaign on the theme “Take action! Inspire change” to encourage people to devote 67 minutes of their time to public service in honour of Nelson Mandela’s 67-year struggle for freedom and equal rights. As part of the campaign, the United Nations partnered with the Central Park Conservancy in New York on a park improvement project that involved painting handrails and park benches. Through a partnership with MTV, a special feature on the Day was developed for a blog entitled “MTV Act”, through which the television channel highlights small actions that ordinary citizens can do to bring about change in their lives and communities.", "Commemoration of the genocide in Rwanda", "16. The Department marked the seventeenth annual commemoration of the genocide in Rwanda under the theme “Rebuilding Rwanda: reconciliation and education”. On 7 April, a memorial ceremony was organized at Headquarters in cooperation with the Permanent Mission of Rwanda to the United Nations. Survivors of the genocide spoke at the event. In addition, the Department made arrangements for a student conference on the topic. The Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide and a genocide survivor addressed the students. A novel for young people entitled Tugire Ubumwe: Let’s Unite! was distributed worldwide.", "The question of Palestine", "17. The 2011 international media seminar on peace in the Middle East, which was organized by the Department, was held on 12 and 13 July in Budapest. Co-hosted by the Foreign Ministry of Hungary, the two-day meeting brought together about 100 current and former policymakers from Israel and the Palestinian Authority, as well as senior United Nations officials, international experts and media representatives. Participants examined the peace process in the light of the changing political landscape in the Arab world and discussed the role of new and visual media in promoting the peace agenda.", "18. The 2011 annual training programme for Palestinian media practitioners is scheduled to take place at Headquarters from 31 October to 2 December. Ten Palestinian journalists working mainly in audio-visual media are expected to attend the five-week session, which will focus on providing hands-on skills training in radio and television production.", "United Nations peacekeeping", "19. The Department of Public Information, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support held their eighth annual training workshop at the United Nations Regional Service Centre at Entebbe, Uganda, from 18 to 21 April. The workshop focused on driving innovation and integration in the digital sphere, as well as on new recruitment policies for staff in the field.", "20. The theme chosen for the International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers was “Rule of law.” The Department collaborated with the Departments of Peacekeeping Operations and of Field Support to highlight how peacekeeping operations work to strengthen the police, the judiciary and corrections institutions with the slogan “Law. Order. Peace.”. Public events at Headquarters included a wreath-laying ceremony, a ceremony for awarding medals to peacekeepers and the release of a video on the work done by peacekeepers on the rule of law.", "21. United Nations Information Centre Bujumbura jointly organized an event with the United Nations Office in Burundi, the local office of the African Union, the Ministry of National Defence of Burundi and former combatants to commemorate the Day. United Nations Information Centre Jakarta organized a live radio talk show on women in United Nations peacekeeping, which was aired on Radio Republik Indonesia. United Nations Information Centre Ouagadougou organized several activities to raise awareness of the Day, including a 30-minute television programme developed in partnership with Burkina National Television and a conference to brief students from the local military academy in cooperation with the Ministry of Defence of Burkina Faso.", "New Partnership for Africa’s Development", "22. Through its quarterly magazine Africa Renewal/Afrique renouveau and a redesigned and regularly updated website, the Department continued to raise global awareness of and support for the New Partnership for Africa’s Development Planning and Coordinating Agency. Twelve short feature articles were published in 224 different media in 54 countries (335 times in English and 193 times in French) between March and June 2011. The Africa Section of the Department continued to increase its presence online and its use of social media tools to reach the small but growing African population with access to the Internet, as well as audiences in developed countries.", "International Year of Youth", "23. The Department’s promotion of the International Year of Youth resulted in a range of activities, from lectures and briefings to youth groups and students to press conferences, seminars, workshops, debates, interviews and radio and television talk shows. United Nations information centres included a youth perspective in other major United Nations observances and in the campaign to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.", "24. United Nations Information Centre Manama, in cooperation with Ajial, an organization that brings together youth in Bahrain and in the Gulf region to encourage them to participate in achieving the Millennium Development Goals and the “Bahrain 2030 Vision” initiative, marked the International Year of Youth by organizing a basketball tournament for young people and a women’s league football tournament in Bahrain, among other activities.", "25. As part of its year-long calendar of activities to promote the International Year of Youth, United Nations Information Centre New Delhi partnered with the organizers of “Be on the street”, a street theatre festival bringing together theatre groups from 20 New Delhi colleges.", "B. United Nations Information Centres", "Visual material for communications campaigns", "26. As mentioned above, the United Nations information centres continue to use various communications tools and forge partnerships with Governments, media organizations, non-governmental organizations, academic institutions and other members of civil society. In doing so, they are increasingly using films and other visual materials.", "27. United Nations Regional Information Centre Brussels organizes a monthly film screening (“Cine ONU”) followed by a debate. The event has expanded to other countries, including France, Germany, Iceland and Israel.", "28. United Nations Information Centre New Delhi held the eighth edition of We Care Film Fest, an annual international festival of documentary films on disability issues launched by the non-governmental organization Brotherhood.", "Collaborative arrangements with local broadcasters", "29. The United Nations information centres have increased collaboration with national broadcasters in disseminating United Nations videos and films and making arrangements for joint productions.", "30. United Nations Information Centre Islamabad has arranged for a joint communications effort with the support of the United Nations Communications Group in Pakistan to broadcast, in collaboration with Search for Common Ground, 12 featured radio programmes on priority issues for the Organization throughout the country from July to December 2011.", "31. United Nations Information Centre Mexico City concluded an agreement with the Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicación Educativa, an organization that specializes in the development, research and application of information and communications technologies for distance learning and the production of educational materials, with the aim of improving the quality of education in Latin America.", "Building communications capacity of staff of the Department of Public Information in the field", "32. Recognizing the importance of enhancing the communications skills of its staff, particularly those in the field, the Department organized several training courses. In June 2011, the Department arranged a media workshop, held in Vienna, for its communications staff from United Nations Information Centre Moscow and United Nations offices in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. The workshop included sessions on new media, crisis communications and techniques for managing interviews and press conferences.", "33. In addition, the Department continued to work with the Office of Human Resources Management to offer the very popular eight-session long-distance learning course entitled “Writing for the web”. Since the beginning of 2011, staff members at 19 locations have taken the course.", "Ongoing budgetary and security challenges", "34. The Department remained committed to maximizing its resources, both human and financial, and to using them as strategically and efficiently as possible. At some United Nations information centres, for example, posts of administrative assistants were being converted to knowledge management assistants as a way of strengthening the communications role that information centres play within country teams. In many cases, the physical space assigned to information centres had been reduced, either outright or by sharing common spaces and costs with others in country teams. As a result, some of the former assets of libraries belonging to information centres were donated to local universities and centres concentrated on helping clients access electronic resources and on reaching out to target audiences through workshops and presentations held away from centres.", "35. Security remained a serious concern. The Department of Safety and Security continued to reassess the minimum operating security standards. As a result, expenditures on security measures increased by approximately a third compared with the previous biennium.", "United Nations information centre in Luanda", "36. The Department was advised by representatives of the Government of Angola that funds had been approved for the construction of premises for a United Nations information centre in Luanda to serve the needs of the Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa. For its part, the Department was working with the Office of Legal Affairs on the preparation of a host country agreement. Posts for the new centre had been classified and the vacancy for the post of the director had been advertised.", "III. News services", "A. United Nations website", "37. Structural elements of the Organization’s website (www.un.org) were realigned to improve navigation and expand the use of common branding elements with a view to enhancing consistency and coherence of presentation. In addition, new web pages were created in the six official languages for observances mandated by the General Assembly.", "38. From the beginning of 2011, reports on website traffic were based on data collected through the use of Google Analytics and thus presented a far more accurate picture of the situation. It became easier to analyse usage trends by language, geographical region, specific sites and date ranges.", "39. Most of the websites produced by the Department were made available in all the official languages of the Organization. As it expanded the use of its multimedia products, such as the use of a video to accompany the most newsworthy item on the United Nation’s homepage, the Department ensured that captions were available in all the official languages (see tables 1 and 2).", "40. When assisting in the design and development of websites, the Department continued to build upon the cooperative arrangements established with universities in Belarus, China and Spain for the translation of web content into Chinese, Russian and Spanish. In collaboration with the Arabic Translation Service of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, the Arabic Website Unit of the Department of Public Information provided translation into Arabic. The two Departments recently expanded their partnership by signing agreements with the University of Damascus, the American University of Cairo and Saint Joseph University in Beirut. The ongoing arrangement between the Department of Public Information and the United Nations Volunteers programme also helped in making additional materials available in French on the United Nations website.", "Table 1 Visits to the United Nations website: top 10 countries, March-June 2011", "Language\n Country Arabic Chinese English French Russian Spanish Total", "United States 11 928 7 882 680 398 17 788 9 052 19 803 755 270", "China 1 376 130 834 38 068 1 446 909 2 664 175 488", "Mexico 214 162 25 557 649 115 140 012 166 934", "United 1 512 964 143 503 2 611 617 1 276 152 115 Kingdom", "Canada 1 097 1 010 118 440 24 979 441 1 942 148 943", "France 803 802 26 640 104 367 667 1 258 134 875", "Russian 256 170 13 281 605 110 249 311 124 954 Federation", "Spain 408 187 22 648 1 920 340 90 376 116 064", "Australia 512 876 103 909 492 275 282 106 531", "India 331 146 90 025 323 88 173 91 975", "Table 2 Unique visits and page views to United Nations website, March-June 2011", "Language Unique visits Page views", "Arabic 313 200 100 602", "Chinese 887 868 2 519 136", "English 8 054 234 30 243 489", "French 1 131 371 4 032 868", "Russian 732 598 2 546 944", "Spanish 2 461 798 6 967 826", "Total 13 581 069 47 316 365", "41. As part of its efforts to ensure that the United Nations website is accessible to people with disabilities, including those with visual, hearing and motion impairments, the Department incorporated the use of captioning in the production of the daily news video on the Organization’s home page and was working to extend captioning to other videos produced by the Department.", "B. United Nations News Centre", "42. During the reporting period, more than 2,000 news stories were produced in English and French alone, with dispatches frequently supplemented by related audio and video links. The United Nations website continued to feature weekly news quizzes, photo stories and lists of the most-read stories in a given month. Ten in‑depth interviews with United Nations officials and newsmakers were conducted between March and June. Regularly updated focus pages continued to provide one-stop access for documents and articles on complex issues. The UN News Centre also launched a new series of stories from the field to highlight the experiences of staff working on mission.", "43. News aggregators and media outlets from more countries increased the frequency with which they picked up stories produced by the Department. During the reporting period, stories were reprinted in full by online media outlets such as Philippines Times, New Kerala, India Blooms, North Korea Times, London Mercury, India Gazette, Cambodia Times, Washington Bangla Radio, Le Petit Journal du Laos, Afriquinfos, Africa Time and All Africa.com, among others.", "44. According to Google Analytics, the English-language pages of the UN News Centre receive some 600,000 visits and more than 1 million page views each month. During periods of peak news interest, those numbers spiked. In April, when the situation in the Middle East and North Africa was changing rapidly, the UN News Centre registered 845,000 visits and 1.5 million page views. In addition, some 43,000 subscribers received articles daily by e-mail.", "C. Radio, television and photography services", "45. During the period under review, United Nations Radio increased the frequency of updates to partners by sending out e-mail alerts to radio stations promoting daily coverage. It expanded its coverage of stories by adding spot reports from the field, in part by making greater use of Skype to conduct interviews. Top news stories included breaking news on the reaction and response of the United Nations to the uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa.", "46. The Radio Section produced special features and related interviews on the International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, the International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers and the high-level meeting on HIV and AIDS. The Section observed the twenty-fifth anniversary of Chernobyl with a slideshow accompanied by narration in multiple languages and marked the tenth session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues by producing a special on the human rights of women. United Nations Radio sent two reporters to Istanbul, Turkey, for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries; the reporters filed 40 reports and packages in French and English, set up interviews in other languages through Skype and shared information with the UN News Centre.", "47. A new radio interview feature called “From the field” was launched to enable top United Nations officials to talk about their recently completed missions. Interviews were held with Ivan Šimonović, the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Rights, who spoke about a trip to Iraq, and Gulnara Shahinian, the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, on her first fact-finding mission to Peru, among others.", "48. During the reporting period, United Nations Radio took additional steps to upgrade its website and the underlying content management system to provide more flexibility in posting multimedia content, including video and slideshows, in different languages. This made it possible, for example, to provide live coverage of the election of the new President of the General Assembly on the website of the Spanish section of the Radio. The website of the Portuguese section of the Radio now regularly features videos; for example, an original video report that had been produced by the Radio covering the screening at Headquarters of the film Rio as part of the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development was posted on the website.", "49. The following became partners of United Nations Radio during the reporting period: Vinha FM (Brazil), Radio Communitaria Maria Rosa FM (Brazil), Urban Cool Radio (United States), FM Sierras (Argentina), Canal Saúde/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Brazil), Radio Huancavilca 830 AM (Ecuador), Radio Indico (Mozambique) and Tela Non (Brazil).", "50. United Nations Television provided live coverage of, among other events, the high-level meeting on HIV and AIDS and the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, which was broadcast live on Facebook — a first for a United Nations conference held away from Headquarters. These feeds were widely used by television news agencies, including Reuters and Associated Press Television News, and made available to broadcasters through UNifeed, the United Nations news syndicator. UNifeed continued to expand its outreach to non-governmental organizations, Government agencies, educational institutions and individuals relying on UNifeed for United Nations news content. More than 40 United Nations agencies, funds, peacekeeping missions and other entities provide content to the service.", "51. Live feeds from events at Headquarters in New York and the United Nations Office at Geneva were aired on the United Nations channel on Time Warner Cable in parts of the New York metropolitan area and webcast globally through UN Webcast.", "52. The Department’s flagship television news magazine series, 21st Century, which is aired by more than 60 international broadcasters, continued to gain recognition. A story on the role of the United Nations in the search for justice for the victims of the Khmer Rouge won a Gold World Medal at the prestigious New York Festivals International Television and Film Awards, in April 2011. UN in Action, a short-format series produced in English, French, Russian and Spanish, expanded the scope of its coverage, in part through joint projects with United Nations agencies, to highlight the Organization’s work in areas such as economic and social development, the environment, human rights and health.", "53. The Department partnered with the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in co-producing The World in a Day, a film featuring the Secretary-General, and a video of a visit of the Secretary-General to Nigeria and Ethiopia to highlight the issue of maternal health. In 2011, a televised debate entitled Face to Face, developed by United Nations Television with the United Nations Population Fund, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and others, featured the Executive Director of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Anthony Lake, and the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova. A project of United Nations Television and the Asia‑Pacific Broadcasting Union involved the co-production of a series of documentaries on the Millennium Development Goals which was broadcast by Union members in the Asia and the Pacific region, as well as the United Nations Television channel. Over the past months, United Nations Television established new partnerships with a number of entities, including Newspoint TV (India), Shalom TV (United States), the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (Turkey), the United States Institute of Peace (United States) and ViewChange.org (United States).", "54. The Department continued to use the opportunities presented by screenings and other events to expand the reach of programmes produced by United Nations Television: several features on human rights and socio-economic issues were shown at the Latin American Studies department at Yale University; a feature story on the use of rape as a weapon of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was screened at a session of the Human Rights Council in Geneva, at the Munich Film Festival and in the context of the “UNiTE to End Violence against Women” campaign in New York; a film about Afghan migrants in Greece was screened by the United Nations Association of New York. The Centro Niemeyer in Asturias, Spain, organized a major United Nations film series that included historical and prize-winning films from the Organization’s film and video archives.", "55. Through its live streaming service and by providing on-demand access to a wide range of archival material, UN Webcast made available more than 1,100 video clips and played a key role in the production and distribution of the daily news video for the United Nations home page. In addition, it facilitated internal communications by making webcasts of town hall meetings accessible to staff at Headquarters and in the field and by providing archives of videotaped training sessions.", "56. Demand for the Department’s photography service continued to grow during the reporting period. United Nations Photo covered nearly 650 events, including the visits of the Secretary-General to 33 countries, resulting in about 3,000 images being selected and made available to the public, in high resolution, on the United Nations Photo website. In addition to covering current events, United Nations Photo worked to increase the selection of legacy photographs documenting the historic accomplishments of the Organization available in the United Nations Photo Library. An additional 1,800 such images, retouched and digitized, were made available during the period under review.", "D. United Nations press releases and meetings coverage", "57. Between March and June 2011, the meetings coverage operation produced 658 press releases, equal to 2,856 pages, in English and French. Of this total, 241 press releases covered meetings of the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council, and their subsidiary bodies and specialized commissions. More than 240 press releases concerned statements, remarks and messages from the Secretary-General and the Deputy Secretary-General, as well as material from other United Nations offices and departments.", "58. The Media Liaison and Accreditation Unit processed 935 permanent accreditations and 830 temporary press accreditations during the reporting period. It provided information and logistical assistance for 71 media stake-outs and assisted in the holding of 152 press conferences and briefings, which were attended by 2,193 journalists. The Unit promoted a variety of events to the press by sending out 77 electronic media alerts to about 4,000 recipients, including media organizations, permanent missions and offices throughout the United Nations system. It also promoted events through its Twitter feed.", "IV. Outreach services", "A. Deepening the involvement of civil society in the activities of the Organization", "59. Preparations for the sixty-fourth Annual United Nations Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, entitled “Sustainable societies; responsive citizens”, to be held from 3 to 5 September 2011 in Bonn, Germany, were progressing as the present report was being finalized. Participants will have the opportunity to develop a meaningful declaration and action plan that is expected to contribute to negotiations at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and to several major meetings in the run-up to the Conference. In addition, the outcomes of the Bonn Conference will contribute to the special session of the General Assembly on the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers, scheduled to be held in December 2011.", "60. During the reporting period, the NGO Relations cluster organized 12 briefings, a communications workshop and a two-day annual orientation programme for representatives of newly associated non-governmental organizations. The total number of such organizations working with the Department reached 1,601.", "B. Global Model United Nations Conference", "61. In preparation for the upcoming Global Model United Nations Conference, to be held in Incheon, Republic of Korea, 18 student leaders from around the world participated in a week-long workshop in New York, where they learned about the roles they would play at the Conference and communicated with United Nations officials and diplomats about the theme of the Conference: sustainable development. Looking forward, the Department plans to share its experience with other model United Nations programmes so as to bring them closer to the way in which the Organization actually functions.", "C. Creative Community Outreach Initiative", "62. The third annual Envision forum, on the theme “Addressing global issues through documentaries”, included a documentary film screening and a discussion series on themes related to the Millennium Development Goals, with a special focus on poverty and hunger.", "63. One episode of MasterChef Australia, a highly rated Australian televised cooking show, was shot on United Nations premises during the tenth session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. For the episode, amateur chefs faced each other in a challenge inspired by indigenous dishes.", "64. Since 1990, the Department has partnered with New York Festivals to reward exceptional media productions that exemplify the values and goals of the Organization. In 2011, the Department rewarded productions that focused on child protection, violence against women, democracy and the environment.", "65. At the Iberoamerican Creative Summit, held in Aviles, Spain, Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American film and television professionals were introduced to the United Nations. The one-day gathering, hosted by the Centro Niemeyer, included three panel discussions focusing on gender equality, environmental sustainability and combating drugs and crime. It was the first time that such an event was held outside the United States.", "D. Celebrity advocacy", "66. A number of United Nations messengers of peace and goodwill ambassadors joined the Secretary-General in recording video messages of solidarity with the people of Japan in the wake of the earthquake and tsunami of 11 March 2011. The messages, which were transmitted to the affected populations through Japanese broadcast and online partners, United Nations information centres and the Organization’s social media channels, were viewed over 200,000 times online. The production and distribution of the recordings resulted from a collaboration between the Department, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and several United Nations entities, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), UNESCO and the United Nations Foundation.", "67. Messengers of Peace Wangari Maathai and Jane Goodall contributed to an online campaign of UNEP promoting tree-planting activities in support of the International Year of Forests.", "E. United Nations Academic Impact", "68. By mid-July 2011, over 660 institutions of higher education and research in 104 countries had entered into a global partnership with the United Nations (see figure below). Activities by United Nations Academic Impact members included a virtual conference during the fifty-fifth session of the Commission on the Status of Women, a video-linked discussion with students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa and editors of a new book on the measurement of poverty in New York; an international forum on vocational education, held in Shanghai, China; and an international law competition entitled “Youth for peace”, held in Belarus. A symposium in Japan focused on rehabilitation and reconstruction support to the victims of the tsunami and earthquake. In March, representatives from 15 countries participated in a conference organized in the framework of the Black Sea Universities Network on the theme “Education and governance for sustainable development”, held in Constantza, Romania. In May, the Pegaso Institute in Italy convened a symposium for Europe Day on the implementation of the principles of the United Nations Academic Impact initiative in Europe. In August, the Korean Council for University Education and Handong Global University will host a two‑day forum in Seoul entitled “New partners for change: the United Nations and the world academic community”. Institutions affiliated with the initiative continue to carry out activities in support of the initiative’s goals, including an e-learning course in Pakistan on water filtration. A university in Argentina is planning to hold a global video contest on sustainable development.", "Figure", "United Nations Academic Impact: distribution of members by region, as at 18 July 2011", "[]", "F. Engaging the public", "69. Through the United Nations Speakers Bureau, the Department coordinated 235 in-house briefings and videoconferences for visitors to the United Nations, in addition to outside speaking engagements reaching 15,500 individuals. The Department distributed numerous information kits, responded to 10,200 inquiries from the public and received a number of petitions with 4,048 signatories in total.", "70. Almost 1 million visitors each year view the rotating roster of public exhibitions curated and installed by the Department in the Visitors’ Lobby at Headquarters. The website for visitors also makes the exhibitions available online.", "71. During the reporting period, seven exhibitions were organized:", "(a) The Living Legacy of 30 Million Untold Stories, which was organized in remembrance of the victims of slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade;", "(b) DeterMined, which showed pictures of victims of landmines while highlighting the work of Mine Action to save lives and protect livelihoods;", "(c) Champions to End Malaria, which portrayed global progress and individual efforts in combating malaria;", "(d) 25 Years after Chernobyl, which paid tribute to victims of the Chernobyl disaster;", "(e) The Doers of Democracy, which illustrated democracy projects in five regions of the world;", "(f) The Right to Water and Indigenous Peoples, which showed the importance of water to indigenous peoples’ way of life;", "(g) Law. Order. Peace., which highlighted United Nations peacekeeping efforts to improve the rule of law in war-torn countries.", "72. In 2011, 94,615 visitors took guided tours of Headquarters, a slight decrease compared with the same period in 2010. The decrease was related to an unforeseen three-day building closure for the high-level meeting on HIV and AIDS, held from 8 to 10 June.", "G. Remembrance activities", "73. On 2 May, the Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme held the screening of and a discussion on the film The Relief of Belsen. The event was co‑sponsored by the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations in honour of the British liberators of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. On 20 May, the Programme organized an educators’ workshop on fostering the defence of human rights within communities. The event included a workshop and a discussion with the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide and a leading human rights activist during which examples of racial discrimination during the Nazi era and contemporary cases of mass violence were discussed. The Programme continued its series of discussion papers for university students, the three most recent ones being: “The global prevention of genocide: learning from the Holocaust”, “Holocaust education in South Africa” and “The law as an accelerator of Genocide”.", "74. The fourth annual commemoration of the International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade was observed during the week of 25 March 2011 under the theme “The living legacy of 30 million untold stories”. Activities at Headquarters included the screening of the film Traces of the Trade; an exhibition displaying recreations of the “middle passage”, slave ships and a collection of artefacts and historic documents; a global videoconference for educators focusing on new research, curricula planning and teaching; panel discussions with university students and non-governmental organizations; a cultural event underscoring the nexus between the cuisines of Africa and the Caribbean; a special commemorative meeting of the General Assembly and a “living legacy” concert featuring performers from Africa, the Americas and the Caribbean. The Department also utilized its network of information centres to undertake a range of activities, including the screening of the UNESCO film Slave Routes: A Global Vision in Almaty (Kazakhstan), Antananarivo, Canberra, Dakar, Geneva and Ouagadougou and the organization of workshops, cultural events, panel discussions and exhibits.", "H. Reham Al-Farra Memorial Journalists’ Fellowship Programme", "75. Preparations for the thirty-first annual Reham Al-Farra Memorial Journalists’ Fellowship Programme, organized by the Department and held from 12 September to 21 October 2011, are progressing. Fourteen developing countries and countries with economies in transition have submitted candidates, namely: Bahamas, Barbados, Cameroon, Croatia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Kiribati, Oman, Palau, Swaziland, Tajikistan and United Arab Emirates.", "76. The 2011 programme will give participating journalists the opportunity to engage in practical reporting work at Headquarters. Leveraging know-how and skills within the Department, the journalists will shadow United Nations media professionals in their respective field of expertise and produce stories with them.", "I. United Nations flagship publications", "77. In May, the sixty-first edition of the Yearbook of the United Nations (2007) was launched at a panel discussion on “Getting the facts right”, held in partnership with the United Nations Academic Impact initiative. For the first time, the Yearbook was issued also as an e-book. An audience that included students from local universities, guest panellists from academia, journalists and representatives of the media explored, in today’s media context, topics covered by the 2007 Yearbook such as progress towards the Millennium Development Goals and attacks on humanitarian workers.", "78. The 2011 edition of the United Nations primer, Basic Facts about the United Nations, a perennial bestseller, was published in May. As well as explaining the role played by the principal organs of the United Nations and the other organizations of the United Nations system, Basic Facts explores the ways in which the Organization contributes to international peace and security, economic and social development, human rights, humanitarian action, international law and peacekeeping operations. The 2011 edition also features the newly revised organization chart of the United Nations system. French and Spanish editions are due to follow towards the end of the year. Translations into local languages are already under way.", "79. The first issue in 2011 of the UN Chronicle, which focused on HIV and AIDS, was published and distributed in May. Contributors included Michel Sidibé, Executive Director of UNAIDS; Pedro Basualdo, former Secretary of State of Argentina; Marc Conant, one of the first physicians to diagnose and treat AIDS; and Carol Kidu, Minister for Community Development in Papua New Guinea. In their articles, the authors analysed such issues as HIV and the workplace, HIV and education, and women and HIV.", "80. The second issue in 2011 of UN Chronicle, dedicated to peace and security as part of the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of Dag Hammarskjold’s death, went to press at the end of June.", "J. Sales and marketing of United Nations publications", "81. Work continued on the expansion of the Department’s e-publishing programme. That included entering into an agreement for e-book distribution with JSTOR, the pre-eminent not-for-profit service that enables access to scholarly content; the publication of 31 new e-books for mobile devices; and plans for converting more than 300 popular United Nations titles into formats suitable for mobile devices. Two new mobile applications were launched: AIDSInfo and Innovations in Public Governance. The United Nations e-book collection was in the planning phase and will enter the building phase in August 2011. On the traditional book front, three new distribution agreements were signed with book distributors in sub-Saharan Africa. A total of 131 new books were published in the period under review.", "K. Internal communications and outreach through the web", "82. The Secretariat Intranet, iSeek, continued to be accessed by staff and personnel worldwide. The iSeek team posted 270 stories on a range of issues including International Women’s Day, UN-Women, peacekeeping, the transatlantic slave trade, World Environment Day, diversity, multilingualism and the International Year for People of African Descent.", "83. The Department continued to develop websites to support its outreach goals. New sites were developed for the sixty-fourth Annual United Nations Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organization Conference and the 2011 Global Model United Nations Conference. Construction of the websites for the United Nations Academic Impact initiative and the oral history project of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library was in progress.", "L. Visual identity", "84. The graphic design team of the Department, which provides tailored design solutions for print and web products, worked on the messenger-of-peace pins, the eradication of poverty campaign, the Palestinian exhibit, a book on the League of Nations and the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, among other projects.", "M. Library services", "85. With the reopening of a library training space, the Library’s training programme was reinvigorated in the spring of 2011. From March to June 1,370 staff members, delegates, representatives of non-governmental organizations and others participated in library trainings.", "Depository libraries", "86. The data-collection exercise for the review of United Nations depository libraries ended in May 2011. The aim of the review is to ensure that depository libraries receive appropriate United Nations information in the formats that are most useful for readers. Increasingly, depository libraries, including those in developing countries, are indicating that they have improved access to the Internet. While the Library continues to encourage depository libraries to consider the advantages of electronic access, inequities in the area of such access will be taken into account. The Library is also working with depository libraries to strengthen outreach efforts in connection with United Nations-related issues.", "87. The Library has continued to engage United Nations depository libraries through training programmes, including for 70 Latin American librarians arranged by United Nations Information Centre Mexico and a targeted training in United Nations statistical resources and documentation for librarians at major research libraries in the New York metropolitan area. Initial results from the review of depository libraries indicate that 87 per cent of the libraries would like more training in the use of United Nations information resources.", "Electronic resources and United Nations digital information", "88. The Library helps 55 United Nations entities to “deliver as one” by serving as the coordinating secretariat for the United Nations System Electronic Information Acquisition Consortium, which facilitates subscriptions to a constantly growing list of electronic resources for its members in 47 countries. In response to users’ needs for quality information at any time and at any location, the Library is transitioning, to the extent possible, from print collections to electronic resources and preparing new mechanisms for the delivery of electronic resources onto the desktops of staff members worldwide. The Library has continued preparations for a new platform to provide stakeholders with both digitized and born-digital United Nations information. The new platform will help safeguard United Nations digital assets for future generations.", "89. At the same time, the Library is seeking to ensure the preservation and accessibility of the published records of the Organization since 1946. Having completed the main series of Security Council documents, the digitization programme will focus on earlier General Assembly documentation, including a retrospective content analysis of the documents so that they can become widely and easily accessible.", "90. In the period covering March through June 2011, bibliographic metadata records were created for 6,600 United Nations documents and publications to ensure their easy retrieval. An authoritative index of terms and the thesaurus in the six official languages were continuously being maintained. Those metadata records form the core information for the United Nations Bibliographic Information System (UNBISnet), the Index to Proceedings and the Official Document System. As at 30 June 2011, 860,700 bibliographic metadata records had been recorded in UNBISnet, providing a complete voting history on all General Assembly and Security Council resolutions.", "91. Looking ahead, an effort is under way to review how the Dag Hammarskjold Library can enhance its services and adapt to the many changes that have occurred both in the United Nations and in the area of information technology. A departmental working group on library improvements, formed in May 2011, was tasked with making recommendations covering future strategy, technology and work processes.", "V. Use of social and “new” media in the Department", "92. Departmental guidelines on the use of social media were finalized and will be shared across the Secretariat as a suggested model for other departments and offices. The number of followers of the United Nations Twitter account, maintained by the Strategic Communications Division, recently surpassed 400,000. Based on its “klout” score, which is widely recognized as one of the best ways to measure social media influence, the Organization’s Twitter account is the top-rated account in the United Nations system. On Facebook, the posts of the United Nations Information Centre registered more than 3 million views. The Department also maintains two accounts focusing on the Millennium Development Goals. On Facebook, the posts on the Goals account registered more than 1 million views during the reporting period.", "93. Social media were effectively utilized to publicize the Nelson Mandela International Day campaign. Promotional messages and images were disseminated through Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr and Flickr. Posts on the United Nations Facebook page registered more than 12,000 “impressions” each.", "94. In the field, an increasing number of United Nations information centres used social media tools to disseminate information on the Secretary-General’s messages, major reports and developments, and to reach and engage local audiences (see table 3).", "95. United Nations Information Centre Beirut is a leading member of the social media task force of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, which is responsible for the development, management and supervision of the Commission’s social media strategy.", "96. United Nations Information Centre Washington, D.C., published several messages on its Facebook page and through Twitter in observance of the International Year of Forests. The Director of the Centre participated in a town hall meeting that was streamed on Facebook to discuss the role of the United Nations in Haiti.", "Table 3", "Social networking tools used by United Nations information centres", "Facebook Twitter YouTube Flickr \n Ankara Ankara Bogota Bogota \n Baku Bogota Brussels Colombo \n Bogota Brussels Jakarta Geneva \n Brussels Canberra Kathmandu Jakarta \n Bucharest Geneva La Paz \n Buenos Aires Jakarta Lima \n Cairo La Paz Mexico City \nDar es Salaam\tMexico City\tRio deJaneiro\t\n Jakarta New Delhi Tokyo \nLa Paz\tPretoria\tWashington,D.C.\t\n Lima Rio de Janeiro Yerevan \n Manila Tunis \n Mexico City Vienna \nNew Delhi\tWashington,D.C. \n Prague Yerevan \n Pretoria \n Rio de Janeiro \n Tokyo \n Tunis \n Vienna \n Warsaw \n Washington, D.C. \n Yaounde \n Yerevan", "97. In September 2010, the News and Media Division of the Department launched a channel on Sina Weibo, the popular microblogging platform in Chinese. With nearly 6,000 messages covering the latest news and key events, UN Weibo had close to 662,000 fans registered by June 2011. Video channels were also launched on Youku and Tudou, the top-two Chinese video-sharing websites, with over 470 clips covering a broad range of United Nations developments and issues featured on each of them. The total number of views on both channels reached 2.8 million. At the same time, the Department continued to enhance video content on the Organization’s YouTube channel in French and Spanish, with some 150 videos posted in the two languages.", "98. During the reporting period, strategic changes were made to the management of the UN News Centre’s presence on new media platforms, including with regard to the number and type of content posted per day and the creation of separate accounts in English and French. Those decisions generated immediate results: the number of Facebook fans increased by roughly 9,000, bringing the total to almost 28,000 and the number of Twitter followers almost doubled to 8,000 in English and French combined.", "99. The increased use of new media has enabled the UN News Centre to work more closely with its United Nations partners. For example, the UN News Centre participated in an ad hoc new media team led by UNAIDS that disseminated information in support of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on HIV and AIDS. The French-language Twitter account was particularly useful, as many United Nations organizations do not have public information outlets in French.", "100. The addition of a feature that makes it possible to share UN News Centre stories proved to be popular among users, who shared the weekly news quiz some 2,000 times during the reporting period. Other popular items included articles on human rights and news items on developments in the Arab world and on work done to protect refugees, which were shared more than 800 times shortly after posting. UN Webcast uses social media tools to alert viewers to upcoming events scheduled for live coverage. As the unit responsible for maintaining the United Nations channel on YouTube, UN Webcast continuously updated videos on the page and took steps to enhance its interactive aspects, in part by encouraging user response to videos. A series of videos posted on the Organization’s YouTube channel that featured messages of solidarity with the Japanese people in the wake of the Japan earthquake and tsunami disaster drew thousands of viewers.", "101. The United Nations Photo Flickr “photostream”, where over 3,000 images have been posted, reached a milestone in April 2011, when it registered 1 million views. That number has continued to grow steadily since then.", "102. In February and March 2011, the United Nations Academic Impact initiative, in partnership with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, organized a series of four e-discussions on the theme “Building a future for today’s youth: improving access to education”. Harnessing the power of new media, the series was hosted on the initiative’s Facebook page. A consolidated global report on the virtual discussion was presented to the Economic and Social Council in April.", "103. The sales and marketing presence of the United Nations on the social media platforms provided by Facebook and Twitter continued to grow: close to 3,500 users follow the Organization on Facebook and 15,500 users follow it on Twitter. Most of the Facebook users live in the United States, followed by Indonesia and Pakistan.", "VI. Conclusions", "104. The developments and examples outlined in the present report serve to once again provide proof that communications and public engagement are not and cannot be solely supportive endeavours: they must be integral to policies, programmes and change. Furthermore, for communications efforts to be successful, they must be sustained both locally and globally and be efficiently resourced.", "105. The relentless and often unexpected pace of everyday life places demands on the work of the Department at both the global and the field levels. Its partnerships with the media, other parts of the United Nations system, civil society and the academic community, and the enthusiasm of young people must be sustained both locally and globally, through familiar and novel means. There is much that the Department can do, and is doing, at Headquarters and in the field, and it is vital that these activities remain financially and operationally secure. The Department will continue to enhance its means of reaching out, while invigorating its capacity to be a forum for ideas and imagination where the world and its peoples can “reach in”." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目54", "有关信息的问题", "有关信息的问题", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是应大会第65/107 B号决议的要求编写的，重点介绍了新闻部最近在千年发展目标、可持续发展与气候变化、国际和平与安全和人权等重要问题上所做的战略传播工作。报告对联合国信息中心网络的各项活动也进行了回顾，这一网络对新闻部开展传播运动给予的支持至关重要。报告突出了新闻部向媒体和民间社会提供的服务，其中特别强调进一步使用了信息和通信新技术。本文还介绍了新闻部外展活动的最新情况，包括组织了全球模拟联合国活动和新发起的联合国学术影响力倡议。", "一. 导言", "1. 在第65/107 B号决议第83段，大会要求秘书长在新闻委员会第三十三届会议上向该委员会，并在大会第六十六届会议上向大会报告新闻部的活动和该决议中所列所有建议和要求的执行情况。因此，新闻部在2011年4月27日至5月6日召开的新闻委员会第三十三届会议上向该委员会提交了三份报告(A/AC.198/2011/2、3和4)，供其审议。委员会对这些报告的审议情况载于其向大会提交的报告(A/66/21)之中。", "2. 本报告对在新闻委员会第三十三届会议上向其提供的信息进行了更新，并且描述了2011年2月至7月新闻部通过三个次级方案，即战略传播服务、新闻服务和外展服务所开展的活动。", "二. 战略传播服务", "A. 主题问题", "千年发展目标", "3. 为保持千年发展目标的势头，由超过25个合作伙伴组成的联合国传播组起草了共用信息。此外，新闻部推介了秘书长千年发展目标宣传小组，在4月底开通了有关网站(www.un.org/millenniumgoals/advocates)。", "可持续发展与气候变化", "4. 为准备将于2012年6月在巴西里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会(持发大会)，新闻部协调举办了各种活动，推动就可持续发展及森林、海洋、生物多样性和气候变化等有关问题进行知情讨论。新闻部通过专门的联合国传播组工作队协调拟订了持发大会全系统传播战略，包括共同信息和徽标。新闻部努力推动《坎昆协定》的执行工作和政府间气候变化专门委员会发布了关于再生能源的报告。此外，新闻部牵头推动联合国参与“地球一小时”和其他促进可持续性的活动，包括在世界环境日开展活动，开展与工作人员为对象的运动，减少纸张的使用。在生物多样性方面，新闻部努力增加《生物多样性公约关于获取遗传资源和公平和公正分享其利用所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》的签约国数量。", "5. 针对2011年国际森林年，一批联合国信息中心参加了电影节、海报竞赛、植树活动和其他提高认识活动。例如，联合国堪培拉信息中心与堪培拉理工学院和澳大利亚国家植物园建立了合作关系，共同开展为期一年的摄影竞赛，联合国里约热内卢信息中心为一系列活动提供了支持，包括Humanitare研究所与汇丰银行巴西分行在圣保罗组织举办的森林会议。", "第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议", "6. 为准备将于5月9日至13日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行的的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议，新闻部进行了广泛的公众信息宣传活动，准备了关键信息、英文和法文综合新闻资料袋和4篇署名评论。在这次会议上，该部对500名记者进行了核证，并与其一起工作。", "艾滋病毒和艾滋病高级别会议", "7. 在2011年6月8日至10日在纽约举行的为期三天的高级别会议之前和会议期间，新闻部向联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病规划署)提供了宣传支持。以联合国六种正式语文推出了官方网站，新闻部社交媒体小组与艾滋病规划署密切合作，以联系年轻的受众。", "预防和控制非传染性疾病问题大会高级别会议", "8. 为迎接将于2011年9月19日至20日在纽约举行的预防和控制非传染性疾病问题大会高级别会议，新闻部会同美国癌症协会于2011年6月组织举办了一次媒体论坛。超过45个国家的近60名记者应邀参加了在联合国总部举行的关于癌症、糖尿病、心血管和肺部疾病的诱因、发病率和预防问题的通报会。", "妇女问题", "9. 新闻部继续对联合国促进两性平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)提供支持，通过社交媒体平台和专门为国际妇女节开发的网站等，推动妇女署在2月底成立。 此外，新闻部还与维持和平行动部密切合作，开发了维和网站关于性别与维护问题部分，以支持就执行安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号决议展开为期10年的研究。", "10. 新闻部宣传了2010年3月12日、2011年2月22日至3月4日和2011年3月14日在纽约举行的妇女地位委员会第五十五届会议，与媒体进行了广泛接触，宣传了会议期间举办的特别活动，包括秘书长发起的“联合起来制止暴力侵害妇女行为”运动。", "11. 联合国布鲁塞尔区域信息中心推出了以“禁止对妇女暴力行为”为主题的“为联合国创作”全欧广告竞赛。", "12. 联合国安卡拉信息中心与土耳其《国民报》建立了伙伴关系，《国民报》在其主页上刊登了一个多月的安卡拉信息中心活动广告条，每天访问量超过1万人次。", "13. 在联合国传播组也门办事处的支持下，联合国萨那信息中心制作了三个有关妇女的教育、工作和早婚问题的广播节目。萨那广播电台播出了这些节目。", "全球反对种族主义行动", "14. 在消除种族歧视国际日(3月21日)，在总部为来自加拿大、特立尼达和多巴哥和美利坚合众国的200名中学生举办了关于种族歧视问题的视频会议，会议特别着重于非洲后裔问题。联合国信息中心网络推出了一系列外展活动。", "纳尔逊·曼德拉国际日", "15. 在2011年7月18日举办的第二个纳尔逊·曼德拉国际日纪念活动中，新闻部的活动主题是“采取行动！促动变化”，鼓励人们拿出67分钟的时间，投入到公共服务之中，以纪念纳尔逊·曼德拉为争取自由和平等权利而进行的长达67年的斗争。作为活动的一部分，联合国与纽约中央公园管理处合作实施了公园改善工程，给扶手和公园长椅刷漆。通过与MTV合作，在纳尔逊·曼德拉国际日为题为“MTV行动”的博客制作了特别节目，通过电视频道突出介绍普通公民如何通过细小的行动改变他们的生活和社区。", "卢旺达种族灭绝纪念活动", "16. 新闻部以“重建卢旺达：和解和教育”为主题开展了卢旺达种族灭绝17周年纪念活动。4月7日，与卢旺达常驻联合国代表团合作，在总部举办了纪念仪式。种族灭绝的幸存者在活动中发言。此外，新闻部为关于这一主题的学生会议做了安排。秘书长防止灭绝种族罪行问题特别顾问和一位种族灭绝的幸存者对学生们发表了讲话。在世界各地发行了一部书名为“Tugire Ubumwe：让我们团结起来”的青少年小说。", "巴勒斯坦问题", "17. 2011年7月12日和13日，新闻部在布达佩斯举办了中东和平问题国际媒体研讨会。该会议是与匈牙利外交部联合主办的，为期两天，以色列和巴勒斯坦权力机构的约100位现任和前任政策制定者以及联合国高级官员、国际专家和媒体代表参加了会议。与会者根据阿拉伯世界的政治格局的变化，探讨了和平进程，讨论了新闻和视觉媒体在促进和平议程方面的作用。", "18. 2011年巴勒斯坦媒体从业人员年度培训计划定于2011年10月31日至12月2日在总部举行。预计主要从事视听媒体工作的巴勒斯坦记者将参加为期五周的活动，在此期间将重点提供广播电视节目制作的实际技能培训。", "联合国维和工作", "19. 4月18日至21日，新闻部、维持和平行动部和外勤支助部在乌干达恩德培联合国区域服务中心举行了第八次年度培训讲习班。讲习班的重点是推动数字领域的创新和集成，以及针对外地工作人员的新的招聘政策。", "20. 为联合国维持和平人员国际日选定的主题是“法治”。新闻部与维持和平行动部和外勤支助部合作，重点介绍在“法律、秩序和和平”的口号下，维持和平行动如何加强警察、司法和惩戒机构。在总部开展的公共活动包括，献花仪式、向维和人员授勋仪式和发布关于维和人员所做的法治工作的视频。", "21. 联合国布琼布拉信息中心与联合国布隆迪办事处、非洲联盟的当地办事处、布隆迪国防部和前战斗人员联合举办了纪念活动。联合国雅加达信息中心举办了关于联合国女性维和人员的直播电台谈话节目，在印度尼西亚共和国电台播出。联合国瓦加杜古信息中心举办了几项活动，以提高人们对维和人员国际日的认识，包括与布基纳法索国家电视台联合制作的30分钟的电视节目，与布基纳法索国防部合作，为当地军校学生举办的介绍会。", "非洲发展新伙伴关系", "22. 新闻部通过其季刊《非洲复兴》和重新设计并定期更新的网站，继续提高全球对非洲发展新伙伴关系规划和协调局的认识和支持。2011年3月至6月，在54个国家的224家不同的媒体发表了12篇专题短文(英文335次，法文193次)。新闻部非洲科继续增加它在网络的存在，更多地利用社交媒体工具，深入人数不多但不断增加的非洲网民以及发达国家的受众。", "国际青年年", "23. 为推广国际青年年，新闻部开展了一系列活动，包括针对青年团体和学生的讲座和简报会、记者会、研讨会、讲习班、辩论会、采访和广播电视谈话节目。联合国信息中心在联合国其他重大纪念活动和实现千年发展目标宣传活动中纳入了青年的角度。", "24. 联合国麦纳麦信息中心与Ajial——一家鼓励青年人参与实现千年发展目标和“巴林2030愿景”倡议的巴林和海湾地区的青年组织，进行合作，共同纪念国际青年年，在巴林举办了青年篮球锦标赛和女足锦标赛等活动。", "25. 联合国新德里信息中心，作为其长达一年的国际青年年推广活动安排的一部分，与“上街”组织者合作，举办了街头戏剧节，吸引了新德里20所学院的戏剧团体参加。", "B. 联合国信息中心", "传播活动视觉材料", "26. 如上所述，联合国信息中心继续使用各种通讯工具，并与各国政府、媒体组织、非政府组织、学术机构和民间社会的其他成员建立伙伴关系。在此过程中，他们越来越多地使用电影和其他视觉材料。", "27. 联合国布鲁塞尔区域信息中心举办每月电影放映活动，然后进行讨论。这一活动已扩展到其他国家，包括法国、德国、冰岛和以色列。", "28. 联合国新德里信息中心举办了第八届“我们并非无动于衷”电影节。这是由非政府组织兄弟会发起的关于残疾问题的年度国际纪录片电影节。", "与当地广播机构的合作安排", "29. 联合国信息中心与国家广播机构加强了合作，共同传播联合国的视频和电影，并做出联合制作安排。", "30. 联合国伊斯兰堡信息中心在联合国传播组巴基斯坦办事处的支持下，做出了联合宣传安排，与“求同组织”合作，从2011年7月至12月在巴基斯坦全国为联合国播出关于优先问题的12个专题广播节目。", "31. 联合国墨西哥城信息中心与拉丁美洲教育交流研究所(专门开发、研究和应用用于远程学习的信息和通信技术及制作教育材料的组织)达成了一项协议，目的是提高拉丁美洲的教育质量。", "建设新闻部工作人员的宣传能力", "32. 新闻部认识到必须加强其工作人员，特别是外地人员的宣传技巧，因此组织了几次培训班。在2011年6月，新闻部在维也纳为联合国莫斯科信息中心和联合国驻亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、白俄罗斯、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦和乌克兰办事处的宣传人员安排了媒体讲习班。讲习班内容包括新媒体、危机公关及采访和新闻发布会管理技巧。", "33. 此外，新闻部继续与人力资源管理厅合作，共同提供题为“网络写作”的为期8天的远程学习课程，颇受欢迎。自2011年初以来，已有19个地点的工作人员参加这一课程。", "持续存在的预算和安全挑战", "34. 新闻部继续致力于最大限度地发挥其人力和财力资源的作用，尽可能以最具战略性和最有效率的方式使用这些资源。例如，在一些联合国信息中心中，行政助理的员额被改划为知识管理助理，以加强信息中心在国家工作队中的宣传职能。在许多情况下，分配给信息中心的实际空间已经减少，有的是直接减少，有的是因为与国家工作队的其他人员共用空间和分担费用而减少。因此，一些先前属于信息中心图书馆的资产被捐献给当地的大学，信息中心重点帮助客户访问电子资源和通过在中心以外的地方举办讲习班和介绍会，向目标受众进行宣传。", "35. 安全问题依然严重。安全和安保部继续重新评估最低业务安全标准。因此，与前一个两年期相比，保安措施的开支增加了约三分之一。", "联合国罗安达新闻中心", "36. 安哥拉政府的代表知会新闻部，将为非洲葡萄牙语国家提供服务的联合国罗安达信息中心的建设资金已经获得批准。新闻部正在与法律事务厅一道起草东道国协议。新中心的员额已经定级，主任一职的空缺广告已经发布。", "三. 新闻服务", "A. 联合国网站", "37. 为加强导航功能和扩大使用共同的品牌元素，以提升网站内容的一致性和连贯性，对本组织网站(www.un.org)的结构要素进行了调整。此外，按照大会的规定，以六种正式语文创建了新的网页。", "38. 从2011年初开始，网站流量报告的依据是通过使用Google Analytics收集的数据，所反映的情况的准确度大为提高。按语言、地理区域、特定网站和日期范围分析使用趋势更加容易。", "39. 新闻部制作的大部分网站都以本组织的所有正式语文提供内容。由于新闻部更多地使用了多媒体产品，如为联合国主页上最有新闻价值的的条目编配视频，从而确保说明文字以所有正式语文提供(见表1和表2)。", "40. 新闻部在协助设计和开发网站时，继续利用与白俄罗斯、中国和西班牙大学达成的合作安排，将网页内容翻译成中文、俄文和西班牙文。新闻部阿拉伯语网站股与大会和会议管理部阿拉伯文翻译处合作，将网站内容翻译成阿拉伯文。这两个部门最近扩大了合作关系，与大马士革大学、开罗美利坚大学和贝鲁特圣约瑟夫大学签署了协议。新闻部和联合国志愿人员方案之间的现有安排也有助于在联合国网站上以法文提供额外的材料。", "表1 2011年3月至6月联合国网站的访问量：排名最高的10个国家", "语言\n 国家 阿拉伯文 中文 英文 法文 俄文 西班牙文 共计", "美国 11 928 7 882 680 398 17 788 9 052 19 803 755 270", "中国 1 376 130 834 38 068 1 446 909 2 664 175 488", "墨西哥 214 162 25 557 649 115 140 012 166 934", "英国 1 512 964 143 503 2 611 617 1 276 152 115", "加拿大 1 097 1 010 118 440 24 979 441 1 942 148 943", "法国 803 802 26 640 104 367 667 1 258 134 875", "俄罗斯联邦 256 170 13 281 605 110 249 311 124 954", "西班牙 408 187 22 648 1 920 340 90 376 116 064", "澳大利亚 512 876 103 909 492 275 282 106 531", "印度 331 146 90 025 323 88 173 91 975", "表2 联合国网站独特访问量和网页浏览量，2011年3月至6月", "语言 独特访问量 网页浏览量", "阿拉伯文 313 200 1 006 102", "中文 887 868 2 519 136", "英文 8 054 234 30 243 489", "法文 1 131 371 4 032 868", "俄文 732 598 2 546 944", "西班牙文 2 461 798 6 967 826", "共计 13 581 069 47 316 365", "41. 为方便残疾人，包括视觉、听觉和行动障碍者使用联合国网站，新闻部在制作联合国主页每日新闻视频时编配了字幕，正在努力为新闻部制作的其他视频编配字幕。", "B. 联合国新闻中心", "42. 在本报告所述期间，仅以英文和法文制作的新闻就超过了2 000条，而电讯经常配有相关的音频和视频链接。联合国网站继续刊登每周新闻问答、图片报道和某月读者最多的报道名单。3月至6月，对联合国官员和新闻人物进行了10次深入访谈。定期更新的重点页面继续提供关于复杂问题的文件和文章的一站式便利。联合国新闻中心还推出了从外地发来的新的系列报道，重点介绍特派团人员的经历。", "43. 更多的国家提供了新闻聚合网站和媒体通道，这增加了这些国家采用新闻部制作的报道的频率。在本报告所述期间，《菲律宾时报》、《新喀拉拉邦》、《印度花开》、《朝鲜时报》、《伦敦水星》，《印度宪报》、《柬埔寨时报》、华盛顿孟加拉电台、《老挝小新闻报》、《Afriquinfo》、《非洲时代》和All Africa.com等网络媒体都全文转载了新闻部制作的有关报道。", "44. 联合国新闻中心的英文网页每月约有60万的访问量和100多万的页面浏览量。在热点新闻的高峰期，这些数字飙升。今年4月，在中东和北非的局势迅速变化之时，联合国新闻中心记录的访问量为845 000和页面浏览量为150万。此外，每天约有43 000名用户通过电子邮件接收新闻。", "C. 广播、电视和摄影服务", "45. 在本报告所述期间，联合国广播电台为合作伙伴增加了更新频率，通过发送电子邮件向各个广播电台提示每日报道内容。联合国电台扩充了报道内容，增加了现场实时报道，其中一种方式是更多地使用Skype进行采访。最受欢迎的新闻报道包括插播新闻，报道联合国对中东和北非暴动的反应和对策。", "46. 广播电台科为纪念奴隶制和跨大西洋贩卖奴隶行为受害者国际纪念日、联合国维持和平人员国际日和艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题高级别会议制作了专题节目和有关访谈节目。该科为纪念切尔诺贝利二十五周年制作了配有多国语言解说词的幻灯片，为纪念联合国土著问题常设论坛第十届会议制作了关于妇女人权问题的专题节目。联合国电台派出两名记者，前往土耳其伊斯坦布尔报道了第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议。这两名记者以法文和英文制作了40份报告和成套节目，以其他语言通过Skype进行了采访，与联合国新闻中心分享了信息。", "47. 为使联合国高级官员谈论他们最近完成的任务，推出了一个新的“前线探访”的电台采访专题节目。受访人包括主管人权事务的助理秘书长伊万·西蒙诺维奇，他介绍了伊拉克之行的情况；还包括当代形式奴隶制问题特别报告员，她介绍了派往秘鲁的第一个真相调查团的情况。", "48. 在本报告所述期间，联合国电台采取了更多的步骤，升级了其网站和相关的内容管理系统，以便更灵活地以不同的语言发布多媒体内容，包括视频和幻灯片，因此得以在联合国电台西班牙文网站现场直播大会新一届主席的选举情况。现在，联合国电台葡萄牙文网站定期提供视频，例如联合国电台制作了原创视频报道，在网站上报道了作为联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的一部分在总部进行的电影《里约》的放映活动。", "49. 在本报告所述期间，以下机构成为联合国电台的合作伙伴：Vinha FM(巴西)、Radio Communitaria Maria Rosa FM(巴西)、Urban Cool Radio(美国)、FM Sierras(阿根廷)、Canal Saúde/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz(巴西)、Radio Huancavilca 830 AM(厄瓜多尔)、Radio Indico(莫桑比克)和Tela Non(巴西)。", "50. 联合国电视台对艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题高级别会议和第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议进行了现场直播，后者在脸谱网(Facebook)上播出——这对于在联合国总部之外举行的会议尚属首次。这些节目内容被电视新闻机构广泛采用，其中包括路透社和美联社电视新闻，并通过联合国电视广播平台这一联合国新闻联合组织向广播机构提供。联合国电视广播平台继续扩大与依赖联合国电视广播平台提供联合国新闻内容的非政府组织、政府机构、教育机构和个人的联系。超过40个联合国机构、基金、维和特派团和其他实体向这一服务提供内容。", "51. 关于纽约总部和联合国日内瓦办事处活动的现场报道通过时代华纳联合国频道在纽约大都会地区播出并通过联合国网播向全球传送。", "52. 由60多个国际广播机构播出的新闻部旗舰节目——系列电视新闻杂志《21世纪》，继续得到认可。2011年4月，有一篇介绍了联合国在为红色高棉受害者伸张正义方面的作用，赢得了著名的纽约艺术节国际电视和电影奖世界金奖。以英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文制作的系列短片《联合国在行动》，通过与联合国机构合办项目扩大了覆盖范围，重点介绍了联合国在经济和社会发展、环境、人权和健康等领域的工作。", "53. 新闻部与人道主义事务协调厅共同制作了《世界一日》，影片介绍了秘书长和他为引起人们对孕产妇健康问题的重视对尼日利亚和埃塞俄比亚进行访问的情况。2011年，联合国电视台与联合国人口基金、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)等共同推出的电视辩论节目《面对面》介绍了联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)执行主任安东尼·莱克和教科文组织总干事伊琳娜·博科娃。联合国电视台与亚洲广播联盟开展的一个项目是共同制作关于千年发展目标的系列纪录片，由联盟成员在亚太地区播出并由联合国电视台频道播出。在过去几个月的时间里，联合国电视台与一些实体建立了新的伙伴关系，包括Newspoint TV(印度)、Shalom TV(美国)、土耳其广播电视公司(土耳其)、美国和平研究所(美国)和ViewChange.org(美国)。", "54. 新闻部继续通过电影放映和其他活动扩大联合国电视台节目的覆盖面：关于人权和社会经济问题的多部影片曾在耶鲁大学拉丁美洲研究系放映；在日内瓦举行的人权理事会会议上、慕尼黑电影节期间和在纽约举办的“联合起来制止暴力侵害妇女行为”活动期间，放映了关于在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那将强奸作为战争武器的影片；纽约联合国协会在希腊放映了关于阿富汗移民的影片。西班牙阿斯图里亚斯Centro Niemeyer组织了一场大型联合国电影系列活动，内容包括联合国电影和录像档案库保存的历史影片和获奖影片。", "55. 联合国网播通过现场流媒体服务和提供内容广泛的档案材料点播服务，提供了1 100多个视频片段，在为联合国主页制作和传送每日新闻视频方面发挥了重要作用。此外，联合国网播还向总部和外地的工作人员提供了职工会议的网播内容，还提供了培训班录像档案资料，推动了内部交流。", "56. 在本报告所述期间，对新闻部图片服务的需求继续增长。联合国图片社报道了近650场活动，包括秘书长对33个国家进行的访问，选出并在联合国图片社网站向公众提供了约3 000幅高清照片。除报道时事外，联合国图片社还努力加大联合国图片库历史图片的筛选力度，以此记录联合国的历史成就。在本报告所述期间还提供了1 800张经过修饰和数字化处理的这类照片。", "D. 联合国新闻稿和会议报道", "57. 2011年3月至6月，通过会议报道活动以英文和法文拟写了658份新闻稿，共计2 856页，其中241份新闻稿涉及大会、安全理事会和经济及社会理事会及其附属机构和专门委员会的会议。240多份新闻稿涉及秘书长和常务副秘书长的发言、讲话和致辞以及联合国其他部门的资料。", "58. 在本报告所述期间，媒体核证和联络股办理了935件长期核证申请和830件临时核证申请。该科向71次媒体定点采访提供了资料和后勤支援，协助举行了152次记者会和吹风会，参加的记者人数达到2 193人。该股向媒体推荐了各种活动，向整个联合国系统的媒体组织、常驻代表团和办事处等机构约4 000人发送了77条电子媒体提示，还通过推特网(Twitter)推介了各种活动。", "四. 外展服务", "A. 深化民间社会对联合国活动的参与", "59. 在本报告定稿之时，将于2011年9月3日至5日在德国波恩召开的题为“可持续社会；顺应形势的公民”的第六十四次联合国新闻部/非政府组织年会的筹备工作正在进行。与会者将有机会拟订有意义的宣言和行动计划，预计将有助于在联合国可持续发展大会上进行的谈判，也将有助于在该会议开始之前召开的几次重大会议。此外，波恩会议的成果将有助于将于2011年12月召开的国际志愿人员年十周年大会特别会议。", "60. 在本报告所述期间，非政府组织关系小组(A/66/6(第28款))为新成立的非政府组织的代表举办了12次介绍会，一次宣传讲习班和一次为期两天的年度迎新活动。参与新闻部活动的此类组织总数达到1 601个。", "B. 全球模拟联合国会议", "61. 为准备即将在大汉民国仁川举行的的全球模拟联合国会议，来自世界各地的18位学生领袖参加了在纽约举行的为期一周的讲习班，了解了他们将在会议上扮演的角色，与联合国官员和外交官就会议的主题，即可持续发展，进行了交流。展望未来，新闻部计划与其他模拟联合国计划分享经验，以便使这些活动更加接近联合国的实际运作方式。", "C. 创意社区外展活动", "62. 主题为“通过纪录片探讨全球性问题”的第三次年度展望论坛内容包括放映纪录片和就与千年发展目标有关的主题进行系列讨论，重点是贫困和饥饿问题。", "63. 在联合国土著问题常设论坛第十届会议期间，在联合国拍摄了好评如潮的澳大利亚电视烹饪节目《澳大利亚厨艺大师》的一集节目。在该集节目中，业余厨师在土著菜肴的启发下进行了厨艺竞赛。", "64. 1990年以来，新闻部与纽约艺术节合作，对体现联合国价值观和目标的优秀节目进行奖励。2001年，新闻部对以儿童保护、暴力侵害妇女行为、民主和环境为重点的节目进行了奖励。", "65. 在西班牙阿维莱斯举行的伊比利亚-美洲创意首脑会议上，向西班牙、葡萄牙和拉丁美洲的电影电视专业人员介绍了联合国的情况。由Centro Niemeyer主办的为期一天的活动内容包括分别以两性平等、环境可持续性和打击毒品和犯罪为重点的三场小组讨论。这是此类活动首次在美国以外的国家举行。", "D. 名人宣传", "66. 在2011年3月11日日本遭受地震和海啸灾难后，一些联合国和平使者和亲善大使与秘书长一道共同录制了录像信息，向日本人民表示慰问。这些信息通过日本的广播和网络伙伴、联合国信息中心和联合国社交媒体频道传送给灾民，在线观看人数超过20万。参与这些录像的制作和传送的有：新闻部、人道主义事务协调厅和多个联合国实体，包括联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国开发计划署、联合国环境规划署(环境署)、教科文组织和联合国基金会。", "67. 和平使者Wangari Maathai和Jane Goodall帮助开展了环境署在线活动，推动为支持国际森林年而进行的植树活动。", "E. 联合国学术影响力倡议", "68. 截至2011年7月中旬，104个国家的660多个高等教育和研究机构与联合国建立了全球伙伴关系(见下文图示)。联合国学术影响力计划成员所开展的活动包括，在妇女地位委员会第五十五届会议期间举行了虚拟会议，在纽约与南非夸祖鲁-纳塔尔大学学生和关于贫困程度衡量问题的新书的编辑进行了视频讨论；在中国上海举办了国际职业教育论坛、在白俄罗斯举行了题为“青年促进和平”的国际法竞赛。在日本举行的座谈会重点讨论了向海啸和地震受害者提供恢复和重建支持的问题。3月，来自15个国家的代表参加了在罗马尼亚康斯坦察在黑海大学网络的框架内举行的主题为“教育与可持续发展治理”的会议。5月，意大利PEGASO研究所召集了关于在欧洲执行联合国学术影响力倡议各项原则的欧洲日座谈会。8月，韩国大学教育理事会和韩东全球大学将在首尔举办为期两天的题为“实现变革的新伙伴：联合国与世界学术界”的论坛。与学术影响力倡议有关的机构继续举办各种活动，支持该倡议的各项目标，包括在巴基斯坦开办关于水过滤问题的在线学习课程。阿根廷的一所大学正在计划举办关于可持续发展问题的全球视频竞赛。", "图 联合国学术影响力倡议：截至2011年7月18日按区域划分的成员分布情况", "[]", "F. 吸纳公众参与", "69. 新闻部通过联合国演讲事务处为联合国访客协调安排了235场内部介绍会和视频会议，另外，外部演讲活动的听众达到15 500人。新闻部发放了许多新闻资料袋，答复了10 200项公众查询，收到带有4 048人签名的多封请愿书。", "70. 每年有近百万游客参观新闻部在总部游客大厅展示和安装的轮流公开展览。访客网站也在线提供展览情况。", "71. 在本报告所述期间，共组织了七次展览：", "(a) 为纪念奴隶制和跨大西洋奴隶贸易受害者举办的《3 000万个未曾披露的故事构成的鲜活的遗产》；", "(b) 《决心扫除地雷》，展示了地雷受害者的图片，同时突显了地雷行动挽救生命和保护生活的工作；", "(c) 《为终结疟疾而呐喊》，展现了在防治疟疾方面全球进展和个人所作的努力；", "(d) 《切尔诺贝利25年以后》，向切尔诺贝利灾难的受害者表示敬意；", "(e) 《为实现民主而做事》，展示了在世界五个地区所开展的民主项目；", "(f) 《水权与土著人民》，展示了水对土著人民生活方式的重要性；", "(g) 《法律、秩序、和平》，重点介绍了联合国为改善遭受战争苦难的国家的法治状况而作出的维和努力。", "72. 2011年，参加总部导游游览的游客达到94 615人，与2010年同期相比略有减少。游客减少的原因之一是6月8日至10日由于举行艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题高级别会议而导致大楼意外关闭三天。", "G. 纪念活动", "73. 5月2日，大屠杀和联合国外展方案放映了电影《贝尔森的救赎》并组织了讨论。这次活动是由大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团为纪念贝尔根-贝尔森集中营的解放者举办的。5月20日，外展方案组织了一次关于支持在社区内捍卫人权的教育工作者讲习班。活动内容包括与秘书长防止灭绝种族罪行问题特别顾问和知名的人权活动家举办讲习班和讨论会，在活动期间讨论了纳粹时期种族歧视的事例和当代大规模暴力行为案例。外展计划继续为大学生编写系列讨论文件，最近的三份文件是：“全球预防种族灭绝行为：从大屠杀中吸取教训”、“南非的大屠杀教育”和“法律如何成为种族灭绝的加速器”。", "74. 奴隶制和跨大西洋贩卖奴隶行为受害者国际纪念日第四次年度纪念活动在2011年3月25日所在的一周进行，主题是“《3 000万个未曾披露的故事构成的鲜活的遗产》”。在总部举行的活动包括：放映电影《贸易的痕迹》；展示“中间通道”的复制品、运载奴隶的船只和文物及历史文献收藏品；全球教育者视频会议，重点是新的研究、课程规划和教学；与大学生和非政府组织进行的小组讨论；强调非洲和加勒比菜肴关联的漫画活动；大会特别纪念会议和非洲、美洲和加勒比表演者演出的“鲜活的遗产”音乐会。新闻部还利用其信息中心网络开展了一系列活动，包括在阿拉木图(哈萨克斯坦)、塔那那利佛、堪培拉、达喀尔、日内瓦和瓦加杜古放映教科文组织制作的电影《奴隶贩运路线：全球视野》的影片和组织讲习班、文化活动、小组讨论会和展览。", "H. 纪念莱赫姆法拉记者研究金年度方案", "75. 新闻部将于2011年9月12日至10月21日组织举办的第三十一届纪念莱赫姆法拉记者研究金年度方案的准备工作正在进行。14个发展中国家和经济转型国家已经提交了候选人名单，即：巴哈马、巴巴多斯、喀麦隆、克罗地亚、刚果民主共和国、冈比亚、格鲁吉亚、加纳、基里巴斯、阿曼、帕劳、斯威士兰、塔吉克斯坦和阿拉伯联合酋长国。", "76. 2011年方案将为参加这一方案的记者提供在总部进行实际报道工作的机会。记者们将借鉴新闻部的知识和技能，跟随联合国各个领域的媒体人员进行学习，并与他们共同制作节目。", "I. 联合国旗舰出版物", "77. 5月，《联合国年鉴》(2007年)第六十一期在与联合国学术影响力倡议共同举办的题为“发现事实真相”的小组讨论中推出。《年鉴》电子书也首次问世。来自当地大学的学生、学术界特邀小组成员、新闻记者、媒体代表根据当今媒体的形式探讨了2007年年鉴所涵盖的话题，例如千年发展目标的进展情况和人道主义工作者遭受袭击的问题。", "78. 常年畅销书联合国简介《联合国概况》2011年版于5月出版。《联合国概况》在介绍联合国主要机构和联合国其他组织所发挥的作用的同时，还探讨了联合国是如何促进国际和平与安全、经济和社会发展、人权、人道主义行动、国际法和维和行动的。2011年版还收录了新修订的联合国系统组织机构图。法文和西班牙文版定于年底前出版。将该书翻译成地方语言的工作已在进行。", "79. 侧重于艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题的《联合国大事记》2011年第一期于5月出版发行。撰稿人包括艾滋病规划署执行主任米歇尔·西迪贝、阿根廷前国务秘书Pedro Basualdo和巴布亚新几内亚社区发展部部长Carol Kidu。他们在文章中分析了艾滋病毒与工作场所、艾滋病毒与教育及妇女与艾滋病毒等问题。", "80. 作为纪念达格·哈马舍尔德去世50周年纪念活动一部分的和平与安全专刊《联合国大事记》2011年第二期将在6月底付印。", "J. 联合国出版物的销售和营销", "81. 扩大新闻部电子出版计划的工作继续进行。这包括与知名的非盈利服务商JSTOR签订电子书发售协议，提供学术内容；出版针对移动设备的31部新电子书；计划将300多部广受欢迎的联合国出版物转换成适合移动设备的格式。两个新的移动应用程序已经推出：艾滋病信息和公共治理创新。在传统书籍方面，与撒哈拉以南非洲的图书发售商签订了3份新的发售协议。在本报告所述期间共出版了131部新书。", "K. 通过网络进行内部交流和外展", "82. 秘书处内联网iSeek继续向世界各地的工作人员和有关人员提供服务。iSeek小组共张贴了270条新闻，内容涉及一系列问题，包括国际妇女节、联合国妇女署、维和、跨大西洋奴隶贸易、世界环境日、多样性、多语环境和非洲裔国际年。", "83. 新闻部继续开发各种网站，支持其外展目标。为第六十四次联合国新闻部／非政府组织年会和2011年全球模拟联合国会议开发了新网站。联合国学术影响力倡议和达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆口述历史项目的网站正在建设之中。", "L. 虚拟标识", "84. 新闻部负责提供印刷和网络产品定制设计解决方案的平面设计小组所做的项目包括：和平使者别饰、消除贫困运动、巴勒斯坦展览、关于国际联盟的书籍和联合国可持续发展大会等等。", "M. 图书馆服务", "85. 在图书馆培训场地重新开放以后，图书馆培训计划在2011年春季得以恢复。3月至6月，1 370名工作人员、代表、非政府组织代表等参加了图书馆组织的培训活动。", "托存图书馆", "86. 对联合国托存图书馆的数据收集工作的审查于2011年5月结束。审查的目的是确保托存图书馆以对于读者最为有用的格式接收适当的联合国信息资料。托存图书馆，包括发展中国家的图书馆越来越多地表示，将更好地利用因特网。联合国图书馆在继续鼓励托存图书馆考虑电子阅览的优势的同时，考虑在电子阅览方面存在的不均衡现象。联合国图书馆还在与托存图书馆一道，共同加强与联合国问题有关的外展活动。", "87. 联合国图书馆继续通过培训计划与联合国托存图书馆进行合作，包括由联合国墨西哥信息中心安排的为70名拉丁美洲图书管理员提供的培训和为纽约大都会地区的主要研究型图书馆馆员提供的关于联合国信息资源和文献的有针对性的培训。对托存图书馆进行的审查获得的初步结果表明，87%的图书馆希望增加关于如何使用联合国信息资源的培训。", "电子资源和联合国数字信息", "88. 联合国图书馆55个联合国实体“采取一体行动”，充当联合国系统电子信息采购联合组织的协调秘书处，帮助47个国家的成员订阅不断增加的电子资源。为满足用户提出的随时随地获取优质资源的需要，联合国图书馆正在尽可能地从印刷收藏过渡到电子资源，为将电子资源提供给世界各地工作人员的桌面准备建立新的机制。联合国图书馆继续准备建立新的平台，为利益相关者提供经过数字化处理和从一开始就属于电子格式的联合国信息。新的平台将有助于为后代保存联合国电子资产。", "89. 同时，联合国图书馆正在努力确保保护和提供1946年以来的联合国出版记录。通过数字化计划已经完成安全理事会文件主要系列的处理工作，将把工作重点放在早期的大会文件，包括对文件进行追溯内容分析，以便用户容易地获取各种文件。", "90. 2011年3月至6月，为6 600份联合国文件和出版物创建了书目元数据记录，以确保其易于检索。以六种正式语文编制的术语和词库索引正在经过不断的维护。这些元数据记录构成了联合国书目信息系统、议事录索引和正式文件系统的核心信息。截至2011年6月30日，在联合国书目信息系统中共录入了860 700条书目元数据记录，提供了大会和安全理事会所有决议的完整投票记录。", "91. 为着眼于未来，正在努力审查达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆应如何改进服务，适应在联合国和信息技术领域所发生的诸多变化。2011年5月成立的新闻部改进图书馆工作小组的任务是就未来战略、技术和工作流程提出建议。", "五. 新闻部对社交媒体和“新”媒体的使用情况", "92. 新闻部关于社交媒体使用问题的导则已经定稿，将在整个秘书处分发，作为其他部厅的建议示范。战略传播司负责维护的联合国推特账户的用户人数最近超过了40万人。根据得到广泛认可的社交媒体影响力最佳计量方式之一的“klout”的评分，联合国推特账户在联合国系统雄踞高位。联合国信息中心在脸谱网的张贴浏览量超过300万。新闻部还在管理两个侧重于千年发展目标的账户。在本报告所述期间，千年发展目标账户在脸谱网的张贴浏览量超过100万。", "93. 在宣传纳尔逊·曼德拉国际日的过程中社交媒体得到了有效利用。通过推特网、脸谱网、Tumblr和Flickr传送了宣传信息和图片。联合国脸谱网网页张贴浏览量超过了12 000人次。", "94. 在外地，越来越多的联合国信息中心通过社交媒体工具传播关于秘书长致辞、主要报告和动态的信息，接触和覆盖当地受众(见表3)。", "95. 联合国贝鲁特信息中心是西亚经济社会委员会社交媒体工作队的主要成员，负责拟订、管理和监督该委员会的社交媒体策略。", "96. 联合国华盛顿新闻中心为纪念国际森林年在脸谱网网页并通过推特网发布了多条信息。该中心的主任参加了通过脸谱网进行流媒体传送的全体会议，讨论了联合国在海地的作用问题。", "表3 联合国新闻中心所使用的社交网络工具", "脸谱网 推特 YouTube Flickr", "安卡拉 安卡拉 波哥大 波哥大", "巴库 波哥大 布鲁塞尔 科伦坡", "波哥大 布鲁塞尔 雅加达 日内瓦", "布鲁塞尔 堪培拉 加德满都 雅加达", "布加勒斯特 日内瓦 拉巴斯", "布宜诺斯艾利斯 雅加达 利马", "开罗 拉巴斯 墨西哥城", "达累斯萨拉姆 墨西哥城 里约热内卢", "雅加达 新德里 东京", "拉巴斯 比勒陀利亚 华盛顿", "利马 里约热内卢 埃里温", "马尼拉 突尼斯", "墨西哥城 维也纳", "新德里 华盛顿特区", "布拉格 埃里温", "比勒陀利亚", "里约热内卢", "东京", "突尼斯", "维也纳", "华沙", "华盛顿特区", "雅温得", "埃里温", "97. 2010年9月，新闻部新闻和媒体司以中文在颇有人气的微博平台新浪微博推出了专用频道。截至2011年6月，联合国微博通过近6 000条信息报道了最新新闻和重要事件，注册用户接近662 000人。在中国两个顶级视频分享网站优酷网和土豆网还推出了视频频道，张贴的片断超过470条，内容广泛，涉及联合国的动态和所处理的各种问题。这两个频道的浏览量总数达到280万。同时，新闻部继续以法文和西班牙文提升联合国YouTube频道的视频内容，以这两种语言张贴的视频约达150条。", "98. 在本报告所述期间，对联合国新闻中心在新媒体平台的存在方式的管理实行了战略性的变革，涉及每天所张贴的内容的数量和类型及以英文和法文创建独立的账户等。这些决定产生了立竿见影的效果：脸谱网粉丝数量增加了约9 000人，总人数约达28 000人，推特网英文和法文粉丝总人数将近翻了一番，达到8 000人。", "99. 由于新媒体的使用增多，联合国新闻中心得以更加密切地与联合国伙伴进行合作。例如，联合国新闻中心参加了艾滋病规划署牵头的特设新媒体小组，传播信息，支持大会关于艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题的高级别会议。法文推特网账户尤其有用，因为许多联合国组织没有法文新闻通道。", "100.　为分享联合国新闻中心的报道增加了一项新的功能，受到用户的广泛欢迎，在本报告所述期间，用户分享美洲新闻问答的次数达到约2 000次。其他颇有人气的项目包括，关于人权的文章及关于阿拉伯世界的动态和难民保护工作的新闻，在这些新闻张贴后分享次数很快超过800次。联合国网播通过社交媒体工具提示用户将要进行现场直播的活动。作为负责维护YouTube时联合国频道的单位，联合国网播不断更新网页上的视频内容，采取步骤加强互动功能，具体作法包括鼓励用户对视频进行评论。在日本地震和海啸灾难发生后，联合国YouTube频道张贴了一系列视频，传送对日本人民表示慰问的信息，吸引了数以千计的用户。", "101.　联合国图片社Flickr“图片流”张贴的图片超过3 000幅，2011年4月达到了一个里程碑，浏览量达到100万。此后这一数字继续稳定增长。", "102.　2011年2月和3月，联合国学术影响力倡议与经济和社会事务部合作，组织举办了主题为“为今天的青年人建设未来：更好地提供教育机会”的四场网络系列讨论。这一系列活动发挥了新媒体的力量，在学术影响力倡议的脸谱网网页上进行。关于虚拟讨论的综合全球性报告已经在4月提交给经济及社会理事会。", "103.　联合国在脸谱网和推特网提供的社交媒体平台上进行的推销工作继续增长：分别有将近3 500名和15 500名用户在脸谱网和推特网上跟踪联合国的情况。脸谱网的用户多数居住在美国，随后是印度尼西亚和巴基斯坦。", "六. 结论", "104.　本报告概括介绍的动态和实例再次证明，传播和宣传工作不是也不可能仅仅是辅助性的工作：这些工作必须成为政策、方案和变革的组成部分。此外，要使传播工作获得成功，就必须在地方和全球范围内持续进行，并高效地提供资源。", "105.　世事无常，这对新闻部在全球和外地的工作提出了要求。必须将新旧手段结合使用，在地方和全球范围内维持新闻部与媒体、联合国系统其他部分、民间社会和学术界的伙伴关系和青年人的热情。新闻部在总部和外地大有可为，而且大有作为，必须在财政和运作方面为这些活动提供持续的保障。新闻部将继续加强“走出去”的手段，同时提升自身的能力，成为全世界及世界各国人民可以“走进来”的思想和想象力交汇的平台。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目54", "有关信息的问题", "* A/66/150。", "有关信息的问题", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "1. 本报告是根据大会第65/107 B号决议编写的,其中概述了新闻部最近就千年发展目标、可持续发展和气候变化、国际和平与安全和人权等关键问题开展的战略传播工作。 此外,还审查了联合国新闻中心网络的活动,其支助对新闻部开展宣传活动至关重要。 报告强调了新闻部向媒体和民间社会提供的服务,特别强调扩大使用新的信息和通信技术。 报告还介绍了该部外联活动的最新情况,包括组织全球模拟联合国和新发起的联合国学术影响倡议。", "一. 导言", "页: 1 大会在第65/107 B号决议第83段中请秘书长向新闻委员会第三十三届会议和第六十六届会议报告新闻部的活动以及该决议所载所有建议和要求的执行情况。 因此,该部提交了三份报告,供2011年4月27日至5月6日举行的委员会第三十三届会议审议(A/AC.198/ 2001/22、A/AC.198/ 2008/3和A/AC.198/2011/4)。 委员会关于这些报告的审议情况见委员会第三十三届会议的报告(A/66/21)。", "2. 结 论 本报告更新了向新闻委员会第三十三届会议提供的信息,介绍了新闻部通过其三个次级方案(战略通信服务、新闻服务和外联服务)于2011年2月至7月开展的活动。", "II. 战略通信服务", "A. 导 言 专题问题", "千年发展目标", "3. 。 为了保持千年发展目标的势头,一个由25个以上合作伙伴组成的联合国宣传小组全系统工作队起草了共同信息。 此外,该部还宣传了秘书长千年发展目标宣传小组,并于4月底启用了一个网站(www.un.org/millenniumgoals/advocates)。", "可持续发展和气候变化", "4. 第四届会议 在筹备将于2012年6月在巴西里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展会议之前,该部协调了各项活动,以促进关于可持续发展和相关问题,如森林、海洋、生物多样性和气候变化的知情讨论。 通过联合国宣传小组的一个专门工作队,新闻部协调为会议制定全系统通信战略,其中包括共同信息和标志。 该部努力促进执行《坎昆协议》和政府间气候变化专门委员会启动一份关于可再生能源的报告。 此外,它还在推动联合国参与地球时发挥带头作用,并作出其他努力,促进可持续性,包括在世界环境日,开展工作人员目标明确的运动,减少纸张的使用。 关于生物多样性,该部努力增加《生物多样性公约关于获取遗传资源和公正、公平地分享利用遗传资源所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》签署国的数目。", "5. 为纪念2011年国际森林年,一些联合国新闻中心参加了电影节、海报竞赛、植树活动和其他宣传活动。 例如,联合国堪培拉新闻中心与堪培拉技术研究所和澳大利亚国家植物园建立了为期一年的摄影竞赛伙伴关系,联合国里约热内卢新闻中心与巴西HSBC银行合作,在圣保罗举办了一系列活动,包括森林问题会议。", "第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议", "6. 任务 为了筹备5月9日至13日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议,新闻部开展了广泛的新闻外联活动,编写了关键信息、以英文和法文编写的综合新闻资料袋和四项文件。 在会议上,它认可并会见了500名记者。", "艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题高级别会议", "7. 基本考虑 在2011年6月8日至10日在纽约举行的为期三天的高级别会议之前和期间,该部向联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病规划署)提供了通信支助。 新闻部的社会媒体小组与艾滋病规划署密切合作,与青年观众建立联系。", "预防和控制非传染性疾病大会高级别会议", "8.8 在2011年9月19日和20日在纽约举行的预防和控制非传染性疾病大会高级别会议之前,该部与美国癌症学会合作,于2011年6月组织了一次媒体论坛。 来自45多个国家的近60名记者应邀在联合国总部就癌症、糖尿病和心血管疾病和肺病的原因、发生率和预防问题作了通报。", "妇女问题", "9 September 2005 新闻部继续支持联合国两性平等和赋予妇女权力实体(联合国妇女实体),在2月底推动其启动,包括通过社会媒体平台和专门为国际妇女节开发的网站。 此外,该部与维持和平行动部密切合作,开发一个维持和平网站中关于性别与维持和平的部分,以支持启动关于安全理事会关于妇女与和平与安全的第1325(2000)号决议执行情况的十年研究。", "10.10 新闻部宣传了2010年3月12日、2011年2月22日至3月4日和2011年3月14日在纽约举行的妇女地位委员会第五十五届会议,与媒体联系,宣传会议期间举行的特别活动,包括宣传秘书长“团结起来制止暴力侵害妇女行为”运动。", "11. 联合国布鲁塞尔区域新闻中心发起了一个名为“Create4theUN”的全欧洲广告竞赛,主题是“不暴力侵害妇女”。", "12. 联合国新闻中心安卡拉与土耳其日报《米利耶特》建立了伙伴关系,该报在一个多月的时间里将该中心的节目旗帜张贴在自己的主页上,每天接待了100多万游客。", "13. 联合国萨纳新闻中心在也门联合国宣传小组的支持下制作了三部关于妇女教育、工作和早婚的广播节目。 这些节目在萨那电台播放。", "全球反种族主义行动", "十四、任 务 在国际消除种族歧视日(3月21日),总部为来自加拿大、特立尼达和多巴哥和美利坚合众国的200名中学生和高中学生举办了一次关于种族歧视的视频会议,特别侧重于非洲人后裔。 联合国新闻中心网络发起了一系列外联活动。", "纳尔逊·曼德拉国际", "15 为纪念纳尔逊·曼德拉国际日,新闻部于2011年7月18日将活动重点放在“采取行动! 鼓励人们将67分钟的时间用于公共服务,以纪念纳尔逊·曼德拉争取自由和平等权利的67年斗争。 作为该运动的一部分,联合国与纽约中央公园保护局合作开展了一个公园改进项目,该项目涉及绘画手法和公园板。 通过与MTV的伙伴关系,为题为“MTV法”的博客制作了一个特别专题节目,通过该节目,电视频道强调了普通公民为改变其生活和社区而可以采取的小型行动。", "纪念卢旺达种族灭绝", "161 新闻部以“重建卢旺达:和解与教育”为主题的第十七次卢旺达种族灭绝年度纪念活动。 4月7日,与卢旺达常驻联合国代表团合作,在总部举办了纪念仪式。 种族灭绝幸存者在这次事件中发言。 此外,该部还安排了一次有关该主题的学生会议。 秘书长防止灭绝种族问题特别顾问和种族灭绝幸存者向学生讲话。 题为“图吉雷乌布姆韦”的年轻人的新情况: 让我们团结起来!", "巴勒斯坦问题", "17. 第17条。 新闻部组织的2011年中东和平国际媒体研讨会于7月12日和13日在布达佩斯举行。 由匈牙利外交部共同主办的为期两天的会议聚集了来自以色列和巴勒斯坦权力机构的大约100名现任和前任决策者以及联合国高级官员、国际专家和媒体代表。 与会者根据阿拉伯世界不断变化的政治环境审查了和平进程,并讨论了新媒体和视觉媒体在促进和平议程方面的作用。", "第18条 定于10月31日至12月2日在总部为巴勒斯坦媒体从业人员举办2011年年度培训方案。 预计主要从事视听媒体工作的10名巴勒斯坦记者将出席为期五周的会议,会议将侧重于在广播和电视节目制作方面提供实践技能培训。", "联合国维持和平行动", "191 4月18日至21日,新闻部、维持和平行动部和外勤支助部在乌干达恩德培联合国区域服务中心举办了第八次年度培训讲习班。 讲习班的重点是推动创新和融入数字领域,以及外地工作人员新的征聘政策。", "20.20 联合国维持和平人员国际日选择的主题是“法治”。 该部与维持和平行动部和外勤支助部合作,强调维持和平行动如何加强警察、司法和惩戒机构,其口号是“法令”。 和平”。 在总部举行的公共活动包括:举行传承仪式、向维和人员颁发奖章仪式,以及发表关于维和人员在法治方面所做工作的录像。", "21. 联合国布琼布拉新闻中心与联合国布隆迪办事处、非洲联盟当地办事处、布隆迪国防部和前战斗人员联合举办了纪念该日的活动。 雅加达联合国新闻中心组织了一个有关妇女参与联合国维持和平行动的直播电台讲话节目,该节目在印度尼西亚Republik电台播出。 联合国瓦加杜古新闻中心组织了若干活动,以提高对国际日的认识,包括与布基纳法索国家电视台合作开发了一个30分钟的电视节目,并与布基纳法索国防部合作举办了一个向当地军事学院学生介绍情况的会议。", "非洲发展新伙伴关系", "第22章 新闻部通过其季刊《非洲复兴》和重新设计并定期更新的网站,继续提高全球对非洲发展新伙伴关系发展规划和协调机构的认识和支持。 在2011年3月至6月期间,54个国家在224个不同的媒体上发表了12篇短篇文章(英文335次,法文193次)。 新闻部非洲科继续增加其在线存在,并使用社会媒体工具,使非洲人口少但增长,能够上网,并接触发达国家的受众。", "国际青年年", "23. 会议报告。 新闻部宣传国际青年年,开展了一系列活动,从向青年团体和学生讲课和简报会,到新闻发布会、研讨会、讲习班、辩论、访谈以及广播电视谈话节目。 联合国新闻中心在联合国其他主要纪念活动和实现千年发展目标运动中纳入了青年观点。", "24. 联合国信息中心麦纳麦与阿吉勒合作,该组织汇聚了巴林和海湾地区的青年,鼓励他们参与实现千年发展目标和“2030年巴林远景”倡议,为年轻人举办篮球锦标赛,并在巴林举办妇女足球赛等活动,纪念国际青年年。", "258. 作为其一年一度的促进国际青年年活动日历的一部分,联合国新德里新闻中心与“街上”组织者合作举办了一个街头戏剧节,聚集了来自20所新德里学院的戏剧团体。", "B. 联合国新闻中心", "宣传运动的视觉材料", "262. 报 告 如上所述,联合国新闻中心继续使用各种通信工具,并与各国政府、媒体组织、非政府组织、学术机构和民间社会其他成员建立伙伴关系。 为此,他们越来越多地使用电影和其他视觉材料。", "27. 联合国布鲁塞尔区域新闻中心每月举办一次电影放映会(“Cine ONU”),随后举行辩论。 这项活动扩大到其他国家,包括法国、德国、冰岛和以色列。", "28. 联合国新德里新闻中心举办了第8期《我们关心电影节》,这是非政府组织“兄弟会”发起的一年一度的国际纪录片节。", "与当地广播公司的合作安排", "29. 。 联合国新闻中心加强了与国家广播公司的合作,传播联合国录像和电影,并为联合制作作出安排。", "30. 联合国伊斯兰堡新闻中心安排在联合国驻巴基斯坦通信小组的支持下联合开展通信工作,与寻找共同点合作,于2011年7月至12月在全国各地播放12个关于本组织优先问题的节目。", "31. 联合国新闻中心墨西哥城与拉丁美洲教育研究所缔结了一项协定,该学院专门开发、研究和应用远程学习和制作教材的信息和通信技术,目的是提高拉丁美洲的教育质量。", "建设新闻部外地工作人员通信能力", "323 新闻部认识到提高工作人员,特别是外地工作人员通信技能的重要性,举办了几次培训班。 22. 2011年6月,新闻部在维也纳为联合国新闻中心莫斯科和联合国驻亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、白俄罗斯、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦和乌克兰办事处的通信工作人员安排了一次媒体讲习班。 讲习班包括关于新媒体、危机通信和管理采访和新闻发布会的技术的会议。", "336. 此外,该部继续与人力资源管理厅合作,提供非常受欢迎的八届长期学习课程,题为“网上教学”。 自2011年初以来,19个工作地点的工作人员参加了培训班。", "B. 当前的预算和安全挑战", "343. 事实和争论 该部仍然致力于最大限度地增加人力资源和财政资源,并尽可能战略性地、有效地利用这些资源。 例如,在一些联合国新闻中心,行政助理员额被改划为知识管理助理,以加强新闻中心在国家工作队内发挥的通信作用。 在许多情况下,分配给新闻中心的物理空间被彻底缩小,或者与国家工作队中的其他人分享共同的空间和费用。 因此,新闻中心图书馆的一些前资产捐给当地大学和中心,其重点是帮助客户获得电子资源,并通过在新闻中心之外举办的讲习班和演讲向目标受众进行宣传。", "353. 安全仍然是一个令人严重关切的问题。 安全和安保部继续重新评估最低运作安保标准。 因此,与上一个两年期相比,安保措施支出增加了约三分之一。", "设在罗安达的联合国新闻中心", "363. 。 安哥拉政府的代表告知新闻部,已经核准为罗安达联合国新闻中心建造房舍,以满足非洲葡语国家的需要。 该部正与法律事务厅合作拟订东道国协定。 新中心的员额已经分类,主任职位空缺已经公布。", "页: 1 新闻服务", "A. 联合国网站", "378 调整了本组织网站(www.un.org)的结构内容,以改进导航,扩大使用共同品牌要素,以加强列报的一致性和一致性。 此外,为大会授权的纪念活动建立了六种正式语文的新网页。", "页: 1 从2011年初开始,关于网站交通的报告依据的是通过使用谷歌分析收集的数据,因此对情况作了更为准确的描述。 比较容易按语言、地理区域、具体地点和日期范围分析使用趋势。", "39 新闻部制作的大多数网站都以联合国所有正式语文提供。 由于扩大了其多媒体产品的使用,例如使用录像,以配合联合国主页上最值得新闻的项目,新闻部确保以所有正式语文提供封顶(见表1和2)。", "404 在协助设计和开发网站时,新闻部继续利用与白俄罗斯、中国和西班牙的大学建立的合作安排,将网络内容翻译成中文、俄文和西班牙文。 新闻部阿拉伯文网站股与大会和会议管理部阿拉伯文翻译处合作,提供阿拉伯文译文。 这两个部最近通过与大马士革大学、美国开罗大学和贝鲁特圣约瑟夫大学签署协议,扩大了伙伴关系。 新闻部与联合国志愿人员方案之间正在进行的安排也有助于在联合国网站上以法文提供更多资料。", "表1 访问联合国网站最多的10个国家,2011年3月至6月", "语言\n阿拉伯语", "美国 11 928 7 882 680 398 17 788 9 052 19 803 755 270", "中国 1 376 130 834 38 068 1 446 909 2 664 175 488", "墨西哥 214 162 257 649 115 140 012 166 934", "1 512 964 143 503 2 611 617 1 276 152 115", "加拿大 1 097 1 010 118 440 24 979 441 1 942 943", "法国 803 802 26 640 104 367 667 1 258 134 875", "俄罗斯联邦256 170 13 281 605 110 249 311 124 954", "西班牙 408 187 22 648 1 920 340 90 376 116 064", "澳大利亚 512 876 103 909 492 275 282 106 531", "印度331 146 90 025 323 88 173 91 975", "表2", "语言独立访问 A. 意见", "阿拉伯文 313 200 100 602", "中国............887 868", "英文 8 054 234 30 243 489", "法国 1 131 371 4032 868", "页: 1", "目 录", "页: 1", "41 作为其努力确保残疾人,包括视力、听力和感受障碍的残疾人能够进入联合国网站工作的一部分,新闻部在制作联合国主页的每日新闻录像时采用了封顶,并努力将胶卷扩大到该部制作的其他录像。", "B. 联合国新闻中心", "42 在本报告所述期间,仅以英文和法文制作了2 000多篇新闻报道,发送时常有相关的视听链接。 联合国网站在一个月里继续报道每周的新闻问讯、图片报道和最阅读的故事清单。 3月至6月期间,对联合国官员和新闻工作者进行了十次深入访谈。 定期更新的焦点网页继续为有关复杂问题的文件和文章提供一站式查阅。 联合国新闻中心还从外地推出了一系列新的故事,以突出从事特派任务的工作人员的经验。", "434 来自更多国家的新闻中心和媒体单位增加了接收新闻部报道的频率。 在本报告所述期间,通过诸如菲律宾时报、新喀拉拉拉、印度布隆、北朝鲜时报、伦敦汞、印度日报、柬埔寨时报、华盛顿孟加拉电台、老挝请愿书、南非广播公司、非洲时代和整个非洲等在线媒体全面重印了故事。", "444 根据谷歌分析,联合国新闻中心的英文网页每月接受约600 000次访问和100多万次页面访问。 在新闻最忙时期,这些数字激增。 4月,当中东和北非局势迅速变化时,联合国新闻中心登记了845 000次访问和150万次页面访问。 此外,约43 000名用户每天通过电子邮件收到文章。", "C. 广播、电视和摄影服务", "454 在本报告所述期间,联合国电台向广播电台发出电子邮件警报,宣传每日报道,从而增加了向合作伙伴提供最新情况的频率。 它扩大了报道范围,增加了外地的现场报告,部分是通过更多地利用Skype进行面谈。 主要新闻报道包括关于联合国对中东和北非起义的反应和反应的突发新闻。", "46 广播科在纪念奴隶制和跨大西洋奴隶贸易受害者国际日、联合国维持和平人员国际日以及艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题高级别会议上制作了特别专题节目和相关采访。 该科观察了切尔诺贝利25周年,同时用多种语言进行微粒,并举办了联合国土著问题常设论坛第十届会议,制作了一个关于妇女人权的专门节目。 联合国电台向土耳其伊斯坦布尔第四次联合国最不发达国家会议派出了两名记者;记者以法文和英文提交了40份报告和成套材料,通过Skype以其他语文进行了采访,并与联合国新闻中心交流了信息。", "474. 147 启用了一个称为“从外地”的新电台采访节目,使联合国高级官员能够谈论他们最近完成的任务。 采访了主管人权事务助理秘书长伊万·西蒙诺维奇,他谈到访问伊拉克;当代形式奴隶制问题特别报告员古尔纳拉·沙希尼安,他首次前往秘鲁,除其他外。", "488. 住房 在本报告所述期间,联合国电台采取了更多步骤,更新其网站和基本内容管理系统,以提供更大的灵活性,以不同语文张贴多媒体内容,包括视频和幻灯。 例如,这有可能在电台西班牙部分的网站上提供大会新主席选举的现场报道。 电台葡萄牙语部分的网站现在定期播放录像;例如,电台制作的原始录像报告报道了联合国总部放映电影“里约”的情况,这是联合国可持续发展会议筹备工作的一部分。", "494. 人口 5. 在本报告所述期间,以下人员成为联合国电台的合作伙伴: Vinha FM(巴西)、Maria Rosa FM电台(巴西)、城市冷静电台(美国)、FM Sierras电台(阿根廷)、运河Saúde/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz(巴西)、Huancavilca 830 AM电台(厄瓜多尔)、Indico电台(莫桑比克)和Tela Non(巴西)。", "50 。 联合国电视台还现场报道了艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题高级别会议和第四次联合国最不发达国家会议等活动,会议在Facebook上播放,这是第一次在总部以外召开的联合国会议。 这些馈赠被电视新闻机构广泛使用,包括路透社和美联社电视新闻社,并通过联合国新闻辛迪加公司向广播公司提供。 联合国继续扩大对依赖联合国新闻内容的非政府组织、政府机构、教育机构和个人的宣传。 40多个联合国机构、基金、维持和平特派团和其他实体为这一服务提供内容。", "51 来自纽约联合国总部和联合国日内瓦办事处的活动的实况转播于纽约大都市区部分地区的联合国时装车频道,并通过联合国网播在全球进行网播。", "52 新闻部的旗舰电视新闻杂志系列《21世纪》,由60多个国际广播公司播放,继续获得认可。 关于联合国在为红色高棉受害者寻求正义方面的作用的故事在著名的纽约国际电视和电影节上赢得了世界金奖章。 联合国行动组织是一个以英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文制作的短式系列,通过与联合国各机构的联合项目,扩大了覆盖面,以突出联合国在经济和社会发展、环境、人权和健康等领域的工作。", "532. 移民 新闻部与人道主义事务协调厅合作,共同制作了“世界”日,制作了一部以秘书长为特色的电影,并放映了秘书长访问尼日利亚和埃塞俄比亚以突出产妇保健问题的录像。 2011年,联合国电视台与联合国人口基金、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)及其他组织共同开展了一场题为“面对面”的电视辩论,联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)执行主任安东尼·莱克和教科文组织总干事伊丽娜·博科瓦发了言。 联合国电视台和亚太广播联盟的一个项目涉及共同制作一系列关于千年发展目标的纪录片,该纪录片由联盟成员在亚洲及太平洋区域以及联合国电视频道播放。 在过去几个月里,联合国电视台与一些实体建立了新的伙伴关系,包括新闻电视(印度)、沙格洛姆电视(美国)、土耳其广播电视公司(土耳其)、美国和平研究所(美国)和GiChange.org(美国)。", "542. 新闻部继续利用放映和其他活动提供的机会,扩大联合国电视台制作的方案范围:在耶鲁大学拉丁美洲研究部放映了一些关于人权和社会经济问题的特征;在日内瓦人权理事会的一届会议上、慕尼黑电影节和在纽约举行的“联合起来制止暴力侵害妇女行为”运动中放映了关于在希腊使用强奸作为战争武器的故事;纽约联合国协会放映了一部关于阿富汗移民的电影。 西班牙阿斯图里亚斯的尼梅耶中心组织了一个主要的联合国电影系列,其中包括本组织电影和录像档案中的历史和获奖电影。", "555. 255 联合国网播通过现场直播服务,通过提供大量档案材料,提供1 100多份视频剪辑,并在为联合国主页制作和分发每日新闻录像方面发挥了关键作用。 此外,它还为内部通信提供了便利,使总部和外地的工作人员可以观看市政厅会议的网播,并提供录像带培训课程的档案。", "565. 妇 女 在本报告所述期间,对该部摄影服务的需求继续增加。 联合国照片报道了近650次活动,包括秘书长对33个国家的访问,导致大约3 000张图像在联合国照片网站上被选定并向公众公开。 除了报道当前的活动外,联合国照片还努力增加联合国照片图书馆现有记载本组织历史成就的遗产照片的挑选。 在本报告所述期间,又提供了1 800张此类图像,重新版图和数字化。", "D. 联合国新闻稿和会议报道", "57 在2011年3月至6月期间,会议报道活动产生了658份英文和法文新闻稿,共计2 856页。 其中241份新闻稿涉及大会、安全理事会和经济及社会理事会及其附属机关和专门机构的会议。 超过240份新闻稿涉及秘书长和常务副秘书长的发言、言论和信息,以及联合国其他部厅的材料。", "58 在本报告所述期间,媒体联络和核证股处理了935份长期核证和830份临时新闻核证。 它为71个媒体采访区提供信息和后勤援助,并协助举行了152次新闻发布会和简报会,有2 193名记者出席。 该股通过向大约4 000名受访者(包括媒体组织、常驻代表团和整个联合国系统的办事处)发出77份电子媒体警报,推动各种新闻活动。 它还通过其Twitter馈赠促进活动。", "四、结 论 外联服务", "A. 导 言 深化民间社会对本组织活动的参与", "59 将于2011年9月3日至5日在德国波恩举行的第六十四届联合国新闻部/非政府组织年会题为“可持续社会;响应公民”的筹备工作正在取得进展,本报告正在最后定稿。 与会者将有机会制定一份有意义的宣言和行动计划,预期这将有助于联合国可持续发展会议的谈判,并为会议筹备期间举行的几次重要会议作出贡献。 此外,波恩会议的成果将有助于定于2011年12月举行的志愿人员国际年十周年大会特别会议。", "60 。 在本报告所述期间,非政府组织关系组为新建立联系的非政府组织的代表组织了12次简报会、一次通信讲习班和为期两天的年度情况介绍方案。 与该部合作的组织总数达到1 601个。", "B. 全球模拟联合国会议", "61 为筹备即将在大韩民国仁川举行的联合国全球模拟会议,来自世界各地的18名学生领袖参加了在纽约举行的为期一周的讲习班,他们在会上了解到他们将在会议上发挥的作用,并与联合国官员和外交官交流了会议的主题:可持续发展。 展望未来,该部计划与联合国其他示范方案分享经验,使之更接近本组织实际运作的方式。", "C. 创造性社区外联倡议", "62 。 主题为“通过纪录片解决全球问题”的第三次年度展望论坛包括放映纪录片和讨论与千年发展目标有关的主题,特别侧重于贫困和饥饿问题。", "63/63。 在联合国土著问题常设论坛第十届会议期间,澳大利亚一家高估的电视烹饪展被射入联合国房地。 在土著动乱的激励下,囚犯相互面对的挑战。", "644. 自1990年以来,新闻部与纽约节合作,奖励体现本组织价值观和目标的特殊媒体制作。 2011年,该部奖励注重儿童保护、暴力侵害妇女、民主和环境的生产。", "656.65 在西班牙阿维莱斯举行的伊比利亚-美洲创造性首脑会议上,向联合国介绍了西班牙语、葡萄牙语和拉丁美洲电影和电视专业人员。 由纽埃中心主办的为期一天的会议包括三次小组讨论,重点讨论两性平等、环境可持续性以及打击毒品和犯罪。 这是第一次在美国境外举行这种活动。", "D. 名人宣传", "66 在2011年3月11日发生地震和海啸后,一些联合国和平信使和亲善大使与秘书长一道录制了声援日本人民的视频信息。 通过日本广播和在线合作伙伴、联合国新闻中心和本组织的社会媒体渠道向受灾民众传达的信息在网上超过20万次。 制作和分发记录是因为该部、人道主义事务协调厅和包括联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国开发计划署、联合国环境规划署(环境署)、教科文组织和联合国基金会在内的几个联合国实体开展了合作。", "67 和平使者旺加里·马塔伊和简·优素拉为环境规划署促进植树活动以支持国际森林年的在线运动作出了贡献。", "E. 联合国学术影响", "686.68 到2011年7月中旬,104个国家的660多个高等教育和研究机构与联合国建立了全球伙伴关系(见下文图)。 联合国学术影响成员的活动包括在妇女地位委员会第五十五届会议期间举行虚拟会议,在南非夸祖鲁-纳塔尔大学与学生进行视频链接的讨论,在纽约编辑一本关于衡量贫困的新书;在中国上海举行的职业教育国际论坛;在白俄罗斯举行的题为“青年促进和平”的国际法竞赛。 在日本举行的一次专题讨论会重点讨论了海啸和地震受害者康复和重建支助问题。 3月,15个国家的代表参加了在罗马尼亚康斯坦萨举行的黑海大学网络框架内组织的主题为“可持续发展教育与治理”的会议。 5月份,意大利Pegaso研究所为欧洲日举办了一次讨论会,讨论联合国欧洲学术影响倡议原则的执行情况。 8月,韩国大学教育理事会和全球大学将在首尔主办一次为期两天的论坛,题为“变革的新伙伴:联合国和世界学术界”。 与该倡议有关联的机构继续开展活动,支持该倡议的目标,包括在巴基斯坦举办关于水过滤的电子学习课程。 阿根廷的一所大学正计划举办一次关于可持续发展的全球视频竞赛。", "图1", "联合国学术影响:截至2011年7月18日按区域分列的成员分布情况", "[]", "F. 出席情况 公众参与", "69 新闻部通过联合国发言人局,除外还协调了超过15 500人的发言外,还组织了235次内部简报会和视频会议。 新闻部分发了许多资料袋,答复了公众10 200次询问,并收到了总共4 048份签字人的一些请愿书。", "707.70 每年约有100万来访者观看新闻部在总部访客前厅制作和安装的公共展览轮流名册。 参观网站还在线提供展览。", "71 在本报告所述期间,举办了7次展览:", "(a) 为纪念奴隶制和跨大西洋奴隶贸易受害者而组织的3 000万个未知故事的生活遗产;", "(b) 查明地雷受害者的情况,同时强调地雷行动为拯救生命和保护生计所做的工作;", "(c) 战胜疟疾的支持者,他们描述了全球在防治疟疾方面的进展和个人努力;", "(d) 切尔诺贝利灾难25年之后,向切尔诺贝利灾难受害者致敬;", "(e) 民主之声,说明世界五个地区的民主项目;", "(f) 水权和土著人民的权利,这表明水对土著人民生活方式的重要性;", "(g) 法令。 和平强调联合国在战乱国家改善法治的维和努力。", "72. 第72段。 2011年,94 615名参观者参观了总部导游,与2010年同期相比略有减少。 经费减少的原因是,6月8日至10日举行的艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题高级别会议没有预料到地关闭了为期三天的大楼。", "G. 纪念活动", "73 5月2日,大屠杀和联合国外联方案放映了电影《贝伦斯救济》。 这项活动由大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团共同主办,以纪念贝尔赫特集中营的英国解放者。 5月20日,该方案举办了一个教育者讲习班,促进在社区内保护人权。 该活动包括与秘书长防止灭绝种族问题特别顾问和一位主要人权活动分子举行的讲习班和讨论,讨论纳粹时代的种族歧视事例和当代的大规模暴力事件。 该方案继续为大学生提供系列讨论文件,其中最近三个是: “全球防止灭绝种族:从大屠杀中学习”、“南非的大屠杀教育”和“法律作为种族灭绝的加速者”。", "74 为纪念奴隶制和跨大西洋奴隶贸易受害者国际日的第四次年度纪念活动在2011年3月25日的一周举行,主题是“3 000万个故事的活生遗产”。 总部的活动包括放映贸易电影;展示“中途”的娱乐活动;贩卖奴隶船只;收集文物和历史文件;为教育工作者举办全球视频会议,重点是新的研究、课程规划和教学;与大学生和非政府组织进行小组讨论;举办文化活动,强调非洲和加勒比的十字架之间的关系;举行大会特别纪念会议,并举办由来自非洲、美洲和加勒比的表演者组成的“生活遗产”音乐会。 新闻部还利用其新闻中心网络开展一系列活动,包括放映教科文组织的电影《奴隶之路:阿拉木图的全球展望》(哈萨克斯坦)、塔那利佛、堪培拉、达喀尔、日内瓦和瓦加杜古,以及举办讲习班、文化活动、小组讨论和展览。", "H. Reham Al-Farra 记者纪念研究金方案", "757. 由新闻部组织、于2011年9月12日至10月21日举行的第三十一届纪念记者研究金方案的筹备工作正在取得进展。 14个发展中国家和经济转型国家提交了候选人,即巴哈马、巴巴多斯、喀麦隆、克罗地亚、刚果民主共和国、冈比亚、格鲁吉亚、加纳、基里巴斯、阿曼、帕劳、斯威士兰、塔吉克斯坦和阿拉伯联合酋长国。", "76 2011年方案将使参与工作的记者有机会在总部从事实际的报告工作。 在新闻部内部传授专门知识和技能,记者们将给联合国媒体专业人员在各自的专长领域投影,并与他们制作故事。", "一、联合国主要出版物", "77国集团 5月,与联合国学术影响倡议合作,在一次关于“解决事实”的小组讨论上启动了《联合国年鉴》第六十一版(2007年)。 《年鉴》首次作为电子手册印发。 包括当地大学学生、学术界特邀小组成员、记者和媒体代表在内的听众在今天的媒体背景下探讨了2007年《年鉴》所涵盖的专题,如在实现千年发展目标方面的进展和对人道主义工作者的攻击。", "第78次会议 《联合国年鉴》2011年版《联合国概况》是常年的最佳来源,于5月出版。 《基本事实》除了解释联合国主要机关和联合国系统其他组织的作用外,还探讨了本组织如何促进国际和平与安全、经济和社会发展、人权、人道主义行动、国际法和维持和平行动。 2011年版还介绍了联合国系统的最新组织图。 法文和西班牙文版将于年底出版。 翻译成当地语文的工作已经开始。", "797. 《联合国纪事》第一期于2011年出版,重点是艾滋病毒和艾滋病,并于5月分发。 撰稿人包括艾滋病规划署执行主任米歇尔·西迪贝、阿根廷前国务秘书佩德罗·巴萨洛多、第一批诊断和治疗艾滋病的医生马克·康恩和巴布亚新几内亚社区发展部长卡罗尔·基杜。 作者在其文章中分析了艾滋病毒和工作场所、艾滋病毒与教育以及妇女和艾滋病毒等问题。", "808. 作为纪念达格·哈马舍尔德去世五十周年活动的一部分,《联合国纪事》在2011年的第二个问题在6月底开始讨论。", "J. 联合国出版物的销售和销售", "页: 1 继续扩大该部的电子出版方案。 这包括与财务监督员签订电子手册分发协议,这是能够获取学术内容的主要非赢利服务;为移动设备出版31份新的电子图书;以及计划将300多份联合国公益物转换成适合移动设备的格式。 启动了两项新的移动应用:艾滋病信息与公共治理创新。 联合国电子图书收集工作正在规划阶段,将于2011年8月进入建设阶段。 在传统图书方面,与撒哈拉以南非洲的图书发行商签署了三个新的发行协议。 在本报告所述期间共出版了131本新书。", "K. 通过网络进行内部交流和外联", "82. 秘书处内联网iSeek继续供世界各地工作人员和人员使用。 国际妇女节、联合国妇女、维持和平、跨大西洋贩卖奴隶、世界环境日、多样性、多语文和非洲人后裔国际年等一系列问题刊登了270篇报道。", "83 新闻部继续开发网站,支持其外联目标。 为第六十四届联合国新闻部/非政府组织年会和2011年全球模拟联合国会议开发了新网站。 正在为联合国学术影响倡议和达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆口头历史项目建设网站。", "L. 视觉特征", "页: 1 新闻部的制图小组为印刷和网络产品提供有针对性的设计解决办法,该小组负责和平信使、消除贫穷运动、巴勒斯坦展览、关于国际联盟和联合国可持续发展会议的书等项目。", "M. 图书馆事务", "页: 1 随着图书馆培训空间的重新开放,图书馆的培训方案于2011年春季重新启动。 3月至6月,1 370名工作人员、代表、非政府组织代表和其他人参加了图书馆培训。", "托存图书馆", "86 审查联合国托存图书馆的数据收集工作于2011年5月结束。 审查的目的是确保托存图书馆以对读者最有用的格式获得适当的联合国信息。 越来越多的托存图书馆,包括发展中国家的图书馆,都表明它们更容易获得因特网。 虽然图书馆继续鼓励托存图书馆考虑电子上网的好处,但将考虑到这种上网方面的不平等。 图书馆还正在与托存图书馆合作,以加强与联合国相关问题有关的外联工作。", "87 图书馆继续通过培训方案让联合国托存图书馆参与,包括由墨西哥联合国新闻中心安排的70名拉丁美洲图书管理员,并在纽约大都会地区主要研究图书馆为图书管理员提供有针对性的联合国统计资源和文件培训。 对托存图书馆进行审查的初步结果表明,87%的图书馆希望更多地使用联合国信息资源。", "电子资源和联合国数字信息", "88 图书馆帮助55个联合国实体“一体行动”,担任联合国系统电子信息采购联合会的协调秘书处,为47个国家的成员订阅不断增加的电子资源清单提供便利。 为了满足用户在任何时候和任何地点对高质量信息的需求,图书馆正在尽可能从印刷收集到电子资源,并为向世界各地工作人员台提供电子资源制定新的机制。 图书馆继续筹备一个新平台,向利益攸关方提供数字化和出生数字的联合国信息。 新的平台将有助于保护联合国未来世代的数字资产。", "89 同时,图书馆正设法确保自1946年以来联合国已出版的记录得到保存和查阅。 在完成了安全理事会主要系列文件之后,数字化方案将侧重于大会以前的文件,包括对文件进行追溯性内容分析,以便这些文件能够广泛和方便地查阅。", "909.90 在2011年3月至6月期间,为6 600份联合国文件和出版物建立了书目元数据记录,以确保其易于检索。 目前正在继续维持六种正式语文的权威性术语索引和术语汇编。 这些元数据记录构成联合国书目信息系统(书目信息系统)、记录索引和正式文件系统的核心信息。 截至2011年6月30日,有860 700份书目元数据记录列入联合国书目信息系统,提供关于大会和安全理事会所有决议的完整表决历史。", "91 展望未来,目前正在努力审查达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆如何能够加强其服务,适应联合国和信息技术领域发生的许多变化。 在2011年5月成立的改善图书馆部门工作组负责就未来战略、技术和工作进程提出建议。", "页: 1 新闻部使用社会和“新”媒体", "92 关于使用社会媒体的部门准则已经定稿,并将在全秘书处分享,作为其他部厅的拟议模式。 战略通信司维持的联合国推特账户的追随者人数最近超过40万。 本组织的“klout”记分被广泛承认是衡量社会媒体影响的最佳途径之一,根据这一记分,本组织“Twitter”账户是联合国系统中上层的账户。 在Facebook,联合国新闻中心的员额登记了300多万份意见。 经社部还维持两个侧重于千年发展目标的账户。 在Facebook,目标账户的员额在报告所述期间登记了100多万份意见。", "93 有效地利用社会媒体宣传纳尔逊·曼德拉国际日运动。 宣传信息和图像通过Twitter、Facebook、Tumblr和Flickr传播。 联合国Facebook网页上各有12 000多个“压力”。", "94 在外地,越来越多的联合国新闻中心利用社会媒体工具传播关于秘书长信息、主要报告和发展的信息,并接触和接触当地受众(见表3)。", "95 联合国贝鲁特新闻中心是西亚经济社会委员会社会媒体工作队的主要成员,负责制定、管理和监督委员会的社会媒体战略。", "96. 联合国新闻中心华盛顿特区在其Facebook网页上并通过Twitter为纪念国际森林年发表了若干信息。 该中心主任参加了在Facebook上召开的一次市民大会,讨论联合国在海地的作用。", "表 3", "联合国新闻中心使用的社会网络工具", "书记\n安卡拉·波哥大\n布鲁塞尔巴库波哥大\n波哥大 雅加达\n布鲁塞尔堪培拉 加德满都\n布加勒斯特\n布宜诺斯艾利斯 雅加达利马\nCairo La Paz 墨西哥城\n达累斯萨拉姆 墨西哥城\n雅加达 页: 1\nLa Paz Pretoria Washington,D.C.\n利马 Rio de Janeiro Yerevan\n马尼拉 突尼斯\n墨西哥城\nNew Delhi Washington,D.C.\n布拉格 Yerevan\n比勒陀利亚\n里约热内卢\n东京\n突尼斯\n维也纳\n华沙\n华盛顿特区。\nYaounde\nYerevan", "97 2010年9月,新闻部新闻和媒体司在Sina Weibo上开通了一个频道,该频道是中国民众的缩影平台。 到2011年6月,有近6 000份涉及最新新闻和关键事件的信息,联合国韦博有近662 000名手法。 还在Youku和Toudou这两个最先进的中国视频分享网站播放了视频频道,有470多个剪辑,涉及联合国的广泛事态发展和问题。 对这两个渠道的意见总数达到280万。 与此同时,新闻部继续以法文和西班牙文加强本组织YouTube频道的视频内容,用两种语文张贴了约150个视频。", "98 在本报告所述期间,对联合国新闻中心在新媒体平台上的存在进行了战略改革,包括每天张贴内容的数量和类型,以及以英文和法文设立单独的账户。 这些决定产生了直接成果:Facebook fans的数量增加了大约9 000人,使总数达到近28 000人,Twitter追随者人数几乎翻了一番,达到8 000人,其中英文和法文。", "99 更多地使用新媒体使联合国新闻中心能够与联合国合作伙伴进行更密切的合作。 例如,联合国新闻中心参加了由艾滋病规划署领导的特设新媒体小组,该小组传播信息,支持大会关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的高级别会议。 法语 推特账户特别有用,因为许多联合国组织没有法文的新闻单位。", "页: 1 增加了一个能够分享联合国新闻中心新闻的节目,这证明在用户中很受欢迎,在报告所述期间,用户们分享每周新闻约2 000次。 其他受欢迎的项目包括关于阿拉伯世界事态发展和难民保护工作的新闻文章,这些文章在张贴后不久就共有800多次。 联合国网播利用社会媒体工具,提醒观众注意即将进行的现场报道活动。 作为负责在YouTube上维持联合国频道的单位,联合国网播继续更新网页上的录像,并采取步骤加强互动方面,部分原因是鼓励用户对录像作出反应。 在日本发生地震和海啸灾害后,本组织YouTube频道上张贴了一系列录像带,播放了声援日本人民的信息。", "101 张贴了3 000多张图像的联合国照片Flickr“磷流”在2011年4月达到了一个里程碑,登记了100万份意见。 此后,这一数字继续稳步增长。", "102 在2011年2月和3月,联合国学术影响倡议与经济和社会事务部合作,就“为今天的青年建设未来:改善获得教育的机会”的主题举办了一系列四次电子讨论。 利用新媒体的力量,该系列在该倡议的Facebook网页上主办。 4月份向经济及社会理事会提交了关于虚拟讨论的全球综合报告。", "103 联合国在Facebook和Twitter提供的社会媒体平台上的销售和营销活动继续增加:接近3 500名用户在Facebook上跟踪本组织,15 500名用户在Twitter上跟踪。 大多数Facebook用户生活在美国,其次是印度尼西亚和巴基斯坦。", "六、结 论 五. 结论", "104 本报告概述的事态发展和实例再次证明,沟通和公众参与并非而且不能仅仅是支持性的努力:它们必须成为政策、方案和变革的组成部分。 此外,要使通信努力取得成功,就必须在地方和全球两级持续进行,并有效地提供资源。", "105 日常生活的无休止和常常是意外的步伐,要求该部在全球和外地两级的工作。 其与媒体、联合国系统其他部门、民间社会和学术界的伙伴关系,以及青年人的热情,必须通过熟悉和新的手段,在当地和全球保持。 该部在总部和外地可以而且正在做许多工作,这些活动在财政和业务上保持安全至关重要。 新闻部将继续加强其外联手段,同时重振其能力,使之成为世界及其人民能够“站出来”的想法和想象论坛。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 33 \n Prevention of armed conflict", "Letter dated 24 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Qatar to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 18 July 2011 addressed to the Secretary-General from His Excellency Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Mahmoud, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Member of the Cabinet of the State of Qatar (see annex), and its enclosures:", "(a) Agreement between Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement signed on 14 July 2011 in Doha for the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, which was endorsed by the All Darfur Stakeholders Conference held from 27 to 31 May 2011 in Doha, as the basis for final settlement of the Darfur conflict;", "(b) Doha Document for Peace in Darfur.", "I should be grateful if you would circulate the present letter and its annex as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 33, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Tariq Ali F. Al-Ansari Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 24 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Qatar to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[Original: Arabic]", "I would like to reiterate our thanks and appreciation to you for your continued support to the Doha Darfur Peace Process. We also extend our deep gratitude to you for welcoming the signing of an agreement between the Government of the Republic of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on 14 July 2011, in Doha, for the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, endorsed by the All Darfur Stakeholders Conference, held in Doha from 27 to 31 May 2011, as the basis for a final settlement of the Darfur conflict.", "Hence, it is my pleasure to enclose herewith the above-mentioned agreement in both Arabic and English, with the Arabic and English versions of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur attached thereto.", "I should be grateful if you would circulate the present letter and its enclosures as a document of the General Assembly, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Ahmed bin Abdullah Al Mahmoud Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Member of the Cabinet", "Enclosure", "[Original: Arabic and English]", "In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful", "AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE SUDAN AND THE LIBERATION AND JUSTICE MOVEMENT FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE DOHA DOCUMENT FOR PEACE IN DARFUR", "The Government of The Sudan (GoS) and the Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM), hereinafter referred to as “the Parties”;", "Referring to the Doha Darfur Peace Document (DDPD), as the outcome of an endeavor, for which the Parties to the negotiations, the Sudanese people in general, and the People of Darfur in particular, have persistently and diligently exerted their utmost efforts with a view to achieving just, durable, and comprehensive negotiated peace;", "Expressing their commitment to the Interim National Constitution of The Sudan and the principles enshrined therein;", "Expressing their full conviction that the DDPD is the basis for the settlement of the conflict in Darfur;", "Affirming their commitment to a durable peaceful settlement on the basis of the DDPD, and to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms;", "Reaffirming their profound commitment to achieving peace, security, and development in Darfur; and recognizing that the Darfur conflict cannot be resolved militarily but only by a peaceful and inclusive political settlement;", "Expressing their full conviction that this agreement augurs well for the realization of the purposes and principles of United Nations Charter related to the maintenance of international peace and security;", "Referring to the commitments of the international community towards the support and the consolidation of peace in Darfur;", "Stressing the value and importance of the broad assistance and contribution of the African Union-United Nations Joint Mediation and the international partners;", "Welcoming the support for the DDPD by the United Nations Secretary-General, the United Nations Security Council, the African Union, the League of Arab States, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the European Union and the international peace partners;", "Affirming that the DDPD is the outcome of the wide participation of the people of Darfur and their representatives through the Doha Civil Society, IDPs and Refugees Consultative Forums I & II in November 2009 and July 2010, respectively, and the All Darfur Stakeholders Conference in May 2011, as well as the consultations that took place within Sudan, and particularly in Darfur;", "Confirming that the DDPD addresses the concerns of the people of Darfur, and the root causes of the conflict and its consequences, and lays solid foundations for recovery, reconstruction and development in Darfur;", "Noting that the DDPD provides the opportunity for the armed Movements, which have participated in the Doha peace process to join in realization of and commitment to the principle of inclusiveness;", "Reiterating their commitment and resolve to fully implement the DDPD, and welcoming, in this connection, the establishment of the Implementation Follow-up Commission (IFC);", "Calling upon the international community to firmly support the implementation of the DDPD, and to provide the necessary resources and expertise for this purpose;", "Expressing their deep appreciation and gratitude to the State of Qatar under the leadership of His Highness, Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar for the critical role of facilitating the Doha peace process;", "Have agreed to the following:", "Article 1: The parties adopt the DDPD and all its annexes, which constitute an integral part thereof, namely the implementation modalities and timelines and the Protocol on the participation of the Liberation and Justice Movement at the different levels of power and the arrangements to integrate its forces through the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration process, as initialed by the two Parties and by the Mediation.", "Article 2: The Parties undertake to implement each and every provision in the DDPD and all its annexes as referred to in article 1 above.", "Article 3: The Parties agree to settle any dispute or disagreement that may arise from the interpretation or the implementation of the present Agreement peacefully through dialogue, mutual understanding and direct negotiations. In case the Parties fail to agree, the matter shall be referred to the Constitutional Court, whose decision shall be binding.", "Article 4: This Agreement shall enter into force upon its signing by the Parties.", "Article 5: In witness whereof the duly authorized representatives of the Parties have initiated the DDPD as attached and as the basis to this agreement, and signed this Agreement, in the presence of the witnesses hereunder.", "Done in Doha, this 13th of Sha’baan, 1432 Hijri, being the 14th of July, 2011 A.D., in two original texts in the Arabic and English languages, both texts being equally authentic. In case of discrepancies between the versions, the Arabic version shall prevail.", "For the Government of The Republic For the Liberation and Justice of The Sudan (GoS) Movement\n [] []", "Dr. Ghazi Salahuddin Atabani Dr. Eltigani Seisi Mohamed Ateem Advisor to the President of the Chairman of the Liberation and Republic Justice Movement", "Witnessed by:", "For the State of Qatar For the African Union and the United Nations", "[]", "H.E. Ahmed bin Abdulla Al-Mahmoud Prof. Ibrahim Gambari Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Joint Special Representative and Member of the Cabinet", "[]", "H.E. Djibril Yipènè Bassolé Minister of Foreign Affairs and Regional Cooperation of Burkina Faso", "Enclosure 2", "[Original: Arabic and English]", "DOHA DOCUMENT FOR PEACE IN DARFUR (DDPD)", "Table of Contents", "List of Abbreviations", "Definitions", "Preamble", "Chapter I — Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms", "Chapter II — Power-Sharing and the Administrative Status of Darfur", "Chapter III — Wealth Sharing", "Chapter IV — Compensation and the Return of IDPs and Refugees", "Chapter V — Justice and Reconciliation", "Chapter VI — Permanent Ceasefire and Final Security Arrangements", "Chapter VII — Internal Dialogue and Consultation & Implementation Modalities", "— Final Provisions", "Annex — Implementation Timetable", "LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS", "ADB — African Development Bank", "ADSC — All Darfur Stakeholders Conference", "AFR — Annual Financial Report", "AOR — Area of Responsibility", "AU — African Union", "CFA — Ceasefire Agreement", "CFC — Ceasefire Commission", "CPA — The Comprehensive Peace Agreement", "CPC — Community Policing Centre", "CTSG — Ceasefire Team Site Group", "DDB — Darfur Development Bank", "DDR — Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration", "DFC — Deputy Force Commander", "DJAM — Darfur Joint Assessment Mission", "DLC — Darfur Land Commission", "DMZ — Demilitarised Zone", "DoC DPA — Declarations of Commitment to the DPA", "DPA — Darfur Peace Agreement", "DSG — Darfur State Governments", "DRA — Darfur Regional Authority", "DRC — Darfur Referendum Commission", "DRDF — Darfur Reconstruction and Development Fund", "EU — European Union", "FC — Force Commander", "FFAMC — Fiscal and Financial Allocation and Monitoring Commission", "GoS — Government of Sudan", "IFC — Implementation Follow-up Commission", "ICRC — International Committee of the Red Cross", "IDPs — Internally Displaced Persons", "INC — Interim National Constitution", "ITC — Integration Technical Committee", "JAF — Compensation/Jabr Al Darar Fund", "JC — Joint Commission", "JCM — Joint Coordination Mechanism", "JLCC — Joint Logistics Coordination Committee", "JSC — Judicial Service Commission", "JTC — Joint Technical Committee", "LAS — League of Arab States", "LCC — Logistics Coordination Committee", "MDGs — Millennium Development Goals", "MFS — Micro Finance System", "NC — National Constitution", "NCRC — National Constitutional Review Commission", "NCS — National Civil Service", "NCSC — National Civil Service Commission", "NGO — Non-Governmental Organisation", "NRF — National Revenue Fund", "OIC — Organisation of the Islamic Conference", "PC — Police Commissioner", "PCRC — Property Claims and Restitution Committee", "RCC — Reparation and Compensation Commission", "RoE — Rules of Engagement", "SAF — Sudan Armed Forces", "SOMA — Status of Mission Agreement", "SPF — Sudan Police Forces", "SSCFC — Sector Sub-Ceasefire Commission", "Sub-CFCs — Sub-Ceasefire Commissions", "TRC — Truth and Reconciliation Committee", "TJRC — Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission", "TSGs — Team Site Groups", "UN — United Nations", "UNAMID — African Union United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur", "UNHCR — United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "UNICEF — United Nations International Children’s Educational Fund", "UNPOL — United Nations Police serving with UNAMID", "UNSCR — United Nations Security Council Resolution", "USA — United States of America", "VRC — Voluntary Return Committee", "VRRC — Voluntary Return and Resettlement Commission", "WB — World Bank", "DEFINITIONS", "“Ajaweed Council” means a Mediation Council which consists of the Native Administration and community leaders.", "“Area of Control” means a defined area over which one of the Parties exercises control and in which no other Party may undertake activity.", "“Armed Militia” means irregular forces, whether or not associated or affiliated with any Party, and includes any armed group engaging in or which has engaged in hostile activity.", "“Assembly” means the process of the relocation of the Movements’ former combatants into selected sites for purposes of their disarmament and integration into selected security institutions.", "“Assembly Areas” or “Cantonment Sites” are used interchangeably to mean locations where combatants go through the disarmament and demobilisation process.", "“Buffer Zone” means a defined area established in accordance with this Agreement monitored by UNAMID from which disputing or belligerent forces have been excluded.", "“Combatants” means Movements’ forces.", "“Commissioner” means head of a body in the Agreement, member of the DRA.", "“Community Police” means volunteer personnel who are recruited by GoS in consultation with DRA from local communities to undertake patrolling activities to assist in maintaining public peace and tranquillity.", "“Conflict-affected persons” or “victims of conflict” means persons or groups of people who have suffered persecution during the conflict in Darfur as well as those whose life and livelihoods have been adversely affected as a result of the conflict.", "“Crew-Assisted Weapons” means those weapons that cannot be served by a single operator and require supplementary operators and technical means, both in launching position and/or the terminal trajectory position. Often these types of weapons are mounted on vehicles, ships and aircraft.", "“Demilitarised Zone” means a defined area in accordance with this Agreement within which the Parties undertake no military operations and from which they remove military assets.", "“Demobilisation” means the process by which the Parties begin to disband their military structure and former combatants begin the process of transformation into civilian life.", "“Disarmament” means the collection, control and disposal of small arms, light and heavy weapons and includes de-mining.", "“Disengagement” is a general term for a process that would result in the geographical separation of opposing forces.", "“Hawakeer” means tribal land ownership rights.", "“Internally Displaced Persons” (IDPs) means persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalised violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognised State border.", "“Movements” means all the armed groups involved in the conflict other than State armed forces and associated militia; for the purpose of this Agreement, the “Movements” refers to parties to the Doha Peace Process and are signatories to this Agreement.", "“National Constitution” means the Interim National Constitution and any other Constitution.", "“Parties” means the Government of Sudan and the Movements parties to the Doha Peace Process.", "“Reconciliation” means a process which assists the victims of prolonged violence and grave violations of fundamental rights to overcome the grief, anger, hatred and loss of trust in order to rebuild confidence among communities and restore social peace.", "“Redeployment” means the transfer of a unit, an individual or supplies deployed to one area to another location within the area, or to an interior part of the zone for the purpose of further employment or demobilisation for reintegration and/or out processing.", "“Reform of selected security institutions” means the process of transforming specific security institutions to improve their capacity, effectiveness and professionalism and to strengthen the rule of law in accordance with accepted international standards.", "“Refugee” means a person who, owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country, or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it. “Refugee” is also applied to every person who, owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country of origin or nationality, is compelled to leave his place of habitual residence in order to seek refuge in another place outside his country of origin or nationality.", "“Regular Forces” means the Armed Forces, the Police Forces and the national intelligence and security services of the Republic of the Sudan.", "“Reintegration” means assistance measures provided to former combatants in order to increase the potential for their economic and social absorption into civil society.", "“Returnee” means a displaced person who voluntarily returns to his/her habitual residence before displacement with the intention to re-establish himself/herself there.", "“Rules of Engagement” (RoE) means directives issued by a competent military authority that define the circumstances and limitations under which forces will initiate and/or continue use of force against other forces encountered.", "PREAMBLE", "The Parties to the Agreement hereinafter referred to as “The Parties”;", "Reaffirming the sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Sudan;", "Reiterating their commitment to the National Constitution of the Republic of Sudan of 2005, to the full implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of January 2005, and to the African Union Decisions and United Nations Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR) concerning the need to reach a political solution in order to bring the conflict in Darfur to an end;", "Recalling the previous agreements on the conflict in Darfur, in particular the Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement on the Conflict in Darfur & Protocol on the Establishment of Humanitarian Assistance in Darfur of 8 April, 2004, N’Djamena, Chad; the Agreement with the Sudanese Parties on the Modalities for the Establishment of the Ceasefire Commission and the Deployment of Observers in Darfur of 28 May 2004, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; the Protocol between the Government of Sudan, The Sudan Liberation Movement / Army and the Justice and Equality Movement on the Improvement of the Humanitarian Situation in Darfur of 9 November, 2004, Abuja, Nigeria; the Protocol between the Government of Sudan, The Sudan Liberation Movement / Army and the Justice and Equality Movement on the Enhancement of the Security Situation in Darfur in accordance with the N’Djamena Agreement of 9 November, 2004, Abuja, Nigeria; the Declaration of Principles for the Resolution of the Sudanese Conflict in Darfur of 5 July, 2005, Abuja, Nigeria; the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) of 5 May, 2006, Abuja, Nigeria; the Goodwill Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement, 17 February 2009, Doha, Qatar; the Framework Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement, 23 February 2010, Doha, Qatar; the Framework Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement, 18 March 2010, Doha, Qatar; the Ceasefire Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement, 18 March 2010, Doha, Qatar;", "Recognising that the cultural and ethnic diversity of the Sudanese people is the foundation of national cohesion and shall therefore be promoted and developed;", "Welcoming the generous initiative of His Highness the Emir of the State of Qatar to create a Darfur Development Bank (DDB) to assist development and reconstruction efforts in Darfur;", "Stressing the necessity to promote and protect human rights, justice, accountability and reconciliation in Sudan, and in particular in Darfur;", "Condemning all acts of violence against civilians and the violations of human rights, in particular violence against women and children; and stressing the imperative to refrain from such acts of violence and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law;", "Recognising that creating conditions for durable peace in Darfur, the implementation of this Agreement, national reconciliation, social cohesion and reconstruction require the promotion and protection of human rights, respect for the principle of equality of all Sudanese citizens and for the rule of law;", "Stressing the necessity that all Parties to the armed conflict in Darfur shall fully and unconditionally accept their obligations under international humanitarian law, international human rights law, and relevant UNSCR;", "Committed to address human rights violations committed during the Darfur conflict;", "Taking into account the outcomes of the first and the second Darfur civil society forums, held in Doha in November 2009 and July 2010 respectively and the outcomes of the All Darfur Stakeholders Conference (ADSC) held in Doha in May 2011;", "Recognising that the Darfur conflict cannot be resolved militarily and a durable solution can only be obtained through an inclusive political process,", "Have agreed to the following:", "CHAPTER I - HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS", "ARTICLE 1: PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS", "1. The Parties recognise the importance of promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms of all people of Darfur. The Government of Sudan (GoS), the Darfur Regional Authority (DRA) and the Governments of the States of Darfur shall guarantee the effective enjoyment of all rights and freedoms enshrined in Sudan's National Constitution and international human rights instruments to which Sudan is a party.", "2. All Parties shall fulfil their obligations under international human rights and international humanitarian law and ensure a conducive environment for the effective exercise of civil and political rights as well as the full and equal enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.", "3. Citizenship shall be the basis for equal political and civic rights and obligations for all Sudanese.", "4. The Parties shall ensure that all persons enjoy and exercise all of the rights and freedoms provided for in this Agreement, in the National Constitution of Sudan and international and regional human rights instruments to which Sudan is a party without discrimination on any grounds including sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin or social status. Women, children and men shall be guaranteed the equal enjoyment of all rights enshrined in the international human rights and humanitarian law instruments to which Sudan is a party.", "5. The security and safety of everyone shall be guaranteed in Darfur on the basis of the rule of law, equality and non-discrimination. The Parties shall respect the right to life and security of persons, personal dignity and integrity and ensure that no person be arbitrarily deprived of his/her life, tortured or ill-treated.", "6. The GoS shall guarantee the right to fair and public trial, as well as the right to resort to justice in all civil, administrative and criminal proceedings on the basis of equality before the courts and tribunals. This guarantee includes the rights set out in Articles 9 and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.", "7. The GoS shall take the necessary legal and administrative measures to ensure freedom of opinion, freedom of conscience and religion, freedom of expression, freedom to peaceful assembly and association, and the equal right to form and register political parties, the equal right to vote and the right to participate in public affairs, the right to form and participate in civil society organisations, private sector bodies and trade unions. The GoS shall guarantee the freedom of the press and other media in accordance with international human rights standards as enshrined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights and African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.", "8. All Parties shall refrain from threatening citizens for their opinion or preventing them from exercising their equal right to freedom of expression, association and movement and peaceful assembly in Darfur.", "9. The GoS, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter III, shall promote the general welfare and economic growth in Darfur through provision of adequate basic needs, services and infrastructure, promotion of youth employment, empowerment of women, good governance, public services and allocation of appropriate resources, as well as equal access to natural resources including land for all communities in Darfur, with due respect to prevailing norms and traditions.", "10. The Parties agree to foster the participation of the people of Darfur in the planning, designing and implementing programmes of early recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation in Darfur.", "11. The needs of women, children and vulnerable groups shall be given due attention in the Darfur early recovery, reconstruction, rehabilitation and education policies and programmes.", "12. The Parties urge the international community to enhance the implementation of economic, social and cultural rights through sustainable programmes of early recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation throughout Darfur.", "13. The GoS shall ensure the full establishment and effective functioning of the newly created National Human Rights Commission in compliance with the Paris principles within thirty days of the signing of this Agreement; and facilitate, within three months from the signing of this Agreement, the establishment by the latter, of decentralised, independent, autonomous and resourced Human Rights Sub-Committees for Darfur.", "14. The National Human Rights Commission and the Human Rights Sub-Committees shall monitor the situation of human rights as well as protect and promote human rights in Darfur. The fight against all forms of discrimination and the protection of economic and social and cultural rights shall be given due attention by both the Commission and the Sub-Committees which shall regularly report on progress made towards the effective implementation of the principle of equality between States and citizens in Sudan.", "15. The Parties shall cooperate with the Human Rights Sub-Committees for Darfur in the implementation of their mandate. The Sub-Committees shall have access to all relevant documents and information pertaining to human rights including physical access to all detainees throughout Darfur.", "16. Technical and material assistance may be sought from the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights and other international organisations.", "17. The Parties shall cooperate with the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in the implementation of its human rights and rule of law mandates.", "18. Human rights and civil society organisations in Darfur shall be encouraged to contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights through regular monitoring, early warning, advocacy and capacity-building programmes.", "CHAPTER II — POWER SHARING AND ADMINISTRATIVE STATUS OF DARFUR", "ARTICLE 2: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF POWER SHARING", "Power sharing shall be based on the following principles:", "19. Sudan is an independent, sovereign and federal republic in which sovereignty is vested in the people and shall be exercised by the State according to the provisions of the Constitution of Sudan.", "20. Religion, beliefs, traditions and customs are sources of moral strength and inspiration for the Sudanese people. The cultural and ethnic diversity of the Sudanese people is the foundation of national cohesion and shall therefore be promoted, developed and managed according to national criteria that reflect both the national unity and the diversity of the Sudanese people. The Sudanese people share a common heritage and aspirations and accordingly agree to work together.", "21. Power sharing is vital for the country's unity, security and stability. The devolution of power and the peaceful transfer of executive and legislative powers by democratic means, through free and fair elections, as guarantors of stability shall be the foundation for democratic governance in Sudan.", "22. Elections at all levels of government in Sudan shall be based on free and direct voting, observed by national and international observers.", "23. The separation of the legislative, executive and judicial powers at all levels of the federation shall consolidate good governance, accountability, transparency and commitment to the security and welfare of the people.", "24. The rule of law and the independence of the judiciary shall be guaranteed.", "25. Citizenship shall be the basis for civic rights and obligations without any discrimination as to the ethnicity, tribe, religion, gender or origin of persons. This does not preclude any law, programme or activity that has as its objective the improvement of conditions of individuals or groups that have been disadvantaged because of their race, ethnicity, colour, or regional or national origin.", "26. The displacement of citizens within or outside the territory of Sudan shall not preclude the full exercise of their civic rights subject to relevant national and international laws.", "27. There shall be a federal system of government, with an effective devolution of powers and a clear distribution of responsibilities to ensure fair and equitable participation by the citizens of Sudan in general, and those of Darfur in particular.", "28. All citizens, including the people of Darfur, shall be fairly and equally represented in the national civil service, public bodies and institutions, commissions, armed forces and other regular forces, at all levels, especially the senior and middle levels.", "29. Without prejudice to the provisions of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) relating to the North-South border and any international agreements in force between the Republic of Sudan and neighbouring countries, the northern boundaries of Darfur shall return to their positions of 1 January 1956.", "30. The participation of the people of Darfur shall be ensured at all levels of government and in all State institutions, by means of fair power sharing criteria.", "31. All levels of Government shall ensure the provision of continuing opportunities of general education, training and employment in public service to promote full and equal participation of the people of Darfur in advancing the nation's welfare. In this context, special attention shall be given to women and children in the field of education, capacity building and training. Training centres shall be established in urban and rural areas in collaboration with specialised international and regional organisations.", "32. All Movements shall take necessary measures to transform themselves into political parties according to the established legal arrangements.", "33. Without prejudice to paragraph 32, the Movements shall participate at different levels of government according to this Agreement.", "34. To address the under-representation of women in government institutions and decision-making structures, special measures shall be taken and implemented, according to this Agreement, in order to ensure women's equal and effective participation in decision-making at all levels of government in Darfur.", "POWER SHARING AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL", "ARTICLE 3: CRITERIA FOR POWER SHARING", "35. Power sharing, as provided for in this Agreement, shall respect the principle of proportionality, and Darfur shall fully participate in all forms of political power in Sudan's National Government.", "36. Affirmative action shall be taken in favour of the people of Darfur to augment their representation in the public and civil service and regular forces. For the long term, special educational training and public employment opportunities shall be provided to enable the people of Darfur to participate fully on an equal basis in advancing the welfare of Sudan.", "37. The representation of the people of Darfur at the national level shall reflect the proportion of the Darfur population to the total population of Sudan, after the separation of South Sudan.", "ARTICLE 4: THE NATIONAL EXECUTIVE", "38. Darfur shall be represented in the National Executive according to the criterion of proportionality.", "THE PRESIDENCY", "VICE-PRESIDENT", "39. A number of Vice-Presidents shall be appointed in a manner that realises political inclusion and representation of all Sudanese including from Darfur. A Vice-President shall have the following responsibilities:", "i. Member of the National Council of Ministers,", "ii. Member of the National Security Council,", "iii. Act as President in the absence of the President and First Vice President in accordance with the order of precedence among Vice Presidents as shall be determined by the President,", "iv. Any other function or duty that may be assigned to him/her by the President.", "ASSISTANTS AND ADVISERS TO THE PRESIDENT", "40. Assistants and Advisers to the President shall be appointed from Darfur according to its proportion of Sudan's population.", "41. An Assistant to the President shall be appointed from Darfur.", "THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF MINISTERS", "42. Darfur shall be represented in the National Council of Ministers, in accordance to the proportionality criterion. In this regard:", "i. The five posts of Cabinet Ministers and four posts of Ministers of State currently held by the people of Darfur shall continue to be held by the people of Darfur;", "ii. Two additional Cabinet Ministers and four Ministers of State shall be nominated by the Movements and appointed by the President.", "iii. In the event of a change in the composition of the Council of Ministers, the Movements shall retain the same percentage of representation before the change.", "ARTICLE 5: THE NATIONAL LEGISLATURE", "43. Darfur shall be represented in the National Legislature in accordance with its proportion of Sudan's population. In this regard:", "i. Darfur shall retain its 96 seats in the National Legislature until the next national elections.", "ii. The share of Darfur from any vacant seats in the National Legislature arising from the new demographic configuration of Sudan following the January 9, 2011 referendum in South Sudan shall be filled by the Movements through an arrangement to be agreed upon by the Parties.", "ARTICLE 6: THE NATIONAL JUDICIARY", "44. The National Judiciary is an important arm of government. It is vital to maintain its neutrality, impartiality and independence.", "45. The National Judiciary shall be representative of the people of Sudan including Darfur. The people of Darfur shall be adequately represented in the Judicial Service Commission (JSC). The Commission shall guarantee the adequate representation of the people of Darfur in the national judicial institutions, including the Court of Appeal, the National Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.", "46. A Panel of Experts shall be established by the JSC to, as a long-term measure, identify any imbalance in the representation of the people of Darfur and make appropriate recommendations on how the imbalance should be redressed.", "47. The Constitutional Court has the competence to settle any disputes between levels or organs of government regarding their areas of exclusive, concurrent and residual competence.", "ARTICLE 7: THE NATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE AND OTHER PUBLIC BODIES", "48. Darfur shall be represented in the National Civil Service (NSC) and other public bodies according to the principles of proportionality, affirmative action and precedents, in order to rectify identified imbalances and under-representation of the people of Darfur.", "49. The NCS shall be representative of all the people of Sudan, especially at the senior and middle levels.", "50. A National Civil Service Commission (NCSC), with proportionate representation from Darfur, shall be created and tasked to address imbalances in the civil service and other public bodies.", "51. A Panel of Experts with substantial representation from Darfur, including at the more senior levels, shall be established under the NCSC to determine the level of representation of the people of Darfur in the NCS at all levels.", "52. The Panel shall identify any imbalances that have undermined the representation of the people of Darfur in the NCS, and shall make practical and action-oriented recommendations to address such imbalances and discrepancies in the NCS, including recommending appropriate measures to ensure fair representation for the people of Darfur in the service. The Panel is to be guided in its work by the following:", "i. Population size based on the 2008 or subsequent census;", "ii. Affirmative action in recruitment, training and promotion, including measures to promote gender balance.", "53. The Panel shall complete its work and submit its report no later than six months after the signing of this Agreement, following which the GoS shall take remedial action within a period of six months.", "54. Pending the outcome of the Panel's report, the GoS shall ensure that the following tasks are carried out:", "i. Establish and achieve interim targets for the participation of the people of Darfur, especially at middle and senior levels of the NCS including, but not limited to Under-Secretaries, Ambassadors, members of commissions and other senior posts of responsibility. These targets shall be reviewed after the submission of the report of the Panel of Experts, and shall take into consideration the representation of qualified and neutral candidates from the Movements in the NCS;", "ii. Reserve certain posts in the NCS exclusively for qualified women from Darfur;", "iii. Formulate policies and execute affirmative action on training and recruitment into the NCS of qualified people from Darfur, taking into account the agreed upon criteria, with the objective of ensuring equitable representation in the NCS, as well as to redress any imbalances;", "iv. Conduct a review of the adopted policies, three years into their implementation, and setting such new goals and targets as may be deemed necessary.", "55. The Parties agree that all persons dismissed arbitrarily and unjustly from the NCS, for reasons related to the conflict, shall be reinstated. Such persons shall not lose their seniority and shall receive their accrued entitlements. The NCSC shall receive complaints, determine their merits and demerits and recommend as appropriate.", "ARTICLE 8: REPRESENTATION OF MOVEMENTS AT THE LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT", "56. Movements shall be represented at all levels of government on the basis of additional protocols between each Movement and the Government. Such protocols shall be an integral part of this agreement.", "ARTICLE 9: THE ARMED FORCES AND OTHER REGULAR FORCES", "57. The Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) shall be regular, professional and non-partisan. The people of Darfur shall be fairly represented at all levels therein. The GoS shall take appropriate measures, in accordance with the recruitment criteria, to rectify any imbalances that may exist in the representation of the people of Darfur at senior levels of the SAF and in the intake into the military academies.", "58. The Police, Customs, Immigration and Border Guards, the Prisons and Wildlife Services and all other regular forces shall be open to all Sudanese, including the people of Darfur, to reflect the diversity of the Sudanese society.", "THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATUS OF DARFUR AND POWER SHARING WITHIN DARFUR", "ARTICLE 10: THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATUS OF DARFUR", "ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DARFUR REGIONAL AUTHORITY", "59. The Darfur Regional Authority (DRA) shall be established. The DRA shall serve as the principal instrument for the implementation of this Agreement in collaboration with the GoS and with the support of the international partners. It will also play a central role in enhancing implementation, coordination and promotion of all post-conflict reconstruction and development projects and activities in Darfur, and be responsible for cooperation and coordination among the States of Darfur. The activities of the DRA shall primarily aim to promote:", "i. Peace and security;", "ii. Socio-economic development, stability and growth;", "iii. Justice, reconciliation and healing.", "60. The DRA shall establish its own rules of procedure, engage necessary staff to carry out its work and establish a budget for that purpose. The prerogatives of the DRA shall not contradict or affect the exclusive powers of the states in Darfur and the Federal Government. However, the DRA shall have oversight responsibility over all matters related to its areas of primary jurisdiction and competence. The DRA shall supervise the conduct of a referendum to decide the administrative status of Darfur, specifically whether to keep the current States system or to have a single region with States.", "61. Without prejudice to the exclusive competencies of the Darfur States as provided for in the Constitution, the DRA shall oversee the implementation of all the provisions of this Agreement, including those under the jurisdiction of the States of Darfur.", "62. A Darfur regional security committee shall be established in conformity with the national and state pattern, and its competencies shall be defined.", "COMPETENCIES OF THE DRA", "63. The DRA shall have the following primary competencies:", "i. Implementation of the provisions of this Agreement in collaboration with the GoS;", "ii. Achieving reconciliation and the consolidation of security and social peace;", "iii. Post conflict reconstruction and development, as well as the coordination of all engagements of international and regional partners including the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission (DJAM);", "iv. Health issues, environmental protection and addressing the consequences of climate change;", "v. Planning, development and conservation of cattle routes and pastures;", "vi. Creation of durable conditions necessary for voluntary return and resettlement of IDPs and refugees;", "vii. Planning for land use and the exercise of the relevant rights;", "viii. Education and cultural development;", "ix. Planning and statistics;", "x. Enhancing cooperation and facilitating communication and coordination among the Darfur States;", "xi. Borrowing money from both national and external institutions in the context of the national macroeconomic policy as approved and guaranteed by the Bank of Sudan;", "xii. Protection and promotion of human rights;", "xiii. Enhancing transparency and good governance;", "xiv. Capacity building;", "xv. Regional tourism;", "xvi. Reviewing and recommending the legislative and executive measures towards enhancing inter-state coordination;", "xvii. Policies for control of small arms and light weapons in Darfur;", "xviii. Any other tasks the Parties may agree on.", "CONCURRENT COMPETENCIES", "64. The DRA shall have concurrent competencies in policy making and coordination on the following:", "i. Socio-economic development in the Region;", "ii. Health policies;", "iii. Financial and economic policies;", "iv. Urban development and housing planning;", "v. Development of trade and industry;", "vi. Relief and humanitarian affairs;", "vii. Initiation and negotiation, upon the approval of the GoS, of international agreements on tertiary education, culture, sports, humanitarian affairs, loans and grants, trade, investment, technical assistance with foreign governments and NGOs;", "viii. Women advancement, motherhood and child care;", "ix. Food and drugs quality control, consumer safety and protection;", "x. Tertiary education and professional and scientific research institutes;", "xi. Gender policy;", "xii. Electricity generation and water and waste management;", "xiii. Policies on land ownership, use and rights;", "xiv. Emergency relief and disaster prevention and management, and epidemics control;", "xv. Media, publications, mass media and radio stations;", "xvi. Management, protection and conservation of environment;", "xvii. Sports, cultural heritage and development of youth skills;", "xviii. Planning Darfur’s natural resources.", "STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION", "65. The DRA shall be composed of two main organs: the DRA Executive Organ and the DRA Council.", "THE DRA EXECUTIVE ORGAN", "66. The President of the Republic of Sudan shall appoint from the Movements, the DRA Chairperson, who shall preside over the DRA Executive Organ.", "67. The DRA Executive Organ shall consist of the following:", "i. The DRA Chairperson", "ii. Governors of the States of Darfur - Deputy Chairs", "iii. Assistant to the Chairperson in charge of DRA Affairs - Member", "iv. Minister of Finance and Economic Planning - Member", "v. Minister of Culture, Information and Tourism - Member", "vi. Minister of Agriculture and Livestock - Member", "vii. Minister of Reconstruction, Development and Infrastructure - Member", "viii. Minister of Environment and Natural Resources Development - Member", "ix. Minister for DRA Council Affairs - Member", "x. Minister of Social Affairs, Maternity and Childhood Care - Member", "xi. Minister of Health Affairs - Member", "xii. Minister of Youth and Sports - Member", "xiii. Minister of Technology Development and Capacity Building - Member", "xiv. Commissioner, Voluntary Return and Resettlement Commission - Member", "xv. Commissioner, Justice, Truth and Reconciliation Commission - Member", "xvi. Chairperson, Darfur Reconstruction and Development Fund - Member", "xvii. Commissioner, Land Commission - Member", "xviii. Commissioner, Darfur Security Arrangements Implementation Commission - Member", "68. In State Protocol, the DRA Chairperson comes directly after the Vice-Presidents of the Republic and before the Assistants to the President of the Republic.", "69. The Members of the DRA Executive Organ shall be appointed by the President of the Republic of the Sudan, upon nomination by the DRA Chairperson. The appointed Members shall have the status of State Ministers.", "70. The DRA Chairperson may hold accountable the DRA Executive Organ members. He/she may also make a recommendation to the President of the Republic to relieve any member appointed in the Executive Organ. The DRA Council may withdraw confidence from any member appointed in the Executive Organ and make a recommendation to the DRA Chairperson to relieve him/her.", "THE DRA COUNCIL", "71. The DRA Council made up of 67 members, shall consist of the following:", "i. Chairperson;", "ii. Two Vice Chairpersons;", "iii. Representatives of Movements;", "iv. Representatives of the State Legislatures.", "72. The DRA Council may establish specialised committees as it deems necessary.", "THE COMPETENCIES OF THE DRA COUNCIL", "73. The DRA Council shall have supervisory, monitoring and organisational competencies. The Council shall examine laws and recommend legislative measures that would promote coordination and cooperation among the States of Darfur. Specifically, the competencies of the Council shall include:", "i. Examining laws as they relate to the competencies of the DRA;", "ii. Controlling and evaluating the performance of the DRA;", "iii. Approving the budget of the DRA;", "iv. Ensuring proper spending and accountability by the DRA;", "v. Adopting policies within the competencies of the DRA and in particular, over all trans- boundary issues between/among the States of Darfur;", "vi. Establishing a Committee for the preparation of a Constitution of the Darfur Region in the event of a majority vote by the people of Darfur for the creation of one region.", "SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES", "74. The DRA shall exercise its functions without prejudice to the constitutional powers and functions of the Governments of the States of Darfur. In the event that the Chairperson of the DRA deems that any action being undertaken by a State Government undermines the implementation of the Agreement, the matter shall be referred to the DRA Council for decision without prejudice to the right of any of the parties to resort to the Constitutional Court for final settlement of the dispute in accordance with the following:", "i. The National Constitution;", "ii. The provisions of this Agreement;", "iii. The need for enhancing security, stability, the people’s welfare and the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.", "THE PERMANENT ADMINISTRATIVE STATUS OF DARFUR", "75. The permanent administrative status of Darfur shall be determined through a referendum.", "76. The referendum shall be held simultaneously in the States of Darfur, no sooner than one year after the signing of the Agreement. After one year, the President of the Republic, in agreement with the DRA Chairperson, will establish the Referendum Commission which will conduct the referendum. The outcome of the referendum shall be incorporated in the permanent Constitution. The following options shall be presented:", "i. The creation of a Darfur Region composed of the States of Darfur;", "ii. Retention of the status quo of States system. In either case the character of Darfur, as defined by cultural and historical traditions and ties, shall be respected.", "77. The Darfur Referendum Commission (DRC) established by the Presidency in agreement with the DRA shall organise and conduct the referendum. The National Elections Law shall specify the rules and the procedures governing the referendum. The referendum shall be internationally monitored.", "78. If a majority of votes cast by the people of Darfur in the referendum determines that a Region of Darfur should be created, the DRA shall form a Constitutional Committee to determine the competencies of the Regional Government of Darfur. The Committee shall present the proposed Constitution to the DRA for adoption within three months of the referendum. The proposed Constitution shall be submitted to the National Legislature for adoption and the President of the Republic of Sudan shall promulgate the Constitution.", "79. If the outcome of the referendum maintains the status quo, the DRA shall continue in its capacity as the principal instrument for the implementation of this Agreement for a period of four years from the date of the signing of this Agreement.", "ARTICLE 11: THE NORTHERN BORDERS OF DARFUR", "80. Without prejudice to the provisions of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) relating to the North-South border and any international agreements in force between the Republic of Sudan and neighbouring countries, the northern boundaries of Darfur shall return to their positions as of 1 January 1956.", "81. The Joint Technical Committee (JTC) shall complete the demarcation exercise within 6 months after the signing of this Agreement.", "ARTICLE 12: REPRESENTATION AT THE STATE LEVEL", "82. The Parties agree that the Movements will be represented at all levels of the Darfur State Governments (DSG).", "GOVERNORS", "83. In the event that additional States are created, the Movements shall nominate two candidates for the approval of the President of Sudan as Acting Governors (Walis) to run two of the new States in the interim until elections are held.", "ARTICLE 13: LOCAL GOVERNMENT", "84. The Parties agree that Local Government is essential to fulfilling the commitment to vest sovereignty in the people, bring power to the grassroots and to ensure the effective participation of the citizens in governance, promote development and make the management of public affairs most cost effective.", "85. Native Administration shall respect, where appropriate, the established historical and community traditions, customs and practices that have played vital roles in the community.", "86. The Parties agree that Local Government and the Native Administration have been adversely affected by the conflict in Darfur and shall therefore, be empowered to address the consequences of the conflict, including environmental degradation and desertification.", "87. The Parties agree that the Movements shall be adequately represented at the local government level before the next local elections, with proportionate representation of women.", "88. Appropriate measures shall be taken to assist various groups such as youth and women through capacity building and affirmative action.", "ARTICLE 14: UNIVERSITIES AND STATE-RUN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS", "89. 15% of admissible seats in national universities shall be allocated for students from Darfur pursuant to the requirements of competition for 5 years.", "90. The people of Darfur shall be represented in the management of national universities and higher education institutions based on the competence and scientific qualifications specified by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research.", "91. 50% of admissible seats in national universities in Darfur shall be allocated for the sons and daughters of Darfur pursuant to the admission committee requirements. Meanwhile a mechanism or committee shall be constituted to examine the conditions of those affected by war to be exempted from university fees for 5 years.", "92. All students who are the offspring of IDPs and refugees from Darfur States duly admitted by the admission committee to national universities shall be exempted from educational fees for 5 years.", "93. The admission procedures for the children of IDPs, refugees and those affected by war shall be facilitated in the various localities in the States of Darfur.", "ARTICLE 15: PERMANENT CONSTITUTION", "94. The Movements shall be adequately represented in the National Constitutional Review Commission (NCRC), for the drafting of a permanent constitution of the Republic of the Sudan.", "CHAPTER III - WEALTH SHARING", "GENERAL PROVISIONS", "ARTICLE 16: PRINCIPLES FOR WEALTH SHARING", "Wealth sharing shall be based on the following principles:", "95. An economy that, among other objectives, ensures poverty mitigation, social justice, equitable distribution of wealth and resources in a manner that ensures balanced and adequate standards of living for all Sudan’s citizens.", "1. Fiscal federalism and equitable sharing of Sudan’s wealth, to enable each level of government to discharge its legal and constitutional responsibilities and duties to the people of Sudan. The GoS shall make necessary financial transfers for the benefit of Darfur, in accordance with the processes and criteria established in this Agreement.", "96. All parts of Sudan have the right to just and balanced development with the recognition of an urgent need for the reconstruction of areas of Darfur affected by armed conflict and for giving special attention to displaced people by the creation of a conducive environment enabling them to return voluntarily to their places of origin, or of choice, as set out in Chapter IV of this Agreement.", "1. Adoption and implementation of integrated development projects for the settlement of nomads, boosting the productivity of this sector, and organisation of the relationship between farmers and herders so as to ensure security, stability and development for all.", "97. The concept of Sudan’s wealth shall be defined to include natural and human resources, historical and cultural heritage, financial assets including credit and public borrowing, international and domestic, and international aid and grants. It also includes means, institutions, policies and opportunities contributing to wealth generation and distribution as well as material resources, government revenues, institutions’ profits and other resources.", "1. Wealth constitutes a vital element whose generation and distribution are greatly influenced by government institutions, policies and programmes. Therefore, the fair participation of Darfur in decision-making concerning policies and institutions regulating the generation and distribution of wealth that affect its social and economic interests is fundamental and shall be promoted.", "101. Human resources development shall constitute a means and objective for economic and social development policies. These policies shall be drawn up and implemented to develop the educational system and to secure access by the population of Darfur, without discrimination on the basis of race or gender, to equal opportunities to education and training within Darfur and the country. Special efforts shall be exerted to eliminate illiteracy among women.", "102. All Sudanese citizens shall have the following equal rights:", "i. Freedom from hunger;", "ii. Sustainable means of living;", "i. Access to potable water;", "ii. Access to quality education;", "iii. Access to health and other social services;", "iv. Adequate access to public utilities and infrastructures;", "i. Access to development and job opportunities;", "ii. Free access to markets;", "v. Protection of property;", "vi. Promotion and protection of cultural heritage;", "iii. Restitution and/or compensation for property lost to those affected by the conflict;", "i. Review of administrative measures which affect livelihood.", "103. An effective system for the distribution of wealth, based on transparency and accountability. Affirmative action shall be taken in economic policy to address past disadvantages resulting from long years of underdevelopment and harm caused by the conflict.", "104. Wealth sharing and distribution shall be based on the premise that all parts of Sudan are entitled to fair and equitable development. Acknowledging that poverty is common in Sudan, in general, and Darfur, in particular, a nation-wide strategy for poverty alleviation shall be adopted within the framework of the country’s development policy to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).", "105. Darfur is in urgent and dire need for rehabilitation, reconstruction and development of physical and social infrastructure damaged as a result of the conflict and for the performance of basic government functions and building up civil administration. There should be a comprehensive assessment of such needs as a top priority requiring urgent implementation.", "106. The rehabilitation and reconstruction of Darfur are considered a priority. For this purpose, measures shall be taken to pay compensation to the population of Darfur, to address grievances resulting from losses in lives and destruction, seizure or theft of properties as well as the subsequent suffering.", "1. The development of basic economic and social infrastructure is essential and to this end, a programme for accelerated development shall be formulated to bring Darfur to the level of the rest of the country.", "108. Given that the financial resources and the expertise needed to undertake such a process are beyond Sudan’s capacity, the Parties may seek support from the international community, to fully participate in this initiative, assist in the provision of the necessary finance and expertise and contribute to meeting the needs identified for this purpose.", "109. Darfur as a whole and in particular those areas in need of construction or reconstruction shall be brought up to the level that will allow them to rapidly reach the MDGs. A programme for development of basic infrastructure shall be formulated to integrate the Darfur economy within the national economy.", "1. There is a need to establish a special fund for the reconstruction and development of Darfur under this Agreement.", "ARTICLE 17: POLICIES OF WEALTH SHARING", "110. The ultimate goal of the national economic policy shall be to reach full employment through, inter alia, sound policies based on promotion of price stability, raising employment levels, promotion of sustainable economic development and eradication of poverty. Accordingly, national, social and economic policies, programmes and plans shall aim at ensuring that:", "i. Decent and dignified living conditions for all citizens are promoted and improved without discrimination on grounds of race, colour, ethnicity, tribal, regional or local affiliation, gender, religion, language or political or other opinions;", "i. Citizens participate, through the different levels of government, and non-governmental organisations in the formulation and implementation of social policies required to create and distribute wealth, and in decision-making on revenue management and development;", "iii. Equitable and just representation in all GoS institutions involved in wealth creation and distribution is guaranteed.", "112. National economic and social policies shall aim at realising the following objectives:", "i. Creation and equitable distribution of wealth in all parts of Sudan consistent with the maintenance of macro-economic stability and sustainable development;", "ii. Ensuring equitable tax collection and usage for the benefit of the entire population;", "iii. Decentralisation of decision-making process on development issues, service delivery and governance;", "iv. Provision of safe, secure and open access to markets, goods and services with a view to:", "a) Securing a conducive environment for foreign investment;", "b) Acknowledging social and cultural diversity;", "c) Promoting social care and stability;", "d) Addressing environmental deterioration;", "e) Implementing sustainable development principles.", "113. National economic policies shall be formulated so as to create a conducive and transparent environment for the participation of the domestic and foreign private sectors in the development of Sudan, in general, and Darfur, in particular. National and regional legislation shall be reviewed and amended to attract investments.", "1. National and regional economic policies shall be geared towards promoting exports from Darfur to national and international markets.", "2. Financial and monetary policies, especially the banking system, shall be reviewed to meet the needs of sustainable growth and balanced development and to increase access opportunities to international financial markets.", "114. The Bank of Sudan is committed to drawing up policies and innovative financial methods to encourage financial institutions, commercial banks and specialised government banks (Agricultural Bank, Industrial Development Bank and others) to expand their activities in Darfur.", "3. Without prejudice to Article 14, policies shall be drawn up and implemented to develop the educational system and secure access by the population of Darfur, without discrimination on the basis of race or gender, to equal opportunities to education and training within the States of Darfur and the country. Special efforts shall be exerted to eliminate illiteracy among women.", "1. Research and development shall be promoted and fostered, especially the promotion of technology in the fields of agriculture, animal husbandry, small industries, handicrafts, mining, environment and energy with emphasis on renewable energies.", "4. Policies shall be adopted to ensure the effective protection and rehabilitation of the environment, in particular with regards to the restoration of forests and afforestation, wherever possible.", "5. Priority shall be given to policies directed to the development and upgrading of the agricultural sector, including livestock, with due respect to the nomadic culture and sustainable natural environment.", "121. The topmost priority in the implementation of this Agreement shall be to address the needs of the areas affected by the conflict with special attention to the internally displaced persons, returning refugees and conflict affected persons, to provide basic services and security needed to enable them return to their places of origin in safety and dignity. Chapter IV on Compensation, Return of IDPS and Refugees in this Agreement sets out principles and processes for restitution of property and assistance for the full integration of the returnees into their communities, including restoring their rights to land property and compensating them for the damages and losses caused by the conflict.", "122. Special focus shall be put on the concerns of Darfur women, who are involved in all areas of activity and constitute the bulk of the labour force, especially in the agricultural and animal resource sectors, in addition to being heads of households particularly among refugees, internally displaced persons and migrants and to the fact that women’s situation in all these areas has been worsened by the conflict, which has had a particularly deleterious impact on them and children, mainly on their means of livelihood. Concrete measures shall be taken to address their concerns, as well as to ensure their equal and effective participation in commissions, committees and bodies established pursuant to this Agreement.", "123. It is highly important to recognise traditional and customary rights, including ‘hawakeer’ and land historical rights, on a sound and sustainable basis to secure development and a means of livelihood in Darfur. This Agreement aims to establish the mechanisms needed for the recognition and protection of such rights.", "124. A mechanism shall be set up to define the processes of ensuring the utilisation and monitoring of lands and other natural resources in a sustainable manner. The said mechanism shall ensure consultation of all citizens affected by land development or natural resources utilisation, and take their views into consideration when such development process is implemented. Persons whose properties have been damaged or whose lives have been affected as a result of land or natural resources development shall be entitled to adequate and prompt compensation.", "1. The land management structures and institutions shall be developed and legally supported to promote sustainable development and address environmental degradation issues according to the Land Use Mapping Database, taking into account historical experiences in this respect.", "1. Darfur is geographically remote from the centre, lacks infrastructure including roads, railways, bridges and dams, and therefore requires effective development and investment, which shall be facilitated by reforms, legal exemptions and incentives including:", "i. Full exemption of customs duties and other fees for imported materials for construction and development in Darfur;", "ii. The GoS shall bear custom duties as well as other duties and fees payable on materials imported for national development projects in Darfur and projects funded by the GoS or by way of loans;", "iii. The Investment Promotion Law shall be amended to provide for more incentive privileges for investment by foreign and local companies in the Darfur States, such as granting these companies exemption from taxes on business profits.", "RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF DARFUR", "ARTICLE 18: GENERAL PROVISIONS", "127. Reconstruction and development efforts in Darfur shall be backed through substantial, guaranteed and regular monetary transfers by the Fiscal and Financial Allocation and Monitoring Commission (FFAMC) as detailed in Article 25 as well as through other national resources and foreign aid.", "1. Darfur is in need of an interim period to move quickly from conflict to peace, therefore, an enabling environment should be created to move from the humanitarian assistance phase to the reconstruction, economic recovery and development phase.", "128. In support of this interim period referred to in paragraph 128 above, and in order to realise the above-mentioned objectives, Darfur needs resources, which are considerably beyond its ability to mobilise at the local economic level in the short term. Therefore, it shall be assisted in its efforts through secure and regular financial transfers by the National Revenue Fund (NRF) and other national resources in addition to foreign aid.", "ARTICLE 19: MICRO-FINANCE SYSTEM", "129. A micro-finance system (MFS) shall be established in Darfur to provide the required funding for income generating activities that have the potential to grow, through small loans accessible to individuals and groups without the collateral requirements applicable in the traditional banking system.", "1. The MFS shall create a number of non-traditional collaterals to provide easy access for the targeted population, such as small producers, and particularly returnees receiving such financing.", "2. Beneficiaries shall be trained to build their productive capacity through government funding in the areas of administration and enhancement of technical skills in their respective fields.", "133. The MFS shall give particular importance to women’s income generating activities especially those of widows.", "134. The GoS shall contribute an amount of US $100,000,000 (US dollars one hundred million) representing the capital of the MFS.", "135. The Government shall encourage banks working in micro-financing to give priority to Darfur.", "136. The Government, in collaboration with the DRA, shall draw up the statute and rules of procedure of the MFS in a manner that guarantees its independence, with the participation of specialists in the field of micro-financing.", "1. The MFS may receive support from organisations specialised in the field of micro-financing and others, without conditionalities.", "ARTICLE 20: SOCIAL SERVICES", "137. In addition to the transfers from the FFAMC, the GoS shall contribute an amount of US $ 225,000,000 (US dollars two hundred and twenty-five million) payable to the Darfur States, over a period of three years in three equal instalments, to support social service activities.", "ARTICLE 21: THE DARFUR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT FUND", "138. Necessary measures shall be taken within its structural and operational frameworks to reform, restructure and rectify the imbalances in the Darfur Reconstruction and Development Fund (DRDF), which shall be operational until integrated in a Multi-Donor Trust Fund to be established following the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission (DJAM) as stipulated in Article 32.", "139. The DRDF shall operate under the supervision of a committee composed of representatives from the GoS, the DRA and the Governments of the Darfur States.", "141. The functions of the Fund include, but are not limited to, the following tasks:", "i. Financing return and resettlement projects;", "ii. Redressing development imbalances, especially in the fields of infrastructure and the realisation of the MDGs;", "iii. Establishing financing mechanisms to meet the special needs of women, children and orphans. Such mechanisms shall include, but not be limited to, the provision of loans, investment opportunities, strengthening of productive capacities, production inputs and capacity building for women.", "THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ALLOCATION FOR THE DRDF", "142. In addition to the share of Darfur in the transfers made by the FFAMC, the GoS shall allocate US $2,000,000,000 (US dollars two billion) from the NRF. An amount of US $200,000,000 (US dollars two hundred million) of the aforementioned amount shall be deposited immediately after the signing of this Agreement as seed money in the DRDF. The GoS shall pay the balance as follows:", "i. An amount of US $300,000,000 (US dollars three hundred million) in the year following the signing of this Agreement;", "ii. An amount of US $300,000,000 (US dollars three hundred million) in the third year;", "i. An amount of US $300,000,000 (US dollars three hundred million) in the fourth year;", "ii. An amount of US $400,000,000 (US dollars four hundred million) in the fifth year;", "iii. An amount of US $500,000,000 (US dollars five hundred million) in the sixth year.", "FISCAL FEDERALISM AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS", "ARTICLE 22: IDENTIFYING FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES AT THE NATIONAL AND STATES LEVELS", "143. National revenues shall be allocated to the Federal Government and the State Governments in proportion to their constitutional responsibilities in order to ensure the effectiveness of federal governance.", "144. Responsibilities concerning expenditures and revenues shall be distributed at the national and State levels of governance in accordance with the following principles:", "i. Assignment of expenditure function to the level of government whose jurisdiction closely reflects the geographical area served by that function;", "ii. The delivery of a particular service (expenditure assignment) may be carried out exclusively by a given level of government, or concurrently by two or more levels;", "i. The DSG shall endeavour to pay for the services delivered to people living in a given geographical area from revenues raised in the said area;", "iii. The DSG shall have the right to identify the revenue base structure, tariffs levels or tax rates collected without intervention by the Federal Government.", "ARTICLE 23: ASSIGNMENT OF REVENUES RULES AND BASES", "REVENUES RULES", "145. All revenues collected at the national level for or by the Federal Government, including revenues of all Ministries, covering those of gold, oil, administrations or the Government’s share of the profits of any institution or company or any other entity, whether resulting from commercial, investment or other activity, shall be paid into the account of the NRF administered by the National Treasury. This fund covers all accounts, including sub accounts into which amounts due to the Federal Government are collected, reported and deposited.", "146. At the end of each fiscal year, all levels of governance and their subsidiaries shall make public, through legislative bodies, a comprehensive report detailing all tax and non-tax revenues as well as all expenditures (annual financial report) to ensure transparency and accountability by the legislature.", "REVENUES BASES", "147. The Federal Government may legislate to collect revenues or taxes from the following sources:", "i. National personal income tax;", "ii. Corporate or business profits tax;", "iii. Customs duties and imports taxes;", "iv. Seaports and airports revenues;", "v. Service charges;", "vi. Oil, mining and electricity revenues;", "i. Government institutions and projects revenues;", "i. Value added tax and taxes on whole/retail sales and other taxes on goods and services;", "vii. Excise duties;", "viii. Loans, including from the Central Bank of Sudan and from citizens;", "ix. Grants and foreign financial aid;", "ii. Any other taxes set by the National Legislature.", "148. The DSG shall be entitled to raise and administer the following:", "i. State land and property taxes and royalties;", "ii. Service charges for state services;", "iii. License fees;", "iv. Darfur States’ personal income tax;", "v. The States’ share of oil revenues and other natural resources produced in the Darfur States;", "vi. Darfur States projects, institutions and natural reserves;", "i. Stamp duties;", "i. Agricultural taxes;", "vii. Tourism taxes;", "i. Foreign grants and aid;", "ii. Excise taxes;", "ii. Other regional taxes enacted by State legislations;", "iii. Local and foreign loans and borrowing, in accordance with their creditworthiness, within the framework of the national macroeconomic policy, approved and guaranteed by the Central Bank;", "iv. Livestock tax;", "v. Subsidies provided by the GoS and foreign financial aid;", "vi. Allocations from the NRF;", "xvii. Revenues from border trade taxes according to the Federal Legislation.", "149. The Darfur States may conclude agreements to enhance resource mobilisation and management within their jurisdiction and powers.", "ARTICLE 24: ZAKAT CHAMBER", "150. All Zakat money collected in Darfur shall be spent within Darfur.", "151. Notwithstanding the provisions in paragraph 150, the Central Zakat Chamber, under Article 38(A) of the 2001 Zakat Law may provide the maximum possible necessary funding and implement programmes and projects in favour of poor families, particularly displaced persons and refugees, in various services, such as digging wells, providing medical devices and equipment, education and other productive projects in line with the poverty level in Darfur.", "ARTICLE 25: INTERGOVERNMENTAL FINANCIAL TRANSFERS", "152. The FFAMC shall be established by law. Also, a team of experts shall be appointed by law and commissioned to determine the criteria of the transfers from the NRF to the States of Darfur. A representative of the DRA shall be member of the FFAMC.", "153. To accomplish financial equalisation, the FFAMC shall ensure that the interests and views of Darfur States are reflected, taking into account the interests of other State Governments. The Commission shall be structured to ensure the following:", "i. Optimal use and sharing of resources vertically and horizontally;", "ii. Transparency in the allocation of funds to the States of Darfur;", "iii. Monitoring the National Treasury’s action in making swift transfer of the budget grants. The Commission shall submit reports to the Legislature.", "154. The Shares shall be directly transferred from the FFAMC to the States of Darfur using the following criteria:", "i. Population according to the 2008 census;", "ii. Development indicators (Health, Education, Infrastructure);", "i. Effort exerted by the State in collecting revenues;", "ii. Impact of the conflict;", "iii. Geographical size.", "155. A team of experts shall specify the weight of each criterion in the form of a percentage to serve as basis for calculating the share of each and every State.", "156. The FFAMC shall implement a transparent process whereby the timely payment of transfers to Darfur States is monitored while ensuring that the Federal Government does not retain Darfur States’ funds or those of any other sub-government level.", "1. The Darfur States may file a suit with the Constitutional Court in the event that the National Treasury retains funds allocated to the Darfur States or does not allocate the funds set for them.", "ARTICLE 26: TRANSFER OF FUNDS TO DRA", "1. The GoS shall finance all the activities of the DRA. Funds for capital expenditure shall be sourced from the DRDF, while the overhead cost aspect of the budget shall be funded directly from the National budget after its adoption by the National Legislature.", "157. There shall be transparency in the allocation of funds to the DRA.", "158. The DRA may file a suit with the Constitutional Court in the event that the Federal Government delays or withholds the transfers of funds allocated to it.", "ARTICLE 27: FISCAL ENTITLEMENTS OF DARFUR", "161. Within the context of the federal system, Darfur States shall be entitled to:", "i. Transfers of tax revenues from the National Treasury collected in accordance with Article 25;", "i. Tax revenues collected in accordance with Article 23;", "ii. Revenues of the DRDF;", "ii. Revenues from the Multi-Donor Trust Fund.", "162. A system of grants for specific purposes shall be established, with a view to realising the MDGs, alleviating poverty and realising gender equality.", "ARTICLE 28: EXTERNAL SOURCES OF FINANCING", "163. The DRA and the Darfur States can get loans from national and international financial markets upon approval and guarantee of the Central Bank of Sudan.", "164. The DRA and the Darfur States shall submit to the Federal Government, reports on all amounts received from external financing and aid sources.", "ARTICLE 29: CAPACITY BUILDING", "1. Upon the signing of this Agreement, the GoS shall assist the Darfur States and the DRA to work out and implement an advanced and comprehensive capacity building programme in the fields of public finance and fiscal federalism.", "ARTICLE 30: MONITORING AND ACCOUNTABILITY", "1. The DRA and the Darfur States shall prepare annual budgets based on the general financial statistics, which are submitted to the DRA Council and the States Legislatures respectively, for approval or amendment. No modification or addition of any new allocation shall be made without the approval of the DRA Council or, as the case may be, the Darfur Legislatures. Comprehensive interim reports shall also be prepared on the total revenues and expenditures. The method of preparing such reports shall be set in accordance with the criteria of transparency and accountability at the national level, on the basis of the financial laws and the guidelines by the National Auditor Chamber; and comprehensive reports should be prepared in compliance with international standard.", "167. Institutions in charge of monitoring this process include the following:", "i. The FFAMC;", "ii. The National Auditor General’s Chamber and States’ Auditors General Offices;", "i. The DRA Council;", "ii. The Darfur State Legislatures.", "ARTICLE 31: DEVELOPMENT POLICIES FOR DARFUR", "168. National development policy shall be based on the right of all parts of Sudan to equitable and balanced development and giving special priority to the more deprived and conflict affected areas of the country.", "1. Within this framework, Darfur shall aim at realising short-term and medium-term objectives in the fields of rehabilitation, reconstruction, construction and development taking into consideration urgent needs and the need to work out the basis for long-term development. Special attention shall be given to programmes and projects which will enable Darfur to speed up the transition from relief to development.", "170. The main objectives of the post-conflict economic recovery and development in Darfur are the following:", "i. Reconstruction and development;", "ii. Reinvigoration of Darfur’s economy to enable it to integrate into the national economy and promote trade between the Darfur States and neighbouring countries;", "iii. Rehabilitation of basic social services such as education, health and water supplies;", "iv. Realisation of sustainable economic growth, equitable development, social stability, improvement of access to social services;", "v. Combating poverty and raising economic capacity and awareness;", "i. Creation of adequate employment opportunities;", "i. Development of individual and institutional capacities in good governance with emphasis on accountability and transparency;", "ii. Development of physical infrastructure to improve access for the Darfur population to principal markets in Darfur, the rest of Sudan and in neighbouring countries and commitment to the implementation of the Western Ingaz Highway with all branches within two years in accordance with international standards;", "ix. Establishment of a stable and transparent legal framework to encourage private, local, national and foreign investments;", "x. Development of technical and analytical capacities in major fields such as economic management, financial management and procurement;", "xi. Investment in education and scientific research to improve and develop human resources;", "xii. Promotion of the production of alternative energy sources and addressing the causes of environmental degradation.", "171. The Parties recognise that Darfur, being historically deprived and having severely suffered from destruction caused by the conflict, is in dire need to:", "i. Restore peace, security, and social stability;", "ii. Carry out government functions more effectively;", "i. Strengthen the civil administration;", "ii. Rehabilitate, reconstruct and construct physical, institutional and social infrastructures in post-conflict Darfur;", "iii. Implement a comprehensive structural reform of universities and institutions in Darfur to enable them to undertake their mission;", "iii. Establish universities and national and branches of foreign scientific and technical colleges to transform Darfur into a developed society in terms of technology, industry, agriculture and trade.", "172. Competition over pasture and water between herders and farmers is a serious problem in Darfur which shall be addressed in a comprehensive way by:", "i. Developing policies and projects to curb environmental degradation, raise the agricultural production and improve livestock production;", "ii. Gradually shifting emphasis from quantity to quality in livestock production and animal husbandry;", "i. Developing a framework for equitable access by various users of land and water resources;", "ii. Developing policies and projects aimed to establish agricultural, industrial and technological economy in the States;", "v. Developing research capacities in these areas.", "173. Neglect of the traditional rain-fed sector on which the Sudanese people in general, and the people of Darfur in particular depend, has led to increasing food imports, rural-urban migration and the spread of hunger and disputes. Therefore, policies and projects should be formulated and directed towards promoting traditional rain-fed agriculture, which shall be considered as a major national development priority to accelerate the attainment of the MDGs.", "174. The following development projects, which have been neglected, shall be reviewed in order to assess their feasibility and, if found feasible, revived:", "i. West Savannah Development Project;", "i. Jebel Marra Rural Development Project;", "ii. Jebel Marra Thermal Energy Project;", "iii. Habeela Agricultural Project;", "i. Ghazalah Jawazat Research Station;", "ii. Abu Hamra Agricultural Project;", "iii. Saq Alnaam Agricultural Project;", "iv. Urn Bayada Project;", "v. Wadi Hawar Water Valley Basin;", "vi. Combating Drought and Desertification Project;", "vii. Popular Housing Project;", "viii. Agricultural Research Projects;", "ix. Sugar Production Projects;", "x. Alradoom, Wadi Hawar and other Wildlife Reserves;", "xi. Urn Ajaja Project (Bahar Alarab Development Project);", "xii. Wadi Alatroon Development Project", "175. All government levels shall exert maximum efforts to bring human development levels in Darfur up to national levels in the context of endeavours to accelerate the attainment of the MDGs.", "ARTICLE 32: DARFUR JOINT ASSESSMENT MISSION", "1. The Darfur Joint Assessment Mission (DJAM) shall be established to identify and assess the needs for economic recovery, development and poverty eradication in the aftermath of the conflict in Darfur. Such needs shall be presented at a donors’ conference to be convened three months after the signing of this Agreement.", "177. The Parties shall request the World Bank (WB), the DDB, the United Nations (UN), and the African Development Bank (ADB) to lead the Joint Assessment Mission’s activities, in cooperation with the Islamic Development Bank (IDB), the African Union (AU), the League of Arab States (LAS), the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC), Arab Funds, the European Union (EU), the United States of America (USA), the State of Qatar, and other interested countries and regional and international economic organisations.", "178. Since the financial resources and expertise required to undertake such an operation are beyond Sudan’s capacity, the Parties request the international community to urgently and fully participate in this initiative and assist in the provision of necessary resources and expertise and partake in meeting the needs set for this purpose through the establishment of a Multi-Donor Trust Fund. The operational procedures of the Fund shall be determined by a supervisory body to be established by the Donors and the GoS.", "1. The Parties shall be represented in the supervisory and technical committees of the DJAM.", "1. Darfur development needs in social areas and infrastructure shall be assessed and the resources required for addressing those needs within six years shall be determined by the DJAM.", "DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF LANDS, HAWAKEER AND NATURAL RESOURCES", "ARTICLE 33: GENERAL PRINCIPLES", "2. The boundaries of the land referred to in this section shall be those of Darfur mentioned in paragraph 80 of Chapter II of this Agreement.", "179. Since the people of Darfur did not benefit from the 1925 Land Settlement and Registration Ordinance, priority shall be given to modifying the laws to include rights to land and its use (hawakeer) in conformity with customs, traditions and heritage on land ownership, traditional livestock routes and access opportunities to water sources.", "2. Where lands leased under the investment laws and the lessees did not meet the conditions under which those lands were leased to them, the lands in question shall return to their status quo ante.", "3. Without prejudice to the provisions of this Agreement, the appropriate or identified government level shall exercise the rights related to the lands owned by the GoS in Darfur.", "180. All displaced persons and other persons arbitrarily or unlawfully deprived of their lawful possessions or rights to land shall have their possession and rights restored and shall be compensated adequately and promptly for the losses or damages sustained during the period of deprivation.", "186. Mechanisms shall be established to ensure the sustainable management and use of lands and other natural resources. All citizens affected by land development and natural resources utilisation shall be consulted and their views taken into consideration. Individuals whose property or means of livelihood have been adversely affected because of the development and exploitation of natural resources shall be entitled to adequate and prompt compensation.", "ARTICLE 34: LAND TRADITIONAL AND HISTORICAL RIGHTS", "187. Land ownership regulation and use and exercise of land rights are concurrent powers which shall be exercised at the appropriate government level.", "1. Tribal traditional land ownership rights (hawakeer), historical rights to land, traditional and customary livestock routes and access to water sources shall be recognised and protected. All relevant levels of Government shall initiate and complete a process to progressively amend relevant laws to incorporate customary laws, in accordance with international trends and practices. To protect the traditional heritage, the closed traditional and customary livestock routes shall be re-opened, whenever possible, or alternative routes shall be demarcated.", "188. Land laws amended in accordance with paragraph 188 shall recognise and protect the historical, traditional and customary rights to land.", "189. No individual or group of individuals shall be deprived of any traditional or historical rights to land or of the right to have access to water sources without consulting and compensating them in a prompt and adequate manner.", "190. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the courts, the Darfur Land Commission (DLC) shall address land traditional and historical rights, review land management and use and natural resources development.", "ARTICLE 35: LOCAL COMMUNITIES’ LANDS", "2. The Federal and State Governments may develop communities’ lands in good-faith consultation with the participation of the local communities that have rights to those lands. The community shall be entitled to receive an equitable share of the revenue accruing from the development of those lands; alternatively the affected community shall be compensated in kind and/or in cash.", "191. The Federal and State Governments may act on or develop any land belonging to the local communities provided that such an action or development is in conformity with the Development Plan set in accordance with the Land Use Mapping Database established in accordance with Article 38.", "ARTICLE 36: LAND ALLOTMENT", "192. Individuals in the local communities may register their customarily owned land as their own. The registration shall be free, if possible, and, if not, shall be for a reduced fee and shall be coupled with facilitated procedures and campaigns for raising public awareness.", "ARTICLE 37: LAND PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT", "195. Land planning and sustainable development shall be subject to the following:", "i. Recognition of traditional rights (including hawakeer) and historical rights to land to ensure the safe and sustainable basis to livelihood and development in Darfur;", "ii. Development of sustainable land system and resolution of disputes resulting from competition in land use;", "iii. Land planning in Darfur shall be based on the outcomes of the Land Use Mapping Database in terms of the following usage:", "a) Housing;", "b) Agriculture;", "c) Grazing;", "d) Mining;", "e) Industrial development, including foreign investments;", "f) Natural reserves;", "g) Seasonal transhumance (routes, pastures etc...);", "h) Forests reserves and afforestation.", "ARTICLE 38: THE DARFUR LAND COMMISSION", "196. The Darfur Land Commission shall be established. The DLC Council shall be composed of representatives of the Federal Government, the DRA, DSG, Native Administration and local experts. The membership shall reflect land use interests in Darfur. In making recommendations on land planning and development, the Council shall consult individuals whose rights are affected.", "1. The DLC shall develop the Darfur States Land Use Mapping Database and shall submit it as a recommendation to the Darfur State Legislatures for their adoption and then to the DRA Council for final approval. This Database shall be reviewed every five years.", "198. The DLC shall apply a system of planning for the use and development of land and natural resources that is aimed at the following:", "i. Sound management, development and protection of the natural resources, including agricultural lands, protected natural reserves, forests and minerals, waters, towns and villages with a view to promoting the local communities’ social and economic welfare and the establishment and the preservation of a better environment;", "ii. Development and coordination of the organised economic exploitation of lands and natural resources;", "iii. Sustainable development;", "i. Protection of cultural heritage;", "ii. Protection, provision, and coordination of telecommunication, transport and other relevant services;", "iv. Allocation of land for public purposes;", "v. Provision and coordination of social services and facilities;", "i. Environmental protection, including the protection of flora and fauna, endangered species and natural reserves;", "ii. Reclamation of eroded land and development of programmes to combat desertification, including reforestation and afforestation;", "vi. Enhancement of shared responsibility for environmental planning among various government levels in Darfur;", "vii. Creation of opportunities for public participation in environmental planning and assessment;", "i. Creation of opportunities for consultation with all persons affected by land and natural resources development plans;", "ii. Approval of adequate and prompt compensation for individuals whose means of livelihood or properties are adversely affected as a result of decisions related to land and natural resources development and planning.", "199. Local communities or individuals whose current land use or means of livelihood are adversely affected as a result of the Land Use Mapping Database shall have the right to be promptly and adequately compensated.", "200. The DLC shall:", "i. Be independent and impartial;", "ii. Develop its rules of procedure and summit them to the DRA for approval;", "i. Have access to all land records;", "ii. Discharge its functions expeditiously;", "iii. Make all appropriate arrangements to ensure full and effective participation by all affected individuals and local communities in its procedures;", "iv. Submit an annual report to the DRA and the Darfur State Governments on its activities in its annual budget;", "i. Ensure that the membership, recruitment and conditions of service in the Commission, in accordance with law;", "ii. Take into consideration traditional and historical rights to land.", "201. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of courts, the DLC shall perform the following additional functions:", "i. Arbitration on land rights disputes;", "ii. Submission of recommendations to the appropriate government level on the recognition of traditional and historical rights to land;", "i. Assessment of appropriate compensation in connection with the applications submitted to it. Such compensation may not necessarily be limited to financial compensation;", "ii. Advising the different levels of government on how to coordinate policies on projects of the Darfur State Governments affecting land or land rights, taking into consideration the Land Use Mapping Database;", "iii. Establishment and maintenance of records on land use;", "iv. Undertaking research on land ownership and use;", "vii. Reviewing the current mechanisms for the regulation of land use and making recommendations to the competent authorities on necessary changes, including the restoration of land rights to their owners or payment of compensation to them.", "202. While performing its arbitration functions, the DLC shall have the authority to receive applications and may, with the agreement of parties in dispute, apply customary and traditional laws or principles of justice and equity. The arbitration decision shall be binding upon the parties in dispute and it may be enforced by a competent court.", "203. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the courts, parties to land disputes shall be encouraged to exhaust traditional methods of dispute settlement, including arbitration, before going to court.", "204. The DLC shall respect the decisions made by institutions or entities authorised in Chapter IV of this Agreement to make decisions on lands owned by displaced persons, refugees and other conflict affected individuals.", "205. The National Land Commission (NLC) and the DLC shall cooperate and coordinate their activities so as to use their resources effectively. Without placing restrictions on coordination issues, the NLC and the DLC shall agree on the following:", "i. Sharing information and decisions;", "ii. Delegating certain functions of the NLC, including data collection and research, to the DLC;", "iii. Removing any contradiction between the results and recommendations made by the two Commissions;", "206. The DLC shall be a permanent member of the NLC.", "207. In the event of a conflict between the results and recommendations of the NLC and those of the DLC, the two Commissions shall endeavour to reconcile their positions. Failing this, the issue shall be referred to the Constitutional Court for decision.", "ARTICLE 39: MAJOR DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS", "1. The DRA Council and the Darfur States Legislative Councils may, in exceptional circumstances, empower the DSG to enter into agreements to implement major development projects which may not be in conformity with any plan for land use or planning legislation. However, DSG may seek to obtain this mandate only if the proposed agreement contains detailed provisions explaining the following:", "i. A clear definition of the proposed project;", "ii. The procedures to be adopted, in accordance with the agreement, to protect the environment;", "i. The steps to be taken to undertake consultations with all those communities and individuals whose interests are adversely affected by the proposed development project;", "iii. The benefits expected for local communities and the Darfur population;", "v. The compensation to be made to communities and individuals whose properties or means of livelihood are adversely affected by the agreement, with clarification of whether they have consented to the compensation specified.", "The Land Use Mapping Database or the legislation on planning shall be amended accordingly.", "ARTICLE 40: NATURAL RESOURCES", "209. In planning for the management and development of natural resources, the DLC shall be committed to sustainable utilisation of such resources taking into account the following:", "i. The national interest and the public good;", "ii. The interest of the States and areas concerned;", "i. The interests of the local populations in areas concerned;", "ii. The national and Darfur States environmental policies, biodiversity conservation guidelines and cultural heritage protection principles;", "iii. Rights to land, including customary and traditional rights;", "iv. Internationally recognised standards and environmental friendly methods in mining and natural resources development.", "210. Consultations shall be held with the land right holders and their views shall be taken into consideration when decisions are made in relation to the exploitation of subsoil resources in areas in which they have rights.", "211. Individuals holding land rights shall be entitled to compensation on adequate and prompt basis in the event their land property is expropriated or exploited to develop natural resources.", "1. The GoS shall enable the people of Darfur to be represented through their State Governments in all phases of decision making relating to the development and exploitation of natural resources in Darfur. This shall include the procedures for negotiating, concluding and managing contracts. The benefits to local communities affected by the development shall be taken into account.", "ARTICLE 41: MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PETROLEUM SECTOR", "213. The management and development of the petroleum sector shall be based, inter alia, on the following:", "i. The optimal exploitation of oil as a non-renewable natural resource in accordance with:", "a) The national interest and the public good;", "b) The interest of the States concerned;", "c) The interest of the population in the areas concerned;", "d) The national and Darfur states environment policies, biodiversity conservation guidelines, cultural heritage protection principles, including the adoption and observation of international technical and safety standards.", "ii. Enabling the appropriate levels of government in Darfur, in cooperation with the relevant local communities, to participate in the development and management of oil at different stages;", "iii. Creating a conducive environment to attract foreign direct investment in Darfur;", "iv. Undertaking consultations with land rights holders in Darfur and taking into account their opinions when making investment decisions on oil resources in the relevant areas;", "v. Individuals holding land rights shall be entitled to compensation on an adequate and basis in the event their land property is expropriated or exploited to develop oil resource.", "214. The State in which investment in the oil sector will take place shall be represented by three non‑permanent members in the National Petroleum Commission in order to participate in the negotiation and the conclusion of the relevant contracts, and make sure that the provisions of those contracts are consistent with the principles, policies and directives of the Commission.", "1. 2% of oil revenue shall be allocated to the oil-producing State. That State may negotiate a higher percentage.", "CHAPTER IV - COMPENSATION, RETURN OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS AND REFUGEES", "ARTICLE 42: GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR COMPENSATION AND THE RETURN OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS AND REFUGEES", "Durable solutions for internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees shall be based on the following principles:", "216. The commitment of the Parties to the obligations concerning internally displaced persons and refugees set forth in the Framework Agreements between the Government of Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement, 23 February 2010, and the Framework Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement, 18 March 2010, specifically, the right of internally displaced persons and refugees to return voluntarily to their homes of origin and the responsibilities of the Parties to create the conditions for a conducive environment enabling voluntary return and to assist this return in accordance with a clear-cut strategy.", "217. Respect for, protection and fulfilment of the rights of IDPs, refugees and all victims of conflict in accordance with international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and all other international and regional instruments to which Sudan is a Party.", "218. IDPs, returning refugees and all victims of conflict shall enjoy, in full equality, the same rights and freedoms as do other persons in Sudan under national law and international legal instruments to which Sudan is party.", "219. The protection and assistance of IDPs, refugees and all victims of conflict with special needs, including separated and unaccompanied children, female heads of household, expectant mothers, mothers with young children, the elderly, and persons with disabilities.", "1. The adoption by the Parties of measures to ensure that IDPs, refugees and all other victims of conflict live in conditions of safety and dignity, and in full respect for their equal rights, in all phases of displacement, including prevention of all forms of forced displacement, protection and assistance during displacement and during voluntary return, resettlement and reintegration. Ensuring that humanitarian assistance is delivered to the affected people, especially women and children, undertaking to address the situation of the disabled among them and provide them with health and social services.", "220. The commitment of the Parties to establish mechanisms to promote, enable and facilitate the active participation of IDPs, returning refugees, victims of conflict and civil society in the planning and implementation of strategies, policies and programmes related to addressing the humanitarian and human rights impact of the conflict and to the return process. Special measures shall be taken to ensure the participation of women and youth.", "222. The commitment of the Parties to establish fast, safe and unrestricted access of international humanitarian, development and human rights organizations, as well as national and international non-governmental organizations, and international peacekeeping mission participating in the support, protection, return, resettlement and reintegration of IDPs, refugees and victims of conflict.", "223. The Parties acknowledge the leading humanitarian role of the specialized international organisations commissioned by the United Nations Secretary-General to coordinate among all the bodies assisting with protection, shelter, camp management in situations of internal displacement and protection, assistance and solutions for refugees.", "224. Fulfilment by the Parties of their obligations under the Principles and Charter of the United Nations, and the Constitutive Act of the AU, the Community of Sahel-Saharan States, and other relevant international and regional organizations acting in the area of peaceful settlement of dispute, to prevent and avoid conditions that force persons to be displaced. The Parties shall provide assistance to IDPs, returning refugees and all victims of conflict. The Parties agree to observe the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement endorsed by the United Nations World Summit Outcome Document of 2005.", "ARTICLE 43: COMPENSATION FOR HARM AND LOSSES", "225. All victims of conflict, including IDPs and refugees, shall have the right to financial compensation for the harm and losses they have incurred as a result of the conflict, including loss of lives, physical injury, mental and emotional suffering and economic losses.", "ARTICLE 44: SAFETY AND SECURITY", "226. The Parties shall, with the support of UNAMID, provide security and protection from all forms of physical attack, all forms of sexual violence, exploitation, abduction, child recruitment, child labour, arbitrary detention, informal “taxation”, charging ransoms, and illegal confiscation of property and the GoS shall address the impact of such violations by taking the necessary steps to ensure effective and timely justice.", "1. The Parties shall respect and maintain the civilian and humanitarian character of the camps sheltering IDPs.", "228. Subject to the provisions of Chapter VI of this Agreement, the Parties shall undertake all measures necessary with the assistance of UNAMID to ensure security in IDP camps. Such measures shall ensure the effective participation of women in the decision-making process within the camps.", "229. The GoS shall take all necessary legal measures against those involved in attacks against the staff of humanitarian agencies.", "ARTICLE 45: HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE", "1. The GoS shall extend urgent aid to IDPs, including food, shelter, education, medical care, and other medical and health services, together with the other necessary humanitarian and social services.", "230. IDPs shall be provided with humanitarian assistance and means of livelihood before and after their return, and the refugees upon return.", "231. Such assistance shall be provided to communities hosting IDPs and returning refugees who are in need of humanitarian assistance and livelihood support.", "1. The Parties shall enable and facilitate access by the United Nations and the specialized agencies and national, regional and international humanitarian organizations without hindrance and impediment to IDPs, including their camps, in accordance with arrangements agreed upon with the GoS.", "2. The Parties shall secure and protect humanitarian aid routes and the security of humanitarian staff.", "ARTICLE 46: PERSONAL DOCUMENTATION", "2. The GoS shall issue all the documents necessary for the returning IDPs and refugees to enjoy their rights. The Parties shall agree on the formation of a mechanism affiliate to the Voluntary Return and Resettlement Commission (VRRC) to cooperate with the relevant authorities to issue the said documents free of charge.", "3. The GoS shall facilitate the issuance of new or replacement documents in lieu of documents lost or destroyed in the course of displacement.", "237. Women, children, as well as men have equal rights to obtain all necessary identity documents and have the right to have such documents issued in their own names. Special efforts will be taken to expedite the provision of such documents to orphans as well as to separated and unaccompanied children.", "ARTICLE 47: FAMILY REUNIFICATION", "238. The Government and relevant authorities in Darfur shall take all necessary measures so that families which are separated by displacement are reunited as quickly as possible. Special efforts shall be made to expedite the reunification of unaccompanied and separated children with their families. The VRRC shall coordinate and cooperate with humanitarian organizations engaged in family tracing and assisting family reunification. The Parties underscore their commitment to fight child abduction and trafficking, and shall work to prevent and disclose any irregular practices.", "ARTICLE 48: FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT", "1. The Parties shall guarantee the freedom of movement and choice of residence of IDPs and returning refugees, including their right to move freely in and out of camps, and their right to return voluntarily to their place of origin or to resettle voluntarily in another part of the country.", "1. The Parties shall respect and ensure the right of IDPs and refugees to seek safety in another part of Sudan and to be protected against forcible return to or resettlement in any place where their life, safety, liberty and/or health would be at risk.", "ARTICLE 49: VOLUNTARY RETURN", "239. All IDPs and refugees have the right to return voluntarily, and in safety and dignity, to their homes of origin or places of habitual residence or to resettle in another place of their choice. The Parties shall not interfere with IDPs’ and returning refugees’ choice of destination, nor shall they compel them to remain in, return to, or move to situations of serious danger or insecurity, or to areas lacking in basic services necessary to resume a normal life.", "2. The GoS shall accept and facilitate the voluntary return of IDPs and of refugees to their homes of origin or places of habitual residence or their voluntary resettlement in another part of the country.", "3. The Parties shall take all necessary steps to prevent activities which would hinder the voluntary return, in safety and dignity, of IDPs and refugees.", "244. IDPs and refugees shall have access to objective information about the conditions in the areas of return or resettlement. The Parties, with the assistance of competent local and international actors, shall facilitate the timely flow of accurate information about the conditions in areas of return or resettlement in order for refugees and IDPs to be able to make an informed and voluntary decision about return or resettlement.", "245. The Parties shall respect the principle of family unity in the voluntary return or resettlement.", "246. The Parties shall make special efforts to ensure the participation of IDPs and refugees, including women and youth, in the planning and management of their return or resettlement and reintegration, in coordination with the VRRC and any other relevant entities.", "ARTICLE 50: CONDITIONS SUITABLE FOR RETURN", "1. The GoS shall establish, as soon as possible, the security, political, economic and social conditions, and shall provide the means, to enable IDPs and refugees to exercise their right to return, voluntarily, in safety and dignity, to their homes of origin or places of habitual residence.", "247. The Parties shall facilitate the creation and maintenance of conditions required for the voluntary return, in safety and dignity, and for the durable and harmonious reintegration of refugees and IDPs.", "249. The Parties agree that the necessary conditions for return of IDPs and refugees are the following:", "i. The security and safety of IDPs and refugees, without risk of harassment, intimidation, persecution, or discrimination, during and after their voluntary return or resettlement;", "ii. The right to freedom of movement and choice of residence, including the right to return to their homes of origin or habitual residence and to settle therein;", "iii. Demining of the areas in which the homes and lands of IDPs and refugees are located, and demining routes to markets, water sources, schools and health services;", "iv. The restitution of property to IDPs and refugees;", "v. Assistance in erecting fixed shelters in the return villages for IDPs and refugees and repair of or compensation for the damaged properties;", "vi. Access to food, potable water and health care, including through the provision of humanitarian assistance until IDPs and refugees can resume normal life;", "i. The provision of the sum of US$ 250 (US dollars two hundred and fifty) per family as part of the return package to help meet IDPs and refugees’ immediate needs upon return. This package is intended to enable them to restart their livelihood and commence effective reintegration. The package shall also include access to potable water, food and shelter materials, as well as agricultural inputs for both crops and livestock such as seeds, seedlings, veterinary services, tools and essential equipment;", "i. Rehabilitation and construction of basic facilities in areas of return;", "i. Rehabilitation of damaged agricultural land;", "ii. Provision of education and equal training for boys and girls including livelihoods training;", "xi. Equal access to means of livelihood for men and women, including employment;", "xii. Equal access for IDPs and refugees to public services and the equal right to participate in public affairs;", "xiii. Psychosocial support to IDPs and refugees.", "250. The Parties shall ensure that the appropriate conditions are in place before promoting return.", "251. The Parties shall facilitate the voluntary return or resettlement of IDPs and refugees in a peaceful, orderly and phased manner, in accordance with a clear strategy.", "ARTICLE 51: VOLUNTARY RETURN AND RESETTLEMENT COMMISSION", "252. A Voluntary Return and Resettlement Commission shall be established as a matter of priority. It shall comprise:", "i. A Voluntary Return Committee (VRC);", "i. A Property Claims and Restitution Committee (PCRC);", "ii. A Compensation/Jabr Al-Darar Fund (JAF).", "253. The VRRC shall supervise the VRC, the PCRC and the JAF.", "254. The VRRC shall prepare its rules of procedure, its financial and administrative regulations, design its structure as appropriate, for adoption by the DRA.", "255. The composition of the bodies established under the VRRC, as well as the designation of their members, shall be agreed upon by the Parties.", "256. The Compensation/Jahr AI-Darar aspect of the activities of the VRRC will be funded from the JAF.", "THE VOLUNTARY RETURN COMMITTEE", "1. Under the supervision of the VRRC, the VRC shall be responsible for all aspects regarding the voluntary return of the IDPs and refugees. To this end, the VRC shall undertake the following tasks and functions:", "i. Conduct statistical surveys of IDPs and refugees for the purpose of planning for voluntary return or resettlement;", "ii. Conduct, in collaboration with the relevant international bodies, including the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), a comprehensive needs assessment in areas of potential return or resettlement, which shall include addressing the following issues: safety, food security, damage to homes and land, potable water, sanitation, education, access to health services and infrastructure;", "iii. Assess whether the conditions required for sustainable return are in place, recommend specific measures to be implemented to ensure the creation of these conditions, and verify the fulfilment of these conditions;", "i. Develop and adopt a Voluntary Return Plan, within three months of the signing of this Agreement, with the assistance of the UNHCR and competent local bodies and in consultation with IDPs, refugees and local communities;", "iv. Implement the Voluntary Return Plan in close cooperation with competent local bodies, the international community, in particular UNHCR, and countries hosting the refugees;", "i. Monitor and report on a continuing basis on the maintenance of the necessary conditions for sustainable return and reintegration, and on the conditions of IDPs and refugees upon return;", "vii. Plan, organize and assist the voluntary return of IDPs and refugees, in accordance with the Voluntary Return Plan, and to assist in their reintegration.", "258. The VRC may establish such subcommittees as it deems necessary to carry out its functions, including:", "i. A subcommittee on Statistical Surveys and Planning;", "ii. A subcommittee on Evaluation, Rehabilitation and Establishment of the Basic", "Utilities in the Areas of Return.", "259. The VRRC shall ensure the active participation of representatives of IDPs, refugees and civil society in the processes associated with voluntary return.", "ARTICLE 52: HOUSING, LAND AND PROPERTY RESTITUTION", "260. IDPs and refugees have the right to have their houses, land and properties which they were unlawfully deprived of, restored to them. In the event that recovery of such property is not possible, they shall be entitled to compensation, in accordance with international principles.", "261. This right applies to IDPs and refugees whether they choose to return to their place of origin or to resettle elsewhere.", "262. The PCRC shall ensure that IDPs and refugees have their houses, land and property restored to them.", "263. The PCRC shall:", "i. Receive property restitution claims from IDPs, refugees and other conflict affected", "victims in Darfur;", "ii. Determine, upon receipt of a claim, the lawful owner of the property with respect to", "which the claim is made;", "iii. If the claimant is the lawful owner, order the restitution of the property to him or her;", "iv. Where this is not possible, order the award of compensation to him/her;", "v. Establish procedures for the submission and determination of claims that are simple,", "accessible, transparent, just, timely, enforceable and free of charge. These procedures shall include specific measures to ensure that women and orphans are able to participate on a fully equal basis in the restitution process;", "vi. Where appropriate, appoint advocate(s) or representative(s) to act on behalf of a claimant particularly in cases where the person is under 18 years of age or suffers from mental disability.", "264. The PCRC shall not recognize as valid any illegal property transaction including any transfer that was made under duress or made without free and informed consent.", "265. The GoS shall be responsible for ensuring property restitution to the lawful owner. The GoS shall remove and relocate the people who settled in an illegal manner and occupied the properties of IDPs and refugees, with the assistance of relevant international bodies.", "266. No person or group of persons shall be deprived of any traditional or historical right in respect to land or access to water without consent or prompt and adequate compensation.", "1. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the courts, traditional mechanisms may be used to settle disputes arising from the return process, provided they are consistent with the international principles of human rights.", "268. The PCRC shall establish subcommittees to carry out its functions, including:", "i. a subcommittee on Verification and Documentation;", "i. a subcommittee on Dispute Settlement and Property Claims; and", "iii. such other subcommittees as it may deem necessary.", "269. The decisions of the PCRC shall be made public.", "ARTICLE 53: COMPENSATION/JABR AL-DARAR FUND", "270. The Compensation/Jabr Al-Darar Fund shall be established for payment of compensation awards ordered by:", "i. the PCRC in accordance with Article 52;", "i. the Justice Committee in accordance with Article 58.", "271. The Fund shall receive and hold:", "i. Contributions from the GoS in accordance with paragraph 273;", "ii. Contributions from the Sudanese people through their institutions such as chambers of commerce and charitable organizations;", "i. Contributions by the Islamic, Arab and African countries and their Funds;", "ii. Contributions by the EU and other donors;", "v. Funds mobilized by/through the United Nations agencies.", "272. The JAF shall establish its rules of procedure. The procedures shall be simple and accessible.", "ARTICLE 54: FUNDING", "273. The initial amount of the JAF for the settlement of compensation for any loss and/or damage suffered by IDPs, refugees and any other victims of the conflict in Darfur shall be US$ 300,000,000 (US dollars three hundred million), out of which the GoS undertakes to pay US$ 200,000,000 (US dollars two hundred million), and the balance of US$ 100,000,000 (US dollars one hundred million) will be sourced from donors.", "1. The GoS shall allocate funds from the national budget to support the voluntary return and reintegration of IDPs and refugees, in accordance with the budgets prepared by the VRRC, and approved by the DRA.", "275. Recognizing that peacemaking in general, and collective and family compensations in particular, require mobilization of huge resources and the fact that mobilization of local resources alone cannot meet all requirements, funding such plan requires the participation and support of the international community, peace partners and beneficiaries of peace. The Parties therefore agree to promote the mobilization of international resources to contribute to the JAF.", "CHAPTER V – JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION", "ARTICLE 55: GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION", "Justice and reconciliation shall be based on the following principles:", "276. Respect for international human rights law and international humanitarian law.", "277. Justice and reconciliation are integral and interlinked elements for achieving lasting peace in Darfur and are essential for upholding the rule of law.", "1. Adoption of transitional justice mechanisms for remedies and for the legal accountability of perpetrators of acts of violence related to the armed conflict in Darfur.", "2. Reconstructing and repairing social relationships and reviving and strengthening the values of peaceful coexistence, respect for existing customs, social cooperation and solidarity in Darfur.", "278. The right of victims to have access to mechanisms of justice and redress, in particular the right to an adequate, effective and prompt remedy and/or reparations for violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law.", "279. Justice and other mechanisms of redress, including transitional justice mechanisms, shall be independent and impartial, and shall be consistent with international norms and standards.", "3. Condemnation of atrocities, abuses and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed in Darfur during the conflict, and the imperative need to take all necessary steps to prevent the repetition of such violations.", "4. Ensuring that all perpetrators of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law are held accountable.", "5. The appropriate recording and documentation of all crimes and forms of violations.", "1. The recognition of the special situation and concerns of women, children and youth and the important role of women and youth in the prevention and resolution of conflicts, in transitional justice processes and in peacebuilding, and the imperative of their equal participation and full involvement in all efforts for the maintenance of peace and security, including justice and reconciliation.", "286. Children implicated in the conflict who may have been involved in the commission of crimes under international law shall be considered primarily as victims and shall be treated in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Protocol II to the Geneva Convention, the African Charter on Rights and Welfare of the Child, the Beijing Rules and related international juvenile justice and fair trial standards.", "287. Recognition of the role that independent and impartial traditional mechanisms can play in complementing processes of justice and reconciliation and the importance of making full use of their potential while maintaining international human rights standards.", "1. The importance of drawing upon African and international experiences and best practices with respect to accountability, reconciliation and truth seeking in addressing what occurred in Darfur and the use of the mechanisms of justice, compensation and reconciliation for the settlement of the conflict.", "288. Provision of security and full protection to all citizens.", "289. Justice, accountability, recognition of wrongdoing, forgiveness and commitment to non‑repetition.", "290. Encouraging exchange of amicable visits between the leaders of reconciling tribes.", "291. Collection of weapons in the possession of tribal groups by the tribes themselves in coordination with local authorities.", "1. Promoting dialogue as an appropriate channel to achieve reconciliation among tribes and consolidating the reconciliation mechanisms recognized in Darfur.", "ARTICLE 56: THE NATIONAL JUDICIAL SYSTEM", "2. The Parties agree on the importance of establishing justice in Darfur in order to consolidate peace, and they agree that the institutions of justice have an important role to play in this respect. They also agree that continued broad reforms should be sustained to reinforce their capacity, professionalism and independence to ensure equal justice for all.", "292. Without prejudice to Article 60, immunities enjoyed by persons by virtue of their official status or functions shall not obstruct the speedy dispensation of justice nor shall they prevent the combating of impunity.", "293. The GoS undertakes to facilitate access to justice by taking the following necessary and important steps:", "i. Increasing the number of courts and judicial personnel including judges and prosecutors in Darfur;", "ii. Strengthening and utilizing the system of mobile courts;", "iii. Allocating adequate resources required for the effective delivery of justice, including providing necessary land and air transport throughout Darfur for prosecution officials. To this end, the Government may seek assistance from the United Nations and other peace partners;", "iv. Ensuring that the Ministry of Justice enforces and supports the discharge of Prosecutorial duties in conducting investigations;", "v. Ensuring the protection of judicial personnel, victims and witnesses.", "297. The steps and procedures set out in paragraph 296 shall guarantee the rights to due process and a fair trial and ensure conclusive settlement of cases processed by and referred to courts and mechanisms of transitional justice, and eliminate-any existing or potential barrier obstructing people of Darfur from exercising their right to litigation, justice and remedy.", "1. The GoS undertakes to provide technical assistance and support to enhance coordination between the courts and the commissions or the special committees pertaining to blood money (dia) or compensation, and other means of reconciliation with a view to creating the required cohesion, thereby increasing their capacity, and avoiding inconsistencies and overlaps.", "2. The role of civil society in Darfur in fostering justice, peace and reconciliation freely and independently shall be strengthened. Civil society may seek support from national, regional and international organizations according to established procedures.", "3. The Parties call upon the international community to provide technical assistance and appropriate resources to support the effective functioning of the judicial system.", "ARTICLE 57: COMPENSATION/JABR AL-DARAR", "4. All victims, including IDPs and refugees, who suffered loss or damage, including loss of life, physical injury, mental harm and emotional suffering, because of the conflict in Darfur, have the right to prompt and adequate compensation/Jabr Al-Darar in accordance with international experiences and best practices in similar situations.", "298. Compensation/Jabr Al-Darar for loss of housing, land and property shall be addressed through the procedures set out in Article 53.", "303. Compensation/Jabr Al-Darar for other forms of loss and damage shall be addressed in accordance with the procedures set out in Article 58.", "304. Compensation/Jabr Al-Darar shall be paid in one instalment whenever possible. Otherwise, it shall be paid in two instalments provided that the whole period for the settlement of such compensation/Jabr Al-Darar, does not exceed two years from the date of assessment of the damage.", "ARTICLE 58: TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION", "GENERAL PROVISIONS", "1. The Government shall designate a national day for peace and non-violence in Darfur.", "2. In order to foster reconciliation, the Parties agree to address the following causes of the conflict:", "i. Environmental degradation and dispute over access to natural resources;", "ii. Tensions among local communities;", "i. Weakness of the Native Administration;", "ii. Conflict over land, hawakeer and nomadic routes;", "iii. Proliferation of weapons;", "iv. The regional dimension of the conflict.", "307. The Parties agree that there shall be a reconciliation process aimed at:", "i. Denouncing violence and exclusion and adopting dialogue as a means of achieving social peace;", "ii. Adopting justice, reconciliation and forgiveness as principles leading to peace;", "i. Rebuilding and strengthening relationships between the components of Darfur society as well as raising the level of coexistence, cooperation and social solidarity in Darfur;", "ii. Eradicating tribal and ethnic polarization;", "iii. Entrenching a culture of peace in conformity with the values, traditions and cultural heritage of the Darfur people, using such means as tribal chiefs, religious scholars, civil society organizations, the media and educational institutions;", "iv. Formal and informal apologies, individually and collectively, to the victims of the conflict;", "i. Strengthening the Native Administration system;", "ii. Encouraging respect for nomadic routes in order to stabilize relations and reduce tensions among herders and farmers;", "ix. Resolving the issue of the presence of illegal migrants and their occupation of villages, towns, farms and orchards in Darfur.", "308. Without prejudice to the prerogatives and mandate of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC) established pursuant to this Article, the following mechanisms shall be employed:", "i. The Ajaweed Council;", "ii. The Native Administration.", "309. The National Government, the DRA and the State Governments shall support these mechanisms to complement the work of the TRC.", "310. The role of the Ajaweed Councils shall be strengthened, and reconciliation conferences shall be organized with a view to restoring confidence and fostering good relations among the Darfur communities.", "TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION", "311. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the Sudanese courts, including the Special Court for Darfur, an independent Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC) shall be established. The TJRC shall be composed of the following two Committees:", "i. The Justice Committee; and", "ii. The Truth and Reconciliation Committee.", "JUSTICE COMMITTEE", "312. The Justice Committee shall be responsible for receiving, examining and assessing claims, and determining the nature of compensation/Jabr Al-Darar as well as the amount to be paid to the victims as appropriate. The victims shall be given a period of 10 years for filing claims before the Justice Committee, starting from the initial date fixed by the Committee for submission of individual claims.", "1. The members of the Committee shall be nominated by the Parties and appointed by the Chairperson of the DRA.", "313. The Justice Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure and modus operandi. Its procedures shall be simple and accessible.", "1. Technical and administrative committees shall assist the Justice Committee in determining the nature and the extent of the individual damages and losses. These committees shall be composed of, among others, specialized physicians, lawyers, Native Administration, the elders of the camps, representatives of the victims and other relevant experts. These committees shall work in close collaboration with the local government. The GoS undertakes to bear the expenses of their work.", "TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMITTEE", "316. The Truth and Reconciliation Committee shall assess the root causes of the conflict in Darfur, investigate violations, crimes and human rights abuses including violations of economic, social and cultural rights committed from February 2003, address issues of impunity and build a culture of confidence, peace and reconciliation.", "317. The TRC shall be composed of eminent personalities reflecting the ethnic and cultural diversity of Sudan, with due respect for gender balance. The membership of the TRC shall include members nominated by the Parties.", "318. The TRC shall adopt its rules of procedure and modus operandi. These procedures shall be simple and accessible.", "1. The TRC shall provide an opportunity for the victims and perpetrators of human rights violations as well as other citizens to share their experiences, establish a common understanding of the past, facilitate genuine healing within and among communities and promote reconciliation and prevention of atrocities in the future.", "319. The TRC shall recommend measures towards comprehensive and lasting peace in Darfur and shall submit its findings and recommendations to the President of the Republic of the Sudan and the National Assembly of Sudan on an annual basis. It shall submit its final report to the President and the National Assembly of Sudan upon the completion of its mandate.", "320. The Parties agree to request the assistance of the international community in providing the necessary financial and technical support for the work of the TRC.", "ARTICLE 59: SPECIAL COURT FOR DARFUR", "1. The Parties agree to call upon the Sudanese Judiciary to establish a Special Court for Darfur, which shall have jurisdiction over gross violations of human rights and serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in Darfur, since February 2003.", "321. The GoS shall appoint the Prosecutor of the Special Court, and shall enable him/her to assume his/her role in bringing perpetrators to justice. The Prosecutor may refer cases to the national courts.", "324. The Special Court shall apply the Sudanese criminal law, international criminal law and international humanitarian and human rights laws.", "325. The GoS shall create conducive conditions to enable the Special Court to undertake its functions in conducting investigations and trials and shall provide the Court with the necessary resources to this end.", "326. A team of specialized experts from the United Nations and the AU, selected in consultation with the GoS, shall observe the courts proceedings to ensure their proper conduct, in accordance with justice and equity rules, enshrined in International Law.", "1. The Parties shall take all necessary measures to guarantee the protection and assistance of victims and witnesses, and ensure their full access to and participation in the justice process. The Parties shall abstain from any act that might discourage witnesses from testifying freely and without fear.", "327. The GoS, with the support of the international community, shall establish a fund for legal aid and other related activities of the Special Court during investigations and trials.", "ARTICLE 60: AMNESTY", "328. In order to create a conducive environment for peace and reconciliation, the GoS shall grant a general amnesty in accordance with the Sudanese Constitution and Laws, to civil and military members, to prisoners of war and those sentenced from the Parties, and on this basis, release the prisoners of war.", "1. The Parties agree that war crimes, crimes against humanity, crimes of genocide, crimes of sexual violence, and gross violations of human rights and humanitarian law shall not be included in the scope of application of the amnesty.", "ARTICLE 61: PUBLIC SERVICES", "331. In order to curb impunity, build confidence and strengthen the rule of law in Darfur and create conducive conditions for confidence-building and reconciliation, the GoS shall establish an independent, impartial, resourced and effective mechanism to identify and take appropriate action against individuals in the public service who have been proven guilty of committing abuses and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law.", "CHAPTER VI: PERMANENT CEASEFIRE AND FINAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS", "ARTICLE 62: GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR PERMANENT CEASEFIRE AND FINAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS", "The Permanent Ceasefire and the Final Security Arrangements shall be based on the following general principles:", "332. The Darfur conflict cannot be resolved militarily and a durable solution can only be obtained through an inclusive political process;", "1. Civilians in Darfur have the right to protection, including provision of specific measures for vulnerable groups such as women and children taking into account their special status in international law, and in recognition that they have suffered disproportionately during the conflict;", "333. The importance of facilitating the mandate of UNAMID, including for the protection of civilians, as outlined in UNSCR 1769 (2007) and UNSCR 1935 (2010) respectively, and the Communiqué of the 79^(th) Meeting of the AU PSC;", "334. The imperative to refrain from all acts of violence against civilians, in particular vulnerable groups such as women and children, and from violations of human rights and international humanitarian law;", "1. The need to address the urgent humanitarian crisis faced by the people of Darfur, including the guarantee of unrestricted humanitarian access to all areas;", "2. Realising and supporting permanent peace in Darfur through, among other things, a comprehensive agreement and final security arrangements that address the root causes and the different aspects of the armed conflict.", "335. Guaranteed free movement for individuals, goods and services in Darfur.", "336. The necessity to have a strong professional and inclusive Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and other security institutions, capable of defending and maintaining the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.", "PERMANENT CEASEFIRE", "ARTICLE 63: PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES AND POSITIVE UNDERTAKINGS", "340. In accordance with this Agreement, the Parties agree to immediately cease and refrain from any:", "i. Acts of hostility, violence or intimidation against the civilian population in Darfur and IDPs;", "ii. Activity that jeopardise the letter and spirit of this Agreement;", "iii. Offensive, provocative or retaliatory actions, including hostile propaganda and the unauthorised redeployment and movement of forces, against another Party or any Movement party to the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA), signed on 5 May 2006 in Abuja, Nigeria, or against the signatories to the Declaration of Commitment to the DPA (DoC DPA), signed thereafter;", "i. Recruitment or any other military activity within or in the proximity of IDP or refugee camps;", "i. Acts of intimidation, hostility, violence or attacks against UNAMID personnel, installations or equipment, members of local or international humanitarian agencies including UN agencies, international organisations and non-governmental organisations, their personnel, installations or equipment, and members of the media;", "iv. Actions that may impede or delay the provision of humanitarian assistance or protection to civilians and restrict free movement of people;", "i. Restrictions on the safe, free and unimpeded movement of humanitarian agencies;", "ii. Use or laying of land mines;", "ii. Acts and forms of gender-based violence and sexual exploitation;", "v. Recruitment and use of boys and girls under age 18 by armed forces and armed groups in hostilities, in accordance with Sudan’s obligations under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, and obligations under Protocol II (1977) of Geneva Conventions of 1949;", "iii. Other activities that could endanger or undermine the Parties’ commitment to a complete and durable cessation of hostilities, including those activities that would be determined to be a violation of the ceasefire based on this Agreement; hostile propaganda against another Party or any armed group party to the DPA;", "iv. Attempt by any Party to disguise its equipment, personnel or activities as those of UNAMID, the UN Agencies, the AU, the International Committee of the Red Cross/Red Crescent (ICRC) or any other similar organisation.", "341. The Parties further undertake to ensure:", "i. The free movement of people and goods;", "ii. Unimpeded access of humanitarian assistance to the population in need and the protection of humanitarian workers and their operations in areas under their control;", "iii. Full cooperation with UNAMID to implement its mandate;", "i. That the provisions of this Agreement are communicated, through the Parties’ chain of command, to all elements of their armed forces, and armed groups under their control or influence including women, and that all such forces and groups shall comply with those provisions.", "iv. The disarmament and disbandment of armed militias in due time, and as a prerequisite for the implementation of comprehensive arms control measures to ensure security throughout Darfur;", "i. That the Ceasefire is not threatened by any foreign combatants present on Sudanese territory;", "ii. That IDPs and other civilians in Darfur shall not be subject to harassment or arbitrary detention by the Government security organisations and the Movements; noting that such activities may be treated as violations of the Ceasefire;", "i. That all children, boys and girls, recruited by armed forces or armed groups, if any, are released unconditionally through the development of Action Plans;", "ii. That all children, boys and girls, who are accused of crimes against international law after being unlawfully recruited by armed forces or armed groups are considered primarily as victims of violations against international law and not as alleged perpetrators.", "ARTICLE 64: CEASEFIRE COMMISSION", "342. The Ceasefire Commission, hereafter referred to as “the CFC”, and the Joint Commission, hereafter referred to as “the Commission” shall be established as Ceasefire monitoring and verification mechanisms.", "343. The CFC shall comprise the under listed components:", "i. The CFC headquartered in El Fasher;", "ii. The CFC Secretariat headquartered in El Fasher;", "i. Sector Sub-Ceasefire Commission (SSCFC);", "ii. The Ceasefire Team Site Group (CTSG).", "344. The CFC has the overall responsibility for the monitoring and implementation of the Permanent Ceasefire, and shall endeavour to make decisions by consensus. Where consensus cannot be reached, the CFC shall commit the issue for arbitration by the Commission. The Parties are responsible for implementing the Ceasefire Agreement and shall be obliged to adhere to the recommendations of the Commission.", "345. Cognisant of the important role of women in peace making, adequate and effective representation of women shall be guaranteed by the Parties at all levels of the ceasefire mechanism.", "346. The Parties shall guarantee UNAMID unimpeded freedom of movement in all areas and at all times in Darfur in the exercise of its mandate.", "347. The Parties commit themselves to participating fully and actively in the CFC, the Sector Sub‑CFCs and CTSGs and to supporting their work.", "FUNCTIONS OF THE CFC", "348. The functions of the CFC shall be to:", "i. Monitor compliance of the Parties to their obligations under the Permanent Ceasefire and the conduct of the respective armed forces;", "ii. Coordinate planning, monitoring and verification of the implementation of the Permanent Ceasefire;", "iii. Define the routes for all movement of the Parties’ forces in order to reduce risks of incidents; and approve all such movements which must be requested by the Parties with at least 72 hours notice;", "iv. Support de-mining operations;", "i. Produce, through its Chairperson, the master map showing disposition of the Parties, and Demilitarised Zones (DMZ) around IDP camps and hosting communities;", "ii. Receive, verify, analyse and resolve complaints related to possible violations of the Ceasefire;", "i. Issue violation reports in the event that a Party commits any prohibited act, as stipulated in the Permanent Ceasefire;", "ii. Assist in the dissemination of information about the Permanent Ceasefire;", "iii. Serve as a channel of communication between the Parties;", "iv. Support the Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) of the ex-combatants as and when agreed by the Parties.", "COMPOSITION OF THE CFC", "349. The CFC shall be constituted as follows:", "i. UNAMID Force Commander Chairperson", "ii. Three members from each Party Members", "iii. One Representative of the State of Qatar Member", "350. The Chairperson shall, as required, co-opt representatives of other components/sections of UNAMID i.e. Police, HLO, PAD, Legal office as members without voting right.", "1. The Parties may decide on the number and composition of observers at a later date. Observers are an important facet for the implementation of the Permanent Ceasefire as they facilitate and advise the CFC and the Parties. They may include but are not limited to international/regional organisations or individual countries. Observers may attend open sessions and meetings of the CFC and Sub-CFCs. If deemed appropriate and agreed upon by the Parties, observers will be briefed on closed sessions/meetings.", "CHAIRPERSON OF THE CFC", "1. The UNAMID Force Commander shall be the Chairperson of the CFC, and in his absence, the Deputy Force Commander shall perform the duties.", "DUTIES OF CFC CHAIRPERSON", "351. The duties and responsibilities of the Chairperson shall include:", "i. Preside over all CFC meetings;", "ii. Define the CFC programme of activities;", "iii. Ensure implementation of the decisions and recommendations of both CFC and the Commission;", "iv. Order independent or supplementary investigations at CFC level whenever appropriate;", "v. Ensure the submission of weekly reports to the Commission;", "vi. Ensure that appropriate measures are taken for CFC members to respect the local laws and regulations, refrain from any action or activity incompatible with the impartial and international nature of their duties.", "MEETINGS", "354. CFC meetings shall be convened by the Chairperson or at the request of the Parties. The meetings shall be held at UNAMID Headquarters, El Fasher or in any other venue as shall be decided by the Chairperson. The meetings shall be conducted under the following guidelines:", "i. The agenda for the meeting shall be adopted at the beginning of the session;", "i. The CFC deliberations and decisions are reached by consensus, but if the Parties are unable to reach an agreement on a matter before the CFC, the Chairperson shall refer the matter to the Commission for resolution. The Parties shall be obliged to adhere to the ruling of the Commission;", "iii. At every session, minutes of meetings shall be signed by the secretary and authenticated by the Chairperson and brought to the next meeting for confirmation as a true record of the proceedings and shall be binding upon the Parties;", "iv. Sub committees may be constituted for specific tasks whenever necessary and shall present their reports before the CFC for adoption/rejection;", "v. Observers may make comments at the request of the Chairperson.", "CODE OF CONDUCT", "355. CFC members and observers will be expected at all times to adhere to the code of conduct which includes the following:", "i. Dialogue and appropriate and polite language should be used as the guiding principle during deliberations;", "i. Any issues that Members wish to raise should be addressed to the Chair;", "ii. Personal attacks or animosity shall not be accepted from any member;", "iii. Punctuality shall be observed by all members;", "iv. No member of the CFC shall brief the press or issue statement on behalf of the CFC without prior authorisation by the Chairperson;", "v. Deliberations of the CFC are confidential and are shared only on a need to know basis;", "i. Avoid actions that may discredit any Party;", "ii. Place the interests of the people of Darfur and other resident civilians, including women and children, ahead of personal considerations;", "ix. Understand the CFC mandate and act within it.", "356. The Chairperson shall exercise control over the CFC Secretariat and the subordinate level SSCFC as defined in this Agreement. The Sector Commanders and Chief of Staff CFC Secretariat shall be directly answerable to the Chairperson on the management of CFC resources put under their control.", "357. The Sector Commanders shall exercise control of the SSCFCs and Ceasefire TSGs within their Areas of Responsibility (AORs) and remain answerable to the Chairperson. The SSCFC reports on violations shall be forwarded to the Chairperson through the CFC Secretariat.", "SECTOR SUB-CEASEFIRE COMMISSION", "358. Each sector shall establish and maintain Sector Sub-Ceasefire Commission inclusive of women to ensure an effective investigation and reporting cycle. The sectors shall establish a Secretariat to be headed by the Chief sub CFC modelled on the CFC Secretariat. Team site groups comprising various elements at sub-unit/unit levels, inclusive of women, shall be established as the primary sources of reporting incidents and investigating violations to the Permanent Ceasefire.", "FUNCTIONS OF SSCFC", "359. The main functions of the SSCFC are to:", "i. Oversee compliance of the Parties to their obligations within the Sector AOR as per the Permanent Ceasefire;", "ii. Consider, verify, investigate and report matters of disagreements and alleged violations between the Parties, in accordance with the Permanent Ceasefire;", "i. Implement CFC policy and directives;", "iii. Report periodically and refer unresolved complaints to the CFC at FHQ with a full explanation as to the matter in dispute;", "iv. Assume responsibility for investigations of violations as stipulated in the Permanent Ceasefire;", "v. Assign tasks/missions to TSGs.", "360. When consensus cannot be reached on a particular issue, it shall be forwarded to the CFC for resolution.", "COMPOSITION", "361. The SSCFC shall comprise the following members:", "i. Sector Commander — Chairperson", "ii. Two representatives from each party — Members", "i. Secretary", "ii. Co-opted members from relevant UNAMID components who shall have no voting rights.", "REPORTS", "362. SSCFCs shall forward their reports covering ceasefire violations as clearly reaffirmed in the Permanent Ceasefire or in any other agreement in force to the CFC Secretariat by 1600 hrs daily. As a minimum, the report is to cover:", "i. Nature/type of violation;", "i. When and where it occurred;", "ii. Party/Parties involved;", "iii. Confirmed or unconfirmed;", "iv. UNAMID actions;", "v. Any other relevant facts/information.", "CEASEFIRE TEAM SITE GROUPS", "363. The CTSGs provide SSCFC with situational awareness and serve as the first level of conflict resolution within the Mission. In recognition of the role that women must play in the peace and security process, women shall be included in all CTSGs.", "1. The CTSGs are responsible for overseeing the compliance of the Parties to the ceasefire as enshrined in the Permanent Ceasefire within their areas of responsibility. This will be achieved through monitoring, patrolling, visiting, inspecting, liaising, investigating, verifying and reporting as directed and supervised by the SSCFC.", "COMPOSITION OF CEASEFIRE TEAM SITE GROUPS", "365. The CTSGs at sub-unit level shall be composed of:", "i. Military Observer Team Leader - Chairperson", "ii. Two Representatives from each Party - Members", "ARTICLE 65: JOINT COMMISSION", "366. The Joint Special Representative (JSR), UNAMID shall chair the Commission and in his/her absence, the Deputy JSR shall perform the duties. The Commission shall be composed of the following:", "i. UNAMID JSR — Chairperson", "ii. State of Qatar — Member", "iii. Three representatives from each Party — Members", "iv. League of Arab States (LAS) — Member", "v. European Union — Member", "vi. UNAMID Political Affairs — Secretary", "367. The following countries shall enjoy observer status and may be called upon by the Chair to address the Commission as required:", "i. Canada;", "ii. China;", "iii. Norway.", "FUNCTIONS/TERMS OF REFERENCE", "368. The Commission shall be established to resolve disputes among Parties referred to it by the CFC, and for ensuring the effective implementation of the provisions of the Final Security Arrangements.", "369. The Commission shall perform the following functions:", "i. Follow-up the implementation of the Permanent Ceasefire and the Final Security Arrangements established by this Agreement;", "ii. Be responsible for the interpretation of provisions of the Permanent Ceasefire and the Final Security Arrangements, when necessary;", "iii. Arbitrate irregularities and violations, and accept and decide upon complaints filed by the Parties and which cannot be suitably addressed by the CFC. All attempts will be made to investigate fully and resolve contentious issues collaboratively and by consensus at the lowest level;", "i. In case of gross violations, the Commission shall notify the African Union and the United Nations;", "ii. In accordance with the UNSCR 1325 (2000), the Commission shall ensure that all forms of violence that specifically affect women and children are heard and redressed in a gender sensitive and competent manner;", "iii. Draw attention to any development that would impede or compromise the implementation of the Ceasefire and the Final Security Arrangements, and to take measures to avoid repetition;", "i. Make recommendations on appropriate measures that should be taken in respect of those responsible for violations of the Ceasefire;", "ii. Any additional functions that the Commission may deem appropriate within the spirit of this Agreement.", "MEETINGS", "370. The Commission shall hold its meetings at the UNAMID headquarters in El Fasher or by exception in any other country agreed by the Commission.", "1. The Commission shall meet on a monthly basis and shall issue a report after each meeting. The members shall be notified of the agenda and documentation at least seven days before each meeting. The Commission shall call emergency meetings, and forego this preliminary notification requirement, when deemed necessary. Any of the Parties may request the Commission to convene an emergency meeting when deemed necessary.", "2. The Parties shall abide by and implement the Commission’s recommendations on the measures taken in regard to ceasefire violations.", "3. The Parties shall circulate to their members and constituencies, the reports of the Commission.", "374. The Commission shall issue regular public statements on progress towards implementing the relevant provisions of this Agreement.", "1. The Commission shall make its decisions by consensus. Where consensus cannot be reached by the Parties, the Chairperson with the international members of the Commission, and in consultations with the Observers, shall make a decision in the best interest of maintaining the ceasefire and the decision shall be binding on the Parties.", "FINAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS", "ARTICLE 66: DISENGAGEMENT, REDEPLOYMENT AND LIMITED ARMS CONTROL GENERAL PROVISIONS", "2. The Parties understand that ceasefire requires appropriate processes of military disengagement, redeployment of forces and limited arms control.", "3. The ceasefire shall take place in incremental steps and on a reciprocal basis, with appropriate security guarantees and through agreements reached in the CFC and with verification by UNAMID.", "4. The CFC shall be responsible for planning, co-ordination, management and supervision of the processes. The CFC shall oversee the implementation of decisions and agreements.", "5. The processes shall occur in the following sequence:", "i. Preparation for disengagement and redeployment including verification;", "ii. Phase 1: Disengagement;", "i. Phase 2: Redeployment;", "ii. Phase 3: Arms Control.", "380. The Parties shall inform their field commanders of all the components of the plans and the rules relating to these phases and shall ensure compliance with these rules.", "1. The Parties shall inform the Chairperson of the CFC of the exact locations of their forces and these shall be indicated clearly on maps to be attached as an annex to a copy of the Agreement to be confidentially kept by UNAMID. These locations shall be subject to verification by UNAMID and will be indicated on a Master Map.", "382. The Parties shall be bound by the Master Map as determined in the first instance by UNAMID. The Map may be modified thereafter by the Chairperson of the CFC in consultation with the Parties.", "383. The Chairperson of the CFC shall provide the Parties with adjusted maps of the Movements’ camps, DMZs, Demilitarised Humanitarian Supply Routes, Buffer Zones, and Redeployment Areas.", "384. The Parties shall be bound by the main rules for movement of troops, arms, provisions and supplies in accordance with the following:", "i. A notification shall be given, 72 hours in advance, to the CFC and shall be approved by CFC for the movement of armed soldiers during the first phase (Disengagement) and the second phase (Redeployment);", "i. A notification shall be given, 72 hours in advance, to the CFC and shall be approved by CFC for the movement of Class V and Class VII (ammunition and weapons systems) to, within and from the area(s), during the first phase (Disengagement) and the second phase (Redeployment);", "iii. For ordinary supplies to and from these areas during these phases, Class I (food and water), Class II (equipment and medical supplies), Class III (fuel, oil and lubricants) and Class IV (construction materials) only notification to the CFC 72 hours in advance is necessary.", "385. Concentration and deployment of forces by the GoS and utilisation of access routes including DMZs and buffer zones, for the purpose of border protection in Darfur shall not be subject to any restriction. However, in the event that the deployment entails entry into an area controlled by a Movement’s forces, the GoS shall notify the Party concerned.", "1. Concentration and deployment of forces by the Movements and utilisation of access routes for the purpose of protecting this Agreement against any hostile activities shall be subject to approval by the CFC and notification to, and monitoring by UNAMID.", "1. Government forces may not enter any DMZ or buffer zone or redeployment area or assembly area of a Movement’s forces without the written permission of the CFC.", "2. Any breach of the rules relating to the disengagement, redeployment and limited arms control processes presented in this Chapter is a violation of the ceasefire.", "ARTICLE 67: PREPARATION FOR DISENGAGEMENT AND REDEPLOYMENT", "DECISION-MAKING AND COMMUNICATION", "389. In preparation for disengagement and redeployment, the CFC shall endeavour to make decisions and resolve disputes by consensus.", "390. Where the Parties are unable to reach consensus, the Chairperson of the CFC shall refer the dispute to the Commission for its decision. The Parties shall be bound by decisions taken by the Commission.", "391. The Chairperson of the CFC shall ensure that all decisions and agreements relating to DMZs, Buffer Zones and Redeployment Areas are demarcated clearly on maps with precise GPS co‑ordinates. The Chairperson shall ensure that the Parties have the same maps with the same demarcations.", "1. The Chairperson of CFC shall establish, in coordination with the Government, a system for an effective and secure communications procedure between the CFC and the Parties.", "VERIFICATION", "1. For the purpose of implementing the overall final security arrangements, UNAMID shall verify information submitted by the Parties; including the exact locations and equipment thereof, number and types of weapons, strength of their forces including the presence of any children among their ranks and other information that UNAMID or CFC may request. This information shall be confidential throughout the preparatory, disengagement, redeployment and limited arms control phases. The information shall be restricted to the Chairperson of the CFC only, until the beginning of the integration and demobilisation phase.", "2. The verification process of the Movements’ forces and their areas of control shall be limited to units no smaller than company level, normally 150 (one hundred and fifty) soldiers or sub-units with equivalent capability. Uninterrupted duration of control by such unit/sub-unit is a condition for the area to qualify as being under the control of the Movements.", "PLANS", "PHASE ONE: DISENGAGEMENT", "395. The process of disengagement shall include the following steps:", "i. Movements and activities of the Parties shall be confined to the areas allocated for the Parties as demarcated and shown on the Master Maps;", "ii. In consultation with the Parties, the Chairperson of CFC shall establish DMZs around IDPs camp sites and host communities and along selected humanitarian supply routes;", "i. After consultation with the Parties, the Chairperson of CFC shall establish buffer zones in between forces of the Parties and areas experiencing intense conflicts, where necessary;", "ii. The Parties shall ensure that the armed and militias groups under their control of influence are committed to and comply with the ceasefire;", "v. No Party shall undertake any military activities or establish any new armed group or militia.", "PRESENCE OF FOREIGN ARMED COMBATANTS IN DARFUR", "396. The presence of foreign armed combatants in Darfur is a serious challenge to peace and security and constitutes a potential threat to this Agreement. Consistently with paragraph 385, the GoS shall take appropriate measures to control, disarm, neutralise and repatriate these groups.", "1. The Parties note the action being taken in collaboration with neighbouring countries to control the presence of foreign armed combatants in Darfur and agree to support the initiative.", "PHASE Two REDEPLOYMENT", "398. The process of redeployment involves the following activities:", "i. The Chairperson of the CFC, in consultation with the Parties, shall establish buffer zones and Redeployment Areas.", "ii. The Parties shall redeploy their forces and their weapons away from the buffer zones and into their respective Redeployment Areas.", "i. UNAMID shall monitor the buffer zones and conduct patrols therein.", "ii. The restoration of provision of basic services and access to basic services for civilians.", "DISARMAMENT OF ARMED MILITIA GROUPS", "399. All armed militia groups shall be disarmed and disbanded as a prerequisite for the implementation of comprehensive arms control measures, to ensure security throughout Darfur. The GoS shall be responsible for the disarmament of the armed militia. In this regard, the GoS shall present a comprehensive plan to the CFC for the disarmament and disbandment of armed militia, and for combating illegally armed persons, bandits and other outlaw groups both foreign and local operating in Darfur. The plan shall include measures to be taken to complete the exercise before the start of the integration phase. The plan shall also include measures for the rehabilitation and socio-economic reintegration of members of these disbanded groups, and the separation of men and women in assembly areas.", "400. This plan shall be presented to the Chairperson of the CFC for review and approval before the commencement of the phase 1, and implemented according to the timetable of the plan.", "401. The CFC shall monitor and verify the disarmament and disbandment of the militia groups, and the combating of illegally armed persons, bandits and other outlaw groups, in accordance with the agreed plan.", "PHASE THREE:", "LIMITED ARMS CONTROL", "402. Following the redeployment of the Parties’ forces into their respective Redeployment Areas and before assembly of the Movements’ forces, the following limited arms control measures shall take place:", "i. The Movements shall store their long-range and crew-assisted weapons, artillery and relevant munitions in secure locations designated by the Chairperson of the CFC. UNAMID shall carry out inspection at the unit level. The Movements’ combatants shall retain personal weapons until the commencement of integration into the SAF and the Sudan Police Forces (SPF);", "ii. In consultation with the Parties, UNAMID shall prepare the sites for temporary storage of long-range and crew assisted weapons, artillery and related munitions and monitor the storage of weapons and munitions that have to be held subject to the inspection of UNAMID;", "iii. The Chairperson of the CFC shall oversee the arms control process and determine the requirements and procedures for holding and inspection, including the precise designation of the weapons, artillery and munitions to be stored.", "JOINT COORDINATION MECHANISM", "403. For the purpose of confidence-building and maintaining security in Darfur, the Parties shall establish a Joint Coordination Mechanism (JCM), after the verification of the Movements’ forces. The JCM shall remain in force until the commencement of the integration process, and shall function under the strict guidance of the CFC.", "404. The JCM shall perform the following functions:", "i. The coordination of efforts and steps in addressing any potential threat to the implementation of this Agreement;", "ii. The exchange of intelligence and other relevant information;", "i. The supervision of measures to organise the Movements’ forces and the maintenance of their security in the redeployment areas and assembly areas;", "i. The facilitation of the distribution of Non-military Logistical support as agreed upon by the Parties and in collaboration with the Joint Logistics Coordination Committee (JLCC);", "ii. The facilitation of the dissemination of the terms of this Agreement to field commanders and forces under their command and the sequence of the phases of its implementation;", "iii. Any other tasks as shall be agreed upon.", "ARTICLE 68: DEMILITARISED ZONES AND BUFFER ZONES GENERAL COMMITMENTS", "405. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to:", "i. Respect the rights of civilians including the IDPs and refugees;", "ii. Refrain from activities that would undermine the safety, welfare and security of civilians and IDPs;", "i. Refrain from activities that would undermine or endanger humanitarian operations in Darfur;", "ii. Create an enabling environment for the safe voluntary and sustainable return of IDPs and refugees to their places of origin;", "v. Provide special protection for women, disabled persons, children including those associated with the armed forces and armed groups, and other persons with special needs.", "DEMILITARISED ZONES", "406. Without prejudice to paragraph 385, the Demilitarised Zones shall be an area subject to the following rules:", "i. There shall be no forces in this zone of any Party or any other armed group or militias except by permission of the CFC and escorted by UNAMID;", "i. There shall be no carrying of weapons by any persons except with the permission of the CFC and escorted by UNAMID;", "iii. The perimeter of a DMZ shall not include any urban area, approaches to an airport or urban security plan locations that are the full responsibility of the GoS;", "iv. The Chairperson of the CFC shall determine the borders of the DMZ following consultation with the Parties;", "i. The Chairperson of the CFC in consultation with the members of the CFC shall decide whether the redeployment process of the forces related to any Party is a necessary measure;", "v. The Chairperson of the CFC shall, in consultation with the members of the CFC decide the measures connected to any required redeployment in addition to the timetable pertaining to this redeployment;", "vi. The CFC shall consider any violation pertaining to the DMZs as ceasefire violation.", "407. UNAMID shall have the following responsibilities in relation to DMZs surrounding IDP camp sites and hosting communities and humanitarian supply routes:", "i. UNAMID and the SPF, in the GoS areas of control and the Movements’ Liaison Officers, in areas where the CFC verifies and recognises the Movements’ control, shall develop a plan for patrolling and monitoring the DMZs around IDP camps and shall oversee the implementation of the plan;", "ii. DMZs falling within areas of control of the GoS shall be patrolled by units of UNAMID and the SPF. Executive policing functions shall be carried out by the SPF under the monitoring of UNAMID;", "iii. DMZs falling within areas where the CFC verifies and recognises the Movements’ control shall be patrolled by units comprising UNAMID and the Movements’ Liaison Officers.", "BUFFER ZONES", "408. The CFC shall develop a plan including rules and procedures for patrolling and monitoring the Buffer Zones and shall oversee its implementation.", "ARTICLE 69: NON-MILITARY LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO THE MOVEMENTS", "409. The Movements may request non-military logistical support and the GoS shall provide such support and may ask international partners to assist in this regard.", "410. A Joint Logistics Coordination Committee shall be established by UNAMID and be composed of the Parties, UNAMID and representatives of the donors that may provide such assistance. The modalities of the support shall be determined by the Committee.", "411. The terms of reference of the JLCC shall include the following:", "i. Gather and collate data on the logistical requirements of the Movements' forces in terms of food, water, shelter, clothing and medical supplies/treatment and transportation needs as determined by the JLCC;", "ii. Receive and store logistical supplies from international donors;", "i. Place orders for logistical supplies in appropriate quantity and quality;", "ii. Distribute logistical supplies to the Movements' forces through distribution points or centres in the redeployment areas and assembly areas;", "v. Determine the rules and procedures that govern the provision of non-military logistical supplies to the Movements' forces.", "412. The following conditions shall be fulfilled for such support to be provided:", "i. The number and location of combatants including the presence of children, if any, among the ranks, is given to the UNAMID Force Commander and verified in accordance with paragraphs 393 & 394;", "ii. Accessible locations for sizeable number of combatants are identified and agreed upon.", "ARTICLE 70: SECURITY OF IDP CAMPS AND HUMANITARIAN OPERATIONS IN DARFUR", "413. The GoS shall, in consultation with the DRA, recruit male and female volunteers from the local communities, IDPs and returning refugees into the Community Police, to participate in maintaining the security and safety of the IDPs' camps and voluntary return villages. The UNAMID shall contribute in training the community police.", "414. The Parties agree to refrain from acts that might jeopardize the humanitarian operations in Darfur and restate commitment to create appropriate security conditions for the unimpeded flow of humanitarian assistance and goods, guarantee security in IDP camps and the creation of an atmosphere conducive for the safe voluntary and sustained return of IDPs and refugees to their areas of origin.", "415. The Parties' forces shall refrain from activities that would undermine the safety, welfare and security of IDPs.", "ARTICLE 71: CIVILIAN ARMS CONTROL", "416. Owing to the proliferation of small arms in the hands of civilians in Darfur, the Parties, with the support of UNDP and UNAMID, shall develop a strategy and plans for the implementation of a voluntary civilian arms control programme.", "417. The GoS shall mobilize resources for the civilian arms control programmes. The GoS may seek assistance from international organizations.", "ARTICLE 72: DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION, AND INTEGRATION OF FORMER COMBATANTS INTO THE SUDANESE ARMED FORCES AND POLICE FORCES", "GENERAL PROVISIONS", "1. The Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) and Integration-process shall take place within the designated assembly areas after phase III, with only those former combatants that have been verified as part of the Movements' forces. UNAMID, in consultation with the Movements, shall develop a plan for the assembly areas to include:", "i. The size, number and locations of the assembly areas;", "ii. Desired characteristics of the assembly areas, taking into account the specific needs of female former combatants;", "i. Accessibility for the provision of logistical support;", "ii. UNAMID shall present this Plan to the CFC for approval. The CFC shall designate the assembly areas in the light of the plan.", "419. The Movements shall be responsible for the administration, discipline and internal security of former combatants in the assembly areas.", "420. Long-range, artillery, crew-served weapons and relevant munitions shall not be moved into the assembly areas.", "421. Logistics support shall be provided for the establishment of the assembly areas and during the processes of disarmament and demobilization, and integration.", "422. On the completion of the verification and registration process and the establishment of assembly areas, the Movements' combatants that have been so verified and registered shall move into the assembly areas with only small arms. UNAMID shall support and monitor the process.", "423. The GoS shall provide former combatants who wish to return to civilian life or do not meet the eligibility criteria for entry into the SAF and the SPF with social and economic reintegration opportunities.", "424. Fairness, transparency and equity shall be ensured in determining the eligibility of former combatants targeted for assistance.", "1. Former combatants shall be treated equally irrespective of their previous Movements' affiliation. They shall also be empowered by provision of training and information to voluntarily choose their path to reintegration. The reintegration process shall be community based and benefit both returnees and local communities.", "1. Reintegration programme shall be designed to be sustainable over the long-term and include follow-up monitoring and continuing support measures as needed.", "425. The reintegration programme shall encourage the participation of the communities and civil society organizations including women groups, with the view to strengthening their capacity to play their role in improving and sustaining the social and economic reintegration of former combatants.", "426. The GoS shall provide financial and logistical support for the DDR and Integration programme and may seek to mobilize support from the international community.", "427. Specific resources shall be mobilized and set aside to address the special reintegration needs of women.", "DISARMAMENT AND DEMOBILIZATION", "2. Parties agree that the North-Sudan DDR Commission shall be re-established to reflect new realities. The Commission shall be expanded to include representatives from the Movements.", "3. UNAMID shall conduct the verification of Movements' forces concurrently in all the areas.", "432. The DDR Commission, with the assistance of UNAMID and other relevant UN Agencies, shall develop plans including the timing and sequencing of phases of DDR of former combatants.", "433. The Parties shall assemble their former combatants. However, care shall be taken for disarmament and demobilization to be done in accordance with the following:", "i. Awareness and sensitisation of the leadership and their forces on disarmament, demobilization, reintegration and the peace process as well as their roles and responsibilities;", "ii. The Parties shall decide on the criteria of eligibility for the process of disarming the combatants who are not integrated;", "iii. The Parties shall ensure that the duration of the release process of all child combatants, if any, is as brief as possible and not dependent on any release or demobilization of adults. The safety and dignity of the child and his/her need for confidentiality must be primary considerations. Children should be rapidly separated from adult fighters and handed over to an appropriate, mandated and independent civilian process;", "iv. The Parties shall not transfer former combatants who are below the age of 18 to the assembly areas. Rather, they shall be released and demobilized separately before the signing of this Agreement;", "v. The Parties shall begin, as a matter of priority, the process of demobilization and reintegration of special needs groups, which includes disabled ex-combatants and women.", "ARTICLE 73: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC REINTEGRATION OF EX-COMBATANTS INTO CIVILIAN SOCIETY", "434. Disarmed and demobilized ex-combatants shall be socially and economically reintegrated into the civilian society. The GoS shall mobilize its own resources as well as seek assistance from the international community and assume the responsibility to reintegrate ex-combatants into civilian life through proper social and economic reintegration programmes.", "435. The programme for the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants shall also contain a community-based approach, including community violence reduction measures, in accordance with local conditions, in order to further the goal of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration.", "1. Principles of fairness and transparency, equality and integrity shall be followed in the social and economic reintegration of ex-combatants. Moreover, former combatants shall be treated equally irrespective of their former association with any of the Movements.", "437. The process of reintegration shall be community-based so that both the returnees and the local communities will benefit from it.", "438. It is imperative that social and economic reintegration of ex-combatants assures the participation of local communities and civil society organizations including women groups, towards enabling them to play their role in the sustainability of the social and economic reintegration of boys and girls associated with armed forces and armed groups and other vulnerable conflict affected children.", "439. Reintegration programmes must be inclusive to support boys and girls who have left armed forces or armed Movements through formal and informal processes, as well as other vulnerable conflict affected children in need of protection, such as girl mothers.", "440. Priority shall be to address the social and economic reintegration of Special Needs Groups such as women combatants and women associated with armed Movements, in particular widows, boys and girls associated with armed forces and armed Movements and other vulnerable conflict affected children, disabled combatants and the elderly.", "1. Efforts shall be made to realize the long term sustainability of reintegration through community-based approach. These efforts are to include follow-up action, monitoring measures and ongoing support, as required.", "ARTICLE 74: INTEGRATION OF FORMER COMBATANTS INTO THE SUDAN ARMED FORCES AND POLICE FORCES", "INTEGRATION PRINCIPLES", "2. An agreed number of eligible combatants from the Movements' forces shall be integrated into the SAF and the SPF. The number shall be determined by the Parties with the assistance of the ITC.", "3. The GoS shall provide support and training for former combatants, including accelerated training, which are necessary to ensure fulfilment of the eligibility criteria for capacity enhancement and promotion to higher ranks.", "4. The GoS in consultation with the Movements may ask UNAMID, the donors and the international partners to create opportunities for training and professionalization within its training institutions in favour of former combatants, including officers, non-commissioned officers, soldiers and the police to enhance their professional expertise.", "441. Former combatants integrated into the SAF and SPF shall be excluded from any downsizing process of the SAF and SPF during the first six years of service, except for those that have violated the regulations and code of conduct of these institutions.", "446. Former combatants, male and female, who do not wish to join the Sudanese Armed Forces and Police Forces but expressed the desire to join the civil service, shall be referred to the NCSC as decided by the DDR Commission for assessment and placement.", "1. The GoS shall act towards having a number of former combatants occupy posts in the Office of the Chief of Staff, divisional general commands at the level of the higher commandment of the SAF, brigade commands, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Interior, the headquarters of the higher police command in the capital, in Darfur States, and in other parts of Sudan, according to the criteria applicable in the SAF and the SPF.", "DARFUR SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS IMPLEMENTATION COMMISSION", "447. The Darfur Security Arrangements Implementation Commission (DSAIC) shall be established by the DRA. As a subsidiary body of the DRA, the DSAIC shall coordinate the implementation of the security arrangements provisions of this Agreement.", "448. The Commission shall establish an Integration Technical Committee (ITC) to design, plan, implement, manage, and monitor the integration programme of former combatants.", "2. The membership of the ITC which shall include women shall consist of UNAMID, representatives of the Parties and technical experts from a country or countries acceptable to the Parties.", "1. DSAIC members shall include the representatives of the Governors of the three Darfur States, a representative of the Chief of Staff of the SAF, a representative of the National Council for DDR Coordination, representatives of the Movements and representatives of UNAMID, and other persons required to implement integration. The Chairperson of the DSAIC shall be appointed by a Presidential Decree in consultation with the Chairperson of the DRA.", "449. All subsidiary bodies established by the DSAIC shall include representatives from the entities that make up the membership of the DSAIC.", "450. Women shall be fairly represented in the DSAIC and the subsidiary bodies it establishes. These bodies shall develop mechanisms to ensure that their work incorporates appropriate input from women on issues of special concern to women and children.", "THE INTEGRATION PLAN", "454. The Integration programme shall be phased as defined by the ITC.", "455. The Parties agree to determine the number of male and female former combatants to be integrated in the SAF, the SPF and selected civil services on the basis of the verified number of the Movements' forces.", "1. The integration of the Movements' forces into the SAF and the SPF shall include a vetting process agreed upon by the Parties and monitored by the ITC, and shall be guided by the following criteria:", "i. Sudanese nationality;", "ii. Age (shall not be less than 18 or has attained retirement age);", "iii. Medical and mental fitness subject to ITC determination;", "i. Combat experience;", "iv. No previous criminal conviction;", "v. Voluntary consent of the individual.", "457. Criteria guiding the integration of officers shall include, in addition to the above, the following:", "i. Academic qualification (a minimum of secondary school certificate. The ITC could make exceptions for a considerable number of field commanders);", "ii. Combat experience;", "i. Age;", "ii. Not to have been dismissed due to incompetence.", "458. The former combatants who have been integrated shall be subjected to military training in accordance with the requirements of each unit.", "459. The number of officers agreed upon for integration shall be proportional to the total number of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in accordance with the organizational structure of the SAF and SPF.", "460. Officers and non-commissioned officers who are entering the military and police forces for the first time will be subjected to a period of training based on the curriculum of courses in the respective forces.", "461. The following criteria shall guide the process of determining ranks:", "i. Age;", "ii. Training and combat experience;", "iii. Academic qualifications;", "iv. Former military and police officers dismissed because of the conflict in Darfur shall be returned to their former ranks in the first instance and thereafter given the ranks of their course mates after passing the required competency based tests;", "v. Any other applicable criteria agreed upon by the Parties.", "462. The GoS shall provide standardized training to those ex-combatants above age 18 selected for integration into the SAF and the SPF.", "REFORM OF SOME MILITARY INSTITUTIONS", "463. The Parties recognize the need for reform and development of military institutions in Darfur in order to improve their capacity, effectiveness and professionalism and to strengthen the rule of law in accordance with accepted standards.", "464. The GoS shall submit a plan, including timelines, for the reform, development and restructuring of the identified military institutions to the DSAIC to monitor its implementation. The GoS may source funding and experts to support this exercise from within and outside Sudan.", "TIMEFRAME AND SEQUENCING OF ACTIVITIES", "465. The phases shall be undertaken according to the following timelines:", "i. The preparatory phase shall be completed 7 days after the signing of this Agreement;", "ii. Phase 1 on disengagement shall commence immediately after the completion of the preparations and shall be concluded within 45 days;", "i. Phase 2 on redeployment shall commence immediately after the completion of Phase 1 and shall be concluded within 45 days;", "ii. Phase 3 on limited arms control shall commence immediately after the completion of Phase 2 and shall be concluded within 30 days;", "v. The integration, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants shall commence immediately after the completion of Phase 3.", "466. In consultation with the Parties, the Chairperson of the CFC may amend this schedule if so required for security, logistical or other reasons.", "OTHER PROVISIONS", "ARTICLE 75: SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES", "467. Any disagreement or dispute over the interpretation of the final security provisions or any of the existing ceasefire agreements shall be referred to the Commission which shall make its decisions by consensus.", "1. Where consensus cannot be reached by the Parties, the Chairperson of the Commission shall, together with the international members and in consultation with the observers of the Commission, make a decision in the best interest of maintaining the ceasefire, and the Parties shall abide by the decision.", "CHAPTER VII: INTERNAL DIALOGUE AND CONSULTATION AND", "IMPLEMENTATION MODALITIES", "ARTICLE 76: DARFUR INTERNAL DIALOGUE AND CONSULTATION", "469. The Parties fully recognize the important role that the Darfur stakeholders have played in the Doha peace process.", "470. The Parties agree that the outcomes of the various consultations and discussions held in and outside Darfur/Sudan, including the Doha Forums I and II, and the ADSC, on issues relating to the root causes and consequences of the conflict have enriched the negotiations that led to the signing of this Agreement.", "471. The Parties stress the necessity for the continuation of the dialogue and consultation within Darfur, in order to consolidate peace and promote reconciliation and healing.", "472. The Parties therefore agree that a Darfur Internal Dialogue and Consultation (DIDC) shall be conducted, in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.", "TERMS OF REFERENCE", "473. Primarily, the DIDC will, through popular consultation and dialogue seek to consolidate peace in Darfur, promote confidence-building and encourage reconciliation as well as unity among the people of Darfur and Sudan in general. Specifically, the DIDC will aim at:", "i. Widening ownership for this Agreement and mobilizing support for its implementation;", "ii. Addressing issues related to civic responsibilities, democratic values and practice as well as peacebuilding;", "iii. Enhancing time tested traditional practices regarding settlement of local disputes, land ownership, pastures, transhumance, water and natural resources etc. ... ;", "i. Promoting inter-tribal and inter-communal peace, reconciliation and harmonious coexistence;", "iv. Enhancing the status of Native Administration including restoring its authority and building its capacity;", "ii. Raising awareness and mobilizing support for all measures taken regarding civilian arms control, the promotion of women, youth development, the safe return of IDPs and refugees and their reintegration into the society, property restitution and compensation, as provided for in this Agreement; and", "vii. Bringing about a social and political rejuvenation in Darfur and helping the people to come to terms with their immediate past and forge ahead.", "FACILITATION OF THE DIDC", "474. The Parties agree that the DIDC shall be facilitated by UNAMID, the AU and the State of Qatar. These entities are requested to develop the modalities and the mechanisms for the conduct of the DIDC as well as the timelines within which it will take place. The Parties undertake to take necessary steps to create the enabling environment to enhance the credibility of the process and outcome of DIDC.", "1. Representatives of the Parties and other interest groups shall be fully represented in the mechanisms.", "2. As an advisory mechanism and a vehicle for social and political transformation, the DIDC process is expected to have an immediate impact in mending the social fabric, casting individual and collective mindset towards peaceful coexistence and reconciliation, and shaping the future of the people of Darfur. The outcomes of the DIDC, which shall be in the form of best practices and lessons learned, shall be formally submitted to the GoS, the DRA, and the DSG.", "LOGISTICAL SUPPORT AND FUNDING", "1. UNAMID shall provide logistical support for the work of the Mechanism and the conduct of the DIDC, within its capabilities. It is the responsibility of the Parties to establish an enabling environment in order to guarantee full participation of all stakeholders and the successful conduct of the DIDC. UNAMID will also assist in developing a communication strategy to ensure that information about the DIDC and the actual process is widely disseminated within and outside Darfur and Sudan, and also properly documented and archived.", "3. The GoS and the international donors will be invited to contribute towards funding the DIDC. Funds shall be held in a special trust fund established for purposes of the DIDC.", "ARTICLE 77: IMPLEMENTATION FOLLOW-UP COMMISSION", "4. An Implementation Follow-Up Commission (IFC) is established in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement to:", "i. Monitor and assess the implementation of this Agreement;", "ii. Assist in the provision of funding and technical assistance to bodies established by this Agreement; and", "iii. Support the implementation of this Agreement in accordance with the agreed timelines.", "COMPOSITION OF THE IFC", "480. The IFC is composed of the following members who have expressed commitment to support the implementation of this Agreement:", "i. Representative of the State of Qatar -Chairperson", "ii. Two (02) Representatives from the GoS -Member", "iii. Two (02) Representatives from the Movements -Member", "iv. Representative of the AU -Member", "v. Representative of the UN -Member", "vi. The JSR and Head of UNAMID -Member", "vii. The Former AU-UN Joint Chief Mediator -Member", "viii. Representative of the LAS -Member", "ix. Representative of the EU -Member", "x. Representative of the OIC -Member", "xi. Representative of Canada -Member", "i. Representative of France -Member", "xii. Representative of Japan -Member", "xiii. Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt -Member", "ii. Representative of the People's Republic of China -Member", "xiv. Representative of the Republic of Chad -Member", "xvii. Representative of the Russian Federation -Member", "xviii. Representative of the United Kingdom -Member", "i. Representative of the United States of America -Member", "481. The inaugural meeting of the IFC shall be convened by the State of Qatar as the Chairperson.", "FUNCTIONS OF THE IFC", "482. The IFC shall perform the following functions:", "i. Monitor, document and follow-up the implementation of this Agreement on an on‑going basis;", "ii. Maintain close contact with the Parties to promote full commitment to all the provisions of this Agreement and facilitate the Parties' efforts towards this end;", "iii. Plan and oversee the provision of technical assistance and support for post-conflict activities, as well as for the establishment and functioning of bodies provided for in this Agreement including, but not limited to, the provision of capacity-building, training as well as provision of resources, experts and advisers;", "iv. Assess and evaluate progress made in the implementation process and advise the Parties of any development that could cause delay and propose appropriate measures in this regard;", "v. Assist in providing the required political and material support towards the full implementation of this Agreement;", "vi. Any additional functions that the IFC and the Parties may deem appropriate and which are in conformity with the letter and spirit of this Agreement.", "MEETINGS OF THE IFC", "483. The IFC shall meet quarterly and issue a report after each meeting. The IFC shall convene emergency meetings whenever deemed necessary. Any of the Parties may request the Chair of the IFC to convene an emergency meeting.", "484. UNAMID shall establish a Secretariat to support the functions and activities of the IFC.", "485. The IFC shall adopt its own rules of procedure.", "ARTICLE 78: FINAL PROVISIONS", "486. The annexed implementation timetable is an integral part of this Document.", "487. Upon its adoption by the Parties, this Document shall have constitutional status. This status shall be stated in the National Constitution.", "Draft implementation timetable", "A. Power sharing", "SerialNo.\tActivity\tReference\tBody(ies)/party(ies)responsible\tTimeline\tComposition\tFundingsource(s)\tProcedures1. \n1.\tAppointmentsin thePresidency(VP, DRA\tParagraphs39,66,40\tPresidency\tD+30days ByPresidentialDecree \n\tChairperson,AssistantsandAdvisersto thePresident) \n2.\tAppointmentin theNationalCouncil ofMinisters(MinistersandMinistersof State)\tParagraph42\tPresidency\tD+30days ByPresidentialDecree3.\tEstablishmentof the DRA\tParagraphs59to62\tPresidency\tD+30+30 ByPresidentialDecree \n days \n4.\tEstablishmentof thePanel ofExperts bythe JSC\tParagraph46\tJSC\tD+90days By theChairpersonof theJSC5.\tEstablishmentof thePanel ofExperts bythe NCSC\tParagraph51\tNCSC\tD+90days\tSubstantialrepresentation\tGoS\tBy theChairpersonof theNCSC fromDarfur includingatsenior \n level \n6.\tCompletionof thedemarcationof thenorthernborders ofDarfur\tParagraph81\tGoS\tD+180days The JTCwillcarryout thedemarcationexercise\n7.\tRepresentationofMovement(s)in StateExecutive\tParagraph82\tGoSandDSG\tD+90days Statesbudget\tAs peradditionalprotocol\n8.\tRepresentationofMovement(s)inNational &StateLegislatures\tParagraphs43,82\tGoS/States\tD+90days National&Statesbudgets\tAs peradditionalprotocol9.\tRepresentationofMovement(s)in theDarfurLocalGovernment\tParagraph87\tGoSandDSG\tD+90days GoS\tAs peradditionalprotocol \n (Localities) \n10.\tAffirmativeactionwithregard toHigherEducation\tParagraphs89to93\tGoS\tD+90days ByPresidentialDecree\n11.\tRepresentationof theMovement(s)in the SAFand SPFand otherregularforces\tParagraphs57,58\tGoS\tD+40daysonwards", "B. Wealth sharing", "SerialNo.\tActivity\tReference\tBody(ies)/party(ies)responsible\tTimeline\tComposition\tFundingsource(s)\tProcedures \n12.\tAdoptionandimplementationofintegratedprojectsfor thedevelopment,stabilityandsettlementof nomads,raisingthe\tParagraph98\tGoS/DRA/DSG\tD+90daysonwards GoS/DRA\tIdentifyingspecificprojectsandconductingeconomicstudiesto beapplied productivityof thissector andregulatingthe relationshipbetweenfarmersandherders toensuresecurity,stabilityand \n\tdevelopmentfor all 13.\tDevelopingpoliciesandconductingnecessarystudiesforputting anend toenvironmental\tParagraph172 (i)\tGoS/DRA/DSG\tD+90daysonwards GoS/DRA/DSG \n\tdegradationandpreservingnaturalresources \n14.\tDevelopingpoliciesto enablethe femaleelement asa workingforce inDarfur andbuildtheirproductivecapacitiesespeciallythereturneesamong them\tParagraph141(iii)\tDRA/DSG\tD+90daysonwards DRA/DSG\t15.\tDevelopingandimplementingpoliciestoencourageexportsfromDarfur tonationalandinternationalmarkets,and toencouragethe\tParagraphs114&116\tGoS/DRA/DSG\tD+90daysonwards GoS/DRA/DSG specializedcommercialand \n\tgovernmentalbanks toexpandtheiractivitiesin Darfur 16.\tDevelopingandimplementingpoliciesthat leadto thedevelopmentof the\tParagraph117\tGoS/DRA/DSG\tD+90daysonwards GoS/DRA/DSG/donors educationalsystem,provideeducationandtrainingfor Darfurcitizensand the \n\teliminationofilliteracyamongwomen 17.\tPromotingresearchanddevelopment,especiallyin thedevelopmentoftechnologyin theareas of\tParagraph118\tGoS/DRA/DSG\tD+90daysonwards GoS/DRA/DSG/donors agriculture,animalhusbandry,smallindustriesand handicrafts,mining, \n\tenvironmentandenergy,with afocus onrenewableenergies 18.\t(a) Fullexemptionof customsduties andother feesforimportingmaterialsfor\tParagraph126 (i)\tGoS\tD+30daysonwards\tGoS DirectivesfromtheMinistryofFinanceand \n\tconstructionanddevelopmentin Darfur; NationalEconomyto theSudanesecustoms\t(b) TheGoS shallbearcustomduties aswell asotherduties andfeespayable onmaterialsimportedfornational\tParagraph126 (ii) \n\tdevelopmentprojectsin Darfurandprojectsfunded bythe GoS orby way ofloans \n19.\tAmendmentsin theInvestmentPromotionLaw toprovidegreaterincentivesto maketheinvestmentmoreattractiveto foreignanddomesticfirms inthe Statesof Darfur\tParagraph126(iii)\tGoS/NationalAssembly\tD+180days \n20.\tEstablishmentof theFFAMC\tParagraph152\tGoS/NationalAssembly\tD+180days Promulgationof lawon theestablishmentof theFFAMC21.\tAppointmentof a teamof expertsto be incharge of\tParagraph152\tFFAMC\tD+180days \n\tidentifyingthecriteriagoverningthetransfersfrom theNationalRevenueFund tothe States 22.\tTheestablishmentof theDJAM,definitionof itsobjectivesand thepreparationforlaunchingits work\tParagraph176\tParties/Donors\tD+30days\tParties/Donors Creationof theCoreCoordinatinggroup,definitionof itsfunctionsand theSecretariatof themission-basedworkand the provisionof workassistancein both \n KhartoumandDarfur23.\tLaunchingthe DJAM\tParagraph177\tGoS/WB/ADB/DDB/UN/DRA\tD+60days\tGoS/UN/ADB/allcountriesandeconomic\tThecommissionsestablishedtoimplement \n regionalandinternationalorganizations\ttheactionsoftheDJAM\t24.\tPreparationof theDJAMreportwith aview toassessingthe needsof Darfur\tParagraph180\tDJAM\tD+120days\tGoS/UN/ADB TheSecretariatshallpreparethefinalreportof thework oftheDJAMandsubmitit tothecentralcoordinatinggroup includingdevelopment projects,thefightagainst poverty, economic recoveryandtheircost,and \n includingtheconsentof theGoS tobearpart ofthetotalcost25.\tHolding oftheDonors’conferenceandestablishmentof aMulti-DonorTrust Fundand the\tParagraphs176&178\tWB/UN/ADB/StateofQatar\tD+180days Thedonors\tInvitingtheIDB,AU,LAS,Arabfunds,EU, US,ArabandIslamic Supervisorybody ofthe DRDF countriesand allotherinterested \n countriesandorganizations26.\tRestructuringthe DRDF\tParagraph139\tTheParties\tD+60 \n days \n27.\tTransferof US$200,000,000(twohundredmillion USdollars)to DRDF(Seedmoney).\tParagraph142\tGoS\tD+90days \n28.\tTransferof US$300,000,000(threehundredmillion USdollars)to DRDF(secondpayment)\tParagraph142(i)\tGoS\tD+1yr+60days \n29.\tTransferof US$300,000,000(threehundredmillion USdollars)to DRDF(thirdpayment)\tParagraph142 (ii)\tGoS\tD+2yrs+60days 30.\tTransferof US$300,000,000(threehundredmillion\tParagraph142(iii)\tGoS\tD+3yrs+60 \n\tUS dollars)to DRDF(fourthpayment) days \n31.\tTransferof US$400,000,000(fourhundredmillion USdollars)to DRDF(fifthpayment)\tParagraph142 (iv)\tGoS\tD+4yrs+60days \n32.\tTransferof US$500,000,000(fivehundredmillion USdollars)to DRDF(sixthpayment)\tParagraph142 (v)\tGoS\tD+5yrs+60days 33.\tEstablishmentof the MFSanddevelopmentof itsstatute\tParagraph130\tCentralBankofSudan,inconsultationwiththeGoSandDRA\tD+60days ThePartieswiththeparticipationofspecialistsin\tDecisionby theCentralBank thefieldof \n microlending\t\n34.\tFirstinstalmentofUS$ 40,000,000(fortymillion USdollars)\tParagraph134\tGoS\tD+90days\tGoS To bepaid tothe MFSinDarfur\n35.\tSecondinstalmentofUS$ 30,000,000(thirtymillion USdollars)\tParagraph134\tGoS\tD+1yr+90days\tGoS To bepaid tothe MFSinDarfur\n36.\tThirdinstalmentofUS$ 30,000,000(thirtymillion USdollars)\tParagraph134\tGoS\tD+2yrs+90days\tGoS To bepaid tothe MFSinDarfur\n37.\tCapacity-buildingto thebeneficiariesof the MFS\tParagraph132\tDRA&DSG\tD+120days\tGoS \n38.\tFirstinstalmentofUS$ 75,000,000(seventy-fivemillion USdollars)to supportsocialservicesin DarfurStates\tParagraph138\tGoS\tInmonthlyinstalments To bepaid totheStateswiththemonthlysupport\n39.\tSecondinstalmentofUS$ 75,000,000(seventy-fivemillion USdollars)\tParagraph138\tGoS\tInmonthlyinstalments To bepaid totheStateswiththemonthlysupport\n40.\tThirdinstalmentofUS$ 75,000,000(seventy-fivemillion USdollars)\tParagraph138\tGoS\tInmonthlyinstalments To bepaid totheStateswiththemonthlysupport41.\tDecisionto spendthe Zakatmoneycollectedin DarfurinsideDarfur\tParagraph150\tCentralZakatChamberBoard\tD+30days CommunicationcirculatedfromtheCentralZakat \n ChamberBoardto allZakatofficesinDarfur42.\tThe ZakatChambershallprovidethemaximumpossiblenecessaryfundingandimplementtheprojectsin favourof poorfamilies,\tParagraph151\tCentralZakatChamberBoard\tD+90days Decisionof theCentralZakatChamberBoard \n\tparticularlyreturnees,IDPs andrefugees 43.\tFormulatingpoliciesandprojectsdirectedtowards\tParagraph173\tGoS/DRA\tD+30onwards developmentof the traditionalrain-fed \n agriculture 44.\tAssessmentandrevitalizationoffeasibleprojectsmentionedinparagraph174\tParagraph174\tGoS/DRA/donors\tD+1yr\tGoS Composinga teamofprofessionalexpertstoconductthestudies \n necessary45.\tWorkingout andimplementinganadvancedandcomprehensivecapacity-buildingprogrammein thefields ofpublicfinance,fiscalfederalism,includingtransparencyinexpendituresmanagement GoS/DRA/donors\tD+30daysonwards\tGoS The GoSshallconcludecontractswithspecializedbodiesfrominsideandoutsideSudantoformulatetheprogrammeandelaborateitsexecutionwithinthetimeframe \n specified46.\tConductingacomprehensivestructuralreform ofuniversitiesin Darfurin termsofinfrastructureandcompletionof itsinstitutionsto beenabled toundertaketheirmission\tParagraph171 (v)\tGoS\tD+30daysonwards\tGoS Financingtherequiredreformunder aplanpresentedby theMinistryofHigherEducationandScientificResearch(incollaborationwiththeuniversities \n concernedinDarfur)\n47.\tEstablishmentof the DLC\tParagraph196\tGoS/NationalAssembly\tD+180days\tGoS ByPresidentialDecree\n48.\tGradualamendmentof laws toincludethe rightsto theland andtheir usesinaccordancewith thecustoms,traditionsandlegaciesin theownershipof land,thelivestockroutes andaccess towatersources.Andenablingthe peopletoregisterthe landcustomarilyowned bythem astheir ownlands\tParagraphs182&194\tGoS/DRA/DSG/TheLegislatures\tD+120daysonwards TheGoS,the DRAand theStateGovernmentsshallpreparedraftsfor theamendmentof thelaws tobepassedby theNationalCouncil,approvedby theDRACouncil,andadoptedby theStateLegislatures\n49.\tRestorationof thelands —which weregrantedunder theinvestmentlaws andwhoseownersbreachedtheconditionsunderwhich theyweregranted —to thestatus quoante\tParagraph183\tDRA/DSG/TheLegislatures\tD+120daysonwards \n50.\tPreparationof theplan ofDarfurLand UseMappingDatabaseand itsoutcomes\tParagraph197\tDLC\tD+180daysonwards\tDRA 51.\tAdoptionofrecommendationsand theplan ofDarfurLand UseMappingDatabasein the\tParagraph197\tDRACouncil/DarfurStateLegislatures\tD+2yrs\tDRA&DSG \n\tlegislativebodies inDarfurStates", "C. Compensation and the return of IDPs & refugees", "SerialNo.\tActivity\tReference\tBody(ies)responsible\tTimeline\tComposition\tFundingsource(s)\tProcedures \n52.\tEstablishmentof theVRRC andits two\tParagraph25572\tNationalLegislature\tD+45days Enactmentof law \n\tcommittees:VRC andPCRC aswell asthe JAF \n53.\tIssuanceofidentificationdocumentsto IDPsandrefugees\tArticle46paragraphs235‑237\tGoS/UNHCR\tD+90daysonwards GoS\tBasedon thesurveyandneedsassessmentoutcome\n54.\tDemine theareas ofreturn andensureIDPs andrefugeesaccess totheir homelands androutes andaccess topublicservices\tParagraph249(iii)\tGoS/UNAMIDincollaborationwithrelevantorganizations\tD+lyr GoS/Donors(UNAMID)\t\n55.\tConductstatisticalsurveys ofIDPs andrefugeesfor thepurpose ofplanningforvoluntaryreturn\tParagraph257 (i)\tGoS/DRA/UNAMIDwiththeassistanceofUNHCR\tD+60+60days GoS/Donors\t\n56.\tConduct acomprehensiveneedsassessmentin areasofpotentialreturn, toaddressthe issuesof basicservices\tParagraph257 (ii)\tVRRCwiththeassistanceofUNHCR\tOncetheVRRCisestablished\tGoS/VRRCwiththeassistanceofUNHCR\tGoS/Donors", "D. Justice and reconciliation", "SerialNo.\tActivity\tReference\tBody(ies)responsible\tTimeline\tComposition\tFundingsource(s)\tProcedures \n57.\tStrengtheningthe Justicesector byestablishingadditionalcourts,deployingadditionaljudicialpersonneland theprovision ofadequateresourcesforprosecutionwork inDarfur\tParagraph296 (i)&(iii)\tGoS\tD+90daysonwards GoS\t\n58.\tGrantinggeneralamnesty\tParagraph329\tThePresidentoftheRepublic\tD+30days ByPresidentialDecree59.\tEstablishmentof theTruth,Justice and\tParagraph311\tGoS/DRA\tD+90days GoS\tByPresidentialDecree \n\tReconciliationCommission \n60.\tEstablishmentof theSpecialCourt forDarfur\tParagraph322\tGoS\tD+90days GoS\tTheNationalJudiciary61.\tEstablishmentof the Fundfor LegalAid\tParagraph328\tGoSwiththeassistanceoftheDonors\tD+90days GoSwiththeassistanceof \n theDonors\t\n62.\tDeclaring anational dayfor peaceandnon-violencein Darfur\tParagraph305\tGoS\tD+30days ByPresidentialDecree63.\tEstablishmentof anindependent,impartial,resourcedandeffectivemechanism toidentify andtakeappropriateactionagainstindividualsin thepublicservice whohave beenprovenguilty ofcommittingabuses andviolationsof humanrights and\tParagraph331\tGoS\tD+90days \n\tinternationalhumanitarianlaw", "E. Permanent ceasefire and final security arrangements", "SerialNo.\tActivity\tReference\tBody(ies)responsible\tTimeline\tComposition\tFundingsource(s)\tProcedures \n64.\tParties tosubmit totheMediationtheirforcesdispositions,lists ofall armedgroupsalignedwith them\tParagraphs381\tParties\tBeforeD‑Day Requiredforthedevelopmentofmaps\n65.\tParties toprovidemine fieldlocationsto theMediation Parties\tBeforeD‑Day Requiredforplanningpurpose66.\tEstablishmentof CFC atFHQ\tParagraph342\tUNAMID\tBeforeD‑Day\tUNAMIDFC‑Chairperson;3membersfromeach\tUNAMID/internationalpartners Party; Stateof \n Qatar \n67.\tVerificationof Partiesforcespositionsandstrength\tParagraphs393&394\tCFC/UNAMID\tAfterD‑Dayandbeforephase1 Partylocationsare tobeheldconfidentiallybyChairpersonof CFC\n68.\tEstablishmentof JointCommission\tParagraph342\tMediation+UNAMID\tD+7days\tJSR/StateofQatar/RepsofParties/LAS/EU/UNAMIDPoliticalAffairs\tUNAMID/internationalpartners\t\n69.\tRelease ofchildsoldiers\tParagraphs341(viii)&433(iii)\tPartiesincooperationwithUNICEF\tBeforeD‑Day TobeginhandingoverchildsoldierstoUNICEF\n70.\tEstablishmentof JointLogisticsCoordinationCommittee(JLCC)\tParagraph410\tUNAMID\tD+5days\tUNAMID/Parties/Donors\tDonors\t\n71.\tPreparationfor PhasesI-IIIbegins\tParagraphs395‑402\tParties\tD+7days \n72.\tEstablishmentof DarfurSecurityArrangementsImplementationCommission(DSAIC)\tParagraph448\tGoS/DRA\tD+60days\tParties\tGoS/DRA\t\n73.\tPartiesprovideredeploymentPlans forall phasesof theCeasefireto CFC\tParagraph398\tParties\tD+14days\tUNAMID/Parties 74.\tProductionof finalmapindicatinglocationsofMovements’forces,Areas ofControl,BufferZones,DemilitarizedZones and\tParagraph348 (v)\tCFC\tAfterverification Detailsto bemarkedon theMasterMap \n\tRedeploymentAreas \n75.\tDevelopmentof patrolplan formonitoringthe BufferZones\tParagraph408\tCFC\tD+7days \n76.\tPhysicaldemarcationofrespectiveAreas ofControl,Buffer,DemilitarizedZones\tParagraph391\tUNAMIDincollaborationwithParties\tD+37days \n77.\tPartieswithdrawforces outofdemilitarization/bufferzones intoareas ofcontrol Parties\tD+7toD+45days \n78.\tRe-establishmentof theNorthSudan DDRCommission\tParagraph430\tParties\tD+45days \n79.\tMovementssubmittheirlogisticsrequirementto JLCCthroughUNAMID/CFC\tParagraph409\tParties\tD+10days \n80.\tEstablishmentofIntegrationTechnicalCommittee\tParagraph449\tDSAIC\tD+60+10days \n81.\tRedeploymentof theParties’Forces\tParagraph398 (ii)\tUNAMID/Parties \n82.\tDistributionofnon-militarylogisticalsupport(NMLS) totheMovements\tParagraph404 (iv)\tJLCC\tD+30days GoS/internationalpartners\t\n83.\tFormulationandSubmissionof DDRPlans toDSAIC\tParagraph432\tDDRCommission\tD+90days 84.\tFormulationandsubmissionof\tParagraph449\tITC\tD+90days \n\tIntegrationof FormerCombatantPlan 85.\tSelectionofassemblyareas ofMovements’Forces CFC\tDependentondecisionby \n CFCChair 86.\tSubmissionof a planfor thedisarmamentof themilitias,includingmeasuresandtimelinesfor the\tParagraphs399‑401\tGoS\tD+37days disarmamentof themilitiasbefore the \n\tintegrationphase 87.\tAssemblyof theMovements’forces andstorage ofheavyweapons inselectedassemblyareas/sites UNAMID\tDoneimmediatelyorconcurrently (---) withdeploymentto \n assemblyareas \n88.\tIntegrationof FormerCombatantsinto SAFand SPF\tParagraphs442,454-462\tITC/GoS\tAccordingtoITC’stimetable \n89.\tReform ofsomemilitaryinstitutions\tParagraph463‑464\tGoS\tD+200days \n90.\tDisarmament,demobilization,andsocial/economicreintegrationof theformercombatants\tArticle72 &73\tDDRCommission\tD+220days \n91.\tDevelopmentof Planandstrategyforcivilianarmscontrol\tParagraph416\tParties/UNDP/UNAMID\tAfterphase3", "F. Internal dialogue and consultation and implementation modalities", "SerialNo.\tActivity\tReference\tBody(ies)responsible\tTimeline\tComposition\tFundingsource(s)\tProcedures \n92.\tDevelopmentof DIDCmechanismsandmodalities\tParagraph473\tUNAMID/AU/StateofQatar\tD+30days Donors\t93.\tConduct ofthe DIDC\tParagraph473\tUNAMID/AU/Stateof\tD+30+90 Donors \n Qatar days 94.\tEstablishmentof the IFC\tParagraph479\tMediation/Stateof\tBeforeD‑Day\tAsinparagraph479\tDonors \n Qatar" ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目33", "预防武装冲突", "2011年7月24日卡塔尔常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨向大会转递2011年7月18日卡塔尔外交国务大臣兼内阁成员艾哈迈德·本·阿卜杜拉•马哈茂德阁下的信及附件：", "(a) 苏丹和解放与正义运动于2011年7月14日在多哈签署的旨在通过《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的协议，该文件经2011年5月27日至31日在多哈召开的达尔富尔利益攸关方全体会议批准，是全面解决达尔富尔冲突的基础。", "(b) 《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》。", "谨将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目33文件及安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "[]", "塔里克·阿里·安萨里", "临时代办(签名)", "卡塔尔常驻联合国代表团临时代办2011年7月24日给秘书长的信的附件", "［原件：阿拉伯文］", "我再次感谢和赞赏您对多哈达尔富尔和平进程的持续支持。我们还非常感谢你对苏丹共和国政府和解放与正义运动于2011年7月14日在多哈签署的旨在通过《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的协议表示欢迎。该文件经2011年5月27日至31日在多哈召开的达尔富尔利益攸关方全体会议核可，是全面解决达尔富尔冲突的基础。", "谨此随附上述协议的阿拉伯文和英文版本，协议后附阿拉伯文和英文版本的《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》。", "谨将本函及其附件作为大会文件和安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "外交国务大臣兼内阁成员", "艾哈迈德·本·阿卜杜拉·马哈茂德(签名)", "附件1", "[原件：阿拉伯文和英文]", "以真主、仁慈和善良的名义", "苏丹政府和解放与正义运动旨在通过《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的协议", "苏丹政府和解放与正义运动以下称“缔约双方”；", "提及《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》，该文件是谈判各方、全体苏丹人民特别是达尔富尔人民坚持不懈地尽最大努力的成果，旨在实现公正、持久和全面谈判的和平；", "表示承诺《苏丹临时国家宪法》及其中所载原则；", "深信《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》是解决达尔富尔冲突的基础；", "确认承诺以《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》为基础持久和平的解决方式和促进与保护人权和基本自由；", "重申坚定承诺在达尔富尔实现和平、安全和发展；承认达尔富尔冲突不能通过军事手段解决，而只能通过和平包容的政治手段解决；", "深信本协议为实现《联合国宪章》与维护国际和平与安全的宗旨和原则带来了好兆头；", "提及国际社会支持和巩固达尔富尔和平的承诺；", "确认非盟-联合国联合调解和国际伙伴所给予的广泛援助及贡献的价值和重要意义；", "欢迎联合国秘书长、联合国安全理事会、非洲联盟、阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰合作组织、欧洲联盟和国际和平伙伴对《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的支持；", "确认《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》是达尔富尔人民及其代表通过多哈民间社会、分别于2009年11月和2010年7月召开的境内流离失所者和难民磋商论坛、2011年5月达尔富尔利益攸关方全体会议以及苏丹特别是达尔富尔内委员会广泛参与的成果；", "确认《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》述及达尔富尔人民的共识和冲突的根本原因，从而为恢复、重建和发展达尔富尔奠定了坚实的基础；", "指出《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》为各武装运动提供了一个机会，这些运动已参与多哈和平进程以参与实现和承诺包容性原则；", "承诺和决定全面执行《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》，在这方面，欢迎成立一个执行后续行动委员会；", "呼吁国际社会坚定支持《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的执行工作，并为此提供必要的资源和专门知识；", "深表赞赏和感激卡塔尔国家在埃米尔谢赫•哈马德•本•哈利法•阿勒萨尼的领导下在推动多哈和平进程中发挥的重要作用；", "特此达成如下协议：", "第1条：缔约双方通过《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》及其附件，附件是本协议不可分割的组成部分，即执行方法和时间以及缔约双方和调解小组启动的关于解放与正义运动参与不同级别权力和管理以通过解除武装、复员和重返社会进程整合其力量的议定书。", "第2条：缔约双方承诺执行《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》所有条款及第1条所述全部附件。", "第3条：缔约双方同意通过对话、相互谅解和直接谈判的和平方式解决因本协议的解释或执行可能产生的任何争端或分歧。如果缔约双方未能达成一致意见，则相关事项应提交到宪法法院，法院判决应具有约束力。", "第4条：本协议经缔约双方签署后生效。", "第5条：缔约双方的正式授权代表在下述证人的见证下草签了作为本协议附件和基础的《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》，并签署本协议，以资证明。", "于希吉历1432年舍尔邦月13日，即公元2011年7月14日在多哈以阿拉伯文和英文两种文本签署，两种文本具有同等效力。如两个版本之间出现差异，则以阿拉伯文版本为准。", "苏丹共和国政府 解放与正义运动", "[] []", "(签名) (签名)", "共和国总统顾问 解放与正义运动主席", "见证人", "卡塔尔国家 非洲联盟和联合国", "[]", "(签名) (签名)", "艾哈迈德·本·阿卜杜拉·马哈茂德 易卜拉欣·甘巴里教授", "外交部国务大臣和内阁成员 联合特别代表", "[]", "(签名)", "布基纳法索外交和区域合作部长", "附件2", "[原件：阿拉伯文和英文]", "《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》", "目录", "缩略语清单", "定义", "前言", "第一章：人权和基本自由", "第二章：达尔富尔权力分享和行政地位", "第三章：财富分享", "第四章：境内流离失所者和难民的赔偿与回归", "第五章：正义与和解", "第六章：永久停火和最终安全安排", "第七章：内部对话和协商及执行方法", "－最后条款", "附件 执行时间表", "缩略语清单", "ADB 非洲开发银行", "ADSC 达尔富尔利益攸关方全体会议", "AFR 年度财务报告", "AOR 责任区", "AU 非洲联盟", "CFA 停火协议", "CFC 停火委员会", "CPA 全面和平协议", "CPC 社区警务中心", "CTSG 停火小组现场工作组", "DDB 达尔富尔开发银行", "DDR 解除武装、复员和重返社会", "DFC 部队副指挥官", "DJAM 达尔富尔联合评估团", "DLC 达尔富尔土地委员会", "DMZ 非军事区", "DoC DPA 《达尔富尔和平协议》的承诺宣言", "DPA 《达尔富尔和平协议》", "DSG 达尔富尔州政府", "DRA 达尔富尔地区管理局", "DRC 达尔富尔全民投票委员会", "DRDF 达尔富尔重建与发展基金", "EU 欧洲联盟", "FC 部队指挥官", "FFAMC 财政和金融分配监测委员会", "GoS 苏丹政府", "IFC 执行后续行动委员会", "ICRC 红十字国际委员会", "IDPs 境内流离失所者", "INC 《临时国家宪法》", "ITC 综合技术委员会", "JAF 赔偿/ Jabr Al Darar基金", "JC 联合委员会", "JCM 联合协调机制", "JLCC 联合后勤协调委员会", "JSC 司法事务委员会", "JTC 联合技术委员会", "LAS 阿拉伯国家联盟", "LCC 后勤协调委员会", "MDGs 千年发展目标", "MFS 小额融资制度", "NC 国家宪法", "NCRC 全国制宪审查委员会", "NCS 国家公务员制度", "NCSC 国家公务员制度委员会", "NGO 非政府组织", "NRF 国家岁入基金", "OIC 伊斯兰会议组织", "PC 警察专员", "PCRC 财产索赔和赔偿委员会", "RCC 补偿及赔偿委员会", "RoE 接触规则", "SAF 苏丹武装部队", "SOMA 《特派团地位协定》", "SPF 苏丹警察部队", "SSCFC 区级停火委员会", "Sub-CFCs 次级停火委员会", "TRC 真相与和解委员会", "TJRC 真相、正义与和解委员会", "TSGs 停火小组现场工作组", "UN 联合国", "UNAMID 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动", "UNHCR 联合国难民事务高级专员", "UNICEF 联合国国际儿童教育基金会", "UNPOL 服务于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的联合国警察", "UNSCR 联合国安全理事会决议", "USA 美利坚合众国", "VRC 自愿回归问题委员会", "VRRC 自愿回归和重新安置问题委员会", "WB 世界银行", "定义", "“Ajaweed委员会”系指由地方行政当局和社区领袖组成的调解委员会。", "“控制区”系指其中一方行使控制权而任何其他方均不得开展活动的划定区域。", "“武装民兵”系指无论是否相关联或附属于任何一方的非正规部队，包括任何正在参与或已参与敌对行动的武装群体。", "“集结”系指将运动的前战斗人员重新安置在选定地点以便解决武装和融入新的安全机构的过程。", "“集结区”或“营地”可互换使用，系指战斗员完成解决武装和复员程序的地点。", "“缓冲区”系指根据本协议划定、由非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动监测的不包括有争议部队或交战部队的区域。", "“战斗员”系指运动的部队。", "“专员”系指本协议内机构的负责人，达尔富尔地区管理局的成员。", "“社区警察”系指苏丹政府经与达尔富尔地区管理局协商从当地社区招募的用于开展巡逻活动以维护公共和平与安宁的自愿人员。", "“受冲突影响个人”或“冲突受害人”系指在达尔富尔冲突期间遭受迫害的个人或群体以及那些生活和生计因该冲突受到不利影响的人。", "“人员协助武器”系指那些在发射位置和/或终端轨迹位置不能由单个操作员操作而是要求有补充操作员和技术手段的武器。这种类型的武器常常置于车辆、船只和飞机之上。", "“非军事区”系指一个根据本协议划定、各方承诺不进行军事行动并拆除军事资产的区域。", "“复员”系指各方开始解散其军事结构和前战斗员开始转入平民生活的过程。", "“解除武装”系指搜集、控制和处置小武器和轻重武器，包括排雷。", "“脱离接触”是一个普遍术语，系指使敌对部队出现地理分隔的过程。", "“Hawakeer”系指部落土地所有权。", "“境内流离失所者”系指被迫或不得不，尤其是由于或为了避免武装冲突、普遍暴力情况、侵犯人权和自然灾害及人为灾害而逃离或离开家园或经常居住地并且尚未跨越国际承认的国家边境的个人或群体。", "“运动”系指除国家武装部队及相关民兵以外所有参与冲突的武装群体；在本协议内，运动系指多哈和平进程各方和本协议签署方。", "“国家宪法”系指《临时国家宪法》和任何其他《宪法》。", "“各方”系指苏丹政府和参与多哈和平进程的运动各方。", "“和解”系指协助那些遭受长期暴力和严重侵犯基本权利的受害人克服悲痛、愤怒、仇恨和失去信任的情绪以重建各社区间的信任和恢复社会和平的过程。", "“调动”系指以重返社会和/或退出进程为目的，将部署在一个区域的单位、个人或补给品调至该区域另一地点或该区域另一部分以进一步加以利用或复员。", "“选定安全机构的改革”系指转变特定安全机构以改善其能力、有效性和专业性并根据公认的国际标准加强法治的过程。", "“难民”系指有正当理由畏惧由于种族、宗教、国籍、属于其一社会团体或具有某种政治见解的原因受到迫害而留在其本国之外，并且由于此项畏惧而不能或不愿受该国保护的人；或者不具有国籍并由于上述事情留在他以前经常居住国家以外而现在不能或者由于上述畏惧不愿返回该国的人。“难民”还适用于因其原籍国或国籍国部分或全部遭到外部侵略、占领、外国统治或发生严重破坏公共秩序的事件，被迫离开经常居住地，到其原籍国或国籍国之外的其他地方避难的人。", "“正规部队”系指苏丹共和国的武装部队、警察部队和国家情报与安全服务。", "“重返社会”系指向前战斗员提供的旨在增加其融入民间社会的经济和社会潜力的协助措施。", "“回归者”系指自愿返回其流离失所前的居住地并有意在那里重新安置下来的流离失所者。", "“接触规则”系指由军事主管当局发布的、界定部队针对其遇到的其他部队使用和/或继续使用武力的情形和限制条件的指令。", "前言", "本协议各方当事人在下文中简称“缔约各方”。", "重申苏丹的主权、统一和领土完整；", "再次承诺《2005年苏丹共和国国家宪法》、全面执行2005年1月《全面和平协议》和关于需要达成一个政治解决方案以结束达尔富尔冲突的非洲联盟决定和联合国安全理事会决议(安理会决议)；", "回顾先前关于达尔富尔冲突的协议，特别是2004年4月8日在乍得恩贾梅纳签署的《关于达尔富尔冲突的人道主义停火协议》以及《关于设立达尔富尔人道主义援助的议定书》；2004年5月28日在埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴签署的《与苏丹各方关于停火委员会方法和在达尔富尔部署观察员问题的协议》；2004年11月9日苏丹政府、苏丹解放运动/解放军和正义与平等运动在尼日利亚阿布贾签署的《关于改善人道主义局势的议定书》；2004年11月9日苏丹政府、苏丹解放运动/解放军和正义与平等运动根据《恩贾梅纳协议》在尼日利亚阿布贾签署的《关于加强达尔富尔安全局势的议定书》；2005年7月5日在尼日利亚阿布贾签署的《解决达尔富尔苏丹人冲突的原则宣言》；2006年5月5日在尼日利亚阿布贾签署的《达尔富尔和平协议》；2009年2月17日苏丹政府和正义与平等运动在卡塔尔多哈签署的《善意协议》；2010年2月23日苏丹政府和正义与平等运动在卡塔尔多哈签署的《框架协议》；2010年3月18日苏丹政府和解放与正义运动在卡塔尔多哈签署的《框架协议》；2010年3月18日苏丹政府和解放与正义运动在卡塔尔多哈签署的《停火协议》；", "承认苏丹人民的文化和民族多样性是民族凝聚力的基础，因此应加以促进和发展；", "欢迎卡塔尔国埃米尔阁下创建达尔富尔开发银行以协助达尔富尔发展和重建努力的慷慨举措；", "强调有必要在苏丹特别是在达尔富尔促进和保护人权、正义、问责和和解；", "谴责所有针对平民的暴力和侵犯人权的行为，特别谴责针对妇女和儿童的暴力；强调急需阻止这种暴力和侵犯人权与国际人道主义法的行为；", "承认在达尔富尔创造持久和平的条件、执行本协议、民族和解、社会融合和重建工作要求促进和保护人权、尊重所有苏丹公民一律平等的原则和尊重法治；", "强调达尔富尔武装冲突各方应全面无条件地接受其在国际人道主义法、国际人权法和相关联合国安全理事会决议下的义务很有必要；", "承诺解决在达尔富尔冲突期间侵犯人权的问题；", "考虑到分别于2009年11月和2010年7月在多哈召开的第一和第二届达尔富尔民间社会论坛以及2011年5月在多哈召开的达尔富尔利益攸关方全体会议的成果；", "承认达尔富尔冲突不能通过军事手段解决，持久的解决方案只能通过包容的政治进程来实现；", "特此达成如下协议：", "第一章：人权和基本自由", "第1条：促进和保护人权与基本自由", "1. 缔约各方承认，促进和保护达尔富尔所有人的人权与基本自由有着重要意义。苏丹政府、达尔富尔地区管理局和达尔富尔各州政府应保证人民有效享有苏丹《国家宪法》和苏丹加入的国际人权文书所载的一切权利和自由。", "2. 所有各方均应履行其在国际人权和国际人道主义法律之下的义务，确保有利于有效行使公民和政治权利以及充分平等地享有经济、社会和文化权利的环境。", "3. 公民身份是所有苏丹人享有平等的政治和公民权利与义务的基础。", "4. 缔约各方应确保人人享有和行使本协议、苏丹《国家宪法》以及苏丹加入的国际和区域人权文书所规定的所有权利和自由，不以性别、种族、肤色、语言、宗教、政治见解或其他见解、民族或社会出身或社会地位为理由进行歧视。应保证妇女、儿童和男子平等地享有苏丹加入的国际人权和人道主义法所规定的所有权利。", "5. 应以法治、平等和不歧视为基础在达尔富尔保证人人享有安全与保障。缔约各方应尊重的生命权和人身安全、个人尊严和完整性，确保任何人不被任意剥夺生命、遭受酷刑或虐待。", "6. 苏丹政府应以在法院和法庭面前人人平等为基础，保证所有民事、行政和刑事程序中公平和公开的审判权以及诉诸司法的权利。该项保证包括《公民及政治权利国际公约》第9和14条规定的权利。", "7. 苏丹政府应采取必要的法律和行政措施以确保意见自由、信仰和宗教自由、言论自由、和平集会和结社自由、平等地组建和登记政党的权利、平等地投票权和参与公共事务的权利、组建和参与民间社会组织、私营部门机构和工会的权利。苏丹政府应根据《公民及政治权利国际公约》、《世界人权宣言》和《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》所规定的国际人权标准保证新闻出版自由和其他媒体自由。", "8. 所有各方不得因公民见解对其进行威胁或者阻止公民在达尔富尔行使言论、集会和行动及和平结社自由的平等权利。", "9. 依照第三章的规定，苏丹政府应在适当尊重现行规范和传统情况下，通过满足达尔富尔所有社区足够的基本需求、为其提供充分的服务和基础设施、促进青年就业、妇女赋权、良好治理、公共服务和拨付适当资源以及平等获取土地等自然资源来推动达尔富尔的公共福利和经济增长。", "10. 缔约各方同意促进达尔富尔人民参与规划、设计和执行达尔富尔早期恢复、重建和复兴方案。", "11. 达尔富尔早期恢复、重建、复兴和教育政策和方案应适当关注妇女、儿童和脆弱群体的需求。", "12. 缔约各方敦促国际社会通过覆盖整个达尔富尔的可持续的早期恢复、重建和复兴方案加强经济、社会和文化权利的执行力度。", "13. 苏丹政府应确保根据巴黎原则在本协议签署后30天内全面建立和有效运作新建国家人权委员会；在本协议签署后三个月内便利国家人权委员会建立分权、独立、自治和资源丰富的达尔富尔人权小组委员会。", "14. 国家人权委员会和人权小组委员会应监测达尔富尔的人权状况并促进和保护人权。委员会和小组委员会应给予打击所有形式的歧视和保护经济、社会和文化权利工作适当的关注，应定期报告在有效落实各州和苏丹公民平等原则方面的进展情况。", "15. 缔约各方应与达尔富尔人权小组委员会合作执行其任务授权。小组委员会应获取与人权相关的所有文件和信息，包括出入达尔富尔的所有拘留所。", "16. 可向联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、非洲人权和人民权利委员会和其他国际组织寻求技术和物质援助。", "17. 缔约各方应与非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动合作执行其人权和法治任务授权。", "18. 应鼓励达尔富尔人权和民间社会组织通过定期监测、早期预警、宣传和能力建设方案为促进和保护人权做出贡献。", "第二章：达尔富尔权力分享和行政地位", "第2条：权力分享的一般原则", "权力分享应基于以下原则：", "19. 苏丹是一个独立、主权和联邦共和国，国家主权属于人民并由国家根据《苏丹宪法》的规定行使。", "20. 宗教、信仰、传统和风俗是苏丹人民的道德力量和灵感的源泉。苏丹人民的文化和种族多样性是民族凝聚力的基础，因此应根据反映国家团结和苏丹人民多样性的国家标准加以促进、发展和管理。苏丹人民共享一个共同的传承和灵感，因此一致认为要共同努力。", "21. 权力分享对该国的统一、安全和稳定至关重要。以民主手段通过自由公正的选举下放权力以及和平移交行政和立法权力是稳定的保证，应成为苏丹民主治理的基础。", "22. 苏丹各级政府的选举应以自由直接的投票为基础，由国家和国际观察员进行监督。", "23. 各级联邦立法权、行政权和司法权分立应巩固良好治理、问责、透明度和对人民保障及福祉的承诺。", "24. 法治和司法独立应得到保证。", "25. 公民身份应为公民权利与义务的基础。不因个人的族裔、部落、性别和出身而受到歧视。这并不排除任何以改善因种族、族裔、肤色或区域或国家原籍而处于弱势的个人或群体的处境为目标的法律、方案或活动。", "26. 不应妨碍在苏丹境内外流离失所的公民依照相关国家和国际法律充分行使其公民权利。", "27. 所设立的联邦政府体系应有效地下放权利和明确地分配职责，以确保所有苏丹公民特别是达尔富尔的公民公正平等地参与。", "28. 包括达尔富尔人民在内的所有公民应在国家公务员、公共机关和机构、各委员会、武装部队和其他正规部队内在各级特别是在中高级别得到公正平等地代表。", "29. 在不影响《全面和平协议》关于南北边界的规定以及苏丹共和国与邻国间现行有效的任何国际协议的情况下，达尔富尔的北部边界应回归至1956年1月1日的位置。", "30. 应通过公正的权力分享标准手段确保达尔富尔人民参与各级政府和所有国家机构。", "31. 各级政府应确保在公共服务内提供一般教育、培训和就业的持续机会，以促进达尔富尔人民全面平等地参与增进国家福祉的工作。在此背景下，应在教育、能力建设和培训领域特别关注妇女和儿童。应与专门国际和区域组织合作在城乡地区建立培训中心。", "32. 所有运动应采取必要措施根据既定法律安排将自身转变成政党。", "33. 在不影响第32款的情况下，各运动应根据本协议参与不同级别的政府。", "34. 为了应对政府机构和决策结构内妇女代表性不足的问题，应根据本协议采取和执行特别措施，以便确保妇女平等有效地参与达尔富尔各级政府的决策。", "国家一级的权力分享", "第3条：权力分享的标准", "35. 本协议所规定的权力分享应尊重比例原则，达尔富尔应全面参与苏丹国家政府所有形式的政治权力。", "36. 应采取有利于达尔富尔人民的扶持行动，扩大其在公共部门、公务员部门和正规部队的代表性。从长远来看，应提供特殊教育培训和公共就业机会以使达尔富尔人民得以全面平等地参与增进苏丹福祉的工作。", "37. 达尔富尔人民在国家一级的代表应反映达尔富尔人口在南苏丹分离后苏丹总人口中所占的比例。", "第4条：国家行政部门", "38. 达尔富尔应依照比例标准在国家执行委员会内获得代表性。", "正副总统", "副总统", "39. 应以实现政治包容和包括达尔富尔人民在内的所有苏丹人民得到代表的方式任命若干名副总统。副总统应具有以下职责：", "一. 国家部长理事会的成员；", "二. 国家安全委员会的成员；", "三. 在总统和第一副总统缺席时根据总统决定的副总统先后次序行使总统职权；", "四. 总统分配的任何其他职能或职责。", "总统助理和顾问", "40. 应当按照达尔富尔人占苏丹人口的比例任命达尔富尔人担任总统助理和顾问。", "41. 一名总统助理应自达尔富尔人中任命。", "国家部长理事会", "42. 达尔富尔应根据比例标准派代表参加国家部长理事会。在这方面：", "一. 目前由达尔富尔人担任的五名内阁部长的员额和四名国务部长的员额应仍由达尔富尔人担任；", "二. 另有两名内阁部长和四名国务部长应由各运动提名由总统任命；", "三. 内阁部长组成结构发生变化时，各运动应在其中维持与变化前同样百分比的代表。", "第5条：国家立法机关", "43. 达尔富尔应按照其在苏丹人口中所占比例在国家立法机关得到代表。在这方面：", "一. 达尔富尔应维持其在国家立法机关占有的96个席位，直到下届国家选举为止。", "二. 2011年1月9日南苏丹全民投票后，因苏丹新的人口组合状况出现了国家立法机关空缺席位，达尔富尔在其中所占份额应由各运动通过缔约各方商定的一项安排担任。", "第6条：国家司法机关", "44. 国家司法机关是一个重要的政府部门，维持其中立、公正和独立至关重要。", "45. 国家司法机关应代表包括达尔富尔在内的苏丹人民。达尔富尔人民应在司法事务委员会内得到充分代表性。委员会应保证达尔富尔人民在上诉法院、国家最高法院和宪法法院等国家司法机构内享有充分的代表性。", "46. 作为一项长期措施，司法事务委员会应成立一个专家小组，以确定达尔富尔人民代表的不均衡问题，并就如何纠正不均衡提出适当建议。", "47. 宪法法院有权裁决各级政府和政府各机关间关于专有、并行和剩余权限的任何争端。", "第7条：国家公务员和其他公共机构", "48. 达尔富尔应根据比例、扶持行动和优先原则在国家公务员和其他公共机构内得到代表性，以纠正已确定的达尔富尔人民代表性不均衡和不足问题。", "49. 国家公务员应成为特别是中高级别公务员应成为所有苏丹人民的代表。", "50. 应成立由达尔富尔人按比例任职的国家公务员委员会，负责应对公务员和其他公共机构内的不均衡问题。", "51. 应在国家公务员委员会之下成立一个专家小组，达尔富尔人在小组中特别在较高级别享有实质性代表权，以决定达尔富尔人民在各级国家公务员委员会的代表级别。", "52. 该小组应确定任何损害达尔富尔人民代表权的不均衡问题，并应做出着重行动的实际建议以解决国家公务员中的这种不均衡和差异问题，包括建议确保达尔富尔人民在国家公务员中享有公正代表的适当措施。小组工作受以下因素指导：", "一. 基于2008年或之后人口普查的人口规模；", "二. 征聘、培训和促进方面的扶持行动，包括促进性别平等的措施。", "53. 该小组应在不迟于本协议签署后六个月内完成工作并提交报告，随后苏丹政府应在六个月内采取补救行动。", "54. 在小组报告的结果出来之前，苏丹政府应确保开展如下任务：", "一. 确立和实现关于达尔富尔人民参与情况的中期目标，特别是参与包括但不限于副秘书、大使、委员会成员和其他高级责任员额的中高级国家公务员的目标。这些目标应在专家小组提交报告后加以审查，并考虑各运动的合格中立的候选人在国家公务员中的代表情况。", "二. 在国家公务员中专门为达尔富尔的合格妇女保留特定员额。", "三. 制定政策和落实将合格达尔富尔人民培训和征聘为国家公务员的扶持行动，考虑到商定标准，目标是确保国家公务员内代表公平以及纠正任何不均衡问题；", "四. 审查已通过的政策，审查其三年间的执行情况，并在认为必要时确立新的目的和目标。", "55. 缔约各方同意，所有因冲突相关原则被任意和不公正地从国家公务员中解雇的个人均应恢复原职。这些个人不应丧失其资历，应得到其应获得的福利。国家公务员委员会应受理投诉，确定是非曲直并酌情提出建议。", "第8条：各运动在各级政府中的代表性", "56. 各运动应依照每个运动与政府签署的另外的议定书在各级政府得到代表。该议定书应是本协议不可分割的组成部分。", "第9条：武装部队和其他正规部队", "57. 苏丹武装部队应是正规、专业和中立的。达尔富尔人民应在其中各级享有公正的代表性。苏丹政府应根据征聘标准采取必要措施，以纠正可能存在的达尔富尔人民在苏丹武装部队高级别职位和进入军事院校就读方面代表不均衡问题。", "58. 警察、海关、移民和边境卫队、监狱和野生生物局以及其他所有正规部队均应向包括达尔富尔人民在内的所有苏丹人开放，以反映苏丹社会的多样性。", "达尔富尔的行政地位和达尔富尔内部权力分享", "第10条：达尔富尔的行政地位", "成立达尔富尔地区管理局", "59. 应成立达尔富尔地区管理局。达尔富尔地区管理局应作为与苏丹政府合作在国际伙伴的支持下执行本协议的主要工具。管理局还将在加强执行、协调和促进达尔富尔所有冲突后重建和发展项目与活动方面发挥核心作用，并负责达尔富尔各州间的合作与协调。达尔富尔地区管理局的活动着重促进：", "一. 和平与安全；", "二. 社会经济发展、稳定和增长；", "三. 公正、和解与恢复。", "60. 达尔富尔地区管理局应制定其议事规则，雇佣必要的工作人员开展工作并为此建立预算。达尔富尔地区管理局的特区不能与达尔富尔各州和联邦政府的专有权力相冲突或对其产生影响。但是达尔富尔地区管理局对与其主要管辖权和职权相关的所有事项负有监督责任。达尔富尔地区管理局应监督进行全民投票以决定达尔富尔的行政地位，特别是决定是否保留当前的州体系或设立包括各州的单一区域。", "61. 在不影响《宪法》规定的达尔富尔各州专有权限的情况下，达尔富尔地区管理局应监督本协议所有条款的执行情况，包括达尔富尔各州管辖权下条款的执行情况。", "62. 应依照国家和各州模式成立一个达尔富尔地区安全委员会，并界定该委员会的权限。", "达尔富尔地区管理局的权限", "63. 达尔富尔地区管理局应拥有以下主要权限：", "一. 与苏丹政府合作执行本协议条款；", "二. 实现和解并巩固安全与社会和平；", "三. 冲突后重建和发展，以及协调包括达尔富尔联合评估团在内的国际和区域伙伴的所有参与活动；", "四. 保健问题、环境保护和应对气候变化的后果；", "五. 规划、发展和保护牛的路线和牧场；", "六. 为境内流离失所者和难民自愿回归和重新安置创造持久条件；", "七. 规划土地使用和行使相关权利；", "八. 教育和文化发展；", "九. 规划和统计；", "十. 加强达尔富尔各州间的合作，便利各州的交流与协调；", "十一. 在国家宏观经济政策背景内，经苏丹银行核准和担保向本国和境外机构借款；", "十二. 保护和促进人权；", "十三. 加强透明度和良好治理；", "十四. 能力建设；", "十五. 区域旅游业；", "十六. 审查和建议立法与行政措施以加强各州间的协调；", "十七. 在达尔富尔控制小武器和轻武器的政策；", "十八. 缔约各方商定的其他任务。", "并存权限", "64. 达尔富尔地区管理局应在以下方面拥有政策制定与协调的并存权限：", "一. 该区域的社会经济发展；", "二. 保健政策；", "三. 金融和经济政策；", "四. 城市发展与住房规划；", "五. 发展贸易和工业；", "六. 救济和人道主义事务；", "七. 经苏丹政府核准，与外国政府和非政府组织草拟和谈判关于高等教育、文化、体育、人道主义事务、贷款和赠款、贸易、投资、技术援助的国际协议；", "八. 妇女进步、母性与儿童保育；", "九. 食品和药品质量控制、消费者安全与保护；", "十. 高等教育和专业与科学研究机构；", "十一. 性别政策；", "十二. 发电和水与废物管理；", "十三. 土地所有权、使用和权利的政策；", "十四. 紧急救济和灾害预防与管理，以及流行病控制；", "十五. 媒体、出版、大众媒体和广播电台；", "十六. 管理、保护和养护；", "十七. 体育、文化遗产和发展青年技能；", "十八. 规划达尔富尔的自然资源。", "结构和组成", "65. 达尔富尔地区管理局应由两个主要机构组成：达尔富尔地区管理局执行机构和达尔富尔地区管理局委员会。", "达尔富尔地区管理局执行机关", "66. 苏丹共和国总统应自各运动中任命达尔富尔地区管理局主席，由主席主持达尔富尔地区管理局执行机关。", "67. 达尔富尔地区管理局执行机关的组成如下：", "一. 达尔富尔地区管理局主席 \n 二. 达尔富尔各州州长 副主席 \n 三. 负责达尔富尔事务的达尔富尔地区管理局主席助理 成员 \n 四. 财政和经济规划部长 成员 \n 五. 文化、信息和旅游部长 成员 \n 六. 农业和家畜部长 成员 \n 七. 重建、发展和基础设施部长 成员 \n 八. 环境和自然资源开发部长 成员 \n 九. 达尔富尔地区管理局委员会事务部长 成员 \n 十. 社会事务、产妇和儿童护理部长 成员 \n 十一. 保健事务部长 成员 \n 十二. 青年和体育部长 成员 \n 十三. 技术发展和能力建设部长 成员 \n 十四. 自愿回归和重新安置委员会委员 成员 \n 十五. 正义、真相与和解委员会委员 成员 \n 十六. 达尔富尔重建和发展基金主席 成员 \n 十七. 土地委员会委员 成员 \n 十八. 达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会委员 成员", "68. 在国家外交礼节当中，达尔富尔地区管理局主席直接排在共和国副总统之后，共和国总统助理之前。", "69. 达尔富尔地区管理局执行机构的成员应经达尔富尔地区管理局主席提名、由苏丹共和国总统任命。经任命的成员拥有国务部长的地位。", "70. 达尔富尔地区管理局主席可向达尔富尔地区管理局执行机构的成员问责。主席还可向共和国总统建议解除执行机构任何已任命成员的职务。达尔富尔地区管理局委员会可撤回对执行机构任何已任命成员的信任并向达尔富尔地区管理局主席建议解除其职务。", "达尔富尔地区管理局委员会", "71. 达尔富尔地区管理局委员会由67名成员组成，组成情况如下：", "一. 主席；", "二. 两名副主席；", "三. 各运动的代表；", "四. 国家立法机关的代表。", "72. 达尔富尔地区管理局委员会可在认为必要时成立专门委员会。", "达尔富尔地区管理局委员会的权限", "73. 达尔富尔地区管理局委员会拥有监督、监测和组织权限。委员会应审查法律并建议可促进达尔富尔各州间协调与合作的立法措施。具本而言，委员会的权限包括：", "一. 审查与达尔富尔地区管理局权限相关的法律；", "二. 控制和评估达尔富尔地区管理局的绩效；", "三. 核准达尔富尔地区管理局的预算；", "四. 确保达尔富尔地区管理局的适当支出和问责；", "五. 在达尔富尔地区管理局权限内通过政策，特别是通过关于达尔富尔各州间跨界问题的政策；", "六. 在达尔富尔人民多数票赞成建立一个区域时成立一个委员会以编制达尔富尔地区宪法。", "争端解决", "74. 达尔富尔地区管理局应在不影响达尔富尔各州政府的宪法权力和职能情况下行使职能。如果达尔富尔地区管理局主席认为州政府正在开展的任何行动损害了本协议的执行，则应将该事项提交达尔富尔地区管理局委员会做出决定，不影响任何一方根据以下因素诉诸宪法法院以最终解决争端的权利：", "一. 《国家宪法》；", "二. 本协议条款；", "三. 加强安全、稳定、人民福祉和保护人权与基本自由的需要。", "达尔富尔的永久行政地位", "75. 达尔富尔的永久行政地位应通过全民投票决定。", "76. 全民投票应在本协议签署一年后在达尔富尔各州同时举行。一年后，共和国总统与达尔富尔地区管理局主席商定后将成立全民投票委员会，委员会将开展全民投票工作。全民投票的结果应载入永久《宪法》。以下备选方案应予提供：", "一. 建立一个包括达尔富尔各州的达尔富尔地区；", "二. 保留各州体系现状。在任何情况下，达尔富尔经文化和历史传统与联系界定的特点应受到尊重。", "77. 经总统与达尔富尔地区管理局商定后成立的达尔富尔全民投票委员会应组织和开展全民投票工作。《国家选举法》应规定全民投票的规划和程序。全民投票应受到国际社会的监测。", "78. 如果达尔富尔人民在全民投票中以多数票决定应建立一个达尔富尔地区，达尔富尔地区管理局应组建一个宪法委员会以决定达尔富尔地区政府的权限。委员会应在全民投票三个月内将拟定宪法提交给达尔富尔地区管理局供通过。该拟订宪法应提交给国家立法机构供通过，苏丹共和国总统应颁布该宪法。", "79. 如果全民投票的结果是保留现状，则达尔富尔地区管理局应继续其作为执行本协议主要工具的地位，自本协议签署日起为期四年。", "第11条：达尔富尔的北部边界", "80. 在不影响《全面和平协议》关于南北边界的条款以及苏丹共和国与邻国间现行有效的任何国际协议的情况下，达尔富尔的北部边界应回归至1956年1月1日的位置。", "81. 联合技术委员会应在本协议签署后六个月内完成边界划分工作。", "第12条：州一级的代表权", "82. 缔约各方同意各运动将在各级达尔富尔州政府内得到代表。", "州长", "83. 如果另外设州，各运动应提名两名候选人供苏丹总统核准担任代理州长(Walis)，在过渡期管理新建立州的其中两个，直至选举举行。", "第13条：地方政府", "84. 缔约各方一致认为，在履行主权属于人民、赋权基层、确保公民有效参与治理、推动发展和使公共事务的管理最具成本效益的承诺上地方政府的作用非常重要。", "85. 地方行政当局应酌情尊重在社区中发挥重要作用的既定历史和社区传统、风俗和做法。", "86. 缔约各方一致认为，地方政府和地方行政当局受到达尔富尔冲突的不利影响，因此应被赋权以应对冲突的后果，包括环境退化和荒漠化。", "87. 缔约各方一致认为在下届地方选举之前各运动应在地方政府级别得到充分代表，应有适当比 的妇女代表。", "88. 应采取适当措施通过能力建设和扶持行动为青年和妇女等各群体提供协助。", "第14条：大学和国立高等教育机构", "89. 国立大学15%的录取名额应根据五年竞争要求分配给来自达尔富尔的学生。", "90. 达尔富尔人民应根据高等教育和科学研究部规定的能力和科学资格在国立大学和高等教育机构管理层得到代表性。", "91. 达尔富尔国立大学50%的录取席位应根据录取委员会的要求分配给达尔富尔人的子女。同时应成立一个机制或委员会以审查那些遭受战争影响的人的境况，免收其五年的大学费用。", "92. 达尔富尔各州境内流离失所者和难民的后代，一经录取委员会正式录取进入国立大学，应免收五年的教育费用。", "93. 应在达尔富尔各州的各个地点便利执行境内流离失所者、难民和受战争影响的人的子女的录取程序。", "第15条：永久宪法", "94. 各运动应在全国制宪审查委员会内得到充分代表性，以起草苏丹共和国的永久宪法。", "第三章：财富分享", "总则", "第16条：财富分享的原则", "财富分享应基于以下原则：", "95. 除其他目标外，一个经济体应以保证所有苏丹公民平衡适当的生活水平的方式确保实现减贫、社会正义、公平地分配财富和资源。", "96. 财政联邦制和公平分享苏丹的财富使每一级政府能向苏丹人民履行其法律和宪法责任和义务。苏丹政府应根据本协议确立的程序和标准为达尔富尔的利益做出必要的资金划拨。", "97. 苏丹所有部分均有权实现公正均衡的发展，承认急需重建达尔富尔受武装冲突影响的地区，急需特别关注流离失所的人，通过建设有利环境使他们自愿回归出生点或如本协议第四章所规定的，回到所选择的地点。", "98. 通过和执行安置游牧民的综合发展项目，促进该部门的生产力，组织农民和牧民的关系，以确保所有人的安全、稳定和发展。", "99. 苏丹的财富概念应定义为包括自然资源和人力资源、历史和文化遗产、国际和国内贷款和公共借款等金融资产、国际援助和赠款。它还包括促进创造和分配财富的手段、体制、政策和机会 以及物质资源、政府收入、机构利润和其他资源。", "100. 财富是其创造和分配受政府机构、政策和方案影响巨大的一个重要部分。因此，达尔富尔公平参与关于旨在监管那些影响其社会和经济利益的财富的创造和分配的政策和机构的决策非常重要，应加以促进。", "101. 人力资源发展应是经济和社会发展政策的手段和目标。应制定和执行这些政策以发展教育系统，并确保达尔富尔人在达尔富尔和这个国家平等获取教育和培训机会，不因种族或性别受到歧视。应特别努力消除妇女文盲。", "102. 所有苏丹公民应享有以下平等权利：", "一. 不受饥饿；", "二. 可持续的谋生手段；", "三. 获取饮用水；", "四. 获取高质教育；", "五. 获取保健和其他社会服务；", "六. 充分获取公共事业和基础设施服务；", "七. 获取发展和工作机会；", "八. 自由的市场准入；", "九. 保护财产；", "十. 促进和保护文化遗产；", "十一. 向受冲突影响的人补偿和(或)赔偿所丧失的财产；", "十二. 审查影响生计的行政措施。", "103. 一个有效的财富分配系统应以透明和问责为基础。经济政策应规定扶持行动，以应对因冲突导致的长年发展不足和伤害带来的劣势。", "104. 财富分享和分配应以苏丹所有部分均有权实现公平公正的发展为前提。承认贫穷在整个苏丹特别是在达尔富尔普遍存在，应在该国发展政策框架内通过一个全国减贫战略，以实现千年发展目标。", "105. 达尔富尔极需恢复、重建和发展因冲突而受到损坏的有形基础设施和社会基础架构，急需履行基本政府职能和建设民政机关。应作为要求紧急执行的最主要的优先事项对这些需求进行综合评估。", "106. 达尔富尔的恢复和重建被认为是一个优先事项。为此，应采取措施向达尔富尔人支付赔偿款项，应对因生命丧失和财产毁坏、没收和盗窃以及随后遭受的苦难而导致的怨愤。", "107. 基本的经济和社会基础设施的发展非常重要，为此，应制定一个加速发展方案，使达尔富尔达到该国其他地方的水平。", "108. 鉴于开展该进程所需要的财政资源和专门知识超出了苏丹的能力，缔约各方可寻求国际社会的支持，使国际社会充分参与该举措，协助提供必要的资金和专门知识，为满足实现该目的所确定的需求做出贡献。", "109. 整个达尔富尔以及那些特别需要建设和重建的地区应达到一个使其能快速实现千年发展目标的水平。应制定一个基本基础设施发展方案，使达尔富尔经济融入国家经济。", "110. 应在本协议下设立一项特别基金，用于重建和发展达尔富尔。", "第17条：财富分享政策", "111. 国家经济政策的最终目标是通过除其他外基于促进价格稳定、提高就业水平、促进可持续经济发展和消除贫困的良好政策来实现充分就业。因此，国家、社会和经济政策应旨在确保：", "一. 促进和改善所有公民的体面和有尊严的生活条件，不以种族、肤色、族裔、部落、区域或地方从属关系、性别、宗教、语言或政治见解或其他见解而歧视；", "二. 公民通过各级政府和非政府组织参与制定和执行创造和分配财富所需的社会政策，参与关于收入管理和发展的决策；", "三. 保证在所有参与创造和分配财富的苏丹政府机构内享有公平公正的代表。", "112. 国家经济和社会政策应旨在实现以下目标：", "一. 与维护宏观经济稳定和可持续发展保持一致，在苏丹所有地方创造和公平分配财富；", "二. 确保为全体人民的利益收税用税；", "三. 将关于发展、服务提供和治理问题的决策过程权力下放；", "四. 平安、安全和开放地准入市场和获取货物与服务，以期：", "(a) 创建有利的外国投资环境；", "(b) 承认社会和文化多样性；", "(c) 促进社会护理和稳定；", "(d) 应对环境退化问题；", "(e) 落实可持续发展的原则。", "113. 应制定国家经济政策以为国内和外国私营部门参与整个苏丹特别是达尔富尔的发展创造有利透明的环境。应审查和修正国家和区域立法以吸引投资。", "114. 国家和区域政策应适于促进达尔富尔向国内和国际市场的出口。", "115. 应审查财政和货币政策，特别是银行系统，以满足可持续增长和平衡发展的需求，增加进入国际金融市场的机会。", "116. 苏丹银行致力于制定政策和创新金融方法，鼓励金融机构、商业银行和专业政府银行(农业银行、工业发展银行等)扩展其在达尔富尔的活动。", "117. 在不影响第14条的情况下，应制定和执行政策发展教育系统，并确保达尔富尔人在达尔富尔各州和这个国家平等获取教育和培训机会，不因种族或性别受到歧视。应特别努力消除妇女文盲。", "118. 应推动和促进研究和开发，特别是推动在农业、畜牧业、小型工业、手工业、采矿、环境和着重可再生能源的能源领域的技术发展。", "119. 应通过政策确保有效保护和恢复环境，特别是通过关于恢复森林和植树造林的政策。", "120. 应优先关注着重发展和升级包括家畜在内的农业部门，适当尊重游牧文化和可持续的自然环境。", "121. 本协议执行中的最优先事项应是应对受冲突影响领域的需求，特别关注境内流离失所者、回归难民和受冲突影响者，提供使他们安全而有尊严地回归出生地所需的基本服务和保障。本协议第四章境内流离失所者和难民的赔偿与回归规定了赔偿财产和援助难民完全融入社区的原则和流程，其中包括恢复他们的土地财产权，补偿他们因冲突而遭受的损害和损失。", "122. 应特别关注达尔富尔妇女的关切，她们参与所有领域的活动，除了是户主特别是难民、境内游离失所者和移民家庭的户主外，还是劳动力的主要部分，在农业和动物资源部门尤其如此。此外，在所有这些领域内，妇女的境遇因冲突而恶化，冲突特别对妇女和儿童造成不利影响，主要对其生计造成影响。应采取具体措施应对她们的关切，确保她们平等有效地参与根据本协议成立的各种委员会和机构。", "123. 合理、可持续地承认“hawakeer”和土地历史权等传统和习惯性质的权利对保证达尔富尔的发展和生计极其重要。本协议旨在建立承认和保护这些权利所需的机制。", "124. 应建立一个机制，规定确保可持续地利用和监测土地和其他自然资源程序。该机制应确保与所有受土地开发和自然资源利用影响的公民协商，在执行此类开发程序时将他们的意见考虑在内。因土地和自然资源开发而财产受到损失或生活受到影响的个人有权获得充足及时的赔偿。", "125. 应发展和合法地支持土地管理体系和机构，以便根据土地利用图谱数据率，同时考虑到这方面的历史经验，推动可持续发展和应对环境退化问题。", "126. 达尔富尔所处地理位置远离中心，缺少公路、铁路、桥梁和堤坝等基础设施，因此需要有效的开发和投资，应通过如下改革、法定减免和激励措施便利这些开发和投资：", "一. 完全免除达尔富尔建设和发展所需进口材料的关税和其他费用；", "二. 苏丹政府应负担在达尔富尔的国家发展项目以及苏丹政府或货款资助的项目所需进口材料的应付关税和其他费用。", "三. 应修订《投资促进法》，为外国和当地公司在达尔富尔各州投资规定更多的激励特权，如免除这些公司的商业利润税负。", "达尔富尔的重建和发展", "第18条：总则", "127. 达尔富尔的重建和发展努力应通过第25条所述财政和金融分配监测委员会定期进行大量有保证的资金划拨以及通过其他本国资源和外国援助获得支助。", "128. 达尔富尔需要一个快速从冲突转为和平的过渡期，因此应创造一个有利环境，以便从人道主义援助阶段转为重建、经济恢复和发展阶段。", "129. 为支持上文第128款提及的过渡期和实现上述目标，达尔富尔需要大量资源，这大大超出其在短期内可在当地经济层面调动的能力。因此，除外国援助外，应通过国家岁入基金定期进行的安全资金划拨和其他本国资源向达尔富尔的努力提供协助。", "第19条：小额融资制度", "130. 达尔富尔应建立小额融资制度，在没有传统银行系统适用的抵押要求情况下，通过可供个人和群体获得的小额贷款向有增长潜力的创收活动提供所需的资金。", "131. 小额融资制度应设立若干非传统抵押品，方便目标人群如小生产者特别是回归者获取此项资助。", "132. 受惠人应在行政区域内通过政府资助建设其生产能力，在各自领域提高技能。", "133. 小额融资制度应特别注重妇女特别是遗孀的创收活动。", "134. 苏丹政府应出资100 000 000美元(一亿美元)作为小额融资制度的资本。", "135. 政府应鼓励有小额融资业务的银行优先关注达尔富尔。", "136. 政府应与达尔富尔地区管理局合作，在小额融资领域的专家参与下，以确保小额融资制度独立性的方式制定小额融资制度的章程和议事规则。", "137. 小额融资制度可无条件地接受小额融资领域专业组织及其他组织的支助。", "第20条：社会服务", "138. 除了财政和金融分配监测委员会的划拨外，苏丹政府应在三年期间向达尔富尔各州三次等额分期支付225 000 000美元(二亿二千五百万美元)以支持社会服务活动。", "第21条：达尔富尔重建与发展基金", "139. 应在达尔富尔重建与发展基金的结构和运作构架内采取必要措施改革、重组和纠正其失衡问题，达尔富尔重建与发展基金应一直运作，直至并入多方捐助信托基金，多方捐助信托基金将如第32条的规定在达尔富尔联合评估团之后成立。", "140. 达尔富尔重建与发展基金将在一个由苏丹政府、达尔富尔地区管理局和达尔富尔各州政府代表组成的委员会的监督下运作。", "141. 达尔富尔重建与发展基金的职能包括但不限于以下任务：", "一. 资助回归和重新安置项目；", "二. 纠正发展失衡问题，特别是在基础设施和实现千年发展目标领域；", "三. 建立供资机制，满足妇女、儿童和孤儿的特殊需要。这种机制应包括但不限于提供贷款、投资机会、加强生产能力、生产投入和妇女的能力建设。", "达尔富尔重建与发展基金的国家政府拨款", "142. 除了财政和金融分配监测委员会划拨款内达尔富尔的份额外，苏丹政府应从国家岁入基金中拨款2 000 000 000美元(二十亿美元)。该款项的 200 000 000美元(二亿美元)应在本协议签署后立即支付，作为达尔富尔重建与发展基金的种子资金。苏丹政府应以如下方式支付余额：", "一. 在本协议签署后一年内支付300 000 000美元(三亿美元)；", "二. 在第三年支付300 000 000美元(三亿美元)；", "三. 在第四年支付300 000 000美元(三亿美元)；", "四. 在第五年支付400 000 000美元(四亿美元)；", "五. 在第六年支付500 000 000美元(五亿美元)。", "财政联邦制和政府间关系", "第22条：确定国家一级和州一级的财政责任", "143. 国民收入应按其宪法责任的比例拨给联邦政府和各州政府，以确保联邦治理的效力。", "144. 应根据以下原则在治理的国家级和州级分配收支相关责任：", "一. 将支出功能分配给其管辖权最密切反映该功能服务的地理区域的政府级别；", "二. 特定服务的提供(支出分配)只能由特定级别的政府承担，或者由两级或多级政府共同承担；", "三. 达尔富尔州政府应努力利用从在上述地区征收的税款来支付为特定地理区域生活的人们提供的服务；", "四. 达尔富尔州政府应有权确定税基结构、关税水平或税率，不受联邦政府的干涉。", "第23条：税收分配原则和基础", "税收规则", "145. 所有在国家一级由或为联邦政府收取的税收均支付到由国家财政部管理的国家岁入基金的账户，此项税收包括所有部委的税收，覆盖黄金、石油、行政或政府在任何机构或公司或任何其他实体利润中所占份额，无论是因商业、投资或其他活动产生。该基金包括所有账户，包括收取、报告和储存联邦政府应收款项的子账户。", "146. 在每个财政年度未，各级政府及其附属机构应通过立法机关公布一份综合报告，详细描述所有税收和非税收入以及所有支出(年度财务报告)，以确保透明和依法问责。", "税基", "147. 联邦政府可立法规定从以下来源收取税收或税赋：", "一. 国家个人所得税；", "二. 公司或企业利润税；", "三. 关税和进口税；", "四. 海港和机场税收；", "五. 服务费；", "六. 石油、采矿和电力税收；", "七. 政府机构和项目税收；", "八. 增值税和批发/零售税和其他货物和服务税；", "九. 消费税；", "十. 贷款，包括从苏丹中央银行和公民的贷款；", "十一. 赠款和外国财政援助；", "十二. 国家立法机关规定的其他税赋。", "148. 达尔富尔州政府有权收取和管理以下费用：", "一. 州土地和财产税与权益费；", "二. 州服务的服务费；", "三. 许可费；", "四. 达尔富尔各州的个人所得税；", "五. 各州在达尔富尔各州生产的石油和其他自然资源收入中所占份额；", "六. 达尔富尔各州项目、机构和自然保护区；", "七. 印花税；", "八. 农业税；", "九. 旅游税；", "十. 外国赠款和援助；", "十一. 消费税；", "十二. 由州立法规定的其他区域税收；", "十三. 在国家宏观经济政策框架内，经中央银行核准和担保，根据其信贷价值进行的本地和国外贷款和借款；", "十四. 家畜税；", "十五. 苏丹政府提供的补贴和外国财政援助；", "十六. 国家岁入基金的拨款；", "十七. 根据联邦立法收取的边境贸易税收。", "149. 达尔富尔各州可缔结协议在其管辖区和权力内加强资源调动和管理。", "第24条：伊斯兰济贫税机构", "150. 应在达尔富尔地区内使用达尔富尔征收的所有税款。", "151. 尽管有第150款之规定，但伊斯兰济贫税中央机构根据2001年《课税法》第38(A)条之规定，可能提供尽可能多的必要资金，并根据达尔富尔地区的贫困线，执行服务形式多样化的扶贫方案和项目，特别是对流离失所者和难民而言，如挖井、提供医疗器械和设备、教育和其他生产性项目。", "第25条：政府间财政转移支付", "152. 将依法设立财政分配和监测委员会。还将依法任命一个专家小组，并授权该小组制定将国家岁入基金转入达尔富尔各州的标准。达尔富尔地区管理局的一名代表将任职财政分配和监测委员会。", "153. 为实现财政平衡，财政分配和监测委员会将确保反映达尔富尔各州的利益和观点，考虑其他州政府的利益。委员会将在制度上确保以下方面：", "一. 纵向和横向优化对资源的利用和分享；", "二. 向达尔富尔各州分配资金时保持透明度；", "三. 在迅速转移预算补助方面监测国家财政部的行动。委员会将向立法机关提交报告。", "154. 根据以下标准，份额将直接从财政分配和监测委员会转入达尔富尔各州：", "一. 2008年人口普查得出的人口数量；", "二. 发展指标(卫生、教育、基础设施)；", "三. 州在收税方面做出的努力；", "四. 冲突的影响；", "五. 地域大小。", "155. 专家组将以百分比的形式逐一说明各标准所占比重，以期作为计算各州所得份额的依据。", "156. 财政分配和监测委员会将执行透明的进程，在确保联邦政府不得扣留达尔富尔各州或任何其他次级政府的资金时，监测向达尔富尔各州及时支付转让。", "157. 如果国家财政部扣留分配给达尔富尔各州的资金，或没能按照原有安排分配资金，达尔富尔各州可能向宪法法院提起诉讼。", "第26条：向达尔富尔地区管理局转移资金", "158. 苏丹政府将向达尔富尔地区管理局开展的一切活动供资。用于资本支出的资金将来自达尔富尔重建与发展基金，而预算中的管理费用将由国家立法通过的国家预算直接提供。", "159. 向达尔富尔地区管理局分配资金的过程将保持透明。", "160. 如果联邦政府延误了向达尔富尔地区转移分配给其的资金或扣留了资金，达尔富尔地区管理局可能向宪法法院提起诉讼。", "第27条：达尔富尔德财政权利", "161. 在联邦系统的背景下，达尔富尔各州应有权：", "一. 根据第25条将国家财政部收集的税款转移出去；", "二. 根据第23条收税；", "三. 达尔富尔重建与发展基金的岁入；", "四. 多方捐助者信托基金的岁入。", "162. 将建立有特定目的的拨款制度，以期实现千年发展目标，减少贫困并实现两性平等。", "第28条：外部供资来源", "163. 经苏丹中央银行的核准和担保，达尔富尔地区管理局和达尔富尔各州能从国家和国际金融市场中获得贷款。", "164. 达尔富尔地区管理局和达尔富尔各州将向联邦政府提交关于来自外部供资和援助来源的全部数额的报告。", "第29条：能力建设", "165. 在签署此《协定》时，苏丹政府将帮助达尔富尔各州和达尔富尔地区管理局制定和实施一项关于公共财政和财政联邦制的先进和全面的能力建设方案。", "第30条：监测和问责制", "166. 达尔富尔地区管理局和达尔富尔各州将根据一般性金融统计数据编制年度预算，预算将分别提交至达尔富尔地区管理局理事会和各州立法机关核准或修正。不经达尔富尔地区管理局理事会核准，或视情况而定不经立法机关核准，不能修改或添加任何新的资金分配事项。还应编制关于总收入和支出的全面中期报告。将按照国家一级透明度和问责制的标准，根据金融法规和国家审计师机构的准则，编制这些报告；而且，应根据国际标准编制全面的报告。", "167. 负责监测该进程的机构如下：", "一. 财政分配和监测委员会；", "二. 国家审计长机构和各州审计长办公室；", "三. 达尔富尔地区管理局理事会；", "四. 达尔富尔各州立法机关。", "第31条：关于达尔富尔的发展政策", "168. 将在实现苏丹所有地区公平和均衡发展权的基础上制定国家发展政策，并将该国更贫困和受冲突影响地区作为特别优先事项。", "169. 在这一背景下，达尔富尔将旨在实现复原、重建、建设和发展等多领域的短期和中期目标，并考虑迫切的需要和制定长期发展依据的需要。将特别关注将使达尔富尔加速实现从救济向发展过渡的方案和项目。", "170. 实现达尔富尔冲突后经济复苏和发展的主要目标如下：", "一. 重建和发展；", "二. 重振达尔富尔的经济，使其融入国家经济，并促进达尔富尔各州同邻国的贸易；", "三. 恢复基础社会服务，如教育、卫生和水供应；", "四. 实现可持续的经济增长、公平发展、社会稳定，并改善获得社会服务的途径；", "五. 减少贫困，并提高经济能力和认识；", "六. 创造充足的就业机会；", "七. 培养善治方面的个人和机构能力，强调问责制和透明度；", "八. 发展物理基础设施，以期改善达尔富尔人民接触达尔富尔、苏丹其他地区和邻国主要市场的途径，承诺根据国际标准在两年内开通西Ingaz公路及所有分支路段；", "九. 建立稳定和透明的法律框架，以鼓励私人、当地、国家和外国投资；", "十. 培养经济管理、财务管理和采购等主要领域的技术和分析能力；", "十一. 投资教育和科学研究，改善和发展人力资源；", "十二. 促进可替代能源的生产，并处理环境退化的原因。", "171. 各方认识到，达尔富尔因历史原因贫困，且遭受冲突导致的破坏的严重影响，因而迫切需要：", "一. 恢复和平、安全和社会稳定；", "二. 更有效地履行政府职能；", "三. 加强民政管理；", "四. 在冲突后的达尔富尔恢复、重建和建设物理、机构和社会基础设施；", "五. 在达尔富尔的大学和机构内进行全面的结构改革，使其履行自身使命；", "六. 开设大学以及外国科学和技术学院分校，将达尔富尔转变为一个技术、工业、农业和贸易都发达的社会。", "172. 牧民和农民争夺牧场和水源是达尔富尔的一个严重问题，将以全面的方式应对该问题：", "一. 制定政策和项目来遏制环境退化，促进农业生产和畜牧业生产；", "二. 逐渐将畜牧业生产和畜牧业的重心从数量转向质量；", "三. 制定框架，使不同用户公平获取土地资源和水资源；", "四. 制定旨在在各州建立农业、工业和技术经济的政策和项目；", "五. 培养这些领域的研究能力。", "173. 忽视苏丹人民(一般来讲)和达尔富尔人民(具体来讲)赖以生存的传统雨水浇灌部门导致粮食进口增加、农村人口向城市迁移以及饥饿和纠纷蔓延的状况。因此，应制定针对促进传统雨水浇灌农业的政策和项目，这将被视为一项加速实现千年发展目标的重大国家发展优先事项。", "174. 以下发展项目曾被忽视，现将对其进行审查以评估其可行性。如果可行，将恢复该项目的实施：", "一. 西萨瓦纳发展项目；", "二. 杰贝尔·马拉农村发展项目；", "三. 杰贝尔·马拉热能项目；", "四. Habeela农业项目；", "五. Ghazalah Jawazat研究站；", "六. 阿布·哈姆拉农业项目；", "七. Saq Alnaam农业项目；", "八. Urn Bayada项目；", "九. 旺地·哈瓦尔水谷盆地；", "十. 防治干旱和荒漠化项目；", "十一. 大众住房项目；", "十二. 农业研究项目；", "十三. 产糖项目；", "十四. Alradoom、旺地·哈瓦尔和其他野生动物保护区；", "十五. Urn Ajaja项目(Bahar Alarab发展项目)；", "十六. Wadi Alatroon发展项目。", "175. 所有政府一级将做出最大努力，在努力加速实现千年发展目标的过程中，将达尔富尔的人民发展水平提升至国家一级。", "第32条：达尔富尔联合评估团", "176. 将组建达尔富尔联合评估团来确认和评估达尔富尔冲突后经济复苏、发展和消除贫困的需要。将在签署该《协定》的三个月后举行捐助方大会，届时提出这些需要。", "177. 各方将请求世界银行(世行)、达尔富尔开发银行、联合国和非洲开发银行(非行)带头开展联合评估团的活动，与伊斯兰开发银行、非洲联盟(非盟)、阿拉伯国家联盟(阿盟)、伊斯兰会议组织、阿拉伯基金、欧洲联盟(欧盟)、美利坚合众国(美国)、卡塔尔国以及其他相关国家及区域和国际经济组织合作。", "178. 因为开展这一行动所需的财政资源和专业知识超出了苏丹的能力范围，所以各方请求国际社会紧急并全面参与该行动，在提供必要资源和专业知识方面给予援助，并通过建立多方捐助信托基金协助满足此用途的需要。将由捐助方和苏丹政府将建立的监管机构来决定该基金的运行程序。", "179. 各方将参与达尔富尔联合评估团的监督和技术委员会。", "180. 将评估达尔富尔在社会领域和基础设施方面的发展需求，并将由达尔富尔联合评估团来决定未来六年内应对这些需求所必需的资源。", "发展和管理土地、Hawakeer和自然资源", "第33条：一般原则", "181. 本章涉及的土地边界将是本《协定》第二章第80款所述的达尔富尔的土地。", "182. 由于达尔富尔人民没有从1925年的《土地垦殖和注册条例》中获益，因此将根据关于土地所有权、传统畜牧业路线和获取水资源的机会的习俗、传统和遗产，优先修改法律，将土地(Hawakeer)权和土地(Hawakeer)使用权囊括进来。", "183. 如果根据投资法出租土地，且租户未满足将这些土地出租给其的条件，则所涉土地将恢复原状。", "184. 在不影响本《协定》规定的情况下，适当或确认的政府一级将行使与达尔富尔的苏丹政府所有的土地相关的权利。", "185. 将归还任意或非法被剥夺合法财产或土地权的所有流离失所者和其他人其财产和权利，并将立即对其在被剥夺期间遭受的持续损失或损害进行充分赔偿。", "186. 将建立机制，以期确保对土地和其他自然资源的可持续管理和利用。应咨询土地开发和自然资源利用的所有受害者，并考虑其意见。因开发和利用自然资源使财产或生活资料受到负面影响的个人将有权立即获得充分赔偿。", "第34条：土地的传统和历史权利", "187. 土地所有权条例以及使用和行使土地权是一致的，将在适当的政府层面上行使。", "188. 将承认和保护部落传统的土地(Hawakeer)所有权、土地、传统和习惯的畜牧业路线以及获得水源的途径的历史权利。政府的所有相关层面都将根据国际趋势和做法，启动和完成一个程序，以便逐步修订相关法律，纳入习惯法。为保护传统遗产，尽可能重新开放封闭的传统和习惯的畜牧业路线，或将划定替代路线。", "189. 根据第188款修订的土地法将承认和保护历史、传统和习惯的土地权。", "190. 如果不能立即进行充分商议和补偿，不得剥夺任何个人或个人团体的任何传统或历史土地权或获取水源的权利。", "191. 在不影响法庭司法管辖权的情况下，达尔富尔土地委员会将应对土地的传统和历史权利，审查土地管理和利用问题以及自然资源开发问题。", "第35条：当地社区的土地", "192. 如果联邦政府和州政府在拥有这些土地权的当地社区的参与下与其进行善意磋商，则可能开发族裔土地。该族裔将有权获得土地开发所得的公平收入份额；或受影响的族裔将获得实物和/或现金赔偿。", "193. 如果联邦和州政府采取行动或开发土地的行为符合根据第38条建立的土地利用映射数据库所制定的开发计划，则这些政府可以采取行动或开发任何属于当地社区的土地。", "第36条：土地分配", "194. 当地社区的个人可以将其习惯拥有的土地注册为自己的土地。如果可能，注册将是免费的，如果不免费，将降低注册费，并将同用于提高公众认识的便利程序和活动绑定起来。", "第37条：土地规划和可持续发展", "195. 土地规划和可持续发展须遵循以下要求：", "一. 认识到土地的传统权利(包括Hawakeer)和历史权利，以便确保达尔富尔民生和发展的安全和可持续的基础；", "二. 制定可持续的土地制度，并解决土地利用竞争引起的争端；", "三. 达尔富尔的土地规划将基于土地利用映射数据库的成果制定，用于以下途径：", "(a) 住房；", "(b) 农业；", "(c) 放牧；", "(d) 采矿；", "(e) 工业发展，包括外商投资；", "(f) 自然保护区；", "(g) 季节性牲畜移动(路线、牧场等)；", "(h) 森林储备和植树造林。", "第38条：达尔富尔土地委员会", "196. 将建立达尔富尔土地委员会。达尔富尔土地委员会理事会将由联邦政府、达尔富尔地区管理局、达尔富尔州政府、本地人管理和当地专家组成。成员构成将体现达尔富尔的土地使用利益。在提出关于土地规划和开发的建议方面，理事会将询问权利受到影响的个人。", "197. 达尔富尔土地委员会将制作达尔富尔各州土地利用映射数据库，并将数据库作为建议提交至达尔富尔各州立法机关，等待通过，随后提交至达尔富尔地区管理局理事会以获最终核准。将每五年对该数据库进行一次审查。", "198. 达尔富尔土地委员会将适用一项关于利用和开发土地和自然资源的规划制度，该制度针对以下内容：", "一. 良好管理、开发和保护农业用地、受保护的自然保护区、森林和矿物质、水源、城镇和农村等自然资源，以期促进当地社区的社会和经济福祉，并创造和维护一个更好的环境；", "二. 发展和协调有组织的土地和自然资源的经济开发；", "三. 可持续发展；", "四. 保护文化遗产；", "五. 保护、提供和协调电信、交通和其他相关服务；", "六. 为公共目的分配土地；", "七. 提供和协调社会服务和设施；", "八. 环境保护，包括保护动植物群、濒危物种和自然保护区；", "九. 开垦受侵蚀的土地并制定抗击荒漠化的方案，包括造林和再造林；", "十. 促进达尔富尔各政府级承担环境规划的共同责任；", "十一. 为公众参与环境规划和评估创造机会；", "十二. 创造机会，与受到土地和自然资源开发计划影响的所有人进行磋商；", "十三. 核准立即向生活资料或财产因与土地和自然资源开发和规划相关决定受到负面影响的个人进行充分赔偿。", "199. 如果当地社区或个人的当前土地利用和生活资料因土地利用映射数据库受到负面影响，则他们有权立即获得充分赔偿。", "200. 达尔富尔土地委员会将：", "一. 保持独立和公正；", "二. 制定议事规则，并将议事规则提交给达尔富尔地区管理局核准；", "三. 获得所有土地记录；", "四. 尽快履行职责；", "五. 做出一切适当安排，以确保所有受害个人和当地社区全面和有效参与议事；", "六. 向达尔富尔地区管理局和达尔富尔各州政府提交关于其活动年度预算的年度报告；", "七. 确保委员会的成员构成、招募情况和服务条件符合法律规定；", "八. 考虑土地的传统和历史权利。", "201. 在不影响法庭司法管辖权的情况下，达尔富尔土地委员会将行使以下附加职责：", "一. 对土地权利纠纷实施仲裁；", "二. 向适当的政府一级提交关于承认传统和历史土地权的建议；", "三. 就向其提交的申请评估适当的赔偿。这些赔偿不一定限于经济赔偿；", "四. 就如何协调关于影响土地或土地权的达尔富尔各州政府项目的政策问题向各级政府提出建议，并考虑土地利用映射数据库；", "五. 建立并维护关于土地利用的记录；", "六. 进行关于土地所有权和土地利用的研究；", "七. 审查目前的土地利用条例机制，并向主管机关提出关于必要变更的建议，包括向土地所有者归还土地权，或向其支付赔偿。", "202. 在行使仲裁职责的同时，达尔富尔土地委员会将有权受理申请，并在获得争议各方同意后适用习惯和传统法律或公平与正义原则。仲裁决定将制约争议各方，并可能由主管法庭强制执行。", "203. 在不影响各法庭司法管辖权的情况下，将鼓励存在土地争议的各方在诉诸法庭前详尽论述解决争端的传统方法，包括仲裁。", "204. 达尔富尔土地委员会将尊重由本协定第四章授权的机构或实体做出的决定，以期对流离失所者、难民和其他受冲突影响的个人所有的土地做出决定。", "205. 国家土地委员会和达尔富尔土地委员会将开展合作，并协调活动，以便有效利用二者的资源。在未对协调问题施加限制的情况下，国家土地委员会和达尔富尔土地委员会将在以下问题上达成一致：", "一. 共享信息并共同做出决定；", "二. 向达尔富尔土地委员会委派国家土地委员会的特定职能，包括数据收集和研究；", "三. 消除实际结果同两个委员会提出的建议之间的任何矛盾；", "206. 达尔富尔土地委员会将作为国家土地委员会的永久成员。", "207. 如果实际结果、国家土地委员会提出的建议和达尔富尔土地委员会提出的建议之间出现冲突，两个委员会将努力协调各自位置。如果无法做到，问题将交由宪法法庭决定。", "第39条：主要发展项目", "208. 在特殊情况下，达尔富尔地区管理局理事会和达尔富尔各州立法会可能授权达尔富尔各州政府签署协定，以便实施可能不符合任何关于土地利用的计划或规划立法的重大发展项目。但如果拟议的协定包含说明以下内容的详细规定，达尔富尔各州政府可能力争获得此项任务：", "一. 明确界定拟议的项目；", "二. 将根据该协定通过程序，以期保护环境；", "三. 将采取措施与利益受到拟议的发展项目负面影响的族裔和个人进行磋商；", "四. 预计为当地社区和达尔富尔人民带来惠益；", "五. 将对财产或生活资料受到协定的负面影响的族裔和个人做出赔偿，并说明他们是否同意指定的赔偿。", "将对土地利用映射数据库或关于规划的立法做出相应修订。", "第40条：自然资源", "209. 在对自然资源进行管理和开发方面，达尔富尔土地委员会将致力于可持续地利用这些资源，并考虑以下问题：", "一. 国家利益和公益；", "二. 相关国家和区域的利益；", "三. 相关区域当地人民的利益；", "四. 国家和达尔富尔各州的环境政策、生物多样性保护准则以及文化遗产保护原则；", "五. 土地权，包括习惯和传统权利；", "六. 采矿和自然资源开发方面的国际认可标准和环保方式。", "210. 将与土地权所有者进行磋商，并且在做出关于开采他们拥有权利的领域的地下资源时，考虑他们的意见。", "211. 拥有土地权的个人在其土地财产被征用和利用以作开发自然资源之用的情况下，将有权立即获得充分赔偿。", "212. 苏丹政府将使达尔富尔人民通过其州政府参与与开发和利用达尔富尔自然资源有关的各阶段决策。这将涉及合同的谈判、缔结和管理。将考虑受开发影响的当地社区的惠益。", "第41条：石油部门的管理和开发", "213. 除其他外，石油部门的管理和开发将基于以下方面内容：", "一. 根据以下方面，将石油作为非可再生自然资源进行优化开采：", "(a) 国家利益和公益；", "(b) 相关国家的利益；", "(c) 相关区域人口的利益；", "(d) 国家和达尔富尔各州的环境政策、生物多样性保护准则、文化遗产保护原则，包括通过和遵守国际技术与安全标准。", "二. 使达尔富尔适当的政府级别同相关当地社区合作参与不同阶段的石油开发和管理工作；", "三. 创建有利的环境，吸引达尔富尔的外商直接投资；", "四. 与达尔富尔的土地权所有者进行磋商，并在做出关于相关区域的石油资源决定时考虑他们的意见；", "五. 拥有土地权的个人在其土地财产被征用和利用以作开发石油资源之用的情况下，将有权立即获得充分赔偿。", "214. 将获得石油部门投资的州应派三名非永久成员参加国家石油委员会，以便参与相关合同的谈判和缔结，并确保这些合同的条款符合委员会的原则、政策和指令。", "215. 将把2%的石油收入分配给生产石油的州。这样的州可以通过谈判获得较高的百分比。", "第四章：境内流离失所者和难民的赔偿与回归", "第42条：境内流离失所者和难民的赔偿与回归的一般原则", "持久解决境内流离失所者和难民问题应基于以下原则：", "216. 各方承诺履行关于境内流离失所者和难民的义务，2010年2月23日苏丹政府同正义与平等运动之间的《框架协定》以及2010年3月18日苏丹政府同解放与正义运动之间的《框架协定》规定了这些义务，具体来说包括内部流离失所者和难民自愿回归来源国的权利，以及各方根据明确的战略，创造使其自愿回归的有利环境的条件并帮助其回归。", "217. 根据国际人权法、国际人道主义法、国际难民法以及苏丹缔约的所有其他国际和区域文书，尊重、保护和实现境内流离失所者、难民和所有冲突受害者的权利。", "218. 根据国家法律和苏丹缔约的国际法律文书，境内流离失所者、回归难民和所有冲突受害者将在绝对平等的基础上享有与苏丹其他人相同的权利和自由。", "219. 保护和援助境内流离失所者、难民和所有冲突受害者，包括失散和无人照顾的儿童、女户主、孕妇、携带儿童的母亲、老人和残疾人。", "220. 各方采取措施来确保境内流离失所者、难民和冲突的所有其他受害者安全且有尊严地生活，并且在遭受流离失所的各阶段全面尊重他们的平等权利，包括在流离失所和自愿回归、重新安置和重返社会期间防止一切形式的被迫流离失所发生，并提供保护和援助。确保向受害者提供人道主义援助，特别是妇女和儿童，着手应对残疾受害者的状况，并向其提供卫生和社会服务。", "221. 各方承诺建立机制，以期促进和推动境内流离失所者、难民、冲突受害者和民间社会积极参与策划和实施与应对冲突带来的人道主义和人权影响以及回归过程相关的战略、政策和方案。将采取特殊措施来确保妇女和青年的参与。", "222. 各方承诺以快速、安全和非限制性的方式建立国际人道主义、发展和人权组织，以及国家和国际非政府组织、国际维和特派团参与支助、保护、遣返、重新安置和重新融合境内流离失所者、难民和冲突受害者。", "223. 各方承认联合国秘书长委派的专门国际组织起到的人道主义带头作用，即在国内流离失所和保护、援助以及解决难民问题的背景下，对提供保护、避难所和营地等援助的所有机构进行协调。", "224. 各方根据《联合国原则》和《联合国宪章》以及《非盟组织法》、《萨赫勒－撒哈拉国家共同体组织法》和其他相关国际及区域组织在和平解决争端领域之规定履行义务，防止和避免迫使个人流离失所的情况发生。各方将向境内流离失所者、回归难民和冲突的所有受害者提供援助。各方同意遵照《2005年联合国世界首脑会议成果文件》赞同的关于境内流离失所问题的指导原则。", "第43条：对伤害和损失的赔偿", "225. 境内流离失所者和难民等所有冲突受害者将有权获得有关冲突带来的伤害和损失的经济赔偿，包括死亡、人身伤害、精神和感情上的痛苦及经济损失。", "第44条：安全和安保", "226. 各方将在非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的支助下提供安全和保护，防止遭受一切形式的身体攻击、一切形式的性暴力、剥削、绑架、招募儿童兵、童工、任意拘留、非正规“税收”、索要赎金和非法没收财产等行为，并且苏丹政府将采取必要措施来应对这些暴力行为造成的影响，从而有效和及时地确保正义。", "227. 各方将尊重和维护庇护境内流离失所者的营地的平民和人道主义性质。", "228. 根据本协定第六章之规定，各方将在非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的援助下，采取一切必要措施，确保境内流离失所者营地的安全。这些措施将确保营地中的妇女有效参与决策进程。", "229. 苏丹政府将采取一切必要的合法措施打击参与袭击人道主义机构员工的行为。", "第45条：人道主义援助", "230. 苏丹政府将向境内流离失所者发放紧急援助，包括食物、避难所、教育、医疗保健和其他医疗卫生服务，以及其他必要的人道主义和社会服务。", "231. 将在境内流离失所者回归前后，以及在难民回归时，向其提供人道主义援助和生活资料。", "232. 将向收容需要人道主义援助和生计支持的境内流离失所者和回归难民的社区提供此类援助。", "233. 根据与苏丹政府商定的安排，各方将促进和推动联合国和专门机构以及国家、区域和国际人道主义组织的参与，使境内流离失所者及其营地不受阻碍和限制。", "234. 各方将保证和保护人道主义援助路线和人道主义员工的安全。", "第46条：个人证件", "235. 苏丹政府应签发返回境内流离失所者和难民以使其享受权利所必须的全部证件。各方应在创建自愿回归和重新安置委员会所属机制的形式方面达成一致，以便同相关当局合作，免费签发上述证件。", "236. 苏丹政府将促进新的或替代证件的分发，用以替代流离失所过程中丢失或销毁的证件。", "237. 妇女、儿童以及男子在获得所有必要身份证件方面享有平等的权利，并且他们有权获得按其姓名分发的证件。将做出特别努力，加速向孤儿以及失散和无人照顾的儿童提供这些证件。", "第47条：亲人团聚", "238. 达尔富尔政府和相关当局将采取一切必要措施，使因流离失所失散的亲人尽快团聚。将做出特别努力，加速无人照顾和失散儿童与其家人团聚。自愿回归和重新安置将与参与家庭追踪和援助亲人团聚的人道主义组织进行协调并开展合作。各方强调其承诺打击绑架和贩运儿童的行径，并将努力制止和揭露任何不正当的做法。", "第48条：迁移自由", "239. 各方将保障迁移自由，并确保境内流离失所者和回归难民能选择住处，其中包括自由进出营地的权利，以及自愿回归来源地或自愿在该国另一地点重新安置的权利。", "240. 各方将尊重和确保境内流离失所者和难民的权利，使其在苏丹另一地点寻求安全，并受到保护，免遭强行遣返或重新安居于任何威胁其生命、安全、自由和/或健康的地点。", "第49条：自愿回归", "241. 所有境内流离失所者和难民有权安全并有尊严地自愿回归其来源国或惯常居住地，或在其选择的另一地点重新安居。各方将不能干涉境内流离失所者和回归难民对目的地做出的选择，也不能强迫其留在、回归或迁移到严重危险或不安全的局势中或缺乏正常生活所必须的基础服务的区域。", "242. 苏丹政府将接受并促进境内流离失所者和难民自愿回归其来源国或惯常居住地或自愿在该国另一地点重新安居。", "243. 各方将采取一切必要措施，制止将阻碍境内流离失所者和难民安全并有尊严地自愿回归的活动。", "244. 境内流离失所者和难民将获得关于回归和重新安置区域状况的客观信息。各方将在适当的地方和国际行为方的援助下，促进关于回归和重新安置区域状况的准确信息的及时传播，以使难民和境内流离失所者做出关于回归和重新安置的知情和自愿决定。", "245. 各方将尊重存在于自愿回归或重新安置的亲人团聚原则。", "246. 各方将与自愿回归和重新安置以及任何其他相关实体进行协调，做出特别努力，确保包括妇女和青年在内的境内流离失所者和难民参与其回归或重新安居和重返社会的规划和管理。", "第50条：回归的适当条件", "247. 苏丹政府将尽快创造安全、政治、经济和社会条件，并将提供途径，使境内流离失所者和难民安全并有尊严地自愿回归其来源国或惯常居住地。", "248. 各方将促进创造和维护难民和境内流离失所者安全并有尊严地自愿回归以及持久并和谐地重返社会的必要条件。", "249. 各方同意，境内流离失所者和难民回归所必要的条件如下：", "一. 在境内流离失所者和难民自愿回归或重新安居期间或之后，保证其安保与安全，不存在受到骚扰、恐吓、迫害或歧视的风险；", "二. 有权自由迁移，并能选择居住地，包括有权回归来源国或惯常居住地并在那里定居；", "三. 对境内流离失所者和难民家园和土地所在区域进行排雷，并在通往市场、水源、学校和卫生设施的路上进行排雷；", "四. 归还境内流离失所者和难民财产；", "五. 为在流离失所者和难民的回归村庄设立固定避难所提供援助，并修理和赔偿受损财产。", "六. 获取食物、饮用水和医疗，包括在境内流离失所者和难民能恢复正常生活前提供人道主义援助的方式；", "七. 向每户提供的金额为250美元(二百五十美元)，作为回归一揽子计划的一部分，以期帮助满足境内流离失所者和难民回归后的迫切需要。该一揽子计划旨在使其开始新的生活，并有效重返社会。该一揽子计划还将包括获取饮用水、食物和避难所材料的途径以及用于农作物和牲畜所需的农业投入，如种子、幼苗、兽医服务、工具和必要设备。", "八. 在回归区域改造和建设基础设施；", "九. 复原受损的农业用地；", "十. 对男孩和女孩进行教育，并提供包括生计培训在内的平等培训；", "十一. 使男子和妇女平等获得生活资料，包括就业；", "十二. 使境内流离失所者和难民平等获得公共服务，并具有参与公共事务的平等权利；", "十三. 向境内流离失所者和难民提供心理支助。", "250. 各方将确保，促进回归前的适当条件得到落实。", "251. 各方将根据明确战略，促进境内流离失所者和难民以和平、有序和逐步的方式，自愿回归或重新安居。", "第51条：自愿回归和重新安置委员会", "252. 将设立自愿回归和重新安置委员会作为优先事项。它将包括：", "一. 自愿回归委员会；", "二. 财产索赔和归还委员会；", "三. 赔偿/Jabr Al-Darar基金。", "253. 自愿回归和重新安置委员会将监督自愿回归委员会、财产索赔和归还委员会以及赔偿/Jabr Al-Darar 基金。", "254. 自愿回归和重新安置委员会将制定议事规则、财务和行政条例，设计适当结构，待达尔富尔地区管理局通过。", "255. 各方将商定建立于自愿回归和重新安置委员会下的机构组成以及成员的指定。", "256. 自愿回归和重新安置委员会活动的赔偿/Jabr Al-Darar 基金方面将由赔偿/Jabr Al-Darar 基金供资。", "自愿回归委员会", "257. 在自愿回归和重新安置委员会的监督下，自愿回归委员会将负责有关境内流离失所者和难民自愿回归的所有方面事宜。为此，自愿回归委员会将承担以下任务和职能：", "一. 进行关于境内流离失所者和难民的数据调查，以便对自愿回归或重新安居进行规划；", "二. 与联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)等相关国际机构协作，对可能回归或重新安置的区域进行全面需要评估，评估将涉及以下方面：安全、食品安全、对家园和土地造成的破坏、饮用水、卫生、教育、获得卫生服务和基础设施的途径；", "三. 评估是否落实了可持续的回归所需的条件，建议将实施的具体措施，从而确保创造这些条件，并核实这些条件的落实情况；", "四. 在难民署和适当当地机构的援助下，经过与境内流离失所者、难民和当地社区的协商，在签署本协定的3个月内制定并通过自愿回归计划；", "五. 与适当当地机构、国际社会，特别是难民署，以及收留难民的国家开展密切合作，实施自愿回归计划；", "六. 就关于维护可持续回归和重返社会的必要条件的持续基础以及境内流离失所者和难民回归后的条件进行监测和报告；", "七. 根据自愿回归计划，规划、组织和援助境内流离失所者和难民自愿回归，并在其重返社会方面提供援助。", "258. 自愿回归委员会可能建立其履行职责所需的小组委员会，即：", "一. 关于数据调查和规划的小组委员会；", "二. 关于评估、复原和建立回归区域基础设施的小组委员会。", "259. 自愿回归和重新安置委员会将确保境内流离失所者、难民和民间社会代表积极参与与自愿回归相关的进程。", "第52条：归还住房、土地和财产", "260. 境内流离失所者和难民有权重新获得被非法剥夺的住房、土地和财产。如果不能归还其财产，其将有权根据国际原则获得赔偿。", "261. 无论境内流离失所者和难民选择回到其来源地或在别处重新安居，该权利均对其适用。", "262. 财产索赔和归还委员会将确保归还境内流离失所者和难民房屋、土地和财产。", "263. 财产索赔和归还委员会将：", "一. 收到达尔富尔境内流离失所者、难民和其他冲突受害者提出的归还财产要求。", "二. 在收到索赔要求后，根据索赔内容确定财产的合法所有者；", "三. 如果索偿人是合法所有者，要求将财产归还给他或她；", "四. 如果不能做到这一点，要求向他/她做出赔偿。", "五. 制定关于提交和裁决索赔要求的程序，即简明、易理解、透明、公平、及时、可实施且免费。这些程序将包括确保妇女和孤儿在完全平等的基础上参与归还进程的具体措施；", "六. 如果合适，任命倡导者和代表以索偿人的名义行事，特别是在索偿人未满18岁或存在智力残疾的情况下。", "264. 财产索赔和归还委员会将不能承认任何非法交易的效力，包括被迫或未获得自由和知情同意进行的任何转移。", "265. 苏丹政府将负责确保将财产归还给合法所有者。苏丹政府将在相关国际机构的援助下，迁移并重新安置非法定居且占用境内流离失所者和难民财产者。", "266. 不得在未经同意或无法立即提供充分赔偿的情况下剥夺任何人或团体获取土地或水源的任何传统或历史权利。", "267. 在不影响法庭司法管辖权的情况下，如果回归过程中出现的争端符合人权的国际准则，则可利用传统制度解决争端。", "268. 财产索赔和归还委员会将建立其履行职责所需的小组委员会，即：", "一. 关于核查和编制文件的小组委员会；", "二. 关于解决争端和财产索赔问题的小组委员会；以及", "三. 其认为必要的其他此类小组委员会。", "269. 财产索赔和归还委员会将公开做出决定。", "第53条：赔偿/Jabr Al-Darar 基金", "270. 将设立赔偿/Jabr Al-Darar 基金，按下列要求支付赔偿金", "一. 财产索赔和归还委员会根据第52条提出要求；", "二. 司法委员会根据第58条提出要求。", "271. 该基金将收到并持有：", "一. 苏丹政府根据第273款提供的捐助；", "二. 苏丹人民通过其商会和慈善组织等机构进行的捐助；", "三. 伊斯兰、阿拉伯和非洲国家进行的捐助及其基金；", "四. 欧盟和其他捐助方进行的捐助；", "五. 联合国各机构调动的基金。", "272. 赔偿/ Jabr Al-Darar 基金将制定其议事规则。该规则应简明且易理解。", "第54条：供资", "273. 赔偿/Jabr Al-Darar 基金将为达尔富尔境内流离失所者、难民和冲突的任何其他受害者赔偿的最初数额是3亿美元(三亿美元)，其中苏丹政府承诺支付2亿美元(二亿美元)，剩余1亿美元(一亿美元)将由捐助方提供。", "274. 苏丹政府将从国家预算中拨款，以期根据财产索赔和归还委员会制定的预算，并经过达尔富尔地区管理局核准，支持境内流离失所者和难民自愿回归和重返社会。", "275. 认识到一般调解以及集体和家庭赔偿(具体而言)都需要调动大量资源，并且认识到以下事实，即仅调动当地资源不能满足所有要求，供资这项计划需要国际社会、和平伙伴及和平受益者的参与和支助。因此，各方同意加强国际资源的调动，为赔偿/ Jabr Al-Darar 基金捐款。", "第五章：正义与和解", "第55条：正义与和解的一般原则", "正义与和解应建立在以下原则基础上：", "276. 尊重国际人权法和国际人道主义法。", "277. 正义与和解是实现达尔富尔持久和平不可分割和相互关联的因素，并且是坚持法治的关键。", "278. 采取过渡的司法制度进行补偿，并追求达尔富尔武装冲突相关暴力行为的肇事者法律责任。", "279. 重建和修复社会关系，以及恢复和加强和平共处的价值观，尊重达尔富尔的现有惯例、社会合作和团结。", "280. 受害者有权使用司法和补救机制，特别是针对违反国际人权法和国际人道主义法的情况，有权获得充分、有效和及时补偿和/或赔偿。", "281. 包括过渡时期的司法制度在内的司法和其他补救机制将是独立和公正的，并将符合国际规范和标准。", "282. 谴责冲突期间达尔富尔发生的暴行、滥用和侵犯人权以及违反国际人道主义法的行为，并且迫切需要采取一切必要措施，防止这类侵权行为再度发生。", "283. 确保追求侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法的所有肇事者的责任。", "284. 对所有罪行和侵犯形式进行适当记录并编制文件。", "285. 认识到妇女、儿童和青年的特殊状况及关切，妇女和青年在制止和解决冲突方面、过渡时期的司法进程中以及缔造和平方面所起的重要作用，并且认识到她们有必要平等和充分地参与一切努力，维护和平与安全，包括正义与和解。", "286. 将首先视陷入冲突并可能卷入违反国际法规定的犯罪行为的儿童为受害者，并将根据《儿童权利公约》、《日内瓦公约第二议定书》、《非洲儿童权利与福利宪章》、《北京规则》以及相关国际青少年正义和公正审判标准处理这些儿童。", "287. 认识到独立和公正的传统机制在正义与和解的补充进程中起到的作用，以及在维护国际人权标准时充分利用其潜能的重要性。", "288. 必须吸取关于责任、和解与寻求真相的非洲和国际经验并学习最佳做法，以便应对达尔富尔的局势，并利用解决冲突的正义、赔偿与和解机制。", "289. 向所有公民提供安全和全面保护。", "290. 正义、责任、承认不法行为、宽恕和做出不重复的承诺。", "291. 鼓励和解部落的首领之间进行友好的交流互访。", "292. 各部落与地方当局进行协调，收集部落群体所有的武器。", "293. 促进对话作为实现部落间和解的适当渠道，并加强达尔富尔承认的和解机制。", "第56条：国家司法系统", "294. 各方认同为促进和平在达尔富尔建立司法的重要性，并且它们同意司法制度在这方面将起到重要作用。它们还同意，应不断进行广泛且持久的改革，从而加强自身能力、专业性和独立性，确保为所有人实现司法公正。", "295. 在不影响第60条的情况下，凭借官方身份或职权享受豁免权者不得阻碍尽快伸张正义，也不得阻碍打击有罪不罚现象。", "296. 苏丹政府承诺通过采取以下必要和重要措施促进伸张正义：", "一. 增加达尔富尔的法庭和司法人员数目，包括法官和检察官；", "二. 加强和利用流动法庭制度；", "三. 分配有效伸张正义所需的必要资源，包括在达尔富尔为检察官提供必要土地和航空运输。为此，苏丹政府可寻求来自联合国和其他和平伙伴的援助；", "四. 确保司法部强制执行并支持在调查过程中履行检察职责；", "五. 确保司法人员、受害者和证人得到保护。", "297. 第296款规定的措施和程序将保证实施正当程序和获得公平审判的权利，确保法庭真正结案和过渡时期的司法制度，并消除任何阻碍达尔富尔人民行使诉讼、正义和补救措施的权利的现有或潜在障碍。", "298. 苏丹政府承诺提供技术援助和支助，促进法庭与委员会或与抚恤金或赔偿有关的特别委员会之间的协调，并促进其他和解方式，以期创造必要的凝聚力，从而增强它们的能力，避免不一致和重复。", "299. 将加强达尔富尔民间社会在自由和独立地促进正义、和平与和解方面所起的作用。民间社会可根据已有程序，寻求来自国家、区域和国际组织的支助。", "300. 各方呼吁国际社会提供技术援助和适当资源，以期支持司法制度的有效运行。", "第57条：赔偿/JABR AL DARAR", "301. 根据类似局势的国际经验和最佳做法，境内流离失所者和难民等所有遭受包括死亡、人身伤害、精神伤害和情感痛苦在内的达尔富尔冲突带来的损失或损害的受害者有权获得及时和充分的赔偿/Jabr Al Darar。", "302. 将根据第53条规定的程序处理关于住房、土地和财产的赔偿/Jabr Al Darar问题。", "303. 将根据第58条规定的程序处理关于其他形式的损失和损害的赔偿/Jabr Al Darar问题。", "304. 如果可能，将分期支付赔偿/Jabr al Darar。否则，如果自评估损害的日期起，落实赔偿/Jabr al Darar的整个期限不超过两年，将分两期支付赔偿金。", "第58条：真相与和解", "总则", "305. 苏丹政府将指定达尔富尔和平与非暴力国家日。", "306. 为促进和解，各方同意一致同意解决以下冲突原因：", "一. 环境退化和获取自然资源问题引起的纠纷；", "二. 当地社区间的紧张局面；", "三. 本地人管理的弱点；", "四. 土地、Hawakeer和游牧路线引发的冲突；", "五. 武器扩散；", "六. 冲突的区域特点。", "307. 各方同意，和解进程将旨在：", "一. 谴责暴力行为和排斥做法，并通过对话实现社会和平；", "二. 采取正义、和解和宽恕做法作为实现和平的原则；", "三. 重建和加强达尔富尔社会各组成部分之间的关系，以及提高达尔富尔共存、合作和社会团结的程度；", "四. 消除部落和种族的两极分化；", "五. 利用部落酋长、宗教学者、民间社会组织、媒体和教育机构等途径，固守符合达尔富尔人民价值观、传统和文化遗产的和平文化；", "六. 以个别和集体方式向冲突受害者进行正式和非正式的道歉；", "七. 加强本地人管理制度；", "八. 鼓励尊重游牧路线，以便稳定牧民和农民间的关系并消除紧张；", "九. 解决存在非法移民及其占有达尔富尔村庄、城镇、农场和果园的问题。", "308. 在不影响根据此条建立的真相与和解委员会的特权与任务的情况下，将使用以下机制：", "一. Ajaweed理事会；", "二. 本地人管理。", "309. 国家政府、达尔富尔地区管理局和各州政府将为这些机制提供支助，以便对真相与和解委员会进行补充。", "310. 将加强Ajaweed理事会的作用，并将筹办和解会议，以便恢复信心，同时在达尔富尔族裔间建立良好关系。", "真相、正义与和解委员会", "311. 在不影响苏丹法庭，包括达尔富尔特别法庭的司法管辖权的情况下，将建立真相、正义与和解委员会。该委员会将由以下两个委员会组成：", "一. 正义委员会，以及：", "二. 真相与和解委员会。", "正义委员会", "312. 正义委员会将负责对索赔进行接收、检验和评估，并决定赔偿/Jabr al Darar的性质以及应支付给受害者的适当数额。将给受害者10年时间向正义委员会提出索赔要求，从委员会指定的提出个人索赔要求的起始日期开始计算。", "313. 委员会成员将由各方提名，并由达尔富尔地区管理局主席任命。", "314. 正义委员会将通过其议事规则和做法。这些程序将是简明和易理解的。", "315. 技术和行政委员会将协助正义委员会决定个人损害和损失的性质及程度。这些委员会将由除其他外的专业医师、律师、本地人管理、营地的老人、受害者代表和其他相关专家组成。这些委员会将同当地政府进行密切协作。苏丹政府承诺负担它们开展工作所需的费用。", "真相与和解委员会", "316. 真相与和解委员会将评估达尔富尔冲突的根源，调查暴力事件、犯罪行为和侵犯人权的行径，包括2003年2月对经济、社会和文化权利造成的侵犯，处理有罪不罚的问题，并培养信心、和平与和解文化。", "317. 该委员会将由体现苏丹民族与文化多样性的知名人士组成，并对性别平衡给予适当尊重。该委员会将包括各方提名的成员。", "318. 该委员会将通过其议事规则和做法。这些程序将是简明和易理解的。", "319. 该委员会将提供一次机会，使侵犯人权的受害者和施害者以及其他公民共同体会这段经历，建立对过去的共同理解，使各族裔间真正消除分歧，并促进和解，防止今后再度发生暴行。", "320. 该委员会将提出关于实现达尔富尔全面与持久和平的建议措施，并将向苏丹共和国总统和苏丹国会提交其年度调查结果和建议。它将在任务结束时，向苏丹总统和国会提交最后报告。", "321. 在为真相与和解委员会的工作提供必要的财政和技术援助方面，各方同意向国际社会请求援助。", "第59条：达尔富尔问题特别法庭", "322. 自2003年2月起，各方同意呼吁苏丹司法机构建立达尔富尔问题特别法庭，该法庭将对达尔富尔严重侵犯人权和严重违反国际法的行为拥有管辖权。", "323. 苏丹政府将任命特别法庭的检察官，并将使他/她在将施害者绳之于法方面发挥作用。检察官可将案件提交至国家法院。", "324. 特别法庭将适用苏丹刑法、国际刑法以及国际人道主义法和人权法。", "325. 苏丹政府将创造新的有利条件，使特别法庭在进行调查和审判方面发挥作用，并将为此向该法庭提供必要资源。", "326. 与苏丹政府协商选出的一组来自联合国和非盟的专家将根据国际法规定的正义与公平规则，遵守法庭的诉讼程序，确保做出适当行为。", "327. 各方将采取一切必要措施来保证对受害者和证人提供保护和援助，并确保其全面接触并参与司法进程。各方将避免任何可能不鼓励证人自由并无畏作证的行为出现。", "328. 在国际社会的支助下，苏丹政府将在调查和审判期间建立关于法律援助和特别法庭其他相关活动的基金。", "第60条：大赦", "329. 为创造有利于和平与和解的环境，苏丹政府将根据《苏丹宪法》和法律，向民事和军事成员、战俘和被各方判刑的人颁布大赦令，并在此基础上，释放战俘。", "330. 各方同意，不得将战争罪、危害人类罪、灭绝种族罪、性暴力罪以及对人权的严重侵犯和对国际法的严重违反纳入适用大赦令的范畴。", "第61条：公共服务", "331. 为遏制有罪不罚的现象，树立信心，加强达尔富尔的法治，并为树立信心与达成和解创造有利条件，苏丹政府将建立独立、公正、资源丰富和有效的制度，从而确认并采取适当行动打击在公共服务领域被证实犯有侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法罪行者。", "第六章：永久停火与最终安全安排", "第62条：永久停火与最终安全安排的一般原则", "“永久停火与最终安全安排”应当基于以下一般原则：", "332. 达尔富尔冲突不能用武力解决，只有采取一种具有包容性的政治手段才能得到冲突的长久解决方案；", "333. 达尔富尔平民享有受保护的权利，其中包括在充分考虑其在国际法中的特殊地位，同时承认他们在冲突期间受到严重伤害的基础上向弱势群体(比如，妇女和儿童)提供特殊保护措施；", "334. 如联合国安全理事会第1769(2007)和1935(2010)号决议(安理会决议)和《非洲联盟和平与安全委员会第79次会议公报》所述，必须加强联合国和非洲联盟在达尔富尔的混合行动，其中包括帮助其完成保护平民的任务；", "335. 必须防止发生任何针对平民(尤其是妇女和儿童等弱势群体)的暴力行动，而且必须防止发生任何旨在侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法律的行为；", "336. 必须解决达尔富尔人民面临的人道主义危机，其中包括确保人道主义救助到达达尔富尔所有地区不受任何限制；", "337. 通过达成一份旨在解决武装冲突根源问题以及不同方面问题的全面协议和最终安全安排等，在达尔富尔实现并维持永久和平。", "338. 确保达尔富尔人员、货物和服务能够自由流动。", "339. 必须建立一支强大、包容、专业的苏丹武装部队和其他安全机构，这些机构必须有能力捍卫和保持国家主权和领土完整。", "永久停火", "第63条：禁止的活动和积极的承诺", "340. 依照本协议，各方同意立即停火并且努力防止以下行为的发生：", "一. 针对达尔富尔平民和境内流离失所者的敌对行为、暴力行为或恐吓行为；", "二. 危害本协议条文和精神的活动；", "三. 任何旨在侵犯2006年5月5日在尼日利亚首都阿布贾签署的《达尔富尔和平协议》另一个各方或任何“运动”当事方或此后签署的《〈达尔富尔和平协议〉承诺声明》签署方的犯罪行为、挑衅行为或报复行为，其中包括敌对宣传以及非法调动和部署军队；", "四. 在境内流离失所者或难民营内部或其邻近地区征募新兵或开展任何其他军事活动；", "五. 任何针对达尔富尔混合行动工作人员、设施或装备、国内或国际人道主义机构(包括联合国机构、国际组织和非政府组织)成员及其工作人员、设施或装备以及媒体成员的恐吓、敌对行为、暴力侵害或攻击行为；", "六. 任何可能妨碍或延误对平民的人道主义援助或保护以及限制人员自由流动的行为；", "七. 对人道主义机构安全、自由、无障碍行动的限制；", "八. 使用或埋布地雷；", "九. 任何形式基于性别的暴力行为和性剥削行为；", "十. 武装部队和从事敌对行动的武装集团不履行苏丹共和国在《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》之下的义务以及在《1949年日内瓦四公约第二议定书》(1977年)之下的义务，征募和使用18周岁以下的男孩和女孩；", "十一. 可能危及或危害各方全面、永久停止敌对行动承诺的其他活动，比如那些依照本本协议被认定为违反停战协定的活动；针对《达尔富尔和平协议》其他各方或《达尔富尔和平协议》项下其他武装集团的敌对宣传；", "十二. 任何一方旨在将其设备、人员或活动伪装成联合国达尔富尔混合行动组织、联合国机构、非洲联盟、国际红十字/红新月会委员会(红十字委员会)或任何其他类似组织的设备、人员或活动的企图。", "341. 各方进一步承诺确保：", "一. 人员和货物的自由流动；", "二. 人道主义援助能够无阻碍的惠及急需援助的群体、人道主义工作人员及其在控制地区的行动得到有效保护；", "三. 与达尔富尔混合行动全面合作，帮助其实现既定任务目标；", "四. 通过各方的指挥系统将本协议的各项规定传达给其武装部队的各个分支及其控制或影响的武装集团(包括妇女)，同时确保所有这些武装部队和集团都能遵守本协议的各项规定；", "五. 适时脱离接触民兵部队的武装并将其复员，作为实施军备控制措施的先决条件，确保整个达尔富尔的安全；", "六. 停火行动不受苏丹境内现存的任何外部好战分子的威胁；", "七. 境内流离失所者和达尔富尔地区其他平民不应受到政府安全机构和运动的骚扰或任意拘留；可将这些行为视作违反停火协定的行为；", "八. 武装部队或武装集团征募的所有儿童(包括男孩和女孩)(如有)都应通过制定《行动计划》无条件释放；", "九. 被指控在被武装部队或武装集团非法征募后犯有违反国际法罪行的所有儿童(包括男童和女童)都应首先被认定为违反国际法行为的受害人，而不应被认定为所谓的犯罪行为人。", "第64条：停火委员会", "342. 必须成立停火委员会和联合行动委员会，作为停火监督与核查机制。", "343. 停火委员会应由以下部门组成：", "一. 总部位于埃尔法舍尔的停火委员会；", "二. 总部位于埃尔法舍尔的“停火委员会秘书处”；", "三. 战区小组停火委员会；", "四. 停火小组现场工作组。", "344. 停火委员会全面负责永久停火的监督与实施，并且应努力在协商一致的基础上做出决策。 如果无法达成一致意见，停火委员会应将问题提交给联合委员会仲裁裁决。各方应负责实施《停火协定》，并且必须采纳联合委员会的建议。", "345. 各方必须重视妇女在缔造和平方面的重要作用，必须在停火机制的各个层次确保广大妇女充分有效的代表性。", "346. 各方必须确保联合国达尔富尔混合行动组织能够执行任务期间任何时候在达尔富尔所有地区自由行动。", "347. 各方承诺全面积极的参与停火委员会、小组停火委员会和 停火小组现场工作组的活动并支持它们的工作。", "停火委员会的职能", "348. 停火委员会的职能如下：", "一. 监督各方履行其在永久停火协定项下的义务的情况以及各自武装部队的行动；", "二. 协调永久停火协定的规划、监督与核查；", "三. 确定各方武装力量的行动路线，从而减少发生事故的风险；批准各方武装力量的行动请求(各方至少应提前72小时发出请求)；", "四. 帮助开展排雷行动；", "五. 通过停火委员会主席绘制旨在显示各方兵力部署以及境内流离失所者营地和托管社区周围“非军事区”的总体布局图 ；", "六. 受理、核实、分析和解决与可能违反停火协定的行为相关的投诉；", "七. 当一方发生永久停火协定规定的任何被禁止的行为时，发布违约报告 ；", "八. 帮助宣传有关永久停火的信息；", "九. 充当各方之间相互沟通的渠道；", "十. 在各方同意的情况下、在任何时间帮助前战斗人员解除武装、复员和重返社会。", "停火委员会的组成", "349. 停火委员会应由以下人员组成：", "一. 达尔富尔混合行动部队指挥官 主席", "二. 来自各方的三名委员 委员", "三. 一名来自卡塔尔国的代表 委员", "350. 停火委员会主席应根据需要与现任委员共同选举来自达尔富尔混合行动其他部门/分支(即警察、“HLO”、“PAD”、法律办公室)的代表为停火委员会无表决权的委员。", "351. 各方可在晚些时候决定观察员的人数及其构成。观察员是实现永久停火的重要组成部分，因为他们将帮助停火委员会和各方开展工作并提出宝贵意见。 他们可包括但不限于来自国际/地区组织或个别国家的代表。观察员可出席停火委员会和小组停火委员会的公开会议。如果各方认为适当而且一致同意，观察员可列席非公开的会议。", "停火委员会主席", "352. 达尔富尔混合行动部队指挥官应出任停火委员会主席，如果达尔富尔混合行动部队指挥官缺席，副指挥官应履行停火委员会主席职责。", "停火委员会主席的职责", "353. 主席的职责应包括：", "一. 主持停火委员会的所有会议；", "二. 确定停火委员会的活动方案；", "三. 确保停火委员会和联合委员会的决定和建议得到有效落实；", "四. 在任何适当时间，下令在停火委员会层面开展独立调查或补充调查；", "五. 确保每周向联合委员会提交相关报告；", "六. 确保各项旨在督促停火委员会委员尊重当地法律法规、防止出现任何与其职责的公平性和国际性不相符的活动或行为的适当措施得到有效落实。", "会议", "354. 停火委员会会议应由主席或应各方的请求召集。停火委员会会议应在埃尔法舍尔达尔富尔混合行动总部举行，也可在主席确定的任何其他地点举行。停火委员会会议必须以以下原则为指导：", "一. 会议议程必须在会议开始时获得通过；", "二. 必须在协商一致的基础上形成停火委员会的审议意见和决议，但是如果各方无法就相关问题在停火委员会会议上达成一致，主席应将该问题提交联合委员会解决。各方都必须服从联合委员会的裁决；", "三. 每一次会议都应由会议秘书签署会议纪要，会议纪要必须在由主席核准后提交下一次会议确认，作为会议的真实记录，对各方均具有约束力；", "四. 可成立相关小组委员会，负责在必要时执行相关具体任务，小组委员会必须向停火委员会提交相关报告，停火委员会 可通过或驳回小组委员会的报告；", "五. 观察员可应主席的要求在会议上发表意见。", "行为准则", "355. 停火委员会委员和观察员必须始终严格遵守相关行为准则，具体内容如下：", "一. 应当使用对话和适当的礼貌语言，作为审议期间的指导原则；", "二. 委员想要提出的任何问题都应发给主席；", "三. 不得对任何委员进行人身攻击或采取仇视行为；", "四. 全体委员都应守时；", "五. 停火委员会所有委员在未经主席事先授权的情况下，不得代表停火委员会向新闻媒体披露任何信息或发表声明；", "六. 应对停火委员会的审议意见予以保密；停火委员会的审议意见只能在“有必要知悉”的基础上共享；", "七. 应防止出现所有可能败坏任何各方名声的行为；", "八. 始终将达尔富尔人民和其他当地平民(包括妇女和儿童)的利益放在第一位；", "九. 认识停火委员会的使命并在其受权范围内行事。", "356. 主席应对停火委员会秘书处以及本协议中定义的下级机构小组停火委员会行使控制权。战区指挥官和参谋长、停火委员会秘书处应就其所支配的停火委员会资源的管理事宜对主席负责。", "357. 战区指挥官应行使小组停火委员会的控制权并在其“责任区”行使对停火小组现场工作组的管理权，而且应对停火委员会主席负责。小组停火委员会关于违约行为的报告应由停火委员会秘书处转交停火委员会主席。", "战区小组停火委员会", "358. 各战区都应成立旨在确保实现有效调查和报告周期的战区小组停火委员会(包括妇女)。各战区应仿效停火委员会秘书处成立一个以停火委员会 小组委员会负责人为首的秘书处。应成立由下属单位/单位层面不同部门组成的停火小组现场工作组(包括妇女) ，作为报告与永久停火相关的事件和调查违反永久停火协定的主要来源。", "战区小组停火委员会的职能", "359. 战区小组停火委员会的主要职能如下：", "一. 监督各方履行其在战区“责任范围”内与永久停火相关的义务；", "二. 依照永久停火，审议、核实、调查和报告各方之间的分歧问题和所谓的违约行为；", "三. 实施停火委员会政策与指令；", "四. 定期向停火委员会总部报告和提交尚未解决的投诉问题，并就分歧问题做出全面解释；", "五. 承担永久停火协定规定的违约调查责任；", "六. 向停火小组现场工作组分配任务/工作职责。", "360. 当无法就具体问题达成一致意见时，将问题转交停火委员会解决。", "战区小组停火委员会的构成", "361. 战区小组停火委员会应由以下成员组成：", "一. 战区指挥官——主席", "二. 来自各方的两名代表——委员", "三. 秘书", "四. 来自达尔富尔混合行动相关部门或分支机构的委员无表决权。", "报告", "362. 战区小组停火委员会应在每天16时之前，将其涵盖永久停火协定或任何其他生效协议中明确重申的违约行为的报告转交停火委员会秘书处。报告至少应包含以下内容：", "一. 违约行为的性质/类型；", "二. 违约行为发生的时间和地点；", "三. 相关当事方；", "四. 违约行为是否得到确认；", "五. 达尔富尔混合行动的行动；", "六. 任何其他相关事实/信息。", "停火小组现场工作组", "363. 停火小组现场工作组应确保向小组停火委员会及时了解现场的实际情况，并且在其职责范围内充当冲突的第一调停人。在充分认识妇女必须在和平与安全进程中起到重要作用的基础上，所有停火小组现场工作组都必须由女成员。", "364. 停火小组现场工作组负责在其责任区范围内，监督各方履行永久停火协定强调的停火承诺。停火小组现场工作组可在小组停火委员会的指导和监督下，通过监视、巡逻、访问、调查、核实和报告等方式做到这一点。", "停火小组现场工作组的人员构成", "365. 下属单位层面停火小组现场工作组由以下人员组成：", "一. 军事观察员团队领导人——主席", "二. 两名来自各方的代表——成员", "第65条：联合委员会", "366. 达尔富尔混合行动联合特别代表应当出任联合委员会主席；如果 联合特别代表缺席，副代表应履行联合委员会主席职责。联合委员会组成人员如下：", "一. 达尔富尔混合行动 联合特别代表——主席", "二. 卡塔尔国——委员", "三. 来自各方的三位代表——委员", "四. 阿拉伯国家联盟(阿盟) ——委员", "五. 欧洲联盟——委员", "六. 达尔富尔混合行动政治事务——秘书", "367. 以下国家应具备观察员身份，可应主席的要求参加联合委员会的活动：", "一. 加拿大；", "二. 中国；", "三. 挪威。", "职能与职责范围", "368. 联合委员会成立的目的在于解决停火委员会提交的、各方之间的争端，同时确保“最终安全安排”中各项规定能够得到有效实施。", "369. 联合委员会应履行以下职能：", "一. 跟踪本协议确定的“永久停火与最终安全安排”的落实；", "二. 在必要时，负责 “永久停火与最终安全安排”中各项规定的解释。", "三. 对相关违法和违约行为进行仲裁、受理停火委员会无法适当解决的、各方之间的投诉并做出相应裁决。尽一切努力全面调查并且在达成基本一致意见的基础上妥善解决诉讼问题；", "四. 如发生重大违约事件，联合委员会应及时告知非洲联盟和联合国；", "五. 依照安理会第1325(2000)号决议的规定，联合委员会应确保以一种性别敏感与能胜任的方式听取和纠正一切形式对妇女和儿童构成严重影响的暴力行为；", "六. 关注一切可能妨碍或危害“停火协定和最终安全安排”落实的动向，并采取措施防止此类事件再次发生；", "七. 提出有关旨在针对那些对违反停火协定行为负责的人员和机构采取适当行动的建议；", "八. 联合委员会在本协议精神指引下可能认为适当的任何其他职能。", "会议", "370. 联合委员会应在埃尔法舍尔达尔富尔混合行动总部举行联合委员会会议，特殊情况下，也可在联合委员会成员约定的任何其他国家举行。", "371. 联合委员会应每月召开一次会议，每一次会议结束后，都应发布会议报告。至少应在每一次会议召开之前七天将会议议程和文件告知联合委员会委员。联合委员会应当在其认为必要时，召开紧急会议并且可以不执行本事先通知的规定。各方均可在其认为必要时，要求联合委员会召开紧急会议。", "372. 各方应遵守并实施与针对违反停火协定行为的措施相关的联合委员会建议。", "373. 各方应向其成员和选民分发联合委员会报告。", "374. 联合委员会应发布有关本协议相关规定实施进度的定期公开声明。", "375. 联合委员会应当在协商一致的基础上做出决定。如果各方无法达成一致意见，联合委员会主席与联合委员会国际成员应在与“观察员”协商后，做出最有利于保证停火的决定，而且该决定对各方具有约束力。", "最终安全安排", "第66条：脱离接触、调动与有限军备控制", "376. 各方认识到，全面停火需要在军事上适当脱离、重新部署兵力和加强军备控制。", "377. 停火必须循序渐进、在互利互惠的基础上分步实施，必须确保安全。停火必须在停火委员会内部达成一致并且由达尔富尔混合行动进行核实。", "378. 停火委员会应负责停火进程的规划、协调、管理和监督。停火委员会还应监督相关决策和协议的落实。", "379. 停火行动应按照以下顺序实施：", "一. 为脱离接触和调动做好准备，其中包括核查；", "二. 第一阶段：脱离接触；", "三. 第二阶段：重新部署兵力；", "四. 第三阶段：军备控制。", "380. 各方应将与这些阶段相关的计划和规章及时告知下属各部队战地指挥官，同时应确保他们都能严格遵守这些规章。", "381. 各方应将下属各部队的确切位置及时告知停火委员会主席，而且这些位置应明确标注在作为本协议文本附件的地图上，达尔富尔混合行动将秘密保存这些地图。达尔富尔混合行动应对这些位置进行核查并在主图上标明。", "382. 各方都应受达尔富尔混合行动在初审时确定的主图的约束。此后，停火委员会主席可在与各方磋商的基础上对主图进行修订。", "383. 停火委员会主席应向各方提供调整后的各运动“军营”、“非军事区”、“非军事人道主义供应线路”、“缓冲区”和“调动区”地图。", "384. 各方都应受与部队、军火、补给和供应品的流动相关的重要规章的约束，相关部队、军火、补给和供应品的流动必须符合以下规定：", "一. 对于第一阶段(脱离接触)和第二阶段(调动)武装士兵的流动，相关方必须提前72小时向停火委员会发出通知，并且应该得到停火委员会的批准；", "二. 对于第一阶段(脱离接触)和第二阶段(调动)第五类和第七类(军火和装备)在不同地区之间或同一地区范围内的流动，相关方必须提前72小时向停火委员会发出通知，并且应该得到停火委员会的批准；", "三. 对于这些阶段一般供应品(比如，第一类(食品和水)、第二类(设备和医疗用品)、第三类(燃料、油品和润滑剂)、第四类(建筑材料))在这些地区之间的运输，只需提前72小时通知停火委员会即可。", "385. 苏丹政府军队的集结和部署以及将运输通道(包括“非军事区”、缓冲区)用于达尔富尔的边境保护不受任何限制。然而，如果兵力部署需要进入一只“运动”的部队控制的地区， 苏丹政府应及时通知相关方。", "386. 旨在防止任何违反本协议的敌对活动发生的“运动”军队集结和部署以及运输通道使用应得到停火委员会的批准，而且应及时向达尔富尔混合行动发出通知并接受达尔富尔混合行动的监督。", "387. 政府军可在未经停火委员会书面许可的情况下，进入任何“运动”军队控制的任何“ 非军事区”、缓冲区、调防区或集结区。", "388. 任何违反与本章所介绍脱离接触、调动和军备控制程序相关的规则的行为都是停火协定的行为。", "第67条：为脱离接触和调动决策及沟通做准备", "389. 在为脱离接触和调动做准备时，停火委员会应尽量在协商一致的基础上做出决策和解决争端。", "390. 如果各方不能就相关争端的解决达成一致，停火委员会的主席应将其转交联合委员会最终裁决。各方都应服从联合委员会的决定。", "391. 停火委员会主席应确保所有旨在用精确的GPS坐标系在相关地图上清楚划分“非军事区”、“缓冲区”、“调防区”界线的相关决定和协议得到落实。主席应确保各方地图上的划界完全一致。", "392. 停火委员会主席应在苏丹政府的协调下，在停火委员会与各方之间建立一种安全高效的沟通机制。", "核查", "393. 为了全面落实“最终安全安排”，达尔富尔混合行动应核实各方提交的信息(其中包含各方的确切位置和装备、武器的数量和类型、各自军队的实力(包括其队伍中是否有儿童存在)等信息)以及达尔富尔混合行动或停火委员会可能需要的其他信息。这些信息在停火准备、脱离接触、重新部署兵力以及军备控制等各阶段都严格保密。在社会重返社会与复员阶段开始之前，这些信息仅限于停火委员会主席知道。", "394. “运动”的部队及其控制区的核查工作应仅限于一般有150(一百五十)名士兵的连级及其以上单位或具有同等实力的下属单位。这些单位/下属单位不间断的持续控制是一个地区成为“运动”控制区的先决条件。", "计划", "第一阶段：脱离接触", "395. 脱离接触过程应包括以下步骤：", "一. “运动”和各方的活动应仅限于“主地图”明确划分给各方的区域；", "二. 停火委员会主席必须在与各方充分协商后，在境内流离失所者营地和托管社区周围、沿选定的人道主义供应路线建立“非军事区”；", "三. 如有必要，停火委员会主席应在与各方充分协商后， 在各方军队之间的地区以及经历激烈冲突的地区建立缓冲区；", "四. 各方都应确保其影响或控制的武装集团和民兵组织承诺停火并且恪守停火协定；", "五. 任何一方都不得开展任何军事活动或建立任何武装集团或民兵组织。", "外国武装战斗人员在达尔富尔的存在", "396. 外国武装战斗人员在达尔富尔的存在是对和平与安全到的严峻挑战，而且这些武装战斗人员的存在也将对本协议构成严重威胁。按照第385款之规定，苏丹政府应采取适当措施控制这些武装人员、解除他们的武装、使他们保持中立以及将他们遣返回国。", "397. 各方应关注目前旨在与邻国合作共同解决达尔富尔地区外国武装战斗人员的存在问题的行动，并且同意支持这一倡议行动。", "第二阶段：调动", "398. 调动过程涉及以下活动：", "一. 停火委员会主席应在与各方充分协商的基础上建立缓冲区和“调防区”。", "二. 各方应重新部署兵力及其武器装备，使它们尽快进入各自的“调防区”、远离缓冲区。", "三. 达尔富尔混合行动应对缓冲区进行监督并且在缓冲区加强巡查。", "四. 恢复对平民提供基本服务。", "解除武装民兵组织的武装", "399. 作为实施全面武装管制措施的先决条件，必须解除全部武装民兵组织的武装并将其复员，以确保整个达尔富尔地区的安全。苏丹政府应负责解除武装民兵组织的武装。在这方面，苏丹政府应向停火委员会提交旨在解除武装民兵组织的武装和复员这些民兵组织、同时歼灭非法武装人员、土匪以及在达尔富尔行动的本地和外地犯罪集团的综合计划。这项计划应包含一系列旨在完成社会重返社会阶段开始之前的演练的措施，还应包含一系列旨在帮助这些被解散的武装集团成员复员和社会经济重返社会以及在集结地区将妇女和男子分离的措施。", "400. 这项计划必须在第一阶段启动之前呈交停火委员会主席审查批准，并且依照计划规定的时间表实施。", "401. 停火委员会必须依照约定的计划，监督和核查民兵组织解除武装和复员以及旨在歼灭非法武装人员、土匪和其他犯罪集团的行动。", "第三阶段：有限军备控制", "402. 在各方的部队部署到其各自“调防区”之后、“运动”军队集结之前，必须采取以下旨在加强军备控制的措施：", "一. “运动”必须将其远程、人工辅助型武器、大炮和相关军火存放在停火委员会主席制定的安全地带。达尔富尔混合行动应在作战单位层面进行核查。“运动”战斗人员在转入苏丹武装部队和苏丹警察部队(苏丹警察部队)之前应妥善保管好个人的武器；", "二. 达尔富尔混合行动必须在与各方磋商后，准备好临时存放远程、人工辅助型武器、大炮和相关军火的场地，同时加大对武器和军火仓库的监督力度，这些武器和军火必须接受达尔富尔混合行动的检查；", "三. 停火委员会主席必须监督军备控制过程、确定武器保管和检查的要求和程序，其中包括库存武器、大炮和军火的准确命名。", "联合协调机制", "403. 为了建立信任和确保达尔富尔的和平与安全，各方必须在核查“运动”军队后，建立一种“联合协调机制”。重返社会进程启动之前，“联合协调机制”必须始终有效而且应在停火委员会的严格指导下运行。", "404. “联合协调机制”应履行以下职能：", "一. 协调一系列旨在消除本协议的实施所面临的潜在威胁的行动和措施；", "二. 交换情报与其他相关信息；", "三. 监督一系列旨在组织“运动”军队的措施、确保调防区和集结区的安全；", "四. 与联合后勤协调委员会合作，共同加强各方共同约定的“非军事后勤保障物资”的配给；", "五. 加大力度向战区指挥官及其指挥的部队宣传本协议的规定及其实施阶段的顺序；", "六. 应由双方约定的任何其他任务。", "第68条 ：非军事区与缓冲区一般承诺", "405. 各方都重申，他们承诺：", "一. 尊重平民(包括境内流离失所者和难民)的权利；", "二. 防止发生一系列可能破坏平民和境内流离失所者的安全和福利的活动 ；", "三. 防止发生一系列可能破坏或危及达尔富尔人道主义行动的活动；", "四. 营造一种有利于境内流离失所者 和难民安全、资源和持续重返其原籍地的环境；", "五. 为妇女、残疾人、儿童(尤其是那些与武装部队和武装集团相关的儿童)及其他有特殊需求的人员提供特殊保护。", "非军事区", "406. 在不违反第385款规定的条件下，“非军事区”应为符合以下规定的区域：", "一. 除非得到停火委员会的许可并且得到达尔富尔混合行动的护卫，否则，这一地区不应存在任何各方或任何其他武装集团或民兵；", "二. 除非得到停火委员会的许可并且得到达尔富尔混合行动的护卫，否则，这一地区任何人员都不得携带武器；", "三. “非军事区”的周围不应包含任何城市地区、靠近机场的地区或由苏丹政府全面负责的城市安全规划区；", "四. 停火委员会主席应在与各方 充分协商后，确定“非军事区”的边界；", "五. 停火委员会主席必须在与停火委员会委员充分协商后，决定是否有必要重新部署与任何各方相关的部队；", "六. 停火委员会主席必须在与停火委员会充分协商后，决定与任何要求的调动相关的措施，同时决定与本次重新部署相关的时间表；", "七. 停火委员会应将任何与“非军事区”相关的违约行为视为违反停火协定的行为。", "407. 达尔富尔混合行动应承担与境内流离失所者营地和托管社区与人道主义物资供应线路周围的“非军事区”相关的以下责任：", "一. 苏丹政府控制区的达尔富尔混合行动与苏丹警察部队和在经停火委员会核实并认可的“运动”控制区的“运动”联络官必须制定一项有关境内流离失所者营周围“非军事区”巡逻与监视的工作计划，而且必须监督这项计划的实施；", "二. 属于苏丹政府控制区的“非军事区”应由达尔富尔混合行动与苏丹警察部队下属军事单位负责巡查。由苏丹警察部队在达尔富尔混合行动的监督下，执行警务职能；", "三. 属于经停火委员会核实并认可的“运动”控制区的“非军事区”应由达尔富尔混合行动和“运动”联络官组成的军事单位负责巡查。", "缓冲区", "408. 停火委员会必须制定一项包含“缓冲区”巡逻与监视规则和程序的计划，并且负责这项计划的实施。", "第69条：对“运动”的非军用后勤保障", "409. “运动”可要求得到非军用后勤保障，而且苏丹政府应提供上述后勤保障服务，而且可请求国际伙伴在这方面提供援助。", "410. 联合后勤保障协调委员会应由达尔富尔混合行动组建，并且由各方、达尔富尔混合行动与可提供上述援助的捐助机构代表组成。上述保障服务的形态应由联合后勤保障协调委员会确定。", "411. 联合后勤协调委员会的职责范围如下：", "一. 收集、核实由联合后勤协调委员会确定的、与“运动”各部队在食品、饮用水、住房、服装、医疗用品/治疗与运输需求相关的信息；", "二. 接收和保存来自国际捐助机构的后勤保障物资；", "三. 订购适当数量和质量 的后勤保障物资；", "四. 通过设在调防区和集结区的配送点或配送中心向“运动”各部队发放后勤保障物资；", "五. 确定一系列旨在管理向“运动”各部队供应非军用后勤保障物资的规则和程序。", "412. 对于拟供应的上述后勤保障物资，必须满足以下条件：", "一. 各级队伍的战斗人员(含儿童士兵(如有))的数量和位置必须告知“达尔富尔混合行动”部队指挥官并依照上文第393和394款的规定对这些信息进行核查；", "二. 必须明确并约定一定数量战斗人员的出入通道。", "第70条：确保达尔富尔境内流离失所者营地和人道主义行动的安全", "413. 苏丹政府应在充分征求达尔富尔地区管理局意见后，从当地社区、境内流离失所者以及回国的难民中征募男女志愿人员加入社区警察队伍，参与维持境内流离失所者营和自愿返乡难民村庄的社会治安。达尔富尔混合行动应帮助培训社区警察。", "414. 各方约定共同遏制一切可能危及达尔富尔人道主义行动的行为，并且重申其旨在为人道主义援助物资的运输畅通无阻创造适当安全条件、确保境内流离失所者营地安全以及营造一种有助于境内流离失所者和难民安全、自愿重返其原籍地的氛围的承诺。", "415. 各方的部队应防止发生任何旨在破坏境内流离失所者安全和福利的活动。", "第71条：平民军备控制", "416. 由于达尔富尔平民手中的小型武器日益泛滥，各方应在“开发署”和达尔富尔混合行动的帮助下，制定一系列旨在落实平民武器自愿管制项目的策略和计划。", "417. 苏丹政府应动员必要的资金和资源落实平民军备控制项目。苏丹政府可向相关国际组织寻求帮助。", "第72条：解除武装、复员和重返社会以及前战斗人员融入苏丹武装部队和警察部队", "一般规定", "418. 解除武装、复员和重返社会以及相关融入进程应在第三阶段结束后在指定的集结区进行，而且只有在那些经核实属于“运动”下属部队成员的战斗人员才可参加。达尔富尔混合行动必须在充分征求“运动”意见后，制定一项与集结区相关的计划，其中包含：", "一. 集结区的面积、数量和位置；", "二. 在充分考虑复员女战斗人员特殊需求的基础上确定的集结区理想特征；", "三. 后勤保障物资供应的便利性；", "四. 达尔富尔混合行动应将这项计划提交停火委员会审批。停火委员会 应依照该计划指定集结区。", "419. “运动”应负责集结区前战斗人员的管理、纪律处罚与内部安全。", "420. 远程大炮、人工辅助型武器和相关军火均不得进入集结区。", "421. 必须为集结区的建设以及解除武装、复员与社会重返社会过程供应必要的后勤保障物资。", "422. 在完成相关核查与登记工作以及集结区的建设后，经核查与登记的“运动”战斗人员只能携带小型武器应进入集结区。达尔富尔混合行动应为这一过程提供帮助和监督服务。", "423. 苏丹政府应为那些希望恢复平民生活或不符合进入苏丹武装部队或苏丹警察部队的任职资格标准的前战斗人员提供社会与经济重返社会的机会。", "424. 在确定作为受助对象的前战斗人员时，必须确保公正、公平、公开。", "425. 前战斗人员不论其以前与“运动”的关系如何，都应受到公平的对待。他们也应得到自愿选择重返社会出路的培训与信息服务。重返社会进程必须以社区为基础，既要有利于回归人员，也应符合当地社区的利益。", "426. 重返社会计划的设计应确保其长期可持续性，而且应包含必需的跟踪监督与持续援助措施。", "427. 重返社会计划应鼓励社区和民间团体组织(包括妇女团体)参与其中，从而增强他们在促进和维系前战斗人员的从社会和经济方面重返社会方面起作用的能力。", "428. 苏丹政府应向解除武装、复员和重返社会和重返社会计划提供资金和后勤保障，并且可设法动用来自国际社会的资助。", "429. 必需调动专项资金和资源专门用于解决妇女重返社会的特殊需求。", "解除武装与复员", "430. 各方同意重建北苏丹解除武装、复员和重返社会委员会，以反映新的现实情况。北苏丹解除武装、复员和重返社会委员会应吸收来自“运动”的代表。", "431. 达尔富尔混合行动应在所有地区同时开展对“运动”军队的核查工作。", "432. 解除武装、复员和重返社会委员会必须在“达尔富尔混合行动”和其他相关联合国机构的帮助下，制定一系列旨在包含前战斗人员解除武装、复员和重返社会阶段的时间安排和次序安排的计划。", "433. 各方必须尽快集结其前战斗人员，而且在任何情况下，都必须依照以下规定做好解除武装和复员的工作：", "一. 对解除武装、复员、重返社会以及和平进程中领导阶层及其军队以及它们的作用和职责的认识和敏感化；", "二. 各方应确定适用于解除未重返社会战斗人员武装过程的适任标准；", "三. 各方应确保解除所有儿童兵(如有)武装的持续时间尽可能缩短，而且不得依赖于成人武装的解除和复员。必须首先考虑儿童的安全和尊严及其保密的需要。儿童应当尽快与成年战斗人员隔离，并且移交适当强制的独立平民化进程；", "四. 各方不得将年龄在18周岁以下的前战斗人员转运至集结区，而应当在签署本协议之前，分别解除他们的武装并将他们复员；", "五. 各方应优先启动有特殊需求的群体(包括残疾的前战斗人员和妇女)的复员和重返社会程序。", "第73条：前战斗人员从社会与经济方面重返平民社会", "434. 已解除武装和复员的前战斗人员必须从社会和经济方面重返平民社会。苏丹政府应动用自有资源并且寻求来自国际社会的援助，通过一系列适当的社会经济重返社会计划，肩负起让前战斗人员回归平民生活的责任。", "435. 前战斗人员解除武装、复员和重返社会的计划还应根据当地条件包含一种基于社区的方案，其中包括一系列旨在减少社区暴力行为的措施，以便于进一步实现解除武装、复员和重返社会的目标。", "436. 在前战斗人员从社会和经济方面重返社会过程中，必须遵循公开、透明、公正、公平和诚信的原则。而且，前战斗人员不论其以前与“运动”的关系如何，都应受到公平的对待。", "437. 重返社会进程必须以社区为基础，既要有利于回归人员，也应符合当地社区的利益。", "438. 前战斗人员从社会和经济方面重返社会必须确保当地社区和民间团体组织(包括妇女团体)的参与，使得它们能够在保证与武装部队和武装集团相关的男童和女童以及受冲突影响的其他弱势儿童从社会和经济方面重返社会的可持续性，这一点至关重要。", "439. 重返社会计划必须包含采取一系列正式和非正式的方式帮助那些已离开武装部队或武装“运动”的男童和女童以及受冲突影响、急需保护的其他弱势儿童(包括未成年母亲)的内容。", "440. 必须优先解决有特殊需求的群体(比如，女战斗人员和与武装“运动”相关的妇女(尤其是寡妇)、与武装部队和武装“运动”相关的男童和女童以及受冲突影响的弱势儿童、残疾战斗人员和老年人)从社会和经济方面重返社会的问题。", "441. 必须加努力采取一种基于社区的方法，实现重返社会长期可持续目标。这些努力必须包含相关跟踪行动、监督措施和必要的持续保障。", "第74条：前战斗人员融入苏丹武装部队和警察部队", "融入原则", "442. 来自“运动”商定数量、符合条件的战斗人员应融入苏丹武装部队和苏丹警察部队。符合条件的士兵人数应由各方在融入技术委员会的帮助下确定。", "443. 苏丹政府应向复员士兵提供必要的帮助和培训(包括速成培训)，这对于确保这些士兵尽快达到能力增强的适任标准并且晋升至更高级别而言是必不可少。", "444. 苏丹政府可在征求“运动”的意见后，要求达尔富尔混合行动、捐助机构和国际合作伙伴在其培训机构内创造有利于前战斗人员(包括军官、军士、战斗人员和警察)增强其专业水平的培训和职业化的计划。", "445. 加入苏丹武装部队与苏丹警察部队的前战斗人员在其任职前6年不得因苏丹武装部队与苏丹警察部队精简裁员而被解雇，但那些因违反这些机构行为准则和规章而被开除的人员除外。", "446. 对于那些不愿加入苏丹武装部队和警察部队但表示愿意加入行政文职部门的前战斗人员(无论是男性还是女性)，必须将他们转入由解除武装、复员和重返社会委员会确定的国家公务员制度委员会系统进行考评和安置。", "447. 苏丹政府必须依照适用于苏丹武装部队与苏丹警察部队的任职标准，让许多复员战士在苏丹苏丹武装部队高层司令部、各级战区司令部、旅司令部、国防部、内政部以及首都、达尔富尔州和其他地区的高级警察部队司令部任职。", "达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会", "448. 达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会应由达尔富尔地区管理局负责组建。作为达尔富尔地区管理局的下属机构，达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会负责协调本协议各项安全安排规定的实施。", "449. 达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会应成立一个融入技术委员会，负责前战斗人员重返社会方案的设计、规划、实施、管理与监督。", "450. 融入技术委员会必须包括妇女，应由达尔富尔混合行动、 各方代表和来自各方认可国家的技术专家组成。", "451. 达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会必须包括达尔富尔三个州的州长代表、苏丹武装部队司令部参谋长的代表、全国解除武装、复员和重返社会协调理事会的代表、“运动”的代表、达尔富尔混合行动的代表以及实施重返社会计划所需的其他人员。达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会主席必须在与达尔富尔地区管理局主席协商后以“总统令”的方式任命。", "452. 由达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会建立的所有下属机构都应包含达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会委员单位相关实体机构的代表。", "453. 达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会及其所建立的下属机构中必须有一定的妇女代表。这些机构必须形成一系列旨在确保他们的工作能够充分吸纳妇女们对妇女和儿童特殊关切的问题发表的意见。", "重返社会计划", "454. 融入技术委员会定义的“重返社会计划”应分阶段实施。", "455. 各方同意根据经核实的“运动”部队数量，确定融入苏丹武装部队、苏丹警察部队和甄选的行政部门的男、女前战斗人员的人数。", "456. “运动”部队融入苏丹武装部队和苏丹警察部队应包含一个由各方约定并且由融入技术委员会负责监督的审查过程，而且必须符合以下标准：", "一. 苏丹国籍；", "二. 年龄(不低于18周岁或未达到退休年龄)；", "三. 经融入技术委员会认定的身体健康和心理健康；", "四. 战斗经验；", "五. 无犯罪前科；", "六. 个人志愿。", "457. 旨在引导军官融入的标准，除上文所列以外，还应包含以下标准：", "一. 学历(至少有中等学校毕业证书。融入技术委员会可破格录用一定数量的战地指挥官)；", "二. 战斗经验；", "三. 年龄；", "四. 不得因不称职而被解雇。", "458. 已融入的前战斗人员必须依照各单位的要求参加军事训练。", "459. 依照苏丹武装部队与苏丹警察部队的组织结构，约定加入苏丹武装部队与苏丹警察部队的军官人数必须与非委任级军官和士兵的总人数成比例。", "460. 第一次进入军事部门和警察部门军官和军士都必须参加一定时期基于各自部队相关课程大纲的培训。", "461. 这些人员官阶的确定应以以下标准为引导：", "一. 年龄；", "二. 培训和战斗经验；", "三. 学历；", "四. 因达尔富尔冲突而被解雇的前军官和前警官应在初审时官复员职，而在通过规定的能力测试后，可得到与其课程对应的官阶；", "五. 各方约定的任何其他适用标准；", "462. 苏丹政府应向那些年龄在18周岁以上被选进入苏丹武装部队与苏丹警察部队的前战斗人员提供标准化的培训。", "对一些军事机构的改革", "463. 各方认识到，为了增强达尔富尔相关军事机构的能力、效率和专业化，加强法治，必须依照公认标准促进这些机构的改革与发展。", "464. 苏丹政府应向达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会提交一份关于经确认的军事机构的改革、发展与重组相关的计划(包含相关期限)，达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会负责监督这份计划的实施。苏丹政府可在苏丹境内外为这项计划的实施寻求资助和专家支持。", "相关活动的时间框架和次序", "465. 必须依照以下期限分阶段实施：", "一. 准备阶段的工作应在本协议签字后7日内完成。", "二. 关于脱离接触的第一阶段应在准备工作结束后立即启动，而且必须在此后45天内完成。", "三. 关于调动的第二阶段应在第一阶段结束后立即启动，而且必须在此后45天内完成。", "四. 关于军备控制的第三阶段应在第二阶段结束后立即启动，而且必须在此后30天内完成。", "五. 前战斗人员的重返社会、解除武装、复员和重返社会应在第三阶段结束后立即启动。", "466. 出于安全、后勤保障和其他方面的原因，停火委员会主席可在征求各方的意见后，根据需要修改本时间表。", "其他条款", "第75条：争端解决", "467. 在最终安全规定或任何现有停火协定的解释方面存在的任何分歧或争端都应提交联合委员会裁决，联合委员会必须在协商一致的基础上做出裁决。", "468. 如果各方无法就上述问题达成一致，联合委员会主席应当与联合委员会国际委员一道，在征求联合委员会观察员意见后，做出最有利于停火的决定；各方应服从联合委员会做出的决定。", "第七章：内部对话和协商及执行办法", "第76条：达尔富尔内部对话和协商", "469. 各方充分认识到 达尔富尔利益相关方在多哈和平进程中起到非常重要的作用。", "470. 各方同意，在达尔富尔/苏丹境内外举行的、关于冲突根源和后果问题的各种磋商和讨论的成果(包括多哈论坛一和论坛二以及达尔富尔利益攸关方全体会议)为旨在签署本协议的一系列谈判奠定了坚实的基础。", "471. 各方强调，为了巩固和平的成果、促进冲突各方之间的和解，有必要继续加强 达尔富尔内部的对话与磋商。", "472. 因此，各方同意依照本协议的规定，开展达尔富尔内部对话和协商。", "职能范围", "473. 首先，达尔富尔内部对话和协商将通过广泛磋商和对话，力争巩固达尔富尔的和平成果、在达尔富尔人民以及更广泛的苏丹人民之间建立信任机制、加强和解和团结。具体而言，达尔富尔内部对话和协商将实现以下目标：", "一. 扩大本协议的覆盖面、动员各方面的力量帮助落实本协议；", "二. 解决与公民责任、民主价值观与实践以及建设和平相关的问题；", "三. 强化与当地纠纷的解决、土地所有权、牧场、季节性迁移放牧、水资源和自然资源等相关的、经受时间考验的传统做法；", "四. 促进部落之间、公社之间的和平、和解与和睦相处；", "五. 强化本土行政管理机构的地位，包括恢复其职权、建设其能力；", "六. 依照本协议的规定，加强认识、动员一切力量，采取一切手段，加强平民的军备控制、促进妇女和青年的发展、确保境内流离失所者和难民安全返回原籍地、重新融入社会、财产归还与赔偿；", "七. 恢复达尔富尔社会和政治秩序、帮助人们设法结束过去、努力前行。", "促进达尔富尔内部对话和协商", "474. 各方同意由达尔富尔混合行动、非洲联盟和卡塔尔国负责达尔富尔内部对话和协商的协调。这些实体机构必须根据要求确定达尔富尔内部对话和协商实施形式和机制及其相应的时间表。各方承诺采取必要行动，营造有利于增强达尔富尔内部对话和协商过程与结果可信度的有利环境。", "475. 各方及其他利益集团的代表应全面参与这些机制。", "476. 作为一种咨询机制和一种社会与政治转型的工具，达尔富尔内部对话和协商进程预计会在修复社会网络、铸造个人和集体和平共处与实现和解的心态、塑造达尔富尔人民的未来方面产生立竿见影的效果。达尔富尔内部对话和协商的成果应以学到的最优方法和汲取的教训的形式存在，而且应正式提交苏丹政府、达尔富尔地区管理局和达尔富尔州政府。", "后勤保障与筹集资金", "477. 达尔富尔混合行动应在其力所能及的范围内，为相关机构的运行以及达尔富尔内部对话和协商的实施提供后勤保障。各方有责任建立一个有利于保证所有利益攸关方全面参与以及达尔富尔内部对话和协商成功实施的有利环境。达尔富尔混合行动还将帮助制定一项有效沟通的策略，确保与达尔富尔内部对话和协商相关的信息及其实际进程在达尔富尔及苏丹境内外得到广泛宣传并且做好适当的文件档案记录。", "478. 苏丹政府和国际捐助机构将受邀为达尔富尔内部对话和协商筹集资金。而且必须建立一个专门用于“达尔富尔内部对话和协商”目的的信托基金管理这些专项资金。", "第77条：执行后续行动委员会", "479. 依照本协议相关规定成立的一个执行后续行动委员会将负责：", "一. 监督和检查本协议的实施情况；", "二. 帮助为那些依照本协议成立的机构提供资金和技术援助；", "三. 根据商定时间表，帮助落实本协议。", "执行后续行动委员会的人员构成", "480. 执行后续行动委员会由明确表示致力于促进本协议实施的以下成员组成：", "一. 卡塔尔国的代表——主席", "二. 两(2)名来自苏丹政府的代表——委员", "三. 两(2)名来自“运动”的代表——委员", "四. 非盟的代表——委员", "五. 联合国的代表——委员", "六. 联合特别代表与达尔富尔混合行动负责人——委员", "七. 前非盟-联合国联合首席调停人——委员", "八. 阿盟代表——委员", "九. 欧盟代表——委员", "十. 伊斯兰会议组织代表——委员", "十一. 加拿大代表——委员", "十二. 法国代表——委员", "十三. 日本代表——委员", "十四. 阿拉伯埃及共和国代表——委员", "十五. 中华人民共和国代表——委员", "十六. 乍得共和国代表——委员", "十七. 俄罗斯联邦代表——委员", "十八. 英国代表——委员", "十九. 美国代表——委员", "481. 执行后续行动委员会第一次会议应由卡塔尔国作为主席召集。", "执行后续行动委员会的职能", "482. 执行后续行动委员会应履行以下职能：", "一. 持续监督、记录和跟踪本协议的实施；", "二. 保持与各方的密切联系，促使其全面遵守本协议的各项规定，同时帮助各方为实现这一目的而努力；", "三. 规划和监督对冲突后各项活动的技术援助和资助以及本协议规定机构的建立与运行，其中包括但不限于能力建设、人员培训以及资金、资源、专家、顾问的提供；", "四. 评价和检查其实施进度，及时将可能导致延误的各种动态告知各方，同时，提出相关的应对措施；", "五. 帮助提供全面实施本协议所需的政治支持和实质支援；", "六. 执行后续行动委员会及各方可能认为适当而且符合本协议原则和精神的任何其他职能。", "执行后续行动委员会的会议", "483. 执行后续行动委员会每季度召开一次会议，而且每次会议结束后都应发布相关报告。执行后续行动委员会应在其认为必要时召开紧急会议。各方可要求执行后续行动委员会召开紧急会议。", "484. 达尔富尔混合行动应设立秘书处帮助执行后续行动委员会履行职能和开展相关活动。", "485. 执行后续行动委员会应通过其自己的程序规则。", "第78条：最后条款", "486. 随附执行时间表是本文件不可或缺的重要组成部分。", "487. 本文件在获得各方通过后，应具有宪法地位。这种地位应在国家宪法中明确规定。", "“执行时间表”草案", "A. 分享权力", "序号\t活动内容\t参见\t责任方/责任机构\t期限\t构成\t供资来源\t程序 \n1.\t总统任命（副总统、达尔富尔地区管理局主席、总统助理和顾问）\t第39、66、40款\t总统\tD+30天 以总统令方式任命\n2.\t国家内阁部长会议任命（内阁部长和州部长）\t第42款\t总统\tD+30天 以总统令方式任命\n3.\t成立达尔富尔地区管理局\t第59至62款\t总统\tD+30+30天 以总统令方式任命\n4.\t由司法事务委员会成立专家小组\t第46款\t司法事务委员会\tD+90天 由“司法事务委员会”主席任命\n5.\t由国家公务员制度委员会成立“专家小组”\t第51款\t国家公务员制度委员会\tD+90天\t达尔富尔的实质代表性（包括在高层）\t苏丹政府\t由国家公务员制度委员会主席任命\n6.\t完成达尔富尔北方边界线的划定\t第81款\t苏丹政府\tD+180天 “司法事务委员会”将完成划界工作。\n7.\t州行政长官在“运动”的代表性\t第82款\t苏丹政府与达尔富尔州政府\tD+90天 州预算\t依照补充议定书\n8.\t国家和州立法机关在“运动”的代表\t第43、82款\t苏丹政府/各州\tD+90天 国家预算与州预算\t依照补充议定书\n9.\t达尔富尔地方政府（地方当局）在“运动”的代表性\t第87款\t苏丹政府与达尔富尔州政府\tD+90天 苏丹政府\t依照补充议定书\n10.\t与高等教育相关的平权行动\t第89至93款\t苏丹政府\tD+90天 以总统令方式任命\n11.\t“苏丹武装部队”和“苏丹警察部队”和其他常规部队在“运动”的代表性\t第57和58款\t苏丹政府\tD+40天以上", "B. 分享财富", "序号\t活动内容\t参见\t责任方/责任机构\t期限\t构成\t供资来源\t程序 \n12.\t通过并实施游牧民发展、稳定与定居的综合项目、提高游牧业的劳动生产率、管理农牧民之间的关系、确保全民安全、稳定和发展\t第98款\t苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局/达尔富尔州政府\tD+90天以上 苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局\t确定具体项目、开展应用经济学研究\n13.\t制定相关政策并开展一系列旨在终止环境恶化和保护自然资源的必要研究活动\t第172㈠款\t苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局/达尔富尔州政府\tD+90天以上 苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局/达尔富尔州政府\t\n14.\t制定一系列旨在使妇女能够成为达尔富尔劳动力和帮助他们（尤其是其中的回归人员）建设自身生产能力\t第141㈢款\t达尔富尔地区管理局/达尔富尔州政府\tD+90天以上 达尔富尔地区管理局/达尔富尔州政府\t\n15.\t制定并实施一系列旨在鼓励来自达尔富尔的专家参与国际、国内市场竞争、鼓励专业化的商业银行和政府银行在达尔富尔拓展业务活动\t第114和116款\t苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局/达尔富尔州政府\tD+90天以上 苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局/达尔富尔州政府\t\n16.\t制定并实施一系列有助于教育系统重建的政策、对达尔富尔公民开展教育培训、消除妇女中的文盲\t第117款\t苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局/达尔富尔州政府\tD+90天以上 苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局/达尔富尔州政府/捐助机构\t\n17.\t促进农业、畜牧业、小型工业和手工业、采矿业、环境与能源（重点关注可再生能源）产业方面相关技术的开发与研究\t第118款\t苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局/达尔富尔州政府\tD+90天以上 苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局/达尔富尔州政府/捐助机构\t18.\ta)对于那些用于达尔富尔重建与开发的进口材料全额免征进口关税和其他费用；\t第126㈠款\t苏丹政府\tD+30天以上\t苏丹政府 财政与国民经济部关于苏丹关税的指令 \n\tb)应由苏丹政府承担对达尔富尔的国家开发项目和苏丹政府资助的项目或贷款项目进口的材料征收的关税和其他税费；\t第126㈡款 \n19.\t落实《投资促进法修正案》，鼓励和吸引更多的国内外公司在达尔富尔各州投资\t第126㈢款\t苏丹政府/国民议会\tD+180天 \n20.\t成立财政和金融分配监测委员会\t第152款\t苏丹政府/国民议会\tD+180天 颁布财政和金融分配监测委员会组织法\n21.\t任命相关专家团队负责制定有关国家税收资金向各州转移支付的标准\t第152款\t财政和金融分配监测委员会\tD+180天 \n22.\t成立达尔富尔联合评估团确定其任务目标、为其开展工作做准备\t第176款\t相关各方/捐助机构\tD+30天\t相关各方/捐助机构 成立核心协调小组、确定其职能、建立以目标任务为基础的工作秘书处、在喀土穆和达尔富尔开展工作援助\n23.\t启动达尔富尔联合评估团\t第177款\t苏丹政府/世行/非洲开发银行/达尔富尔开发银行/联合国/达尔富尔地区管理局\tD+60天\t苏丹政府/联合国/非洲开发银行/所有国家和区域经济与国际组织\t成立相关委员会落实达尔富尔联合评估团各项行动\t\n24.\t着眼于评估达尔富尔的需求，编制“达尔富尔联合评估团”报告\t第180款\t达尔富尔联合评估团\tD+120天\t苏丹政府/联合国/非洲开发银行 秘书处应编制“达尔富尔联合评估团”最终工作报告，并将其提交中央协调小组审议，报告内容涉及开发项目、消除贫困、经济复苏及其成本，以及苏丹政府承担其中部分费用的同意书\n25.\t召开捐助机构会议、成立多捐助机构托管基金和达尔富尔重建与发展基金监管机构\t第176和178款\t世行/联合国/非洲开发银行/卡塔尔国\tD+180天 捐助机构\t邀请伊斯兰开发银行、非盟、阿盟、阿拉伯基金组织、欧盟、美国、阿拉伯和伊斯兰国家以及所有其他利益相关国家和组织参加\n26.\t达尔富尔重建与发展基金重组\t第139款\t各方\tD+60天 \n27.\t将200 000000美元（两亿美元）转入“达尔富尔重建与发展基金”基金账户（作为种子基金）\t第142款\t苏丹政府\tD+90天 \n28.\t将300 000000美元（三亿美元）转入“达尔富尔重建与发展基金”基金账户（第二次拨款）\t第142㈠款\t苏丹政府\tD+1年+60天 \n29.\t将300 000000美元（三亿美元）转入“达尔富尔重建与发展基金”基金账户（第三次拨款）\t第142㈡款\t苏丹政府\tD+2年+60天 \n30.\t将300 000000美元（三亿美元）转入“达尔富尔重建与发展基金”基金账户（第四次拨款）\t第142㈢款\t苏丹政府\tD+3年+60天 \n31.\t将400 000000美元（四亿美元）转入“达尔富尔重建与发展基金”基金账户（第五次拨款）\t第142㈣款\t苏丹政府\tD+4年+60天 \n32.\t将500 000000美元（五亿美元）转入“达尔富尔重建与发展基金”基金账户（第五次拨款）\t第142㈤款\t苏丹政府\tD+5年+60天 \n33.\t建立“小额融资制度”并制定“小额融资制度”条例\t第130款\t苏丹中央银行，但必须征求苏丹政府和达尔富尔地区管理局的意见\tD+60天 各方与小额贷款方面的专家参与\t由中央银行决定\n34.\t第一期支付40000000美元（四千万美元）\t第134款\t苏丹政府\tD+90天\t苏丹政府 向达尔富尔的“小额融资制度”系统支付\n35.\t第二期支付30000000美元（三千万美元）\t第134款\t苏丹政府\tD+1年+90天\t苏丹政府 向达尔富尔的“小额融资制度”系统支付\n36.\t第三期支付30000000美元（三千万美元）\t第134款\t苏丹政府\tD+2年+90天\t苏丹政府 向达尔富尔的“小额融资制度”系统支付\n37.\t对“小额融资制度”受益人开展能力建设\t第132款\t达尔富尔地区管理局与达尔富尔州政府\tD+120天\t苏丹政府 \n38.\t第一期支付75000000美元（七千五百万美元），用于资助达尔富尔各州的社会服务事业\t第138款\t苏丹政府\t按月拨付 向各州支付每月资助\n39.\t第二期支付75000000美元（七千五百万美元）\t第138款\t苏丹政府\t按月拨付 向各州支付每月资助\n40.\t第三期支付75000000美元（七千五百万美元）\t第138款\t苏丹政府\t按月拨付 向各州支付每月资助\n41.\t决定在达尔富尔境内动用在达尔富尔筹集的天课资金\t第150款\t中央天课会理事会\tD+30天 中央天课会理事会应向设在达尔富尔的所有天课机构传达这项决定\n42.\t天课会应筹集尽可能多的必要资金，用于实施一系列有利于贫困家庭、尤其是回归人员、境内流离失所者和难民的项目\t第151款\t中央天课会理事会\tD+90天 中央天课会理事会的决定\n43.\t制定一系列旨在发展靠雨水灌溉的传统农业的政策和项目\t第173款\t苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局\tD+30天以上 \n44.\t第174款所述可行项目的评价与复兴\t第174款\t苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局/捐助机构\tD+1年\t苏丹政府 有负责开展必要研究工作的专家团队组成\n45.\t制定并实施公共财政、金融联邦主义（包括支出管理透明化）等方面的综合能力建设计划 苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局/捐助机构\tD+30天以上\t苏丹政府 苏丹政府必须与来自苏丹境内外的专业机构签订合同，以便制定相关计划并要求在规定的时间框架内实施\n46.\t在基础设施方面，对达尔富尔的大学进行综合结构改革、完善体制机制，使其能够完成自身使命和任务\t第171（五）款\t苏丹政府\tD+30天以上\t苏丹政府 依照高等教育与科学研究部（与达尔富尔相关大学合作）提交的计划，为必要的改革筹集资金\n47.\t成立达尔富尔土地委员会\t第196款\t苏丹政府/国民议会\tD+180天\t苏丹政府 以总统令方式决定\n48.\t逐步修订相关法规，使其包含与土地相关的权利及其依照土地所有权方面的惯例、传统和遗产的使用、牲畜通道和水源的使用。同时，使得人们能够参照惯例登记其自有土地\t第182款与第194款\t苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局/达尔富尔州政府/立法机构\tD+120天以上 苏丹政府、达尔富尔地区管理局和各州政府必须起草相关法规的修正案，提请国民议会通过、达尔富尔地区管理局理事会核准以及州立法机构审批\n49.\t土地（依照《投资法》赋予的土地、其所有人违反土地所有权赋予条件）恢复原状\t第183款\t达尔富尔地区管理局/达尔富尔州政府/立法机构\tD+120天以上 \n50.\t编制“达尔富尔土地使用绘图信息库”计划及其相关结果\t第197款\t达尔富尔土地委员会\tD+180天以上\t达尔富尔地区管理局 \n51.\t达尔富尔各州立法机构采纳相关建议并通过“达尔富尔土地使用绘图信息库”计划\t第197款\t达尔富尔地区管理局理事会/达尔富尔州立法机构\tD+2年\t达尔富尔地区管理局与达尔富尔州政府", "C. 境内流离失所者和难民赔偿和回归", "序号\t活动内容\t参见\t责任方/责任机构\t期限\t构成\t供资来源\t程序 \n52.\t成立自愿回归和重新安置问题委员会及其下属两个小组委员会：自愿回归问题委员会与财产索赔和赔偿委员会以及成立赔偿/Jabr AlDarar基金\t第25572款\t国家立法机构\tD +45天 颁布法律\n53.\t向境内流离失所者和难民签发身份证明文件\t第46条第235-237款\t苏丹政府/联合国难民事务高级专员\tD +90天以上 苏丹政府\t建立在相关调查和需求评价结果基础上\n54.\t确定回归区、确保境内流离失所者和难民有权使用其家乡的土地、道路以及公共服务设施\t第249㈢款\t苏丹政府/达尔富尔混合行动，与相关组织合作\tD+l年 苏丹政府/捐助机构(达尔富尔混合行动)\t\n55.\t为制定自愿回归计划，对境内流离失所者和难民开展统计调查\t第257㈠款\t苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局/达尔富尔混合行动（在联合国难民事务高级专员的帮助下）进行。\tD+60+60天 苏丹政府/捐助机构\t\n56.\t在可能回归的地区开展综合需求评价，以便于妥善解决相关基本服务问题\t第257㈡款\t自愿回归和重新安置问题委员会(在联合国难民事务高级专员的帮助下)进行。\t自愿回归和重新安置问题委员会成立后立即启动。\t苏丹政府/自愿回归和重新安置问题委员会(在联合国难民事务高级专员的帮助下)进行\t苏丹政府/捐助机构", "D. 司法与和解", "序号\t活动内容\t参见\t责任方/责任机构\t期限\t构成\t供资来源\t程序 \n57.\t通过在达尔富尔建立更多的法庭、安排更多的审判人员并向为达尔富尔的起诉检举工作提供充足的资金，来增强达尔富尔司法部门的能力\t第296款㈠与㈢\t苏丹政府\tD+90天以上 苏丹政府\t\n58.\t实行大赦\t第329款\t共和国总统\tD+30天 以总统令方式实施\n59.\t成立“真理、正义与和解委员会”\t第311款\t苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局\tD+90天 苏丹政府\t以总统令方式实施\n60.\t建立“达尔富尔特别法庭”\t第322款\t苏丹政府\tD+90天 苏丹政府\t国家司法部门\n61.\t建立“法律援助基金”\t第328款\t苏丹政府（在捐助机构的援助下）进行\tD+90天 苏丹政府（在捐助机构的援助下）进行\t\n62.\t宣布在达尔富尔庆祝国家和平与非暴力纪念日\t第305款\t苏丹政府\tD+30天 以总统令方式实施\n63.\t建立一套独立、公正、经费有保障而且有效的机制，确定并采取适当行动打击公共服务部门那些经证实已犯有侵害人权和违反国际人道主义法律罪行的公务人员\t第331款\t苏丹政府\tD+90天", "E. 永久停火与最终安全安排", "序号\t活动内容\t参见\t责任方/责任机构\t期限\t构成\t供资来源\t程序 \n64.\t各方应将其兵力部署以及与之结盟的所有武装集团的名单提交调停委员会\t第381款\t各方\tD-日之前 绘制地图所需\n65.\t各方应向调停委员会提交雷区位置图 各方\tD-日之前 计划编制所需\n66.\t在“FHQ”成立停火委员会\t第342款\t达尔富尔混合行动\tD-日之前\t达尔富尔混合行动FC-主席；来自各方的3名委员；卡塔尔国\t达尔富尔混合行动/国际合作伙伴\t\n67.\t核实各方部队的位置和兵力\t第393款与第394款\t停火委员会/达尔富尔混合行动\tD日之后、第一阶段开始之前 停火委员会主席将对各方的位置保密\n68.\t成立联合委员会\t第342款\t调停委员会+达尔富尔混合行动\tD+7\t联合特别代表/卡塔尔国/各方的代表/阿盟/欧盟/达尔富尔混合行动政治事务官员\t达尔富尔混合行动/国际合作伙伴\t\n69.\t释放儿童士兵。\t第341㈧款和第433㈢款\t各方与儿童基金会合作实施。\tD-日之前 开始向儿童基金会移交儿童士兵\n70.\t成立联合后勤保障协调委员会。\t第410款\t达尔富尔混合行动\tD+5\t达尔富尔混合行动/各方/捐助机构\t捐助机构\t\n71.\t第一到三阶段准备工作启动。\t第395-402款\t各方\tD+7天 \n72.\t成立达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会。\t第448款\t苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局\tD+60天\t各方\t苏丹政府/达尔富尔地区管理局\t\n73.\t各方向停火委员会提交停火各阶段的兵力调动计划\t第398款\t各方\tD+14天\t达尔富尔混合行动/各方 \n74.\t绘制最终地图，图上应标明“运动”各部队的位置、控制区、缓冲区、非军事区和“调防区”\t第348㈤款\t停火委员会\t经核实后。 详细内容将在主地图上标注\n75.\t制定缓冲区监督巡逻计划\t第408款\t停火委员会\tD+7天 \n76.\t各自控制区、缓冲区和非军事区实际划界\t第391款\t达尔富尔混合行动与各方合作完成。\tD+37天 \n77.\t各方将其部队从非军事区/缓冲区撤到其控制区 各方\tD+7至D+45 \n78.\t重建北苏丹解除武装、复员和重返社会委员会\t第430款\t各方\tD+45天 \n79.\t“运动”通过达尔富尔混合行动/停火委员会向联合后勤协调委员会提出气后勤保障需求\t第409款\t各方\tD+10天 \n80.\t成立重返社会工作技术委员会\t第449款\t达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会\tD+60+10天 \n81.\t重新部署各方的部队\t第398㈡款\t达尔富尔混合行动/各方 \n82.\t向“运动”发放非军用后勤保障物资\t第404㈣款\t联合后勤协调委员会\tD+30天 苏丹政府/国际合作伙伴\t\n83.\t制定解除武装、复员和重返社会计划并向达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会提交\t第432款\t解除武装、复员和重返社会委员会\tD+90天 \n84.\t制定并提交前战斗人员重返社会计划\t第449款\t融入技术委员会\tD+90天 \n85.\t确定“运动”部队的集结区 停火委员会\t取决于停火委员会主席的决定。 \n86.\t在重返社会阶段开始之前，提交民兵解除武装的计划，其中包括解除民兵武装的措施和时间安排\t第399-401款\t苏丹政府\tD+37天 \n87.\t“运动”的部队在选定的集结区/地点集结并将其重型武器存放在选定的集结区/地点 达尔富尔混合行动\t立即完成或在向集结区部署的同时完成 \n88.\t前战斗人员加入苏丹武装部队与苏丹警察部队\t第442、454–462款\t融入技术委员会/苏丹政府\t以融入技术委员会拟定的时间表为准 \n89.\t部分军事机构的改革\t第463-464款\t苏丹政府\tD+200 \n90.\t前战斗人员解除武装、复员与社会/经济重返社会\t第72和73条\t解除武装、复员和重返社会委员会\tD+220 \n91.\t制定平民军备控制的计划和策略\t第416款\t各方/开发署/达尔富尔混合行动\t第三阶段结束后", "F. 内部对话和协商及执行办法", "序号\t活动内容\t参见\t责任方/责任机构\t期限\t构成\t供资来源\t程序 \n92.\t达尔富尔内部对话和协商机制的建立及其存在形式\t第473款\t达尔富尔混合行动/非盟/卡塔尔国\tD+30天 捐助机构\t\n93.\t达尔富尔内部对话和协商机制的实施\t第473款\t达尔富尔混合行动/非盟/卡塔尔国\tD+30+90天 捐助机构\t\n94.\t成立执行后续行动委员会。\t第479款\t调停委员会/卡塔尔国\tD-日之前\t如第479款所述。\t捐助机构" ]

[ "第六十三届会议\n预防武装冲突", "2011年7月24日卡塔尔常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨随函转递卡塔尔国内阁成员国外交部长艾哈迈德·本·阿卜杜拉·马哈穆德阁下2011年7月18日给秘书长的信(见附件)及其附文:", "(a) 苏丹与解放与正义运动于2011年7月14日在多哈签署协定,通过《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》,该文件得到2011年5月27日至31日在多哈举行的达尔富尔所有利益攸关方会议的批准,作为达尔富尔冲突最终解决的基础;", "(b) 《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目33的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "塔里克·阿里·安萨里(签名)", "2011年7月24日卡塔尔常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "[原件:阿拉伯文]", "我谨再次感谢你继续支持多哈达尔富尔和平进程。 我们也深切感谢你欢迎苏丹政府与解放与正义运动于2011年7月14日在多哈签署一项协议,通过2011年5月27日至31日在多哈举行的所有达尔富尔利益攸关方会议认可的《多哈和平文件》,作为最终解决达尔富尔冲突的基础。", "因此,我高兴地随函附上上述协议的阿拉伯文和英文文本以及所附的《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》的阿拉伯文和英文版本。", "请将本函及其附文作为大会文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "艾哈迈德·本·阿卜杜拉·马哈茂德(签名)", "附文", "[原件:阿拉伯文和英文]", "In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful", "四、《世界人权宣言》和《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》", "苏丹政府和解放与正义运动(LJM),以下简称“各方”;", "谈判各方、苏丹人民,特别是达尔富尔人民,在谈到《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》时,始终不懈地竭尽全力,争取公正、持久和全面谈判的和平;", "表示致力于《苏丹临时宪法》及其所载各项原则;", "表示完全相信达尔富尔民主党是解决达尔富尔冲突的基础;", "申明致力于在《德班宣言和行动纲领》的基础上实现持久和平解决,促进和保护人权和基本自由;", "重申他们对在达尔富尔实现和平、安全与发展的深切承诺;确认达尔富尔冲突不能以军事方式解决,而只能通过和平和包容的政治解决解决;", "表示完全相信该协议预示着实现《联合国宪章》有关维护国际和平与安全的宗旨和原则;", "提及国际社会对支持和巩固达尔富尔和平的承诺;", "强调非洲联盟-联合国联合调解小组和国际伙伴的广泛援助和贡献的价值和重要性;", "欢迎联合国秘书长、联合国安全理事会、非洲联盟、阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰会议组织、欧洲联盟和国际和平伙伴对《德班宣言和行动纲领》的支持;", "申明达尔富尔人民及其代表分别于2009年11月和2010年7月通过多哈民间社会、境内流离失所者和难民协商论坛一和二,以及2011年5月举行的所有达尔富尔利益攸关方会议,以及在苏丹、特别是达尔富尔举行的磋商,是达尔富尔人民及其代表广泛参与的结果;", "确认达尔富尔民主党处理达尔富尔人民的关切以及冲突的根源及其后果,并为达尔富尔的恢复、重建和发展奠定坚实的基础;", "注意到《德班宣言和行动纲领》为参加多哈和平进程的武装运动提供了一次机会,参加实现并致力于包容原则;", "重申承诺并决心全面执行《德班宣言和行动纲领》,为此欢迎设立执行后续行动委员会;", "呼吁国际社会坚决支持执行《德班宣言和行动纲领》,并为此提供必要的资源和专门知识;", "深为赞赏和感谢卡塔尔国埃米尔谢赫哈马德·本·哈利法·阿勒萨尼殿下领导下的卡塔尔国在促进多哈和平进程方面发挥的关键作用;", "商定如下:", "第1条:双方通过了《德班宣言和行动纲领》及其所有附件,它们是其中不可分割的一部分,即执行方式和时间表,以及《关于解放与正义运动参与各级权力的议定书》,以及按照双方和调解方启动的通过解除武装、复员和重返社会进程整合其部队的安排。", "第一条 2. 缔约方承诺执行上文第1条所述的《德班宣言和行动纲领》及其所有附件的每一项规定。", "第3条:缔约方同意通过对话、相互谅解和直接谈判和平解决因解释或执行本协定而产生的任何争端或分歧。 如果缔约方不同意,应将此事提交宪法法院,宪法法院的决定具有约束力。", "第4条:本协定在缔约方签署后生效。", "第5条:在证人中,经正式授权的缔约方代表作为该协议的附件和依据启动了《发展纲领》,并在下列证人在场的情况下签署了该协定。", "在多哈,Sha'baan第13期,即1432 Hijri,是2011年7月14日第14期,是阿拉伯文和英文的两份原始文本,两份文本具有同等效力。 如果版本之间存在差异,阿拉伯文本应占上风。", "苏丹共和国争取解放与正义运动\n[ ]", "Mr. Ghazi Salahuddin Atabani Dr. Eltigani Seisi Mohamed Ateem Advisor to the President of the Liberation and Republic Justice Movement", "证人:", "卡塔尔国代表非洲联盟和联合国", "[]", "艾哈迈德·本·阿卜杜拉·马哈穆德教授阁下 Ibrahim Gambari 外交部联合特别代表兼内阁成员", "[]", "布基纳法索外交和区域合作部长贾布里勒·伊佩内·巴索莱阁下", "附文2", "[原件:阿拉伯文和英文]", "DOHA DOCUMENT FOR PEACE IN DARFUR (DDPD)", "目录", "简称表", "定义", "序言", "第一章——人权和基本自由", "第二章——达尔富尔的权力分享和行政状况", "第三章——财富分享", "第四章——境内流离失所者和难民的补偿和回返", "第五章——正义与和解", "第六章——永久停火和最后安全安排", "第七章——内部对话和协商及执行方式", "- 最后条款", "附件——执行时间表", "缩略语", "ADB - 非洲开发银行", "ADSC——所有达尔富尔利益攸关方会议", "AFR - Annual Financial Report", "AOR——责任区", "非洲联盟-非洲联盟", "非洲金融共同体——停火协议", "氟氯化碳——停火委员会", "《全面和平协议》——《全面和平协定》", "CP - 社区警务中心", "CTSG——停火小组现场小组", "DDB - 达尔富尔开发银行", "解除武装、复员和重返社会", "DFC——部队副指挥官", "DJAM - 达尔富尔联合评估团", "DLC——达尔富尔土地委员会", "DMZ——禁区", "政治部——对政治部的承诺宣言", "政治部——《达尔富尔和平协议》", "DSG - 达尔富尔州政府", "DRA——达尔富尔地区管理局", "刚果民主共和国——达尔富尔全民投票委员会", "DRDF——达尔富尔重建和发展基金", "欧盟——欧洲联盟", "部队指挥官", "FFAMC——财政和金融分配和监测委员会", "苏丹政府", "IFC - 执行后续行动委员会", "红十字国际委员会——红十字国际委员会", "国内流离失所者——境内流离失所者", "INC - 临时国家宪法", "国贸中心——一体化技术委员会", "JAF - 赔偿/Jabr Al Darar基金", "JC - 联合委员会", "JCM - 联合协调机制", "JLCC - 联合后勤协调委员会", "JSC - Judicial Service Commission", "JTC - 联合技术委员会", "阿拉伯国家联盟", "LCC - 后勤协调委员会", "千年发展目标——千年发展目标", "MFS——小额供资系统", "NC - 国家宪法", "NCRC - National Constitutional Review Commission", "NCS - National Civil Service", "NCSC - National Civil Service Commission", "NGO - 非政府组织 组织", "NRF - 国家收入基金", "伊斯兰会议组织——伊斯兰会议组织", "PC - 警务专员", "PCRC - Property Claims and Restitution Committee", "RCC - 赔偿委员会", "RoE——接战规则", "苏丹武装部队——苏丹武装部队", "SOMA——特派团地位协定", "SPF - 苏丹警察部队", "SSCFC——分区停火委员会", "二级社区——二级停火委员会", "真相与和解委员会——真相与和解委员会", "TJRC——真相、正义与和解委员会", "TSG - 队部", "联合国——联合国", "达尔富尔混合行动——非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动", "难民署——联合国难民事务高级专员", "UNICEF - 联合国儿童基金会", "联合国警察——在达尔富尔混合行动任职的联合国警察", "UNSCR——联合国安全理事会的决议", "美国——美利坚合众国", "VRC——自愿回返委员会", "难民专员——自愿回返和重新安置委员会", "WB——世界银行", "定义", "“Ajaweed Council”是指由土著行政当局和社区领导人组成的调解委员会。", "“控制区”是指一个缔约方行使控制权的指定区域,而没有任何其他缔约方可以开展活动。", "“武装民兵”是指不正规部队,不论是否与任何缔约方有联系或与之有关联的部队,还包括任何从事敌对活动的武装团体。", "“大会”是指为了解除武装和融入选定的安全机构,将不结盟运动前战斗人员迁移到选定地点的过程。", "“集结区”或“营地”可以互换地指战斗人员通过解除武装和复员进程的地点。", "“Buffer Zone”是指达尔富尔混合行动监测的根据该协定建立的一个明确区域,排除了争端或交战部队。", "“战斗人员”是指运动的部队。", "“专员”是指《协定》中一个机构的负责人,即情报和安全局的成员。", "“社区警察”是指由GoS与DRA协商从当地社区招募的志愿人员开展巡逻活动,协助维护公众和平和安宁。", "“受冲突影响的人”或“冲突受害者”是指在达尔富尔冲突期间遭受迫害的人或人群,以及那些因冲突而生活和生计受到不利影响的人。", "“变形武器”是指无法由单一经营者提供的武器,需要在发射位置和(或)终端轨道位置上需要补充操作者和技术手段。 这些类型的武器往往在车辆、船只和飞机上携带。", "“受污染区”是指根据该协定确定的一个区域,缔约方在该区域内不开展军事行动,并从中撤出军事资产。", "“复员”是指各方开始解散其军事结构的进程,前战斗人员开始转变为平民生活的进程。", "“裁军”是指收缴、控制和处置小武器、轻型和重型武器,包括排雷。", "“脱离接触”是导致反对派部队地域隔离的进程的一般术语。", "“Hawakeer”是指部落土地所有权。", "“国内流离失所者”是指被迫或被迫逃离或离开家园或惯常居住地的人或群体,特别是由于武装冲突、普遍暴力局势、侵犯人权或自然灾害或人为灾害的影响,并且未越过国际承认的国家边界。", "“营地”是指除国家武装部队和相关民兵外参与冲突的所有武装团体;为本协定的目的,“营地”指多哈和平进程各方,是本协定的签署方。", "“国家宪法”是指《国家临时宪法》和任何其他《宪法》。", "“缔约方”是指苏丹政府和参加多哈和平进程的运动各方。", "“和解”是指协助长期暴力和严重侵犯基本权利的受害者克服悲痛、愤怒、仇恨和丧失信任,重建社区信任和恢复社会和平的进程。", "“部署”是指将一个单位、一个个人或用品转移到一个地区的另一地点,或转移到该区的内地,以便进一步雇用或复员,重返社会和(或)不再处理。", "“改革选定的安全机构”是指根据公认的国际标准改变特定安全机构的能力、效力和专业精神,加强法治的进程。", "“难民”是指因种族、宗教、国籍、某一社会团体或政治见解而遭受迫害的有充分理由的恐惧,在国籍国之外,无法或由于这种担心而不愿意利用对该国的保护,或者由于这种事件而没有国籍和不在原惯常居住国之外的人无法或由于这种担心而不愿意返回该国。 “难民”也适用于因外部侵略、占领、外国统治或在其原籍国或国籍国全部或部分扰乱公共秩序的事件而被迫离开其惯常居住地以便在原籍国或国籍国以外的另一地点寻求庇护的每一个人。", "“部队”是指苏丹共和国武装部队、警察部队和国家情报和安全部门。", "“重返社会”是指向前战斗人员提供援助的措施,以便增加他们在经济和社会方面吸收其参与民间社会的潜力。", "“回归”是指在流离失所之前自愿返回其惯常住所并打算在那里重建的流离失所者。", "“接战规则”是指主管军事当局发布的指令,其中界定了部队对所遇其他部队发动和(或)继续使用武力的情况和限制。", "导 言", "《协定》缔约方,以下简称“缔约方”;", "重申苏丹的主权、统一和领土完整;", "重申承诺执行2005年《苏丹共和国国家宪法》、全面执行2005年1月《全面和平协定》 以及非洲联盟的决定和联合国安全理事会关于必须达成政治解决以结束达尔富尔冲突的决议;", "回顾以往关于达尔富尔冲突的各项协议,特别是2004年4月8日《关于达尔富尔冲突的人道主义停火协议》 和2004年4月8日《关于建立乍得恩贾梅纳人道主义援助的议定书》;2004年5月28日《关于成立停火委员会和在达尔富尔部署观察员的方式的协定》、埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴、2006年2月18日《苏丹政府、苏丹解放运动/解放军与正义与平等运动关于改善达尔富尔人道主义状况的议定书》、2004年11月9日《阿布贾和平协议》、卡塔尔阿布贾、尼日利亚《多哈正义运动和正义与平等运动关于改善达尔富尔局势的多哈协议》,", "认识到苏丹人民的文化和族裔多样性是民族团结的基础,因此应予以促进和发展;", "欢迎卡塔尔国埃米尔陛下慷慨倡议成立达尔富尔开发银行,以协助达尔富尔的发展和重建努力;", "强调必须促进和保护苏丹、特别是达尔富尔的人权、正义、问责制和和解;", "1. 谴责一切侵害平民的暴力行为和侵犯人权行为,特别是暴力侵害妇女和儿童的行为;强调必须避免此类暴力行为和侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法的行为;", "认识到为达尔富尔持久和平创造条件、执行本《协定》、实现民族和解、社会融合和重建,需要促进和保护人权、尊重所有苏丹公民平等原则和法治;", "强调达尔富尔武装冲突各方必须全面、无条件地接受国际人道主义法、国际人权法和相关的联合国安理会所规定的义务;", "承诺处理达尔富尔冲突期间发生的侵犯人权行为;", "考虑到分别于2009年11月和2010年7月在多哈举行的第一届和第二届达尔富尔民间社会论坛的成果以及2011年5月在多哈举行的所有达尔富尔利益攸关方会议的成果;", "认识到达尔富尔冲突无法以军事方式解决,只有通过包容各方的政治进程才能找到持久解决办法,", "商定如下:", "第一章——人权和基金", "第1条:促进和保护人权及基本自由", "页: 1 缔约方承认促进和保护达尔富尔全体人民的人权和基本自由的重要性。 1. 苏丹政府、达尔富尔地区管理局和达尔富尔州政府应保证切实享有苏丹国家宪法和苏丹加入的国际人权文书所载的一切权利和自由。", "2. 所有缔约方均应履行国际人权法和国际人道主义法规定的义务,确保有一个有利于有效行使公民权利和政治权利以及充分、平等地享有经济、社会和文化权利的环境。", "3. 。 公民身份应是所有苏丹人平等政治和公民权利及义务的基础。", "4. 第四届会议 1. 各缔约方应确保所有人享有和行使本《协定》、苏丹《国家宪法》以及苏丹加入的国际和区域人权文书所规定的一切权利和自由,不得以性别、种族、肤色、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身或社会地位等任何理由加以歧视。 保证妇女、儿童和男子平等享有苏丹加入的国际人权法和人道主义法文书所载的一切权利。", "5. 应根据法治、平等和不歧视原则保障达尔富尔所有人的安全。 各方应尊重人的生命和安全权、个人尊严和人格完整,确保不得任意剥夺任何人的生命、酷刑或虐待。", "6. 任务 总统办公室应保证公平和公开审判的权利,以及所有民事、行政和刑事诉讼中基于法院和法庭面前平等诉诸司法的权利。 这项保障包括《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第九条和第十四条规定的权利。", "7. 基本考虑 政府应采取必要的法律和行政措施,确保意见自由、良心和宗教自由、言论自由、和平集会和结社自由以及组建和登记政党的平等权利、选举权和参与公共生活的权利、组建和参加民间社会组织、私营部门机构和工会的权利。 政府应根据《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》、《世界人权宣言》和《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》所载的国际人权标准,保障新闻和其他媒体的自由。", "8.8 各方应避免威胁公民发表意见,或阻止他们在达尔富尔行使言论自由、结社自由、行动自由和和平集会的平等权利。", "9 September 2005 根据第三章的规定,政府应促进达尔富尔的总体福利和经济增长,为此应提供充分的基本需求、服务和基础设施、促进青年就业、赋予妇女权力、善政、公共服务和适当资源的分配,以及达尔富尔所有社区平等获得自然资源,包括土地,同时适当尊重现行规范和传统。", "10.10 各方同意促进达尔富尔人民参与达尔富尔早期恢复、重建和恢复方案的规划、设计和执行。", "注 在达尔富尔的早期恢复、重建、恢复和教育政策和方案中,应适当注意妇女、儿童和弱势群体的需要。", "12. 第12段。 各方敦促国际社会通过在达尔富尔各地开展可持续的早期恢复、重建和恢复方案,加强落实经济、社会和文化权利。", "13 August 2001 苏丹政府应确保新设立的国家人权委员会在本协定签署后三十天内按照《巴黎原则》充分设立和有效运作;在本协定签署后三个月内,协助该委员会设立权力下放、独立、自主和资源充足的达尔富尔人权小组委员会。", "十四、任 务 国家人权委员会和人权小组委员会应监测达尔富尔的人权状况以及保护和促进人权的情况。 委员会和小组委员会应适当注意打击一切形式的歧视并保护经济、社会和文化权利,小组委员会应定期报告在苏丹有效执行国家与公民平等原则方面取得的进展。", "15 各缔约方应与达尔富尔人权小组委员会合作,以执行其任务。 小组委员会应可查阅有关人权的所有相关文件和信息,包括实际接触达尔富尔各地的所有被拘留者。", "161 可向联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、非洲人权和人民权利委员会和其他国际组织寻求技术和物质援助。", "17. 第17条。 1. 各方应与非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)合作,执行其人权和法治任务。", "第18条 应鼓励达尔富尔的人权和民间社会组织通过定期监测、预警、宣传和能力建设方案,为促进和保护人权作出贡献。", "第二章——行政现状", "第2条:一般原则", "分享权力应以下列原则为基础:", "191 苏丹是一个独立、主权和联邦的共和国,拥有人民的主权,国家应根据《苏丹宪法》的规定行使主权。", "20.20 宗教、信仰、传统和习俗是苏丹人民的道义力量和灵感的来源。 苏丹人民的文化和族裔多样性是民族凝聚力的基础,因此应按照反映苏丹民族统一和人民多样性的国家标准加以促进、发展和管理。 苏丹人民有着共同的遗产和愿望,因此同意共同努力。", "21.21。 分享权力对于该国的统一、安全和稳定至关重要。 通过自由公正的选举,以民主方式下放权力,和平转让行政和立法权力,作为稳定保障者,将是苏丹民主治理的基础。", "第22章 苏丹各级政府的选举应以国家和国际观察员观察的自由和直接投票为基础。", "23. 会议报告。 联邦各级立法、行政和司法权力的分离应巩固善治、问责制、透明度和对人民安全和福祉的承诺。", "24. 第24段。 法治与司法独立应得到保障。", "258. 公民身份应是公民权利和义务的基础,不得对人的族裔、部落、宗教、性别或出身加以歧视。 这并不排除任何法律、方案或活动,其目标在于改善因种族、族裔、肤色或区域或民族出身而处于不利地位的个人或群体的条件。", "262. 报 告 在苏丹境内或境外流离失所的公民,不应妨碍根据相关国内法和国际法充分行使其公民权利。", "。 应建立联邦政府制度,有效下放权力,明确分配责任,确保苏丹公民,特别是达尔富尔公民公平、平等参与。", "第28次会议 所有公民,包括达尔富尔人民,应公平、平等地参与各级国家公务员制度、公共机构、委员会、武装部队和其他正规部队,特别是高级和中级各级。", "29. 。 1. 在不影响《全面和平协定》关于北南边界的规定以及苏丹共和国与邻国之间生效的任何国际协定的情况下,达尔富尔北部边界应回到1956年1月1日的位置。", "30. 。 应通过公平分享权力的标准,确保达尔富尔人民参与各级政府和所有国家机构。", "313. 各级政府应确保提供继续的机会,提供普通教育、培训和公共服务就业的机会,促进达尔富尔人民充分和平等地参与促进国家的福利。 在这方面,在教育、能力建设和培训方面应特别关注妇女和儿童。 应与专门的国际和区域组织合作,在城市和农村地区建立培训中心。", "323 所有运动均应采取必要措施,根据既定的法律安排,将自己转变为政党。", "336. 在不影响第32段的情况下,各运动将根据本协定参加各级政府。", "343. 事实和争论 为了解决妇女在政府机构和决策机构中任职人数不足的问题,应根据本《协定》采取和执行特别措施,以确保妇女平等和有效地参与达尔富尔各级政府的决策。", "四、国家成就", "第3条:终止", "353. 根据本协定的规定,分享权力应尊重相称原则,达尔富尔应全面参与苏丹全国政府的各种政治权力。", "363. 。 应采取有利于达尔富尔人民的平等权利行动,增加他们在公共和公务员以及正规部队中的代表性。 长期而言,应提供特殊教育培训和公共就业机会,使达尔富尔人民能够平等地充分参与促进苏丹的福利。", "378 达尔富尔人民在国家一级的代表性应反映苏丹南部分离后达尔富尔人口占苏丹总人口的比例。", "第4条:国家执行", "页: 1 根据相称性标准,达尔富尔应在国家行政部门派驻代表。", "PRESIDENCY", "VICE-PRESIDENT", "39 一些副主席的任命方式应实现包括达尔富尔在内的所有苏丹人的政治包容和代表性。 副主席应承担以下职责:", "一、导 言 全国部长会议成员,", "ii. 国家安全委员会成员,", "iii 在主席缺席的情况下,根据由总统确定的副主席优先秩序,担任总统,", "iv. 主席可指派的任何其他职能或职责。", "致主席的普通照会", "404 应根据苏丹人口比例从达尔富尔任命总统助理和顾问。", "41 应从达尔富尔任命一名总统助理。", "全国人民代表大会", "42 根据相称性标准,达尔富尔应派代表参加全国部长理事会。 在这方面:", "一、导 言 达尔富尔人民将继续担任目前由达尔富尔人民担任的5个内阁部长和4个国务部长职位;", "ii. 另有两名内阁部长和四名国务部长由各运动提名并由总统任命。", "iii 如果部长会议的组成发生变化,各运动应在变动之前保留相同比例的代表。", "第5条:国家立法", "434 达尔富尔应按照苏丹人口比例代表全国立法机构。 在这方面:", "一、导 言 达尔富尔将在下一次全国选举之前保留其96个席位。", "ii. 在2011年1月9日苏丹南部举行全民公投后,苏丹新的人口结构所产生的国家立法机构中任何空缺席位,应由各运动通过双方商定的安排填补。", "第6条:国家司法", "444 国家司法机关是政府的一个重要部门。 必须保持中立、公正和独立。", "454 国家司法机关应代表苏丹人民,包括达尔富尔人民。 达尔富尔人民应在司法事务委员会中有适当的代表。 委员会应确保达尔富尔人民在国家司法机构,包括上诉法院、国家最高法院和宪法法院中有适当的代表性。", "46 联合后勤中心应设立一个专家小组,作为长期措施,查明达尔富尔人民代表性的任何不平衡,并就如何纠正不平衡现象提出适当建议。", "474. 147 宪法法院有权解决各级政府或机关之间关于其专属、并行和剩余权限领域的任何争端。", "第7条:国家公民和其他公共机关", "488. 住房 达尔富尔应按照相称性、平权行动和先例的原则,在国家公务员制度和其他公共机构中派驻代表,以纠正已查明的不平衡和达尔富尔人民的代表性不足。", "494. 人口 全国委员会应代表苏丹全体人民,特别是中高级人民。", "50. 成立国家公务员委员会,其成员比例来自达尔富尔,其任务是处理公务员和其他公共机构的不平衡问题。", "51 应在国务委员会下设立一个专家小组,由达尔富尔,包括高级别代表组成,以确定达尔富尔人民在各级国务委员会中的代表性水平。", "52 小组应查明任何破坏达尔富尔人民在净捐助国中代表权的不平衡现象,并应提出务实和注重行动的建议,解决净捐助国中的这种不平衡和差异,包括建议采取适当措施,确保达尔富尔人民公平任职。 小组在工作中遵循以下原则:", "一、导 言 根据2008年人口普查或随后的人口普查确定的人口规模;", "ii. 招聘、培训和晋升方面的平权行动,包括促进性别均衡的措施。", "532. 移民 小组应在本协定签署后六个月内完成工作并提交报告,此后,专家组应在六个月内采取补救行动。", "542. 在小组报告产生结果之前,政府应确保执行下列任务:", "一、导 言 建立和实现达尔富尔人民参与的临时目标,特别是在国家排雷委员会中高级级别,包括但不限于副秘书长、大使、委员会成员和其他高级责任职位。 这些目标应在专家小组提交报告后审查,并应考虑到各运动合格和中立候选人在NCS中的代表性;", "ii. • 保留净捐助国中专为达尔富尔合格妇女设立的某些职位;", "iii 制定政策,采取平等权利行动,培训达尔富尔合格人员并招聘他们,同时考虑到商定的标准,以确保国家竞争性考试的公平代表性,并纠正任何不平衡现象;", "iv. 对已经通过的政策进行审查,将其实施三年,并确定必要的新目标和指标。", "555. 255 缔约方一致认为,出于与冲突有关的原因,所有被任意和不公正地从NCS中解职的人都应得到恢复。 这些人不应失去资历,应领取应计权利。 国家妇女委员会应受理申诉,确定申诉的案情和案情,并酌情提出建议。", "第8条:各国政府代表出席会议", "565. 妇 女 根据各运动与政府之间的附加议定书,各运动应在政府各级都有代表。 此类议定书应是本协定的组成部分。", "第9条:酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚", "57 1. 苏丹武装部队应是正规的、专业的和非党派的。 达尔富尔人民应在其中各级得到公平代表。 苏丹政府应根据征聘标准采取适当措施,纠正达尔富尔人民在苏丹武装部队高级职位和参加军事学院方面可能存在的任何不平衡。", "58 警察、海关、移民和边境警卫队、监狱和野生生物服务处以及所有其他正规部队应向包括达尔富尔人民在内的所有苏丹人开放,以反映苏丹社会的多样性。", "二、行政现状", "第10条:行政情况", "二、能力建设", "59 达尔富尔区域管理局(DRA)将成立。 DRA应与GoS合作,并在国际伙伴的支持下,作为执行本协定的主要工具。 它还将在加强执行、协调和促进达尔富尔所有冲突后重建和发展项目及活动方面发挥核心作用,并负责达尔富尔各国之间的合作与协调。 外交部的活动主要旨在促进:", "一、导 言 和平与安全;", "ii. 社会经济发展、稳定和增长;", "iii 司法、和解和愈合。", "60 。 DRA应制定自己的议事规则,雇用必要的工作人员开展工作,并为此制定预算。 DRA的特权不得与达尔富尔各州和联邦政府的专属权力相抵触或影响。 但是,独立审查委员会对与其主要管辖和主管领域有关的所有事项负有监督责任。 DRA应监督全民投票的进行,以决定达尔富尔的行政地位,特别是是否保持目前的国家体系或是否有一个国家单一区域。", "61 在不违反《宪法》规定的达尔富尔国家专属管辖权的情况下,法律审查委员会应监督本协定各项规定,包括受达尔富尔国家管辖的条款的执行情况。", "62 。 达尔富尔区域安全委员会应按照国家和州模式设立,其职能应界定。", "外交部", "63/63。 外交部的主要职能如下:", "一、导 言 与俄罗斯联邦政府合作执行该协定的各项规定;", "ii. 实现和解,巩固安全和社会和平;", "iii 冲突后重建和发展,以及协调包括达尔富尔联合评估团在内的国际和区域伙伴的所有参与;", "iv. 保健问题、环境保护和应对气候变化的后果;", "页: 1 • 规划、开发和养护牲畜路线和牧场;", "页: 1 为境内流离失所者和难民自愿回返和重新安置创造必要的持久条件;", "vii. 规划土地使用和行使相关权利;", "viii。 教育和文化发展;", "页: 1 规划和统计;", "x. 加强达尔富尔国家间的合作与协调;", "十一。 根据苏丹银行批准和保证的国家宏观经济政策,从国内外机构借款;", "xii. 保护和促进人权;", "iii 1. 加强透明度和善治;", "iii 能力建设;", "xv. 区域旅游业;", "xvi。 审查并建议加强国家间协调的立法和行政措施;", "xvii. 在达尔富尔控制小武器和轻武器的政策;", "xviii。 缔约方可能商定的任何其他任务。", "CONCURRENTcompETENCIES", "644. 《反歧视法》在以下领域具有共同的政策制定和协调能力:", "一、导 言 该区域的社会经济发展;", "ii. 卫生政策;", "iii 财政和经济政策;", "iv. 城市发展和住房规划;", "页: 1 发展贸易和工业;", "页: 1 救济和人道主义事务;", "vii. 在政府批准后,发起和谈判关于高等教育、文化、体育、人道主义事务、贷款和赠款、贸易、投资、与外国政府和非政府组织的技术援助的国际协定;", "viii。 提高妇女地位、孕产和儿童保育;", "页: 1 食品和药物质量控制、消费者安全和保护;", "x. 高等教育、专业和科学研究机构;", "十一。 性别政策;", "xii. 发电、水和废物管理;", "iii 土地所有、使用和权利政策;", "iii 紧急救济和灾害管理及流行病控制;", "xv. 媒体、出版物、大众媒体和广播电台;", "xvi。 环境的管理、保护和养护;", "xvii. 体育、文化遗产和发展青年技能;", "xviii。 规划达尔富尔的自然资源。", "结构与规范", "656.65 DRA应由两个主要机构组成:DRA执行机构和DRA理事会。", "DRA EXECUTIVE ORGAN", "66 苏丹共和国总统应从苏丹人民解放运动主席那里任命,由苏丹人民解放运动主席主持。", "67 DRA执行机关由以下人员组成:", "一、导 言 DRA主席", "ii. 达尔富尔州州长——副主席", "iii DRA事务主席助理——成员", "iv. Minister of Finance and Economic Planning - Member", "v. Minister of Culture, Information and Tourism - Member", "页: 1 Minister of Agriculture and Livestock - Member", "vii. Minister of Reconstruction, Development and Infrastructure - Member", "viii。 Minister of Environment and Natural Resources Development - Member", "页: 1 Minister for DRA Council Affairs - Member", "x. Minister of Social Affairs, Mother and Children Care - Member", "xi. Minister of Health Affairs - Member", "xii. 青年和体育部长——成员", "iii Minister of Technology Development and Capacity Building - Member", "xiv. Commissioner, Voluntary Return and Resettlement Commission - Member", "xv. 正义、真相与和解委员会专员——成员", "xvi。 达尔富尔重建和发展基金主席——成员", "xvii. 土地委员会专员——成员", "xviii。 达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会专员——成员", "686.68 在《国家议定书》中,独立党主席直接在共和国副总统之后和共和国总统助理面前。", "69 DRA执行机关的成员应由苏丹共和国总统根据独立党主席提名任命。 被任命的成员应具有国家部长的地位。", "707.70 DRA主席可追究DRA执行机关成员的责任。 他/她还可以向共和国总统提出建议,免除在行政机构中任命的任何成员。 DRA理事会可撤销在行政机构中任命的任何成员的信任,并向DRA主席提出建议,以解脱他/她。", "DRA人权理事会", "71 由67名成员组成的德国仲裁院理事会由以下人员组成:", "一、导 言 主席;", "ii. 2名副主席;", "iii 不结盟运动代表;", "iv. 国家立法机构代表。", "72. 第72段。 DRA理事会可设立它认为必要的专门委员会。", "DRA理事会的组成", "73 DRA理事会应具有监督、监测和组织职能。 安理会应审查促进达尔富尔国家间协调与合作的法律和建议立法措施。 具体来说,理事会的职权范围应包括:", "一、导 言 审查与法律事务部权限有关的法律;", "ii. a. 管制和评价法律事务部的业绩;", "iii (a) 核准法律事务部的预算;", "iv. (a) 确保住房和财产管理局适当支出和问责制;", "页: 1 1. 在达尔富尔地区管理局的权限范围内,特别是在达尔富尔州/州之间所有跨界边界问题上制定政策;", "页: 1 在达尔富尔人民为建立一个区域进行多数表决的情况下,成立达尔富尔地区宪法起草委员会。", "二、导 言", "74 达尔富尔独立党应在不妨碍达尔富尔州政府宪法权力和职能的情况下行使职能。 如果情报和安全局主席认为一国政府采取的任何行动都破坏《协定》的执行,则应将此事提交情报和安全局理事会,供其作出决定,但不得损害任何一方诉诸宪法法院的权利,以便按照下列规定最终解决争端:", "一、导 言 国家宪法;", "ii. 本协定的规定;", "iii 需要加强安全、稳定、人民福祉和保护人权和基本自由。", "常设行政局", "757. 达尔富尔的长期行政地位应通过全民投票确定。", "76 全民投票应在《协定》签署后一年之内同时举行。 一年后,共和国总统将与独立党主席达成协议,成立全民投票委员会,进行全民投票。 全民投票的结果应纳入永久宪法。 应提出以下备选办法:", "一、导 言 设立由达尔富尔州组成的达尔富尔地区;", "ii. 维持国家体系现状。 无论在哪一种情况下,都应尊重文化和历史传统及联系所界定的达尔富尔特性。", "77国集团 总统府与独立党达成协议设立的达尔富尔全民投票委员会(DRC)将组织和举行全民投票。 《国家选举法》应具体规定全民投票的规则和程序。 全民投票应受到国际监督。", "第78次会议 如果达尔富尔人民在全民投票中投的多数票确定应设立达尔富尔地区,达尔富尔独立党应成立一个宪法委员会,确定达尔富尔地区政府的权限。 委员会应在全民投票后三个月内将拟议的宪法提交独立审查委员会通过。 拟议的宪法将提交国家立法机构通过,苏丹共和国总统将颁布《宪法》。", "797. 如果全民投票的结果维持现状,独立审查委员会应继续作为执行本协定的主要文书,自签署本协定之日起四年内。", "第11条:挪威", "808. 1. 在不影响《全面和平协定》关于北南边界的规定以及苏丹共和国与邻国之间生效的任何国际协定的情况下,达尔富尔北部边界应自1956年1月1日起恢复阵地。", "页: 1 联合技术委员会将在本协定签署后6个月内完成划界工作。", "第12条:在提名时的代表", "页: 1 各方同意,这些运动将派代表达尔富尔各级政府。", "GwatchNOR", "83 如设立更多国家,该运动应提名两名候选人,供苏丹总统作为代理总督批准,在选举之前暂时管理两个新国家。", "第13条:地方政府", "页: 1 缔约方一致认为,地方政府对于履行对人民主权的承诺、赋予基层权力、确保公民有效参与治理、促进发展和使公共事务的管理具有成本效益至关重要。", "页: 1 土著行政当局应酌情尊重在社区内发挥关键作用的既定历史和社区传统、习俗和做法。", "86 缔约方一致认为,地方政府和土著行政当局受到达尔富尔冲突的不利影响,因此应有权处理冲突的后果,包括环境退化和荒漠化。", "87 双方商定,在下一次地方选举之前,这些运动应在地方政府一级有适当的代表性,妇女比例也相应。", "88 应采取适当措施,通过能力建设和平权行动,协助青年和妇女等不同群体。", "第14条:公民和高级教育", "89. 根据5年竞争要求,国家大学的可受理席位中,有15%分配给达尔富尔学生。", "909.90 达尔富尔人民应根据高等教育和科学研究部规定的能力和科学资格,参加国家大学和高等教育机构的管理。", "91. 根据接纳委员会的要求,达尔富尔各国立大学中91.50%的可受理席位将分配给达尔富尔的儿女。 同时,应设立一个机制或委员会,审查受战争影响者五年免收大学学费的条件。", "92 所有属于达尔富尔州境内流离失所者和难民的后代的学生,如果被接纳委员会正式接纳进入国家大学,将免除5年的学费。", "93 应在达尔富尔各州各个地方为境内流离失所者、难民和受战争影响的儿童提供便利。", "第15条:现行结构", "94 这些运动应在国家宪法审查委员会中有充分的代表,以起草苏丹共和国的永久宪法。", "第三章——", "一般性条款", "第16条:", "分享财富应以下列原则为基础:", "95 除其他目标外,确保减贫、社会正义、公平分配财富和资源,确保苏丹全体公民享有平衡和适足的生活水平。", "页: 1 财政联邦制和公平分享苏丹财富,使各级政府能够履行其对苏丹人民的法律和宪法责任。 苏丹政府应按照本协定规定的程序和标准,为达尔富尔的利益进行必要的财政转移。", "96 苏丹各地都有权公正、平衡地发展,同时认识到迫切需要重建达尔富尔受武装冲突影响的地区,并特别关注流离失所者,如本协定第四章所述,创造有利的环境,使他们能够自愿返回原籍地或选择。", "页: 1 通过并执行综合发展项目,解决游牧人口问题,提高该部门的生产力,组织农民与牧民之间的关系,以确保所有人的安全、稳定和发展。", "97 苏丹财富的概念应当包括自然资源和人力资源、历史和文化遗产、包括信贷和公共借贷在内的金融资产、国际和国内以及国际援助和赠款。 它还包括有助于创造和分配财富的手段、机构、政策和机会以及物质资源、政府收入、机构利润和其他资源。", "页: 1 财富是一个至关重要的因素,其产生和分配受到政府机构、政策和方案的极大影响。 因此,达尔富尔公平参与有关影响其社会和经济利益的财富的产生和分配的政策和机构的决策至关重要,应予以促进。", "101 人力资源开发应成为经济和社会发展政策的手段和目标。 应制定和执行这些政策,以发展教育系统,确保达尔富尔人民能够不受歧视地获得在达尔富尔和该国境内接受教育和培训的平等机会。 应做出特别努力,消除妇女文盲现象。", "102 所有苏丹公民享有以下平等权利:", "一、导 言 免于饥饿;", "ii. 可持续的生活方式;", "一、导 言 获得饮用水;", "ii. 获得优质教育;", "iii 获得保健和其他社会服务;", "iv. a. 充分利用公用事业和基础设施;", "一、导 言 获得发展和就业机会;", "ii. • 自由进入市场;", "v. 保护财产;", "页: 1 促进和保护文化遗产;", "iii 归还和(或)赔偿受冲突影响者所损失的财产;", "一、导 言 审查影响生计的行政措施。", "103 建立在透明度和问责制基础上的有效财富分配制度。 在经济政策中应采取平权行动,解决长期不发达和冲突造成的伤害造成的以往不利条件。", "104 财富分享和分配应以苏丹各地均有权享有公平和平等发展为前提。 承认贫穷在苏丹总体上是司空见惯的,特别是达尔富尔,应在苏丹实现《千年发展目标》的发展政策框架内通过全国范围的减贫战略。", "105 达尔富尔迫切需要恢复、重建和发展因冲突而遭到破坏的有形和社会基础设施,履行政府基本职能,建立民政管理。 应全面评估这些需求,将其作为需要紧急执行的最高优先事项。", "页: 1 达尔富尔的恢复和重建被视为优先事项。 为此,应采取措施,向达尔富尔人民支付赔偿,以解决因生命损失、毁坏、扣押或盗窃财产以及随后遭受的痛苦而产生的不满。", "页: 1 发展基本的经济和社会基础设施至关重要,为此,应制定加快发展的方案,使达尔富尔达到该国其他地区的水平。", "108 鉴于开展这一进程所需的财政资源和专门知识超出了苏丹的能力,缔约方可寻求国际社会的支持,充分参与这一举措,协助提供必要的资金和专门知识,并协助满足为此目的确定的需求。", "匈牙利 整个达尔富尔,特别是需要建设或重建的地区,应达到能够迅速实现千年发展目标的水平。 应制定基本基础设施发展方案,将达尔富尔经济纳入国家经济。", "页: 1 根据该协定,需要为达尔富尔的重建和发展设立一个特别基金。", "第17条:销毁杀伤人员地雷的政策", "110 国家经济政策的最终目标是,除其他外,通过基于促进价格稳定、提高就业率、促进可持续经济发展和消除贫穷的健全政策,实现充分就业。 因此,国家、社会和经济政策、方案和计划应旨在确保:", "一、导 言 所有公民的体面和有尊严的生活条件得到促进和改善,不因种族、肤色、族裔、部落、区域或地方归属、性别、宗教、语言或政治或其他见解而受到歧视;", "一、导 言 公民通过各级政府和非政府组织参与制定和执行创造和分配财富所需的社会政策,参与有关收入管理和发展的决策;", "iii 在参与创造财富和分配的所有政府机构中,保障公平和公正的代表性。", "112 国家经济和社会政策应旨在实现以下目标:", "一、导 言 2. 在苏丹各地创造和公平分配财富,以维护宏观经济稳定和可持续发展;", "ii. 确保公平的税收征收和使用,造福全体民众;", "iii 发展问题、提供服务和治理决策过程的权力下放;", "iv. 提供安全、有保障和开放的市场准入、商品和服务,以期:", "a) • 为外国投资创造有利环境;", "b) 承认社会和文化多样性;", "c) 促进社会照顾和稳定;", "d) 解决环境恶化问题;", "e) 执行可持续发展原则。", "113 应制定国家经济政策,为国内和外国私营部门参与苏丹、特别是达尔富尔的发展创造有利环境。 应审查和修订国家和区域立法,以吸引投资。", "页: 1 国家和区域经济政策应旨在促进从达尔富尔向国家和国际市场出口。", "2. 应审查金融和货币政策,特别是银行系统,以满足可持续增长和均衡发展的需要,增加进入国际金融市场的机会。", "114 苏丹银行致力于制定政策和创新性金融方法,鼓励金融机构、商业银行和专门的政府银行(农业银行、工业发展银行等)扩大其在达尔富尔的活动。", "3. 。 在不影响第14条的情况下,应制定和执行政策,发展教育系统,确保达尔富尔人民能够不受歧视地获得达尔富尔和该国国内的教育和培训机会平等。 应做出特别努力,消除妇女文盲现象。", "页: 1 应促进和促进研究和开发,特别是促进农业、畜牧业、小型工业、手工业、采矿、环境和能源领域的技术,重点是可再生能源。", "4. 第四届会议 应制定政策,确保有效地保护和恢复环境,特别是在尽可能恢复森林和植树造林方面。", "5. 应优先重视针对包括牲畜在内的农业部门的发展和升级的政策,同时适当尊重游牧文化和可持续的自然环境。", "121 执行本《协定》的首要优先事项是满足受冲突影响地区的需求,特别注意境内流离失所者、返回的难民和受冲突影响的人,提供所需的基本服务和安全,使他们能够安全和有尊严地返回原籍地。 该协定关于境内流离失所者和难民的补偿、回返的第四章规定了归还财产和协助返回者充分融入社区的原则和进程,包括恢复他们对土地财产的权利,补偿他们因冲突而遭受的损失。", "122 应特别关注达尔富尔妇女的关切,她们参与所有活动领域,构成劳动力的大部分,特别是在农业和动物资源部门,此外,她们也是特别是难民、境内流离失所者和移民的户主,而且所有这些地区的妇女状况由于冲突而恶化,冲突对他们和儿童,主要是对其生计产生特别有害影响。 应采取具体措施,解决它们的关切,并确保它们平等和有效地参与根据本协定设立的委员会、委员会和机构。", "123 必须承认传统和习惯权利,包括“哈瓦克埃德”和土地历史权利,在健全和可持续的基础上,确保达尔富尔的发展和生计手段。 该协定旨在建立承认和保护这些权利所需的机制。", "124 应建立一个机制,确定确保以可持续的方式利用和监测土地和其他自然资源的进程。 上述机制应确保与受土地开发或自然资源利用影响的所有公民协商,并在实施这种发展进程时考虑到他们的意见。 因土地或自然资源开发而遭受财产损坏或生活受到影响的人,有权迅速获得适当补偿。", "页: 1 应根据土地利用制图数据库开发并依法支持土地管理结构和机构,以促进可持续发展和解决环境退化问题,同时考虑到这方面的历史经验。", "页: 1 达尔富尔在地理上远离中心,缺乏基础设施,包括公路、铁路、桥梁和大坝,因此需要有效的发展和投资,应通过改革、法律豁免和激励措施,包括:", "一、导 言 完全免除用于达尔富尔建设和发展的进口材料的关税和其他费用;", "ii. 苏丹政府应承担关税,并承担其他义务和费用,用于为达尔富尔国家发展项目和由苏丹政府资助的项目或以贷款方式进口的材料;", "iii 《投资促进法》应加以修订,以规定外国和当地公司对达尔富尔国家投资给予更多的奖励特权,例如准许这些公司免除商业利润税。", "三、能力建设", "第18条:一般性条款", "127 达尔富尔的重建和发展努力应通过第25条详述的财政和金融分配和监察委员会(FFAMC)的实质性、保证和定期的货币转移以及其他国家的资源和外国援助加以支持。", "页: 1 达尔富尔需要一个过渡期,以便迅速从冲突向和平过渡,因此,应创造有利的环境,从人道主义援助阶段过渡到重建、经济复苏和发展阶段。", "页: 1 为了支持上文第128段提到的这一过渡期,并为了实现上述目标,达尔富尔需要资源,这些资源远远超出了其短期内在当地经济一级调动的能力。 因此,除外国援助外,还应通过国家收入基金(NRF)和其他国家资源进行有保障和定期的财务转移,协助它开展工作。", "第19条:中等收入国家", "129 在达尔富尔建立一个微型金融系统,为具有增长潜力的创收活动提供必要的资金,办法是向没有传统银行系统适用担保要求的个人和团体提供小型贷款。", "页: 1 小额供资部将创建一些非传统的抵押品,为目标人群,如小生产者,特别是接受这种融资的返回者提供方便的准入。", "2. 结 论 应培训受益者,通过政府提供资金,建设他们在各自领域的管理和提高技术技能方面的生产能力。", "页: 1 财政和预算部将特别重视妇女、特别是寡妇的创收活动。", "134 政府应捐款1亿美元(1亿美元),作为财政部的资本。", "135 政府应鼓励从事微额供资工作的银行优先考虑达尔富尔。", "136 政府应与土地及自然资源部合作,以保障其独立性的方式,在微观筹资领域有专家参与的情况下,制定土地、住房和财产部的规约和议事规则。", "页: 1 小额供资部可以无附加条件地接受专门从事微额供资工作的组织和其他组织的支持。", "第20条:社会服务", "137 除财务和行政管理司的转账外,政府应在三年内向达尔富尔国家支付225 000 000美元(两亿二千五百万美元),以支助社会服务活动。", "第21条:管理和发展基金", "138 应根据第32条的规定,在其结构和业务框架内采取必要措施,改革、改组和纠正达尔富尔重建与发展基金(DRDF)的不平衡状况,该基金将投入运作,直至并入达尔富尔联合评估团(DJAM)之后设立的多方捐助者信托基金。", "页: 1 达尔富尔国防军应在由苏丹政府、达尔富尔独立党和达尔富尔国家政府的代表组成的委员会监督下开展工作。", "141 基金的职能包括但不限于下列任务:", "一、导 言 资助回返和重新安置项目;", "ii. 纠正发展不平衡,特别是在基础设施和实现《千年发展目标》方面;", "iii 建立筹资机制以满足妇女、儿童和孤儿的特殊需要。 这种机制应包括但不限于提供贷款、投资机会、加强生产能力、生产投入和妇女的能力建设。", "四、国家治理", "142 除达尔富尔在财务和行政管理司的转账中所占的份额外,政府将从国家投资论坛拨款2 000 000 000美元(20亿美元)。 上述数额中的2亿美元(两亿美元)将在签署本协议后立即作为DRDF的种子资金交存。 总统办公室应支付以下余额:", "一、导 言 本协定签署后一年内数额为300 000 000美元(三亿美元);", "ii. (三亿美元)", "一、导 言 第四年数额为300 000美元(三亿美元);", "ii. 第5年400 000美元(四亿美元);", "iii 第六年数额为5亿美元(5亿美元)。", "地方政府 关系", "第22条:国家和各国财政情况", "143 国家收入应根据联邦政府和州政府的宪法责任分配,以确保联邦治理的效力。", "144 支出和收入的责任应按照以下原则在国家和国家一级的治理中分配:", "一、导 言 将支出职能分配到政府一级,其管辖权充分反映该职能所服务的地理区域;", "ii. a. 特定服务(支出分配)的交付只能由特定级别的政府执行,或同时由两个或两个以上级别执行;", "一、导 言 秘书长特别代表应努力从上述领域所得收入中支付向某一地理区域居民提供的服务费用;", "iii 联邦政府有权确定未经联邦政府干预而征收的税收基础结构、关税水平或税率。", "第23条:签字", "规则", "145 在国家一级为联邦政府或由联邦政府收取的所有收入,包括所有部委的收入,包括黄金、石油、行政当局或政府从任何机构或公司或任何其他实体的利润中所占的份额,不论这些收入来自商业、投资或其他活动,均应计入国家财政部管理的全国不动产基金账户。 该基金涵盖所有账户,包括收取、报告和交存联邦政府应缴款项的分账户。", "页: 1 每个财政年度结束时,各级政府及其附属公司应通过立法机构公布一份全面报告,详细说明所有税收和非税收收入以及所有支出(年度财务报告),以确保立法机构的透明度和问责制。", "附录B", "147 联邦政府可立法从以下来源征收收入或税款:", "一、导 言 国家个人所得税;", "ii. 企业或企业利润税;", "iii 关税和进口税;", "iv. 海港和机场收入;", "页: 1 服务费;", "页: 1 石油、矿业和电力收入;", "一、导 言 政府机构和项目收入;", "一、导 言 2. 整个/尾矿销售和其他货物和服务税的增值税;", "vii. 职责;", "viii。 贷款,包括苏丹中央银行和公民贷款;", "页: 1 赠款和外国财政援助;", "ii. 国家立法机构规定的任何其他税收。", "148 秘书长副特别代表有权提出和管理下列事项:", "一、导 言 国家土地和财产税及使用费;", "ii. 国家服务收费;", "iii 许可证费;", "iv. 达尔富尔国家的个人所得税;", "页: 1 达尔富尔国家石油收入和其他自然资源的份额;", "页: 1 达尔富尔国家项目、机构和自然保护区;", "一、导 言 购物税;", "一、导 言 农业税;", "vii. 旅游税;", "一、导 言 外国赠款和援助;", "ii. 税收;", "ii. 国家法规颁布的其他区域税;", "iii 根据当地和外国贷款和贷款的信用价值,在国家宏观经济政策框架内,由中央银行批准和保证;", "iv. 畜牧税;", "页: 1 政府提供的补贴和外国财政援助;", "页: 1 国家资源中心的拨款;", "xvii. 根据联邦立法征收边境贸易税。", "149 达尔富尔国家可缔结协定,加强在其管辖和权力范围内的资源筹集和管理。", "第24条:ZAKAT CHAMBER", "150 在达尔富尔收集的所有扎卡特资金都将在达尔富尔境内使用。", "———— 虽有第150段的规定,根据2001年《扎卡特法》第38条(A)款,中央萨卡特分庭可提供最大可能的必要资金,并在各种服务,如挖井、提供医疗设备和设备、教育和其他符合达尔富尔贫困水平的生产项目上,执行有利于贫困家庭,特别是流离失所者和难民的方案和项目。", "第25条:政府间组织", "152 FFAMC依法成立。 此外,还应依法任命一个专家组,并委托其确定从国家资源转移至达尔富尔国家的标准。 外交部的代表应为财务和行政管理司的成员。", "页: 1 为了实现金融平等,金融监测中心应确保反映达尔富尔国家的利益和看法,同时考虑到其他国家政府的利益。 委员会的结构应确保:", "一、导 言 纵向和横向优化资源的使用和分享;", "ii. 向达尔富尔各国分配资金的透明度;", "iii 监测国家财政部迅速划拨预算赠款的行动。 委员会应向立法机构提交报告。", "154 分摊额应使用下列标准从财务和行政管理司直接转给达尔富尔各国:", "一、导 言 根据2008年人口普查人口;", "ii. 发展指标(卫生、教育、基础设施);", "一、导 言 国家努力征收收入;", "ii. 冲突的影响;", "iii 地域规模。", "155 一组专家应说明每一标准以百分比表示的份量,作为计算每个国家的份额的基础。", "156 FFAMC应实施透明的程序,监测向达尔富尔国家及时付款的情况,同时确保联邦政府不保留达尔富尔国家或任何其他次政府的资金。", "页: 1 如果国家财政部保留拨给达尔富尔国家的资金或没有为它们拨款,达尔富尔国家可以向宪法法院提起诉讼。", "第26条:将资金调往条约", "页: 1 总统办公室应为国家情报和安全局的所有活动提供资金。 资本支出资金应来源于DRDF,而预算间接费用部分应在国家立法机构通过后由国家预算直接供资。", "157 给信托局的资金分配应有透明度。", "页: 1 如果联邦政府拖延或停止划拨给它的资金,国家情报和安全局可向宪法法院提起诉讼。", "第27条:担保书", "页: 1 在联邦制度范围内,达尔富尔国家有权:", "一、导 言 根据第25条从国家财政部征收的税收转移;", "一、导 言 根据第23条征收的税收;", "ii. DRDF的收入;", "ii. 多方捐助者信托基金的收入。", "162 应为特定目的建立赠款制度,以实现千年发展目标、减贫和实现两性平等。", "第28条:资金来源", "163 住房和财产管理局和达尔富尔州可以在苏丹中央银行批准和保证后从国家和国际金融市场获得贷款。", "页: 1 DRA和达尔富尔州应向联邦政府报告从外部资金和援助来源收到的所有款项。", "第29条:能力建设", "页: 1 在签署该协定后,政府应协助达尔富尔州和土地及自然资源部制定并执行公共财政和联邦财政领域的先进和全面的能力建设方案。", "第30条:监督与问责", "页: 1 DRA和达尔富尔州应根据一般财务统计数据编制年度预算,这些统计数据分别提交给独立审查委员会和各州立法机构核准或修正。 任何新拨款的任何修改或增加,均未经独立审查委员会批准,或如有可能,未经达尔富尔立法机构批准。 还应编写关于收入和支出总额的全面临时报告。 编写此类报告的方法应根据国家审计院的财务法律和准则,在国家一级实行透明度和问责制标准;全面报告应按照国际标准编写。", "167。 负责监督这一进程的机构包括:", "一、导 言 FFAMC;", "ii. 国家审计长办公室和国家审计长办公室;", "一、导 言 DRA理事会;", "ii. 达尔富尔州立法机构。", "第31条:发展政策", "168 国家发展政策应以苏丹各地平等、均衡发展的权利为基础,并特别重视该国较为贫困、受冲突影响的地区。", "页: 1 在这一框架内,达尔富尔将力求实现复原、重建、建设和发展领域的短期和中期目标,同时考虑到迫切需要和必须为长期发展奠定基础。 应特别注意使达尔富尔能够加快从救济向发展过渡的方案和项目。", "170 冲突后经济复苏和发展的主要目标是:", "一、导 言 重建和发展;", "ii. 重振达尔富尔的经济,使其能够融入世界经济,促进达尔富尔国家和邻国之间的贸易;", "iii 恢复教育、保健和供水等基本社会服务;", "iv. 实现可持续经济增长、公平发展、社会稳定、改善获得社会服务的机会;", "页: 1 消除贫穷和提高经济能力和认识;", "一、导 言 创造适当的就业机会;", "一、导 言 • 发展善治的个人和机构能力,重点是问责制和透明度;", "ii. • 发展有形基础设施,改善达尔富尔民众进入达尔富尔、苏丹其他地区和邻国主要市场的机会,承诺按照国际标准,在两年内执行西因加兹公路,所有分支;", "页: 1 建立一个稳定和透明的法律框架,以鼓励私人、地方、国家和外国投资;", "x. 发展经济管理、财务管理和采购等主要领域的技术和分析能力;", "十一。 对教育和科学研究的投资,以改善和发展人力资源;", "xii. 促进替代能源的生产和解决环境退化的原因。", "171 1. 各方承认,达尔富尔历来被剥夺,并受到冲突造成的严重破坏,迫切需要:", "一、导 言 恢复和平、安全和社会稳定;", "ii. 更有效地履行政府职能;", "一、导 言 加强民政管理;", "ii. 恢复、重建和建设冲突后达尔富尔的有形、体制和社会基础设施;", "iii a. 在达尔富尔对大学和机构进行全面结构改革,使其能够执行任务;", "iii 在技术、工业、农业和贸易方面,建立大学和国家及外国科学技术学院分支机构,将达尔富尔转变成发达社会。", "172 牧民和农民之间争夺牧场和水是达尔富尔的一个严重问题,应当通过下列方式全面解决:", "一、导 言 制定政策和项目,以遏制环境退化、提高农业生产和改善畜牧生产;", "ii. 逐步将牲畜生产和畜牧业的重点放在质量上;", "一、导 言 a. 为不同用户公平获取土地和水资源制定一个框架;", "ii. 制定政策和项目,以便在国家建立农业、工业和技术经济;", "页: 1 发展这些领域的研究能力。", "页: 1 忽视苏丹人民,特别是达尔富尔人民所依赖的传统雨水充斥的部门,导致粮食进口增加、农村人口向城市移徙以及饥饿和争端的蔓延。 因此,应当制定并着眼于促进传统雨水灌溉农业的政策和项目,这应被视为加速实现千年发展目标的一个主要国家发展优先事项。", "页: 1 应审查被忽略的下列发展项目,以评估其可行性,并在可行的情况下恢复:", "一、导 言 西万纳发展项目;", "一、导 言 Jebel Marra农村发展项目;", "ii. Jebel Marra热能项目;", "iii Habeela Agricultural 项目;", "一、导 言 Ghazalah Jawazat 研究站;", "ii. Abu Hamra Agricultural 项目;", "iii Saq Alnaam农业项目;", "iv. Urn Bayada项目;", "页: 1 瓦迪·哈瓦尔流域;", "页: 1 防治荒漠化项目;", "vii. 公共住房项目;", "viii。 农业研究项目;", "页: 1 糖生产项目;", "x. Alradoom、Wadi Hawar和其他野生动物保护区;", "十一。 Urn Ajaja Project (Bahar Alarab Development Project);", "xii. Wadi Alatroon发展项目", "175 在努力加快实现千年发展目标的过程中,各级政府应尽最大努力,使达尔富尔的人类发展水平达到国家一级的水平。", "第32条:申诉书", "页: 1 达尔富尔联合评估团(DJAM)的成立,是为了确定和评估达尔富尔冲突后经济复苏、发展和消除贫穷的需要。 此类需要应在本协定签署三个月后召开的捐助方会议上提出。", "177. 1. 各缔约方应请世界银行(世行)、非行、联合国和非洲开发银行(非行)与伊斯兰开发银行、非洲联盟(非盟)、阿拉伯国家联盟(阿盟)、伊斯兰会议组织、阿拉伯基金、欧洲联盟(欧盟)、美利坚合众国(美国)、卡塔尔国和其他有关国家以及区域和国际经济组织合作,领导联合评估团的活动。", "页: 1 由于开展这种行动所需的财政资源和专门知识超出了苏丹的能力,缔约方请国际社会紧急和充分地参与这一举措,协助提供必要的资源和专门知识,并通过设立一个多方捐助者信托基金,部分满足为此目的确定的需求。 基金的业务程序由捐助者和GoS设立的监督机构确定。", "页: 1 1. 各缔约方应派代表出席司法部的监督和技术委员会。", "页: 1 应评估社会领域和基础设施的达尔富尔发展需要,在六年内满足这些需要所需的资源应由联合军事委员会确定。", "发展和管理土地、住房和自然资源", "第33条:一般原则", "2. 结 论 本节所述土地的界限应为本协定第二章第80段提到的达尔富尔边界。", "179 由于达尔富尔人民没有从1925年《土地定居和登记条例》中受益,应优先修改法律,根据土地所有权、传统牲畜路线和获得水源的机会方面的习俗、传统和遗产,包括土地权和使用权。", "2. 结 论 如果根据投资法租赁的土地和出租人不符合将这些土地租给他们的条件,则所涉土地应恢复原状。", "3. 。 在不影响本协定规定的情况下,适当或确定的政府级别应行使与苏丹政府在达尔富尔拥有的土地有关的权利。", "180。 所有被任意或非法剥夺其合法财产或土地权的流离失所者和其他人,其拥有和权利应予恢复,并在被剥夺期间遭受损失或损害时得到适当和及时的赔偿。", "188 应建立机制,确保土地和其他自然资源的可持续管理和使用。 应征求所有受土地开发和自然资源利用影响的公民的意见,并考虑到他们的意见。 由于自然资源开发与开发,其财产或生计受到不利影响的个人,有权迅速获得适当补偿。", "第34条: 土地和居住权", "188 土地所有制管理、土地的使用和行使是并行权力,应在适当的政府一级行使。", "页: 1 部落传统土地所有权(hawakeer)、土地的历史权利、传统和习惯的牲畜路线以及获取水源的权利应当得到承认和保护。 各级政府应按照国际趋势和做法,启动并完成一项进程,逐步修订相关法律,纳入习惯法。 为了保护传统遗产,应尽可能重新开放封闭的传统和习惯牲畜路线,或划定替代路线。", "188 按照第188段修订的土地法应承认并保护历史、传统和习惯的土地权。", "189。 不得剥夺任何个人或群体对土地的任何传统或历史权利,也不得被剥夺在没有迅速和充分协商的情况下获得水源的权利。", "190。 1. 在不影响法院管辖权的情况下,达尔富尔土地委员会(DLC)应处理土地传统和历史权利,审查土地管理和使用以及自然资源开发。", "第35条:土地产权", "2. 结 论 联邦政府和州政府可以在有土地权的当地社区参与的善意协商中开发社区的土地。 社区有权从这些土地的发展中获得公平收入;否则,受影响社区应得到实物和(或)现金补偿。", "191。 联邦政府和州政府可采取行动或开发属于当地社区的任何土地,条件是这种行动或发展符合根据第三十八条建立的土地使用图数据库制定的发展计划。", "第36条:土地所有", "192。 当地社区的个人可登记其习惯拥有的土地。 如有可能,登记应为免费的,如不免费,则应为降低收费,同时应辅之以提高公众意识的便利程序和运动。", "第37条:土地使用和经济发展", "页: 1 土地规划和可持续发展应符合以下条件:", "一、导 言 承认传统权利(包括 ha清)和土地的历史权利,以确保达尔富尔的生计和发展有安全和可持续的基础;", "ii. 发展可持续的土地制度和解决因土地使用竞争而产生的争端;", "iii 达尔富尔的土地规划应以土地使用图数据库的成果为基础,其使用方式如下:", "a) 住房;", "b) 农业;", "c) 毕业;", "d) 采矿;", "e) 工业发展,包括外国投资;", "f) 自然储备;", "g) 季节性人类(路线、牧场等);", "h) 森林保留和植树造林。", "第38条:土地委员会", "192 应设立达尔富尔土地委员会。 DLC理事会由联邦政府代表、土地及自然资源部、联邦事务部、土著行政局和地方专家组成。 成员应反映达尔富尔的土地使用利益。 在就土地规划和发展提出建议时,理事会应征求权利受到影响的个人的意见。", "页: 1 DLC将建立达尔富尔州土地利用制图数据库,并将数据库作为建议提交达尔富尔州立法机构通过,然后提交土地管理局理事会最后批准。 这一数据库每五年审查一次。", "192. 193 2. 土地及自然资源部应实行旨在下列目的的土地使用和开发规划制度:", "一、导 言 妥善管理、发展和保护自然资源,包括农地、受保护的自然保护区、森林和矿物、水域、城镇和村庄,以促进地方社区的社会和经济福利,建立和维护更好的环境;", "ii. 发展和协调有组织的对土地和自然资源的经济剥削;", "iii 可持续发展;", "一、导 言 保护文化遗产;", "ii. 保护、提供和协调电信、运输和其他相关服务;", "iv. 为公共目的分配土地;", "五. 提供和协调社会服务和设施;", "一、导 言 环境保护,包括保护动植物、濒危物种和自然保护区;", "ii. 恢复被侵蚀的土地和制定防治荒漠化方案,包括重新造林和植树造林;", "页: 1 加强达尔富尔各级政府在环境规划方面的共同责任;", "vii. 创造公众参与环境规划和评估的机会;", "一、导 言 为所有受土地和自然资源开发计划影响的人创造协商机会;", "ii. 由于有关土地和自然资源开发与规划的决定,对生计或财产受到不利影响的个人核准充分和迅速的赔偿。", "193 由于土地使用图数据库,目前土地使用或生计手段受到不利影响的当地社区或个人有权迅速得到适当补偿。", "200。 2. 土地法委员会应:", "一、导 言 独立和公正;", "ii. 拟订议事规则,并将其提交条约审查委员会核准;", "一、导 言 • 查阅所有土地记录;", "ii. 迅速解除其职能;", "iii 2. 作出一切适当的安排,确保所有受影响的个人和地方社区充分、有效地参与其程序;", "iv. 向达尔富尔独立党和达尔富尔州政府提交年度预算活动报告;", "一、导 言 3. 确保委员会的成员、征聘和服务条件符合法律;", "ii. 考虑传统和历史土地权。", "页: 1 在不影响法院管辖权的情况下,法律厅应履行下列额外职能:", "一、导 言 土地权利争端仲裁;", "ii. 向适当的政府提交有关承认传统和历史土地权的建议;", "一、导 言 对提交给它的申请的适当赔偿进行评估。 这种赔偿不一定限于经济补偿;", "ii. 就如何协调关于达尔富尔州政府影响土地或土地权利的项目的政策向各级政府提出建议,同时考虑到土地利用制图数据库;", "iii 建立和维持关于土地利用的记录;", "iv. 对土地所有权和使用进行研究;", "vii. 审查现行土地使用管理机制,并就必要的变化,包括恢复土地所有者的权利或向它们支付补偿,向主管当局提出建议。", "页: 1 在履行其仲裁职能时,法律厅应有权接收申请,并可经争端各方同意,适用习惯法和传统法律或司法及公平原则。 仲裁决定对争端当事方具有约束力,可由主管法院执行。", "239. 在不影响法院管辖权的情况下,应鼓励土地争端当事方在诉诸法院之前用尽包括仲裁在内的传统争端解决方法。", "207. DLC应尊重本协定第四章授权的机构或实体作出的关于流离失所者、难民和其他受冲突影响个人拥有的土地的决定。", "205。 国家土地委员会(NLC)和土地法委员会应当合作和协调其活动,以便有效利用资源。 在不对协调问题施加限制的情况下,国家排雷中心和德国排雷中心应商定如下:", "一、导 言 分享信息和决定;", "ii. 将国家土地委员会的某些职能,包括数据收集和研究,交给土地法委员会;", "iii 消除两个委员会的成果和建议之间的任何矛盾;", "页: 1 DLC应为国家土地委员会的一个常任理事国。", "207。 如果国家土地委员会的结果和建议与土地法委员会的结果和建议有冲突,两个委员会应努力调和它们的立场。 否则,这一问题应提交宪法法院裁决。", "第39条:千年发展目标", "页: 1 在特殊情况下,DRA理事会和达尔富尔州立法委员会可授权DSG签订协议,执行可能不符合任何土地使用或规划立法计划的重大发展项目。 但是,只有在拟议协定载有详细条款解释以下事项的情况下,秘书长才可能寻求获得这一授权:", "一、导 言 拟议项目的明确定义;", "ii. 根据该协定通过保护环境的程序;", "一、导 言 采取步骤,与所有利益受到拟议发展项目不利影响的社区和个人进行协商;", "iii 预计当地社区和达尔富尔民众将受益;", "页: 1 向那些其财产或生计手段受到协议不利影响的社区和个人提供补偿,并澄清他们是否同意具体的赔偿。", "土地利用制图数据库或规划立法应作相应的修改。", "第40条:自然资源", "209 在规划自然资源的管理和开发时,土地及自然资源部应致力于可持续地利用这些资源,同时考虑到以下因素:", "一、导 言 国家利益和公众利益;", "ii. 所涉国家和地区的利益;", "一、导 言 相关地区当地居民的利益;", "ii. 国家和达尔富尔国家环境政策、生物多样性保护准则和文化遗产保护原则;", "iii 土地权,包括习惯法和传统权利;", "iv. 国际承认的采矿和自然资源开发的标准和环境友好方法。", "210。 应与土地权利拥有者进行协商,在就开采有权利地区的地下资源作出决定时,应考虑到他们的意见。", "211. 拥有土地权的个人,如果其土地财产被征用或利用开发自然资源,有权立即获得适当补偿。", "页: 1 苏丹政府应使达尔富尔人民能够在有关发展和开采达尔富尔自然资源的所有决策阶段通过其国家政府获得代表。 这应包括合同谈判、缔结和管理程序。 应考虑到受发展影响的当地社区的利益。", "第41条:管理和开发企业", "213. 石油部门的管理和发展除其他外,应基于以下各项:", "一、导 言 1. 根据以下规定,最佳利用石油作为不可再生自然资源:", "a) 国家利益和公众利益;", "b) 有关国家的利益;", "c) 居民对有关地区的关注;", "d) 国家和达尔富尔州制定了环境政策、生物多样性保护准则、文化遗产保护原则,包括采用和遵守国际技术和安全标准。", "ii. 与相关地方社区合作,使达尔富尔各级政府能够参与不同阶段的石油开发和管理;", "iii 创造有利的环境,吸引对达尔富尔的外国直接投资;", "iv. 与达尔富尔土地权利持有者协商,并在就相关领域的石油资源作出投资决定时考虑到他们的意见;", "页: 1 拥有土地权的个人,如果其土地财产被征用或利用开发石油资源,则有权获得适当和充分的补偿。", "217 对石油部门进行投资的国家应由国家石油委员会的三个非常任成员代表,以便参加相关合同的谈判和订立,并确保这些合同的规定符合委员会的原则、政策和指示。", "1. 石油收入的2%应分配给产油国。 该国可谈判一个更高的百分比。", "第四章——融合、重新安置和重新安置", "第42条:关于融合与融合的一般准则", "境内流离失所者和难民的持久解决办法应以下列原则为基础:", "212 各方承诺履行苏丹政府与正义与平等运动于2010年2月23日签署的《框架协定》和苏丹政府与解放与正义运动于2010年3月18日签署的《框架协定》中规定的有关境内流离失所者和难民的义务,特别是境内流离失所者和难民自愿返回其原籍的权利,以及各方的责任,即为有利于自愿返回的环境创造条件,并根据明确的战略协助这种回返。", "217。 根据国际人权法、国际人道主义法、国际难民法和苏丹加入的所有其他国际和区域文书,尊重、保护和实现境内流离失所者、难民和所有冲突受害者的权利。", "男 国内流离失所者、返回的难民和冲突的所有受害者,在完全平等的条件下,应享有苏丹其他人员根据国家法律和苏丹加入的国际法律文书所享有的同样权利和自由。", "页: 1 保护和援助境内流离失所者、难民以及所有有特殊需要的冲突受害者,包括失散和孤身儿童、女户主、孕妇、有幼儿的母亲、老年人和残疾人。", "页: 1 缔约方采取措施,确保境内流离失所者、难民和其他所有冲突受害者在流离失所的所有阶段,在安全和有尊严的条件下生活,并充分尊重他们的平等权利,包括防止一切形式的强迫流离失所,在流离失所期间以及在自愿返回、重新安置和重返社会期间提供保护和援助。 确保向受影响人民,特别是妇女和儿童提供人道主义援助,承诺解决残疾人的处境,并向他们提供保健和社会服务。", "页: 1 缔约方承诺建立机制,促进、促进和协助境内流离失所者、回归难民、冲突受害者和民间社会积极参与有关解决冲突的人道主义和人权影响以及回返进程的战略、政策和方案的规划和执行。 应采取特别措施,确保妇女和青年的参与。", "页: 1 缔约方承诺迅速、安全和不受限制地接触国际人道主义、发展和人权组织以及国家和国际非政府组织以及参加境内流离失所者、难民和冲突受害者支助、保护、返回、重新安置和重返社会的国际维持和平特派团。", "页: 1 各方承认联合国秘书长所委托的专门国际组织在人道主义方面所起的主导作用,它们负责协调在国内流离失所和保护、援助和难民解决办法情况下协助保护、庇护、营地管理的所有机构。", "页: 1 各缔约方履行根据《联合国宪章》和《非洲联盟组织法》、萨赫勒-撒哈拉国家共同体以及其他有关国际和区域组织在和平解决争端方面的义务,以防止和避免造成人员流离失所的条件。 各方应向境内流离失所者、返回的难民和所有冲突受害者提供援助。 缔约方同意遵守2005年联合国世界首脑会议成果文件认可的《关于国内流离失所问题的指导原则》。", "第43条:婚姻和自由财产平等", "225。 冲突的所有受害者,包括境内流离失所者和难民,均有权就其因冲突而造成的损害和损失,包括生命损失、身体伤害、精神和情感痛苦以及经济损失,获得经济赔偿。", "第44条:安全与保障", "页: 1 各方应在达尔富尔混合行动的支持下,提供安全保障,防止一切形式的人身攻击、一切形式的性暴力、剥削、绑架、招募儿童、童工、任意拘留、非正式的“征税”、收取赎金和非法没收财产,而政府应采取必要措施,确保有效和及时伸张正义,处理此类侵权行为的影响。", "页: 1 各方应尊重和维护境内流离失所者收容营的平民和人道主义性质。", "页: 1 在不违反本协定第六章规定的情况下,各缔约方应在达尔富尔混合行动的协助下采取一切必要措施,确保境内流离失所者营地的安全。 这些措施应确保妇女切实参与营地内的决策进程。", "页: 1 苏丹政府应对参与袭击人道主义机构工作人员的人采取一切必要措施。", "第45条:人道主义援助", "页: 1 政府应向境内流离失所者提供紧急援助,包括食品、住所、教育、医疗和其他医疗和保健服务,以及其他必要的人道主义和社会服务。", "页: 1 境内流离失所者在返回之前和之后应得到人道主义援助和生计手段,难民在返回后也应得到援助。", "232. 217 应向收容境内流离失所者和需要人道主义援助和生计支助的回归难民的社区提供这种援助。", "页: 1 各缔约方应按照与苏丹政府商定的安排,使联合国和各专门机构以及国家、区域和国际人道主义组织能够并便利它们不受阻碍地接触境内流离失所者,包括他们的营地。", "2. 结 论 各方应确保并保护人道主义援助路线和人道主义工作人员的安全。", "第46条:个人指派", "2. 结 论 政府应印发所有必要的文件,使返回的境内流离失所者和难民享有其权利。 1. 各缔约方应商定设立一个附属于自愿回归和重新安置委员会的机制,以便与有关当局合作,免费发放上述文件。", "3. 。 政府应协助发放新的或替代文件,以代替在流离失所过程中丢失或销毁的文件。", "页: 1 妇女、儿童和男子有平等的权利获得所有必要的身份证件,并有权以自己的名义签发此类证件。 将作出特别努力,加快向孤儿以及失散和孤身儿童提供此类文件。", "第47条:家庭报酬", "238。 达尔富尔政府和有关当局应采取一切必要措施,使因流离失所而离散的家庭尽快团聚。 应特别努力加快孤身和失散儿童与家人团聚。 难民专员应与从事家庭追踪和协助家庭团聚的人道主义组织进行协调和合作。 缔约方强调,它们致力于打击绑架和贩运儿童行为,并应努力防止和披露任何不正常的做法。", "第48条:罢工权", "页: 1 各方应保证境内流离失所者和回归难民的行动自由和选择住所,包括他们自由进出营地的权利,以及他们自愿返回原籍地或自愿在该国其他地区重新定居的权利。", "页: 1 各方应尊重并确保境内流离失所者和难民在苏丹另一地区寻求安全的权利,并在他们生命、安全、自由和/或健康受到威胁的任何地点受到保护,不被强迫返回或重新安置。", "第49条:引渡", "239. 所有境内流离失所者和难民都有权自愿、安全和有尊严地返回其原籍或惯常居住地,或在他们选择的另一地点重新定居。 各方不得干预境内流离失所者和返回难民的目的地选择,也不得强迫他们留在、返回或移至严重危险或不安全的局势,或前往缺乏恢复正常生活所需的基本服务的地区。", "2. 结 论 政府应接受和协助境内流离失所者和难民自愿返回其原籍或惯常居住地,或自愿在该国其他地区重新定居。", "3. 。 缔约方应采取一切必要措施,防止将妨碍境内流离失所者和难民安全和有尊严地自愿返回的活动。", "244。 境内流离失所者和难民应获得关于回返或重新安置条件方面的客观信息。 各缔约方应在当地和国际相关行为者的协助下,协助及时交流关于回返或重新安置条件的确切信息,以便难民和境内流离失所者能够就回返或重新安置作出知情和自愿的决定。", "248. 罗马尼亚 各方在自愿返回或重新安置中尊重家庭团聚的原则。", "页: 1 各方应作出特别努力,确保境内流离失所者和难民,包括妇女和青年,与难民委员会和任何其他相关实体协调,参与规划和管理他们的回返或重新安置和重返社会。", "第50条:拘留", "页: 1 政府应尽快建立安全、政治、经济和社会条件,并提供手段,使境内流离失所者和难民能够行使自愿、安全和有尊严地返回其原籍或惯常居住地的权利。", "页: 1 各缔约方应便利创造和维持必要的条件,使难民和境内流离失所者安全、有尊严地自愿返回,并持久和和谐地重返社会。", "248 双方同意,境内流离失所者和难民的返回条件如下:", "一、导 言 国内流离失所者和难民在自愿返回或重新安置期间和之后的安全,不受骚扰、恐吓、迫害或歧视;", "ii. 5. 迁徙和选择居住的权利,包括返回原籍或惯常居住地的权利,以及定居的权利;", "iii 清除境内流离失所者和难民的家园和土地以及通往市场、水源、学校和卫生服务的排雷路线;", "iv. 向境内流离失所者和难民归还财产;", "五) 协助在返回村庄为境内流离失所者和难民建造固定住所,修复或补偿被损坏的财产;", "页: 1 获得食物、饮用水和保健,包括在境内流离失所者和难民恢复正常生活之前提供人道主义援助;", "一、导 言 作为一揽子回返计划的一部分,每个家庭提供250美元(200美元和五十美元),帮助满足境内流离失所者和难民在返回时的直接需要。 这一一揽子计划旨在使他们能够重新恢复生计,开始有效地重返社会。 一揽子计划还应包括获得饮用水、食物和住房材料,以及种子、种子、兽医服务、工具和基本设备等作物和牲畜的农业投入;", "一、导 言 恢复和建设回返地区的基本设施;", "一、导 言 修复被破坏的农田;", "ii. 为男孩和女孩提供教育和平等培训,包括谋生培训;", "十一。 男女平等获得生计,包括就业;", "页: 1 国内流离失所者和难民平等获得公共服务,平等参与公共生活的权利;", "iii 向境内流离失所者和难民提供心理社会支助。", "250。 缔约方应确保在推动返回之前具备适当条件。", "252. 。 各缔约方应按照明确的战略,以和平、有序和分阶段的方式促进境内流离失所者和难民的自愿返回或重新安置。", "第51条:引渡和上诉委员会", "252。 应优先设立一个自愿回返和重新安置委员会。 组成如下:", "一、导 言 自愿回返委员会;", "一、导 言 a. 财产要求和归还委员会;", "二. 赔偿/Jabr Al-Dar基金。", "258 共和国武装部队应监督联邦难民事务委员会、《儿童权利公约》和联邦武装部队。", "425 劳动和社会福利部应制定其议事规则、财务和行政条例,酌情设计其结构,供劳动和社会福利部通过。", "255。 缔约方应商定根据《巴塞尔公约》设立的各机构的组成及其成员的指定。", "256。 劳革委活动的补偿/Jahr AI-Dar方面将由联合武装部队供资。", "禁止酷刑委员会", "页: 1 在难民事务委员会的监督下,难民事务委员会负责有关境内流离失所者和难民自愿返回的各个方面。 为此,难民事务委员会应承担以下任务和职能:", "一、导 言 开展境内流离失所者和难民统计调查,以便规划自愿回返或重新安置;", "ii. 与包括联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)在内的相关国际机构合作,在潜在回返或重新安置领域进行综合需求评估,其中包括处理下列问题:安全、粮食保障、家园和土地遭到破坏、饮用水、环境卫生、教育、获得保健服务和基础设施;", "iii 评估是否具备可持续回返所需的条件,建议采取特别措施,确保创造这些条件,并核实这些条件的执行情况;", "一、导 言 在难民署和地方主管机构的协助下,并与境内流离失所者、难民及地方社区协商,在签署本《协定》后三个月内制定并通过《自愿回返计划》;", "iv. 与当地主管机构、国际社会,特别是难民署和难民收容国密切合作,执行《自愿回归计划》;", "一、导 言 持续监测并报告维持可持续回返和重返社会的必要条件以及境内流离失所者和难民返回后的状况;", "vii. 根据《自愿回返计划》,规划、组织和协助境内流离失所者和难民自愿回返,并协助他们重返社会。", "258。 难民专员可设立它认为履行职责所必需的小组委员会,包括:", "一、导 言 统计调查和规划小组委员会;", "ii. 评价、康复和基本体制小组委员会", "回返地区的公用事业。", "258 难民事务委员会应确保境内流离失所者、难民和民间社会的代表积极参与与自愿返回有关的进程。", "第52条:住房、土地和财产", "260。 境内流离失所者和难民有权收回他们非法被剥夺的家园、土地和财产。 如果无法收回此类财产,他们有权按照国际原则获得赔偿。", "页: 1 这项权利适用于境内流离失所者和难民,不论他们选择返回原籍地还是到其他地方重新定居。", "262。 《儿童权利公约》应确保境内流离失所者和难民的住房、土地和财产得到恢复。", "263。 《儿童权利公约》应:", "一、导 言 接受境内流离失所者、难民和其他受冲突影响的冲突提出的财产归还要求", "达尔富尔受害者;", "ii. 1. 在收到索赔后确定财产的合法所有人", "(a) 提出索赔;", "iii 如果索赔人是合法所有人,则命令归还其财产;", "iv. 如果不可能这样做,则命令向其支付赔偿金;", "五. 建立简单、简单地提交和确定索赔的程序", "可获取、透明、公正、及时、可执行和免费。 这些程序应包括具体措施,确保妇女和孤儿能够完全平等地参与归还进程;", "页: 1 在适当情况下,指定律师或代表代表代表申请人行事,特别是在该人未满18岁或精神残疾的情况下。", "页: 1 《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》不应承认任何非法财产交易,包括在胁迫下进行或未经自由和知情同意进行的任何转让均为有效。", "265。 政府有责任确保财产归还合法所有人。 政府在相关国际机构的协助下,将那些以非法方式定居并占领境内流离失所者和难民财产的人迁出和迁移。", "266. 任何人或一群人不得未经同意或立即获得适当赔偿而被剥夺在土地或获得水方面的任何传统或历史权利。", "页: 1 在不影响法院管辖权的情况下,可使用传统机制解决因回归过程而产生的争端,条件是这些机制符合国际人权原则。", "页: 1 《儿童权利公约》应设立小组委员会以履行其职能,包括:", "i) 核查和文件小组委员会;", "i) 争端解决和财产权小组委员会;", "三、它认为必要的其他小组委员会。", "页: 1 《儿童权利公约》的决定应予以公布。", "第53条:赔偿基金", "270。 赔偿/Jabr Al-Darar基金应为支付下列命令的赔偿金设立:", "i. 《儿童权利公约》第52条;", "i. 根据第58条设立的司法委员会。", "271。 基金接受并持有:", "一、导 言 2. 戈斯根据第273段提供的捐助;", "ii. 苏丹人民通过商会和慈善组织等机构提供的捐助;", "一、导 言 伊斯兰、阿拉伯和非洲国家及其基金的捐款;", "ii. 欧盟和其他捐助者的捐款;", "页: 1 联合国机构调动的资金。", "页: 1 联合武装部队应制定其议事规则。 程序应当简单易懂。", "第54条:供资", "273。 解决达尔富尔境内流离失所者、难民和其他冲突受害者遭受的任何损失和(或)损失的JAF的最初数额应为300 000美元(三亿美元),其中,政府承诺支付200 000 000美元(两亿美元),其余100 000 000美元(一亿美元)将由捐助方提供。", "页: 1 总统妇女事务办公室将根据刚果爱国抵抗联盟编制的预算,从国家预算中拨款,支持境内流离失所者和难民自愿回返和重返社会。", "页: 1 认识到总体建立和平,特别是集体和家庭补偿,需要调动大量资源,而且仅靠当地资源筹集不能满足所有要求,为这一计划提供资金需要国际社会、和平伙伴和和平受益者的参与和支持。 因此,缔约方同意促进调动国际资源,为联合武装部队作出贡献。", "第五章——司法和惩戒", "第55条:司法与司法的一般规则", "正义与和解应以下列原则为基础:", "276。 尊重国际人权法和国际人道主义法。", "277。 正义与和解是实现达尔富尔持久和平不可分割和相互关联的因素,对于维护法治至关重要。", "页: 1 3. 通过过渡司法机制,对达尔富尔武装冲突相关暴力行为的实施者采取补救措施和法律问责制。", "2. 结 论 重建和恢复社会关系,恢复和加强达尔富尔和平共处、尊重现有习俗、社会合作和团结的价值观。", "页: 1 受害者有权诉诸司法和补救机制,特别是有权对违反国际人权法和国际人道主义法的行为给予充分、有效和迅速的补救和/或赔偿。", "279。 司法和其他补救机制,包括过渡司法机制,应独立和公正,并应符合国际规范和标准。", "3. 。 谴责冲突期间在达尔富尔犯下的暴行、虐待和侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法的行为,并迫切需要采取一切必要步骤,防止此类侵犯行为再次发生。", "4. 第四届会议 确保追究所有侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法者的责任。", "5. 适当记录和记录所有罪行和违法行为。", "页: 1 承认妇女、儿童和青年的特殊处境和关切,以及妇女和青年在预防和解决冲突、过渡司法进程和建设和平方面的重要作用,以及他们必须平等参与和充分参与维持和平与安全,包括正义与和解的所有努力。", "286. 卷入冲突、可能参与实施国际法规定的罪行的儿童应主要被视为受害者,应按照《儿童权利公约》、《日内瓦公约第二议定书》、《非洲儿童权利与福利宪章》、《北京规则》和相关的国际少年司法和公正审判标准予以对待。", "287。 承认独立公正的传统机制在补充司法与和解进程方面可以发挥的作用,必须充分利用其潜力,同时维护国际人权标准。", "页: 1 必须利用非洲和国际在问责、和解和真相方面的经验和最佳做法,寻求解决达尔富尔发生的问题,并利用司法、赔偿与和解机制解决冲突。", "288。 向所有公民提供安全和充分保护。", "289。 司法、问责制、承认错失行为、宽恕和对不重复的承诺。", "290。 鼓励和解部落领导人进行友好访问。", "291。 与各地方当局协调,收集部落团体拥有的武器。", "页: 1 促进对话,作为实现部落和解和巩固达尔富尔公认的和解机制的适当渠道。", "第56条:国家司法制度", "2. 结 论 各方同意在达尔富尔建立司法以巩固和平的重要性,并同意司法机构在这方面可以发挥重要作用。 他们还一致认为,应继续进行广泛的改革,以加强其能力、专业精神和独立性,确保人人平等获得公正。", "292。 在不影响第60条的情况下,个人因其公务身份或职务而享有的豁免不得妨碍迅速伸张正义,也不得妨碍打击有罪不罚现象。", "293。 总统办公室承诺采取下列必要和重要步骤,促进诉诸司法:", "一、导 言 增加达尔富尔法院和司法人员,包括法官和检察官的人数;", "ii. 加强和利用流动法院系统;", "iii 分配有效伸张正义所需的充分资源,包括在达尔富尔各地为起诉官员提供必要的陆路和空中运输。 为此,政府可寻求联合国和其他和平伙伴的援助;", "iv. 确保司法部执行并支持检察官履行调查职责;", "页: 1 确保保护司法人员、被害人和证人。", "297。 第296段所列步骤和程序应保证适当程序和公正审判的权利,确保由法院和过渡时期司法机制处理和移交的案件得到最终解决,消除妨碍达尔富尔人民行使其诉讼、司法和补救权利的任何现有或潜在障碍。", "页: 1 总统办公室承诺提供技术援助和支助,以加强法院和委员会或与血钱或赔偿有关的特别委员会之间的协调,以及其他和解手段,以期建立必要的凝聚力,从而提高它们的能力,避免出现不一致和重叠。", "2. 结 论 民间社会在达尔富尔自由和独立地促进正义、和平与和解的作用应得到加强。 民间社会可根据既定程序寻求国家、区域和国际组织的支持。", "3. 。 缔约方呼吁国际社会提供技术援助和适当资源,支持司法系统的有效运作。", "第57条", "4. 第四届会议 所有受害者,包括境内流离失所者和难民,由于达尔富尔冲突而遭受损失或损害,包括生命损失、身体伤害、精神伤害和感情痛苦,都有权根据类似情况下的国际经验和最佳做法,迅速获得适当赔偿。", "298. 住房、土地和财产损失赔偿/Jabr Al-Darar应通过第53条规定的程序处理。", "303. 对其他形式的损失和损害的赔偿/Jabr Al-Dar应按照第58条规定的程序处理。", "304. 赔偿/Jabr Al-Dar应尽可能分期支付。 否则,应分两批支付,但此种赔偿/Jabr Al-Dar的整期不超过损失评估之日起两年。", "第58条:保护和赔偿", "一般性条款", "页: 1 政府应指定达尔富尔和平与非暴力全国日。", "2. 结 论 为了促进和解,缔约方同意处理下列冲突根源:", "一、导 言 2. 环境退化和与获得自然资源有关的争端;", "ii. 地方社区之间的紧张关系;", "一、导 言 土著行政当局薄弱;", "ii. 土地、 ha和游牧路线的冲突;", "iii 武器扩散;", "iv. 冲突的区域层面。", "页: 1 1. 各缔约方商定,应当有一个旨在:", "一、导 言 摒弃暴力和排斥,通过对话实现社会和平;", "ii. 1. 伸张正义、和解和宽恕,以此作为实现和平的原则;", "一、导 言 重建和加强达尔富尔社会各组成部分之间的关系,提高达尔富尔共存、合作和社会团结的程度;", "ii. 消除部落和族裔两极分化;", "iii 采用部落首领、宗教学者、民间社会组织、媒体和教育机构等手段,根据达尔富尔人民的价值观、传统和文化遗产,促进和平文化;", "iv. 单独和集体向冲突受害者道歉;", "一、导 言 加强土著行政制度;", "ii. 鼓励尊重游牧路线,以稳定牧民和农民之间的关系,减少紧张关系;", "页: 1 解决非法移民的存在及其对达尔富尔村庄、城镇、农场和果园的占领问题。", "页: 1 1. 在不妨碍根据本条设立的真相与和解委员会(真相与和解委员会)的特权和任务的情况下,应采用下列机制:", "一、导 言 Ajaweed Council;", "ii. 土著管理局。", "309。 国家政府、法律事务部和国家政府应支持这些机制补充真相与和解委员会的工作。", "页: 1 应加强阿贾韦德理事会的作用,并组织和解会议,以期恢复达尔富尔各族之间的信任和促进良好关系。", "TRUTH, JUSTICE and RECONLIATION Commission", "311. 在不影响苏丹法院,包括达尔富尔特别法庭的管辖权的情况下,应设立一个独立的真相、正义与和解委员会。 临时选举委员会由以下两个委员会组成:", "一、导 言 司法委员会;以及", "ii. 真相与和解委员会。", "第三委员会", "312. 司法委员会负责受理、审查和评估申诉,并确定赔偿/贾布尔·阿尔达尔的性质以及酌情付给受害人的金额。 受害人自委员会确定提交个人申诉的最初日期起,应获得向司法委员会提交申诉的10年期限。", "页: 1 委员会成员应由缔约方提名,并由土地管理局主席任命。", "313。 司法委员会应通过其议事规则和工作方式。 其程序应当简单易懂。", "页: 1 技术和行政委员会应协助司法委员会确定个人损害和损失的性质和程度。 这些委员会除其他外应包括专业医生、律师、土著行政当局、营地长者、受害者代表和其他有关专家。 这些委员会应与地方政府密切合作。 政府承诺承担其工作费用。", "起草委员会", "316。 真相与和解委员会应评估达尔富尔冲突的根本原因,调查2003年2月发生的侵犯经济、社会和文化权利行为,包括侵犯经济、社会和文化权利的行为,处理有罪不罚问题,建立信心、和平与和解的文化。", "317。 真相与和解委员会由反映苏丹族裔和文化多样性的知名人士组成,并充分尊重性别均衡。 真相与和解委员会的成员应包括缔约方提名的成员。", "318. 真相与和解委员会应通过其议事规则和工作方式。 这些程序应当简单易懂。", "页: 1 真相与和解委员会将为侵犯人权行为的受害者和肇事者以及其他公民提供一个机会,以分享经验,共同了解过去,促进社区内部和社区之间的真正康复,促进和解,防止今后发生暴行。", "319。 真相与和解委员会应建议在达尔富尔实现全面持久和平的措施,并将调查结果和建议每年提交苏丹共和国总统和苏丹国民议会。 委员会将在苏丹总统和国民议会完成任务后向其提交最后报告。", "320。 缔约方同意请国际社会协助为真相与和解委员会的工作提供必要的财政和技术支持。", "第59条:特别权力", "页: 1 各方同意呼吁苏丹司法机构设立一个达尔富尔特别法庭,对2003年2月以来在达尔富尔犯下的严重侵犯人权和严重违反国际人道主义法行为拥有管辖权。", "321。 塞尔维亚政府应任命特别法庭检察官,并使其能够在将肇事者绳之以法方面承担其职责。 检察官可将案件提交国家法院。", "324。 特别法庭应适用苏丹刑法、国际刑法和国际人道主义和人权法。", "325. 塞尔维亚政府应创造有利条件,使特别法庭能够行使调查和审判职能,并为此向法院提供必要的资源。", "326。 由联合国和非盟组成的专门专家组,经与专家组协商选定,应观察法院程序,以确保其按照国际法所载公正和平等规则行事。", "页: 1 1. 各缔约方应采取一切必要措施,保障被害人和证人的保护和援助,并确保他们能够充分诉诸司法。 当事各方应避免采取任何可能妨碍证人自由而无畏地作证的行为。", "327。 政府应在国际社会的支持下,在调查和审判期间设立特别法庭法律援助和其他有关活动基金。", "第60条:", "328。 为了创造有利于和平与和解的环境,政府将根据《苏丹宪法》和法律,对民事和军事成员、战俘和从缔约方被判刑的人给予大赦,并在此基础上释放战俘。", "页: 1 各方一致认为,战争罪、危害人类罪、灭绝种族罪、性暴力罪和严重违反人权和人道主义法行为不应列入大赦的适用范围。", "第61条:共和国", "331。 为了遏制有罪不罚现象,建立信心,加强达尔富尔的法治,为建立信任与和解创造有利条件,政府应建立一个独立、公正、有资源和有效的机制,查明并采取适当行动对付那些被证明犯有侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法行为的人。", "第六章:长期合作与最终安全安排", "第62条:关于自愿担保和最终担保的通则", "1. 永久停火和最后安全安排应以下列一般原则为基础:", "页: 1 达尔富尔冲突不能以军事方式解决,只有通过包容各方的政治进程才能找到持久解决办法;", "页: 1 达尔富尔平民有权得到保护,包括为妇女和儿童等弱势群体提供特别措施,同时考虑到他们在国际法中的特殊地位,并认识到他们在冲突期间遭受的痛苦过重;", "333。 联合国安理会第1769(2007)号决议和安全理事会第1935(2010)号决议分别概述的促进达尔富尔混合行动任务,包括保护平民的任务的重要性,以及非盟和平与安全理事会第79次紧急会议公报;", "页: 1 必须避免对平民、特别是妇女和儿童等弱势群体的一切暴力行为,避免侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法的行为;", "页: 1 需要解决达尔富尔人民面临的紧急人道主义危机,包括保证人道主义援助不受限制地进入所有地区;", "2. 除其他外,通过全面协议和最终安全安排,解决武装冲突的根源和不同方面,实现和支持达尔富尔的永久和平。", "页: 1 在达尔富尔保证个人、货物和服务的自由通行。", "页: 1 必须建立一支能够维护和维护国家主权和领土完整的强大专业和包容性的苏丹武装部队和其他安全机构。", "斯洛文尼亚", "第63条:通过的活动和提议", "页: 1 根据该协定,缔约方同意立即停止和不采取任何措施:", "一、导 言 对达尔富尔平民和境内流离失所者的敌对、暴力或恐吓行为;", "ii. 2. 妨碍本协定文字和精神的活动;", "iii 2. 对2006年5月5日在尼日利亚阿布贾签署的《达尔富尔和平协议》另一缔约方或任何运动方,或此后签署的《对政治部(政治部)承诺宣言》签字方,采取进攻性、挑衅性或报复性行动,包括敌对宣传以及未经许可的重新部署和调动部队;", "一、导 言 在境内流离失所者营地或难民营内或附近进行招募或任何其他军事活动;", "一、导 言 2. 对达尔富尔混合行动人员、设施或装备、当地或国际人道主义机构成员,包括联合国机构、国际组织和非政府组织、其人员、设施或装备以及媒体成员进行恐吓、敌对、暴力或攻击;", "iv. 可能妨碍或拖延向平民提供人道主义援助或保护的行动,并限制人员自由流动;", "一、导 言 - 限制人道主义机构安全、自由和不受阻碍地通行;", "ii. 1. 使用或埋设地雷;", "ii. 基于性别的暴力和性剥削行为和形式;", "五. 根据苏丹根据《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》承担的义务和1949年日内瓦四公约第二议定书(1977年)规定的义务,武装部队和武装团体招募和利用18岁以下的男孩和女孩从事敌对行动;", "iii 可能危及或破坏缔约方完全和持久停止敌对行动的承诺的其他活动,包括根据该协定确定违反停火的活动;对《和平协议》另一缔约方或任何武装团体的敌对宣传;", "iv. 任何缔约方企图掩饰其装备、人员或活动,如达尔富尔混合行动、联合国各机构、非盟、红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会)或任何其他类似组织。", "页: 1 缔约方还承诺确保:", "一、导 言 人员和货物的自由流动;", "ii. 人道主义援助畅通无阻地送达需要援助的民众,保护人道主义工作者及其在其控制区内的行动;", "iii 与达尔富尔混合行动充分合作,以执行其任务;", "一、导 言 本协定的规定通过缔约方的指挥系统传达给其武装部队的所有人员及其控制或影响下的武装团体,包括妇女,而且所有此类部队和团体都应遵守这些规定。", "iv. 及时解除武装和解散武装民兵,作为执行全面军备控制措施以确保整个达尔富尔安全的先决条件;", "一、导 言 停火不受苏丹境内任何外国战斗人员的威胁;", "ii. 达尔富尔的境内流离失所者和其他平民不应受到政府安全组织和运动的骚扰或任意拘留;注意到这些活动可能被视为违反停火;", "一、导 言 武装部队或武装团体招募的所有儿童、男童、女童,如果是,将通过制定行动计划无条件释放;", "ii. 在被武装部队或武装团体非法招募后被控犯有违反国际法罪行的所有儿童、男童、女童,主要被视为违反国际法行为的受害者,而不是被指控的行为人。", "第64条:经济、社会、文化权利委员会", "页: 1 停火委员会(下称“氟氯化碳”)和联合委员会(下称“委员会”)应设立为停火监测和核查机制。", "页: 1 氟氯化碳应包括以下各部分:", "一、导 言 氟氯化碳总部设在法希尔;", "ii. 氟氯化碳秘书处总部设在法希尔;", "一、导 言 部门停火委员会;", "ii. 停火小组现场小组。", "页: 1 氟氯化碳对监测和执行永久停火负有总体责任,并将努力以协商一致方式作出决定。 如无法达成协商一致,氟氯化碳应将此问题提交委员会仲裁。 双方负责执行《停火协议》,并有义务遵守委员会的建议。", "345. 认识到妇女在缔造和平方面的重要作用,各方应在停火机制的所有各级保证妇女得到充分和有效的代表。", "页: 1 各方在执行任务时,应保证达尔富尔混合行动在所有地区和任何时候不受阻碍的行动自由。", "页: 1 缔约方承诺全面、积极地参与氟氯化碳、部门次级氟氯化碳和CTSG,并支持其工作。", "氟氯化碳的使用", "348。 氟氯化碳的功能是:", "一、导 言 监测各方遵守永久停火和各自武装部队行为义务的情况;", "ii. 协调永久停火执行工作的规划、监测和核查;", "iii 界定缔约方部队的所有流动路线,以减少事故风险; 核准缔约方至少须提前72小时要求的所有此类行动;", "iv. 支持排雷行动;", "一、导 言 通过其主席制作显示缔约方处置情况的主地图,以及在境内流离失所者营地和收容社区周围划定的德米特里特区;", "ii. 接收、核实、分析和解决与可能违反停火有关的申诉;", "一、导 言 根据《永久停火协议》的规定,如果某一缔约方实施任何禁止的行为,则发布违反报告;", "ii. 协助传播有关永久停火的信息;", "iii 充当缔约方之间的沟通渠道;", "iv. 支持前战斗员解除武装、复员和重返社会(DDR),这是双方商定和商定的。", "氟氯化碳的浓度", "页: 1 氟氯化碳的构成如下:", "一、导 言 达尔富尔混合行动 部队指挥官", "ii. 三名成员", "iii 卡塔尔国代表", "页: 1 主席应根据要求,由达尔富尔混合行动其他构成部分/部门,即联合代表组成。 警察,HLO, PAD, 法律办公室,无表决权。", "页: 1 缔约方可在稍后日期就观察员人数和组成作出决定。 观察员是执行永久停火的一个重要方面,因为它们促进并向氟氯化碳和缔约方提供咨询意见。 它们可能包括但不限于国际/区域组织或个别国家。 观察员可出席氟氯化碳和次氟氯化碳的公开会议和会议。 如认为适当并经缔约方商定,观察员将被告知非公开会议/会议的情况。", "氟氯化碳主席", "页: 1 达尔富尔混合行动部队指挥官应为氟氯化碳的主席,在他缺席时,副部队指挥官应履行职责。", "氟氯化碳消费量", "页: 1 主席的职责包括:", "一、导 言 主持所有氟氯化碳会议;", "ii. 界定氟氯化碳的活动方案;", "iii 确保执行氟氯化碳和委员会的决定和建议;", "iv. 酌情下令进行氟氯化碳一级的独立或补充调查;", "页: 1 确保向委员会提交每周报告;", "页: 1 确保氟氯化碳成员采取适当措施,遵守当地的法律和条例,避免采取任何不符合其职责的公正和国际性的行动或活动。", "会 议", "页: 1 氟氯化碳会议应由主席或应缔约方的请求召开。 会议应在达尔富尔混合行动总部、法希尔或主席决定的任何其他地点举行。 会议应按照以下准则举行:", "一、导 言 会议议程应在会议开始时通过;", "一、导 言 氟氯化碳的审议和决定以协商一致方式达成,但如果缔约方无法就氟氯化碳的某一事项达成协议,主席应将此事提交委员会解决。 1. 各缔约方有义务遵守委员会的裁决;", "iii 1. 每届会议的会议记录应由秘书签署,由主席核证,并提交下一次会议确认,作为会议记录,对缔约方具有约束力;", "iv. 必要时可设立小组委员会,负责具体任务,并应向氟氯化碳提交供通过/注入的报告;", "页: 1 观察员可根据主席的请求提出意见。", "CODE OF CONDUCT", "355. 预计氟氯化碳成员和观察员将始终遵守行为守则,其中包括:", "一、导 言 对话以及适当的政治语言应作为审议的指导原则;", "一、导 言 成员希望提出的任何问题均应向主席提出;", "ii. 不得接受任何成员的人身攻击或敌意;", "iii 所有成员均应遵守标准;", "iv. 氟氯化碳的任何成员未经主席事先批准,不得代表氟氯化碳向新闻界发表谈话;", "五、氟氯化碳的审议情况是保密的,只有在需要知道的情况下才予以分享;", "一、导 言 避免可能损害任何缔约方信誉的行动;", "ii. 优先考虑达尔富尔人民和其他平民,包括妇女和儿童的利益;", "页: 1 承担氟氯化碳的任务并在其中采取行动。", "页: 1 主席应对氟氯化碳秘书处和该协定规定的下层中层中层鱼体行使控制权。 部门指挥官和氟氯化碳秘书处主任应直接向主席负责管理其控制的氟氯化碳资源。", "页: 1 各区指挥官应在各自责任区内对小型渔委会和停火特遣部队实行控制,并向主席负责。 关于违反《公约》行为的报告应通过氟氯化碳秘书处转交主席。", "SECTOR SUB-CEASEFIRE 委员会", "页: 1 每个部门应设立和维持包括妇女在内的分区停火委员会,以确保有效的调查和报告周期。 各部门应设立一个秘书处,由氟氯化碳秘书处示范的氟氯化碳总经理领导。 队部由包括妇女在内的各级单位组成,作为向永久停火报告事件和调查违反事件的主要来源。", "《刑法》", "页: 1 中央财政委员会的主要职能是:", "一、导 言 监督缔约方按照《永久停火协议》履行其在AOR区的义务;", "ii. 根据《永久停火协议》,审议、核查、调查和报告双方的分歧和据称的违反行为;", "一、导 言 执行氟氯化碳政策和指令;", "iii (a) 定期提交报告,并将未解决的申诉提交总部氟氯化碳委员会,并充分解释争议事项;", "iv. 根据《永久停火协议》的规定,负责调查违法行为;", "五. 向秘书长特别代表分派任务/任务。", "页: 1 如果无法就某一特定问题达成共识,则应将其转交氟氯化碳解决。", "内容提要", "页: 1 民事财产委员会应由以下成员组成:", "一、导 言 部门指挥官——主席", "ii. 各派两名代表——成员", "一、导 言 秘书", "ii. 达尔富尔混合行动相关部分的共同选任成员,无表决权。", "报告", "页: 1 《常设停火协议》或任何其他现行协定明确重申的停火协议,中西太平洋渔委会应在每天1 600小时之前将其关于违反停火行为的报告转交氟氯化碳秘书处。 报告至少包括:", "一、导 言 1. 违法行为的性质/类型;", "一、导 言 发生时间和地点;", "ii. 所涉缔约方/缔约方;", "iii 1. 确认或确认;", "iv. 达尔富尔混合行动的行动;", "页: 1 任何其他相关事实/资料。", "CEASEFIRE TEAM SITEGroupS", "页: 1 CTSGs向中西部非洲渔委会提供局势意识,并成为特派团内部解决冲突的第一层。 认识到妇女在和平与安全进程中必须发挥的作用,应将妇女纳入所有儿童兵问题秘书长特别代表。", "页: 1 《停火协议》秘书长负责监督《永久停火协议》规定的各方在其责任区内遵守停火。 将通过监测、巡逻、访问、检查、联络、调查、核查和举报等办法实现。", "四、组别", "页: 1 2. 分区域一级的儿童咨询组的组成如下:", "一、导 言 军事观察员小组组长——主席", "ii. 每一缔约方的两名代表——成员", "第65条:联合委员会", "页: 1 联合特别代表(JSR),达尔富尔混合行动将主持该委员会的工作,在他/她缺席的情况下,副联合特别代表将履行职责。 1. 委员会的组成如下:", "一、导 言 达尔富尔混合行动联合后勤组——主席", "ii. 卡塔尔国——会员国", "iii 每一缔约方的三名代表——成员", "iv. 阿拉伯国家联盟——会员国", "v. European Union - Member", "页: 1 达尔富尔混合行动政治事务——秘书", "页: 1 2. 下列国家应具有观察员地位,并可按要求请主席向委员会致辞:", "一、导 言 加拿大;", "ii. 中国;", "iii 挪威。", "术语", "页: 1 应设立该委员会,以解决氟氯化碳所提及缔约方之间的争端,并确保有效执行《最后安全安排》的规定。", "页: 1 2. 委员会应履行下列职能:", "一、导 言 2. 落实《永久停火协议》和《最后安全安排》;", "ii. 必要时负责解释永久停火和最后安全安排的规定;", "iii 取缔违规行为和违法行为,接受和决定缔约方提出的、氟氯化碳无法适当处理的申诉。 将尽一切努力在最低一级以合作和协商一致的方式充分调查和解决有争议的问题;", "一、导 言 如果发生严重违反行为,委员会应通知非洲联盟和联合国;", "ii. 根据安理会第1325(2000)号决议,委员会应确保以敏感和胜任的方式,听取并纠正对妇女和儿童有具体影响的一切形式暴力;", "iii 3. 提请注意任何妨碍或妨碍执行停火和《最后安全安排》的事态发展,并采取措施避免重复;", "一、导 言 就应对违反停火者采取适当措施提出建议;", "ii. 委员会根据本协定的精神认为适当的任何额外职能。", "会 议", "370。 委员会应在达尔富尔混合行动法希尔总部或委员会商定的任何其他国家例外举行会议。", "页: 1 委员会应每月举行会议,并在每次会议后提出报告。 各成员应在每次会议至少七天前获知议程和文件。 委员会在必要时应召集紧急会议,并放弃这一初步通知要求。 任何缔约方均可请求委员会在认为必要时召开紧急会议。", "2. 结 论 各方应遵守并执行委员会关于在违反停火方面采取的措施的建议。", "3. 。 缔约方应向其成员和支持者分发委员会的报告。", "页: 1 委员会应就执行本协定有关规定的进展情况定期发表公开声明。", "页: 1 委员会应以协商一致方式作出决定。 如果缔约方无法达成协商一致,主席应与委员会国际成员协商,并与观察员协商,以维护停火的最佳利益作出决定,该决定对缔约方具有约束力。", "三、基本安全安排", "第66条:挑战、适应和总体控制", "2. 结 论 各方理解,停火需要适当的军事脱离接触、部队重新部署和有限的军备控制进程。", "3. 。 停火应在增量步骤和互惠基础上进行,并提供适当的安全保障,并通过在氟氯化碳内达成的协议,并在达尔富尔混合行动的核查下进行。", "4. 第四届会议 氟氯化碳负责这些工艺的规划、协调、管理和监督。 氟氯化碳应监督决定和协议的执行。", "5. 2. 程序应按下列顺序进行:", "一、导 言 筹备脱离接触和重新部署,包括核查;", "ii. 第一阶段:脱离接触;", "一、导 言 第二阶段:调动;", "ii. 第三阶段:军备控制。", "页: 1 各缔约方应将计划的所有组成部分和有关这些阶段的规则通知其外地指挥官,并确保这些规则得到遵守。", "页: 1 各方应将各自部队的确切地点通知氟氯化碳主席,这些地点应明确标明作为附件的地图,以作为《协定》副本的附件,由达尔富尔混合行动保密。 这些地点须经达尔富尔混合行动核查,并将在总地图上标明。", "382. 双方受达尔富尔混合行动首先确定的总计划的约束。 之后,该表可由氟氯化碳主席与缔约方协商修改。", "383. 氟氯化碳主席应向各缔约方提供经过调整的“运动”营地、债务管理和金融分析系统、人道主义供应路线、缓冲区和重新部署地区地图。", "页: 1 1. 各缔约方应按照以下规定遵守部队、武器、供应和供应的主要运输规则:", "一、导 言 应提前72小时向氟氯化碳发出通知,并由氟氯化碳核准在第一阶段(脱离接触)和第二阶段(部署)运送武装士兵;", "一、导 言 在第一阶段(脱离接触)和第二阶段(部署)期间,应提前72小时向氟氯化碳发出通知,并由氟氯化碳核准将第五类和第七类(弹药和武器系统)运至、从区域内外;", "iii 对于这些阶段进出这些地区的普通用品,第1类(食物和水)、第2类(设备和医疗用品)、第3类(燃料、机油和润滑剂)和第4类(建筑材料)只需要提前72小时通知氟氯化碳。", "页: 1 为了达尔富尔边界保护的目的,政府集中和部署部队,利用包括DMZ和缓冲区在内的通道,不应受到任何限制。 但是,如果部署需要进入由运动部队控制的一个地区,GoS应通知有关缔约方。", "页: 1 不结盟运动集中和部署部队,利用通道保护本协定,防止任何敌对活动,须经氟氯化碳核准,并通知达尔富尔混合行动,并由其进行监测。", "页: 1 未经氟氯化碳的书面许可,政府部队不得进入任何DMZ或缓冲区或运动部队的重新部署区或集结区。", "2. 结 论 违反本章提出的有关脱离接触、重新部署和有限军备控制进程的规则,就是违反停火。", "第67条:对挑战和改革的支持", "二、决定与承诺", "页: 1 为筹备脱离接触和重新部署,氟氯化碳应努力以协商一致方式作出决定和解决争端。", "390。 如果缔约方无法达成协商一致,氟氯化碳主席应将争端提交委员会作出决定。 缔约方受委员会所作决定的约束。", "391. 氟氯化碳主席应确保与DMZs、Buffer Zones和重新部署地区有关的所有决定和协议在配备精确的全球定位系统坐标的地图上明确划定。 主席应确保各缔约方有相同的划界地图。", "页: 1 氟氯化碳主席应与政府协调,建立氟氯化碳与缔约方之间有效和可靠的通信程序系统。", "核查", "页: 1 为了执行总体最后安全安排,达尔富尔混合行动应核查各方提交的资料,包括这些安排的确切地点和设备、武器的数量和类型、其部队兵力,包括任何儿童在其部队中的存在,以及达尔富尔混合行动或氟氯化碳可能要求的其他信息。 这些资料应在准备、脱离接触、重新部署和有限的军备控制阶段保密。 这些资料应仅限于氟氯化碳主席,直至一体化和复员阶段开始。", "2. 结 论 不结盟运动部队及其控制区的核查过程应限于不超过连级的单位,通常为150名(100和五十名)士兵或具有相应能力的子部队。 这种单位/次级单位的控制期限不中断,是该地区有资格被运动控制的一个条件。", "PLANS", "PHASE ONE:DISENGAGEMENT", "395. 脱离接触进程应包括以下步骤:", "一、导 言 各缔约方的调动和活动应限于为缔约方分配的、已划定的和在总地图上显示的领域;", "ii. 氟氯化碳主席应与缔约方协商,在境内流离失所者营地和东道社区周围以及沿选定人道主义供应路线建立债务管理和金融分析系统;", "一、导 言 在与缔约方协商后,氟氯化碳主席在必要时应在缔约方部队与冲突激烈的地区之间建立缓冲区;", "ii. 1. 各方应确保受其影响的武装团体和民兵团体承诺遵守停火;", "五) 任何缔约方不得从事任何军事活动或建立新的武装团体或民兵。", "外交部", "396. 外国武装战斗人员在达尔富尔的存在是对和平与安全的严峻挑战,对该协定构成了潜在威胁。 根据第385段,政府应采取适当措施,控制、解除武装、中立和遣返这些团体。", "页: 1 双方注意到正在与邻国合作采取行动,控制外国武装战斗人员在达尔富尔的存在,并同意支持这一倡议。", "PHASE 2 REDEPMENT", "398. 调动进程涉及以下活动:", "一、导 言 氟氯化碳主席应与各缔约方协商,建立缓冲区和重新部署区。", "ii. 双方应将部队及其武器从缓冲区和各自重新部署地区重新部署。", "一、导 言 达尔富尔混合行动应监测缓冲区,并在缓冲区内进行巡逻。", "ii. 恢复向平民提供基本服务和基本服务。", "索马里军事集团的组成", "399. 所有武装民兵团体应解除武装和解散,作为执行全面军备控制措施的先决条件,以确保整个达尔富尔的安全。 政府对解除武装民兵的武装负有责任。 在这方面,政府应向氟氯化碳提交一份全面计划,用于解除武装民兵的武装和解散民兵,以及打击非法武装人员、匪徒和其他非法团伙,包括在达尔富尔活动的外国和当地。 该计划应包括在一体化阶段开始前完成这项工作的措施。 该计划还应包括采取措施,使这些被解散的团体成员康复和重新融入社会经济生活,并在集结区隔离男子和妇女。", "400。 该计划应在第一阶段开始之前提交氟氯化碳主席审查和批准,并按计划时间表执行。", "401。 氟氯化碳应按照商定的计划,监测和核查民兵团体解除武装和解散以及打击非法武装人员、匪徒和其他非法团伙。", "PHASE THREE:", "缩略语", "402。 在将缔约方的部队重新部署到各自的重新部署地区之后,并在运动部队集结之前,应采取以下有限的军备控制措施:", "一、导 言 不结盟运动应在氟氯化碳主席指定的安全地点储存其远距离和船员协助的武器、火炮和相关弹药。 达尔富尔混合行动应在单位一级进行检查。 该运动的战斗人员应保留个人武器,直到开始加入苏丹武装部队和苏丹武装部队为止;", "ii. 达尔富尔混合行动应与各方协商,为临时储存长程和船员协助的武器、火炮和相关弹药做好准备,并监测必须接受达尔富尔混合行动检查的武器和弹药的储存情况;", "iii 氟氯化碳主席应监督军备控制进程,确定进行和检查的要求和程序,包括准确指定将要储存的武器、火炮和弹药。", "马达加斯加", "403。 为了在达尔富尔建立信任和维护安全,各缔约方应在核查运动部队后设立一个联合协调机制。 联合执行监督委员会应在一体化进程开始之前继续有效,并在氟氯化碳的严格指导下运作。", "404。 联合后勤委员会履行以下职能:", "一、导 言 协调各种努力和步骤,处理对执行本协定的任何潜在威胁;", "ii. 交换情报和其他相关信息;", "一、导 言 监督在重新部署地区和集结区组织不结盟运动部队的措施,维护其安全;", "一、导 言 便利按照缔约方商定的意见,并与联合后勤协调委员会(后勤协委会)合作,分配非军事后勤支助;", "ii. 便利向受其指挥的战地指挥官和部队宣传本协定的条款及其执行阶段的顺序;", "iii 应商定的任何其他任务。", "第68条:一般性评论", "405。 缔约方重申致力于:", "一、导 言 尊重包括境内流离失所者和难民在内的平民的权利;", "ii. 避免开展破坏平民和境内流离失所者安全、福利和安全的活动;", "一、导 言 避免破坏或危及达尔富尔人道主义行动的活动;", "ii. 为境内流离失所者和难民安全自愿、可持续地返回原籍地创造有利的环境;", "页: 1 为妇女、残疾人、儿童,包括那些与武装部队和武装团体有关联的儿童以及其他有特殊需要的人提供特别保护。", "DEMILITARISED ZONES", "406。 1. 在不影响第385段的情况下,受禁区应为须遵守以下规则的区域:", "一、导 言 除经氟氯化碳允许和达尔富尔混合行动护送外,任何缔约方或任何其他武装团体或民兵不得在本区驻扎任何部队;", "一、导 言 任何人不得携带武器,除非得到氟氯化碳的许可和达尔富尔混合行动的护送;", "iii 债务管理和金融分析系统周边不应包括任何城市地区、机场或城市安全计划地点,这些地点完全由GoS负责;", "iv. 氟氯化碳主席应在与缔约方协商后确定DMZ的边界;", "一、导 言 氟氯化碳主席应与氟氯化碳成员协商,决定与任何缔约方有关的部队的重新部署过程是否是一项必要的措施;", "页: 1 氟氯化碳主席应与氟氯化碳成员协商,决定除与这一调动有关的时间表外,与任何所需调动有关的措施;", "页: 1 氟氯化碳应将任何与债务管理和金融分析系统有关的违约行为视为违反停火行为。", "407。 达尔富尔混合行动对境内流离失所者营地周围的债务管理和金融分析系统、收容社区和人道主义供应路线负有以下责任:", "i. 达尔富尔混合行动和特别部队在GoS控制区和运动的联络官中,在氟氯化碳核查和认可运动控制的地区,应制定在境内流离失所者营地周围巡逻和监测债务管理和金融分析系统的计划,并监督计划的执行;", "ii. 属于GoS控制区的DMZs应由达尔富尔混合行动和SPF的部队巡逻。 执行警务职能应由在达尔富尔混合行动监督下的警察部队执行;", "iii 属于氟氯化碳核查和认可运动控制的地区内的债务管理和金融分析系统应由达尔富尔混合行动和运动联络官组成的部队进行巡逻。", "BUFFER ZONES", "408。 氟氯化碳应制定一项计划,包括巡逻和监测布图区的规则和程序,并监督其执行情况。", "第69条:支持各项工作", "409。 不结盟运动可要求非军事后勤支援,而政府应提供这种支持,并可请国际伙伴在这方面提供协助。", "410. 达尔富尔混合行动应设立一个联合后勤协调委员会,由各方、达尔富尔混合行动和可能提供此种援助的捐助方的代表组成。 支助方式应由委员会确定。", "411. 联合军事协调委员会的职权范围应包括:", "一、导 言 收集并核对关于运动部队在粮食、水、住所、衣物和医疗用品/处理和运输需求方面的后勤需求的数据,数据由联合土地委员会确定;", "ii. 接收和储存国际捐助者提供的后勤物资;", "一、导 言 a. 适当数量和质量的后勤供应地点订单;", "ii. 通过重新部署区和集结区的分发点或中心向不结盟运动部队分发后勤物资;", "页: 1 确定向不结盟运动部队提供非军事后勤物资的规则和程序。", "412. 应满足下列条件,以提供此种支持:", "一、导 言 战斗人员的人数和地点,包括部队中是否有儿童,都交给达尔富尔混合行动部队指挥官,并根据第393和394段加以核实;", "ii. 查明并商定大量战斗人员的出入地点。", "第70条:保护境内流离失所者及其人道主义救援人员的安全", "413. 政府与移民部协商,从当地社区、境内流离失所者和返回的难民中征聘男女志愿人员,参与维护境内流离失所者营地和自愿返回村庄的安全。 达尔富尔混合行动应协助培训社区警察。", "414。 各方同意不采取可能危及达尔富尔人道主义行动的行动,重申承诺为人道主义援助和货物的畅通无阻的流动创造适当的安全条件,保障境内流离失所者营地的安全,营造有利于境内流离失所者和难民安全自愿、持续返回原籍地的气氛。", "415. 各方部队应避免从事会损害国内流离失所者的安全、福利和安全的活动。", "第71条:公民武装组织", "416。 由于小武器扩散到达尔富尔平民手中,各缔约方应在开发署和达尔富尔混合行动的支持下,制定一项战略和计划,以执行自愿的民间武器控制方案。", "417。 戈马政府应为民间军备控制方案调集资源。 政府可寻求国际组织的援助。", "第72条:军事、遣散和遣返,以及将军事占领地移至次区域和警察拘留所", "一般性条款", "页: 1 解除武装、复员和重返社会进程(复员方案)和一体化进程应在第三阶段后指定集结区进行,只有经核实为运动部队一部分的前战斗人员。 达尔富尔混合行动应与各运动协商,为集结区制定一项计划,包括:", "一、导 言 集结区的规模、数量和地点;", "ii. 考虑到女性前战斗人员的特殊需要,具有集结区的适当特点;", "一、导 言 提供后勤支助的可能性;", "ii. 达尔富尔混合行动应将该计划提交氟氯化碳核准。 氟氯化碳应按照计划指定集合区。", "419。 不结盟运动负责集结区内前战斗人员的行政、纪律和内部安全。", "420。 远距离、大炮、配备船员的武器和相关弹药不得移入集结区。", "421. 应为建立集结区以及解除武装、复员和重返社会进程提供后勤支助。", "422. 在完成核查和登记进程以及建立集结区之后,经过如此核查和登记的运动战斗人员将只携带小武器进入集结区。 达尔富尔混合行动应支持和监测这一进程。", "423. 政府应向希望重返平民生活的前战斗人员或不符合加入苏丹武装部队和特别部队的资格标准的前战斗人员提供社会和经济重新融合的机会。", "424。 在确定援助对象的前战斗人员的资格时,应确保公平、透明和公平。", "页: 1 前战斗人员不论以前属于哪个运动,都应受到同等对待。 还应通过提供培训和信息,使他们能够自愿选择重返社会的道路。 重返社会进程应以社区为基础,并惠及返回者和当地社区。", "页: 1 重返社会方案应着眼于长期的可持续性,并包括必要的后续监测和持续支助措施。", "425。 重返社会方案应鼓励社区和民间社会组织,包括妇女团体的参与,以加强她们的能力,在改善和维持前战斗人员的社会和经济重新融合方面发挥作用。", "426。 戈马政府将为复员方案和融合方案提供财政和后勤支持,并可能寻求动员国际社会的支持。", "427。 应调动和拨出具体资源,满足妇女重返社会的特殊需要。", "三. 会计和权力下放", "2. 缔约方商定,应重新设立苏丹北方复员方案委员会,以反映新的现实。 应扩大委员会,使其包括各运动的代表。", "3. 。 达尔富尔混合行动应在所有地区同时核查运动的部队。", "432. 复员方案委员会在达尔富尔混合行动和其他有关联合国机构的协助下,应制定计划,包括前战斗人员解除武装、复员和重返社会阶段的时间安排和顺序。", "433。 双方应集结其前战斗人员。 不过,应注意解除武装和复员工作,具体做法如下:", "一、导 言 提高对领导层及其部队在解除武装、复员、重返社会和和平进程及其作用和责任的认识和敏感度;", "ii. 1. 各方应决定非整编战斗人员解除武装进程的资格标准;", "iii 各方应确保所有儿童兵的释放过程尽可能短,不取决于成年人的释放或复员。 儿童的安全和尊严及其保密需要必须成为首要考虑。 儿童应当迅速与成年战斗人员分离,并移交给一个适当、有授权和独立的文职进程;", "iv. 各方不得将未满18岁的前战斗人员移交集结区。 相反,他们应在签署本协定之前单独释放和复员;", "页: 1 各方应优先开始包括残疾前战斗人员和妇女在内的特殊需要群体的复员和重返社会进程。", "第73条:公民的社会和经济融合", "434。 解除武装和复员的前战斗员应在社会和经济上重返平民社会。 戈马政府应调动自己的资源,寻求国际社会的援助,并承担责任,通过适当的社会和经济重返社会方案,使前战斗人员重返平民生活。", "435。 前战斗人员解除武装、复员和重返社会方案还应根据当地条件采取以社区为基础的办法,包括减少社区暴力的措施,以推动解除武装、复员和重返社会的目标。", "页: 1 前战斗人员在社会和经济上重返社会时应遵循公平、透明、平等和诚信的原则。 此外,前战斗人员不论与任何运动有何联系,都应受到同等对待。", "437。 重返社会进程应以社区为基础,使返回者和当地社区都能从中受益。", "438。 前战斗人员重新融入社会和经济生活,必须确保地方社区和民间社会组织,包括妇女团体,参与其中,使她们能够发挥作用,使与武装部队和武装团体有关联的男孩和女孩以及其他受冲突影响的脆弱儿童能够持续地重新融入社会经济生活。", "439。 重返社会方案必须具有包容性,以支持那些通过正式和非正式进程离开武装部队或武装运动的男孩和女孩,以及其他易受冲突影响的需要保护的儿童,如女童母亲。", "440。 优先工作是解决特殊需求群体,例如女战斗人员和与武装运动有联系的妇女,特别是寡妇、与武装部队和武装运动有联系的男孩和女孩,以及其他受冲突影响的儿童、残疾战斗人员和老年人等。", "页: 1 应努力通过社区办法实现重返社会的长期可持续性。 这些努力包括后续行动、监测措施和持续支助。", "第74条:在《世界人权宣言》和《儿童权利公约》中承认", "一、导言", "2. 结 论 不结盟运动部队的合格战斗人员应编入苏丹武装部队和特别部队。 该数目应由缔约方在国贸中心的协助下确定。", "3. 。 政府应向前战斗人员提供支持和培训,包括加快培训,以确保达到提高能力和晋升到更高职等的资格标准。", "4. 第四届会议 戈马政府与运动协商,可以要求达尔富尔混合行动、捐助者和国际伙伴在其培训机构内创造机会,为前战斗人员提供培训和专业化,包括军官、军士、士兵和警察,以加强他们的专业技能。", "441. 编入苏丹武装部队和特别部队的前作战人员,除违反这些机构的条例和行为守则者外,在服务的最初六年中不得参加苏丹武装部队和特别部队的任何缩编进程。", "446. 不愿加入苏丹武装部队和警察部队但表示希望加入公务员队伍的前战斗人员,不论男女,均应按照解除武装、复员和重返社会委员会的决定,提交国家排雷委员会进行评估和安置。", "页: 1 苏丹政府应采取行动,根据苏丹武装部队和特别部队适用的标准,让一些前战斗人员在参谋长办公室、苏丹武装部队最高指挥级别的司级总指挥、旅级指挥、国防部、内政部、首都、达尔富尔州以及苏丹其他地区担任高级警察指挥部。", "安保组织执行委员会", "447. 达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会(DSAIC)应由苏丹安全局设立。 作为情报和安全局的附属机构,安保部应协调本协定各项安全安排条款的执行。", "页: 1 委员会应设立一个融合技术委员会,负责设计、规划、执行、管理和监测前战斗人员的融合方案。", "2. 结 论 国贸中心的成员应包括妇女,包括达尔富尔混合行动、缔约方代表以及缔约方可接受的国家或国家的技术专家。", "页: 1 DSAIC的成员应包括达尔富尔三个州州长的代表、苏丹武装部队参谋长代表、全国解除武装、复员和重返社会协调委员会代表、各运动的代表和达尔富尔混合行动的代表以及执行一体化所需的其他人。 DSAIC的主席由总统令任命,与DRA主席协商。", "页: 1 外交部设立的所有附属机构应包括外交部所属实体的代表。", "450。 妇女在国家劳动和社会福利部及其设立的附属机构中应具有公平代表性。 这些机构应建立机制,确保其工作纳入妇女对妇女和儿童特别关切的问题的适当投入。", "一、背景和框架", "454。 一体化方案应按照国贸中心的定义分阶段实施。", "455。 双方商定,根据经核实的运动部队人数,确定将男女前战斗人员纳入苏丹武装部队、特别部队和选定的民政部门的人数。", "页: 1 不结盟运动部队并入苏丹武装部队和特别部队应包括由缔约方商定并由国贸中心监测的审查进程,并应遵循以下标准:", "一、导 言 苏丹国籍;", "ii. 年龄(不得低于18岁或已经达到退休年龄);", "iii a. 需由国贸中心确定的医疗和心理健康状况;", "一、导 言 作战经验;", "iv. 1. 以前没有定罪;", "v. 个人自愿同意。", "457。 除上述以外,指导官员融合的标准应包括:", "一、导 言 学历(中学毕业文凭最低)。 国贸中心可对大量外地指挥官作出例外规定;", "ii. 作战经验;", "一、导 言 年龄;", "ii. 不能因为不胜任而被解雇。", "458。 被整编的前战斗人员应按照每个单位的要求接受军事训练。", "459。 商定的整编军官人数应与根据苏丹武装部队和特别部队的组织结构计算的未退役军官和士兵总数成正比。", "460。 首次进入军队和警察部队的军官和军士将接受基于各自部队课程的培训。", "461。 2. 以下标准应指导确定级别的工作:", "一、导 言 年龄;", "ii. 训练和作战经验;", "iii 学历;", "iv. 因达尔富尔冲突而被解职的前军官和警察应首先返回原职,然后在经过必要的能力测验后,考虑到其同学人员;", "页: 1 缔约方商定的任何其他适用标准。", "462。 政府应向被挑选加入苏丹武装部队和特别部队的18岁以上前战斗人员提供标准化培训。", "司法机构的独立性", "463。 各方认识到,必须改革和发展达尔富尔的军事机构,以便提高其能力、效力和专业精神,并根据公认的标准加强法治。", "464。 政府应向军事情报和安全部提交一份计划,包括时间表,以便监督其执行情况。 苏丹政府可以提供资金和专家支持苏丹内外的这项工作。", "三、评估活动与活动请求", "465。 各阶段应按照以下时间表进行:", "一、导 言 筹备阶段应在签署本协定7天后完成;", "ii. 关于脱离接触的第1阶段应在准备工作完成后立即开始,并在45天内完成;", "一、导 言 关于调动的第2阶段应在第一阶段完成后立即开始,并在45天内完成;", "ii. 关于有限军备控制的第3阶段应在第2阶段完成后立即开始,并在30天内完成;", "页: 1 前战斗人员重返社会、解除武装、复员和重返社会工作应在第三阶段完成后立即开始。", "466。 如出于安全、后勤或其他原因需要,氟氯化碳主席可与缔约方协商修改这一时间表。", "其他条款", "第75条:争端解决机制", "467。 对最后安全条款或现有任何停火协议的解释存在任何分歧或争议,均应提交给委员会,由委员会以协商一致方式作出决定。", "页: 1 如果缔约方无法达成协商一致,委员会主席应与国际成员一道,并与委员会观察员协商,以维护停火的最佳利益作出决定,各缔约方应遵守该决定。", "第七章: 政府间组织和协商", "执行情况", "第76条:政府间组织和顾问", "469。 各方充分认识到达尔富尔利益攸关方在多哈和平进程中发挥的重要作用。", "470。 双方同意,在达尔富尔/苏丹内外举行的各种协商和讨论的结果,包括多哈论坛一和二,以及基督复临会理事会就冲突的根源和后果问题进行的磋商和讨论的结果,丰富了导致签署该协定的谈判。", "页: 1 各方强调,必须继续在达尔富尔内部进行对话和协商,以巩固和平,促进和解与愈合。", "页: 1 因此,缔约方同意,应根据本协定的规定,开展达尔富尔内部对话和协商。", "术语", "页: 1 主要通过民众协商和对话,争取巩固达尔富尔的和平,促进建立信任,鼓励达尔富尔和整个苏丹人民之间的和解与团结。 具体而言,移民与发展司将致力于:", "一、导 言 扩大对该协定的自主权,并动员各方支持执行该协定;", "ii. 处理与公民责任、民主价值观和做法以及建设和平有关的问题;", "iii 加强解决地方争端、土地所有权、牧场、人类基因、水和自然资源等经过考验的传统做法。 ......", "一、导 言 促进部族间和部族间和平、和解与和谐共处;", "iv. 提高土著行政当局的地位,包括恢复其权威并建设其能力;", "ii. 提高认识,动员各方支持根据本《协定》的规定,在民用武器控制、促进妇女、青年发展、境内流离失所者和难民安全返回以及重新融入社会、财产归还和补偿方面采取的所有措施;", "vii. 在达尔富尔实现社会和政治复兴,帮助人民 immediate清过去,向前迈进。", "二、审议情况", "474。 双方同意,达尔富尔混合行动、非盟和卡塔尔国应推动发展与发展。 要求这些实体制定开展空间碎片协委会的方式和机制以及进行这项工作的时间表。 缔约方承诺采取必要步骤,创造有利环境,提高农发组织进程和成果的可信度。", "页: 1 缔约方和其他利益团体的代表应充分参加这些机制。", "2. 结 论 作为一个咨询机制和社会及政治变革的载体,发展与发展司的进程预计会立即影响社会结构的改变,为和平共处与和解带来个人和集体的心态,并塑造达尔富尔人民的未来。 DIDC的成果应以最佳做法和经验教训的形式正式提交GoS、DRA和DSG。", "三、支助和供资", "页: 1 达尔富尔混合行动应在力所能及的范围内,为该机制的工作和该委员会的行为提供后勤支助。 缔约方有责任建立一个有利的环境,以确保所有利益攸关方的充分参与和成功开展国际交易日志。 达尔富尔混合行动还将协助制定沟通战略,确保在达尔富尔和苏丹境内外广泛传播关于DIDC和实际过程的信息,并妥善记录和存档。", "3. 。 将邀请政府和国际捐助者为投资与发展协会提供资金。 资金应存放在为开发与发展协会设立的特别信托基金中。", "第77条:执行董事会", "4. 根据本《协定》的规定,设立了执行后续行动委员会,以便:", "一、导 言 监测和评估该协定的执行情况;", "ii. 协助向本协定所设机构提供资金和技术援助;", "iii 支持按照商定的时间表执行该协定。", "B. 渔业委员会的组成", "480。 渔业委员会由下列成员组成,他们承诺支持执行该协定:", "一、导 言 卡塔尔国代表——主席", "ii. 两名(02)名政府代表——成员", "iii 2(02) 不结盟运动代表——成员", "iv. 非洲联盟代表——成员", "v. 联合国代表——成员", "页: 1 JSR兼达尔富尔混合行动团长——成员", "vii. 前非盟-联合国联合首席调解人——成员", "viii。 阿拉伯国家联盟代表——成员", "页: 1 欧盟代表——成员", "x. 伊斯兰会议组织代表——成员", "xi. 加拿大代表——成员", "一、导 言 法国代表——成员", "xii. 日本代表——成员", "iii 阿拉伯埃及共和国代表——成员", "ii. 中华人民共和国代表——成员", "iii 乍得共和国代表——成员", "xvii. 俄罗斯联邦代表——成员", "xviii。 联合王国代表——成员", "一、导 言 美利坚合众国代表——成员", "481。 1. 武革委开幕会议由卡塔尔国担任主席。", "三、《公约》条款", "482。 国际金融公司应履行以下职能:", "一、导 言 不间断地监测、记录和跟踪本协定的执行情况;", "ii. 与缔约方保持密切联系,以促进对本协定所有条款的充分承诺,并促进缔约方为此作出的努力;", "iii 规划和监督向冲突后活动提供技术援助和支助,以及建立和运行本协议规定的机构,包括但不限于提供能力建设、培训以及提供资源、专家和顾问;", "iv. 评估和评价执行进程取得的进展,向缔约方通报任何可能导致拖延的发展,并提出这方面的适当措施;", "五. 协助为全面执行该协定提供必要的政治和物质支持;", "页: 1 《公约》缔约方会议和《京都议定书》缔约方可能认为适当的、符合本协定的文字和精神的任何额外职能。", "IFC", "483. 渔业委员会将每季度举行一次会议,并在每次会议后发表一份报告。 国际金融公司在必要时应召开紧急会议。 任何缔约方均可请求国际交易日志主席召开紧急会议。", "484。 达尔富尔混合行动应设立一个秘书处,以支持排雷中心的职能和活动。", "485。 IFC应当通过自己的议事规则。", "第78条:最后条款", "486。 所附执行时间表是本文件的组成部分。", "487。 本文件在缔约方通过后,应具有宪法地位。 这一地位应在《国家宪法》中阐明。", "执行时间表草案", "A. 导 言 分享权力", "Serial No. Activities Reference Body(ies)/parties(ies)responsible Timeline composition Resource(s) Procedures1.\n1. 院长会议的任命(VP, DRA 第39、66、40段) D+30days by President 法令\n主席,Assistantsand Advisersto the President\n2. 任命国家部长委员会(国务部长) 第42段 D+30days By PresidentialDecree3. D+30+30 法令\n日 本\n4. 由JSC第46段设立专家小组 由JSC5主席主持。 NCSC 第51段所设专家小组 GoS 国家民事和安全委员会主席\n职等\n6. 完成Darfur 第81段的北部边界划定工作 The JTCwillcarryout thedemarcationexercise\n7. 国家执行中的代表性 第82段 D+90天 按每增加一次\n8. 国民和国家代表制 第43、82段 按每增加9。 达尔富尔当地代表 政府 第87段 D+90days GoS 按每增加一次\n(单位)\n10.10 第89至93段 法令\n11. 苏丹武装部队和特别部队及其他正规部队的代表性 第57、58 段", "B. 分享财富", "Serial No. Activities Reference Body(ies)/parties(ies)responsible Timeline 组\n12. 为游牧民族的发展、生存和定居而通过和执行综合项目,第98段 GoS/DRA/DSG D+90daysonwards GoS/DRA 确定具体项目和进行经济研究,以应用该部门的生产力,并规范农民之间的关系,确保安全、可及性\n发展13。 二、发展中国家与环境领域相关的必要研究\n退化和保留自然资源\n十四、任 务 • 培养女劳动力的能力,在Darfur和buildtheirproductioncapacities,特别是第141(三)段 D+90daysonwards GoS/DRA/DSG 专业商业\n16. 政府银行对达尔富尔的扩展活动。 导致发展的基础设施建设 第117段 GS/DRA/DSG/捐助者教育体系,提供教育培训 达尔富尔公民和\n17. 促进研究和开发,特别是 二、技术开发 第118段:GoS/DRA/DSG D+90daysonwards GoS/DRA/DSG/捐助者农业、动物园林、手工艺品、采矿\n环境与能源,以可再生能源为重点 18. (a) 第126(i)段(GoS D+30daysonwards)进口材料完全免除关税和其他费用 GS 财政部指令\n达尔富尔的建筑和开发; 苏丹的底部国家经济体系(b) 土壤肥料的肥料,以及进口到第126(ii)段的材料上的可支付商品。\nD. 达尔富尔发展项目,由索马里政府出资,或由洛曼人出资\n19. 《投资促进法》修正案 3. 使投资更具有吸引力 达尔富尔州外籍家庭佣工 第126(三)段 D+180天\n20. 设立FFAMC 第152段 Assembly D+180days Promulgationof lawon the Establishment of theFFAMC21. 任命一个专家小组负责第152段的FAMC D+180天\n确定从国家转移的仪式 收入 国家基金 22. 成立DJAM,界定其目标,为发射工作做准备。\n喀土穆和达尔富尔23。 DJAM 第177段 GoS/UN/ADB/allcountries andeconomic 为执行《公约》而设立的委员会\n区域和国际组织 24. 编写JAM报告,概述评估需求 DJAM D+120days GoS/UN/ADB 秘书处应当编写提交给中央协调小组的JAMandsubmitit工作的最终报告,包括发展项目、扶贫、经济复苏和能源成本,以及\n包括GoS公司总费用25的一部分。 举行Donors'conferenceand Establishmentof aMulti-DonorTrust Fundand the paragraphs176&178 WB/UN/ADB/Stateof 卡塔尔 D+180天 DRDF国家的监督员和所有其他利益攸关者\n国家和组织 26. 重建国防军第139段\n日 本\n27. 将200 000 000 000美元(两千四百五十亿美元)转入DRDF(见资金)。 第142段\n28. 向DRDF(第二次付款)转账300 000 000 000美元(3千万美元)\n29. 向DRDF(第三付款)转账300 000 000 000美元(3千万美元) 30. 转账300 000 000 000美元(三千四百千三百万第142(三)段)\n美元到DRDF(第四次付款)日\n31. 将400 000 000 000美元(四千四百五十亿美元)转至DRDF(第五次付款)第142(四)段\n32. 向DRDF转账500 000 000美元(5hundredmillion USdollars) 第142(v)段 33. 建立与GoSandDRA协商的“苏丹中央银行”第130段。 D+60天 专门人才参与各方 中央银行对油田的决定\n微型贷款\n34. 第134段 付给MFSinDarfur\n353. 第二批30 000 000 000美元(100万美元) 付给MFSinDarfur\n363. 。 第三批30 000 000美元(100万美元) 第134段 付给MFSinDarfur\n37. MFS第132段DRA和DSG D+120天的受益人的能力建设\n38. Firstinstalment of US$ 75,000,000 (seventy- 500million USdollars) to supportsocialservicesin ZhuStates para138 GoS In个月 每月向国家付款\n39 第二批75 000 000美元(7 500万美元) 每月向国家付款\n404 第138段 每月向国家支付。 决定将Zakat money收集到达尔富尔 D+30days Communicationcircuated from the CentralZakat\nChamberBoardto allZakatofficesinDarfur42。 ZakatChambershallprovidethemaximumpossiblen necessaryfundingandimplementsin 赞成贫穷的家庭,第151段 CentralZakatChamberBoard D+90days Decisionof the CentralZakatChamberBoard\n第173段 D+30onwards development of the traditionalrain-fed\n农业44. 第174段提到的评估和恢复项目 第174段 GS 职业专家组\n页: 1 在公共财政、信托、包括透明化管理领域执行先进和综合能力建设方案 GoS/DRA/donors D+30daysonwards GoS 苏丹政府与来自苏丹境内外的专门化船只签订合同,以在时间范围内制定方案并实行性别歧视。\n页: 1 5. 达尔富尔大学在基础设施建设方面进行结构性改革,使其制度化,以吸收第171(v)段的内容 GoS Financingtherequiredreformunder aplanpresentedby the Ministry ofHigherEducationandScientificResearch(incolph with theuniversities)\n页: 1\n47. 由总统设立DLC第196段(签名) 法令\n488. 住房 取消对土地及其使用权的法律,与土地的所有权、生存权以及获取水源等同。 Andenabling the people toregister the landcustom perthem astheir Ownerlands 第182和194段 D+120daysonwards The GoS,the DRAand theState Governmentsshallpreparedrafts for theamendment of thelaws tobeedby the National Council, approvedby theDRA Council,andad adoptedby the StateLegislatures\n494. 人口 恢复原地——根据投资法进行许可,其所有者根据这些土地进行治理——达到原第183段(DRA/DSG/TheLegislatures) D+120daysonwards\n50 。 D. 编制DarfurLand UseMappingDatabaseand itsoutcomes 第197 DLC D+180daysonwards DRA 51. 通过建议和计划 DRA 第197段\nDarfurState的立法机构", "C. 国内流离失所者和难民的补偿和返回", "Serial No. Activities Reference Body(ies)responsible Timeline composition Resource(s) Procedures\n52. 设立真相与和解委员会及其两个第25572段:颁布法律\n委员会:VRC andPCRC aswell as JAF\n532. 移民 向境内流离失所者和难民提供身份证明文件 第46条第235‐237款 D+90daysonwards GoS based on thesurveyandneedsassessmentoutcom\n542. Demine theareas ofreturn andensure Persons andrefugeesaccess to their homes androutes andaccess topublicservices para249(iii) GoS/UNAMIDincoltail with relevant organisations D+lyr GoS/Donors (UNAMID)\n555. 255 在难民署的协助下,为规划非自愿返回而进行国内流离失所者和难民的统计调查 第257(i)段 D+60+60days GoS/Donors\n565. 妇 女 在难民署的协助下,对可能恢复的地区进行综合评估,以解决基本服务问题。 真相与和解委员会成立后 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处 GoS/Donors", "D. 司法与和解", "Serial No. Activities Reference Body(ies)responsible Timeline composition Resource(s) Procedures\n57 • 加强司法部门,设立更多法庭,部署更多司法人员,并在Darfur 第296(i)和(iii)段为起诉工作提供充足资源\n58 大赦 第329段 共和国总统 D+30days by President 第59号法令. 通过总统设立Truth、Justice和311 GoS/DRA D+90days GoS 法令\n和解委员会\n60 。 建立达尔富尔特别法院 第322段 设立法律支助基金 第328段 GoS withtheassistanceof theDonors D+90days GoS withtheassistanceof\nDonors\n62 。 宣布达尔富尔和平与非暴力日 第305段 建立独立、简明、资源丰富、有效的机制,查明和吸收那些从事突发事件和侵犯人权行为的公务员。\n国际人道主义法", "E. 永久停火和最后安全安排", "Serial No. Activities Reference Body(ies)responsible Timeline composition Resource(s) Procedures\n644. 缔约方在D‐Day之前向Mediationtheirforcesdispositions提交与第381段相符的所有武装团体名单 绘制地图\n656.65 在D‐Day Needd forplaning purpose66. 在F Headquarters建立氟氯化碳 第342段 此前D‐ 达尔富尔混合行动财务分组主席;3 达尔富尔混合行动/国际伙伴成员 所涉缔约国;\n卡塔尔\n67. 核查缔约方的部署情况 第393和394段 之后 1. 指定由主席担任的缔约方 氟氯化碳\n686.68 设立联合委员会 第342段 D+7天 达尔富尔混合行动/国际伙伴\n69 释放儿童兵 第341(八)和433(三)段 在D‐Day Tobeginhandingoverchildsoldiersto UNICEF\n70. 设立联合后勤协调委员会 第410段\n71 准备工作 第395‐402段 D+7天\n72. 设立 达尔富尔安全安排执行委员会 第448段\n73 提供部署前服务的缔约方 D+14天 74. 最后地图的制作,标明了Movements'forces、Areas ofControl、BufferZones、DemilitarizedZones 和 第348(v)段的氟氯化碳净化细节,以供在MasterMap中标明\n调动 地区\n757. D. 制定监测BufferZones第408段\n76. 尊重性婚姻 第391段 D+37day\n77. 退出非军事化/控制区的缔约方 D+7toD+45day 缔约方\n第78次会议 D+45days\n797. 提交要求的运动 JLCCthroughUNAMID/CFC 第409段 D+10天\n80. 设立技术委员会 第449段\n页: 1 双方部队第398(二)段的重新部署\n82. 向第404段(四)小段分发非军事后勤支助 GoS/internationalpartners\n83. 提出 向索马里国防军提交复员方案 第432段 D+90天 84. 第449段的拟订和提交 D+90天\n前战斗人员重返社会 85. 选择摩加武装部队的氟氯化碳 依次决定\n氟氯化碳主席86. 提交温蒂斯解除武装计划,包括第399‐401段的措施 GoS D+37days Disarmamentof themilitias before\n合并 87. 选举后部队的集结和储存加热武器 达尔富尔混合行动\n集结地\n88. 将前战斗剂纳入苏丹武装部队和SPF第442、454-462段\n89 B. 某些军事机构的改革 第463‐464 GoS D+200days\n90. 前战斗人员解除武装、复员、重返社会/重返社会 第72和73条 解除武装、复员和重返社会委员会 D+220天\n91 规划战略的制订 第416段 1. 第二阶段", "F. 内部对话和协商及执行方式", "Serial No. Activities Reference Body(ies)responsible Timeline composition Resource(s) Procedures\n92. 发展 DIDCmechanismsand Format 第473段 卡塔尔D+30天捐助者 93. DIDC第473段——达尔富尔混合行动/非盟/D+30+90捐助者\n卡塔尔日 94. 建立IFC 第479段 捐助者\n卡塔尔" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 3 October 2011.", "** A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda**", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Extreme poverty and human rights", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the Members of the General Assembly the report submitted by Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona, Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, in accordance with resolution 17/13 of the Human Rights Council.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights", "Summary", "In the present report, the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights analyses several laws, regulations and practices that punish, segregate, control and undermine the autonomy of persons living in poverty. Such measures have been adopted with increasing frequency over the past three decades, intensifying in recent years owing to the economic and financial crises, and now represent a serious threat to the enjoyment of human rights by persons living in poverty.", "The ways in which States and social forces penalize those living in poverty are interconnected and multidimensional, and cannot be analysed in isolation. For the purpose of this report, the Special Rapporteur identifies the following four areas of concern: (a) laws, regulations and practices which unduly restrict the performance of life-sustaining behaviours in public spaces by persons living in poverty; (b) urban planning regulations and measures related to the gentrification and privatization of public spaces that disproportionately impact persons living in poverty; (c) requirements and conditions imposed on access to public services and social benefits which interfere with the autonomy, privacy and family life of persons living in poverty; and (d) excessive and arbitrary use of detention and incarceration that threatens the liberty and personal security of persons living in poverty.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II.The 4 realities of poverty: stigmatization, discrimination, penalization, \nexclusion III.The 6 international human rights \nframework A.Equality 6 and \nnon-discrimination B.Legitimate 7 restrictions on human \nrights C. Right 9 to participate in \ndecision-making D. Privatization 9 and obligations of the \nState IV.Penalization 10 measures that negatively affect the enjoyment of human \nrights A. Laws, 10 regulations and practices that restrict behaviours in public spaces by persons living in \npoverty B. Urban 13 planning regulations and \nmeasures C.Requirements 15 and conditions for access to public services and social \nbenefits D. Excessive 19 and arbitrary use of detention and \nincarceration V.Conclusions 20 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted by the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona, in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 17/13. It addresses several laws, regulations and practices, which have become increasingly common in developed and developing countries, that punish, segregate, control and undermine the autonomy of persons living in poverty.", "2. The report benefits from papers presented and opinions expressed at an international expert meeting hosted by the International Council on Human Rights Policy in Geneva on 17 and 18 March 2011, which brought together human rights experts, academics, civil society and representatives of United Nations entities from all regions, each of whom provided valuable input into the Special Rapporteur’s report.[1]", "3. The report uses the term “penalization measures” to refer generally to policies, laws and administrative regulations that punish, segregate, control and undermine the autonomy of persons living in poverty. These measures are homogenous neither in their design nor their effect; they vary significantly in their intent and impact across and within regions, States, provinces and municipalities. Some result in the outright criminalization, prosecution and incarceration of persons living in poverty, while others excessively regulate and control various aspects of their lives. Some have punitive effects such as the imposition of heavy fines, loss of child custody, disentitlement from social benefits and infringement on rights to privacy and autonomy. Some measures explicitly target persons living in poverty while others are neutral laws, policies and practices which, though directed at all individuals, have a disproportionate impact on those living in poverty.", "4. The report analyses some of these measures to demonstrate their impact on the enjoyment of human rights by those living in poverty. The report explains how these measures are the result of deeply entrenched prejudices and stereotypes that have permeated public policies. It emphasizes that the negative impacts of these measures overlap and reinforce one another, exacerbating and perpetuating poverty. The report applies a human rights framework to demonstrate that, while poverty may not in itself be a violation of human rights, often States’ actions or omissions that cause, exacerbate or perpetuate poverty amount to violations of human rights. In this context, penalization measures represent a serious threat to States’ observance of their human rights obligations.", "II. The realities of poverty: stigmatization, discrimination, penalization, exclusion", "5. States have long recognized that poverty is a complex human condition characterized by sustained or chronic deprivation of the resources, capabilities, choices, security and power necessary for the enjoyment of an adequate standard of living and other economic, civil, cultural, political and social rights.[2] Poverty is not an autonomous choice, but rather a multifaceted situation from which it may be difficult, if not impossible, to escape without assistance. Persons living in poverty are not to blame for their situation; accordingly, States must not punish or penalize them for it. Rather, States must adopt wide-reaching measures and policies designed to eliminate the conditions that cause, exacerbate or perpetuate poverty, and ensure the realization of all economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights of those living in poverty.", "6. Penalization policies reflect a serious misunderstanding of the realities of the lives of the poorest and most vulnerable and ignorance of the pervasive discrimination and mutually reinforcing disadvantages that they suffer.", "7. Penalization measures respond to discriminatory stereotypes that assume that persons living in poverty are lazy, irresponsible, indifferent to their children’s health and education, dishonest, undeserving and even criminal. Persons living in poverty are often portrayed as authors of their own misfortune, who can remedy their situation by simply “trying harder”. These prejudices and stereotypes are often reinforced by biased and sensationalist media reports that particularly target those living in poverty who are victims of multiple forms of discrimination, such as single mothers, ethnic minorities, indigenous people and migrants. Such attitudes are so deeply entrenched that they inform public policies and prevent policymakers from addressing the systemic factors that prevent persons living in poverty from overcoming their situation.", "8. As a consequence of the discrimination and stigma that they suffer, persons living in poverty often develop fear of and even hostility towards public authorities, and have little confidence in the institutions that should assist them. Too often, they are treated with disrespect or condescension by policymakers, civil servants, social workers, law enforcement officials, teachers and health-care providers, who may fail to recognize and support the efforts that persons living in poverty are making to improve their lives.", "9. Stigmatization and prejudicial attitudes generate a sense of shame, discouraging persons living in poverty from approaching public officials and seeking the support that they need. Not wishing to expose themselves to even greater social discrimination by accessing services that are stigmatized by society, persons living in poverty may refrain from claiming entitlements such as food vouchers or subsidies, accessing public housing or attending free health clinics. This further segregates and excludes them, strengthening the vicious cycle that perpetuates poverty through generations.", "10. In every country, developed or developing, historical social divisions and power structures ensure that the poorest and most excluded are at a constant disadvantage in their relations with State authorities. Asymmetries of power mean that persons living in poverty are unable to claim rights or protest their violation. They may face obstacles in communicating with authorities owing to illiteracy, lack of information or language barriers, a situation which is particularly acute for migrants, indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities and persons with disabilities. As a result, they are less likely to know and understand their rights and entitlements or to report infringements and abuses.", "11. In this respect, women are particularly vulnerable to penalization measures. Due to structural discrimination, women have less representation in structures of power and therefore are disproportionately disadvantaged in their dealings with State authorities and less able to claim their rights. Often penalization measures have a much more onerous impact on women than men, given that women are overrepresented among the poor, have less access to education, employment and economic resources, and assume the principal burden of care and domestic work.", "12. A significant obstacle in breaking this cycle of penalization and poverty is the inability of persons living in poverty to access legal assistance, as they are unable to afford private legal representation and legal aid is often unavailable or inadequate. Without access to competent, comprehensive legal assistance, the poorest and most excluded are further disadvantaged in their dealings with authorities, not only when they are facing criminal charges, but also with respect to administrative procedures such as child protection cases, benefit fraud matters or eviction and immigration proceedings.", "13. When persons living in poverty do not have access to legal representation or advice, particularly in circumstances where they are unfamiliar with complex legal language, they are more likely to receive and accept unfair or unequal treatment. There is a higher likelihood that they will be detrimentally affected by corruption or asked to pay bribes, will be detained for longer periods of time and, if facing trial, will be convicted. Even when legal assistance is available, discrimination and linguistic barriers are powerful obstacles in the way of those seeking access to justice and redress.", "III. The international human rights framework", "A. Equality and non-discrimination", "14. Non-discrimination and equality are core elements of the international human rights normative framework.[3] These principles require that those in equal circumstances be treated equally in law and practice. Under human rights law, not every distinction or difference in treatment will amount to discrimination. A distinction is compatible with the principle of equality when it has an objective and reasonable justification; it must pursue a legitimate aim, and there must be a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought.[4] Thus, differential treatment (distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference) of persons living in poverty must comply with the criteria mentioned above in order to be justified under human rights law.", "15. Moreover, certain forms of preferential treatment, in the form of affirmative actions for the benefit of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups, are not considered discriminatory because they are designed “to diminish or eliminate conditions and attitudes which cause or perpetuate substantive or de facto discrimination”, encouraging an equal enjoyment of rights.[5] Therefore, affirmative actions in favour of persons living in poverty directed towards addressing social and economic imbalances are not only permitted, but are compulsory for States under human rights law. There is discrimination only if a difference in treatment has no legitimate aim or if there is not a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim to be realized.", "16. A discriminatory intent is not a necessary element of discrimination.[6] Therefore, any measure with the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the equal enjoyment of human rights constitutes a violation of States’ human rights obligations.", "17. The common element unifying the penalization measures examined in this report is their failure to sufficiently satisfy these criteria. They all directly or indirectly discriminate against persons living in poverty, with the effect of nullifying or impairing the enjoyment or exercise of their human rights and fundamental freedoms.", "18. Discrimination is prohibited on a number of enumerated grounds, including economic and social status as implied in the phrase “other status”, which is included as a ground of discrimination in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[7] Penalization measures target individuals because their income, appearance, speech, address or needs identify them as poor. Thus, such measures clearly constitute discrimination on the basis of economic and social status.", "B. Legitimate restrictions on human rights", "19. Human rights law permits States to limit some rights, on the basis that such limitations are justified in the interests of public security, safety or order; public health; or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. In order for a limitation to be legitimate under human rights law, it must comply with numerous safeguards: it must be “determined by law”, “compatible with the nature of these rights”, “solely for the purposes of promoting general welfare” and “necessary in a", "democratic society”.[8] Permissible limitations must also comply with general principles of human rights law, and must thus be non-discriminatory, reasonable and proportionate.[9] Compliance with these principles requires, for example, that any restrictive measures must be appropriate means of achieving the aims pursued, and that limitations must not be more severe than is necessary for the attainment of the aim sought.", "20. Considering that the primary objective of the human rights framework is to protect the rights of individuals rather than permit the imposition of limitations by the State, States have the burden of demonstrating that the restrictions imposed on the exercise of rights by those living in poverty comply with all these criteria and are therefore legitimate, reasonable and proportionate to the aim sought. Restrictions that are not in conformity with these criteria constitute a violation of human rights norms.", "21. States often draw on the enumerated permissible limitations to justify the adoption of penalization measures. However, in practice, penalization measures are motivated by a combination of factors. Some measures aim to remove any image of poverty, such as the removal of homeless persons and beggars from urban centres, in order to beautify the city and attract investment and development. Other measures are justified as necessary to reach the “deserving poor”, or to satisfy critics of “lenient” social policies and therefore gain political support for an initiative. From a human rights perspective, these justifications require cautious analysis to assess whether or not the penalization measure pursues a legitimate aim under human rights law and is proportionate to that aim. States must not impose more restrictive measures than are required for the achievement of the purpose of the limitation.", "22. Particular attention should be paid to economic justifications for penalization measures. Economic reasons are not only outside the range of limitations permissible under human rights law, they also contradict the reality that the implementation of penalization measures is extremely costly. Penalization measures necessitate greater numbers of law enforcement and public service staff; increase the number of individuals in the penal and criminal justice systems; and require considerable outlays on administrative monitoring procedures, such as means testing and benefit surveillance.", "23. In many cases, the cost of employing reactive penalization measures greatly outweighs the costs that would be incurred in addressing the root causes of poverty and exclusion. If resources dedicated to policing, surveillance and detention were instead invested in addressing the causes of poverty and improving access to public services, including social housing, States could drastically improve the lives of persons living in poverty and ensure that the maximum available resources are dedicated to increasing the levels of enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.[10]", "C. Right to participate in decision-making", "24. Penalization measures are invariably designed and implemented without any meaningful dialogue with persons living in poverty. Their experiences and needs are almost always ignored, and this strengthens their sense of powerlessness. Thus, ensuring the right to effective and meaningful participation in decision-making by persons living in poverty is an essential prerequisite to the elimination of discrimination and poverty.", "25. A human rights approach to poverty eradication dictates an active, free, informed and meaningful participation of persons living in poverty at all stages of the design, implementation and monitoring of policies affecting them. Genuine participation should not only be understood as an affirmation of the right of every individual and group to take part in the conduct of public affairs,[11] but also as an instrumental part of the solution to poverty and social exclusion. The empowerment of persons living in poverty through participation is also a means to promote social inclusion and to ensure that public policies are designed to meet the particular needs of the poorest segments of society.", "D. Privatization and the obligations of the State", "26. There is a clear trend, across developed and developing countries, towards the privatization and outsourcing of some activities traditionally undertaken by the State. While privatization has the potential to decrease costs, increase efficiency, and therefore improve the provision of services, it may also create significant obstacles to access to public services by the poorest and most vulnerable. When States hand over the administration of welfare systems, health systems, housing facilities and detention centres to private entities which are seeking an economic profit and may not be appropriately supervised and controlled by the State, they put at risk the ability of individuals to access necessary services, and create incentives that might have detrimental effects for persons living in poverty. Without mechanisms to ensure accountability and transparency, private entities may prioritize profit over people and are not responsible for their failures.", "27. States must not consider privatization to be a means by which they can evade their human rights responsibilities. While international human rights law does not restrict the privatization of public services, it nevertheless stipulates that when public services are outsourced to private companies, States remain responsible for ensuring quality, affordability and coverage and have the duty to protect individuals against abuses committed by these companies.[12]", "IV. Penalization measures that negatively affect the enjoyment of human rights", "28. This section outlines some examples of the consequences of penalization measures for the enjoyment of a number of human rights, in order to demonstrate how such measures have numerous complex and interlinked ramifications for persons living in poverty.", "A. Laws, regulations and practices that restrict behaviours in public spaces by persons living in poverty", "29. Increasingly, States are implementing laws, regulations and practices limiting the behaviour, actions and movements of people in public space, which greatly impede the lives and livelihoods of those living in poverty. These measures vary considerably across and within States, with the common denominator being the penalization of actions and behaviours which are considered “undesirable” or a “nuisance” in public spaces. States justify these measures by classifying the prohibited behaviours as dangerous, conflicting with the demands of public safety or order, disturbing the normal activities for which public spaces are intended, or contrary to the images and preconceptions that authorities want to associate with such places.[13]", "30. Criminal or regulatory measures (e.g. ordinances) that make vagrancy and begging unlawful are becoming increasingly common across developed and developing countries. These laws take a number of forms, from legislation that prohibits the solicitation of money in any public space to that which prohibits begging at night or in an “aggressive manner”.[14] Some of these laws have a broad application, extending to the performance of any activity which might elicit money, such as performing or dancing, or exposing a wound or a deformity. In some States, it is even illegal for a person just to be in a public place and have no visible means of subsistence, such that it is likely that they stay alive by begging.[15]", "31. It is obvious that these laws and regulations have a disproportionate impact on persons who live in poverty. When they are unable to access sufficient support and assistance from the State, persons living in poverty may have no other option than to beg in order to stay alive. To punish them for their actions in circumstances where they have no other means of survival is clearly a disproportionately punitive measure.", "32. Bans on begging and vagrancy represent serious violations of the principles of equality and non-discrimination.[16] Such measures give law enforcement officials wide discretion in their application and increase the vulnerability of persons living in poverty to harassment and violence. They serve only to contribute to the perpetuation of discriminatory societal attitudes towards the poorest and most vulnerable.", "33. With increasing frequency, States are also penalizing the performance of certain behaviours and actions which are associated with living on the street such as sleeping, sitting, lying, littering, lodging, camping or storing belongings in public spaces; public drunkenness; public urination; or jaywalking.[17] Often these regulations are vaguely worded, allowing law enforcement agencies extensive discretion and enforcement authority, which threatens to violate legal and constitutional safeguards. By making these activities or behaviours illegal, States increase the exposure of persons living in poverty to abuse, harassment, violence, corruption and extortion by both private individuals and law enforcement officials.", "34. While these regulations are not explicitly addressed towards persons living in poverty, they affect them disproportionately. Owing to their lack of or limited access to housing, persons living in poverty rely more heavily on public spaces for their daily activities. Thus, individuals who have no choice but to live on the street find that daily life-sustaining activities can put them in danger of criminal sanctions. Although these types of measures are ostensibly neutral, studies show that authorities target those living in poverty, particularly homeless persons.[18] This disproportionate application clearly violates the obligation to ensure equality and non-discrimination in the implementation of all laws and policies.", "35. Often the underlying motivation of these measures is to reduce the visibility of poverty in the city and attract investments, development and (non-poor) citizens to the city centres. These aims are not legitimate under human rights law and they do not justify the severe sanctions that are often imposed through these regulations.", "36. These laws are being implemented in a context in which the economic and financial crises have resulted in an unprecedented increase in foreclosures and evictions, forcing a growing number of families to live on the streets. Instead of using public funds to assist these families, States are instead carrying out costly operations to penalize them for their behaviour. Where there is insufficient public infrastructure and services to provide families with alternative places to perform such behaviours, persons living in poverty and homelessness are left with no viable place to sleep, sit, eat or drink. These measures can thus have serious adverse physical and psychological effects on persons living in poverty, undermining their right to an adequate standard of physical and mental health and even amounting to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.[19]", "37. In several countries, the negative impact of these regulations is further exacerbated by laws which make illegal actions to assist those living in the street. In several States, specific legislation limits the actions of civil society organizations[20] or bans the provision of assistance in certain circumstances. For example, in some municipalities, it is illegal to share food with groups of people in downtown parks without a permit, creating a barrier for charities and other organizations that provide food to homeless persons.[21] The criminalization of advocates, activists and civil society organizations violates several human rights such as the freedom of association, expression and assembly, and undermines social cohesion.", "38. Persons living in poverty are also disproportionately subjected to police powers to impose anti-social behaviour and move-on orders, and public safety laws allowing police to “stop and search” individuals. These measures are often wide-reaching and subject to considerable discretion on the part of police officers, who make subjective judgements that do not need to meet a high burden of proof.[22] Overwhelmingly, these regulations are targeted at the marginalized and most vulnerable and the areas and communities in which they live. Of persons living in poverty, those subject to multiple forms of discrimination are even more frequently targeted.[23] These measures respond to and reinforce discriminatory attitudes about the likelihood of persons living in poverty partaking in criminal activity, and perpetuate the stigmatization of poverty. For example, in one country, rules for the use of the capital city metro allow police to remove people who are disturbing other passengers by, inter alia, wearing “filthy clothing”.[24]", "39. Of particular concern are penalization measures that target those who seek to gain a living through street vending. In many States, street vending is severely restricted[25] or illegal,[26] as is buying from a street vendor.[27] Research shows that street vendors turn to vending because they have no other form of income, have low levels of education and lack employment opportunities.[28] Street vending is a means for the poorest and most vulnerable to earn money to support their families and their livelihoods. When States impose bans, onerous licences or strict restrictions on street vendors, they severely undermine the rights of persons living in poverty to gain a living.[29]", "40. While States can adopt reasonable regulations, law enforcement officials are often given wide discretion to determine zones, days and times when street vending activities are banned or restricted. This makes street vendors more vulnerable to abuse by law enforcement officials, private individuals or gangs. As a result, they often suffer from threats to their life and physical integrity, as well as from bribery, extortion and unlawful seizures of their wares.", "41. When street vendors are harassed or bribed or their wares are destroyed, deep structural inequalities and power imbalances, communication and information barriers and a lack of access to legal representation make it nearly impossible for them to complain to police. In countries where street vending is illegal, individuals are too afraid to report mistreatment or harm to police for fear of being criminalized themselves. This is particularly acute with respect to street vendors who are members of vulnerable groups which face widespread discrimination and have historically had negative relationships with police and authorities, such as women, migrants and ethnic minorities.", "42. Children who live or work on the street are particularly vulnerable to penalization measures. Street children lead lives defined by abuse, violence and fear, but because they are stigmatized as criminal or illegitimate they have little recourse to help or redress. Children on the street are exploited, trafficked, forced to perform hazardous work and recruited by armed forces and armed groups, and do not seek the assistance of authorities for fear of further penalization or abuse. In many cases children living in poverty are not registered at birth and as such cannot access basic services including primary education. With nowhere else to turn, they must undertake activities such as street vending, begging or panhandling in order to survive.[30] When these actions are made illegal, they are further forced into dangerous and abusive situations.", "43. Absurdly, regulations that penalize behaviours associated with poverty and homelessness often impose fines that persons living in poverty are unable to pay. The illogical outcome of failure to pay a fine is often the imposition of a further fine, or even a prison sentence. In one country, for example, thousands were imprisoned in a single year because of non-payment of court-ordered fines.[31] The imposition of prison sentences for non-payment of fines on those unable to pay not only represents a considerable waste of State financial and administrative resources, but contributes significantly to perpetuating the social exclusion and economic hardship of persons living in poverty.", "B. Urban planning regulations and measures", "44. In several countries, the transformation of cities through gentrification policies, the privatization of social housing, redevelopment and adoption of zoning laws have had the effect of forcing persons living in poverty to move away from inner-city urban areas, affecting their enjoyment of not only their right to adequate housing, but a wide range of rights.", "45. As a means of making cities more “secure” and attractive to investors, developers and more affluent segments of societies, States are increasingly using zoning laws to preference land use which excludes the poorest and most vulnerable, such as gated communities, luxury or high-cost housing, and large sports infrastructure. Authorities are carrying out demolitions of entire neighbourhoods and removing residents for the purpose of “rehabilitating”, “renewing” and “preserving” the “historical and cultural heritage” of the city,[32] or to make room for development and infrastructure projects.[33] As a result, these areas become too costly for persons living in poverty to return to, and they are relegated to housing in cheaper, less accessible, badly serviced and geographically remote neighbourhoods. In many cases, persons living in poverty are forcibly evicted without notice, are subject to violence and have their belongings damaged or destroyed. Persons living in poverty are rarely able to access redress and remedies after having been evicted, and are deprived of compensation, restitution and resettlement.", "46. These policies not only severely impact the inclusiveness and diversity of cities, and increase the segregation and social exclusion of those living in poverty, but also represent serious obstacles to the enjoyment of rights to adequate housing, to work, to an adequate standard of living and to take part in cultural life.[34]", "47. When they are moved away from urban centres, persons living in poverty become geographically remote from jobs, markets, education and health centres. This is turn restricts their access to city centres, public services and economic resources, and increases their opportunity and transportation costs, creating further barriers to gaining employment. Being distant from city centres also implies exclusion from the facilities and cultural life of urban areas, which further contributes to the feeling of isolation and exclusion that persons living in poverty experience.", "48. The segregation of the poor from public spaces is further exacerbated by large-scale State and privatized infrastructure projects, particularly those connected with mega-events such as the Olympic Games or football World Cups. During such events, authorities often remove persons living in poverty from urban areas and relocate them in outlying suburbs, often by force, without ensuring alternative housing or access to remedies and compensation, in flagrant violation of their right to adequate housing. For example, in Seoul, preparations for the 2002 football World Cup included the banning of homeless persons from specified places in the city, and during the Olympic Games in 1988 homeless persons were detained in facilities outside the city. Action was also taken to remove or criminalize homeless persons during the Barcelona and Atlanta Olympic Games.[35] The practical effect of such initiatives is to completely displace the poorest and most marginalized and to replace them with infrastructure for which they have no need and which they cannot access, such as hotels, sporting venues and office buildings.", "C. Requirements and conditions for access to public services and social benefits", "49. It is becoming increasingly common for States to impose strict requirements and conditions on access to public services and social benefits.[36] To justify these measures, States point to the need to make efficient use of public resources, improve the accuracy of targeting, avoid dependency, eliminate disincentives to work and deter abuse of the system. While these may be valid concerns, the impact of these measures is often completely disproportionate to the aim they seek to achieve. By imposing excessive requirements and conditions on access to services and benefits, and severe sanctions for non-compliance, States punish, humiliate and undermine the autonomy of persons living in poverty, exacerbating the challenges they face in overcoming their situation. Moreover, beneficiaries are kept in a state of uncertainty about their future and are unable to plan for the long term.", "50. Support for these measures is not based on strong evidence of their effectiveness and economic efficiency, but rather on discriminatory stigmas and stereotypes, perpetuated by the media, that portray recipients of social benefits as lazy, dishonest and untrustworthy. Requirements and conditions are often underpinned by strong paternalistic attitudes; policymakers believe that they are acting in the best interests of persons living in poverty, who cannot be trusted to make decisions for themselves and their families.", "51. These measures not only undermine beneficiaries’ autonomy and prevent them from making their own choices, they also threaten their enjoyment of a number of human rights, including the right to participate in the decisions that directly affect them[37] and to be free from arbitrary or unlawful State interference in their privacy, family, home or correspondence.[38] Considering that non-compliance with excessive conditions and requirements results in exclusion from social benefits, those entitled to benefits live in constant anxiety and fear that their benefits will be withdrawn and, with them, their primary means of survival. The cumulative impact of living in such circumstances threatens the beneficiaries’ right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.[39]", "52. In many countries, those entitled to social benefits are required to prove their entitlement by providing excessive amounts of documentation and disclosing irrelevant personal information. This is often a stressful and demeaning process for beneficiaries. Persons living in poverty face several obstacles and costs in gaining access to official documents. Documents may be expensive, and accessing them difficult for individuals who do not have a fixed address or lack proof of identity. This is particularly common in developing countries, where some of the most vulnerable and excluded people, particularly women and ethnic minorities, are not registered at birth. Obtaining documents also requires additional interactions with public officials who often lack sufficient understanding of the specific needs and circumstances of persons living in poverty. Anecdotal evidence shows that social benefit administrators are often inconsiderate or unsympathetic towards beneficiaries, who in addition to bureaucratic hurdles must overcome gaps in education, literacy and communication when seeking to comply with often complex and opaque requirements.", "53. Onerous conditions are often attached to the receipt of social benefits in order to gain political support and assure the public that only the “deserving” poor are receiving support. For example, some conditional cash transfer programmes in low- and middle-income countries pay cash to heads of households (generally women) in exchange for their commitment to do something in return, such as enrolling children in school and ensuring their attendance, or participating in health programmes. Although these conditions do encourage investment in human capital, they also impose additional burdens on women, whose needs are often ignored in designing the programme. The lack of a serious gender approach may perpetuate gender stereotypes about traditional household roles and responsibilities, and trigger domestic violence. [40]", "54. In some of these programmes, non-compliance with conditionalities results in the immediate cancellation of benefits, without first assessing the reasons for non‑compliance. Often, this also means that the family cannot reapply to the programme, notwithstanding its needs and the reasons behind its failure to comply.", "55. Conditionalities undermine the autonomy of beneficiaries and reinforce the stereotype that persons living in poverty are incapable of responsible decision-making. Evidence shows that with sufficient resources, poor households would make the same investments in education and health in the absence of conditionalities.[41] Thus, the additional administrative costs involved in designing, implementing and monitoring compliance with conditionalities would be better invested in extending and supporting public services.", "56. Another condition that is increasingly being adopted by States is the requirement that those who receive unemployment, single parent or disability benefits participate in employment or training programmes. While transferring skills and knowledge required for reintegration into the workforce may be an important objective, often these programmes are implemented in the absence of enabling conditions, such as the provision of childcare facilities, or without consideration of structural barriers such as the realities of the current labour market, characterized by high unemployment and rapidly modernizing industries. Programmes place a heavy emphasis on “graduation” from benefits to employment, without giving due consideration to the actual needs of the beneficiaries and often without providing them with the assistance they need to obtain sustainable, productive and decent work.[42]", "57. To ensure that beneficiaries comply with conditions and requirements, States often subject them to intensive examinations and intrusive investigations. Social benefit administrators are empowered to interrogate beneficiaries about a wide range of personal issues and to search their homes for evidence of fraudulent activity.[43] Beneficiaries are required to report regularly and disclose excessive amounts of information whenever it is demanded of them. In some countries, they must even submit to mandatory screening for drug use. They must also give their consent to authorities to scrutinize every aspect of their lives and to question their friends, colleagues and acquaintances.[44] Beneficiaries are encouraged to watch each other and report abuses to programme administrators through anonymous channels. These intrusive measures undermine beneficiaries’ personal independence, seriously interfere in their right to privacy and family life, make them vulnerable to abuse and harassment, and weaken community solidarity.", "58. The introduction of biometrics to social benefits systems means that in some States, beneficiaries must submit to facial recognition technology, finger imaging and iris scans.[45] These mechanisms give States extensive power and discretion to monitor and interfere in the lives of beneficiaries. The information obtained is frequently made accessible to other authorities for purposes other than those for which it was given, without beneficiaries’ consent.[46] Such practices seriously threaten the protection of personal data and the right to access and control one’s personal information.", "59. Surveillance policies often treat beneficiaries like criminals and make them feel guilty, anxious and ashamed. While some mechanisms of control are necessary, they must comply with the requirements of reasonableness and proportionality. For example, evidence shows that the range of control and surveillance mechanisms employed by States in administering social benefits is clearly disproportionate to the prevalence of social benefit fraud. The overpayment of social benefits is often caused by administrative errors on the part of the State, rather than fraud by the beneficiary.[47] Where beneficiaries are responsible for overpayment, it is far more likely to be due to error than to fraud, and when fraud does occur, is it usually opportunistic, low-level fraud with respect to small, subsistence amounts of money. However, policymakers represent social benefit fraud to be a pervasive problem, channelling considerable resources to combat it. Political rhetoric disproportionately focuses on social benefit fraud over taxation fraud, the cost of which is a far greater burden on the State, and use instances of benefit fraud to influence the public discourse on poverty.[48]", "60. Social benefit fraud and non-compliance are strongly condemned by the public and rigorously pursued by authorities.[49] Where fraud is established, it can result in the reduction of the individual’s benefit to cover repayment of the defrauded amount, and the commencement of criminal proceedings against the individual.[50] When a beneficiary is convicted of fraud he or she may face a lifetime ban from the social benefit system. If beneficiaries have outstanding warrants they may have their social benefit cut off until the warrant is resolved or they are granted an exemption. These measures are extremely harsh and will have grave consequences for people already struggling with poverty and exclusion, perpetrating the disadvantage which induces them to rely on social benefits to begin with.", "61. Being excluded from social benefit assistance has an especially harsh effect on women, who make up the majority of social benefit beneficiaries, and who generally hold primary responsibility for the care of children and maintenance of the household. If women are denied access to social benefits, it will generally have implications for the whole family. Furthermore, there is an increased likelihood that women will remain in or return to abusive relationships, or be forced to live in other vulnerable situations, if they are unable to access social benefits.[51]", "62. Women are also exposed to State interference in their private and family lives in other respects. In particular, States’ ever-increasing preference for child protection interventions overwhelmingly affects poor women specifically,[52] and persons living in poverty more generally. Research shows a clear and consistent link between child protection intervention and the disadvantage and marginalization of the families involved.[53] Poverty must not be mistaken for child neglect. Often States disproportionately target children in poor families for child protection proceedings instead of channelling their efforts towards addressing the root causes of child poverty.", "63. Persons living in poverty will often struggle to navigate the child protection process, which in many countries is an extremely intrusive, adversarial process. Child protection interventions often fail to provide families with sufficient information about the process, and in many countries there is no mandated free legal aid in child protection proceedings. As a result, there is a serious power imbalance between the State and families living in poverty, and a real risk that the judicial process may lead to unnecessary termination or limitation of parental rights or to other results detrimental to the child’s best interests.", "64. Although children have the right to grow up in a safe and nurturing environment, they also have the right not to be separated from their biological parents, unless such separation is in their best interests.[54] The focus of child protection proceedings should always be the best interests of the child, and not the penalization of their parents. Criminalization of parental neglect and abuse, while important, does not provide a meaningful solution to poverty and disadvantage.", "D. Excessive and arbitrary use of detention and incarceration", "65. Because law enforcement officials often use “poverty”, “homelessness” or “disadvantage” as an indicator of criminality, persons living in poverty come into contact with the criminal justice system with a disproportionately high frequency. They also encounter considerable obstacles manoeuvring within or exiting the system. As a result, disproportionately high numbers of the poorest and most excluded are arrested, detained and imprisoned.", "66. Across developing and developed countries, release on bail pending trial is subject to increasingly stringent and onerous conditions which require individuals to, for example, demonstrate their connections with the community, have a fixed address or permanent employment, report regularly to police or make a cash deposit or post a bond as guarantee. These requirements are impossible for the poorest and most marginalized to meet in the vast majority of cases and, as a result, they are more likely to remain in detention pending a trial. This dramatically increases the likelihood that they will ultimately be convicted: not only does it put them in a vulnerable position whereby they will be more inclined to accept unfair “plea deals” or to make admissions of guilt in order to secure a swifter release, it contributes to the deterioration of the detainees’ appearance and demeanour, impedes their ability to liaise with lawyers or obtain character witnesses and causes them to lose their employment or social housing, thereby creating a disincentive for the court to give a suspended or community service sentence.[55]", "67. The inability to access competent, comprehensive legal assistance presents a serious threat to the human rights of persons living in poverty. Without adequate representation or advice individuals are more likely to be convicted. While in detention they have no accessible means of protesting infringements of their rights, such as unsafe or unsanitary conditions, physical or mental abuse or lengthy delays, and there is a higher likelihood that they will be requested to pay bribes, which they will experience difficulties in paying.", "68. The economic and social costs of detention and incarceration can be devastating for persons living in poverty. Detention not only means a temporary loss of income, but also often leads to the loss of employment, particularly where individuals are employed in the informal sector. The imposition of a criminal record creates an additional obstacle to finding employment. Detention and incarceration, even for minor non-violent offences, will often result in the temporary or permanent withdrawal of social benefits or the denial of access to social housing, for both the detainee and his or her family.[56]", "69. Families are forced to use their limited income or sell assets to pay for bail, legal assistance, access to goods and services within penal facilities (e.g. food or telephone usage), or travel to visit the detainee. Children’s education is also often disrupted when their parents are detained. In this context, detention represents a serious threat to the financial stability of the detainee’s whole family and serves to perpetuate the cycle of poverty.", "70. Detention and incarceration can also have serious health implications for the poorest and most vulnerable, who are likely to be subject to the worst treatment and conditions, including overcrowded cells, inadequate hygiene facilities, rampant disease transmission and inadequate health care. In some cases, overcrowding in prisons can have such a severe effect on detainees that the conditions may even amount to a form of cruel and inhuman treatment.[57]", "71. Those who are poor and vulnerable are therefore likely to leave detention disproportionately disadvantaged financially, physically and personally. After their release they will have depleted assets, reduced employment opportunities, limited access to social benefits and severed community ties and family relationships, and will be subject to added social stigmatization and exclusion, diminishing even further their prospects of escaping poverty.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "72. Poverty is a complex, multifaceted condition, which is only exacerbated and perpetuated by measures that directly or indirectly punish, segregate, control and undermine the autonomy of persons living in poverty. Such measures greatly impair the ability of persons living in poverty to enjoy a wide range of human rights and freedoms, deepening and prolonging the cycle of poverty and exclusion.", "73. Often, States invoke grounds of public safety, health or security in an attempt to justify the restriction of human rights through penalization measures. However, human rights law establishes strict requirements for the imposition of limitations on individual rights. Any restriction on the enjoyment of human rights by those living in poverty must comply with several safeguards, including requirements that they be legally established, non‑discriminatory and proportionate, and have a legitimate aim. The burden falls upon States to prove that a limitation imposed upon the enjoyment of rights by those living in poverty is in conformity with international human rights law.", "74. Penalization measures are often motivated by prejudices and negative stereotypes that ignore the realities of disadvantage and exclusion and fail to recognize the daily struggle of persons living in poverty to overcome the multiple obstacles they face. Poverty is not a lifestyle choice. Homeless persons would prefer safe, affordable, adequate housing to public parks and bus stations. Those struggling to survive on social benefits would rather have secure, regular, well-paying, productive employment than be subject to discrimination and live in constant fear that their entitlements will be taken away. One does not choose to live in poverty, and therefore should not be punished for that situation.", "75. Measures that result in the penalization of those living in poverty do nothing to tackle the root causes of poverty and social exclusion. They serve only to entrench further the multiple deprivations faced by those living in poverty and create barriers to poverty reduction and social inclusion. Consequently, they greatly undermine the ability of States to comply with their obligations to respect, protect and fulfil human rights.", "76. Rather than penalizing the poorest for their situation, States must take positive measures to bring down the legal, economic, social and administrative barriers that persons living in poverty face in gaining access to food, shelter, employment, education and health services, and which prevent them from enjoying their economic, social and cultural rights on an equal footing with the rest of the population and as part of an inclusive community.", "77. The human rights obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of all economic, social and cultural rights implies a responsibility to secure an adequate standard of living through basic subsistence, including by providing essential primary health care, basic shelter and housing and basic forms of education. Instead of dedicating scarce resources to costly penalization measures, States must direct the maximum available resources towards ensuring that persons living in poverty are able to enjoy all economic, political, social, civil and cultural rights.", "78. Urban transformation, privatization, gentrification, beautification and redevelopment can seriously undermine several rights of those living in poverty and contribute to exclusion and stigmatization. As persons living in poverty are gradually pushed to the fringes of urban centres by these phenomena, their ability to access employment and public services and enjoy the right to participate in cultural life is threatened. The concept of adequacy in relation to the right to housing requires, among other elements, that factors such as the availability of services and infrastructure, affordability and accessibility be taken into account. It also requires States to refrain from forced evictions.", "79. Public services and social benefits play an integral role in the lives of persons living in poverty, offering important support and assistance, particularly during times of economic and social hardship. While often these benefits are not sufficient to cover the needs of the beneficiaries and their families, they do provide an important form of support to which they are entitled, and without which they would not survive. States must refrain from imposing requirements and conditionalities that stigmatize, stereotype and penalize beneficiaries. Such measures only undermine the essential support that social benefits provide and create further obstacles for persons living in poverty.", "80. While preventing fraud is a legitimate aim, measures such as invasive surveillance policies, onerous conditionalities, excessive disclosure requirements and extensive policing in social benefit systems are disproportionate to their aim, stem from overt and covert discriminatory attitudes and practices, and only serve to reinforce the poverty experienced by beneficiaries.", "81. Considering that detention, incarceration and institutionalization have such extensive and long-lasting negative effects on persons living in poverty, States must only have recourse to deprivation of liberty insofar as it is necessary to meet a pressing societal need, and in a manner proportionate to that need. The poorest and most vulnerable individuals in detention must have equal access to free, fair and efficient court procedures, and must enjoy the same rights to humane conditions and respectful treatment as more affluent segments of society.", "82. In this context, the Special Rapporteur wishes to present the following recommendations:", "(a) States shall take all necessary measures to eliminate all direct and indirect discrimination against persons living in poverty. States must refrain from adopting any law, regulation or practice denying or limiting the access of persons living in poverty to the enjoyment of all their rights, including economic, social and cultural rights. States must review national legislation in order to assess the existence of any discriminatory impact on those living in poverty and shall repeal or amend legislation that has the purpose or effect of impairing the equal enjoyment of rights by those living in poverty;", "(b) In order to deter future discrimination, comprehensive anti‑discrimination legislation in relation to persons living in poverty must be adopted. States shall ensure that discrimination on the basis of economic and social status is prohibited by law and the law applied by courts;", "(c) States shall take special measures to protect those living in poverty from the violation of their rights by third parties. To this end, States shall:", "(i) Carry out educational programmes and campaigns to sensitize the population to the multiple obstacles that persons living in poverty face in overcoming their situation;", "(ii) Encourage the media to avoid biased reports and sensationalist coverage that perpetuates discriminatory stereotypes against persons living in poverty. To this end, States should promote ethical journalism and encourage the adoption of codes of conduct to end the negative portrayal of persons living in poverty, homeless persons, unemployed persons and social benefit recipients;", "(iii) Ensure that private suppliers of public services, and other non-public entities, do not discriminate against those living in poverty. States shall adopt legislative measures to prevent and punish violations of the rights of persons living in poverty by private entities;", "(d) States shall create an enabling environment to facilitate the participation of persons living in poverty in public life and in the decisions affecting their lives. To this end, States must identify and address the institutional impediments which prevent vulnerable and marginalized groups from fully participating in decision-making processes;", "(e) Access to legal representation is of utmost importance and underpins all forms of penalization of persons living in poverty. States shall ensure quality legal aid for the poorest segments of society, not only for criminal proceedings but also with respect to issues which are particularly relevant for persons living in poverty, such as social benefit appeals, eviction and child protection procedures;", "(f) States must ensure that all criminal and regulatory policies comply with human rights standards, including the principles of equality and non‑discrimination and the presumption of innocence. Laws which specifically target the particular behaviours and actions of persons living in poverty amount to discrimination on the basis of economic and social status, and shall be repealed;", "(g) States shall recall their obligations to ensure that everyone has the right to adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living. This right requires States to ensure the affordability of housing and its accessibility to social services and infrastructure. They must also refrain from carrying out forced evictions. Where evictions are unavoidable, States shall ensure that they are conducted in a manner which respects the dignity and rights to life and security of those affected;[58]", "(h) The design and implementation of social benefit systems must comply with human rights norms, including the rights of persons living in poverty to privacy and family life and to take part in the decisions that affect them. Surveillance policies, conditionalities and other requirements must be reviewed to ensure that they do not violate human rights obligations by imposing a disproportionate burden on those living in poverty. When collecting and processing information pertaining to beneficiaries, States shall ensure that they observe internationally accepted standards of privacy and confidentiality, and shall not disseminate such information to other authorities or use it for other purposes without the consent of the beneficiary;", "(i) States must only have recourse to detention and incarceration when it is necessary to meet a pressing societal need, and in a manner proportionate to that need. States must ensure that arrest or detention does not disproportionately affect those living in poverty. To this end, States shall:", "(i) Review all detention and incarceration policies and legislation, in order to identify and remove discriminatory laws and practices which disproportionately disadvantage persons living in poverty. Measures should be put in place to enable police, courts and public officials to adequately assess the potential effects of detention or incarceration in the light of each individual’s circumstances;", "(ii) Ensure that to the greatest possible extent, bail processes take into account the economic and societal circumstances of persons living in poverty.", "[1] For more information about the meeting, please see www.ichrp.org/en/projects/162.", "[2] E/C.12/2001/10, para. 8.", "[3] See, for example, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 2; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 2; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, arts. 2 and 26; International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, art. 1, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, art. 2; Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 2; Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 5.", "[4] See, for example, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 20; Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 18; Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, general recommendation No. 14; Marckx v. Belgium, European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 6833/74, Judgement of 13 June 1979, para. 33; Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Advisory Opinion No. 4, “Proposed amendments to the naturalization provisions of the Constitution of Costa Rica”, OC-4/84 of 19 January 1984, para. 57.", "[5] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 20, para. 8.", "[6] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 20, paras. 10 and 12; Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 18, para. 9; Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, general recommendation No. 14, para. 1; Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 28, para. 16.", "[7] In its jurisprudence, the Human Rights Committee has reiterated that the grounds for discrimination are not exhaustive and that “other status” has an open-ended meaning. See also Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 20, para. 35. Economic status and social condition are explicitly included as grounds of discrimination in article 1 of the American Convention on Human Rights. Other prohibited grounds for discrimination such as “property” and even “social origin” may also be relevant in addressing issues of poverty.", "[8] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, arts. 18, 19, 21 and 22; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 4; European Social Charter, art. 31.1; Protocol of San Salvador, art. 5. The content of these requirements has been developed extensively elsewhere. See, for example, the Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (E/CN.4/1985/4, annex) and the Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (E/CN.4/1987/17, annex).", "[9] See principles 10 and 16 of the Siracusa Principles and principle 60 of the Limburg Principles (note 8 above).", "[10] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 2(1).", "[11] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 21; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 25.", "[12] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 14.", "[13] Antonio Tossi, “Homelessness and the control of public space: criminalising the poor?”, European Journal of Homelessness, vol. 1 (December 2007), p. 226.", "[14] See, for example, section 2, Safe Streets Act 1999 (Ontario, Canada); section 2(1), Safe Streets Act 2004 (British Columbia, Canada) and section 3, Vagrancy Act 1824 (United Kingdom).", "[15] Section 2(1), Bombay (Prevention of Begging) Act 1959.", "[16] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 26.", "[17] For example, of 235 United States municipalities surveyed, 33 per cent prohibited camping and 30 per cent prohibited sitting or lying in certain public places. See National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty and National Coalition for the Homeless, “Homes not handcuffs”, July 2009. Available from www.nlchp.org.", "[18] James Farrell, “Moving on, moving out: police powers and public spaces in Australia”, to be published in August 2011 by openDemocracy (www.opendemocracy.net).", "[19] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 5; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 12; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 7. The argument that the punishment of homeless people for behaviours that they have no choice but to perform in public may amount to cruel and inhuman treatment has been accepted in a number of United States jurisdictions. See Pottinger v. City of Miami 76 F.3d 1154 (11th Cir. 1996); Johnson v. City of Dallas 61 F.3d 442 (5th Cir. 1995).", "[20] Mandeep Tiwana and Netsanet Belay, “Civil society: the clampdown is real — global trends 2009-2010”, Civicus World Alliance for Citizen Participation, December 2010. Available from www.civicus.org.", "[21] See, for example, section 18A.01 of the Code of the City of Orlando, Florida, United States. See also “Homes not handcuffs” (note 17 above), p. 11.", "[22] See George Lavendar, “Gang injunctions just criminalize poor communities”, The Guardian, 1 February 2011.", "[23] For example, black individuals in one country are six times more likely, and Asian individuals twice as likely, to be subject to police “stop and search” powers than white individuals. See “Police stop and search powers ‘target minorities’”, BBC News, 15 March 2010.", "[24] Budapest Transport Company (BKV Zrt), “Terms and conditions of travelling”, available at www.bkv.hu/en/travel_conditions/terms_and_conditions_of_travelling.", "[25] This is the case, for example, in New York City (see Jennifer Lee, “Street vending as a way to ease joblessness”, The New York Times, 29 April 2009) and Durban (see Blessing Karumbidza, “Criminalizing the livelihoods of the poor: the impact of formalising informal trading on female and migrant traders in Durban”, Socio-economic Rights Institute of South Africa, 2011).", "[26] For example, in some municipalities in Thailand (Cleanliness and Order of the City Act 1992 and Public Health Act 1992) and Cambodia (Sub-decree on Public Order). See Kyoko Kusakabe, “Policy issues on street vending: an overview of studies in Thailand, Cambodia and Mongolia”, International Labour Office, 2006.", "[27] Bosco R. Asiimwe, “Nyarugenge to penalise vendors’ clients”, Rwandan New Times, 3 August 2011.", "[28] Kusakabe (note 26 above), p. 23.", "[29] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 6.", "[30] A/HRC/16/L.13/Rev.1, para. 3 (e).", "[31] Irish Penal Reform Trust, “6,681 imprisoned for non-payment of fines in 2010”, 2 February 2011.", "[32] Ayfer Bartu Candan and Biray Kolluoglu, “Emerging spaces of neoliberalism: a gated town and a public housing project in Istanbul”, New Perspectives on Turkey, vol. 29 (2008), p. 16.", "[33] See A/HRC/4/18, paras. 21-24.", "[34] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 27; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, arts. 6, 11 and 15; Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural rights, general comments Nos. 7, 18 and 21.", "[35] For these and other examples see A/HRC/13/20, paras. 18 and 25-27.", "[36] In the present report, the term “social benefits” is used to denote any benefit provided to individuals through a State’s welfare, social security and social assistance systems, including transfers of cash, food or food stamps; disability or illness benefits, unemployment benefits, single parent or child allowances, non-contributory social pensions, housing assistance and education assistance.", "[37] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 25.", "[38] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 12; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 17.", "[39] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 25; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 12. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 14.", "[40] See A/HRC/11/9 and A/65/259.", "[41] Armando Barrientos, “Conditions in antipoverty programmes”, Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, vol. 19, No. 1 (2011), p. 19.", "[42] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 23; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights, art. 6.", "[43] Falkiner v. Ontario (Ministry of Community and Social Services) (2002), 59 O.R. (3d) 481 (C.A.), Factum of the Canadian Civil Liberties Association, p. 5.", "[44] Ibid.", "[45] For example, India is in the process of rolling out the Unique Identification Authority of India scheme, whereby individuals will be allocated a unique identity number tied to biometric data. See the Unique Identification Authority of India, “What is Aadhaar?” available at http://uidai.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=105.", "[46] See, for example, Anemona Hartocollis, “Concern for vast social services database on the city’s neediest”, The New York Times, 16 June 2011.", "[47] Tamara Walsh and Greg Marston, “Benefit overpayment, welfare fraud and financial hardship in Australia”, Journal of Social Security Law, vol. 17, No. 2 (2010), p. 101.", "[48] For example, in one country, it is estimated that in 2009/10, social benefit fraud and error cost the State £3.3 billion, whereas tax evasion cost the State £40 billion. See Deborah Padfield, “Fraud’n’error: tax avoidance and evasion”, 20 July 2011. Available from www.opendemocracy.net.", "[49] M.D.R. Evans and J. Kelley, “Are tax cheating and welfare fraud wrong? Public opinion in 29 nations”, Australian Social Monitor, vol. 3, No. 4 (2001), p. 93.", "[50] Walsh and Marston (note 47 above), p. 109.", "[51] Mary E. Baker, “Double binds facing mothers in abusive families: social support systems, custody outcomes, and liability for acts of others”, The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, vol. 2 (1995), p. 13.", "[52] Heather Douglas and Tamara Walsh, “Mothers and the child protection system”, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, vol. 23, No. 2 (August 2009), p. 211; Naomi Cahn, “Policing women: moral arguments and the dilemmas of criminalization”, DePaul Law Review, vol. 49 (2000), p. 817.", "[53] In some countries, families on public assistance are four times more likely than others to be investigated and have their children removed from the family home on the basis of child maltreatment. See Douglas J. Berharov, “Child abuse realities: over-reporting and poverty”, Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law, vol. 8 (2000), pp. 183-184.", "[54] Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 9.", "[55] E/CN.4/2006/7, para. 66.", "[56] See, for example, “No second chance: people with criminal records denied access to public housing”, Human Rights Watch, 17 November 2005.", "[57] Brown v. Plata, United States Supreme Court, No. 09-1233, 23 May 2011 (citation not yet available).", "[58] See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 7; Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development based Evictions and Displacement (A/HRC/4/18)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进人权 和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "赤贫与人权问题", "秘书长的说明", "* A/66/150。", "秘书长谨向大会会员国转送赤贫与人权问题特别报告员玛格达莱娜·塞普尔韦达·卡尔莫纳根据人权理事会第17/13号决议提交的报告。", "赤贫与人权问题特别报告员的报告", "摘要", "赤贫与人权问题特别报告员在本报告中分析了惩罚、分割、控制和破坏生活贫穷者自主权的一些法律、条例和做法。过去三十年里，采取这种措施的情况越来越频繁，近年来的经济金融危机又使之愈演愈烈，现已成为对生活贫穷者享有人权的一种严重威胁。", "各国和社会势力惩罚生活贫穷者的方式相互关联，涉及很多层面，不能孤立地加以分析。为了本报告的目的，特别报告员指出了以下四个需要关注的方面：(a) 不适当限制生活贫穷者在公共场所从事赖以维持生命行为的法律、条例和做法；(b) 同严重影响生活贫穷者的公共场所贵族化和私有化相关的城市规划条例和措施；(c) 在获得公共服务和社会福利方面施加干涉生活贫穷者自主权、隐私和家庭生活的要求和条件；以及(d) 过度和任意使用拘留和监禁，因而威胁生活贫穷者的自由和个人安全。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.贫困的现实：耻辱化、歧视、惩罚、排斥 4\n3.国际人权框架 6\nA.平等和不歧视 6\nB.对人权的正当限制 7\nC.参加决策的权利 8\nD.私有化和国家的义务 8\n4.对享有人权具有消极影响的惩罚措施 8\nA.限制生活贫困者在公共场所的行为的法律、条例和做法 9\nB.城市规划条例和措施 12\nC.获得公共服务和社会福利的要求和条件 13\nD.过度和随意使用拘留和监禁 17\n5.结论和建议 18", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告由赤贫与人权问题特别报告员玛格达莱娜·塞普尔韦达·卡尔莫纳根据人权理事会第17/13号决议提交。报告述及发达国家和发展中国家越来越普遍的一些法律、条例和做法，这些法律、条例和做法惩罚、分割、控制和破坏生活贫穷者的自主权。", "2. 报告借鉴了国际人权政策理事会2011年3月17日和18日在日内瓦主办的国际专家会议提出的文件和发表的意见。参加上述会议的有来自各个区域的人权专家、学术界、民间社会以及联合国实体的代表，他们都为特别报告员的报告[1] 提供了宝贵的意见。", "3. 报告使用的“惩罚措施”的术语，一般是指惩罚、分割、控制和破坏生活贫穷者的政策、法律和行政条例。这些措施的目的和效果都不一样；在同一区域、国家、省份和城市，这些措施的目的和影响也大不相同。一些措施导致生活贫穷者被直接定罪、起诉和监禁，其他一些措施则对生活贫穷者从各个方面进行过度的管制和控制。一些措施具有惩罚性效果，例如课以重罚、失去儿童监护权、丧失领取社会福利资格、以及隐私权和自主权遭到侵犯。一些措施明确针对生活贫困者，其他措施尽管是对所有个人实行的中立色彩的法律、政策和做法，但对生活贫困者具有极为严重的影响。", "4. 报告分析了其中的一些措施，借以揭示这些措施对生活贫困者享有人权造成的影响。报告解释了这些措施就是影响公共政策的那种根深蒂固的偏见和成见的结果的原因。报告强调，这些措施的消极影响相互重叠和促进，致使贫困加剧和无休无止。报告利用人权框架来显示，虽然贫困本身可能没有违反人权，但是，不时发生的国家行为或不作为造成、加剧贫困或使贫困永久化，这种行为和不作为等同于侵犯人权。就此而言，惩罚措施是对各国履行人权义务的严重威胁。", "二. 贫困的现实：耻辱化、歧视、惩罚、排斥", "5. 各国一直认为，贫困是人类的一种错综复杂的处境，被定义为由于持续或长期地被剥夺资源、能力、选择、安全和权力而不能享受适当的生活标准以及其他公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利。[2] 贫困并不是自动的选择，而是一种多方面的处境，在没有援助的情况下，很难摆脱这种处境，如果并非不可能的话。这种处境的责任不在生活贫困者的身上；因此，各国绝不应为此处罚或惩罚生活贫困者。相反，各国必须通过广泛的措施和政策，消除造成、加剧贫困或使贫困永久化的种种条件，确保实现生活贫困者的所有经济、社会、文化、公民和政治权利。", "6. 惩罚政策反映了对于赤贫者和最弱势群体现实情况的严重误解，也反映了对他们处处受歧视和遭遇相辅相成的劣势一无所知。", "7. 处罚措施与歧视性成见一拍即合，这些成见认为，生活贫困者懒惰、不负责任、对子女的健康和教育无动于衷、不诚实、不值得与之来往，甚至有罪。生活贫困者常常被说成是自身不幸的始作俑者，只有他们自己亲自“更拼命地努力”，才能为自己解围。偏颇和耸人听闻的媒体报道往往又加深了这些偏见和成见。这些报道专门针对那些作为多种形式歧视受害者的生活贫困者，例如单身母亲、少数民族、土著人民和移民。这种态度根深蒂固，影响到公共政策的制定，让决策者无法解决制度方面存在的阻碍生活贫困者摆脱困境的种种因素。", "8. 生活贫困者因遭受歧视和轻蔑，往往形成对公共当局的恐惧甚至敌意，也对协助他们的机构缺乏信任。政策制定者、文职人员、社会工作者、执法官员、教师和保健提供者常常漠视生活贫困者，甚至以一种恩赐的态度对待他们。这些人还可能认识不到，也没有去支持生活贫困者为改进生活做出的努力。", "9. 耻辱化和偏见态度产生一种耻辱感，阻止生活贫困者接近公共官员和寻求所需要的帮助。他们不希望由于得到已被社会羞辱过的服务而遭到更多的歧视，因此有可能不去申领粮食券和补贴等权利、入住公屋或到免费医疗诊所就诊。这导致他们被进一步隔离和排斥，进一步加剧了使贫困处境代代相传的恶性循环。", "10. 在各国，不论是发达国家还是发展中国家，历史性社会分歧和权力结构决定了在与国家当局的关系方面，最贫穷和最受排斥的人永远处于不利的地位。权力不对称意味着，生活贫困者无法要求权利，也无法抗议自己的权利受到侵犯。由于不识字，缺乏信息或由于语言上的障碍，他们在与当局沟通上面临障碍，这种情况表现在移民、土著人民、少数民族和残疾人的身上尤其突出。因此，他们很可能不知道、也不了解自己的权利和待遇，或是报告受到的侵害和虐待。", "11. 在这方面，妇女尤其容易受到惩罚措施的伤害。由于结构方面存在的歧视，妇女在权力结构中的代表人数不足，因此，她们在同国家当局打交道时处境非常不利，无法要求自己的权利。惩罚措施给妇女造成的影响，常常较男子严重得多，原因是贫穷妇女的人数多，而接收教育、就业和经济资源的机会少，并肩负着照顾和家务的主要重担。", "12. 难于打破惩罚和贫困循环的重要障碍，是生活贫困者无法获得法律援助，因为她们没有能力负担私人法律代表，而法律协助往往无法得到或不充分。在没有健全和全面法律协助的情况下，最贫穷和最受排斥的人在同当局打交道时处于愈发不利的地位，不仅是在受到刑事指控时，在遇到儿童保护案件、福利欺诈案件或驱逐和移民诉讼方面也是如此。", "13. 当生活贫困者得不到法律代表或咨询时，特别是在不熟悉复杂的法律语言时，他们更有可能遇到不公正或不平等的待遇，并接受这种待遇。他们非常有可能受到腐败的致命影响或有人要求他们必须行贿，被拘留的时间可能更长，或是如果出席审判，被判刑的可能性也更大。即便能够得到法律协助，歧视和语言上的障碍也严重影响他们寻求诉诸于司法与平反措施的方式。", "三. 国际人权框架", "A. 平等和不歧视", "14. 不歧视和平等是国际人权规范框架的核心内容。[3] 这些原则要求，相同情况下的个人应在法律和做法中获得同等的待遇。根据人权法，并非所有区别对待或待遇上的差别都等同于歧视。区别对待如果是有目标并有合理的理由时，是符合平等的原则的；区别对待必须是为了一个正当的目标，所使用的手段与所寻求目的之间必须具有合理的比例关系。[4] 因此，对生活贫困者实行差别对待(区分、排除、限制或优惠)必须符合上述标准，才能被人权法视为合理。", "15. 此外，某些形式的优惠待遇采取了为弱势和处境不利群体争取福利的平等权利行动的形式，就没有被视为歧视性的，因为它们的目的是“削弱和消除造成或延续实质性或事实上的歧视的条件和态度”，鼓励平等享有权利。[5] 因此，不仅要允许致力于解决社会和经济不平衡的有利于生活贫困者的平等权利行动，根据人权法，也是各国必须这样做的。只有在待遇上的差别没有正当的目的，或是所使用的手段与要实现的目的之间没有合理的比例关系时，才存在歧视。", "16. 歧视性动机并非歧视的必要内容。[6] 因此，任何具有剥夺或影响平等享有人权的目的或效果的措施，都违法国家的人权义务。", "17. 将本报告所审查惩罚措施统一起来的共同之处是，这些措施都没有充分满足这些标准。这些措施都直接或间接歧视生活贫困者，都有剥夺或影响生活贫困者享有人权和基本自由的效果。", "18. 根据所列举的一些理由，歧视在禁止之列，这些理由包括“其他身份”的句子中所暗示的经济和社会地位，而《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》和《公民及政治权利国际公约》将“其他身份”列为歧视的理由。[7] 惩罚措施选择个人为对象，因为他们的收入、相貌、讲话、地址或需要说明他们贫穷。因此，这种措施显然构成了基于经济和社会地位的歧视。", "B. 对人权的正当限制", "19. 人权法允许国家对某些权利加以限制，其依据是，为了公共安保、安全或秩序，公共健康或保护其他人的权利和自由的目的，实行这种限制是必要的。为使某一限制从人权法的角度来看是合法的，这种限制必须符合各种保障；这种限制必须“由法律决定”，“与这些权利的性质相符”，“完全是为了促进广泛福利的目的”以及“在民主社会内是必要的”。[8] 允许的限制还必须符合人权法的普遍原则，因此，还必须是非歧视性的、合理的和适度。[9] 遵守这些原则要求，例如，任何限制性措施都必须是为实现所追求目标而采取的适当手段，且限制不得较为所追求目标而必须实行的限制更为苛刻。", "20. 考虑到人权框架的主要目标是保护个人的权利而不是允许国家实行限制，各国有责任证明，对生活贫困者行使权利所施加限制符合所有标准，因此，对所寻求目的而言是正当、合理化相称的。不符合这些标准的限制就是对人权准则的侵犯。", "21. 各国常常援引所列可允许限制来为通过惩罚措施辩护。但在实践中，采取惩罚措施的动机往往是各种因素的结合。一些措施的目的是消除一切贫困的形象，例如，将城市无家可归者和乞丐迁走，以便美化城市和吸引投资和开发。其他措施的必要理由是要惠及“有资格的穷人”，或是为了满足批评“过份宽容的”社会政策的人的要求，因此，是为了争取对某一举措的政治支持。从人权的观点而言，需要对这些理由进行审慎的分析，以评估从人权法的角度而言惩罚措施是否合法，是否符合该项目的。各国绝不应施加超过为实现限制的目的所必须的更多限制措施。", "22. 应特别注意惩罚措施的经济理由。经济理由不仅超出人权法所允许限制的范围，而且与执行惩罚措施的费用极其昂贵的这一现实相抵触。执行惩罚措施需要更多的执法和公共服务人员；增加刑罚和刑事司法系统中个人的数量；而且需要行政监测程序方面花费大量开支，例如经济情况调查和福利监督。", "23. 在很多情况中，采用效果适得其反的惩罚措施的费用大大超过解决贫困和排斥根源可能带来的费用。如果能把用于监管、监督和拘留的资源投资于解决贫困根源和改善获得公共服务、包括社会住房的机会，各国将能够大大改善生活贫困者的生活，并确保有尽可能多的现有资源用于提高经济、社会和文化权利的享有程度。[10]", "C. 参加决策的权利", "24. 制定和实施惩罚措施时，一向都没有同生活贫困者进行过有意义的对话。生活贫困者的经验和需要总是受到忽视，这种情况加重了他们的无助感。因此，确保生活贫困者能够有效和有意义地参加决策的权利，是消除歧视和贫困的一个基本先决条件。", "25. 为消除贫困采取的人权办法决定了，生活贫困者应积极、自由、知情和有意义地参加影响他们的政策的所有阶段的制定、执行和监测。不应仅仅把真正的参与理解为确认每个人和每个团体有参加公共事务的权利，[11] 它也是能够推动解决贫困和社会排斥的一个组成部分。通过参与赋予生活贫困者能力，也是促进社会融合和确保公共政策的制定能够满足社会最贫穷阶层的特殊需要的手段。", "D. 私有化和国家的义务", "26. 在发达国家和发展中国家，都存在私有化和把传统上国家开展的某些活动外包的明显趋势。尽管私有化有可能降低成本，提高效率，并因此改善服务的提供，但私有化也可能给最贫穷和最弱势的人获得公共服务的机会造成重大障碍。当国家将福利系统、保健系统和拘留中心的管理移交给谋求经济利益以及可能不在国家适当监督和控制下的私人实体时，国家便危及个人获得必要服务的能力，并促使产生可能有损生活贫困者的影响。没有确保问责和透明的机制，私人实体便可能先考虑利润后考虑人，对自己的失败不承担责任。", "27. 各国绝不能将私有化视为可以逃避其人权责任的手段。尽管国际人权法并不限制公共服务的私有化，但国际人权法却规定，当公共服务外包给私人公司时，各国继续负责确保质量、承付能力和覆盖面，并有责任保护个人免遭这些公司的虐待。[12]", "四. 对享有人权具有消极影响的惩罚措施", "28. 本节概述惩罚措施给一些人权的享有所带来后果的实例，说明此种措施对于生活贫困者造成的诸多复杂而相互关联的影响的情况。", "A. 限制生活贫困者在公共场所的行为的法律、条例和做法", "29. 各国越来越多地通过执行各种法律、条例和做法，限制人们在公共场所的行为、行动和流动，因而大大妨碍了生活贫困者的生活和生计。这些措施在各国间和各国内都有很大不同，但相同的是，都是对公共场所内被视为“不可取”的行动和行为或“妨碍行为”进行惩罚。各国为了给这些措施找理由，将被禁止的行为规定为：性质危险、与公共安全或秩序的要求冲突、干扰作为设立公共场所用途的正常活动的，或违背当局希望此种场所所具有的形象和原定想法的行为。[13]", "30. 在发达国家和发展中国家，将流浪和乞讨定为非法的刑事或管制措施(例如政令)，正变得越来越流行。这些法律有几种形式：从禁止在公共场所讨钱的立法，到禁止夜间讨钱或采取“进攻性举止”讨钱的立法。[14] 其中一些法律已被广泛应用，扩大到了从事任何可能要人出钱的活动，例如表演舞蹈或展示伤痕或身体畸形。在一些国家，一个人仅仅出现在某一公共场所，看不出有维持生命的手段，因此很可能是通过乞讨来维生，此种情况便属非法。[15]", "31. 显然，这些法律和条例对于生活贫困者具有过份严重的影响。当生活贫困者无法得到国家的足够支助和协助时，他们就有可能别无选择，只能靠乞讨维持生命。因他们在没有其他生存手段情况下采取的行动而对他们进行惩罚，显然是不相称的惩罚措施。", "32. 禁止乞讨和流浪，是严重违反平等和不歧视原则的行为。[16] 这种措施让执法官员拥有可以使用的酌处权，使生活贫困者更容易遭受骚扰和暴力。这些措施只能推动对于最贫穷和处境最不利的人的那种消极社会态度的永久化。", "33. 各国还越来越经常地对犯有同流落街头联系在一起行为和行动进行惩罚，例如：在公共场所睡觉、坐立、躺着、丢垃圾、借宿、野营或储存物品；在公共场所酗酒、在公共场所小便或不遵守交通规则乱穿马路。[17] 这些条例的措辞不明确，给了执法机构很大的酌处权和执法权力，而这很有可能违法法律和宪法保障。各国将这些活动或行为定为非法，增加了生活贫困者遭受来自个人和执法官员的虐待、袭扰、暴力、腐败和敲诈的机会。", "34. 尽管这些条例并非明确地针对生活贫困者，但对他们的影响特别大。生活贫困者没有住房，或是获得住房的机会有限，因此，日常生活更多依靠的是公共场所。为此，除了流落街头而别无选择的个人发现，他们维持生命的日常活动有可能让自己面临刑事制裁的危险。尽管这类措施看来是中性的，但研究显示，当局针对的是生活贫困者，特别是无家可归的人。[18] 这种过度实施的做法显然违背了在执行所有法律和政策时确保平等和不歧视的这一义务。", "35. 这些措施的根本动机常常是要降低城市贫困的可见度，以及将投资、开发和(非贫穷)公民吸引到城市中心区。从人权法的角度来说，这些目的是不合法的，而且无法说明常常通过这些条例所实行的严厉制裁是正当的。", "36. 实施这些法律的背景是，经济金融危机导致取消赎权和驱逐史无前例地增加，迫使越来越多的家庭流落街头。各国没有利用公共资金对这些家庭提供帮助，相反，却采取代价昂贵的行动对他们的行为进行惩罚。凡是没有足够公共基础设施和服务让家庭拥有可选择的地方来从事这些行动的地方，生活贫困者和无家可归者便没有可以睡觉、坐立和吃喝的存活之地。因此，这些措施有可能给生活贫困者带来非常不利的身心影响，破坏生活贫困者享有适当标准身心健康的权利，甚至等同于残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇。[19]", "37. 在一些国家，将协助流落街头者的行动定为非法的法律进一步加剧了这些条例的消极影响。[20] 在一些国家，具体立法对民间社会组织的行动实行限制，或禁止在某种情况下提供协助。例如，在一些城市，未经许可在闹市区公园与人群分食品为非法，给向无家可归者提供食品的慈善机构和其他组织造成了障碍。[21] 将倡导人士、活动分子和民间社会组织定罪，侵犯了结社、言论自由和集会等几项人权，破坏社会凝聚力。", "38. 警察有发布反社会行为和不许停留命令的权力，公共安全法又让警察可以对个人进行“拦截和搜查”，生活贫困者因此遭受到极为严重的影响。这些措施常常范围非常广泛，而且很大程度上由警官自行决定，而他们的主观判定毋需负很大的举证责任。[22] 这些条例绝大多数针对处境不利和最脆弱的群体以及他们生活的地区和社区。在生活贫困者中，受到多种形式歧视的人更经常地被当作目标。[23] 这些措施迎合并加强了生活贫困者很可能会参与犯罪活动这种歧视性态度，致使鄙视贫困的情况长期存在下去。例如，在某一国家，首都地铁的使用规则让警察有权将那些因为“衣着肮脏”等原因影响其他乘客的人逐出地铁。[24]", "39. 针对借街头贩卖维持生计的人采取的惩罚措施，尤其令人关切。在很多国家，街头摆摊严格受限[25] 或属非法，[26] 自街头摊贩购物亦然。[27] 研究显示，街头摊贩之所以要摆摊，是因为没有其他形式的收入，受教育水平低和缺乏就业机会。[28] 街头贩卖是最贫穷和最脆弱的人挣钱养家和维持生计的一种手段。国家在对街头摊贩实行的取缔、繁琐的许可证和街头限制时严重影响了生活贫困者谋生的权力。[29]", "40. 尽管各国可以通过合理的条例，但在决定禁止或限制街头贩卖活动的地区、日期和时间问题上，给予执法官员的酌处权往往过于广泛。这就使得街头摊贩更容易遭受执法官员、个人或帮派的欺辱。因此，他们的生命和人身安全经常受到威胁，并常常遭受贿赂、敲诈和非法没收物品的威胁。", "41. 当有人骚扰街头摊贩，向他们行贿或捣毁他们的物品时，由于深刻的结构性不平等和权力的不平衡、沟通和信息障碍以及得不到法律代理，他们几乎不可能向警察提出投诉。在街头贩卖属于非法的国家，个人常常由于害怕自己受到惩罚而不敢向警察报告受到的虐待和伤害。对于那些作为遭受广泛歧视的弱势群体成员以及历史上一直与警察和当局保持一种消极关系的街头摊贩来说，这种情况尤为严重，例如妇女、移民和少数族裔。", "42. 以街头为家和谋生的儿童尤其容易受到惩罚措施的伤害。街头儿童过的是一种虐待、暴力和恐惧的生活，但由于他们被污蔑为有罪和非法，他们在寻求帮助和补救方面无计可施。街头儿童受到剥削，被贩卖，被迫从事危险的工作，被武装部队和武装团伙招募，但却因为害怕受进一步惩罚和虐待而没有寻求当局的帮助。在很多情况下，生活贫困儿童出生时没有进行登记，因此，无法获得包括初级教育的基本服务。由于没有依靠，他们为了生存只能从事街头贩卖、乞讨或托钵等活动。[30] 当这些行动被定为非法时，他们便被推到更危险和备受虐待的处境。", "43. 非常荒谬的是，惩罚与贫困和无家可归相关行为的条例常常对拿不出钱来的生活贫困者处以罚款。无法缴纳罚款的不合逻辑的结果常常是进一步的罚款，甚至判处徒刑。例如，在某一国家，仅一年内就有数千人因不缴纳法院所课罚款被监禁。[31] 将无力缴纳罚款的人判处徒刑，不仅浪费国家的很多财政和行政资源，而且很大程度上会让生活贫困者继续遭受社会排斥和身陷经济困难。", "B. 城市规划条例和措施", "44. 在一些国家，以贵族化的办法改造城市、社会住房的私有化、重新开发和分区法律的通过，已经带来了将生活贫困者迁出城市中心区或迫使他们迁出的效果，不仅影响他们享有适当住房权，也影响他们的广泛权利。", "45. 作为让城市更“安全”和对投资者，开发商和社会的富裕阶层有吸引力的一种手段，各国越来越多地将分区法律应用于那种排斥最贫穷和最脆弱的人的优惠土地用途上，例如：有门卫的社区、豪宅或高成本住房以及大型体育基础设施。为了“重建”、“改造”和“维护”城市“历史和文化遗产”的目的，[32] 或是为了开发和基础设施项目腾出地盘的目的，[33] 当局正在将整个居民区拆除，迁走区内的居民。因此，这些地区已变得非常昂贵，生活贫困者难以重返，他们沦落到只能在廉价、交通不便、服务差、地处偏远的居民区居住。在很多情况下，生活贫困者在未获通知的情况下被强行赶走，遭受暴力侵犯，财物受损或遭到破坏。生活贫困者被赶走后很少能够获得补偿或补救，他们得不到赔偿，失去的物件无法返还本人，也得不到重新安置。", "46. 这些政策不仅严重影响城市的包容性和多样性，加剧生活贫困者的被隔离和社会排斥，也给享有适当住房、工作、适当生活水准及参与文化生活的权利造成严重障碍。[34]", "47. 生活贫困者一旦被迁离城市的中心，便从地理上远离工作、市场、教育和保健中心。这反过来又限制他们接近城市中心、公共服务和经济资源的机会，增加了他们获得机会和交通的成本，给获得就业带来更多障碍。远离城市中心还意味着被排除在城市设施和文化生活之外，进一步加深了生活贫困者的被孤立和受排斥的感觉。", "48. 穷人被隔离在公共场所之外，因大规模的国家和私有化基础设施项目而变得越来越严重，特别是同奥运会和世界性足球杯赛等相关的超大型活动。在这些活动中，当局常常将生活贫困者从城市地区迁走，安置在周围的郊区，而且常常是靠强迫，没有确保给予替代住房或获得补救和赔偿的机会，粗暴侵犯了他们的适当住房权。例如，在首尔，2002年世界足球杯赛的筹备工作包括了禁止无家可归者进入城市的指定地区，而1988年奥运会期间，无家可归者被关押在城市以外的设施中。巴塞罗那和亚特兰大奥运会期间也采取了迁走无家可归者或将他们定罪的行动。[35] 这些举措的实际效果是让最贫穷和最受排斥的人完全无家可归，代之以他们并不需要、也无法利用的基础设施，例如旅馆、运动场所和办公楼。", "C. 获得公共服务和社会福利的要求和条件", "49. 各国越来越普遍地对获得公共服务和社会福利的机会施加严格的要求和条件。[36] 各国在为实行这些措施找理由时提到，有必要充分利用公共资源，提高有的放矢的准确性，避免依赖性和消除影响工作的因素，以及防止系统内的弊端。虽然这些关切可能是有道理的，但这些措施的影响与其要实现的目标来说完全不相称。各国对于获得服务和福利的机会提出苛刻的要求和条件，对不遵守这些要求和条件实行严厉制裁，惩罚、羞辱和损害了生活贫困者的自主权，加剧了生活贫困者克服这种局面的困难。此外，受益人对于自己的未来也一无所知，无法作长远的规划。", "50. 对这些措施给予的支持，并不是因为有有力的证据说明这些措施有成效，经济上有效益，而是建筑在媒体散布的歧视性污蔑和成见之上，这种污蔑和成见将社会福利的受益人说成是懒惰、不诚实和不值得信任。要求和条件常常被颐指气使的顽固态度所破坏；决策者认为，他们是为着生活贫困者的最大利益考虑，不能相信这些人能够为自己和他们的家庭作决定。", "51. 这些措施不仅损害受益人的自主权，妨碍他们作出自己的抉择，而且影响他们享有很多权利，包括参与直接影响他们本人决策的权利，[37] 以及私生活、家庭、住宅或通信不受国家任意或非法干涉的权利。[38] 由于不遵守这些苛刻的条件和要求将导致无法获得社会福利，有资格获得福利的人长期出于焦虑和恐惧之中，担心福利会被收回，并因此失去主要生存手段。生活在这种情况下的积累影响，威胁着受益人享有能达到的最高的体质和心理健康的标准的权利。[39]", "52. 很多国家要求有资格享有社会福利的人提供大量文件证明他们的资格和披露不相干的个人信息。这一过程给受益人造成极大的压力，也有损他们的人格。生活贫困者在取得官方证件方面面临几种障碍和代价。证件可能十分昂贵，获得证件对于没有固定住址或没有身份证明的人来说十分困难。这种情况在发展中国家十分普遍，这些国家的一些最脆弱和最受排斥的人，特别是妇女和少数族裔出生时并没有进行过登记。获得证件还需要同公共官员进行更多的互动，而这些官员对于生活贫困者的特殊需要的情况往往没有足够的理解。传闻证据显示，社会福利管理者对于受益人常常考虑不周或缺乏同情心，除了官僚主义的障碍外，受益人在满足常常是复杂而不透明的要求时，还必须克服在教育、识字程度和交流方面存在的差距。", "53. 为了获得政治上的支持和向公众保证只有“有资格”的穷人才领取支助，接受社会福利常常附带了繁琐的条件。例如，中低收入国家的一些有条件的现金转移方案发给户主(一般是妇女)现金，以换取他们承诺做事情，例如让儿童到学校注册和确保他们上学，或是参加保健方案。虽然这些条件鼓励了对人力资本的投资，但也给妇女带来了额外负担，制定方案往往忽略了她们的需要。没有认真的两性平等观点有可能使那些有关传统家庭作用和责任的性别成见长期存在，并导致家庭暴力。[40]", "54. 在其中一些方案中，不遵守附件条件导致在不遵守的原因未作评估的情况下福利被立即取消。这常常还意味着家庭不能重新申请加入方案，尽管它们有需要，而且不遵守也属于事出有因。", "55. 附加条件影响了受益人的自主权，加深了那种生活贫困者不能进行负责任的决策的成见。证据显示，如果有充足的资源，贫困家庭也能够在没有附加条件的情况下，在教育和保健方面作相同的投资。[41] 因此，制定和执行附加条件以及监测其执行情况所涉额外行政费用可以更好地用于扩大和支持公共服务上。", "56. 各国越来越多实行的另一种条件是要求接受失业、单亲父母和残疾人补助的人必须参加就业或培训方案。尽管转让重新就业所需要的技能和知识可能是一项重要目标，但实施这些方案时常常没有保障条件，例如提供儿童保育设施，或者没有考虑到现时劳动力市场的高失业和行业迅速现代化的实际情况等结构性的障碍。方案特别强调“摆脱”福利改为就业，但却没有适当考虑受益人的实际需要，而且常常不为他们提供为获得持续、生产性和体面工作而需要得到的帮助。[42]", "57. 为确保受益人遵守条件和要求，各国常常对受益人进行深入的盘问和侵犯性调查。社会福利管理者有权就广泛的个人问题对受益人进行盘查，并为寻找欺诈活动的证据对他们的住宅进行搜查。[43] 不论何时提出要求，受益人都必须定期报告和披露大量的信息。在一些国家，受益人甚至必须接受强制性吸毒检查。他们还必须同意让当局对其生活进行审查，盘问他们的朋友、同事和认识的人。[44] 这些国家鼓励受益人相互间进行盘查，并通过匿名渠道向方案管理者报告犯法行为。这些侵入性措施损害了受益人的个人独立，严重干扰了他们的隐私权和家庭生活权，使他们容易收到虐待和骚扰，削弱社区的团结。", "58. 社会福利系统实行生物鉴别意味着，在一些国家，受益人必须接受面部识别技术、指纹成像和虹膜扫描。[45] 这些办法赋予了国家监测和干预受益人生活的广泛权力和酌处权。获得的信息经常在未经受益人同意的情况下，为了其他的目的提供给其他的当局。[46] 这种做法严重威胁个人数据的保护和查阅和管控人们信息的权利。", "59. 监视政策常常把受益人当成犯罪分子一样对待，让他们感到有负罪感、焦虑和耻辱。尽管一些控制办法是必要的，但这些办法必须符合合理性和对称性的要求。例如，证据显示，国家在管理社会福利时采取的很多控制和监视办法对于社会福利欺诈行为的普及性而言不成比例。多付社会福利的情况常常是由于国家方面的行政管理错误，而不是受益人的欺诈造成的。[47] 当因受益人的责任发生多付的情况时，更大的可能是因为错误而不是欺诈造成的，当确实发生欺诈行为时，这种行为通常是涉及少量活命钱的临时起意的、低层次的欺诈。但决策者将社会福利欺诈说成是普遍存在的问题，划拨很多资源加以应对。政治言论过分关注社会福利欺诈，而对税务欺诈却不甚重视，其代价就是给国家造成更大的负担，并利用福利欺诈来影响公众对于贫困问题的讨论。[48]", "60. 社会福利欺诈和不遵守受到公众强烈的谴责，当局也大力追查处置。[49] 一旦确定存在欺诈后，结果可能是通过削减个人福利来偿还欺诈的金额，同时对个人进行刑事诉讼。[50] 当受益人被裁定有犯有欺诈行为时，他(她)便有可能终生不得进入社会福利系统。如果受益人有尚未执行的逮捕令，他们的社会福利有可能被中止，直至逮捕令已完结或给予豁免。这些措施极其严酷，将给与贫困和排斥抗争的人们带来严重的后果，使他们长期处于最初依赖社会福利的那种不利境地。", "61. 被排除在社会福利帮助之外，给妇女造成的影响尤其严重，她们占了社会福利受益人的多数，通常都担负照料子女和维持家计的主要责任。剥夺妇女获得社会福利的机会将给整个家庭带来影响。此外，妇女继续囿于或重新回到受虐待关系中的可能性越来越大，如果无法获得社会福利，她们或将被迫在其他易受伤害的情况下生活。[51]", "62. 在其他方面，妇女的私人和家庭生活也受到国家的干扰。特别是国家动辄采取儿童保护措施，给特别是妇女[52] 以及更普遍而言生活贫困者带来全面的影响。研究显示，儿童保护措施与有关家庭的不利处境和被边缘化之间有着明显和一贯的联系。[53] 不能错误地认为贫困就必然忽视儿童。国家常常将贫困家庭的儿童作为儿童保护诉讼的对象，而不是将努力放在解决儿童贫困的根源上。", "63. 生活贫困者常常要使出浑身解数履行儿童保护的诉讼程序，而在很多国家，这种程序极具侵入性和对抗性。儿童保护措施常常不能向家庭提供有关这一程序的充分信息，而很多国家的儿童保护诉讼程序中没有经批准的免费法律援助。因此，在国家与生活贫困者家庭之间存在着严重的权力不平衡，存在着司法程序有可能导致不必要地终止或限制父母权利或其他有害儿童最高利益的结果的实实在在的危险。", "64. 尽管儿童有权在安全和养育环境中成长的权利，但他们也有不与亲生父母分离的权利，除非分离符合其最大利益。[54] 儿童保护程序的重点始终应该是儿童的最高利益，而不是对其父母实行惩罚。将父母的忽视或虐待定为犯罪尽管很重要，但并非解决贫困和不利处境的办法。", "D. 过度和随意使用拘留和监禁", "65. 由于执法官员经常用“贫困”、“无家可归”或“不利处境”作为犯罪的一种指标，生活贫困者同刑事司法系统打交道的机率极高。他们要在刑事司法系统内施展身手或脱身，也遇到很多的障碍。因此，被捕、被拘留和监禁的最贫穷和最受排斥的人特别多。", "66. 在发达国家和发展中国家，审前交保获释的限制都越来越严格，越来越不透明，例如，这些条件要求个人必须证明他们同社区的联系，有固定的住址或长期就业，或缴纳现金或交付保证金作为保证。大多数情况下，最贫穷和最受排斥的人无法按这些要求做，因此，审判开始之前他们非常可能被先行拘留。这就大大增加了他们最终被判刑的可能性：这不仅使他们处于脆弱地位，并因此更可能接受不公平的“认罪求情”或承认有罪以便能够尽快获释，而且还导致被拘留者的外观和行为举止受到影响，有损他们与律师联系和获得人品证人的能力，导致他们失去就业或社会住房，从而影响法院作出缓刑或社区服务刑罚的判决。[55]", "67. 无法获得适当、全面的法律援助，严重威胁生活贫困者的人权。个人在没有适当代表或咨询的情况下被判有罪的可能性更大。在被拘留期间，他们没有可以利用的手段抗议自己权利受到的侵犯，例如不安全或不卫生的条件，身心受到虐待或长期拖延，而且非常可能有人会要求他们行贿，如果他们去行贿，就必然会遇到困难。", "68. 被拘留和监禁的经济社会代价对于生活贫困者来说可能是非常严重的。被拘留不仅意味着暂时失去收入，而且常常导致失业，特别是当个人是在非正规部门就业的情况下。被冠以有犯罪记录会给寻找就业带来额外的障碍。拘留和监禁，哪怕是因为轻微非暴力犯罪行为，都常常导致社会福利临时或永久地取消，或是让被居留者及其家庭被拒绝获得社会住房的机会。[56]", "69. 家庭被迫利用其有限的收入，或是变卖资产来支付保释金、法律援助、使用刑事设施内物品和服务的权利(例如食品和使用电话)、或是前往探视被拘留者。子女的教育也常常因其父母被拘留而受到干扰。在这方面，被拘留给被拘留者的整个家庭的财政稳定带来严重影响，有助于让贫困的循环长期下去。", "70. 拘留和羁押还可能严重影响最贫穷和最受排斥的人的健康，这些人很可能得到最坏的待遇和条件，包括过于拥挤的囚室、不佳卫生设施、疾病大肆传播和不良保健。在一些情况下，监狱人满为患可能严重影响被拘留者，这种条件很可能等同于残忍和不人道的待遇。[57]", "71. 因此，贫穷和处境脆弱的人在离开居留地时可能在财务、身体和个人方面都处于极其不利的境地。在被释放后，他们的资产业已用尽，就业机会减少，获得社会福利的可能性很小，同社区失去联系，遭受社会的羞辱和排斥，进一步损害他们摆脱贫困的前景。", "五. 结论和建议", "72. 贫困是一种错综复杂、多方面的处境，而直接间接地惩罚、分割、控制和破坏生活贫困者的自主权的种种措施又加剧了这种处境，并使之长期存在。这些措施极大影响生活贫困者享有广泛人权自由的能力，加剧和延长了贫困和排斥循环。", "73. 各国经常以公共安全、健康或安保为理由，试图为通过惩罚措施限制人权的做法辩护。但是，人权法对于限制个人权利的问题提出了严格的要求。对生活贫困者享有人权的任何限制，都必须符合几项保障，所包括的要求有：这些限制必须依法制定，必须是不歧视和相称，并具有正当的目的。各国有责任证明，对生活贫困者所享有的权利施加的限制符合国际人权法。", "74. 惩罚措施常常是出于偏见和负面的成见，这些偏见和成见无视不利处境和排斥的现实，也看不到生活贫困者每天为克服所面临多重障碍进行的抗争。无家可归者希望有安全、住得起的适当住房，而不希望住在公园或汽车站。那些靠社会福利勉强活着的人希望有安全、经常性、薪酬较好的生产性就业，而不希望受到歧视和总是担心待遇被剥夺。没有人愿意生活在贫困中，因此，不应对生活在贫困中的人进行惩罚。", "75. 造成对生活贫困者实行惩罚的各项措施，并没有为解决贫困和社会排斥的根源发挥任何作用。这些措施只能加剧生活贫困者面临的多方面匮乏，并给减贫和社会包容制造障碍。因此，这些措施严重破坏各国履行其遵守、保护和履行人权的义务的能力。", "76. 各国不应因最贫困人的处境而对他们实行惩罚，而应采取积极的措施消除生活贫困者面临的法律、经济、社会和行政方面的障碍，这些障碍妨碍她们获得粮食、住所、就业、教育和保健服务，使他们无法同整个人口一样平等地享有经济、社会和文化权利和成为包容社区的一部分。", "77. 确保至少满足最低必要水平的经济、社会、文化权利的人权义务，意味着有责任通过确保基本生存实现适当的生活水准，包括提供必要的初级保健护理服务、基本住房和最基本的教育。各国不应将紧缺的资源用于代价颇巨的惩罚措施，而应最大限度地将可用资源用于确保生活贫困者享有所有经济、政治、社会、公民和文化权利。", "78. 城市转型、私有化、贵族化、美化和重新开发，有可能严重影响生活贫困者的一些权利，加剧排斥和耻辱化。由于生活贫困者正在被这些现象逐步推向城市中心区的边缘，他们获得就业和公共服务的机会以及享有参与文化生活的权利受到威胁。除了其他内容外，住房权是否充足的概念还要求必须考虑到可获得服务和基础设施的机会、可负担性和可获得性等因素。这一概念还要求各国不要采取强行搬迁的行动。", "79. 公共服务和社会福利在生活贫困者的生活中发挥着必不可少的作用，为他们提供重要的支助和帮助，特别是在经济和社会困难时期。尽管这些福利常常满足不了受益人及其家庭的需求，但也确实为他们提供了应有的重要支助，没有这些支助，他们便不能生存。各国切勿颁布污蔑受益人、将其形象定型和对其进行惩罚的要求和条件。这些措施只能破坏社会福利所提供的重要支助，给生活贫困者制造进一步的障碍。", "80. 虽然防止欺诈是正当的目的，但社会福利系统中的侵入性监督政策、不透明的附加条件、过分的披露要求和诸多监管等项措施，与这一目的并不相称，且产生于公开和非公开的歧视态度，只能有助于加剧受益人的贫困。", "81. 监狱拘留、监禁和送教养院的做法对生活贫困者具有广泛和长期的消极影响，各国只有在为满足社会迫切需要的情况下，才能诉诸与此需要相称的剥夺自由的做法。最贫困和最脆弱的个人必须能够平等地利用自由、公平和有效的法院程序，必须能够享有同较富裕的社会阶层一样的人道条件和受尊敬的待遇。", "82. 在这方面，特别报告员谨提出以下建议：", "(a) 各国应采取一切必要措施消除对生活贫困者的所有直接或间接歧视。各国切勿通过任何法律、生活贫困者获得享有所有权利、包括经济、社会和文化权利的机会。各国必须对国家立法进行审查，以便评估存在的给生活贫困者造成歧视性影响的情况，并废除或修订具有影响生活贫困者平等享有权利的目的或效果的立法；", "(b) 为了阻止今后出现歧视，必须通过适用生活贫困者的全面反歧视立法。各国应确保法律和法院所适用的法律禁止各种基于经济和社会地位的歧视；", "(c) 各国应采取措施保护生活贫困者，使其权利免遭第三方的破坏。为此，各国应：", "㈠ 开展教育方案和运动，使人民重视生活贫困者在克服自身困境方面面临的多重障碍；", "㈡ 鼓励媒体避免传播对生活贫困者具有歧视性成见的偏颇报告和耸人听闻的报道。为此，各国应促进新闻伦理和鼓励通过行为守则，停止对生活贫困者、无家可归者、失业人士和社会福利领取者的负面报道；", "㈢ 确保公共福利的私人提供者以及其他非公共实体不对生活贫困者实行歧视。各国应通过立法措施防止和惩罚私人实体侵犯生活贫困者权利的行为；", "(d) 各国应创造有利环境，便利生活贫困者参与公众生活和影响他们生活的决定。为此，各国必须查明并解决妨碍脆弱和受排斥群体全面参与决策进程的体制性障碍；", "(e) 能够获得法律代表极其重要，并从根本上涉及对生活贫困者各种形式的惩罚。各国应确保社会最贫穷阶层能够获得法律援助，不仅是刑事诉讼方面的法律援助，而且能够在特别关系到生活贫困者的问题方面获得法律援助，例如社会福利上诉、驱逐和儿童保护程序。", "(f) 各国必须确保所有刑事和管制政策符合人权标准，包括平等和不歧视的原则以及无罪推定的原则。具体针对生活贫困者的特殊行为和行动的法律等同于基于经济和社会地位的歧视，应予废除。", "(g) 各国应重申其义务，确保作为享有适当生活水准权利的一部分人人享有适当住房权。这一权利要求各国必须确保住房的承受能力以及可以获得社会服务和基础设施。各国还不得实行强制搬迁。在搬迁不可避免时，各国应确保进行搬迁时能够尊重受影响人的尊严和生活及安全的权利。[58]", "(h) 社会福利系统的制定和执行必须符合人权准则，包括生活贫困者的隐私和家庭生活的权利以及参与影响他们的决定的权利。必须对监督政策、附加条件和其他要求进行审查，以确保其不会给生活贫困者施加过分沉重的负担，从而违反人权义务。在收集和处理涉及受益人的信息时，各国应确保遵守国际公认的隐私和保密标准，也不向其他当局传播此种信息，或在未经受益人同意的情况下将信息用于其他目的。", "(i) 只有在为满足社会迫切需要的情况下，各国才能进行与此需要相称的拘留和监禁。各国必须确保逮捕和拘留不会给生活贫困者带来不成比例的影响。为此，各国应：", "㈠ 对所有拘留和监禁政策进行审查，以便查明并消除给生活贫困者造成严重影响的歧视性法律和做法。应制定措施确保警察、法院和公共官员根据每个人的情况充分评估拘留和监禁的潜在影响；", "㈡ 确保保释过程尽最大可能考虑到生活贫困者的经济和社会情况。", "––––––––––––––", "[1] 关于会议的更多信息，请见：www.ichrp.org/en/projects/162。", "[2] E/C.12/2001/10，第8段。", "[3] 例如，见：《世界人权宣言》第二条；《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第二条；《公民及政治权利国际公约》第二和第二十六条；《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第一条；《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第二条；《儿童权利公约》第二条；《残疾人权利公约》第5条。", "[4] 例如，见：经济、社会、文化权利委员会第18号一般性评论；消除种族歧视委员会第14号一般性评论；Marckx诉比利时一案，欧洲人权法院，第6833/74号上诉，1979年6月13日判决，第33段；美洲人权法院第4号咨询意见，“哥斯达黎加宪法入籍规定的拟议修正案”，1984年1月19日，OC-4/84，第57段。", "[5] 经济、社会、文化权利委员会第20号一般性评论，第8段。", "[6] 经济、社会、文化权利委员会第20号一般性评论，第10和第12段；人权委员会第18号一般性评论，第9段；消除种族歧视委员会第14号一般性评论，第1段：消除歧视妇女委员会第28号一般性评论，第16段。", "[7] 人权委员会在其判例中重申，歧视的理由并非包罗万象，“其他身份”的涵义是没有数量限制的。另见：经济、社会、文化权利委员会，第20号一般性评论，第35段。《美洲人权公约》第一条将经济地位和社会条件明确列为歧视的一种理由。“财产”以及甚至“社会出身”等其他受禁止的歧视理由在解决财产问题方面也可能具有相关性。", "[8] 《公民及政治权利国际公约》第十八、第十九、第二十一和第二十二条；《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第四条；《欧洲社会宪章》第三十一条第一款；《萨尔瓦多议定书》第五条。其他地方已广泛地发展了这些要求的内容。例如，见：“关于《公民及政治权利国际公约》的各项限制条款和可克减条款的锡拉库萨原则”(E/CN.4/1985/4，附件)以及“关于经济、社会和文化权利落实情况的林堡原则”(E/CN.4/1987/17，附件)。", "[9] 见“锡拉库萨原则”的原则10和16，以及“林堡原则”的原则60(上文注8)。", "[10] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第二条第一款。", "[11] 《世界人权宣言》第二十一条；《公民及政治权利国际公约》第二十五条。", "[12] 经济、社会、文化权利委员会第14号一般性评论。", "[13] Antonio Tossi，“无家可归者和公共场所的管制——处罚穷人？”，欧洲无家可归者刊物，第1卷(2007年12月1日)，第226页。", "[14] 例如，见，1999年《街道安全法》(加拿大安大略)第二节；2004年《街道安全法》(加拿大英属哥伦比亚)第二节，第一款，以及1824年《流浪法》(联合王国)第三节。", "[15] 1959年《孟买(防止乞讨)法》第二节第一款。", "[16] 《公民及政治权利国际公约》第二十六条。", "[17] 例如，在对美国235个城市进行的调查中，33%的城市禁止在公共场所野营，30%的城市禁止在公共场所坐立和躺着。见：无家可归者与贫困问题全国法律中心和全国无家可归者联盟，“要家园不要手铐”，2009年7月。可参阅www.nlchp.org。", "[18] James Farrell，“快起来，快离开：澳大利亚的警察权利和公共场所”，2011年8月将由公开民主组织出版(www.opendemocracy.org)。", "[19] 《世界人权宣言》第五条；《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第十二条；《公民及政治权利国际公约》第七条；对无家可归者因不得以而在公共场所表演实行惩罚等于是残忍和不人道待遇的论点，已被美国的一些管辖区域接受。见：Pottinger诉迈阿密市，76 F.3d 1154(第11巡回法院，1996年)；Johnson诉达拉斯市，61 F.3d 442(第5巡回法院，1995年)。", "[20] Mandeep Tiwana和Netsanet Belay，“民间社会：动了真格的取缔行动：2009-2010年全球趋势”，公民社会——公民参与世界联盟，2010年12月。可查阅：wwww.civicus.org。", "[21] 例如，见：《美国佛罗里达州奥兰多市法规》第18A节第1条。另见：“要家园不要手铐”(上文注17)，第11页。", "[22] 见：George Lavendar，“帮派禁制令惩罚的是贫穷社区”，《卫报》，2011年2月1日。", "[23] 例如，一个国家的黑人遇到警察行使“拦截和搜查”权的机会比白人高六倍，亚裔遇到的这种机会比白人高两倍。见：“警察拦截和搜查的权力针对的是少数族裔”，BBC新闻，2010年3月15日。", "[24] 布达佩斯运输公司，“旅行条款和条件”，可查阅：www.bkv.hu/en/travel_conditions/ terms_ and_conditions_of_travelling。", "[25] 纽约市(见：Jennifer Lee，“街头贩卖不失为消灭失业的一种途径”，《纽约时报》，2009年4月29日)以及德班(见：Blessing Karumbidza，“惩罚穷人的生计：让非正式经商正规化对德班女商贩和移民商贩的影响”南非社会经济权力研究所，2011年)都属于此种情况。", "[26] 例如，在泰国(1992年《城市法》和1992年《公共卫生法》的清洁和秩序问题)以及柬埔寨(《公共秩序二级法令》)的一些城市。见：Kyoko Kusakabe，“街头摊贩的政策问题：泰国、柬埔寨和蒙古研究概览”，国际劳工局，2006年。", "[27] Bosco R. Asiimwe，“尼亚鲁根区将要对向摊贩购物者实行惩罚”，《卢旺达新时报》，2011年8月3日。", "[28] Kusakabe(上文注26)，第23页。", "[29] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第六条。", "[30] A/HRC/16/L.13/Rev.1，第3段(e)分段。", "[31] 爱尔兰刑法改革信托基金，“2010年，6 681人因未缴纳罚款被监禁”，2011年2月2日。", "[32] Ayfer Bartu Candan和Biray Kolluoglu，“新自由主义的新空间：伊斯坦布尔的有门卫的城镇和公共住房项目”，关于土耳其的新观点，第29卷(2008年)，第16页。", "[33] 见A/HRC/4/18，第21至24段。", "[34] 《世界人权宣言》第二十七条；《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第六、第十一和第十五条；经济、社会和文化权利委员会第7、第18和第21号一般性评论。", "[35] 关于这些和其他实例，请见A/HRC/13/20，第18和第25至第27段。", "[36] 在本报告中，“社会福利”一词的使用是代表通过国家福利、社会保障和社会援助制度向个人提供的福利，包括转拨现金、粮食或粮食券；残疾或疾病抚恤金、失业补助、单身父母或儿童津贴、非缴费性社会养恤金、住房补助和教育补助。", "[37] 《公民及政治权利国际公约》第二十五条。", "[38] 《世界人权宣言》第十二条；《公民及政治权利国际公约》第十七条。", "[39] 《世界人权宣言》第二十五条；《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第十二条。经济、社会和文化权利委员会第14号一般性评论。", "[40] 见A/HRC/11/9和A/65/259。", "[41] Armando Barrientos，“消除贫困方案的条件”，《政策和社会正义刊物》，第19卷，第1册(2011年)，第19页。", "[42] 《世界人权宣言》第二十三条；《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》第六条。", "[43] Falkiner诉安大略(社区和社会服务署)一案(2002年)，59 O.R.(3d) 481(C.A.)，加拿大公民自由协会的事实陈述，第5页。", "[44] 同上。", "[45] 例如，印度正在推出“印度独特识别当局”计划，根据这一计划，人们将被分配到同生物识别数据挂钩的独特识别号。见：印度识别当局，“What is Aadhaar?”，可查阅：http://uidai.gov.in/ index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=105。", "[46] 例如，见：Anemona Hartocollis，“城市大型穷人社会福利数据库引起的关切”，《纽约时报》，2011年6月16日。", "[47] Tamara Walsh和Greg Marston，“澳大利亚福利中多付给的情况、福利欺诈和财政困难”，《社会保障法刊物》，第17卷，第2期(2010年)，第101页。", "[48] 例如，在一个国家，估计2009/10年社会福利欺诈和错误给国家造成330亿美元的损失，而逃税造成的损失是400亿美元。见：Deborah Padfield，“欺诈和错误：逃税漏税”，2011年7月20日。可查阅：wwww.opendemocracy.net。", "[49] M.D.R. Evans和J. Kelley，“税务欺骗行为和福利欺诈错了吗？二十九个国家的公众意见“，《澳大利亚社会监测》，第3卷，第4期(2001年)，第93页。", "[50] Walsh和Marston(上文注47)，第109页。", "[51] Mary E. Baker，“出现虐待家庭母亲的两难处境：社会支助系统、监护结果和他人行为的责任”，《芝加哥大学法学院圆桌会议》，第2卷(1995年)，第13页。", "[52] Heather Douglas和Tamara Walsh，“母亲和儿童保护系统”，《法律、政策和家庭国际刊物》，第23卷，第2期(2009年8月)，第211页；Naomi Cahn，“对妇女的监督：道德论点和定罪的难题”，《德保罗法律评论》，第49卷(2000年)，第817页。", "[53] 在一些国家，接受公共援助的家庭数量可能比接受调查以及子女因儿童虐待罪被从家中带走的其他家庭多四倍。见：Douglas J. Berharov，“儿童虐待的实际情况：重复登记和贫困”，《维吉尼亚社会政策和法律刊物》，第8卷(2000年)，第183-184页。", "[54] 《儿童权利公约》第九条。", "[55] E/CN.4/2006/7，第66段。", "[56] 例如，见：“没有第二次机会：有犯罪记录的人被剥夺入住公共住房的机会”，《人权观察》，2005年11月17日。", "[57] Brown诉Plata一案，美国最高法院，案件号：09-1233，2011年5月23日(引注暂缺)。", "[58] 见经济、社会和文化权利委员会第7号一般性评论；《关于出于发展目的的搬迁和迁离问题的基本原则和准则》(A/HRC/4/18)。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* 由于技术原因于2011年10月3日重新印发。", "页:1", "临时议程** 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "赤贫与人权", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递赤贫与人权问题特别报告员马格达莱娜·塞普尔韦达·卡尔莫纳根据人权理事会第17/13号决议提交的报告。", "赤贫与人权问题特别报告员的报告", "内容提要", "在本报告中,赤贫与人权问题特别报告员分析了惩罚、隔离、控制和破坏生活贫困者自主权的若干法律、条例和做法。 过去30年来,这些措施越来越频繁地采取,近年来由于经济和金融危机而加剧,现在对生活贫困者享受人权构成严重威胁。", "国家和社会力量惩罚穷人的方式是相互关联和多层面的,不能孤立分析。 为本报告的目的,特别报告员确定了以下四个关注领域:(a) 不当限制生活贫困者在公共场所从事维持生命行为的法律、条例和做法;(b) 城市规划条例和措施,这些条例和措施对生活贫困者造成极大影响;(c) 对获得公共服务和社会福利强加的要求和条件,这些要求和条件干扰了生活贫困者的自主权、隐私和家庭生活;(d) 过度和任意地使用拘留和监禁,威胁生活贫困者的自由和人身安全。", "目录", "页次\n一、导言. 4 二. 贫困的4个现实:耻辱、歧视、惩罚、\n三、《公约》第四条第3款的执行情况 6个国际人权\n框架A.平等6和\nB. 对人的7个限制\nC. 参加经济、社会、文化权利委员会\nD. 私有化 9\n四、处罚 10\nA. 法律、10个条例和做法限制生活在\nB. 城市13项规划条例和\nC. 获得公共服务和社会服务的15项要求和条件\nD. 过度使用19和任意使用拘留\n五、结 论 20 和\n建议", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据人权理事会第17/13号决议提交的。 它涉及一些法律、条例和做法,在发达国家和发展中国家日益普遍,这些法律、条例和做法惩罚、隔离、控制和损害生活贫困者的自主权。", "2. 联合国 该报告得益于国际人权政策理事会2011年3月17日和18日在日内瓦主办的一次国际专家会议上提出的文件和表达的意见,该会议汇集了来自所有区域的人权专家、学者、民间社会和联合国实体的代表,他们为特别报告员的报告提供了宝贵的投入。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "3个 报告使用“惩罚措施”一词泛指惩罚、隔离、控制和破坏生活贫困者自主权的政策、法律和行政条例。 这些措施在设计上和效果上均不相同;它们的意图和影响在区域、州、省、市之间和内部差别很大。 其中一些导致对生活贫困的人进行彻底定罪、起诉和监禁,而另一些则过度地管理和控制他们生活的各个方面。 其中一些具有惩罚作用,如处以重罚款、丧失儿童监护权、剥夺社会福利权利以及侵犯隐私权和自主权等。 一些措施明确针对生活在贫困中的人,而另一些措施则属于中立的法律、政策和做法,虽然这些措施针对的是所有个人,但对生活在贫困中的人产生不成比例的影响。", " 4.四. 该报告分析了其中一些措施,以表明这些措施对生活贫困者享有人权的影响。 报告解释了这些措施是如何由根深蒂固的偏见和定型观念造成的,这些偏见和定型观念已渗透到公共政策中。 它强调,这些措施的消极影响相互重叠并相互加强,加剧了并延长了贫穷。 报告采用人权框架表明,虽然贫困本身可能不是对人权的侵犯,但国家造成、加剧或使贫困永久化的作为或不作为往往相当于对人权的侵犯。 在这方面,惩罚措施严重威胁到各国遵守其人权义务。", "二. 贫困的现实:耻辱、歧视、惩罚、排斥", "5 (韩语). 各国早就认识到,贫穷是一种复杂的人的境况,其特点是持续地或长期地被剥夺享有适足生活水准和其他经济、公民、文化、政治和社会权利所必需的资源、能力、选择、安全和权力。 [2] 贫穷不是一个自主的选择,而是一种多方面的情况,如果没有援助,可能很难、甚至不可能摆脱。 生活贫困的人的情况不应归咎于他们;因此,国家不得因此惩罚或惩罚他们。 相反,各国必须采取影响深远的措施和政策,以消除造成、加剧或使贫困永久化的条件,并确保实现生活贫困者的一切经济、社会、文化、公民和政治权利。", "6. 惩罚政策反映了对最贫穷和最易受伤害者生活现实的严重误解,以及对他们所遭受普遍歧视和相互强化的不利条件的无知。", "7. 惩罚措施是对歧视性的定型观念的回应,这种定型观念认为生活贫困的人懒惰、不负责任、对子女的健康和教育漠不关心、不诚实、不值得甚至犯罪。 生活在贫困中的人往往被描绘成自己不幸的制造者,他们只能“更努力地”来补救自己的处境。 这些偏见和定型观念往往被带有偏见和耸人听闻的媒体报道所强化,这些报道特别针对遭受多种形式歧视的穷人,如单身母亲、少数民族、土著人民和移民。 这种态度根深蒂固,为公共政策提供了信息,使决策者无法解决阻碍生活贫困的人摆脱困境的系统性因素。", "8. 联合国 由于他们遭受歧视和耻辱,生活贫困的人往往对公共当局产生恐惧甚至敌意,对应该帮助他们的机构缺乏信心。 决策者、公务员、社会工作者、执法人员、教师和保健提供者往往不尊重或恭敬地对待他们,他们可能不承认和支持穷人为改善生活而作的努力。", "9. 国家 污名化和偏见态度造成一种耻辱感,使生活贫困的人不敢接近政府官员并寻求他们所需要的支持。 生活贫困者不愿通过获得社会耻辱化的服务而面临更严重的社会歧视,他们可能不要求获得食品券或补贴、获得公共住房或到免费诊所就诊。 这就进一步隔离和排斥他们,加剧了使贫穷世代相传的恶性循环。", "10个 在每个国家,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,历史的社会分化和权力结构确保最贫穷和最受排斥者在与国家当局的关系中始终处于劣势。 权力不对称意味着生活贫困的人无法要求权利或抗议其被侵犯。 由于文盲、缺乏信息或语言障碍,他们在与当局沟通方面可能面临障碍,这种情况对移民、土著人民、少数民族和残疾人尤为严重。 因此,他们不太可能知道和理解自己的权利和权利,或报告侵犯和虐待情况。", "11个 在这方面,妇女特别容易受到惩罚措施的伤害。 由于结构性歧视,妇女在权力结构中的代表人数较少,因此在与国家当局打交道时处于不利地位,更不能主张自己的权利。 惩罚措施对妇女的影响往往比男子大得多,因为妇女在穷人中的比例过高,获得教育、就业和经济资源的机会较少,承担照料和家务工作的主要负担。", "12个 打破这种惩罚和贫穷循环的一大障碍是生活贫困的人无法获得法律援助,因为他们无力负担私人法律代理费用,而且法律援助往往得不到或不足。 在与当局打交道时,最贫穷和最受排斥的人不仅在面临刑事指控时,而且在诸如儿童保护案件、福利欺诈事项或驱逐和移民程序等行政程序方面,得不到合格、全面的法律援助,处境更加不利。", "13个 如果生活贫困的人得不到法律代表或咨询,特别是在他们不熟悉复杂法律语言的情况下,他们更有可能得到和接受不公平或不平等待遇。 更有可能的是,他们受到腐败的不利影响或被要求行贿,被拘留的时间会更长,如果面临审判,将被定罪。 即使在提供法律援助的情况下,歧视和语言障碍也是阻碍人们诉诸司法和寻求补救的有力障碍。", "三. 国际人权框架", "A. 平等和不歧视", "14个 不歧视和平等是国际人权规范框架的核心内容。 [3] 这些原则要求在法律和实践中平等对待处于同等情况下的人。 根据人权法,并非所有的区别或差别待遇都将构成歧视。 如果区分有客观和合理的理由,就符合平等原则;它必须追求一个合法的目标,而且所使用的手段与所追求的目标之间必须有合理的相称关系。 [4] 因此,对生活贫困者的差别待遇(区别、排斥、限制或优惠)必须符合上述标准,才能根据人权法证明是合理的。", "15个 此外,某些形式的优惠待遇,如有利于弱势和处境不利群体的平权行动,不被认为具有歧视性,因为它们旨在“减少或消除造成或延续实质性或事实上的歧视的条件和态度”,鼓励平等享有权利。 [5] 因此,根据人权法,不仅允许采取有利于生活贫困者的纠正社会和经济不平衡的平权行动,而且各国必须这样做。 只有在待遇上的差别没有合法目的,或者在使用的手段与要实现的目的之间没有合理的相称关系时,才存在歧视。", "16号. 歧视意图不是歧视的必要因素。 [6] 因此,任何旨在或实际上取消或损害平等享有人权的措施都构成违反国家的人权义务。", "17岁。 本报告审查的惩罚措施的共同要素是,这些措施未能充分满足这些标准。 它们都直接或间接地歧视生活贫困者,其影响是剥夺或损害他们享有或行使人权和基本自由。", "18岁。 禁止基于若干列举的理由的歧视,包括“其他地位”一语所隐含的经济和社会地位,该词作为歧视理由列入《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》。 [7] 惩罚措施针对个人,因为他们的收入、外表、言论、住址或需要表明他们贫穷。 因此,这些措施显然构成基于经济和社会地位的歧视。", "B. 对人权的合法限制", " 19. 19. 人权法允许各国限制某些权利,理由是这种限制是为了公共安全、安全或秩序、公共卫生或保护他人的权利和自由而正当的。 为使限制在人权法下是合法的,它必须遵守许多保障措施:限制必须“由法律确定”,“与这些权利的性质相符合”,“仅仅为了促进普遍福利”和“在下述情况下是必要的”。", "” [8] 允许的限制还必须符合人权法的一般原则,因此必须是非歧视性、合理和相称的。 [9] 遵守这些原则要求,例如,任何限制性措施必须是实现所追求目标的适当手段,限制不得比实现所追求的目标所必须的更严厉。", "20号. 考虑到人权框架的主要目标是保护个人的权利,而不是允许国家施加限制,国家有责任证明,对生活贫困者行使权利所施加的限制符合所有这些标准,因此是合法的、合理的和与所追求的目标相称的。 不符合这些标准的限制违反了人权准则。", "21岁 各国往往利用所列举的允许限制作为采取惩罚措施的理由。 然而,在实践中,惩罚措施是由多种因素共同推动的。 一些措施旨在消除任何贫困形象,例如从城市中心清除无家可归者和乞丐,以美化城市并吸引投资和发展。 其他措施是有必要的,以便帮助“合适的穷人”,或满足“灵活”社会政策的批评者,从而获得对一项倡议的政治支持。 从人权角度看,这些理由需要谨慎分析,以评估惩罚措施是否符合人权法规定的正当目标,是否与该目标相称。 国家不得采取比实现限制目的所需的更严格的措施。", "22号. 应特别注意惩罚措施的经济理由。 经济原因不仅超出了人权法允许的限制范围,而且还与实行惩罚措施费用极高这一现实相矛盾。 惩罚措施需要更多的执法和公共服务人员;增加刑事司法系统和刑事司法系统中的人数;以及需要大量行政监督程序,如经济情况测试和利益监测。", "23. 联合国 在许多情况下,采取被动惩罚措施的费用大大超过解决贫穷和被排斥问题的根源所产生的费用。 如果专门用于维持治安、监视和拘留的资源被投入到解决贫穷的根源和改善获得公共服务,包括社会住房的机会中,那么各国可以大幅度地改善生活贫困者的生活,并确保最大限度地利用现有资源来提高享有经济、社会和文化权利的程度。 [10]", "C. 参与决策的权利", "24 (韩语). 惩罚措施的设计和执行总是没有与生活贫困者进行任何有意义的对话。 他们的经验和需要几乎总是被忽视,这加强了他们的无能感. 因此,确保生活贫困者有效和有意义地参与决策的权利是消除歧视和贫穷的一个基本先决条件。", "25岁 以人权方式消除贫穷,要求生活贫困者积极、自由、知情和有意义地参与影响他们的政策的设计、执行和监测的所有阶段。 真正的参与不仅应被理解为确认每个个人和群体参与公共事务的权利,[11] 而且还应被理解为解决贫困和社会排斥问题的一个重要部分。 通过参与增强生活贫困者的能力,也是促进社会包容和确保公共政策旨在满足社会最贫穷阶层特殊需要的一种手段。", "D. 私有化和国家义务", "26. 联合国 在整个发达国家和发展中国家,有一种明显的趋势,就是将传统上由国家从事的一些活动私有化和外包。 虽然私有化有可能降低成本、提高效率并因此改善服务的提供,但它也可能给最贫穷和最弱势的人获得公共服务造成重大障碍。 当国家将福利制度、保健系统、住房设施和拘留中心的管理移交给寻求经济利益而可能不受国家适当监督和控制的私营实体时,它们会危及个人获得必要服务的能力,并产生可能对生活贫困者产生不利影响的奖励措施。 没有确保问责制和透明度的机制,私营实体可能将利润置于人之上,而不对其失败负责。", "27个 各国不得将私有化视为逃避人权责任的手段。 虽然国际人权法并不限制公共服务的私有化,但该法规定,当公共服务外包给私营公司时,国家仍有责任确保质量、可负担性和覆盖面,并有责任保护个人免遭这些公司实施的侵权行为。 [12]", "四、结 论 对享受人权产生不利影响的惩罚措施", "28岁 本节概述惩罚措施对享有若干人权的后果的一些例子,以表明这些措施如何对生活贫困的人产生许多复杂而相互关联的影响。", "A. 限制生活贫困者在公共场所行为的法律、条例和做法", "29. 国家 各国越来越多地执行法律、条例和做法,限制人们在公共场所的行为、行动和移动,这严重阻碍了生活贫困者的生活和生计。 这些措施在各国之间和各国内部差别很大,其共同点是惩罚被认为“不可取”或公共空间“微妙”的行动和行为。 国家将被禁行为归类为危险行为、与公共安全或秩序的要求相冲突、扰乱公共场所的正常活动,或违背当局希望与这些场所联系在一起的形象和成见,为这些措施辩护。 [13]", "30. 使流浪和乞讨非法的刑事或管制措施(例如法令)在发达国家和发展中国家日益普遍。 这些法律有多种形式,从禁止在任何公共场所索取钱财的立法到禁止夜间乞讨或以“侵略性方式”乞讨的立法。 [14] 其中一些法律具有广泛的适用性,适用于任何可能引起钱财的活动,如表演或跳舞,或暴露伤口或畸形等。 在一些国家,一个人仅仅停留在公共场所,没有明显的谋生手段甚至是非法的,因此他们有可能通过乞讨活命。 [15]", "31岁 显然,这些法律和条例对生活贫困的人产生不成比例的影响。 如果生活贫困的人无法从国家获得足够的支持和援助,他们可能别无选择,只能乞讨才能活下来。 在没有其他生存手段的情况下惩罚他们的行为显然是一种过分的惩罚措施。", "32. 联合国 禁止乞讨和流浪是对平等和不歧视原则的严重违反。 [16] 这种措施使执法人员在适用这些措施时有广泛的酌处权,并增加了生活贫困者受骚扰和暴力的脆弱性。 它们只会助长社会对最贫穷和最易受伤害者的歧视态度。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 各国还越来越频繁地惩罚某些行为和行动的实施,这些行为和行动与街头生活有关,例如睡觉、坐着、撒谎、丢弃、住宿、露营或将物品存放在公共场所;公众醉酒;公众小便;或行走等。 [17] 这些条例措辞往往模糊,允许执法机构拥有广泛的酌处权和执行权,这有可能违反法律和宪法保障。 通过将这些活动或行为定为非法,国家增加了生活贫困者遭受私人和执法官员的虐待、骚扰、暴力、腐败和勒索的风险。", "34. 国家 虽然这些条例没有明确针对生活贫困的人,但它们对他们的影响不成比例。 由于缺乏住房或获得住房的机会有限,生活贫困的人更加依赖公共空间进行日常活动。 因此,除了流落街头之外别无选择的个人发现,维持生命的日常活动可能使他们面临刑事制裁的危险。 虽然这些措施表面上是中立的,但研究表明,当局针对的是穷人,特别是无家可归者。 [18] 这种不相称的适用显然违反了在所有法律和政策的执行中确保平等和不歧视的义务。", "35. 联合国 这些措施的基本动机往往是降低城市贫困的能见度并吸引投资、发展和(非穷人)公民到城市中心去。 根据人权法,这些目的不合法,它们不能成为经常通过这些条例实施严厉制裁的理由。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 执行这些法律的背景是经济和金融危机导致取消赎回和驱逐空前地增加,迫使越来越多的家庭流落街头。 国家不是利用公共资金援助这些家庭,而是开展代价高昂的行动,惩罚他们的行为。 如果公共基础设施和服务不足,无法为家庭提供从事此类行为的替代场所,则生活贫困和无家可归的人将无处可睡、坐、吃或喝。 因此,这些措施可能对生活贫困的人造成严重的身心影响,损害他们享有适当身心健康标准的权利,甚至构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇。 [19]", "37. 联合国 在一些国家,这些条例的负面影响因法律而进一步加剧,这些法律规定采取非法行动帮助街头流浪者。 一些国家的具体立法限制民间社会组织的行动,[20] 或在某些情况下禁止提供援助。 例如,在一些城市,没有许可证就与市中心公园的人群分享食物是非法的,这为慈善机构和其他为无家可归者提供食物的组织制造了障碍. [21] 对倡导者、活动家和民间社会组织定罪侵犯了结社、言论和集会自由等若干人权,并破坏了社会凝聚力。", "38. 国家 生活在贫困中的人也不成比例地受到警察施加反社会行为和采取行动命令的权力,以及允许警察“拦截和搜查”个人的公共安全法律。 这些措施往往涉及面很广,需要警察相当的酌处权,警察作出主观判断,不需要承担很高的举证责任。 [22] 过度地说,这些条例针对的是边缘化和最弱势的群体以及他们生活的地区和社区。 在生活贫困的人中,遭受多种形式歧视的人更经常成为目标。 [23] 这些措施回应并强化了对生活在贫困中的人可能参与犯罪活动的歧视性态度,并延续了对贫困的污名化。 例如,在一个国家,关于使用首都地铁的规则允许警察通过穿 \" 毛衣 \" 等手段驱赶其他乘客。", "39. 联合国 尤其令人关切的是针对那些通过街头倒卖谋生的人的惩罚措施。 在许多国家,街头倒卖受到严格限制[25]或非法,[26] 与向街头卖主购买一样。 [27] 研究表明,街头小贩因为没有其他形式的收入,受教育程度低并缺乏就业机会而转向了倒卖. [28] 街头倒卖是最贫穷和最易受伤害的人赚钱养活家庭和生计的一种手段。 当国家对街头小贩实施禁令、繁琐的许可证或严格限制时,它们会严重损害生活贫困者谋生的权利。 [29]", " 40. 40. 虽然各国可以采取合理的条例,但执法人员往往有广泛的酌处权来确定禁止或限制街头倒卖活动的区域、天数和时间。 这使得街头小贩更容易被执法人员、私人或帮派所虐待。 因此,他们的生命和人身安全经常受到威胁,并受到贿赂、勒索和被非法没收。", "41. 国家 当街头摊贩被骚扰或受贿或其物品被摧毁时,严重的结构性不平等和权力不平衡、通信和信息障碍以及无法获得法律代理,使他们几乎不可能向警方投诉。 在街头倒卖是非法的国家,个人由于害怕自己被定罪,不敢向警察报告受到虐待或伤害。 这对街头摊贩来说尤为严重,因为他们是弱势群体的成员,他们面临广泛歧视,历来与警察和当局,如妇女、移民和少数民族有着负面的关系。", "42. 国家 在街头生活或工作的儿童特别容易受到惩罚措施的伤害。 街头儿童过着被虐待、暴力和恐惧所界定的生活,但由于他们被污蔑为犯罪或非法,他们很少求助或补救。 街头儿童被剥削、被贩卖、被迫从事危险工作并被武装部队和武装团体招募,由于害怕受到进一步惩罚或虐待,他们不寻求当局的帮助。 在许多情况下,生活在贫困中的儿童没有在出生时登记,因此无法获得包括初等教育在内的基本服务。 他们无处可去,为了生存,必须从事诸如街头倒卖、乞讨或打包等活动。 [30] 当这些行动被定为非法时,它们就被进一步逼入危险和虐待的境地。", "43. 东帝汶 令人惊讶的是,惩罚与贫困和无家可归有关的行为的条例往往对生活贫困的人处以罚款。 不缴纳罚款的不合逻辑的结果往往是再处以罚款,甚至监禁。 例如,在一个国家,数以千计的人因未支付法院命令的罚款而在一年内被监禁。 [31] 对那些无力支付罚款的人判处监禁,不仅浪费了国家财政和行政资源,而且极大地助长了穷人的社会排斥和经济困难。", "B. 城市规划条例和措施", "44. 国家 在一些国家,城市的改造,通过绅士化政策、社会住房私有化、再发展和通过分区法,产生了迫使生活贫困的人离开城市内城市地区的影响,不仅影响到他们享有适足住房权,而且影响到他们享有广泛的权利。", "45. 国家 作为使城市更加“安全”并吸引投资者、开发商和社会更富裕阶层的一种手段,各国越来越多地利用分区法来优先使用土地,将最贫穷和最脆弱的群体排除在外,如封闭的社区、豪华或高成本的住房以及大型体育基础设施。 当局正在拆除整个街区并驱逐居民,目的是“修复”、“更新”和“保留”该市的“历史和文化遗产”,[32] 或为发展和基础设施项目提供空间。 [33] 因此,这些地区的费用太高,使生活贫困的人无法返回,他们被置于更便宜、交通不便、服务差和地理偏远的街区。 在许多情况下,生活贫困的人未经通知就被强行驱逐,遭受暴力并被损坏或被毁坏。 生活贫困的人在被驱逐后很少能够获得补救和补救,并被剥夺补偿、归还和重新安置。", "46. 经常预算: 这些政策不仅严重影响了城市的包容性和多样性,加剧了对生活贫困者的隔离和社会排斥,而且还严重阻碍了享有适足住房权、工作权、适足生活水准权和参加文化生活权。 [34]", "47. 国家 穷人一旦迁出城市中心,就会远离就业、市场、教育和保健中心。 这反过来限制了她们获得城市中心、公共服务和经济资源的机会,并增加了她们的机会和交通费用,进一步阻碍了她们获得就业。 远离城市中心也意味着被排斥在城市设施和文化生活之外,这进一步助长了生活在贫困中的人遭受孤立和被排斥的感觉。", " 48. 48. 大规模的国家和私有化的基础设施项目,特别是与诸如奥林匹克运动会或足球世界杯等大型活动有关的基础设施项目,进一步加剧了穷人与公共场所的隔离。 在此类事件中,当局往往将生活在贫困中的人从城市地区驱出,并往往强行将他们重新安置在外郊,而没有确保替代住房或获得补救和赔偿,这公然违反了他们的适足住房权。 例如,在首尔,2002年世界杯足球赛的筹备工作包括禁止无家可归者进入该市特定地点,1988年奥运会期间,无家可归者被拘押在城外设施. 还采取行动,在巴塞罗那和亚特兰大奥林匹克运动会期间将无家可归者驱逐出境或定罪。 [35] 这些举措的实际效果是使最贫穷和最受排斥的人完全流离失所,取而代之的是他们不需要和无法进入的基础设施,如旅馆、体育场所和办公楼。", "C. 获得公共服务和社会福利的要求和条件", "49. (中文(简体) ). 各国越来越普遍地对获得公共服务和社会福利施加严格的要求和条件。 [36] 为了证明这些措施的合理性,各国指出需要有效利用公共资源,提高确定目标的准确性,避免依赖性,消除妨碍工作的因素并阻止滥用该系统。 虽然这些措施可能是值得关注的问题,但这些措施的影响往往与它们所追求的目标完全不成比例。 通过对获得服务和福利施加过分的要求和条件,以及对不遵守规定者实行严厉制裁,各国惩罚、羞辱并损害生活贫困者的自主权,加剧了他们在克服自己的处境方面所面临的挑战。 此外,受益者的未来仍然不确定,无法长期规划。", " 50. 50. 支持这些措施的依据不是有力证明这些措施的有效性和经济效益,而是媒体长期存在的歧视性污名和定型观念,它们将享受社会福利的人描绘成懒惰、不诚实和不可信。 要求和条件往往基于强烈的家长式态度;决策者认为,他们的行为符合生活贫穷者的最佳利益,他们不能被信任为自己及其家人作出决定。", "51. 联合国 这些措施不仅会损害受益人的自主权并阻止他们作出自己的选择,而且还会威胁他们享有若干人权,包括参与对他们有直接影响的决定的权利[37],以及他们隐私、家庭、住宅或通信不受国家任意或非法干涉的权利。 [38] 考虑到不遵守过度的条件和要求导致被排除在社会福利之外,有资格领取福利的人一直生活在焦虑中并担心其福利会被取走,并担心他们的主要生存手段被取走。 在这种情况下生活所产生的累积影响威胁到受益人享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利。 [39]", "52. (中文(简体) ). 在许多国家,有资格享受社会福利的人必须通过提供过多的文件和披露无关个人信息来证明他们的权利。 对于受益者来说,这往往是一个压力大而贬低的过程。 生活贫困的人在获得官方证件方面面临若干障碍和代价。 证件可能很昂贵,没有固定地址或没有身份证明的个人很难获得证件。 这在发展中国家尤其常见,一些最脆弱和受排斥的人,特别是妇女和少数民族,出生时没有登记。 获取文件还需要与公职人员进行更多的互动,因为他们往往对生活贫困者的具体需要和情况缺乏足够的了解。 传闻证据表明,社会福利管理者往往对受益者不周到或不周到,他们除了官僚主义障碍外,还必须克服教育、识字和交流方面的差距,努力遵守往往复杂和不透明的要求。", "53. 联合国 领取社会福利往往附带一个苛刻的条件,以便获得政治支持并向公众保证,只有“适当”的穷人才得到支助。 例如,中低收入国家的一些有条件现金转移方案向户主(一般是妇女)支付现金,以换取他们承诺做一些回报,例如让儿童入学和确保他们出勤,或参加保健方案。 虽然这些条件确实鼓励了人力资本投资,但也给妇女带来了额外负担,在设计方案时往往忽略了她们的需要。 缺乏严肃的性别方法可能使关于传统家庭角色和责任的性别定型观念永久化并引发家庭暴力。 [40]", "54. 联合国 在其中一些方案中,不遵守附加条件导致立即取消福利,而没有首先评估不遵守的原因。 这往往还意味着,尽管家庭有其需要,尽管其未能遵守的原因,但家庭仍不能重新申请该方案。", "55. 国家 条件损害受益人的自主性并强化了生活贫困者没有能力负责决策的定型观念。 证据表明,如果资源充足,贫困家庭在不附加条件的情况下,将在教育和保健方面作出同样的投资。 [41] 因此,设计、执行和监测遵守条件所需的额外行政费用将更好地投资于扩大和支持公共服务。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 各国越来越多地采用的另一个条件是要求领取失业、单亲或残疾津贴的人参加就业或培训方案。 虽然转移重返劳动力队伍所需的技能和知识可能是一项重要目标,但这些方案往往是在缺乏诸如提供儿童保育设施等有利条件或没有考虑到以高失业率和迅速实现工业现代化为特点的当前劳动力市场现实等结构性障碍的情况下实施的。 方案特别强调从福利到就业的“毕业”,而没有适当考虑受益者的实际需要,而且往往没有向他们提供获得可持续、生产性和体面工作所需的援助。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 为确保受益者遵守条件和要求,各国往往对其进行密集检查并进行侵入性调查。 社会福利管理人员有权就广泛的个人问题询问受益人,并有权搜查其住所以获取欺诈活动的证据。 [43] 每当要求受益人提供过多的资料时,受益人必须定期报告和披露。 在一些国家,他们甚至必须接受强制性的吸毒筛查。 他们还必须同意当局审查其生活的各个方面并询问他们的朋友、同事和熟人。 [44] 鼓励受益人互相监视,并通过匿名渠道向方案管理员报告侵权行为。 这些侵扰性措施损害受益人的个人独立性,严重干涉他们的隐私权和家庭生活权,使他们容易受到虐待和骚扰,并削弱社区团结。", "58. 联合国 将生物鉴别技术引入社会福利系统意味着,在一些国家,受益人必须接受面部识别技术、手指成像和虹膜扫描。 获得的资料往往可供其他当局查阅,其用途不是提供给它们,而是未经受益者同意。 [46] 这种做法严重威胁到个人资料的保护以及获取和控制个人资料的权利。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 监督政策往往把受益者当作罪犯对待,使他们感到内疚、焦虑和羞愧。 虽然某些控制机制是必要的,但它们必须符合合理性和相称性的要求。 例如,有证据表明,各国在管理社会福利方面采用的控制和监督机制范围显然与社会福利欺诈的普遍程度不成比例。 社会福利的多付往往是国家的行政错误造成的,而不是受益人的欺诈。 [47] 在受益人对多付款负责的情况下,由于错误的可能性远远大于由于欺诈,而当欺诈确实发生时,通常是在小额、仅能维持生计的资金方面的机会性低级欺诈。 然而,决策者将社会福利欺诈视为一个普遍存在的问题,将大量资源用于打击这一现象。 政治花言巧语过多地侧重于社会福利欺诈和税收欺诈,而税收欺诈的成本对国家来说要大得多,而且利用福利欺诈事件影响关于贫穷问题的公众讨论。 [48]", "60. 联合国 社会福利欺诈和不遵守行为受到公众的强烈谴责,并受到当局的严厉打击。 [49] 如果确定存在欺诈,则可以减少个人的利益,以支付被欺诈数额的偿还,并开始对个人提起刑事诉讼。 [50] 当受益人被判犯有欺诈罪时,他或她可能面临终身不得享受社会福利制度。 如果受益人有未执行的令状,他们的社会福利可能被切断,直至令状解决或获得豁免。 这些措施极为严厉,将给已经陷入贫穷和被排斥境地的人带来严重后果,使他们陷入不利境地,从而导致他们首先依赖社会福利。", "61. 国家 被排斥在社会福利援助之外对妇女的影响特别严重,她们占社会福利受益人的大多数,她们一般承担照顾子女和维持家庭的主要责任。 如果妇女得不到社会福利,一般会对整个家庭产生影响。 此外,如果妇女无法获得社会福利,她们更有可能继续或恢复受虐待的关系,或被迫生活在其他弱势境况下。 [51]", "62. 联合国 妇女在其他方面的私人生活和家庭生活也受到国家干涉。 特别是,各国越来越倾向于采取保护儿童的措施,这特别影响到贫穷妇女,[52] 和一般的穷人。 研究表明,儿童保护措施与所涉家庭的不利地位和边缘化之间有着明确而持续的联系。 [53] 不能把贫穷误认为忽视儿童。 国家往往过多地将贫困家庭的儿童作为儿童保护程序的目标,而不是将其努力引向解决儿童贫困的根源。", "63. 国家 生活贫困的人往往会艰难地走过儿童保护进程,在许多国家,这是一个极具侵入性、对抗性的进程。 儿童保护干预措施往往不能向家庭提供关于这一进程的充分信息,而且在许多国家,儿童保护程序中没有规定免费法律援助。 因此,国家与生活在贫困中的家庭之间存在严重的权力不平衡,司法过程可能导致不必要地终止或限制父母权利或其他损害儿童最大利益的结果。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 尽管儿童有权在安全和有养育能力的环境中成长,但他们也有权不与生身父母分离,除非这种分离符合他们的最佳利益。 [54] 儿童保护程序的重点始终应当是儿童的最大利益,而不是惩罚父母。 将父母的忽视和虐待定为犯罪虽然重要,但并不能为贫困和不利处境提供有意义的解决办法。", "D. 过度和任意使用拘留和监禁", "65. 国家 由于执法人员经常使用“贫穷”、“无家可归”或“不利处境”作为犯罪指标,生活贫困的人与刑事司法系统接触的频率过高。 他们还在系统内部或系统外遇到相当大的障碍。 因此,最贫穷和最受排斥的人中,有太多的人被逮捕、拘留和监禁。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 在整个发展中国家和发达国家,保释候审条件日益严格和苛刻,例如,要求个人证明他们与社区的联系,有固定的地址或长期就业,定期向警方报告,或提供现金存款或保证金。 在绝大多数案件中,最贫穷和最受排斥的人不可能满足这些要求,因此,他们更有可能在审判前继续被拘留。 这大大增加了他们最终被定罪的可能性:不仅使他们处于弱势地位,更倾向于接受不公正的 \" 交易 \" 或承认有罪,以争取更快的释放,还助长了被拘留者外表和举止的恶化,妨碍他们与律师联络或获得人格证人的能力,并导致他们失去工作或社会住房,从而对法院判处缓刑或社区服务徒刑造成抑制。 [55] (中文(简体) ).", "67. (中文(简体) ). 无法获得合格和全面的法律援助,对生活贫困者的人权构成严重威胁。 没有适当的代理或建议,个人更有可能被定罪。 在拘留期间,他们无法对侵犯其权利的行为提出抗议,如不安全或不卫生的条件、身体或精神虐待或长时间的拖延,他们更有可能被要求行贿,在支付这些钱时会遇到困难。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 拘留和监禁的经济和社会代价对生活贫困的人来说是毁灭性的。 拘留不仅意味着暂时失去收入,而且往往导致失业,特别是在个人受雇于非正规部门的情况下。 强加犯罪记录对寻找工作造成又一障碍。 拘留和监禁,即使是针对轻微的非暴力犯罪,往往会导致暂时或永久地取消社会福利或剥夺被拘留者及其家人获得社会住房的机会。 [56]", "69. (中文(简体) ). 家庭被迫利用其有限的收入或出售资产来支付保释、法律援助、在刑事设施内获得物品和服务(如食品或电话使用),或前往探视被拘留者。 当父母被拘留时,儿童的教育也经常被中断。 在这种情况下,拘留对被拘留者整个家庭的经济稳定构成严重威胁,并会助长贫穷循环。", "70. 联合国 拘留和监禁还可能对最贫穷和最易受伤害的人造成严重的健康影响,他们可能受到最恶劣的治疗和条件,包括牢房人满为患、卫生设施不足、疾病传播猖獗和保健不足等。 在某些情况下,监狱过度拥挤对被拘留者造成严重影响,甚至可能构成一种残忍和不人道待遇。 [57]", "71. 联合国 因此,穷人和弱势者很可能在经济上、身体上和人身上处于极其不利的地位。 在他们获释后,他们的资产将枯竭,就业机会将减少,获得社会福利的机会有限,社区联系和家庭关系将切断,并将受到更多的社会污名和排斥,从而进一步削弱他们摆脱贫穷的前景。", " V. 结论和建议", "72. 联合国 贫穷是一个复杂而多方面的状况,只有采取措施直接或间接地惩罚、隔离、控制和破坏生活贫穷者的自主权,才能加剧和延续贫穷。 这些措施严重损害了生活贫困者享有广泛人权和自由的能力,加深并延长了贫困和被排斥的循环。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 各国往往以公共安全、健康或安全为由,试图通过惩罚措施为限制人权辩护。 然而,人权法规定了对个人权利施加限制的严格要求。 对生活贫困者享有人权的任何限制必须符合若干保障措施,包括必须在法律上确立、不歧视和相称,并具有合法目的。 国家有责任证明,对生活贫困者享受权利的限制符合国际人权法。", "74. 国家 惩罚措施的动机往往是偏见和消极的定型观念,这些偏见和定型观念无视处境不利和被排斥的现实,不承认生活贫困的人每天为克服面临的多重障碍而奋斗。 贫穷不是生活方式的选择。 无家可归者宁可选择安全、负担得起和适当的住房,而不是公共公园和汽车站。 那些努力依靠社会福利生存的人宁愿有安全、正常、薪酬高的生产性就业,也不愿受到歧视,并一直担心其应享权利会被剥夺。 人们不会选择生活在贫困之中,因此不应为此而受到惩罚。", "75. 国家 导致惩罚穷人的措施无助于解决贫穷和社会排斥的根源。 它们只会进一步巩固生活贫困者面临的多重匮乏,并给减贫和社会包容制造障碍。 因此,它们严重损害了各国履行其尊重、保护和实现人权的义务的能力。", "76. 联合国 各国必须采取积极措施,消除生活贫困者在获得食物、住房、就业、教育和保健服务方面所面临的法律、经济、社会和行政障碍,防止他们与其他人平等享有经济、社会和文化权利,并作为包容性社区的一部分。", "77. 国家 确保至少满足所有经济、社会和文化权利最低基本水平的人权义务意味着有责任通过基本生存,包括提供基本的初级保健、基本住房和住房以及基本形式的教育,确保适足的生活水准。 国家不应将稀少的资源专用于代价高昂的惩罚措施,而应最大限度地利用现有资源,确保生活贫困者能够享有所有经济、政治、社会、公民和文化权利。", "78. 国家 城市改造、私有化、绅士化、美化和再发展会严重损害生活贫困者的几项权利并助长排斥和污名化。 由于这些现象,生活贫困者逐渐被推入城市中心的边缘,他们获得就业和公共服务以及享有参加文化生活的权利的能力受到威胁。 与住房权有关的适足性概念,除其他要素外,要求考虑诸如服务和基础设施的提供、可负担性和可获得性等因素。 它还要求各国避免强迫驱逐。", "79. 联合国 公共服务和社会福利在生活贫困的人的生活中发挥了不可或缺的作用,提供了重要的支持和援助,特别是在经济和社会困难时期。 虽然这些福利往往不足以满足受益人及其家庭的需要,但它们确实提供了他们有权获得的重要支助形式,没有这种支助,他们就无法生存。 各国必须避免强加羞辱、定型和惩罚受益人的要求和条件。 这些措施只会损害社会福利所提供的基本支持,并给生活贫困的人造成进一步的障碍。", "80个 虽然防止欺诈是一个合法的目标,但诸如侵入性监督政策、苛刻条件、过分的披露要求和社会福利制度中的广泛维持治安等措施与其目的不相称,它们源于公开和隐蔽的歧视性态度和做法,只会加剧受益者所经历的贫困。", "81个 考虑到拘留、监禁和监禁对生活贫困的人具有如此广泛和长期的负面影响,各国只有在满足迫切的社会需要所必需的情况下,才能以与这种需要相称的方式剥夺自由。 被拘留的最贫穷和最易受伤害的个人必须能够平等地利用自由、公正和有效的法庭程序,必须与社会中较富裕的阶层一样享有获得人道条件和尊重的待遇的同样权利。", "82. 在这方面,特别报告员想提出以下建议:", "(a) 各国应采取一切必要措施,消除对生活贫困者的一切直接和间接歧视。 各国必须避免通过任何法律、条例或做法,剥夺或限制生活贫困者享有包括经济、社会和文化权利在内的所有权利。 各国必须审查国家立法,以评估是否存在对生活贫困者的任何歧视性影响,并废除或修订旨在或实际上损害生活贫困者平等享有权利的立法;", "(b) 国家 为了遏制今后的歧视,必须通过有关生活贫困者的全面反歧视立法。 各国应确保法律和法院适用的法律禁止基于经济和社会地位的歧视;", "(c) 各国应采取特别措施,保护生活贫困者的权利不受第三方侵犯。 为此,各国应:", "(一) 开展教育方案和运动,使人民认识到生活贫困者在克服其处境时面临的多重障碍;", "(二) 鼓励媒体避免有偏见的报道和耸人听闻的报道,因为这些报道和报道使对生活贫困者的歧视性定型观念永久化。 为此,各国应促进道德新闻,并鼓励通过行为守则来结束对生活贫困的人、无家可归者、失业者和社会福利领取者的负面描述;", "(三) 确保公共服务提供者和其他非公共实体不歧视生活贫困者。 各国应采取立法措施,防止和惩罚私人实体侵犯生活贫困者权利的行为;", "(d) 各国应创造有利环境,为生活贫困者参与公共生活和对其生活有影响的决定提供便利。 为此,各国必须查明并解决阻碍弱势和边缘化群体充分参与决策进程的体制障碍;", "(e) 获得法律代理至关重要,是各种形式惩罚生活贫困者的基础。 各国应确保向社会最贫穷阶层提供高质量的法律援助,不仅针对刑事诉讼,而且针对与生活贫困者特别相关的问题,如社会福利上诉、驱逐和儿童保护程序;", "(f) 各国必须确保所有刑事和管制政策符合人权标准,包括平等和不歧视以及无罪推定等原则。 专门针对生活贫困者的特定行为和行动的法律构成基于经济和社会地位的歧视,应予以废除;", "(g) 各国应回顾其确保人人有适当生活水准权所含适当住房权的义务。 这项权利要求各国确保住房的可负担性及其获得社会服务和基础设施的机会。 他们还必须避免强行驱逐。 在迫迁不可避免的情况下,国家应确保驱逐方式尊重受影响者的尊严和生命权及安全;[58]", "(h) 社会福利制度的设计和执行必须符合人权规范,包括生活贫困者的隐私权和家庭生活权,以及参与影响他们的决定的权利。 必须审查监督政策、条件和其他要求,以确保这些政策、条件和其他要求不因给生活贫困的人造成不成比例的负担而违反人权义务。 在收集和处理与受益人有关的信息时,各国应确保遵守国际公认的隐私和保密标准,未经受益人同意,不得将此类信息传播给其他当局或用于其他目的;", "(一) 国家只有在为满足迫切社会需要所必需时,并以符合这种需要的方式,才可诉诸拘留和监禁。 各国必须确保逮捕或拘留不会对生活贫困的人造成过大的影响。 为此,各国应:", "审查所有拘留和监禁政策和立法,以查明并消除对生活贫困的人极为不利的歧视性法律和做法。 应制定措施,使警察、法院和公职人员能够根据每个人的情况充分评估拘留或监禁的潜在影响;", "确保保释程序尽可能考虑到生活贫困者的经济和社会状况。", "[1] 会议详情见www.ichrp.org/en/project/162。", "[2] E/C.12/2001/10, 第30段。 8. 联合国", "[3] 例如,见《世界人权宣言》第2条。 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第二条。 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二条和第二十六条;《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第二条。 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》,第1条。 《儿童权利公约》第2条。 《残疾人权利公约》第二条。 5 (韩语).", "[4] 例如,见经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第20号一般性意见;人权事务委员会,第18号一般性意见;消除种族歧视委员会,第14号一般性建议;Marckx诉比利时,欧洲人权法院,第6833/74号申请,1979年6月13日判决,第33段;美洲人权法院,第4号咨询意见,“哥斯达黎加宪法归化条款的拟议修正”,1984年1月19日OC-4/84, 第57段。", "[5] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第20号一般性意见,第20段。 8. 联合国", "[6] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第20号一般性意见,第10和12段;人权事务委员会,第18号一般性意见,第12段。 消除种族歧视委员会,第14号一般性建议,第9段。 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》,第28号一般性建议,第1段。 16号.", "[7] 人权事务委员会在其判例中重申,歧视的理由并非详尽无遗,“其他地位”具有无限的含义。 另见经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第20号一般性意见,第2段。 35. 《美洲人权公约》第1条明确将经济地位和社会状况列为歧视理由。 其他禁止歧视的理由,如“财产”甚至“社会出身”也可能与解决贫困问题有关。", "[8] 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》,第十八条、第十九条、第二十一条和第二十二条;《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》,第十八条。 《欧洲社会宪章》第31条第1款;《圣萨尔瓦多议定书》第3条。 5. 这些要求的内容已在其他地方广泛发展。 例如,见《关于公民权利和政治权利国际公约限制和克减条款的锡拉库萨原则》(E/CN.4/1985/4,附件)和《关于执行经济、社会、文化权利国际公约的林堡原则》(E/CN.4/1987/17,附件)。", "[9] 见锡拉库萨原则的原则10和16和林堡原则的原则60(上文注8)。", "[10] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》,第2(1)条。", "[11] 《世界人权宣言》第二十一条;《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二十五条。", "[12] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第14号一般性意见。", "[13] Antonio Tossi,“无家可归与控制公共空间:将穷人定罪?” 《欧洲无家可归问题杂志》,第1卷(2007年12月),第226页。", "[14] 例如,见第2节,《1999年安全街道法》(加拿大安大略省);第2(1)节,《2004年安全街道法》(加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省);第3节,《1824年流浪法》(联合王国)。", "[15] 第2(1)条,1959年孟买(防止乞讨)法。", "[16] 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》,第16条。 26. 联合国", "[17] 例如,在调查的235个美国城市中,33%禁止露营,30%禁止在某些公共场所坐或躺. 见全国无家可归和贫困法律中心和全国无家可归者联盟,“没有手铐”,2009年7月。 可查阅www.nlchp.org。", "[18] 詹姆斯·法雷尔, “前进、前进:澳大利亚的警察权力和公共空间”,将于2011年8月由开放民主发表(www.openDemocracy.net)。", "[19] 《世界人权宣言》,第2条。 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第五条。 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十二条。 7. 美国的一些司法管辖区接受这样的论点,即对无家可归者的处罚可能构成残忍和不人道待遇。 见Pottinger诉迈阿密市 76 F.3d 1154(1996年第11回);Johnson诉达拉斯市 61 F.3d 442(1995年第5回)。", "[20] Mandeep Tiwana和Netsanet Belay,“民间社会:压制是真实的——2009-2010年全球趋势”,公民参与公民世界联盟,2010年12月。 可查阅www.civicus.org。", "[21] 例如,见美国佛罗里达州奥兰多市法典第18A.01节. 另见“Homes not hughle”(上文注17),第11页。", "[22] 见George Lavendar,“Gang禁令只是将贫困社区定罪”,《卫报》,2011年2月1日。", "[23] 例如,一个国家的黑人比白人更有可能受到警察的“拦截和搜查”权力,亚洲人的可能性是白人的六倍。 见 \" 警察拦截和搜查权力`目标少数民族 ' \" ,英国广播公司新闻,2010年3月15日。", "[24] 布达佩斯交通公司(BKV Zrt),“旅行的条款和条件”,可查阅www.bkv.hu/en/travel_enters/terms_and_enters_of_travelling。", "[25] (中文(简体) ). 例如,纽约市就是这种情况(见Jennifer Lee,“街头交易作为缓解失业状况的一种方式”,《纽约时报》,2009年4月29日)和德班(见Blessing Karumbidza,“将穷人的生计定为犯罪:在德班将非正规贸易正规化对女性和移民贸易商的影响”,南非社会经济权利研究所,2011年)。", "[26] 例如,在泰国的一些城市(1992年《城市清洁和秩序法》和1992年《公共卫生法》)和柬埔寨(《公共秩序次级法令》)。 见Kyoko Kusakabe,“街头贩卖的政策问题:泰国、柬埔寨和蒙古的研究概览”,国际劳工局,2006年。", "[27] Bosco R. Asiimwe,“惩罚供应商客户的Nyarugenge”,卢旺达新时报,2011年8月3日。", "[28] Kusakabe(上文注26),第23页。", "[29] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》,第2条。 6. 国家", "[30] A/HRC/16/L.13/Rev.1, 第3(e)段。", "[31] 爱尔兰刑事改革信托基金,“6,681人因2010年不缴纳罚款而被监禁”,2011年2月2日。", "[32] 艾费尔·巴图·坎丹和比雷·科尔卢奥格卢, “新自由主义的新兴空间:伊斯坦布尔一个有大门的城镇和公共住房项目”,《土耳其的新观点》,第29卷(2008年),第16页。", "[33] 见A/HRC/4/18, 第21至24段。", "[34] 《世界人权宣言》第二十七条;《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第六、十一和十五条;经济、社会和文化权利委员会第7、18和21号一般性意见。", "[35] 这些例子和其他例子见A/HRC/13/20, 第18和25-27段。", "[36] 在本报告中, \" 社会福利 \" 一词是指通过国家福利、社会保障和社会援助制度向个人提供的任何福利,包括现金转移、食品或食品券;残疾或疾病津贴、失业津贴、单亲或子女津贴、非缴费性社会养恤金、住房援助和教育援助。", "[37] 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二十五条。", "[38] 《世界人权宣言》,第3条。 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》,第十七条。", "[39] 《世界人权宣言》第二十五条;《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第二十五条。 12. 经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第14号一般性意见。", "[40] 见A/HRC/11/9和A/65/259。", "[41] Armando Barrientos,“除贫方案的条件”,《贫穷和社会正义杂志》,第19卷,第1期(2011年),第19页。", "[42] 《世界人权宣言》第二十三条;《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第二十三条。 6. 国家", "[43] Falkiner诉安大略省(社区和社会服务部)(2002年),59 O.R.(3d)481 (C.A.),加拿大公民自由协会事实,第5页。", "[44] 同上。", "[45] 例如,印度正在推出印度独特身份鉴定局计划,根据该计划,个人将获得与生物鉴别数据挂钩的独特身份号码。 见印度身份鉴定局,“Aadhaar是什么?” 可在http://uidai.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57和Projectid=105查阅。", "[46] 例如,见Anemona Hartocollis,“关于该市最需要的社会服务数据库汇编”,《纽约时报》,2011年6月16日。", "[47] Tamara Walsh和Greg Marston,“澳大利亚的多付款、福利欺诈和经济困难”,《社会保障法杂志》,第17卷,第2期(2010年),第101页。", "[48] 例如,在一个国家,据估计在2009/10年度,社会福利欺诈和错误使国家损失了33亿英镑,而逃税则使国家损失了400亿英镑。 见Deborah Padfield,“欺诈:避税和逃税”,2011年7月20日。 可查阅www.opendemocracy.net。", "[49] M.D.R. Evans和J. Kelley,“逃税和福利欺诈是否是错误的? 《澳大利亚社会监测》,第3卷,第4期(2001年),第93页。", "[50] Walsh和Marston(上文注47),第109页。", "[51] Mary E. Baker,“虐待家庭中面对母亲的双重束缚:社会支助制度、监护结果和对他人行为的责任”,芝加哥大学法学院圆桌会议,第2卷(1995年),第13页。", "[52] Heather Douglas和Tamara Walsh,“母亲与儿童保护制度”,《国际法杂志》,政策与家庭,第23卷,第2期(2009年8月),第211页;Naomi Cahn,“维持妇女治安:道德论点和定罪的两难处境”,DePaul Law Review, 第49卷(2000年),第817页。", "[53] (中文(简体) ). 在一些国家,接受公共援助的家庭受到调查的可能性是其他家庭的四倍,并且根据虐待儿童的情况将其子女从家中带走。 见Douglas J. Berharov,“虐待儿童的现实:多报和贫穷”,《弗吉尼亚社会政策和法律杂志》,第8卷(2000年),第183-184页。", "[54] 《儿童权利公约》,第5条。 9. 国家", "[55] E/CN.4/2006/7, 第66段。", "[56] 例如,见“没有第二次机会:有犯罪记录的人无法获得公共住房”,人权观察,2005年11月17日。", "[57] Brown诉Plata案,美国最高法院,第09-1233号,2011年5月23日(引文尚未提供)。", "[58] 见经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第7号一般性意见;基于发展的驱逐和流离失所问题基本原则和准则(A/HRC/4/18)。" ]

[ "Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force", "of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "New York, 23 September 2011", "DRAFT RULES OF PROCEDURE", "CONTENTS", "Rule Page", "I. REPRESENTATION AND CREDENTIALS 3", "1. Participating States 3", "2. Composition of delegations 3", "3. Credentials 3", "4. Credentials Committee 4", "5. Provisional participation 4", "II. OFFICERS 4", "6. Election 4", "7. Acting President 4", "8. Participation of the President in decision-taking 4", "III. GENERAL COMMITTEE 5", "9. Composition 5", "10. Functions 5", "IV. SECRETARIAT 5", "11. Duties of the Secretary of the Conference 5", "12. Duties of the Secretariat 5", "V. SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS 6", "13. Duties of the Secretary-General 6", "VI. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OF THE PREPARATORY COMMISSION FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR-TEST-BAN TREATY ORGANIZATION 6", "14. Duties of the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organization 6", "VII. CONDUCT OF BUSINESS 7", "15. Quorum 7", "16. General powers of the President 7", "17. Points of order 7", "18.. Speeches 7", "19. Precedence 8", "20. Closing of the list of speakers 8", "21. Rights of reply 8", "22. Suspension or adjournment of the meeting 9", "23. Adjournment of debate 9", "24. Closure of debate 9", "25. Order of motions 9", "26. Submission of proposals and amendments 10", "27. Withdrawal of proposals and motions 10", "28. Decision on competence 10", "29. Reconsideration of proposals 10", "VIII. DECISION-TAKING 11", "30. Adoption of decisions 11", "31. Meaning of the phrase “ratifiers present and voting” 11", "32. Method of voting 11", "33. Conduct during voting 11", "IX. SUBSIDIARY ORGANS OF THE CONFERENCE 12", "34. Subsidiary organs 12", "X. LANGUAGES AND RECORDS 12", "35. Languages of the Conference 12", "36. Interpretation 12", "37. Languages of official documents 12", "38. Sound recordings of meetings 12", "XI. OPEN AND CLOSED MEETINGS 13", "39. Open and closed meetings 13", "XII. OTHER STATES, INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, ENTITIES AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 13", "40. Other States 13", "41. Specialized agencies, related organizations and intergovernmental organizations 13", "42. Entities having been granted observer status in the United Nations General", "Assembly 13", "43. Non-governmental organizations 14", "XIII. AMENDMENT OR SUSPENSION OF THE RULES OF PROCEDURE 14", "44. Method of amendment 14", "45. Method of suspension 14", "The purpose of the Conference is to examine the extent to which the requirement for entry into force set out in Article XIV, paragraph 1 of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (hereinafter “the Treaty”) has been met and to consider and decide by consensus what measures consistent with international law may be undertaken to accelerate the ratification process in order to facilitate the early entry into force of the Treaty.", "I. REPRESENTATION AND CREDENTIALS", "Participating States", "Rule 1", "1. Each State that has already deposited its instrument of ratification of the Treaty before the opening of the Conference (hereinafter “ratifier”) may participate in and be represented at the Conference convened pursuant to paragraph 3 of Article XIV of the Treaty.", "2. Each State Signatory, which has not yet deposited its instrument of ratification of the Treaty before the opening of the Conference (hereinafter “signatory”), may attend the Conference in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article XIV of the Treaty.", "3. The term “participating States” refers to ratifiers and signatories.", "Composition of delegations", "Rule 2", "The delegation of a participating State shall consist of a head of delegation and such other alternates and advisers as may be required. The head of delegation may designate an alternate or adviser to act in his or her place.", "Credentials", "Rule 3", "The credentials of representatives of ratifiers and the names of alternate representatives and advisers shall be submitted to the Secretariat of the Conference, if possible not less than one week before the date fixed for the opening of the Conference. Credentials shall be issued by the Head of State or Government or by the Minister for Foreign Affairs.", "Credentials Committee", "Rule 4", "The Conference shall establish a Credentials Committee, which shall consist of five representatives of ratifiers appointed by the Conference on proposal of the President. The Committee shall examine the credentials of representatives and report to the Conference without delay.", "Provisional participation", "Rule 5", "Pending a decision of the Conference upon their credentials, representatives shall be entitled to participate provisionally in the Conference.", "II. OFFICERS", "Election", "Rule 6", "The Conference shall elect a President and up to six Vice-Presidents. A majority of the Vice-Presidents shall be chosen from the ratifiers. The officers shall be so elected as to ensure a representative distribution of posts.", "Acting President", "Rule 7", "1. If the President finds it necessary to be absent from a meeting or any part thereof, he or she shall designate one of the Vice-Presidents from a ratifier to take his or her place.", "2. A Vice-President acting as President shall have the same powers and duties as the President.", "Participation of the President in decision-taking", "Rule 8", "The President, or a Vice-President acting as President, shall not participate in taking decisions, but shall appoint another member of his or her delegation to do so in his or her place.", "III. GENERAL COMMITTEE", "Composition", "Rule 9", "1. The General Committee shall be composed of the President of the Conference and the Vice-Presidents of the Conference chosen from among the participating States.", "2. If the President is unable to attend a meeting of the General Committee, he or she may designate a Vice-President from a ratifier to preside at such meeting and a member of his or her delegation to attend the meeting in his or her place. If a Vice-President is unable to attend, he or she may designate a member of his or her delegation to attend the meeting in his or her place.", "Functions", "Rule 10", "The General Committee shall assist the President in the general conduct of the business of the Conference and, subject to decisions of the Conference, shall ensure the coordination of its work.", "IV. SECRETARIAT", "Duties of the Secretary of the Conference", "Rule 11", "1. There shall be a Secretary of the Conference. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall nominate the Secretary of the Conference. He or she shall act in that capacity in all meetings of the Conference and its subsidiary organs and may designate a member of the Secretariat to act in his or her place at these meetings.", "2. The Secretary of the Conference shall direct the staff of the Conference.", "Duties of the Secretariat", "Rule 12", "The Secretariat of the Conference shall, in accordance with these rules:", "(a) Interpret speeches made at meetings;", "(b) Receive, translate, reproduce and distribute the documents of the Conference;", "(c) Publish and circulate the official documents of the Conference;", "(d) Make and arrange for the keeping of sound recordings of the meetings of the Conference;", "(e) Arrange for the custody and preservation of the records of the Conference in the archives of the United Nations; and", "(f) Generally perform all other work that the Conference may require.", "V. SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS", "Duties of the Secretary-General", "Rule 13", "The Secretary-General shall act at the Conference in his capacity as Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General may designate a member of the Secretariat of the United Nations as his representative to participate in the Conference on his behalf. The Secretary-General or his representative shall be entitled to make oral or written statements concerning any matter under consideration by the Conference.", "VI. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OF THE", "PREPARATORY COMMISSION FOR THE", "COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR-TEST-BAN TREATY ORGANIZATION", "Duties of the Executive Secretary of the", "Preparatory Commission for the", "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "Rule 14", "The Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization may act at the Conference in that capacity. The Executive Secretary may designate a member of the Provisional Technical Secretariat of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization as his representative to participate in the Conference on his behalf. The Executive Secretary or his representative shall be entitled, within his competence as Executive Secretary, to make oral or written statements concerning any matter under consideration by the Conference.", "VII. CONDUCT OF BUSINESS", "Quorum", "Rule 15", "The presence of representatives of a majority of the ratifiers shall be required for any decision to be taken.", "General powers of the President", "Rule 16", "1. In addition to exercising the powers conferred upon him or her elsewhere by these rules, the President shall preside at the plenary meetings of the Conference, declare the opening and closing of each meeting, direct the discussions, ensure observance of these rules, accord the right to speak, put questions to the Conference for decision and announce such decisions. He or she shall rule on points of order and, subject to these rules, have complete control of the proceedings and over the maintenance of order thereat. He or she may propose to the Conference the closure of the list of speakers, a limitation on the time to be allowed to speakers on a question, the adjournment or the closure of the debate, and the suspension or the adjournment of a meeting.", "2. The President, in the exercise of his or her functions, remains under the authority of the Conference.", "Points of order", "Rule 17", "A representative of a participating State may at any time raise a point of order, which shall be decided upon immediately by the President in accordance with these rules. A representative of a participating State may appeal against the ruling of the President. The appeal shall be put to the Conference for decision immediately, and the President's ruling shall stand unless overruled by a majority of ratifiers present and voting. A representative of a participating State may not, in raising a point of order, speak on the substance of the matter under discussion.", "Speeches", "Rule 18", "1. No one may address the Conference without having previously obtained the permission of the President, who shall, subject to rules 17, 19 and 22 to 24, call upon speakers in the order in which they signify their desire to speak.", "2. Debate shall be confined to the question before the Conference and the President may call a speaker to order if his or her remarks are not relevant to the subject under discussion.", "3. The Conference may limit the time allowed to each speaker and the number of times each representative of a participating State may speak on a question. Before a decision is taken, two representatives of participating States may speak in favour and two against, a proposal to set such limits. In any event, the President shall limit interventions on procedural questions to a maximum of three minutes. When the debate is limited and a speaker exceeds the allocated time, the President shall call him or her to order without delay.", "Precedence", "Rule 19", "The Chairman of a subsidiary organ may be accorded precedence for the purpose of explaining the conclusion arrived at by that organ.", "Closing of the list of speakers", "Rule 20", "During the course of the debate the President may announce the list of speakers and, with the consent of the Conference, declare the list closed. When there are no more speakers on the list, the President may declare the debate closed.", "Rights of reply", "Rule 21", "1. Notwithstanding rule 20, the President shall accord the right of reply to a representative of a participating State who requests it.", "2. Replies made pursuant to this rule shall normally be made at the end of the last meeting of the day.", "3. No delegation may make more than one statement under this rule at a given meeting.", "4. An intervention in the exercise of the right of reply for any delegation at a given meeting shall be limited to three minutes.", "Suspension or adjournment of the meeting", "Rule 22", "A representative of a ratifier may at any time move the suspension or the adjournment of the meeting. Such motions shall not be debated but shall, subject to rule 25, be put immediately to the Conference for decision.", "Adjournment of debate", "Rule 23", "A representative of a ratifier may at any time move the adjournment of the debate on the question under discussion. In addition to the proposer of the motion, two representatives of participating States may speak in favour of, and two against, the adjournment, after which the motion shall, subject to rule 25, be put immediately to the Conference for decision.", "Closure of debate", "Rule 24", "A representative of a ratifier may at any time move the closure of the debate on the question under discussion, whether or not any other representative of a participating State has signified a wish to speak. Permission to speak on the closure of the debate shall be accorded only to two speakers opposing the closure, after which the motion shall, subject to rule 25, be put immediately to the Conference for decision.", "Order of motions", "Rule 25", "Subject to rule 17, the motions indicated below shall have the precedence in the following order over all other proposals or motions before the meeting:", "(a) To suspend the meeting;", "(b) To adjourn the meeting;", "(c) To adjourn the debate on the question under discussion;", "(d) To close the debate on the question under discussion.", "Submission of proposals and amendments", "Rule 26", "Proposals and amendments put forward by participating States shall normally be submitted in writing to the Secretariat of the Conference, which shall circulate copies to all delegations. As a general rule, no proposal shall be discussed or put to a decision unless copies of it have been circulated to all delegations not later than a day preceding the meeting. The President may, however, permit the consideration of amendments or proposals, even though the amendments or proposals have not been circulated or have only been circulated the same day.", "Withdrawal of proposals and motions", "Rule 27", "A proposal or a motion may be withdrawn by its sponsor at any time before a decision on it has been taken, provided that it has not been amended. A proposal or a motion thus withdrawn may be reintroduced by any representative of a participating State.", "Decision on competence", "Rule 28", "Subject to rules 17 and 25, any motion by a participating State calling for a decision on the competence of the Conference to discuss any matter or to adopt a proposal submitted to it shall be decided before the matter is discussed or a decision is taken on the proposal in question. If consensus is not attainable, the Conference shall take a decision by a two-thirds majority of the ratifiers present and voting, taking into account, to the maximum extent possible, views expressed at the Conference by signatories.", "Reconsideration of proposals", "Rule 29", "When a proposal has been adopted or rejected it may not be reconsidered unless the Conference takes a decision to that effect. Permission to speak on a motion to reconsider shall be accorded only to two speakers opposing reconsideration, after which it shall be put immediately to the Conference for a decision.", "VIII. DECISION-TAKING", "Adoption of decisions", "Rule 30", "1. Decisions on the measures referred to in paragraph 2 of Article XIV of the Treaty shall be taken by consensus of ratifiers, taking into account, to the maximum extent possible, views expressed at the Conference by signatories.", "2 Decisions on matters of procedure shall be taken by a majority of ratifiers present and voting, taking into account, to the maximum extent possible, views expressed at the Conference by signatories.", "3. When an issue arises as to whether a question is one of substance, as provided for in paragraph 1 above, or of procedure, that question shall be treated as a matter of substance.", "Meaning of the phrase “ratifiers present and voting”", "Rule 31", "For the purpose of these rules, the phrase “ratifiers present and voting” means representatives of ratifiers present and casting an affirmative or negative vote. Ratifiers who abstain from voting shall be considered as not voting.", "Method of voting", "Rule 32", "The ratifiers shall normally vote by show of hands or by standing, but any ratifier may request a roll call. The roll call shall be taken in the English alphabetical order of the names of the ratifiers, beginning with the delegation whose name is drawn by lot by the President. The name of each ratifier shall be called in all roll calls and its representatives shall reply “yes”, “no” or “abstention”. In the case of a decision on a matter of procedure, a vote will be taken consistent with paragraph 2 of rule 30.", "Conduct during voting", "Rule 33", "The President shall announce the commencement of voting, after which no representative of a ratifier shall be permitted to intervene until the result of the vote has been announced, except on a point of order in connection with the process of voting.", "IX. SUBSIDIARY ORGANS OF THE CONFERENCE", "Subsidiary organs", "Rule 34", "1. The Conference may establish such subsidiary organs as may be needed for the conduct of its work.", "2. The rules of procedure of the Conference shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to its subsidiary organs, unless decided otherwise.", "X. LANGUAGES AND RECORDS", "Languages of the Conference", "Rule 35", "The languages of the Treaty shall be the official languages of the Conference.", "Interpretation", "Rule 36", "1. Speeches made in a language of the Conference shall be interpreted into other official languages of the Conference.", "2. A representative of a participating State may make a speech in a language other than a language of the Conference if his or her delegation provides for interpretation into one such language.", "Languages of official documents", "Rule 37", "Official documents of the Conference shall be made available in the languages of the Conference.", "Sound recordings of meetings", "Rule 38", "Sound recordings of meetings of the Conference and its subsidiary organs shall be made and kept in accordance with the practice of the United Nations.", "XI. OPEN AND CLOSED MEETINGS", "Open and closed meetings", "Rule 39", "1. The plenary meetings of the Conference shall be open unless otherwise decided by the Conference.", "2. Meetings of the subsidiary organs shall be restricted to participating States as defined in rule 1, unless otherwise decided by the Conference.", "XII. OTHER STATES, INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, ENTITIES AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS", "Other States", "Rule 40", "Any State which, in accordance with Article XI of the Treaty, has the right to sign the Treaty, but has not yet done so, may attend the Conference. Representatives of these States shall be entitled to attend open meetings of the Conference, to address the Conference under the agenda item allocated for this purpose, to receive the documents of the Conference and to submit written contributions on matters under consideration by the Conference.", "Specialized agencies, related organizations", "and intergovernmental organizations", "Rule 41", "Any specialized agency, related organization or intergovernmental organization having received a standing invitation to participate as an observer in the sessions and the work of the United Nations General Assembly may apply to the Secretariat of the Conference to attend the Conference. Permission to attend will be granted on the decision of the Conference. Such a specialized agency, related organization or intergovernmental organization shall be entitled to attend open meetings of the Conference, to receive the documents of the Conference and to submit written contributions on matters under consideration by the Conference.", "Entities having been granted observer status", "in the United Nations General Assembly", "Rule 42", "Any entity having received a standing invitation to participate as an observer in the sessions and the work of the United Nations General Assembly and maintaining permanent observer missions or permanent offices at United Nations Headquarters may apply to the Secretariat of the Conference to attend the Conference. Permission to attend will be granted on the decision of the Conference. Such an entity shall be entitled to attend open meetings of the Conference, to receive the documents of the Conference and to submit written contributions on matters under consideration by the Conference.", "Non-governmental organizations", "Rule 43", "Any non-governmental organization (NGO) that wishes to attend the Conference may apply to the Secretariat of the Conference to attend the Conference. Permission to attend will be granted on the decision of the Conference. Such a non-governmental organization shall be entitled to attend open meetings of the Conference, to receive upon request the documents of the Conference and to make available at its own cost written contributions on matters under consideration by the Conference. At the invitation of the President of the Conference, a representative chosen by NGOs attending the Conference from among their number would be allowed to address the Conference under the agenda item allocated for this purpose.", "XIII. AMENDMENT OR SUSPENSION OF THE RULES OF PROCEDURE", "Method of amendment", "Rule 44", "Subject to Article XIV of the Treaty, these rules of procedure may be amended by a decision by a majority of ratifiers present and voting.", "Method of suspension", "Rule 45", "Subject to Article XIV of the Treaty, any of these rules may be suspended by the Conference, provided that 24 hours’ notice of the proposal for the suspension has been given, which may be waived if no representative of a ratifier objects. Any such suspension shall be limited to a specific and stated purpose and to a period required to achieve that purpose." ]

[ "促进《全面禁止核试验条约》生效会议", "2011年9月23日，纽约", "议事规则草案", "目录", "规则 页次 \n一.代表和全权证书 3\t\n1.与会国 3\t\n2.代表团的组成 3\t\n3.全权证书 3\t\n4.全权证书委员会 3\t\n5.暂准出席会议 3 \n二.主席团成员 4\t\n6.选举 4\t\n7.代理主席 4\t\n8.主席参与决策 4 \n三.总务委员会 4\t\n9.组成 4\t\n10.职能 4 \n四.秘书处 4\t\n11. 会议秘书的职责 4\t\n12.秘书处的职责 5 \n五. 5 \n联合国秘书长 \n13.秘书长的职责 5 \n六. 5 \n全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会执行秘书 \n14. 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会执行秘书的职责 5 \n七.会议的掌握 5\t\n15.法定人数 5\t\n16. 主席的一般权力 5\t\n17.程序问题 6\t\n18.发言 6\t\n19.优先发言 6\t\n20.发言报名截止 6\t\n21. 答辩权 6\t\n22. 暂停会议或休会 7\t\n23.暂停辩论 7\t\n24.结束辩论 7\t\n25. 动议的先后次序 7\t\n26. 提案和修正案的提出 7\t\n27.提案和动议的撤回 7\t\n28. 关于权限的决定 8\t\n29. 提案的重新审议 8 \n八.决策 8\t\n30.决定的作出 8\t31. 8 \n“出席并参加表决的批准国”一语的含义 32. 8 \n表决方法 33. 9 \n表决守则 \n九. 9 \n会议附属机关 34. 9 \n附属机关 \n十.语文和记录 9\t\n35.会议的语文 9\t36. 9 \n 口译 \n37.正式文件的语文 9\t\n38.会议的录音记录 9 \n十一.公开会议和非公开会议 10\t39. 10 \n公开会议和非公开会议 \n十二.其他国家、政府间组织、实体和非政府组织 10\t40. 10 \n其他国家 \n41.专门机构、有关组织和政府间组织 10\t42. 10 \n获得联合国大会咨商地位的实体 \n43.非政府组织 10 \n十三.议事规则的修正或暂停适用 11\t44. 11 \n修正方法 \n45.暂停适用的方法 11", "会议的目的是审查在达到《全面禁止核试验条约》（下称“条约”）第14条第1款所列生效要求方面的情况，审议并以协商一致的方式决定可采取哪些符合国际法的措施来加快批准过程，以促进条约早日生效。", "一. 代表和全权证书", "与会国", "第1条", "1. 凡是在大会开幕之前已提交其条约批准文书的国家（下称“批准国”），均可参加依照条约第14条第3款举行的会议并派代表出席会议。", "2. 凡是在会议开幕之前尚未交存其条约批准文书的签署国（下称“签署国”），均可依照条约第14条第4款出席会议。", "3. “与会国”一词系指批准国和签署国。", "代表团的组成", "第2条", "与会国的代表团应由一名代表团团长和其他必要的副代表和顾问组成。代表团团长可指定一名副代表或顾问代行职责。", "全权证书", "第3条", "批准国代表的全权证书和副代表和顾问的姓名，应尽量在为会议开幕确定的日期之前至少提前一周提交会议秘书处。全权证书应由国家元首或政府首脑或由外交部长签发。", "全权证书委员会", "第4条", "会议应设立全权证书委员会，全权证书委员会应由会议根据主席的提议任命的批准国的五名代表组成。全权证书委员会应审查代表的全权证书并应尽快向会议提出报告。", "暂准出席会议", "第5条", "在会议就代表的全权证书作出决定之前，应暂准代表出席会议。", "二. 主席团成员", "选举", "第6条", "会议应选举一名主席和至多六名副主席。副主席中半数以上应自批准国中选出。主席团成员的选举应确保职位分配的代表性。", "代理主席", "第7条", "1. 如果主席不能出席某次会议或会议的一部分，应由其从批准国中指定其中的一名副主席代行主席职务。", "2. 副主席代理主席时，其权力和职责应与主席相同。", "主席参与决策", "第8条", "主席或代理主席的副主席不得参与决策，而应指定其所属代表团的另一名成员代行此事。", "三. 总务委员会", "组成", "第9条", "1. 总务委员会应由会议主席和自出席会议国家中选出的副主席组成。", "2. 如果主席不能出席总务委员会会议，可由其自批准国中指定一名副主席来主持这一会议，并指定其所属代表团的一名成员代为出席。如果副主席不能出席，可由其指定其所属代表团的一名成员代为出席。", "职能", "第10条", "总务委员会应协助主席总理会议事务，并根据会议作出的决定，确保其工作的协调。", "四. 秘书处", "会议秘书的职责", "第11条", "1. 会议应设一会议秘书。会议秘书应由联合国秘书长任命。会议秘书应在会议及其附属机关的所有会议上以会议秘书的身份行事，并可指定一名秘书处成员在这些会议上代行职责。", "2. 会议秘书应给会议工作人员以指导。", "秘书处的职责", "第12条", "会议秘书处应依照本议事规则：", "(a) 口译会议上的发言；", "(b) 接收、翻译和散发会议文件；", "(c) 出版和散发会议的正式文件；", "(d) 制作并安排保管各次会议的录音；", "(e) 安排在联合国档案库保管和保存会议记录；", "(f) 一般性地担负会议所要求的一切其他工作。", "五. 联合国秘书长", "秘书长的职责", "第13条", "秘书长应以联合国秘书长的身份在会议上行事。秘书长可指定一名联合国秘书处成员作为其代表，代表秘书长出席会议。秘书长或其代表应有权就会议审议的任何事项作口头或书面发言。", "六. 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会执行秘书", "全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会执行秘书的职责", "第14条", "全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会执行秘书可在会议上以此身份行事。执行秘书可指定全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会临时技术秘书处一名成员作为其代表代为出席会议。执行秘书或其代表应有权在执行秘书的职责范围内就会议审议的任何事项作口头或书面发言。", "七. 会议的掌握", "法定人数", "第15条", "任何决定均须有过半数的批准国代表出席方能作出。", "主席的一般权力", "第16条", "1. 除应行使本议事规则其他规则所赋予的权力外，主席应主持会议的全体会议，宣布每次会议的开幕和闭幕，领导讨论，确保议事规则得到遵守，给予发言权，向会议提出应作决定的问题，并宣布决定。主席应就程序问题作出裁决，并依照本议事规则，完全掌握会议的进行和维持会场秩序。主席可向会议建议截止发言报名，限制每名发言人就某个问题发言的时间，暂停或结束辩论，暂停会议或休会。", "2. 主席在行使其职责时仍受会议权力的约束。", "程序问题", "第17条", "与会国代表可随时提出程序问题，主席应立即依照本议事规则作出裁决。与会国代表可对主席裁决提出异议。会议应立即对此异议作出裁决，除非主席的裁决经过半数出席并参加表决的批准国否决，否则裁决仍应有效。与会国代表在提出程序问题时不得就所讨论事项的实质发言。", "发言", "第18条", "1. 未经事先征得主席允许，任何人均不得在会议上发言。主席应在不违反第17、第19以及第22至24条的情况下按请求发言的先后次序请发言者发言。", "2. 辩论应以会议所讨论的问题为限，如果发言与讨论的问题无关，会议主席可敦促发言者遵守规则。", "3. 会议可限制每名发言者的发言时间以及与会国每名代表就某一问题发言的次数。在就规定此种限制的建议作出决定之前，可以由两名赞成和两名反对这一建议的与会国代表发言。无论如何，主席应将关于程序问题的发言时间限为最多3分钟。在辩论有时间限制的情况下，如某一发言者的发言超过规定时间，主席应立即敦促其遵守规则。", "优先发言", "第19条", "如某一附属机关主席需解释该机关所作结论，主席可允许其优先发言。", "发言报名截止", "第20条", "主席可在辩论过程中宣布发言者的名单，并可在征得会议同意后宣布发言报名截止。如已无人要求发言，主席可宣布辩论结束。", "答辩权", "第21条", "1. 虽有第20条的规定，主席仍可允许请求答辩的与会国代表行使答辩权。", "2. 依照本条的答辩，通常应在当天最后一次会议结束时进行。", "3. 任何代表团在某次会议上根据本条规则发言，均不得超过一次。", "4. 任何代表团在某次会议上行使答辩权的发言，均应以3分钟为限。", "暂停会议或休会", "第22条", "批准国代表可随时提出暂停会议或休会的动议，对此种动议不得辩论，而应在不违反第25条的情况下立即由会议作出决定。", "暂停辩论", "第23条", "批准国代表可随时提出暂停辩论所讨论问题的动议。除动议提出者外，还可由两名赞成和两名反对暂停辩论动议的参与国代表发言，并应在不违反第25条的情况下立即将该动议交由会议作出决定。", "结束辩论", "第24条", "批准国代表可随时提出结束辩论所讨论问题的动议，而不论与会国任何其他代表是否已表示希望发言。只应允许两名反对结束辩论的发言者就结束辩论的动议发言，然后应在不违反第25条的情况下立即将此动议交由会议作出决定。", "动议的先后次序", "第25条", "在不违反第17条的情况下，下列动议应按以下顺序优先于提交会议的一切其他提案或动议：", "(a) 暂停会议；", "(b) 休会；", "(c) 暂停辩论所讨论问题；", "(d) 结束辩论所讨论问题。", "提案和修正案的提出", "第26条", "与会国提出的提案和修正案，通常应以书面形式提交会议秘书处，由会议秘书处将复制本分发各代表团。一般情况下，除非在不晚于会议召开前一天之时将提案副本分发各代表团，否则不得讨论提案或就其作出决定。但即使修正案或提案并未分发或仅在同一天分发，主席仍可允许对修正案或提案进行讨论或审议。", "提案和动义的撤回", "第27条", "提案或动义可在就其作出决定前由原提案人随时撤回，只要尚未予以修正。已经撤回的提案或动义可由与会国任何代表重新提出。", "关于权限的决定", "第28条", "在不违反第17和第25条的情况下，与会国要求就会议讨论任何事项或通过某一提交会议的提案的权限作出决定的任何动义，均应在讨论该事项之前或就有关的提案作出决定之前作出决定。如果不能取得协商一致的意见，会议应以出席并参加表决的批准国的三分之二作出决定，同时应尽量考虑到签署国在会议上发表的意见。", "提案的重新审议", "第29条", "已经通过或否决的提案不得重新审议，除非会议作出重新审议的决定。只应允许两名反对重新审议的发言者就重新审议的动义发言，然后应立即将其交由会议作出决定。", "八. 决策", "决定的作出", "第30条", "1. 与条约第14条第2款中所提及措施有关的决定，应由批准国以协商一致方式作出，同时尽量考虑到签署国在会议上表达的意见。", "2. 有关程序事项的决定，应以出席并参加表决的批准国的多数作出，同时应尽量考虑到签署国在会议上发表的意见。", "3. 在对某一问题究竟是属上文第1款所规定的实质性问题还是程序性问题产生争议时，应将该问题作为实质事项看待。", "“出席并参加表决的批准国”一语的含义", "第31条", "在本规则中，“出席并参加表决的批准国”一语系指出并投赞成票或反对票的批准国代表。弃权的批准国应视为未参加表决。", "表决方法", "第32条", "批准国通常应以举手或起立的方式进行表决，但任何代表均可请求进行唱名表决。唱名表决应从主席抽签决定的代表团开始，按批准国国名的英文字母次序进行。唱名表决时，每一批准国的国名均应唱出，并由该国代表回答“赞成”、“反对”或“弃权”。如果就程序事项作出决定，将依照第30条第2款进行表决。", "表决守则", "第33条", "主席宣布表决开始后，除了与表决过程有关的程序问题外，任何代表均不得在表决结果宣布前打断表决的进行。", "九. 会议附属机关", "附属机关", "第34条", "1. 会议可设立为开展其工作所需的附属机关。", "2. 除非另有决定，会议议事规则经必要修改应适用于其各附属机关。", "十. 语文和记录", "会议的语文", "第35条", "条约的语文应为会议正式语文。", "口译", "第36条", "1. 以会议的一种语文所作的发言应口译成会议其他正式语文。", "2. 与会国的代表可用会议语文以外的一种语文发言，但该国代表团应安排将其口译为一种会议语文。", "正式文件的语文", "第37条", "会议的正式文件以会议语文提供。", "会议的录音记录", "第38条", "会议及其附属机关各次会议的录音记录，应依照联合国的惯例制作和保管。", "十一. 公开会议和非公开会议", "公开会议和非公开会议", "第39条", "1. 除非会议另有决定，会议的全体会议应公开举行。", "2. 除非会议另有决定，附属机关的会议应限于第1条中所界定的与会国。", "十二. 其他国家、政府间组织、实体和非政府组织", "其他国家", "第40条", "根据条约第11条有权签署条约但尚未签署的任何国家均可出席会议。这些国家的代表应有权出席会议的公开会议，就为此目的而分配的议程项目在会议上发言，收到会议的文件，并就会议的事项提交书面意见。", "专门机构、有关组织和政府间组织", "第41条", "获长期邀请以观察员身份参加联合国大会届会及其工作的任何专门机构、有关的组织或政府间组织，均可向会议秘书处提出出席会议的申请。将根据会议的决定给予出席许可。此种专门机构、有关组织或政府间组织应有权出席会议的公开会议，收到会议文件，并就会议审议的事项提交书面意见。", "获得联合国大会咨商地位的实体", "第42条", "获长期邀请以观察员身份参加联合国大会届会及其工作并在联合国总部设有常设办事处的任何其他实体，均可向会议秘书处提出出席会议的申请。将根据会议的决定给予出席许可。此种实体应有权出席会议的公开会议，收到会议文件，并就会议审议的事项提交书面意见。", "非政府组织", "第43条", "任何希望出席会议的非政府组织，均可向会议秘书处提出出席会议的申请。将根据会议的决定给予出席许可。此种非政府组织应有权出席会议的公开会议，根据请求收到会议文件，并就会议审议的事项提供书面意见，费用自负。应会议主席的邀请，由出席会议的非政府组织从其成员中选出的一名代表，将可以就为此目的分配的议程项目向会议发言。", "十三. 议事规则的修正或暂停适用", "修正方法", "第44条", "在不违反条约第14条的情况下，本议事规则可经出席并参加表决的多数批准国的决定加以修正。", "暂停适用的方法", "第45条", "在不违反条约第14条的情况下，会议可暂停适用本议事规则的任何规则，但需提前24小时就暂停提议发出通知，如无批准国代表反对也可不提前通知。任何此种暂停适用，均应仅限于某一具体申明的目的，并应为实现此目的所需的期间为限。" ]

[ "促进生效会议", "《全面禁止核试验条约》缔约国", "2011年9月23日,纽约", "议事规则草案", "目 录", "页 次", "我当然知道 I. 代表和全权证书 3个", "1. 联合国 参加国 3", "2. 代表团的组成 3", "3. 全权证书. 3", "4. 全权证书委员会 4", "5 (韩语). B. 暂准参加会议 4", "二. 主席团成员 4", "6. 选举. 4", "7. 代理主席 4", "8. 联合国 B. 主席参与决策 4", "三. 总务委员会 页:1", "9. 组 成. 5", "10. 职 务. 5", "四、结 论 秘书处. 5", "11个 会议秘书的职责 5", "12. 秘书处的职责 5", " V. 联合国秘书长", "13个 B. 秘书长的职责 6", "六、结 论 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会执行秘书 6个", "14. 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会执行秘书的职责 6", "页:1 会议的掌握 第7条", "15个 法定人数. 7", "16号. 1. 主席的一般权力 7", "17岁。 程序问题. 7", "18岁 发 言. 7", " 19. 19. 优先发言. 8", "20号. B. 发言报名截止 9", "21岁 答 辩 权 8", "22号. 暂停会议或休会 9", "23. 联合国 暂停辩论. 9", "24 (韩语). 结束辩论. 9", "25岁 动议的先后次序 9", "26. 联合国 2. 提交提案和修正案 10", "27个 7. 提案和动议的撤回 10", "28岁 关于权限的决定 10", "29. 国家 提案的重新审议. 10", "第八编. 决 定. 11", "30岁 通过决定. 11", "31岁 一、“出席并参加表决的批准国”一语的含义 11", "32. 国家 表决方法 11", "33. (中文(简体) ). 表决守则 11", "第九编. 二、会议附属机构 12", "34. 国家 附属机构. 12", " . 语文和记录 12", "35. 联合国 B. 会议语文 13", "36. 口译. 13", "37. 联合国 A. 正式文件所用的语文 12", "38. 国家 会议的录音记录. 13", "十一会. A. 公开会议和非公开会议 13", "39. 联合国 B. 公开会议和非公开会议 13", "第十二编. 其他国家、政府间组织、实体和非政府组织 第13条", " 40. 40. 其他国家 13", "41. 国家 专门机构、有关组织和政府间组织 13", "42. 国家 获得联合国大会观察员地位的实体", "大会 13", "43. 东帝汶 非政府组织 页:1", "第十三编 议事规则的修正或暂停适用", "44. 国家 修正方法 14", "45. 国家 B. 暂停适用的方法 14", "审议大会的目的是审查《全面禁止核试验条约》(下称 \" 《条约》 \" )第十四条第1款规定的生效要求在何种程度上得到满足,并以协商一致方式审议和决定可以采取哪些符合国际法的措施来加快批准进程,以促进《条约》早日生效。", "我当然知道 I. 代表和全权证书", "参加国", "第1条", "1. 联合国 1. 在会议开幕前已交存条约批准书的每个国家(下称“批准国”)均可参加并派代表出席根据条约第十四条第三款召开的会议。", "2. 每个国家 签署国(在会议开幕前尚未交存条约批准书)(下称“签署国”)可根据条约第十四条第4款出席会议。", "3个 “参加国”一词指批准国和签署国。", "代表团的组成", "第2条", "与会国代表团由代表团团长一人及所需的其他副代表和顾问组成。 代表团团长可指定一名副代表或顾问代行其职务。", "全权证书", "第3条", "批准国代表的全权证书及副代表和顾问的名单应尽可能于预定会议开幕日期前一星期提交会议秘书处。 全权证书由国家元首或政府首脑或外交部长颁发。", "全权证书委员会", "第4条", "会议应设立全权证书委员会,由会议根据主席提议任命的五名批准国代表组成。 委员会应审查代表的全权证书并立即向会议提出报告。", "暂准参加会议", "第5条", "代表在其全权证书未经会议作出决定以前,有权暂时参加会议。", "二. 主席团成员", "选举", "第6条", "会议应选举一名主席和至多六名副主席。 副主席过半数应从批准国中选出。 主席团成员的选举应确保职位有代表性地分配。", "代理主席", "第7条", "1. 联合国 主席因故不能出席某次会议或会议的一部分时,应从批准国中指定副主席一人代行主席职务。", "2. 副主席代理主席时,其权力和职责与主席相同。", "主席参与决策", "第8条", "主席或代理主席的副主席不得参加作决定,但应指定其本国代表团的另一成员代行其职务。", "三. 总务委员会", "组成", "第9条", "1. 联合国 总务委员会由会议主席和从与会国中选出的会议副主席组成。", "2. 联合国 主席不能出席总务委员会会议时,可指定批准国的一名副主席主持会议,并指定其本国代表团的一名成员代为出席会议。 副主席不能出席时,可以指定其代表团的一名成员代为出席会议.", "职能", "第10条", "总务委员会应协助主席处理会议的一般事务,并在不违反会议决定的情况下,应确保会议工作的协调。", "四、结 论 秘书处", "会议秘书的职责", "第11条", "1. 联合国 会议应设秘书一名。 联合国秘书长应提名会议秘书。 主席应在会议及其附属机构的所有会议上以该身份行事,并可指定秘书处一名成员在这些会议上代行其职务。", "2. 联合国 会议秘书应指导会议工作人员。", "秘书处的职责", "第12条", "会议秘书处应依照本议事规则:", "(a) 口译会上的发言;", "(b) 接收、翻译、复制和分发会议文件;", "(c) 出版和分发会议正式文件;", "(d) 制作并安排保存会议会议的录音记录;", "(e) 安排在联合国档案库保管和保存会议记录;和", "(f) 一般执行会议可能需要的所有其他工作。", " V. 联合国秘书长", "秘书长的职责", "第13条", "秘书长应以联合国秘书长的身份在会议上行事。 秘书长可指定联合国秘书处一名成员为代表他出席会议。 秘书长或其代表有权就会议审议中的任何事项作口头或书面说明。", "六、结 论 执行秘书", "筹备委员会", "全面禁止核试验条约组织", "执行秘书的职责", "预备委员会", "全面禁止核试验条约组织", "第14条", "全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会执行秘书可以此身份在会议上行事。 1. 执行秘书可指定全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会临时技术秘书处的一名成员作为其代表代表出席会议。 2. 执行秘书或其代表应有权在其作为执行秘书的职权范围内就缔约方会议审议中的任何事项作口头或书面说明。", "页:1 会议的掌握", "法定人数", "第15条", "任何决定均须有过半数批准国代表出席才能作出。", "主席的一般权力", "第16条", "1. 联合国 主席除行使本规则其他条款所赋予的权力外,应主持会议的全体会议,宣布每次会议的开会和散会,主持讨论,确保遵守本规则,准许发言,将问题提交会议作决定并宣布决定。 主席应就程序问题作出裁决,并在不违反本规则的前提下,全面掌握会议的进行和维持会场秩序。 主席可向会议提议截止发言报名,限制某一问题发言者的发言时间,暂停或结束辩论,并暂停会议或休会。", "2. 联合国 2. 主席执行职务时始终处于会议的权力之下。", "程序问题", "第 17 条", "与会国代表可随时提出程序问题,由主席根据本议事规则立即作出裁决。 与会国代表可对主席的裁决提出异议。 此种异议应立即提交会议作决定,除非被出席并参加表决的批准国过半数推翻,主席的裁决仍应有效。 与会国代表在提出程序问题时,不得就所讨论事项的实质发言。", "发言", "第18条", "1. 联合国 1. 事先未得主席允许,任何人不得在会议上发言。 主席在不违反第17、19和22至24条规定的情况下,应按发言者请求发言的先后次序请他们发言。", "2. 联合国 辩论应限于会议正在讨论的问题,如发言者的言论与所讨论的议题无关,主席可敦促其遵守规则。", "3个 会议可限制每一发言者的发言时间和每一与会国代表就某一问题发言的次数。 在对规定此种限制的提议作出决定前,可以由两名赞成和两名反对该提议的与会国代表发言。 无论如何,主席应将关于程序问题的发言限制为最多三分钟。 在有时间限制的辩论中,如某一发言者发言超过所分配的时间,主席应立即敦促他或她遵守规则。", "优先发言", "第19条", "附属机构主席解释其结论时,可以优先发言。", "发言报名截止", "第20条", "主席可在辩论过程中宣布发言名单,并可在征得会议同意后宣布发言报名截止。 如名单上没有其他发言者,主席可宣布辩论结束。", "答辩权", "第21条", "1. 联合国 尽管有第20条的规定,主席仍应准许请求答辩的与会国代表行使答辩权。", "2. 联合国 2. 根据本条作出的答复通常应在当天最后一次会议结束时作出。", "3个 任何代表团都不得在一次会议上根据本条发言一次以上。", " 4.四. 任何代表团在一次会议上行使答辩权的发言以三分钟为限。", "暂停会议或休会", "第22条", "批准国代表可随时提出暂停会议或休会的动议。 此种动议应不经辩论而立即交会议作决定,但须遵守第25条的规定。", "暂停辩论", "第23条", "批准国代表可随时提出暂停辩论所讨论问题的动议。 除原提议人外,可由两名赞成和两名反对暂停辩论的与会国代表发言,然后在不违反第25条的情况下,立即将该动议提交会议作决定。", "结束辩论", "第24条", "批准国代表可随时提出结束辩论所讨论问题的动议,而不论是否有任何其他参加国代表表示希望发言。 应只准许两名反对结束辩论的发言者就结束辩论的问题发言,然后在不违反第25条的情况下,立即将该动议提交会议作决定。", "动议的先后次序", "第 25 条", "在不违反第17条的情况下,下列动议依其排列次序应优先于提交会议的所有其他提案或动议:", "(a) 国家 暂停会议;", "(b) 国家 休会;", "暂停辩论所讨论问题;", "(d) 国家 结束辩论所讨论问题。", "提交提案和修正案", "第26条", "与会国提出的提案和修正案通常应以书面提交会议秘书处,由会议秘书处将复制本分发给各代表团。 作为通则,任何提案不得加以讨论或付诸表决,除非其复制本至迟已于会议前一天分送所有代表团。 但修正案或提案即使尚未分发或只是同一天才分发,主席仍可准许审议。", "提案和动议的撤回", "第27条", "一项提案或动议,如未经修正,可在作出决定前由原提案人随时撤回。 已被撤回的提案或动议可由任何与会国代表重新提出。", "关于权限的决定", "第28条", "在不违反第17和25条的情况下,与会国提出的任何要求决定会议是否有权讨论任何事项或通过提交给它的某项提案的动议,应在讨论该事项或就该提案作出决定之前作出决定。 如果无法达成协商一致,会议应以出席并参加表决的批准国三分之二多数作出决定,并尽可能考虑到签署国在会议上发表的意见。", "提案的重新审议", "第29条", "已被通过或否决的提案不得重新审议,除非会议就此作出决定。 应只准许两名反对重新审议的发言者就重新审议的动议发言,然后应立即将动议提交会议作决定。", "第八编. 决定的作出", "通过决定", "第30条", "1. 联合国 关于《条约》第十四条第2款所述措施的决定由批准国以协商一致的方式作出,并尽最大可能考虑到签署国在会议上表达的意见。", "2 关于程序事项的决定由出席并参加表决的批准国过半数作出,并尽可能考虑到签署国在会议上表达的意见。", "3个 3. 如果出现上文第1款规定的问题属于实质问题还是程序性问题的问题,则应作为实质问题处理。", "“出席并参加表决的批准国”一语的含义", "第31条", "为本议事规则的目的,“出席并参加表决的批准国”一语是指出席并投赞成票或反对票的批准国代表。 弃权的批准国应视为未参加表决。", "表决方法", "第32条", "批准国通常应以举手或起立的方式进行表决,但任何批准国均可要求进行唱名表决。 唱名表决应从主席抽签决定的代表团开始,按批准国国国名的英文字母顺序进行。 唱名表决时,每一批准国的国名均应唱出,其代表应回答“赞成”、“反对”或“弃权”。 如就程序问题作出决定,将依照第30条第2款进行表决。", "表决守则", "第33条", "主席应宣布表决开始后,除与表决过程有关的程序问题外,任何批准国代表不得在表决结果宣布前发言。", "第九编. 会议附属机构", "附属机构", "第 34 条", "1. 联合国 会议可设立进行其工作所需的附属机构。", "2. 联合国 除非另有决定,会议议事规则应比照适用于其附属机构。", " . 语文和记录", "会议语文", "第35条", "条约的语文为会议的正式语文。", "口译", "第36条", "1. 联合国 1. 用会议的一种语文所作的发言,应口译成会议的其他正式语文。", "2. 联合国 1. 与会国代表可用会议语文以外的一种语文发言,但其本国代表团可安排将发言口译成会议语文之一。", "正式文件所用的语文", "第 37 条", "会议的正式文件应以会议的语文提供。", "会议的录音记录", "第38条", "会议及其附属机构的会议应依联合国惯例制作并保存录音记录。", "十一会. 公开会议和非公开会议", "公开会议和非公开会议", "第39条", "1. 联合国 除非会议另有决定,会议的全体会议应开放。", "2. 联合国 除会议另有决定外,附属机构的会议应限于第1条所述的与会国。", "第十二编. 其他国家、政府间组织、实体和非政府组织", "其他国家", "第40条", "根据条约第十一条有权签署条约但尚未签署条约的任何国家均可出席会议。 这些国家的代表应有权出席会议的公开会议,在为此目的分配的议程项目下向会议发言,收到会议文件并就会议所审议事项提交书面意见。", "专门机构、相关组织", "政府间组织和政府间组织的合作", "第41条", "任何专门机构、有关组织或政府间组织如获长期邀请以观察员身份参加联合国大会的届会和工作,可向会议秘书处申请出席会议。 将根据会议的决定准许出席会议。 此种专门机构、有关组织或政府间组织应有权出席会议的公开会议,收到会议文件并有权就会议审议的事项提出书面意见。", "获得观察员地位的实体", "联合国大会", "第42条", "1. 收到长期邀请以观察员身份参加联合国大会届会和工作并在联合国总部设有常驻观察员代表团或常设办事处的任何实体可向会议秘书处申请出席会议。 将根据会议的决定准许出席会议。 此种实体应有权出席缔约方会议的公开会议、收到会议文件并就会议审议的事项提交书面意见。", "非政府组织", "第43条", "1. 任何希望出席会议的非政府组织均可向会议秘书处申请出席会议。 将根据会议的决定准许出席会议。 此种非政府组织应有权出席会议的公开会议,应请求接收会议文件并自费就会议所审议事项提供书面意见。 应会议主席的邀请,参加会议的非政府组织从其成员中选出一名代表,在为此目的分配的议程项目下发言。", "第十三编 议事规则的修正或暂停适用", "修正方法", "第44条", "在不违反《条约》第十四条的情况下,本议事规则可由出席并参加表决的批准国以过半数作出决定加以修正。", "暂停适用的方法", "第45条", "在不违反《条约》第十四条的情况下,大会可暂停适用本议事规则的任何规定,但暂停适用的建议须提前24小时通知,如无批准国代表反对,可免去通知手续。 任何此种暂停适用应限于一个具体明确的目的和达成此一目的所需的期限。" ]

[ "United Nations DP/2011/31", "[]", "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 1 of the provisional agenda", "Organizational matters", "Report of the annual session 2011", "(6 to 17 June 2011, New York)", "Contents", "Chapter Page", "I. Organizational matters 2", "UNDP segment", "II. Statement by the Administrator and annual report of the Administrator 2", "III. Funding commitments to UNDP 4", "IV. Evaluation 5", "V. Human Development Report 6", "VI. UNDP country programmes and related matters 7", "VII. United Nations Capital Development Fund 8", "VIII. United Nations Volunteers 9", "UNOPS segment", "IX. Statement by the Executive Director and annual report of the Executive Director 10", "Joint segment", "X. Internal audit and oversight 11", "XI. Reports of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS Ethics Offices 15", "XII. Field visits 16", "UNFPA segment", "XIII. Statement by the Executive Director and annual report of the Executive Director 17", "XIV. Funding commitments to UNFPA 19", "XV. UNFPA country programmes and related matters 19", "XVI. Midterm review of the strategic plan 20", "XVII. Other matters 22", "I. Organizational matters", "1. The annual session 2011 of the Executive Board of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS was held at United Nations Headquarters, New York, from 6 to 17 June 2011.", "2. The Executive Board approved the agenda and workplan for its annual session 2011 (DP/2011/L.2), and approved the report of the first regular session 2011 (DP/2011/20).", "3. The Executive Board agreed to the following schedule of future sessions of the Executive Board in 2011:", "Second regular session 2011: 6 to 9 September 2011.", "4. Decisions adopted by the Executive Board at the annual session 2011 were included in document DP/2011/32, accessible at www.undp.org/execbrd.", "5. The UNDP Deputy Assistant Administrator and Deputy Director, Partnerships Bureau, informed the Executive Board that UNDP, UNFPA and UNICEF had agreed on a common approach to ensure the continuity of programming in Southern Sudan in the subsequent months following the planned independence and that the three organizations would jointly inform the Executive Board after working out the details.", "6. The Executive Board agreed to postpone, from the second regular session 2011 to the first regular session 2012, consideration of the UNDP programming arrangements.", "UNDP segment", "II. Statement by the Administrator and annual report of the Administrator", "7. In her statement to the Executive Board (available on the UNDP website at http://www.beta.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/operations/executive_board/overview.html), the Administrator outlined the agenda for organizational change in the context of the altering development landscape. She highlighted how the work under way would move UNDP from being a good organization to a great one and further improve the organization’s ability to deliver concrete development results at the country level. The Administrator stressed the main findings of the midterm review (MTR) of the strategic plan, and the ways in which the internal change agenda would strengthen the work of UNDP. Further, she outlined some of the results UNDP helped deliver in 2010 across the world and in the eight outcome areas of focus in the 2010 results report.", "8. The Administrator then spoke of the progress made by UNDP on the United Nations coherence agenda, noting the firm commitment of UNDP to marshal the resources of the United Nations development system to respond more effectively and strategically to development challenges at the country level. In emphasizing the fact that UNDP needed a stable and critical mass of core resources, the Administrator appealed to all partners to increase core contributions for the year 2011, and for the remainder of the current strategic plan.", "9. The Administrator noted the importance of strengthening transparency by means of enhancing the organizational disclosure policy and informed the Executive Board that UNDP was on track to adopt the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). In concluding, the Administrator informed the Executive Board of the newly launched UNDP website.", "10. Delegations commented on the focus areas reflected in the Administrator’s statement, including the agenda for organizational change, the MTR process and the next strategic plan, funding commitments to UNDP and greater information disclosure to enhance transparency, as well as on issues related to the Human Development Report and the draft decision that had been tabled on the middle-income countries (MICs).", "11. The President of the ECOSOC took the floor and thanked the Administrator for her comprehensive statement outlining the key activities and contributions of UNDP. He expressed support for the MTR process and endorsed the substantive direction set out in the annual report. The issues he touched upon included: the importance of the draft country programme documents (CPDs) and the need for stable and predictable funding to allow UNDP to carry out its development mandates.", "12. On change management and organizational reform, a number of delegations welcomed the process as an opportunity for UNDP to critically review the current decentralized and top-heavy set-up and to sharpen UNDP areas of work for transformational change. In this regard, they encouraged strengthening the resident coordinator system and building on the skill sets of both the headquarters staff and country office teams.", "13. While acknowledging the progress made in the MTR process, many delegations felt that there was room for further improvement, in particular with regard to the development results framework of the midterm review. In expressing their concern, they stated that more clarity and suggestions for improvement at the strategic level would be required, as the MTR revealed unmet expectations around a number of issues. These included: how UNDP would adjust its strategic focus to reorient its country programmes and incorporate the lessons learned to enhance results on the ground; what the key contributions of UNDP to development were; and how UNDP would improve the reporting of results and performances. The delegations strongly supported the development of a roadmap to guide preparations and consultations for the next strategic plan, which the delegations hoped would clearly establish the strategic positioning of UNDP within the broader development environment.", "14. Some other delegations broadly welcomed the MTR and expressed their support for the process while requesting the concerns of the least developed countries (LDCs) to be noted in the course of discussion. On a similar note, a number of delegations stressed the need to revisit the current graduation criteria in light of the special and differentiated needs of the MICs.", "15. Some delegations noted the importance of a demand-driven approach to reduce poverty and underscored the need to integrate in the future work programme of UNDP the Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020. A number of delegations, however, called on UNDP to remain more focused on areas where UNDP is expected to have a comparative advantage, inter alia, democratic governance and crisis prevention and recovery. Some other delegations stressed the importance of reducing social inequality in the context of combating poverty.", "16. Many delegations expressed grave concerns over the continued downward trend of contributions to core resources and called on donor countries to deliver on their commitments to address the imbalance between core and non-core resources. They further stressed the importance of ensuring stable, sizeable and predictable core resources to allow UNDP to effectively deliver on its development mandates.", "17. Other delegations, while recognizing the need to sustain stable funding, urged UNDP to diversify its donor base and follow the example of strict budget discipline promoted by the United Nations Secretary-General. In the course of discussion, some delegations took the opportunity to state their commitments to contribute to UNDP core resources in 2011.", "18. Delegations who spoke reiterated their explicit support for the disclosure of project- and programme-related internal audit reports to intergovernmental organizations and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, irrespective of the size of their contributions. Further, they stressed that those non-state organizations should be granted the same level of access as Member States, provided that confidentiality requirements would be maintained.", "19. In stressing the need for addressing the special and differentiated needs of the MICs, many delegations expressed strong support for the draft decision on the MICs tabled by the Latin America and the Caribbean States. Two delegations, while noting past concerns related to the Human Development Report, remarked that substantial progress had been made in the consultation process with Member States in the course of drafting the report.", "20. The Administrator thanked the delegations for their informative comments and concerns and responded to the issues regarding: the MTR, in particular the comments related to the UNDP contribution to development and the development results framework; the organizational change agenda; the importance of UNDP maintaining its universal presence; and the need to respond to the emerging demand for greater access to internal audit reports. The Associate Administrator further responded to the comments raised with regard to the technical and methodological aspects of the MTR.", "21. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/14 on the midterm review of the UNDP strategic plan, and took note of: the annual report of the Administrator on performance and results for 2010 (DP/2011/22) and its annexes, the report of UNDP on the recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit in 2010 (DP/2011/22/Add.1) and the statistical annex (DP/2011/22/Add.2).", "III. Funding commitments to UNDP", "22. The Administrator introduced the item on funding commitments to UNDP, thanking all partners across the board for providing resources to UNDP. She further noted the countries that had maintained or increased funding to UNDP in 2011. The Assistant Administrator and Director, Partnerships Bureau, further elaborated on the current complexities of the funding environment and stressed the importance of providing UNDP with stable, adequate and predictable core resources to ensure that the organization’s development mandates are achieved. She outlined UNDP efforts to: expand the donor base; strengthen strategic communications; and develop a more integrated approach to funding and resource mobilization.", "23. Two delegations spoke, regretting that UNDP failed to meet the targets set out in the strategic plan for the years 2010 and 2011. One delegation, who also spoke on behalf of a number of delegations, emphasized the principle of sharing the financial responsibilities among all Member States. That delegation further called on UNDP to broaden its donor base and said that UNDP would need to do more with less.", "24. Another delegation, in noting the target dates for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), encouraged the donor countries to address the continued imbalance between core and non-core resources. The delegation reiterated its funding commitment to core resources in 2011.", "25. The Administrator and the Assistant Administrator and Director, Partnerships Bureau, took note of the comments made, and looked forward to receiving continued guidance from the Executive Board.", "26. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/15 on the status of regular funding commitments to UNDP and to its funds and programmes for 2011 and onwards.", "IV. Evaluation", "27. The Director, Evaluation Office, presented the annual report on evaluation 2010, highlighting the evaluation function in UNDP and the associated funds and programmes, the key findings and lessons learned from independent evaluations, and the proposed programme of work for 2011-2012 of the Evaluation Office.", "28. Delegations recognized the improvement in the availability of management responses and in the use of evaluations, and were hopeful that the use of evaluation findings would enhance future management for results. Some delegations, however, expressed concern over the limited progress made on decentralized evaluations in terms of quality, coverage and compliance, and urged UNDP to ensure that robust evaluation plans would form part of the country programmes and that planned evaluations would be carried out. They requested an explanation on management plans for addressing the decline in the number of evaluation specialists.", "29. A number of delegations were concerned that none of the outcome evaluations completed in 2010 were highly satisfactory while noting that none of them were highly unsatisfactory. Commenting on the weakness of the programme designs that lacked well-defined results frameworks, they stressed that significant measures would need to be taken to remedy the factual weaknesses. They were surprised to learn that the budget of the Evaluation Office was reduced by 14 per cent from 2009 to 2010, and requested clarification. The delegations were also interested in hearing about the focus areas of the evaluation of the strategic plan scheduled for 2012.", "30. Some delegations were particularly interested in the appointment process for the new Director of the Evaluation Office and requested an update on the process. They also looked forward to seeing all future CPDs accompanied by outcome evaluations and management responses issued accordingly for all evaluations and the timely implementation of the management responses.", "31. Delegations were pleased with the increase in evaluators from developing countries in independent evaluation teams, and some noted that the Evaluation Office had maintained gender balance in these evaluation teams but had found it difficult to increase the number of women team leaders. They called for attention to evaluation capacity-building to increase the number of professional women evaluators in developing countries.", "32. One delegation, in providing general comments on the evaluation function as a whole, said that duplication of work could be minimized if joint evaluations could be increased at the country level.", "33. The Associate Administrator and the Director, Evaluation Office, responded to the comments and reiterated commitment of UNDP to improving the evaluation function with a view to achieving transformational change.", "34. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/16 on the annual report on evaluation (DP/2011/24).", "V. Human Development Report", "35. In line with Executive Board decision 2011/12, the Administrator provided an oral presentation on the measures taken by UNDP and the Human Development Report Office (HDRO) to ensure the implementation of the recommendations and the guidelines contained in General Assembly resolution 57/264. The Administrator highlighted some key organizational aspects of the HDRO, including the nature of the editorial independence, and reiterated the importance of the Human Development Report (HDR) for UNDP. The Director, Human Development Report Office, summarized the consultation process, as well as the process of developing the Report for 2011 (DP/2011/25).", "36. Delegations expressed appreciation for the Administrator’s oral presentation and commended the efforts made by HDRO to implement the recommendations contained in Executive Board decision 2011/12 and General Assembly resolution 57/264. They welcomed the enhanced consultation process with Member States as well as with the relevant statistical community in order to strengthen the quality and the objectivity of the report. They reiterated the importance of the consultative process in developing future reports. Some delegations conveyed congratulations to the incoming Director of HDRO.", "37. One delegation cautioned against using indicators for concepts that had not been unambiguously defined by the intergovernmental community (e.g., human rights). That delegation noted with satisfaction the cooperation between HDRO and its Government to resolve the issues surrounding the national-income estimates and hoped that appropriate solutions could be found for other countries that had been excluded from the 2010 Report. Another delegation welcomed the decision of HDRO to not present new indices on environmental sustainability in the 2011 Report in consideration of the ongoing preparations for the Rio+20 Conference on Sustainable Development.", "38. Other delegations, while acknowledging the need for HDRO to engage in dialogue with Member States and with the United Nations Statistical Commission, stressed the importance of ensuring the editorial independence of HDRO.", "39. The Associate Administrator thanked delegations for their words of encouragement and reiterated HDRO commitment to engage in dialogue with stakeholders, in particular Member States and the international statistical community.", "40. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/17 on the update on the Human Development Report.", "VI. UNDP country programmes and related matters", "UNDP country programmes", "41. The Associate Administrator introduced the item. Following the presentation of 22 draft country programmes, a draft common country programme document (CCPD) and a subregional programme, delegations were invited to comment on them.", "42. Delegations whose countries were the subject of the new draft country programmes thanked UNDP for its support and requested the Executive Board to give positive consideration to the draft CPDs before them. In highlighting the key focus areas reflected in the respective draft CPDs, the delegations stressed that the work of the United Nations organizations must complement the respective governments’ efforts to achieve sustainable development through the provision of technical assistance and capacity-building in critical areas. Some other delegations stressed that consideration must also be given to the MICs.", "43. Other delegations called upon UNDP to strengthen the capacity of the country offices and asked future CPDs to be focused on important cross-cutting issues like mainstreaming gender, strengthening judicial reform, providing electoral support and responding to climate change. They also noted the weakness in results frameworks that would lead to difficulty in results reporting and results-based management, and suggested that UNDP develop a more comprehensive results chain and include more information on risk analysis and risk mitigation.", "44. One delegation wondered if UNDP was stretching across too many programme areas given the capacities and mandates of the country offices. The delegation added that an alternative approach would be to focus on select programme areas. Another delegation expressed concern over the compliance with the evaluation plans included in the draft CPDs, in particular with regard to the worsening trend in compliance with decentralized evaluations. The delegation urged UNDP to ensure that gender specialists were engaged during the development stage of the country programmes and that accountability mechanisms were enhanced to ensure quality at the time of entry.", "45. On the draft CCPDs for the United Republic of Tanzania and Albania, another delegation, who also spoke on behalf of a number of delegations, requested an update on whether and when the results of the lessons learned would be presented to the Executive Board, and an indication of the progress being made on independent evaluations, as well as on the review of the management and accountability system. The delegation further stressed the need to identify the institutional bottlenecks faced by the United Nations country teams and outlined how the Executive Boards of the relevant agencies could assist in moving that process forward.", "46. The Executive Board took note of the one-year extensions of the country programmes for Egypt, Guinea, Haiti, Mauritius, Moldova, Tunisia and the United Arab Emirates. The Board approved the second one-year extension of the country programme for South Africa and the two-year extensions of the country programmes for Croatia, Madagascar and Paraguay.", "47. The Executive Board took note of the comments made regarding the 22 draft country programmes for: (Africa region) Chad, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles and Zimbabwe; (Arab region) Bahrain, Morocco and Saudi Arabia; (Asia and the Pacific region) Bangladesh, Mongolia and the Philippines; (Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States) Kyrgyzstan, Montenegro and Ukraine; and (Latin America and the Caribbean region) El Salvador, Honduras, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago.", "48. The Executive Board further took note of comments made regarding the draft CCPD for Albania and the draft subregional programme document for Barbados and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States.", "49. The Executive Board, in accordance with Executive Board decisions 2001/11 and 2006/36, approved the CCPD for the United Republic of Tanzania that was presented on an exceptional basis at the first regular session 2011.", "Midterm review of the UNDP global programme, 2009-2013", "50. The Associate Administrator introduced the item. The Assistant Administrator and Director, Bureau for Development Policy, introduced the report on the midterm review of the UNDP global programme, 2009-2013 (DP/2011/27), presenting the findings of the midterm review of the global programme and the proposed ways forward.", "51. There were no comments from delegations.", "52. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/18 on the midterm review of the UNDP global programme.", "VII. United Nations Capital Development Fund", "53. The Associate Administrator introduced the item, commending the results achieved by the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) in 2010 before providing a short introduction on the work of UNCDF and its partnership with UNDP. The Executive Secretary of UNCDF presented the report on results achieved by UNCDF in 2010, including a progress report on the implementation of the strategic partnership between UNCDF and UNDP.", "54. Delegations commended the strong performance of UNCDF, particularly at the country level, and welcomed the continued expansion of its activities, which illustrate the growing confidence the fund enjoys. However, a number of delegations expressed concern over the decreasing level of core resources and encouraged UNCDF to broaden its donor base to ensure a more stable and predictable funding base.", "55. One delegation, who spoke on behalf of the least developed countries (LDCs), was encouraged that UNCDF had made significant contributions towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the LDCs. The delegation hoped to see UNCDF in the future focus on increasing the coverage of its activities, in particular microfinance and local development programmes, at the country level in all the LDCs. That delegation further requested UNCDF to mainstream the relevant provisions and principles of the Istanbul Programme of Action on the LDCs and thanked UNCDF for organizing two side events during the Fourth United Nations Conference on the LDCs.", "56. One delegation commended UNCDF for its extensive framework for measuring results and for commissioning nine full evaluations of its programmes as well as an external review of its microfinance portfolio in 2010. Another delegation welcomed the strategic partnership between UNCDF and UNDP which had become closer in recent years. The delegation further noted that almost all of the country programmes of UNCDF were undertaken jointly with UNDP.", "57. The Executive Secretary thanked delegations for their generous remarks and comments and said that there would be challenges to expanding UNCDF coverage to more LDCs without increased financing. The Associate Administrator commended the Executive Secretary’s leadership and reaffirmed commitment of UNDP to strengthening its work with UNCDF so as to achieve transformational change.", "58. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/19 on the report on results achieved by UNCDF in 2010 (DP/2011/28).", "VIII. United Nations Volunteers", "59. The Associate Administrator introduced the item on the planning for the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers and the fortieth anniversary of United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme and noted the positive achievements made by the organization over the past 40 years. The Executive Coordinator of UNV elaborated on the work of UNV and provided an update on the various initiatives undertaken in preparation for the International Year of Volunteers in accordance with General Assembly resolution 63/153. She further paid tribute to those United Nations Volunteers whose lives were lost earlier in the year.", "60. Delegations commended the work of UNV in promoting peace, stability and ownership of development, applauding the contributions and hard work by the United Nations Volunteers around the world. The delegations said that, in celebrating the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers, they looked forward to further promoting the values of volunteerism, building and reinforcing volunteer networks and contributing to the achievement of the MDGs.", "61. One delegation said that the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers should be viewed as a good opportunity to review and take stock of the movement and contribution of efforts made by volunteers and added that the volunteers should enjoy the same level of functional immunity that international experts enjoy. Another delegation, in illustrating the importance of volunteerism and its role in local development activities worldwide, looked forward to the first State of the World’s Volunteerism Report, which was being prepared by UNV.", "62. A number of delegations related the UNV programme to volunteer activities ongoing in their respective countries and expressed firm support to the programme objectives of UNV. Some delegations took the opportunity to confirm their financial contributions and called on other countries in a position to do so to also contribute to the Special Voluntary Fund of UNV. Other delegations joined the Executive Coordinator in paying tribute to those whose lives were lost earlier in the year while on duty.", "63. The Executive Coordinator thanked delegations for their comments and observations, and emphasized the importance of recognizing the contributions made by the volunteers. As these volunteers operate in challenging and at times under dangerous circumstances, she said it was essential to grant them security as well as the same level of functional immunity extended to other United Nations personnel. She further expressed her thanks for the continued support of various partners and said that UNV would continue to remain committed to promoting volunteerism and to offering volunteer opportunities so as to ensure the broadest possible representation based on geography and gender.", "64. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/20 on the planning for the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers and the fortieth anniversary of United Nations Volunteers.", "UNOPS segment", "IX. Statement by the Executive Director and annual report of the Executive Director", "65. The Executive Director of UNOPS introduced the annual report and presented the progress made in the implementation of the strategic plan, 2010-2013, highlighting the UNOPS contribution to the work of the United Nations and its partners to deliver tangible benefits to people in need. He provided a summary of UNOPS performance in 2010, including the delivery of $1.27 billion in project services and the successful cleaning up and improving of business practices, which led to an unqualified audit for the biennium 2008-2009, and to operational achievements on the ground in a number of countries. In presenting the continued efforts of UNOPS to strengthen the efficiency and the quality of the services it offers, the Executive Director highlighted the certification UNOPS had recently received. He further stated that the results of the implementation of the comprehensive recognition, rewards and sanctions policy would be included in the 2011 annual report to the Executive Board.", "66. Many delegations thanked the Executive Director for his presentation of the annual report and highlighted the positive achievement made by UNOPS over the past years. In this regard, they commended the UNOPS management for its leadership to ensure the financial stability of the organization.", "67. One delegation, recalling earlier discussions of the UNOPS audit, investigations and ethics reports, encouraged the management to continue to support these relatively new audit and ethics functions so that they could effectively carry out their mandates. That delegation further encouraged UNOPS to help developing countries to build not only their technical capacities, but also institutional capacities to foster sustainability. Another delegation observed that UNOPS continued to respond to the increasing demand for national capacity-building, including management advisory services, within the context of its mandate and core competencies.", "68. In noting with satisfaction that UNOPS did more with less in 2010, one delegation hoped that UNOPS efforts would be seen as a model for other United Nations organizations to follow, and looked forward to seeing UNOPS push forward the United Nations coherence agenda as an important member of United Nations country teams. Another delegation encouraged UNOPS to continue to provide high-quality and speedy service while also looking into the possibility of increasing purchases from developing countries.", "69. A delegation stated that it looked forward to the discussion on the UNOPS biennial support budget during the upcoming second regular session of the Executive Board. While recognizing the success achieved in 2010, another delegation encouraged UNOPS to explore more opportunities for cost-effective performance and report the results to the Executive Board.", "70. The Executive Director thanked the delegations for their words of encouragement and guidance and assured delegations that UNOPS planned to carefully review the comments made, including comments related to the expectations placed on UNOPS to share its good management practice with other organizations of the United Nations system. Further, he said that UNOPS would continue to engage in building national capacities and core competencies within its mandate.", "71. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/21 on the annual report of the Executive Director, UNOPS.", "Joint segment", "X. Internal audit and oversight", "72. The Director, Office of Audit and Investigations (OAI), UNDP, the Director, Division for Oversight Services (DOS), UNFPA, and the Director, Internal Audit and Investigations Group (IAIG), UNOPS, introduced the respective annual reports (DP/2011/29; DP/FPA/2011/5; and DP/OPS/2011/2) on internal audit and oversight activities.", "73. The introductions of the annual reports were followed by separate management responses presented by the UNDP Assistant Administrator and Director, Bureau of Management, the UNFPA Executive Director, and the UNOPS Deputy Executive Director.", "74. Delegations thanked UNDP OAI, UNFPA DOS, and UNOPS IAIG for the informative and thought-provoking annual reports. They were appreciative of the management responses and reports by the audit advisory committees. Delegations commented on issues that were common to UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS, as well as those specific to each of the three organizations. They were encouraged that the senior management of the three organizations were taking audit findings and recommendations seriously and were investing organizational efforts to address the shortcomings in a timely and rigorous manner. Some commended UNDP and UNFPA for having accelerated their efforts to effectively address audit recommendations that were older than 18 months. However, several other delegations expressed concern over the staffing situation of units responsible for the oversight function, and requested improved reporting on cases of fraud and presumptive fraud on a regular basis, either in the annual reports on internal audit and oversight activities or in the management responses.", "UNDP", "75. A number of delegations noted that the percentage of country offices rated as “satisfactory” decreased from 39 per cent to 25 per cent, while the percentage of country offices rated as “unsatisfactory” remained at the same level as 2009. In expressing concern regarding this trend, they requested to hear from UNDP management on the assumed causes, including systemic weaknesses, of the unsatisfactory rating.", "76. On a similar note, some delegations noted that 22 per cent of audit recommendations were related to the procurement function at country offices and looked forward to a dialogue in the future on how UNDP would tackle the recommendations. They were also interested in hearing more about UNDP preparedness for the introduction of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in 2012, including the IPSAS readiness dashboard.", "77. Some other delegations encouraged OAI to continue consultations with other United Nations organizations with a view to exploring the possibility of a joint approach to auditing joint programmes. With reference to the annual report of the UNDP Audit Advisory Committee (AAC) for the calendar year 2010, one delegation, speaking also on behalf of several other delegations, commented on the lack of follow-up on various aspects of the harmonized approach to cash transfers (HACT) modality and requested further elaboration in this regard.", "78. Another delegation welcomed the revisions made to the OAI Charter, and requested the Administrator to provide the Executive Board with an annotated appendix to indicate the changes made along with the reasons for those changes.", "79. The Director, OAI, responded to the comments related to: the audit recommendation with regard to the procurement function at country offices; the shift in audit ratings; the Delivering as One audit approach; and investigation in general. He explained that while a sharp decrease in “satisfactory” ratings would be of concern, it should be understood that audit ratings fluctuate and should not be seen as a trend but the result of more thorough auditing. Further, he explained that UNDP currently provided a consolidated audit summary but would need to move to a joint auditing approach and that all investigations, regardless of the seriousness of the allegations, require due process.", "80. The Assistant Administrator and Director, Bureau of Management, explained the approaches taken by UNDP to address the systematic weaknesses in the functional and policy areas and said that measures related to risk mitigation and accountability policy were being taken. The Deputy Assistant Administrator and Deputy Director, Bureau of Management, further clarified the reason for the shift in the audit ratings and explained that only one country office received the same unsatisfactory rating.", "81. The chair of the UNDP AAC expressed appreciation for the timely and comprehensive reaction by UNDP in responding to the management response. With reference to the comment related to the HACT, she clarified that the annual report did not intend to imply that the HACT modality inherently had lower assurance levels than the non-governmental organizations and national implementation (NIM) audits. Rather, there was the danger of lower assurance levels if all HACT processes and procedures were not observed. One of the HACT audits had shown some deficiencies in observing all the safeguards, thus the observation regarding risk if these were not followed.", "UNFPA", "82. Several delegations commended the new format of the report and the concrete recommendations that it contained. They requested that future management responses should contain more detail about the measures being taken to address audit recommendations, including expected time frames for implementation. They were pleased with the level of transparency of UNFPA in handling investigation cases.", "83. A number of delegations welcomed the positive news on the filling of vacant posts in DOS and stressed that all staff should have the necessary skills and competencies to carry out their work. They welcomed the Executive Director’s plan to enhance learning and development to ensure that skills and competencies were better aligned so that staff could carry out their duties effectively.", "84. Some delegations expressed concern that the issues responsible for a qualified audit opinion by the Board of Auditors on the 2008-2009 financial statements and the recurring audit issues had not been adequately dealt with and still faced structural and systemic challenges. They expressed support for the Executive Director’s efforts in addressing these issues.", "85. Some delegations expressed concern about the increased financial exposure and deterioration in national execution audits; the number of unsatisfactory ratings; continued challenges in programme monitoring and evaluation; a lack of clarity among staff on the respective roles of headquarters units, regional and country offices; and the disparate nature of some management initiatives. The delegations encouraged UNFPA to integrate further efforts, including in the business plan, to institutionalize systems for controls, including appropriate support to country offices and oversight systems, within the context of an enterprise risk-management strategy that prioritized areas of higher risk.", "86. Noting the DOS report’s conclusion that fundamental change was needed in country office operations to prevent the recurrence of audit issues, a number of delegations welcomed the personal intervention of the Executive Director in chairing the audit monitoring committee and his assurance that this was a priority area for UNFPA. While appreciating the various measures undertaken by management to address audit recommendations and noting that time would be required to demonstrate impact, they expressed concern about the possibility of another qualified audit. Several delegations commended UNFPA for speeding up addressing audit recommendations that were older than 18 months.", "87. A number of delegations welcomed the report of the UNFPA Audit Advisory Committee (AAC) and asked the AAC representative to set out the top three priorities for UNFPA and to provide a view on management’s ability to tackle issues as management had set out. Some delegations invited the Executive Director to set priorities in addressing the internal auditor’s recommendations and to present a plan of action with clear measures and timelines. They suggested that progress be presented and reviewed by the Executive Board at regular intervals.", "88. The Executive Director underscored that UNFPA took audit issues seriously and was addressing them through the midterm review (MTR) of the strategic plan and/or the business plan. He was confident that the Executive Board members would be satisfied with the steps taken by UNFPA. He noted various measures under way to reduce the Fund’s risk exposure, including sharpening the Fund’s strategic focus; reviewing the engagement with implementing partners; and decreasing the number of programme outputs. He reiterated that UNFPA was fully committed to transparency and accountability.", "89. The Director, DOS, noted that the number of staff in the Investigations Branch had increased. Regarding the issue of fraud, he stated that UNFPA had purchased software that would enable continuous monitoring. Concerning “unsatisfactory” ratings, he pointed out that it was important to take into account the fact that UNFPA relied on a risk model and specifically audited units that had the highest risks. Thus, the likelihood of “unsatisfactory” ratings was inevitable. However, there were some systemic deficiencies and as noted by the Executive Director those were being addressed through the MTR and the business plan.", "90. The UNFPA AAC representative, in responding to a query, noted that the priority for UNFPA was strategically integrating risk management and programme/project management. She stated that many of the issues facing UNFPA could be addressed by incorporating the risk management plan in the business plan.", "UNOPS", "91. Delegations welcomed the unqualified audit opinion UNOPS received and commended IAIG for performing a dedicated investigations function. However, they also made comments on areas that required improvement and requested additional information on the financial implications of audit findings, as well as on how the IAIG has been tackling the 170 per cent increase in received complaints from 2009 to 2010.", "92. In noting the sharp drop in the total number of recommendations and in the number of recommendations of high priority from 2008 to 2009 that had been strongly reversed in 2010, a number of delegations requested further information on the causes of the fluctuations. They further urged UNOPS to intensify its efforts to implement long-standing audit recommendations.", "93. One delegation encouraged UNOPS management to ensure that the IAIG was equipped with the resources to carry out its mandate and to consult with the Executive Board on significant developments that affect the work of IAIG.", "94. The Director, IAIG, in responding to the comment on the increase in received complaints, said that UNOPS made efforts to prevent cases from becoming harassment cases. This was done through the ombudsman and mediation processes. She said that UNOPS would keep members of the Executive Board abreast of the developments in the cases related to fraud and corruption, as UNOPS was currently relying on the body of knowledge available to the United Nations system organizations. With regard to the comments on the need for more human resources given the sharp increase in the number of cases, she said that UNOPS management would need to consider the matter in the context of its budget and the current number of auditors.", "95. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/22: Reports of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS on internal audit and oversight activities in 2010.", "Responding to the emerging demand for greater information disclosure of internal audit reports", "96. The Administrator of UNDP introduced the item, underscoring the urgency of the need for UNDP to demonstrate its commitment to ensuring transparency and accountability. She further stated that UNDP may risk erosion of trust and of funding from its institutional donors if unable to grant them access to the internal audit reports. The Director, OAI, UNDP, presented the report on responding to the emerging demand for greater information disclosure of internal audit reports (DP-FPA-OPS/2011/1) on behalf of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS.", "97. The Executive Director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund), in noting the critical working relations between the Global Fund and UNDP, communicated the increasing concern of the Global Fund Board regarding the current level of management access to the internal audit reports. While expressing the belief that the options presented were a significant step forward, the Executive Director further requested the Executive Board to provide room for flexibility.", "98. Many delegations welcomed the opportunity to discuss options for responding to the emerging demand for greater information disclosure of internal audit reports. In stressing the importance of strengthening the transparency and openness of the organizations, these delegations expressed explicit support for the disclosure of project- and programme-related internal audit reports to institutional donors, irrespective of the size of their contributions, the same level of access enjoyed by Member States, provided that confidentiality requirements would be maintained. With regard to simplification of procedures, the delegations suggested exploring the possibility of a secure technological solution for unclassified documents, and requested the three organizations to present a joint proposal for the remote viewing of internal audit reports at the 2011 second regular session of the Executive Board. They also expressed their view on the administration of a new disclosure policy, stating that the responsibility should remain within the oversight units of the respective organizations.", "99. One delegation assessed the disclosure of internal audit reports to be an essential first step towards establishing a broader culture of transparency and accountability within the organizations. Another delegation, in emphasizing the importance of the non-politicized use of funds, cautioned against the premature discussion of the item without sufficient information provided on the implications of the options presented. That delegation stressed that, in any case, it would be unacceptable to grant non-State entities the same level of access to internal audit reports as was granted to Member States.", "100. The UNDP Administrator, the UNFPA Executive Director and the UNOPS Executive Director expressed their full support for transparency and greater information disclosure of internal audit reports. The UNDP Administrator reiterated the gravity of the issue and explained the potential consequences of not responding to the emerging demand for greater information disclosure of the internal audit reports.", "101. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/23: Responding to the emerging demand for greater information disclosure of internal audit reports.", "102. Following the adoption of decision 2011/23, one delegation took the floor and explained why its Government had joined the consensus that allowed non-State donors, specifically intergovernmental organizations and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, to access the internal audit reports of projects and programmes to which they were contributing financially.", "XI. Reports of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS Ethics Offices", "103. The Director, UNDP Ethics Office, the Ethics Adviser, UNFPA Ethics Office, and the General Counsel, UNOPS, introduced the reports of the Ethics Offices of their respective organizations (DP/2011/30; DP/FPA/2011/6; and DP/OPS/2011/3).", "104. Two delegations took the floor. In welcoming the reports of the Ethics Offices of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS, one delegation underscored its strong support for the Ethics Offices and welcomed their collective effort to contribute to a culture of integrity and accountability within the United Nations system. The delegation underscored its strong support for the financial disclosure programme as a vital tool for avoiding conflicts of interest among staff. The delegation was pleased to see compliance rates of 99 per cent at UNDP, 100 per cent at UNFPA, and 95 per cent at UNOPS.", "105. In calling for meaningful future reporting, the delegation asked for the inclusion of information on the number of cases that required divestiture of financial holdings or other remedial action. The delegation urged the three organizations to make publicly available the disclosure statements of senior officials in order to enhance transparency. Furthermore, the delegation recommended that UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS standardize their reporting regarding whistle-blower protection and seek guidance from the chair of the United Nations Ethics Committee (UNEC) on the treatment of complaints of retaliation.", "106. Another delegation highlighted the importance of establishing strong ethics functions within the three organizations to keep the organizations healthy, so they could better serve the needs of developing countries. That delegation encouraged the management of the three organizations to further ensure the institutionalization of the ethics function.", "107. The Director, UNDP Ethics Office, acknowledged the need to include the actual number of remedial actions taken related to financial disclosure and said that in future reports relevant statistics would be included. The General Counsel of UNOPS, while expressing his support for public financial disclosure, said that the issue of voluntary disclosure would need to be taken to the United Nations Ethics Office.", "108. The UNFPA Ethics Adviser thanked the delegations for their comments and support. She concurred with the response of UNDP and also noted that UNFPA would continue to harmonize with the other organizations within the UNEC framework.", "109. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/24: Reports of the ethics offices of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS.", "XII. Field visits", "110. The team leaders of the joint field visit to the Republic of the Philippines, and the field visits to Panama and Uruguay introduced the item. The rapporteurs of the field visits presented their respective reports (DP-FPA/2011/CRP.1 and Corrigendum; DP/2011/CRP.2-DP/FPA/2011/CRP.1; DP/2011/CRP.3-DP/FPA/2011/CRP.2), highlighting the key findings and recommendations.", "111. One delegation, while recognizing the success of the field visits, requested the Executive Board secretariat to provide information about the total costs of organizing the field visits, in particular travel-related costs.", "112. The Executive Board took note of the three reports on the field visits to the Philippines, Panama and Uruguay.", "UNFPA segment", "XIII. Statement by the Executive Director and annual report of the Executive Director", "The Executive Director, in his statement to the Executive Board (available at http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/news/pid/7763), reported on the progress achieved in implementing the strategic plan during the past three years and highlighted plans to make UNFPA a more focused and effective organization. He noted that various processes were under way to strengthen the organization, including the midterm review (MTR) of the strategic plan and the development of an internal business plan.", "114. Delegations thanked the Executive Director for his thoughtful statement. They appreciated his leadership in reassessing the organization’s strategic priorities and the transparent and inclusive MTR process. Numerous delegations underscored that the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) should be the core of the work of UNFPA, including in the areas of population and development, reproductive health and rights, and gender equality. Delegations stressed the need to protect the ICPD consensus. They emphasized the importance of the human rights-based approach in UNFPA work. Observing the merit in sharpening the focus of the Fund’s strategic direction, delegations stated that all possible entry points should be preserved in order to strengthen collaboration with stakeholders and development partners. Noting that progress on Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 was lagging behind, delegations underscored the key role of UNFPA in assisting countries in making progress on MDG 5. The importance of data for development, strengthening national data systems and capacity-building were emphasized. UNFPA was urged to maintain its culturally sensitive approach to programming. Delegations cited the key role of UNFPA in supporting South-South cooperation.", "115. Delegations welcomed the Executive Director’s focus on adolescents and youth and underscored the need to invest in young people, including the provision of information, education and youth-friendly services. One delegation proposed holding a discussion at a future session on the work of United Nations entities on youth to promote joint action. The Fund’s work in emergency/humanitarian settings was welcomed and some delegations encouraged UNFPA to strengthen its coordination mechanisms and capacities and those of its partners to prevent and respond to gender-based violence. UNFPA support to countries in their 2010 census was appreciated. One delegation requested a review/discussion annually on the Fund’s humanitarian activities.", "116. Several delegations referred to the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries and stressed the need to accelerate progress in the least developed countries (LDCs) in order to meet the MDGs by 2015. One delegation, on behalf of the LDC group, expressed appreciation for the Executive Director’s support. Underscoring the formidable challenges LDCs faced in meeting the MDG target on universal access to reproductive health, including family planning, the delegation expressed confidence that UNFPA would give priority attention to the LDCs.", "117. The role of skilled birth attendants, in particular midwives, was acknowledged as crucial in addressing maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity. One delegation announced a new initiative to scale up national midwifery plans and increase the percentage of births attended by skilled birth attendants. The delegation stated that it would collaborate closely with UNFPA. Another delegation announced a new national scheme that would provide free services to pregnant women in rural and urban areas.", "118. Delegations welcomed the Executive Director’s emphasis on accountability as a top priority for UNFPA. They urged UNFPA to focus enhanced attention to national execution, financial management, audit compliance, evaluation, and evidence-based programming and decision-making. Regarding reporting on results, some delegations underscored the need to delineate lessons learned and challenges encountered and overcome. Delegations appreciated the contributions of UNFPA to United Nations reform, including Delivering as One. Several delegations noted the need for UNFPA collaboration with UN-Women to ensure a coordinated and complementary approach on gender equality.", "119. Numerous delegations emphasized the Fund’s need for increased and predictable financial resources to assist countries in implementing the ICPD agenda and achieving the MDGs. UNFPA was encouraged to strive for greater efficiencies and effectiveness to leverage resources. The delegation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland announced that it would maintain its core funding at the current level of 20 million pounds per year for the next two years. The delegation underscored that future funding would depend on three critical areas: improved delivery and impact of programmes at the country level; enhanced results-based management (RBM); and improved financial management, including audit compliance. Other delegations, including Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Netherlands and New Zealand also referred to their core contributions to UNFPA. The delegation of Japan expressed its deep gratitude for the sympathy demonstrated by UNFPA and its staff in the wake of the recent earthquake in Japan. The delegation noted that despite the current situation its Government would honour its financial commitment to UNFPA.", "120. Several delegations expressed concern that a significant number of UNFPA senior professional staff would retire during the period 2011-2015. Emphasizing that new staff should have the requisite training/expertise, they called on the Executive Director to maintain geographical balance and gender equity. One delegation requested information on the units that would be affected by the upcoming retirements.", "121. The Executive Director thanked delegations for their support and underscored that UNFPA was committed to improving programme delivery, RBM, efficiency, transparency and accountability, including a focus on financial management and audit compliance. He concurred with the need for flexibility and the recognition that no one size fits all. He welcomed the support for the MTR and agreed that demonstrating results was critical. He noted that UNFPA had already taken significant steps to sharpen and simplify the results framework. He assured countries that focusing on women, girls and youth did not mean that UNFPA would not work with countries to address their needs in the areas of population and development, gender equality and reproductive health. He welcomed the suggestion to hold a discussion on youth at a future Executive Board session. He underscored that UNFPA was committed to addressing the needs of LDCs and to following up on the Istanbul Programme of Action. He stated that UNFPA was also committed to addressing the needs of middle-income countries.", "122. The Executive Director appreciated the generous contributions from Member States and urged countries to make multi-year commitments. He noted that the draft biennial budget would be available later in the year and assured the Executive Board that UNFPA was efficiently managing both total costs and total income. He noted that the internal business plan would focus on staff training, induction and succession planning.", "123. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/25 on the report of the Executive Director for 2010.", "XIV. Funding commitments to UNFPA", "124. The Chief, Resource Mobilization Branch (RMB), introduced the Report on contributions by Member States and others to UNFPA and revenue projections for 2011 and future years (DP/FPA/2011/4), and provided an update on the funding situation. He noted that, as of 1 June 2011, the UNFPA revenue forecast estimate for contributions to regular resources was approximately $455.6 million for 2011, i.e., substantially higher than the $444.2 million that had been projected when the report was finalized in March 2011. The revenue forecast estimate for other resources (co-financing) was $270 million for 2011. Emphasizing that regular resources were the bedrock of UNFPA operations, he stressed that adequate, consistent and predictable financial resources were needed now more than ever.", "125. In a joint statement, numerous delegations noted that they agreed with the main conclusion of the report that a stable base of regular resources was critical to enable UNFPA to support countries in implementing the ICPD Programme of Action. They underscored that they gave priority to regular resources in their contributions to the Fund because core funding was the bedrock of all UNFPA work. They added that other resources represented an important supplement to the Fund’s regular resource base. They welcomed a stronger participation from new and emerging economies and stressed the need to expand the list of significant donors to UNFPA.", "126. The delegations encouraged UNFPA to further improve its financial and operational management, and emphasized that such improvement combined with effective and evidence-based programming would be important for attracting both regular and other resources. Noting that organizations would need to “do more with less” in the current global environment, they welcomed the Executive Director’s efforts to make UNFPA deliver more efficiently and demonstrate results. The delegations underscored that this would be decisive for the Fund’s ability to mobilize resources.", "127. The Executive Director thanked the delegations for their observations regarding UNFPA efforts to improve its financial base. He underscored that accountability and transparency would be UNFPA watchwords and UNFPA would strive to “get more from less”.", "128. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/26: Report on contributions by Member States and others, and revenue projections for 2011 and future years.", "XV. UNFPA country programmes and related matters", "129. At the outset, the Executive Board approved the agency component of the common country programme document for the United Republic of Tanzania, which the Board had reviewed earlier at the first regular session 2011.", "130. The UNFPA Deputy Executive Director (Programme) provided an overview of the 18 draft country programme documents (CPDs) submitted to the Executive Board for review: for Africa – Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal and Zimbabwe; for Arab States – Morocco; for Asia and the Pacific – Bangladesh, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia and the Philippines; for Eastern Europe and Central Asia – Albania, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine; and for Latin America and the Caribbean – El Salvador, multi-country programme document for the English-speaking and Dutch-speaking Caribbean countries, and Honduras. She also introduced the programme extensions for Guinea, South Africa, Madagascar, Tunisia, Republic of Moldova, Haiti and Paraguay. Next, the UNFPA Regional Directors for Africa; Arab States; Asia and the Pacific; Eastern Europe and Central Asia; and Latin America and the Caribbean elaborated on the programmes from their respective regions.", "131. Delegations appreciated that the draft CPDs had been developed in close consultation with the respective Governments and development partners, and were well aligned with national plans and priorities. In noting their cooperation over decades with UNFPA, numerous delegations underscored that the programmes responded to the specific country context. The importance of capacity-building in the areas of sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights, population and development, and gender equality was stressed. Some delegations, noting an increasingly constrained financial and economic environment, encouraged UNFPA to enhance and expand its engagement with other development partners, including the United States Agency for International Development, UNICEF and WHO. In this connection, some delegations emphasized the need to identify gaps and avoid duplication.", "132. Some delegations called on UNFPA to strengthen programme focus and increase synergies in order to help optimize development results. It was noted that in some of the draft CPDs the expected results and indicators were too ambitious and not realistic, given the limited resources. UNFPA was asked by delegations to give particular attention to addressing the needs of young people and poor and disadvantaged population groups, including indigenous people. The importance of utilizing gender-sensitive and rights-based approaches was emphasized. Delegations commended the important role played by UNFPA in advocating for the increased status of midwives and promoting births with skilled attendants. Delegations also made comments and raised queries on specific draft CPDs. The following delegations thanked the Executive Board and UNFPA regarding their country programmes and appreciated the Fund’s support: Albania, Antigua and Barbuda (on behalf of 14 Member States of the Caribbean Community), Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Honduras, Mongolia, Morocco, Philippines, Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa, Ukraine and the United Republic of Tanzania.", "133. The Directors of the UNFPA regional offices thanked the delegations for their comments and support. They assured the Executive Board that in accordance with decision 2006/36 the comments on the draft CPDs would be conveyed to the concerned countries to take into account in finalizing the CPDs.", "134. The Executive Board approved the programme extensions for Madagascar, Paraguay and South Africa, and took note of the programme extensions for Guinea, Tunisia, Republic of Moldova and Haiti. In addition, the Board took note of the following 18 draft CPDs and the comments thereon: Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Morocco, Bangladesh, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Philippines, Albania, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, El Salvador, multi-country programme document for the English-speaking and Dutch-speaking Caribbean countries, and Honduras.", "XVI. Midterm review of the strategic plan", "135. The Executive Director introduced the agenda item. The Deputy Executive Director (Programme) presented the progress and challenges in implementing the strategic plan, 2008-2013. The Director, Programme Division, made a presentation on the accountability for results: sharpening the measurement system.", "136. Numerous delegations appreciated the inclusive, transparent and consultative approach that UNFPA had adopted for the ongoing MTR of the strategic plan, 2008-2013. They underscored the importance of ensuring that all UNFPA partners were fully committed to the changes needed to make the Fund more effective. They welcomed the development of a business plan that would clearly outline the necessary actions to deliver on UNFPA strategic and operational priorities. Delegations pointed out that strengthened results and impact at the country level would be the basis for assessing the Fund’s effectiveness. They encouraged UNFPA to strengthen synergies with other development partners.", "137. Several delegations applauded the Executive Director’s decision to sharpen the Fund’s focus on its core mandate. They underscored that it was vital for UNFPA to remain a champion of reproductive health and rights and to lead the global effort to accelerate progress in achieving the ICPD goals and the MDG targets to reduce maternal mortality and provide universal access to reproductive health, including family planning. They observed that family planning and a focus on young people, including adolescent girls, were central to the Fund’s mandate and to achieving the MDGs. They noted that UNFPA work on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and reproductive rights came the closest to attaining operational results which made a difference in the lives of disadvantaged population groups, in particular women and youth.", "138. Numerous delegations stated that humanitarian assistance should continue to be an important aspect of UNFPA work. The Fund’s role was unique in combating gender-based violence and ensuring that women could give birth during natural disasters and in conflict situations. A number of delegations urged UNFPA to continue to be a humanitarian actor in its own right, in addition to the policy and protection sub-cluster coordination role.", "139. Delegations welcomed UNFPA efforts to further reduce the sexual transmission of HIV and promote better integration of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and SRH and family planning programmes in cooperation with UNAIDS and H4+ partners. With the establishment of UN-Women, some delegations noted that UNFPA would need to revisit its role in the area of gender equality and the empowerment of women. They stated that UNFPA should continue its work to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women, but focus on gender issues that relate to SRH and reproductive rights.", "140. Some delegations noted that the fragmentation across multiple dimensions of the Fund’s work diffused its impact and created significant management complexity and risk. They encouraged UNFPA to strengthen the focus of the strategic plan and reduce the number of programme areas, by reducing the number of outcomes and outputs. A stronger focus and the reduction of outcomes would allow optimal use of the available financial and human resources and increase efficiency, effectiveness and impact. They supported UNFPA efforts to improve monitoring and evaluation systems and enhance data quality and stressed that telling the story about development impact was critical to securing further political and financial support.", "141. Several delegations noted that UNFPA, like other organizations, could not do everything everywhere. Given the limited financial and human resources available, UNFPA had to make tough strategic decisions on what to prioritize. In order for UNFPA to deliver and report on results, it should focus on areas where it had a comparative advantage and added value in line with its responsibility to support the implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action, especially in countries where staff and programmes were spread too thin. Some delegations proposed that in addition to taking into account the comparative advantages of UNFPA, the choices should be made on the basis of a differentiated analysis of the specific needs and contexts of countries.", "142. Regarding the need to improve the Fund’s performance measurement and reporting on results, several delegations stated that the number of indicators in the strategic plan must be reduced and the link between outcomes and outputs must be strengthened to better demonstrate the Fund’s contribution to results. Delegations encouraged UNFPA to implement high-impact practices and strengthen its collaboration with development partners in countries where progress on ICPD goals and MDG 5 targets were not on track. Noting that the main impact of UNFPA was through the work undertaken at country level, delegations noted that in order to work efficiently and deliver tangible results, UNFPA programmes must be adapted specifically to national and local needs and the level of engagement of other actors.", "143. The Executive Director thanked delegations for their comments, noting that they had focused on prioritization around young people, particularly girls; SRH and programmes that ensured family planning availability; the importance of gender equality, as well as population dynamics; and taking all of that forward under the ICPD agenda and MDG 5. The Director, Programme Division, appreciated the guidance and support of delegations and noted that UNFPA would share additional indicators at the upcoming informal meeting. Regarding procurement, the Director, Division for Management Services, stated that UNFPA was looking at various areas, including commodities and long-term agreements where the Fund could influence prices.", "XVII. Other matters", "Other decisions adopted", "144. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/27 on the interim allocation for the UNFPA biennial budget 2012-2013; decision 2011/28 on the least developed countries; and decision 2011/29 on the middle-income countries.", "145. Following the adoption of decision 2011/29, a delegation explained the purpose of tabling the decision on the MICs and stressed the need for a more sophisticated means of measuring development.", "146. One delegation asked if a thematic discussion on youth could be organized at the second regular session 2011. Another took the floor to thank UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS for addressing the concerns regarding the language requirements of the Executive Board documents and hoped to see continued cooperation.", "Other events", "147. The following thematic discussions/consultations took place:", "(a) Joint thematic discussion on the role of the organizations in addressing the development needs of middle-income countries. The Chair, United Nations Development Group of Latin America, and the Chair, United Nations Development Group of Europe and Central Asia, gave presentations on the development needs of MICs in the respective regions. The Secretary of the Presidency of Uruguay spoke of the role of the United Nations in MICs. The representative of the Republic of Namibia shared the experiences of the African countries, including those of Namibia, on issues related to MICs.", "(b) Joint thematic discussion on environment and climate change: three agencies role at the national level. The UNDP Assistant Administrator and Director, Bureau for Development Policy, gave a presentation on behalf of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS on the role of the three organizations in developing countries. The representative of Burkina Faso shared his country’s experience participating in the Africa Adaptation Programme, while also noting the negative effect of climate change on the development of his country. The UNFPA Director, Technical Division, made a presentation on UNFPA work on population, environment and climate change, observing that UNFPA was the only organization with a mandate to focus on population issues. The UNOPS Director, Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean, presented the UNOPS contributions to addressing climate change at the national and regional levels. It was followed by a short video presentation on the Small Grants Programme in Barbados.", "(c) Joint thematic discussion on the issues related to the least developed countries in the context of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the LDCs. The Executive Board Vice-President, Asian and Pacific States, chaired the joint thematic discussion on the issues related to LDCs in the context of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the LDCs. Presentations were made by the Acting Director and Chief, United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States; the Deputy Permanent Representative of Nepal to the United Nations (on behalf of the Chair, LDC group); the Assistant Administrator and Director, Regional Bureau for Africa, UNDP; the Director, Technical Division, UNFPA; and the Regional Director, North America Office, UNOPS.", "(d) Informal consultations on the UNDP institutional budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013, the UNFPA MTR of the strategic plan and the UNOPS biennial support budget, 2012-2013, were held." ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日，纽约", "临时议程项目1", "组织事项", "2011年年度会议报告 (2011年6月6日至17日，纽约)", "目录", "章次 页次\n1.组织事项 3\n关于开发署的部分 3\n2.署长的发言和年度报告 3\n3.向开发署的供资承诺 5\n4.评价 6\n5.人类发展报告 6\n6.开发署国家方案及有关事项 7\n7.联合国资本发展基金 8\n8.联合国志愿人员 9\n关于项目厅的部分 10\n9.执行主任的发言和年度报告 10 \n联合部分 11\n10. 内部审计和监督 11\n11.开发署、人口基金和项目厅道德操守办公室的报告 15\n12.实地访问 16\n关于人口基金的部分 16\n13.执行主任的发言和年度报告 16\n14.对人口基金的供资承诺 18\n15. 人口基金国家方案及有关事项 19\n16.战略计划中期审查 20\n17.其他事项 21", "一. 组织事项", "1. 开发署、人口基金和项目厅执行局于2011年6月6日至17日在纽约联合国总部举行了2011年年度会议。", "2. 执行局核可了2011年年度会议议程和工作计划(DP/2011/L.2)，并核可了2011年第一届常会报告(DP/2011/20)。", "3. 执行局商定了执行局2011年今后各届会议的时间表如下：", "2011年第二届常会：2011年9月6日至9日。", "4. 执行局2011年年度会议通过的各项决定载于DP/2011/32号文件，可查阅：http://www.undp.org/execbrd。", "5. 开发署副助理署长兼伙伴关系局副局长告知执行局，开发署、人口基金和儿基会已商定采用共同办法，确保在南苏丹计划独立后的各月中继续南苏丹的方案工作；三个组织在制定出细节后，将联合告知执行局。", "6. 执行局同意推迟审议开发署的方案拟订安排，从2011年第二届常会推迟至2012年第一届常会。", "关于开发署的部分", "二. 署长的发言和年度报告", "7. 署长在向执行局所作的发言(见开发署网站http://www.beta.undp.org/ content/undp/en/home/operations/executive_board/overview.html)中，概述了发展全景变化背景下的机构改革议程。署长重点说明进行中的工作将如何推动开发署从一个良好的组织演变为一个优秀的组织，将如何进一步提高开发署在国家一级取得具体发展成果的能力。署长强调了战略计划中期审查的主要结论，以及内部变革议程加强开发署工作的途径。署长还概述了在2010年成果报告8个重点成果领域内开发署2010年在全世界帮助实现的一些成果。", "8. 署长然后谈到开发署在联合国一致性议程方面取得的进展，指出开发署坚定地致力于妥善安排联合国发展系统的资源，以更有效、更战略性地应对国家一级的发展挑战。署长在强调开发署需要有必要数量的稳定核心资源时，呼吁所有伙伴增加为2011年和当前战略计划剩余时期提供的核心捐款。", "9. 署长指出，加强机构披露政策从而增强透明度具有重要意义，并告知执行局，开发署正按预期一步步地采用《国际公共部门会计准则》(《公共部门会计准则》)。署长最后向执行局通报了新近启用的开发署网站。", "10. 各代表团对署长发言提到的重点领域发表了评论意见，其中包括：机构改革议程、中期审查进程和下一个战略计划、向开发署的供资承诺以及加大信息披露以增强透明度的问题。代表团谈到的问题还涉及《人类发展报告》和提交审议的有关中等收入国家的决定草案。", "11. 经社理事会主席然后发言，他感谢开发署署长概述开发署重要活动和贡献的全面发言。主席支持中期审查进程，并认可年度报告所列的实质方向。主席谈及的问题包括：国家方案文件草案的重要性，以及稳定和可预测的资金使开发署执行发展任务的必要性。", "12. 在变革管理和机构改革方面，若干代表团欣见这一进程使开发署有机会彻底审查目前分散和头重脚轻的设置，并突出开发署实现转型变革的工作领域。在这方面，这些代表团鼓励加强驻地协调员制度，以及利用总部工作人员和国家办事处工作队的技能组合。", "13. 许多代表团承认在中期审查进程中取得的进展，同时认为有进一步改进的空间，特别是中期审查的发展成果框架。这些代表团在表示关切时指出，需要在战略上增强清晰度并提出更多的改进建议，因为中期审查表明，在若干问题方面没有达到期望。这些问题包括：开发署如何调整战略重点，以重新确定国家方案的方向，如何汲取经验教训，以加强实地的成果；开发署为发展所作的重要贡献是什么；以及开发署如何改进成果和业绩报告。这些代表团大力支持制订一个路线图，以指导下一个战略计划的编制和协商，这些代表团希望下一个战略计划将明确确立开发署在更广泛发展环境中的战略位置。", "14. 还有些代表团总体上欢迎中期审查，表示支持这一进程，并请讨论过程中关注最不发达国家关切的问题。若干代表团在谈到类似问题时强调，需要根据中等收入国家特定和有差别的需要，重新考虑目前的毕业标准。", "15. 一些代表团指出，应采用以需求驱动的方法来减轻贫穷，并强调需要把伊斯坦布尔《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》纳入开发署今后的工作方案。然而，若干代表团吁请开发署更加侧重于其具备相对优势的领域，尤其是民主治理以及预防危机和复原。还有些代表团强调，在消除贫穷方面，应减少社会不平等。", "16. 许多代表团对核心资源捐助持续下降的趋势表示严重关切，并吁请捐助国兑现解决核心资源与非核心资源失衡问题的承诺。这些代表团还强调，应确保提供稳定、可观、可预测的核心资源，使开发署有效履行其发展任务。", "17. 其他代表团确认需要持续提供稳定资金，同时敦促开发署实现捐助群体多样化，并遵循联合国秘书长提倡的严格预算纪律。借此机会，一些代表团在讨论过程中承诺2011年为开发署的核心资源捐款。", "18. 发言的代表团重申明确支持向政府间组织以及全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金披露与项目和方案有关的内部审计报告，不管这些组织和基金捐助数量的多少。这些代表团还强调，在遵守保密要求的条件下，应给予这些非国家组织与会员国相同的查阅报告的机会。", "19. 许多代表团在强调需处理中等收入国家特定和有差别的需要时，表示坚决支持拉丁美洲和加勒比国家提交审议的有关中等收入国家的决定草案。两个代表团指出过去有关《人类发展报告》的关切问题，同时指出，在起草报告过程中与会员国的协商已取得重大进展。", "20. 署长感谢各代表团内容翔实的评论意见和关切，并回应了涉及如下内容的问题：中期审查，特别是涉及开发署对发展的贡献以及发展成果框架的评论意见；机构改革议程；开发署保持普遍存在的重要性；对更广泛查阅内部审计报告的新要求作出回应的必要性。协理署长还回应了就中期审查的技术和方法方面问题提出的评论意见。", "21. 执行局通过了关于开发署战略计划中期审查的第2011/14号决定，并表示注意到：署长关于2010年业绩和成果的年度报告(DP/2011/22)及其附件、开发署关于2010年联合检查组各项建议的报告(DP/2011/22/Add.1)以及统计附件(DP/2011/22/Add.2)。", "三. 向开发署的供资承诺", "22. 署长介绍了关于向开发署的供资承诺的项目，同时一并感谢向开发署提供资源的所有伙伴。署长还提及2011年维持或增加向开发署提供的资金的国家。助理署长兼伙伴关系局局长还详细说明了供资环境目前的复杂性，并强调应向开发署提供稳定、充足、可预测的核心资源，以确保开发署执行发展任务。她概述了开发署为下述目的进行的努力：扩大捐助群体；加强战略沟通；并进一步统筹对待筹资和资源调动工作。", "23. 有两个代表团发言对开发署未实现战略计划所列的2010年和2011年的目标表示遗憾。一个代表团代表若干代表团发言，强调所有会员国分担经济责任的原则。该代表团还吁请开发署扩大捐助群体的范围，并说开发署需要少花钱、多办事。", "24. 另一个代表团注意到千年发展目标的目标日期，同时鼓励捐助国处理核心资源与非核心资源之间持续存在的失衡问题。该代表团重申2011年其对核心资源的供资承诺。", "25. 署长与助理署长兼伙伴关系局局长表示注意到代表团提出的评论意见，并期待继续得到执行局的指导。", "26. 执行局通过了关于2011年及以后向开发署及其各基金和方案提供经常资金的承诺状况的第2011/15号决定。", "四. 评价", "27. 评价办公室主任介绍了2010年评价工作年度报告，重点说明开发署及其相关基金和方案的评价职能、独立评价的重要结果和经验教训以及评价办公室2011-2012年的拟议工作方案。", "28. 各代表团确认在管理层回应以及利用评价方面出现了改进，并希望评价结果的使用将加强今后的成果管理。然而，一些代表团对分散评价在质量、覆盖范围和遵守情况方面的有限进展表示关切，敦促开发署确保行之有效的评价计划成为国家方案的一个部分，并确保计划的评价得以开展。这些代表团要求就处理评价专家人数减少问题的管理计划作出解释。", "29. 若干代表团对2010年完成的成果评价无一令人非常满意表示关切，但同时注意到，这些评价无一令人非常不满意。这些代表团谈到方案设计存在缺陷，缺乏明确界定的成果框架，同时强调需要采取重大措施，以弥补事实缺陷。这些代表团惊讶地获悉，从2009年至2010年，评价办公室的预算减少了14%，并要求对此予以澄清。这些代表团还希望了解为2012年安排的战略计划评价重点领域。", "30. 一些代表团对评价办公室新主任的任用过程极感兴趣，并要求提供这一过程的最新情况。这些代表团还期待看到，今后所有国家方案文件都附有成果评价，管理层对所有评价相应作出回应，以及管理层的回应措施得到及时落实。", "31. 各代表团欣见独立评价小组中发展中国家评价员的人数增加，一些代表团指出，评价办公室在这些评价小组中保持了性别均衡，但难以增加小组女负责人的人数。 这些代表团呼吁关注建设评价能力的问题，以增加发展中国家专业妇女评价员的人数。", "32. 一个代表团在一般性评论整体评价职能时说，如果能够增加国家一级的联合评价，可最大程度地减少重复工作。", "33. 协理署长兼评价办公室主任回应了代表团提出的评论意见，并重申开发署致力于改进评价职能，以便实现转型变革。", "34. 执行局通过了关于年度评价报告的第2011/16 号决定(DP/2011/24)。", "五. 人类发展报告", "35. 依照执行局第2011/12号决定，署长口头介绍了开发署和人类发展报告处(人发报告处)为确保落实大会第57/264号决议载列的建议与准则而采取的措施。署长重点说明了人发报告处一些重要的机构方面问题，包括编辑独立的性质，并重申人类发展报告对开发署具有重要意义。人类发展报告处处长摘要介绍了协商过程，以及编写2011年报告(DP/2011/25)的过程。", "36. 各代表团赞赏署长的口头发言，并赞扬人发报告处为落实执行局第2011/12号决定和大会第57/264号决议载列的建议所作的努力。代表团欣见同会员国以及相关统计界进行的协商进程得到加强，以增强报告的质量和客观性。代表团重申，在编制今后的报告时，协商进程具有重要意义。一些代表团向人发报告处的继任主任表示祝贺。", "37. 一个代表团提醒谨防使用表述政府间机构仍未明确界定概念的指标(如人权)。该代表团满意地注意到，人发报告处与该国政府进行合作，以解决围绕国民收入估计数产生的问题，并希望能够为其他未被纳入2010年报告的国家找到妥善的解决办法。另一个代表团欣见人发报告处决定，考虑到正在筹备里约+20可持续发展大会，因此2011年报告不提出环境可持续性的新指数。", "38. 其他代表团承认人发报告处需要与会员国和联合国统计委员会进行对话，但同时强调，确保人发报告处的编辑独立性具有重要意义。", "39. 协理署长感谢代表团的鼓励，重申人发报告处致力于同利益攸关方进行对话，特别是与会员国和国际统计界对话。", "40. 执行局通过了关于更新《人类发展报告》的第2011/17号决定。", "六. 开发署国家方案及有关事项", "开发署国家方案", "41. 协理署长介绍了这一项目，在介绍了22份国家方案草案、1份共同国家方案文件草案和1个次区域方案后，邀请各代表团对上述文件发表评论意见。", "42. 新国家方案草案所涉国家的代表团感谢开发署的支持，并请执行局积极审议面前的国家方案文件草案。这些代表团重点说明了各国家方案文件草案反映的关键重点领域，同时强调，联合国各组织的工作必须通过在重点领域提供技术援助和能力建设，与各国政府实现可持续发展的努力相辅相成。还有些代表团强调，必须考虑到中等收入国家。", "43. 其他代表团促请开发署加强国家办事处的能力，并请求在今后的国家方案文件中重点关注性别问题主流化、加强司法改革、提供选举支持以及应对气候变化等重要的交叉问题。这些代表团还指出成果框架存在缺陷，这些缺陷将为成果报告和成果管理制造困难，并建议开发署形成更全面的成果链条，并纳入更多有关风险分析和减缓风险的信息。", "44. 一个代表团想知道，鉴于国家办事处的能力和任务规定，开发署涉足的方案领域是否过于广泛。该代表团补充说，可选择的另一作法是侧重于精心挑选的方案领域。另一个代表团对纳入国家方案文件草案的评价计划的遵守情况表示关切，特别是遵守分散评价的趋势不断恶化。该代表团敦促开发署确保在制订国家方案阶段聘请性别问题专家，并加强问责机制，以便从一开始就确保质量。", "45. 关于坦桑尼亚联合共和国和阿尔巴尼亚的共同国家方案文件草案，另一代表团代表若干代表团发言，要求提供最新信息，说明是否将向执行局提交总结经验教训的结果，以及何时提交；要求说明独立评价取得的进展；并要求提供审查管理与问责系统的最新情况。该代表团还强调，需要确定联合国国家工作队面临的机构瓶颈问题，并概述了相关机构的执行局可协助推动这一进程的方式。", "46. 执行局表示注意到，埃及、几内亚、海地、毛里求斯、摩尔多瓦、突尼斯和阿拉伯联合酋长国的国家方案延长一年。执行局核准将南非国家方案第二次延长一年，并将克罗地亚、马达加斯加和巴拉圭的国家方案延长两年。", "47. 执行局表示注意到就22份国家方案草案发表的评论意见，所涉国家如下：(非洲区域)乍得、埃塞俄比亚、加蓬、加纳、毛里塔尼亚、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、塞舌尔和津巴布韦；(阿拉伯区域)巴林、摩洛哥和沙特阿拉伯；(亚洲和太平洋区域)孟加拉国、蒙古国和菲律宾；(东欧和独立国家联合体)吉尔吉斯斯坦、黑山和乌克兰；(拉丁美洲和加勒比区域)萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯、牙买加以及特立尼达和多巴哥。", "48. 执行局还表示注意到就阿尔巴尼亚共同国家方案文件草案以及巴巴多斯和东加勒比国家组织的次区域方案文件草案发表的评论意见。", "49. 执行局依照其第2001/11号和第2006/36号决定，核准在2011年第一届常会上作为例外情况提交的坦桑尼亚联合共和国共同国家方案文件。", "2009-2013年开发署全球方案中期审查", "50. 协理署长介绍了这一项目。助理署长兼发展政策局局长介绍了2009-2013年开发署全球方案中期审查的报告(DP/2011/27)，阐述了全球方案中期审查的结论以及拟议的今后工作方向。", "51. 各代表团没有发表评论意见。", "52. 执行局通过了关于开发署全球方案中期审查的第2011/18号决定。", "七. 联合国资本发展基金", "53. 协理署长介绍了这一项目，称赞联合国资本发展基金(资发基金)2010年实现的成果，然后简短介绍了资发基金的工作及其与开发署的伙伴关系。资发基金执行秘书介绍了关于资发基金2010年成果的报告，其中包括资发基金与开发署战略伙伴关系执行情况的进度报告。", "54. 各代表团赞扬资发基金的良好业绩，特别是在国家一级的业绩，并欢迎资发基金继续扩大活动，这表明基金赢得了越来越多的信任。然而，若干代表团对核心资源数额不断下降表示关切，鼓励资发基金扩大捐助群体范围，确保供资基础更加稳定、更可预测。", "55. 一个代表团代表最不发达国家发言，对资发基金为在最不发达国家实现千年发展目标所作的重要贡献感到鼓舞。该代表团希望看到今后资发基金注重在所有最不发达国家扩大国家一级的活动范围，特别是小额金融服务和地方发展方案。该代表团还请资发基金将关于最不发达国家的伊斯坦布尔行动纲领的相关规定和原则纳入工作的主流，并感谢资发基金在第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议期间举行两次会外活动。", "56. 一个代表团赞扬资发基金衡量成果的广泛框架，赞扬基金在2010年委托对其各项方案进行了9次充分评价，并对小额金融服务组合进行了1次外部审查。另一代表团欣见资发基金与开发署的战略伙伴关系近年来变得愈加紧密。该代表团还指出，资发基金几乎所有的国家方案都是与开发署联合开展的。", "57. 执行秘书感谢各代表团的溢美之词和评论意见，执行秘书说，若不增加筹资，向更多最不发达国家扩大资发基金的活动范围将面临挑战。协理署长赞扬执行秘书的领导，并重申开发署致力于加强与资发基金开展的工作，以实现转型变革。", "58. 执行局通过了关于资发基金2010年成果报告的第2011/19号决定(DP/2011/ 28)。", "八. 联合国志愿人员", "59. 协理署长介绍了关于志愿人员国际年十周年和联合国志愿人员方案四十周年活动规划的项目，并指出在过去40年中方案取得了积极的进展。联合国志愿人员组织执行协调员详述了该组织的工作，介绍了根据大会第63/135号决议为筹备有关志愿人员国际年的活动的各种举措的最新情况。她还向这一年中献出生命的联合国志愿人员致敬。", "60. 各代表团赞扬联合国志愿人员推进和平、稳定和自主发展的工作，赞赏志愿人员在世界各地的奉献和艰苦工作。各代表团指出，在纪念志愿人员国际年十周年之际，他们期待进一步弘扬志愿行动的价值观，打造和强化志愿人员网络，帮助实现千年发展目标。", "61. 一个代表团说，志愿人员国际年应该是一个很好的机会，借以审视和关心志愿人员的运动和贡献，并认为志愿人员应享有国际专家享有的职务豁免。另一个代表团提及志愿行动及其在当地发展活动中的重要性，期待看到正由联合国志愿人员组织编制的首部《世界志愿行动状况报告》的出台。", "62. 一些代表团将联合国志愿人员方案与各国国内的志愿活动挂钩，表示坚决支持联合国志愿人员方案的目标。一些代表团借此机会确认其捐款意向，并呼吁其他国家也向特别志愿人员基金捐款。其他代表团与执行协调员一起向今年殉职的志愿人员致敬。", "63. 执行协调员对各代表团的评论和意见表示感谢，并强调必须承认志愿人员的贡献。她说，由于志愿人员所处境况很艰难，有时还有危险，因此必须让他们有安全，并享有与联合国其他人员一样的职务豁免。她也对各个合作伙伴的持续支持表示感谢，并说，联合国志愿人员组织将继续致力于倡导志愿精神，提供志愿工作的机会，确保在地域和性别上实现最大限度的均衡。", "64. 执行局通过了关于志愿人员国际年十周年和联合国志愿人员方案四十周年活动规划的2011/20号决定。", "关于项目厅的部分", "九. 执行主任的发言和年度报告", "65. 项目厅执行主任介绍了年度报告和执行2010-2013年战略计划的进展，突出阐述项目厅对联合国及其合作伙伴为需要得到援助的人带来实质惠益的工作的贡献。他概述了项目厅2010年的工作，包括价值为12.7亿美元的项目服务、清理和改善业务做法的情况以及在一些国家的实地业务成果。通过清理和改善业务做法，2008-2009两年期审计中无保留意见。执行主任介绍了项目厅为提高服务效率和质量的不懈努力，突出述及项目厅最近得到的核证。他还指出，2011年提交执行局的年度报告中将列入实施关于综合表彰及奖惩的政策的结果。", "66. 许多代表团感谢执行主任介绍年度报告，强调项目厅在过去一年中取得了积极的成果。在这方面，他们赞扬项目厅管理人员发挥领导作用，确保项目厅的财政稳定。", "67. 一个代表团回顾此前关于项目厅审计、调查和道德操守报告的讨论，鼓励管理人员继续支持这些相对较新的审计和道德操守职能，以便有效执行任务。该代表团还鼓励项目厅帮助发展中国家不仅建设其技术能力，而且发展增进可持续性的体制能力。另一个代表团注意到，项目厅继续在其任务和核心能力范围内力争满足与日俱增的国家能力建设需求，包括对管理咨询服务的需求。", "68. 一个代表团满意地注意到项目厅在2010年花钱少办事多，希望项目厅的工作被当作联合国其他机构效仿的榜样，并希望项目厅作为联合国国家工作队的重要成员推进联合国的一致性议程。另一代表团鼓励项目厅继续迅速提供高质量的服务，同时探讨增加从发展中国家采购的可能性。", "69. 一个代表团表示希望在即将举行的执行局第二届常会上讨论项目厅两年期支助预算。另一代表团承认2010年的成果，但鼓励项目厅探讨增加成本效益的更多机会，向执行局报告结果。", "70. 执行主任对各代表团的鼓励和指导表示感谢，并向各代表团保证，项目厅计划仔细审视各代表团发表的评论，包括关于希望项目厅与联合国系统其他组织分享良好管理做法的意见。此外，他说，项目厅将继续在其任务范围内参与国家能力和核心能力建设。", "71. 执行局通过了关于项目厅执行主任的年度报告的第2011/21号决定。", "联合部分", "十. 内部审计和监督", "72. 开发署审计和调查处处长、人口基金监督事务司司长和项目厅内部审计和调查组主任介绍了各自关于内部审计和监督活动的年度报告(DP/2011/29、DP/FPA/2011/5和DP/OPS/2011/2)。", "73. 随后，开发署助理署长兼管理局局长、人口基金执行主任、项目厅副执行主任分别以管理方名义作了答复。", "74. 各代表团对开发署审计和调查处、人口基金监督事务司和项目厅内部审计和调查组提交信息丰富、引人深思的年度报告表示感谢。他们对管理层的答复和审计咨询委员会的报告表示赞赏。各代表团对开发署、人口基金和项目厅的共同问题和每一机构独特的问题发表了评论。他们感到鼓舞的是，三个机构的高级管理层正在认真考虑审计结论和建议，着力及时认真弥补不足。一些人建议开发署和人口基金加快步伐，努力有效实施18个月前提出的审计建议。然而，若干代表团对负责监督工作的部门的人员配置情况表示关切，要求改进在内部审计和监督活动的报告或在管理方答复中定期汇报关于欺诈和推定欺诈案件的工作。", "开发署", "75. 一些代表团注意到，被评为“满意”的国家办事处的比例从39%降至25%，而评为“不满意”的国家办事处的比例仍与2009年相同。他们对这一趋势表示关切，要求听取开发署管理层对令人不满意的评分的推定原因(包括系统性缺陷)的看法。", "76. 同样，一些代表团注意到，22%的审计建议与国家办事处采购职能有关，希望今后能就开发署如何实施这些建议的问题开展对话。他们也有兴趣更多了解开发署2012年采用《国际公共部门会计准则》的准备工作，包括该准则的准备状态“仪表板”。", "77. 其他一些代表团鼓励审计和调查处继续与联合国其他组织协商，探讨用联合办法审计联合方案的可能性。关于开发署审计咨询委员会2010历年的年度报告，一个代表团代表若干其他代表团发言，对现金转移统一办法各方面的后续工作作了评论，要求进一步讨论这方面问题。", "78. 另一代表团对审计和调查处章程的修订表示欢迎，请署长向执行局提供附加说明的附录，显示修改之处，并提出修改的理由。", "79. 审计和调查处处长对关于下列事项的评论作了答复：与国家办事处采购职能有关的审计建议、审计评分的变动、“一体行动”审计办法、一般调查。他解释说，虽然“满意”评分比例大幅下降值得关切，但应该看到审计评分是在波动的，不应被视为一种趋势，而是更加全面的审计的结果。此外，他解释说，开发署目前提供合并审计摘要，但将需要采用联合审计办法，无论有关指控的严重程度为何，所有调查均须有适当程序。", "80. 助理署长兼管理局局长解释了开发署为弥补职能和政策领域的系统性不足而采取的对策，指出目前在采取与减低风险和落实问责的政策有关的措施。副助理署长兼管理局副局长进一步澄清了审计评分变动的原因，并解释说，只有一个国家办事处得到同样的“不满意”评分。", "81. 开发署审计咨询委员会主席对开发署及时全面回应管理方的答复表示赞赏。关于对现金转移统一办法的评论，她解释说，年度报告并没有暗示，现金转移统一办法本身的保证程度低于非政府组织和国家执行情况的审计。如果现金转移统一办法的全部流程和程序得不到遵守，就有可能降低保证程度。现金转移统一办法的一次审计显示，在遵守所有标准方面有一些缺陷，因此认为如标准得不到遵守，就会出现风险。", "人口基金", "82. 若干代表团对报告的格式和报告中的具体建议发表了意见。他们要求管理方在今后答复中更加具体地说明为实施审计建议所采取的措施，包括实施建议的预期时限。他们对人口基金处理调查案件的透明度表示满意。", "83. 一些代表团对监督事务司填补空缺员额的积极情况表示欢迎，并强调所有工作人员都应具备开展工作的必要技巧和能力。他们对执行主任加强学习与发展的计划表示欢迎，以确保技巧和能力更加符合需要，使工作人员能有效执行任务。", "84. 一些代表团关切地注意到，审计委员会关于2008-2009年财务报表的有保留的审计意见所涉问题和反复出现的审计问题尚未得到适当处理，结构性和系统性的挑战尚存。他们表示支持执行主任努力处理这些问题。", "85. 一些代表团对下列情况表示关切：国家执行情况审计中发现财务风险增加，状况恶化；“不满意”评分增多；方案监测和评价工作继续面临挑战；工作人员没有清楚了解总部各单位、区域和国家办事处的作用；一些管理举措性质很不相同。各代表团鼓励人口基金在优先重视高风险领域的机构风险管理战略的框架内，在业务规划等方面进一步整合努力，使监控系统体制化，包括为国家办事处和监督系统提供适当支持。", "86. 一些代表团注意到，监督事务司报告的结论认为，为了防止审计发现的问题再次发生，国家办事处需要作基本调整，因此这些代表团欣见执行主任亲自主持审计监测委员会会议，并保证将此作为人口基金的优先事项。他们赞赏管理层为实施审计建议而采取的各种措施，并注意到这需要有一定时间才能产生影响，但感到关切的是，另一次审计也可能有保留意见。若干代表团赞扬人口基金加快步伐实施18个月以前提出的审计建议。", "87. 一些代表团对人口基金审计咨询委员会的报告表示欢迎，要求该委员会代表提出人口基金的三个最优先的事项，并说明管理层处理其提出的问题的能力。一些代表团请执行主任确定实施内部审计人的建议的优先事项，并提出载列明确的措施和时间表的行动计划。他们建议定期报告进展情况，由执行局予以审查。", "88. 执行主任强调，人口基金很重视审计问题，正在通过对战略计划中期审查和(或)业务计划处理这些问题。他深信执行局成员将对人口基金采取的步骤感到满意。他指出，为减轻基金的风险，现已采取了各种措施，包括突出基金的战略重点，审查与执行伙伴的合作情况，减少方案产出的数目。他重申人口基金充分承诺保持透明度，接受问责。", "89. 监督事务司司长指出，调查处工作人员已有增加。关于欺诈问题，他说，人口基金已购买了用于不断监测的软件。关于“不满意”评分，他指出，重要的是应考虑到人口基金所依赖的是一种风险模式，对具有最高风险的单位进行了特定审计，因此出现“不满意”的评分是不可避免的。但一些缺陷是系统性的。如执行主任所述，这些问题正在通过中期审查和业务计划处理。", "90. 人口基金审计咨询委员会代表回答问题时指出，人口基金的优先事项是从战略上整合风险管理与方案/项目管理。她说，人口基金面临的许多问题可通过将风险管理计划纳入业务计划的方法来处理。", "项目厅", "91. 各代表团对项目厅收到无保留的审计意见表示欢迎，赞扬内部审计和调查组尽心尽职履行调查职能。但他们也对需要改进的领域发表意见，要求收到关于审计结论所涉财政问题以及内部审计和调查组在2009-2010年如何处理增加170%的指控的进一步信息。", "92. 一些代表团注意到，从2008年到2009年，建议的总数和高度优先的建议的数目都大幅下降，2010年这一状况又被完全颠倒过来，为此要求收到关于波动原因的进一步信息。他们还敦促项目厅加紧努力实施提出已久的审计建议。", "93. 一个代表团鼓励项目厅管理层确保为内部审计和调查组配置执行任务所需的资源，并就影响内部审计和调查组工作的重大事态发展与执行局协商。", "94. 内部审计和调查组主任回答关于收到的指控增加的意见时说，项目厅努力防止案件成为骚扰案件。项目厅通过监察员和调解程序做到这一点。她说，项目厅将向执行局成员随时通报与欺诈和腐败案件有关的发展情况，项目厅目前依赖联合国系统各组织所掌握的情况。关于为应对案件数目剧增而需增加人力资源问题，她说，项目厅管理层将需要结合预算和目前的审计员数目来审议这个问题。", "95. 执行局通过了关于开发署、人口基金和项目厅关于2010年内部审计和监督活动的报告的第2011/22号决定。", "对关于内部审计报告披露更多信息的新要求的回应", "96. 开发署署长介绍了该项目，强调开发署急需对保证透明度和问责制表现出决心。她还说，开发署如果不能让机构捐助者查阅内部审计报告，就可能失去信任，失去资助。开发署审计和调查处处长代表开发署、人口基金和项目厅提交了报告，说明了对关于内部审计报告(DP-FPA-OPS/2011/1)披露更多信息的要求的回应。", "97. 全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金(全球基金)执行主任指出全球基金与开发署的工作关系十分重要，并表示全球基金理事会对管理人员目前查阅内部审计报告的权限日益感到关切。执行主任虽然表示相信提出的备选办法是向前迈进的重要一步，但还是请执行局允许有一定的灵活度。", "98. 许多代表团欢迎有机会讨论对关于内部审计报告披露更多信息的新要求作出回应的备选办法。这些代表团强调必须提高各个组织的透明度和开放性，明确表示支持向捐助机构披露与项目和方案相关的内部审计报告，无论捐款额为何，使捐助机构享有与会员国一样的查阅权限，前提是保密要求继续得到满足。关于精简程序问题，各代表团建议探讨能否为非机密文件找到安全的技术处理方案，请三个机构向执行局2011年第二届常会提交一份关于远程调阅内部审计报告的联合建议。他们还就新的披露政策的实施发表了意见，认为这方面的责任应仍然由各机构的监督部门承担。", "99. 一个代表团指出，披露内部审计报告是在各机构内进一步打造透明度和问责制文化的一个重大步骤。另一代表团强调使用资金决不能考虑政治因素，并警告说，在没有关于所提备选办法的影响的充分信息的情况下，讨论该项目的时间不成熟。该代表团强调，让非国家实体与会员国有同样的查阅内部审计报告的权限，无论如何是不可接受的。", "100.　开发署署长、人口基金执行主任和项目厅执行主任表示完全支持提高内部审计报告的透明度，披露更多信息。开发署署长重申问题的严重性，并解释了不对关于内部审计报告披露更多信息的新要求做出反应而可能产生的后果。", "101.　执行局通过了对关于内部审计报告披露更多信息的新要求的回应的第2011/23号决定。", "102.　第2011/23号决定通过后，一个代表团发言解释了其本国政府为何加入协商一致意见允许非国家捐助者(特别是政府间组织和全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金)查阅其捐助的项目和方案的内部审计报告的原因。", "十一. 开发署、人口基金和项目厅道德操守办公室的报告", "103.　开发署道德操守办公室主任、人口基金道德操守办公室道德操守顾问和项目厅总法律顾问解释了各自机构道德操守办公室的报告(DP/2011/30、DP/FPA/2011/6和DP/OPS/2011/3)。", "104.　两个代表团发了言。一个代表团对开发署、人口基金和项目厅道德操守办公室的报告表示欢迎，并对三个机构的道德操守办公室为在联合国系统内打造廉正问责文化的集体努力表示欢迎。该代表团强调坚决支持财政披露方案，认为这是避免工作人员利益冲突的一个关键工具。该代表团高兴地看到遵守规章的比例在开发署为99%，在人口基金为100%，在项目厅为95%。", "105.　该代表团要求今后报告要有实质内容，要求列出关于需要资产弃除或其他补救行动的案件的数目。该代表团敦促三个机构公布高级官员的财务披露表，以提高透明度。此外，该代表团建议开发署、人口基金和项目厅将保护举报人的报告标准化，并就处理关于打击报复的指控事宜征求联合国道德操守委员会主席的指导。", "106.　另一代表团强调，要使这三个机构保持健康，必须确立有力的道德操守职能，以便更好地满足发展中国家的需要。该代表团鼓励三个机构的管理层进一步确保道德操守职能体制化。", "107.　开发署道德操守办公室主任承认在财务披露方面需要列出补救行动的实际数目，并说今后报告将载列相关统计数据。项目厅总法律顾问表示支持公共财务披露，但认为自愿披露的问题需由联合国道德操守办公室审议。", "108.　人口基金道德操守顾问感谢各代表团的意见和支持。她同意开发署的答复，并注意到人口基金将继续在联合国道德操守委员会的框架内与其他组织统一行动。", "109.　执行局通过了关于开发署、人口基金和项目厅道德操守办公室的报告的第2011/24号决定。", "十二. 实地访问", "110.　赴菲律宾共和国联合实地访问以及赴巴拿马和乌拉圭实地访问的各领队介绍了该项目。实地访问报告员陈述了各自的报告(DP-FPA/2011/CRP.1和更正；DP/2011/CRP.2-DP/FPA/2011/CRP.1；DP/2011/CRP.3-DP/FPA/2011/CRP.2)，其中强调主要结论和建议。", "111.　一个代表团在认可实地访问成功的同时，亦请执行局秘书处提供资料说明组织这些实地访问的总费用，特别是旅行相关费用。", "112.　执行局注意到关于赴菲律宾共和国、巴拿马和乌拉圭实地访问的三份报告。", "关于人口基金的部分", "十三. 执行主任的发言和年度报告", "113.　执行主任在执行局的发言(可查阅http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/ news/pid/7763)中报告了过去三年来在执行战略计划方面所取得的进展，突出介绍了将人口基金建设为更突出重点、更有成效的组织的各项计划。他说，目前已在开展各项强化组织的工作，包括对战略计划进行中期审查以及制定一项内部业务计划。", "114.　各代表团感谢执行主任颇有见地的陈述，赞赏执行主任在重新评估人口基金战略优先事项的工作以及透明、包容的中期审查进程中发挥的领导作用。多个代表团强调，《国际人口与发展会议(人发会议)行动纲领》应该是人口基金的工作的核心，是人口与发展、生殖健康和权利以及性别平等领域工作的核心。各代表团着重指出，必须维护人发会议的共识。他们强调，人口基金的工作必须遵循立足人权的方针。各代表团认为，人口基金的战略方向应该加强重点，但也指出，应该保留所有可能的切入点，以便加强与利益攸关方和发展伙伴的合作。各代表团注意到千年发展目标5进展滞后，着重指出人口基金在协助各国推进千年发展目标5方面的关键作用，强调数据对发展的重要性，应加强国家数据系统和能力建设，敦促人口基金坚持采用在文化上敏感的方案拟定办法。各代表团提到人口基金在支持南南合作方面的关键作用。", "115.　各代表团欢迎执行主任将青少年作为重点，强调需要对青年人投资，包括提供信息、教育和便利青年的服务。一个代表团提议在未来的一届会议上就联合国各实体的青年工作举行讨论，以促进联合行动。人口基金在紧急情况/人道主义环境下的工作受到欢迎，一些代表团鼓励基金加强自身及其伙伴在预防和应对性别暴力方面的合作机制和能力。人口基金在其2010年人口普查中给予各国的支持得到赞赏。一个代表团提出，应每年对基金的人道主义活动进行审查/讨论。", "116.　几个代表团提到第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议，强调必须加快最不发达国家的进展，才能在2015年以前实现各项千年发展目标。一个代表团代表最不发达国家集团对执行主任的支持表示感谢。该代表团强调，最不发达国家在实现千年发展目标中有关普及生殖健康、包括计划生育的具体目标方面面临严峻挑战，该代表团表示相信人口基金会优先重视最不发达国家。", "117.　大家承认，技能熟练的接生人员的作用，特别是助产士的作用，对降低孕产妇和新生儿死亡率和发病率至关重要。一个代表团宣布了一项新的举措，将扩大该国助产士计划，并提高由技能熟练的助产士接生的分娩所占百分比。该代表团表示，该国将与人口基金密切合作。另一个代表团宣布了一项新的国家计划，将为城乡孕妇提供各种免费服务。", "118.　执行主任强调问责制为人口基金的当务之急，各代表团对此表示欢迎。他们敦促人口基金更加重视国家执行、财务管理、审计合规、评估以及循证的方案拟定和决策。关于成果报告，一些代表团强调，应该确定经验教训以及所遇到和已克服的挑战。各代表团赞赏人口基金对联合国改革的贡献，包括对“一体行动”的贡献。几个代表团指出，人口基金应与妇女署合作，确保对性别平等问题采取协调互补的办法。", "119.　很多代表团强调，人口基金需要更多可预测的财政资源，以协助各国执行人发会议议程和实现千年发展目标。他们鼓励人口基金争取更高效、更有效地利用资源。大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国代表团宣布，该国今后两年将保持目前每年2 000万英镑的核心供资数额。该代表团强调，未来的供资将取决于三个关键方面：国家一级的方案实施和效用改善；成果管理制加强；财政管理改善，包括审计合规情况改善。其他代表团，包括爱沙尼亚、芬兰、爱尔兰、荷兰和新西兰代表团，也提到各自对人口基金的核心捐款。日本代表团表示深为感谢人口基金及其工作人员在日本最近发生地震后所表现的同情。该代表团说，尽管处于目前的形势下，该国政府仍将履行对人口基金的财政承诺。", "120.　几个代表团对人口基金多名高级专业工作人员将于2011-2015年期间退休的情况表示关切。他们强调新的工作人员应有必要的培训/知识专长，并吁请执行主任保持地域平衡和性别平等。一个代表团要求说明哪些单位将会受到未来退休情况的影响。", "121.　执行主任感谢各代表团的支持，强调人口基金决心改善方案交付、成果管理制、效率、透明度和问责制，包括注重财务管理和审计合规。他同意需要灵活处理，也认识到不能搞一刀切。他欢迎对中期审查的支持，也认为展示成果至关重要。他说，人口基金已采取重大步骤强化和精简成果框架。他向各国保证，侧重于妇女、女孩和青年并不意味着人口基金不与各国合作解决它们在人口和发展、性别平等以及生殖健康领域的需求。他欢迎关于在执行局未来一届会议上讨论青年问题的建议。他强调，人口基金致力于满足最不发达国家的需求和落实《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》。他说，人口基金还致力于满足中等收入国家的需求。", "122.　执行主任感谢会员国的慷慨捐款，并促请各国作出多年承诺。他说，两年期预算草案将于今年晚些时候备妥，并向执行局保证，人口基金正在高效管理总费用和总收入。他说，内部业务计划将侧重于工作人员培训、上岗和更替规划。", "123.　执行局通过了关于执行主任2010年报告的第2011/25号决定。", "十四. 对人口基金的供资承诺", "124.　资源调动处处长介绍了关于会员国和其他捐助方向人口基金捐款以及2011年及其后年份收入预测情况的报告(DP/FPA/2011/4)，并提供了有关供资情况的最新资料。他说，截至2011年6月1日，2011年向人口基金经常资源捐款的预测收入估计数约为4.556亿美元，大大超过该报告在2011年3月定稿时预测的4.442亿美元。2011年其他资源(共同筹资)预测收入估计数为2.7亿美元。他强调，经常资源是人口基金各项业务的基石，并着重指出，现在比以往任何时候都更需要充足、连贯、可预测的财政资源。", "125.　多个代表团在一份联合声明中表示，他们同意报告的主要结论，认为人口基金必须有稳定的经常资源基础，才能支持各国执行《人发会议行动纲领》。这些代表团强调，他们向基金的捐款优先捐入经常资源，因为核心供资是人口基金所有工作的基石。他们还指出，其他资源是对基金经常资源基础的重要补充。他们欢迎新经济体和新兴经济体更多参与，并强调人口基金需要有更多的重要捐助方。", "126.　各代表团鼓励人口基金进一步改善其财务和业务管理，强调财务和业务管理的改善以及有效和循证的方案拟定对于吸引经常资源和其他资源均有重要意义。他们指出，在当前的全球环境下，各组织均应“少花钱多办事”，他们欢迎执行主任努力使人口基金更高效地取得并展示成果。各代表团强调，这一点将对基金调动资源的能力起到决定性作用。", "127.　执行主任感谢各代表团认可人口基金为加强其财务基础所作的努力。他强调，问责制和透明度将是人口基金的口号，人口基金将力求“用更少资源取得更大成效”。", "128.　执行局通过了关于会员国和其他捐助方的捐款以及2011年及其后数年收入预测的报告的第2011/26号决定。", "十五. 人口基金国家方案及有关事项", "129.　首先，执行局核准了坦桑尼亚联合共和国共同国家方案文件的机构部分。该文件先前已在2011年第一届常会上经执行局审议。", "130.　人口基金副执行主任(方案)概述了以下18份提交执行局审议的国家方案文件草案：非洲——埃塞俄比亚、加蓬、加纳、毛里塔尼亚、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、津巴布韦；阿拉伯国家——摩洛哥；亚洲及太平洋——孟加拉国、老挝人民民主共和国、蒙古、菲律宾；东欧和中亚——阿尔巴尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、乌克兰；拉丁美洲和加勒比——萨尔瓦多、加勒比英语和荷兰语国家多国方案文件、洪都拉斯。她还介绍了几内亚、南非、马达加斯加、突尼斯、摩尔多瓦共和国、海地和巴拉圭的国家方案延长事宜。随后，人口基金的非洲、阿拉伯国家、亚洲及太平洋、东欧和中亚以及拉丁美洲和加勒比各区域主任详述了各自区域的方案。", "131.　各代表团赞赏国家方案文件是与各国政府和发展伙伴的密切协商后拟订的，并与国家计划和优先事项保持一致。多个代表团注意到他们数十年来与人口基金的合作，特别指出这些方案考虑到了各国具体背景。他们强调，必须在性健康和生殖健康及生殖权利、人口和发展以及性别平等领域开展能力建设。一些代表团指出，鉴于财政和经济环境日益窘迫，鼓励人口基金加强和扩大与其他发展伙伴合作，包括与美国国家开发署、儿基会和世卫组织合作。在这方面，一些代表团强调需要找出漏洞，避免工作重叠。", "132.　一些代表团吁请人口基金突出方案重点，增进协同作用，以便取得最佳发展成果。他们指出，在资源有限的情况下，某些国家方案文件草案中的预期成果和指标定得过高，不切实际。各代表团请人口基金特别注意应对青年人、穷人和处境不利的各类人群的需求，包括土著人的需求。他们强调，必须采用对性别问题有敏感认识并以权利为基础的办法。各代表团赞扬人口基金在倡导提高助产士地位和促进由技能熟练的助产人员接生方面所发挥的重要作用。各代表团还对具体的国家方案文件草案发表评论意见并提出了问题。以下各代表团就各自的国家方案感谢执行局和人口基金并赞赏基金的支持：阿尔巴尼亚、安提瓜和巴布达 (代表加勒比共同体的14个会员国)、孟加拉国、埃塞俄比亚、洪都拉斯、蒙古、摩洛哥、菲律宾、圣多美和普林西比、南非、乌克兰、坦桑尼亚联合共和国。", "133.　人口基金各区域办事处主任感谢各代表团的评论意见和支持。他们向执行局保证，将按照第2006/36号决定，向有关国家转达对国家方案文件草案的评论意见，供它们在最后确定国家方案文件时考虑。", "134.　执行局核可延长马达加斯加、巴拉圭和南非的方案，并注意到几内亚、突尼斯、摩尔多瓦共和国和海地的方案延长。此外，执行局注意到以下18份国家方案文件草案以及对这些草案的评论意见：埃塞俄比亚、加蓬、加纳、毛里塔尼亚、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、津巴布韦、摩洛哥、孟加拉国、老挝人民民主共和国、蒙古、菲律宾、阿尔巴尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、乌克兰、萨尔瓦多、加勒比英语和荷兰语国家多国方案文件、洪都拉斯。", "十六. 战略计划中期审查", "135.　执行主任介绍了该议程项目。副执行主任(方案)陈述了执行2008-2013年战略计划所取得的进展和面临的挑战。方案司司长作了关于成果问责制——强化衡量系统的陈述。", "136.　多个代表团赞赏人口基金采用包容、透明和协商的办法处理正在进行中的2008-2013年战略计划中期审查。他们强调，必须确保人口基金所有伙伴都充分致力于所需的变革，才能提高基金的实效。他们欢迎制定一项业务计划，其中清楚概述需要采取哪些行动来落实人口基金的战略和业务优先事项。各代表团指出，加强的国家一级成果和影响，将是评估基金实效的基础。他们鼓励人口基金加强与其他发展伙伴的协同作用。", "137.　几个代表团赞扬执行主任所作的突出侧重基金核心任务的决定。他们强调，至关重要的是，人口基金仍须充当生殖健康和权利的倡导者，并领导全球努力加快推进实现人发会议的各项目标以及千年发展目标中有关降低孕产妇死亡率和普及生殖健康的具体目标，包括计划生育的具体目标。他们认为，计划生育和对青年人的重视，包括对少女的重视，对于基金履行任务和实现千年发展目标具有核心意义。他们指出，人口基金在性健康和生殖健康及生殖权利方面的工作最为接近实现业务成果，有助于改善你处境不利的群体的生活，特别是妇女和青年的生活。", "138.　多个代表团表示，人道主义援助应该继续作为人口基金工作的一个重要方面。基金在打击性别暴力以及确保妇女在自然灾害和冲突环境下能够生育方面发挥了独特作用。若干代表团敦促人口基金除了发挥政策和保护方面的次群组协调作用之外，自身也继续充当人道主义行为体。", "139.　各代表团欢迎人口基金与艾滋病规划署和保健四机构伙伴协同努力，以进一步减少艾滋病毒的性传播，并促进更好地整合母婴传播的预防工作与性健康和生殖健康及计划生育方案。一些代表团指出，随着妇女署的成立，人口基金需要重新审视它在性别平等和增强妇女权能领域的作用。他们认为，人口基金应该继续开展促进性别平等和增强妇女权能的工作，但重点应该是与性健康和生殖健康及生殖权利有关的性别平等问题。", "140.　一些代表团指出，基金工作的多个方面支离破碎，分散了它的影响，在管理上造成了很大的复杂性和风险。他们鼓励人口基金突出战略计划的重点，并通过减少成果和产出数目来减少方案领域的数目。突出重点和减少成果数目将有助于优化现有财政和人力资源的使用，提高效率，增强实效和影响。他们支持人口基金努力改善监测和评价系统，提高数据质量，并特别指出，宣传发展影响对于获得进一步的政治和财政支持至关重要。", "141.　几个代表团指出，人口基金同其他组织一样，并非无所不在、无所不能。鉴于可用的财政和人力资源有限，人口基金必须就优先开展哪些工作作出艰难的战略决定。为了实现和报告成果，基金应该根据其支持执行《人发会议行动纲领》的责任，侧重于自身具有相对优势且能增加价值的领域，在工作人员和方案过于分散的国家特别如此。一些代表团提议，除了考虑人口基金的相对优势，还应该根据对各国具体需求和背景的差别分析作出选择。", "142.　关于改善基金的业绩衡量和成果报告的必要性问题，几个代表团指出，必须减少战略计划中的指标数目，加强成果与产出之间的联系，才能更好地展示基金对成果的贡献。各代表团鼓励人口基金在人发会议目标和千年发展目标5所含具体目标尚未走上进展轨道的国家实行高影响做法，并加强与发展伙伴的合作。各代表团注意到，人口基金的主要影响是通过在国家一级开展的工作产生的，他们指出，为了有效开展工作并实现可见的成果，人口基金的方案必须具体适应国家和当地需求以及其他行为体的参与程度。", "143.　执行主任感谢各代表团的评论意见，并注意到这些意见集中在以下各方面：优先重视青年人，特别是女孩；性健康和生殖健康以及确保提供计划生育的方案；性别平等和人口动态的重要性；按照人发会议议程和千年发展目标5推动上述各方面的进展。方案司司长感谢各代表团的指导和支持，并表示，人口基金将在即将举行的非正式会议上提供更多指标。关于采购问题，管理事务司司长表示，人口基金正在审查各个领域，包括基金可能对价格造成影响的商品和长期协议。", "十七. 其他事项", "通过的其他决定", "144.　执行局通过了关于人口基金2012-2013两年期预算临时拨款的第2011/27号决定、关于最不发达国家的第2011/28号决定以及关于中等收入国家的第2011/29号决定。", "145.　第2011/29号决定通过之后，一个代表团说明了提交关于中等收入国家的决定的目的，强调需要采用更先进的手段来衡量发展。", "146.　一个代表团询问是否可以安排在2011年第二届常会上进行关于青年的专题讨论。另一个代表团发言时感谢开发署、人口基金和项目厅处理有关执行局文件语文要求的问题，并希望看到一如既往的合作。", "其他活动", "147.　进行了以下专题讨论/磋商：", "(a) 关于各组织在应对中等收入国家发展需求方面的作用的联合专题讨论。联合国发展集团拉丁美洲主席以及联合国发展集团欧洲和中亚主席介绍了各自区域中等收入国家的发展需求。乌拉圭总统府秘书谈到联合国在中等收入国家的作用。纳米比亚共和国代表就中等收入国家相关问题介绍了非洲国家的经验，包括纳米比亚的经验。", "(b) 关于环境和气候变化的联合专题讨论：三机构在国家一级的作用。开发署助理署长兼发展政策局局长代表开发署、人口基金和项目厅介绍了这三个组织在发展中国家的作用。布基纳法索代表提供了该国参与非洲适应方案的经验，同时也指出气候变化对该国发展的负面影响。人口基金技术司司长介绍了人口基金在人口、环境和气候变化方面的工作，他指出，人口基金是唯一以人口问题为重点任务的组织。项目厅拉丁美洲和加勒比区域局局长介绍了项目厅为国家和区域各级应对气候变化所作的贡献。随后播放了一段介绍巴巴多斯小额赠款方案的简短视频。", "(c) 关于第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议背景下的最不发达国家相关问题的联合专题讨论。执行局主管亚太国家副主席主持了关于第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议背景下的最不发达国家相关问题的联合专题讨论。以下人士作了陈述：联合国最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处代理主任、尼泊尔常驻联合国副代表(代表最不发达国家集团主席)、开发署助理署长兼非洲区域局局长、人口基金技术司司长、项目厅北美洲办事处区域主任。", "(d) 就开发署2012-2013两年期机构预算估计数、人口基金战略计划中期审查和项目厅两年期支助预算进行了非正式讨论。" ]

[ "联合国 DP/2011/31", "[]", "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日,纽约", "临时议程项目1", "组织事项", "2011年年度会议报告", "(2011年6月6日至17日,纽约)", "目录", "段次 页次", "一、组织事项. 2", "开发署部分", "二. 署长的发言和署长的年度报告 2", "三. B. 对开发署的供资承诺 4", "四、结 论 评价 5", "五. 人类发展报告 6", "六、结 论 开发计划署国家方案和有关事项 7", "页:1 联合国资本发展基金 8", "第八编. 联合国志愿人员. 9", "项目厅部分", "第九编. 执行主任的发言和执行主任的年度报告 10", "联合部分", " . 内部审计和监督 11", "十一会. 开发署、人口基金和项目厅道德操守办公室的报告", "第十二编. 实地访问. 16", "人口基金部分", "第十三编 执行主任的发言和执行主任的年度报告 17", "第 十四 条 B. 对人口基金的供资承诺 19", "第十五届 人口基金国家方案和有关事项 19", "十六会. 战略计划的中期审查 20", "第十七会. 其他事项 22", "一. 组织事项", "1. 联合国 开发署、人口基金和项目厅执行局2011年年度会议于2011年6月6日至17日在纽约联合国总部举行。", "2. 联合国 执行局核准了2011年年度会议议程和工作计划(DP/2011/L.2)并核准了2011年第一届常会的报告(DP/2011/20)。", "3个 执行局商定了2011年执行局今后各届会议的下列时间表:", "2011年第二届常会:2011年9月6日至9日。", " 4.四. 执行局2011年年度会议通过的决定载于DP/2011/32号文件,可查阅www.undp.org/execbrd。", "5 (韩语). 开发署副助理署长兼伙伴关系局副局长告知执行局,开发署、人口基金和儿童基金会已商定一个共同办法,以确保在计划独立之后的几个月中苏丹南方的方案拟订工作能够持续进行,三个组织将在拟定细节后联合通知执行局。", "6. 国家 执行局同意将开发署方案拟订安排的审议从2011年第二届常会推迟到2012年第一届常会。", "开发署部分", "二. 署长的发言和署长的年度报告", "7. 联合国 署长在给执行局的发言(可查阅开发计划署网站http://www.beta.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/operations/executive_board/overview.html)中,概述了在改变发展格局的背景下进行组织变革的议程。 她着重指出正在进行的工作将如何使开发计划署从一个好的组织转变为一个伟大的组织并进一步提高该组织在国家一级取得具体发展成果的能力。 署长强调了战略计划中期审查的主要结论,以及内部改革议程如何加强开发署的工作。 此外,她还概述了开发署2010年在世界各地和2010年成果报告中八个成果重点领域帮助交付的成果。", "8. 联合国 署长随后谈到开发署在联合国一致性议程方面取得的进展,指出开发署坚决承诺调动联合国发展系统的资源,以更有效地从战略角度应对国家一级的发展挑战。 署长在强调开发署需要稳定和足够数量的核心资源的同时,呼吁所有伙伴增加对2011年和本战略计划其余部分的核心捐款。", "9. 国家 署长指出,必须通过加强组织披露政策来提高透明度,并告知执行局,开发署正在按计划采用国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)。 最后,署长向执行局通报了新启用的开发署网站。", "10个 各代表团评论了署长说明中反映的重点领域,包括组织改革议程、中期审查进程和下一个战略计划、对开发计划署的供资承诺和为提高透明度而披露更多信息,以及与《人类发展报告》和已就中等收入国家提出的决定草案有关的问题。", "11个 经社理事会主席发言,感谢署长作了全面发言,概述了开发计划署的主要活动和贡献。 他表示支持中期审查进程,并赞同年度报告中阐述的实质性方向。 他所谈到的问题包括:国家方案文件草案的重要性,以及需要稳定和可预测的资金,使开发计划署能够执行其发展任务。", "12个 关于改革管理和组织改革,若干代表团欢迎这一进程,认为开发计划署有机会认真审查目前分散和头重脚轻的结构,并突出开发计划署改革工作领域。 在这方面,他们鼓励加强驻地协调员制度并发扬总部工作人员和国家办事处小组的技能。", "13个 许多代表团承认中期审查进程已取得进展,但认为仍有进一步改进的余地,特别是在中期审查的发展成果框架方面。 在表示关切时,他们表示需要在战略一级作出更明确的改进并提出建议,因为中期审查揭示了对若干问题的期望没有达到。 这些问题包括:开发计划署如何调整其战略重点,以调整其国家方案的方向并吸取经验教训来增进实地成果;开发计划署对发展的主要贡献是什么;开发计划署如何改进成果和业绩的报告。 各代表团强烈支持制定路线图,以指导下一个战略计划的编写和协商,代表团希望该路线图明确确定开发署在更广泛的发展环境中的战略定位。", "14个 其他一些代表团对中期审查普遍表示欢迎并表示支持,同时要求在讨论过程中注意到最不发达国家所关切的问题。 同样,一些代表团强调,需要根据中等收入国家的特殊和有区别的需要,重新审查目前的毕业标准。", "15个 一些代表团指出了以需求为驱动的减贫办法的重要性,并强调需要将《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》纳入开发署今后的工作方案。 然而,一些代表团呼吁开发署继续更注重预期开发署具有相对优势的领域,特别是民主治理以及危机预防和恢复等领域。 另一些代表团强调必须在同贫困作斗争方面减少社会不平等。", "16号. 许多代表团对核心资源捐款持续下降的趋势表示严重关切,并呼吁捐助国履行承诺,解决核心资源与非核心资源之间的不平衡问题。 他们进一步强调必须确保稳定、可观和可预测的核心资源,使开发署能有效履行其发展任务。", "17岁。 其他代表团虽然认识到需要维持稳定的筹资,但敦促开发署使其捐助基础多样化,并效仿由联合国秘书长提倡的严格预算纪律。 在讨论过程中,一些代表团借此机会阐述了2011年向开发署核心资源捐款的承诺。", "18岁。 发言的代表团重申,他们明确支持向政府间组织和全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金披露与项目和方案有关的内部审计报告,而不论其捐款数额如何。 此外,他们强调,这些非国家组织应获得与会员国相同的准入,但须保持保密要求。", " 19. 19. 许多代表团在强调解决中等收入国家特殊和有区别需要的必要性时,表示坚决支持拉丁美洲和加勒比国家提出的关于中等收入国家的决定草案。 两个代表团虽然注意到过去对《人类发展报告》的关切,但表示在起草报告过程中同会员国的协商进程已取得重大进展。", "20号. 署长感谢各代表团提出内容翔实的评论和关切,并答复了下列问题:中期审查,尤其是关于开发计划署对发展的贡献和发展成果框架的评论;组织改革议程;开发计划署保持其普遍存在的重要性;以及必须响应新出现的关于更多地获得内部审计报告的要求。 协理署长还答复了就中期审查的技术和方法方面提出的评论。", "21岁 执行局通过了关于开发署战略计划中期审查的第2011/14号决定,并表示注意到:署长关于2010年业绩和成果的年度报告(DP/2011/22)及其附件、开发署关于联合检查组2010年建议的报告(DP/2011/22/Add.1)和统计附件(DP/2011/22/Add.2)。", "三. 对开发署的供资承诺", "22号. 署长介绍了关于对开发署供资承诺的项目,感谢所有合作伙伴向开发署提供资源。 她还注意到2011年维持或增加向开发署供资的国家。 助理署长兼伙伴关系局局长进一步阐述了筹资环境目前的复杂性,并强调指出,必须提供稳定、充足和可预测的核心资源,以确保完成开发计划署的发展任务。 她概述了开发署为扩大捐助基础、加强战略传播和制定更综合的供资和资源调动办法而作的努力。", "23. 联合国 两个代表团作了发言,对开发署未能实现2010和2011年战略计划所设定的目标表示遗憾。 一个代表团也代表若干代表团发言,强调所有会员国分担财务责任的原则。 该代表团还吁请开发计划署扩大其捐助基础,并说开发计划署需要少花钱多办事。", "24 (韩语). 另一个代表团注意到千年发展目标的预计日期,鼓励捐助国解决核心资源和非核心资源之间持续不平衡的问题。 该代表团重申其2011年对核心资源的供资承诺。", "25岁 署长和助理署长兼伙伴关系局局长注意到提出的意见并期待着继续得到执行局的指导。", "26. 联合国 执行局通过了关于2011年及其后向开发署及其各基金和方案作出的经常供资承诺状况的第2011/15号决定。", "四、结 论 评价", "27个 评价办公室主任介绍了2010年年度评价报告,重点介绍了开发署及相关基金和方案的评价职能、独立评价的主要结果和经验教训以及评价办公室2011-2012年拟议工作方案。", "28岁 各代表团认识到管理层在提供应对措施和使用评价方面的改进,希望评价结果的使用能加强今后的成果管理。 然而,一些代表团对分散评价在质量、覆盖面和合规性方面进展有限表示关切,并敦促开发署确保将强有力的评价计划作为国家方案的一部分,并按计划进行评价。 他们要求解释解决评价专家人数减少问题的管理计划。", "29. 国家 一些代表团感到关切的是,2010年完成的成果评价没有一个非常令人满意,同时指出,没有一个评价非常不令人满意。 在评论缺乏明确界定的成果框架的方案设计的弱点时,他们强调必须采取重大措施来纠正事实上的弱点。 它们惊讶地获悉,评价办公室的预算从2009至2010年减少了14%,并要求作出澄清。 各代表团还有兴趣了解定于2012年进行的战略计划评价的重点领域。", "30岁。 一些代表团对评价办公室新主任的任命程序特别感兴趣,并请求提供有关这一进程的最新情况。 他们还期望看到,今后所有国家方案文件都附有成果评价,管理层的回应也相应发布,用于所有评价,并及时落实管理层的回应。", "31岁 各代表团对独立评价小组中来自发展中国家的评价人员增加感到高兴,一些代表团指出,评价办公室在这些评价小组中保持了性别均衡,但发现难以增加妇女小组领导人的人数。 他们呼吁重视评价能力建设,以增加发展中国家专业妇女评价员的人数。", "32. 联合国 一个代表团在就整个评价职能提出一般性评论时说,如果在国家一级能够增加联合评价,就可以将重复工作减少到最低程度。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 协理署长和评价办公室主任对评论意见作出答复,并再次承诺开发署将改进评价职能,以实现转型变革。", "34. 国家 执行局通过了关于年度评价报告的第2011/16号决定(DP/2011/24)。", "五. 人类发展 报告", "35. 联合国 根据执行局第2011/12号决定,署长口头介绍了开发署和人类发展报告处(人发报告处)为确保大会第57/264号决议所载建议和准则得到落实而采取的措施。 署长强调了人类发展报告处的一些关键组织方面,包括编辑独立性的性质,并重申了《人类发展报告》对开发计划署的重要性。 人类发展报告处处长总结了协商进程以及编写2011年报告(DP/2011/25)的进程。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 各代表团对署长的口头介绍表示赞赏,并称赞人类发展报告处为执行执行局第2011/12号决定和大会第57/264号决议所载建议而作的努力。 他们欢迎加强与会员国和相关统计界的协商进程,以提高报告的质量和客观性。 他们重申协商进程对于编写未来报告的重要性。 一些代表团向即将上任的人类发展报告处主任表示祝贺。", "37. 联合国 一个代表团告诫不要使用政府间界未明确界定的概念(如人权)的指标。 该代表团满意地注意到人类发展报告处与其政府合作解决围绕国家收入估计数的问题,并希望能为被排除在2010年报告之外的其他国家找到适当的解决办法。 另一个代表团欢迎人类发展报告处考虑到里约+20可持续发展会议的筹备工作,决定在2011年报告中不提出新的环境可持续性指数。", "38. 国家 其他代表团承认人类发展报告处需要同会员国和联合国统计委员会进行对话,但强调必须确保人类发展报告处的编辑独立性。", "39. 联合国 协理署长感谢各代表团的鼓励,并再次表示人类发展报告处承诺与利益有关者,特别是会员国和国际统计界进行对话。", " 40. 40. 执行局通过了关于《人类发展报告》最新情况的第2011/17号决定。", "六、结 论 开发计划署国家方案和有关事项", "开发署国家方案", "41. 国家 协理署长介绍了该项目。 在介绍了22个国家方案草案、共同国家方案文件草案和次区域方案之后,请各代表团就这些文件发表意见。", "42. 国家 国家成为新国家方案草案主题的代表团感谢开发署的支持,并请求执行局积极考虑摆在它们面前的国家方案文件草案。 各代表团在强调各自国家方案文件草案中反映的主要重点领域时强调,联合国各组织的工作必须通过在关键领域提供技术援助和能力建设来补充各国政府为实现可持续发展而作的努力。 其他一些代表团强调,还必须考虑中等收入国家。", "43. 东帝汶 其他代表团呼吁开发署加强国家办事处的能力,并要求今后的国家方案文件侧重于重要的交叉问题,如将性别观点纳入主流、加强司法改革、提供选举支助和应对气候变化等。 他们也注意到成果框架的弱点,这将给成果报告和成果管理制带来困难,并建议开发署建立一个更全面的成果链,并纳入更多关于风险分析和风险缓解的信息。", "44. 国家 一个代表团想知道,鉴于国家办事处的能力和任务,开发署是否跨越过多的方案领域。 该代表团又说,另一种办法是侧重于选定的方案领域。 另一个代表团对国家方案文件草案所载评价计划的遵守情况表示关切,特别是对分散评价遵守情况恶化的趋势表示关切。 该代表团敦促开发署确保在国家方案发展阶段聘用性别问题专家,加强问责机制,以确保进入时的质量。", "45. 国家 关于坦桑尼亚联合共和国和阿尔巴尼亚的共同国家方案文件草案,另一个代表团也代表若干代表团发言,要求提供关于是否以及何时向执行局介绍经验教训的最新情况,并说明在独立评价以及审查管理和问责制度方面取得的进展。 该代表团还强调必须查明联合国国家工作队面临的体制瓶颈,并概述有关机构的执行局可如何协助推动这一进程。", "46. 经常预算: 执行局注意到埃及、几内亚、海地、毛里求斯、摩尔多瓦、突尼斯和阿拉伯联合酋长国国家方案延长一年。 执行局核准第二次将南非国家方案延长一年,将克罗地亚、马达加斯加和巴拉圭国家方案延长两年。", "47. 国家 执行局注意到对下列22个国家方案草案的评论:(非洲区域)乍得、埃塞俄比亚、加蓬、加纳、毛里塔尼亚、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、塞舌尔和津巴布韦;(阿拉伯区域)巴林、摩洛哥和沙特阿拉伯;(亚洲和太平洋区域)孟加拉国、蒙古和菲律宾;(东欧和独立国家联合体)吉尔吉斯斯坦、黑山和乌克兰;以及(拉丁美洲和加勒比区域)萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯、牙买加和特立尼达和多巴哥。", " 48. 48. 执行局还注意到对阿尔巴尼亚共同国家方案文件草案以及巴巴多斯和东加勒比国家组织次区域方案文件草案所发表的意见。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 执行局根据执行局第2001/11和2006/36号决定,核准了作为例外在2011年第一届常会上提交的坦桑尼亚联合共和国共同国家方案文件。", "2009-2013年开发署全球方案中期审查", " 50. 50. 协理署长介绍了该项目。 助理署长兼发展政策局局长介绍了2009-2013年开发署全球方案中期审查报告(DP/2011/27),介绍了全球方案中期审查的结果和拟议的前进道路。", "51. 联合国 各代表团没有提出任何意见。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 执行局通过了关于开发署全球方案中期审查的第2011/18号决定。", "页:1 联合国资本发展基金", "53. 联合国 协理署长介绍了该项目,赞扬了联合国资本发展基金(资发基金)2010年取得的成果,然后简要介绍了资发基金的工作及其与开发署的伙伴关系。 资发基金执行秘书介绍了关于资发基金2010年所取得成果的报告,包括关于资发基金同开发署战略伙伴关系实施情况的进度报告。", "54. 联合国 代表团赞扬资发基金的有力业绩,特别是在国家一级,并欣见其活动继续扩大,这表明基金享有越来越大的信任。 然而,一些代表团对核心资源的减少表示关切,并鼓励资发基金扩大其捐助者基础,以确保有一个更稳定和可预测的筹资基础。", "55. 国家 一个代表团代表最不发达国家发言,对资发基金为在最不发达国家实现千年发展目标作出重大贡献而感到鼓舞。 该代表团希望看到资发基金今后注重增加其所有最不发达国家在国家一级的活动覆盖面,特别是小额供资和地方发展方案。 该代表团还请求资发基金将《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》有关最不发达国家的规定和原则纳入主流,并感谢资发基金在第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议期间组织了两次会外活动。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 一个代表团赞扬资发基金为衡量成果、委托对其方案进行九次全面评价以及2010年对其小额供资组合进行外部审查而建立的广泛框架。 另一个代表团欢迎资发基金同开发计划署之间的战略伙伴关系,这种伙伴关系近年来已变得更加密切。 该代表团进一步指出,资发基金几乎所有国家方案都是同开发计划署联合进行的。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 执行秘书感谢各代表团的慷慨发言和评论,并说,如果不增加资金,将资发基金的覆盖面扩大到更多的最不发达国家将面临挑战。 协理署长赞扬执行秘书的领导,并重申开发计划署致力于加强与资发基金的合作,以实现转型变革。", "58. 联合国 执行局通过了关于资发基金2010年成果报告的第2011/19号决定(DP/2011/28)。", "第八编. 联合国志愿人员", "59. (中文(简体) ). 协理署长介绍了关于志愿人员国际年十周年和联合国志愿人员方案(志愿人员方案)四十周年规划的项目,并提到该组织在过去40年中取得的积极成果。 联合国志愿人员组织执行协调员详细介绍了联合国志愿人员组织的工作,并介绍了根据大会第63/153号决议为筹备志愿人员国际年而采取的各种举措的最新情况。 她还向今年早些时候丧生的联合国志愿人员致敬。", "60. 联合国 各代表团赞扬联合国志愿人员组织在促进和平、稳定和自主发展方面的工作,并称赞联合国志愿人员组织在世界各地的贡献和辛勤工作。 各代表团说,在庆祝志愿人员国际年十周年时,他们期待着进一步促进志愿精神的价值,建立和加强志愿人员网络,为实现千年发展目标作出贡献。", "61. 国家 一个代表团说,志愿人员国际年十周年应被视为一个很好的机会来审查和评价志愿人员的动向和所做努力的贡献,并补充说,志愿人员应享有国际专家所享有的同样程度的职能豁免。 另一个代表团在说明志愿精神的重要性及其在全世界地方发展活动中的作用时,期待着联合国志愿人员组织正在编写的第一份《世界志愿精神状况报告》。", "62. 联合国 一些代表团将志愿人员方案与各自国家正在开展的志愿人员活动联系起来,并表示坚决支持志愿人员方案的方案目标。 一些代表团借此机会确认其财政捐款,并呼吁其他有能力的国家也向联合国志愿人员特别自愿基金捐款。 其他代表团同执行协调员一道向今年早些时候因公丧生的人致敬。", "63. 国家 执行协调员感谢各代表团的评论和意见,并强调必须承认志愿人员所作的贡献。 由于这些志愿人员的工作充满挑战,有时在危险的情况下进行,她说,必须给予他们安全以及给予其他联合国人员同样程度的职能豁免。 她进一步感谢各伙伴的继续支持,并说,联合国志愿人员组织将继续致力于促进志愿精神和提供志愿机会,以确保在地域和性别的基础上有尽可能广泛的代表性。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 执行局通过了关于志愿人员国际年十周年和联合国志愿人员四十周年规划的第2011/20号决定。", "项目厅部分", "第九编. 执行主任的发言和执行主任的年度报告", "65. 国家 项目厅执行主任介绍了年度报告并介绍了2010-2013年战略计划的执行进展情况,并着重指出了项目厅为联合国及其合作伙伴的工作所作出的贡献,以便为需要帮助的人带来实际好处。 他概述了项目厅2010年的业绩,包括交付12.7亿美元的项目服务以及成功清理和改进业务做法,从而导致对2008-2009两年期进行无保留审计,并在一些国家取得了实地业务成果。 执行主任介绍了项目厅为提高其所提供服务的效率和质量而作的持续努力,并着重指出项目厅最近得到的认证。 他还说,执行全面承认、奖惩政策的结果将列入提交执行局的2011年年度报告。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 许多代表团感谢执行主任介绍年度报告,并着重指出项目厅过去几年来取得的积极成果。 在这方面,他们赞扬项目厅管理层为确保本组织财务稳定而发挥的领导作用。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 一个代表团回顾先前对项目厅审计、调查和道德操守报告的讨论,鼓励管理层继续支持这些相对较新的审计和道德操守职能,以便它们能有效执行任务。 该代表团还鼓励项目厅帮助发展中国家不仅建设其技术能力,而且建设促进可持续性的机构能力。 另一个代表团表示,项目厅继续根据其任务规定和核心能力,回应对国家能力建设,包括管理咨询服务的日益增加的需求。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 一个代表团满意地注意到,项目厅2010年做得更少,希望项目厅的努力能被视作联合国其他组织效仿的典范,并期待着项目厅作为联合国国家工作队的重要成员推动联合国一致性议程。 另一个代表团鼓励项目厅继续提供高质量和快速的服务,同时探讨增加从发展中国家采购的可能性。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 一个代表团说,它期待着在即将举行的执行局第二届常会上讨论项目厅两年期支助预算。 另一个代表团承认2010年取得了成功,但鼓励项目厅探索更多具有成本效益的业绩机会并向执行局报告结果。", "70. 联合国 执行主任感谢各代表团的鼓励和指导,并向各代表团保证,项目厅计划认真审查提出的意见,包括希望项目厅同联合国系统其他组织分享良好管理做法的意见。 此外,他说,项目厅将继续在其任务范围内参与建设国家能力和核心能力。", "71. 联合国 执行局通过了关于项目厅执行主任年度报告的第2011/21号决定。", "联合部分", " . 内部审计和监督", "72. 开发署审计和调查处处长、人口基金监督事务司司长和项目厅内部审计和调查小组主任介绍了分别关于内部审计和监督活动的年度报告(DP/2011/29;DP/FPA/2011/5;DP/OPS/2011/2)。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 年度报告导言后,开发署助理署长兼管理局局长、人口基金执行主任和项目厅副执行主任分别提出了管理层的回应。", "74. 国家 各代表团感谢开发署审调处、人口基金监督事务司和项目厅审调小组提出内容翔实和发人深省的年度报告。 他们赞赏管理层的回应和审计咨询委员会的报告。 各代表团对开发署、人口基金和项目厅共有的问题以及这三个组织各自特有的问题发表了意见。 他们感到鼓舞的是,这三个组织的高级管理层正认真对待审计结果和建议,并正在投入组织努力,以及时而严格地解决不足之处。 一些代表团赞扬开发署和人口基金加快了努力,以有效处理超过18个月的审计建议。 然而,其他一些代表团对负责监督职能的单位的人员配置状况表示关切,并请求在关于内部审计和监督活动的年度报告或管理层的回应中定期改进关于欺诈和推定欺诈案件的报告。", "开发署", "75. 国家 一些代表团指出,被评为“满意”的国家办事处的百分比从39%降至25%,被评为“不满意”的国家办事处的百分比仍与2009年持平。 在对这一趋势表示关切时,他们要求听取开发署管理层对不满意评级的假定原因,包括系统性弱点的看法。", "76. 联合国 同样,有些代表团指出,22%的审计建议与国家办事处的采购职能有关,并期待着今后就开发署如何处理这些建议进行对话。 他们还想更多地了解开发署准备在2012年采用国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)的情况,包括公共部门会计准则准备情况仪表板。", "77. 国家 另一些代表团鼓励审调处继续与联合国其他组织协商,以探讨对联合方案采取联合审计办法的可能性。 关于开发署审计咨询委员会(审计咨询委员会)2010日历年的年度报告,一个代表团也代表若干其他代表团发言,对现金转移统一办法(现金统转)方式的各个方面缺乏后续行动作了评论,并要求就此作进一步阐述。", "78. 国家 另一个代表团欢迎对审调处章程所作的修订,并请署长向执行局提供附加说明的附录,以说明所作的修改以及这些修改的原因。", "79. 联合国 审调处主任对以下方面的评论作了答复:关于国家办事处采购职能的审计建议;审计评级的转变; \" 一体行动 \" 审计办法;以及一般调查。 他解释说,虽然“满意”评级的大幅下降令人担忧,但应当理解,审计评级波动,不应视为趋势,而应视为更彻底审计的结果。 此外,他解释说,开发署目前提供了一份综合审计摘要,但需要采用联合审计办法,所有调查,无论指控的严重性如何,都需要适当程序。", "80个 助理署长兼管理局局长解释了开发署为解决职能和政策领域系统性弱点而采取的办法,并说正在采取与减少风险和问责制政策有关的措施。 副助理署长兼管理局副局长进一步澄清了改变审计评级的原因,并解释说只有一个国家办事处获得同样的不满意评级。", "81个 开发署审计咨询委员会主席表示赞赏开发署在回应管理层的回应时作出的及时而全面的反应。 关于与现金统转有关的评论,她澄清说,年度报告无意暗示现金统转方式固有的保证水平低于非政府组织和国家执行审计。 相反,如果不遵守所有现金统转程序,就有可能降低保证水平。 现金统转审计中的一项审计显示,在遵守所有保障措施方面有一些缺陷,因此,如果不遵循这些保障措施,就会发现风险。", "人口基金", "82. 几个代表团赞扬报告的新格式及其中所载的具体建议。 它们要求,管理层今后的回应应更详细地说明为落实审计建议正在采取的措施,包括预期的执行时限。 他们对人口基金在处理调查案件方面的透明度表示满意。", "83个 一些代表团欢迎关于填补监督事务司空缺员额的积极消息,并强调指出,所有工作人员都应具备必要的技能和能力来开展工作。 他们欢迎执行主任的计划,即加强学习和发展,确保技能和能力更好地协调,使工作人员能有效履行职责。", "第八十四会. 一些代表团表示关切的是,审计委员会就2008-2009年财务报表发表有保留审计意见的问题和一再出现的审计问题没有得到适当处理,仍然面临结构和系统方面的挑战。 他们表示支持执行主任为解决这些问题而作的努力。", "85. 一些代表团对以下情况表示关切:国家执行审计的财务风险增加和情况恶化;评级不满意;方案监测和评价方面继续面临挑战;工作人员对总部各单位、区域和国家办事处各自的作用缺乏明确性;一些管理举措性质不同。 各代表团鼓励人口基金进一步努力,包括在业务计划中,在企业风险管理战略中,将控制系统制度化,包括向国家办事处和监督系统提供适当支助,该战略将高风险领域列为优先事项。", "86号. 注意到监督事务司报告的结论,即需要从根本上改变国家办事处的业务,以防止审计问题再次发生,一些代表团欢迎执行主任亲自参与主持审计监测委员会,并保证这是人口基金的优先领域。 他们赞赏管理层采取各种措施落实审计建议,并指出需要时间来显示影响,但表示关切再次进行有保留审计的可能性。 一些代表团赞扬人口基金加速执行超过18个月的审计建议。", "87个 一些代表团欢迎人口基金审计咨询委员会(审计咨询委员会)的报告,并请审计咨询委员会代表为人口基金确定三个最优先事项,并就管理层处理管理层规定的问题的能力提出意见。 一些代表团请执行主任确定处理内部审计员建议的优先事项,并提交一份附有明确措施和时限的行动计划。 他们建议执行局定期介绍并审查进展情况。", "88个 执行主任强调,人口基金认真对待审计问题,正在通过战略计划和(或)业务计划中期审查解决这些问题。 他相信执行局成员会对人口基金采取的步骤感到满意。 他指出,目前正在采取各种措施来减少基金的风险,包括突出基金的战略重点;审查与执行伙伴的接触;并减少方案产出的数量。 他重申人口基金充分致力于透明度和问责制。", "89. 监督司司长指出,调查处的工作人员人数已经增加。 关于欺诈问题,他指出,人口基金已购买了能够持续监测的软件。 关于“不满意”的评级,他指出,必须考虑到人口基金依赖风险模式,特别是风险最高的被审计单位。 因此,“不满意”评级的可能性是不可避免的。 然而,存在一些系统性缺陷,正如执行主任所指出,这些缺陷正在通过中期审查和业务计划加以解决。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 人口基金审计咨询委员会代表在答复一项询问时指出,人口基金的优先事项是将风险管理和方案/项目管理战略结合起来。 她说,人口基金面临的许多问题可以通过将风险管理计划纳入业务计划来解决。", "项目厅", "91. 联合国 各代表团欢迎项目厅收到的无保留审计意见,并称赞审调小组履行专门调查职能。 然而,他们也就需要改进的领域发表了意见,并要求提供更多资料,说明审计结果所涉经费问题,以及审调小组如何处理2009至2010年收到的投诉增加170%的问题。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 一些代表团注意到,2008年至2009年,建议总数和高度优先建议数目急剧下降,2010年出现强烈逆转,要求就波动的原因提供进一步资料。 他们还敦促项目厅加紧努力执行长期的审计建议。", "93. 国家 一个代表团鼓励项目厅管理层确保审调小组拥有执行任务所需的资源,并就影响审调小组工作的重大事态发展同执行局进行协商。", "94. 国家 审调小组主任在答复关于收到的投诉增加的评论时说,项目厅努力防止案件成为骚扰案件。 这项工作是通过监察员和调解进程进行的。 她说,项目厅将随时向执行局成员通报有关欺诈和腐败案件的发展情况,因为项目厅目前依靠联合国系统各组织掌握的知识。 关于由于案件数量急剧增加而需要更多人力资源的评论,她说,项目厅管理层需要在其预算和目前审计员人数的范围内审议这一事项。", "95号. 执行局通过了第2011/22号决定:开发署、人口基金和项目厅关于2010年内部审计和监督活动的报告。", "回应对内部审计报告披露更多信息的新要求", "96. (中文(简体) ). 开发计划署署长介绍了该项目,强调开发计划署迫切需要表明它决心确保透明度和问责制。 她还说,如果开发署无法让其查阅内部审计报告,其机构捐助者的信任和资金可能受损。 开发署审调处主任代表开发署、人口基金和项目厅介绍了关于回应对内部审计报告披露更多信息的新要求的报告(DP-FPA-OPS/2011/1)。", "97. 国家 1. 全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金(全球基金)执行主任在指出全球基金同开发计划署之间至关重要的工作关系时,表示全球基金理事会日益关注管理层目前获取内部审计报告的程度。 执行主任在表示相信所提出的备选办法是向前迈出的重要一步的同时,还进一步请执行局提供灵活的余地。", "98 (英语). 许多代表团欢迎有机会讨论各种备选方案,以应对新出现的对内部审计报告披露更多信息的要求。 在强调加强各组织透明度和公开性的重要性时,这些代表团表示明确支持向机构捐助者披露与项目和方案有关的内部审计报告,而不论其捐款数额大小,会员国享有同样程度的查阅机会,但必须保持保密要求。 关于简化程序,各代表团建议探讨对未分类文件采取安全技术解决办法的可能性,并请三个组织向执行局2011年第二届常会提出一项关于远程阅读内部审计报告的联合提案。 他们还对管理新的披露政策发表了看法,指出责任应留在各组织的监督单位。", "99号. 一个代表团认为,披露内部审计报告是在各组织内建立更广泛的透明度和问责制文化的必要的第一步。 另一个代表团在强调非政治化使用资金的重要性时,告诫说,如果不就所提出的备选办法的影响提供足够的资料,就不应过早地讨论该项目。 该代表团强调,无论如何,让非国家实体获得与会员国相同的内部审计报告,是不可接受的。", "一百个 开发署署长、人口基金执行主任和项目厅执行主任表示完全支持内部审计报告的透明度和更大的信息披露。 开发署署长重申了这个问题的严重性,并解释了不回应内部审计报告披露更多信息的新要求的潜在后果。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 执行局通过了第2011/23号决定:回应对内部审计报告披露更多信息的新要求。", "102. 国家 在通过第2011/23号决定后,一个代表团发言,解释了其政府为何加入共识,允许非国家捐助方,特别是政府间组织和全球防治艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金,查阅它们为其捐款的项目和方案的内部审计报告。", "十一会. 开发署、人口基金和项目厅道德操守办公室的报告", "第103页。 开发署道德操守办公室主任、人口基金道德操守办公室道德操守顾问和项目厅总法律顾问介绍了各自组织的道德操守办公室的报告(DP/2011/30;DP/FPA/2011/6;和DP/OPS/2011/3)。", "104 (韩语). 两个代表团发言。 一个代表团欢迎开发署、人口基金和项目厅道德操守办公室的报告,强调大力支持道德操守办公室,并欣见其集体努力为联合国系统内的廉正和问责文化作出贡献。 该代表团强调坚决支持财务披露方案,认为这是避免工作人员之间利益冲突的重要工具。 该代表团高兴地看到,开发署遵守率为99%,人口基金为100%,项目厅为95%。", "105. (中文(简体) ). 在要求今后提出有意义的报告时,该代表团要求列入资料,说明需要撤销财务财产或其他补救行动的案件数量。 该代表团敦促这三个组织公布高级官员的披露声明,以提高透明度。 此外,该代表团建议开发署、人口基金和项目厅在举报人保护方面实现报告标准化,并寻求联合国道德操守委员会主席指导如何处理报复投诉。", "106. (中文(简体) ). 另一个代表团强调,必须在这三个组织内建立强有力的道德操守职能,使各组织保持健康,从而能够更好地满足发展中国家的需要。 该代表团鼓励这三个组织的管理层进一步确保道德操守职能的制度化。", "107 (韩语). 开发署道德操守办公室主任承认需要列入在财务披露方面采取的补救行动的实际数量,并说将在今后的报告中列入相关统计数据。 项目厅总法律顾问在表示支持公开财务披露的同时指出,自愿披露的问题需要提交联合国道德操守办公室。", "108. (中文(简体) ). 人口基金道德操守顾问感谢各代表团的评论和支持。 她同意开发计划署的答复,并还指出,人口基金将继续在联合国欧共体框架内同其他组织进行协调。", "第109页. 执行局通过了第2011/24号决定:开发署、人口基金和项目厅道德操守办公室的报告。", "第十二编. 实地访问", "110. 国家 联合实地访问菲律宾共和国的小组组长以及对巴拿马和乌拉圭的实地访问介绍了该项目。 实地访问报告员介绍了各自的报告(DP-FPA/2011/CRP.1和更正;DP/2011/CRP.2-DP/FPA/2011/CRP.1;DP/2011/CRP.3-DP/FPA/2011/CRP.2),重点介绍了主要结论和建议。", "111. 一个代表团承认实地访问取得了成功,但请执行局秘书处提供组织实地访问的费用总额,特别是与旅行有关的费用。", "112号. 执行局注意到关于对菲律宾、巴拿马和乌拉圭的实地访问的三份报告。", "人口基金部分", "第十三编 执行主任的发言和执行主任的年度报告", "执行主任在向执行局作的发言(可查阅http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/news/pid/7763)中报告了过去三年在执行战略计划方面取得的进展,并着重指出了使人口基金成为一个更有重点和更有效的组织的计划。 他指出,正在为加强本组织开展各种进程,包括战略计划中期审查和制定内部业务计划。", "114 (韩语). 各代表团感谢执行主任的深思熟虑的发言。 他们赞赏他在重新评估本组织战略优先事项以及透明和包容性的中期审查进程方面的领导作用。 许多代表团强调,《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》应成为人口基金工作的核心,包括在人口与发展、生殖健康和权利以及两性平等等领域。 各代表团强调必须保护人发会议的共识。 他们强调人口基金工作中基于人权的办法的重要性。 各代表团注意到加强基金战略方向重点的优点,指出应保留一切可能的切入点,以加强同利益有关者和发展伙伴的协作。 各代表团注意到千年发展目标5的进展滞后,强调人口基金在协助各国实现千年发展目标5方面发挥关键作用。 强调了数据对发展、加强国家数据系统和能力建设的重要性。 与会者敦促人口基金在方案拟订方面保持其文化敏感性。 各代表团提到人口基金在支持南南合作方面的关键作用。", "115. (中文(简体) ). 各代表团欢迎执行主任注重青少年和青年,并强调需要投资于青年人,包括提供信息、教育和方便青年的服务。 一个代表团提议在今后的一届会议上就联合国各实体促进联合行动的青年工作进行讨论。 基金在紧急/人道主义环境下的工作受到欢迎,一些代表团鼓励人口基金加强其协调机制和能力及其合作伙伴防止和应对基于性别的暴力的机制和能力。 人口基金在2010年人口普查中向各国提供支助受到赞赏。 一个代表团要求每年审查/讨论基金的人道主义活动。", "116 (英语). 一些代表团提到第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议,并强调需要加快最不发达国家的进展速度,以到2015年实现千年发展目标。 一个代表团代表最不发达国家集团感谢执行主任的支持。 该代表团强调最不发达国家在实现包括计划生育在内的普及生殖健康的千年发展目标方面所面临的巨大挑战,并表示相信人口基金将优先关注最不发达国家。", "117号 技术熟练的助产士,特别是助产士的作用被认为是解决孕产妇和新生儿死亡率和发病率问题的关键。 一个代表团宣布了一项新倡议,以扩大国家助产计划并增加由熟练助产士接生的比例。 该代表团指出,它将同人口基金密切合作。 另一个代表团宣布了一项新的国家计划,向农村和城市地区的孕妇提供免费服务。", "118. 各代表团欢迎执行主任强调问责制是人口基金的最高优先事项。 它们敦促人口基金更加重视国家执行、财务管理、遵守审计规定、评价以及循证方案拟订和决策。 关于成果报告,一些代表团强调,需要总结经验教训以及遇到并克服的挑战。 各代表团赞赏人口基金对联合国改革,包括 \" 一体行动 \" 的贡献。 一些代表团指出,人口基金需要同妇女署合作,以确保在性别平等方面采取协调和互补的做法。", "119. 许多代表团强调人口基金需要增加可预测的财政资源来协助各国执行人发会议议程并实现千年发展目标。 他们鼓励人口基金努力提高利用资源的效率和效力。 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国代表团宣布,在今后两年中,它将保持目前每年2 000万英镑的核心供资水平。 该代表团强调,未来的供资将取决于三个关键领域:改善国家一级方案的交付和影响;加强成果管理制;改进财务管理,包括遵守审计规定。 其他代表团,包括爱沙尼亚、芬兰、爱尔兰、荷兰和新西兰也提到它们对人口基金的核心捐款。 日本代表团深切感谢人口基金及其工作人员在最近的日本地震后表现出的同情。 该代表团指出,尽管目前情况如此,但该国政府将履行其对人口基金的财政承诺。", "120号. 一些代表团对人口基金大量高级专业工作人员将在2011-2015年期间退休表示关切。 他们强调新工作人员应得到必要的培训/专门知识,呼吁执行主任保持地域平衡和性别平等。 一个代表团要求提供关于即将退休的单位的资料。", "121. (中文(简体) ). 执行主任感谢各代表团的支持并强调指出,人口基金致力于改进方案交付、成果管理制、效率、透明度和问责制,包括注重财务管理和遵守审计规定。 他同意需要灵活性,并承认没有一种办法适合所有情况。 他欢迎对中期审查的支持,并同意证明成果至关重要。 他指出,人口基金已采取重大步骤来强化和简化成果框架。 他向各国保证,注重妇女、女孩和青年并不意味着人口基金不会与各国合作,满足它们在人口与发展、两性平等和生殖健康领域的需要。 他欢迎关于在今后的执行局会议上就青年问题进行讨论的建议。 他强调,人口基金致力于满足最不发达国家的需要并落实《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》。 他说,人口基金还致力于满足中等收入国家的需要。", "122. (中文(简体) ). 执行主任感谢会员国的慷慨捐助并敦促各国作出多年承诺。 他指出,两年期预算草案将在今年晚些时候提出,并向执行局保证,人口基金正在有效管理总费用和总收入。 他指出,内部业务计划将侧重于工作人员培训、上岗培训和继任规划。", "123. 国家 执行局通过了关于执行主任2010年报告的第2011/25号决定。", "第 十四 条 对人口基金的供资承诺", "124. (中文(简体) ). 资源调动处处长介绍了关于会员国和其他方面对人口基金的捐款和2011年及今后几年收入预测的报告(DP/FPA/2011/4)。 他指出,截至2011年6月1日,人口基金2011年经常资源捐款收入预测估计数约为4.556亿美元,大大高于2011年3月报告定稿时预测的4.442亿美元。 2011年其他资源(共同供资)收入预测估计数为2.7亿美元。 他强调经常资源是人口基金业务的基石,并强调指出,现在比以往任何时候都更需要充足、一致和可预测的财政资源。", "125. (中文(简体) ). 许多代表团在一份联合声明中指出,它们同意报告的主要结论,即稳定的经常资源基础对人口基金支持各国执行人发会议行动纲领至关重要。 他们强调,他们在向基金捐款时优先考虑经常资源,因为核心资金是人口基金所有工作的基石。 他们补充说,其他资源是对基金经常资源基础的重要补充。 他们欢迎新兴经济体更有力地参与,并强调需要扩大人口基金的重要捐助者名单。", "126. (中文(简体) ). 各代表团鼓励人口基金进一步改善其财务和业务管理,并强调指出,这种改进与有效的循证方案拟订相结合,对吸引经常资源和其他资源至关重要。 注意到各组织在当前全球环境中需要 \" 少花钱多办事 \" ,它们欢迎执行主任为更有效地交付人口基金成果并显示成果而作的努力。 各代表团强调,这将对基金调动资源的能力起决定性作用。", "127 (韩语). 执行主任感谢各代表团对人口基金努力改善其财政基础的意见。 他强调,问责制和透明度将是人口基金的口号,人口基金将努力“从少处获得更多”。", "128. (英语). 执行局通过了第2011/26号决定:关于会员国和其他方面捐款以及2011年和今后各年收入预测的报告。", "第十五届 人口基金国家方案和有关事项", "129. 国家 首先,执行局核准了坦桑尼亚联合共和国共同国家方案文件的机构部分,执行局在2011年第一届常会早些时候审查了该文件。", "130. (中文(简体) ). 人口基金副执行主任(方案)概述了提交执行局审查的18个国家方案文件草案:非洲 -- -- 埃塞俄比亚、加蓬、加纳、毛里塔尼亚、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔和津巴布韦;阿拉伯国家 -- -- 摩洛哥;亚洲和太平洋 -- -- 孟加拉国、老挝人民民主共和国、蒙古和菲律宾;东欧和中亚 -- -- 阿尔巴尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦和乌克兰;拉丁美洲和加勒比 -- -- 萨尔瓦多 -- -- 讲英语和荷兰语的加勒比国家多国方案文件以及洪都拉斯。 她还介绍了几内亚、南非、马达加斯加、突尼斯、摩尔多瓦共和国、海地和巴拉圭的方案延期。 随后,人口基金非洲、阿拉伯国家、亚洲和太平洋、东欧和中亚以及拉丁美洲和加勒比区域主任详细介绍了各自区域的各项方案。", "131. 国家 各代表团赞赏国家方案文件草案是在与各自政府和发展伙伴密切协商下拟订的,并与国家计划和优先事项保持一致。 许多代表团注意到它们几十年来同人口基金的合作,并强调指出,这些方案是根据具体国情制定的。 强调了在性健康和生殖健康及生殖权利、人口与发展以及两性平等领域进行能力建设的重要性。 一些代表团注意到财政和经济环境日益受限,鼓励人口基金加强和扩大与其他发展伙伴,包括美国国际开发署、儿童基金会和卫生组织的接触。 在这方面,一些代表团强调必须查明差距并避免重复。", "132. (中文(简体) ). 一些代表团呼吁人口基金加强方案重点并增强协同作用,以帮助优化发展成果。 有人指出,鉴于资源有限,一些国家方案文件草案的预期成果和指标过于雄心勃勃,不切实际。 各代表团请人口基金特别注意解决青年以及穷人和处境不利群体,包括土著人民的需要。 强调了采用对性别问题敏感和以权利为基础的方法的重要性。 各代表团赞扬人口基金在倡导提高助产士的地位和推动由熟练助产士接生方面发挥的重要作用。 各代表团还就具体的国家方案文件草案发表了意见并提出了问题。 下列代表团感谢执行局和人口基金的国家方案并赞赏人口基金的支助:阿尔巴尼亚、安提瓜和巴布达(代表加勒比共同体14个成员国)、孟加拉国、埃塞俄比亚、洪都拉斯、蒙古、摩洛哥、菲律宾、圣多美和普林西比、南非、乌克兰和坦桑尼亚联合共和国。", "133. (中文(简体) ). 人口基金区域办事处主任感谢各代表团的评论和支持。 他们向执行局保证,根据第2006/36号决定,将向有关国家转达对国家方案文件草案的意见,以便在最后敲定国家方案文件时加以考虑。", "134. 执行局核准延长马达加斯加、巴拉圭和南非的方案,并注意到延长几内亚、突尼斯、摩尔多瓦共和国和海地的方案。 此外,执行局注意到下列18个国家方案文件草案及其评论意见:埃塞俄比亚、加蓬、加纳、毛里塔尼亚、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、津巴布韦、摩洛哥、孟加拉国、老挝人民民主共和国、蒙古、菲律宾、阿尔巴尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、乌克兰、萨尔瓦多、加勒比英语和荷兰语国家的多国方案文件以及洪都拉斯。", "十六会. 战略计划中期审查", "135. (中文(简体) ). 执行主任介绍了该议程项目。 副执行主任(方案)介绍了2008-2013年战略计划的执行进展和挑战。 方案司司长介绍了成果问责制:强化衡量制度。", "136. (中文(简体) ). 许多代表团赞赏人口基金为正在进行的2008-2013年战略计划中期审查所采取的包容、透明和协商办法。 他们强调必须确保所有人口基金伙伴充分致力于必要的改革,使基金更加有效。 他们欢迎制定业务计划,明确概述执行人口基金战略和业务优先事项所必须采取的行动。 各代表团指出,在国家一级加强成果和影响将是评估基金效力的基础。 他们鼓励人口基金加强与其他发展伙伴的协同作用。", "137号. 若干代表团赞扬执行主任决定加强基金对核心任务的重视。 他们强调,人口基金必须继续倡导生殖健康和权利,并领导全球努力,以加快实现人发会议目标和千年发展目标,降低孕产妇死亡率并普及生殖保健,包括计划生育。 他们指出,计划生育和注重青年,包括少女,是人口基金任务和实现千年发展目标的核心。 他们指出,人口基金在性健康和生殖健康以及生殖权利方面的工作最接近于取得业务成果,从而改变处境不利的人口群体,特别是妇女和青年的生活。", "138. 许多代表团指出,人道主义援助应继续是人口基金工作的一个重要方面。 该基金在打击基于性别的暴力和确保妇女在自然灾害和冲突局势中生育方面的作用是独特的。 一些代表团敦促人口基金除了发挥政策和保护分组的协调作用外,继续发挥自身人道主义行为体的作用。", "139. (中文(简体) ). 各代表团欢迎人口基金同艾滋病规划署和H4+伙伴合作,努力进一步减少艾滋病毒的性传播并促使预防母婴传播(PMTCT)和性健康和生殖健康及计划生育方案更好地结合起来。 一些代表团指出,随着妇女署的设立,人口基金需要重新审视其在性别平等和增强妇女权能领域的作用。 它们指出,人口基金应继续努力促进两性平等并赋予妇女权力,但应注重与性健康和生殖健康及生殖权利有关的性别问题。", "140. 国家 一些代表团指出,基金工作的多面性分散分散分散,分散了基金的影响并造成了重大的管理复杂性和风险。 他们鼓励人口基金通过减少成果和产出数量,加强战略计划的重点并减少方案领域的数目。 更突出重点和减少成果将有利于最佳利用现有财政和人力资源并提高效率、效力和影响力。 它们支持人口基金努力改进监测和评价系统并改进数据质量,并强调指出,讲述发展影响的故事对于确保更多的政治和财政支持至关重要。", "141 (英语). 一些代表团指出,人口基金不能像其他组织一样,在任何地方都做任何事情。 鉴于可用的财政和人力资源有限,人口基金必须就什么是优先事项作出艰难的战略决定。 为使人口基金能够交付成果并报告成果,它应当根据其支持执行人发会议《行动纲领》的责任,将重点放在它具有相对优势和附加值的领域,特别是在工作人员和方案过于分散的国家。 一些代表团提议,除了考虑到人口基金的相对优势外,还应根据对各国具体需要和情况的不同分析作出选择。", "142. (中文(简体) ). 关于必须改进基金的业绩计量和成果报告,若干代表团指出,必须减少战略计划中的指标数目,必须加强成果同产出之间的联系,以更好地显示基金对成果的贡献。 各代表团鼓励人口基金在人发会议目标和千年发展目标5目标没有进展到正轨的国家实施高影响做法并加强其与发展伙伴的协作。 各代表团注意到,人口基金的主要影响是通过在国家一级开展的工作,并指出,为了高效地开展工作并取得切实成果,必须使人口基金的方案特别适应国家和地方的需要以及其他行为者的参与程度。", "143. (中文(简体) ). 执行主任感谢各代表团的评论,并指出,它们侧重于围绕青年人,特别是女孩确定优先事项;性健康和生殖健康以及确保提供计划生育的方案;两性平等的重要性以及人口动态;并在人发会议议程和千年发展目标5下推进所有这些。 方案司司长感谢各代表团的指导和支持,并指出人口基金将在即将举行的非正式会议上分享其他指标。 关于采购,管理事务司司长说,人口基金正在研究各个领域,包括基金可影响价格的商品和长期协定。", "第十七会. 其他事项", "通过的其它决定", "144. (中文(简体) ). 执行局通过了关于人口基金2012-2013两年期预算临时拨款的第2011/27号决定;关于最不发达国家的第2011/28号决定;以及关于中等收入国家的第2011/29号决定。", "145 (英语). 在通过第2011/29号决定后,一个代表团解释了提出有关中等收入国家的决定的目的,并强调需要采用更先进的手段衡量发展。", "146. 国家 一个代表团询问是否可以在2011年第二届常会上组织一次关于青年的专题讨论。 另一位发言者发言,感谢开发署、人口基金和项目厅处理执行局文件语言要求方面的关切问题,并希望看到继续合作。", "其他活动", "147页. 举行了下列专题讨论/协商:", "(a) 关于各组织在满足中等收入国家发展需要方面的作用的联合专题讨论。 联合国发展集团主席以及联合国发展集团主席欧洲和中亚介绍了各区域中等收入国家的发展需要。 乌拉圭总统府秘书谈到联合国在中等收入国家的作用。 纳米比亚共和国代表介绍了非洲国家,包括纳米比亚在中等收入国家相关问题上的经验。", "(b) 关于环境和气候变化的联合专题讨论:三个机构在国家一级的作用。 开发署助理署长兼发展政策局局长代表开发署、人口基金和项目厅介绍了这三个组织在发展中国家的作用。 布基纳法索代表介绍了该国参加非洲适应方案的经验,同时也指出气候变化对布基纳法索发展的负面影响。 人口基金技术司司长介绍了人口基金在人口、环境和气候变化方面的工作,指出人口基金是负责重点处理人口问题的唯一组织。 项目厅拉丁美洲和加勒比区域局局长介绍了项目厅在国家和区域两级为应对气候变化所作出的贡献。 随后播放了关于巴巴多斯小额赠款方案的录像短片。", "(c) 在第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的范围内就与最不发达国家有关的问题进行联合专题讨论。 亚洲和太平洋国家执行局副主席在第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的范围内主持了与最不发达国家有关的问题的联合专题讨论。 发言的有:联合国最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处代理主任和主任;尼泊尔常驻联合国副代表(代表最不发达国家集团主席);助理署长兼开发署非洲区域局局长;人口基金技术司司长;项目厅北美办事处区域主任。", "(d) 就开发署2012-2013两年期机构预算估计数、人口基金战略计划中期审查和项目厅2012-2013两年期支助预算举行了非正式磋商。" ]

[ "Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "New York, 23 September 2011", "Draft provisional agenda", "1. Opening of the Conference", "2. Procedural and organizational matters", "(a) Election of the Presidency", "(b) Adoption of the rules of procedure", "(c) Adoption of the agenda", "(d) Election of officers other than the Presidency", "(e) Appointment of members of the Credentials Committee", "(f) Confirmation of the Secretary of the Conference", "3. Statement by the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "4. Statement(s) by the Presidency", "5. Address by the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "6. Adoption of a Final Declaration", "7. Presentation of a progress report on cooperation to facilitate the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "8. General exchange of views by ratifiers and signatories on facilitating the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty[1]", "9. Statements by non-signatory States¹", "10. Statement on behalf of NGOs¹", "11. Report of the Credentials Committee", "12. Adoption of the report of the Conference", "13. Closure of the Conference.", "Annex I", "Proposed timetable for the work of the Conference", "Friday, 23 September 2011 10.00-13.00", "Item 1 Opening of the Conference", "Item 2 Procedural and organizational matters", "(a) Election of the Presidency", "(b) Adoption of the rules of procedure", "(c) Adoption of the agenda", "(d) Election of officers other than the Presidency", "(e) Appointment of members of the Credentials Committee", "(f) Confirmation of the Secretary of the Conference", "Item 3 Statement by the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "Item 4 Statement(s) by the Presidency", "Item 5 Address by the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "Item 6 Adoption of a Final Declaration", "Item 7 Presentation of a progress report on cooperation to facilitate the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "Item 8 General exchange of views by ratifiers and signatories on facilitating the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "15.00-18.00", "Item 8 General exchange of views by ratifiers and signatories on facilitating the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (continued)", "Item 9 Statements by non-signatory States", "Item 10 Statement on behalf of NGOs", "Item 11 Report of the Credentials Committee", "Item 12 Adoption of the report of the Conference", "Item 13 Closure of the Conference.", "[1] As general guidance, it is assumed that speakers, at the discretion of the Presidency, will talk for up to five minutes each." ]

[ "促进《全面禁止核试验条约》 生效会议", "2011年9月23日，纽约", "临时议程草案", "1. 会议开幕", "2. 程序和组织事项", "(a) 选举主席", "(b) 通过议事规则", "(c) 通过议程", "(d) 选举主席之外的其他主席团成员", "(e) 任命全权证书委员会成员", "(f) 确认会议秘书", "3. 联合国秘书长发言", "4. 主席发言", "5. 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会执行秘书致辞", "6. 通过最后宣言", "7. 提交关于合作促进《全面禁止核试验条约》生效的进度报告", "8. 批准国和签署国就促进《全面禁止核试验条约》生效一般性交换意见[1]", "9. 非签署国发言¹", "10. 非政府组织代表发言¹", "11. 全权证书委员会的报告", "12. 通过会议的报告", "13. 会议闭幕。", "附件一", "拟议的会议工作时间表", "2011年9月23日，星期五 10:00-13:00", "项目1 会议开幕", "项目2 程序和组织事项", "(a) 选举主席", "(b) 通过议事规则", "(c) 通过议程", "(d) 选举主席之外的其他主席团成员", "(e) 任命全权证书委员会成员", "(f) 确认会议秘书", "项目3 联合国秘书长发言", "项目4 主席发言", "项目5 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会执行秘书致辞", "项目6 通过最后宣言", "项目7 提交关于合作促进《全面禁止核试验条约》生效的进度报告", "项目8 批准国和签署国就促进《全面禁止核试验条约》生效一般性交换意见", "15:00-18:00", "项目8 批准国和签署国就促进《全面禁止核试验条约》生效一般性交换意见(续)", "项目9 非签署国发言", "项目10 非政府组织代表发言", "项目11 全权证书委员会的报告", "项目12 通过会议的报告", "项目13 会议闭幕。", "[1] 作为一般性指导，假定每位发言者发言时间不超过五分钟，由主席斟酌决定。" ]

[ "促进全面禁止核试验条约生效会议", "2011年9月23日,纽约", "临时议程草案", "1. 联合国 会议开幕", "2. 程序和组织事项", "(a) 选举主席", "(b) 通过议事规则", "通过议程", "(d) 选举主席以外的主席团成员", "(e) 任命全权证书委员会成员", "(f) 确认会议秘书", "3个 联合国秘书长的发言", "4. 院长会议的发言", "5 (韩语). 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会执行秘书讲话", "6. 通过最后宣言", "7. 联合国 介绍关于合作促进《全面禁止核试验条约》生效的进度报告", "8. 联合国 批准国和签署国就促进《全面禁止核试验条约》生效一般性交换意见 [1]", "9. 国家 非签署国的发言1", "10个 代表非政府组织的发言1", "11个 全权证书委员会的报告", "12个 通过会议报告", "13个 会议闭幕。", "页:1", "拟议的会议工作时间表", "2011年9月23日星期五 10.00-13.00", "项目1 会议开幕", "项目2 程序和组织事项", "(a) 选举主席", "(b) 通过议事规则", "通过议程", "(d) 选举主席以外的主席团成员", "(e) 任命全权证书委员会成员", "(f) 确认会议秘书", "项目3 联合国秘书长的发言", "项目4 主席的发言", "项目5 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会执行秘书的讲话", "项目6 通过最后宣言", "项目7 提交关于合作促进《全面禁止核试验条约》生效的进度报告", "项目8 批准国和签署国就促进《全面禁止核试验条约》生效一般性交换意见", "15.00-18.00", "项目8 批准国和签署国就促进《全面禁止核试验条约》生效一般性交换意见(续)", "项目9 非签署国的发言", "项目10 代表非政府组织的发言", "项目11 全权证书委员会的报告", "项目12 通过会议报告", "项目13 会议闭幕。", "[1] 作为一般指导,假定发言者每人发言最多5分钟,由主席决定。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 36 \n The situation in the Middle East", "Identical letters dated 26 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "On instructions from my Government, I transmit to you herewith a statistical summary of the violations of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006) committed by Israel during the month of June 2011 (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter issued as an official document of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 36, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Nawaf Salam Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the identical letters dated 26 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Land violations", "Date\tTime\tNature of violation \n1 June2011\t1215\tAn Israeli enemy patrol deployed under the treesopposite the Lebanese Army checkpoint at theWazzani Bridge. The members of the patrol tookphotographs of the checkpoint and trained theirweapons towards its personnel.\n\t14301700\tIn Birkat al-Naqqar, opposite the occupiedShab‘a Farms, an Israeli patrol erected a blacktent featuring Israeli flags and a surveillancecamera, and placed a cloth cover over thememorial to their troops. At 1735 hours, a coachcontaining 15 people arrived. It departed afterthe Israeli enemy personnel dismantled the tentand removed the cover.\n\t1730\tThe Israeli enemy directed several bursts ofmedium-weapons fire around Ruwaysat al-Alam inthe occupied Shab‘a Farms.\n\t1730\tWhile an Israeli enemy patrol was travellingopposite the Fatimah Gate, its members trainedMAG machine guns and directed profanities andvulgar gestures towards personnel at theLebanese Army checkpoint.2 June2011\t1220\tAn Israeli enemy patrol halted at the FatimahGate and trained their weapons towards Lebaneseterritory. \n 1230 \n\tVarious\tIsraeli enemy forces broke into the cellulartelephone network and sent recorded messages inArabic to the effect that anyone withinformation about the Israeli soldiers missingin Lebanon was guaranteed a reward of $10million.\n3 June2011\t0830\tAn Israeli enemy patrol consisting of threetanks and a bulldozer departed from Ruwaysatal-Alam and proceeded to open a dirt road about600 metres long and 3 metres wide within theoccupied area, south of the paved road adjacentto the withdrawal line.\n\t0900\tOpposite the Fatimah Gate, an Israeli enemypatrol consisting of two Hummer vehicles and aconstruction vehicle laid barbed wire betweenposition shin-32 and position shin-33 adjacentto the orchard. A passenger bus brought some 60civilians, who observed the work. One enemyindividual was seen lying flat on theemplacement opposite the gate and training hisweapon towards Lebanese territory. Anotherpatrol laid barbed wire along the wall oppositethe town of Kafr Kila.\n\t1243\tAn Israeli enemy patrol requested that theIndian contingent of the United Nations InterimForce in Lebanon (UNIFIL) should preventLebanese shepherds from approaching or crossingthe Blue Line at Saddanah, failing which theIsraeli forces would open fire. That area is indisputed Lebanese territory.\n\t1330\tAn Israeli foot patrol crossed the technicalfence through the Hassan Gate, penetrating some35 metres. It stayed in place for 10 minuteswithout crossing the withdrawal line.\n5 June2011\t0800\tWhile a Lebanese Army vehicle was travellingthrough Kafr Kila, opposite the Fatimah Gate, anIsraeli enemy soldier directed profanities atthe personnel in the vehicle.\n\t1230\tAn Israeli foot patrol crossed the technicalfence through the Hassan Gate, penetrating some50 metres into the area with regard to whichLebanon maintains a claim. That operation wasaccompanied by movements of vehicles andpersonnel in the occupied Shab‘a Farms.\n\t1515\tIsraeli enemy forces broke into the cellulartelephone network and sent recorded messages inArabic to the effect that anyone withinformation about the Israeli soldiers missingin Lebanon was guaranteed a reward of $10million.\n6 June2011\t1450\tAn Israeli enemy patrol between the formerShahal outpost and the Radar outpost attemptedto purloin a goat belonging to the shepherdKhudr Zahra without crossing the withdrawalline.\n7 June2011\t1100\tAn Israeli foot patrol crossed the technicalfence through the Hassan Gate, penetrating some150 metres into the area with regard to whichLebanon maintains a claim.\n9 June2011\t1016\tIsraeli enemy forces broke into the cellulartelephone network and sent recorded messages inArabic to the effect that anyone withinformation about the Israeli soldiers missingin Lebanon was guaranteed a reward of $10million.\n\t1446\tIsraeli enemy forces broke into the cellulartelephone network and sent recorded messages inArabic to the effect that anyone withinformation about the Israeli soldiers missingin Lebanon was guaranteed a reward of $10million.\n10 June2011\t2300\tIsraeli enemy forces at a position in theoccupied Shab‘a Farms fired four flare shellsover the Ramta and Sammaqah positions in theaforementioned area.\n13 June2011\t1515\tIn the Shahal area of the Shab‘a Farms, twoIsraeli enemy vehicles, one light and one heavy,violated the withdrawal line at coordinatesQ755150-N690786, encroaching some 30 metres overa period of six minutes before returning towardsthe occupied territory.\n16 June2011\t1010\tAn Israeli enemy patrol opposite the LebaneseArmy checkpoint at Udaysah trained 12.7-mmmachine guns on the checkpoint for10 minutes.\n\t1330\tTwo Israeli enemy patrols, consisting of 10members each, violated the withdrawal line atSaddanah opposite the occupied Shab‘a Farms,encroaching some 250 metres and reachingcoordinates Q148185-N154847. They attempted tosurround a shepherd from the town of Shab‘a,calling him to approach them, but the shepherddid not comply. At 1800 hours, the two patrolsdeparted towards the occupied territories.\n18 June2011\t2310\tAn Israeli enemy patrol directed a searchlighttowards a sentry at the Lebanese Army positionat Dahirah for five seconds.\n22 June2011\t1315\tIsraeli enemy forces broke into the cellulartelephone network and sent recorded messages inArabic to the effect that anyone withinformation about the Israeli soldiers missingin Lebanon was guaranteed a reward of $10million.\n\t2100\tIsraeli enemy personnel opposite the town ofKafr Kila directed profanities at Lebanese Armyobservers at the Fatimah Gate. The phrase“What’s your name?” was also heard.\n\t2130\tIsraeli enemy personnel opposite Kafr Kiladirected a searchlight towards Lebanese Armyobservers at the Fatimah Gate.\n23 June2011\t1530\tTwo Israeli enemy personnel violated the BlueLine at coordinates Q751500-N688250 south ofKafr Shuba, encroaching some 150 metres over aperiod of two minutes.\n25 June2011\t1900\tFive cows crossed the withdrawal line nearBirkat Ba‘tha’il, then departed at 1910 hours.\n28 June2011\t1155\tThe Israeli enemy directed a Merkava tank gunfrom its position in Jabal al-Summaqah towardsLebanese territory.\n29 June2011\t1355\tIsraeli enemy forces broke into the cellulartelephone network and sent recorded messages inArabic to the effect that anyone withinformation about the Israeli soldiers missingin Lebanon was guaranteed a reward of $10million.", "Sea violations", "Date\tTime\tNature of violation \n1 June2011\t2130\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for one and a half minutes towardsLebanese territorial waters. \n 2156 \n\t2318\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 20 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n2 June2011\t2340\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 20 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n3 June2011\t2234\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 15 seconds towards the LebaneseArmy post at Ra’s al-Naqurah.\n5 June2011\t22252355\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight towardsLebanese territorial waters on four occasions,for 15 seconds on the first occasion, 30 secondson the second occasion and one minute on thethird and fourth occasions.\n6 June2011\t0215\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 15 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n\t2320\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 15 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n10 June2011\t0030\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 30 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n15 June2011\t0505\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 15 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n17 June2011\t2115\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 15 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n\t2210\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 20 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n\t2255\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 40 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n\t2300\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 40 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n18 June2011\t2125\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 30seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n19 June2011\t21302342\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight towardsLebanese territorial waters on three occasionsfor two minutes and 15 seconds.\n20 June2011\t02300305\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight towardsLebanese territorial waters on three occasionsfor three minutes.\n21 June2011\t2120\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for fiveminutes towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t2225\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 30seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n22 June2011\t0230\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 30seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t0315\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 20seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t0350\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 40seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t2145\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 30seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t22052245\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 1minute and 10 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n23 June2011\t2140\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 15seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t2347\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 30seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n24 June2011\t2150\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 30seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n27 June2011\t0105\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for oneminute towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t0138\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for oneminute towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t0205\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for oneminute towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t0250\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for twominutes towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t0308\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for oneminute towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t0340\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 30seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n29 June2011\t01200450\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for oneminute and 20 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n30 June2011\t2350\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for oneminute towards Lebanese territorial waters.", "Air violations", "Date\tTime\tNature of violation\n1 June2011\t0610\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1930 hours over Naqurah.\n\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 2050 hours over Naqurah.\n\t1520\tIsraeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 1645 hours.\n\t2145\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over thesea off Naqurah. It circled over the sea betweenDamur and Naqurah before leaving on 2 June at0555 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n\t2200\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the South and the Bekaabefore leaving on 2 June at 1000 hours overYarun.\n2 June2011\t0710\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the South, Riyaq andBaalbek before leaving at 1820 hours over KafrKila.\n\t1205\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over Riyaq, Baalbek and Hirmilbefore leaving at 1640 hours over Kafr Kila.\n\t2215\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over thesea to the west of Tyre. It circled over the seabetween Tyre and Beirut before leaving on 3 Juneat 0010 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n3 June2011\t0820\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0830 hours.\n\t1030\tTwo Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1130 hours.\n\t1344\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1645 hours.\n\t1800\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 1915 hours.\n4 June2011\t0705\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1810 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t0720\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1810 hours over Rumaysh.\n5 June2011\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1645 hours over Kafr Kila.\n\t0745\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over Beirut, Damur, theBekaa and the South before leaving at 1645 hoursover Kafr Kila.\n\t1030\tIsraeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 1120 hours.\n\t1355\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1842 hours.\n\t1826\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2101 hours.\n6 June2011\t0104\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 0301 hours.\n\t0710\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regions,Riyaq and Baalbek before leaving at 1930 hoursover Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0945\tTen Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Alma al-Sha‘b andNaqurah and circling over all regions ofLebanon. Six of the warplanes left at 1030 hoursover the sea off Naqurah; four left at 1150hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1000\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over theShab‘a Farms. It circled over the western Bekaabefore departing at 1315 hours over the Shab‘aFarms.\n\t1756\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Yarun. They circled overJuniyah and the South before leaving at 1955hours over Rumaysh.\n\t1851\tTwo Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 2153 hours.\n7 June2011\t0636\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1411 hours.\n\t0905\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1455 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n8 June2011\t0500\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1435 hours.\n\t0655\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over the southern regions andthe western Bekaa before leaving at 1820 hoursover Alma al-Sha‘b.\n9 June2011\t0710\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over Riyaq, Baalbek and theSouth before leaving at 1305 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t0725\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over the western Bekaa and theSouth before leaving at 2320 hours over Naqurah.\n\t2100\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving on 10 June at 0002 hours.\n10 June2011\t0155\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0204 hours.\n\t0603\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1413 hours.\n\t0750\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1510 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t0905\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over the sea off Naqurah.They circled over all regions of Lebanon beforeleaving at 1055 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n\t0910\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Kafr Kila. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1055 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n\t1055\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over the South before leavingat 1420 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1350\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 2132 hours.\n\t1611\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 1620 hours.\n\t1940\tIsraeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 1945 hours.\n\t2102\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving on 11 June at 0002 hours.\n11 June2011\t0618\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0655 hours.\n\t0654\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0832 hours.\n\t1010\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1017 hours.\n\t1026\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1750 hours.\n\t2147\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2200 hours.\n12 June2011\t0137\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 0154 hours.\n\t0219\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 0233 hours.\n\t0236\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 0253 hours.\n\t0345\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 0359 hours.\n\t0710\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1730 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t1607\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1818 hours.\n\t2129\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2216 hours.\n\t2250\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2300 hours.\n13 June2011\t0933\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0954 hours.\n\t1023\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1039 hours.\n\t1754\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1801 hours.\n\t2345\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingon 14 June at 0006 hours.\n14 June2011\t0449\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0639 hours.\n\t0920\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0935 hours.\n\t1515\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1625 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t2010\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2015 hours.\n\t2035\tAn Israeli enemy warplane violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 2038 hours.\n15 June2011\t0449\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0639 hours.\n\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1335 over Naqurah.\n\t1145\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Yarun.It circled over the southern regions beforeleaving at 1825 hours over Naqurah.\n\t1950\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsand the Bekaa before leaving on 16 June at 1500hours over Rumaysh.\n16 June2011\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsand the Bekaa before leaving on 17 June 2011 at0600 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t1005\tFour Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Naqurah. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1050 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n17 June2011\t0620\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South and thewestern Bekaa before leaving at 1820 hours overAlma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0900\tFour Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Alma al-Sha‘b. Theycircled over all regions of Lebanon beforeleaving at 1115 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1230\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2040 hours.\n\t1452\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving on 18 June at 0230 hours.\n18 June2011\t0550\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 2025 hours over Aytarun.\n\t0830\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1910 hours over Kafr Kila.\n\t1801\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving on 19 June at 0420 hours.\n19 June2011\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving on 20 June at 1145 hours overAlma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0715\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1940 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0715\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over the northern and southernregions before leaving on 20 June at 1210 hoursover Naqurah.\n\t0755\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over Hirmil, Al-Arz and theSouth before leaving at 2205 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t1050\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1535 hours over Naqurah.\n20 June2011\t0620\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over the southern regions,Hirmil and Al-Arz before leaving at 1900 hoursover Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1210\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving on 21 June at 0130 hours overAlma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1230\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regions,Beirut, Damur, Baalbek and Hirmil before leavingon 21 June at 1110 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t1420\tFour Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Kafr Kila. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1545 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t2000\tIsraeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 2015 hours.\n21 June2011\t0610\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsand the western Bekaa before leaving at 2215hours over Kafr Kila.\n\t0625\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1540 hours over Naqurah.\n\t1030\tEight Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Rumaysh. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1200 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1420\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1835 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1655\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over all regions of Lebanonbefore leaving on 22 June at 1220 hours overNaqurah.\n22 June2011\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 2200 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1220\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving on 23 June at 0700 hours overAlma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1438\tFour Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over the sea. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1630 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1620\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsand Beirut and its suburbs before leaving on 23June at 1015 over Alma al‑Sha‘b.\n\t1625\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving on 23 June at 0030 hours overYarun.\n23 June2011\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 2200 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving on 24 June at 0300 hours overAlma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0740\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsand the Bekaa before leaving at 2120 hours overRumaysh.\n\t0937\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsand the Bekaa before leaving on 24 June at 0610hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1045\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regions,Iqlim al-Kharub and the Shuf before leaving at1400 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n\t1505\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 2225 hours over Yarun.\n24 June2011\t0610\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 2230 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0620\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving on 25 June at 0500 hours overRumaysh.\n25 June2011\t0715\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regions,the western Bekaa, Riyaq and Baalbek beforeleaving at 2240 hours over Naqurah.\n\t1010\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the South and thewestern Bekaa before leaving at 2000 hours overNaqurah.\n26 June2011\t0755\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving on 27 June at 0300 hours overNaqurah.\n\t0805\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1115 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1015\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Aytarun. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1115 hours over Naqurah.\n\t1015\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Aytarun. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1125 hours over Kafr Kila.\n\t1015\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Rumaysh. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1155 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n\t1325\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1805 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1600\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over thesea to the west of Sidon. It circled over thesea between Sidon and Beirut before leaving at1805 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n27 June2011\t0458\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1800 hours.\n\t0720\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1615 hours over Naqurah.\n\t0720\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1820 hours over the sea to thewest of Naqurah.\n\t0750\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1830 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t1008\tSix Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over the sea off Naqurah.They circled over the sea between Shikka andNaqurah before leaving at 1050 hours over thesea off Naqurah.\n\t1010\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Naqurah. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1050 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1012\tFour Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Alma al-Sha‘b. Theycircled over all regions of Lebanon beforeleaving at 1050 over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1015\tFour Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Rumaysh. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1110 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n\t2130\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsand the Bekaa before leaving on 28 June at 0040hours over Kafr Kila.\n\t21302300\tHelicopters, warplanes and reconnaissanceaircraft circled along the border betweenLebanon and Occupied Palestine, releasing decoyflares over the towns of Ramiyah, Ayta al-Sha‘b,Rumaysh, Marun al-Ra’s, Aytarun, Blida and Maysal-Jabal.\n28 June2011\t0610\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1825 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1840 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0720\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over Beirut and the Southbefore leaving at 29 June at 0025 hours overRumaysh.\n\t2015\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving on 29 June at 0610 hours.\n29 June2011\t0625\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the western Bekaa andthe South before leaving at 1425 hours overNaqurah.\n\t0715\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1825 hours over Naqurah.\n\t0730\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1825 hours over Naqurah.\n\t1140\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2020 hours.\n\t1205\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving on 30 June at 0400 hours.\n\t1325\tFour Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over the sea off Naqurah.They circled over the coast between Naqurah andTripoli before leaving at 1440 hours over thesea off Naqurah.\n\t1325\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Kafr Kila. They circledover the South and the western Bekaa beforeleaving at 1440 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n\t1900\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2110 hours.\n\t1941\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2258 hours.\n30 June2011\t0448\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0502 hours.\n\t0600\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the southern regionsand Beirut before leaving at 1515 hours overNaqurah.\n\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1815 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsand the Bekaa before leaving on 1 July at 0305hours over Rumaysh.", "2033\tAn Israeli enemy observation balloon was seen atlow altitude over Ra’s al-Marj (Arsal). It thenrose eastward towards the highlands of Arsal.\n\t2110\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over thesea off Sidon. It circled over the sea offBeirut and Sidon before leaving on 1 July at0010 hours over the sea off Naqurah." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目36", "中东局势", "2011年7月26日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的信", "奉我国政府指示，谨随函转递2011年6月期间，以色列违反安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议行为的统计摘要。", "请将本函分发给安全理事会成员，并将其作为中东局势议程项目下安理会的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "纳瓦夫·萨拉姆(签名)", "陆上侵犯行为", "日期 时间 侵犯行为的性质 \n2011年6月1日\t12时15分\t以色列敌方一巡逻队在黎巴嫩陆军Wazzani桥检查站对面树下设置监视摄像机。巡逻队成员对检查站进行拍照，并朝检查站的人员训练武器。\n\t14时30分17时00分\t在被占领的沙巴阿农场对面的Birkatal-Naqqar，以色列一巡逻队竖起一个带有以色列国旗图样的黑色帐篷和一个监视摄像机，并用布匹覆盖其军人纪念碑。17时35分，一辆载有15人的大客车抵达。以色列敌方人员拆除帐篷和覆盖物之后巡逻队离开。\n\t17时30分\t以色列敌方用中型武器朝被占领的沙巴阿农场的Ruwaysatal-Alam周围进行若干次扫射。\n\t17时30分\t以色列敌方巡逻队在法蒂玛门对面行进时，其成员对着黎巴嫩陆军检查站的人员训练MAG机枪，并使用亵渎的语言和粗俗的手势。2011年6月2日\t12时20分\t以色列敌方一巡逻队在法蒂玛门停下，并对着黎巴嫩领土训练武器。 \n\t12时30分\t\n\t不同时间段\t以色列敌军闯入移动电话网，并播放阿拉伯语录音电话，大意是悬赏1000万美元征集在黎巴嫩失踪以色列士兵的情报。\n2011年6月3日\t08时30分\t以色列敌方一支由三辆坦克和一辆推土机组成的巡逻队从Ruwaysatal-Alam出发，在撤离线附近的铺面公路以南被占领的区域内着手开辟一条长约600米、宽3米的土路。\n\t09时00分\t一支由两辆悍马汽车和一辆工程车组成的以色列敌方巡逻队在果园附近的阵地shin-32和阵地shin-33之间布设铁丝网。一辆客车运送约60名平民来观察工作。看到敌方有一人平躺在大门对面的炮台上，并对着黎巴嫩领土训练武器。另一支巡逻队在KafrKila镇对面的墙壁一带布设铁丝网。\n\t12时43分\t一以色列敌方巡逻队要求联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)的印度特遣队防止黎巴嫩牧羊人靠近或越过Saddanah的“蓝线”，否则以色列军队将开枪。该地区处于有争议的黎巴嫩领土上。\n\t13时30分\t一支以色列敌方巡逻队通过Hassan门越过技术围栏，进入约35米处。巡逻队停留10分钟，但没有越过撤离线。\n2011年6月5日\t08时00分\t黎巴嫩军队一车辆行驶经过Fatimah门对面的KafrKila时，以色列敌方一士兵对着车辆上的人员在使用亵渎语言。\n\t12时30分\t以色列敌方一徒步巡逻队通过Hassan门越过技术围栏，进入约50米处黎巴嫩声称有主权的地区。该行动中还有车辆和人员在被占领的沙巴阿农场行动。\n\t15时15分\t以色列敌军闯入移动电话网，并播放阿拉伯语录音电话，大意是悬赏1000万美元征集在黎巴嫩失踪以色列士兵的情报。2011年6月6日\t14时50分\t以色列敌方一巡逻队在原Shahal前哨和雷达前哨之间企图盗走牧羊人Khudr \n Zahra所有的一只山羊，但没有越过撤离线。\n2011年6月7日\t11时00分\t以色列敌方一徒步巡逻队通过Hassan门越过技术围栏，进入约150米处黎巴嫩声称有主权的地区。\n2011年6月9日\t10时16分\t以色列敌军闯入移动电话网，并播放阿拉伯语录音电话，大意是悬赏1000万美元征集在黎巴嫩失踪以色列士兵的情报。\n\t14时46分\t以色列敌军闯入移动电话网，并播放阿拉伯语录音电话，大意是悬赏1000万美元征集在黎巴嫩失踪以色列士兵的情报。\n2011年6月10日\t23时00分\t在被占领的沙巴阿农场一阵地的以色列敌军在上述地区的Ramta和Sammaqah阵地上空发射4枚照明弹。\n2011年6月13日\t15时15分\t在沙巴阿农场的Shahal地区，以色列敌方两部车辆(一部轻型和一部重型)侵犯位于坐标Q755150-N690786的撤离线，入侵约30米处6分钟，然后返回被占领的领土。\n2011年6月16日\t10时10分\t在Udaysah黎巴嫩陆军检查站对面有一以色列敌方巡逻队在检查站训练12.7毫米机枪10分钟。\n\t13时30分\t以色列敌方两支分别由10名成员组成的巡逻队侵犯被占领的沙巴阿农场对面Saddanah的撤离线，入侵约250米处，抵达位于坐标Q148185-N154847处。他们试图围住沙巴镇一牧羊人，叫他走近他们，但牧羊人不从。18时00分，两支巡逻队离开前往被占领土。\n2011年6月18日\t23时10分\t以色列敌方一巡逻队朝Dahirah的黎巴嫩陆军阵地的哨兵照射探照灯5秒。\n2011年6月22日\t13时15分\t以色列敌军闯入移动电话网，并播放阿拉伯语录音电话，大意是悬赏1000万美元征集在黎巴嫩失踪以色列士兵的情报。\n\t21时00分\tKafrKila镇对面的以色列敌方人员对着在Fatimah门的黎巴嫩军观察员使用亵渎语言。还听到“你叫什么名字？”一语。\n\t21时30分\tKafrKila镇对面的以色列敌方人员对着在Fatimah门的黎巴嫩军观察员照射探照灯。\n2011年6月23日\t15时30分\t两名以色列敌军人员侵犯位于KafrShuba以南坐标Q751500-N688250的蓝线，入侵约150米处两分钟。\n2011年6月25日\t19时00分\t5头奶牛跨越比尔卡特巴塔伊尔附近的撤离线，并于19时10分离开。\n2011年6月28日\t11时55分\t以色列敌方从其在Jabal alSummaqah的阵地用梅卡瓦坦克炮对着黎巴嫩领土。\n2011年6月29日\t13时55分\t以色列敌军闯入移动电话网，并播放阿拉伯语录音电话，大意是悬赏1000万美元征集在黎巴嫩失踪以色列士兵的情报。", "海上侵犯行为", "日期 时间 侵犯行为的性质 \n2011年6月1日\t21时30分\t以色列敌军朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯1.5分钟。 \n\t21时56分\t\n\t23时18分\t以色列敌军朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯20秒。\n2011年6月2日\t23时40分\t以色列敌军朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯20秒。\n2011年6月3日\t22时34分\t以色列敌军朝Ra'sal-Naqurah的黎巴嫩陆军哨所照射探照灯15秒。\n2011年6月5日\t22时25分23时55分\t以色列敌方有四次从其在Rasal-Naqurah的阵地用探照灯对着黎巴嫩领海照射，第一次15秒，第二次30秒，第三和第四次一分钟。\n2011年6月6日\t02时15分\t以色列敌军朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯15秒。\n\t23时20分\t以色列敌军朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯15秒。\n2011年6月10日\t00时30分\t以色列敌军朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯30秒。\n2011年6月15日\t05时05分\t以色列敌军朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯15秒。\n2011年6月17日\t21时15分\t以色列敌军朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯15秒。\n\t22时10分\t以色列敌军朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯20秒。\n\t22时55分\t以色列敌军朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯40秒。\n\t23时00分\t以色列敌军朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯40秒。\n2011年6月18日\t21时25分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯25秒。\n2011年6月19日\t21时30分23时42分\t以色列敌军有三次从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯2分15秒。\n2011年6月20日\t02时30分03时05分\t以色列敌军有三次从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯3分钟。\n2011年6月21日\t21时20分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯5分钟。\n\t22时25分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯30秒。\n2011年6月22日\t02时30分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯30秒。\n\t03时15分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯20秒。\n\t03时50分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯40秒。\n\t21时45分\t以色列敌军从阵地其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯30秒。\n\t22时05分22时45分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯1分10秒。\n2011年6月23日\t21时40分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯15秒。\n\t23时47分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯30秒。\n2011年6月24日\t21时50分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯30秒。\n2011年6月27日\t01时05分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯1分钟。\n\t01时38分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯1分钟。\n\t02时05分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯1分钟。\n\t02时50分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯2分钟。\n\t03时08分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯1分钟。\n\t03时40分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯30秒。\n2011年6月29日\t01时20分04时50分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯1分20秒。\n2011年6月30日\t23时50分\t以色列敌军从其在Ra'sal-Naqurah的阵地朝黎巴嫩领水照射探照灯1分钟。", "领空侵犯行为", "日期 时间 侵犯行为的性质 \n2011年6月1日\t06时10分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于19时30分在Naqurah上空离去。\n\t07时00分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于20时50分在Naqurah上空离去。\n\t15时20分\t一架以色列敌方战斗机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于16时45分飞离。\n\t21时45分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah沿海上空。飞机在Damur和Naqurah之间的海域上空盘旋，然后于6月2日05时55分从Naqurah沿海上空离去。\n\t22时00分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Rumaysh上空。飞机在南部和贝卡西部上空盘旋，然后于6月2日10时00分在Yarun上空离去。\n2011年6月2日\t07时10分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha’b上空。飞机在南部、Riyaq和Baalbek上空盘旋，然后于18时20分从KafrKila上空飞离。\n\t12时05分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入KafrKila上空。飞机在Riyaq、Baalbek和Hirmil上空盘旋，然后于16时40分从KafrKila上空离去。\n\t22时15分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Tyre以西海面上空。飞机在Tyre和Beirut之间的海面上空盘旋，然后于6月3日00时10分从Naqurah沿海上空离去。\n2011年6月3日\t08时20分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于08时30分飞离。\n\t10时30分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于11时30分飞离。\n\t13时44分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于16时45分飞离。\n\t18时00分\t一架以色列敌机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于19时15分飞离。\n2011年6月4日\t07时05分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha’b上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于18时10分从Rumaysh上空飞离。\n\t07时20分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Rumaysh上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于18时10分从Rumaysh上空离去。\n2011年6月5日\t07时00分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于16时45分从KafrKila上空飞离。\n\t07时45分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在贝鲁特、Damur、贝卡和南部上空盘旋，然后于16时45分在KafrKila上空离去。\n\t10时30分\t以色列敌方战斗机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于11时20分飞离。\n\t13时55分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于18时42分飞离。\n\t18时26分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于21时01分飞离。\n2011年6月6日\t01时04分\t一架以色列敌机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于03时01分飞离。\n\t07时10分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部各区域、Riyaq和Baalbek上空盘旋，然后于19时30分从Almaal-Sha'b上空飞离。\n\t09时45分\t十架以色列战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b和Naqurah上空，飞机在黎巴嫩各区域上空盘旋。其中六架战机于10时30分飞离Naqurah沿海上空；四架于11时50分飞离Almaal-Sha'b上空。\n\t10时00分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入沙巴阿农场上空。飞机在贝卡西部上空盘旋，然后于13时15分从沙巴阿农场上空离去。\n\t17时56分\t以色列敌方十架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Yarun上空。飞机在Juniyah和南部上空盘旋，然后于19时55分在Rumaysh上空离去。\n\t18时51分\t两架以色列敌机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于21时53分飞离。\n2011年6月7日\t06时36分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于14时11分飞离。\n\t09时05分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于14时55分从Almaal-Sha'b上空飞离。\n2011年6月8日\t05时00分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于14时35分飞离。\n\t06时55分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入KafrKila上空。飞机在南部各区域和贝卡西部上空盘旋，然后于18时20分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n2011年6月9日\t07时10分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在Riyaq、Baalbek和南部上空盘旋，然后于13时05分在Rumaysh上空离去。\n\t07时25分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入KafrKila上空。飞机在贝卡西部和南部上空盘旋，然后于23时20分在Naqurah上空离去。\n\t21时00分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于6月10日00时02分飞离。\n2011年6月10日\t01时55分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于02时04分飞离。\n\t06时03分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于14时13分飞离。\n\t07时50分\t以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于15时10分在Rumaysh上空离去。\n\t09时05分\t两架以色列敌方战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah沿海上空。飞机在黎巴嫩各区域上空盘旋，然后于10时55分在Naqurah沿海上空离去。\n\t09时10分\t以色列敌方两架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入KafrKila上空。飞机在黎巴嫩各区域上空盘旋，然后于10时55分在Naqurah沿海上空离去。\n\t10时55分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入KafrKila上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于14时20分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t13时50分\t一架以色列敌机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于21时32分飞离。\n\t16时11分\t一架以色列敌机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于16时20分飞离。\n\t19时40分\t一架以色列敌方战斗机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于19时45分飞离。\n\t21时02分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于6月11日00时02分飞离。\n2011年6月11日\t06时18分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于06时55分飞离。\n\t06时54分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于08时32分飞离。\n\t10时10分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于10时17分飞离。\n\t10时26分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于17时50分飞离。\n\t21时47分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于22时00分飞离。\n2011年6月12日\t01时37分\t一架以色列敌机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于01时54分飞离。\n\t02时19分\t一架以色列敌机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于02时33分飞离。\n\t02时36分\t一架以色列敌机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于02时53分飞离。\n\t03时45分\t一架以色列敌机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于03时59分飞离。\n\t07时10分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于17时30分在Rumaysh上空离去。\n\t16时07分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于18时18分飞离。\n\t21时29分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于22时16分飞离。\n\t22时50分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于23时00分飞离。\n2011年6月13日\t09时33分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于09时54分飞离。\n\t10时23分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于10时39分飞离。\n\t17时54分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于18时01分飞离。\n\t23时45分\t一架以色列敌机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于6月14日00时06分飞离。\n2011年6月14日\t04时49分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于06时39分飞离。\n\t09时20分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于09时35分飞离。\n\t15时15分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于16时25分从Almaal-Sha'b上空飞离。\n\t20时10分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于20时15分飞离。\n\t20时35分\t一架以色列敌方战斗机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于20时38分飞离。\n2011年6月15日\t04时49分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于06时39分飞离。\n\t07时00分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于13时35分在Naqurah上空离去。\n\t11时45分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Yarun上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于18时25分在Naqurah上空离去。\n\t19时50分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部各区域和贝卡上空盘旋，然后于6月16日15时00分从Rumaysh上空飞离。\n2011年6月16日\t07时00分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部各区域和贝卡上空盘旋，然后于2011年6月17日06时00分在Rumaysh上空离去。\n\t10时05分\t以色列敌方四架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在黎巴嫩所有区域的上空盘旋，然后于10时50分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n2011年6月17日\t06时20分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部和贝卡西部上空盘旋，然后于18时20分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t09时00分\t四架以色列战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在黎巴嫩各区域上空盘旋，然后于11时15分从Almaal-Sha'b上空飞离。\n\t12时30分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于20时40分飞离。\n\t14时52分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于6月18日02时30分飞离。\n2011年6月18日\t05时50分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于20时25分在Aytarun上空离去。\n\t08时30分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于19时10分在KafrKila上空离去。\n\t18时01分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于6月19日04时20分飞离。\n2011年6月19日\t07时00分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于6月20日11时45分从Almaal-Sha'b上空飞离。\n\t07时15分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Rumaysh上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于19时40分在　Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t07时15分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入KafrKila上空。飞机在北部和南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于6月20日12时10分在Naqurah上空离去。\n\t07时55分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在Hirmil、Al-Arz和南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于22时05分在Rumaysh上空离去。\n\t10时50分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Rumaysh上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于15时35分在Naqurah上空离去。\n2011年6月20日\t06时20分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入KafrKila上空。飞机在南部各区域、Hirmil和Al-Arz上空盘旋，然后于19时00分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t12时10分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入KafrKila上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于6月20日01时30分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t12时30分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部各区域、贝鲁特、Damur、Baalbek和Hirmil上空盘旋，然后于6月21日11时10分从Rumaysh上空飞离。\n\t14时20分\t以色列敌方四架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入KafrKila上空。飞机在黎巴嫩所有区域的上空盘旋，然后于15时45分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t20时00分\t以色列敌方战斗机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于20时15分飞离。\n2011年6月21日\t06时10分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部各区域和贝卡西部上空盘旋，然后于22时15分在KafrKila上空离去。\n\t06时25分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于15时40分在Naqurah上空离去。\n\t10时30分\t以色列敌方八架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Rumaysh上空。飞机在黎巴嫩所有区域的上空盘旋，然后于12时00分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t14时20分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于18时35分从Almaal-Sha'b上空飞离。\n\t16时55分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在黎巴嫩所有区域的上空盘旋，然后于6月22日12时20分在Naqurah上空离去。\n2011年6月22日\t07时00分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于22时00分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t12时20分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于6月23日07时00分从Almaal-Sha'b上空飞离。\n\t14时38分\t以色列敌方四架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入领海上空。飞机在黎巴嫩所有区域的上空盘旋，然后于16时30分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t16时20分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。5月23日00时15分，飞机南部各区域和贝鲁特及其郊区上空盘旋，然后于6月23日10时15分从Almaal-Sha'b上空飞离。\n\t16时25分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于于6月23日00时30分从Yarun上空离去。\n2011年6月23日\t07时00分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于22时00分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t07时00分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Rumaysh上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于6月24日03时00分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\t07时40分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Alma \n al-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部各区域和贝卡上空盘旋，然后于21时20分从Rumaysh上空飞离。\n\t09时37分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部各区域和贝卡上空盘旋，然后于6月24日06时10分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t10时45分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部各区域、Iqlimal-Kharrub和舒夫地区上空盘旋，然后于14时00分从Naqurah沿海上空飞离。\n\t15时05分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于22时25分从Yarun上空飞离。\n2011年6月24日\t06时10分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Rumaysh上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于22时30分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t06时20分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于6月25日05时00分在Rumaysh上空离去。\n2011年6月25日\t07时15分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部、贝卡西部、Riyaq和Baalbek上空盘旋，然后于22时40分在Naqurah上空离去。\n\t10时10分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Rumaysh上空。飞机在南部和贝卡西部上空盘旋，然后于20时00分在Naqurah上空离去。\n2011年6月26日\t07时55分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于6月27日03时00分在Naqurah上空离去。\n\t08时05分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于11时15分从Almaal-Sha'b上空飞离。\n\t10时15分\t以色列敌方两架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Aytarun上空。飞机在黎巴嫩所有区域的上空盘旋，然后于11时15分在Naqurah上空离去。\n\t10时15分\t以色列敌方两架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Aytarun上空。飞机在黎巴嫩所有区域上空盘旋，然后于11时25分在KafrKila上空离去。\n\t10时15分\t以色列敌方两架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Rumaysh上空。飞机在黎巴嫩各区域上空盘旋，然后于11时55分在Naqurah沿海上空离去。\n\t13时25分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于18时05分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t16时00分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Sidon以西沿海上空。飞机在Sidon和贝鲁特之间的海域上空盘旋，然后于18时05分在Naqurah沿海上空离去。\n2011年6月27日\t04时58分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于18时00分飞离。\n\t07时20分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha`b上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于16时15分从Naqurah上空飞离。\n\t07时20分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入KafrKila上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于18时20分在Naqurah以西沿海上空离去。\n\t07时50分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于18时30分从Rumaysh上空飞离。\n\t10时08分\t六架以色列敌方战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah沿海上空。飞机在Shikka和Naqurah之间的海域上空盘旋，然后于10时50分在Naqurah沿海上空离去。\n\t10时10分\t以色列敌方两架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在黎巴嫩所有区域的上空盘旋，然后于10时50分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t10时12分\t四架以色列战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在黎巴嫩各区域上空盘旋，然后于10时50分从Almaal-Sha'b上空飞离。\n\t10时15分\t以色列敌方四架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Rumaysh上空。飞机在黎巴嫩各区域上空盘旋，然后于11时10分在Naqurah沿海上空离去。\n\t21时30分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部各区域和贝卡上空盘旋，然后于6月28日00时40分在KafrKila上空离去。\n\t21时30分23时00分\t直升机、战斗机和侦察机在黎巴嫩与被占领的巴勒斯坦间的边界一带盘旋，在Ramiyah、Aytaal-Sha'b、Rumaysh、Marunal-Ra's、Aytarun、Blida和Maysal-Jabal各镇上空投下伪装信号弹。\n2011年6月28日\t06时10分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于18时25分从Rumaysh上空飞离。\n\t07时00分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Rumaysh上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于18时40分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t07时20分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在贝鲁特和南部上空盘旋，然后于6月29日00时25分在Rumaysh上空离去。\n\t20时15分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于6月29日06时10分飞离。\n2011年6月29日\t06时25分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Almaal-Sha'b上空。飞机在贝卡西部和南部上空盘旋，然后于14时25分从Naqurah上空飞离。\n\t07时15分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于18时25分在Naqurah上空离去。\n\t07时30分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Rumaysh上空。飞机在南部上空盘旋，然后于18时25分在Naqurah上空离去。\n\t11时40分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于20时20分飞离。\n\t12时05分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于6月30日04时00分飞离。\n\t13时25分\t四架以色列敌方战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah沿海上空。飞机在Naqurah与的黎波里之间的沿海上空盘旋，然后于14时40分在Naqurah沿海上空离去。\n\t13时25分\t以色列敌方两架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入KafrKila上空。飞机在南部和贝卡西部之间的上空盘旋，然后于14时40分在Naqurah沿海上空离去。\n\t19时00分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于21时10分飞离。\n\t19时41分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于22时58分飞离。\n2011年6月30日\t04时48分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，在南部上空盘旋，然后于05时02分飞离。\n\t06时00分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Rumaysh上空。飞机在南部和贝鲁特上空盘旋，然后于15时15分在Naqurah上空离去。\n\t07时00分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Rumaysh上空。飞机在南部各区域上空盘旋，然后于18时15分在Almaal-Sha'b上空离去。\n\t07时00分\t以色列敌方一侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Naqurah上空。飞机在南部各区域和贝卡上空盘旋，然后于7月1日03时05分在Rumaysh上空离去。\n\t20时33分\t有人看到以色列敌方一观察气球低空徘徊在Rasal-Marj(Arsal)上空。然后气球升高飘向Arsal高地。\n\t21时10分\t一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空，进入Sidon沿海上空。飞机在贝鲁特与Sidon之间的沿海上空盘旋，然后于7月1日00时10分在Naqurah沿海上空离去。" ]

[ "大会第六十五届会议 议程项目36\n中东局势", "2011年7月26日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "奉我国政府指示,谨随函转递2011年6月期间以色列违反安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议行为的统计摘要(见附件)。", "请将本函作为大会第六十五届会议议程项目36和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。 常驻代表", "纳瓦夫·萨拉姆(签名)", "2011年7月26日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信的附件", "陆地侵犯", "侵犯的性质\n2011年6月1日 1215 一支以色列敌军巡逻队部署在Wazzani桥黎巴嫩陆军检查站对面的树下。 巡逻队成员拍摄了检查站的照片,并对其人员进行了武器训练。\n14301700 (英语). 在被占领的Shab'a农场对面的Birkat al-Naqqar,一支以色列巡逻队竖起一面黑色的旗帜和一面被监视的相机,并向他们的部队放置了被子。 17时35分,一名载有15人的教练抵达. 敌方以色列人员拆除了帐篷并取出掩体后,该飞机离去。\n1730 以色列敌方用中型武器在被占领的沙巴阿农场的Ruwaysat al-Alam周围连发扫射。\n1730 当一支以色列敌方巡逻队在Fatimah门对面行进时,其成员训练了MAG机枪,并朝黎巴嫩军队检查站的人员发出亵渎和伏尔加手势。 1220 一支以色列敌方巡逻队在FatimahGate站停了下来,将武器训练到黎巴嫩领土。\n1230号\n敌国以色列军队闯入移动电话网络,用阿拉伯语发出录音信息,大意是,任何了解在黎巴嫩失踪的以色列士兵情况的人都得到1 000万美元的奖励。\n2011年6月3日08:30 一支由三辆坦克和一辆推土机组成的以色列敌方巡逻队从Ruwaysatal-Alam出发,在靠近撤离线的铺面公路以南的被占领区内开通了一条长约600米和宽3米的土路。\n0900 在Fatimah门对面,由两辆悍马车和一辆建筑车组成的敌方以色列巡逻车在shin-32号阵地和果园附近的shin-33号阵地之间铺设了铁丝网。 一辆客车带来大约60名平民,他们观察了这项工作。 发现一名敌方人员平地躺在大门对面的地上,将武器训练到黎巴嫩领土去。 另一名警察沿着Kafr Kila镇对面的墙铺设了铁丝网。\n1243 一支以色列敌方巡逻队要求联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)印度分遣队阻止黎巴嫩牧羊人接近或越过萨德纳的蓝线,否则以色列部队将开火。 该地区是无可争议的黎巴嫩领土。\n1330 以色列一支徒步巡逻队从哈桑门穿过技术围栏,穿过约35米。 它停留了10分钟,没有越过撤离线。\n2011年6月5日 第0800次会议 当一辆黎巴嫩军车从法蒂玛门对面的Kafr Kila行走时,一名以色列敌士兵向车上的人员指使亵渎。\n1230 一支以色列徒步巡逻队从Hassan门穿过技术围栏,进入黎巴嫩坚持主张的地区约50米。 在这次行动中,在被占领的沙巴阿农场有车辆和人员流动。\n1515名敌国以色列军队闯入移动电话网络,用阿拉伯语发出录音信息,大意是,任何了解在黎巴嫩失踪的以色列士兵情况的人都得到1 000万美元的奖励。\n2011年6月6日 1450 在前Shahal前哨站和雷达前哨站之间的一支以色列敌方巡逻队试图在未越过撤离线的情况下将牧羊人Khudr Zahra的一头山羊取出。\n2011年6月7日 第1100次会议 一支以色列徒步巡逻队从Hassan门穿过技术围栏,进入黎巴嫩声称拥有主权的地区约150米。\n2011年6月9日 1016名敌国以色列军队闯入移动电话网络,用阿拉伯语发出录音信息,大意是,任何了解在黎巴嫩失踪的以色列士兵情况的人都得到1 000万美元的奖励。\n1446名敌国以色列军队闯入移动电话网络,用阿拉伯语发出录音信息,大意是,任何了解在黎巴嫩失踪的以色列士兵情况的人都得到1 000万美元的奖励。\n2011年6月10日 2300名以色列敌军在被占领的沙巴农场的一个阵地向上述地区的Ramta和Sammaqah阵地发射了4发照明弹。\n2011年6月13日,纽约 1515 在Shab'a农场Shahal地区,两辆以色列敌车(一辆轻型和一辆重型)侵犯坐标为Q755150-N690786的撤退线,侵入了大约30米长的6分钟后返回被占领土。\n2011年6月16日 1010 一支以色列敌方巡逻队在Udaysah黎巴嫩军队检查站对面对着检查站训练了12.7毫米机枪10分钟。\n1330 两支由10名成员组成的以色列敌方巡逻队在被占领的沙巴农场对面的萨达纳侵犯撤离线,侵入约250米,到达Q148185-N15484。 他们试图从沙巴镇包围一个牧羊人,叫它接近他们,但牧羊人不服从。 18时,两支巡逻队向被占领土开去。\n2011年6月18日 第2310次会议 一支以色列敌方巡逻队用探照灯照射黎巴嫩军队Dahirah阵地的哨兵5秒钟。\n2011年6月22日,纽约 1315名以色列敌军闯入移动电话网络,用阿拉伯语发出录音信息,大意是,任何了解在黎巴嫩失踪的以色列士兵情况的人都得到1 000万美元的奖励。\n2100名敌方以色列人员在Kafr Kila镇对面向Fatimah门的黎巴嫩陆军观察人员进行亵渎。 还听到“你叫什么名字?”\nKafr Kila对面的以色列敌军人员用探照灯照射法蒂玛门的黎巴嫩陆军观察人员。\n2011年6月23日,纽约 1530 两名以色列敌方人员在Kafr Shuba以南坐标Q751500-N688250处侵犯BlueLine,在两分钟内侵入约150米。\n2011年6月25日,第1900页 有五头奶牛越过Birkat Ba`tha ' il附近的撤离线,然后于19时10分离开。\n2011年6月28日,纽约 1155 以色列敌方从Jabal al-Summaqah阵地用一枚梅卡瓦坦克炮向黎巴嫩领土开火。\n2011年6月29日,纽约 1355名敌国以色列军队闯入移动电话网络,用阿拉伯语发出录音信息,大意是,任何了解在黎巴嫩失踪的以色列士兵情况的人都得到1 000万美元的奖励。", "侵犯领海", "侵犯的性质\n2011年6月1日 第2130次会议 一艘以色列敌方军用汽艇朝黎巴嫩领水照射搜索灯一分半钟。\n2156号\n2318 一艘以色列敌方军用汽艇向黎巴嫩领土水域发射探照灯20秒。\n2011年6月2日 第2340次会议 一艘以色列敌方军用汽艇向黎巴嫩领土水域照射搜索灯20秒。\n2011年6月3日 第2234次会议 一艘以色列敌方军用汽艇向纳库拉角的黎巴嫩军队哨所照射了15秒钟的搜索灯。\n2011年6月5日 第22252355次会议 以色列敌方从在纳库拉角的阵地用探照灯照射 黎巴嫩领水四次,第一次15秒,第二次30秒,第三次和第四次1分钟。\n2011年6月6日 第0215次会议 一艘以色列敌方军用汽艇向黎巴嫩领水照射了15秒钟的搜索灯。\n2320 一艘以色列敌方军用汽艇朝黎巴嫩领土水域发射探照灯15秒。\n2011年6月10日 0030 (中文(简体) ). 一艘以色列敌方军用汽艇向黎巴嫩领海照射搜索灯30秒。\n2011年6月15日 第0505次会议 一艘以色列敌方军用汽艇向黎巴嫩领水照射了15秒钟的搜索灯。\n2011年6月17日 第2115次会议 一艘以色列敌方军用汽艇向黎巴嫩领水照射了15秒钟的搜索灯。\n2210 一艘以色列敌方军用汽艇向黎巴嫩领土水域发射探照灯20秒。\n2255 一艘以色列敌方军用汽艇将探照灯指向黎巴嫩领土水域40秒。\n2300 一艘以色列敌方军用汽艇向黎巴嫩领海照射了40秒的搜索灯。\n2011年6月18日 以色列敌人从在纳库拉角的阵地用探照灯照射黎巴嫩领水30秒。\n2011年6月19日 第21302342次会议 以色列敌方从在纳库拉角的阵地用探照灯照射 黎巴嫩领水三次,持续2分15秒。\n2011年6月20日 02300305 (英语). 以色列敌方从在纳库拉角的阵地用探照灯照射 黎巴嫩领水三次,每次3分钟。\n2120 以色列敌方从在纳库拉角的阵地用探照灯朝黎巴嫩领水照射了5分钟。\n2225 以色列敌方从在纳库拉角的阵地用探照灯照射黎巴嫩领水30秒。\n2011年6月22日 第0230次会议 以色列敌方从纳库拉角阵地用探照灯照射黎巴嫩领水30秒。\n0315 以色列敌人从在纳库拉角的阵地用探照灯照射黎巴嫩领水20秒。\n0350 以色列敌方从在纳库拉角的阵地用探照灯照射黎巴嫩领水40秒。\n2145 以色列敌方从纳库拉角阵地用探照灯照射黎巴嫩领水30秒。\n22052245 (英语). 以色列敌方从纳库拉角阵地用探照灯朝黎巴嫩领土水域照射了1分10秒。\n2011年6月23日 2140 以色列敌方从在纳库拉角的阵地用探照灯朝黎巴嫩领水照射了15秒钟。\n2347 以色列敌方从纳库拉角阵地用探照灯照射黎巴嫩领水30秒。\n2011年6月24日 2150 以色列敌方从在纳库拉角的阵地用探照灯照射黎巴嫩领水30秒。\n以色列敌方从纳库拉角阵地用探照灯朝黎巴嫩领水照射了一分钟。\n0138 以色列敌方从纳库拉角阵地用探照灯朝黎巴嫩领水照射了一分钟。\n0205 以色列敌方从纳库拉角阵地用探照灯朝黎巴嫩领水照射了一分钟。\n0250 以色列敌方从在纳库拉角的阵地用探照灯朝黎巴嫩领水照射了两分钟。\n0308 以色列敌方从纳库拉角阵地用探照灯朝黎巴嫩领水照射了一分钟。\n0340 以色列敌方从在纳库拉角的阵地用探照灯照射黎巴嫩领水30秒。\n2011年6月29日 第01200450次会议 以色列敌方从在纳库拉角的阵地用探照灯照射黎巴嫩领土水域1分20秒。\n2350 以色列敌方从在纳库拉角的阵地用探照灯朝黎巴嫩领水照射了一分钟。", "侵犯领空", "侵犯的性质\n1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 19时30分,飞机在南部上空盘旋。\n1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机于20时50分从纳库拉上空飞离后在南部上空盘旋。\n15时20分,以色列敌军战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于16时45分飞离。\n2145 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉外的这些a上空侵入。 飞机在达穆尔和纳库拉之间的海域上空盘旋,后于6月2日5时55分从纳库拉近海上空飞离。\n2200架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Rumaysh上空进入黎巴嫩。 飞机在南部和贝卡上空盘旋,后于6月2日10时从Yarun上空飞离。\n2011年6月2日 第0710次会议 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从阿尔马萨阿布上空侵入。 飞机在南部、Riyaq和Baalbek上空盘旋,后于18时20分从Kafrkila上空飞离。\n1205 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从KafrKila上空入境。 飞机在利雅克、巴阿勒贝克和赫米尔上空盘旋,后于16时40分从Kafr Kila上空飞离。\n2215 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从提尔以西的Tya上空侵入。 飞机在提尔和贝鲁特之间的海域上空盘旋,后于6月3日0时10分从纳库拉近海上空飞离。\n一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于8时30分飞离。\n10:30 两架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于11:30分飞离。\n1344 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,然后于16时45分飞离。\n1800 一架以色列敌军飞机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于19时15分飞离。\n2011年6月4日 第0705次会议 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从阿尔马萨阿布上空侵入。 飞机于18时10分从Rumaysh上空在南部上空盘旋。\n0720 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从鲁迈什上空侵入。 飞机于18时10分从Rumaysh上空在南部上空盘旋。\n2011年6月5日 第0700次会议 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从阿尔马萨阿布上空侵入。 16时45分,飞机从Kafr Kila上空在南部上空盘旋。\n一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空侵入。 飞机在贝鲁特、达穆尔、贝卡和南部上空盘旋,后于16时45分从Kafr Kila上空飞离。\n10时30分,以色列敌方战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于11时20分飞离。\n1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于18时42分飞离。\n1826 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于21时01分飞离。\n6 June 2011 0104 (英语). 1架以色列敌方飞机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于0时30分1分飞离。\n0710 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从阿尔马萨阿布上空侵入。 飞机在南部地区、Riyaq和Baalbek上空盘旋,后于19时30分从Alma al-Sha ' b上空飞离。\n以色列敌方10架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从阿尔马萨阿布和纳古拉上空入境,在黎巴嫩所有地区上空盘旋。 6架战机于10时30分从Naqurah近海上空离去;4架战机于11时50分从Alma al-Sha ' b上空离去。\n1 000架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从沙巴农场上空入境。 飞机在贝卡西部上空盘旋,后于13时15分从Shab'aarms上空飞离。\n2架以色列敌方战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Yarun上空入境。 飞机在Juniyah和南部上空盘旋,后于1955时从Rumaysh上空飞离。\n1851 两架以色列敌军飞机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于21时53分飞离。\n2011年6月7日 第0636次会议 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于14时11分飞离。\n0905 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从阿尔马萨阿布上空侵入。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于14时55分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于14时35分飞离。\n一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从KafrKila上空入境。 飞机在南部地区和贝卡西部上空盘旋,后于18时20分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n2011年6月9日 第0710次会议 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在利雅克、巴阿勒贝克和南部上空盘旋,后于13时5分从拉梅什上空飞离。\n一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从KafrKila上空入境。 飞机在贝卡西部和南部上空盘旋,后于23时20分从纳库拉上空飞离。\n2100 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于6月10日0时2分飞离。\n2011年6月10日,纽约 1时55分 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于2时4分飞离。\n一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于14时13分飞离。\n0750 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 15时10分,飞机在Rumaysh上空盘旋。\n以色列敌方2架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉近海上空入境。 飞机于10时55分从纳库拉近海上空在黎巴嫩所有地区上空盘旋。\n以色列敌方2架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Kafr Kila上空入境。 飞机在黎巴嫩所有地区上空盘旋,后于10时55分从纳库拉近海上空飞离。\n1055 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从KafrKila上空入境。 飞机在南部上空盘旋,后于14时20分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1架敌方以色列飞机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于21时32分飞离。\n16时11分 1架以色列敌方飞机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于16时20分飞离。\n19时40分,以色列敌军战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于19时45分飞离。\n2102 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于6月11日0时2分飞离。\n2011年6月11日 第0618次会议 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于6时55分飞离。\n一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于8时32分飞离。\n10时10分 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于10时17分飞离。\n1026 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于17时50分飞离。\n2147 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于22时飞离。\n2011年6月12日 第0137次会议 1架以色列敌方飞机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于1时54分飞离。\n1架以色列敌方飞机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于2时33分飞离。\n1架以色列敌方飞机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于2时53分飞离。\n1架以色列敌方飞机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于3时59分飞离。\n0710 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于17时30分从拉梅什上空飞离。\n1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于18时18分飞离。\n21时29分 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于22时16分飞离。\n2250 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于23时飞离。\n2011年6月13日 第0933次会议 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于9时54分飞离。\n1023 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,然后于10时39分飞离。\n17时54分,一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,然后于18时01分飞离。\n2345 一架以色列敌军飞机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于6月14日0时6分飞离。\n2011年6月14日 第0449次会议 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于6时39分飞离。\n9时20分 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于9时35分飞离。\n1515 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Almaal-Sha`b上空入境。 16时25分,飞机在南部上空盘旋。\n2010年 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于20时15分飞离。\n2035 一架以色列敌方战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于20时38分飞离。\n2011年6月15日 第0449次会议 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于6时39分飞离。\n1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于13时35分从纳库拉上空飞离。\n1145 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Yarun上空入境。 飞机于18时25分从纳库拉上空飞离后在南部地区上空盘旋。\n1950年 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从阿尔马萨阿布上空侵入。 飞机在南部地区和贝卡上空盘旋,后于6月16日15时从拉梅什上空飞离。\n2011年6月16日 第0700次会议 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在南部地区和贝卡上空盘旋,后于2011年6月17日6时从拉梅什上空飞离。\n1005 以色列敌方4架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在黎巴嫩所有地区上空盘旋,后于10时50分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n2011年6月17日,纽约 0620 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在南部和西贝卡上空盘旋,后于18时20分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n以色列敌方4架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从阿尔马萨阿布上空入境。 他们于11时15分从Alma al-Sha ' b上空在黎巴嫩所有地区上空盘旋。\n12时30分 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于20时40分飞离。\n1452 一架以色列敌军侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于6月18日2时30分飞离。\n2011年6月18日,纽约 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空侵入。 20时25分,飞机在Aytarun上空盘旋。\n以色列敌方1架侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,进入纳库拉上空。 19时10分,飞机从Kafr Kila上空在南部上空盘旋。\n1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于6月19日4时20分飞离。\n2011年6月19日 0700 (英语). 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从阿尔马萨阿布上空侵入。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于6月20日11时45分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n0715 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从鲁迈什上空侵入。 飞机于19时40分从Alma al-Sha ' b上空在南部上空盘旋。\n0715 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从KafrKila上空入境。 飞机在北部和南部地区上空盘旋,后于6月20日12时10分从纳库拉上空飞离。\n一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空侵入。 飞机在Hirmil、Al-Arz和南部上空盘旋,后于22时5分从Rumaysh上空飞离。\n1050 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从鲁迈什上空侵入。 飞机于15时35分从纳库拉上空飞离后在南部上空盘旋。\n2011年6月20日,纽约 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从KafrKila上空入境。 飞机在南部地区、希米尔和阿尔兹上空盘旋,后于19时从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1210 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从KafrKila上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于6月21日1时30分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1230 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Almaal-Sha`b上空入境。 飞机在南部地区、拜鲁特、达穆尔、巴阿勒贝克和赫米尔上空盘旋,后于6月21日11时10分从拉梅什上空飞离。\n1420 以色列敌方4架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Kafr Kila上空入境。 飞机在黎巴嫩所有地区上空盘旋,后于15时45分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n2000架以色列敌方战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于20时15分飞离。\n一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在南部地区和贝卡西部上空盘旋,后于22时15分从Kafr Kila上空飞离。\n一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空侵入。 15时40分,飞机在南部上空盘旋。\n8架以色列敌方战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Rumaysh上空入境。 飞机在黎巴嫩所有地区上空盘旋,后于12时从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1420 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Almaal-Sha`b上空入境。 18时35分,飞机从Alma al-Sha ' b上空在南部上空盘旋。\n1655 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在黎巴嫩所有地区上空盘旋,后于6月22日12时20分从纳库拉上空飞离。\n2011年6月22日 第0700次会议 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于22时从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1220 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Almaal-Sha`b上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于6月23日7时从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1438 以色列敌方4架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从海面上空入境。 飞机在黎巴嫩所有地区上空盘旋,后于16时30分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1620 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Almaal-Sha`b上空入境。 飞机在南部地区和贝鲁特及其郊区上空盘旋,后于6月23日10时15分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1625 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于6月23日0时30分从Yarun上空飞离。\n2011年6月23日 第0700次会议 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于22时从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从鲁迈什上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于6月24日3时从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n0740 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Almaal-Sha`b上空入境。 飞机在南部地区和贝卡上空盘旋,后于21时20分从鲁迈什上空飞离。\n0937 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在南部地区和贝卡上空盘旋,后于6月24日6时10分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1045 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Almaal-Sha`b上空入境。 飞机在南部地区、Iqlim al-Kharub和Shuf上空盘旋,后于14时从纳库拉近海上空飞离。\n1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Almaal-Sha ' b上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于22时25分从Yarun上空飞离。\n一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从鲁迈什上空侵入。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于22时30分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n0620 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于6月25日5时从鲁迈什上空飞离。\n2011年6月25日 第0715次会议 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 22时40分,飞机在南部地区、贝卡西部、利雅克和巴阿勒贝克上空盘旋。\n1010 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从鲁迈什上空侵入。 飞机在南部和贝卡西部上空盘旋,后于20时从纳库拉上空飞离。\n一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于6月27日3时从纳库拉上空飞离。\n0805 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Almaal-Sha`b上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于11时15分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1015 两架以色列敌战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Aytarun上空入境。 飞机在黎巴嫩所有地区上空盘旋,后于11时15分从纳库拉上空飞离。\n1015 两架以色列敌战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Aytarun上空入境。 飞机在黎巴嫩所有地区上空盘旋,后于11时25分从Kafr Kila上空飞离。\n1015 两架以色列敌战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Rumaysh上空入境。 飞机在黎巴嫩所有地区上空盘旋,后于11时55分从纳库拉近海上空飞离。\n1325 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于18时05分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1600 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从西顿以西的Cetha上空入境。 飞机在西顿和贝鲁特之间的Tya上空盘旋,后于18时05分从纳库拉近海上空飞离。\n2011年6月27日 第0458次会议 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于18时飞离。\n0720 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Almaal-Sha`b上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于16时15分从纳库拉上空飞离。\n0720 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从KafrKila上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于18时20分从纳库拉以西海域上空飞离。\n0750 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Almaal-Sha`b上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于18时30分从拉梅什上空飞离。\n1008 以色列敌方6架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉近海上空入境。 飞机在Shikka和Naqurah之间的海域上空盘旋,后于10时50分从Naqurah外的Tya上空飞离。\n1010 两架以色列敌战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在黎巴嫩所有地区上空盘旋,后于10时50分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1012 以色列敌方4架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从阿尔马萨阿布上空入境。 他们于10时50分在黎巴嫩所有地区阿尔马萨阿布上空离去。\n1015 以色列敌方4架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从拉梅什上空入境。 飞机在黎巴嫩所有地区上空盘旋,后于11时10分从纳库拉近海上空飞离。\n2130 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在南部地区和贝卡上空盘旋,后于6月28日00时40分从Kafr Kila上空飞离。\n21302300 (英语). 直升机、战机和侦察飞机在黎巴嫩同被占领的巴勒斯坦边界一并盘旋,在Ramiyah、Ayta al-Sha`b、Rumaysh、Marun al-Ra ' s、Aytarun、Blida和Maysal-Jabal等城镇上空放出诱饵。\n1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Almaal-Sha`b上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于18时25分从拉梅什上空飞离。\n1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从鲁迈什上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于18时40分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n0720 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空侵入。 飞机在贝鲁特和南部上空盘旋,后于6月29日0时25分从鲁迈什上空飞离。\n2015年1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于6月29日6时10分飞离。\n2011年6月29日 第0625次会议 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从阿尔马萨阿布上空侵入。 飞机在贝卡西部和南部上空盘旋,后于14时25分从纳库拉上空飞离。\n0715 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机于18时25分从纳库拉上空在南部上空盘旋。\n07:30 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从鲁迈什上空侵入。 飞机于18时25分从纳库拉上空在南部上空盘旋。\n1140 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,然后于20时20分飞离。\n1205 一架以色列敌军侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于6月30日4时飞离。\n1325 以色列敌方4架战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉近海上空入境。 飞机在Naqurah和Tripoli之间的沿海上空盘旋,后于14时40分从Naqurah外的Tya上空飞离。\n1325 两架以色列敌战机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Kafr Kila上空入境。 飞机于14时40分从Naqurah近海上空飞越南部和贝卡西部。\n19时 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于21时10分飞离。\n1941 一架以色列敌侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于22时58分飞离。\n2011年6月30日 第0448次会议 1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,在南部上空盘旋,后于5时02分飞离。\n1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从鲁迈什上空入境。 飞机在南部地区和贝鲁特上空盘旋,后于15时15分从纳库拉上空飞离。\n1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从鲁迈什上空入境。 飞机在南部地区上空盘旋,后于18时15分从阿尔马萨阿布上空飞离。\n1架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从纳库拉上空入境。 飞机在南部地区和贝卡上空盘旋,后于7月1日03时05分从拉梅什上空飞离。", "2033 (英语). 在Ras al-Marj(阿尔萨尔)上空低空看到一架以色列敌观察气球。 然后它向东走向阿尔萨尔高地.\n2110 一架以色列敌方侦察机侵犯黎巴嫩领空,从Sidon外的Cetha上空入境。 飞机在贝鲁特和西顿近海上空盘旋,后于7月1日零时10分从纳库拉近海上空飞离。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda items 34, 39, 66 and 75 Protracted conflicts in the GUAMarea andtheir implications for internationalpeace, securityand development The situation in the occupiedterritories of Azerbaijan Elimination of racism, racialdiscrimination, xenophobia andrelated intolerance \nResponsibility of States forinternationally wrongful acts", "Letter dated 3 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary‑General", "In accordance with instructions received from the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, I have the honour to draw your attention to ongoing violations of the ceasefire by the armed forces of the Republic of Armenia, recorded for the month of July 2011 (see annex). As a result of these violations and the terrorist act committed by the Armenian side on 14 July 2011 (see A/65/915-S/2011/457), during the aforementioned period a 13-year-old Azerbaijani girl and one officer of the armed forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan were killed and two Azerbaijani civilians were seriously wounded.", "The increasing number of casualties over the past several months among Azerbaijani civilians residing in the front-line areas represents yet another piece of evidence testifying to Armenia’s apparent disregard of its obligations under international law and in the context of the ongoing conflict settlement process.", "In their joint statement of 26 May 2011 made in Deauville, France, the Presidents of France, the Russian Federation and the United States of America — the countries co-chairing the Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe — inter alia, strongly urged the sides to prepare their populations for peace, not war. The Armenian side responded to this call in the manner so characteristic of it.", "In addition to intensified attacks on Azerbaijani civilians and civilian objects across the front line and the recent uncontrollable surge of hostile rhetoric towards Azerbaijan from the Armenian leadership, President Serzh Sargsyan of the Republic of Armenia went farther ahead and once and for all shattered the artificially imposed myth of his Government’s ability to engage in a constructive search for peace in the region. At a meeting with the participants in the fifth Pan-Armenian Olympiad for the Armenian Language, Literature and Armenian Studies, held in Gara Chichek (Tsakhkadzor), Armenia, on 25 July 2011, the head of the Armenian State instructed the youth of his country to continue the implementation of the policy of hatred and mistrust among the peoples of the region (see the official website of the President of Armenia, available from http://www.president.am/events/visits/eng/?visits=2&id=290). Thus, in response to the question of a student about the perspectives of expanding Armenia’s territory at the expense of neighbouring Turkey, Serzh Sargsyan said that the realization of this duty would depend on the efforts of the new generation and referred as an example to the fulfilment of the task of capturing a part of what he called “our fatherland — Karabakh”.", "In other words, instead of preparing its people for peace and a prosperous and stable future in friendship and cooperation with the neighbouring nations, the President of Armenia openly incites the youth and future generations of his country to new wars and violence. It is notable that the Armenian President’s belief in this adventurist idea is based on the conviction that his “nation … always rises from the ashes like the phoenix — again and again”. Accordingly, the head of the Armenian State considers it possible to plunge his own people and the region as a whole into new wars and an abyss of misery for the realization of the disastrous political agenda.", "President Serzh Sargsyan has not confined himself to the above-mentioned harmful views and continued sharing them at the joint press conference with the President of Poland in Yerevan on 28 July 2011. This time he was deeply absorbed in discussing the issues pertaining to the sovereign territory of another State — the Republic of Azerbaijan. According to the President of Armenia, “the Nagorno Karabakh conflict … erupted as a result of the violation of the Nagorno Karabakh people’s right for self-determination” and “the legitimate right of the people of Nagorno Karabakh to master their own destiny, to have security guarantees and prosper in their historical land must be respected”. Every single word in these and other comments about the conflict, its causes and consequences and the peace process made by the head of the Armenian State during the press conference is pure fiction, to say the least.", "It has been internationally recognized, including by the principal organs of the United Nations, that Armenia unleashed the war, attacked Azerbaijan and occupied its territories, including the Daghlyq Garabagh (Nagorno Karabakh) region, carried out ethnic cleansing on a massive scale, perpetrated other heinous crimes in the course of the war and established the ethnically constructed subordinate separatist entity on the captured Azerbaijani territory. The President of Armenia, who bears personal responsibility for horrible atrocities against Azerbaijani civilians, must be well aware that what he considers “the violation of the Nagorno Karabakh people’s right for self-determination” has been unequivocally qualified by the United Nations Security Council and the General Assembly, as well as by other authoritative international organizations, as the illegal use of force against the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Azerbaijan and other egregious violations of the Charter of the United Nations and international law.", "Moreover, the Republic of Azerbaijan considers historical assertions of the Armenian side, a vivid example of which is the reference by the President of Armenia to the occupied Daghlyq Garabagh region of Azerbaijan as allegedly the occupiers’ “historical land” or “fatherland”, as false and having the sole purpose of misleading the international community and justifying the policy of violent territorial expansionism.", "Having implemented the total ethnic cleansing of both the territory of Armenia and the occupied territories of Azerbaijan of all non-Armenians and thus succeeded in creating the uniquely mono-ethnic culture in these areas, the leadership of Armenia long ago unveiled its annexationist intentions, at the core of which are historical delusions and racial animosity. The defiant behaviour of those high-ranking officials in Armenia opposing the perspectives of a peaceful and prosperous future for the region, ordering the targeting of Azerbaijani civilians, including children, manipulating public opinion and trying to delude the international community leaves no doubt as to their unwillingness to work for peace and attempts to provoke large-scale destabilization.", "We are confident that the leadership of Armenia will be obliged to cease its provocative policy, to ensure that the occupation of Azerbaijani territory is ended, to denounce its territorial claims towards neighbouring nations and to establish civilized relations with all countries of the region. The Republic of Azerbaijan sincerely believes that there is no alternative to peace, stability and mutually beneficial regional cooperation.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 34, 39, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Agshin Mehdiyev Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 3 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Violations of the ceasefire by the armed forces of the Republic of Armenia[1] for the month of July 2011", "Date\tTime\tFire point area\tDirection\tWeaponsused\tCasualtiesand \n damage \n3July\t21.50-21.55\tOccupied areanear Seyidahmadliand Alkhanlivillages, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentareas\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—4July\t01.15-01.20\tAygovit village,Ijevan region,Armenia\tBalaJafarlivillage,Gazakhdistrict,\tFirearmandmachinegun\t— \n Azerbaijan \n\tAtdifferenttimesandthefollowingday\tOccupied areasnearGarakhanbeyli,AshagiSeyidahamdlivillages andHoradiz town,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan, andJavahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentareas\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\tAtdifferenttimesandthefollowingday\tOccupied areasnear Khojavanddistrict andDjodjug-Marjanlivillage, Jabraildistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentareas\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n5July\tAtdifferenttimes\tOccupied areasnearGarakhanbeyli,AshagiSeyidahamdlivillages andHoradiz town,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan, andJavahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\tAtdifferenttimes\tOccupied areasnear Khojavanddistrict andDjodjug-Marjanlivillage, Jabraildistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t23.15-23.30\tOccupied areanear Mehdilivillage, Jabraildistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n6July\tAtdifferenttimesandthefollowingday\tOccupied areanear AshagiAbdulrahmanlivillage andunknown heights,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n7July\tAtdifferenttimes\tOccupied areanear AshagiAbdulrahmanlivillage andunknown heights,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\tAtdifferenttimesandthefollowingday\tUnknown heights,Krasnoselskdistrict, Armenia\tUnknownheights,Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\tAtdifferenttimesandthefollowingday\tOccupied areasnear AshagiSeyidahamdli andGorgan villages,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n8July\tAtdifferenttimes\tUnknown heights,Krasnoselskdistrict, Armenia\tUnknownheights,Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\tAtdifferenttimes\tOccupied areasnear AshagiSeyidahamdli andGorgan villages,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\tAtdifferenttimes\tOccupied areanear Kurapatkinovillage,Khajavanddistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n10July\t16.10-16.30\tUnknown heights,Krasnoselskdistrict, Armenia\tUnknownheights,Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n11July\t06.05-06.15\tBerdavan village,Noyanberyanregion, Armenia\tKemerlivillage,Gazakhdistrict,Azerbaijan\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n12July\t17.30-17.35\tOccupied areanear Shurabadvillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n13July\t18.45-18.55\tOccupied areanear Goygoldistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n14July\t05.20-05.25\tOccupied areanear Gorganvillage, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t22.45-22.50\tOccupied areanear AshagiSeyidahamdlivillage, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t23.00-23.10\tOccupied areanear Garagashlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t— Tovuz River,springing fromthe territory ofArmenia\tAlibaylivillage,Tovuzdistrict,Azerbaijan\tBlastof anexplosivedevicebuiltin atoy\tA13-year-oldAzerbaijanigirl,AygunShahmaliyeva,was killedandher32-year-old mother, Elnara Shahmaliyeva,wasseriously \n wounded\n17July\t01.20-01.30\tOccupied areanear Javahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t19.40-20.00\tOccupied areanear Goranboydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n18July\t17.15-17.25\tUnknown heights,Krasnoselskdistrict, Armenia\tUnknownheights,Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t23.15-23.50\tOccupied areasnear AshagiAbdulrahmanli,Gorgan andGarakhanbaylivillages andHoradiz town,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n19July\t23.10-23.25\tOccupied areasnear AshagiSeyidahamdli andAlkhanlivillages, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n20July\t00.50-01.10\tOccupied areanear Javahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t03.40-03.50\tOccupied areasnear AshagiSeyidahamdli andAlkhanlivillages, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t13.00-13.15\tUnknown heights,Krasnoselskdistrict, Armenia\tUnknownheights,Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n21July\t03.35-03.40\tOccupied areanearGarakhanbaylivillage, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t03.50-04.00\tOccupied areanear Javahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t10.45-11.10\tOccupied areanearTapgaragoyunluvillage, Goranboydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t16.45-16.50\tOccupied areanear AshaghiAbdulrahmanlivillage, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n22July\t00.05-00.09\tOccupied areanear AshaghiAbdulrahmanlivillage, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t00.25-00.45\tOccupied areanear Dashkasandistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t01.20-01.25\tOccupied areanear Javahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t05.50-06.10\tOccupied areanear Jabrayildistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n23July\t03.20-03.25\tOccupied areanear Gorganvillage, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n24July\t09.05-09.30\tUnknown heightsnear the Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t14.30-14.45\tOccupied areanearTapgaragoyunluvillage, Gornaboydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n25July\t00.25-00.3000.35-00.40\tOccupied areanear AshaghiAbdulrahmanlivillage andHoradiz town,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t15.30-15.50\tOccupied areanear Dashkasandistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n26July\t05.20-05.30\tOccupied areanear Javahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\t10.40-10.4520.00-20.1021.30-21.40\tAygezor andMosesgehvillages, Berddistrict, Armenia\tMundjuglu,AlibayliandAgdamvillages,Tovuz\tFirearmandmachinegun\t— district, \n Azerbaijan \n\t10.45-10.50\tUnknown heightsnear the Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t14.30-14.40\tOccupied areanear AshagiSeyidahamdlivillage, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t14.40-14.50\tOccupied areanear the Jabrayildistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t14.40-15.00\tOccupied areanearTapgaragoyunluvillage, Gornaboydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n27July\t12.30-12.40\tOccupied areanearTapgaragoyunluvillage, Gornaboydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\t15.40\tTerritory ofArmenia borderingwith the Gazakhdistrict ofAzerbaijan\tMezemvillage,Gazakhdistrict,\tFirearm\tAresidentofMezem Azerbaijan villageofthe GazakhdistrictofAzerbaijan,NailaPoladova,wasseriously \n wounded\n28July\t03.35-03.40\tOccupied areanear the Jabrayildistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t00.40-00.5003.32-03.4003.35-03.40\tOccupied areasnear AshaghiAbdulrahmanli andGorgan villagesand Horadiz town,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t17.05-17.15\tOccupied areanearTapgaragoyunluvillage, Gornaboydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t19.50-20.05\tOccupied areanear the Goygoldistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t23.35-23.45\tOccupied areanear Javahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n29July\t15.10-15.35\tOccupied areanear Dashkasandistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t20.55-21.10\tUnknown heightsnear the Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\t21.30-21.3321.40-21.50\tOccupied areasnear Yusifjanliand Javahirlivillages, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\tLieutenantofthearmedforcesofAzerbaijan, \n ElshadHasanov,wasshottodeath\n30July\t00.15-00.2002.07-02.1202.05-02.10\tOccupied areasnear AshaghiAbdulrahmanli andGarakhanbaylivillages, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentareas\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t02.30-02.50\tOccupied areasnear Yusifjanliand Javahirlivillages, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentareas\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—", "[1] Settlements of the Republic of Azerbaijan included in this information are under occupation by the Republic of Armenia or situated close to fire point areas." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目34、39、66和75", "古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其 对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "被占领阿塞拜疆领土的局势", "消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和 相关不容忍行为", "国家对国际不法行为的责任", "2011年8月3日阿塞拜疆常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "根据收到的阿塞拜疆共和国政府的指示，谨提请你注意2011年7月亚美尼亚共和国武装军队持续违反停火情况的记录(见附件)。在这一期间，由于亚美尼亚方面在2011年7月14日违反停火，并犯下恐怖罪行(见A/65/915：S/2011/457)，致使一位13岁的阿塞拜疆女孩和阿塞拜疆武装部队1名军官身亡，两名阿塞拜疆平民受重伤。", "过去几个月间，居住在前线地区的阿塞拜疆平民伤亡数量日益增多，这又一次证明亚美尼亚在当前解决冲突的过程中，明目张胆地无视其在国际法中的义务。", "2011年5月26日，法国、俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国三国总统作为欧洲安全与合作组织明斯克小组的联合主席在法国多维尔发表了联合声明，其中除其他外，强烈敦促双方让本国民众争取和平，而非战争。亚美尼亚方面以其特有的方式回应了这一号召。", "亚美尼亚方面除了加强对阿塞拜疆平民和民用目标的攻击及其领导人对阿塞拜疆肆无忌惮地发表一波又一波敌对言论之外，亚美尼亚共和国总统谢尔日·萨尔基相则走得更远，彻底粉碎了人为制造的、有关其政府能够建设性地寻求该地区和平的神话。2011年7月25日，在亚美尼亚Gara Chichek(Tsakhkadzor)举行了关于亚美尼亚语言、文学和亚美尼亚研究的第五届泛亚美尼亚奥林匹克会议。其间，亚美尼亚国家领导人对与会者进行了会晤，并让该国青年人继续执行对该地区人民的仇恨和不信任政策。(亚美尼亚总统的官方网站，可查阅http：//www.president.am/events/visits/eng/?visits=2&id=290)。谢尔日·萨尔基相在回答一个学生关于以牺牲邻国土耳其为代价，扩大亚美尼亚领土的问题时说，实现这一职责将取决于新的一代的努力，并将此说成是完成收复他所谓“我们的祖国：卡拉巴赫”任务的实例。", "换句话说，亚美尼亚总统不是鼓励其人民与周边国家开展友谊合作来促进实现和平、繁荣和稳定的未来，而是公开煽动该国青年和未来世代进行新的战争和暴力。值得注意的是，亚美尼亚总统信奉这一冒险理念是基于这样的信念，即他的“国家……总是一次又一次地像浴火凤凰一样崛起”。因此，亚美尼亚国家元首意在将本国人民和整个地区拖进新的战争和苦难的深渊，以实现灾难性的政治议程。", "谢尔日·萨尔基相总统并不局限于上述有害观点，他在2011年7月28日与波兰总统在埃里温举行的联合记者招待会上，继续谈及这些观点。这一次，他不厌其烦地大谈特谈与另一国家，即阿塞拜疆共和国的主权领土有关的问题。据亚美尼亚总统所说，“纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突的爆发是侵犯当地人民自决权的结果”，“必须尊重纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫人民掌握自己的命运、并在其祖祖辈辈的土地上有安全保障和繁荣的合法权利”。至少可以这样说，亚美尼亚国家元首在记者招待会上所说的每一个字，包括这些和其他关于冲突、冲突的前因后果以及和平进程的有关其他意见，纯属胡编乱造。", "包括联合国主要机构在内的国际社会已经认定，是亚美尼亚发动了战争，攻击阿塞拜疆并占领其领土，包括Daghlyq Garabagh(纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫)地区，开展大规模种族清洗，在战争期间犯下其他滔天罪行，并在占领的阿塞拜疆领土上建立了种族分裂实体。亚美尼亚总统本人必须为针对阿塞拜疆平民的恐怖暴行承担个人责任，他一定清楚地知道，他认为的“纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫人民的自决权”的事实，已被联合国安全理事会和大会以及其他权威国际组织明确界定为非法使用武力侵犯阿塞拜疆共和国的主权和领土完整，严重违反了《联合国宪章》和国际法。", "此外，亚美尼亚方面所谓历史说的一个生动例子是，亚美尼亚总统把占领阿塞拜疆的Daghlyq Garabagh说成是占领者的“祖祖辈辈的故土”或“祖国”，这些说法都是荒谬虚假的，唯一目的是误导国际社会并使暴力扩张领土政策合理化。", "亚美尼亚领导层对其境内以及被占阿塞拜疆领土的所有非亚美尼亚人进行了全面的种族清洗，从而在这些地区成功地创造了独有的单一民族文化，他们很早以前就公布其吞并意图，其核心是历史妄想和种族仇恨。亚美尼亚高级官员处处挑衅、反对和平与繁荣未来前景、下令针对包括儿童在内的阿塞拜疆平民、操控舆论并试图欺骗国际社会，凡此种种令人毫不怀疑其不愿为和平而努力，企图挑起大规模骚乱的用心。", "我们相信，亚美尼亚领导人将不得不停止其挑衅性政策，确保结束对阿塞拜疆领土的占领，放弃其对周边国家的领土诉求，与该地区所有国家建立文明关系。阿塞拜疆共和国真诚地相信，除和平、稳定和互利的区域合作外，别无选择。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目34、39、66和75下的文件和安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "阿格申·梅赫迪耶夫(签名)", "2011年8月3日阿塞拜疆常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信的附件", "2011年7月亚美尼亚共和国武装部队违反停火情况^(a)", "日期\t时间\t开火地区\t方向\t所用武器\t伤亡及破坏情况 \n7月3日\t21.5-21.55\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区Seyidahmadli和Alkhanli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月4日\t01.15-01.20\t亚美尼亚Ijevan区Aygovit村附近被占领地区\t阿塞拜疆Gazakh区BalaJafarli村\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t在不同时间和次日\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区Garakhanbeyli,AshagiSeyidahamdli村和Horadiz镇附近被占领地区,阿塞拜疆Agdam区Javahirli村被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t在不同时间和次日\t阿塞拜疆Khojavand区附近以及Jabrail区Djodjug-Marjanli村被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月5日\t在不同时间\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区Garakhanbeyli、AshagiSeyidahamdli村和Horadiz镇附近被占领地区,阿塞拜疆Agdam区Javahirli村被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t在不同时间\t阿塞拜疆Khojavand区附近以及Jabrail区Djodjug-Marjanli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t23.15-23.30\t阿塞拜疆Jabrail区Mehdili村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月6日\t在不同时间和次日\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshagiAbdulrahmanli村和不明高地附近的被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月7日\t在不同时间\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshagiAbdulrahmanli村和不明高地附近的被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t在不同时间和次日\t亚美尼亚Krasnoselsk区不明高地\t阿塞拜疆Gadabay区不明高地\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t在不同时间和次日\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshagiSeyidahamdli和Gorgan村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月8日\t在不同时间\t亚美尼亚Krasnoselsk区不明高地\t阿塞拜疆Gadabay区不明高地\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t在不同时间\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshagiSeyidahamdli和Gorgan村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t在不同时间\t阿塞拜疆Khojavand区Kurapatkino村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月10日\t16.10-16.30\t亚美尼亚Krasnoselsk区不明高地\t阿塞拜疆Gadabay区不明高地\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月11日\t06.05-06.15\t亚美尼亚Noyanberyan区Berdavan村\t阿塞拜疆Gazakh区Kemerli村\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月12日\t17.30-17.35\t阿塞拜疆Agdam区Shurabad村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月13日\t18.45-18.55\t阿塞拜疆Goygol区附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月14日\t05.20-05.25\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区Gorgan村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t22.45-22.50\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshagiSeyidahamdli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t23.00-23.10\t阿塞拜疆Agdam区Garagashli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t- 从亚美尼亚流出的Tovuz河\t阿塞拜疆Tovuz区Alibayli村\t藏在玩具中的一个爆炸装置起爆\t阿塞拜疆一位14岁女孩AygunShahmaliyeva被炸身亡，她的32岁母亲Elnara \n Shahmaliyeva受重伤\n7月17日\t01.20-01.30\t阿塞拜疆Agdam区Javahirli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t19.40-20.00\t阿塞拜疆Goranboy区附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-", "日期\t时间\t开火地区\t方向\t所用武器\t伤亡及破坏情况 \n7月18日\t17.15-17.25\t亚美尼亚Krasnoselsk区不明高地\t阿塞拜疆Gadabay区不明高地\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t23.15-23.50\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshagiAbdulrahmanli、Gorgan和Garakhanbayli村以及Horadiz镇附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月19日\t23.10-23.25\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshagiSeyidahamdli和Alkhanli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月20日\t00.50-01.10\t阿塞拜疆Agdam区Javahirli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t03.40-03.50\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshagiSeyidahamdli和Alkhanli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t13.00-13.15\t亚美尼亚Krasnoselsk区不明高地\t阿塞拜疆Gadabay区不明高地\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月21日\t03.35-03.40\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区Garakhanbayli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t03.50-04.00\t阿塞拜疆Agdam区Javahirli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t10.45-11.10\t阿塞拜疆Goranboy区Tapgaragoyunlu村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t16.45-16.50\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshaghiAbdulrahmanli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月22日\t00.05-00.09\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshaghiAbdulrahmanli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t00.25-00.45\t阿塞拜疆Dashkasan区附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t01.20-01.25\t阿塞拜疆Agdam区Javahirli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t05.50-06.10\t阿塞拜疆Jabrayil区附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月23日\t03.20-03.25\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区Gorgan村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月24日\t09.05-09.30\t阿塞拜疆Gadabay区附近不明高地\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t- \n\t14.30-14.45\t阿塞拜疆Gornaboy区Tapgaragoyunlu村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器&机枪\t-\n7月25日\t00.25-00.3000.35-00.40\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshaghiAbdulrahmanli村和Horadiz镇附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t15.30-15.50\t阿塞拜疆Dashkasan区附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月26日\t05.20-05.30\t阿塞拜疆Agdam区Javahirli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t10.40-10.4520.00-20.1021.30-21.40\t亚美尼亚Berd区Aygezor和Mosesgeh村\t阿塞拜疆Tovuz区Mundjuglu、Alibayli和Agdam村\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t10.45-10.50\t阿塞拜疆Gadabay区附近不明高地\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t14.30-14.40\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshagiSeyidahamdli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t14.40-14.50\t阿塞拜疆Jabrayil区附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t14.40-15.00\t阿塞拜疆Gornaboy区Tapgaragoyunlu村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月27日\t12.30-12.40\t阿塞拜疆Gornaboy区Tapgaragoyunlu村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t15.40\t亚美尼亚与阿塞拜疆Gazakh区毗邻的领土\t阿塞拜疆Gazakh区Mezem村\t火器\t阿塞拜疆Gazakh区Mezem村名叫NailaPoladova的居民严重受伤\n7月28日\t03.35-03.40\t阿塞拜疆Jabrayil区附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t00.40-00.5003.32-03.4003.35-03.40\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshaghiAbdulrahmanli、Gorgan村和Horadiz镇附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t17.05-17.15\t阿塞拜疆Gornaboy区Tapgaragoyunlu村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t19.50-20.05\t阿塞拜疆Goygol区附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t23.35-23.45\t阿塞拜疆Agdam区Javahirli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n7月29日\t15.10-15.35\t阿塞拜疆Dashkasan区附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t20.55-21.10\t阿塞拜疆Gadabay区附近不明高地\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\t21.30-21.3321.40-21.50\t阿塞拜疆Agdam区Yusifjanli和Javahirli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t阿塞拜疆武装部队Elshad \n Hasanov中尉遭枪击身亡。\n7月30日\t00.15-00.2002.07-02.1202.05-02.10\t阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshaghiAbdulrahmanli和Garakhanbayli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-\n\t02.30-02.50\t阿塞拜疆Agdam区Yusifjanli和Javahirli村附近被占领地区\t邻近地区\t火器和机枪\t-", "^(a) 本资料中所列阿塞拜疆共和国定居点均在亚美尼亚共和国占领之下或在开火地区附近。" ]

[ "大会第六十五届会议 议程项目34、39、66和75 古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平、安全与发展的影响 消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象\n国家对国际不法行为的责任", "2011年8月3日阿塞拜疆常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "奉阿塞拜疆共和国政府指示,谨提请你注意2011年7月记录的亚美尼亚共和国武装部队持续违反停火的情况(见附件)。 由于亚美尼亚方面2011年7月14日的这些侵犯行为和恐怖行为(见A/65/915-S/2011/457),在上述期间,一名13岁的阿塞拜疆女孩和一名阿塞拜疆共和国武装部队军官被炸死,两名阿塞拜疆平民被重伤。", "过去几个月,居住在前线地区的阿塞拜疆平民的伤亡人数不断增加,这再次证明亚美尼亚显然无视其根据国际法和在目前的解决冲突进程中的义务。", "2011年5月26日,法国、俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国总统——欧洲安全与合作组织明斯克小组共同主席国——在法国多维尔发表的联合声明中,除其他外,强烈敦促双方为人民的和平而不是战争做好准备。 亚美尼亚方面以如此特殊的方式响应了这一呼吁。", "除了越过前线加紧攻击阿塞拜疆平民和民用物体以及亚美尼亚领导人最近对阿塞拜疆的敌对言论无节制地激增之外,亚美尼亚共和国总统谢尔日·萨尔基相走得更远,一劳永逸地粉碎了人为地强加的关于该国政府有能力参与建设性寻求该地区和平的神话。 2011年7月25日,亚美尼亚国家元首在亚美尼亚加拉奇切克(察克克克克)与第五次亚美尼亚语言、文学和亚美尼亚研究泛亚美尼亚奥林匹克运动会与会者会晤,指示亚美尼亚青年继续执行该地区各民族之间的仇恨和不信任政策(见亚美尼亚总统官方网站,可查阅http://www.president.am/events/visits/eng/?visits=2&id=290)。 因此,Serzh Sargsyan在回答一个学生关于以牺牲邻国土耳其为代价扩大亚美尼亚领土前景的问题时说,这一义务的履行将取决于新一代人的努力,并说这是完成他称之为 \" 我们的祖国 -- -- 卡拉巴赫 \" 的一部分任务的一个范例。", "换句话说,亚美尼亚总统没有为人民在同邻国的友谊与合作中实现和平和繁荣与稳定的未来做好准备,而是公开地煽动其国家的青年和子孙后代进行新的战争和暴力。 值得注意的是,亚美尼亚总统对这种冒险主义思想的信念是基于他\"民族\"的信念. 总是从骨灰起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起 因此,亚美尼亚国家元首认为,有可能使自己的人民和整个区域陷入新的战争和痛苦的深渊,以实现灾难性的政治议程。", "谢尔日·萨尔基相总统没有局限于上述有害观点,并在2011年7月28日与波兰总统在埃里温举行的联合记者招待会上继续分享这些观点。 这一次,他在讨论与另一个国家——阿塞拜疆共和国主权领土有关的问题时深受其意。 亚美尼亚总统说, \" 纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突.是由于侵犯纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫人民的自决权而爆发的 \" , \" 纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫人民掌握自己命运、获得安全保障和在自己历史土地上繁荣发展的合法权利必须得到尊重 \" 。 亚美尼亚国家元首在记者招待会期间就冲突、冲突的原因和后果以及和平进程所作的这些评论和其他评论中,每一个字都纯属虚构。", "国际上,包括联合国各主要机关都认识到,亚美尼亚发动了战争,袭击了阿塞拜疆并占领了其领土,包括达赫利克卡拉巴赫(纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫)地区,大规模地进行了种族清洗,在战争过程中犯下了其他令人发指的罪行,并在被夺取的阿塞拜疆领土上建立了由族裔组成的附属分裂实体。 亚美尼亚总统对针对阿塞拜疆平民的可怕暴行负有个人责任,他必须清楚地知道,他所认为的 \" 侵犯纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫人民的自决权利 \" 被联合国安全理事会和大会以及其他权威国际组织明确定性为非法使用武力侵犯阿塞拜疆共和国的主权和领土完整以及其他严重违反《联合国宪章》和国际法的行为。", "此外,阿塞拜疆共和国认为,亚美尼亚方面的历史断言是虚假的,其一个生动的例子就是亚美尼亚总统提到被占领的阿塞拜疆达赫利克卡拉巴赫地区据称是占领者的 \" 历史地 \" 或 \" 祖国地 \" ,其唯一目的是误导国际社会,为暴力领土扩张政策辩护。", "亚美尼亚领导人对亚美尼亚领土和阿塞拜疆被占领土上的所有非亚美尼亚人进行了彻底的种族清洗,从而在这些地区成功地创造了独特的单一族裔文化,亚美尼亚领导人早就揭露了其吞并主义意图,其核心是历史的妄想和种族敌意。 亚美尼亚这些高级官员违抗该地区和平与繁荣未来的观点,命令以包括儿童在内的阿塞拜疆平民为目标,操纵公众舆论并企图欺骗国际社会,这无疑使他们不愿为和平而努力,并企图挑起大规模不稳定。", "我们相信,亚美尼亚领导人将不得不停止其挑衅政策,确保结束对阿塞拜疆领土的占领,谴责其对邻国的领土要求并同该地区所有国家建立文明关系。 阿塞拜疆共和国真诚地认为,除了和平、稳定和互利的区域合作之外,别无他择。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目34、39、66和75下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "阿格申·梅赫迪耶夫(签名)", "2011年8月3日阿塞拜疆常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信的附件", "2011年7月亚美尼亚共和国武装部队违反停火的情况[1]", "日期时间 指向已使用武器的伤亡人员\n损害\n7月3日 第21.50-21.55页 被占领的阿塞拜疆菲祖利地区Seyidahmadliand Alkhanlillillages地区 Aygovit村,Ijevan地区,亚美尼亚Bala Jafarlivillage,Gazakh区,火器-\n阿塞拜疆\n在不同的时间和第二天 阿塞拜疆菲祖利区Garakhanbeyli、AshagiSeyidahamdlillages和Horadiz镇和阿塞拜疆阿格达姆区Javahirlillillage附近被占地区\n在不同的时间和第二天 在Khojavand区和Jabrail区Djodjug-Marjanlivillage附近被占领地区,阿塞拜疆邻近地区\n7月5日 阿塞拜疆菲祖利区Garakhanbeyli附近被占地区、AshagiSeyidahamdlillages和Horadiz镇以及阿塞拜疆相邻的火器和机枪区Agdam区Javahirlillillage\n阿塞拜疆Jabrail区Khojavand区和Djodjug-Marjanlivillage附近被占地区 火器和机关枪 --\n联合国 被占领的阿塞拜疆Jabrail区Mehdilivillage地区,阿塞拜疆邻近地区\n7月6日 不同时间和次日 - 阿塞拜疆相邻地区Fizuli区AshagiAbdulrahmanlilli村和不明高地被占领;\n7月7日 阿塞拜疆相邻地区的Fizuli区AshagiAbdulrahmanlilli村和不明高地被占领地区\n在不同的时间和第二天 亚美尼亚Krasnoselsk区不明高地 阿塞拜疆火炮 -- --\n在不同的时间和第二天 阿塞拜疆相邻地区Fizuli区AshagiSeyidahamdli和Gorgan村附近被占地区\n7月8日 亚美尼亚格拉斯诺塞尔斯克区不明高地 阿塞拜疆火炮 -- --\n阿塞拜疆相邻地区Fizuli区AshagiSeyidahamdli和Gorgan村附近被占地区\n阿塞拜疆哈贾万德区Kurapatkinovillage被占领地区\n7月10日 16.10-16.30 不明高地, 亚美尼亚克拉斯诺塞尔斯克区 阿塞拜疆火炮 -- --\n7月11日 06.05-06.15 (英语). 亚美尼亚加扎克地区Noyanberyan地区Berdavan村 阿塞拜疆火炮 -- --\n页:1 被占领的阿塞拜疆阿格达姆区Shurabad村,阿塞拜疆相邻地区\n7月13日 第18.45-18.55次会议 被占领阿塞拜疆邻近地区Goygol区 火器和机关枪 --\n2005年7月14日,纽约 阿塞拜疆相邻地区菲祖利区Gorganvillage被占领区\n22.45-22.50 (中文(简体) ). 阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshagiSeyidahamdlillillage被占领区 火器和机关枪 --\n联合国 阿塞拜疆阿格达姆区Garagashlivillage被占领区火炮-托武兹河相邻地区从Tovuz区亚美尼亚Alibaylivillage领土向阿塞拜疆A13岁阿塞拜疆女孩Aygun Shahmaliyeva喷出炸药,杀害了32岁母亲Elnara Shahmaliyeva。\n受伤\n7月17日 01.20-01.30 (中文(简体) ). 被占领的阿塞拜疆阿格达姆区Javahirlivillage地区\n19.40-2.00 (中文(简体) ). - 阿塞拜疆相邻地区Goranboy区被占农地\n7月18日 17.15-17.25 不明高地, 亚美尼亚克拉斯诺塞尔斯克区 阿塞拜疆火炮 -- --\n第23.15-23.50号决议 AshagiAbdulrahmanli、Gorgan和Garakhanbaylivillages和Horadiz镇附近被占地区,阿塞拜疆相邻的消防机枪区Fizuli区——\n7月19日 第23.10-23.25次会议 阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshagiSeyidahamdli和Alkhanlivillages附近被占地区 火器和机关枪 --\n7月20日 00.50-01.10 (中文(简体) ). 被占领的阿塞拜疆阿格达姆区Javahirlivillage地区\n03.40-03.50 (英语). 阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshagiSeyidahamdli和Alkhanlivillages附近被占地区 火器和机关枪 --\n亚美尼亚格拉斯诺塞尔斯克区不明高地 阿塞拜疆火炮 -- --\n7月21日 第03.35-03.40次会议 占用的园地 阿塞拜疆相邻地区菲祖利区Garakhanbaylivillage 火器和机关枪 --\n03.5-04.00 (中文(简体) ). 被占领的阿塞拜疆阿格达姆区Javahirlivillage地区\n第10.45-11.10号决定 占用的园地 阿塞拜疆Goranboy区Tapgaragoyunlulli村 火器和机关枪 --\n16.45-16.50 (中文(简体) ). 阿塞拜疆相邻地区菲祖利区AshaghiAbdulrahmanlivillage被占领区 火器和机关枪 --\n7月22日 00.05-009 (英语). 阿塞拜疆相邻地区菲祖利区AshaghiAbdulrahmanlivillage被占领区 火器和机关枪 --\n00.25-00.45 (中文(简体) ). 被占领阿塞拜疆邻近地区达什卡桑区 火器和机关枪 --\n01.20-01.25 (中文(简体) ). 被占领的阿塞拜疆阿格达姆区Javahirlivillage地区\n05.50-06.10 (中文(简体) ). 阿塞拜疆邻近地区Jabrayil区被占园地 火器和机关枪 --\n2003年7月23日 第03.20-03.25次会议 阿塞拜疆相邻地区菲祖利区Gorganvillage被占领区\n7月24日 09:05-09:30 (英语). 阿塞拜疆相邻地区Gadabay区附近不明高地\n第14.30-14.45号决议 占用的园地 阿塞拜疆Gornaboy地区Tapgaragoyunluvillage 火器和机关枪 --\n7月25日 00.25-00.3000.35-00.40 (中文(简体) ). - 阿塞拜疆相邻地区Fizuli区Ashaghi-Abdulrahmanlivillage和Horadiz镇被占领区\n第15.30-15.50号决议 阿塞拜疆邻近地区达什卡桑地区被占农地\n7月26日 05.20-05.30 (英语). 被占领的阿塞拜疆阿格达姆区Javahirlivillage地区火炮附近地区——10.40-10.452.00-20.1021.30-21.40 亚美尼亚Mundjuglu、Alibayliand Agdamvillages、Tovuz Firearmandmouthgun-地区Berd区Aygezor和Mousegehvillages\n阿塞拜疆\n10.45-10.50 (中文(简体) ). 阿塞拜疆相邻地区Gadabay区附近不明高地\n第14.30-14.40号决议 阿塞拜疆Fizuli区AshagiSeyidahamdlillillage被占领区 火器和机关枪 --\n第14.40-14.50号决议 阿塞拜疆相邻地区Jabrayil区被占地区\n14.40-15.00 (中文(简体) ). 占用的园地 阿塞拜疆Gornaboy地区Tapgaragoyunluvillage 火器和机关枪 --\n7月27日 12时30分至12时40分 占用的园地 阿塞拜疆Gornaboy地区Tapgaragoyunluvillage 火器和机关枪——15.40 亚美尼亚领土与阿塞拜疆Mezemvillage的Gazakh区的Gazakh区接壤,阿塞拜疆Gazakh区的NailaPoladova村的Afirearm Riyareof Mezem 阿塞拜疆严重\n受伤\n7月28日 第03.35-03.40次会议 阿塞拜疆相邻地区Jabrayil区被占地区\n00.40-00.5003.32-03.403.35-03.40 Ashaghi Abdulrahmanli和Gorgan村和Horadiz镇附近被占地区,阿塞拜疆相邻的Fizuli区\n页:1 占用的园地 阿塞拜疆Gornaboy地区Tapgaragoyunluvillage 火器和机关枪 --\n19.50-20.05 (英语). 阿塞拜疆相邻地区Goygol区被占地外\n第23.35-23.45号决议 被占领的阿塞拜疆阿格达姆区Javahirlivillage地区\n7月29日 第15.10-15.35次会议 被占领阿塞拜疆邻近地区达什卡桑区 火器和机关枪 --\n20.55-21.10 联合国 近处未知高地 阿塞拜疆Gadabay地区相邻的火炮区 阿塞拜疆阿格达姆区Yusifjanliand Javahirlivillages附近被占领地区\nElshad Hasanov被枪杀了\n7月30日 00.15-00.2002.07-02.1202.05-02.10 - 阿塞拜疆Fizuli区Ashaghi-Abdulrahmanli和Garakhan-baylillages附近被占地区\n02.30.50 (中文(简体) ). 阿塞拜疆阿格达姆区Yusifjanliand Javahirlillillages附近被占地区", "[1] 本资料所包括的阿塞拜疆共和国定居点被亚美尼亚共和国占领或位于靠近射击点的地区。" ]

[ "Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations", "2012 regular session", "30 January-8 February 2012, and 17 February 2012", "Quadrennial reports for the period 2007-2010 submitted by non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council through the Secretary-General pursuant to Council resolution 1996/31", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Contents", "Page1.AIESEC 2 \nInternational 2.All 3 China Women’s \nFederation 3.All 5 India Women’s \nConference 4.Ankara 7 Foundation of Children with \nLeukemia 5.Armenian 9 Constitutional Right-Protective \nCentre 6.Association 11 of Asian Confederation of Credit \nUnions \n7. CIDSE 138.CITYNET: 15 Regional Network of Local Authorities for the Management of Human \nSettlements \n9.Earthjustice 1810.European 21 Women’s \nLobby 11. Fundación 23 Antonio Núñez Jiménez de la Naturaleza y el \nHombre 12. Geneva 25 International Model United \nNations 13. Grupo 27 de Información en Reproducción \nElegida 14.Hong 29 Kong Council of Social \nService 15. International 31 Network of Liberal \nWomen", "1. AIESEC International", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "AIESEC International is the world’s largest student-run organization. Focused on providing a platform for youth leadership development, during the past four years it has expanded to 11 more countries. Statistics for the organization are as follows: 60,000 members; 15,000 leadership positions; 15,000 internships; 4,000 partners; 1,600 universities; 470 conferences; 110 countries and territories; and 60 years of experience.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization’s vision is about peace and fulfilment of humankind’s potential. Its scope remains a global, non-political, independent, not-for-profit organization run by students and recent graduates of institutions of higher education.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization recently created its mid-term ambition for the year 2015:", "Our growing physical and virtual reach makes us the most credible and diverse youth voice. We are recognized across sectors as the first-choice partner for our ability to develop responsible and entrepreneurial leadership. Our collaborative environment empowers every member to live a high-quality AIESEC experience, creating a cross-generational positive impact on society.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization’s national office in the Republic of Korea sent a representative to attend the United Nations Global Compact event held there in November 2010. The organization was also present at the World Youth Summit held in Leon, Mexico, in July 2010. AIESEC International also disseminates information from the United Nations, such as notices of competitions, events and special news, through its weekly newsletter, which reaches 60,000 members in 110 countries and territories.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Unfortunately during the last couple of years the organization has reduced its collaboration with the United Nations and United Nations bodies.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization cooperates closely with the Department of Public Information; the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretary; the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "AIESEC in Jordan has become a regional hub for management internships, bringing international talent to key regional consulting firms. AIESEC in Bahrain has launched its first sustainability project in 2010, with the goal of presenting a well-researched thorough reduction method for carbon emissions. In 2007, 2008 and part of 2009, a total of 4,715 students participated in internships to develop social programmes, while in 2010 approximately 1,000 students in internships focused on corporate social responsibility and energy. Some 67 countries offered internships in sustainability and corporate social responsibility, while more than 200 non‑governmental organizations, 140 corporations, 90 educational institutions and 14 governmental institutions provided internships focusing on sustainability and corporate social responsibility.", "In 2007 and 2008, a total of 1,200 young people participated in education internships with the organization; in 2009 and 2010, a total of 5,706 students in internships focused on cultural education. Some 1,918 internships in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia provided cultural education, and 1,137 recent graduates from those same areas participated in education internships. During 2007, the organization ran a project with the Standard Chartered Bank with the potential to reach 300,000 young adults — an age group significantly affected by HIV.", "Additional information", "During the 2010 AIESEC International Congress, celebrated in India, the organization managed the second Global Youth to Business Forum for more than 600 delegates from 110 countries and territories at the Indian School of Business in Hyderabad. The scope of the discussions at the forum focused on three key topics: harnessing youth innovation, labour mobility and diversity, and environmental and corporate sustainability. A compilation of ideas was published in a special edition of the Wall Street Journal Europe (see www.aiesec.org/cms/aiesec/AI/press.html#pr6). Also during 2010, two important publications revealed the results of a member poll on solutions for environmental issues (see www.aiesec.org/cms/aiesec/AI/ press.html#pr1). For the organization’s global annual reports, visit www.aiesec.org/ cms/aiesec/AI/partners/publications.html.", "2. All China Women’s Federation", "Special, 1995", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization promotes the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action and other outcome documents, and the sharing of international experiences. It held the International Forum on Women in Urban Development and Commemoration of the Fifteenth Anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women (Shanghai, China, 16-18 September 2010). Representatives attended the Asia Pacific NGO Forum on Beijing +15 (Quezon, Philippines, 22-25 October 2009) and the sixth regional round table on the Millennium Development Goals +10 and Beijing +15 (Danang, Viet Nam, 20-22 April 2010).", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "• Representatives attended the fifty-first to fifty-fourth sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women, held in New York, submitted written statements and made presentations at the Asia Pacific workshops. Representatives also held a parallel event on the theme of “Financial and economic crisis from a gender perspective”.", "• Representatives attended the twenty-third general assembly of the Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations (Geneva, 5-7 December 2007).", "• Representatives attended the seventh session of the Human Rights Council (Geneva, 17-21 March 2008), and the Human Rights Council’s universal periodic review on the human rights situation in China (Geneva, 5-12 February 2009).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Federation organized the International Conference on Gender and Disaster Risk Reduction with the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction in Beijing from 20 to 22 April 2009, and the High-level Meeting on Cooperation for Child Rights in the Asia Pacific Region with UNICEF in Beijing from 4 to 6 November 2010. The organization also conducted advocacy projects with the United Nations system office in China on human development reports in the Asia Pacific region (2010), women and HIV/AIDS (2010) and women and violence (2009, 2010). It worked with the United Nations Population Fund on gender equality, on violence against women and on men’s participation (2006-2010) and with the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), which is now the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), on eliminating discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS (2007-2010). The Federation also worked with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on disaster relief and reconstruction projects for poor and vulnerable women in earthquake-stricken areas (2008-2010), and with UNICEF on violence against children, child safety and trafficking prevention, gender equality and family education, and child protection in earthquake-stricken areas (2006-2010). The organization is also working with the International Labour Organization to prevent trafficking in young women and children for labour exploitation purposes (2000-2012), and with UN-Women on women empowerment through the raising of livestock (2009-2011).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "As at December 2010, the Federation’s microcredit project has issued RMB 23.7 billion to help 540,000 women start their own businesses. Its charity foundation has helped 10,355 children who were orphaned as a result of HIV/AIDS. The Spring Bud project has raised RMB 1 billion and built more than 1,000 Spring Bud schools, which have helped more than 2 million girls return to school and have trained 400,000 girls in vocational skills. Its mentoring project to help female graduates in China start businesses has provided 160,000 internship opportunities and helped 90,000 woman graduates start businesses. The organization has pushed the drafters of the newly amended Organic Law of the Villagers Committees to include concepts such as the promotion of gender equality. The Federation also operates women’s legal aid service hotlines in over 2,500 counties in China.", "The Health Express for Mothers project has distributed 1,087 vehicles to 27 provinces, benefiting 26 million people, to support the Government’s efforts to lower the maternal mortality rate. The Foundation has also received an allocation from the Government of China to conduct free medical scans to detect cervical cancer and breast cancer among rural women; as at December 2010, more than 7 million women had been scanned for cervical cancer and 907,000 women had been scanned for breast cancer. The Federation’s charity foundation to help poor women with the two cancers has raised RMB 30 million.", "The Water Cellar for Mothers project has spent RMB 600 million to build 125,000 water cellars and 1,400 small water-supply projects, resulting in 1.7 million beneficiaries in 24 provinces.", "Additional information", "The Foundation plans to hold an international forum on women and sustainable development in Beijing from 9 to 11 November 2011 to contribute to the upcoming Rio+20 Conference.", "3. All India Women’s Conference", "Special, 1999", "Introduction", "The All India Women’s Conference, one of the oldest voluntary organizations in the country, was founded in 1927 by Margaret Cousins. The organization’s initial main concern was women’s education, but it has gradually taken on various social and economic issues concerning women, including “purdha”, child marriage, divorce and women’s property rights. The Conference has worked over the years for the security of women and their social and economic rights and entitlements. At the international level, the organization is a member of UNICEF, the Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations, International Networking for Sustainable Energy, the World Renewable Energy Network, the ENERGIA International Network on Gender and Energy and the Global Village Energy Partnership, and is affiliated with the International Alliance of Women, the Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women’s Association and the NIMROO Education Centre in Japan.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Aims and purposes include:", "• To work for a society based on principles of social justice, integrity, equal rights and opportunity.", "• To secure recognition for the inherent rights of every human being to work and to achieve the essentials of life, such as food, clothing, housing, education, social amenities and securities, on the belief that these should not be determined by accident of birth or sex but by planned social distribution.", "• To support the claim of every citizen to the right to enjoy basic rights and liberties.", "• To stand against all separatist tendencies and to promote greater national integration and unity.", "• To work actively for the general progress and welfare of women and children and to help women to utilize to the fullest fundamental rights conferred on them by the Constitution of India.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "In the past three years the organization’s branches across India have trained nearly 4,000 women who are now running their own microenterprises, helping them generate income.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization’s representative in New York participated in the following meetings:", "• Centre for Social Research (13-23 July 2008)", "• World Renewable Energy Congress (19-25 July 2008)", "• Microcredit Regional Summit (Bali, Indonesia, 28-30 July 2008)", "• International Alliance of Women board meeting (Netherlands, 4-9 October 2008)", "• The fourteenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Poznan, Poland, 1-12 December 2008)", "• Global NGO Forum (27-28 February 2010)", "• MASHAV (the Israel Agency for International Development Cooperation) international workshop on violence against women in cooperation with the UNESCO Division for Gender Equality (16-27 May 2010)", "• All China Women’s Federation friendship visit (25-31 July 2010)", "• World Renewable Energy Congress (Abu Dhabi, 25-30 September 2010)", "• International Alliance of Women board and international meeting (Johannesburg, South Africa, 22-28 November 2010)", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "As a follow-up to the Bidi Workers Programme that was initiated with the assistance from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Government of India, the organization conducted vocational training for women bidi workers to empower them with alternate vocations. Earlier, the Conference had organized a project on sensitization and alternate vocation for women bidi workers in seven states in India. The organization worked with the small grants programme developed by the United States Agency for International Development South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy to fund women self-help groups for livelihood and income generation that focused on solar electricity initiatives in communities in Dakshinpuri, Sangam Vihar, Delhi.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Goal 1. The Conference runs vocational training and skill upgrade centres and has trained some 8,650 women to create self-help groups, thereby providing them with the tools for microcredit projects and entrepreneurship.", "Goal 2. Ten of the organization’s branches ran informal schools that conducted evening literacy classes for working women, in addition to teaching some 400 children.", "Goal 5. The organization conducted camps for mother and child focusing on reproductive health, general health, hygiene and sanitation education.", "Goal 7. The organization has partnered with some 100 schools throughout India to conduct 250 awareness programmes on environmental protection and waste and water sanitation, including the raising of herbal gardens.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "4. Ankara Foundation of Children with Leukemia", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Ankara Foundation of Children with Leukemia is a non-governmental organization based in Ankara that serves at the national level.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization aims to provide educational and emotional support, financial assistance and health services for children who have leukaemia or chronic blood disorders in order to help them cope with these life-threatening illnesses. The Foundation also promotes knowledge and provides instruction on an international level regarding acquired and inherited blood diseases, and establishes and operates research institutions. In June 2010, the organization established the Village for Children with Leukemia in Ankara, which consists of laboratories conducting clinical research that may play a part in the prevention of cancer and improvement of the treatment of leukaemia. For families who are displaced due to the lack of treatment facilities in their hometowns, the organization owns 25 furnished houses where families may live during their child’s treatment. For children who come to Ankara for follow-up examinations, the Foundation has built a lodging facility that provides hotel service free of charge. The organization has opened offices in the Anatolian region of Istanbul and in Izmir in order to enable patients residing in those areas to access services easily. It also established the School for Children with Leukemia in November 2008. This private school, which follows the curriculum of the Ministry of Education of Turkey, provides nursery and primary education free of charge. The organization also works to increase awareness of cancer, as the disease is an obstacle for sustainable development. As a result, the organization started conducting seminars at nursery, elementary and secondary private and state schools in 2008 that promote a healthy diet and an active lifestyle.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The foundation changed its name from Ankara Foundation of Children with Leukemia to LOSEV Foundation for Children with Leukemia. “Ankara” was dropped to avoid the impression of a local organization. It also has recently added language to its constitution that expands its mission to include the support of adult cancer patients, and the organization will soon open its doors to adult cancer patients by organizing informative and psychosocial seminars and creating a social space where adult patients may carry out occupational therapy.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "After receiving special consultative status in 2007, the organization started conducting short-term visits to equivalent organizations in nearby countries working on the same cause in order to share experience and knowledge. It is hoped that these visits will result in mutually fruitful concrete cooperation in the fields of research, social and health services and cancer prevention.", "2010: Al Farabi Hospital in Almaty, Kazakhstan; Sofia Childrens Onco-Hematology Hospital in Sofia; German Leukemia Foundation in Bonn, Germany; La FE Hospital and ASPANION Asociación de padres de niños con cáncer de la Comunidad Valenciana in Valencia, Spain; Queen Fabiola University Children’s Hospital Oncology Department in Brussels.", "2009: King Hussein Cancer Center and King Hussein Cancer Foundation in Amman.", "2008: Together for Children with Tumours Foundation in Budapest; St. Anna’s Children Hospital in Vienna.", "2007: Clic Sargent, University College London Hospital and Procancer Research Fund in London.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization wishes to collaborate with equivalent organizations and especially the United Nations so as to ensure concrete measures are taken and solutions are found for the prevention of the disease, and the disadvantaged receive equal access and equal rights in treatment, as in developed countries.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization is communicating with the UNICEF office and United Nations representatives in Turkey in its area of specialization.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization has been and will continue to support cancer patients who are economically deprived by assisting them financially to cover the monetary needs that come with the disease. Its work thus focuses on non-communicable diseases.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "5. Armenian Constitutional Right-Protective Centre", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Armenian Constitutional Right-Protective Centre is a non-profit, non-governmental organization founded in June 1988 in Vanadzor, Armenia. The Centre has been the leading human rights education non-governmental organization in Armenia since 1996, having implemented some 70 projects costing approximately $2 million total.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The strategic plan for 2011 to 2015 was developed from May to December 2010 during two workshops with the participation of organization members, partners, beneficiaries and volunteers. The Centre’s vision of “a world living with love and tolerance where law and justice given from above reign” and its strategic directions are intended ultimately to contribute to the rule of law, global justice and peace.", "Significant changes in the organization", "In 2008, the organization enrolled as a member in the National Assembly-NGO Network and was elected as a board member. In 2009, the Centre enrolled as a member in the Public Council and its Civil Society Commission’s subcommission on human rights. From February to November 2010, the new Conception of the Armenian Human Rights School was elaborated and approved. In 2010, the Centre enrolled as a member in the Armenian National Platform of the Eastern Partnership Civil Society Forum of the European Commission.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The Centre’s contributions include:", "• The Armenian Human Rights School, which organized four one-year advanced human rights training courses for teachers of human rights, civic education, state and law and ethics in the secondary schools of Armenia.", "• The Human Rights Library Network. All six human rights libraries have special United Nations-related sections and have served as resource centres for human rights education, thus contributing to the World Programme for Human Rights Education.", "• Publication of more than 80 United Nations-related articles, statements and documents between 2007 and 2010 in the its periodicals Legal Culture and For the Sake of Justice with the aim of acquainting the society with the activities of the United Nations. Some 2,300 periodicals were published and delivered to educational institutions, libraries, state bodies and non-governmental organizations in all regions of Armenia.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Representatives worked at and attended the Department of Public Information/ Non‑Governmental Organizations Conference planning committees and the fifty-first to fifty-fourth sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women in New York. In 2009, the Centre, in collaboration with the United Nations Public Information Centre in Yerevan, organized a forum to coordinate human rights education actors to join efforts in developing suggestions for the second phase of the World Programme on Human Rights Education (2 July), and submitted a document to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Armenia.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Centre cooperated in developing the Human Rights Library Network and supplementing it with books on the United Nations. It also cooperated in joint projects with OHCHR, and the UNDP and UNICEF offices in Armenia and conducted joint activities and presentations with the United Nations Public Information Centre in Yerevan. The organization also conducted human rights courses with UNESCO, UNDP, UNICEF, and United Nations Public Information Centre in Yerevan.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization undertook the following initiatives:", "• In July 2010, representatives distributed health bars and vitamin supplements to those in need, approximately 500 units per country, during humanitarian outreach trips to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Kenya and Sierra Leone.", "• The Centre’s Collaborative Secondary School taught 144 schoolchildren and its human rights educational youth clubs worked with 45 young people.", "• In April 2010, the Centre’s main representative organized and took teams to Haiti.", "• In Kunya, Kenya, a Centre representative conducted informative and healing sessions each day of the mission for approximately 20 victimized children in high schools, emphasizing methods of prevention and action.", "• A representative worked to empower 100 women in the disadvantaged generation in Kenya and in Sierra Leone, predisposing them to give birth to healthier children with less risk to both mother and child.", "• Educational sessions and workshops in the area of maternal health were conducted in Kenya and Sierra Leone in 2009, and in Haiti in 2010.", "• Six humanitarian outreach missions were initiated in Haiti and Kenya, and in previous outreach locations. A humanitarian outreach was also developed to establish partnerships for training on solar cooking for two weeks in Kunya (August and September 2010).", "• The Centre coordinated the national events of the global campaign for education Armenian coalition, in cooperation with the United Nations Public Information Centre and the UNESCO and UNICEF offices in Armenia.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "6. Association of Asian Confederation of Credit Unions", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Association of Asian Confederation of Credit Unions is the regional representative organization of credit unions and similar cooperative financial institutions in Asia. The Confederation has been instrumental in helping members address development issues faced by credit unions, such as poverty, gender equality, access to financial services and youth involvement.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The Confederation serves as both a trade association and a development organization. Its vision is the creation of a sustainable credit union system in Asia. Its mission is to promote and strengthen credit unions and similar cooperative financial organizations so they can fulfil their potential as effective instruments for the socioeconomic development of the people in the marketplace. In its role as a regional organization for credit unions, the organization performs representation, development, liaison and coordination functions on behalf of the Asian credit union movements. The Confederation ensures that credit unions are relevant in the communities they serve and continue to operate with their original goals.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization is constantly examining whether Asian credit unions are adhering to their original mission to improve people’s well-being through the provision of affordable financial services, especially to those who do not have access to them. The credit union microfinance innovation, introduced by the organization in 1999, provides sustainable financial services to the poor market segment: a national partner federation can acquire the appropriate skills and operational framework of the product, making it possible to offer that product to its member credit unions. Member organizations in countries where both rural and urban poverty are found consider the program a priority and tool in alleviating poverty. More than 5 million low-income people have gained access to the affordable financial services of credit unions supported by the organization. The credit union microfinance innovation provides an effective means of alleviating poverty by raising incomes and encouraging poor households to enter the market economy. The Confederation is constantly motivating and increasing the capacity of its partner federations to increase their focus on sustainable strategies to reach more low-income people.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Not applicable.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization works with the Regional Fisheries Livelihood Program — a project of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) — to introduce the necessary training tools to its microfinance national consultants, enabling them to train beneficiaries in project countries. The Programme began activities in September 2009 and plans to operate for four years in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam. Limited access to microfinance services and extremely limited supplementary and/or alternative livelihood options are among the issues being addressed by the Programme. The project aims to strengthen the capacity of participating small-scale fishing communities and their supporting institutions with the goal of improved livelihoods and sustainable fisheries resources management.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "In September 2009, the Confederation, along with its member organizations, launched a campaign to reach an additional 1 million poor by 2012 by using credit union microfinance innovation methodology, in line with the celebration of the International Year of Cooperatives. The organization coordinates and facilitates the program of poverty alleviation and microfinance in seven countries in South-east and South Asia.", "Education programmes on credit union microfinance innovation promote financial literacy, maternal health, business management, technical skills, good manners and correct conduct, first aid or any topic deemed necessary to improve the living conditions of the poor. Indirectly, the programme helps to increase the educational level of the poor people who attend it.", "Women make up 50 per cent of membership in credit unions, but their membership is not commensurate with their participation in decision-making. The organization provides a platform for women leaders to discuss women issues and put forward responses that has resulted in the allocation of women seats in the leadership of credit unions and the creation of an advisory committee for women.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "7. CIDSE", "General, 2007", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "2007: Reclassification to general consultative status", "2008: Granted observer status at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "2009: As part of its Strategic Framework 2010-2015, “International Cooperation for Development and Solidarity” becomes CIDSE", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization advocates, lobbies, creates policy documents and performs media work on financing for development; global governance; business and human rights; climate justice; food security, agriculture and trade; and the Millennium Development Goals. It has also created public awareness campaigns entitled “Make Aid Work” (2007) and “Climate Justice” (2009-2010).", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2007", "• 16 April: attended the special high-level meeting with the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) held in New York", "• 23 and 24 October: delivered a statement on the theme “From Monterrey to Doha” and held a side event on the theme “Selected issues on financing for development” at the High-level Dialogue of the General Assembly on Financing for Development held in New York", "2008", "• 14 April: delivered a statement on innovating sources for financing sustainable development and held a side event at the special high-level meeting with the Bretton Woods institutions, the WTO and UNCTAD held in New York", "• 20 to 25 April: attended the twelfth conference of UNCTAD, held in Accra, and participated in a workshop on biofuels", "• 2 to 18 June: presented oral and written statements on the mandate of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on business and human rights and conducted a side event on the human face of human rights and business at the eighth session of the Human Rights Council", "• 29 November to 2 December: held a side event on tax justice and financing for development and participated in official round tables 3 and 4 at the Follow-up International Conference on Financing for Development to Review the Implementation of the Monterrey Consensus, held in Doha", "2009", "• 22 September: presented a statement on climate justice and participated in panel discussion on adaptation technologies at the Summit on Climate Change held in New York", "• 28 September to 9 October: held side events on climate change at the Climate Change Conference held in Bangkok", "• 5 and 6 October 2009: attended the OHCHR consultation on operationalizing the framework for business and human rights held in Geneva and contributed a submission to the framework developed by John Ruggie", "• 2 to 6 November: held side events on climate change and reducing emissions at the Climate Change Conference held in Barcelona, Spain", "2010", "• 31 May to 18 June: presented a statement on the work of John Ruggie at the fourteenth session of the Human Rights Council", "• 11 and 12 October: submitted “Protect, respect and remedy: keys for implementation and follow-up of the mandate” at the Special Representative’s consultation with civil society stakeholders", "2008-2010", "• Attended the Climate Change Conferences held in Bonn, Germany, from 2 to 12 June 2008; 29 March to 8 April 2009; 29 May to 3 June 2009 (held side event web-cast with Malawi and panel discussion on adaptation technologies); 10 to 14 August 2009; 9 to 11 April 2010; 31 May to 11 June 2010 (launched paper on direct access); and 2 to 6 August 2010.", "• Attended the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth Conferences of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, held, respectively, in Poznan, Poland, from 1 to 12 December 2008 (launched Climate Justice Campaign); Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009 (held campaign events); and Cancun, Mexico, from 29 November to 10 December 2010.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization supported the reform process of the FAO Committee on World Food Security held in 2010.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "CIDSE submitted statements on the Millennium Development Goals, financing for development and the food price crisis at the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in New York from 23 to 25 September 2008. The organization held a side event on the Millennium Development Goals and the financial economic crisis at the United Nations Conference at the highest level on the world financial and economic crisis and its impact on development, held in New York from 24 to 26 June 2009. The organization also attended the special high-level meeting with the Bretton Woods institutions, the WTO and UNCTAD, held in New York on 18 and 19 March 2010. CIDSE presented a statement on the theme “Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the face of global crisis” and participated in the official round table on supporting recovery and development efforts of developing countries with special needs at the High-level Dialogue of the General Assembly on Financing for Development, held in New York on 23 and 24 March 2010. The organization provided input to the United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service for the MDG+10 Summit in May 2010. CIDSE was a respondent at official round table 4 and a speaker at the United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service seminar on the theme “Reforming finance for the Millennium Development Goals” at the informal interactive hearings of the General Assembly, held in New York on 14 and 15 June 2010. The organization also held a side event on the Millennium Development Goals and human rights in development cooperation at the Development Cooperation Forum, held in New York on 29 June 2010. The organization held another side event on the financial crisis and the Millennium Development Goals at the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in New York from 20 to 22 September 2010.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "8. CITYNET: Regional Network of Local Authorities for the Management of Human Settlements", "Special, 1995", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "CITYNET has been working closely with United Nations agencies, including the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the United Nations Centre for Regional Development and the United Nations Millennium Campaign on various fields related to local governments and urban development.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization participated in the following meetings:", "2007", "• Global Forum on Disaster Risk Reduction (Kobe, Japan, 12 and 13 April; Geneva, 5-7 June)", "• UN-Habitat Expert Group Meeting on Urban Development (Gangwon, Republic of Korea, 3-5 May)", "• UN-Habitat Expert Group Meeting on Gender (Fukuoka, Japan, 25 and 26 June)", "• Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Expert Group Meeting on Infrastructure (Bangkok, 11-13 June)", "• ESCAP meeting on good governance (Makati, Philippines, 15 November)", "2008", "• UNITAR Steering Committee of the International Training Centre for Local Authorities/Actors Network (Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, 8 and 9 May)", "• UN-Habitat expert group meeting on urban development (Gangwon, Republic of Korea, 27 and 28 May)", "• UN-Habitat expert group meeting on sustainable cities in Asia (Manila, Philippines, 25-28 August)", "• UN-Habitat mid-term plan 2008-2013 (Nairobi, 7-9 October)", "• World Urban Forum IV (Nanjing, China, 3-6 November)", "2009", "• United Nations Millennium Campaign global retreat (Bangkok, 13-14 January)", "• International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Conference on disaster risk reduction (New Delhi, 23-25 February)", "• Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva, 16-19 June)", "• ESCAP expert group meeting on flood resilient cities (Bangkok, 21-23 July)", "• ESCAP high-level panel on environment and development (Bangkok, 2‑4 December)", "2010", "• International Strategy for Disaster Reduction regional task force on disaster risk reduction (Kobe, Japan, 13 and 14 January)", "• ESCAP meeting of the Kitakyushu Initiative Network (Kitakyushu, Japan, 10 and 11 February)", "• International Strategy for Disaster Reduction forum on disaster risk reduction (Shanghai, China, 28-30 July)", "• UN-Habitat regional partners meeting on climate change impacts (Changwon, Republic of Korea, 15-17 September)", "• ESCAP ministerial conference on environment and development (Astana, 27 September)", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization coordinated the following meetings with support from United Nations agencies:", "2007", "• Institute of Advanced Studies seminar on sanitation with the United Nations University (2 November)", "• Technical advisory service on the Millennium Development Goals with UNITAR/UN-Habitat (Makati, Philippines 18-21 November)", "2008", "Seminar on climate change and urban wetlands with UNITAR (Seoul, 10 and 11 September)", "2009", "• Publication on urban risk profiling on biogas with the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction city-to-city project (Danang, Viet Nam, 18-20 February)", "Annually", "Kuala Lumpur regional training centre training course with UNITAR", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• The organization set up an office in Kathmandu from 2007 to 2008 and promoted local governments in South Asia that pursued the Millennium Development Goals.", "• The organization also published “Local authorities in the south and 8 ways to change the world” in 2007 and “A guideline on localizing the Millennium Development Goals and municipal poverty reduction strategy papers for the municipalities of Nepal” and “Ten ways of achieving the Millennium Development Goals in cities in Indonesia” in 2008.", "• With support from UN-Habitat, the organization pursued a city-to-city project from 2006 to 2008 that focused on localizing the Millennium Development Goals, and in 2007 organized leadership training and a workshop on localizing the Millennium Development Goals in Asian cities through innovative leadership and community empowerment in Kathmandu.", "• CITYNET organized the Japan forum on the theme “No excuses 2015: the Millennium Development Goals and us” in April 2008. It organizes the events for the Stand Up campaign every year. In 2009, the organization conducted a survey on the status of the implementation at the city level of the Millennium Development Goals in order to subsequently help to develop activities for the remaining years.", "• With support from UN-Habitat and ESCAP, CITYNET organized the regional workshop on putting safety first for the urban poor on the local agenda in 2010 in Marikina, Philippines.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "9. Earthjustice", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Earthjustice promotes human rights and the environment as fundamental aspects of sustainable development. It also focuses on climate change, reducing the impact of toxic materials and improving access to water and sanitation.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Human Rights Council. Earthjustice representatives attended all sessions of the Human Rights Council, where representatives worked with United Nations officials and delegates from governmental and non-governmental organizations to promote the link between human rights and the environment. Some examples of Earthjustice’s work at each session follow:", "2007", "• Fourth session. Supported a presentation by the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons, on the theme of operational guidelines on human rights and natural disasters (A/HRC/4/38/Add.1).", "• Fifth session. Organized meeting with the Special Rapporteur on the adverse effects of the movement and dumping of toxic and dangerous products and wastes on the enjoyment of human rights on the theme “The human rights challenge of the traffic of toxic wastes and products”.", "• Sixth session. Supported report of OHCHR on human rights obligations related to equitable access to safe drinking water and sanitation (A/HRC/6/3).", "2008", "• Seventh session. Supported adoption of Human Rights Council resolution 7/14 on the right to food.", "• Eighth session. Participated in an event organized with the Permanent Mission of the Maldives to the United Nations on human rights and climate change.", "• Ninth session. Participated in discussions with the Government of Côte d’Ivoire and other Council members on the adoption of resolution 9/1.", "2009", "• Tenth session. Supported report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons (A/HRC/10/13). Intervened in discussions with Council members and observers for adoption of resolution 10/4 on human rights and climate change.", "• Eleventh session. Delivered a statement at interactive panel on the theme of human rights and climate change. Organized a discussion on renewal of special procedure mandates, adoption of universal periodic review outcomes, and panel discussions in the Council.", "• Twelfth session/ Circulated proposal for panel discussion and participated with the Permanent Mission of Côte d’Ivoire to the United Nations in discussions on the adoption of resolution 12/18 on adverse effects of the movement and dumping of toxic products and wastes on human rights.", "2010", "• Thirteenth session. Discussed with members and observers the application of opinion 9/2009 of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention regarding Japanese detention of environmental advocates.", "• Fourteenth session. Made a statement at interactive panel dialogue on the theme of toxic waste.", "• Fifteenth session. Participated in a discussion concerning report of the Special Rapporteur on the adverse effects of the movement and dumping of toxic and dangerous products and wastes on the enjoyment of human rights (A/HRC/15/22) and report of the Independent Expert on human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation (A/HRC/15/31).", "The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe", "Earthjustice representatives attended all meetings of the Aarhus Convention Working Group of the Parties and Compliance Committee as well as meetings of the Aarhus Convention task forces on access to justice, public participation in decision-making and public participation in international forums. Representatives also participated in and made a statement on the work of the Compliance Committee at the Third Meeting of the Parties (11-13 June 2008) and participated in meetings of the London Protocol on Water and Health Compliance Committee (12 March and 24-25 September 2008; 25-26 February 2009; 26-27 January and 22-23 June 2010).", "The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "Earthjustice representatives participated in the thirteenth Conference of the Parties (Bali, Indonesia, 3-15 December 2007); the Bonn Climate Change Conference (2-13 June 2009); the Barcelona Climate Change Conference (2-6 November 2009); the fifteenth Conference of the Parties (Copenhagen, 7-18 December 2009); and the sixteenth Conference of the Parties (Cancun, Mexico, 29 November-10 December 2010).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Earthjustice representatives participated in meetings to promote recommendations of the Special Rapporteur on human rights and the illicit movement of toxic wastes. Representatives also worked with the secretariat of the Convention on Hazardous Waste and OHCHR. Additionally, representatives made oral interventions at the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) national committee meetings. Earthjustice representatives also participated in the fourth Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention (4-8 May 2009) and the second session of the International Conference on Chemicals Management (11-15 May 2009).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "All Earthjustice activities promote awareness of the links between ensuring environmental sustainability and eradicating extreme poverty and hunger.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "10. European Women’s Lobby", "Special, 1995", "Introduction", "Founded in 1990, the European Women’s Lobby is the largest alliance of women’s non-governmental associations in the European Union. The European Women’s Lobby represents more than 2,500 organizations overall.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The mission of the organization is to work to achieve equality between women and men, to promote women’s rights in all spheres of public and private life, to work towards economic and social justice for all women in their diversity and to eliminate all forms of male violence against women. The Lobby works through democratic processes with its members for the mainstreaming and monitoring of gender equality and women’s rights perspective in all areas of European Union policy and for the achievement of parity democracy at all levels and in all areas.", "Significant changes in the organization", "From 2007 to 2010, the Lobby has expanded to include 30 national coordination organizations (in Cyprus, Poland, Romania and Slovenia), and added two more European-wide organizations. The Lobby can count on established, transparent and democratic decision-making and consultation processes and other participatory processes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization contributed to the United Nations Global Gender Equality Architecture Reform Campaign in favour of the creation of UN-Women. Non‑governmental organizations committed to women’s rights and gender equality have been advocating for the United Nations to reform its gender equality architecture for many years, which led to the creation of UN-Women in 2010. The Campaign was officially launched in March 2008 at the Commission on the Status of Women. The Lobby had been involved in the Campaign since its creation and was particularly active in the European working group for the Campaign, which the organization coordinated in 2009 and 2010 (see www.gearcampaign.org).", "The organization contributed to the Beijing+15 process as the Lobby participated in the yearly Commission on the Status of Women, including the Beijing+5 and the Beijing+10 special sessions. The 15-year review was an opportunity for the organization to voice its recommendations and concerns on behalf of its members across the European Union. The Lobby produced a full Beijing+15 Report on the activities of the European Union in the 12 areas of the Beijing Platform for Action (see www.womenlobby.org/spip.php?article124&lang=en).", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Each year, the organization participated in and submitted written amendments to the Commission on the Status of Women, which were proposed to European delegations and widely distributed to delegates of non-governmental organizations. Each year, the organization connected with the current European Union presidency, coordinated the European non-governmental organization caucuses and actively participated in the Non-governmental Organization Linkage Caucus and Coordination Caucus.", "The Lobby organized sessions on the themes:", "• “Dispelling the generational myth and promoting participation: are the needs of girls and women so different?” (2 February 2007);", "• “Financing for women’s rights, a european perspective” (28 February 2008);", "• “Beijing to Brussels, an unfinished journey” (2 March 2010).", "The Lobby attended and spoke at sessions on the themes:", "• “Girls shaping the future”, organized by the Coalition of Finnish Women’s Associations and UNIFEM (1 March 2007);", "• The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts on Security Council resolution 1325 (28 February 2008);", "• La CLEF on women in decision-making (2 March 2009);", "• “Transforming economic structures for equal and sustainable development”, organized by the Green Women of Sweden (7 March 2010).", "The organization participated in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Beijing+15 Regional Review Meeting and its forum for non-governmental organizations, held in Geneva (31 October 2009-3 November 2009). The organization:", "• Presented its recommendations during the general plenary session on the review of progress in the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action;", "• Submitted written amendments to the chairpersons’ conclusions of the meeting.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization cooperated with United Nations bodies and representatives to participate in the following:", "• European consultation with the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences (London, 11-13 January 2007)", "• UN.GIFT Forum to fight human trafficking (Vienna, 13-15 February 2008)", "• Co-organization with UNIFEM and the Women in Development (WIDE) Network of the event on the theme “Women and migration in Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States” (Brussels, 4 September 2009) and the subsequent publication of a report", "• A session on the theme “A human rights approach to combating human trafficking: challenges and opportunities. Implementing the recommended principles and guidelines on human rights and human trafficking”, organized by OHCHR (Geneva, 27-28 May 2010)", "• Violence against Women Expert Group Meeting on good practices in national action plans on violence against women (Port of Spain, 13-15 September 2010)", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization regularly collaborates with organizations focusing on development issues whose mandate is to support the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals, in particular from a women’s rights perspective.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "11. Fundación Antonio Núñez Jiménez de la Naturaleza y el Hombre", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Fundación Antonio Núñez Jiménez de la Naturaleza y el Hombre is a cultural and scientific organization of civil and non-governmental character, autonomous and not for profit. It focuses on research and implementation of programs, projects and actions for environmental protection and its relationship with culture and society. The organization works with other non-governmental organizations in Cuba to educate people about the need to protect nature and heritage values. It collaborates with national and foreign institutions in the development of culture and science, promoting and supporting projects to preserve, among other things, the identity of the nation of Cuba. Its main programmes are geohistoric research, local sustainable development, sustainable consumption, heritage preservation, environmental education and biodiversity conservation, all supported by an editorial team.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Projects are intended to achieve sustainable development at all levels of society but include a specific emphasis on the local level. The organization implements projects to achieve food sovereignty that guarantees the staple food needs of communities. The organization’s geo-historic research supports the implementation of its cultural values and aims to preserve heritage — work that is strongly linked to UNESCO. The organization encourages a passion for science and research when working with young people and practices gender equity in all its actions to ensure adequate representation and training. It keeps strong relations with UNDP offices in Cuba and with others such as UNESCO, UNICEF and FAO. The organization has participated in multiple activities coordinated by UNEP, FAO and UNESCO, and has collaborated with the UNDP office in Havana. It has done preparatory and follow-up work in reference to different events hosted by the United Nations and works with other non-governmental organizations in Cuba, some of which already have consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, to forge concrete proposals for projects and actions at the national level.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2008", "• Sixteenth session of the Sustainable Development Commission (New York, 5-16 May)", "• UNEP Latin America and the Caribbean civil society summit in preparation for the tenth Global Civil Society Forum (Buenos Aires)", "• National workshop for the promotion of the sciences study, hosted by UNESCO (Cuba)", "• Exchange of experiences about public policies in urban agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean, hosted by UN-Habitat (Ecuador)", "• Preparation and implementation of a workshop for representatives of eight vulnerable communities (Esmeralda, Ecuador)", "• Technical workshop and round table on the theme “Challenges of climate change in Cuba: architecture and hurricanes, experiences of 2008”, co-hosted with UN-Habitat and the National Union of Architects and Engineers of Construction Architecture Society (Cuba, December)", "2009", "• Workshop to promote a dialogue and build alliances among non-governmental organizations in Cuba towards a better implementation of international projects, co-organized by the UNDP (Cuba, 23 February)", "• The People’s Forum, fifteenth Conference of the Parties (Copenhagen, December)", "2010", "• Application sent to become member with consultative status in the UNEP Governing Council", "• UNEP Latin America and the Caribbean civil society consultation (Cozumel, Mexico)", "• “Climate change and women”, co-hosted with UN-Habitat (Cuba)", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization has been working in close cooperation with the UNDP regional office in Havana on the following projects:", "• “Digitalization of Antonio Núñez Jiménez archive”, funded by the UNESCO regional office and the Cuban national commission", "• “Adaptation to climate change and risk management developed by Cuban women”, funded by COSUDE and implemented with UN-Habitat", "• “Urban risk management, a strategy of adaptation to climate change”, funded by the Local Initiatives Fund of the Canadian Embassy in Cuba and implemented with UN-Habitat", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization focuses on the environmental education work that comprises two of the Millennium Development Goals focusing on care of the environment and education, such as sustainable consumption, geo-historic research, heritage preservation and local sustainable development. The general goal of the organization’s environmental education and biodiversity conservation programme is to contribute to the creation of an environmental culture in Cuban society, erected on sustainable bases and in harmony with the environment, with the purpose of favouring the conservation of biodiversity and fragile ecosystems.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "12. Geneva International Model United Nations", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Geneva International Model United Nations is an entirely student-run non‑governmental organization based in Geneva. The organization is also active in New York via its chapter in the United States.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization’s mandate is to promote the values and principles of the United Nations amongst young people, especially students, by organizing various educational events that familiarize students with the United Nations.", "Significant changes in the organization", "Important amendments to the constitution include the creation of an advisory board, permitting a better transfer of knowledge. The organization was accredited with the University of Geneva in 2010 and has developed a relationship with the city and state of Geneva, thus allowing for future collaboration and funding opportunities.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "All events organized by Geneva International Model United Nations relate to the agenda of the United Nations and may be grouped as follows: simulations, seminars and educational visits. During simulations, such as the annual conference, students learn about the workings of the United Nations by taking on the roles of diplomats and representatives of the United Nations Secretariat. Notable conferences have espoused the themes of humanitarian intervention (2009), human security (2010) and women and development (2011). The organization also held a simulation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for the Global Humanitarian Forum’s inaugural Youth Forum and the Model United Nations Society (2009), and semester-long simulations of General Assembly and Security Council sessions (2010-2011). The organization holds a variety of seminars which offer students the possibility to interact with their peers, United Nations officials, and the academic community. They give students the opportunity to express their opinions on issues regarding the United Nations. Previous events have included the annual commemoration of the entry into force of the Charter of the United Nations on United Nations Day (2008, 2009, 2010), and a three-day conference on the expectations and propositions of young people on the occasion of the International Year of Youth (2011) on the theme “Youth perspectives: education in the twenty-first century”. The organization also arranges educational visits, where students observe and learn about the work of the United Nations in New York and Geneva (2009, 2010, 2011) and its agencies in the field in Lebanon (2009) and Kenya (2011).", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "On the occasion of the International Year of Youth, the Geneva International Model United Nations is currently organizing a side event to present the outcome of the high-level segment of the Economic and Social Council held in Geneva in July 2011. The event is entitled “Youth perspectives: education in the twenty-first century”.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization has cooperated with the United Nations on several events in its annual programme of work and on events hosted by the United Nations. The annual event commemorating the entry into force of the Charter of the United Nations is organized in collaboration with the Non-governmental Organization Liaison Office and the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva. Other cooperative efforts include preparation and promotion of the second edition of the “Geneva lecture series: are human rights universal?” organized by UNITAR (2008). In 2009, the organization held a social side event for the Global Model United Nations project of the Department of Public Information. The organization also coordinated and collaborated with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency and UNESCO for its study trip to Lebanon in 2009 and with UN-Habitat for its study trip on housing rights in Kenya in 2011.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization has sought to raise awareness of the Millennium Development Goals through its annual programme of events and has encouraged the exchange of opinions on goals particularly affecting young people. The simulation of the 2009 Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change discussed environmental sustainability by presenting participants with national adaptation programme of action projects. The 2010 event commemorating the entry into force of the United Nations Charter dealt with youth unemployment, gender-related illiteracy and halting the spread of HIV/AIDS. Its 2011 event espoused the theme “Women and development: promoting a gender-balanced approach to development ethics”; and the 2011 Youth Perspectives conference addressed key aspects of education, in particular universal access, gender equality, citizenship and integration.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "13. Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida is a non-profit, non‑governmental organization working in Mexico.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization’s mission is to contribute to the recognition, respect and defence of reproductive rights, particularly abortion rights, within a human rights framework, upholding women’s free choice. The organization targets decision makers and public officials from the three branches of government as well as opinion leaders and the media.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization participated in the update of the National Diagnostic of the Human Rights Situation in Mexico, originally developed by OHCHR in 2003. The organization also participated in monitoring the election of new council members for the National Human Rights Commission, working jointly with the Senate Commission to develop basic transparency and citizen participation criteria such as public hearings. The organization was a member of the monitoring and evaluation body of the Mexico City human rights programme, and also participated in a seminar for Ministry of Health service providers, where a staff lawyer presented information on human rights and reproductive rights before an audience of more than 400 health care professionals. The group was the only organization specializing in women’s rights.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2007", "Fifty-first session of the Commission on the Status of Women", "2008", "Fifty-second session of the Commission on the Status of Women", "2009", "• Forty-second session of the Commission on Population and Development", "• Partners in Action Conference (Berlin, 2-4 September)", "• Advances and key actions for the implementation of the International Conference on Population and Development Programme (Santiago, 7 and 8 October)", "2010", "• Ninety-eighth session of the Human Rights Committee (New York, 8 and 9 March)", "• Fifty-fourth session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 1-12 March)", "• 2010 Women Deliver conference to advance Goal 5 of the Millennium Development Goals on improving maternal health (Washington, D.C., 7-9 June)", "• Global Health Council annual conference on global health, goals and metrics (Washington, D.C., 14-18 June)", "• World Youth Conference (Guanajuato, Mexico, 23-27 August)", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization sent information to the Human Rights Council when Mexico was evaluated under the universal periodic review in 2009. The organization also provided information to the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health during a consultation with civil society organizations. The organization requested that the Special Rapporteur comment on violations by the Government of Mexico of women’s human rights stemming from State-level constitutional amendments (Guatemala City, 2010).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization was a key actor in the process that led to the decriminalization of abortion in Mexico City in 2007. The organization has been involved in the institutionalization of safe abortion services and in training key personnel so that high-quality services are provided, representing a major contribution towards Goal 5. In 2008, the organization participated in an international initiative to build capacity for women’s health advocacy called the Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era regarding sexual and reproductive rights and health (in the millennium development agenda), which assesses and monitors the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals with a focus on sexual and reproductive health and rights policies.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "14. Hong Kong Council of Social Service", "Special, 2003", "Introduction", "The Hong Kong Council of Social Service is an umbrella organization of more than 370 members that provide over 90 per cent of social welfare services through 3,000 service units throughout Hong Kong, China.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization represents non-governmental welfare agencies committed to sustaining and developing social welfare in Hong Kong. The Council aims to promote the development of social welfare together with its member agencies by enhancing accountability of social welfare service agencies; promoting improvement of social welfare services; facilitating agencies to better serve the community; advocating equality, justice, social integration and a caring society; and promoting the local welfare sector as a model of excellence in the international community.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization has continuously worked with the United Nations system and its partners to promote international conventions in the region, supporting local non‑governmental organizations to meet social service needs in Hong Kong society.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Organization representatives attended:", "• Forty-fifth session of the Commission on Social Development (New York, 7-16 February 2007)", "• Third Internet Governance Forum (Hyderabad, India, 3-6 December 2008)", "• Forty-seventh session of the Commission for Social Development (New York, 4-13 February 2009)", "• Twelfth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (Salvador, Brazil, 12-19 April 2010)", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• Co-hosted the “2010 Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development: The Agenda” with the International Association of Schools of Social Work, the International Council on Social Welfare, the International Federation of Social Workers and seven other local hosts in Hong Kong. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS was invited to conduct a workshop promoting the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.", "• Contributed to the compilation of the third report of Hong Kong under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which has been submitted to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.", "• Submitted a civil report compiling the views and concerns collected from welfare sectors and service users on the implementation of human rights treaties in Hong Kong.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Council has taken major actions regarding the following:", "Goal 1.", "• Commemorated the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty by holding a forum on the theme “From policy address to ways ahead for poverty alleviation” on 16 October 2008; a seminar on assisting students from low-income families in schools and a book launching ceremony on 16 October 2009; and a forum on the theme “Has policy effectively addressed the poverty problem?” on 15 October 2010.", "• Performed advocacy work on enhancing poverty alleviation in its annual submissions to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong from 2007 to 2010.", "• Submitted a proposal and paper to the former Commission on Poverty on establishment of the Child Development Fund in support of the long-term development of children from a disadvantaged background.", "• Conducted 12 research/consultancy studies and 9 seminars/forums on poverty issues from 2007 to 2010.", "• Partnered with corporations to coordinate the provision of recycled/refurbished computers and broadband service to poor families.", "Goal 3.", "Held a consultation meeting on the statistical profile on the situation of women and girls (Hong Kong, 7 October 2010).", "Goal 4.", "• Conducted a focus group and discussion forums on the theme “Child fatality review and child protection”, in June and July 2007", "• Presented a paper concerning the Batterer Intervention Programme and the child fatality review", "• Held a seminar on the pilot project of the child fatality review on 13 July 2007", "Goal 8.", "Organized, together with three international and seven local organizations, the 2010 Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development, held from 10 to 14 June 2010.", "Additional information", "The organization’s activities promoting human rights include promotion and advocacy work against racial discrimination and promotion on inclusion of persons with disabilities.", "15. International Network of Liberal Women", "Special, 2003", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "International Network of Liberal Women aims to promote the ideas of democracy worldwide, focusing on both national and international levels. It sees the equal representation of women and men in all decision-making processes as essential to this development. It further aims to attack all gender-discriminatory practices which impede women participating as full citizens in whatever form they appear, whether physical, civic, economic or legal. The organization strongly supports the aims of the United Nations and Economic and Social Council, and works to promote national adoption and implementation of the United Nations conventions designed to protect and advance women’s status worldwide.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization experienced an increase in the geographical distribution of its membership.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "An organization representative attended:", "2007", "• Seminar on women’s contribution to society (Barcelona, Spain, 26-27 January)", "• General Assembly of European Women’s Lobby (Borovets and Samokov, Bulgaria, 25-29 October)", "• Seminar on trafficking in human beings (Hamburg, Germany, 16 November)", "• Seminar on strengthening networks and combating human trafficking (Taiwan Province of China, 8 December)", "2008", "Meeting on the theme “A non-violent society, overcoming conflicts” and a round table on women in peace processes (Belfast, Northern Ireland, 17 May).", "2009", "• Meeting on human rights and democracy (Strasbourg, France, 25 January)", "• Round table on women and education for the twenty-first century (Cairo, 30 October)", "2010", "• Meeting on supporting democratic forces and promoting human rights (Berlin, 11 June)", "• Seminar on the theme “Africa yesterday, today and tomorrow” (Cape Town, South Africa, 13 November)", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization submitted the following written and/or oral statements:", "2007", "At the fifty-first session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 26 February-9 March: “The elimination of all forms of discrimination and violence against the girl-child” and “Girls and boys lost to peace and forced to make war”.", "2008", "At the fifty-second session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 25 February-7 March): “Women’s equal participation in conflict prevention, management and conflict resolution and in post-conflict peace-building” and “NGOs for the financing of gender equality”.", "2009", "At the fifty-third session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 2-13 March): “Equal participation of women and men in decision making processes at all levels”.", "2010", "At the fifty-fourth session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 1-12 March): “15-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, especially on women in armed conflicts, education, health, violence, girl-child and participation in decision-making processes” and “Perception of civil society on the actual accomplishment of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the Millennium Development Goals”.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "No information.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The activities of the organization focus mainly on social awareness campaigns on women human rights, gender equality, women in decision making, empowerment of women, education for all — especially women and girls — and adequate women’s health programs. Representatives assisted UNESCO Centre Netherlands, a financing centre of educational resources in Western Africa. In these centres in rural areas the Millennium Development Goals are brought to the attention of local people. Representatives of the organization took part in their respective home countries in Women’s Day (8 March) activities, programmes related to Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and Millennium Development Goal programmes and initiatives.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information." ]

[ "非政府组织委员会", "2012年常会", "2012年1月30日至2月8日和2月17日", "具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织根据理事会第1996/31号决议通过秘书长提交的2007-2010四年期报告", "秘书长的说明", "目录", "页次\n1.商业和经济学专业学生协会国际 2\n2.中华全国妇女联合会 3\n3.全印度妇女大会 5\n4.安卡拉白血病儿童基金会 7\n5.亚美尼亚宪法权利保护中心 9\n6.亚洲信贷联盟联合会协会 11\n7.发展团结协会 12\n8.城市网：地方人类住区管理当局区域网 15\n9.地球正义 17\n10. 欧洲妇女游说团 20\n11. 安东尼奥·努涅斯·希门尼斯自然和人类基金会 22\n12.日内瓦国际模拟联合国 24\n13.生殖选择信息集团 26\n14.香港社会服务联会 27\n15. 国际自由妇女网 29", "1. 商业和经济学专业学生协会国际", "(特别咨商地位，2007年)", "导言", "商业和经济学专业学生协会国际是世界上最大的学生组织。本组织着重为青年领导能力的发展提供一个平台，在过去四年中，它已扩大到11个以上的国家。本组织的统计数据如下：60 000名成员；15 000个领导职位；15 000名实习生；4 000名伙伴；1 600所大学；470次会议；110个国家和地区；60年经验。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织的愿景是争取和平与实现人类潜能。它的范围依然是由高等教育机构学生和应届毕业生管理的一个全球、非政治、独立和非营利的组织。", "本组织内的重要变化", "本组织最近设立了2015年中期追求目标：", "我们的实际和虚拟联系不断增加，使我们成为青年最可信和最多样化的一种声音。我们有能力发展负责任和创业型的领导能力，因而作为首选合作伙伴得到众多部门的认可。我们的协作环境使每个成员能获得高品质的商业和经济学专业学生协会国际的经验，对社会产生积极的跨代影响。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "本组织大韩民国国家办事处派出一名代表出席2010年11月在大韩民国举办的联合国全球契约活动。2010年7月本组织也出席在墨西哥莱昂举行的世界青年首脑会议。商业和经济学专业学生协会国际还通过每周通讯传播联合国的信息，如竞赛通知、事件和特别新闻，每周通讯分发给110个国家和地区的60 000名成员。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "遗憾的是，在过去几年中本组织减少了与联合国和联合国机构的合作。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织与秘书处新闻部、经济和社会事务部、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)和联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)密切合作。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "在约旦的商业和经济学专业学生协会国际已成为管理行业实习的区域中心，为主要的区域咨询公司输送国际人才。2010年在巴林的商业和经济学专业学生协会国际推出第一个可持续性项目，其目标是提出经精心研究的全面减少碳排放量的方法。在2007年、2008年和2009年一部分，共有4 715名学生参加了编制社会方案的实习，而在2010年，实习的约1 000名学生以企业社会责任和能源为重点。约有67个国家提供了可持续性和企业社会责任方面的实习机会，而200多个非政府组织、140个公司、90个教育机构和14个政府机构提供了注重可持续性和企业社会责任的实习机会。", "在2007年和2008年，共有1 200名青年参加了本组织的教育实习；在2009年和2010年，共有5 706名学生进行了以文化教育为重点的实习。中欧、东欧和中亚提供了约1 918个文化教育实习机会，来自相同地区的1 137名应届毕业生参加了教育实习。在2007年期间，本组织与标准渣打银行一起实施了一个项目，可能有30万青年成人——受艾滋病毒严重影响的年龄组受益。", "其他信息", "2010年商业和经济学专业学生协会国际在印度召开的大会期间，在海得拉巴印度商学院主办了第二届全球青年经商论坛，该论坛有110个国家和地区的600多名代表参加。论坛讨论的范围集中在三个重大议题上：利用青年的创新精神、劳动力的流动和多样性以及环境和企业可持续能力。《华尔街日报欧洲版专刊》刊登了讨论意见的汇编(见www.aiesec.org/cms/aiesec/AI/press.html＃pr6)。另外，在2010年，有两份重要的出版物展示了各成员对环境问题解决方案的民意测验结果(见www.aiesec.org/cms/aiesec/AI/press.html＃pr1)。关于本组织的全球年度报告，请查阅www.aiesec.org/cms/aiesec/AI/partners/ publications.html。", "2. 中华全国妇女联合会", "(特别咨商地位，1995年)", "导言", "无任何变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "无任何变化。", "本组织内的重要变化", "无任何变化。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "本组织促进《北京行动纲要》和其他成果文件的实施和国际经验的共享。它(于2010年9月16日至18日在中国上海)举办妇女参与城市发展国际论坛和纪念第四次妇女问题世界会议十五周年。代表们参加了(2009年10月22日至25日在菲律宾奎松举办的)北京加15亚太区域非政府组织论坛和(2010年4月20日至22日在越南岘港举行的)第六次千年发展目标加10和北京加15区域圆桌会议)。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "• 代表出席了在纽约举行的妇女地位委员会第五十一届至第五十四届会议，提交了书面发言并在亚太区域讲习班上作了发言。代表们还举办了主题为“从性别观点看金融和经济危机”的并行活动。", "• 代表出席了(2007年12月5日至7日在日内瓦举行的)具有联合国咨商关系的非政府组织会议第二十三届大会。", "• 代表出席了(2008年3月17日至21日在日内瓦举行的)人权理事会第七届会议和(2009年2月5日至12日在日内瓦举行的)人权理事会普遍定期审议中国人权状况的会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "2009年4月20日至22日联合会与联合国国际减少灾害战略协作，在北京组织了性别与减少灾害风险的国际会议，2010年11月4日至6日与联合国儿童基金会协作，在北京举办了亚太区域合作争取儿童权利的高级别会议。本组织还与联合国系统中国办事处协作，开展下列宣传项目：(2010年)亚太区域人类发展报告；(2010年)妇女与艾滋病毒/艾滋病；(2009年和2010年)妇女与暴力。(2006-2010年)它与联合国人口基金一起从事性别平等、暴力侵害妇女和男子参与的工作；(2007-2010年)它与联合国妇女发展基金(妇发基金)，现在称为联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)协作，从事消除对艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染者歧视的工作。(2008-2010年)联合会还与联合国开发计划署(开发署)协作，为地震灾区的穷人和易受伤害的妇女开展救灾和重建项目；(2006-2010年)与儿童基金会协作，在地震灾区就暴力侵害儿童、儿童安全和预防贩运儿童、性别平等和家庭教育以及儿童保护的问题开展工作。(2000年至2012年)本组织还与国际劳工组织协作，防止为劳动剥削目的贩运年轻妇女和儿童，(2009-2011年)与妇女署协作，通过饲养牲畜增强妇女能力。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "截至2010年12月，联合会的小额信贷项目已发放了237亿元人民币的贷款，帮助54万名妇女自己创业。其慈善基金会已帮助10 355名因艾滋病毒/艾滋病而成为孤儿的儿童。春蕾项目已筹资10亿元人民币并建造了1 000多所春蕾学校，它们帮助了200多万女童重返校园和对40万名女孩进行了职业技能培训。帮助中国女毕业生创业的指导项目提供了16万个实习机会和帮助了9万名女毕业生创业。本组织促进新修订的《村民委员会组织法》起草者在其中列入促进性别平等和其他的概念。联合会还在中国2 500多个县开设妇女法律援助服务热线。", "为支持政府降低孕产妇死亡率的努力，母亲健康快车项目已向27个省分发了1 087辆汽车，有2 600万人受益。基金会还收到中国政府划拨的资金，用于对农村妇女免费检查宫颈癌和乳腺癌的医务扫描；截至2010年12月，有700多万名妇女接受了宫颈癌扫描检查，有907 000名妇女接受了乳腺癌扫描检查。联合会帮助贫困妇女应对这两个癌症的慈善基金会已筹资3 000万元人民币。", "母亲水窖项目已在24个省使用了6亿元人民币，建造125 000个水窖和1 400个小型供水项目，有170万人受益。", "其他信息", "基金会计划2011年11月9日至11日在北京举行妇女与可持续发展国际论坛，以配合即将举行的里约+20会议。", "3. 全印度妇女大会", "(特别咨商地位，1999年)", "导言", "全印度妇女大会是印度最老的志愿机构之一，由玛格丽特表姐妹于1927年成立。本组织开始时主要关注妇女教育问题，但后来逐渐涉及有关妇女的各种社会和经济问题，包括“面纱”、童婚、离婚、妇女的财产权利。多年来妇女大会一直致力于妇女安全及其社会和经济权利和待遇。在国际一级，本组织是儿基会、具有联合国咨商关系的非政府组织会议、国际可持续能源网络、世界可再生能源网、恩纳吉亚性别与能源国际网和全球村能源伙伴关系的成员，并隶属于国际妇女联盟、泛太平洋和东南亚妇女协会和日本尼姆罗(NIMROO)教育中心。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "目标和宗旨包括：", "• 努力建设基于社会公正、诚信、平等权利和机会等原则的社会。", "• 确保每个人工作和获得食物、衣服、住房、教育，社会福利设施和保障等生活必需品的固有权利得到承认，认定这些权利不应该由出生或性别的偶然事件决定，而由计划的社会分配决定。", "• 支持每个公民提出享有基本权利和自由的权利要求。", "• 反对一切分裂倾向和促进更多的民族融合和团结。", "• 积极努力争取妇女和儿童的总体进步和福利并帮助妇女最充分地利用《印度宪法》赋予她们的基本权利。", "本组织的重大变化", "无任何变化。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "在过去三年中，本组织在印度各地的分支机构已培训了近4 000名运营自己微型企业的妇女，帮助她们创收。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织驻纽约的代表参加了下列会议：", "• 社会研究中心(2008年7月13日至23日)", "• 世界可再生能源大会(2008年7月19日至25日)", "• 小额信贷问题区域首脑会议(2008年7月28日至30日，印度尼西亚巴厘)", "• 国际妇女联盟董事会会议(2008年10月4日至9日，荷兰)", "• 生物多样性公约缔约方第十四次会议(2008年12月1日至12日，波兰波兹南)", "• 全球非政府组织论坛(2010年2月27日和28日)", "• 与教科文组织性别平等司合作，马沙夫(以色列国际发展合作署)关于暴力侵害妇女问题的国际讲习班(2010年5月16日至27日)", "• 中华全国妇女联合会友好访问(2010年7月25日至31日)", "• 世界可再生能源大会(2010年9月25日至30日，阿布扎比)", "• 国际妇女联盟董事会和国际会议(2010年11月22日至28日，南非约翰内斯堡)", "与联合国机构的合作", "在世界卫生组织(世卫组织)和印度政府卫生和家庭福利部的协助下，本组织发起了比迪烟工人方案，作为其后续行动，本组织对比迪烟女工进行了职业培训，培养她们转换职业的能力。早些时候，妇女大会在印度7个邦为比迪烟女工组织了一个提高认识和替代职业的项目。本组织与美国国际开发署南亚区域能源倡议编制的小额赠款方案协作，向重点从事南普里、森格姆维哈和德里社区太阳能发电举措的妇女生计和创收自助团体提供资金。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "目标1. 妇女大会开办职业培训和技能提升中心，已培训了大约8 650名创建自助团体的妇女，向她们提供小额信贷项目和企业经营的工具。", "目标2. 本组织10个分支机构除了为约400名儿童上课外，还开办非正规学校，为工作妇女提供晚间扫盲课程。", "目标5. 本组织开设以生殖健康、一般健康、卫生和环卫教育为重点的妇幼营地。", "目标7. 本组织与印度各地约100所学校结成伙伴关系，实施了250项关于环境保护和废物及供水卫生的宣传方案，包括种植草药花园。", "其他信息", "无其他信息。", "4. 安卡拉白血病儿童基金会", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "安卡拉白血病儿童基金会是一个设在安卡拉的非政府组织，在国家层面提供服务。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织旨在向患有白血病或慢性血液疾病的儿童提供教育和情感支持以及财政援助和医疗服务，帮助他们应对这些危及生命的疾病。本基金会还增进知识，提供国际上有关获得性和遗传性血液疾病的指导说明，以及建立和管理研究机构。2010年6月，本组织在安卡拉设立了白血病儿童村，有实验室进行可能有助于预防癌症和改善白血病治疗的临床研究。对于那些由于自己家乡缺乏救治设施而背井离乡的家庭，本组织有25套带家具的住房，这些家庭可以在自己的孩子治疗期间住在那里。对于来安卡拉进行随访检查的儿童，基金会设立了住宿设施，免费提供旅馆服务。本组织在伊斯坦布尔安纳托利亚地区和伊兹密尔开设了办事处，以便居住在这些地区的患者可方便地获取服务。2008年11月，本组织还开设了白血病儿童学校。这是一家私立学校，采用土耳其教育部的课程，免费提供幼儿园和小学教育。本组织还致力于提高对癌症的认识，因为这一疾病阻碍了可持续发展。因此，2008年，本组织开始在幼儿园、初等和中等私立学校和公立学校开展研讨课，促进健康的饮食和积极的生活方式。", "本组织内的重要变化", "本基金会从安卡拉白血病儿童基金会改名为洛谢夫白血病儿童基金会，去除了“安卡拉”字样，以避免造成地方性组织的印象。最近，本组织还在章程中添加扩大使命的文字，纳入了为成人癌症患者提供支持的内容。本组织不久会向成年癌症患者开放，举办知识性和心理社会讲座，且创造一个社会空间，让成年患者可以进行职业治疗。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "2007年获得特别咨商地位后，本组织开始对邻国致力于同一事业的对应组织进行短期访问，以分享经验和知识。这些访问有望使双方在研究、社会和卫生服务及预防癌症等领域开展卓有成效的具体合作。", "2010年：哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图Al Farabi医院；索非亚Sofia Childrens Onco-Hematology医院；德国波恩德国白血病基金会；西班牙巴伦西亚La FE医院和ASPANION Asociación de padres de niños con cáncer de la Comunidad Valenciana；布鲁塞尔法比奥拉皇后大学儿童医院肿瘤科。", "2009年：安曼侯赛因国王癌症中心和侯赛因国王癌症基金会。", "2008年：布达佩斯Together for Children with Tumours基金会；维也纳圣安娜儿童医院。", "2007年：伦敦University College London Hospital的 Clic Sargent和Procancer Research Fund。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织希望与对应组织、特别是联合国协作，以确保采取具体措施，找到预防疾病的办法，让弱势群体像在发达国家一样在治疗方面享有平等机会和平等权利。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织正与设在土耳其的儿童基金会办事处和联合国代表在其专门领域进行联系。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "本组织一直在支持、还将继续支持贫困的癌症患者，在财政上协助他们支付因疾病产生的金钱需求。因此，工作侧重于非传染性疾病。", "其他信息", "无。", "5. 亚美尼亚宪法权利保护中心", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "亚美尼亚宪法权利保护中心是1988年6月成立的、设在亚美尼亚瓦纳佐尔的一个非营利性非政府组织。本中心自1996年以来一直是亚美尼亚的首要人权教育非政府组织，实施了约70个项目，耗资共约200万美元。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "2011-2015年战略计划是2010年5月至12月在两个讲习班期间制订的，参加者有组织成员、合作伙伴，受益人和志愿者。中心的构想“天赋之法和正义盛行的、充满爱和容忍的世界”及其战略方向最终旨在促进法治、全球正义与和平。", "本组织内的重要变化", "2008年，本组织成为国民议会和非政府组织网络一员，并当选为理事会成员。 2009年，本中心登记为公共理事会及其公民社会委员会人权小组委员会成员。2010年2月至11月，制定和批准了亚美尼亚人权学校的新构想。2010年，中心注册成为欧洲联盟委员会东方伙伴关系公民社会论坛亚美尼亚全国性平台的会员。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "中心的贡献包括：", "• 亚美尼亚人权学校，为亚美尼亚中等学校的人权、公民教育、国家和法律及道德教师举办了四个为期一年的高级人权培训课程。", "• 人权图书馆网络。所有六个人权图书馆都有与联合国有关的专门部分，还作为人权教育资源中心，促进世界人权教育方案。", "• 2007和2010年间，在其期刊Legal Culture和For the Sake of Justice上刊出了80多个与联合国有关的文章、声明和文件，旨在让社会了解联合国的活动。出版了大约2 300个期刊，分发给亚美尼亚所有地区的教育机构、图书馆、国家机构和非政府组织。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "代表们参加了新闻部/非政府组织会议规划委员会和妇女地位委员会在纽约举行的第五十一届至第五十四届会议的工作，并出席了这些会议。2009年，本中心与联合国设在埃里温的新闻中心合作，举办了一个论坛，协调人权教育行为者加入为世界人权教育方案第二阶段(7月2日)制订建议的工作，还向联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)提交了亚美尼亚外交部长的一份文件。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本中心合作发展了人权图书馆网络，补充了有关联合国的书籍。本中心还与人权高专办以及开发署和儿童基金会驻亚美尼亚办事处合作开展联合项目，与联合国设在埃里温的新闻中心开展联合活动和演示。本组织还与教科文组织、开发署、儿童基金会和联合国设在埃里温的新闻中心举办了人权课程。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "本组织采取了以下举措：", "• 2010年7月，在对刚果民主共和国、海地、肯尼亚和塞拉利昂进行人道主义宣传期间，代表们向有需要的人士分发了保健条和维生素补充剂，每个国家约500个单位。", "• 本中心的合作中学教授了144个学童，其人权教育青少年俱乐部对45个年轻人开展工作。", "• 2010年4月，本中心的主要代表组织队伍并带队去海地。", "• 在肯尼亚Kunya，中心一名代表每天在执行任务时为中学约20名受害儿童举办知识性和疗愈聚会，重点是预防方法和行动。", "• 一名代表致力于在肯尼亚和塞拉利昂赋权于100名弱势妇女，在减少母子风险的情况下让她们生出更健康的孩子。", "• 2009年在肯尼亚和塞拉利昂、2010年在海地举办了孕产妇保健方面的教育课程和讲习班。", "• 在海地和肯尼亚以及在以前的宣传地点发起了六个人道主义宣传任务。还在Kunya开展了一个为期两周的人道主义宣传，以建立合作伙伴关系，培训太阳能烹饪(2010年8月和9月)。", "• 本中心与联合国新闻中心以及教科文组织和儿童基金会设在亚美尼亚的办事处合作，协调全球教育运动亚美尼亚联盟的全国性活动。", "其他信息", "无。", "6. 亚洲信贷联盟联合会协会", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "亚洲信贷联盟联合会协会是信贷联盟和类似的合作金融机构在亚洲的区域代表组织。本联合会促进帮助成员应对信贷联盟面临的发展问题，诸如贫困、性别平等、获取金融服务和青年参与。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本联合会既是一个贸易协会，也是一个发展组织，其愿景是在亚洲创建一个可持续的信贷联盟体系。联合会的使命是促进和加强信贷联盟和类似的合作金融组织，使他们能够发挥自己的潜力，有效促进人民在市场中的社会经济发展。本组织是信贷联盟的区域组织，代表亚洲信贷联盟运动履行代表、发展、联络和协调职能。本联合会确保信贷联盟在所服务的社区发挥重大作用，并继续秉持原先的目标。", "本组织内的重要变化", "无。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "本组织时常审查亚洲信贷联盟是否坚持其最初的使命，特别是向那些无法获取金融服务者提供负担得起的金融服务，以改善人民的福祉。本组织于1999年推出的新型信贷联盟小额信贷向穷人的细分市场提供可持续的金融服务：全国性合作伙伴联合会能够掌握相应的技能和产品业务框架，得以向其信贷联盟成员提供该产品。在农村也贫困、城市也贫困的国家，成员组织认为这一方案要放在优先地位，是一个扶贫工具。500多万低收入者获得了由本组织支持的信贷联盟提供的负担得起的金融服务。信贷联盟的新型小额信贷提供了一种有效的减贫手段，可提高收入，鼓励贫困户进入市场经济。本联合会不断激励和提高其合作伙伴联合会的能力，以加强对可持续战略的侧重，让更多的低收入人群受益。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "不适用。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织与联合国粮食和农业组织(粮农组织)的一个项目——区域渔业生计方案 合作，向其小额信贷国家咨询人引进必要的培训工具，使他们可以在项目国家培训受益者。该方案于2009年9月开始开展活动，计划在柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、菲律宾、斯里兰卡、东帝汶和越南运作4年。方案应对的问题包括，获得小额信贷服务的机会有限，以及补充和/或替代生计办法极其有限。项目旨在加强参与这一项目的小规模捕鱼社区及其依托机构的能力，以改善生计和可持续的渔业资源管理。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "2009年9月，联合会连同其成员组织发起了一场运动，通过采用信贷联盟的新型小额信贷方法，到2012年再让100万穷人受益，以庆祝国际合作社年。本组织协调和促进东南亚和南亚7个国家的扶贫和小额信贷计划。", "关于信贷联盟新型小额信贷的教育方案推动普及金融知识，促进孕产妇保健、经营管理、技术技能、良好的举止和正确的行为，还宣传急救或为改善穷人的生活条件而视为必要的任何主题。方案可间接促进提高参加这一方案的穷人的教育水平。", "妇女在信贷联盟成员中占50%，但妇女的成员身份与其参与决策的情况不相称。本组织提供了一个平台，可以让妇女领导人讨论妇女问题，并提出反馈意见，促进分配妇女在信贷联盟中的领导席位和设立妇女咨询委员会。", "其他信息", "无。", "7. 发展团结协会", "一般咨商地位；2007年", "导言", "无任何变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "无任何变化。", "本组织内的重要变化", "2007年：类别更改为一般咨商地位", "2008年：获得联合国气候变化框架公约的观察员地位", "2009年：作为其2010-2015年战略框架的一部分，“国际合作促进发展和团结协会”成为发展团结协会", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "本组织在发展筹资、全球治理、企业和人权、气候正义、粮食安全、农业和贸易和千年发展目标问题等方面主张、倡导、编写政策性文件并从事媒体工作。本组织还从事题为“使援助发挥作用”(2007年)和“气候公正”(2009-2010年)的公众宣传运动。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007年", "• 4月16日：出席了与布雷顿森林机构、世界贸易组织(世贸组织)和联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)在纽约举行的特别高级别会议", "• 10月23日和24日：在大会于纽约举行的关于发展筹资问题高级别对话上，做了题为“从蒙特雷到多哈”的发言，并且组织了“关于发展筹资选定的若干问题”的会外活动", "2008年", "• 4月14日：在与布雷顿森林机构、世贸组织和联合国贸发会议在纽约举行的特别高级别会议上，发表了为可持续发展筹资的创新性资金来源的讲话并举行了会外活动", "• 4月20日至25日：出席在阿克拉举行的联合国贸发会议第十二届会议，并参加了一个关于生物燃料的讲习班", "• 6月2日至18日：在人权理事会第八届会议上就企业与人权问题的秘书长特别代表的任务提出了口头和书面发言，并就企业与人权的人性化问题举行了一项会外活动", "• 11月29日至12月2日：举行关于税收正义和发展筹资的会外活动，并参加了在多哈举行的审查《蒙特雷共识》执行情况的发展筹资问题后续国际会议第三次和第四次正式圆桌会议", "2009年", "• 9月22日：提交了一份关于气候公正的声明，并在参加在纽约举行的气候变化首脑会议适应技术的小组讨论", "• 9月28日至10月9日：在曼谷举行的气候变化会议期间举办关于气候变化的会外活动", "• 10月5日和6日：出席了人权高专办在日内瓦举行的关于企业与人权框架运作的磋商和向框架提交了约翰·鲁格编写的意见", "• 11月2日至6日：在西班牙巴塞罗那举行的气候变化会议期间举办了关于气候变化和减少排放的会外活动", "2010年", "• 5月31日至6月18日：在人权理事会第十四届会议上就约翰·鲁格的工作做了讲话", "• 10月11日和12日：在特别代表与民间团体利益攸关方的协商中提出了“保护、尊重和补救措施：执行任务和后续行动的关键”", "2008-2010年", "• 出席了在德国波恩举行的以下气候变化会议：2008年6月2日至12日；2009年3月29日至4月8日，2009年5月29日至6月3日(与马拉维举行网络转播会外活动和适应技术的小组讨论)；2009年8月10日至14日；2010年4月9日至11日，2010年5月31日至6月11日(推出直接取用做法的文件)；2010年8月2日至6日。", "• 出席了联合国气候变化框架公约分别于2008年12月1日至12日(推出气候公正运动)在波兰的波兹南、2009年12月7日至19日(举行竞选活动)在哥本哈根，以及2010年11月29日至12月10日在墨西哥坎昆举行的第十四届、第十五届和第十六届缔约方会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织支持粮农组织世界粮食安全委员会在2010年开展的改革进程。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "在大会于2008年9月23日至25日在纽约举行的关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议上，发展团结协会就“千年发展目标”、发展筹资和粮食价格危机，做了发言。本组织在2009年6月24日至26日于纽约举行的关于世界金融和经济危机及其对发展所造成影响的最高级别会议上，举办了关于千年发展目标和金融经济危机的会外活动。本组织还与布雷顿森林机构、世贸组织和贸发会议于2010年3月18日和19日在纽约举行了高级别特别会议。发展团结协会提出了主题为“面对全球金融危机实现千年发展目标”的讲话，并在2010年3月23日和24日在纽约举行的大会关于发展筹资的高级别对话期间，参加了关于支持有特殊需要的发展中国家的恢复和发展工作的正式圆桌会议。本组织向2010年5月的千年发展目标十周年峰会联合国与非政府组织联络处提供了投入。在2010年6月14日和15日于纽约举行的大会非正式互动听证会上，发展团结协会是第四次正式圆桌会议的答问方和联合国非政府组织联络处主题为“千年发展目标”的筹资改革问题研讨会的演讲人。在2010年6月29日于纽约举行的发展合作论坛上，本组织还举办了关于千年发展目标和发展合作中的人权等会外活动。在大会于2010年9月20日至22日在纽约举行的千年发展目标高级别全体会议，本组织举办了关于金融危机和千年发展目标的另一项会外活动。", "其他信息", "没有其他信息。", "8. 城市网：地方人类住区管理当局区域网", "特别咨商地位，1995年", "导言", "无任何变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "无任何变化。", "本组织内的重大变化", "无任何变化。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "城市网一直在就地方政府和城市发展的各有关领域，与联合国各机构紧密合作，其中包括联合国训练和研究所(训研所)、联合国国际减少灾害战略、联合国人类住区规划署(联合国人居署)、亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)、联合国区域发展中心和联合国千年运动。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织参加了下列会议：", "2007年", "• 全球减少灾害风险平台(4月12日和13日,日本神户；6月5-7日,日内瓦)", "• 联合国人居署关于城市发展的专家小组会议(5月3-5日，大韩民国江原道)", "• 联合国人居署关于性别问题的专家小组会议(6月25日和26日,日本福冈)", "• 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)关于基础设施问题的专家小组会议(6月11-13日，曼谷)", "• 亚太经社会善政问题会议(11月15日菲律宾马卡蒂)", "2008年", "• 联合国训研所地方当局/行动者网络国际训练中心指导委员会(5月8日和9日，美利坚合众国佐治亚州亚特兰大)", "• 联合国人居署关于城市发展问题专家小组会议(5月27日和28日，大韩民国江原道)", "• 联合国人居署关于亚洲可持续发展城市问题专家小组会议(8月25-28日，菲律宾马尼拉)", "• 联合国人居署2008-2013年中期计划(10月7-9日，内罗毕)", "• 第四届世界城市论坛(11月3-6日，中国南京)", "2009年", "• 联合国千年运动全球务虚会(1月13-14日，曼谷)", "• 减少灾害风险的国际减灾战略会议(2月23-25日，新德里)", "• 全球减少灾害风险平台(6月16-19日，日内瓦)", "• 亚太经社会城市防洪问题的专家小组会议(7月21-23日，曼谷)", "• 亚太经社会环境与发展问题高级别小组(12月2-4日，曼谷)", "2010年", "• 国际减灾战略减少灾害风险区域工作队(1月13日和14日，日本神户)", "• 亚太经社会北九洲干净环境倡议网络会议(2月10日和11日，北九州市)", "• 减少灾害风险的国际减灾战略论坛(7月28-30日，中国上海)", "• 联合国人居署关于气候变化影响的区域合作伙伴会议(9月15-17日，大韩民国昌原)", "• 亚太经社会环境与发展问题部长级会议(9月27日，阿斯塔纳)", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织在联合国机构的支持下协调了下列会议：", "2007年", "• 高级研究所与联合国大学举办的卫生问题研讨会(11月2日)", "• 与训研所/联合国人居署提供的有关千年发展目标的技术咨询服务(11月18-21日，菲律宾马卡蒂)", "2008年", "与训研所举办的气候变化和城市湿地研讨会(9月10日和11日，首尔)", "2009年", "• 根据国际减灾战略的城市对城市项目发表沼气对城市构成风险的简介(2月18-20日，越南岘港)", "每年", "与训研所举办吉隆坡区域培训中心的培训课程", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "• 本组织在2007至2008年之间于加德满都设立办事处,推动南亚地方政府实现千年发展目标。", "• 本组织还于2007年发表了“南部的地方当局和南部地方当局和改变世界的八种方式”，并于2008年发表了“关于千年发展目标本地化指导原则和尼泊尔各城市的市政减贫战略文件”以及“在印尼城市实现千年发展目标的十大方法”。", "• 在联合国人居署的支持之下，本组织于2006年至2008年，为千年发展目标的本地化，实行了一个城市到城市的项目，并通过2007年在加德满都的创新领导和社区能力活动，举办领导能力培训以及千年发展目标在亚洲城市本地化的研讨会。", "• 城市网于2008年4月举办了一次日本论坛，主题为“没有任何借口的2015年：千年发展目标和我们”。城市网每年举行数次“挺起胸膛”运动的活动。在2009年，本组织就各城市实现千年发展目标的情况进行了一次调查，以期协助为余下几年时间制定各项活动。", "• 在联合国人居署和亚太经社会的支持下，城市网于2010年在菲律宾马里基纳举办了将城市贫困人口的安全置于当地议程首位的区域研讨会。", "其他信息", "没有其他信息。", "9. 地球正义", "特别咨商地位，1991年", "导言", "无任何变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "无任何变化。", "本组织内的重要变化", "无任何变化。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "地球正义致力于促进人权和保护环境，把人权和环境视为可持续发展的基本内容。本组织重视的问题还有气候变化、减少有毒物质的影响以及改善获得水和环境卫生的机会。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "人权理事会。地球正义的代表参加了人权理事会的所有届会，在会上与联合国官员以及政府组织和非政府组织的代表一道工作，促使把人权与环境联系起来。以下是地球正义在每届会议上所做工作的一些例子：", "2007年", "• 第四届会议。帮助负责境内流离失所者人权问题的秘书长代表作一次报告，主题是关于人权与自然灾害的操作准则(A/HRC/4/38/Add.1)。", "• 第五届会议。与转移和倾弃有毒危险产品和废物对享受人权的不良影响问题特别报告员合作组织了一次会议，主题是“有毒废物和产品的贩运对人权构成的挑战”。", "• 第六届会议。支持人权高专办编写关于获得安全饮水和环境卫生方面的人权义务的报告(A/HRC/6/3)。", "2008年", "• 第七届会议。为通过关于食物权的人权理事会第7/14号决议提供支持。", "• 第八届会议。参加马尔代夫常驻联合国代表团组织的一次关于人权与气候变化的活动。", "• 第九届会议。参加与科特迪瓦政府及其他理事会成员之间关于通过第9/1号决议的讨论。", "2009年", "• 第十届会议。为编写负责境内流离失所者人权问题的秘书长代表的报告(A/HRC/10/13)提供支助。在与理事会成员和观察员举行讨论，以通过关于人权与气候变化的第10/4号决议时发言。", "• 第十一届会议。在以人权与气候变化为主题的互动小组讨论中发言。组织了关于以下问题的讨论：延长特别程序任务期限、通过普遍定期审查的成果文件和理事会中的小组讨论。", "• 第十二届会议。分发了供小组讨论的提议并与科特迪瓦常驻联合国代表团参加了关于通过第12/18号决议的讨论，该决议的议题是转移和倾弃有毒危险产品和废物对享受人权的不良影响。", "2010年", "• 第十三届会议。与成员和观察员讨论任意拘留问题工作组第9/2009号意见的适用问题，该意见的议题是日本对环境倡导人士实施的拘留。", "• 第十四届会议。在以有毒废物为主题的互助小组对话中发言。", "• 第十五届会议。参加讨论以下报告：转移和倾弃有毒危险产品和废物对享受人权的不良影响问题特别报告员的报告(A/HRC/15/22)；获得安全饮水和环境卫生方面的人权义务问题独立专家的报告(A/HRC/15/31)。", "联合国欧洲经济委员会", "地球正义的代表参加了奥胡斯公约缔约方工作组和履约委员会的所有会议，并参加了奥胡斯公约司法救助、公共参与决策和公共参与国际论坛问题特别工作组的会议。代表们还参加了第三次缔约方会议(2008年6月11-13日)，在会议期间就履约委员会的工作发言，并参加了关于水与健康的伦敦议定书履约委员会的若干次会议(2008年3月12日和9月24-25日；2009年2月25-26日；2010年1月26-27日和6月22-23日)。", "联合国气候变化框架公约", "地球正义的代表参加了以下会议：第十三次缔约方会议(2007年12月3-15日，印度尼西亚，巴厘)、波恩气候变化问题会议(2009年6月2-13日)、巴塞罗那气候变化问题会议(2009年11月2-6日)、第十五次缔约方会议(2009年12月7-18日，哥本哈根)和第十六次缔约方会议(2010年11月29日-12月10日，墨西哥，坎昆)。", "与联合国机构的合作", "地球正义的代表参加了为宣传人权与非法转移有毒废物问题特别报告员的建议所举行的若干会议。代表们还与有害物质公约秘书处和人权高专办进行了合作。此外，代表们在联合国环境规划署(环境署)国家委员会的一些会议上发言。地球正义的代表参加了第四次斯德哥尔摩公约缔约方会议(2009年5月4-8日)和国际化学品管理会议的第二届会议(2009年5月11-15日)。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "地球正义的所有活动都是为了宣传确保环境可持续性与消除极端贫穷和饥饿之间的联系。", "其他说明", "无任何其他说明。", "10. 欧洲妇女游说团", "特别咨商地位，1995年", "导言", "欧洲妇女游说团成立于1990年，是欧洲联盟内最大的非政府妇女协会联盟。欧洲妇女游说团总共代表着2 500多个组织。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织的使命是努力实现男女平等，促进妇女在公共生活和私人生活所有领域的权利，为无论何种身份所有妇女争取经济和社会正义，消除所有形式的男子侵害妇女的暴力行为。游说团与其成员一道，通过民主进程开展工作，争取把性别平等和妇女权利视角纳入欧洲联盟各方面政策的主流，监测有关情况，并争取在各个层面和所有领域实现均等民主。", "本组织内的重要变化", "游说团在2007至2010年期间有所扩大，新纳入了30个全国性协调组织(分别来自塞浦路斯、波兰、罗马尼亚和斯洛文尼亚)，并增加了两个全欧洲范围的组织。游说团得以把根深蒂固、透明和民主的决策程序和协商程序以及其他参与性程序作为依靠。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "本组织为推动建立妇女署的联合国性别平等活动体制全面改革宣传运动做出了贡献。致力于妇女权利和性别平等的非政府组织多年来一直在推动联合国改革其性别平等活动体制，终于在2010年导致成立妇女署。这一宣传运动于2008年3月在妇女地位委员会正式启动。游说团从这个宣传运动发起之日就参与其中，在宣传运动的欧洲工作组内特别活跃，于2009和2010年担任该工作组的协调人(见www.gearcampaign.org)。", "游说团为北京+15进程作出贡献，参加了妇女地位委员会每年一度的会议，包括北京+5和北京+10特别会议。15年审查为本组织提供了一个机会，代表其在整个欧洲联盟内的成员提出建议和说明关切的问题。游说团编写了一份正式的北京+15报告，说明欧洲联盟在《北京行动纲要》的12个领域内所开展的活动(见www.womenlobby.org/spip.php?article124&lang=en)。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织每年参加妇女地位委员会的会议并向其提交书面修正案，把这些修正案作为建议提交欧洲各国代表团，并广为散发给各非政府组织的代表。本组织每年与欧洲联盟当值主席联系，协调欧洲非政府组织核心小组的工作，并积极参加非政府组织联系核心小组和协调核心小组的活动。", "游说团组织了关于以下主题的会议：", "• “消除时代迷思和促进参与：女孩和妇女的需要真地如此不同？”(2007年2月2日)；", "• “为争取妇女的权利筹资：欧洲视角”(2008年2月28日)；", "• “从北京到布鲁塞尔，一个未竟历程”(2010年3月2日)。", "游说团参加了关于以下主题的会议并在会上发言：", "• “女孩塑造未来”，由芬兰妇女协会联合会和妇发基金共同组织(2007年3月1日)；", "• 世界女童子军协会关于安全理事会第1325号决议的会议(2008年2月28日)；", "• 钥匙组织关于妇女参加决策的会议(2009年3月2日)；", "• “为平等和可持续发展改造经济体制”会议，瑞典绿色妇女协会组织(2010年3月7日)。", "本组织参加了联合国欧洲经济委员会在日内瓦举行(2009年10月31日-11月3日)的北京+15区域审查会议及其非政府组织论坛。本组织：", "• 在全体会议期间就审查《北京行动纲要》的执行进度问题提出建议；", "• 提交了主席所做会议结论的书面修正案。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织与联合国机构和代表合作进行了以下工作：", "• 与暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员举行的欧洲协商(2007年1月11-13日，伦敦)；", "• 联合国全球打击贩运人口活动倡议的打击贩运人口活动论坛(2008年2月13-15日，维也纳)；", "• 与妇发基金和妇女参与发展网络共同组织一次活动，主题是“欧洲和独立国家联合体的妇女与移徙问题”(2009年9月4日，布鲁塞尔)并随后发表一篇报告；", "• 人权高专办组织的一次会议，主题是：“从人权角度打击人口贩运：挑战与机会。执行关于人权和人口贩运问题的原则和准则”，(2010年5月27-28日，日内瓦)；", "• 暴力侵害妇女问题专家组关于制止暴力侵害妇女国家行动计划良好做法的会议(2010年9月13-15日，西班牙港)。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "本组织经常与集中于发展议题，其任务是支持落实千年发展目标的组织进行合作，特别是从妇女权利的角度开展这种合作。", "其他说明", "无任何其他说明。", "11. 安东尼奥·努涅斯·希门尼斯自然和人类基金会", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "安东尼奥·努涅斯·希门尼斯自然和人类基金会是一个民间和非政府性质、自治和非营利的文化和科学组织。本组织集中于研究和实施关于环境保护及其与文化和社会之间关系的方案、项目和行动。本组织与古巴国内其他非政府组织合作，向人民宣传必须保护自然和传统价值观。本组织与本国和外国机构合作发展文化和科学，促进和支持除其他外，保护古巴国家特性的项目。本组织的主要方案是历史地理研究、地方一级的可持续发展、可持续消费、保护文化遗产、环境教育和保护生物多样性，所有这些方案都有一个编辑小组提供支助。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "无任何变化。", "本组织内的重要变化", "无任何变化。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "本组织的项目是为了在社会各级实现可持续发展，但特别重视地方一级。本组织执行了旨在实现粮食主权，保证提供社区所需主食的项目。本组织的历史地理研究工作支持贯彻其文化价值观，以保护传统为目标，因此这项工作与教科文组织有很大关系。本组织在与青年一道工作时鼓励热爱科学和研究，并在其所有行动中实行性别平等，以保证适当的代表性和培训。本组织与开发署驻古巴各办事处并同诸如教科文组织、儿童基金会和粮农组织这样的组织保持强有力的关系。本组织参加了环境署、粮农组织和教科文组织协调的很多活动，并与开发署驻哈瓦那办事处进行了合作。本组织为联合国主办的不同活动进行了筹备工作和后续工作，并与古巴的其他非政府组织一道努力，为国家一级的项目和行动制订具体提案，其中一些组织已经在经济及社会理事会获得咨商地位。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2008年", "• 可持续发展委员会第十六届会议(5月5-16日，纽约)", "• 环境署拉丁美洲和加勒比民间社会首脑会议，其目的是筹备第十次全球民间社会论坛(布宜诺斯艾利斯)", "• 促进科学研究的全国讲习班，教科文组织主办(古巴)", "• 拉丁美洲和加勒比关于城市农业的公共政策经验交流会，人居署主办(厄瓜多尔)", "• 为八个脆弱社区的代表筹备和举办一个讲习班(厄瓜多尔，埃斯梅拉达)", "• 以“古巴的气候变化挑战：建筑与飓风，2008年的经历”为主题的技术讲习班和圆桌会议，与人居署以及建筑设计学会的全国建筑设计师和工程师协会联合主办(12月，古巴)", "2009年", "• 推动古巴非政府组织之间为更好地执行国际项目而开展对话和建立联盟的讲习班，与开发署共同举办(2月23日，古巴)", "• 人民论坛，第十五次缔约方会议(12月，哥本哈根)", "2010年", "• 提交环境署理事会咨商地位申请", "• 环境署拉丁美洲和加勒比民间社会协商会(墨西哥，科苏梅尔)", "• “气候变化与妇女”，与人居署联合主办(古巴)。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织一直在与环境署驻哈瓦那区域办事处密切合作，以执行以下项目：", "• “安东尼奥·努涅斯·希门尼斯档案数字化”，教科文组织区域办事处和古巴国家委员会提供经费", "• “古巴妇女开发的适应气候变化和管理风险的方法”，瑞士发展署提供经费，与人居署联合执行", "• “城市风险管理，一个适应气候变化的战略”，由加拿大驻古巴大使馆地方举措基金提供资金，与人居署联合执行。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "本组织集中于环境教育工作，涉及两个侧重于保护环境和教育的千年发展目标，例如可持续消费、历史地理研究、维护传统和地方可持续发展。本组织的环境教育和生物多样性保护方案的总目标，是帮助在古巴社会中形成环境保护文化，使社会在可持续的基础上与环境保持协调，以便有利于保护生物多样性和脆弱的生态系统。", "其他说明", "无任何其他说明。", "12. 日内瓦国际模拟联合国", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "日内瓦国际模拟联合国设在日内瓦，是一个完全由学生管理的非政府组织。本组织通过在美国的分会在纽约也很活跃。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织的任务是通过组织各种教育活动，让学生们了解联合国，从而在青年人，特别是在学生中宣传联合国的价值观和各项原则。", "本组织内的重要变化", "对组织章程所作的重要修改包括，创建了咨询委员会，以便更好地传授知识。本组织于2010年获得了日内瓦大学的认可，并与日内瓦城和日内瓦州发展了关系，为今后开展合作和筹措资金奠定了基础。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "日内瓦国际模拟联合国组织的所有活动都与联合国的议程有关，可分为以下几类：模拟活动、研讨会和教育参访活动。在年度会议中模拟活动中，学生们扮演外交官和联合国秘书处代表，从而了解了联合国的工作情况。引人注目的一系列会议对人道主义干预(2009年)、人类安全(2010年)及妇女发展(2011年)等主题起到了支持作用。本组织还为全球人道主义论坛青年论坛开幕式举办了《联合国气候变化框架公约》模拟活动和模拟联合国社会活动(2009年)，还举办了长达一个学期的大会和安全理事会会议模拟活动(2010-2011年)。本组织举办了各种研讨会，为学生们提供与同伴、联合国官员和学术界进行交流的机会。学生们可以借助这些研讨会就与联合国有关的问题发表意见。曾举办的活动包括，在联合国日举办的一年一度的《联合国宪章》生效纪念活动(2008、2009、2010年)和在国际青年年(2011年)举办的为期三天的以“青年视角：21世纪的教育”为主题的关于青年人的期望和理想的会议。本组织还安排了教育参访活动，让学生们观察和了解联合国在纽约和日内瓦的工作情况(2009、2010和2011年)及其在黎巴嫩(2009年)和肯尼亚(2011年)外地机构的工作情况。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "在国际青年年之际，日内瓦国际模拟联合国正在组织一场会边活动，介绍2011年7月在日内瓦举行的经济及社会理事会高级别部分的成果。活动的题目是“青年视角：21世纪的教育”。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织就其年度工作方案所列的几项活动和联合国主办的活动与联合国进行了合作。一年一度的《联合国宪章》生效纪念活动是与非政府组织联络处和联合国日内瓦办事处总干事共同组织的。其他合作包括，编写和推介安盟组织的“日内瓦系列讲座：人权是否具有普适性？”(2008年)。2009年，本组织为新闻部全球模拟联合国项目举办了社会性会边活动。本组织还于2009年与联合国救济和工程处和教科文组织协调并合作进行了赴黎巴嫩学习活动，并于2011年与人居署协调并合作进行了肯尼亚住房权利研究活动。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "本组织还通过一年一度的活动计划提高人们对千年发展目标的认识，鼓励就对青年有特别影响的各项目标交换看法。2009年联合国气候变化框架公约缔约国会议模拟活动讨论了环境可持续性问题，向与会者介绍了国家适应行动纲领项目。2010年纪念《联合国宪章》生效活动讨论了青年人就业、与性别有关的文盲和遏制艾滋病毒/艾滋病蔓延问题。2011年活动是为了支持“妇女与发展：推动从性别均衡角度出发处理发展伦理问题”；2011年青年视角会议讨论了关键的教育问题，尤其是教育普及、两性平等、公民权和融合等问题。", "补充资料", "无补充资料。", "13. 生殖选择信息集团", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "生殖选择信息集团是墨西哥的一个非营利非政府组织。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织的使命是，在人权框架内，促进对生殖权，尤其是堕胎权的承认、尊重和捍卫，维护妇女的自由选择。本组织的工作对象是三个政府分支的决策者和公职人员以及意见领袖和媒体。", "本组织内的重要变化", "无任何变化。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "本组织参加了人权高专办最初在2003年制定的《墨西哥全国人权状况诊断》的更新工作。本组织还参加了全国人权委员会新的理事成员选举的监督工作，与参议院委员会一道共同制定了基本的透明度和公民参与标准，例如听证会。本组织是墨西哥城市人权方案监督评价机关的成员，还参加了卫生部服务提供者的研讨会，本组织的一位律师在研讨会上向400多名医疗保健专业人员介绍了人权和生殖权情况。本集团是唯一一个专门从事妇女权利工作的组织。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007年", "妇女地位委员会第五十一届会议", "2008年", "妇女地位委员会第五十二届会议", "2009年", "• 人口与发展委员会第四十二届会议", "• 合作伙伴在行动会议(9月2日至4日，柏林)", "• 在落实《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》方面的进展情况和重要行动(10月7日至8日，圣地亚哥)", "2010年", "• 人权事务委员会第九十八届会议(3月8日至9日，纽约)", "• 妇女地位委员会第五十四届会议(3月1日至12日，纽约)", "• 为推动关于改善产妇保健的千年发展目标第5项目标而召开的2010年妇女分娩问题会议(6月7日至9日，哥伦比亚特区华盛顿)", "• 全球健康理事会关于全球健康、目标和计量年度会议(6月14日至18日，哥伦比亚特区华盛顿)", "• 世界青年大会(8月23日至27日，墨西哥瓜纳华托)", "与联合国机构的合作", "在墨西哥2009年接受普遍定期审议的评价时，本组织向人权理事会发送了资料。本组织还在人人有权享有能达到的最高标准身心健康问题特别报告员与民间社会组织进行协商时向特别报告员提供了资料。本组织还要求特别报告员评论由于在国家级修改宪法而导致的墨西哥政府侵犯妇女人权的问题(2010年，危地马拉城)。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "本组织是2007年在墨西哥城进行的堕胎非刑罪化进程的重要行为体。本组织参与了安全堕胎服务的制度化工作和为提供高质量服务为重要人员提供的培训活动，这是对第5项目标的一大贡献。2008年，本组织参加了一项关于性权利和生殖权利的题为“妇女参与发展新时代新途径运动”的旨在建设倡导妇女健康能力的国际倡议(千年发展议程)，评估和监测了千年发展目标，重点是性权利和生殖健康权利政策的执行情况。", "补充资料", "无任何补充资料。", "14. 香港社会服务联会", "特别咨商地位，2003年", "导言", "香港社会服务联会是一个由370多个成员组成的伞形组织，在中国香港各地通过3 000个服务单位提供90%以上的社会福利服务。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织代表的是致力于维持和发展香港社会福利的非政府福利机构。联会的目标是与各成员机构一道共同推动社会服务的发展，加强社会福利服务机构的问责，推动社会福利服务的改善；推动各机构更好地为社区服务；倡导平等、公正、社会融合和富有爱心的社会；推动本地福利部门成为国际社会的优秀典范。", "本组织内的重要变化", "无任何变化。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "本组织一直与联合国系统及其伙伴开展合作，在本区域宣传有关的国际公约，支持本地非政府组织满足香港社会对社会服务的需要。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织代表参加了下列会议：", "• 社会发展委员会第四十五届会议(2007年2月7日至16日，纽约)", "• 第三次因特网治理论坛会议(2008年12月3日至6日，印度海得拉巴)", "• 社会发展委员会第四十七届会议(2009年2月4日至13日，纽约)", "• 第十二届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会(2010年4月12日至19日，巴西萨尔瓦多)", "与联合国机构的合作情况", "• 与国际社会工作学校协会、国际社会福利理事会、国际社会工作者联合会和香港本地的七个组织共同主办了“2010年社会工作和社会发展问题：议程世界联合会议”。联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署应邀举办了一次关于促进《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》的讲习班。", "• 协助编写了《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》香港第三次报告，并提交给了经济、社会和文化权利委员会。", "• 提交了公民报告，其中汇集了福利部门和服务使用者对香港履行各项人权公约情况的意见和关切。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "联会采取了下列主要行动：", "目标1.", "• 2008年10月16日，举办了以“减缓贫困的未来政策路径”主题的论坛，以此来纪念国际消除贫困日；2009年10月16日，举办了帮助低收入家庭的学生求学研讨会和新书发布仪式；2010年10月15日，举办了以“有关政策是否切实解决了贫困问题？”为主题的论坛。", "• 在2007年至2010年向香港行政长官提交的年度呈件中就加强减贫工作进行了阐述。", "• 就为支持弱势儿童的长期发育设立儿童发展基金问题向以前的贫困问题委员会提交了建议书和文件。", "• 2007年至2010年就贫困问题进行了12项研究/咨询研究并举办了9次研讨会/论坛。", "• 与公司合作，就为贫困家庭提供回收/返修计算机和宽带服务进行协调。", "目标3.", "就妇女和女孩状况基本统计资料举行了协商会(2010年10月7日，香港)。", "目标4.", "• 2007年6月和7月，举办了以“儿童死亡事故审查与儿童保护问题”专题小组和论坛", "• 就施虐者辅导计划和儿童死亡事故审查呈递了文件", "• 2007年7月13日，就儿童死亡事故审查试点项目举办了研讨会", "目标8.", "会同3个国际组织和7个本地组织举办了2010年6月10日至14日召开的2010年社会工作和社会发展问题世界联合会议。", "补充资料", "本组织为促进人权开展的活动包括，反种族歧视宣传和推动残疾人融入社会。", "15. 国际自由妇女网", "特别咨商地位，2003年", "导言", "无任何变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "国际自由妇女网的宗旨是，在全世界，特别是国家和国际两极推广民主思想。本组织认为，妇女和男子在所有决策进程中具有同等的代表性对这一发展至关重要。本组织还力求打击一切阻碍妇女作为完整公民进行参与的性别歧视作法，不论这些作法以何种形式出现，也不论其属于人身、公民、经济还是法律范畴。本组织大力支持联合国以及经济及社会理事会的目标，努力推动各国采行旨在世界各地保护和提高妇女地位的联合国各项公约。", "本组织内的重要变化", "本组织成员的地理分布有所扩展。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "本组织的代表参加了下列活动：", "2007年", "• 妇女对社会的贡献研讨会(1月26日至27日，西班牙巴塞罗那)", "• 欧洲妇女游说团大会(10月25日至29日，保加利亚博罗维茨和萨莫科夫)", "• 贩运人口问题研讨会(11月16日，德国汉堡)", "• 加强网络和打击人口贩运问题研讨会(12月8日，中国台湾省)", "2008年", "以“建设非暴力社会，解决冲突”为主题的会议和关于妇女在和平进程中的作用的圆桌会议(5月17日，北爱尔兰贝尔法斯特)。", "2009年", "• 人权和民主会议(1月25日，法国斯特拉斯堡)", "• 21世纪妇女与教育问题圆桌会议(10月30日，开罗)", "2010年", "• 支持民主力量和促进人权会议(6月11日，柏林)", "• 以“非洲的昨天、今天与明天”为主题的研讨会(11月13日，南非开普敦)", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织提交了下列书面和(或)口头声明：", "2007年", "在妇女地位委员会第五十一届会议上(2月26日至3月9日，纽约)：“消除一些形式对女童的歧视和暴力行为”和“被和平遗忘、被迫参战的女孩和男孩”。", "2008年", "在妇女地位委员会第五十二届会议上(2月25日至3月7日，纽约)：“妇女平等参与冲突预防、处理和冲突化解及重组后建设和平工作”和“为两性平等问题资助非政府组织”。", "2009年", "在妇女地位委员会第五十三届会议上(3月2日至13日，纽约)：“妇女和男子平等参与各级决策”。", "2010年", "在妇女地位委员会第五十四届会议上(3月1日至12日，纽约)：“《北京宣言和行动纲要》(1995年)执行情况15年审查和大会第二十三届特别会议的成果，尤其是武装冲突中的妇女、教育、健康、暴力、女童和参与决策情况的成果”和“民间社会对《北京宣言和行动纲要》和千年发展目标实际落实情况的认识”。", "与联合国机构的合作", "无任何资料。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "本组织所开展的活动主要集中在涉及下列方面的社会认识活动：妇女人权、两性平等、妇女参与决策、赋予妇女权利、普及教育(尤其是妇女和女孩)和适当的妇女健康计划。本组织的代表为荷兰教科文组织中心——西部非洲教育资源筹资中心提供了帮助。这些中心在农村地区向当地人介绍千年发展目标。本组织的代表在本国分别参加了妇女节(3月8日)活动、与安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议有关的方案及千年发展目标方案和举措。", "补充资料", "无任何补充资料。" ]

[ "非政府组织委员会 组织", "2012年常会", "2012年1月30日至2月8日和2012年2月17日,日内瓦", "具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织依照经济及社会理事会第1996/31号决议通过秘书长提交的2007-2010四年期报告", "秘书长的说明", "目录", "第1页. AIESEC 2个\n2. 3个中国妇女\n3. 所有5个印度妇女\n4. 安卡拉会议 儿童基金会\n5. 亚美尼亚9 右保护\n亚洲信贷联合会第11协会\n工会\n7. 联合国 CIDSE 138 (英语). 城市和人类住区网:15个地方人类管理机构区域网络\n定居点\n9. 地球正义 1810. 欧洲21 妇女\n11. 安东尼奥·努涅斯·希门尼斯基金会\n12. 日内瓦. 25\n国家 13. 27国新闻社\n香港社会理事会\n15. 国际自由网 31\n妇女", "1. 联合国 AIESEC 国际协会", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "AIESEC (英语). 国际是世界上最大的学生组织。 在过去四年中,该方案侧重于为青年领导能力的发展提供平台,并扩大到另外11个国家。 本组织的统计数字如下:60 000名成员;15 000名领导职位;15 000名实习人员;4 000名伙伴;1 600所大学;470次会议;110个国家和地区;60年的经验。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "该组织的愿景是和平与实现人类的潜力。 其范围仍然是由学生和最近毕业的高等教育机构的学生经营的一个全球性的非政治性、独立的非营利性组织。", "本组织的重大变化", "本组织最近制定了2015年中期目标:", "我们不断扩大的有形和虚拟影响使我们成为最可信和最多样化的青年声音。 各部门都承认,我们是我们培养负责任和创业领导能力的第一选择伙伴。 我们的合作环境使每个成员都能够体验到AIESEC的高质量经验,从而对社会产生跨代的积极影响。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织在大韩民国的国家办事处派了一名代表出席了2010年11月在大韩民国举行的联合国全球契约活动。 本组织还出席了2010年7月在墨西哥里昂举行的世界青年首脑会议。 AIESEC国际还通过其每周通讯传播来自联合国的信息,例如竞赛通知、活动和特别新闻,该通讯覆盖了110个国家和地区的60 000名成员。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "不幸的是,在过去几年中,本组织减少了与联合国和联合国机构的合作。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织同新闻部、秘书经济和社会事务部、联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)和联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)密切合作。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "约旦的AIESEC已成为管理实习的区域中心,为主要的区域咨询公司带来了国际人才。 巴林的AIESEC于2010年启动了第一个可持续性项目,目标是提出一个经过充分研究的彻底减少碳排放的方法。 2007年、2008年和2009年部分时间,共有4 715名学生参加了制定社会方案的实习,2010年,约有1 000名学生参加了以企业社会责任和精力为重点的实习。 约有67个国家提供了可持续性和企业社会责任方面的实习,200多个非政府组织、140个公司、90个教育机构和14个政府机构提供了侧重于可持续性和企业社会责任的实习。", "2007年和2008年,共有1,200名年轻人参加该组织的教育实习;2009年和2010年,共有5,706名学生参加以文化教育为重点的实习。 在中欧和东欧以及中亚,约有1 918名实习人员提供了文化教育,最近来自这些地区的1 137名毕业生参加了教育实习。 2007年期间,本组织与标准渣打银行共同开展了一个项目,该项目有可能惠及300 000名青年——一个受艾滋病毒严重影响的年龄组。", "补充资料", "在印度庆祝的2010年AIESEC国际大会期间,本组织在海得拉巴的印度商学院为来自110个国家和地区的600多名代表管理了第二届全球青年到商业论坛。 论坛的讨论范围侧重于三个关键议题:利用青年创新、劳动力流动性和多样性以及环境和企业可持续性。 《欧洲华尔街日报》特刊(见www.aiesec.org/cms/aiesec/AI/press.html#pr6)上刊登了各种想法的汇编。 同样在2010年期间,有两份重要出版物披露了关于环境问题解决办法的成员民意调查的结果(见www.aiesec.org/cms/aiesec/AI/press.html#pr1)。 本组织的全球年度报告见www.aiesec.org/cms/aiesec/AI/partners/publications.html。", "2. 中国全国妇女联合会", "特别咨商地位,1995年", "导言", "没有变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "没有变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "没有变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织促进执行《北京行动纲要》和其他成果文件并分享国际经验。 本组织举办了妇女参与城市发展和纪念第四次妇女问题世界会议十五周年国际论坛(2010年9月16日至18日,中国上海)。 代表出席了亚太非政府组织北京会议十五周年论坛(2009年10月22日至25日,菲律宾奎松)和第六次千年发展目标+10和北京会议十五周年区域圆桌会议(2010年4月20日至22日,越南丹阳)。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "• 代表出席了在纽约举行的妇女地位委员会第五十一届至第五十四届会议,提交了书面发言,并在亚太讲习班上作了发言。 代表们还就“从性别观点看金融和经济危机”的主题举行了一次平行活动。", "• 代表出席了具有联合国咨商关系的非政府组织会议第二十三届会议(2007年12月5日至7日,日内瓦)。", "• 代表出席了人权理事会第七届会议(2008年3月17日至21日,日内瓦)和人权理事会关于中国人权状况的普遍定期审议(2009年2月5日至12日,日内瓦)。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本联合会与联合国国际减少灾害战略于2009年4月20日至22日在北京举办了 \" 两性平等和减少灾害风险问题国际会议 \" ,并于2010年11月4日至6日同儿童基金会在北京举办了 \" 亚太地区儿童权利合作高级别会议 \" 。 本组织还与联合国系统驻中国办事处一道,就亚太区域(2010年)、妇女和艾滋病毒/艾滋病(2010年)以及妇女与暴力问题(2009年、2010年)开展了宣传项目。 本组织与联合国人口基金就性别平等、暴力侵害妇女行为和男子参与问题(2006-2010年)以及联合国妇女发展基金(妇发基金)(现为 \" 联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署 \" (妇女署))就消除对艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染者的歧视问题(2007-2010年)开展合作。 本联合会还与联合国开发计划署(开发署)合作,为地震灾区(2008-2010年)的贫穷和弱势妇女开展救灾和重建项目,并与儿基会合作,为地震灾区(2008-2010年)的暴力侵害儿童行为、儿童安全和贩运预防、两性平等和家庭教育以及儿童保护开展工作。 本组织还与国际劳工组织合作,防止为劳动剥削目的贩运年轻妇女和儿童(2000-2012年),并与妇女署合作,通过饲养牲畜来增强妇女权能(2009-2011年)。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "截至2010年12月,联邦小额信贷项目已发放237亿元人民币,帮助54万妇女创业。 它的慈善基金会帮助了10 355名因艾滋病毒/艾滋病而成为孤儿的儿童。 \"春芽\"项目筹集了10亿元人民币,并建成了1000多所\"春芽\"学校,帮助了200多万名女生重返校园并培养了40万名女生的职业技能. 其帮助中国女性毕业生创业的指导项目提供了16万个实习机会,帮助了9万名女性毕业生创业. 该组织已推动新修订的《村民委员会组织法》的起草者纳入促进两性平等等概念。 联合会还在中国2 500多个县开设了妇女法律援助服务热线。", "母亲健康快车项目向27个省份分发了1 087部车辆,使2 600万人受益,以支持政府降低孕产妇死亡率的努力。 基金会还收到中国政府的拨款,用于免费进行医疗扫描,以检测农村妇女的子宫颈癌和乳腺癌;截至2010年12月,有700多万妇女被扫描为宫颈癌,90.7万妇女被扫描为乳腺癌. 联合会的慈善基金会帮助贫穷妇女治疗两起癌症,筹集了3 000万元人民币。", "\"母亲取水\"项目耗资6亿元人民币建设12.5万个水窖和1400个小供水项目,24个省份受益170万人.", "补充资料", "基金会计划于2011年11月9日至11日在北京举行妇女与可持续发展国际论坛,为即将举行的里约+20会议作出贡献。", "3个 全印度妇女会议", "特别咨商地位,1999年", "导言", "全印度妇女会议是全国最古老的志愿组织之一,由玛格丽特·克文斯于1927年创立. 该组织最初主要关心的是妇女教育,但已逐渐着手处理有关妇女的各种社会和经济问题,包括 \" purdha \" 、童婚、离婚和妇女的财产权。 会议多年来一直致力于妇女的安全及其社会和经济权利与权利。 在国际一级,本组织是儿童基金会、具有联合国咨商关系的非政府组织会议、可持续能源国际网络、世界可再生能源网络、ENERGIA国际性别与能源网络和全球村能源伙伴关系的成员,并附属于国际妇女联盟、泛太平洋和东南亚妇女协会和日本的NIMROO教育中心。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "目标和宗旨包括:", "二. 支助 为一个基于社会正义、诚信、权利和机会平等等原则的社会而努力。", "二. 支助 确保承认每个人的固有工作权利并实现生活必需品,如食物、衣着、住房、教育、社会福利和证券,因为相信这些不应由出生或性别的意外决定,而应由计划的社会分配决定。", "二. 支助 支持每个公民享有基本权利和自由的权利。", "二. 支助 与一切分裂主义倾向相抗衡,促进更大的民族统一和统一.", "二. 支助 积极努力促进妇女和儿童的普遍进步和福利,并帮助妇女最充分地利用《印度宪法》赋予她们的基本权利。", "本组织的重大变化", "没有变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "在过去三年中,该组织在印度各地的分会培训了近4 000名妇女,她们现在经营自己的微型企业,帮助她们创收。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织驻纽约代表参加了下列会议:", "• 社会研究中心(2008年7月13日至23日)", "• 世界可再生能源大会(2008年7月19日至25日)", "• 小额信贷区域首脑会议(2008年7月28日至30日,印度尼西亚巴厘)", "• 国际妇女联盟理事会会议(2008年10月4日至9日,荷兰)", "二. 支助 生物多样性公约缔约方会议第十四届会议(2008年12月1日至12日,波兰波兹南)", "• 全球非政府组织论坛(2010年2月27日至28日)", "• MASHAV(以色列国际发展合作署)与教科文组织两性平等司合作举办的暴力侵害妇女问题国际讲习班(2010年5月16日至27日)", "中华全国妇女联合会友谊访问(2010年7月25日至31日)", "• 世界可再生能源大会(2010年9月25日至30日,阿布扎比)", "• 国际妇女联盟理事会和国际会议(2010年11月22日至28日,南非约翰内斯堡)", "与联合国机构的合作", "作为在世界卫生组织(卫生组织)和印度政府卫生和家庭福利部协助下启动的比迪工人方案的后续行动,该组织为女性比迪工人进行了职业培训,以使她们有能力从事其他职业。 早些时候,会议在印度7个邦为女丁工组织了一次宣传和替代职业项目。 本组织与美国国际开发署南亚能源区域倡议制定的小额赠款方案合作,以资助妇女自助团体生计和创收,重点是在德里Sangam Vihar的Dakshinpuri社区开展太阳能发电活动。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "目标 1. 会议开办了职业培训和技能升级中心,培训了约8 650名妇女创建自助团体,从而为她们提供小额信贷项目和创业工具。", "目标 2. 该组织的10个分会开办非正规学校,除了教育约400名儿童外,还为职业妇女开办夜校。", "目标5. 本组织为母亲和儿童举办了以生殖健康、一般健康、个人卫生和环境卫生教育为重点的营地。", "目标7. 本组织与印度全国约100所学校合作,开展了250个关于环境保护以及废水和水卫生的宣传方案,包括种植草地。", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。", "4. 安卡拉白血病儿童基金会", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "安卡拉白血病儿童基金会是一个设在安卡拉的非政府组织,在国家一级提供服务。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织旨在向患白血病或慢性血液疾病的儿童提供教育和情感支持、财政援助和保健服务,以帮助他们应对这些危及生命的疾病。 基金会还促进知识,在国际上就获得的和继承的血液疾病提供指导,并设立和管理研究机构。 2010年6月,本组织在安卡拉建立了白血病儿童村,由开展临床研究的实验室组成,这些实验室可能在预防癌症和改善白血病治疗方面发挥作用。 对于因家乡缺乏治疗设施而流离失所的家庭,本组织拥有25所家具住房,家庭可在儿童治疗期间居住。 为前来安卡拉进行后续检查的儿童,基金会建立了一个住宿设施,免费提供旅馆服务。 本组织在伊斯坦布尔安纳托利亚地区和伊兹密尔开设了办事处,以使居住在这些地区的病人能够方便地获得服务。 它还于2008年11月建立了白血病儿童学校。 这所私立学校遵循土耳其教育部的课程,免费提供托儿所和小学教育。 本组织还努力提高对癌症的认识,因为癌症是可持续发展的障碍。 因此,本组织于2008年开始在幼儿园、中小学和国立学校举办研讨会,以促进健康的饮食和积极的生活方式。", "本组织的重大变化", "该基金会从安卡拉白血病儿童基金会更名为LOSEV白血病儿童基金会。 “Ankara”被删除,以避免给人留下当地组织的印象。 该组织最近还在其章程中增加了语言,扩大了其任务范围,包括向成年癌症患者提供支助,该组织不久将向成年癌症患者敞开大门,组织信息和心理研讨会,并创造社会空间,让成年患者可以进行职业治疗。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "在2007年获得专门咨商地位后,本组织开始对邻近国家的同类组织进行短期访问,以分享经验和知识。 希望这些访问将促成在研究、社会和保健服务以及癌症预防等领域开展相互富有成效的具体合作。", "2010年:哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图的法拉比医院;索菲亚的索菲亚儿童肿瘤-血液医院;德国波恩的德国白血病基金会;拉菲医院和ASPANION 西班牙巴伦西亚巴伦西亚社区牧师协会;布鲁塞尔法比奥拉大学儿童医院肿瘤学系。", "2009年:侯赛因国王 安曼癌症中心和侯赛因国王癌症基金会。", "2008年:布达佩斯Tumours儿童基金会;维也纳圣安娜儿童医院。", "2007年:Clic Sargent,伦敦大学学院伦敦医院和Procancer研究基金.", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织希望与同等组织,特别是联合国合作,以确保采取具体措施并找到预防该疾病的解决办法,弱势群体在治疗方面享有平等机会和平等权利,如发达国家。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织正在其专门领域与儿童基金会驻土耳其办事处和联合国代表沟通。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "本组织一直并将继续支助经济贫困的癌症患者,在财政上帮助他们满足因该疾病而带来的资金需要。 因此,其工作重点是非传染性疾病。", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。", "5. 亚美尼亚宪法权利保护中心", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "亚美尼亚宪法权利保护 该中心是一个非营利的非政府组织,于1988年6月在亚美尼亚瓦纳佐尔成立。 自1996年以来,该中心一直是亚美尼亚主要的人权教育非政府组织,执行了大约70个项目,共耗资约200万美元。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "2011-2015年战略计划是2010年5月至12月在两期讲习班期间制定的,组织成员、伙伴、受益者和志愿人员参加了讲习班。 中心关于 \" 一个充满爱和容忍的世界,由上述法律和正义支配 \" 的设想及其战略方向最终旨在为法治、全球正义与和平作出贡献。", "本组织的重大变化", "2008年,本组织在国民议会-非政府组织网络注册成为成员,并当选为理事会成员。 2009年,该中心作为成员参加了公共理事会及其民间社会委员会的人权小组委员会。 2010年2月至11月,拟订并批准了亚美尼亚人权学校的新概念。 2010年,该中心作为成员参加了欧洲委员会东部伙伴关系民间社会论坛亚美尼亚国家平台。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "中心的贡献包括:", "• 亚美尼亚人权学校在亚美尼亚中学为人权、公民教育、国家、法律和道德教师举办了四次为期一年的高级人权培训班。", "• 人权图书馆网。 所有六个人权图书馆都有与联合国有关的专门科室,并作为人权教育的资源中心,从而为世界人权教育方案作出贡献。", "• 2007至2010年期间,在其期刊《法律文化》和《正义之吻》上发表80多篇与联合国有关的文章、声明和文件,使社会了解联合国的活动。 出版并向亚美尼亚所有地区的教育机构、图书馆、国家机构和非政府组织提供了约2 300份期刊。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "代表们在纽约的新闻部/非政府组织会议规划委员会和妇女地位委员会第五十一届至第五十四届会议上工作并出席会议。 2009年,中心与联合国埃里温新闻中心合作,组织了一次论坛,以协调人权教育行为者共同努力,为世界人权教育方案第二阶段(7月2日)提出建议,并向联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)提交了一份由亚美尼亚外交部长编写的文件。", "与联合国机构的合作", "该中心合作发展了人权图书馆网络并补充了关于联合国的书籍。 它还与人权高专办、开发署和儿童基金会驻亚美尼亚办事处合作开展联合项目,并与联合国埃里温新闻中心联合开展活动和介绍情况。 本组织还与教科文组织、开发署、儿童基金会和埃里温联合国新闻中心举办了人权课程。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "本组织采取了以下举措:", "二. 支助 2010年7月,代表们在前往刚果民主共和国、海地、肯尼亚和塞拉利昂进行人道主义外联期间,向需要帮助的人分发了保健棒和维生素补充剂,每个国家约500个单位。", "• 中心合作中学向144名学童授课,其人权教育青年俱乐部与45名青年人合作。", "二. 支助 2010年4月,该中心的主要代表组织并带队前往海地。", "• 在肯尼亚库尼亚,中心的一名代表每天为大约20名中学受难儿童举行信息通报会和康复会,强调预防和行动方法。", "二. 支助 一名代表努力在肯尼亚和塞拉利昂的弱势一代中赋予100名妇女权力,使她们倾向于生出更健康的孩子,母亲和孩子的风险都较小。", "• 2009年在肯尼亚和塞拉利昂以及2010年在海地举办了孕产妇保健教育会和讲习班。", "二. 支助 在海地和肯尼亚以及以前的外联地点开展了6次人道主义外联工作。 还开展了人道主义外联活动,以建立伙伴关系,在昆雅开展为期两周的太阳能烹饪培训(2010年8月和9月)。", "二. 支助 该中心与联合国新闻中心、教科文组织和儿童基金会驻亚美尼亚办事处合作,协调全球亚美尼亚教育运动联盟的国家活动。", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。", "亚洲信用合作社联合会协会", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "亚洲信用社联合会协会是亚洲信用社和类似合作金融机构的区域代表组织. 联合会在帮助成员解决信用社面临的发展问题方面发挥了重要作用,如贫穷、两性平等、获得金融服务和青年参与。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "联合会既是贸易协会,又是发展组织。 其愿景是在亚洲建立可持续的信用社系统。 其使命是促进和加强信用社和类似的合作金融组织,使它们能够发挥其潜力,作为市场人民社会经济发展的有效工具。 本组织作为信用社的区域组织,代表亚洲信用社运动行使代表、发展、联络和协调职能。 联邦确保信用社在其服务的社区具有相关性,并继续以最初的目标运作。", "本组织的重大变化", "没有变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "该组织不断检查亚洲信用社是否坚持其最初的使命,通过提供负担得起的金融服务改善人民的福祉,特别是对那些无法获得金融服务的人。 本组织1999年推出的信用社微额供资创新向贫穷的市场部门提供可持续的金融服务:国家伙伴联合会可以获得适当的技能和产品操作框架,从而有可能向其成员信用社提供这种产品。 城乡贫穷国家的成员组织认为该方案是减贫的优先事项和工具。 超过500万低收入者获得了该组织支助的信用社负担得起的金融服务。 信用社微额供资创新通过提高收入和鼓励贫困家庭进入市场经济,为减贫提供了有效手段。 联合会不断鼓励和提高其伙伴联合会的能力,使其更加注重可持续战略,以惠及更多的低收入人群。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "不适用。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织与区域渔业生计方案(联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)的一个项目)合作,向其小额供资国家顾问提供必要的培训工具,使他们能够培训项目国家的受益者。 该方案于2009年9月开始开展活动,并计划在柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、菲律宾、斯里兰卡、东帝汶和越南运作四年。 该方案正在解决的问题包括获得小额供资服务的机会有限以及补充和(或)替代生计选择极为有限。 该项目旨在加强参与的小型渔业社区及其支助机构的能力,目的是改善生计和可持续渔业资源管理。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "2009年9月,联合会及其成员组织发起了一项运动,根据庆祝国际合作社年的情况,利用信用社小额供资创新方法,到2012年再帮助100万穷人。 本组织协调和促进东南亚和南亚七个国家的减贫和小额供资方案。", "信用社小额供资创新教育方案促进金融知识、产妇保健、商业管理、技术技能、良好行为和正确行为、急救或为改善穷人生活条件所必要的任何专题。 该方案间接帮助提高参加该方案的穷人的教育水平。", "妇女占信用社会员的50%,但其会员人数与参与决策不相称。 本组织为妇女领导人提供一个讨论妇女问题的平台,并提出对策,从而在信用社领导层中分配了妇女席位并设立了妇女咨询委员会。", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。", "7. 联合国 CIDSE 编辑器", "一般咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "没有变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "没有变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "2007年:更改为全面咨商地位", "2008年:获得联合国气候变化框架公约观察员地位", "2009年: 第9页 作为其2010-2015年战略框架的一部分,“国际合作促进发展和团结”成为国际合作促进发展和团结组织", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织倡导、游说、编写政策文件并开展关于发展筹资、全球治理、工商业与人权、气候正义、粮食安全、农业和贸易以及千年发展目标的媒体工作。 它还发起了题为“使援助发挥作用”(2007年)和“气候正义”的提高公众认识运动(2009-2010年)。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007", "• 4月16日:出席在纽约同布雷顿森林机构、世界贸易组织(世贸组织)和联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)举行的高级别特别会议", "• 10月23日和24日:在纽约举行的大会发展筹资问题高级别对话上就“从蒙特雷到多哈”的主题发了言并举行了关于“发展筹资问题的选定问题”的会外活动", "2008", "• 4月14日:在与布雷顿森林机构、世贸组织和贸发会议在纽约举行的高级别特别会议上,就可持续发展筹资的创新来源发了言并举行了会外活动", "• 4月20日至25日:出席在阿克拉举行的贸发会议第十二次会议并参加了生物燃料讲习班", "• 6月2日至18日:在人权理事会第八届会议上就负责工商业与人权问题的秘书长特别代表的任务作口头和书面发言,并举办了关于人权与工商业的人权方面的会外活动", "• 11月29日至12月2日:在多哈举行的审查《蒙特雷共识》执行情况的发展筹资问题后续国际会议期间,举办了关于税收司法和发展筹资的会外活动并参加了第3和第4次正式圆桌会议", "2009", "• 9月22日:在纽约举行的气候变化问题首脑会议上就气候正义问题发言并参加关于适应技术的小组讨论", "• 9月28日至10月9日:在曼谷举行的气候变化会议上举行了气候变化会外活动", "• 2009年10月5日和6日:出席在日内瓦举行的关于落实工商业与人权框架的人权高专办协商会,并为约翰·鲁格所制定的框架提供了材料", "• 11月2日至6日:在西班牙巴塞罗那举行的气候变化会议上举办了关于气候变化和减少排放的会外活动", "2010", "• 5月31日至6月18日:在人权理事会第十四届会议上就约翰·鲁格的工作发言", "· 10月11日和12日:在特别代表同民间社会利益有关者协商时提出 \" 保护、尊重和补救:执行任务和采取后续行动的关键 \"", "2008-2010", "二. 支助 出席了2008年6月2日至12日在德国波恩举行的气候变化会议;2009年3月29日至4月8日;2009年5月29日至6月3日(与马拉维举行的会外活动网络直播和关于适应技术的小组讨论);2009年8月10日至14日;2010年4月9日至11日;2010年5月31日至6月11日(关于直接准入的启动文件);2010年8月2日至6日。", "二. 支助 出席了分别于2008年12月1日至12日在波兰波兹南(发起气候正义运动)、2009年12月7日至19日在哥本哈根(举行运动活动)和2010年11月29日至12月10日在墨西哥坎昆举行的第十四、第十五和第十六次联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织支持2010年举行的粮农组织世界粮食安全委员会的改革进程。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "国际合作促进发展协会在2008年9月23日至25日在纽约举行的大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议上提交了关于千年发展目标、发展筹资和粮价危机的声明。 本组织在2009年6月24日至26日在纽约举行的联合国世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题最高级别会议上,就千年发展目标和金融危机举行了一次会外活动。 本组织还出席了2010年3月18日和19日在纽约举行的与布雷顿森林机构、世贸组织和贸发会议举行的高级别特别会议。 国际合作促进发展协会在2010年3月23日和24日在纽约举行的大会关于发展筹资问题高级别对话上,就“面对全球危机实现千年发展目标”的主题作了发言,并参加了关于支持有特殊需要的发展中国家的复苏和发展努力的正式圆桌会议。 本组织为联合国非政府组织联络处2010年5月千年发展目标+10首脑会议提供投入。 在2010年6月14日和15日在纽约举行的大会非正式互动听证会上,国际合作促进发展协会在正式圆桌会议4上作了答复,并在联合国非政府组织联络处关于“改革为千年发展目标筹资”的研讨会上作了发言。 本组织还在2010年6月29日在纽约举行的发展合作论坛上举办了关于千年发展目标和发展合作中的人权问题的会外活动。 本组织在2010年9月20日至22日在纽约举行的大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议上,就金融危机和千年发展目标举办了另一次会外活动。", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。", "8. 联合国 人类住区区域网:地方人类住区管理当局区域网络", "特别咨商地位,1995年", "导言", "没有变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "没有变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "没有变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "人类住区区域网一直在同联合国各机构密切合作,包括联合国训练研究所(训研所)、联合国国际减少灾害战略(减灾战略)、联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)、亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)、联合国区域发展中心和联合国千年运动等,涉及与地方政府和城市发展有关的各个领域。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织参加了下列会议:", "2007", "• 减少灾害风险全球论坛(4月12日和13日,日本Kobe;6月5日至7日,日内瓦)", "• 人居署城市发展问题专家组会议(5月3日至5日,大韩民国广元)", "• 人居署性别问题专家组会议(6月25日和26日,日本福冈)", "• 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)基础设施专家组会议(6月11日至13日,曼谷)", "• 亚太经社会善政会议(11月15日,菲律宾马卡提)", "2008", "• 训研所地方当局/行为者国际培训中心网络指导委员会(5月8日和9日,格鲁吉亚亚特兰大,美利坚合众国)", "• 人居署城市发展问题专家组会议(5月27日和28日,大韩民国广元)", "• 人居署亚洲可持续城市专家组会议(8月25-28日,菲律宾马尼拉)", "• 人居署2008-2013年中期计划(10月7-9日,内罗毕)", "• 世界城市论坛第四届会议(11月3日至6日,中国南京)", "2009", "• 联合国千年运动全球务虚会(1月13日至14日,曼谷)", "• 国际减少灾害战略减少灾害风险会议(2月23日至25日,新德里)", "• 全球减少灾害风险平台(6月16日至19日,日内瓦)", "• 亚太经社会抗洪城市专家组会议(7月21日至23日,曼谷)", "• 亚太经社会环境与发展问题高级别小组(12月2日至4日,曼谷)", "2010", "• 国际减少灾害战略减少灾害风险区域工作队(1月13日和14日,日本Kobe)", "• 亚太经社会北九州倡议网络会议(2月10日和11日,日本九州)", "• 国际减少灾害战略减少灾害风险论坛(7月28日至30日,中国上海)", "• 人居署关于气候变化影响的区域伙伴会议(9月15日至17日,大韩民国昌原)", "• 亚太经社会环境与发展部长级会议(9月27日,阿斯塔纳)", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织在联合国机构的支持下协调了下列会议:", "2007", "• 与联合国大学合办的环境卫生问题高级研究所讨论会(11月2日)", "• 与训研所/人居署就千年发展目标提供技术咨询服务(11月18日至21日,菲律宾马卡蒂)", "2008", "与训研所举办的气候变化和城市湿地问题研讨会(9月10日和11日,首尔)", "2009", "• 与国际减少灾害战略城市间项目一起出版关于沼气城市风险概况的出版物(2月18日至20日,越南丹阳)", "每年", "吉隆坡 与训研所合办的吉隆坡区域培训中心培训班", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "二. 支助 2007至2008年,本组织在加德满都设立了一个办事处,并宣传南亚地方政府追求千年发展目标。", "二. 支助 本组织还于2007年出版了“南方地方当局和改变世界的8个途径”,并于2008年出版了“尼泊尔各城市千年发展目标和城市减贫战略文件地方化指南”和“印度尼西亚城市实现千年发展目标的10个途径”。", "二. 支助 在人居署的支持下,本组织在2006至2008年期间开展了以千年发展目标地方化为重点的城市间项目,并于2007年在加德满都举办了关于通过创新领导力和社区赋权使千年发展目标在亚洲城市地方化的领导才能培训和讲习班。", "• 人类住区区域网组织了日本主题论坛 2008年4月,“2015年没有借口:千年发展目标与我们”。 它每年为“站起来”运动组织活动。 2009年,本组织对城市一级千年发展目标的执行情况进行了调查,以便随后帮助开展其余几年的活动。", "二. 支助 在人居署和亚太经社会的支持下,人类住区区域网于2010年在菲律宾的马里基纳举办了关于将城市贫民的安全列为地方议程首位的区域讲习班。", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。", "9. 国家 地球正义", "特别咨商地位,1991年", "导言", "没有变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "没有变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "没有变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "地球正义促进人权和环境是可持续发展的基本方面。 它还侧重于气候变化、减少有毒材料的影响并改进获得水和卫生设施的机会。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "人权理事会。 地球正义代表出席了人权理事会的所有会议,在这些会议上,代表与联合国官员以及政府和非政府组织的代表合作,促进人权与环境之间的联系。 以下是地球正义在每届会议上工作的一些例子:", "2007", "• 第四届会议。 支持负责境内流离失所者人权问题的秘书长代表就人权与自然灾害业务准则主题所作的陈述(A/HRC/4/38/Add.1)。", "• 第五届会议。 与运输和倾倒有毒和危险产品及废料对享受人权的不良影响问题特别报告员举行了主题为“贩运有毒废物和产品对人权的挑战”的会议。", "• 第六届会议。 人权高专办关于平等享有安全饮用水和卫生设施方面的人权义务的报告(A/HRC/6/3)。", "2008", "• 第七届会议。 支持通过人权理事会关于食物权的第7/14号决议。", "• 第八届会议。 参加了与马尔代夫常驻联合国代表团举办的关于人权和气候变化的活动。", "• 第九届会议。 参加同科特迪瓦政府和安理会其他成员就通过第9/1号决议进行的讨论。", "2009", "• 第十届会议。 支持负责境内流离失所者人权问题的秘书长代表的报告(A/HRC/10/13)。 与理事会成员和观察员进行讨论,以通过关于人权与气候变化的第10/4号决议。", "• 第十一届会议。 在人权和气候变化专题互动小组发言。 组织了关于延长特别程序任务、通过普遍定期审议结果和理事会小组讨论的讨论。", "• 第十二届会议/分发小组讨论提案,并与科特迪瓦常驻联合国代表团一起参加关于通过关于运输和倾倒有毒产品和废物对人权的不良影响的第12/18号决议的讨论。", "2010", "• 第十三届会议。 与委员和观察员讨论了任意拘留问题工作组关于日本拘留环境倡导者问题的第9/2009号意见的适用问题。", "• 第十四届会议。 在关于有毒废物主题的交互式小组对话中作了发言。", "• 第十五届会议。 参加了关于运输和倾倒有毒和危险产品及废料对享受人权的不良影响问题特别报告员的报告(A/HRC/15/22)和与享有安全饮用水和卫生设施有关的人权义务问题独立专家的报告(A/HRC/15/31)的讨论。", "联合国欧洲经济委员会", "地球正义代表出席了缔约方奥胡斯公约工作组和遵约委员会的所有会议以及奥胡斯公约工作组关于诉诸司法、公众参与决策和公众参与国际论坛的会议。 代表们还出席了缔约方第三次会议(2008年6月11日至13日)并发言介绍了遵约委员会的工作,并参加了《伦敦水与健康遵约议定书》委员会会议(2008年3月12日和9月24至25日;2009年2月25至26日;2010年1月26至27日和6月22至23日)。", "《联合国气候变化框架公约》", "地球正义代表参加了第十三次缔约方会议(2007年12月3日至15日,印度尼西亚巴厘);波恩气候变化会议(2009年6月2日至13日);巴塞罗那气候变化会议(2009年11月2日至6日);第十五次缔约方会议(2009年12月7日至18日,哥本哈根);第十六次缔约方会议(2010年11月29日至12月10日,墨西哥坎昆)。", "与联合国机构的合作", "地球正义代表参加了促进人权和非法运输有毒废物问题特别报告员的建议的会议。 代表们还同《危险废物公约》秘书处和人权高专办合作。 此外,代表们在联合国环境规划署(环境署)国家委员会会议上作了口头发言。 地球正义的代表还参加了斯德哥尔摩公约缔约方大会第四届会议(2009年5月4日至8日)和国际化学品管理大会第二届会议(2009年5月11日至15日)。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "所有地球正义活动都促进对确保环境可持续性与消除极端贫穷和饥饿之间的联系的认识。", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。", "10. 欧洲妇女游说团", "特别咨商地位,1995年", "导言", "欧洲妇女游说团成立于1990年,是欧洲联盟最大的非政府妇女协会联盟。 欧洲妇女游说团代表了2 500多个组织。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织的任务是努力实现男女平等,促进妇女在公共和私人生活所有领域的权利,努力实现所有妇女的多样性的经济和社会公正,并消除一切形式的男性暴力侵害妇女行为。 该游说团通过民主进程与其成员合作,将两性平等和妇女权利观点纳入欧洲联盟政策所有领域的主流并进行监测,并在各级和各个领域实现平等民主。", "本组织的重大变化", "从2007年到2010年,游说团已经扩大到包括30个国家协调组织(塞浦路斯、波兰、罗马尼亚和斯洛文尼亚),并增加了两个全欧洲的组织。 游说团可以依靠既定、透明和民主的决策和协商进程以及其他参与性进程。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织为联合国全球性别平等结构改革运动作出贡献,支持设立妇女署。 致力于妇女权利和性别平等的非政府组织多年来一直倡导联合国改革其性别平等架构,并促成2010年妇女署的成立。 2008年3月,妇女地位委员会正式启动了这一运动。 游说团自成立以来就一直参与该运动,并特别积极参与该运动欧洲工作组的工作,该组织在2009和2010年协调了该工作组的工作(见www.gearcampaign.org)。", "本组织为北京会议十五周年进程做出了贡献,因为游说团参加了妇女地位委员会的年度会议,包括北京会议五周年和北京会议十周年特别会议。 15年审查使本组织有机会代表其整个欧洲联盟成员国提出建议和关切。 游说团编写了关于欧洲联盟在《北京行动纲要》12个领域活动的报告全文(见www.womenlobby.org/spip.php?article124&lang=en)。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织每年都参加妇女地位委员会并向其提交书面修正案,这些修正案被提交给欧洲代表团并广泛分发给非政府组织代表。 每年,该组织与欧洲联盟现任主席有联系,协调欧洲非政府组织核心小组,并积极参加非政府组织联系核心小组和协调核心小组。", "游说团就下列主题举行了会议:", "二. 支助 “打破世代相传的神话,促进参与:女孩和妇女的需要是否如此不同?” (2007年2月2日);", "\" 为妇女权利筹资,欧洲观点 \" (2008年2月28日);", "• “北京到布鲁塞尔,未完成的旅程”(2010年3月2日)。", "游说团出席了以下主题的会议并作了发言:", "芬兰妇女协会联盟和妇发基金组织的 \" 女孩塑造未来 \" (2007年3月1日);", "• 世界女童子军协会关于安全理事会第1325号决议(2008年2月28日);", "• 关于妇女参与决策的LA CLEF(2009年3月2日);", "• “转变经济结构,促进平等和可持续发展”,由瑞典绿色妇女组织(2010年3月7日)。", "本组织参加了联合国欧洲经济委员会北京会议15周年区域审查会议及其在日内瓦举行的非政府组织论坛(2009年10月31日至2009年11月3日)。 本组织:", "二. 支助 在全体会议期间就审查《北京行动纲要》执行进展情况提出了建议;", "· 对会议主席的结论提出书面修正案。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织与联合国各机构和代表合作,参加下列活动:", "• 欧洲与暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员的协商(2007年1月11日至13日,伦敦)", "• 联合国。 GIFT打击人口贩运论坛(2008年2月13日至15日,维也纳)", "• 与妇发基金和妇女参与发展网络共同举办主题为“欧洲和独立国家联合体的妇女与移徙”的活动(2009年9月4日,布鲁塞尔)并随后发表一份报告", "• 主题为“从人权角度打击人口贩运:挑战和机遇”的会议。 执行建议的人权与贩运人口问题原则和准则”,由人权高专办组织(2010年5月27日至28日,日内瓦)", "二. 支助 暴力侵害妇女问题专家组 关于暴力侵害妇女问题国家行动计划中的良好做法的会议(2010年9月13日至15日,西班牙港)", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "本组织定期与侧重于发展问题的组织合作,这些组织的任务是支持实现千年发展目标,特别是从妇女权利的角度。", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。", "11个 安东尼奥·努涅斯·希门尼斯自然与人类基金会", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "安东尼奥·努涅斯·希门尼斯自然和人类基金会是一个具有公民和非政府性质、自主和不牟利的文化和科学组织。 它侧重于研究和实施环境保护方案、项目和行动及其与文化和社会的关系。 本组织与古巴其他非政府组织合作,教育人们必须保护自然和遗产价值。 它与本国和外国机构合作发展文化和科学,促进和支持除其他外维护古巴民族特性的项目。 其主要方案是地理史研究、地方可持续发展、可持续消费、遗产保护、环境教育和生物多样性保护,所有这些方案都得到编辑小组的支持。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "没有变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "没有变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "项目的目的是在社会各阶层实现可持续发展,但特别强调地方一级。 本组织实施项目,以实现保障社区主要粮食需要的粮食主权。 该组织的地史研究支持执行其文化价值并旨在保护遗产——这项工作与教科文组织密切相关。 本组织鼓励在与青年人合作时,在确保适当代表性和培训的所有行动中,对科学和研究充满热情并实行性别平等。 它与开发计划署在古巴的办事处以及教科文组织、儿童基金会和粮农组织等其他机构保持牢固的关系。 本组织参加了由环境署、粮农组织和教科文组织协调的多项活动,并与开发署哈瓦那办事处合作。 它就联合国主办的各种活动进行了筹备和后续工作,并与古巴境内其他非政府组织(其中一些已经具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位)合作,为国家一级的项目和行动拟订具体建议。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2008", "• 可持续发展委员会第十六届会议(5月5日至16日,纽约)", "• 环境署拉丁美洲和加勒比民间社会首脑会议,筹备第十届全球民间社会论坛(布宜诺斯艾利斯)", "• 促进科学研究国家讲习班,由教科文组织主办(古巴)", "二. 支助 人居署主办的拉丁美洲和加勒比城市农业公共政策经验交流(厄瓜多尔)", "• 为八个脆弱社区(厄瓜多尔埃斯梅拉达)的代表筹备和举办讲习班", "• 与人居署和建筑学会建筑师和工程师全国联合会共同主办主题为“古巴的气候变化挑战:建筑和飓风,2008年的经验”的技术讲习班和圆桌会议(古巴,12月)", "2009", "• 促进古巴非政府组织之间进行对话并结成联盟以更好地执行国际项目的讲习班,由开发计划署共同举办(古巴,2月23日)", "人民论坛,第十五次缔约国会议(12月,哥本哈根)", "2010", "• 申请成为在环境规划署理事会具有咨商地位的成员", "• 环境规划署拉丁美洲和加勒比民间社会协商会(墨西哥科苏梅尔)", "• “气候变化与妇女”,与人居署共同主办(古巴)", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织一直与开发署哈瓦那区域办事处密切合作,实施下列项目:", "• “安东尼奥·努涅斯·希门尼斯档案数字化”,由教科文组织区域办事处和古巴国家委员会供资", "• “古巴妇女开发的气候变化适应和风险管理”,由COSUDE资助,与人居署共同实施", "• “城市风险管理,一项适应气候变化的战略”,由加拿大驻古巴大使馆地方倡议基金供资,由人居署执行", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "本组织注重环境教育工作,这项工作由两项千年发展目标组成,重点是环境护理和教育,如可持续消费、地史研究、遗产保护和地方可持续发展等。 该组织环境教育和生物多样性保护方案的总目标是促进在古巴社会创造一种环境文化,这种文化建立在可持续的基础上并与环境相协调,目的是有利于保护生物多样性和脆弱的生态系统。", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。", "12个 日内瓦国际 模拟联合国", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "日内瓦国际 模拟联合国是一个完全由学生管理、总部设在日内瓦的非政府组织。 该组织还通过其在美国的分会活跃在纽约.", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织的任务是通过组织各种使学生熟悉联合国的教育活动,在青年人,特别是学生中宣传联合国的价值观和原则。", "本组织的重大变化", "对宪法的重要修正包括设立一个咨询委员会,以便更好地转让知识。 本组织于2010年获得日内瓦大学的认可,并与日内瓦市和州建立了关系,从而为未来的合作和供资机会提供了空间。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "日内瓦国际模拟联合国组织的所有活动都与联合国的议程有关,可分为以下几类:模拟、研讨会和教育访问。 在模拟活动,如年度会议期间,学生通过发挥外交官和联合国秘书处代表的作用,了解联合国的运作情况。 重要的会议支持人道主义干预(2009年)、人的安全(2010年)和妇女与发展(2011年)等主题。 本组织还为全球人道主义论坛的首届青年论坛和模拟联合国协会(2009年)举办了《联合国气候变化框架公约》模拟会,并为大会和安全理事会各届会议(2010-2011年)举办了为期半年的模拟会。 本组织举办了各种研讨会,使学生能够与同伴、联合国官员和学术界互动。 它们使学生有机会就有关联合国的问题发表意见。 以往的活动包括每年纪念《联合国宪章》在联合国日(2008年、2009年、2010年)生效,以及一次为期三天的国际青年年(2011年)青年的期望和建议会议,主题是“青年观点:二十一世纪的教育”。 本组织还安排教育访问,让学生观察和了解联合国在纽约和日内瓦的工作(2009年、2010年、2011年)及其在黎巴嫩(2009年)和肯尼亚(2011年)的实地机构。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "在国际青年年之际,日内瓦国际模拟联合国目前正在组织一次会外活动,介绍2011年7月在日内瓦举行的经济及社会理事会高级别部分的成果。 该活动题为“青年的观点:二十一世纪的教育”。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织在其年度工作方案中的若干活动和联合国主办的活动中与联合国进行了合作。 纪念《联合国宪章》生效的年度活动是与非政府组织联络处和联合国日内瓦办事处总干事合作举办的。 其他合作努力包括筹备并推广训研所组织的“日内瓦系列讲座:人权是否普遍?” 第二版(2008年)。 2009年,本组织为新闻部全球模拟联合国项目举办了一次社会会外活动。 本组织还与联合国救济和工程处和教科文组织协调并协作,于2009年对黎巴嫩进行了考察访问,2011年与人居署协调并协作在肯尼亚进行了住房权考察访问。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "本组织努力通过其年度活动方案提高对千年发展目标的认识,并鼓励就特别影响到青年人的目标交换意见。 模拟2009年《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方会议讨论了环境可持续性问题,向与会者介绍了国家适应行动方案项目。 2010年纪念《联合国宪章》生效的活动涉及青年失业、与性别有关的文盲和阻止艾滋病毒/艾滋病的蔓延。 其2011年活动支持“妇女与发展:促进以性别均衡的方式对待发展道德”;2011年青年观点会议讨论了教育的关键方面,特别是普及教育、两性平等、公民身份和融合。", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。", "13个 埃莱吉达信息小组", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "Elegida信息小组是一个在墨西哥工作的非营利非政府组织。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织的使命是在人权框架内促进承认、尊重和捍卫生殖权利,特别是堕胎权,维护妇女的自由选择。 本组织以政府三个部门的决策者和政府官员以及舆论领袖和媒体为对象。", "本组织的重大变化", "没有变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织参加了人权高专办最初于2003年编写的《墨西哥人权状况国家诊断》的更新工作。 该组织还参与监督国家人权委员会新理事会成员的选举,与参议院委员会合作制定基本透明度和公民参与标准,如公开听证。 本组织是墨西哥城人权方案监测和评价机构的成员,还参加了卫生部服务提供者研讨会,一名工作人员律师向400多名保健专业人员的听众介绍了人权和生殖权利方面的信息。 该小组是专门从事妇女权利工作的唯一组织。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007", "妇女地位委员会第五十一届会议", "2008", "妇女地位委员会第五十二届会议", "2009", "• 人口与发展委员会第四十二届会议", "• 行动伙伴会议(9月2日至4日,柏林)", "• 执行国际人口与发展会议方案的进展和关键行动(10月7日和8日,圣地亚哥)", "2010", "• 人权事务委员会第九十八届会议(3月8日和9日,纽约)", "• 妇女地位委员会第五十四届会议(3月1日至12日,纽约)", "• 2010年妇女交付会议,以推进千年发展目标中改善产妇保健的目标5(6月7日至9日,华盛顿特区)", "• 全球卫生理事会全球卫生、目标和衡量标准年度会议(6月14日至18日,华盛顿特区)", "二. 支助 世界青年会议(8月23日至27日,墨西哥瓜纳华托)", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织在2009年对墨西哥进行普遍定期审议时向人权理事会发送了信息。 本组织还在与民间社会组织磋商期间向人人有权享有能达到的最高标准身心健康问题特别报告员提供了资料。 该组织请特别报告员就墨西哥政府因国家一级宪法修正案而侵犯妇女人权的问题发表评论(危地马拉市,2010年)。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "本组织是导致2007年墨西哥城堕胎非刑罪化进程中的一个关键行为体。 本组织一直参与安全堕胎服务的制度化和培训关键人员,以便提供高质量的服务,这是对目标5的一项重大贡献。 2008年,本组织参加了一项国际倡议,以建立妇女保健宣传能力,称为 \" 与妇女一起争取性权利和生殖权利与健康新时代的发展选择 \" (千年发展目标),该倡议评估和监测千年发展目标的执行情况,重点是性健康和生殖健康及权利政策。", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。", "14个 香港社会服务理事会", "特别咨商地位,2003年", "导言", "香港社会服务会是一个由370多名成员组成的伞式组织,通过中国香港全地3000个服务单位提供90%以上的社会福利服务.", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "该组织代表致力于维持和发展香港社会福利的非政府福利机构. 该理事会的目标是通过加强社会福利服务机构的问责制来同其成员机构一起促进社会福利的发展;促进改善社会福利服务;促进各机构更好地为社区服务;倡导平等、正义、社会融合和关爱社会;促进地方福利部门成为国际社会优秀典范。", "本组织的重大变化", "没有变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织继续与联合国系统及其合作伙伴合作,在该区域推动国际公约,支持当地非政府组织满足香港社会的社会服务需要。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织代表出席了:", "• 社会发展委员会第四十五届会议(2007年2月7日至16日,纽约)", "• 第三次因特网治理论坛(2008年12月3日至6日,印度海得拉巴德)", "• 社会发展委员会第四十七届会议(2009年2月4日至13日,纽约)", "• 第十二届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会(2010年4月12日至19日,巴西萨尔瓦多)", "与联合国机构的合作", "• 与国际社会工作学校协会、国际社会福利理事会、国际社会工作者联合会和香港其他七个当地东道主共同主办了“2010年社会工作与社会发展问题世界联席会议:议程”。 联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署应邀举办了一次讲习班,宣传《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》。", "• 协助香港根据《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》编写第三次报告,该报告已提交给经济、社会和文化权利委员会。", "二. 支助 提交了一份民事报告,汇编了福利部门和服务用户对香港人权条约执行情况的看法和关切。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "理事会就以下方面采取了重大行动:", "目标1。", "二. 支助 纪念了消除贫穷国际日,于2008年10月16日举办了主题为“从政策演讲到未来减贫道路”的论坛;于2009年10月16日举办了关于帮助低收入家庭学生入学的研讨会和开书仪式;于2010年10月15日举办了主题为“政策是否有效解决了贫穷问题?” 的论坛。", "• 在2007至2010年向香港行政长官提交的年度呈件中,就加强减贫问题开展了宣传工作。", "• 向前贫穷问题委员会提交关于设立儿童发展基金的建议和文件,以支持处境不利儿童的长期发展。", "• 2007至2010年就贫穷问题进行了12个研究/咨询研究和9个研讨会/论坛。", "• 与公司合作,协调向贫穷家庭提供再生/翻新的计算机和宽带服务。", "目标3。", "举行了妇女和女童状况统计概况协商会议(2010年10月7日,香港)。", "目标4。", "二. 支助 2007年6月和7月举办了关于“儿童死亡审查与儿童保护”主题的重点小组和讨论论坛", "二. 支助 提交了一份关于殴打者干预方案和儿童死亡审查的论文", "二. 支助 2007年7月13日举行了一次关于儿童死亡审查试点项目的研讨会", "目标8。", "2010年6月10日至14日与3个国际组织和7个地方组织共同举办了2010年社会工作与社会发展世界联席会议。", "补充资料", "本组织促进人权的活动包括促进和宣传反对种族歧视和促进残疾人融入社会。", "15. 国际自由妇女网络", "特别咨商地位,2003年", "导言", "没有变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "国际自由妇女网络旨在促进全世界民主思想,重点是国家和国际两级。 它认为,男女在所有决策进程中的平等代表性对于这一发展至关重要。 它还旨在打击一切阻碍妇女以正式公民身份参与的性别歧视做法,无论其表现形式如何,无论是身体、公民、经济还是法律。 本组织坚决支持联合国和经济及社会理事会的目标,并努力促进各国通过和执行旨在保护和促进全世界妇女地位的联合国公约。", "本组织的重大变化", "本组织成员地域分配增加。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "一名组织代表出席了:", "2007", "* 妇女对社会的贡献研讨会(西班牙巴塞罗那,1月26日至27日)", "欧洲妇女游说团大会(10月25-29日,保加利亚博罗维茨和萨莫科夫)", "• 贩卖人口问题研讨会(11月16日,德国汉堡)", "• 加强网络和打击贩运人口研讨会(中国台湾省,12月8日)", "2008", "主题为“非暴力社会,克服冲突”的会议和关于妇女参与和平进程的圆桌会议(5月17日,北爱尔兰贝尔法斯特)。", "2009", "• 人权与民主问题会议(1月25日,法国斯特拉斯堡)", "二. 支助 二十一世纪妇女与教育问题圆桌会议(10月30日,开罗)", "2010", "二. 支助 关于支持民主力量和促进人权的会议(6月11日,柏林)", "• 关于“非洲昨天、今天和明天”主题的讨论会(11月13日,南非开普敦)", "参加联合国会议的情况", "该组织提交了下列书面和(或)口头声明:", "2007", "在妇女地位委员会第五十一届会议上(2月26日至3月9日,纽约):“消除对女童的一切形式歧视和暴力”和“女童和男童因和平而丧生并被迫发动战争”。", "2008", "妇女地位委员会第五十二届会议(2月25日至3月7日,纽约): \" 妇女平等参与预防、管理和解决冲突以及冲突后建设和平 \" 和 \" 非政府组织为两性平等筹资 \" 。", "2009", "妇女地位委员会第五十三届会议(3月2日至13日,纽约): “妇女和男子平等参与各级决策进程”。", "2010", "在妇女地位委员会第五十四届会议上(3月1日至12日,纽约):“对《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》(1995年)和大会第二十三届特别会议成果的执行情况,特别是武装冲突中的妇女、教育、保健、暴力、女童和对决策进程的参与情况进行15年审查”和“民间社会对《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》以及千年发展目标的实际成就的认识”。", "与联合国机构的合作", "无资料。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "本组织的活动主要集中于关于妇女人权、两性平等、妇女参与决策、赋予妇女权力、普及教育、特别是妇女和女孩的教育以及适当的妇女保健方案的社会宣传运动。 代表们协助教科文组织荷兰中心,该中心是西非的一个教育资源中心。 在农村地区的这些中心,千年发展目标被提请当地人民注意。 本组织代表参加了本国妇女节(3月8日)的活动、与安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议有关的方案以及千年发展目标方案和倡议。", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。" ]

[ "Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations", "2012 regular session", "30 January-8 February, and 17 February 2012", "Quadrennial reports for the period 2007-2010 submitted by non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council through the Secretary-General pursuant to Council resolution 1996/31", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Contents", "Page\n1. ActionAid 22.Join 4 Together \nSociety 3. L’auravetl’an 6 Information and Education Network of Indigenous \nPeople 4. Legal 8 Service \nCoalition 5.Liberal 10 \nInternational 6.Life 13 Ethics Educational \nAssociation 7.Mayors 15 for \nPeace 8. Mbutu 16 Agriculture \nSociety 9. Mediterranean 18 Women’s Studies \nCentre 10.National 20 Council of Negro \nWomen 11. Sahara 22 for Life \nTrust 12.Salesian 24 \nMissions 13. Socialist 26 International \nWomen 14.Special 28 Olympics \nInternational 15. Syriac 30 Universal \nAlliance", "1. ActionAid", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "ActionAid will launch a new strategy to be implemented from 2012 to 2016. The two-tier governance structure adopted to implement its mission and objectives includes an assembly consisting of affiliate and associate members who are responsible for the strategic governance of ActionAid, and an international board consisting of independent members elected by the assembly and responsible for ongoing and effective decision-making and oversight of the secretariat.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "In 2010, the organization successfully concluded involvement in the Women Won’t Wait coalition. Its leadership was formally recognized at the XVIII International AIDS Conference entitled “Rights Here, Right Now” hosted in Vienna from 18 to 23 July 2010.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Participated/attended", "• Doha Global Civil Society Forum, held in Doha on 26 and 27 November 2008, and the Follow-up International Conference on Financing for Development to Review the Implementation of the Monterrey Consensus, held from 29 November to 2 December 2008", "• United Nations Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development in New York in June 2009", "• United Nations High-level Conference on South-South Cooperation in Nairobi from 1 to 3 December 2009", "• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development held in Geneva in May 2010", "• Fifty-third, fifty-fourth and fifty-fifth sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women in New York", "• Economic and Social Council high-level segment held in Geneva from 4 to 8 July 2011, where representatives of the organization’s international education team and HIV/AIDS team submitted a written statement", "Organized", "The organization held three parallel events on unpaid care work, comprehensive sexuality education and violence against girls in school.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "ActionAid continues to cooperate with United Nations bodies and specialized agencies in the fields of education, food security and sovereignty, emergencies and conflict, women’s rights and HIV and AIDS by preparing and contributing to research papers and studies and jointly sponsoring meetings. It also conducts humanitarian activities and donor-funded operational projects by working with independent United Nations agencies such as the United Nations Development Fund for Women, the United Nations Democracy Fund, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the United Nations Children’s Fund, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the United Nations Population Fund, the United Nations Development Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Food Programme.", "ActionAid jointly hosted activities and events with independent United Nations agencies, including:", "• United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative. In collaboration with the Institute of Education, University of London, ActionAid provided technical assistance and research input into United Nations-related products and materials.", "• Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). In collaboration with Marie Stopes (Sierra Leone branch), ActionAid contributed to the call by OHCHR for input on good and effective practices in adopting a human rights-based approach to eliminating maternal mortality and morbidity.", "• UNAIDS. ActionAid manages the UNAIDS technical support facility for South Asia based in Kathmandu.", "• Committee on World Food Security. ActionAid, in collaboration with the Governance Working Group of the International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty and Oxfam International, submitted a proposal at the thirty-sixth session of the Committee on World Food Security held in Rome from 11 to 14 and 16 October 2010, and worked closely with the Human Rights Council by engaging with special procedure candidates.", "• Special Rapporteur on the right to education.", "• Special Rapporteur on the right to food.", "• Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "At the General Assembly session in September 2007, ActionAid launched a five-year campaign called HungerFREE that focuses on Goal 1 of the Millennium Development Goals. Since then ActionAid has developed various resources, including the report entitled “Who’s really fighting hunger?”, which was launched on 14 September 2010 in New York ahead of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals.", "From 20 to 22 September 2010, ActionAid participated in that meeting and participated as a representative of civil society at round table 1.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "2. Join Together Society", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Join Together Society has been actively providing humanitarian support in its commitment to ending world hunger, disease and illiteracy, and has been providing emergency relief in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Sri Lanka.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Unfortunately, the Society was unable to participate in any meetings of the United Nations from 2007 to 2010.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the Society provided food aid to Haiti under the coordination of United Nations peacekeeping forces in March 2010. The food aid totalled 45 tons of rice, 4.5 tons of beans and 7,570 litres of cooking oil.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger", "The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2007-2010). The organization supplied foods to vulnerable people in North Hamkyung and South Pyongan provinces and provided 150 tons of corn, 100 tons of rice, 3,290 tons of flour, 495 tons of noodles and 3.75 tons of potatoes.", "India. Under the “goat bank” project, the organization has supplied 518 goats to 256 households in Dungeshwari since 2009.", "Sri Lanka (2008-2010). In collaboration with the Sewalanka Foundation, the organization restored an agricultural reservoir and 28 drinking and agricultural wells in Anuradhapura. The Society also distributed seeds, fertilizer, chickens and cows.", "Indonesia (2009). The organization provided 25,880 kg of rice, 300 tents and 308 sets of kitchen appliances to 1,371 households in eight areas of West Sumatra that suffered from an earthquake.", "Achieve universal primary education", "The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2009). The organization provided school supplies to 12 schools (55,020 notepads, 107,136 pens and 5,288 school bags).", "India. The Society has been running Sujata Academy in Dungeshwari. Some 869 children have completed elementary school education at the academy as at December 2010.", "Philippines. The organization built 13 schools in Midanao and provided school supplies to 6,491 students.", "Cambodia (2009-2010). The Society built seven schools and provided school supplies to 1,034 students in Kouk Krasang, Kouk Rovieng, Thmor Teuk Dach and Pachon Thum tun Krah Ta Veaeng Leu.", "Indonesia (2009). The organization provided 1,260 students with 519 school uniforms, 700 school bags, and 1,307 sets of school supplies in West Sumatra after an earthquake.", "Haiti (2010). The organization restored five schools in five villages in the area of Leogane, which had been destroyed by an earthquake.", "Promote gender equality and empower women", "India. The organization established an elementary school and provided free education to 50,869 students as at December 2010, including 486 boys (55.9 per cent) and 383 girls (44.1 per cent).", "Reduce child mortality rates", "The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The society provided 53 orphanages and institutions for disabled children with basic nutritional foods (soy milk, 719,424 litres; powdered milk, 67 tons; powdered seaweed soup, 25 tons; nourishing food, 20 tons).", "India. Using standards set by the World Health Organization, Jivaka Hospital at Dungeswari conducted a survey of 1,210 children under age 5 and found that 14.4 per cent were underweight. The Society provided nutritious foods to 764 underweight children, and Jivaka Hospital has been providing free vaccinations against tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles and hepatitis A for infants.", "Improve maternal health", "India. Since 2007, Jivaka Hospital has provided the family planning education programme for Dungeswari. As part of the programme, 25 residents underwent a free family planning operation on 22 December 2009. Since 2009, the Society has been providing nutritional supplements to mothers and iron to pregnant women.", "Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases", "India. The organization first started its tuberculosis elimination project in Dungeswari in November 2001, and Javika Hospital adopted the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in June 2008. Since then, the average duration of medical treatment has been reduced from 21 months to 6 months.", "Ensure environmental sustainability", "India. The organization constructed 33 wells and hand-powered water pumps in Dungeswari.", "Philippines. The Society constructed 12 drinking wells throughout Mindanao.", "Cambodia. The Society constructed two wells in Kouk Krasang and Kouk Vieng.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "3. L’auravetl’an Information and Education Network of Indigenous People", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "L’auravetl’an Information and Education Network of Indigenous Peoples is a national umbrella organization that represents more than 20 indigenous communities of Siberia and the north and far east areas of the Russian Federation.", "Aims and purposes of the organization and its main course of action", "The main aims of the organization are to improve the abilities of these indigenous communities to participate more actively and to create a mechanism that lets indigenous communities communicate with the outer world and with each other.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization monitored all regular and special sessions of the General Assembly, annual sessions of the Economic and Social Council and its subsidiary bodies, and other bodies that focused on indigenous issues. During United Nations-sponsored meetings, organization representatives made 18 written and oral statements, as well as 3 joint statements.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2007", "• Sixtieth Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference.", "• Informal interactive hearing with representatives of civil society on interreligious and intercultural understanding and cooperation for peace (New York, 4 and 5 October)", "• Informal meeting to discuss the most appropriate mechanisms to continue the work of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations (Geneva, 6 and 7 December)", "The organization also held a series of educational conferences aimed at representatives of indigenous peoples’ organizations, academia and United Nations agencies, including the following:", "• Seminar on the theme “Traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples”, which took place during the sixth session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues", "• Workshop on traditional knowledge, which was organized during the sixtieth Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference.", "2008", "The organization participated in the seventy-third session of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (Geneva, 27 July to 15 August).", "2009", "The organization participated in the Durban Review Conference (Geneva, 20 to 24 April). Together with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the organization prepared and presented a booklet entitled “Traditional knowledge and indigenous peoples” at the eighth session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (New York, 27 May).", "2007 and 2010", "The organization participated in the Russian linguistic component of the Indigenous Fellowship Programme held in Moscow in October 2007 and November 2010, and in Geneva in November 2007 and from November to December 2010.", "2007 to 2009", "The organization participated in the sixth, seventh and eighth sessions of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues held in New York.", "2008 to 2010", "The organization participated in the thirteenth, fourteenth and seventeenth sessions of the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore held in Geneva.", "2008 and 2010", "The organization participated in the first and third sessions of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples held in Geneva.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "2008", "The organization collaborated with WIPO to issue the booklet entitled “Traditional knowledge and indigenous peoples” in English and Russian.", "2009", "Together with OHCHR, the organization began implementation of a project on the translation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights into 10 indigenous languages of the Russian Federation (Veps, Karelian, Nganasan, Nenets, Shorian, Evenk, Altaian, Yakut, Khakas and Tuvinian). The organization, in collaboration with WIPO, also held an international seminar on the theme “Traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples: issues of preservation and legal protection, international and national aspects” for representatives of indigenous communities of Siberia and the north and far east areas of the Russian Federation on 22 and 23 October.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization supports the Millennium Development Goals through legal campaigns and educational seminars for indigenous representatives on the provision of their rights to access land and natural resources. For the period 2007-2010, the organization held 16 three-week legal trainings and 32 seminars devoted to the issues of the provision of indigenous peoples’ rights to land, water and forest resources.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "4. Legal Service Coalition", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Legal Service Coalition is dedicated to the promotion and protection of human rights by raising public sensitivity; by advocating at local, national, and international levels; and by strengthening the Coalition member organizations.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The Coalition produced and adopted a new quadrennial strategic plan for the period 2010-2013.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Over the past four years, the Coalition and its member organizations focused on the promotion and protection of human rights of marginalized groups, especially displaced persons (refugees, returnees, internally displaced persons) and persons belonging to national minorities. A new law on free legal aid was adopted in Croatia in 2008, and six out of the current nine member organizations of the Coalition registered as free legal aid providers in accordance with the law. They continued providing free legal aid to all those in need.", "The focus of the most important projects of the Coalition implemented in the past four years included:", "• Role and possibilities of modern technology in promoting and protecting human rights", "• Promotion and protection of human rights", "• Promotion of European values against racism and xenophobia at the local and regional levels", "• Minority rights in south-eastern Europe, including a national action plan for Croatia for the period from 2007-2008", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2008", "• The Executive Director of the Coalition for Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Osijek participated at the sixty-first Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, held in Paris from 3 to 5 September.", "• The Coalition participated in a conference on the theme “Reaffirming human rights for all: the Universal Declaration at 60” held in Paris from 3 to 5 September, organized by the Executive Committee of Non-Governmental Organizations, associated with the Department of Public Information, UNESCO, OHCHR and France.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• The organization collaborated with the Representation Office in Croatia of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the Croatian Ministry of Justice, the Centre for Human Rights and the Coalition for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights to organize an international conference on the theme “Access to justice: one year of experience in applying the law on free legal aid”, held in Zagreb on 26 July 2010.", "• In April 2010, the Coalition was part of an ad hoc coalition of civil society organizations that participated in the universal periodic review. The ad hoc coalition held several working meetings in order to thoroughly review and report on the state and protection of human rights in Croatia. Its goal was to highlight the most striking human rights violations and provide recommendations as to how the present situation could and should be improved.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• The Coalition organized numerous events in several cities and towns in Croatia on the occasions of World Refugee Day, International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, International Day against Fascism and Anti-Semitism, and Human Rights Day", "• The Coalition published relevant statements on its official website, in its printed media and in its broadcasts on local and national electronic media", "• Coalition representatives participated in television shows and spoke about problems facing refugees and minorities, and about the general state of human rights in Croatia", "• On the occasion of World Refugee Day 2010, the Coalition initiated humanitarian action to help returnees and refugees in two regions in Croatia; however, only one company responded and provided chocolate and candy packages for returnee families with small children", "Additional information", "Since April 2008, the Coalition has been a member of the European Non‑governmental Organization for Relief and Development working group on enlargement, pre-accession and neighbourhood issues.", "5. Liberal International", "General, 1995", "Introduction", "Liberal International is a world federation of liberal political parties that acts as an international forum where governing and opposition parties meet to exchange ideas and foster dialogue, consultation and inspiration for the creation, deepening and consolidation of (liberal) democracy.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "Hans Van Baleen, Member of European Parliament, succeeded Lord Alderdice as the new President of the organization.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "2007", "• Conducted a human rights workshop on the theme of “Security and human rights” in Cancun, Mexico, 30 April", "• Held a human rights conference in Taipei, Taiwan Province of China, 26 to 29 September", "• Held a human rights conference on the theme of “Strengthening Networks and Combating Human Trafficking” in Taipei, 7 to 10 December", "2008", "• Presented special reports on child soldiers in the context of the organization’s human rights committee at the fifty-sixth Liberal International Congress held in Belfast, Northern Ireland, 15 to 17 May", "• Adopted resolutions on the current global situation and on the prohibition of persecution and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, freedom of speech, climate change, food prices, overcoming conflict and the global population crisis at the fifty-sixth Liberal International Congress held in Belfast, Northern Ireland, 15 to 17 May", "2009", "• Adopted resolutions on issues such as the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, the violence in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, ending sexual exploitation and abuse in the world and the importance of human rights to democracy at the organization’s Executive Committee meeting on the theme “The impact of the global economic crisis on democracy and human rights”, held in Strasbourg, France, on 25 January", "• Adopted resolutions on the rights of women in Afghanistan and the situation in Kosovo and the Republic of Moldova at the organization’s Executive Committee meeting on the theme “Strengthening the liberal agenda” held in Vancouver, Canada, from 1 to 3 May", "• Adopted resolutions on the current global situation and other national and regional issues at the fifty-seventh Liberal International Congress, held in Cairo from 29 to 31 October", "2010", "• Visited Chisinau to review the human rights situation in the country from 15 to 17 February", "• Co-organized the Geneva Summit for Human Resources, Tolerance and Democracy, held in Geneva on 8 and 9 March, through its youth organization, the International Federation of Liberal Youth", "• Held a panel discussion on the theme “Human rights and women’s participation” at the organization’s Executive Committee meeting held in Berlin from 11 to 13 June", "• Adopted resolutions and promoted decentralization in Africa at the organization’s Executive Committee meeting held in Cape Town, South Africa, on 13 and 14 November", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2007", "Human Rights Council meeting, Geneva, 27 to 29 March", "2008", "Sixty-first United Nations Department of Public Information Conference for Non‑governmental Organizations, Paris, 3 to 5 September", "2009", "• Fourth session of the Working Group of the Universal Periodic Review, Geneva, 2 to 13 February", "• Tenth session of the Human Rights Council, Geneva, 2 to 27 March", "• Meeting with OHCHR, Geneva, 17 June", "• Twelfth session of the UNHRC, Geneva, 14 September to 2 October; a written statement was submitted to UNHRC", "• Sixty-second Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, Mexico City, 9 to 11 September", "2010", "• Thirteenth session of UNHRC, Geneva, 10 March", "• Regular session of the Committee on Non-governmental Organizations of the Economic and Social Council, New York, 4 June", "• General debate session of the Third Committee of the General Assembly, New York, 28 October", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "2008-2009", "Meetings of the organization’s Secretary-General with United Nations General Assembly President Srdjan Kerim", "2009-2010", "• Accreditation of Deputy President to the United Nations in New York", "• Accreditation of Human Rights Committee Deputy Chairman to the United Nations in Geneva", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• Awarding of the organization’s “Prize for Freedom”, presented every year to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the promotion of freedom and human rights", "• The organization published a book entitled Defining Liberty: A Look at the First 25 Years of the Liberal International Prize for Freedom (2009), which includes speeches by Prize for Freedom laureates from 1985-2009", "• The organization issues a special human rights newsletter on a regular basis, raising awareness about human rights violations and promoting equal rights for all. One issue in 2008 of the magazine Liberal Matters was dedicated to democratic transition and human rights, coinciding with the sixtieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights", "Additional information", "Member parties are represented in parliaments and governments around the world, giving the organization the potential to directly impact the creation and implementation of important international policies, as well as diplomatic activities.", "6. Life Ethics Educational Association", "Special, 1999", "Introduction", "The Life Ethics Educational Association is a non-governmental organization based in Canada dedicated to raising public awareness of “right to life” issues, particularly before birth and at the end of life.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization seeks to advocate for the preborn, the disabled, the infirm and the elderly by promoting respect for all human life from fertilization to natural death by fostering and promoting public understanding in and knowledge of life issues, including, but not limited to, foetal development, abortion, new reproductive technologies, adoption, palliative care, euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, human experimentation, post-abortion syndrome and chastity/abstinence education.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization’s main representative relocated to New York, which has greatly facilitated its ability to participate in United Nations meetings and make connections with other non-governmental organizations accredited by the Economic and Social Council.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "In addition to participating at United Nations meetings, the organization has partnered with other non-governmental organizations accredited by the Economic and Social Council to help organize events for the broader United Nations community. The organization’s representatives have also spoken at panels and side events hosted by other organizations during conferences such as the Commission on the Status of Women. On 15 September 2010, the organization partnered with other non-governmental organizations, such as Focus on the Family and Matercare International, and the Permanent Missions of the Philippines and Malawi to the United Nations to convene a panel of experts to discuss Goal 5 of the Millennium Development Goals and maternal health.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2007", "• Commission on the Status of Women, 26 February to 9 March", "• Commission on Population and Development, 9 to 13 April", "2008", "• Commission for Social Development, 6 to 15 February", "• Commission on the Status of Women, 25 February to 7 March", "• Commission on Population and Development, 7 to 11 April", "• United Nations High-level Meeting on HIV/AIDS, 8 to 10 June", "• Commission for Social Development, 6 to 15 February", "• Women Deliver Conference, 18 to 20 October 2007", "2009", "• Commission on the Status of Women, 2 to 13 March", "• Commission on Population and Development, 30 March to 3 April", "2010", "• Commission on Social Development, 3 to 12 February", "• Commission on the Status of Women, 1 to 12 March", "• Commission on Population and Development, 12 to 16 April", "• High-level Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, 20 to 22 September", "• World Youth Conference, 24 to 27 August 2010.", "• Women Deliver Conference, 7 to 9 June 2010", "In preparation for the United Nations Year of Youth, the organization has been actively working to inform its younger constituents through talks and seminars.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Not applicable.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Association was a host and organizer of an event in September 2010 regarding Goal 5 on improving maternal health. The organization believes it is important to educate young people on the work of the United Nations, particularly in regard to Goals 2, 3, 4 and 5, by organizing training sessions for its volunteers prior to participation in United Nations meetings so that they can actively discuss and engage with other representatives of non-governmental organizations, United Nations personnel and country representatives. From 2007 to 2010, the organization trained more than 100 young volunteers who then attended United Nations conferences as its representatives.", "7. Mayors for Peace", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "In August 1945, single atomic bombs destroyed the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and took hundreds of thousands of lives. Many survivors still suffer today, more than sixty-five years later, from the physical and emotional after-effects of radiation. To ensure that the atomic tragedy is never repeated anywhere on Earth, Hiroshima and Nagasaki have consistently sought to persuade the world that nuclear weapons are illegal, immoral and must be completely eliminated. On 24 June 1982, at the second special session on disarmament held at United Nations Headquarters in New York, then-mayor of Hiroshima Takeshi Araki announced a programme to promote the solidarity of cities towards the total abolition of nuclear weapons — a plan to build transnational solidarity among cities to facilitate collective efforts toward the elimination of nuclear weapons. The mayors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki issued a joint call to cities everywhere to support this programme. Mayors for Peace is a conference of cities that have formally expressed support for the programme described above. In March 1990, Mayors for Peace was registered as a non‑governmental organization with the Department of Public Information.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Mayors for Peace raises international public awareness on the abolition of nuclear weapons, but also works to alleviate starvation and poverty, assist refugees fleeing local conflict, support human rights and protect the environment so that it can contribute to the realization of lasting world peace. Mayors for Peace has been focusing recently on the total elimination of nuclear weapons. These inhumane, illegal weapons threaten the very existence of human beings. Since 2003, the organization has been promoting its 2020 Vision, an emergency campaign to ban nuclear weapons by 2020. Together with cities, citizens and non-governmental organizations around the world, Mayors for Peace has developed numerous activities, most recently a petition drive calling for the prompt commencement of negotiations for a nuclear weapons convention.", "Significant changes in the organization", "By promoting the 2020 Vision Campaign and the disarmament goal of 2020, the organization has grown from 1,500 cities in 2007 to nearly 4,400 cities in 2010. This growth requires a strengthening of the network and the methods of communication among its member cities. The final document adopted at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) held in May mentioned the nuclear weapons convention for the first time in the history of the conference. Based on this outcome, the organization held a conference in Hiroshima for the total abolition of nuclear weapons by 2020 and adopted the Hiroshima Appeal, a new set of campaign guidelines, including the appeal to start negotiations on the nuclear weapons convention.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The first resolution of the General Assembly of the United Nations was about nuclear disarmament. Through our members, our staff and our allies in non‑governmental organization, the organization is spreading the word about nuclear disarmament to all corners of the globe.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization participated in preparatory committee meetings, held in 2007, 2008 and 2009, for the NPT Review Conference with a mayoral delegation of member mayors and allied partners. The organization also participated in the 2010 NPT Review Conference in New York with 89 representatives from 30 member cities in 10 countries. Mayors for Peace also attended the sixty-second Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, held in Mexico City in 2009. The organization’s staff attends numerous meetings at the United Nations in New York, Geneva and Vienna.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Mayors for Peace maintains close communication with the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs and the Non-Governmental Committee on Disarmament, Peace and Security and does its best to coordinate all its activities with the Office. In July 2010, the organization brought a senior political affairs officer of the Office for Disarmament Affairs to Hiroshima to speak at the Hiroshima Conference. The organization’s 1 million petition forms with signatures calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons have been on display at United Nations Headquarters since March 2011.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Mayors for Peace is the fastest growing and possibly the largest international association of municipalities in the world. It is bringing cities together in partnership initially for the elimination of nuclear weapons, but ultimately the organization believes it is making a substantial contribution to the goal of global partnership.", "8. Mbutu Agriculture Society", "Special, 1999", "Introduction", "Mbutu Agricultural Society was founded in January 1993 as a non-governmental, non-political and non-religious organization.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization has expanded to national and international levels with the cooperation of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Food Programme, Sustainability Education and Ecological Design International, Project AWARE United Kingdom, the Organic Crop Improvement Association International, the United States Agency for International Development and local universities such as Ardhi University and Dar Es Salaam University College of Education.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "2009", "• The organization conducted a project targeting land-use conservation for horticulture and paddy growers along Ruvu River at Mlandizi Division, Kibaha District, Pwani Region", "• The Society conducted a project on controlling land degradation by raising awareness of the problem to peasants living within the Kilombero and Rumemo river basins in Ifakara Ward, Kilombero District, Morogoro Region (July to October)", "• The organization conducted a project that focused on aquatic conservation practices among small farmers cultivating paddy within the Ruvu river valley, Mlandizi Division, Kibaha District, Pwani Region", "2010", "The Society conducted a tree-planting project along Nyerere road in Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization attended the Fifth African Population Conference held in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania, from 10 to 14 December 2007.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In 2008, the Chief Executive Officer of the Society received an invitation and full sponsorship from the UNDP United Republic of Tanzania office to attend the Sullivan Summit held in Arusha from 2 to 6 May 2008. The Summit brought together African and American entrepreneurs and investors in the infrastructure, tourism and environment sectors to meet the development needs of the United Republic of Tanzania and Africa, and reached out to Asia as a source of strategic partnerships and investment-generating opportunities.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases", "Supported out-of-school youth in gender-sensitive sexual reproductive health and HIV/AIDS education:", "• Established 120 health clubs, 8 theatre groups and 15 competitions in different school settings at Tuangoma and Changombe (Temeke District) and Mbamba Bay Ward (Mbinga District) in Ruvuma Region", "• Identified and trained 120 out-of-school youths to become peer educators for their fellow students and pupils", "• Trained 200 out-of-school youths on life skills and HIV education using peer educators", "The organization educated 38 sex workers and imparted knowledge to negotiate safer sex, such as using condoms, and trained 120 men to promote life skills and responsible behaviour in sexual and family relations. The organization also solicited funds to buy 12 cartons of condoms and distribute them to groups within the community.", "The organization identified 36 drug users/abusers and developed a strategy on responding to the abuse. Eleven abusers have terminated their behaviour and are undergoing treatment therapy and rehabilitation.", "The organization worked with the communities of Tabata and Kimara on environmental sanitation within their surroundings to decrease breeding sites for mosquitoes, reaching a total of 200 households. The organization created fact-sheets on the importance of using insecticide-treated mosquito nets and going to the health unit for early diagnosis and treatment.", "Additional information", "In all its activities between 2008 and 2010 the organization developed best practices regarding transparency. The Society is a registered Agricultural Society Trust with 74 members. All members are involved in the planning, design and implementation of projects.", "9. Mediterranean Women’s Studies Centre", "Special, 1987", "Introduction", "Mediterranean Women’s Studies Centre geographical coverage: Greece, the Mediterranean, Europe, Asia, Africa.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "• To study, analyse and improve the position of women in the family and in economic, social and public life", "• To increase awareness and stimulate action that will promote equality between women and men in all areas of life", "• To sensitize women about ecological problems and mobilize them to protect the environment and save the Mediterranean basin from pollution", "• To assist women in preserving their cultural heritage and their women’s values", "• To empower women through education in order to exercise their rights in all areas of life", "• To develop methods and take initiative for conflict resolution and the promotion of peace in the Mediterranean", "• To initiate activities for the promotion of democracy and human rights", "• To support national, regional and international campaigns and programmes about issues of major concern such as HIV/AIDS, drugs, alcoholism, violence, racism, xenophobia and youth criminality", "To achieve its objectives the organization has developed various areas of responsibilities:", "• Feminist and action-oriented research", "• A gender studies programme", "• Seminars, symposia, workshops, conferences and meetings on a wide number of issues related mainly to women and youth", "• A programme of feminist alternatives for the promotion of peace and security", "• Activities related to the protection of the environment", "• Development projects for women in developing countries", "Significant changes in the organization", "In May 2009 the organization became a member of the Anna Lindh Foundation Network, which is active in Mediterranean countries and aims to facilitate intercultural dialogue in the Mediterranean.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization carried out two workshops in collaboration with the United Nations Population Fund to promote Security Council Resolution 1235 (1999).", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "• In 2007, a board member attended the fifteenth policy session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, held in New York from 30 April to 11 May.", "• In 2009, the same board member attended the United Nations Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and its Impact on Development held in New York from 24 to 26 June. The organization’s Secretary-General attended the third session of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption held in Doha from 9 to 15 November.", "• In 2010, the same board member attended the eighteenth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development, held in New York from 3 to 14 May. The organization’s President and Treasurer attended as observers of the fifth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, held in Vienna from 18 to 22 October.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "From 19 to 23 February, the organization, in collaboration with the Technical Support Division of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) carried out a five-day capacity-building training workshop on the theme “Leadership, management, communications skills and project planning” for women and men from 12 different regions of Indonesia. UNFPA funded and organized the workshop while the Centre organized and implemented the training, which was carried out in Bali, Indonesia. The workshop focused on Security Council resolution 1235 (1999).", "From 10 to 15 June, the organization, continuing its cooperation with UNFPA, carried out a five-day capacity-building training workshop for Iraqi women on the theme Conflict resolution, communication skills and organizational management” in Istanbul, Turkey. The workshop focused on Security Council resolution 1235 (1999).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "No initiatives were taken.", "10. National Council of Negro Women", "General, 1995", "Introduction", "The National Council of Negro Women is a council of national African American women’s organizations and community-based sections. Founded in 1935, its mission is to lead, develop and advocate for women of African descent as they support their families and communities.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "A representative from the organization helped to organize the sixtieth Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference on the theme “Climate change: how it impacts us all”. The representative worked on the Planning Committee’s networking committee to get non-governmental organizations to work in partnership on climate change issues. In addition, four of the organization’s members attended the conference and subsequently presented reports on the programmes at their local community meetings, reaching approximately 150 persons in four different settings. An organization representative distributed more than 500 copies of Africa Renewal Magazine at the National Council of Negro Women Black Family Reunion Celebration at the organization’s International Division educational programme held on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. More than 500,000 people attended this event. An organization representative worked on the media outreach committee of the New York NGO Committee on the Status of Women to promote conference and NGO Consultation Day activities for the fifty-second session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women. In addition, five members of the organization attended the session. An organization representative presented reports on programme activities to members and submitted articles for the organization’s newsletter.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "In 2007, members of the organization attended the sixty-first Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference (New York, 5 to 7 September).", "2008", "• Fifty-second session of the Commission on the Status of Women on the theme “Financing for gender equality and the empowerment of women” (New York, 25 February to 7 March 2008)", "• United Nation Association of the United States of America (UNA-USA) session on the theme of opportunities in the 2008 presidential election for women’s issues (New York, 13 March 2008)", "• UNA-USA meeting on the theme of assessing the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention at its tenth anniversary (New York, 3 April 2008)", "• Update on the work of the General Assembly: non-governmental organization briefing, by Srdjan Kerim, President of the General Assembly (New York, 10 July 2008)", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "2009", "• Representative attended NGO Consultation Day (New York, 1 March)", "• Representative attended the fifty-third session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 2 to 13 March)", "• Representative attended the Commission on the Status of Women event on the theme “The impact of HIV/AIDS caregiving on girls and older women” (New York, 5 March)", "• Representative attended the UNA-USA workshop on the theme of addressing the caregiving burden and gender gaps in the emergency plan for AIDS relief put forth by the President of the United States (New York, 12 March)", "• Representative attended the event held by the Commission on the Status of Women on the 15-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly (2000) (New York, 1 to 12 March)", "2010", "Representative participated in the event commemorating the tenth anniversary of Security Council resolution 1325 (1999) on women, peace and security (New York, 25 to 29 October)", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization, in collaboration with Women in Law and Development and other women’s organizations, provided basic education and technology access programmes to help women establish literacy and economic growth programmes in Benin.", "11. Sahara for Life Trust", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Sahara for Life Trust is a tax-exempt charitable organization enjoying consultative status with the Economic and Social Affairs Council and is certified by the Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy and accredited by charity commissions of Canada, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America. Sughra Shafi Medical Complex in Narowal, Pakistan, is a 250-bed general hospital that serves about 10,000 out-patients per month. The organization established a state-of-the-art lab with fully computerized, highly automated equipment that includes 50 franchises throughout the country. The organization provides 24-hour ambulance services at “HATCHER” on the Lahore Narowal Highway. The organization is in the process of establishing a medical college, and has already established a research centre for indigenous therapies at the medical complex and put in place the services of Fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons doctors. The organization works throughout Pakistan, particularly in remote rural areas like District Narowal. The organization has provided support in Lebanon during war and in Indonesia after the tsunami in 2010.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Sahara envisions reaching the unreached by providing health-care services, realizing distributive justice through education, and promoting silent revolution through social services.", "The organization’s mission is to serve and facilitate the underserved, underprivileged and deprived population of the rural areas of Pakistan through the provision of health and education services, and to provide relief and rehabilitation services in response to national and international natural calamities. Its aims and purpose are to establish and maintain hospitals, medical centres, maternity homes, first aid centres and educational institutions for underprivileged and downtrodden people in Pakistan.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization has managed about PRs.650 million in projects in flood-affected areas in 2010 and 2011. Sahara worked to bring a positive change through expansion in its scope of work and geographical extension in all areas of the country. Thus the organization succeeded in improving the following activities:", "• Health indicators in District Narowal through clinical services", "• Poverty alleviation indicators through vocational training in Tehsil Pasrur", "• Relief and rehabilitation in earthquake, flood relief and rehabilitation activities", "• Ongoing research", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "After the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan, the organization collected PRs.30 million in donations and provided 3,200 fibreglass huts. With the help of the army of Pakistan and the United States, the organization transported the huts, patients and relief goods to snowbound areas. The organization managed medical teams of surgeons, physicians, orthopaedic surgeons and gynaecologists in Balakot and Chanari. The organization also provided 90 trucks loaded with eatables, blankets, warm clothes and tents.", "During the 2006 war in Lebanon, the organization worked with the health ministry to supply medicines valued at PRs.20 million.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization will participate in a United Nations forum to be held in June 2011.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization has been working in coordination with the Red Cross, the United Nations Children’s Fund and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees during flood-relief activities.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization has contributed to Goal 1 of the Millennium Development Goals on poverty alleviation by establishing vocational training centres and providing jobs to about 1,000 people. In literacy and women empowerment (Millennium Development Goals 2 and 3), the organization has established a girl’s middle school in District Muzaffargarh in the flood-affected area. The organization is in the process of conducting HIV/AIDS surveillance in District Pakpattan, Punjab — a project funded by the Canada-Pakistan HIV/AIDS surveillance project. Sughra Shafi Medical Complex has treated some 1.5 million patients, focusing on maternal and child health, tuberculosis and epidemiology (Goals 4, 5 and 6).", "12. Salesian Missions", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization is a member of a number of non-governmental organizations, including the NGO Committee for Social Development and its subcommittees on the eradication of poverty, HIV/AIDS, migration and financing for development. The organization is also on the planning committee of the Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, and has served as Chair of the Conference’s Nominations Subcommittee.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization has participated in the following meetings and sessions:", "• Commission on Sustainable Development (New York, 2007-2010)", "• United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (New York, 2007‑2010)", "• Non-Governmental Organizations Committee on HIV/AIDS (2008 to 2010)", "• Non-Governmental Organizations Committee on Migration (2007 to 2011)", "• International Day for the Eradication of Poverty (New York, 2007 to 2010)", "The organization has sponsored and/or organized the following side events:", "• “Education and work: a collaborative partnership” (2008)", "• “Protecting the human rights of migrants and their families” for the Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, held in Paris in 2008", "• “HIV/AIDS and social exclusion: challenges for religious leaders” and “Social integration of peoples on the move” (2009)", "• “Love matters: HIV/AIDS education of boys and girls in South Africa” and “Men and women, boys and girls in Dialogue” (2009)", "• Side event at the sixty-third Department of Public Information/Non‑Governmental Organizations Conference, held in Melbourne, Australia, in 2010", "• Side event at the fifty-fourth Commission on the Status of Women on the theme “Gaps in the Beijing Platform: the children of migrants” (2010)", "• Side event on the theme “Migration: a response to violence” at the sixty-third Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, held in Melbourne in 2010", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• A Salesian Cardinal addressed the high-level event on the Millennium Development Goals during the meeting of the General Assembly in New York on 25 September 2008.", "• A representative from Shelter Don Bosco in Mumbai, India, gave a report on the state of the drugs problem and work in progress in the South Asia region to the fifty-first session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, held in Vienna from 10 to 14 March 2008. Prior to the session, Shelter Don Bosco was asked to serve as a regional lead organization to choose and coordinate more than 100 non‑governmental organizations invited to the session.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Eradicate poverty", "• Don Bosco Tech Network seeks to provide training and job placement for 2 million young people in India by 2020", "• The Salesian Industrial School in Copiago, Chile, committed to collaborating in the technical education of students and the production of jobs", "• Don Bosco Home in Chiang Mai, Thailand, serves as a training centre for teenage boys from hill tribes and ethnic groups in Thailand", "• Vocational training programmes at Bosco Children Centre in Addis Ababa involve 90 agricultural schools, which train youth in modern farming technology to improve crop yields, achieve food security and generate income", "Primary education", "• Don Bosco Literacy School in Andaung Cheng, Cambodia, serves as a centre for the poorest children in the country", "• Don Bosco Travelling Bus School helps nomadic children in Kurnool, India", "• Courses for the re-qualification and education of teachers and literacy programmes for children were begun in Angola", "• In 2008, the first of a projected ten rural schools was opened near Tonj in Southern Sudan", "• In Ljubljana, a “Happy Minibus” seeks out youngsters not attending schools to provide an education for them", "• Literacy programmes serve the people of Condoto, Chocó, Colombia", "Empowerment of women", "• In 2010, Don Bosco Technical School in Honiara began a course in carpentry for girls", "• The Woman Development Project in Zway, Ethiopia, has opened an embroidery cooperative", "• In Pune, India, the organization offers microfinancing initiatives and skills-training groups", "Reduce maternal mortality ratio", "The Yolia programme in Mexico City provides education and shelter for girls who have lived on the streets. Pre- and post-natal services are available.", "Combat HIV/AIDS", "Programmes exist in Angola, Mozambique, and French-speaking western Africa as well as in Brazil, India, Peru and Sri Lanka.", "Environmental sustainability", "• The organization provides clean water for the indigenous communities of the Xavantes and the Bororos in Brazil", "• In Costa Rica, Salesian students at Don Bosco Technical Institute won a national prize for their project on transforming chicken fat and lecithin into a bio-combustible material to replace diesel fuel", "• The Salesian ACRE Project in Ireland trains young people with special educational needs in horticulture and gardening", "13. Socialist International Women", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "Socialist International Women is an international organization of the women’s organizations of the socialist, social democratic and labour parties affiliated with Socialist International. There are currently 149 member organizations in all parts of the world.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The aims and objectives of the organization are to strengthen relations between its member organizations; to promote action programmes to overcome any discrimination in society, including any inequality between men and women and to work for human rights in general; to promote development and peace; to promote a knowledge and understanding among women of the aims and tasks of democratic socialism; and to extend relations between its members and other socialist-oriented women’s groups not in membership that desire cooperation.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "• The organization has adopted several resolutions calling for a fifth United Nations World Conference on Women.", "• In March 2007, the organization held a conference on the gender dimensions of international migration in cooperation with the International Organization of Migration. The organization works very hard to persuade member states to ratify the Optional Protocol of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "• The organization attended the sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women in New York in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. On each occasion it organized a parallel event in cooperation with the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations.", "• The organization attended the ninety-sixth and ninety-eighth sessions of the International Labour Conference in Geneva.", "• The organization attended the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth sessions of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in Vienna.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• The organization cooperated with the Department for Information by attending the sixty-first Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, held in Paris in September 2008", "• Socialist International Women also attended the sixty-second Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, held in Mexico City in September 2009", "• The organization cooperated with the Human Rights Council in Geneva by attending its fourth, tenth and eleventh sessions", "• In October 2007, Socialist International Women organized a conference for Israeli and Palestinian women in Tel Aviv, Israel, in support of Security Council resolution 1325 (1999) on women, peace and security", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• In March 2009 the organization held a seminar in Buenos Aires on the theme “Towards a gender-balanced democracy” in support of Goal 3 of the Millennium Development Goals (promote gender equality and empower women).", "• In June 2010 the organization held a conference in Andorra on the theme “Policies on gender equality — the driving force for social and economic development”, again in support of Goal 3. Promoting gender equality is the main goal of Socialist International Women.", "• With regard to Goal 6 the organization issued a statement on the occasion of the XVIII International AIDS Conference (Vienna, 18 to 23 July 2010) calling on governments, health services and non-governmental organizations to give high priority to the following demands concerning women and HIV/AIDS: accessible reproductive health services for women and girls; access to testing, treatment, counselling, care and support; and access to methods of prevention such as male and female condoms.", "14. Special Olympics International", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The significant increase in athlete participation, namely from the developing world, has had a strong influence and impact on the organization’s vision. This impact has helped Special Olympics channel additional investment, technical assistance and partnership development across the developing world through the Special Olympics Regional Office and National Program infrastructure.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Through the Special Olympics Healthy Athletes programme, over 1 million athlete health screenings have been provided free of charge for children and adults with intellectual disabilities. These screenings include the clinical disciplines of vision, dentistry, hearing, physical therapy, nutrition, sports medicine, podiatric medicine and health education. Health interventions are also provided free of charge to athletes from more than 110 countries, including free prescription eyeglasses, customized hearing aids, customized protective sports goggles, protective mouth guards and a variety of diagnostic screenings such as bone density, cardiac screenings and more. This programme’s ongoing efforts directly support the Millennium Development Goals related to child health and is especially important for a population as marginalized as those with intellectual disabilities.", "Over 1.2 million participating athletes of the Special Olympics are female, offering girls and women the opportunity to not only participate in sport but, through the Sport for Development model, offering girls and women access to free health screenings, family support networks, early childhood development activities, health education, leadership development skills and more.", "Special Olympics International has helped to create culturally sensitive disability education for millions of children without intellectual disabilities, to foster increased understanding regarding the nature of intellectual disability, the importance of acceptance of differences, the social benefits of inclusive communities and the excitement of working with the Special Olympics movement. This academic curriculum for kindergarten through grade 12, entitled “Get into it” continues to be offered in a variety of regions and countries, emphasizing the importance of inclusive school environments for children with intellectual disabilities.", "Special Olympics International made great strides in promoting Goal 8 of the Millennium Development Goals. Through the official Special Olympics partnership platform, the organization has engaged governments, industry, philanthropy, sports and civil society in advocating for improved policies and a better future for children and adults with intellectual disabilities.", "Special Olympics at all levels took an active role in advocating for the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This advocacy has come with the dissemination of information that demonstrates the support structures that the Special Olympics movement has put into place to contribute to the overall achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Special Olympics International has been honoured to participate in official United Nations activities throughout the reporting period, including:", "• Executive participation in the twentieth anniversary celebration of the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "• Executive participation and contribution to the UNICEF publication State of the World’s Children 2009: Maternal and Newborn Health", "• Official presentations at the UNICEF Middle East and North Africa Regional Office (MENARO) and Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States Regional Management Team meetings", "• Keynote presentation at the UNICEF MENARO communications workshop", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Special Olympics International cooperated with a number of United Nations bodies, including UNICEF, UNDP, the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace, the World Food Programme and a myriad of national and regional United Nations offices throughout the world.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Special Olympics made significant contributions to the work of the United Nations, particularly related to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (see “Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations” above).", "15. Syriac Universal Alliance", "Special, 1999", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization held elections in late 2008 which resulted in a new President, Vice-President and other individuals being elected into key roles.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "2007", "In 2007 the organization arranged a conference in the European Parliament regarding the issue of the genocide of Syriac Aramean people.", "2008", "• February: the organization presented a lecture in Sodertalje, Sweden", "• August to October: a Human Rights Adviser worked on the Turkey property rights issue relating to the Saint Gabriel Monastery (one of the oldest monasteries in the world)", "• 11 and 12 October: Election of Johny Messo to the Presidency of the organization and Daniel Gabriel to the Human Rights and United Nations Non‑Governmental Organizations Director position", "• December to January: the President and Michel Sawma travelled to the United States of America and Canada to meet Syriac people and discuss the future position of the organization at the United Nations and European Union", "2009", "In April, the President and the Human Rights Adviser travelled to the south of Turkey to visit Aramean (Syriac) villages and discuss property rights issues. They also presented a lecture at Diyarbakir University to Turkish students about the organization and Syriacs.", "2010", "• May to November: the organization participated in several lectures and met Aramean people in Vienna and Belgium (May); Goteborg, Sweden (August); New Jersey, Brussels, Sweden and Germany (conferences from June to October); and Switzerland (November)", "• 25 October: the organization participated in a European Parliament public hearing on human rights in Turkey in view of the progress report of the European Commission", "• 15 to 17 November: the President spoke at the European Parliament conference on religious freedom held in Brussels", "• December: the organization attended a meeting in Washington, D.C., with the United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants regarding religious freedom in Iraq for Syriacs.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2007", "• 27 and 28 November: Fiftieth session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Vienna", "• 29 and 30 November: Sixteenth session of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Vienna", "• 10 to 14 December: Fortieth session of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law", "2008 to 2009", "May 2008 and May 2009: seventh and eighth sessions of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues‏, New York.", "2009", "• 13 November: the organization spoke at the second session of the Forum on Minority Issues, Geneva", "• November: the organization spoke at a private session at the United Nations regarding Syriac Aramean issues, including culture, human rights and diaspora issues, New York", "• December: the organization participated as observers during the meetings of the main policymaking organs of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "• 10 December: the organization celebrated Human Rights Day at the United Nations in New York, attending the sessions and a special event on “race, poverty and power”, with Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon", "2010", "• 8 March: the organization attended International Women’s Day at the United Nations, New York", "• March: Syriac Universal Alliance attended the thirteenth session of the Human Rights Council and delivered one written and two oral statements at the session, Geneva", "• May: the Alliance attended the universal periodic review consideration of Turkey, Geneva", "• 19 to 30 April: the organization delivered a speech at the ninth session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and submitted interventions for relevant agenda items, New York", "• 16 July: the organization spoke at the third session of the United Nations Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Geneva", "• September: the Alliance attended the fifteenth session of Human Rights Council and delivered two oral statements at the session, Geneva", "• 18 October: the organization attended the fifth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Vienna", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Alliance has worked with the Asia Caucus and Youth Caucus at the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues in New York. That cooperation, however, was limited and the organization is now seeking other methods to get the its voice heard at the Forum.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "No initiatives have been taken." ]

[ "非政府组织委员会", "2012年常会", "2012年1月30日至2月8日和2月17日", "具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织依照经济及社会理事会第1996/31号决议通过秘书长提交的2007-2010四年期报告", "秘书长的说明", "目录", "页次\n1.援助行动组织 2\n2.联合协会 4\n3. L’auravetl’an土著人民信息和教育网 6\n4.法律事务联盟 8\n5.国际自由联盟 10\n6.生命伦理教育协会 12\n7.和平市长会议 14\n8.姆布图农业协会 16\n9.地中海妇女研究中心 18\n10. 黑人妇女全国理事会 19\n11. 撒哈拉生命信托基金 21\n12. 慈幼会 23\n13. 社会党国际妇女组织 25\n14. 国际特奥会 27\n15. 叙利亚全球联盟 28", "1. 援助行动组织", "特别咨商地位，1991年", "导言", "无任何变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "无任何变化。", "本组织内的重要变化", "援助行动组织将发起一项新战略，在2012至2016年期间实施。为实现其使命和目标采用了两级治理结构。其中包括一个由大会负责的负责援助行动组织战略治理工作的附属和联系成员，以及一个由大会选举的由独立成员组成的国际理事会，负责持续和切实有效决策，监督秘书处工作。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "2010年，本组织顺利完成参与“Women Won’t Wait Coalition”的工作。2010年7月18日至23日在维也纳召开的题为“Rights Here, Rights Now”的第十八届国际艾滋病会议上正式承认其领导能力。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "参加/出席的会议", "• 多哈全球民间社会论坛，2008年11月26日和27日在多哈举行；和审查《蒙特雷共识》执行情况的发展筹资问题后续国际会议，2008年11月29日至12月2日举行", "• 联合国世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响会议，2009年6月在纽约举行", "• 联合国南南合作高级别会议，2009年12月1日至3日在内罗毕举行", "• 联合国贸易和发展会议，2010年5月在日内瓦举行", "• 妇女地位委员会第五十三届、第五十四届和第五十五届会议，纽约", "• 经济及社会理事会高级别会议，2011年7月4日至8日在日内瓦举行，本组织国家教育小组和艾滋病毒/艾滋病小组代表提交了书面声明", "举办的活动", "本组织举办了三次平行会议：无薪护理工作、全面性教育和学校中暴力侵犯女孩子问题。", "与联合国机构的合作", "援助行动组织继续与联合国各机构和专门机构在教育、粮食安全和主权、紧急情况和冲突、妇女权利和艾滋病毒/艾滋病方面合作，编写和为研究论文和研究报告做贡献，联合主办会议。本组织还开展人道主义活动和捐助者资助的业务项目，与联合国独立机构合作，例如联合国妇女发展基金、联合国民主基金、联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病署)、联合国儿童基金、国际农业发展基金、联合国人口基金、联合国开发计划署、联合国粮食及农业组织和世界粮食计划署。", "援助行动组织与联合国独立机构共同举办的活动包括：", "• 联合国女孩教育倡议。援助行动组织与教育研究所、伦敦大学、协作，为联合国相关产品和材料提供援助和研究投入。", "• 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)。援助行动组织与Marie Stopes(塞拉利昂分部)协作，响应人权高专办的呼吁，为良好和有效实践行动提供投入，对消除孕产妇发病率和死亡率适用基于人权的做法。", "• 艾滋病署。援助行动组织管理艾滋病署设置加德满都的南亚技术支持设施。", "• 世界粮食安全委员会。援助行动组织与国际粮食主权计划委员会治理问题工作组和国际乐施会协作，在2010年10月11日至14日和16日在罗马举行的世界粮食安全会议第三十六届会议上提交了一个提案，并与人权理事会密切合作，与特别程序候选人互动。", "• 教育权问题特别报告员。", "• 食物权问题特别报告员。", "• 人人有权享有最佳身心健康问题特别报告员。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "2007年9月大会会议期间，援助行动组织启动为期五年的宣传活动，名为“HungerFREE”，以千年发展目标的目标1为重点。自那时以来，援助行动组织已开发了各种资源，包括题为“Who’s really fighting hunger？”的报告。该报告于2010年9月14日在纽约召开大会关于千年发展目标高级别全体会议之前发布。", "2010年9月20日至22日，行动援助组织参加了这次会议，并作为民间社会组织代表参与了圆桌会议一。", "其他信息", "没有额外的信息。", "2. 联合协会", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "无任何变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "无任何变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "联合协会一直积极提供人道主义援助，承诺在世界上消除饥饿、疾病和文盲，并一直为朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、印度、印度尼西亚、菲律宾和斯里兰卡提供紧急救援。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "不幸的是，自2007年至2010年，协会一直无法参与联合国的任何会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "2010年3月，协会与联合国粮食及农业组织合作，在联合国维持和平部队的协调下，为海地提供粮食援助。粮食援助总额达45吨大米、4.5吨豆类和7 570公升的食用油。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "消除赤贫和饥饿", "朝鲜民主主义人民共和国(2007-2010年)。该组织为北Hamkyung和南平安省提供150吨玉米、100吨大米、3 290吨面粉、495吨面条和3.75吨土豆。", "印度。自2009年以来，在“山羊银行”项目下，本组织向Dungeshwari提供了518只山羊。", "斯里兰卡(2008-2010年)。本组织与Sewalanka基金会合作，在阿努拉德普勒省帮助修复了一个农业水库、28口饮用水井和农业井。协会还分发了种子、化肥、鸡和牛。", "印度尼西亚(2009年)。本组织向西苏门答腊省遭受震灾的八个地区的1 371户提供了25 880公斤大米、300顶帐篷和308套厨房用具。", "普及初等教育", "朝鲜民主主义人民共和国(2009年)。该组织向12所学校提供学习用品(55 020个笔记本、107 136支笔和5 288个书包)。", "印度。该协会在Dungeshwari开办Sujata学院。截至2010年12月，大约有869名儿童完成小学教育。", "菲律宾。本组织在棉兰老岛修建13所学校，为6 491名学生提供学习用品。", "柬埔寨(2009-2010年)。本协会建立了7所学校，为位于Kouk Krasang、Kouk Rovieng、Thmor Teuk Dach和Pachon Thum tun Krah Ta Veaeng Leu的1 034名学生提供学习用品。", "印度尼西亚(2009年)。在西苏门答腊地震后，本组织为1 260名学生提供了519套校服、700个书包和1 307套学习用品。", "海地(2010年)。本组织在被地震摧毁的Leogane的五个村庄修复了五所学校。", "促进两性平等并增强妇女权能", "印度。本组织成立了一所小学，截至2010年12月，为50 869名学生、486名男生(55.9%)、383名女生(44.1%)提供免费教育。", "降低儿童死亡率", "朝鲜民主主义人民共和国。本协会为孤儿院和残疾儿童院提供基本的营养食品(豆浆719 424吨、奶粉67吨、海带汤粉25吨、营养食品20吨)。", "印度。Jivaka Dungeswari医院采用世界卫生组织的标准，对1 210名5岁以下儿童进行调查。调查发现，14.4%的儿童体重不足。协会还为764个体重不足儿童提供营养食品。Jivaka医院还为婴儿提供免费的肺结核、白喉、破伤风、百日咳、麻疹和甲型肝炎接种疫苗。", "改善产妇保健", "印度。自2007年以来，Jivaka医院已为Dungeswari提供了计划生育教育。作为该计划的一部分，2009年12月22日，25位居民接受了免费的计划生育手术。2009年以来，协会为母亲提供营养，为孕妇提供铁营养补充剂。", "防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病，疟疾和其他疾病", "印度。本组织2001年11月在Dungeswari第一次启动消除结核病项目。Javika医院于2008年6月通过了经修订的国家结核病防治计划。自那时以来，就医的平均时间从21个缩至6个月。", "确保环境的可持续性", "印度。本组织在Dungeswari修建了33口井和手动水泵。", "菲律宾。本协会在整个棉兰老岛修建了12个饮用水井。", "柬埔寨。本协会在Kouk Krasang和Kouk Vieng打了两口井。", "其他信息", "没有额外的信息。", "3 L’auravetl’an土著人民信息和教育网", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "L’auravetl’an土著人民信息和教育网是一个伞式国家组织，代表西伯利亚以及俄罗斯联邦北部和远东地区20多个土著社区。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织的主要目标是提高这些土著社区积极参与的能力，并建立一种机制，让土著社区与外部世界以及相互之间进行沟通。", "本组织内的重要变化", "无任何变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织监测大会的所有常会和特别会议、经济及社会理事会及其附属机构的年会以及其他注重土著问题机构的年会。在联合国主办的会议期间，本组织代表做了18次书面和口头陈述，提出3个联合声明。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007年", "• 第六十届新闻部/非政府组织会议", "• 与民间社会代表就宗教间和文化间理解与合作促进和平进行非正式互动听证会(10月4日和5日，纽约)", "• 关于讨论土著居民问题工作组继续开展工作最适当机制的非公开会议(12月6日和7日，日内瓦)", "本组织还举行了一系列针对土著人民组织、学术界和联合国各机构代表的教育会议如下：", "• 主题为“土著人民传统知识”的研讨会，其间举行了第六届联合国土著问题常设论坛", "• 在第六十届新闻部/非政府组织会议期间举办的传统知识讲习班。", "2008年", "本组织参加消除种族歧视委员会第七十三届会议(7月27日至8月15日，日内瓦)。", "2009年", "本组织参加德班审查会议(4月20日至24日，日内瓦)。本组织与世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)共同编写并在土著问题常设论坛第八届会议(5月27日，纽约)期间印发了一个题为《土著人民传统知识》的小册子。", "2007年和2010年", "本组织参加2007年10月和2010年11月在莫斯科、2007年11月和2010年11月至12月在日内瓦举行的土著人民奖学金计划中的俄罗斯语言部分。", "2007年至2009年", "本组织参加了在纽约举行的第六届、第七届和第八届联合国土著问题常设论坛会议。", "2008年至2010年", "本组织参加了在日内瓦举行的知识产权组织政府间知识产权、遗传资源、传统知识和民间文学艺术委员会第十三、第十四和第十七届会议。", "2008年和2010年", "本组织参加了在日内瓦举行的第一届和第三届土著人民权利专家机制会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "2008年", "本组织与知识产权组织协作，印发了题为《土著人民传统知识》的小册子(英语和俄语)。", "2009年", "本组织与人权高专办合作，着手启动一个项目，把《世界人权宣言》翻译成俄罗斯联邦10种土著语言(Veps、卡累利阿语、恩巴卡语、涅涅茨语、Shorian、埃文基语、阿尔泰语、雅库特语、Khakas和Tuvinian语)。该组织与知识产权组织合作，于10月22日和23日为来自西伯利亚和俄罗斯联邦北部和远东地区的土著社区代表，举办关于土著人民传统知识：保护和法律保护问题，国际和国家方面的国际研讨会。", "组织在支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "本组织支持实现千年发展目标，开展法律宣传，为土著人民代表举办教育研讨会，向他们介绍获得土地和自然资源的权利。在2007-2010年期间，共召开16次为期三周的法律培训和32个研讨会，专门研究有关土著人民获得土地、水和森林资源权利问题。", "其他信息", "没有额外的信息。", "4. 法律事务联盟", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "法律事务联盟致力于通过用以下方式促进和保护人权：提高公众的敏感性；在地方、国家和国际一级进行宣传；以及加强本联盟的成员组织。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "无任何变化。", "本组织内的重要变化", "本联盟为2010-2013年期间编制和通过了一个新的四年期战略计划。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "过去四年来，本联盟及其成员组织的工作重点是促进和保护边缘化群体的人权，特别是流离失所者(难民、回返者、境内流离失所者)和属于少数民族的人。克罗地亚于2008年通过了一项关于免费法律援助的新法律；根据该项法律，本联盟现有的9个成员组织中有6个组织登记成为免费法律援助提供方。它们将继续向所有需要援助的人提供免费法律援助。", "本联盟在过去四年内执行的大多数重要项目的重点包括：", "• 现代技术在促进和保护人权方面的作用和责任", "• 促进和保护人权", "• 在地方和区域一级促进欧洲的反种族主义和反仇外心理的价值观", "• 东南欧的少数人权利，包括克罗地亚2007-2008年期间的国家行动计划", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2008年", "• 促进和保护人权联盟执行主任奥西耶克参加了9月3日至5日在巴黎举行的第六十一次新闻部/非政府组织会议。", "• 本联盟参加了9月3日至5日在巴黎举行的以“重申所有人的人权：《世界人权宣言》发表60周年”为主题的会议；该会议的主办方是非政府组织执行委员会，协办方是新闻部、教科文组织、人权高专办和法国。", "与联合国机构的合作", "• 本组织与联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)驻克罗地亚代表处、克罗地亚司法部、人权中心及促进和保护人权联盟协作，于2010年7月26日在萨格勒布组办一次以“诉诸法律：应用关于免费法律援助的法律一年所得经验”为主题的国际会议。", "• 2010年4月，本联盟成为参与普遍定期审议的民间社会组织组建的一个特设联盟的成员。该特设联盟举行了几次工作会议，以彻底审议克罗地亚的人权现况和保护情况，并提出报告；其目的是要强调最引人注目的侵犯人权行为，并就如何和应该如何改善当前的状况提出建议。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "• 在世界难民日、消除种族歧视国际日、禁止法西斯主义和反犹太主义国际日和人权日期间，本联盟在克罗地亚的一些城镇组办了许多活动", "• 本联盟在其正式网站、以印刷品形式及在本地和国家电子媒体的广播中发表了有关声明", "• 本联盟的代表参加了电视节目并就难民和少数民族面临的问题及克罗地亚人权的一般状况发表讲话", "• 在2010年世界难民日之际，本联盟发起人道主义行动，以帮助克罗地亚两个地区的回返者和难民；但是，只有一个公司作出回应，向有幼小子女的回返者家庭提供巧克力和糖果包", "补充资料", "自2008年4月以来，本联盟一直是欧洲非政府救济和发展组织关于扩大、加入前和邻里问题工作组的成员。", "5. 国际自由联盟", "一般咨商地位，1995年", "导言", "国际自由联盟是一个由自由派政党组成的世界联合会，亦是一个供执政党和反对党面对面交流意见和促进对话、磋商和激发创造、加深和巩固(自由)民主制度的国际论坛。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "无任何变化。", "本组织内的重要变化", "欧洲议会议员Hans Van Baleen取代Alderdice勋爵成为本组织的新任主席。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "2007年", "• 4月30日在墨西哥坎昆举办一个以“安全与人权”为主题的人权讲习班", "• 9月26日至29日在中国台湾省台北市举行一次人权会议", "• 12月7日至10日在台北市举行一次以“加强网络和打击贩运人口行为”为主题的人权会议", "2008年", "• 5月15日至17日在北爱尔兰的贝尔法斯特举行的国际自由联盟第五十六届大会上本组织的人权委员会提交了关于儿童兵的特别报告", "• 5月15日至17日在北爱尔兰的贝尔法斯特举行的国际自由联盟第五十六届大会上就下列问题通过了决议：当前的全球局势和禁止基于性取向的迫害和歧视、言论自由、气候变化、粮食价格、克服冲突和全球人口危机", "2009年", "• 1月25日在法国斯特拉斯堡举行的以“全球经济危机对民主和人权的影响”为主题的本组织执行委员会会议上就加沙的人道主义危机、刚果民主共和国东部的暴力行为、结束世界上的性剥削和性虐待行为等问题通过了决议", "• 5月1日至3日在加拿大温哥华举行的以“加强自由议程”为主题的本组织执行委员会会议上通过了关于阿富汗妇女权利和关于科索沃和摩尔多瓦共和国局势的决议", "• 10月29日至31日在开罗举行的国际自由联盟第五十七届大会上通过了关于当前全球局势和其他国家及区域问题的决议", "2010年", "• 2月15日至17日访问基希纳乌，以考察该国的人权状况", "• 3月8日和9日在日内瓦通过其青年组织——国际自由青年联合会——共同组办了日内瓦人力资源、宽容和民主问题高峰会议", "• 6月11日至13日在柏林举行的本组织执行委员会的会议期间举办了一次以“人权与妇女的参与”为主题的小组讨论会", "• 11月13日和14日在南非开普敦举行的本组织执行委员会会议上通过了一些决议并促进了非洲的权力下放", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007年", "人权理事会会议，日内瓦，3月27日至29日", "2008年", "第六十一次联合国新闻部/非政府组织会议，巴黎，9月3日至5日", "2009年", "• 普遍定期审议工作组第四届会议，日内瓦，2月2日至13日", "• 人权理事会第十届会议，日内瓦，3月2日至27日", "• 与人权高专办的会议，日内瓦，6月17日", "• 人权理事会第十二届会议，日内瓦，9月14日至10月2日；向人权理事会提交一份书面发言", "• 第六十二次联合国新闻部/非政府组织会议，墨西哥城，9月9日至11日", "2010年", "• 人权理事会第十三届会议，日内瓦，3月10日", "• 经济及社会理事会非政府组织委员会常会，纽约，6月4日", "• 大会第三委员会一般性辩论会议，纽约，10月28日", "与联合国机构的合作", "2008-2009年", "本组织秘书长多次会见联合国大会主席斯尔詹·克里姆", "2009-2010年", "• 派驻纽约联合国总部的副主席得到认可", "• 派驻联合国日内瓦办事处的人权委员会副主席得到认可", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "• 每年向为促进自由和人权作出杰出贡献的个人颁发本组织的“促进自由奖”", "• 本组织出版一本题为《给自由下定义：国际自由联盟促进自由奖前25年概况》的书(2009年)，其中载有1985-2009年期间“促进自由奖”获得者的讲话", "• 本组织定期出版人权特别通讯，以提高对侵犯人权行为的意识和为所有人促进平等权利。2008年的一期刊物《自由问题》专门讨论民主过渡和人权问题，恰逢《世界人权宣言》发表六十周年之际", "补充资料", "成员党派在全世界各国议会和政府中都有代表，使本组织具备直接影响制定和执行重要国际政策及外交活动的潜力。", "6. 生命伦理教育协会", "特别咨商地位，1999年", "导言", "生命伦理教育协会是一个总部设在加拿大的非政府组织，致力于提高公众对“生命权”问题的意识，特别是对出生前和临终时的“生命权”的意识。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织力求为未出生的婴儿、残疾人、体弱者和老人代言，促进尊重从受精到自然死亡的所有人类生命，加强和推动公众对生命问题的理解和知识，包括但不限于胎儿发育、人工流产、新的生殖技术、领养、安宁看护、安乐死、医生协助自杀、人体实验、人工流产后综合征及贞节/禁欲教育。", "本组织内的重要变化", "本组织的主要代表被调派至纽约，从而极大地提高了本组织参加联合国会议和与被经济及社会理事会认可的其他非政府组织建立联系的能力。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "除参加联合国的会议之外，本组织还与被经济及社会理事会认可的其他非政府组织合作，帮助为广泛的联合国社会组办活动。本组织的代表还在联合国会议(如妇女地位委员会)期间由其他组织主办的小组会和会外活动上发言。2010年9月15日，本组织与其他非政府组织(如关注家庭协会和产妇护理国际组织)及菲律宾和马拉维常驻联合国代表团合作，召开一次专家小组会，讨论千年发展目标的目标5和孕产妇保健问题。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007年", "• 妇女地位委员会，2月26日至3月9日", "• 人口与发展委员会，4月9日至13日", "2008年", "• 社会发展委员会，2月6日至15日", "• 妇女地位委员会，2月25日至3月7日", "• 人口与发展委员会，4月7日至11日", "• 联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题高级别会议，6月8日至10日", "• 社会发展委员会，2月6日至15日", "• 妇女分娩会议，2007年10月18日至20日", "2009年", "• 妇女地位委员会，3月2日至13日", "• 人口与发展委员会，3月30日至4月3日", "2010年", "• 社会发展委员会，2月3日至12日", "• 妇女地位委员会，3月1日至12日", "• 人口与发展委员会，4月12日至16日", "• 千年发展目标高级别会议，9月20日至22日", "• 世界青年会议，2010年8月24日至27日", "• 妇女分娩会议，2010年6月7日至9日", "在筹办联合国青年年的过程中，本组织一直积极努力，通过对话和研讨会向年轻成员通报情况。", "与联合国机构的合作", "不适用。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "本组织是2010年9月一次有关目标5(孕产妇保健)的活动的东道方和主办方。本组织认为，必须通过为本组织的志愿人员在参加联合国会议之前组织培训班的方法，让年轻人了解联合国的工作，特别是有关目标2、3、4和5的工作，从而使他们能够与非政府组织的其他代表、联合国人员和各国的代表展开讨论和交流。自2007年到2010年，本组织培训了100多名年轻志愿人员，他们后来作为本组织的代表出席了联合国的会议。", "7. 和平市长会议", "特别谘商地位，1991年", "导言", "1945年8月，两颗原子弹分别摧毁了广岛市和长崎市，并夺去几十万人的生命。超过六十五年后的今天，许多幸存者的身体和心理仍在遭受核辐射的影响。为确保原子弹造成的悲剧永远不在地球上重演，广岛和长崎一直努力向世界发出忠告：核武器是非法和不道德的，必须彻底消除。1982年6月24日，在纽约联合国总部举行的第二届裁军特别联大上，当时的广岛市长荒木武宣布了城市团结一致促进彻底废除核武器方案——它是一项建立跨国城市间团结关系，以促进集体努力消除核武器的计划。广岛和长崎的市长联合呼吁世界各国城市支持该方案。和平市长会议是已正式明确表示支持上述方案的各国城市的大会。1990年3月，和平市长会议在新闻部登记为非政府组织。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "和平市长会议提高国际公众对废除核武器问题的认识，此外还努力减轻饥饿和贫穷现象，协助逃离本地冲突的难民，支持人权和保护环境以使其为实现持久世界和平作出贡献。和平市长会议近来一直将消除核武器作为工作重点。这种非人道、非法的武器对人类的存在本身构成威胁。2003年以来，本组织一直在促进其2020年展望运动，这是一场到2020年禁止核武器的紧急运动。和平市长会议近来与世界各国城市、市民和非政府组织一道组织了多种活动，最近一次是开展要求迅速开始核武器公约谈判的请愿运动。", "本组织内的重要变化", "通过促进2020年展望运动和2020年裁军目标，本组织的成员数从2007年的1 500个城市壮大到2010年的将近4 400个城市。这个壮大过程需要加强组织的网络和改进成员城市间的通信方法。2010年5月举行的不扩散核武器条约(不扩散条约)缔约国2010年审议大会通过的最后文件在该大会历史上首次提及核武器公约。根据这一成果，本组织在广岛举行了到2020年彻底废除核武器会议，通过了《广岛呼吁》——一套新的运动准则，包括呼吁开始关于核武器公约的谈判。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "联合国大会的第一项决议就是关于核裁军的决议。本组织正通过其成员、工作人员和非政府组织盟友，向全球各个角落传播核裁军讯息。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "由本组织成员市长和同盟伙伴组成的市长代表团参加了2007、2008和2009年举行的不扩散条约审议大会筹备委员会会议。本组织来自10个国家30个成员城市的89名代表还参加了在纽约举行的2010年不扩散条约审议大会。和平市长会议还出席了2009年在墨西哥城举行的第六十二届新闻部/非政府组织会议。本组织工作人员出席了联合国在纽约、日内瓦和维也纳的多次会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "和平市长会议与联合国裁军事务厅和非政府组织裁军、和平与安全委员会保持密切联系，并尽最大努力与该厅协调其全部活动。2010年7月，本组织邀请裁军事务部一名高级政治事务干事前往广岛，在广岛会议上发言。本组织的100万份要求消除核武器请愿表自2011年3月以来一直在联合国总部展出。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "和平市长会议是全世界壮大速度最快的国际城市协会，可能也是规模最大的此类协会。本组织将各国城市组织起来的初衷是消除核武器，但本组织认为它最终将为实现全球伙伴合作这一目标作出重大贡献。", "8. 姆布图农业协会", "特别谘商地位，1999年", "导言", "姆布图农业协会是1993年1月成立的非政府、非政治和非宗教组织。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "无任何变化。", "本组织内的重要变化", "本组织在联合国开发计划署(开发署)、世界粮食计划署、可持续发展教育和生态设计国际组织、联合王国AWARE项目、有机作物改良国际协会、美国国际开发署和阿尔迪大学和达累斯萨拉姆大学教育学院等本地大学的合作下，已扩大到全国和国际两级。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "2009", "• 本组织为普瓦尼省基巴哈县姆拉迪济区鲁伏河沿岸的园艺植物和水稻种植者开展了一个用地养护项目", "• 本协会开展了一个控制土地退化项目，具体途径是使莫罗戈罗省基隆贝罗县伊法卡拉乡基隆贝罗河和鲁梅莫河流域的农民提高对该问题的认识(7月至10月)", "• 本组织为普瓦尼省基巴哈县姆拉迪济区鲁伏河谷种植水稻的小农户开展了一个水生生物保护方法项目", "2010年", "本协会在坦桑尼亚联合共和国达累斯萨拉姆市沿尼雷尔路开展了一个植树项目。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织出席了2007年12月10日至14日在坦桑尼亚联合共和国阿鲁沙举行的第五届非洲人口会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "2008年，本协会首席执行干事获开发署坦桑尼亚联合共和国办事处的邀请和全额赞助，以出席2008年5月2日至6日在阿鲁沙举行的沙利文峰会。该峰会的与会者是非洲和美国基础设施、旅游及环境部门的创业者和投资人，目的是满足坦桑尼亚联合共和国和非洲的发展需要，并争取与亚洲建立战略合作伙伴关系和探索从亚洲获得投资的机会。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "目标6：防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾和其他疾病", "支持缀学青年接受对性别问题有敏感认识的性健康和生殖健康及艾滋病毒/艾滋病教育：", "• 在鲁伍马省图安戈马和昌贡贝(滕梅基县)及姆巴姆巴贝(姆宾加县)的各种学校设立了120个健身俱乐部、8个剧社和15项竞赛", "• 选拔和培训120名缀学青年为同学担任同侪教员", "• 培训200名缀学青年担任谋生技能和艾滋病毒教育的同侪教员", "本组织对38名性工作者进行了教育，向其传授协商使用避孕套等较安全性交方式的知识，并培训120名男子促进谋生技能以及在性关系和家庭关系中采取负责任的行为方式。本组织还募资购买了12纸箱的避孕套，并将其分发给社区内的群体。", "本组织确定了36名毒品使用者/滥用者，并制定了解决其毒品滥用问题的战略。十一名毒品滥用者停止了滥用行为，并正在接受治疗和戒毒。", "本组织与塔巴塔和基马拉的社区在周围地区开展环境卫生合作，以减少蚊子孳生地，受益家庭总数达200个。本组织编写了资料，说明使用驱虫蚊帐和前往卫生单位获得早期诊断及治疗的重要性。", "附加信息", "本组织在2008至2010年期间的所有活动中，均制定了有关透明度的最佳做法。本协会是拥有74个成员的注册农业协会信托机构。所有成员均参与项目的规划、设计和执行。", "9. 地中海妇女研究中心", "特别谘商地位，1987年", "导言", "地中海妇女研究中心的地域范围：希腊、地中海地区、欧洲、亚洲、非洲。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "• 研究、分析和改善妇女在家庭和经济、社会与公共生活中的状况", "• 提高认识和促进行动，以推进男女在所有生活领域中的平等", "• 提高妇女对生态问题的敏感认识，动员妇女保护环境和使地中海盆地免遭污染", "• 协助妇女保护其文化遗产和维护妇女的价值观", "• 通过教育增强妇女能力，以在所有生活领域中行使其权利", "• 为地中海地区解决冲突和促进和平制定方法和采取举措", "• 发起促进民主与人权的活动", "• 支助有关艾滋病毒/艾滋病、吸毒、酗酒、暴力、种族主义、仇外心理和青年犯罪等重大关切事项的国家、区域和国际运动及方案", "为此目标，本组织设定了各种责任领域：", "• 女权主义和面向行动的研究", "• 社会性别研究方案", "• 主要与妇女和青年相关的多种问题的研讨会、专题讨论会、讲习班和会议", "• 促进和平与安全的女权主义方法方案", "• 与保护环境相关的活动", "• 面向发展中国家妇女的发展项目", "本组织内的重要变化", "2009年5月，本组织成为安娜·林德基金会网络的成员。该机构活跃于地中海国家，目标是促进地中海地区的不同文化间对话。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "本组织与联合国人口基金共同举办两次促进执行安全理事会第1235(1999)号决议的讲习班。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "• 2007年4月30日至5月11日，一名董事会成员出席了在纽约举行的联合国可持续发展委员会第十五届政策会议。", "• 2009年6月24日至26日，同一名董事会成员出席了在纽约举行的联合国世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响会议。11月9日至15日，本组织秘书长出席了在多哈举行的联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议第三届会议。", "• 2010年5月3日至14日，同一名董事会成员出席了在纽约举行的可持续发展委员会第十八届会议。10月18日至22日，本组织主席和财务主任出席了在维也纳举行的联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议第五届会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "2月19日至23日，本组织与联合国人口基金(人口基金)技术支助司合作，共同为来自印度尼西亚12个不同地区的女性和男性学员举办了为期五天的能力建设培训讲习班，主题是“领导、管理、交流技能与项目规划”。讲习班在印度尼西亚巴厘岛举办，由人口基金负责供资和组织工作，本中心则负责组织和实施培训。讲习班重点讲解了安全理事会第1235(1999)号决议。", "6月10日至15日，本组织继续与人口基金合作，共同在土耳其伊斯坦布尔为伊拉克妇女举办为期五天的能力建设培训讲习班，主题是“解决冲突、交流技能和组织机构管理”。讲习班重点讲解了安全理事会第1235(1999)号决议。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "未采取任何举措。", "10. 黑人妇女全国理事会", "全面咨商地位,1995年", "导言", "黑人妇女全国理事会是一个全国非洲妇女组织和社区组织的理事会。该理事会成立于1935年，其任务是领导、发展并倡导非裔妇女支持她们的家庭和社区。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "无任何变化。", "本组织内的重要变化", "无任何变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "一名本组织代表协助组织了新闻部/非政府组织第六十次年度会议，会议主题为“气候变化：如何给我们所有人带来影响”。这名代表在规划委员会的网络委员会工作，争取让非政府组织结成伙伴关系参与气候变化问题的工作。此外，本组织的四名成员出席了这次会议，并随后在其当地社区会议上提交了关于各方案的报告，在4个不同场合共约150人与会。本组织国际部教育方案在华盛顿特区的国家广场举行黑人妇女全国理事会黑人家庭团聚庆祝活动，期间本组织一名代表分发了500多份《非洲复兴》杂志。500 000多人参加了这次活动。本组织一名代表在纽约非政府组织妇女地位委员会媒体外联委员会工作，以促进第五十二届联合国妇女地位委员会会议的会议和非政府组织协商日活动。此外，本组织的5名成员出席了这次会议。本组织一名代表向各成员提交了关于方案活动的报告，并提交了供本组织通讯用的文章。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007年，本组织成员出席了新闻部/非政府组织第六十一次年度会议(9月5日至7日，纽约)。", "2008年", "• 妇女地位委员会第五十一届会议，主题为“为两性平等和赋予妇女权力进行资金筹措”(2008年2月25日至3月7日，纽约)", "• 美利坚合众国联合国协会(美国联合国协会)届会，主题为2008年总统选举期间妇女问题的机遇(2008年3月13日，纽约)", "• 美国联合国协会会议，主题为《禁雷公约》十周年评估(2008年4月3日，纽约)", "• 大会工作最新动态：大会主席SrdjanKerim向非政府组织通报情况(2008年7月10日，纽约)", "与联合国机构的合作", "2009年", "• 本组织代表参加非政府组织协商日(3月1日，纽约)", "• 本组织代表参加妇女地位委员会第五十三届会议(3月2日至13日，纽约)", "• 本组织代表参加妇女地位委员会活动，主题为“护理艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者对女孩和年纪较长妇女的影响”(3月5日，纽约)", "• 本组织代表参加美国联合国协会讲习班，主题为解决美国总统提出的艾滋病紧急救援计划中的护理负担和性别差距(3月12日，纽约)", "• 本组织代表参加妇女地位委员会举办的《北京宣言和行动纲要》(1995年)执行情况十五年期审查活动和大会第二十三届特别会议成果(2000年)审查活动(3月1日至12日，纽约)", "2010年", "本组织代表参加纪念关于妇女与和平与安全的安全理事会第1325(1999)号决议十周年的活动(10月25日至29日，纽约)", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "本组织与妇女参与法律和发展协会及其他妇女组织合作提供基础教育和技术接入方案，帮助妇女在贝宁设立扫盲与经济发展方案。", "11. 撒哈拉生命信托基金", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "撒哈拉生命信托基金是一个免税的慈善组织，享有经济及社会理事会咨商地位，获得巴基斯坦慈善中心认证，并获加拿大、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国慈善委员会认可。巴基斯坦Narowal的SughraShafi医疗大楼是一个有250张病床的综合医院，每月接诊约10 000名门诊病人。本组织建立了先进的化验室，拥有全面计算机化、高度自动化的设备，包括全国各地的50个特许化验室。本组织在拉合尔Narowal公路上的休息站(HATCHER)提供24小时救护车服务。本组织正在建立一个医学院的过程中，目前已经在医疗大楼设立了一个土著疗法研究中心，并设立了医生和外科医生学院研究人员的服务。本组织在整个巴基斯坦开展活动，特别是在Narowal地区等偏远的农村地区。本组织在战争期间向黎巴嫩提供了支持，并在2010年海啸后向印尼提供了支持。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织希望通过提供保健服务帮助未获得帮助的人，通过教育实现分配公正，通过社会服务促进静悄悄的革命。", "本组织的使命是通过提供保健和教育服务为巴基斯坦农村地区缺少服务的弱势贫穷人口提供服务和便利，并提供救济和复原服务以应对国家和国际自然灾害。其目标和宗旨是为巴基斯坦受压迫的弱势群体建立和维护医院、医疗中心、产科医院、急救中心和教育机构。", "本组织内的重要变化", "本组织在2010年和2011年管理了用于洪水灾区项目的6.5亿巴基斯坦卢比。本组织努力通过扩大工作范围及将覆盖地域扩展至该国所有地区，实现积极变化。因此，本组织成功改善了下列活动：", "• 通过临床服务改善Narowal地区的健康指标", "• 在TehsilPasrur通过职业培训改善减缓贫穷指标", "• 改善在地震、水灾救济和恢复活动中的救济和恢复工作", "• 改善正在进行的研究", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "2005年巴基斯坦地震后，本组织收集了3 000万巴基斯坦卢比捐款，并提供了3200个玻璃纤维棚屋。在巴基斯坦和美国军队的帮助下，本组织将棚屋、病人和救援物资运到雪封地区。本组织管理由外科医生、内科医生、骨科医生和妇科医生组成的巴拉过德和Chanari医疗队。本组织还提供了90辆满载食物、毛毯、保暖衣物和帐篷的卡车。", "在2006年黎巴嫩战争期间，本组织与卫生部合作供应了价值2 000万巴基斯坦卢比的药品。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织将参加定于2011年6月举行的一个联合国论坛。", "与联合国机构的合作", "在洪水赈灾活动期间，本组织一直与红十字会、联合国儿童基金会和联合国难民事务高级专员协调工作。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "本组织建立了职业培训中心并向约1 000人提供就业，为实现千年发展目标关于减缓贫穷的目标1作出了贡献。在扫盲和增强妇女权能(千年发展目标2和3)方面，本组织已在洪灾区Muzaffargarh设立了一个女子中学。本组织正在旁遮普省的Pakpattan地区开展艾滋病毒/艾滋病监测，这个项目得到加拿大和巴基斯坦的艾滋病毒/艾滋病监测项目的资助。SughraShafi医疗大楼已治疗约150万患者，并将重点放在妇幼保健、结核病和流行病(目标4、5和6)。", "12. 慈幼会", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "无任何变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "无任何变化。", "本组织内的重要变化", "无任何变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织参加了一些非政府组织，其中包括社会发展非政府组织委员会及其关于消除贫穷、艾滋病毒/艾滋病、移徙和发展筹资的小组委员会。本组织还参加了新闻部/非政府组织会议的规划委员会，并曾任该会议提名小组委员会主席。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织参加了下列会议和届会：", "• 可持续发展委员会(2007年至2010年，纽约)", "• 联合国土著问题常设论坛(2007年至2010年，纽约)", "• 关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病的非政府组织委员会(2008年至2010年)", "• 关于移徙的非政府组织委员会(2007年至2011年)", "• 国际消除贫困日(2007年至2010年，纽约)", "本组织发起和/或举办了以下会外活动：", "• “教育与工作：合作伙伴关系”(2008年)", "• 2008年在巴黎举行的新闻部/非政府组织会议上的“保护移徙者及其家属的人权”活动", "• “艾滋病毒/艾滋病和社会排斥：宗教领袖面临的挑战”及“流动人口的社会融合”(2009年)", "• “爱很重要：对南非男孩和女孩的艾滋病毒/艾滋病教育”和“对话中的男人和女人、男孩和女孩”(2009年)", "• 2010年在澳大利亚墨尔本举行的第六十三次新闻部/非政府组织会议的会外活动", "• 第五十四届妇女地位委员会的会外活动，主题为“北京行动纲要的差距：移徙者子女”(2010年)", "• 2010年在墨尔本举行的第六十三次新闻部/非政府组织会议的会外活动，主题为“移徙：对暴力的回应”", "与联合国机构的合作", "• 一名慈幼会主教于2008年9月25日纽约大会会议期间在千年发展目标高级别会议中发言。", "• 在2008年3月10日至14日在维也纳举行的第五十一届麻醉药品委员会会议上，一名来自印度孟买唐博斯科收容所的代表就南亚地区毒品问题状况及工作进展情况做了报告。在届会之前，唐博斯科收容所被要求作为区域牵头组织，选择并协调100多个应邀参加会议的非政府组织。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "消除贫穷", "• 唐博斯科科技网络力图在2020年之前为200万印度青少年提供培训和职位安排", "• 智利科皮亚波的慈幼会工业学校致力于就学生技术教育和制造就业机会开展合作", "• 在泰国清迈，唐博斯科之家成为来自泰国山区部落和族裔群体的十几岁男孩的培训中心", "• 亚的斯亚贝巴博斯科儿童中心的职业培训方案涉及90个农业学校，这些方案培训青年学习现代农业技术，以提高作物产量、实现粮食安全并创造收入", "初等教育", "• 柬埔寨AndaungCheng的唐博斯科扫盲学校是全国最贫穷儿童的中心", "• 唐博斯科旅游巴士学校帮助印度Kurnool的游牧儿童", "• 开始在安哥拉举办关于教师重新获得资格和接受教育的课程以及儿童扫盲方案", "• 2008年，计划中的10个农村学校中的第一个在苏丹南方的Tonj附近开放", "• 在卢布尔雅那，一个“快乐小巴”寻找失学青少年，为他们提供教育", "• 扫盲方案为哥伦比亚乔科Condoto的人民服务", "增强妇女权能", "• 2010年，霍尼亚拉的唐博斯科技术学校开始为女孩开设木工课程", "• 埃塞俄比亚Zway的妇女发展项目已设立刺绣合作社", "• 在印度Pune，本组织提供小额金融服务举措和技能培训组", "降低孕产妇死亡率", "墨西哥城的Yolia方案向流落街头的女孩提供教育和住所以及产前和产后服务。", "防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病", "在安哥拉、莫桑比克和西部非洲法语国家以及巴西、印度、秘鲁和斯里兰卡都有此类方案。", "环境可持续性", "• 本组织向巴西的沙万特和博罗罗土著社区提供清洁饮水", "• 在哥斯达黎加，唐博斯科技术学院的慈幼会学生将鸡脂肪和卵磷脂转化为生物燃料以取代柴油的项目获得了一个国家级奖项", "• 在爱尔兰，慈幼会的ACRE项目培训具有特殊教育需求的青少年学习园艺", "13. 社会党国际妇女组织", "特别咨商地位，1991年", "导言", "社会党国际妇女组织是一个隶属于社会主义国际的由社会主义党派、社会民主党派和工党的妇女组织组成的国际组织。目前，在世界各地有149个会员组织。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织的目标是加强会员组织之间的关系；促进消除社会中所有歧视，包括男女之间的任何不平等的行动方案，并推动普遍意义上的人权；促进发展与和平；促进妇女对民主社会主义的目标和任务的了解；发展会员和其他希望进行合作的非会员社会主义妇女团体之间的关系。", "本组织内的重要变化", "无任何变化。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "• 本组织通过了若干决议，呼吁召开第五次联合国妇女问题世界会议。", "• 2007年3月，本组织与国际移徙组织合作召开了一个有关国际移徙的性别层面的会议。本组织努力说服成员国批准《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约任择议定书》。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "• 本组织于2007年、2008年、2009年和2010年在纽约参加了妇女地位委员会会议。每次，本组织都与希腊常驻联合国代表团合作组织了并行活动。", "• 本组织参加了在日内瓦召开的第九十六届和第九十八届国际劳工大会。", "• 本组织参加了在维也纳召开的预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第十六届、第十七届和第十八届会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "• 本组织于2008年9月参加了在巴黎召开的新闻部/非政府组织第六十一届年会，通过此种方式与新闻部合作", "• 社会党国际妇女组织还于2009年9月参加了在墨西哥城召开的新闻部/非政府组织第六十二届年会", "• 本组织参加了在日内瓦举行的人权理事会第四届、第十届和第十一届会议，通过此种方式与其合作", "• 2007年10月， 社会党国际妇女组织在以色列特拉维夫为以色列和巴勒斯坦妇女举办了一个会议，以支持安全理事会关于妇女、和平和安全的第1325(1999)号决议", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "• 2009年3月，本组织为支持千年发展目标目标3(促进性别平等和增强妇女权能)，在布宜诺斯艾利斯举办了一个主题为“努力实现性别均衡的民主”的研讨会。", "• 2010年6月，本组织为支持目标3，在安道尔举办了一个主题为“有关性别平等的政策——社会和经济发展的驱动力”。促进性别平等是社会党国际妇女组织的主要目标。", "• 至于目标6，本组织在第十八届国际艾滋病会议(2010年7月18日至23日，维也纳)上发表了一份声明，呼吁各国政府、卫生部门和非政府组织优先重视以下有关妇女和艾滋病毒/艾滋病的需求： 妇女和女童可以获得生殖保健服务；获得测试、治疗、咨询、护理和支助的途径；获得男用和女用避孕套等预防方法。", "14. 国际特奥会", "特别咨商地位，1991年", "导言", "无任何变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "无任何变化。", "本组织内的重要变化", "发展中世界运动员的参与大幅提高对本组织的愿景产生了很大的影响。这种影响有助于特奥会通过特奥会区域办公室和国家方案基础设施将额外投资、技术援助和伙伴关系发展传递到整个发展中世界。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "通过特奥会健康运动员方案，向100多万具有智力残疾的儿童和成人提供了免费运动员健康检查。这些检查包括视力、牙科、听力、物理治疗、营养、运动医学、足病医学和健康教育等临床学科。还向来自110多个国家的运动员提供了免费卫生干预措施，包括免费配制眼镜，定制助听器、定制保护性运动护目镜、防护性护口器和骨密度、心脏检查等各种诊断检查。这一方案的现有工作直接支持与儿童健康有关的千年发展目标，对于具有智力残疾的人等边缘化人口尤其重要。", "超过120万名参加特奥会的运动员为女性，这不仅为女孩和妇女提供了参与体育运动的机会，还通过体育促进发展模式，为女童和妇女提供了获得免费健康检查、家庭支助网络、幼儿发展活动、健康教育、领导能力发展技能等机会。", "国际特奥会帮助数百万没有智力残疾的儿童创设对文化有敏感认识的教育，以促进人们更多了解智力残疾的性质、接受差异的重要性、包容性社区的社会福利和参与特奥运动的兴奋感。国际特奥会继续在不同地区和国家提供这一面向幼儿园到12年级儿童的题为“进入”的学术课程，强调包容性的学校环境对智力残疾儿童的重要性。", "国际特奥会在促进千年发展目标的目标8方面取得了长足的进展。通过官方特奥会伙伴关系平台，本组织已经使各国政府、工业界、慈善界、体育和民间社会参与倡导改善政策，为具有智力残疾的儿童和成年人创造更美好的未来。", "特奥会在各级倡导批准《残疾人权利公约》方面发挥了积极作用。这种宣传工作伴随着信息的传播，这些信息显示了特奥运动设立的促进全面实现千年发展目标的支助结构。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "在整个报告所述期间，国际特奥会荣幸地参加了联合国的正式活动，包括：", "• 主管参加了《儿童权利公约》第二十周年纪念活动", "• 主管参与了题为“2009年世界儿童状况：孕产妇和新生儿健康”的儿基会出版物的工作并为出版物供稿", "• 官员在儿基会中东和北非区域办事处、中欧和东欧以及独立国家联合体区域管理小组会议上介绍情况", "• 在儿基会中东和北非区域办事处的传播讲习班上作了主旨介绍", "与联合国机构的合作", "国际特奥会与包括儿基会、开发署、联合国体育促进发展与和平办公室、世界粮食计划署和世界各地众多国家和地区的联合国办事处在内的一些联合国机构合作。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "特奥会对联合国的工作做出了重大贡献，尤其是与实现千年发展目标有关的工作(见上文“对联合国的工作所作贡献”)。", "15. 叙利亚全球联盟", "特别咨商地位，1999年", "导言", "无任何变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "无任何变化。", "本组织内的重要变化", "本组织在2008年年末举行了选举，产生了一名主席、副主席，并选举了其他人担任重要职务。", "本组织对联合国的工作所作贡献", "2007年", "2007年，本组织在欧洲议会召开了有关叙利亚阿拉姆人种族灭绝的会议。", "2008年", "• 2月：本组织在瑞典南泰利耶做了讲座", "• 8月至10月：一名人权顾问致力于与圣加布里埃尔修道院(世界上最古老的修道院之一)有关的土耳其财产权问题", "• 10月11日至12日：选举Johny Messo担任本组织主席，选举Daniel Gabriel担任人权和联合国非政府组织主管职位", "• 12月至1月：主席和Michel Sawma前往美利坚合众国和加拿大，会见叙利亚人，并讨论本组织今后在联合国和欧洲联盟中的地位", "2009年", "4月，主席和人权顾问前往土耳其南部，访问阿拉姆(叙利亚)村庄，并讨论财产权问题。他们还在迪亚巴克尔大学向土耳其学生做了有关本组织和叙利亚的讲座。", "2010年", "• 5月至11月：本组织在维也纳和比利时(5月)、瑞典哥德堡(8月)、新泽西、布鲁塞尔、瑞典和德国(6月至10月的会议)以及瑞士(11月)参加了多次讲座，并会见了阿拉姆人", "• 10月25日：由于欧洲联盟委员会的进展报告，本组织在土耳其参加了欧洲议会有关人权的公开听证会", "• 11月15日至17日：主席在布鲁塞尔召开的有关宗教自由的欧洲议会会议上发言", "• 12月：本组织在华盛顿特区参加了与美国难民及移民委员会的有关叙利亚人在伊拉克的宗教自由的会议。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007年", "• 11月27日和28日：在维也纳举行的麻醉药品委员会第五十届会议", "• 11月29日和30日：在维也纳举行的第十六届联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法大会", "• 12月10日至14日：联合国国际贸易法委员会第四十届会议", "2008年至2009年", "2008年5月和2009年5月：在纽约举行的联合国土著问题常设论坛第七次和第八次会议。", "2009年", "• 11月13日：本组织在日内瓦举行的少数群体问题论坛第二届会议上发言", "• 11月：本组织在纽约举行的联合国有关叙利亚阿拉姆人问题(包括文化、人权和侨民问题)的非公开会议上发言", "• 12月：本组织作为观察员参加了联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的主要决策机构会议", "• 12月10日：本组织与秘书长潘基文一道在纽约联合国庆祝了人权日，参加了会议和题为“种族、贫穷和权力”的特别活动", "2010年", "• 3月8日：本组织在纽约参加了联合国国际妇女日", "• 3月：叙利亚全球联盟参加了在日内瓦举行的人权理事会的第十三届会议，并在会议上提交了一个书面声明和两个口头声明", "• 5月：联盟参加了在日内瓦进行的对土耳其的普遍定期审议", "• 4月19日至30日：本组织在纽约举行的联合国土著问题常设论坛上做一个发言，并为相关议程项目提交了干预措施", "• 7月16日：本组织在日内瓦举行的联合国土著人民权利专家机制第三届会议上发言", "• 9月：联盟参加了在日内瓦举行的人权理事会第十五届会议，并在会议上做了两个口头发言", "• 10月18日：本组织参加了在维也纳举行的《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》缔约方第五次会议", "与联合国机构的合作", "本联盟在纽约联合国土著问题常设论坛上与亚洲核心小组和青年核心小组合作。但是，这种合作是有限的，并且本组织现在正在寻找其他方法使论坛上的其他参与者听到本组织的声音。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标所采取的举措", "尚未采取任何举措。" ]

[ "非政府组织委员会 组织", "2012年常会", "2012年1月30日至2月8日和2月17日,日内瓦", "具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织依照经济及社会理事会第1996/31号决议通过秘书长提交的2007-2010四年期报告", "秘书长的说明", "目录", "页次\n援助行动 4 合计\n社会 3. 土著信息和教育网络\n人员 4. 法律服务 8\n5. 自由 10\n6. 生命13 道德教育\n7. 市长\n8. 农业\n社会 9. 地中海妇女研究 19\n10. 黑人全国20人理事会\n11. 撒哈拉生命组织 22\n12. 销售商. 24\n特派团 13. 社会主义26国国际\n14. 特别的28个奥运会\n国际 15. 叙利亚c\n联盟", "1. 联合国 援助行动社", "特别咨商地位,1991年", "导言", "没有变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "没有变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "援助行动组织将推出一项新战略,从2012年至2016年实施。 为执行其任务和目标而采用的两级治理结构包括一个由附属成员和准成员组成的大会,负责援助行动组织的战略治理;以及由大会选出的独立成员组成的国际理事会,负责秘书处持续有效的决策和监督。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "2010年,本组织成功地完成了参与Women Wont Wait联盟的工作。 2010年7月18日至23日在维也纳举行的题为“这里的权利,现在的权利”的第十八届国际艾滋病大会正式承认其领导作用。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "参加/出席", "• 2008年11月26日和27日在多哈举行的多哈全球民间社会论坛和2008年11月29日至12月2日举行的审查蒙特雷共识执行情况的发展筹资问题后续国际会议", "• 2009年6月在纽约举行的联合国世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议", "• 2009年12月1日至3日在内罗毕举行的联合国南南合作高级别会议", "• 2010年5月在日内瓦举行的联合国贸易和发展会议", "• 妇女地位委员会第五十三、五十四和第五十五届会议,纽约", "• 2011年7月4日至8日在日内瓦举行的经济及社会理事会高级别部分,本组织国际教育小组和艾滋病毒/艾滋病小组的代表提交了一份书面声明", "组织", "本组织就无酬照护工作、全面的性教育和学校中暴力侵害女童行为举办了三次平行活动。", "与联合国机构的合作", "援助行动继续与联合国各机构和专门机构在教育、粮食安全和主权、紧急情况和冲突、妇女权利以及艾滋病毒和艾滋病等领域进行合作,编写研究报告和研究报告并作出贡献,并联合主办会议。 它还通过与联合国妇女发展基金、联合国民主基金、联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病规划署)、联合国儿童基金会、国际农业发展基金会、联合国人口基金会、联合国开发计划署、联合国粮食及农业组织和世界粮食计划署等独立的联合国机构合作,开展人道主义活动和由捐助者供资的业务项目。", "行动 援助与独立的联合国机构联合主办了各种活动,包括:", "联合国女童教育倡议。 援助行动与伦敦大学教育研究所合作,为联合国相关产品和材料提供技术援助和研究投入。", "• 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)。 援助行动组织与Marie Stopes(塞拉利昂分会)合作,协助人权高专办呼吁就采取基于人权的方法来消除孕产妇死亡率和发病率的良好做法和有效做法提供投入。", "• 艾滋病规划署。 援助行动组织管理设在加德满都的艾滋病规划署南亚技术支助设施。", "• 世界粮食安全委员会。 援助行动与粮食主权国际规划委员会治理工作组和国际乐施会合作,在2010年10月11日至14日和16日于罗马举行的世界粮食安全委员会第三十六届会议上提交了一份提案,并与人权理事会密切合作,与特别程序候选人接触。", "• 教育权问题特别报告员。", "• 食物权问题特别报告员。", "• 人人有权享有能达到的最高标准身心健康问题特别报告员。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "在2007年9月大会上,援助行动组织发起了一项名为 \" 饥饿、燃料和能源 \" 的五年运动,重点是千年发展目标的目标1。 此后,援助行动组织开发出各种资源,包括题为 \" 谁真正战胜饥饿? \" 的报告,该报告是2010年9月14日在大会千年发展目标高级别全体会议之前在纽约推出的。", "2010年9月20日至22日,援助行动参加了这次会议,并作为民间社会代表参加了圆桌会议1。", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。", "2. 联合国 联合社会", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "没有变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "没有变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "没有变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "团结社一直积极提供人道主义支助,致力于结束世界饥饿、疾病和文盲现象,并在朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、印度、印度尼西亚、菲律宾和斯里兰卡提供紧急救济。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "遗憾的是,该学会未能参加2007至2010年联合国的任何会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "2010年3月,该协会同联合国粮食及农业组织合作,在联合国维持和平部队的协调下向海地提供粮食援助。 粮食援助总额为45吨大米、4.5吨豆和7 570升食用油。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "消除赤贫和饥饿", "朝鲜民主主义人民共和国(2007-2010年)。 该组织向咸镜北道和平安南道的弱势民众提供食品并提供了150吨玉米,100吨大米,3,290吨面粉,495吨面条和3.75吨马铃薯.", "印度 (英语). 在“山羊银行”项目下,自2009年以来,该组织向Dungeshwari的256个家庭提供了518只山羊。", "斯里兰卡(2008-2010年)。 该组织同塞瓦兰卡基金会合作,在Anuradhapura恢复了一座农业水库和28口饮水和农业水井。 学会还分发了种子,化肥,鸡和牛.", "印度尼西亚(2009年)。 本组织向受地震影响的西苏门答腊8个地区的1 371个家庭提供25 880公斤大米、300顶帐篷和308套厨房用具。", "普及初等教育", "朝鲜民主主义人民共和国(2009年)。 该组织向12所学校(55 020个笔记本、107 136个笔和5 288个学校袋)提供学习用品。", "印度 (英语). 该学会一直在敦格什瓦里开办苏雅塔学院. 截至2010年12月,约869名儿童在该学院完成了小学教育。", "菲律宾。 该组织在米达纳奥建造了13所学校,并向6,491名学生提供学校用品.", "柬埔寨(2009-2010年)。 学会在克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克", "印度尼西亚(2009年)。 该组织在西苏门答腊地震后为1,260名学生提供519个校服,700个学袋和1,307套学校用品.", "海地(2010年)。 该组织修复了被地震摧毁的利奥干内一带5个村庄的5所学校.", "促进两性平等并赋予妇女权力", "印度 (英语). 截至2010年12月,该组织建立了一所小学,向50 869名学生提供免费教育,其中包括486名男孩(55.9%)和383名女孩(44.1%)。", "降低儿童死亡率", "朝鲜民主主义人民共和国。 社会为53所孤儿院和残疾儿童机构提供基本营养食品(黄奶719 424升;奶粉67吨;海藻粉汤25吨;营养食品20吨)。", "印度 (英语). 敦格斯瓦里的Jivaka医院采用世界卫生组织制定的标准,对1 210名5岁以下儿童进行了调查,发现14.4%体重不足。 学会向764名体重不足的儿童提供营养食品,Jivaka医院一直在为婴儿提供免费的结核病、白喉、破伤风、百日咳、麻疹和A型肝炎疫苗。", "改善产妇保健", "印度 (英语). 自2007年以来,Jivaka医院为Dungeswari提供计划生育教育方案。 作为该方案的一部分,2009年12月22日,25名居民接受了免费计划生育手术。 自2009年以来,该协会一直为母亲提供营养补充,为孕妇提供铁。", "防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾和其他疾病", "印度 (英语). 本组织于2001年11月在敦格斯瓦里首次启动了结核病消除项目,而贾维卡医院于2008年6月通过了经修订的国家结核病控制方案。 此后,平均治疗时间由21个月缩短为6个月.", "确保环境可持续性", "印度 (英语). 该组织在敦格斯瓦里建造了33口水井和手动水泵.", "菲律宾。 学会在整个棉兰老岛建造了12口饮用水井。", "柬埔寨。 学会在克克克克克克相和克克克克克活佛兴建了两口井.", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。", "3. 土著人民信息和教育网", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "L ' auravetl ' an土著人民信息和教育网络是一个国家伞式组织,代表了西伯利亚和俄罗斯联邦北部和远东地区的20多个土著社区。", "本组织的目标和宗旨及其主要行动方针", "本组织的主要目标是提高这些土著社区更积极地参与的能力并建立一个机制,使土著社区能够与外界和相互交流。", "本组织的重大变化", "没有变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织监测大会所有常会和特别会议、经济及社会理事会及其附属机构的年度会议,以及侧重土著问题的其他机构。 在联合国主办的会议期间,本组织代表作了18次书面和口头发言以及3次联合发言。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007", "• 新闻部/非政府组织第六十届会议 组织会议。", "• 与民间社会代表就宗教间和文化间理解与合作以促进和平举行非正式互动听证会(10月4日和5日,纽约)", "• 非正式会议,讨论土著居民问题工作组继续开展工作的最适当机制(12月6日和7日,日内瓦)", "本组织还为土著人民组织、学术界和联合国机构的代表举行了一系列教育会议,包括:", "• 在联合国土著问题常设论坛第六届会议期间举行的关于“土著人民传统知识”的研讨会", "• 新闻部/非政府组织第六十次会议期间举办的传统知识讲习班。", "2008", "本组织参加了消除种族歧视委员会第七十三届会议(7月27日至8月15日,日内瓦)。", "2009", "本组织参加了德班审查会议(4月20日至24日,日内瓦)。 本组织同世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)合作,编写并向土著问题常设论坛第八届会议(5月27日,纽约)提交了题为“传统知识与土著人民”的小册子。", "2007年和2010年,纽约", "本组织参加了2007年10月和2010年11月在莫斯科、2007年11月和2010年11月至12月在日内瓦举办的土著研究金方案的俄语部分。", "2007年至2009年(单位:千美元)", "本组织参加了在纽约举行的联合国土著问题常设论坛第六、第七和第八届会议。", "2008年至2010年,日内瓦", "本组织参加了在日内瓦举行的知识产权组织知识产权与遗传资源、传统知识和民间文学艺术政府间委员会第十三、第十四和第十七届会议。", "2008年和2010年,纽约", "本组织参加了在日内瓦举行的土著人民权利专家机制第一届和第三届会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "2008", "本组织与知识产权组织合作,以英文和俄文印发了题为“传统知识与土著人民”的小册子。", "2009", "本组织同人权高专办一道,开始执行将《世界人权宣言》翻译成俄罗斯联邦10种土著语言(Veps、Karelian、Nganasan、Nenets、Shorian、Evenk、Altaian、Yakut、Khakas和Tuvinian)的项目。 本组织还与知识产权组织合作,于10月22日和23日为西伯利亚及俄罗斯联邦北部和远东地区的土著社区代表举办了主题为“土著人民的传统知识:保护和法律保护问题、国际和国家方面”的国际研讨会。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "本组织支持千年发展目标,为土著代表举办法律运动和教育研讨会,介绍他们获得土地和自然资源的权利。 在2007-2010年期间,本组织举行了16次为期三周的法律培训和32次研讨会,专门讨论土著人民对土地、水和森林资源的权利问题。", "补充资料", "没有补充资料。", "4. 法律事务联盟", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "法律服务联盟致力于促进和保护人权,方法是提高公众的敏感性;在地方、国家和国际各级进行宣传;以及加强联盟成员组织。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "没有变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "该联盟制定并通过了一项新的2010-2013年四年期战略计划。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "在过去四年中,联盟及其成员组织的重点是促进和保护边缘化群体的人权,特别是流离失所者(难民、回返者、境内流离失所者)和少数民族成员的人权。 克罗地亚于2008年通过了关于免费法律援助的新法律,联盟现有9个成员组织中有6个依法登记为免费法律援助提供者。 他们继续向所有需要的人提供免费法律援助。", "过去四年来联盟执行的最重要项目的重点包括:", "• 现代技术在促进和保护人权方面的作用和可能性", "• 促进和保护人权", "• 在地方和区域各级宣传欧洲反对种族主义和仇外心理的价值观", "• 东南欧的少数群体权利,包括2007-2008年期间克罗地亚国家行动计划", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2008", "• 促进和保护人权联盟执行主任奥西耶克参加了9月3日至5日在巴黎举行的第六十一届新闻部/非政府组织会议。", "二. 支助 联盟参加了9月3日至5日由非政府组织执行委员会与新闻部、教科文组织、人权高专办和法国联合在巴黎举行的主题为“重申所有人的人权:60周年世界人权宣言”的会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "二. 支助 本组织与联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)克罗地亚代表处、克罗地亚司法部、人权中心和促进和保护人权联盟合作,于2010年7月26日在萨格勒布举办了主题为“诉诸司法:适用免费法律援助法一年的经验”的国际会议。", "二. 支助 2010年4月,该联盟参加了参加普遍定期审议的民间社会组织特设联盟。 特设联盟举行了若干次工作会议,以彻底审查和报告克罗地亚的人权保护状况。 其目标是突出最引人注目的侵犯人权行为,并就如何改善目前的状况提出建议。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "二. 支助 联盟在世界难民日、消除种族歧视国际日、反对法西斯主义和反犹太主义国际日以及人权日之际,在克罗地亚的几个城镇举办了多场活动。", "二. 支助 联盟在其官方网站、印刷媒体以及在地方和国家电子媒体的广播中发表了相关声明", "• 联盟代表参加了电视节目,并谈到难民和少数民族面临的问题以及克罗地亚的总体人权状况", "二. 支助 在2010年世界难民日之际,联盟发起了人道主义行动,帮助克罗地亚两个地区的回返者和难民;不过,只有一个公司作出反应,向有幼儿的回返者家庭提供巧克力和糖果包。", "补充资料", "自2008年4月以来,该联盟一直是欧洲非政府组织救济和发展组织扩大、加入前和邻里问题工作组的成员。", "5 (韩语). 自由国际", "一般咨商地位,1995年", "导言", "自由国际是一个由自由政党组成的世界联合会,作为一个国际论坛,执政政党和反对党在此聚会,交流思想,促进对话、协商和激励,以建立、深化和巩固(自由)民主。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "没有变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "欧洲议会议员汉斯·范巴林(Hans Van Baleen)接任奥尔德地斯勋爵出任该组织新主席.", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "2007", "二. 支助 4月30日,在墨西哥坎昆举办了主题为“安全和人权”的人权讲习班", "二. 支助 9月26日至29日在中国台湾省台北举行人权会议", "二. 支助 12月7日至10日在台北举行主题为“加强网络和打击贩运人口”的人权会议", "2008", "二. 支助 在5月15日至17日在北爱尔兰贝尔法斯特举行的第五十六届自由国际大会上,在该组织人权委员会内提出关于儿童兵问题的特别报告", "• 5月15日至17日在北爱尔兰贝尔法斯特举行的第五十六届自由国际大会上,通过了关于当前全球局势和禁止以性取向、言论自由、气候变化、粮食价格、克服冲突和全球人口危机等为理由进行迫害和歧视的决议", "2009", "• 在该组织执行委员会关于这一主题的会议上就加沙人道主义危机、刚果民主共和国东部的暴力、终止世界上的性剥削和性虐待以及人权对民主的重要性等问题通过决议 “全球经济危机对民主和人权的影响”,1月25日在法国斯特拉斯堡举行", "• 5月1日至3日在加拿大温哥华举行的主题为 \" 加强自由议程 \" 的执行委员会会议上通过了关于阿富汗妇女权利以及科索沃和摩尔多瓦共和国局势的决议", "• 10月29日至31日在开罗举行的第五十七届自由国际大会上就当前全球局势和其他国家和区域问题通过决议", "2010", "• 2月15日至17日访问基希纳乌,审查该国人权状况", "• 通过其青年组织国际自由青年联合会,于3月8日和9日在日内瓦举行人力资源、容忍和民主日内瓦首脑会议", "二. 支助 在6月11日至13日于柏林举行的该组织执行委员会会议上举行了关于 \" 人权与妇女参与 \" 主题的小组讨论。", "· 11月13日和14日在南非开普敦举行的本组织执行委员会会议上通过决议并在非洲促进权力下放", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007", "人权理事会会议,3月27日至29日,日内瓦", "2008", "联合国新闻部非政府组织第六十一次会议,9月3日至5日,巴黎", "2009", "• 2月2日至13日在日内瓦举行的普遍定期审议工作组第四届会议", "• 人权理事会第十届会议,3月2日至27日,日内瓦", "• 6月17日在日内瓦同人权高专办举行会议", "• 联合国人权理事会第十二届会议,9月14日至10月2日,日内瓦;向人权理事会提交了一份书面声明", "• 9月9日至11日在墨西哥城举行的第六十二届新闻部/非政府组织会议", "2010", "• 3月10日在日内瓦举行的人权理事会第十三届会议", "• 经济及社会理事会非政府组织委员会常会,6月4日,纽约", "• 大会第三委员会一般性辩论会议,10月28日,纽约", "与联合国机构的合作", "2008-2009", "本组织秘书长与联合国大会主席斯德詹·克里姆的会议", "2009-2010", "• 认可在纽约的联合国副主席", "• 认可人权事务委员会在日内瓦的联合国副主席", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "二. 支助 每年向为促进自由和人权作出杰出贡献的个人颁发该组织的 \" 争取自由奖 \"", "二. 支助 本组织出版了一本题为《定义自由:看看自由国际自由奖的前25年(2009年)》的书,其中包括1985-2009年自由奖获得者的讲话。", "二. 支助 本组织定期发行一份特别人权通讯,提高对侵犯人权行为的认识并增进所有人的平等权利。 《自由事务》杂志2008年的一期专门讨论民主过渡和人权,恰逢《世界人权宣言》六十周年", "补充资料", "会员党在世界各地的议会和政府都有代表,使该组织有可能直接影响重要国际政策的制定和实施以及外交活动.", "6. 国家 生命伦理教育协会", "特别咨商地位,1999年", "导言", "生命伦理教育协会是一个设在加拿大的非政府组织,致力于提高公众对“生命权”问题的认识,特别是在出生前和生命结束时。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织力求倡导早产儿、残疾人、体弱者和老年人,促进尊重从受精到自然死亡的所有人的生命,促进和增进公众对生命问题的认识和了解,包括但不限于胎儿发育、堕胎、新的生殖技术、收养、缓和护理、安乐死、医生协助自杀、人类实验、堕胎后综合症和贞操/禁欲教育。", "本组织的重大变化", "本组织的主要代表搬到了纽约,这大大促进了本组织参加联合国会议的能力,并与经济及社会理事会认可的其他非政府组织建立联系。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "除了参加联合国会议外,本组织还与经济及社会理事会认可的其他非政府组织结成伙伴关系,为更广泛的联合国社会组织活动。 本组织的代表也在妇女地位委员会等会议期间由其他组织主办的小组会和会外活动上发言。 2010年9月15日,本组织与其他非政府组织,如 \" 关注家庭 \" 和 \" 国际哺乳期护理 \" 组织以及菲律宾和马拉维常驻联合国代表团合作,召集了一个专家小组,讨论千年发展目标的目标5和产妇保健。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007", "• 妇女地位委员会,2月26日至3月9日", "• 人口与发展委员会,4月9日至13日", "2008", "• 社会发展委员会,2月6日至15日", "• 妇女地位委员会,2月25日至3月7日", "• 人口与发展委员会,4月7日至11日", "• 联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题高级别会议,6月8日至10日", "• 社会发展委员会,2月6日至15日", "• 2007年10月18日至20日妇女分娩会议", "2009", "• 妇女地位委员会,3月2日至13日", "• 人口与发展委员会,3月30日至4月3日", "2010", "• 社会发展委员会,2月3日至12日", "• 妇女地位委员会,3月1日至12日", "• 人口与发展委员会,4月12日至16日", "• 9月20日至22日千年发展目标高级别会议", "• 世界青年会议,2010年8月24日至27日。", "• 2010年6月7日至9日妇女分娩会议", "为筹备联合国青年年,本组织一直积极开展工作,通过会谈和研讨会向青年成员通报情况。", "与联合国机构的合作", "不适用。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "本协会是2010年9月关于改善产妇保健目标5的活动的主办和组织者。 本组织认为,必须教育青年了解联合国的工作,特别是在目标2、3、4和5方面,在参加联合国会议之前为其志愿人员举办培训班,以便他们能够积极与非政府组织的其他代表、联合国人员和国家代表讨论和接触。 2007至2010年,本组织培训了100多名青年志愿人员,他们随后作为代表出席了联合国会议。", "7. 联合国 和平市长", "特别咨商地位,1991年", "导言", "1945年8月,单发原子弹摧毁了广岛和长崎等地的城市并夺走了数十万人的生命. 在65多年后的今天,许多幸存者仍然受到辐射的身心后遗症。 为了确保地球上任何地方都不再发生原子悲剧,广岛和长崎一直想方设法使世界相信核武器是非法的、不道德的,必须彻底销毁。 1982年6月24日,在纽约联合国总部举行的第二次裁军特别会议上,当时的广岛市长竹上阿拉基宣布了一项促进各城市团结一致以彻底消除核武器的方案——一项在城市之间建立跨国团结以促进消除核武器集体努力的计划。 广岛和长崎的市长联合呼吁各地城市支持这一方案。 和平市长会议是正式表示支持上述方案的城市会议。 1990年3月,和平市长在新闻部登记为非政府组织。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "市长 和平提高了国际公众对废除核武器的认识,但也努力减轻饥饿和贫穷,协助逃离当地冲突的难民,支持人权和保护环境,以有助于实现持久和平。 和平市长会议最近一直注重彻底消除核武器。 这些不人道和非法的武器威胁到人类的生存。 自2003年以来,本组织一直在宣传其2020年愿景,即到2020年禁止核武器的紧急运动。 和平市长会议与世界各地的城市、公民和非政府组织一道,开展了许多活动,最近一次是呼吁迅速开始核武器公约谈判的请愿活动。", "本组织的重大变化", "通过推动2020年愿景运动和2020年裁军目标,本组织已从2007年的1 500个城市发展到2010年的近4 400个城市。 这种增长要求加强网络及其成员城市之间的交流方法。 2010年5月举行的不扩散核武器条约(不扩散条约)缔约国审议大会通过的最后文件首次提到核武器公约。 在这一成果的基础上,本组织在广岛举行了一次到2020年彻底消除核武器的会议,并通过了《广岛呼吁》,这是一套新的运动准则,包括呼吁就核武器公约开始谈判。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "联合国大会第一项决议是关于核裁军的。 通过我们的成员、我们的工作人员和非政府组织中的盟友,本组织正在向全球各个角落传播核裁军的口号。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织参加了2007年、2008年和2009年不扩散条约审议大会筹备委员会会议,与会者包括市长和相关伙伴。 本组织还参加了2010年在纽约举行的不扩散条约审议大会,来自10个国家30个成员城市的89名代表参加了这次会议。 和平市长还出席了2009年在墨西哥城举行的第六十二届新闻部/非政府组织会议。 本组织工作人员参加了在纽约、日内瓦和维也纳举行的多次会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "和平市长组织与联合国裁军事务厅和非政府组织裁军、和平与安全委员会保持密切联系,并尽力同裁军事务厅协调所有活动。 2010年7月,本组织请裁军事务厅的一名高级政治事务干事到广岛在广岛会议上发言。 自2011年3月以来,本组织在联合国总部展出100万份有签名的请愿表,呼吁消除核武器。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "和平市长协会是世界上发展最快、可能规模最大的国际城市协会。 它正在使城市结成伙伴,最初是为了消除核武器,但最终本组织认为,它正在为全球伙伴关系的目标作出重大贡献。", "8. 姆布图农业协会", "特别咨商地位,1999年", "导言", "姆布图农业 学会成立于1993年1月,是一个非政府、非政治和非宗教组织。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "没有变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "在联合国开发计划署(开发署)、世界粮食计划署、可持续性教育和生态设计国际、联合王国AWARE项目、国际有机作物改良协会、美国国际开发署以及阿迪大学和达累斯萨拉姆大学教育学院等地方大学的合作下,本组织已扩大到国家和国际两级。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "2009", "二. 支助 本组织在普瓦尼州Kibaha区Mlandizi区为Ruvu河沿岸园艺和稻田种植者开展了一个旨在保护土地使用的项目", "二. 支助 学会开展了一个控制土地退化的项目,向莫罗戈罗地区基隆贝罗和鲁梅莫河流域的农民宣传这一问题(7月至10月)", "二. 支助 本组织开展了一个项目,重点是在普瓦尼州基巴哈县姆兰迪齐区鲁武河河谷种植稻田的小农的水生养护做法", "2010", "协会在坦桑尼亚联合共和国达累斯萨拉姆的Nyerere公路沿线开展了植树项目。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织出席了2007年12月10日至14日在坦桑尼亚联合共和国阿鲁沙举行的第五次非洲人口会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "2008年,协会首席执行官收到开发署坦桑尼亚联合共和国办事处的邀请并获得全面赞助,出席2008年5月2日至6日在阿鲁沙举行的沙利文首脑会议。 首脑会议汇集了非洲和美国在基础设施、旅游和环境部门的企业家和投资者,以满足坦桑尼亚联合共和国和非洲的发展需要,并接触亚洲,作为战略伙伴关系和投资创造机会的来源。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "目标6:与艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾和其他疾病作斗争", "在对性别问题有敏感认识的性生殖健康和艾滋病毒/艾滋病教育方面支助校外青年:", "• 在Ruvuma地区的Tuangoma和Changombe(Temeke区)和Mbamba Bay Ward(Mbinga区)在不同学校环境中建立120个保健俱乐部、8个剧团和15个比赛项目", "• 查明并培训120名失学青年,使他们成为同龄相互教育者", "• 利用同伴教育者对200名失学青年进行生活技能和艾滋病毒教育方面的培训", "该组织教育了38名性工作者,传授了谈判更安全的性行为的知识,例如使用避孕套,并培训了120名男子,以提高性关系和家庭关系中的生活技能和负责任的行为。 该组织还募集资金购买了12箱避孕套并分发给社区内的团体。", "该组织确定了36名吸毒者/吸毒者,并制定了应对滥用的战略。 11名施虐者已经停止行为,正在接受治疗和康复。", "本组织与塔巴塔和基马拉社区合作,在其周围开展环境卫生活动,以减少蚊子的繁殖地,共有200个家庭受益。 本组织制作了关于使用驱虫蚊帐和前往保健单位进行早期诊断和治疗的重要性的概况介绍。", "补充资料", "在2008至2010年期间的所有活动中,本组织制定了透明度方面的最佳做法。 该协会是注册的农业协会信托基金会,有74名成员。 所有成员都参与项目的规划、设计和执行。", "9. 地中海妇女研究中心", "特别咨商地位,1987年", "导言", "地中海妇女研究中心的地理覆盖范围:希腊、地中海、欧洲、亚洲、非洲。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "二. 支助 研究、分析和提高妇女在家庭以及经济、社会和公共生活中的地位;", "二. 支助 提高认识并激励采取行动,促进男女在所有生活领域的平等;", "二. 支助 提高妇女对生态问题的认识并动员她们保护环境并拯救地中海盆地免受污染", "二. 支助 协助妇女保护自己的文化遗产和妇女的价值观", "二. 支助 通过教育赋予妇女权力,以在生活的所有领域行使其权利", "二. 支助 制定办法并主动解决冲突和促进地中海和平", "二. 支助 开展促进民主和人权的活动;", "二. 支助 支持有关艾滋病毒/艾滋病、毒品、酗酒、暴力、种族主义、仇外心理和青年犯罪等主要关切问题的国家、区域和国际运动和方案", "为了实现其目标,本组织制定了各种责任领域:", "• 女权主义和面向行动的研究", "二. 支助 性别研究方案", "• 就主要与妇女和青年有关的广泛问题举行研讨会、专题讨论会、讲习班、会议", "二. 支助 促进和平与安全的女权替代方案", "二. 支助 与保护环境有关的活动", "• 发展中国家妇女发展项目", "本组织的重大变化", "2009年5月,本组织成为安娜·林德基金会网络的成员,该网络活跃于地中海国家,旨在促进地中海的文化间对话。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织同联合国人口基金合作举办了两次讲习班,以宣传安全理事会第1235(1999)号决议。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "二. 支助 2007年,一名董事会成员出席了4月30日至5月11日在纽约举行的联合国可持续发展委员会第十五届政策会议。", "二. 支助 2009年,该理事会成员出席了6月24日至26日在纽约举行的联合国世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议。 本组织秘书长出席了11月9日至15日在多哈举行的联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议第三届会议。", "二. 支助 2010年,该理事会成员出席了5月3日至14日在纽约举行的可持续发展委员会第十八届会议。 本组织主席和财务主任作为观察员参加了10月18日至22日在维也纳举行的联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议第五届会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "2月19日至23日,本组织同联合国人口基金(人口基金)技术支助司合作,为印度尼西亚12个不同地区的妇女和男子举办了为期五天的能力建设培训讲习班,主题是“领导、管理、传播技能和项目规划”。 中心在印度尼西亚巴厘组织并实施培训时,人口基金资助并组织了讲习班。 讲习班的重点是安全理事会第1235(1999)号决议。", "6月10日至15日,本组织继续与人口基金合作,在土耳其伊斯坦布尔为伊拉克妇女举办了为期五天的能力建设培训讲习班,主题是解决冲突、沟通技能和组织管理”。 讲习班的重点是安全理事会第1235(1999)号决议。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "没有采取主动行动。", "10. 全国黑人妇女理事会", "一般咨商地位,1995年", "导言", "全国黑人妇女理事会是由非裔美国人妇女组织和社区部门组成的理事会。 它成立于1935年,任务是领导、发展和倡导非洲裔妇女支持家庭和社区。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "没有变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "没有变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织的一名代表帮助组织了主题为“气候变化:它如何影响我们所有人”的第六十届新闻部/非政府组织会议。 该代表参加了规划委员会网络委员会的工作,以使非政府组织在气候变化问题上建立伙伴关系。 此外,该组织的四名成员出席了这次会议并随后在当地社区会议上介绍了有关方案的报告,在四个不同的场合,约有150人参加了这些会议。 该组织的代表在本组织在华盛顿特区举行的全国商场国际分部教育方案上,在全国黑人妇女黑人家庭再会理事会散发了500多份《非洲复兴杂志》。 超过50万人参加了这项活动。 一名组织代表在纽约非政府组织妇女地位委员会媒体外联委员会工作,为妇女地位委员会第五十二届会议宣传会议和非政府组织协商日活动。 此外,该组织有5名成员出席了会议。 一名组织代表向成员介绍了方案活动报告,并提交了该组织通讯的文章。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007年,本组织成员出席了新闻部/非政府组织第六十一次会议(9月5日至7日,纽约)。", "2008", "• 妇女地位委员会关于“为两性平等和赋予妇女权力筹资”主题的第五十二届会议(2008年2月25日至3月7日,纽约)", "• 美利坚合众国联合国协会(UNA-USA)关于2008年总统选举妇女问题机会主题的会议(2008年3月13日,纽约)", "• 美国联合国协会关于评估《禁止杀伤人员地雷公约》十周年主题的会议(2008年4月3日,纽约)", "• 大会工作的最新情况:由大会主席斯德詹·克里姆作非政府组织简报(2008年7月10日,纽约)", "与联合国机构的合作", "2009", "• 代表出席了非政府组织协商日(3月1日,纽约)", "• 代表出席了妇女地位委员会第五十三届会议(3月2日至13日,纽约)", "• 代表出席了妇女地位委员会的主题活动 “艾滋病毒/艾滋病护理对女孩和老年妇女的影响”(3月5日,纽约)", "• 代表出席美国联合国协会关于解决美国总统提出的艾滋病紧急救援计划中护理负担和性别差距问题的讲习班(3月12日,纽约)", "• 代表出席了妇女地位委员会举行的关于《北京宣言和行动纲要》(1995年)和大会第二十三届特别会议(2000年)成果执行情况15年审查的活动(3月1日至12日,纽约)", "2010", "代表参加了纪念安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号决议十周年的活动(10月25日至29日,纽约)", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "本组织与妇女参与法律和发展组织和其他妇女组织合作,提供基础教育和技术获取方案,帮助贝宁妇女建立识字和经济增长方案。", "11个 撒哈拉生命信托基金", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "撒哈拉生命信托会是一个免税慈善组织,享有经济和社会事务理事会咨商地位,由巴基斯坦慈善中心认证,并获得加拿大、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国慈善委员会认可。 巴基斯坦Narowal的Sughra Shafi医疗综合医院是一所拥有250个床位的综合性医院,每月为大约一万名门诊病人提供服务。 该组织建立了一个最先进的实验室,配备完全计算机化、高度自动化的设备,其中包括全国50个特许经营权。 该组织在拉合尔纳罗瓦尔高速公路的“HATCHER”提供24小时救护车服务。 该组织正在建立一所医学院,已经在医疗综合体建立了土著疗法研究中心,并建立了医生和外科医生学院研究员的服务。 本组织在巴基斯坦全境开展工作,特别是在Narowal区等偏远农村地区开展工作。 本组织在黎巴嫩战争期间和2010年海啸后在印度尼西亚提供了支助。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "撒哈拉设想通过提供保健服务、通过教育实现分配正义和通过社会服务促进静默地革命来帮助未触及的人。", "本组织的任务是通过提供保健和教育服务,为巴基斯坦农村地区得不到充分服务、贫困和贫困的人口提供服务和便利,并为应对国家和国际自然灾害提供救济和康复服务。 它的目标和宗旨是为巴基斯坦贫困和受压迫的人建立和维持医院、医疗中心、产妇院、急救中心和教育机构。", "本组织的重大变化", "2010年和2011年,本组织在受洪水影响地区的项目中管理了约6.5亿卢比。 撒哈拉努力通过扩大工作范围并在全国所有地区扩大地域范围来带来积极变化。 因此,本组织成功地改进了下列活动:", "• 通过临床服务实现纳罗瓦尔地区健康指标", "• 通过在Tehsil Pasrur的职业培训,制定减贫指标", "• 地震救济和复原、水灾救济和复原活动", "二. 支助 正在进行的研究", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "2005年巴基斯坦地震后,该组织募集了30万卢比的捐款并提供了3200个玻璃纤维小屋. 在巴基斯坦和美国军队的帮助下,该组织将茅屋,病人和救灾物资运送到雪地上. 该组织管理巴拉科特和查纳里由外科医生、医生、矫形外科医生和妇科医生组成的医疗队。 该组织还提供90辆装载有可食用品,毯子,暖衣和帐篷的卡车.", "2006年黎巴嫩战争期间,本组织与卫生部合作,提供价值为20万卢比的药品。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织将参加2011年6月举行的联合国论坛。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织一直在同红十字会、联合国儿童基金会和联合国难民事务高级专员协调开展洪灾救济活动。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "本组织通过建立职业培训中心和为约1 000人提供工作,为千年发展目标关于减贫的目标1作出了贡献。 在扫盲和赋予妇女权力方面(千年发展目标2和3),本组织在受洪水影响的地区Muzaffargarh县建立了一所女子中学。 本组织正在旁遮普省帕克帕特坦县开展艾滋病毒/艾滋病监测,这是加拿大-巴基斯坦艾滋病毒/艾滋病监测项目资助的一个项目。 苏格拉·沙菲综合医疗中心已治疗了大约150万病人,重点是妇幼保健、结核病和流行病学(目标4、5和6)。", "12. 销售团", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "没有变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "没有变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "没有变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织是若干非政府组织的成员,包括非政府组织社会发展委员会及其关于消除贫穷、艾滋病毒/艾滋病、移徙和发展筹资的小组委员会。 该组织还是新闻部/非政府组织会议规划委员会的成员,并担任会议提名小组委员会主席。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织参加了下列会议和会议:", "• 可持续发展委员会(2007-2010年,纽约)", "• 联合国土著问题常设论坛(纽约,2007-2010年)", "• 非政府组织艾滋病毒/艾滋病委员会(2008-2010年)", "• 非政府组织移徙问题委员会(2007年至2011年)", "• 国际消除贫穷日(2007至2010年,纽约)", "本组织赞助和(或)组织了下列会外活动:", "• “教育和工作:合作伙伴关系”(2008年)", "• 2008年在巴黎举行的新闻部/非政府组织会议“保护移徙者及其家属的人权”", "• “艾滋病毒/艾滋病和社会排斥:宗教领袖面临的挑战”和“流动人民的社会融合”(2009年)", "二. 支助 “爱情问题:南非男童和女童的艾滋病毒/艾滋病教育”和“男女、男童和女童参与对话”(2009年)", "二. 支助 2010年在澳大利亚墨尔本举行的第六十三届新闻部/非政府组织会议的会外活动", "二. 支助 妇女地位委员会第五十四届会议的会外活动,主题为“《北京行动纲要》中的各种因素:移民子女”(2010年)", "二. 支助 2010年在墨尔本举行的第六十三届新闻部/非政府组织会议主题为“移徙:应对暴力”的会外活动", "与联合国机构的合作", "• 2008年9月25日在纽约举行的大会会议期间,一位塞勒西亚红衣主教在千年发展目标高级别活动上发了言。", "二. 支助 印度孟买Don Bosco避难所的一名代表向2008年3月10日至14日在维也纳举行的麻醉药品委员会第五十一届会议报告了南亚地区毒品问题的现状和正在开展的工作。 会前,Don Bosco收容所被要求作为一个区域牵头组织,选择和协调100多个应邀出席会议的非政府组织。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "消除贫穷", "• 博斯科先生 技术网络力求到2020年为印度200万年轻人提供培训和职位安排", "• 智利科皮亚戈的塞勒西亚工业学校承诺在学生技术教育和创造就业方面进行合作", "• 泰国清迈的Don Bosco之家是泰国山地部落和族裔群体少年的培训中心", "• 亚的斯亚贝巴博斯科儿童中心的职业培训方案涉及90所农业学校,对青年进行现代农业技术培训,以提高作物产量,实现粮食安全并创收", "初等教育", "• 安东成的唐·博斯科识字学校, 柬埔寨,作为该国最贫穷儿童的中心", "• 唐·博斯科旅行巴士学校帮助印度库尔诺尔的游牧儿童", "二. 支助 安哥拉开办了教师重新资格和教育课程以及儿童扫盲方案", "二. 支助 2008年,在苏丹南方Tonj附近开办了10所农村学校中的第所", "• 在卢布尔雅那,一个“快乐小巴士”寻找没有上学的年轻人为他们提供教育", "二. 支助 扫盲方案为哥伦比亚乔科哥伦比亚孔多托人民服务", "赋予妇女权力", "• 2010年,Honiara的Don Bosco技术学校开始为女孩开设木工课程", "埃塞俄比亚兹韦的妇女发展项目开设了一个刺绣合作社", "• 在印度浦那,本组织提供小额供资倡议和技能培训小组", "降低产妇死亡率", "墨西哥城的Yolia方案为流落街头的女孩提供教育和住所。 提供产前和产后服务。", "防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病", "安哥拉、莫桑比克、西部非洲法语区以及巴西、印度、秘鲁和斯里兰卡都有方案。", "环境可持续性", "二. 支助 该组织为巴西的Xavantes和Bororos土著社区提供清洁用水", "• 在哥斯达黎加,Don Bosco技术学院的Salesian学生因其将鸡脂和莱辛转化为生物可燃材料以取代柴油的项目而获得国家奖", "• 爱尔兰的Salessian ACRE项目在园艺和园艺方面培训有特殊教育需要的年轻人", "13个 社会主义国际妇女", "特别咨商地位,1991年", "导言", "社会主义国际 妇女是社会主义国际下属的社会主义、社会民主和劳工政党妇女组织的国际组织。 目前,世界各地共有149个成员组织。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织的目的和目标包括:加强成员组织之间的关系;促进行动方案,以克服社会上的任何歧视,包括男女之间的任何不平等并致力于普遍的人权;促进发展与和平;促进妇女对民主社会主义目标和任务的了解和理解;扩大其成员与其他非成员社会主义妇女团体之间的关系。", "本组织的重大变化", "没有变化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "二. 支助 本组织通过了若干决议,呼吁召开第五次联合国妇女问题世界会议。", "二. 支助 2007年3月,本组织与国际移徙组织合作,举行了一次关于国际移徙的性别层面的会议。 本组织努力说服成员国批准《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约任择议定书》。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "二. 支助 本组织出席了妇女地位委员会2007年、2008年、2009年和2010年在纽约举行的会议。 它与希腊常驻联合国代表团合作,每次都组织了一次平行活动。", "二. 支助 本组织出席了在日内瓦举行的第九十六届和第九十八届国际劳工大会。", "二. 支助 本组织出席了在维也纳举行的预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第十六、第十七和第十八届会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "二. 支助 本组织与新闻部合作,参加了2008年9月在巴黎举行的第六十一届新闻部/非政府组织会议", "• 社会主义国际妇女还参加了2009年9月在墨西哥城举行的第六十二届新闻部/非政府组织会议", "二. 支助 本组织与日内瓦人权理事会合作,出席了其第四、第十和第十一届会议", "• 2007年10月,社会主义国际妇女组织了以色列特拉维夫以色列和巴勒斯坦妇女会议,以支持安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号决议", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "• 2009年3月,本组织在布宜诺斯艾利斯举行了一次研讨会,主题是“实现性别均衡的民主”,以支持千年发展目标的目标3(促进两性平等并赋予妇女权力)。", "二. 支助 2010年6月,本组织在安道尔举行了主题为“两性平等政策——社会和经济发展的推动力”的会议,再次支持目标3。 促进两性平等是社会主义国际妇女的主要目标。", "二. 支助 关于目标6,本组织在第十八届国际艾滋病会议(2010年7月18日至23日,维也纳)上发表了一项声明,呼吁各国政府、保健服务组织和非政府组织高度优先重视下列有关妇女和艾滋病毒/艾滋病的要求:妇女和女孩获得生殖保健服务;获得检测、治疗、咨询、护理和支助;以及获得男用和女用避孕套等预防方法。", "14. 国际特奥会", "特别咨商地位,1991年", "导言", "没有变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "没有变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "运动员(即来自发展中国家的运动员)的参与大幅增加,对本组织的愿景产生了很大影响。 这一影响有助于特别奥运会通过特别奥运区域办事处和国家方案基础设施,在整个发展中世界输送更多的投资、技术援助和伙伴关系发展。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "通过特别奥运健康运动员方案,为智障儿童和成年人免费提供了100多万个运动员健康检查。 这些筛查包括视力,牙科,听力,物理治疗,营养,运动医学,球舱医学和健康教育等临床学科. 还向来自110多个国家的运动员免费提供保健干预措施,包括免费处方眼镜、定制助听器、定制保护性运动护目镜、保护口罩和骨密度、心脏检查等各种诊断检查。 该方案正在进行的努力直接支持与儿童健康有关的千年发展目标,对于像智力残疾的人一样处于边缘地位的人口尤其重要。", "120多万名参加特别奥运会的运动员是女性,使女孩和妇女不仅有机会参加体育运动,而且通过体育促进发展模式,向女孩和妇女提供免费健康检查、家庭支助网络、幼儿发展活动、健康教育、领导能力培养技能等等。", "国际特奥会帮助为数百万没有智力残疾的儿童创建了具有文化敏感性的残疾教育,增进了对智力残疾的性质、接受差异的重要性、包容性社区的社会福利以及与特奥会运动合作的兴奋感的认识。 各个区域和国家继续提供12年级幼儿园的题为“进入”的学术课程,强调包容性学校环境对智力残疾儿童的重要性。", "国际特奥会在促进千年发展目标的目标8方面取得了长足进展。 通过正式的特别奥运会伙伴关系平台,本组织已促使政府、工业、慈善事业、体育和民间社会为智力残疾儿童和成人倡导改善政策和更美好的未来。", "各级特别奥运会在倡导批准《残疾人权利公约》方面发挥了积极作用。 这种宣传伴随着信息传播,表明特别奥林匹克运动为促进全面实现千年发展目标而建立的支助结构。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "在本报告所述期间,国际特奥会有幸参加联合国的正式活动,包括:", "• 行政部门参加《儿童权利公约》二十周年庆祝活动", "• 行政部门参与儿童基金会出版物《2009年世界儿童状况:孕产妇和新生儿保健》并作出贡献", "• 在儿童基金会中东和北非区域办事处、中欧和东欧及独立国家联合体区域管理小组会议上作正式发言", "• 在儿童基金会中东和北非办事处传播讲习班上作主旨发言", "与联合国机构的合作", "国际特奥会与包括儿童基金会、开发署、联合国体育促进发展与和平办公室、世界粮食计划署和世界各地众多国家和区域联合国办事处在内的一些联合国机构进行了合作。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "特别奥运会对联合国的工作作出了重大贡献,特别是在实现千年发展目标方面(见上文“本组织对联合国工作的贡献”。", "15个 叙利亚克世界联盟", "特别咨商地位,1999年", "导言", "没有变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "没有变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "该组织于2008年末举行选举,选出了新的总统、副总统和其他个人担任主要职务。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "2007", "2007年,该组织在欧洲议会安排了一次关于叙利亚阿拉米人种族灭绝问题的会议。", "2008", "二. 支助 2月:本组织在瑞典Sodertalje发表演讲", "• 8月至10月:人权顾问就土耳其与圣加布里埃尔修道院(世界上最古老的修道院之一)有关的财产权问题开展工作。", "• 10月11日和12日:选举约翰·梅索为本组织主席,丹尼尔·加布里埃尔为人权和联合国非政府组织主任", "• 12月至1月:总统和Michel Sawma前往美利坚合众国和加拿大,会见叙利亚人民并讨论该组织今后在联合国和欧洲联盟的立场", "2009", "4月,总统和人权顾问前往土耳其南部访问阿拉米(叙利亚克)村庄并讨论财产权问题。 他们还在迪亚巴克尔大学向土耳其学生作了关于该组织和叙利亚人的演讲.", "2010", "• 5月至11月:本组织在维也纳和比利时(5月)、瑞典哥特堡(8月)、新泽西、布鲁塞尔、瑞典和德国(6月至10月的会议)和瑞士(11月)参加了几次讲座并会见了阿拉米人。", "• 10月25日:鉴于欧洲联盟委员会的进度报告,本组织参加了欧洲议会在土耳其举行的人权问题听证会", "• 11月15日至17日:总统在布鲁塞尔举行的欧洲议会宗教自由会议上发言", "二. 支助 12月:本组织参加了在华盛顿特区与美国难民和移民委员会就叙利亚人在伊拉克的宗教自由问题举行的会议。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007", "• 11月27日和28日:麻醉药品委员会第五十届会议,维也纳", "• 11月29日和30日:预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第十六届会议,维也纳", "• 12月10日至14日:联合国国际贸易法委员会第四十届会议", "2008年至2009年,日内瓦", "2008年5月和2009年5月:联合国土著问题常设论坛第七和第八届会议,纽约。", "2009", "• 11月13日:本组织在日内瓦少数群体问题论坛第二届会议上发言", "二. 支助 11月:本组织在联合国的一次非公开会议上就叙利亚阿拉伯问题,包括文化、人权和侨民问题发言,纽约", "二. 支助 12月:本组织作为观察员参加了联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室主要决策机关的会议", "• 12月10日:本组织在纽约联合国庆祝了人权日,与潘基文秘书长一起出席了关于“种族、贫穷和权力”的会议和特别活动", "2010", "* 3月8日:本组织参加了联合国国际妇女节,纽约", "• 3月:叙利亚世界联盟出席人权理事会第十三届会议,并在日内瓦会议上作一书面和两次口头发言", "• 5月:联盟参加了对土耳其的普遍定期审议,日内瓦", "• 4月19日至30日:本组织在联合国土著问题常设论坛第九届会议上发言并提交有关议程项目的发言,纽约", "• 7月16日:本组织在日内瓦联合国土著人民权利专家机制第三届会议上发言", "• 9月:联盟出席人权理事会第十五届会议并在日内瓦会议上作两次口头发言", "• 10月18日:本组织出席了在维也纳举行的联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议第五届会议", "与联合国机构的合作", "联盟在纽约联合国土著问题常设论坛同亚洲核心小组和青年核心小组合作。 然而,这种合作是有限的,该组织目前正在寻求其他方法,使论坛听到它的声音。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "没有采取任何主动行动。" ]

[ "Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations", "2012 regular session", "30 January-8 February, and 17 February 2012", "Quadrennial reports for the period 2007-2010 submitted by non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council through the Secretary‑General pursuant to Council resolution 1996/31", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Contents", "Page1.FederaciónInternacionalde 2 AsociacionesdeAyudaSocialEcológicay \nCultural \n2.HaririFoundation 3\n3.HumanAppealInternational 54.HumanRights 7 Congress \nforBangladeshMinorities 5.HumanRights 8 Information andDocumentation \nSystemsInternational \n6.InteractWorldwide 107.International 11 AssociationofJewish Lawyers and \nJurists 8.International 13 Associationof SchoolsofSocial \n Work 9.International 14 Bar \nAssociation 10.International 16 CatholicUnionof \nthePress 11.InternationalCentre 18 forTrade and Sustainable \nDevelopment 12.International 19 EurasiaPress \n Fund 13.InternationalFederationofSocial 21 \nWorkers \n14.InternationalFellowshipofReconciliation 23\n15.InternationalFederationonAgeing 25", "1. Federación Internacional de Asociaciones de Ayuda Social Ecológica y Cultural", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The International Federation of Associations for Social, Ecological and Cultural Help is a non-governmental organization (NGO), incorporated as an international federation of 30 associations from 14 countries in Latin America, Europe and North America.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization promotes and spreads among its associated members (which are the federated associations), and among the whole community in general, the development of: human values of solidarity, truth, spirituality, tolerance and unity; social aid to the destitute; ecology and care for the environment; and culture in general.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Participated in and expanded the draft exchange of money for work; co-financed by the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the National Plan of the Presidency of the Dominican Republic; invited United Nations representative to give lectures in the Dominican Republic in 2008 on dengue prevention, drinking water and HIV and sexually transmitted illness prevention; in relation to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, gave strong support to the Copenhagen Summit, to mark the completion of the Fifteenth World Conference organized by the United Nations to discuss climate change in December 2009 (see www.copmoving.org); organized the Sixth Congress on the theme “The Culture for Peace”, 7 to 14 July 2010 in the Dominican Republic, with the participation of 620 representatives from 14 countries, which actively promoted education in values for peace to support United Nations goals.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Representatives attended the meetings on the topics “Making combination vaccines more accessible”, New York, 29 October 2010, and “Can citizen action save the world?”, 21 October 2010, United Nations Headquarters. Representatives also attended the meetings through the following webcasts: “Ranking is not enough: measuring university”, 20 October 2010; “The role of entrepreneurship in the attainment and sustainability of the Millennium Development Goals”, 15 November 2010; “Reforming the international monetary and financial architecture”, 9 December 2010.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Participation in the Universal Forum of Cultures, Monterrey, Mexico, 2007.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "(a) Carried out specialized programmes known as centres for social development and assistance, three of them in the Dominican Republic, 2004-2010; construction and support of eight soup kitchens, maintained through sponsorships and donations, that annually benefit 2,000 children, 1993-2010; medical, dental, vaccination, food and clothing for people living in extreme poverty, 1993-2010.", "(b) Education and awareness campaigns to prevent drug, alcohol and tobacco abuse and violence, 1977-2010, provided 2,000 children each year with school supplies and special help for learning problems and provided them with official birth certification; conduct literacy campaigns in the United States, the Dominican Republic and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, 1992-2010; psychological and legal support for woman and girls exposed to violence and force; education in gender equality for parents, 1992-2010; inquiry into the prevention of violence and gender inequality, February-July 2009.", "(c) Fighting hunger and malnutrition among children; educating parents on precautionary measures to prevent and detect illness, 1992-2010.", "(d) Special aid in disasters, such as aid for earthquake victims in Haiti, 2010, and Helping the victims of Tropical Storm Noel in the neighbourhood of Santa Rosa, Bani, Dominican Republic, November 2007; prevention campaigns: hydrocephalus (1995-2010) and diabetes, 2005-2010: insulin and hydrocephalus valve donation in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, the Dominican Republic and Peru.", "(e) Gynaecological campaigns among women to prevent illness and promote prenatal monitoring during pregnancy in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, 1995-2010 and the Dominican Republic, 2004-2010; education in healthy nutrition in 14 countries, 1995-2010; sexual education for adolescents and adults in 14 countries, 1980-2010; mosquito control campaigns to prevent dengue fever and malaria in the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the Dominican Republic, 2006-2010.", "2. Hariri Foundation", "Special, 2003", "Introduction", "The Hariri Foundation for Sustainable Human Development is a Lebanese NGO that was established in 1979 by Premier Rafik Hariri. To date, the Foundation has implemented over 200 projects that are in line with the Millennium Development Goals, in partnership with more than 90 local, regional and international partners.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The Foundation is dedicated to mobilizing resources (human and capital) and aggregating efforts through an all-inclusive partnership and collaboration model that aims at achieving a sustainable state of human development.", "Significant changes in the organization", "In line with the review of the progress achieved on the Millennium Development Goals, and in the light of the recommendations of the Millennium Development Goals Summit, the Foundation has started a number of initiatives that account for the following: the role of civil society in monitoring the implementation of the Goals; the role of local policies and national strategies in the development process; the implications of the quadruple crisis on the ability of Development Assistance Committee member countries to meet their development assistance obligations and create alternative schemes for financing development projects.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The Foundation contributes to the work of the United Nations and its bodies in various forms and initiatives.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "UNDP Advisory Board meetings, Cairo, 8 September 2007; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Goodwill Ambassadors’ Annual Meetings, 3 April 2007, 20 May 2008 and 24 June 2010 at UNESCO headquarters, Paris; UNESCO Regional Conference on Quality Education for All, 25 August 2008, Paris; Forum of Arab Parliamentarians for Education, 21  and 22 July 2008, Beirut, organized by UNESCO, in cooperation with the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Arab Bureau of Education for the Gulf States and the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Foundation has a number of initiatives ongoing with leading United Nations bodies such as the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, the World Bank and UNDP. A project in collaboration with the World Bank aimed at developing a guidebook for the historic core of Saida, 2008; a project in collaboration with the United Nations Development Fund for Women entitled “Achieving e-quality in the Lebanese ICT market”, 2004-2009; a project in collaboration with the World Bank and the Council for Reconstruction and Development, aimed at developing the olive oil sector in southern Lebanon, 2006‑2008.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Launch of a media campaign, entitled “Khede Kasra” aimed at raising awareness on gender inequality around the country and across social classes.", "Under “Youth mobilization and development in Beirut and its suburbs”, the Foundation worked with different partners on the rehabilitation of the physical infrastructure in two urban slums in Beirut, in conjunction with finding a solution for a number of environmental problems such as wastes coming out of the illegal butcheries and clogged sewers.", "Additional information", "The Foundation submitted a request for change of name to the Committee of NGOs at its 2011 regular session. The new name of the organization is Hariri Foundation for Sustainable Human Development. Since the present report is being presented for the period 2007-2010, the name of the organization is being maintained as Hariri Foundation.", "3. Human Appeal International", "Special, 1991", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization launched several projects in the following areas:", "• The advancement of women: empowerment of widows through microfinance projects and by setting up educational and vocational training centres", "• Macroeconomics and finance: the organization established a special fund to provide microfinance services in Africa and Asia, and to date more than 2,000 families have benefited", "• Social development: the organization allocated a special budget for habitation projects, building nutrition centres and education and vocational training centres to enhance the enjoyment by children, especially orphans, of their right to education.", "Participation in the meetings of the United Nations", "Representatives attended:", "• The thirtieth session of the Governing Council of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (14 February 2007, Rome)", "• The thirty-first and thirty-second sessions of the Governing Council of IFAD (13 and 14 February 2008 and 18 and 19 February 2009, respectively, Rome)", "• The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) annual consultation with non-governmental organizations (25-27 June 2008, Geneva)", "• The UNHCR annual consultation with non-governmental organizations (29 June-1 July 2009, Geneva)", "• Hosted the Directors of the Office of Coordination for Humanitarian Affairs and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in the United Arab Emirates, participating in the workshop on partnership with United Nations agencies during the annual meeting of the organization’s field offices in the United Arab Emirates (27 February 2008).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• A project in collaboration with the World Food Programme (WFP) to provide nutrition to infants and pregnant women in the Niger, 2010; the project on blanket feeding for infants was implemented in collaboration with UNICEF and WFP in the Niger, 2010.", "• The cash transfer project for infants aged 6-23 months was implemented in collaboration with WFP in the Niger (2010).", "• Implemented an irrigation and agricultural project in Darfur, Sudan (2010), in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).", "• Providing seeds for the Darfur agricultural project was implemented in collaboration with FAO, Darfur, Sudan (2008 and 2010).", "• Agreement with WFP and UNHCR to provide nutrition to the refugees camps in Eastern Sudan (2010).", "• Joint Project with FAO in support of implementing vaccination and treatment of 15,000 animals in Southern Darfur, Sudan (2008).", "• Tripartite subproject agreements between Human Appeal International and UNHCR for Human Appeal International assistance in administering the refugees camps in Eastern Sudan (2007-2010).", "• Water well drilling project, in cooperation with UNICEF in the Sudan (2008).", "• Project in collaboration with WFP to provide nutrition to infants in the Niger (2007-2009).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• Provided cash assistance and household items to thousands of families and orphans.", "• Housing project and distributed clothes to thousands of refugees in India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, the Niger, the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Senegal, Somalia, Sri Lanka, the Sudan and Yemen.", "• Assisted 1,264 people in setting up microfinance projects; supported 28,662 farmers to cultivate their farms and offered financial support to 30 unemployed people.", "• Distributed foodstuffs and clean water sources to thousands of families and orphans.", "• Built and equipped schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, the Niger, the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Senegal, Somalia and the Sudan.", "• Assisted 557 widows in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Senegal and the Sudan, by building training centres and setting up income-generating projects.", "• Provided vaccinations against measles and established six nutrition centres in the Niger.", "• Provided medical care during pregnancy and delivery to 83,587 women in Eastern Sudan.", "• Conducted an HIV-awareness programme and vaccination against malaria campaigns, and donated equipment to disabled people in Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, the Niger, the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Senegal, Somalia, the Sudan and Yemen.", "4. Human Rights Congress for Bangladesh Minorities", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Human Rights Congress for Bangladesh Minorities is a human rights advocacy and humanitarian services organization serving the marginalized people of Bangladesh.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The Congress aims to work with Governments, the United Nations and other agencies to end xenophobia, and the socio-political and cultural deprivation of minorities and other marginalized people in Bangladesh; provide assistance to improve their living conditions and safeguard the full enjoyment of their rights as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.", "Significant changes in the organization", "As from 2009, the Congress has been sponsoring students from marginalized populations to receive higher education and also encouraging academic research related to the socio-political and cultural deprivation issues of minorities and other marginalized people of Bangladesh.", "Since its inception, the Congress has participated in many United Nations activities and supported its partner organizations, for example, the Bangladesh Hindu Buddha Christian Unity Council, in presenting statements at the United Nations. The organization has also provided representatives at United Nations bodies, for example, the special mandate holder of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights (OHCHR). For the purpose of serving OHCHR, the Congress has nominated Monorama Biswas to work as special mandate holder for the people of African descent at the Human Rights Council.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "In addition to the activities stated above, the Congress actively participated in the sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women and conducted a parallel session at the fifty-third session of the Commission. During the parallel session, the organization held panel discussions on violence against minority women and girls, in which panellists emphasized the need for international legislation to help to uphold justice at the national level.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In addition, the organization has participated in many activities of the United Nations through its membership in other global NGOs:", "(a) A signatory of the International Red Cross Code of Conduct for humanitarian services, including but not limited to disaster relief (Oneworld, 2009);", "(b) A partner of Children’s Rights Information Network to end violence against children and to enact legal remedies (2011);", "(c) A member of the NGO coalition for the International Criminal Court to raise awareness about the Court and secure ratification from the Bangladesh State Party;", "(d) Membership in International Peace Bureau for Peace and Justice (2006).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The core activities and services of the Congress are aligned with the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. Many activities of the organization, including but not limited to advocacy and rehabilitation services for women and girls and humanitarian services for the poor and marginalized, directly meet the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals.", "5. Human Rights Information and Documentation Systems International", "Special, 2003", "Introduction", "Human Rights Information and Documentation Systems International is an international NGO helping human rights organizations to use information technologies and documentation methods to maximize the impact of their advocacy work. It develops tools and techniques, and provides advocates with customized training and support. It is also an informal, open and decentralized network of human rights organizations that wish to bring together their experiences and creativity to develop common standards and tools for information management.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Our vision: a world where the power of information and communication is harnessed in the service of human rights. Our mission: to strengthen the capacity of human rights organizations to manage and communicate information, enhancing their effectiveness and credibility. Goal: to ensure that human rights organizations have the tools, knowledge, skills and supporting services to use their information resources effectively.", "Our activities: (a) developing tools and techniques for monitoring, information management and communication; (b) providing these to human rights organizations and national human rights institutions; (c) building the capacity of the human rights community to master and adapt these tools and techniques to their specific needs through training and other activities; (d) supporting human rights organizations to set up and strengthen their information systems; (e) improving human rights advocacy and reporting techniques; (f) expanding human rights outreach and network capacity; and (g) providing a centre of excellence on methods and techniques for human rights.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The aims and purposes of the organization have been modified throughout the years, on the basis of our understanding of the potential and needs of human rights organizations with regard to information management and documentation, technological developments and our evaluation of our own achievements.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "In February 2009, the organization held a conference entitled “Human Rights Council and International Criminal Court: the new challenges for human rights communications”. The purpose of the conference was to reflect upon how information about human rights can be communicated more effectively by NGOs to those institutions.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization regularly participates in United Nations meetings in Geneva, in particular those related to human rights (Human Rights Council, universal periodic review). In March 2009, it organized a side event during the Human Rights Council, on the theme “Challenges for managing information on human rights”.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization holds regular consultations with staff members of OHCHR in Geneva as well as with staff of various field offices of OHCHR, providing advice and support with regard to information management and documentation issues. In February 2007, in partnership with OHCHR and the Nepali Human Rights Commission, it delivered two simultaneous trainings: a five-day training on monitoring and fact-finding for 10 Nepali Human Rights Commission protection officers, and a five-day training on documenting violations, with participants from 10 Nepali human rights NGOs, supported by OHCHR and UNDP. In February 2008, at the request of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Mexico, in the context of a project on the human rights of women, the organization provided a workshop on documentation of violations to NGOs.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization supports the Millennium Development Goals and has taken various initiatives in the field of human rights, concerning capacity-building and tools development.", "6. Interact Worldwide", "Special, 2003", "Introduction", "Interact Worldwide (Interact) has worked on sexual and reproductive health and rights through local civil society partners in Africa, Asia and Latin America.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Interact is an international development NGO based in the United Kingdom, with over 30 years of experience supporting sexual and reproductive health and rights information and services in some of the world’s poorest communities. Interact specializes in working with local partners through a rights-based approach that allows poor and marginalized people to demand as a “right” the basic conditions that allow them to live in dignity and realize their sexual and reproductive health and rights. Our work focuses specifically on the most marginalized communities and individuals, those who most commonly experience stigma, discrimination, abuse and denial of rights. Our vision is a world where all people are equally able to enjoy sexual and reproductive health and well-being and exercise their sexual and reproductive rights. Our mission is to improve the sexual and reproductive health of, and attainment of sexual and reproductive rights by, marginalized groups.", "Significant changes in the organization", "Interact merged with Plan UK on 1 October 2009 but remains an autonomous organization with its own Board of Trustees as part of the Plan UK family. The merger allows Interact to expand its sexual and reproductive health and rights programme to more countries and develop new business models to ensure that even more young people and adults can lead healthier lives. It also ensures greater financial stability and structural support for the organization.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Its programmes have contributed to the advancement of the sexual and reproductive health and rights of vulnerable groups in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This is achieved by developing the capacity of our civil society partners to deliver rights-based sexual and reproductive health and rights programmes that increase demand and facilitate access to sexual and reproductive health and rights and services. Our policy and advocacy work — with partners in-country, in the United Kingdom, Europe and globally — is structured around supporting and promoting the achievement of the health-related Millennium Development Goals. We work specifically on advocacy through the Countdown 2015 European advocacy network, and health through Action for Global Health, also a cross-European advocacy network. Interact supports the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) to keep sexual and reproductive health and rights high on the agenda of the United Kingdom Government.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "March 2009: Interact made a written submission to the forty-second session of the Commission on Population and Development.", "Summer/autumn 2009: a representative took part in United Kingdom civil society and Government discussions on the formation of UN-Women.", "June-September 2010: representatives contributed to discussions and inputs on the outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly summit on the Millennium Development Goals, New York, September 2010; representatives also commented and contributed through civil society channels to the Secretary-General’s Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health.", "September 2010: attended the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly in New York, and organized a presentation at the United Nations Foundation bloggers’ lounge.", "September 2010-present: a representative has contributed to the implementation of the Secretary-General’s Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health, including through convening the United Kingdom civil society discussions with the United Kingdom Government and comments made to the online forum of “Every Woman, Every Child”.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In May 2007, UNFPA awarded Interact a grant of $40,000 towards our advocacy programme, “Strengthening linkages: new directions in sexual and reproductive health and rights and HIV and AIDS advocacy”. Interact was awarded a further grant from UNFPA in early 2011 in order to support our policy and advocacy work towards the United Kingdom Government.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Interact plays a key role in two cross-European advocacy networks: Action for Global Health and Countdown 2015 Europe. As part of these networks, Interact has worked with the United Kingdom Government, donors and civil society to raise awareness of the importance of reaching the Millennium Development Goals as well as the importance of addressing the unmet need for family planning.", "7. International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists", "Special, 1995", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists was founded in 1969 and strives to advance human rights globally, and is committed to the agenda of the Jewish people. It works to combat racism, xenophobia, anti-semitism, Holocaust denial and worldwide attacks on the State of Israel. It is represented at the principal United Nations human rights organs. The Association was created in 1969 as a membership association of Jewish lawyers and jurists. Its principal purpose is to promote respect for human rights and equality.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization has contributed to upholding the human rights of individuals through avenues such as:", "• The presentation of a counter-statement after the Human Rights Council presented the report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 (A/HRC/4/17) (March 2007)", "• Issued a statement that was submitted to the sixth special session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (January 2008)", "• Submitted a statement on the appointment of a Commission of Inquiry by the Human Rights Council with regard to the events of the conflict in the Gaza Strip (April 2009).", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The Association participated in numerous United Nations-related events, including:", "• Meetings with the Deputy Director of the Outreach Division, Department of Public Information (September 2009)", "• Subcommittee for the Elimination of Racism of the International NGO Committee on Human Rights (December 2009)", "• Meetings with the Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information (January 2010)", "• Holocaust Remembrance Day events (27 January 2010)", "• Drafted a letter to the Secretary-General on 19 September 2010 concerning a statement given in the General Assembly.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• Addressed the International Committee of the Red Cross regarding Gilad Shalit, the captive Israeli soldier in the hands of Hamas for over five years, and approached the Red Cross chapters in 10 different countries on his behalf (June 2010).", "• Sent a letter and a report to Christian Tomuschat, Chair of the Committee appointed by the United Nations to investigate Operation “Cast Lead” (August 2010).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Association collaborated with other Jewish associations to host the following events:", "• A conference in Washington, D.C., entitled: “Protecting human rights and democratic values in an age of terrorism” (March 2007)", "• A conference in Buenos Aires on the theme “Responsible leadership, global challenges and local solutions” (May 2007)", "• A civil law suit was filed on behalf of six individuals who lost their loved ones in the car bombing in Buenos Aires in 1994 (October 2007)", "• A legal opinion on the declaration of acceptance of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court made by the Minister of Justice of the Palestinian Authority was sent to the Prosecutor of the Court (September 2009)", "• Seminar entitled “Democracy fights terror” at the Hebrew University for a delegation of eight distinguished justices, prosecutors and Government officials from Madrid (November 2009).", "8. International Association of Schools of Social Work", "Special, 1947", "Introduction", "The International Association of Schools of Social Work is a worldwide association of schools of social work, other tertiary-level social work educational programmes, and social work educators.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Members of the Association are united in their obligation to the continued pursuit of social justice and social development. In carrying out its mission, the Association fosters cooperation, collegiality and interdependence among its members and with others.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The Association has developed a larger membership in China.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "We have continued to organize and participate on panels on a monthly basis.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "As co-chair of the NGO Committee on Migration, the Association organized: a parallel event with the Commission for Social Development; an update of the 2010 Civil Society Days of the Global Forum on Migration and Development; a lecture on migrants in Eastern Europe and a presentation by the Task Force on Human Trafficking; a statement on the empowerment of migrant women; a programme in conjunction with the Department of Public Information briefing on the impact of migration on families around the world, in observance of the International Day of Families; as well as a programme to mark International Refugee Day.", "The representative also participated in seminars and conferences organized by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research. In April, she gave a presentation on international adoptions of children, as part of a newly established project of IOM and UNICEF to study cross-cutting issues relating to children and migration around the world. In May, she contributed to the planning for the Department of Public Information briefing.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The twenty-seventh annual Social Work Day at the United Nations was held on 29 March. The overall theme, “Social work and social welfare: a commitment to partnership with the United Nations”, was planned to be consistent with the Tripartite Joint Meeting to be held in Hong Kong, China, in June. Accordingly, the three subthemes were “Life course challenges”, “equity and social inclusion”, and “sustainable environment”. On the basis of our previous consultations and the discussions during the Hong Kong conference, we propose the following areas as a framework for the first draft of the Global Agenda, to be developed and articulated following further consultation: social and economic inequalities within countries and between regions; and the recent and continuing economic crises and the modalities chosen by world leaders to deal with them (e.g., using resources to support the financial systems while cutting resources for social support and social development).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Our organization would have been able to contribute more to the implementation of United Nations programmes if not for the following problems: information about international meetings and conferences is scarce and arrives too late, while scarce funds and few representative staff (all volunteers) make attendance at international meetings very difficult.", "9. International Bar Association", "Special, 1947", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "2006 Plurinational State of Bolivia — access to justice", "Gambia — status of rule of law and independence of judiciary", "2007 Colombia — capacity of institutions responsible for delivering remedy for victims of grave human rights violations", "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela — independence of judiciary and legal profession", "Pakistan — response to an attempt to remove the Chief Justice", "Malawi — strengthened the Malawi Law Society", "Uganda — a judicial independence", "Islamic Republic of Iran — independence of legal profession and access to justice", "Zimbabwe — investigation on the role of police in the administration of justice", "Poland — independence of judiciary and legal profession", "2008 South Africa — judicial independence", "Fiji — assessment of rule of law", "Cameroon — investigation on torture and conditions of detention", "Sri Lanka — independence of the judiciary and the legal profession", "Democratic Republic of the Congo — needs of justice system", "Pakistan — judicial independence", "Kenya — needs assessment of justice system", "Brazil — technical assistance on pretrial detention", "Afghanistan — establishing and maintaining an independent bar association", "2009 Zambia — continuing legal education", "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya — human rights, prohibition and monitoring of torture and of detainees", "Czech Republic — on international human rights for Iraqis", "2010 Democratic Republic of the Congo — assisted the Lubumbashi Bar on continuing legal education", "Liberia — review of Liberian National Bar Association", "Brazil — rule of law and criminal justice", "Colombia — independence of the legal profession and due process guarantees", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "• Human Rights Council, fifteenth session — meeting with the Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in the Sudan", "• Human Rights Council, sixteenth session — Human Rights Institute brought Darfur lawyers", "• Human Rights Institute attended the tenth universal periodic review session", "• Human Rights Council, eleventh session — Human Rights Institute participated in NGO side events", "• International Bar Association Arbitration Committee: fifty-fourth session of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Working Group II (Arbitration and Conciliation) New York, February 2011; fifty-third session of the UNCITRAL Working Group II (Arbitration and Conciliation) Vienna, October 2010, and forty-third session of UNCITRAL, New York, June-July 2010", "• International Bar Association International Constructions Projects Committee: eighteenth session of the UNCITRAL Working Group I (Procurement), New York, April 2010", "• International Bar Association Section on Insolvency, Restructuring and Creditors Rights: attended thirty-eighth session of the UNCITRAL Working Group V (Insolvency Law), New York, April 2010; thirty-ninth session of the UNCITRAL Working Group V (Insolvency Law), Vienna, December 2010, and forty-third session of UNCITRAL, New York, June 2010", "• International Bar Association Technology Law Committee: UNCTAD meeting of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development, Geneva, May 2009; UNCTAD Multi-Year Expert Meeting on Enterprise Development Policies and Capacity-Building in Science, Technology and Innovation, Geneva, January 2010", "• International Bar Association Trade and Customs Law: UNCTAD Multi-Year Expert Meeting on Services, Development and Trade: the Regulatory and Institutional Dimension, March 2010", "• International Bar Association African Regional Forum: UNCTAD Investment Policy Review of Nigeria, Geneva, May 2009", "• International Bar Association European Regional Forum: UNCTAD Investment Policy Review of Belarus, Geneva, 2010", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• Anti-Corruption Strategy for Legal Profession: programme by the International Bar Association with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development", "• Business and Society Exploring Solutions: initiative under mandate of United Nations Special Representative on Business and Human Rights", "• Lawyers as Leaders: video project with the United Nations Global Compact", "• Collaboration with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: organization of the first General Assembly of the Afghan Bar (2008)", "• Afghanistan: participation in working groups on rule of law and access to justice — collaboration with the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Promotion of the rule of law", "10. International Catholic Union of the Press", "Special, 1951", "Introduction", "The past four years have been one of the most interesting periods in the history of the world union. A great number of ongoing formation events could be organized in line with the goals of the United Nations and in cooperation with United Nations bodies. Some 1,000 journalists in different parts of the world attended these events annually. There is a growing demand for these types of programmes. As can be seen from the themes of the programmes, they are all in line with the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The aims and purposes of the Union are to:", "• Favour ethical reflection and research", "• Support and coordinate the activities of members, emphasizing fellowship and mutual exchange", "• Represent high-level and high-standard journalism and media production among international institutions and organizations", "• Organize congresses to stimulate collegiality, dialogue, study and reflection among members on timely themes, to witness to human values in journalism and in all the media and to foster the exchange of professional information and experience", "• Encourage the presence and support the action of professionals in the sectors of information and communication in all its forms", "• Promote the development of journalism and media production in all countries in a spirit of solidarity", "• Take all possible initiatives for the human and Christian formation of media professionals, especially in the field of ethics", "• Promote and defend the right to information and freedom of opinion, especially by supporting threatened journalists in the exercise of their profession.", "Significant changes in the organization", "• It is important that people at the grass-roots level have the power, otherwise the well-being of all can never be guaranteed.", "• Those that are responsible for evils such as extreme poverty and malnutrition; injustices in trade, currency and services; and corruption and domination are the powerful.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "• Organizes annually three or four programmes in line with the principles of the United Nations", "• Makes peoples and nations aware of the real causes of events and policies with the help of journalists and other media experts", "• Encourages, defends and sustains freedoms of the press, information, expression and life.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Several of our journalists attend the meetings worldwide and report on United Nations policies and events.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "We regularly organize events for journalists, in cooperation with United Nations bodies.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "As can be seen from the themes of the programme, they are all in line with the Millennium Development Goals.", "Additional information", "We are quite concerned that the United Nations is losing its political role in the last decade and is becoming more and more a humanitarian agency. Therefore, we are trying our best with our prestigious position as a world union of journalists and media experts to bring together Government leaders, religious leaders and civil society leaders in our seminars, meetings and events so that they can better exercise their roles in promoting the well-being of the whole of humanity.", "11. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development", "Special, 2003", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "• Joint project on patents and clean energy with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the European Patent Office", "• Joint UNCTAD-International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development project on intellectual property rights and sustainable development", "• Project on technology transfer for local manufacturing capacity of drugs and vaccines, in collaboration with UNCTAD and the support of the World Health Organization (WHO)", "• Project on food security and livelihoods in collaboration with FAO", "• Initiative on least developed countries and work in preparation for the Fourth United Nations Conference on Least Developed Countries", "• Project on genetic resources and access and benefit-sharing.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The Centre has gained accreditation to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2007) and observer status with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2010). It has held side events to a number of these meetings.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• Meeting on trade, globalization and environment, organized in collaboration with UNEP, alongside the twenty-fourth session of the Governing Council of the Global Environment Ministerial Forum, 5-9 February 2007, Nairobi", "• Fishing for sustainability: maintaining momentum for fisheries subsidies reform, co-organized with UNEP, the World Wildlife Fund and Ocean, alongside the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Fourth World Conservation Congress, 6 October 2008, in Barcelona, Spain", "• Geneva Trade and Development Symposium 2009, organized by the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development and partners, including UNEP and FAO, alongside the World Trade Organization Ministerial Meeting, 30 November-2 December 2009, in Geneva", "• Geneva Dialogue on Intellectual Property Offices and the Implementation of the World Intellectual Property Organization Development, 18 September 2009, Geneva", "• Consultation with the private sector on climate change and intellectual property rights, co-organized with UNEP and the European Patent Office, 8 May 2009, Geneva", "• Geneva Trade and Biodiversity Day, co-organized with UNEP and Rio+20, 22 April 2010, Geneva", "Joint publications with United Nations bodies include:", "• Indicators for the Selection of Agricultural Special Products: Some Empirical Evidence, Joint International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development/FAO Information Note, 2007", "• Promoting Sustainable Land Management through Trade: Examining the Linkages between Trade, Livelihoods and Sustainable Land Management in Degraded Areas, Joint Background Paper of the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development and the Global Mechanism of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, 2007", "• Guidelines for the Examination of Pharmaceutical Patents: Developing a Public Health Perspective, by Carlos Correa, a joint UNCTAD-International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development working paper, 2007.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Given the Centre’s mission of empowering stakeholders in trade policy through information, dialogue and capacity-building, to influence the international trade system so that it advances the goal of sustainable development, its work on Aid for Trade contributes to meeting the Millennium Development Goal of ending poverty and hunger, as does the agriculture programme which seeks to promote food security, equity and environmental sustainability in agricultural trade. The project on technology transfer for local manufacturing capacity of drugs and vaccines, in collaboration with UNCTAD and with the support of WHO, is in support of the Millennium Development Goal of combating HIV/AIDS. The goal of environmental sustainability is and has been at the heart of a number of the Centre’s initiatives, programmes, meetings and publications, including all of the activities of its Global Platform on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainable Energy, and its Programme on Environment and Natural Resources.", "12. International Eurasia Press Fund", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The International Eurasia Press Fund started during the era of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. At that time, the country was in disarray and was at war with Armenia, with the consequence that close to a million Azerbaijanis were displaced from their homelands, and also some aspects of government collapsed — including the dissemination of information. Prior to Azerbaijan attaining the status of an independent republic, the standard practice was that all information passed through the Kremlin in Moscow, and thus there was high level of censorship. The Fund was registered with the Azerbaijani Government as a not-for-profit organization in September 1992.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The aim of the Fund’s activity is to collect objective information about regions of armed conflict and to distribute it as well as to study and analyse the regional conflicts in the historical, political and other contexts with the purpose of achieving their peaceful resolution. The peaceful solution of the Nagorno-Karabakh problem is a priority focus of the Fund’s activities.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The Fund has strategized its actions around the Millennium Development Goals. As a consequence, the Fund is a champion of the Goals in Azerbaijan among civil society organizations.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The Fund’s intention was to become more active in promoting United Nations mandates in Azerbaijan and also in sharing best practices from Azerbaijan with the United Nations. Nationally, the Fund has continued to promote the United Nations with local NGOs and civil society organizations. In particular, the Fund has made a priority the promotion of democracy in Azerbaijan, without necessarily being political or affiliating with any political party. Human rights, gender equality and the advancement of women’s rights, governance, economic and social development are the focus of the action plan of the Fund.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "In July 2007, the Fund took part in the Economic and Social Council annual ministerial review. The Fund also participated in the Innovation Fair.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Fund and the Department of Public Information office in Azerbaijan began to work together in 2010. The focal point was to conduct several meetings in the regions of Azerbaijan. The topic of discussion would centre on the Millennium Development Goals. To this effect, in April 2010, the Fund, together with the Department of Public Information, took a trip to Borsunlu village, Tartar, in order to conduct mine risk education and to mark the International Day for Mine Awareness and Assistance in Mine Action. UNHCR and the Fund have shared useful information through surveys of the living conditions and social standards of refugees and asylum-seekers in Azerbaijan; such surveys were on Iraqis (2008) and on Chechens (2010).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Over the years, the Fund has undertaken several activities in partnership with various organizations based in Europe and the United States. It has also participated in several conferences and congresses for the purpose of sharing experiences on the Millennium Development Goals and of strengthening partnerships for development in Azerbaijan.", "Additional information", "As a member of the International Press Institute, the Fund participates annually in the International Press Institute World Congress and the General Assembly; it also makes proposals and raises issues related to the development of independent media in Azerbaijan.", "13. International Federation of Social Workers", "Special, 1959", "Introduction", "The International Federation of Social Workers is a global federation of national organizations of social workers (unions or associations). It is striving for social justice, human rights and social development through the development of social work, best practices and international cooperation between social workers and their professional organizations.", "Aims and purposes of the Organization", "• To promote social work as a profession through cooperation and action on an international basis, especially as regards professional standards, training, ethics and working conditions", "• To support national associations in promoting the participation of social workers in social planning, and the formulation of social policies", "• To encourage and facilitate contacts between social workers of all countries and to provide media for discussion and exchange of ideas, through meetings, study visits, research, exchange of publications and other means of communication", "• To present the point of the profession on an international level by establishing relations with international organizations, governmental or voluntary, operating in, or interested in, the field of social welfare, and to assist in the carrying out of social planning, action and welfare programmes sponsored by such organizations.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "• Information to its membership and others about United Nations activities and initiatives, on the website and through the newsletter", "• Commitment to the protection and advancement of human rights strengthened by the work of its own Human Rights Commission in establishing a new interactive website for a broad discussion on human rights issues", "• Representatives participated in important United Nations sessions on human rights issues, such as the sessions of the Human Rights Council in Geneva", "• Organized Social Work Days in New York: twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh annual Social Work Days, attended by UNDP Administrators and a delegate from UNFPA; twenty-eighth annual Social Work Day, which featured a speech by the Senior Social Affairs Officer, Division of Social Policy and Development of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "• The Federation submitted an official statement (E/CN.6/2011/NGO/8) as a contribution to the work of the Commission on the Status of Women", "• For the UNICEF reference group on Child Protection Mapping Plan, the Federation provided feedback on the conceptual clarity draft and on the mapping and assessment tool", "• Ongoing work on a document on human rights and extreme poverty, with a view to finalizing its adoption by 2012", "• At the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Federation has submitted a paper and is pursuing this with members of the Committee", "• As a member of the Vienna NGO Committee on Drugs, the Federation participated in several regular meetings, as well as in side events of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs meeting in March 2009 and 2010", "• Contributed by means of web-based discussions to the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)", "• World Urban Campaign quarterly meetings held at the United Nations Office at Nairobi", "• Participated in the twenty-second session of the UN-Habitat Governing Council and issued a statement at the main plenary, April 2009.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Federation has cooperated with the United Nations through a network of representatives, based in Geneva, Nairobi (at UN-Habitat), New York and Vienna. Additionally, the Federation is represented at the WHO Advisory Group for the tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• Publication and distribution of international policy papers to schools of social work, national associations, and so forth in policy-related topics such as cross-border reproductive services, globalization and the environment and international policy on ageing and older adults and displaced persons", "• The organization of the Federation’s World Conferences for Social Work and Social Development, which focused on several topics related to United Nations initiatives", "• Launching of the Global Agenda for Social Work and Social Development at the Joint World Conference in Hong Kong, China (organized in 2010 together with International Association of Schools of Social Work and International Council of Social Welfare). The agenda addresses the major challenges of our societies (see www.globalsocialagenda.org). The launch was attended by the Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs.", "14. International Fellowship of Reconciliation", "Special, 1979", "Introduction", "International Fellowship of Reconciliation is an international, multi-faith movement of women and men committed to active non-violence as a way of life and as a means of political, social and economic transformation.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The Fellowship works for a more peaceful, humane and just society in the world by promoting a culture of non-violence, dialogue and reconciliation. Its activities are conducted in cooperation and support with its network of members, United Nations representatives and international staff.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The Fellowship supports the United Nations by participating regularly in conferences and meetings of the United Nations through its representatives in New York, Geneva and Vienna and reporting thereon in its publications.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "• Annual session of the Commission on the Status of Women: New York, March 2007", "• Attendance at public meetings of the Preparatory Committee for the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and co-organization of a youth camp on nuclear issues: Vienna, April-May 2008", "• Participated at the seventh session of the Human Rights Council: Geneva, March; and submitted a statement on the situation of conscientious objectors to military service", "• Attended the ninth session of the Human Rights Council: Geneva, September 2008; and submitted a statement on arbitrary detention of conscientious objectors to military service in certain countries in contradiction to commentary 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights", "• Participated at the tenth session of the Human Rights Council: Geneva, March 2009; and submitted a statement in relation to the working group on arbitrary detention", "• Attendance at the tenth session of the Human Rights Council and presentation of an oral statement on religious freedom: Geneva, 2-27 March 2009", "• Participation in the meetings of the Preparatory Committee for the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: New York, 4-15 May 2009", "• Presented a statement on the situation of conscientious objectors to military service at the thirteenth session of the Human Rights Council: Geneva, September", "• Attendance at the United Nations observance of the International Day of Non‑Violence: New York, 2 October 2010", "• Attended the Regional Seminar on the Arms Trade Treaty; February 2010", "• Attended the thirteenth session of the Human Rights Council and submitted a written statement on religious freedom: Geneva, 1-26 March 2010", "• Participation at the third session of the Working Group on indigenous people: Geneva, 10-14 July 2010", "• Attendance at the fifth session of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee: Geneva, August 2010; an appeal was made for a declaration on the right to peace", "• Representation at a special meeting on the Convention on Cluster Munitions: New York, 19 October 2010.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• The International Fellowship of Reconciliation representative to UNESCO has been working as a member in the Joint Programmatic Commissions of the UNESCO-NGO Liaison Committee on Youth and Human Rights", "• At the sixty-first United Nations Department of Public Information/NGO Conference on Human Rights, the International Fellowship of Reconciliation representative to UNESCO organized a workshop about community-based responses to genocide and mass violence: Paris, 3-5 September 2008.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• Participation of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation representative to UNESCO in the 181st session of the Executive Board Committee on NGOs by evaluating the revitalization process of a stronger partnership for Africa, gender equality and intercultural dialogue: Paris, 9-10 September 2009", "• In observance of the twentieth anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Fellowship of Reconciliation representative to UNESCO worked in the steering committee of the Joint Programmatic Commissions of the UNESCO-NGO Liaison Committee: Paris, November 2010.", "15. International Federation on Ageing", "General, 1995", "Introduction", "The International Federation on Ageing is an international non-governmental membership-based organization of older persons, NGOs, government, academia and industry. The Federation works to generate positive change for older people globally by stimulating, collecting, analysing, and disseminating information on effective age-related policies and practices.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Our main aim is to advance the well-being of older people globally through creating worldwide forums for discussion, knowledge exchange and transfer; and building connections between stakeholder groups. Actions include working with intergovernmental bodies on policy development; publishing and distributing policy-related information; organizing meetings on a global and regional basis; conducting social research; and promoting the exchange of information and experiences among associations of older people on the United Nations-designated priorities and issues.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The Federation relocated its headquarters from Montreal, Canada, to Toronto in March 2009. Charitable status under paragraph 149 (1) (f) of the Canadian Income Tax Act was granted retrospectively from 13 April 2006. As a consequence, there were minor amendments to the Letters Patent and By-Laws.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Two global conferences were convened on United Nations-designated issues — Priority III of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, on ageing and design (4-7 September 2008, Montreal), and on climate for change, focusing on healthy ageing, social inclusion and resourcing change (3-6 May 2010, Melbourne). Two closed intergovernmental meetings were convened on the themes “Ageing in place” (3 September 2008, Montreal) and “Social inclusion” (2 May 2010, Melbourne). With HelpAge Asia Pacific, the Federation convened a regional conference (1 and 2 May 2010, Melbourne) to advance the regional agendas on ageing. Regional meetings of civil society and government representatives were convened to inform, exchange knowledge and strengthen understanding in Beijing, (May 2008); Istanbul (December 2010); Hyderabad, India (November 2007) and Akita, Japan (October 2009). United Nations officials made presentations at each event. Content-specific meetings were convened to advance the United Nations agenda, for example, World Elder Abuse Awareness Day (16 June 2009, Toronto) with the focus on intergenerational activities in secondary school settings.", "Participation in the meetings of the United Nations", "Oral and written statements were made at the forty-fifth to forty-eighth sessions of the Commission for Social Development. In collaboration with civil society, the Federation contributed to a joint statement on the theme of rights of older people (2009). Parallel side sessions were convened in 2009 and 2010. IFA was present at: the fifty-second to fifty-fourth sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women and the twelfth and thirteenth sessions of the Human Rights Council (Geneva); participated in all International Days of Older Persons and co-chaired the event in 2007.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The International Federation on Ageing Secretary-General was a participant in and panellist at the UNFPA expert group meeting on ensuring an enabling environment (Istanbul, October 2007); the President of the Federation was a participant in the expert group meeting on the rights of older persons (Bonn, May 2009); the Federation’s Director for International Relations was a participant in the expert group meeting on the priority medical devices project (Geneva, October 2007). The Federation secured the panel placement of an older person for the International Day of Persons with Disabilities (2009); the Secretary-General of the Federation is collaborating with the UNFPA project on the state of the world’s older persons 2012 (2010-present). The Federation works closely with Department for Economic and Social Affairs focal points on ageing and disability; and with the secretariat for the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Representatives made public statements on the importance of the Millennium Development Goals in various meetings within and outside the United Nations, particularly on the role of older persons. Federation statements to the Commission for Social Development stressed the importance of working in partnership with the United Nations towards the fulfilment of the Goals.", "Additional information", "Membership continues to grow with particular interest from all levels of Government as a direct result of the biannual Senior Government Officials meetings." ]

[ "非政府组织委员会", "2012年常会", "2012年1月30日至2月8日和2月17日", "具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织依照经济及社会理事会第1996/31号决议通过秘书长提交的2007-2010四年期报告", "秘书长的说明", "目录", "页次\n1.社会、生态和文化援助协会国际联合会 3\n2.哈里里基金会 4\n3.国际人道呼吁组织 6\n4.孟加拉国少数民族人权大会 8\n5.国际人权信息和文献系统 9\n6.世界互动组织 10\n7.国际犹太人律师和法学家协会 12\n8.国际社会工作学校协会 14\n9.国际律师协会 15\n10.国际天主教报业联合会 17\n11.国际贸易和可持续发展中心 19\n12. 国际欧亚新闻基金会 20\n13.国际社会工作者联合会 22\n14.国际和睦团契 23\n15. 国际老龄问题联合会 25", "1. 社会、生态和文化援助协会国际联合会", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "社会、生态和文化援助协会国际联合会是一家非政府组织，作为一个国际联合会建立，包括来自拉丁美洲、欧洲和北美14个国家的30个协会。", "该组织的目标和宗旨", "该组织在其准会员(联合协会)乃至全社会中促进和普及以下方面：培养团结、求实、灵性、宽容和统一的人类价值观；对穷人提供社会救助；生态和保护环境；以及文化。", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "参与和扩大由世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)、联合国开发计划署(开发署)和多米尼加共和国总统国家计划共同资助的工作换收入草案；2008年，请联合国代表在多米尼加共和国举办登革热预防、饮用水、艾滋病毒和性传播疾病预防讲座；在《联合国气候变化框架公约》方面，大力支持哥本哈根首脑会议，庆祝2009年12月(见www.copmoving.org)联合国为讨论气候变化而举行的第十五次世界大会闭幕；2010年7月7日至14日在多米尼加共和国举办了主题为“和平文化”的第六届大会，来自14个国家的620名代表出席大会，积极推动了支持联合国目标的和平价值观教育。", "参加联合国会议", "代表们出席了2010年10月29日在纽约举行的题为“加大复合疫苗的普及”的会议和2010年10月21日在联合国总部举行的题为“公民行动能否拯救世界？”的会议。代表们还通过以下网络广播参加会议：2010年10月20日的“光靠排名是不够的：衡量大学”；2010年11月15日的“创业在千年发展目标的实现和可持续性中的作用”；2010年12月9日的“改革国际货币和金融架构”。", "与联合国各机构的合作", "参加了2007年在墨西哥蒙特雷举办的世界文化论坛。", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "(a) 2004-2010年，实施了名为“社会发展和援助中心”的专门方案，其中三个在多米尼加共和国实施；1993-2010年，建设和支助八个餐馆，并通过赞助和捐赠来维持，每年惠及2 000名儿童；1993-2010年，为赤贫者提供医疗、牙科、预防接种、食品和服装。", "(b) 1977-2010年，防止滥用药物、酒精和烟草及暴力的教育宣传活动，每年为2 000名儿童提供学习用品和学习问题方面的特殊帮助，并为他们提供正式出生证明；1992-2010年，在美国、多米尼加共和国和多民族玻利维亚国开展扫盲运动；1992-2010年，为遭受暴力和武力的妇女和女孩提供心理和法律支助；对家长进行两性平等教育；2009年2月至7月，对预防暴力和两性不平等进行调查。", "(c) 1992-2010年，应对儿童饥饿和营养不良问题；对家长进行采取预防措施预防和发现疾病的教育。", "(d) 在发生灾害时提供特别援助，如2010年援助海地地震灾民，以及2007年11月在多米尼加共和国巴尼的圣罗莎帮助热带风暴诺埃尔的受害者；在多民族玻利维亚国、多米尼加共和国和秘鲁开展预防疾病运动：脑积水(1995-2010年)和糖尿病(2005-1010年)：捐赠胰岛素和脑积水阀门。", "(e) 1995-2010年和2004-2010年分别在多民族玻利维亚国和多米尼加共和国针对妇女开展妇科运动，预防疾病和促进孕期的产前检查；1995-2010年在14个国家开展健康营养教育；1980-2010年在14个国家进行青少年和成人性教育；2006-2010年在多民族玻利维亚国和多米尼克共和国开展蚊蝇控制运动，预防登革热和疟疾。", "2. 哈里里基金会", "特别咨商地位，2003年", "导言", "可持续人类发展哈里里基金会是由黎巴嫩总理拉菲克·哈里里于1979年成立的一家黎巴嫩非政府组织。迄今为止，该组织已与90多个地方、区域和国际伙伴合作，依照千年发展目标实施了200多个项目。", "该组织的目标和宗旨", "该基金会致力于通过旨在实现可持续人类发展状态的、包容各方的伙伴关系和协作模式，调集资源(人力和财力)并汇集努力。", "该组织的重大变化", "按照对千年发展目标进展的审查，并根据千年发展目标首脑会议的建议，该基金会开始实施以下倡议：民间社会在监测千年发展目标实现方面的作用；地方政策和国家战略在发展进程中的作用；四重危机对发展援助委员会成员国履行其发展援助义务并为发展项目融资制定替代计划的能力的影响。", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "该基金会对联合国及其机构的各种形式和倡议的工作做出了贡献。", "参加联合国会议", "2007年9月8日在开罗举行的开发署咨询委员会会议；分别于2007年4月3日、2008年5月20日和2010年6月24日在巴黎教科文组织总部举行的联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)亲善大使年会；2008年8月25日在巴黎举行的教科文组织全民优质教育区域会议；2008年7月21日和22日，由教科文组织与伊斯兰教育、科学和文化组织、海湾国家阿拉伯教育局和阿拉伯联盟教育、文化和科学组织合作主办、在贝鲁特举行的阿拉伯议员教育论坛。", "与联合国各机构的合作", "该基金会正在与西亚经济社会委员会、世界银行和开发署等主要的联合国机构实施一系列倡议。2008年，与世界银行合作实施了旨在编写赛达历史核心指南的项目；2004-2009年，与联合国联合国妇女发展基金合作实施了题为“保证黎巴嫩信息和通信技术市场的电子质量”的项目；2006-2008年，与世界银行和重建与发展理事会合作实施了旨在发展黎巴嫩南部橄榄油行业的项目。", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "发起一项题为“Khede Kasra ”的媒体运动，旨在提高全国各地和社会各阶层对两性不平等的认识。", "根据“在贝鲁特及其郊区动员青年和发展”项目，该基金会与不同的伙伴一道，在贝鲁特两个城市贫民窟修复有形基础设施，同时寻求一些环境问题的解决方案，如非法屠宰和下水道堵塞产生的废弃物问题。", "补充资料", "该基金会在其2011年常会上向非政府组织委员会提交了更名申请。该组织的新名称为“哈里里可持续人类发展基金会”。由于本报告为2007-2010年间的报告，故该组织的名称仍保留为“哈里里基金会”。", "3. 国际人道呼吁组织", "特别咨商地位，1991年", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "该组织在以下领域发起了若干项目：", "000多个家庭从中受益", "参加联合国会议", "代表们出席了以下会议：", "与联合国各机构的合作", "000头牲畜接种疫苗和提供治疗(2008年)。", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "662名农民耕种其农场，并为30位失业者提供财政支助。", "4. 孟加拉国少数民族人权大会", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "孟加拉国少数民族人权大会是一个为孟加拉国边缘化人群提供服务、倡导人权和提供人道主义服务的组织。", "该组织的目标和宗旨", "该组织旨在与各国政府、联合国和其他机构合作，结束仇外心理以及对孟加拉国国内少数民族和其他边缘化人群的社会政治和文化剥夺；提供援助以改善其生活条件，并保障其充分享受《世界人权宣言》所规定的各项权利。", "该组织的重大变化", "自2009年以来，该组织赞助了边缘化学生接受高等教育，并鼓励对孟加拉国少数民族和其他边缘化人群的社会政治和文化剥夺问题开展相关的学术研究。", "自成立以来，该组织多次参与联合国活动，并支持其伙伴组织，如孟加拉国印度教徒、佛教徒和基督徒团结会在联合国发言。该组织还向联合国机构派驻代表，如联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)特别任务执行人。为了服务人权高专办之目的，该组织任命Monorama Biswas担任人权理事会的非洲人后裔问题特别任务执行人。", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "参加联合国会议", "除了上述活动，该组织还积极参加妇女地位委员会的会议，并在委员会第五十三届会议期间举行了一次并行会议。在并行会议期间，该组织举办了关于暴力侵害少数民族妇女和女孩的小组讨论，小组成员在讨论中强调，必须制定国际立法，以帮助在国家一级维护正义。", "与联合国各机构的合作", "此外，该组织还通过其在其他全球非政府组织的成员身份参与了联合国的许多活动：", "(a) 签署了《国际红十字会行为守则》，以促进包括但不限于救灾的人道主义服务(2009年，“一个世界”)；", "(b) 作为儿童权利信息网的伙伴，努力制止对儿童的暴力行为，并制定法律补救办法(2011年)；", "(c) 作为国际刑事法院非政府组织联盟成员，努力提高人们对国际刑事法院的认识，并获得缔约国孟加拉国的批准；", "(d) 加入和平与正义国际和平局(2006年)。", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "该组织的核心活动和服务与联合国千年发展目标一致。该组织的许多活动包括但不限于针对妇女和女孩的宣传和复原服务，以及对穷人和边缘化人群的人道主义服务，直接服务于联合国千年发展目标的目的。", "5. 国际人权信息和文献系统", "特别咨商地位，2003年", "导言", "国际人权信息和文献系统是一家国际非政府组织，帮助人权组织应用信息和文献方法，最大限度地发挥其宣传工作的影响。该组织开发各种工具和技术，并为倡导者提供定制的培训和支持。它也是一个非正式、开放和分权的人权组织网络，希望汇集各人权组织的经验和创造力，为信息管理制定共同标准和工具。", "该组织的目标和宗旨", "我们的愿景：一个利用信息和通信技术为人权服务的世界。我们的使命：加强人权组织管理和交流信息的能力，增强其实效和公信力。目标：确保人权组织拥有工具、知识、技术和配套服务，对其信息资源加以有效利用。", "我们的活动：(a) 开发监测、信息管理和通信的工具和技术；(b) 将这些工具和技术提供给人权组织和国家人权机构；(c) 通过培训和其他活动培养人权组织掌握和应用这些工具和技术以满足其特定需求的能力；(d) 支持人权组织建立并加强其信息系统；(e) 改进人权宣传和报告技术；(f) 扩大人权宣传和联网能力；以及(g) 提供关于人权方法和技术的英才中心。", "该组织的重大变化", "根据我们对人权组织在信息管理和文献、技术发展方面的潜力和需求的了解以及我们对自身成就的评价，近年来，该组织的目标和宗旨已经修改。", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "2009年2月，该组织举行了题为“人权理事会和国际刑事法院：人权传播的新挑战”的会议。此次会议的目的是思考非政府组织如何更有效地向这些机构传播人权信息。", "参加联合国会议", "该组织定期参加联合国在日内瓦举行的会议，特别是与人权有关的会议(人权理事会，普遍定期审议)。2009年3月，该组织在人权理事会会议期间组织了一次题为“人权信息管理的挑战”的会外活动。", "与联合国各机构的合作", "该组织与日内瓦的人权高专办工作人员以及人权高专办各个外地办事处的工作人员举行定期磋商，提供信息管理和文献问题方面的建议和支持。2007年2月，该组织与人权高专办和尼泊尔人权委员会合作，举办了两次同时进行的培训：一次是对10名尼泊尔人权委员会保护官员进行为期5天的监测和实况调查培训，另一次是为期5天的文献记录违规培训，学员来自10个尼泊尔人权非政府组织，并得到人权高专办和开发署的支持。2008年2月，应墨西哥人权事务高级专员办事处的要求，并在妇女人权项目背景下，该组织为非政府组织举办了一期违规文献记录讲习班。", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "该组织支持千年发展目标，并在人权领域采取了涉及能力建设和工具开发的各种举措。", "6. 世界互动组织", "特别咨商地位，2003年", "导言", "世界互动组织通过非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的地方民间社会伙伴，开展性健康和生殖健康及权利方面的工作。", "该组织的目标和宗旨", "世界互动组织是国际发展领域的一家非政府组织，总部设在联合王国，在支持世界上一些最贫穷社区的性健康和生殖健康及权利信息和服务方面拥有30多年的经验。世界互动组织的专长在于通过基于权利的方法与当地伙伴合作，使穷人和处边缘化人群能够作为一项“权利”要求获得使其有尊严地生活并实现其性健康和生殖健康及权利的基本条件。我们的工作专门侧重于最边缘化的社区和个人，那些经常遭受侮辱、歧视、虐待并被剥夺权利的人。我们的愿景是世界上所有人都能平等地享受性健康和生殖健康及福祉，并行使其性权利和生殖权利。我们的使命是改善边缘化人群的性健康和生殖健康，并落实其性权利和生殖权利。", "该组织的重大变化", "2009年10月1日，世界互动组织与“联合王国计划”合并，但仍然是一个自治组织，拥有自己的董事会，作为“联合王国家庭计划”的组成部分。通过这次合并，世界互动组织将其性健康和生殖健康及权利方案扩展至更多国家，并开发了新的商业模式，以确保更多的青年人和成年人能够更加健康地生活。它还确保该组织获得更大的金融稳定和组织支持。", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "该组织的方案促进了非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲弱势群体的性健康和生殖健康及权利的进步，方法是通过培养我们的民间社会伙伴的能力，提供基于权利的性健康和生殖健康及权利方案，促进对性健康和生殖健康及权利和服务的需求和获取。我们的政策和宣传工作——与国内、联合王国、欧洲和全球伙伴合作——是围绕支持和促进实现与健康相关的千年发展目标展开的。我们通过“2015年欧洲倒计时”宣传网络开展具体的宣传工作，通过“全球健康行动”(也是一个跨欧洲的宣传网络)开展健康方面的工作。世界互动组织支持联合国人口基金(人口基金)继续将性健康和生殖健康及权利列为联合王国政府议程的重点。", "参加联合国会议", "2009年3月：世界互动组织向人口与发展委员会第四十二届会议提交了书面意见。", "2009年夏/秋：一名代表参加了联合王国民间社会与政府关于“联合国-妇女”构成的讨论。", "2010年6月至9月：代表们参加了2010年9月在纽约举行的大会千年发展目标问题高级别全体会议成果文件的讨论并为其提供资料；代表们还通过民间社会渠道为秘书长关于促进妇女儿童健康全球战略发表意见并做出贡献。", "2010年9月：参加了在纽约举行的大会高级别全体会议，并在联合国基金会博客网站组织了一次专题介绍。", "2010年9月至现在：一名代表为实施秘书长关于促进妇女儿童健康全球战略做出贡献，包括通过举行联合王国民间社会与联合王国政府的讨论，并对“每一位妇女，每一位儿童”的在线论坛发表意见。", "与联合国各机构的合作", "2007年5月，人口基金为世界互动组织的宣传方案“加强联系：性健康和生殖健康及权利以及艾滋病毒和艾滋病宣传新方向”提供了40 000美元的赠款。2011年初，世界互动组织还得到了另一笔赠款，以支持其对联合王国政府的政策和宣传工作。", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "世界互动组织在两个跨欧洲的宣传网络中发挥了关键作用：“全球健康行动”和“2015年欧洲倒计时”。作为这些网络的组成部分，世界互动组织与联合王国政府、捐助者和民间社会合作，以提高人们对实现千年发展目标以及解决未满足的计划生育需求的重要性的认识。", "7. 国际犹太人律师和法学家协会", "特别咨商地位，1995年", "该组织的目标和宗旨", "国际犹太人律师和法学家协会创立于1969年，努力在全球推进人权，并致力于推进犹太人民议程。该组织努力打击种族主义、仇外心理、反犹太主义、否认大屠杀和对以色列国的全球攻击。它派代表参加联合国主要的人权机构。该协会成立于1969年，作为犹太人律师和法学家的成员协会，其主要目的是促进对人权和平等的尊重。", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "该组织通过以下途径促进了对个人人权的维护：", "(2007年3月)", "参加联合国会议", "该协会多次参加与联合国有关的活动，其中包括：", "与联合国各机构的合作", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "该协会与其他犹太人协会合作，主办了以下活动：", "8. 国际社会工作学校协会", "特别咨商地位，1947年", "导言", "国际社会工作学校协会是一家社会工作学校、其他高等社会工作教育方案以及社会工作教育者的全球协会。", "该组织的目标和宗旨", "该协会成员的共同义务是不断追求社会正义和社会发展。在履行使命时，该协会促进其成员之间以及与其他组织之间的合作、互惠互利和相互依存。", "该组织的重大变化", "该协会在中国发展了许多成员。", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "我们继续按月组织并参加专题小组讨论。", "参加联合国会议", "作为非政府组织移徙问题委员会的共同主席，该协会组织了以下活动：与社会发展委员会的一项并行活动；全球移民与发展论坛2010年民间社会日最新情况介绍；贩运人口问题工作队在东欧举行关于移民的讲座和一次专题介绍；关于赋予移民妇女赋权的声明；在新闻部关于移民对世界各地家庭的影响的简要介绍一起实施了一项方案，以庆祝国际家庭日；以及一项纪念国际难民日的方案。", "一名代表还参加了由国际移民组织和联合国训练研究所举办的研讨会和会议。今年4月，她做了关于国际收养儿童的专题介绍，作为国际移民组织和儿童基金会新设立的研究世界各地儿童和移民的跨领域问题项目的组成部分。5月，她帮助策划了新闻部的情况介绍会。", "与联合国各机构的合作", "第二十七个一年一度的社会工作日于3月29日在联合国举行。确定“社会工作和社会福利：承诺与联合国合作”为总主题，是为了与6月在中国香港举行的三方联席会议保持一致。相应地，三个分主题分别为“生命历程挑战”、“公平和社会包容”及“可持续环境”。 在我们之前在香港会议期间的磋商和讨论的基础上，我们建议将以下几个领域作为将在进一步磋商之后制定并发布《全球议程》初稿的框架：国家内部和区域之间的社会和经济不平等；以及最近持续的经济危机和世界领导人选择应对危机的模式(如，利用资源支持金融系统，同时削减用于社会支助和社会发展的资源)。", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "如果没有以下问题，该组织本可以更好地促进联合国方案的执行：有关国际会议的信息较少，获得时间也太晚，同时，缺乏资金和工作人员人数太少(都是志愿者)，使得参加国际会议变得十分困难。", "9. 国际律师协会", "特别咨商地位，1947年", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "2006年 多民族玻利维亚国——诉诸司法", "冈比亚——法治和司法独立情况", "2007年 哥伦比亚——负责为人权遭严重侵犯的受害者提供补救措施的机构的能力", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国——司法机构和法律界的独立", "巴基斯坦——对试图取消首席法官的回应", "马拉维——加强马拉维律师协会", "乌干达——司法独立", "伊朗伊斯兰共和国——法律界和诉诸司法的独立", "津巴布韦——调查警察在司法中的作用", "波兰——司法机构和法律界的独立", "2008年 南非——司法独立", "斐济——评估法治", "喀麦隆——调查酷刑和拘留条件", "斯里兰卡——司法机构和法律界的独立", "刚果民主共和国——司法系统的需求", "巴基斯坦——司法独立", "肯尼亚——对司法系统需求的评估", "巴西——对审前羁押的技术援助", "阿富汗——建立并维持独立的律师协会", "2009年 赞比亚——推进法律教育", "阿拉伯利比亚民众国——人权、禁止和监测酷刑及对拘留者的监控", "捷克共和国——关于伊拉克人的国际人权", "2010年 刚果民主共和国——协助卢本巴希律师事务所继续推进法律教育", "利比里亚——审查利比里亚全国律师协会", "巴西——法治和刑事司法", "哥伦比亚——法律界的独立和保障正当程序", "参加联合国会议", "与联合国各机构的合作", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "促进法治", "10. 国际天主教报业联合会", "特别咨商地位，1951年", "导言", "过去四年是该国际联合会历史上最有趣的时期之一。依据联合国目标并与联合国各机构合作组织了许多活动。每年，有来自世界不同地区的近1 000名记者参加这些活动。对这些类型方案的需求在日益增加。从这些方案的主题中可以看出，它们都符合联合国千年发展目标。", "该组织的目标和宗旨", "该联合会的目标和宗旨是：", "该组织的重大变化", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "参加联合国会议", "我们的一些记者参加了世界各地的会议，并报告联合国的政策和活动。", "与联合国各机构的合作", "我们定期与联合国各机构合作举办记者活动。", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "从该方案的主题中可以看出，这些倡议都与千年发展目标相一致。", "补充资料", "我们非常关切，联合国在过去十年正在丧失其政治作用，并越来越成为一个人道主义机构。因此，作为新闻记者和媒体专家的世界联盟，我们正竭尽全力召集政府领导人、宗教领袖和民间社会领导人参加我们的研讨会、会议和活动，以使他们更好地发挥其在促进全人类福祉方面的作用。", "11. 国际贸易和可持续发展中心", "特别咨商地位，2003年", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "参加联合国会议", "该中心已获得《联合国防治荒漠化公约》的认可(2007年)以及政府间气候变化专门委员会的观察员地位(2010年)。它在一些会议上举行了会外活动。", "与联合国各机构的合作", "与联合国家各机构的共同出版物包括：", "Correa，贸发会议-国际贸易和可持续发展中心联合工作文件，2007年。", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "鉴于该中心的任务是通过信息、对话和能力建设赋予利益攸关方权力，对国际贸易施加影响，以推动可持续发展的目标，其贸易援助工作为实现千年发展目标中的消除贫穷和饥饿目标做出了贡献，旨在寻求促进粮食安全、农业贸易平等和环境可持续性的农业方案也是如此。与贸发会议合作并在世卫组织支持下的药物和疫苗地方生产能力的技术转让项目支持千年发展目标中的防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病目标。环境可持续性目标现在是且一直是该中心一系列倡议、方案、会议和出版物的核心，包括其气候变化、贸易和可持续能源全球平台及其环境和自然资源方案的所有活动。", "12. 国际欧亚新闻基金会", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "国际欧亚新闻基金会始于苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟时代。当时，国家处于混乱状态，并正与亚美尼亚交战，结果是近100万阿塞拜疆人背井离乡，且政府的某些方面——包括信息传播——已经瓦解。在阿塞拜疆人取得独立共和国地位之前，标准的做法是，所有的信息都通过莫斯科克里姆林宫传播，因此，审查较为严格。该基金会于1992年9月在阿塞拜疆政府注册为非营利组织。", "该组织的目标和宗旨", "该基金会活动的目的是收集并传播武装冲突区域的客观信息，并在历史、政治和其他背景下研究和分析区域冲突，目的是和平解决这些冲突。和平解决纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫问题，是该基金会活动的优先重点。", "该组织的重大变化", "该基金会围绕千年发展目标制定了其行动战略。因此，该基金会是阿塞拜疆民间社会组织当中的千年发展目标倡导者。", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "该基金会的目的是更加积极地促进联合国在阿塞拜疆的任务，并与联合国共享阿塞拜疆的最佳做法。从全国来看，该基金会继续在地方非政府组织和民间社会组织当中宣传联合国。具体而言，该基金会把促进阿塞拜疆民主列为优先事项，且不一定带有政治性，也不隶属于任何政党。人权、两性平等和推动妇女权利、治理、经济和社会发展，是该基金会行动计划的重点。", "出席联合国会议", "2007年7月，该基金会参加了经济及社会理事会年度部长级审查。该基金会还参加了创新博览会。", "与联合国各机构的合作", "该基金会和阿塞拜疆新闻部办公室从2010年开始合作。重点是在阿塞拜疆各区域举行若干次会议。讨论的主题以千年发展目标为核心。为此目的，2010年4月，该基金会与新闻部一道，对鞑靼的Borsunlu村进行了访问，以开展地雷风险教育并庆祝国际提高地雷意识和协助地雷行动日。难民署和该基金会通过对阿塞拜疆难民和寻求庇护者生活条件及社会标准进行调查，分享了有用的信息；此类调查涉及伊拉克人(2008年)和车臣人(2010年)。", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "多年来，该基金会与总部设在欧洲和美国的各组织合作开展了若干项活动。它还参加了几次会议和大会，目的是分享关于千年发展目标的经验和加强阿塞拜疆的发展伙伴关系。", "补充资料", "作为国际新闻学会的成员，该基金会每年参加国际新闻学会世界大会和联合国大会；它还就阿塞拜疆发展独立的媒体提出建议和问题。", "13. 国际社会工作者联合会", "特别咨商地位，1959年", "导言", "国际社会工作者联合会是一个由国家社会工作者组织(工会或协会)组成的全球联合会。它致力于通过发展社会工作、最佳做法和社会工作者及其专业组织之间的国际合作，推动社会正义、人权和社会发展。", "该组织的目标和宗旨", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "参加联合国会议", "与联合国各机构的合作", "该联合会通过向日内瓦、内罗毕(联合国人居署)、纽约和维也纳派遣代表与联合国合作。此外，该联合会还向世卫组织咨询小组派遣代表，参与了《疾病和有关保健问题国际统计分类》的第十次修订。", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "14. 国际和睦团契", "特别咨商地位，1979年", "导言", "国际和睦团契是一项国际性多信仰运动，参加该组织的男女致力于将积极的非暴力作为一种生活方式，并作为一种政治、社会和经济转型的手段。", "该组织的目标和宗旨", "该组织致力于通过促进非暴力、对话与和解文化，在世界上建立更加和平、人道和公正的社会。其活动是在与成员网络、联合国代表和国际职员合作并得到其支持下进行的。", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "该组织通过其在纽约、日内瓦、维也纳的代表定期参加联合国大小会议并在其出版物中报告有关情况支持联合国。", "参加联合国会议", "2010年3月1至26日，日内瓦", "与联合国各机构的合作", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "2009年9月9日至10日，巴黎", "2010年11月，巴黎。", "15. 国际老龄问题联合会", "一般咨商地位，1995年", "导言", "国际老龄问题联合会是一家由老年人、非政府组织、政府、学术界和行业成员组成的国际非政府组织。该联合会致力于通过生成、收集、分析和传播关于有效的年龄政策和做法的信息，为全球老年人带来积极变化。", "该组织的目标和宗旨", "我们的主要目标是促进全球老年人的福祉，方法是通过建立全世界讨论、知识共享和转让的论坛；以及在利益攸关集团之间建立联系。采取的行动包括与制定政策的政府间机构合作；发布并传播与政策有关的信息；组织全球和区域会议；开展社会研究；以及促进在老年人协会当中交流关于联合国指定的优先事项和问题的信息和经验。", "该组织的重大变化", "2009年3月，该联合会的总部从加拿大蒙特利尔迁至多伦多。自2006年4月13日起，根据《加拿大所得税法》第149(1)(f)款向其追授了慈善地位。因此，专利特许证和附则略有改动。", "该组织对联合国工作的贡献", "召开了两次全球会议，内容涉及联合国指定的问题——《马德里国际老龄问题行动计划》第三优先事项，关于老龄化和设计(2008年9月4日至7日，蒙特利尔)，以及关于气候变化，重点是健康老龄、社会包容和资源变化(2010年5月3日至6日，墨尔本)。举行了两次关于以下主题的政府间闭门会议：“老龄化已成现实”(2008年9月3日，蒙特利尔)和“社会包容”(2010年5月2日，墨尔本)。该联合会与国际助老会亚太分会举行了一次区域会议(2010年5月1日和2日，墨尔本)，以推动老龄化区域议程。还在以下各地召开了民间社会和政府代表的区域会议，以传播信息、交流知识并加深了解：北京(2008年5月)；伊斯坦布尔(2010年12月)；印度海得拉巴(2007年11月)和日本秋田(2009年10月)。联合国官员在每次活动上均做了发言。召开了涉及具体内容的会议，以推动联合国议程，如认识虐待老年人问题世界日(2009年6月16日，多伦多)，重点是中学里的代际活动。", "参加联合国会议", "在社会发展委员会第四十五届至第四十八届会议上做口头和书面发言。该联合会与民间社会合作，促成了关于老年人权利主题的联合声明(2009年)。2009年和2010年举行了并行的会外会。国际老龄问题联合会参加了妇女地位委员会第五十二届至第五十四届会议以及人权理事会第十二届和第十三届会议(日内瓦)；参加了所有的国际老年人日活动并主持了2007年的活动。", "与联合国各机构的合作", "国际老龄问题联合会秘书长参加了人口基金关于确保一个有利环境的专家组会议并担任小组成员(2007年10月，伊斯坦布尔)；该联合会主席参加了老年人权利专家组会议(2009年5月，波恩)；该联合会的国际关系主任参加了重点医疗设备项目专家组会议(2007年10月，日内瓦)。该联合会为一名老年人争取到国际残疾人日的一个小组讨论名额(2009年)；该联合会秘书长正在与人口基金就2012年世界老年人状况项目进行合作(2010年至现在)。该联合会与经济和社会事务部老龄和残疾联络中心密切合作；并与残疾人权利公约秘书处密切合作。", "该组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "代表们在联合国内外的各次会议上发表关于千年发展目标重要性，特别是关于老年人的作用的公开声明。该联合会在社会发展委员会上的发言强调了与联合国合作以实现千年发展目标的重要性。", "补充资料", "由于一年两次的高级政府官员会议，成员数量继续增加，各级政府的兴趣特别浓厚。" ]

[ "非政府组织委员会 组织", "2012年常会", "2012年1月30日至2月8日和2月17日,日内瓦", "具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织依照经济及社会理事会第1996/31号决议通过秘书长提交的2007-2010四年期报告", "秘书长的说明", "目录", "第1页. 国际合作协会联合会\n文化\n2. 哈里基金会 3个\n3. 人道国际 54. 人权 7个大会\n孟加拉国 少数群体 5. 人权 8 资料和文件\n系统国际\n107. 犹太人律师和律师国际协会\n8. 国际13所社会学校协会\n工作9. 国际 14 条\n国际天主教联合会\n新闻11. 国际 贸易和可持续发展中心\n12. 欧亚国际 19 新闻\n基金13. 国际社会联合会 21\n工人\n14. 国际调解论坛 23\n15. 国际老龄问题联合会 25", "1. 联合国 国际社会、经济和文化援助协会联合会", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "社会、生态和文化帮助协会国际联合会是一个非政府组织,由来自拉丁美洲、欧洲和北美14个国家的30个协会组成。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本组织促进并在其联系成员(即联邦协会)和整个社区中推广发展:团结、真理、精神、容忍和团结的人类价值观;向穷人提供社会援助;生态和环境护理;以及总体文化。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "参加并扩大工作资金交换草案;由世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)、联合国开发计划署(开发署)和多米尼加共和国总统国家计划共同供资;邀请联合国代表在2008年在多米尼加共和国举办关于登革热预防、饮用水、艾滋病毒和性传播疾病预防的讲座;在《联合国气候变化框架公约》方面,大力支持哥本哈根首脑会议,以纪念2009年12月联合国为讨论气候变化而组织的第十五次世界会议(见www.copmoving.org);2010年7月7日至14日在多米尼加共和国组织了主题为“和平文化”的第六次大会,来自14个国家的620名代表参加了这次大会,积极促进和平价值观教育以支持联合国的目标。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "代表们出席了2010年10月29日在纽约举行的“使混合疫苗更容易获得”和2010年10月21日在联合国总部举行的“公民行动能拯救世界吗?” 代表们还通过下列网播出席了这些会议:“光靠学习是不够的:衡量大学”,2010年10月20日;“创业对实现和持续实现千年发展目标的作用”,2010年11月15日;“改革国际货币和金融结构”,2010年12月9日。", "与联合国机构的合作", "参加2007年在墨西哥蒙特雷举行的世界文化论坛。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "(a) 开展称为社会发展和援助中心的专门方案,其中三个在多米尼加共和国,2004-2010年;通过赞助和捐款,建造并支助8个汤厨房,1993-2010年每年使2 000名儿童受益;1993-2010年,为赤贫者提供医疗、牙科、疫苗接种、食品和服装。", "(b) 1977-2010年预防吸毒、酗酒和吸烟及暴力的教育和提高认识运动,每年为2 000名儿童提供学习用品和特殊帮助,并向他们提供正式出生证明;1992-2010年在美国、多米尼加共和国和多民族玻利维亚国开展扫盲运动;为遭受暴力和暴力的妇女和女孩提供心理和法律支持;1992-2010年对父母进行两性平等教育;2009年2月至7月调查防止暴力和两性不平等。", "(c) 消除儿童中的饥饿和营养不良;教育父母采取预防措施预防和发现疾病,1992-2010年。", "(d) 灾害特别援助,如2010年援助海地地震灾民;2007年11月援助多米尼加共和国巴尼圣罗莎附近的诺埃尔热带风暴灾民;预防运动:脑积水(1995-2010年)和糖尿病(2005-2010年):多民族玻利维亚国、多米尼加共和国和秘鲁的胰岛素和脑积水阀捐献。", "(e) 在多民族玻利维亚国(1995-2010年)和多米尼加共和国(2004-2010年)开展妇女预防疾病和促进怀孕期间产前监测的妇科运动;1995-2010年在14个国家开展健康营养教育;1980-2010年在14个国家开展青少年和成人性教育;2006-2010年在多民族玻利维亚国和多米尼加共和国开展蚊子控制运动,以预防登革热和疟疾。", "2. 哈里里基金会", "特别咨商地位,2003年", "导言", "哈里里可持续人类发展基金会是黎巴嫩的一个非政府组织,由拉菲克·哈里里总理于1979年设立。 迄今为止,基金会与90多个地方、区域和国际伙伴合作,执行了200多个符合千年发展目标的项目。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "基金会致力于通过旨在实现可持续人类发展状态的包容各方的伙伴关系和合作模式来调动资源(人力和资本)并汇集各种努力。", "本组织的重大变化", "根据对千年发展目标所取得进展的审查,并参照千年发展目标首脑会议的建议,本基金会启动了一些倡议,这些倡议涉及以下方面:民间社会在监测千年发展目标执行情况方面的作用;地方政策和国家战略在发展进程中的作用;四重危机对发展援助委员会成员国履行其发展援助义务和为发展项目制定其他筹资办法的能力的影响。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "基金会以各种形式和倡议为联合国及其机构的工作作出贡献。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "开发署咨询委员会会议,2007年9月8日,开罗;联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)亲善大使年度会议,2007年4月3日,2008年5月20日和2010年6月24日,巴黎教科文组织总部; 教科文组织 全民教育区域会议,2008年8月25日,巴黎;阿拉伯议员促进教育论坛,2008年7月21日和22日,贝鲁特,由教科文组织与伊斯兰教育、科学和文化组织、海湾国家阿拉伯教育局和阿拉伯联盟教育、文化及科学组织合作举办。", "与联合国机构的合作", "基金会与诸如西亚经济社会委员会、世界银行和开发计划署等主要联合国机构正在采取若干举措。 与世界银行合作的一个项目,旨在为Saida的历史核心编写一本指南,2008年;与联合国妇女发展基金合作的题为“实现黎巴嫩信通技术市场的电子质量”的项目,2004-2009年;与世界银行和重建与发展理事会合作的旨在发展黎巴嫩南部橄榄油部门的项目,2006-2008年。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "发起题为“Khede Kasra”的媒体运动,旨在提高全国和各社会阶层对两性不平等问题的认识。", "在“贝鲁特及其郊区的青年动员与发展”项下,基金会同不同伙伴合作,修复贝鲁特两个城市贫民窟的有形基础设施,并设法解决一些环境问题,例如非法屠宰和堵塞下水道产生的废物。", "补充资料", "基金会向非政府组织委员会2011年常会提出更名请求。 该组织的新名称是哈里里可持续人类发展基金会。 由于本报告是在2007-2010年期间提交的,因此该组织的名称仍为哈里里基金会。", "3. 人类呼吁国际", "特别咨商地位,1991年", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织在以下领域启动了几个项目:", "二. 支助 提高妇女地位:通过小额供资项目和建立教育和职业培训中心来赋予寡妇权力", "• 宏观经济和金融:本组织设立了一个特别基金,在非洲和亚洲提供小额供资服务,迄今已有2 000多个家庭受益", "• 社会发展:本组织为居住项目、建设营养中心以及教育和职业培训中心划拨了特别预算,以促进儿童,特别是孤儿享有受教育的权利。", "参加联合国会议", "代表们出席了:", "二. 支助 国际农业发展基金(农发基金)理事会第三十届会议(2007年2月14日,罗马)", "二. 支助 农发基金理事会第三十一届和第三十二届会议(2008年2月13和14日以及2009年2月18和19日,罗马)", "• 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)与非政府组织的年度协商(2008年6月25日至27日,日内瓦)", "二. 支助 难民署与非政府组织的年度磋商(2009年6月29日至7月1日,日内瓦)", "· 在阿拉伯联合酋长国主办了人道主义事务协调厅和联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)的主任,在该组织驻阿拉伯联合酋长国外地办事处年度会议(2008年2月27日)期间参加了关于同联合国各机构建立伙伴关系的讲习班。", "与联合国机构的合作", "二. 支助 2010年,与世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)合作,在尼日尔实施了向婴儿和孕妇提供营养的项目;2010年,与儿童基金会和粮食计划署合作,在尼日尔实施了婴儿全面喂养项目。", "二. 支助 与粮食计划署合作,在尼日尔实施了6至23个月婴儿现金转移项目(2010年)。", "• 与联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)合作,在苏丹达尔富尔实施了灌溉和农业项目(2010年)。", "二. 支助 与粮农组织、达尔富尔、苏丹(2008年和2010年)合作,为达尔富尔农业项目提供种子。", "• 与粮食计划署和难民署达成协议,向苏丹东部难民营提供营养(2010年)。", "• 与粮农组织开展联合项目,支持在苏丹南达尔富尔实施15 000只动物的疫苗接种和治疗(2008年)。", "• 人类呼吁国际与难民署人类呼吁国际援助管理苏丹东部难民营三方次级项目协定(2007-2010年)。", "二. 支助 与儿童基金会合作在苏丹的钻井项目(2008年)。", "• 与粮食计划署合作在尼日尔开展向婴儿提供营养的项目(2007-2009年)。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "二. 支助 向数千个家庭和孤儿提供现金援助和家庭用品。", "• 在印度、印度尼西亚、伊拉克、约旦、黎巴嫩、尼日尔、被占领巴勒斯坦领土、塞内加尔、索马里、斯里兰卡、苏丹和也门进行住房项目并分发衣服给成千上万的难民。", "• 协助1 264人建立小额供资项目;支助28 662名农民耕种农场,并向30名失业人员提供财政支助。", "• 向数千个家庭和孤儿分发食品和清洁水源。", "• 在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、印度、伊拉克、约旦、科索沃、吉尔吉斯斯坦、尼日尔、巴勒斯坦被占领土、塞内加尔、索马里和苏丹建造和装备学校。", "• 通过建立培训中心和设立创收项目,向波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、伊拉克、约旦、科索沃、吉尔吉斯斯坦、黎巴嫩、塞内加尔和苏丹的557名寡妇提供援助。", "• 在尼日尔提供麻疹疫苗接种,并建立了6个营养中心。", "向苏丹东部83 587名妇女提供怀孕和分娩期间的医疗护理。", "• 在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、印度、印度尼西亚、伊拉克、约旦、科索沃、吉尔吉斯斯坦、黎巴嫩、尼日尔、巴勒斯坦被占领土、塞内加尔、索马里、苏丹和也门开展提高对艾滋病毒的认识方案和疟疾预防接种活动,并捐赠设备给残疾人。", "4. 孟加拉国少数群体人权大会", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "孟加拉国少数群体人权大会是一个为孟加拉国边缘化人民服务的倡导人权和人道主义服务组织。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "大会旨在同各国政府、联合国和其他机构合作,以结束仇外心理以及孟加拉国少数群体和其他被边缘化群体在社会政治和文化方面遭受的剥夺;提供援助来改善他们的生活条件并保障他们充分享有《世界人权宣言》所赋予的权利。", "本组织的重大变化", "从2009年起,国会一直赞助来自边缘化人口的学生接受高等教育,并鼓励与孟加拉国少数群体和其他边缘化人口的社会政治和文化剥夺问题有关的学术研究。", "大会自成立以来,一直参与联合国的许多活动,并支持其伙伴组织,例如孟加拉国印度教佛教徒基督教团结会在联合国发言。 本组织还向联合国机构提供了代表,例如联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)的特别任务负责人。 为了为人权高专办服务,大会已提名Monorama Biswas担任人权理事会非洲人后裔特别任务负责人。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "参加联合国会议的情况", "除上述活动外,大会还积极参加了妇女地位委员会的各届会议,并在妇女地位委员会第五十三届会议期间举行了平行会议。 在平行会议期间,本组织就暴力侵害少数群体妇女和女童问题举行了小组讨论,小组成员在讨论中强调国际立法需要帮助维护国家一级的正义。", "与联合国机构的合作", "此外,本组织通过加入其他全球非政府组织,参加了联合国的许多活动:", "(a) 《国际红十字会人道主义服务行为守则》的签署国,包括但不限于救灾(Oneworld,2009年);", "(b) 儿童权利信息网的伙伴,以结束暴力侵害儿童行为并颁布法律补救措施(2011年);", "(c) 国际刑事法院非政府组织联盟的一名成员,以提高人们对法院的认识并争取孟加拉国批准;", "(d) 国际和平与正义局成员(2006年)。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "大会的核心活动和服务与联合国千年发展目标相一致。 本组织的许多活动,包括但不限于为妇女和女孩提供的宣传和康复服务以及为穷人和被边缘化群体提供的人道主义服务,直接实现千年发展目标的目标。", "5 (韩语). 国际人权信息和文件系统", "特别咨商地位,2003年", "导言", "人权信息和文件系统国际组织是一个国际非政府组织,帮助人权组织利用信息技术和文件方法,最大限度地发挥其宣传工作的影响。 它开发工具和技术,并为倡导者提供定制培训和支持。 它也是一个非正式、开放和分散的人权组织网络,希望汇集其经验和创造力,为信息管理制定共同标准和工具。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "我们的愿景:一个利用信息和通信力量为人权服务的世界。 我们的使命:加强人权组织管理和传播信息的能力,提高其效力和信誉。 目标:确保人权组织拥有有效利用其信息资源的工具、知识、技能和支助服务。", "我们的活动:(a) 开发监测、信息管理和交流的工具和技术;(b) 向人权组织和国家人权机构提供这些工具和技术;(c) 通过培训和其他活动,建设人权界掌握这些工具和技术并适应其具体需要的能力;(d) 支持人权组织建立和加强其信息系统;(e) 改进人权宣传和报告技术;(f) 扩大人权外联和网络能力;(g) 提供人权方法和技术方面的英才中心。", "本组织的重大变化", "多年来,根据我们对人权组织在信息管理和文献、技术发展以及对我们自身成就的评价方面的潜力和需要的理解,本组织的目标和宗旨一直在被修改。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "2009年2月,本组织举行了一次题为“人权理事会和国际刑事法院:人权来文的新挑战”的会议。 会议的目的是思考非政府组织如何更有效地向这些机构传播人权信息。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本组织定期参加在日内瓦举行的联合国会议,尤其是与人权有关的会议(人权理事会,普遍定期审议)。 2009年3月,本组织在人权理事会期间组织了一次会外活动,主题是“管理人权信息的挑战”。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织与人权高专办在日内瓦的工作人员以及人权高专办各外地办事处的工作人员定期协商,就信息管理和文件问题提供咨询和支助。 2007年2月,它与人权高专办和尼泊尔人权委员会合作,同时举办了两期培训:为10名尼泊尔人权委员会保护干事举办了为期五天的监测和实况调查培训;在人权高专办和开发署的支持下,为10名尼泊尔人权非政府组织的与会者举办了为期五天的关于记录侵权行为的培训。 2008年2月,应驻墨西哥人权事务高级专员办事处的要求,本组织在妇女人权项目范围内,向非政府组织举办了关于记录侵权行为的讲习班。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "本组织支持千年发展目标,并在人权领域采取了有关能力建设和工具开发的各种举措。", "6. 国家 世界互动组织", "特别咨商地位,2003年", "导言", "世界互动组织通过非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的地方民间社会伙伴,致力于性健康和生殖健康及权利。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "互动组织是设在联合王国的一个国际发展非政府组织,30多年的经验都支持世界一些最贫穷社区的性健康和生殖健康及权利信息和服务。 互动组织专门通过基于权利的方法与当地伙伴合作,使贫穷和被排斥的人能够要求将基本条件作为“权利”,使他们能够有尊严地生活,实现性健康和生殖健康及权利。 我们的工作特别侧重于最受排斥的社区和个人,他们通常遭受耻辱、歧视、虐待和剥夺权利。 我们的愿景是,在这个世界中,所有人都能平等地享受性与生殖健康和福祉,并行使其性与生殖权利。 我们的任务是改善边缘化群体的性健康和生殖健康,并实现他们的性权利和生殖权利。", "本组织的重大变化", "互动组织于2009年10月1日与英国计划合并,但仍是一个自治组织,其董事会是英国计划家庭的一部分。 合并使互动组织能够将其性健康和生殖健康及权利方案扩大到更多的国家并开发新的商业模式,以确保更多的年轻人和成年人能够过上更健康的生活。 它还确保本组织的财务稳定性和结构支持。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "其方案促进了非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲弱势群体的性健康和生殖健康及权利。 为此,我们发展了民间社会伙伴的能力,以提供基于权利的性健康和生殖健康及权利方案,增加需求,并便利获得性健康和生殖健康及权利和服务。 我们的政策与宣传工作——与国内、联合王国、欧洲和全球的伙伴——围绕支持和促进实现与健康有关的千年发展目标。 我们通过2015年倒计时欧洲宣传网络开展具体宣传,并通过全球健康行动开展健康宣传,全球健康行动也是一个跨欧洲宣传网络。 互动支持联合国人口基金(人口基金)将性健康和生殖健康及权利置于联合王国政府议程的重要位置。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2009年3月:互动组织向人口与发展委员会第四十二届会议提交了书面报告。", "2009年夏季/秋季:一名代表参加了联合王国民间社会和政府关于成立妇女署的讨论。", "2010年6月至9月:代表们对2010年9月在纽约举行的大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议成果文件的讨论和投入作出了贡献;代表们还通过民间社会渠道对秘书长的 \" 妇女和儿童健康全球战略 \" 发表了评论并作出了贡献。", "2010年9月:出席了在纽约举行的大会高级别全体会议,并在联合国基金会博客休息室组织了一次演讲会。", "2010年9月至今:一名代表为执行秘书长的全球妇女和儿童健康战略作出了贡献,包括召集联合王国民间社会同联合王国政府进行讨论,并向 \" 每个妇女,每个儿童 \" 在线论坛提出意见。", "与联合国机构的合作", "2007年5月,人口基金向“互动”方案提供40 000美元赠款,用于“加强联系:性健康和生殖健康及权利的新方向以及艾滋病毒和艾滋病宣传”。 2011年初,人口基金又向互动基金提供了一笔赠款,以支持我们对联合王国政府的政策和宣传工作。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "互动在两个跨欧洲宣传网络中发挥关键作用:全球健康行动和2015年倒计时欧洲。 作为这些网络的一部分,互动组织与联合王国政府、捐助者和民间社会合作,提高人们对实现千年发展目标的重要性以及满足未得到满足的计划生育需要的重要性的认识。", "7. 国际犹太律师和法学家协会", "特别咨商地位,1995年", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "国际犹太律师和法学家协会成立于1969年,致力于在全球促进人权并致力于犹太人民的议程。 它致力于打击种族主义、仇外心理、反犹太主义、否认大屠杀和全世界对以色列国的袭击。 它在联合国各主要人权机构中有代表。 该协会成立于1969年,是犹太律师和法学家的会员协会. 其主要目的是促进尊重人权和平等。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织通过下列途径促进维护个人人权:", "二. 支助 人权理事会之后提交的反声明,介绍了1967年以来巴勒斯坦被占领土人权状况特别报告员的报告(A/HRC/4/17)(2007年3月)", "• 向联合国人权理事会第六届特别会议(2008年1月)发表声明", "• 提交了一份关于人权理事会任命加沙地带冲突事件调查委员会的声明(2009年4月)。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "本协会参加了许多与联合国有关的活动,包括:", "• 会见新闻部外联司副司长(2009年9月)", "• 国际非政府组织人权委员会消除种族主义小组委员会(2009年12月)", "• 与主管传播和新闻事务副秘书长的会议(2010年1月)", "• 大屠杀纪念日活动(2010年1月27日)", "• 2010年9月19日就大会上的发言起草给秘书长的信。", "与联合国机构的合作", "• 就哈马斯手中被俘的以色列士兵吉拉德·沙利特在红十字国际委员会发言,并代表他接触了10个不同国家的红十字会分会(2010年6月)。", "二. 支助 致函联合国任命调查“铸铅行动”的委员会主席克里斯蒂安·托穆沙特(2010年8月)。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "本协会与其他犹太人协会合作主办了下列活动:", "• 在华盛顿特区举行题为“在恐怖主义时代保护人权和民主价值”的会议(2007年3月)", "• 在布宜诺斯艾利斯举行主题为“负责任的领导、全球挑战和地方解决办法”的会议(2007年5月)", "二. 支助 1994年布宜诺斯艾利斯汽车爆炸事件(2007年10月)中失去亲人的6人提起了民事诉讼", "二. 支助 巴勒斯坦权力机构司法部长就接受国际刑事法院管辖权的声明提出的法律意见已送交该法院检察官(2009年9月)", "• 在希伯来大学为来自马德里的由8名杰出法官、检察官和政府官员组成的代表团举办题为“民主打击恐怖主义”的研讨会(2009年11月)。", "8. 国际社会工作学校协会", "特别咨商地位,1947年", "导言", "国际社会工作学校协会是由社会工作学校、其他三级社会工作教育方案和社会工作教育工作者组成的世界性协会。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "本协会成员共同承担着继续追求社会正义和社会发展的义务. 协会在执行任务时,促进其成员之间以及与其他方面的合作、协作和相互依存。", "本组织的重大变化", "协会在中国发展出更广大的成员.", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "我们继续每月组织和参加小组会议。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "作为非政府组织移徙问题委员会的共同主席,本协会举办了下列活动:与社会发展委员会并行举办的活动;更新了2010年全球移徙与发展论坛民间社会日;东欧移徙者问题讲座和贩运人口问题工作队的介绍;关于增强移徙妇女权能的声明;与新闻部一起为纪念国际家庭日而举办的移徙对世界各地家庭影响的方案;以及纪念国际难民日的方案。", "该代表还参加了由国际移徙组织(移徙组织)和联合国训练研究所举办的研讨会和会议。 4月,她介绍了国际收养儿童的情况,这是移徙组织和儿童基金会新设立的一个项目的一部分,目的是研究与世界各地儿童和移徙有关的交叉问题。 5月,她协助规划了新闻部的简报。", "与联合国机构的合作", "联合国第二十七个年度社会工作日于3月29日举行。 总体主题“社会工作与社会福利:承诺与联合国建立伙伴关系”,计划与6月在中国香港举行的三方联席会议保持一致。 因此,三个分主题是“生活课程的挑战”、“公平和社会包容”和“可持续环境”。 根据我们先前的磋商和香港会议期间的讨论,我们提出以下领域,作为全球议程第一稿的框架,在进一步磋商后予以制定和阐述:国家内部和地区之间的社会和经济不平等;最近和持续发生的经济危机以及世界领导人选择的处理方式(例如,利用资源支持金融系统,同时削减社会支助和社会发展资源)。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "如果不解决以下问题,本组织本来能够为执行联合国方案作出更多贡献:关于国际会议的信息很少,而且来得太晚了,而很少的资金和代表工作人员(所有志愿人员)使出席国际会议非常困难。", "9. 国际律师协会", "特别咨商地位,1947年", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "2006年,纽约 多民族玻利维亚国——诉诸司法", "冈比亚——法治和司法独立状况.", "联合国 哥伦比亚——负责为严重侵犯人权行为受害者提供补救的机构的能力", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国——司法独立和法律专业", "巴基斯坦——对罢免首席法官的企图的回应", "马拉维——加强马拉维法律协会", "乌干达-司法独立", "伊朗伊斯兰共和国——法律专业的独立性和诉诸司法的机会", "津巴布韦——调查警察在司法中的作用", "波兰——司法独立和法律专业", "2008年,纽约 南非——司法独立.", "斐济——法治评估.", "喀麦隆——关于酷刑和拘留条件的调查", "斯里兰卡——司法独立和法律专业.", "刚果民主共和国——司法系统需要", "巴基斯坦——司法独立.", "肯尼亚——司法系统需要评估", "巴西——关于审前拘留的技术援助", "阿富汗——建立和维持独立的律师协会", "2009年统计 赞比亚——继续法律教育", "阿拉伯利比亚民众国——人权、禁止酷刑和监测被拘留者", "捷克共和国——伊拉克人的国际人权", "2010年统计 刚果民主共和国——协助卢本巴希律师协会继续法律教育", "利比里亚——审查利比里亚全国律师协会", "巴西——法治和刑事司法", "哥伦比亚——法律专业的独立性和正当程序保障", "参加联合国会议的情况", "• 人权 理事会第十五届会议——同苏丹人权状况独立专家的会议", "• 人权理事会第十六届会议——人权研究所带达尔富尔律师来", "• 人权 研究所出席了第十次普遍定期审议会议", "• 人权理事会第十一届会议——人权研究所参加了非政府组织会外活动", "• 国际律师协会仲裁委员会:联合国国际贸易法委员会(贸易法委员会)第二工作组(仲裁和调解)第五十四届会议,2011年2月,纽约;贸易法委员会第二工作组(仲裁和调解)第五十三届会议,维也纳, 贸易法委员会第四十三届会议,2010年6月至7月,纽约", "• 国际律师协会国际建筑项目委员会:贸易法委员会第一工作组(采购)第十八届会议,2010年4月,纽约", "• 国际律师协会破产、重组和债权人权利科:出席了贸易法委员会第五工作组(破产法)第三十八届会议,2010年4月,纽约;贸易法委员会第五工作组(破产法)第三十九届会议,2010年12月,维也纳;贸易法委员会第四十三届会议,2010年6月,纽约", "• 国际律师协会技术法律委员会:科学和技术促进发展委员会贸发会议会议,2009年5月,日内瓦;贸发会议企业发展政策及科学、技术和创新能力建设多年期专家会议,2010年1月,日内瓦", "• 国际律师协会贸易和海关法:贸发会议服务、发展与贸易:管理和体制问题多年期专家会议,2010年3月", "• 国际律师协会非洲区域论坛:贸发会议尼日利亚投资政策审查,2009年5月,日内瓦", "• 国际律师协会欧洲区域论坛:贸发会议白俄罗斯投资政策审查,2010年,日内瓦", "与联合国机构的合作", "• 法律专业反腐败战略:国际律师协会与联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室和经济合作与发展组织共同执行的方案", "• 商业和社会探索解决办法:联合国商业和人权问题特别代表授权的举措", "• 律师作为领导人:与联合国全球契约的视频项目", "• 与联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的合作:组织阿富汗律师协会第一届大会(2008年)", "• 阿富汗:参加法治和诉诸司法工作组——同联合国阿富汗援助团合作", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "促进法治", "10. 国际天主教新闻联合会", "特别咨商地位,1951年", "导言", "过去四年是世界联盟历史上最有趣的时期之一。 可根据联合国的目标并与联合国各机构合作,组织大量正在进行的组织活动。 每年世界各地约有1 000名记者参加这些活动。 对这类方案的需求日益增加。 从这些方案的主题中可以看出,它们都符合联合国的千年发展目标。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "联盟的目标和宗旨是:", "二. 支助 促进道德反思和研究", "• 支持和协调成员的活动,强调研究金和相互交流", "• 在国际机构和组织中代表高级别和高标准的新闻和媒体制作", "• 组织大会,以激发成员之间就及时主题进行协作、对话、研究和思考,见证新闻和所有媒体中的人类价值观,并增进专业信息和经验的交流", "二. 支助 鼓励和支持专业人员在一切形式的信息和通信部门采取行动", "二. 支助 本着团结精神促进所有国家新闻和媒体制作的发展", "二. 支助 采取一切可能举措,使媒体专业人员成为人和基督徒,特别是在道德领域", "• 促进和捍卫知情权和言论自由,特别是支持受到威胁的记者从事其职业。", "本组织的重大变化", "二. 支助 基层群众要掌握权力,否则永远不能保障所有人的福祉.", "二. 支助 那些对诸如极端贫困和营养不良、贸易、货币和服务方面的不公正以及腐败和统治等罪恶负有责任的人是强者。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "二. 支助 每年按照联合国的原则组织三到四个方案", "• 在记者和其他媒体专家的帮助下,使各国人民和国家了解事件和政策的真正起因", "二. 支助 鼓励、捍卫并维持新闻、信息、言论和生命的自由。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "我们的几名记者参加了世界各地的会议并报道了联合国的政策和活动。", "与联合国机构的合作", "我们与联合国各机构合作,定期为记者举办活动。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "从方案的主题可以看出,它们都符合千年发展目标。", "补充资料", "我们对联合国在过去十年中正在失去政治作用并日益成为一个人道主义机构感到非常关切。 因此,我们正在尽力发挥我们作为世界记者和媒体专家联盟的崇高地位,召集政府领导人、宗教领袖和民间社会领导人参加我们的研讨会、会议和活动,以便他们能更好地发挥作用,促进全人类的福祉。", "11. 国际贸易和可持续发展中心", "特别咨商地位,2003年", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "• 与联合国环境规划署(环境署)和欧洲专利局联合开展专利和清洁能源项目", "• 贸发会议-国际贸易和可持续发展中心关于知识产权和可持续发展的联合项目", "二. 支助 与贸发会议合作和世界卫生组织(卫生组织)支助的药物和疫苗当地生产能力技术转让项目", "二. 支助 与粮农组织合作开展的粮食安全和生计项目", "• 关于最不发达国家的倡议和筹备第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的工作", "• 关于遗传资源以及获取和惠益分享的项目。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "该中心获得了《联合国防治荒漠化公约》(2007年)的认可,并获得了政府间气候变化专门委员会的观察员地位(2010年)。 它为其中一些会议举办了会外活动。", "与联合国机构的合作", "二. 支助 贸易、全球化和环境问题会议,与环境署合作举办,与2007年2月5-9日在内罗毕举行的全球部长级环境论坛理事会第二十四届会议同时举行", "二. 支助 渔业促进可持续性:保持渔业补贴改革的势头,与环境署、世界野生生物基金和海洋组织以及2008年10月6日在西班牙巴塞罗那举行的国际自然保护联盟第四届世界保护大会共同举办", "• 2009年11月30日至12月2日由国际贸易和可持续发展中心与包括环境署和粮农组织在内的合作伙伴在日内瓦与世界贸易组织部长级会议一道举办的2009年日内瓦贸易和发展专题讨论会", "• 关于知识产权办公室和世界知识产权组织发展执行情况的日内瓦对话,2009年9月18日,日内瓦", "• 与私营部门就气候变化和知识产权进行协商,与环境署和欧洲专利局共同举办,2009年5月8日,日内瓦", "• 日内瓦贸易和生物多样性日,与环境署和里约+20共同主办,2010年4月22日,日内瓦", "与联合国机构的联合出版物包括:", "• 选择农业特殊产品指标:一些经验证据,国际贸易和可持续发展联合中心/粮农组织2007年情况说明", "• 通过贸易促进可持续土地管理:审查退化地区的贸易、生计和可持续土地管理之间的联系,国际贸易和可持续发展中心和联合国防治荒漠化公约全球机制联合背景文件,2007年", "• 贸发会议-国际贸易和可持续发展中心联合编写的工作文件Carlos Correa编写的《药品专利审查准则:从公共卫生角度看问题》,2007年。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "鉴于中心的任务是通过信息、对话和能力建设增强贸易政策方面的利益有关者的能力,以影响国际贸易体系,从而推进可持续发展目标,它关于贸易援助的工作有助于实现结束贫穷和饥饿的千年发展目标,而旨在促进农业贸易的粮食安全、公平和环境可持续性的农业方案也是如此。 与贸发会议合作,在卫生组织的支持下,为当地药品和疫苗的生产能力进行技术转让的项目,是为了支持防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病的千年发展目标。 环境可持续性的目标现在是、并且一直是该中心若干倡议、方案、会议和出版物的核心,其中包括其全球气候变化、贸易和可持续能源平台及其环境和自然资源方案的所有活动。", "12. 国际欧亚新闻基金", "特别咨商地位,2007年", "导言", "国际欧亚新闻基金始于苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟时期. 当时,该国处于混乱状态并正同亚美尼亚交战,结果有将近一百万阿塞拜疆人从自己的家园流离失所,政府的一些方面也崩溃了——包括传播信息。 在阿塞拜疆获得独立共和国地位之前,标准做法是所有信息都通过莫斯科的克里姆林宫传递,因此存在高水平的审查. 1992年9月,该基金作为非营利组织在阿塞拜疆政府注册。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "基金活动的目的是收集关于武装冲突区域的客观资料并分发这些资料,并研究和分析历史、政治和其他背景下的区域冲突,以和平解决这些冲突。 和平解决纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫问题是基金活动的重点。", "本组织的重大变化", "基金围绕千年发展目标制定了行动战略。 因此,该基金是阿塞拜疆民间社会组织中千年发展目标的倡导者。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "基金打算更加积极地促进联合国在阿塞拜疆的任务,并与联合国分享阿塞拜疆的最佳做法。 在国家一级,基金继续与当地非政府组织和民间社会组织一起宣传联合国。 特别是,该基金把促进阿塞拜疆的民主作为优先事项,而不一定与任何政党有政治联系或联系。 人权、两性平等和增进妇女权利、施政、经济和社会发展是基金行动计划的重点。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "2007年7月,基金参加了经济及社会理事会年度部长级审查。 基金还参加了创新博览会。", "与联合国机构的合作", "2010年,基金与新闻部阿塞拜疆办事处开始合作。 协调中心将在阿塞拜疆各地区举行多次会议。 讨论的主题将集中在千年发展目标上。 为此,2010年4月,基金同新闻部一起到塔尔邦Borsunlu村进行地雷危险教育并纪念国际防雷宣传和协助地雷行动日。 难民署和基金通过调查阿塞拜疆境内难民和寻求庇护者的生活条件和社会标准分享了有用的信息;这些调查涉及伊拉克人(2008年)和车臣人(2010年)。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "多年来,基金与设在欧洲和美国的各组织合作开展了若干活动。 它还参加了若干次大会和大会,目的是交流关于千年发展目标的经验,加强阿塞拜疆的发展伙伴关系。", "补充资料", "作为国际新闻学会的成员,基金每年参加国际新闻学会世界大会和大会;它还就阿塞拜疆独立媒体的发展提出建议和提出问题。", "13. 国际社会工作者联合会", "特别咨商地位,1959年", "导言", "国际社会工作者联合会是国家社会工作者组织(工会或协会)的全球联合会。 它正在通过发展社会工作、最佳做法和社会工作者及其专业组织之间的国际合作,努力实现社会正义、人权和社会发展。", "二. 本组织的宗旨与宗旨", "二. 支助 通过国际一级的合作和行动促进社会工作,特别是职业标准、培训、道德和工作条件", "二. 支助 支持国家协会促进社会工作者参与社会规划和制定社会政策", "二. 支助 通过会议、考察访问、研究、出版物交流和其他通信手段,鼓励并便利各国社会工作者之间的联系,并为讨论和交流意见提供媒体。", "二. 支助 通过与在社会福利领域开展活动或感兴趣的政府或自愿国际组织建立关系,在国际一级提出该职业的要点,并协助实施由这些组织赞助的社会规划、行动和福利方案。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "• 在网站上并通过通讯向其成员和其他方面提供关于联合国活动和倡议的信息", "• 致力于保护和促进人权,并通过人权委员会的工作予以加强,建立新的互动网站,就人权问题进行广泛讨论", "• 代表们参加了联合国关于人权问题的重要会议,例如人权理事会在日内瓦举行的会议", "• 在纽约组织社会工作日:第二十六和二十七个年度社会工作日,开发计划署署长和人口基金的一名代表出席;第二十八个年度社会工作日,经济和社会事务部社会政策和发展司高级社会事务干事在会上发言。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "二. 支助 联合会提交了一份正式声明(E/CN.6/2011/NGO/8),作为对妇女地位委员会工作的贡献", "二. 支助 为儿童基金会儿童保护绘图计划咨商小组,联合会就概念清晰草案以及绘图和评估工具提供了反馈", "二. 支助 目前正在进行的关于人权与赤贫问题文件的工作,以期到2012年最终通过该文件", "二. 支助 在联合国儿童权利委员会上,联合会提交了一份文件,并正在与委员会成员探讨这一问题。", "二. 支助 作为维也纳非政府组织毒品问题委员会的成员,联合会参加了2009年3月和2010年3月的几次常会以及麻醉药品委员会会议的会外活动。", "二. 支助 通过网上讨论为联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)作出贡献", "• 世界城市运动季度会议在联合国内罗毕办事处举行", "• 参加人居署理事会第二十二届会议,并在2009年4月的主要全体会议上发表声明。", "与联合国机构的合作", "联合会通过设在日内瓦、内罗毕(人居署)、纽约和维也纳的代表网络与联合国合作。 此外,联合会还派代表参加了世卫组织国际疾病和有关健康问题统计分类第十次修订咨询小组。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "• 出版并向社会工作学校、国家协会等分发关于跨界生殖服务、全球化和环境以及老年人和流离失所者的国际政策等政策相关专题的国际政策文件", "二. 支助 联合会举办社会工作和社会发展世界会议,重点讨论与联合国倡议有关的几个专题", "• 在中国香港举行的世界联席会议上发起《社会工作与社会发展全球议程》(与国际社会工作学校协会和社会福利国际理事会一起于2010年举办)。 该议程涉及我们社会的主要挑战(见www.globalsocial agenda.org)。 主管经济和社会事务副秘书长出席了开幕式。", "14. 国际和睦团契", "特别咨商地位,1979年", "导言", "国际和睦团契是一个由男女组成的国际多信仰运动,致力于积极的非暴力作为生活方式和政治、社会和经济变革的手段。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "该研究金通过促进非暴力、对话与和解的文化,致力于建立一个更加和平、人道和公正的世界社会。 其活动是与其成员、联合国代表和国际工作人员网络合作和支助进行的。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "研究金通过联合国在纽约、日内瓦和维也纳的代表定期参加联合国的各种会议,并在其出版物中报告有关情况,以此支持联合国。", "参加联合国会议的情况", "• 妇女地位委员会年度会议:2007年3月,纽约", "二. 支助 出席不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会筹备委员会公开会议并共同组织一个关于核问题的青年营:2008年4月至5月,维也纳", "• 参加人权理事会第七届会议:3月,日内瓦;并提交了一份关于依良心拒服兵役者状况的说明", "二. 支助 出席了人权理事会第九届会议:2008年9月,日内瓦;提交了关于某些国家违反《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第22条的评注任意拘留依良心拒服兵役者的声明", "• 出席人权理事会第十届会议:2009年3月,日内瓦;并就任意拘留问题工作组提交了一份声明", "二. 支助 出席人权理事会第十届会议并作关于宗教自由的口头发言:2009年3月2日至27日,日内瓦", "• 参加不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会筹备委员会会议:2009年5月4日至15日,纽约", "二. 支助 在人权理事会第十三届会议上就依良心拒服兵役者的情况作了发言:9月,日内瓦", "二. 支助 出席联合国纪念国际非暴力日的活动:2010年10月2日,纽约", "二. 支助 参加武器贸易条约区域研讨会;2010年2月", "二. 支助 出席人权理事会第十三届会议并提交了关于宗教自由的书面声明:2010年3月1日至26日,日内瓦", "• 参加土著人民问题工作组第三届会议:2010年7月10日至14日,日内瓦", "二. 支助 出席人权理事会咨询委员会第五届会议:2010年8月,日内瓦;呼吁发表和平权利宣言", "• 出席关于集束弹药公约的特别会议:2010年10月19日,纽约。", "与联合国机构的合作", "• 教科文组织国际和睦团契代表作为教科文组织-非政府组织青年和人权问题联络委员会联合方案委员会的成员开展工作", "二. 支助 在第六十一届联合国新闻部/非政府组织人权会议上,国际和睦团契驻教科文组织代表组织了一次关于基于社区的应对种族灭绝和大规模暴力的讲习班: 巴黎 2008年9月3日至5日,纽约", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "• 派驻教科文组织的国际和解研究金代表通过评价加强非洲伙伴关系、两性平等和文化间对话的振兴进程,参加执行局非政府组织委员会第181届会议: 2009年9月9日至10日,巴黎", "二. 支助 为纪念《儿童权利公约》二十周年,教科文组织国际和解研究金代表在教科文组织-非政府组织联络委员会联合方案委员会指导委员会工作:巴黎,2010年11月。", "15. 国际老龄问题联合会", "一般咨商地位,1995年", "导言", "国际老龄问题联合会是一个由老年人、非政府组织、政府、学术界和工业界组成的国际非政府组织。 联合会通过刺激、收集、分析和传播关于有效的年龄政策和做法的信息,努力为全球老年人带来积极变化。", "本组织的目标和宗旨", "我们的主要目标是通过为讨论、知识交流和转让建立世界性论坛以及建立利益攸关方团体之间的联系,在全球促进老年人的福祉。 行动包括与政府间机构就政策制定进行合作;出版和分发与政策有关的资料;在全球和区域基础上组织会议;进行社会研究;促进老年人协会就联合国指定的优先事项和问题交流信息和经验。", "本组织的重大变化", "2009年3月,联合会总部从加拿大蒙特利尔迁至多伦多。 《加拿大所得税法》第149(1)(f)款规定的慈善地位从2006年4月13日起追溯适用。 因此,对《专利法》和《附则》作了一些小的修正。", "本组织对联合国工作的贡献", "召开了两次全球会议,讨论联合国指定的问题——《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》优先事项三、老龄问题和设计(2008年9月4日至7日,蒙特利尔)和气候变化,重点是健康的老龄化、社会包容和资源变化(2010年5月3日至6日,墨尔本)。 召开了两次政府间非公开会议,主题分别是“已确立的年龄”(2008年9月3日,蒙特利尔)和“社会包容”(2010年5月2日,墨尔本)。 联合会与亚太助老会一起,召开了一次区域会议(2010年5月1日和2日,墨尔本),以推进老龄问题区域议程。 在北京(2008年5月)、伊斯坦布尔(2010年12月)、印度海得拉巴(2007年11月)和日本秋田(2009年10月)举行了民间社会和政府代表区域会议,以提供信息、交流知识和加强了解。 联合国官员在每次活动中都作了介绍。 为推进联合国议程,召开了针对具体内容的会议,例如世界老年人虐待意识日(2009年6月16日,多伦多),重点是中学环境中的代际活动。", "参加联合国会议", "在社会发展委员会第四十五至第四十八届会议上作了口头和书面发言。 联合会与民间社会合作,为关于老年人权利的联合声明(2009年)作出了贡献。 2009年和2010年举行了平行的会外会议。 本联合会出席了:妇女地位委员会第五十二至五十四届会议和人权理事会第十二和第十三届会议(日内瓦);参加了所有国际老年人日并共同主持了2007年的活动。", "与联合国机构的合作", "国际老龄问题联合会秘书长参加了人口基金确保有利环境专家组会议(2007年10月,伊斯坦布尔);联合会主席参加了老年人权利专家组会议(2009年5月,波恩);联合会国际关系主任参加了优先医疗器械项目专家组会议(2007年10月,日内瓦)。 联合会为国际残疾人日(2009年)安排了一个老年人小组;联合会秘书长正在与人口基金2012年世界老年人状况项目(2010年至今)合作。 本联合会与经济和社会事务部老龄问题和残疾问题协调中心以及《残疾人权利公约》秘书处密切合作。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标而采取的举措", "代表们在联合国内外的各种会议上就千年发展目标的重要性作了公开发言,特别是关于老年人的作用。 联合会在社会发展委员会的发言中强调与联合国合作实现千年发展目标的重要性。", "补充资料", "由于半年一次的政府高级官员会议的直接结果,各级政府成员继续以特别的兴趣增加。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "* A/66/150.", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights situations and reports of special rapporteurs and representatives", "Situation of human rights in Myanmar", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 30 of General Assembly resolution 65/241 and covers the period from 26 August 2010 to 4 August 2011. During the reporting period, the remaining steps of the political road map led by the State Peace and Development Council were implemented, namely, the holding of general elections on 7 November 2010; the convening of the new Parliament in January 2011; and the transfer of power from the Council to the new Government on 30 March 2011. In the process, the Council was officially dissolved. On 13 November 2010, one week after the election, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was released after seven years of house arrest.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 30 of General Assembly resolution 65/241, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to continue to provide his good offices and pursue his discussions on the situation of human rights, the transition to democracy and the national reconciliation process with the Government and people of Myanmar; to offer technical assistance to the Government in that regard; and to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, as well as to the Human Rights Council, on the progress made in the implementation of the resolution. The report covers the period from 26 August 2010 to 4 August 2011. Separate reports by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar were issued in September 2010 (A/65/368) and in March 2011 (A/HRC/16/59).", "2. During the reporting period, the remaining steps of the political road map led by the State Peace and Development Council were implemented, namely, general elections were held on 7 November 2010; the new Parliament was convened in January 2011; and the Council transferred power to the new Government of Myanmar, headed by President Thein Sein, on 30 March 2011. In the process, the Council was officially dissolved and the Chair of the Council, Senior General Than Shwe, and Vice-Chair, Vice-Senior General Maung Aye, officially resigned from their formal positions of power. On 13 November 2010, one week after the election, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was released after seven years of house arrest.", "3. During the same period, I met with then-Prime Minister Thein Sein in Hanoi in October 2010, on the margins of the third ASEAN-United Nations summit, and with former Minister for Foreign Affairs Nyan Win in New York in September 2010, on the margins of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly. I also spoke directly with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi immediately following her release. My Special Adviser, Vijay Nambiar, visited Myanmar twice at the invitation of the Government, on 27 and 28 November 2010, following the election and release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and from 11 to 13 May 2011, following the establishment of the new Government.", "4. During the reporting period, I remained continuously engaged with interested Member States, including by convening three meetings of the Group of Friends of the Secretary-General on Myanmar, in September and December 2010 and in June 2011. In addition to consultations in capitals, my Special Adviser briefed the President of the General Assembly, the Group of Friends and the Security Council on each of his visits to Myanmar. With the establishment of the new Government, my good offices continued in the context of renewed high-level bilateral engagement between Myanmar and key international stakeholders.", "II. Key developments", "Elections", "5. By September 2010, 42 political parties had been registered with the Union Election Commission to participate in the elections scheduled for 7 November 2010, including 5 out of 10 existing parties that contested the 1990 election. On 14 September 2010, the Commission declared 10 parties “null and void” in accordance with election laws, including the National League for Democracy and four other existing parties, for not renewing their registration. The Commission issued canvassing guidelines for the remaining 37 parties.", "6. Besides two establishment parties — the Union Solidarity and Development Party, headed by Prime Minister Thein Sein, and the National Unity Party — and two main opposition parties — the National Democratic Force and the Democratic Party — the majority of the parties were ethnic-denominated and represented a wide range of constituencies locally and nationally. Within the prescribed time frame, the organizational and financial capacity of the parties informed their canvassing strategies. Out of some 3,300 candidates, the Union Solidarity and Development Party and the National Unity Party fielded the largest number (1,100 and 990, respectively, across all constituencies), whereas other parties fielded much smaller numbers and only in some constituencies.", "7. On 7 November, three elections were held simultaneously: for the People’s Assembly (lower house) and the Nationalities Assembly (upper house) of the Union Assembly, and for 14 state and regional legislatures. As in 1990, the elections were organized on a first-past-the-post basis. By 17 November, the ballot count was officially published. By 7 December, the Commission announced that voter turnout was 77 per cent of Myanmar’s 29 million eligible voters.", "8. With 58 per cent of the total votes cast, the Union Solidarity and Development Party gained nearly 77 per cent (883 seats) of the total 1,154 elected seats in all assemblies, including 77 per cent (129 seats) in the Nationalities Assembly and 79 per cent (259 seats) in the People’s Assembly. With 25 per cent of the seats in each assembly reserved for the military (Tatmadaw), the Union Solidarity and Development Party and the military bloc held an overwhelming majority. The remaining seats in the national legislatures were divided among 16 political parties and independents, including the National Unity Party, National Democratic Force, Shan Nationalities Democratic Party, Rakhine National Progressive Party, All Mon Region Democracy Party and Chin Progressive Party.", "9. In the 14 state and regional legislatures, ethnic parties fared relatively better than national opposition parties. While the Union Solidarity and Development Party won almost all elected seats in most central regions, in ethnic areas the party won sizeable blocs but had a majority only in Kayah State, with ethnic parties winning up to 30 per cent of seats in Chin and Rakhine States.", "10. According to independent reports, polling day was generally peaceful and orderly despite irregularities. Indications are that most voters were able to cast their ballot freely and the counting in polling stations was held in most cases in front of party representatives and members of the public. At the same time, however, there were numerous reports of infringements, intimidation and coercion throughout the process. That added to concerns about the restrictive electoral framework that effectively excluded key stakeholders from the process and limited fundamental freedoms of expression, assembly and association, in addition to unequal access to State resources, media restrictions, lack of voter education, and significant constraints on candidates and parties to contest on a level playing field.", "11. Some of the most serious concerns revolved around abuse of the advance voting process that appears to have swung final results away from opposition candidates to the Union Solidarity and Development Party during the vote counting. As a result, advance ballots are estimated to have represented up to 10 per cent of votes nationwide. While official sources claim that only 4 seats were affected, independent sources reported that advance votes may have changed the outcome for as many as 64 seats.", "12. On 8 November, the Chair of ASEAN issued a statement welcoming the elections as a significant step forward in the implementation of Myanmar’s road map towards democracy, encouraging Myanmar to accelerate the process of national reconciliation and democratization, and to continue to work with ASEAN and the United Nations in that process.", "13. On the same day, I issued a statement noting that the election was held in conditions that were insufficiently inclusive, participatory and transparent, and stressed the responsibility of the Myanmar authorities to turn the election into a new start for a credible political transition by releasing political prisoners and lifting restrictions on Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. I also urged that the process of forming new institutions of government be broad-based and inclusive, and called for dialogue among all stakeholders in that regard. I stressed that the international community was looking for greater assurances that the process under way would mark a genuine departure from the status quo.", "14. In June and July of 2011, several political parties announced their intention to field candidates for parliamentary by-elections scheduled for November 2011. The Group of Democratic Party Friends, including the National Democratic Force and Shan Nationalities Democratic Party, announced plans to field candidates for 40 constituencies, while the Union Solidarity and Development Party announced it would contest all 45 constituencies. During the same period, applications were submitted for the registration of new political parties. On 20 July, the Election Commission permitted the registration of the People’s Democratic Party, bringing the total number of officially registered political parties to 38.", "Release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi", "15. On 13 November 2010, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was released from house arrest by executive order of the Chair of the State Peace and Development Council, Senior General Than Shwe. In a statement, I welcomed the release, noting that her dignity and courage in the face of injustice was an inspiration to many people around the world, and expressed deep regret that she had effectively been excluded from participating in the elections. I made clear that no further restrictions should be placed on her, and again urged the authorities to release all remaining political prisoners.", "16. On 22 November, the Supreme Court in Nay Pyi Taw rejected an appeal lodged by the National League for Democracy against its dissolution pursuant to the announcement by the Election Commission.", "Government formation", "17. On 31 January, the first session of the Union Assembly was convened, bringing the 2008 Constitution into force. Former third-ranking member of the State Peace and Development Council, Shwe Mann, was elected as Speaker of the People’s Assembly, and former Minister for Culture, Khin Aung Myint, as Speaker of the Nationalities Assembly, in which position he also serves as Speaker of the Union Assembly. All speaker and deputy speaker positions went to the Union Solidarity and Development Party.", "18. On 4 February, the Presidential Electoral College (comprising all members of the Union Assembly) elected former State Peace and Development Council Prime Minister, Thein Sein, as President, with former Council Secretary-1, Tin Aung Myint Oo, as first Vice-President, and prominent ethnic Shan figure, Mauk Kham, as second Vice-President. All three are elected representatives of the Union Solidarity and Development Party. Through a statement, I noted that the convening of Parliament and election of the Presidency represented an important opportunity for Myanmar to move away from the status quo.", "19. On 30 March, the State Peace and Development Council was officially dissolved upon transferring power to the new Government. Senior General Than Shwe and Vice-Senior General Maung Aye officially retired from their formal positions. Through a statement, I took note of the transfer of power to the new Government, and stressed that the Myanmar authorities had an opportunity and an obligation to their people to demonstrate that this change would mark the beginning of a substantive and genuine move away from almost 50 years of direct military rule. I also urged the authorities to engage in a broadly inclusive dialogue on the necessary reforms for a credible and effective system of government.", "20. Although nominally civilian, the new Government is dominated by recently retired military officers. Out of 30 ministers, there are 3 serving military officers appointed by the Commander-in-Chief to security portfolios; 10 ministers and 5 deputy ministers from the previous cabinet; 4 recently-retired senior military officers appointed to technical ministries; and 8 newly appointed technocrats, including 3 with a military background but also extensive experience in their portfolio, such as the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Wunna Maung Lwin.", "21. New legislative and executive structures were also introduced in each of the seven regions and seven states. Within the states concerned, six self-administered areas were delineated for certain ethnic groups. All local chief ministers, appointed by the President, were from the Union Solidarity and Development Party, except in Kayin State, which is headed by a military legislator. Within local governments, ethnic opposition politicians were appointed to social and other portfolios. In June and July, local governments were reshuffled to realign ministerial portfolios at the central and local levels.", "22. Changes within the military leadership included the new Commander-in-Chief, General Min Aung Hlaing. The abolition of army-controlled supra-ministerial policy committees and the introduction of local governments were among the changes reflecting a potential curtailment of the military’s role in governance, consistent with the Constitution. The military is not directly represented on the Financial Commission, which sets the military budget, although the Commander-in-Chief reportedly controls a “special fund” without public oversight.", "23. During their first session, held from 31 January to 30 March, both the upper and lower houses dealt with nominations to key executive and judicial posts and with substantive questions and proposals. For the first time, Government ministers appeared before Parliament to answer questions. Parliamentary debates were reported in the official media, including on sensitive topics not openly discussed before, such as land tenure rights, censorship, compulsory military service legislation, civil service recruitment of ethnic minorities, ethnic minority language education, population relocations, the question of a ceasefire in Kayin State, the question of amnesty for Shan political prisoners, identification cards for Muslim residents of Northern Rakhine State and private sector monopolies.", "24. In accordance with the Constitution, Parliament formed various committees, such as the Bill Committee, the Public Accounts Committee, the Rights Committee and the Government Guarantees, Pledges and Undertakings Vetting Committee. Opposition members make up one third of the membership of all of the committees, including as Chair of one committee, while the rest are from the Union Solidarity and Development Party. No military appointees were included. On 1 August, an official announcement was made that the second regular session of Parliament would be convened on 22 August 2011.", "Reform agenda", "25. In his inaugural speeches to Parliament on 30 March, to members of Government on 31 March, and to the Central Committee for Progress of Border Areas and National Races on 23 April, President Thein Sein outlined initial indicators of the new Government’s policy direction in key priority areas during his five-year term. It was the first time in recent history that the Government had set out a public policy agenda and assessment of many of the problems facing the country.", "26. In a departure from previous official discourse, the President explicitly recognized that there were many individuals and unlawful organizations inside and outside the nation that did not accept the road map and the Constitution. The President stressed that without national unity, the country where more than 100 national races lived together, could not enjoy peace and stability, which was essential for building a developed nation. While warning against any actions taken outside the constitutional framework, he undertook to convince ethnic groups of the Government’s goodwill and to work together with “good-hearted political forces” for peace, stability and development, including by keeping the “peace door” open and welcoming those who held different views to stand for elections.", "27. Other key policy themes and priorities on which the President promised reforms included the adoption of an open market economy, improvement of socio-economic conditions and reduction of gaps between rural and urban areas; the protection of social and economic rights; the development of infrastructure and the delivery of basic services, including in ethnic areas; the improvement of health and education standards; the protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms; respect for the rule of law and an independent and transparent judiciary; respect for the role of the media; good governance and public scrutiny of executive and legislative bodies; institutional capacity-building and human resource development; “clean”, responsible, accountable and inclusive government; and decentralization.", "28. Specifically, the President announced a 10-point legislative reform agenda aimed at: ensuring the conformity of existing laws with the Constitution; safeguarding fundamental rights; increasing salaries of service personnel and pensions; safeguarding the rights of farmers; creating jobs and safeguarding labour rights; overhauling public health care and social security; raising education and health standards; amending journalism laws; promoting environmental conservation; and enhancing natural disaster response.", "National dialogue and reconciliation", "29. In a statement broadcast to the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland on 28 January, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi underscored the need for national reconciliation, political stability and economic growth grounded in human resource development, as basic requirements of good governance. She called for investments in Myanmar to put a premium on respect for the law, environmental and social factors, labour rights and job creation. She called for economic policies linked to human development and capacity-building; innovation and diversification of investments in technology and infrastructure; entrepreneurial and microcredit opportunities to fight poverty; health prevention measures; environmentally and socially responsible development; and legal reform and the rule of law.", "30. On 8 February, the National League for Democracy issued a review of sanctions against Myanmar, which concluded that economic conditions were not affected by sanctions to any notable degree; that the best way to remove sanctions would be to deal effectively with violations of human rights and the lack of democratic practices; and that, meanwhile, the economic hardships of the people would be ameliorated if foreign investments observed guidelines aimed at conserving the environment, protecting labour rights and promoting civil society. The party also called for discussions with concerned Member States to reach an agreement on when, how and under what circumstances sanctions might be modified, noting that a study by respected professionals on the effects of sanctions would be useful.", "31. On 11 March, the Group of Democratic Party Friends, formed by the 10 largest democratic and ethnic political parties in Parliament, issued an open letter calling on the international community to recognize Myanmar’s political developments, including the creation of new political space, the transition to a new generation of leaders and the election of political parties. Noting that sanctions against Myanmar, while not the prime cause of poverty, hit labour-intensive sectors, prevented job creation and denied society the benefits of increased foreign investment, the Group called for the lifting of sanctions and for increased donor funding and assistance for governance and socio-economic reform through advice and cooperation in tourism, trade and investment.", "32. On 27 March, the National League for Democracy issued a statement urging the authorities to create fair political conditions by releasing all political prisoners and engaging immediately in politically meaningful dialogue to eliminate misunderstandings between democratic forces and the Tatmadaw.", "33. On 25 April, the National League for Democracy issued a statement welcoming the President’s commitment to the rule of law. Referring to individual cases contravening judicial principles, the statement called for further guidelines to be issued in order to establish the rule of law, including through due process and fair trial in the administration of justice.", "34. On 16 May, it was announced that President Thein Sein had granted an amnesty on humanitarian grounds and out of consideration for the families of the inmates by commuting death sentences to life sentences, and commuting other prison terms by one year. As a result, more than 100 political prisoners, including 23 members of the National League for Democracy, were reported to have been released out of an estimated 2,000 political prisoners in detention.", "35. In an open letter dated 20 May, the 10 political parties forming the Group of Democratic Party Friends welcomed the amnesty as a goodwill gesture, but stated that it fell too short to contribute meaningfully to national reconciliation, as it did not apply to political prisoners serving lengthy sentences. Noting that Myanmar’s transition under an elected Government required the building of trust among political forces as a crucial step to install democratic change, the Group called for the release of political prisoners and the return of exiled dissidents.", "36. On 28 June, the Ministry of Home Affairs warned Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the Chair of the National League for Democracy, Aung Shwe, that since the party had been officially dissolved, its activities were illegal and should stop as they could harm peace, stability and the rule of law and could create more difficulties for national reconciliation. The Ministry informed that, in order to engage in social affairs, an application should be made to form a social organization. State media similarly warned the party to stop its activities in order to avert unnecessary consequences, noting that its leaders had the right to form a political party and should try to stand for elections as a legal party. It also warned of security concerns around any planned visits by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi outside Yangon, but noted that she would not be restricted from travelling.", "37. On 29 June, the National League for Democracy publicly responded that it remained a legally registered political party that did not infringe the 2008 Constitution and that it therefore could neither dissolve nor accept court rejections of its appeals on the matter. Out of common interest in national reconciliation, the party requested a meeting with the Minister for Home Affairs to discuss the establishment of the rule of law.", "38. From 4 to 7 July, Daw Aun San Suu Kyi travelled without incident to Bagan and surrounding areas on a four-day private trip in what was the first time she had travelled outside Yangon since the Depayin incident of May 2003.", "39. In an encouraging development, on 19 July, at the Government’s invitation, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi attended for the first time in nine years official ceremonies on the occasion of “Martyrs Day” in Yangon. Separately, she and the National League for Democracy led the largest public march since the demonstrations that took place in 2007. The party reiterated its commitment to solving political problems through political means and called upon the authorities to create fair political conditions through meaningful dialogue and the release of political prisoners.", "40. On 25 July, a meeting was held at the invitation of the Government between the Minister for Social Welfare, Aung Kyi, and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, marking the first talks between her and the Government since her release. In a joint statement, both said that the meeting was positive, expressed satisfaction with the results and agreed to meet again at an appropriate time. They discussed possibilities for cooperation for the benefit of the people, including matters relating to the rule of law and the eradication of misunderstandings. Through a statement, I welcomed and encouraged the efforts to build mutual understanding through genuine dialogue. I further reiterated my call for the Government to consider early action for the release of political prisoners.", "41. During the reporting period, tensions continued with both ceasefire and non‑ceasefire armed ethnic groups, including Kachin, Karen, Shan and Wa forces. The most serious tensions involved armed clashes starting on 9 June in Kachin and Northern Shan states between the Tatmadaw and the Kachin Independence Army, with the risk of an escalation into large-scale violence and open fighting for the first time since the signing of a ceasefire agreement in 1994. The conflict reportedly resulted in casualties on both sides, as well as human rights violations, displacement of civilian population and the destruction of infrastructure.", "42. On 24 June, the Speaker of the People’s Assembly reported that skirmishes between the Tatmadaw and the Kachin Independence Army had caused panic locally and nationally, but that coordinated efforts had made it possible to bring the situation under control and, as a result, peace and stability in the region had been almost fully restored. Since the outbreak of fighting, several rounds of negotiations were reported to have been held, involving central and local authorities and representatives of the Union Solidarity and Development Party, the Kachin Independence Army and the Kachin Independence Organization. In an open letter dated 28 July, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi called for any tensions involving armed ethnic groups to be resolved through political negotiations in the interest of national unity and expressed her support for ongoing efforts to that end.", "43. Since 21 June, the Office of the United Nations Resident Coordinator has met with representatives of the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement to express concern about the humanitarian situation in Kachin State, especially for civilians, to request and share information on reported population displacements and other concerns, to request access to perform humanitarian assessments and deliver assistance, and to discuss humanitarian corridors and safe passage options.", "Human rights mechanisms", "44. On 27 January 2011, Myanmar underwent its first universal periodic review by the Human Rights Council. Out of 180 recommendations made during the course of the review, Myanmar rejected 70, accepted 64 and agreed to study a further 46.", "45. On 7 March, the Special Rapporteur submitted his fourth report (A/HRC/16/59) to the Human Rights Council. On 25 March, the Council adopted resolution 16/24, in which, inter alia, the Council expressed regret that no visit of the Special Rapporteur had been allowed since February 2010 and extended his mandate by one year. The Council also expressed its strong support for the good offices mission, and called on the Government to ensure full cooperation with my Special Adviser and the Special Rapporteur. On 22 July, the Special Rapporteur was invited to visit Myanmar in August.", "46. On 1 and 2 July, for the first time in six years, the International Committee of the Red Cross was permitted to resume visits to inspect prison conditions in three different localities.", "Socio-economic development", "47. On 27 June, the Government and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) jointly organized the Third Development Partnership Forum in Nay Pyi Taw. Opened by Vice-President Mauk Kham and co-chaired by the Executive Secretary of ESCAP and the Minister for National Planning and Economic Development, the broad-based conference focused on policies for reviving Myanmar’s rice economy as the most critical part of the agricultural sector, affecting 70 per cent of the population. Government policymakers engaged in dialogue with representatives of civil society, the private sector and local and international experts. Proposals were recommended for consolidation by the Government as action plans. The Forum built on the Second Development Partnership Forum, held in 2009, and on a national workshop on poverty alleviation and rural development, held in May 2010. The Executive Secretary of ESCAP met with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi at the conclusion of the Forum.", "III. Content and outcome of discussions", "48. In a meeting with the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of ASEAN, held in New York on 24 September, I emphasized the critical need for free, fair and inclusive elections in order to advance stability and development in Myanmar. I stressed that failure to meet those expectations could undermine the credibility of the process, which could reflect on the collective values and principles of ASEAN. I called on ASEAN member States to encourage Myanmar to engage more closely with my good offices.", "49. In my meeting with former Minister for Foreign Affairs Nyan Win in New York on 26 September, I stressed that it was not too late for the Government to make goodwill gestures to enhance the credibility of the elections, including by allowing Daw Aung San Suu Kyi the right to vote and by releasing as many political prisoners as possible. The Minister suggested that the political situation would be totally changed after the elections. I stressed the need for the Government and its successor to continue to engage actively with my good offices and Special Adviser.", "50. At the third ASEAN-United Nations summit in Hanoi on 29 October, I briefed ASEAN leaders on my good offices, stressing the need for a credible democratic transition and national reconciliation, including free, fair and inclusive elections. In my bilateral meeting with Prime Minister Thein Sein on 30 October, I stated that the United Nations and the international community were not satisfied with arrangements for elections and reiterated my call for release of political detainees, including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, prior to elections. In addition to a credible ballot, I stressed the importance of transparent election results and an inclusive process of government formation. The Prime Minister confirmed that Senior General Than Shwe and Vice-Senior General Maung Aye would not contest the elections. He indicated that amnesties would continue to be granted. Stressing that the new Government would continue to cooperate with my good offices, he called for closer international engagement with Myanmar in the socio-economic and political fields.", "51. In my telephone discussion with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi on 18 November, we agreed on the need for all political prisoners to be released as a matter of priority. I told Daw Aung San Suu Kyi that I was encouraged by the spirit of reconciliation from her statements and appeals for dialogue and compromise following her release, and that I would continue to encourage all parties to work together in the national interest. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi expressed her appreciation for the important role of the United Nations in Myanmar, and for my continuous efforts on her behalf. She expressed support for an early visit by my Special Adviser and her desire to engage closely. I reiterated my commitment to continue to uphold the cause of human rights, peace and democracy in Myanmar.", "52. From 27 to 28 November, my Special Adviser visited Myanmar at the invitation of the Government. This marked the first direct engagement in Myanmar with my good offices since my visit in July 2009. For the first time, the United Nations had more flexibility to organize its programme. My Special Adviser met with the former Minister for Foreign Affairs, Nyan Win, senior officials from the Ministries of Planning and Border Affairs, the Election Commission, and the Union Solidarity and Development Party Secretary General, Htay Oo. For the first time, my Special Adviser met Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and members of the Central Executive Committee of the National League for Democracy at her residence. He also met on United Nations premises with representatives of the political parties that had won seats in the elections and with civil society leaders.", "53. In response to the concerns corroborated by the political parties and civil society regarding the elections, the Government and the Election Commission noted that no official complaints had been filed and that electoral laws had included procedures for filing such complaints. They stressed that there was no ban on the registration of new political parties. Irrespective of formal complaints, my Special Adviser underlined that failure to address electoral concerns quickly and transparently would leave the credibility of the process in doubt. He also stressed the need to establish good electoral practice, starting with by-elections.", "54. With regard to the broader political process, my Special Adviser emphasized that the political forces that had decided not to participate in the election should not be excluded from dialogue if any transition were to succeed, stressing that they would continue to form a critical part of the political landscape. With the elections over, he emphasized that the case for dialogue and reconciliation was even stronger than before and that the authorities should be in a better position to reach out to their critics. Interlocutors all accepted the need for continued efforts at national reconciliation but differed in their expectations and on the way forward.", "55. Government interlocutors, as well as the Union Solidarity and Development Party and the National Unity Party, expressed confidence in the continued implementation of the road map, stressing that all parties had the opportunity to participate in the elections and that national reconciliation should continue to unfold within the established framework of the Constitution. They called on the international community to recognize the progress made in that context, including through the removal of sanctions. Although the authorities remained non-committal, they did not reject outright calls for dialogue, an inclusive process of government formation, and the release of political prisoners.", "56. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi expressed her determination to continue to work for national reconciliation based on dialogue, noting that a parody of democracy was worse than an outright dictatorship. She expressed her desire to listen to various views in order to form a more complete picture of the post-election situation. She made clear her readiness to respond to meaningful efforts by the authorities to engage with her and the National League for Democracy. She did not elaborate on her position regarding sanctions beyond stating the need for a detailed assessment of their impact. She conveyed her expectation that my good offices and the Special Adviser be fully engaged in promoting political dialogue, human rights and the rule of law. She also indicated her interest in engaging closely with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and other partners.", "57. Despite their disappointment and frustration with the election, representatives of democratic and ethnic political parties viewed their toehold in the process as a legitimate platform from which to build on the gains they had made by maximizing what they described as “new political space” within the new constitutional framework. While conscious of the challenges they would continue to face given their limited representation, they pointed to potential cooperation and engagement among themselves and with others, including the Union Solidarity and Development Party.", "58. All interlocutors stressed the need to address the development and humanitarian needs of the country and their expectation of an increased role for the United Nations in that regard. According to the authorities and Union Solidarity and Development Party, Myanmar needed to develop economically in order to ensure stability and democratic practices. The former Minister for Foreign Affairs reiterated Myanmar’s commitment to cooperate with the United Nations at the technical and policy levels and called for greater donor assistance. Stressing that Myanmar was the only country where UNDP did not operate a normal country programme owing to restrictions imposed by its Executive Board, the Government explicitly called for the lifting of such restrictions. It gave assurances to resolve access and timely visa issuance for United Nations agencies.", "59. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi welcomed her ongoing contact and interaction with the United Nations Resident Coordinator and expressed her commitment to work with the United Nations system, including on policy and operational constraints affecting humanitarian and developments activities. Consistent with their campaign platforms, most political parties identified socio-economic questions as priority agendas to address the needs of their constituencies. Civil society leaders made a strong case for all stakeholders to shift from political confrontation towards improving the country’s political economy. In their view, the experience of civil society since Cyclone Nargis in 2008 showed that progress often took place via constructive engagement within existing frameworks. They stressed the need for a more nuanced understanding of existing opportunities to address the country’s problems as part of a broader agenda of liberalization. Similarly, independent experts saw new opportunities for addressing issues of economic management as essential to any democratic transition, including a more transparent legislative and budgetary process.", "60. Prior to returning to Myanmar, my Special Adviser met in Jakarta on 10 May with Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Government of Indonesia and Chair of ASEAN, Marty Natalegawa, to discuss the outcome of the 18th ASEAN summit, held there on 7 and 8 May, at which a proposal for Myanmar to assume the ASEAN Chair in 2014 had been considered. My Special Adviser was informed that a formal decision on the proposal had been deferred to the 19th ASEAN summit, scheduled to be held on 17 and 18 November 2011, pending a planned visit by the Chair of ASEAN to Myanmar.", "61. From 11 to 13 May, my Special Adviser visited Myanmar again at the invitation of the new Government for the first time since its installation. In Nay Pyi Taw, he was received by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Wunna Maung Lwin, and met the Ministers for Home Affairs, Social Welfare, and National Planning and Development, as well as senior officials from the Ministries of Commerce, Health and Education. He met with newly appointed presidential advisers for political, legal and economic affairs. He was also received by the Deputy Speaker of the People’s Assembly, and by the Secretary-General of the Union Solidarity and Development Party. In Yangon, he met again with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and members of the Central Executive Committee of the National League for Democracy , as well as representatives of opposition and ethnic political parties in Parliament and civil society. He also visited Bago to meet with Chief Minister and former Minister for Foreign Affairs, Nyan Win.", "62. In all of his meetings, my Special Adviser emphasized the importance for the new Government to be proactive in taking concrete steps to implement the reforms announced by President Thein Sein. He stressed that gaining domestic and international confidence that Myanmar was changing would be as much a factor of leadership and policies as delivering on people’s expectations. He cautioned that the longer it took to implement promised reforms, the greater the frustration.", "63. My Special Adviser emphasized that the release of political prisoners remained the single most important step that could generate greater confidence in the Government’s efforts, noting that it was a key demand of all democratic and ethnic political forces inside and outside the process. Although the authorities continued to deny the existence of political prisoners, my Special Adviser received indications that the question of amnesty was under consideration as a matter falling within the powers of the President to decide. This was confirmed by the amnesty announced on 16 May following the visit.", "64. With regard to the political process, my Special Adviser urged the Government to reach out as broadly as possible to all stakeholders, including those not represented in Parliament. He pointed to the experience of the United Nations in other transitional contexts, which showed that the success of any reform depended in large part on the degree of support across society. He reiterated that with the completion of the road map, the new Government should be in a position to engage with its critics, including through a dedicated capacity to promote broad-based dialogue. In response, Government interlocutors recognized the need for greater outreach with society at large, expressing openness to different viewpoints and ideas. Their position, however, was that Parliament offered a legitimate level playing field for transparent debate and negotiation among elected representatives. The Minister for Foreign Affairs stressed that the door remained open for all those wishing to participate in the political process through elections. The authorities also recognized the necessity to work out peaceful solutions with armed ethnic groups. With reference to Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Government interlocutors pointed to the fact that her release was unconditional and suggested that they were waiting to see how she would respond to the President’s reform agenda.", "65. With regard to the electoral process, my Special Adviser urged the authorities to learn lessons from the shortcomings of the 2010 elections in order to enhance the credibility of any future ballots. He noted that the by-elections presented a first opportunity to ensure a more inclusive, participatory and transparent process. The authorities pointed to the fact that Parliament had appointed a new Electoral Commission.", "66. With regard to human rights, my Special Adviser urged the Government to cooperate actively with United Nations human rights mechanisms, including the Special Rapporteur, in order to address outstanding concerns about ongoing reports of human rights violations as well as to strengthen governance capacity, including training, institutional reform, and the rule of law. The Ministers for Foreign and Home Affairs both noted that the international response to Myanmar’s universal periodic review was encouraging, and gave assurances that the Government was in the process of implementing recommendations made as part of the review.", "67. With regard to humanitarian and development assistance, my Special Adviser stressed the need for Myanmar to respond to overtures by the donor community and to build on the efforts of ESCAP, UNDP and other partners. The authorities agreed to collaborate more closely with the United Nations system, including in the areas of health, education and capacity-building. At the same time, they stressed the need to address three specific concerns regarding “unfair treatment” by: (a) lifting unilateral sanctions against Myanmar; (b) increasing development assistance; and (c) lifting restrictions on the UNDP country programme.", "68. My Special Adviser further observed that the Government’s commitment to reform offered an opportunity for enhancing mutual understanding between Myanmar and the international community, which was particularly relevant in the context of Myanmar’s proposal to assume the Chair of ASEAN in 2014. He encouraged the authorities to reach out to the international community and to engage more openly and regularly with my good offices. To that end, he extended on my behalf an invitation to the Minister for Foreign Affairs to meet with the Group of Friends in New York and renewed an offer to have a discreet political presence in Myanmar in support of the good offices mission.", "69. Interlocutors from the Government and the Union Solidarity and Development Party emphasized that Myanmar was only at the beginning of its political transition and that its new decentralized framework was still in the process of being organized. While non-committal to any suggestions, they stressed the Government’s determination to accelerate the transition and implement reforms. They made clear their expectation of greater international recognition for having completed the road map in an orderly manner, stressing that the time had come for the international community to reconsider its approach towards Myanmar in a more constructive way. At the same time, they recognized the expectations of the United Nations and the international community to see forward movement on key outstanding concerns.", "70. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi stated that she and the National League for Democracy did not want to take a negative attitude, but that they remained extremely cautious until there was evidence of meaningful change. In her assessment, the situation had not changed profoundly because the Government was driving for legitimacy through symbols rather than actions. Noting that all three branches of the Government were controlled by the same political party, she expressed concern at the Government’s propensity to fill the political space to the exclusion of others. She stressed that there was no reason for further delaying the release of political prisoners or implementing overdue reforms. She observed that any positive developments should be measured against outstanding concerns, including the fact that the Special Rapporteur had not yet been invited back to Myanmar. She reiterated her readiness to respond to any genuine effort by the Government to engage with her and the National League for Democracy.", "71. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and members of the Central Executive Committee of the National League for Democracy noted that they had exhausted legal appeals against the official dissolution of their party, but that they would seek to maintain its existence through the Human Rights Council. They registered their endorsement of the latest resolution of the Human Rights Council on Myanmar. They indicated that the party was not currently prepared to endorse participation in elections within the existing framework. They expressed satisfaction, however, at the expansion of the party’s social network and activities, and called for cooperation from the authorities in that regard. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi again welcomed her ongoing contact and interaction with the United Nations system, including on the restrictions affecting humanitarian and development activities. She reiterated her appreciation for my good offices and her expectation that my Special Adviser would be fully engaged.", "72. Most political parties and civil society organizations took a cautious “wait and see” attitude towards the Government’s capacity to deliver reforms, but welcomed the President’s agenda and cautioned that the new Government should not be judged too soon. Of greatest significance to them was the Government’s openness to hear different opinions, including through the appointment of independent advisers. They shared the view that, whereas the previous system essentially had one focal point of power, the elections had opened new political space for multiple actors, parties, institutions and agendas to influence governance. They expressed their determination to contribute to reforms.", "73. While political parties shared mixed experiences of parliamentary procedures, they expressed a sense of empowerment to engage in political activity. Most called for amnesty for political prisoners, with some also calling for Myanmar’s expatriate community to be welcomed back. Some suggested that the Government organize a “union convention” as a broad-based platform for addressing national challenges. Several ethnic parties saw decentralization as key to ending armed conflict, while stressing the urgent need to tackle outstanding challenges in border areas. Most registered their position that socio-economic issues had become priority agendas for the electorate, echoing the Government’s calls for greater development assistance and the lifting of sanctions.", "74. Civil society leaders welcomed what they described as “new governance”, whereby authorities set benchmarks for state-building, and “agents of change” had a framework and space to work in. Noting that reforms could enable more stakeholders to partake in reconciliation, they saw their role as facilitating relations between communities and the Government. They pointed to recent positive changes, including the lifting of military checkpoints in some areas; the relaxation of media restrictions and censorship; the transfer of import-export licensing to civilian authority; new investment and environmental laws; the abolition of trade monopolies; the development of a poverty-reduction strategy; and Government consultations with business and civil society.", "75. From 27 to 30 June, as a follow-up to my Special Adviser’s visit and on the margins of the Third Development Partnership Forum, the Office of my Special Adviser for the first time had the opportunity to engage at the working level with a range of domestic interlocutors in Nay Pyi Taw and Yangon, including presidential advisers and civil society representatives.", "76. On 29 July, I spoke by telephone with the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Wunna Maung Lwin. On 27 July, my Special Adviser spoke by telephone with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. The calls were intended to convey the expectations of the United Nations that, in building on recent developments, efforts should be intensified in order to address outstanding issues, including the release of political prisoners, national dialogue and reconciliation, consistent with the stated objectives of the reform agenda.", "IV. Observations", "77. After almost 50 years of military rule, and 20 years after the most recent elections, the completion of the road map spearheaded by the State Peace and Development Council affords new opportunities for a more inclusive national discourse and political development. The transfer of power from the Council to the new Government, the resignation of Senior General Than Shwe and the release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi offer new prospects for Myanmar to embark on the path of progress and improve its standing regionally and globally. Against the backdrop of a decades-long conflict and political deadlock, the United Nations recognizes the significance of such developments.", "78. President Thein Sein declared that the time had come for Myanmar to catch up with the changing world and that there was no time to waste. Myanmar continues to face the same challenges it has faced for too long: the country’s human rights, political, social, economic and humanitarian problems remain serious, deep-seated and long-standing. I therefore welcome President Thein Sein’s recognition of the need for Myanmar to undertake wide-ranging political and economic reforms, and his commitment to do so in a way that would strengthen national unity.", "79. The Government’s stated commitments appear to resonate more closely with the needs and hopes of the people of Myanmar and correspond more closely to the concerns and expectations of the international community than in the past. I believe that this can provide the basis for more effective cooperation in implementing the objectives of the mandate entrusted to me by the General Assembly. That is all the more important if Myanmar is to overcome perceptions of it as a country in perpetual crisis and to resume its rightful place as a respected and responsible member of the international community. The real test, however, lies in the timely implementation of the Government’s commitments. The United Nations would like to see Myanmar succeed in that endeavour.", "80. Despite the flawed and controlled nature of the elections, the credibility of which could have been enhanced had the suggestions of the United Nations been taken, the participation of the political parties and voters signalled their readiness to take advantage of the first window of political space in 20 years. Notwithstanding the disappointment and frustration of many at the process and its outcome, it allowed for a resumption of legal political activity, which had been either banned or restricted for almost five decades. In any transitional context, the resumption of political life is a prerequisite for broad-based societal reconciliation. The multiplicity of voices and plurality of actors and agendas that have emerged are indicative of the complexity of the political environment in Myanmar.", "81. As shown by the outpouring of support upon her long-awaited release, the enduring appeal of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the ideals she represents remain a political reality. I am encouraged that she and her followers have been allowed to engage in public activities, including meeting visiting foreign delegations and travel outside Yangon. I expect that they will continue to be able to exercise such freedoms without restrictions. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi stands as an important figure within and beyond Myanmar, and her welfare and well-being are the subject of international attention. Any restrictions on her movements or threats to her security would cause serious concern and send the wrong signal.", "82. The continued detention of political prisoners remains of deepest concern to the United Nations and the international community. It is inconsistent with the Government’s commitments and initial efforts towards greater openness and respect for fundamental freedoms and the rule of law. It is also counterproductive to fostering social peace and dialogue. The detention of all remaining political prisoners will continue to overshadow and undermine any confidence in the Government’s efforts. Ultimately, it would be a loss for Myanmar, since the country needs the talent of all of its people to build a better future.", "83. Of equal concern are ongoing tensions and armed conflict with some armed ethnic groups. In line with the efforts over the years to uphold ceasefire agreements and with President Thein Sein’s commitment to keep the “peace door” open, urgent efforts are needed by all sides to avoid the escalation of tensions and to negotiate durable solutions to outstanding political and security concerns as part of a broader national reconciliation process. Failure to do so would not only affect the communities concerned, but could also hold back the process of reform, including prospects for ethnic aspirations to be legitimately addressed within the new political structures. Myanmar cannot afford for there to be impediments to the peace and unity that are needed for its stability and development.", "84. While it would be premature to assess the nature and extent of political change in Myanmar, various shifts are apparent. After two decades of closed policymaking, such shifts can and should allow for more informed, broad-based, transparent and accountable processes to guide any governance reform and democratic transition. In such processes, the relationship between military and civilian authorities will be central to any genuine departure from the status quo.", "85. The question for all stakeholders is how to use opportunities within the current dispensation to advance national reconciliation. Whether recent developments can lead to greater openness and inclusiveness will depend on how all parties choose to work with each other. It is in the national interest that all extend and accept conciliatory engagement. Maximizing the limited space available is critical. Ultimately, the Government has a responsibility to ensure the broadest possible support for reforms by reaching out to all political forces, including those not represented in Parliament. In the light of the current environment, I look forward to intensifying the engagement of my good offices on an ongoing basis.", "86. Whether the new Government has the capacity, willingness and support to deliver on its reform agenda remains to be seen. The international community, particularly regional and ASEAN countries, have a stake in the success of reform. The collective challenge is to enable the current process to result in a credible transition that can contribute to the country’s stability and development. The promise of reforms offers a chance for better mutual understanding between Myanmar and the international community. I stand ready to explore with Myanmar and interested stakeholders, including donors and development partners, how the international community and the United Nations system may be able to encourage and support effective reforms in the interest of the people of Myanmar." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目69(c)", "促进和保护人权：人权状况及特别报告员 和代表的报告", "缅甸人权状况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会决议第65/241号决议第30段提交的，涵盖2010年8月26日至2011年8月4日。在报告所述期间内，由国家和平与发展委员会领导推行的政治路线图余下步骤均已实施，即于2010年11月7日举行大选；2011年1月召开新议会；2011年3月30日由委员会将权力移交新政府。在权力移交过程中，和发会正式解散。大选后一个星期，被软禁7年的昂山素季于2010年11月13日获释。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是根据大会第65/241号决议第30段提出的，其中大会请秘书长继续进行斡旋，并继续与缅甸政府和人民讨论人权状况、民主过渡和民族和解进程，并为此向缅甸政府提供技术援助；向大会第六十六届会议以及人权理事会报告该决议的执行进展。本报告涵盖2010年8月26日至2011年8月4日。特别报告员另外还就缅甸人权状况发表单独报告：2010年9月(A/65/368)和2011年3月(A/HRC/16/59)。", "2. 在报告所述期间内，由国家和平与发展委员会领导推行的政治路线图其余步骤业已实施，即于2010年11月7日举行大选；2011年1月召开新议会；2011年3月30日由和发会将权力移交由吴登盛总统为首的新政府。在权力移交过程中，和发会正式解散。和发会主席丹瑞大将和副主席貌埃副大将正式辞退。大选后一个星期，被软禁7年的昂山素季于2010年11月13日获释。", "3. 在同一期间内，2010年10月，我在河内参加第三次东盟——联合国首脑会议期间在会外会见了当时的总理吴登盛，并于2010年9月在纽约与前外交部长吴年温在大会第六十五届会议会外会晤。昂山素季获释后，我还立即直接与她交谈。我的特别顾问维贾伊·南比亚尔曾两次应邀访问了缅甸政府，第一次于2010年11月27日和28日，在选举结束和昂山素季获释后，第二次从2011年5月11日至13日，在新政府成立之后。", "4. 在报告所述期间，我继续不断与有关会员国接触，在2010年9月和12月及2011年6月连续召开了三次缅甸问题秘书长之友小组会议。除了到各首都进行磋商外，我的特别顾问还向大会主席、秘书长之友小组和安理会简报他访问缅甸的情况。新政府成立后，我的斡旋工作继续进行，重新恢复了缅甸与主要国际利益攸关方之间的高级别双边接触。", "二. 主要事态发展", "选举", "5. 截至2010年9月，有42个政党在联邦选举委员会注册，参加定于2010年11月7日举行的选举，其中包括10个曾于1990年参选的现有政党。2010年9月14日，委员会按照选举法宣布10个政党“无效”，包括全国民主联盟和其他四个现有的政党，不让它们重新注册。委员会向其余37个政党发出拉票准则。", "6. 除了两大政党(以总理吴登盛为首的联邦巩固与发展党、民族团结党)和两个主要反对党(全国民主力量、民主党)外，多数政党都有民族背景，代表着地方和全国广泛的选区。在规定的时限内，各政党的组织和财务机构汇报其拉票策略。在3 300名候选人当中，联邦巩固与发展党和民族团结党派出的参选人数最多(分别为1 100人和990人，分布在所有选区)，而其他政党派出的人数少得多，而且只在若干选区竞选。", "7. 11月7日，3个选举同时举行：联邦议会的人民院(下院)和民族院(上院)，以及14个邦和地区议会。与1990年一样，选举采取多数票当选办法。选举票数于 11月17日正式公布。12月7日，委员会宣布，缅甸有2 900万合格选民，投票率达77%。", "8. 联邦巩固与发展党得到总投票数的58%，赢了所有议会总共1 154个民选议席的大约77%(883席)，包括民族院77%(129个座位)和人民院79%(259席)。连同每一个议会为军方(缅军)保留的25%议席，联邦巩固与发展党与军事集团一起占了压倒性的多数。全国各议会余下的席位分给了16个政党和独立人士，包括民族团结党、全国民主力量党、掸族民主党、若开民族进步党、全孟邦地区民主党和钦族进步党。", "9. 在14个邦和地区议会，民族政党比全国反对党的表现相对较好。虽然联邦巩固与发展党赢得了大多数中部地区几乎所有的民选议席，但在民族地区，该党赢得了相当大的一块，但比不上民族政党，仅在克耶邦赢得多数，民族政党在钦邦和若开邦赢得最多，占30%的席位。", "10. 根据独立报告，投票日总的来说是和平、有序的，尽管有违规事件发生。种种迹象表明，大多数选民都能够自由投票，投票站的点票工作大多数都在各党代表和市民大众面前进行。然而，也有报道指出，在整个过程中，侵害、恐吓和胁迫事件屡屡发生。此外，人们还关注到，限制性的选举框架有效地将关键利益攸关者排除于过程之外，基本的言论、集会和结社自由受到限制，还有利用国家资源的机会不平等，对媒体施加限制，缺乏选民教育，以及有各种重大制约因素让候选人和各政党无法公平竞选。", "11. 最严重的关切是，提前投票过程被动了手脚，看来在点票时最后结果已从有利于反对党候选人的局面被扭转为联邦巩固与发展党胜出。提前投票票数估计占全国选票的10%。虽然官方人士声称，受影响的只有4个席位，但据独立消息来源报道，提前投票可能改变了多达64个席位的结果。", "12. 11月8日，东盟主席发表声明，欢迎这次选举是执行缅甸民主路线图的重要一步，鼓励缅甸加快民族和解和民主化进程，并继续在这一进程中与东盟和联合国合作。", "13. 同日，我发表声明指出，选举是在包容性不够、参与性不足、透明性有限的情况下进行的，并强调缅甸当局有责任将选举变成一个新的开始，推行可信的政治过渡，释放政治犯，解除对昂山素季的限制。我也敦促，成立新政府机构的过程要基础广泛，普惠包容，并呼吁所有利益攸关方在这方面彼此对话。我强调，国际社会希望得到更大的保证，确保正在进行的过程将是改变现状的真正开始。", "14. 在2011年6月和7月，几个政党宣布打算派出候选人参加定于2011年11月举行的议会补选。民主党之友集团，包括全国民主力量党和掸族民主党宣布派候选人参加40个选区的选举，而联邦巩固与发展党则宣布将在所有45个选区参选。在同一时期，有新政党提交注册申请。7月20日，选举委员会允许人民民主党注册，使正式注册的政党总数达到38个。", "释放昂山素季", "15. 2010年11月13日，国家和平与发展委员会主席丹瑞大将发布行政命令，释放被软禁的昂山素季。我发表声明，对释放她表示欢迎，指出她面对不公正待遇时所表现的尊严与勇气是对世界各地许多人的一种鼓舞，同时对她被有效排除于选举之外，深表遗憾。我明确表示，不应对她施加任何进一步的限制，并再次敦促当局释放所有其余政治犯。", "16. 11月22日，内比都最高法院驳回了全国民主联盟对选举委员会解散该联盟的公布提出的上诉。", "政府成立", "17. 1月31日，联邦议会召开第一届会议，2008年宪法从此生效。原排名第三的国家和平与发展委员会委员瑞曼获选为人民院议长，前文化部长钦昂敏当选为民族院议长，并兼任联邦议会议长。所有议长和副议长职位均由联邦巩固与发展党获得。", "18. 2月4日，总统选举团(由联邦议会所有成员组成)选出前国家和平与发展委员会总理登盛为总统，前和发会第一秘书长丁昂敏乌为第一副总统，知名掸族人士赛茂康为第二副总统。所有三人都是联邦巩固与发展党的当选代表。我通过一份声明指出，召开议会和选举主席是缅甸摆脱现状的一个重要机遇。", "19. 3月30日，国家和平与发展委员会将权力移交新政府后正式解散。丹瑞大将和貌埃副大将正式辞退。我通过一份声明表示，注意到权力已移交给新政府，并强调指出，缅甸当局有机会和有义务向本国人民证明，这一改变将标志着摆脱长达50年军人直接统治的真正实质性开始。我还敦促当局进行基础广泛的包容性对话，为创建可靠和有效的政府制度进行必要的改革。", "20. 虽然名义上是民职政府，但新政府主要是由最近退役的军官组成。在30名部长中，有3名现役军官被总司令任命担任公安职位；有10名部长和5名副部长来自前内阁；有4名最近退役的高级军官获任命到管技术的各部；新任命8名技术官员，其中3名有军事背景，但对其部长职位有丰富经验，如外交部长温纳貌伦。", "21. 在7个地区和七个邦都创建了新的立法和行政结构。在有关各邦，为某些民族群体划出了6个自治区。所有当地的首席部长均由总统任命，都来自联邦巩固与发展党，唯有克伦邦除外，该邦领导人为军方立法人员。在地方政府中，民族反对派政治人员被任命担任社会和其他职位。在6月和7月，地方政府改组，以重新调整中央和地方各级的部长职位。", "22. 军事领导层的变化包括任命新的总司令敏昂莱上将。一些变化，如取消由军方控制的超部长级政策委员会，设置地方政府，反映了有可能按照《宪法》削减军队在执政方面的作用。军方在负责制订军事预算的财务委员会没有直接的代表，不过据报道，总司令控制着一个无需社会监督“特别基金”。", "23. 在上下两院于1月31日至3月30日举行第一届会议期间，两院均审议关键行政和司法职位的提名，提出了实质性问题和建议。政府部长首次到议会回答问题。官方媒体报道了议会的辩论，包括之前没有公开讨论过的敏感话题，如土地保有权、检查制度、义务兵役制立法、录用少数民族担任公务员、少数民族语言教育、人口迁移、克伦邦的停火问题、掸族政治犯大赦问题、若开邦北部穆斯林居民身份证问题和私营部门垄断问题。", "24. 按照《宪法》规定，议会成立各种委员会，如法案委员会、公共账户委员会，权利委员会和政府担保、保证和企业评审委员会。在所有委员会成员中，反对派占三分之一，包括担任一个委员会的主席，其余成员都来自联邦巩固与发展党，其中没有任何军方任命的人员。8月1日，一份官方公布表示，议会第二届会议将于2011年8月22日召开。", "改革议程", "25. 登盛总统在3月30日向议会、3月31日向政府成员、4月23日向边境地区和民族进步中央委员会发表的就职讲话中，扼要介绍了在他的五年任期内新政府在关键优先领域的政策方向初步指标。在近代史上，政府首次制订了公共政策议程，并对许多国家面临的问题进行了评估。", "26. 与以前的官方说法不同，总统明确承认，国内外有许多个人和非法组织不接受路线图和《宪法》。总统强调，没有民族团结，这个有100多个民族共同生活一起的国家无法享受和平与稳定，对于建设一个发达的国家，和平与稳定是至关重要的。他一方面警告不要在宪法框架外采取任何行动，另方面又努力说服各民族团体相信政府的善意，并与“善良的政治力量”合作，争取和平、稳定和发展，包括继续打开“和平之门”，并欢迎持不同意见的人参选。", "27. 总统承诺推行改革的其它关键政策主题和优先事项包括实行开放的市场经济，改善社会经济条件，缩减城乡差距；保护社会和经济权利；发展基础设施，提供基本服务，包括在民族地区；改善健康和教育标准；保护基本人权和自由；尊重法律和独立透明的司法；尊重媒体的作用；推行善政，对行政和立法机构进行社会监督；推动体制能力建设和人力资源开发；创建“干净”、负责、问责、包容的政府；和下放权力。", "28. 具体来说，总统宣布10点立法改革议程，其目的是：确保现行法律符合《宪法》；保障基本权利；提高服役人员薪金和养老金；保障农民权利；创造就业机会，保障劳工权益；整顿公共医疗和社会保障制度；提高教育和保健标准；修改新闻法；促进保护环境；和加强自然灾害对策措施。", "民族对话与和解", "29. 昂山素季在1月28日向瑞士达沃斯世界经济论坛广播的一份声明中强调，必须实现民族和解、政治稳定和基于人力资源开发的经济增长，这是推行善政的基本要求。她呼吁在缅甸的投资要尊重法律，重视环境和社会因素、劳工权利和创造就业。她呼吁经济政策要与人类发展和能力建设挂钩；技术和基础设施的投资要创新和实行多样化；提供创业和小额信贷的机会，战胜贫困；实施保健预防措施；推动环境和社会负责任的发展；实行法律改革和法治。", "30. 2月8日，全国民主联盟发出了关于制裁缅甸的审查报告，认为经济状况没有明显受到制裁的影响；取消制裁的最佳途径是有效地取缔侵犯人权和缺乏民主的做法；并指出。在此期间，如果外国投资尊重保护环境、保护劳工权利和促进民间社会的指导方针，人民的经济困境将得到改善。该党还呼吁与有关会员国讨论，达成一个协议，商讨何时、如何以及在什么情况下可以改变制裁，并指出由受尊重的专业人士研究制裁的影响或许有用。", "31. 3月11日，由议会中十大民主政党和民族政党组成的民主党之友集团发表一封公开信，呼吁国际社会确认缅甸的政治发展，包括创建了新的政治空间，政权已过渡给新一代的领导人，进行了政党选举。该信指出，对缅甸的制裁，虽然不是造成贫困的首要原因，但也打击了劳动密集型产业，妨碍创造就业，让社会享受不到外国投资增加所带来的好处，该集团呼吁取消制裁，增加捐助者的资金与援助，通过在旅游、贸易和投资方面的咨询和合作，推动治理和社会经济改革。", "32. 3月27日，全国民主联盟发表声明，敦促当局释放所有政治犯，立即进行有意义的政治对话，消除民主力量和缅军之间的误解，从而创造公正的政治条件。", "33. 4月25日，全国民主联盟发表声明，欢迎总统承诺实行法治。谈到违反司法原则的个别情况，该声明呼吁颁布更多的指导方针，以建立法治，包括在司法中遵行适当程序和实行公平审判。", "34. 5月16日，有关当局宣布，基于人道理由和对家属的同情，登盛总统已批准特赦囚犯，将死刑降为无期徒刑，并将其他刑期减刑一年。结果，在被拘留的大约2 000名政治犯当中，有超过100名政治犯，包括全国民主联盟的23名成员，据报已经获释。", "35. 组成民主党之友集团的10个政党在5月20日发表一封公开信，对大赦表示欢迎，认为是一种善意的姿态，但指出这还不够，因为它不适用于服长刑期的政治犯，不足以对民族和解作出有意义的贡献。它指出，缅甸在民选政府下的过渡需要在各民主力量中间建立信任，这是推动民主变革的一个关键步骤。该集团呼吁释放政治犯，让流亡海外的持不同政见者的回国。", "36. 6月28日，内政部警告昂山素季和全国民主联盟主席昂瑞，由于该组织已正式解散，其活动是非法的，应当停止，因为它们会损害和平、破坏稳定与法治，并会为民族和解创造更多的困难。内政部通报，要参与社会事务，就要提出申请，成立社会组织。国家媒体同样警告该党停止活动，以避免不必要的后果，并指出该组织的领导人有权成立一个政党，应设法以合法政党的地位参加选举。它还警告昂山素季在仰光以外的任何计划访问都会有安全方面的关切问题，但指出不会限制她旅行。", "37. 6月29日，全国民主联盟公开答复说，它仍然是一个合法注册的政党，没有违反2008年《宪法》，因此，它既不能解散，也不能接受法院驳回它就此事提出的上诉。为了民族和解的共同利益，该党要求与内政部长会晤，讨论建立法治的问题。", "38. 从7月4日至7日，昂山素季前往巴甘和周边地区，进行为期四天的私人旅行，平安无事。自2003年5月德巴因事件之后，这是她第一次在仰光以外旅行。", "39. 有一个令人鼓舞的发展是，7月19日，昂山素季获政府邀请，出席了在仰光为“烈士节”举行的正式仪式，这是9年来的第一次。此外，她和全国民主联盟领导了2007年示威以来规模最大的公众游行。该党重申承诺通过政治手段解决政治问题，并呼吁当局通过有意义的对话，释放政治犯，创造公正的政治条件。", "40. 7月25日，经政府邀请，社会福利部长昂基与昂山素季举行了一次会议，这是她获释后与政府之间的首次会谈。双方在联合声明中说，这次会议是积极的，对结果表示满意，并同意在适当的时候再次会晤。他们讨论了为人民利益进行合作的可能性，包括有关法治和消除误解的事项。我通过一份声明表示欢迎和鼓励通过真正对话建立相互谅解的努力。我再次重申吁请政府考虑及早采取行动，释放政治犯。", "41. 在报告所述期间，与已停火和还未停火武装族裔群体的关系继续紧张，这包括克钦族、克伦族、掸族和佤族的部队。最严重的紧张局势涉及武装冲突，6月9日，缅军和克钦独立军在克钦邦和掸邦北部开始冲突，自1994年签署停火协议以来，首次出现大规模暴力升级，战火公然重开。据报冲突双方都有伤亡，都有侵犯人权的行为，造成平民流离失所，基础设施受到破坏。", "42. 6月24日，人民院议长报告指出，缅军和克钦独立军之间的小规模冲突已经在当地和全国造成恐慌，不过，经过作出协调努力，局势已受到控制，因而该地区的和平与稳定已经几乎完全恢复。自战斗爆发以来，据报已举行几轮谈判，参加的有中央和地方当局，以及联邦巩固与发展党、克钦独立军和克钦独立组织的代表。昂山素季在7月28日发表公开信，呼吁为了民族团结，凡涉及武装族裔群体的任何紧张局势，都应通过政治谈判解决，并表示她支持为此目的正在进行的努力。", "43. 自6月21日以来，联合国驻地协调员办公室与社会福利与救济安置部代表会晤，对克钦邦的人道主义局势表示关切，特别关注平民的境况，要求得到和分享关于据报有发生群众流离失所及其他关切问题的信息，要求前往当地执行人道主义评估和提供援助，并讨论了人道主义走廊和安全通行选项措施。", "人权机制", "44. 2011年1月27日，缅甸接受了人权委员会第一次普遍定期审查。在审查过程中提出的180项建议中，缅甸拒绝了70项，接受了64项，并同意进一步研究46项。", "45. 3月7日，特别报告员向人权委员会提交了他的第四次报告(A/HRC/16/59)。3月25日，委员会通过了第16/24号决议，其中除其他外，对于自2010年2月以来，特别报告员一直未获准访问，委员会表示遗憾，同时把特别报告员的任期延长一年。委员会还表示大力支持斡旋特派团，并呼吁缅甸政府确保同我的特别顾问和特别报告员充分合作。7月22日，特别报告员获邀在8月访问缅甸。", "46. 7月1日和2日，红十字国际委员会六年来首次获准恢复访问，以检查在三个不同地方的监狱条件。", "社会经济发展", "47. 6月27日，政府和亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)在内比都联合举办第三次发展伙伴关系论坛。论坛由副总统赛茂康主持开幕，并由亚太经社会执行秘书和部长为国家计划与经济发展部长担任共同主席。这个基础广泛的会议有一个重点，就是提振缅甸大米经济政策，大米经济是为农业部门的最关键的部分，影响到人口的70%。政府决策者与民间社会的代表、私营部门以及当地和国际专家对话。会议提出建议，供纳入政府行动计划。这个论坛是在2009年第二次发展伙伴关系论坛和2010年5月国家减缓贫穷和农村发展研讨会的基础上举行的。在论坛结束时，亚太经社会执行秘书会见了昂山素季。", "三. 讨论内容和成果", "48. 9月24日在纽约举行的东盟外交部长会议上，我强调亟需进行自由、公正和包容性的选举，以推动缅甸的稳定和发展。我着重指出，不能满足这些期望就会破坏这一进程的公信力，而这一进程反映了东盟的集体价值观和原则。我呼吁东盟成员国鼓励缅甸更加紧密地配合我的斡旋。", "49. 9月26日在纽约会见前外交部长吴年温时，我强调政府还来得及做出善意的姿态，以提高选举的公信力，包括让昂山素季有投票权，释放尽可能多的政治犯。部长提到，选举后的政治局势将完全改变。我强调，政府及其继任者需要继续积极配合我的斡旋和特别顾问的工作。", "50. 在10月29日在河内举行的第三次东盟——联合国首脑会议，我向东盟国家领导人简报了我的斡旋任务，强调需要进行可信的民主过渡，需要达成民族和解，包括进行自由、公正和包容性的选举。在与登盛总理于10月30日举行双边会谈时，我指出联合国和国际社会对选举的安排感到不满，并重申在选举前释放政治拘留犯的呼吁，包括释放昂山素季。除了可信的投票外，我强调选举结果透明公开和通过包容性过程组建政府的重要性。总理证实，丹瑞大将和貌埃副大将不会挑战选举。他表示将继续给予大赦。他强调新政府将继续配合我的斡旋，呼吁国际社会更密切地参与缅甸在社会经济和政治领域的事务。", "51. 11月18日，我打电话与昂山素季讨论，我们同意，需要优先做的事情是释放所有政治犯。我告诉昂山素季，她获释后的发言以及主张对话和妥协的呼吁都充满和解精神，我深受鼓舞，我会继续鼓励各方为了国家利益一起工作。昂山素季表示她对联合国在缅甸发挥的重要作用，对我为她不断作出的努力，表示赞赏。她表示支持我的特别顾问及早访问缅甸，同时她愿望密切参与。我重申我承诺继续维护缅甸人权、和平与民主事业。", "52. 11月27日至28日，我的特别顾问应政府的邀请访问了缅甸。自我在2009年7月进行访问后，这是第一次到缅甸进行直接斡旋。在安排工作方案方面，联合国首次有更大的灵活性。我的特别顾问会见了前外交部部长吴年温、边境事务部高级官员、选举委员会、联邦巩固与发展党总书记吴泰乌。我的特别顾问在昂山素季的住所首次与她会面，并会见了全国民主联盟中央执行委员会的成员。他又在联合国房地会见了当选政党代表，也会见了民间社会的领导人。", "53. 在回应经各政党和民间社会证实的有关选举的种种关注时，政府和选举委员会指出，没有接到正式提交的投诉，选举法规定了提出这类投诉的程序。他们强调，没有不让新政党注册的禁令。我的特别顾问强调，不管有没有正式投诉，未能快速和透明地处理选举方面的关注问题，无疑将损坏这一进程的公信力。他还强调，需要建立良好的选举实践，要从补选开始。", "54. 关于更广大的政治进程，我的特别顾问强调，任何过渡，若要成功，即使是已决定不参加选举的政治力量，都不应排除于对话之外，并强调这些力量始终是政治格局中一个关键组成部分。选举结束后，他强调对话与和解比以前更加重要，当局应当能够更好地接触到他们的批评者。对话者都同意需要继续努力实现民族和解，但他们的期望和前进方向大不相同。", "55. 政府对话者，以及联邦巩固与发展党和民族团结党，表示对继续实施路线图有信心，强调所有各方均有机会参与选举，民族和解应可在《宪法》确立的框架内继续开展。他们呼吁国际社会确认在这方面取得的进展，包括解除制裁。虽然当局仍然没有表态，但他们没有断然拒绝要求对话、通过包容性的进程组建政府、并释放政治犯的呼吁。", "56. 昂山素季表示，她决心继续努力，通过对话谋求民族和解，并指出，拙劣的假民主比彻头彻尾的独裁更糟糕。她表示希望听取多方面的意见，以便对选举后的局势有更全面的了解。她清楚表示，如果当局作出有意义的努力，请她和全国民主联盟参与，她愿意响应。她没有详细说明关于制裁的立场，只说了需要详细评估制裁的影响。她转达了她的期望，希望我通过斡旋和特别顾问，充分参与促进政治对话、人权和法治。她还表示同联合国开发计划署和其他伙伴密切合作的兴趣。", "57. 尽管他们对选举失望和沮丧，各民主政党和民族政党的代表认为，它们在这个过程有了立足点，是一个合法的平台，可以通过尽量扩大所谓的新宪法框架内的“新政治空间”，积累它们取得的成绩。虽然由于它们的代表性有限，它们意识到将会继续面临挑战，但他们寄望于彼此之间及与其他各方，包括与联邦巩固与发展党进行可能的合作与接触。", "58. 所有对话者都强调需要设法解决国家的发展和人道主义需要，并强调他们期望联合国在这方面发挥更大的作用。根据当局和联邦巩固与发展党，缅甸需要发展经济，以确保稳定和民主的做法。前外交部长重申缅甸承诺在技术和政策层面与联合国合作，并呼吁提供更多捐助者的援助。他着重指出，由于开发计划署执行局施加的限制，缅甸是没有实施开发署正常国家方案的唯一国家，政府明确要求解除这种限制。它保证解决联合国各机构准入和及时发放签证的问题。", "59. 昂山素季欢迎联合国驻地协调员与她保持联系和互动，并表示她承诺与联合国系统合作，包括商讨影响人道主义和发展活动的政策和业务制约。大多数政党按照它们的竞选纲领，确定了一些社会经济问题，作为它们的优先议程，以满足各选区的需求。民间社会的领导人强烈要求所有利益攸关方从政治对抗转向改善该国的政治经济。在他们看来，2008年气旋纳尔吉斯以来，民间社会的经验表明，通过在现有框架内进行建设性接触，往往会取得进展。他们强调，需要更加细致地了解现有的机遇，以解决国家的问题，作为更广泛的自由化议程的一部分。同样，独立专家看到了新的机遇，可解决任何民主过渡必须处理的经济管理问题，包括建立更加透明的立法和预算编制过程。", "60. 返回缅甸之前，我的特别顾问5月10日在雅加达与印度尼西亚政府外交部长兼东盟主席马蒂·纳塔莱加瓦会晤，讨论7日和8日在那里举行的第18届东盟首脑会议的结果，其中审议了关于缅甸在2014年担任东盟主席的建议。我的特别顾问获悉，对这项建议的正式决定已推迟到定于2011年11月17日和18日举行的第19次东盟首脑会议，待东盟主席访问缅甸后作出。", "61. 我的特别顾问应新政府之邀，在5月11日至13日访问了缅甸，这是新政府成立后的第一次。外交部吴温纳貌伦在内比都接见了他，他又会见了内政部长、社会福利部长、国家计划与发展部长，以及商业部、卫生部和教育部的高级官员。他会见了新任命的总统政治顾问、法律顾问和经济顾问。他还得到人民院副议长以及联邦巩固与发展党总书记接见。在仰光，他再次会见了昂山素季和全国民主联盟中央执行委员会成员，以及议会和民间社会反对派及民族政党的代表。他还访问了勃固省，会见了首席部长、前外交部长吴年温。", "62. 我的特别顾问在他的所有会晤中都强调新政府积极主动采取具体步骤落实登盛总统宣布的改革的重要性。他着重指出，要发挥领导力和政策的作用，争取国内和国际的信心，让它们深信缅甸正在发生变化，这与不辜负人民的期望是一样的。他告诫说，实施承诺的改革要快，时间拖得越长，挫折越大。", "63. 我的特别顾问强调，释放政治犯仍是最重要的一步，可对政府的努力产生更大的信心，并指出这是进程内外所有民主和民族政治力量的主要要求。虽然当局继续否认政治犯的存在，我的特别顾问得知，总统正在考虑大赦问题，这是总统有权决定的。访问之后，5月16日宣布大赦，证实了这一点。", "64. 关于政治进程，我的特别顾问敦促政府尽可能广泛地联系所有利益攸关方，包括在议会没有代表的各方。他指出联合国在其他过渡局势的经验表明，任何改革的成功，在很大程度上取决于全社会的支持力度。他重申，“路线图”走完后，新政府应当能够直面它的批评者，包括通过一个专门体制，促进基础广泛的对话。对此，政府对话者承认需要与广大社会接触，表示开放接受不同的观点和想法。然而，他们的立场是，议会已提供了一个合法、公平的环境，民选代表之间可以进行透明的辩论和谈判。外交部长强调，对于所有希望通过选举参与政治进程的人，大门仍然是敞开的。当局也认识到需要与民族武装团体谈判达成和平解决方案。关于昂山素季，政府对话者指出，她的释放是无条件的，并提到他们正等着看她如何对总统的改革议程作出反应。", "65. 关于选举过程，我的特别顾问敦促当局从2010年选举的缺点总结经验教训，以提高未来任何投票的公信力。他指出，补选提供了第一个机会，以确保选举过程更加包容，更鼓励参与，更加透明。当局指出，议会已任命了一个新的选举委员会。", "66. 关于人权问题，我的特别顾问敦促政府积极与联合国人权机制合作，包括与特别报告员合作，以消除不断有报告提到发生侵犯人权行为的忧虑，同时加强执政能力，包括培训、机构改革和法治。外交部长和内政部长都指出，缅甸普遍定期审查所得国际反应令人鼓舞，并申明政府正在落实审查提出的建议。", "67. 关于人道主义和发展援助，我的特别顾问强调缅甸需要回应捐助界主动作出的表姿，要在亚太经社会、开发计划署和其他合作伙伴所作努力的基础上再接再厉。当局同意与联合国系统更加紧密地合作，包括在卫生、教育和能力建设等领域密切合作。与此同时，他们强调需要解决 “不公平待遇”方面三个具体关注问题：(a) 解除对缅甸的单方面制裁；(b) 增加发展援助；(c) 解除开发计划署国家方案的限制。", "68. 我的特别顾问进一步指出，政府承诺改革是一个机会，可以加强缅甸和国际社会之间的相互了解，在缅甸提出于2014年担任东盟主席的背景下，这特别具有现实意义。他鼓励当局多与国际社会交往，更加公开和经常配合我的斡旋。为此，他代表我邀请外交部长到纽约会见秘书长之友小组，并再次提出在缅甸设置一个不显眼的政治存在，以支持我的斡旋任务。", "69. 政府和联邦巩固与发展党的对话者强调，缅甸只是在政治过渡的开始，新的权力下放框架仍然正在组建过程中。虽然对各项建议不置可否，但他们强调政府决心加快转型过渡，实施改革。他们明确指出，缅甸有条不紊地走完路线图，希望得到更多的国际上的认可，他们强调时机已到，国际社会应重新考虑其做法，用更加建设性的方式对待缅甸。与此同时，他们认识到联合国和国际社会期望看到所有关键未决的关切问题都有进展。", "70. 昂山素季指出，她和全国民主联盟不想采取消极的态度，但他们仍然非常谨慎，直到有证据证明已发生有意义的变化。根据她的评估，情况并没有发生深刻变化，因为政府只是象征式地而不是用行动去谋求合法性。她指出政府的所有三个部门都由同一政党控制，担心政府有可能排除异己，霸占政治空间。她着重指出，没有理由进一步拖延释放政治犯或实施早已逾期的改革。她说任何积极的事态发展都应对比未决的关切问题加以衡量，包括尚未邀请特别报告员回到缅甸来。她重申，如果政府作出真诚的努力，要与她和全国民主联盟交往，她愿意响应。", "71. 昂山素季和全国民主联盟中央执行委员会的成员指出，对于正式解散他们的党，他们已用尽了法律上诉手段，但他们将寻求通过人权委员会维持它的存在。他们已表示赞同人权委员会关于缅甸的最新决议。他们表示，该党目前不准备派人在现有框架内参与选举。然而，他们对该党的社会网络和活动在扩大表示满意，并呼吁当局在这方面给予合作。昂山素季再次欢迎她能同联合国系统不断进行联系和互动，包括商讨影响到人道主义和发展活动的限制因素。她重申她对我的斡旋表示赞赏，并期望我的特别顾问将全力参与。", "72. 大多数政党和民间社会组织对政府落实改革的能力持谨慎的“观望”态度，但对总统的议程表示欢迎，并告诫不应过早对新政府下判断。对他们来说，政府开放听取不同的意见，包括委任独立顾问听取意见，最有重大意义。他们一致认为，以前的制度基本上只有一个权力中心，现在选举为各方面的行为人、政党、机构和议程开启了新的政治空间，可以影响执政过程。他们表示决心为改革作出贡献。", "73. 虽然各政党对议会程序有各种不同的经验，他们表示有了增强参与政治活动权能的感觉。大多数要求大赦政治犯，有的还呼吁欢迎缅甸海外人士回国。有人建议政府举行“联邦大会”，作为一个基础广泛的平台，以解决国家的挑战。几个民族政党认为权力下放是结束武装冲突的关键，同时强调迫切需要解决边境地区仍然面临的挑战。大多数表示他们的立场，认为社会经济问题已成为选民的优先议程，同时呼应政府的要求，呼吁提供更多的发展援助，并取消制裁。", "74. 民间社会领导人对所谓的“新治理结构”表示欢迎，当局为建国事业订立基准，“变革推动者”有一个框架和空间可以进行工作。他们注意到改革可以使更多利益攸关方参与和解，认为他们可以起促进族裔社区和政府之间的关系的作用。他们指出，最近出现的积极变化，包括撤销某些地区的军事检查站；放宽对媒体的限制和审查；将发放进出口许可证权交给文职当局；颁发新的投资和环保法律；取缔贸易垄断；制订减贫战略；政府同商界和民间社会协商。", "75. 6月27日至30日，作为我的特别顾问访问缅甸的后续行动，在召开第三次发展伙伴关系论坛之际，我的特别顾问办公室第一次有机会在内比都和仰光同国内各方面对话者，包括总统顾问和民间社会的代表，在工作层面进行接触。", "76. 7月29日，我曾打电话与外交部长吴温纳貌伦通话。7月27日，我的特别顾问与昂山素季通了电话。打电话的目的是传达联合国的期望，希望在最近事态发展的基础上，按照改革议程的公布目标，加紧努力解决悬而未决的问题，其中包括释放政治犯，进行民族对话与和解。", "四. 意见", "77. 经过近50年的军人统治，最近的选举过了20年之后，由国家和平与发展委员带头倡导的路线图已经走完，现在呈现出新的机遇，可以推动更具包容性的国家对话和政治发展。和发会将权力移交给新政府，丹瑞大将辞职，昂山素季获释，缅甸出现了新的前景，可以走上进步的道路，并提高其在区域和全球的地位。缅甸经过长达数十年的冲突和政治僵局才有了这些发展，联合国认识到这些发展的意义。", "78. 登盛总统宣布，缅甸现在要追赶不断变化的世界，没有时间可以浪费。缅甸继续面对着它已面临太久的同样挑战：缅甸的人权、政治、社会、经济和人道主义问题仍然是严重的、深层次的、长期存在的。因此，我欢迎登盛总统确认缅甸须进行广泛的政治和经济改革，欢迎他承诺以加强民族团结的方式进行改革。", "79. 政府所公布的承诺看来比以往与缅甸人民的需要和希望有更紧密的共鸣，比以往更能紧密对应国际社会的关注和期望。我相信，这可以为进行更有效的合作，执行大会赋予我的任务目标提供基础。如果缅甸要改变它是一个危机不断的国家这种看法，如果缅甸要恢复其应有的地位，成为国际社会一个受尊重和负责任的成员，这就更为重要了。然而，真正的考验是政府及时履行承诺。联合国希望看到缅甸在这方面的努力取得成功。", "80. 选举的确有缺陷，受控制，如果采纳联合国的建议，本可提高公信力，不过各政党和选民通过参与选举，表明他们愿意利用20年来政治空间打开的第一个窗口。尽管许多人对选举过程及其结果表示失望和沮丧，可是它使已被禁止或限制了将近五十年的合法政治活动得以恢复。在任何过渡局势中，恢复政治生活是谋求基础广泛的社会和解的先决条件。选举中出现了多种声音，多种行为人，多种议程，在表示缅甸政治环境的复杂性。", "81. 对于昂山素季的释放，人们期待已久，踊跃支持，说明她的吸引力持续不断，她所代表的理想仍然是政治现实。我感到鼓舞的是，她和她的追随者已获准从事公共活动，包括会见来访的外国代表团和到仰光以外地区旅行。我希望他们将能继续不受任何限制地行使这种自由。昂山素季作为缅甸国内外一位重要人物，她的幸福和安康是国际社会所关注的。如对她的行动施加任何限制，或对她的安全造成威胁，都会引起严重关切，发出错误的信号。", "82. 联合国和国际社会仍然深切关注继续拘留政治犯的问题。这是与政府的承诺以及与谋求更开放和尊重基本自由和法治所作的初步努力不一致的。这种做法对于促进社会和平与对话也起了反作用。拘押所有余下的政治犯将继续使政府所作的努力蒙上阴影，削弱人们对它的信心。最终，这将是缅甸的损失，因为缅甸需要全体人民的才智去打造更美好的未来。", "83. 与一些武装民族群体持续出现紧张局势和发生武装冲突，同样值得关注。多年来都在努力履行停火协议，登盛总统又承诺继续打开“和平之门”，既然如此，所有各方亟需努力避免紧张局势升级，并通过谈判为未决的政治和安全关切问题谋求持久解决办法。这是更广大的民族和解进程的一部分。如果不这样做，不仅会影响有关族裔社区，还会拖改革的后腿，包括破坏了在新的政治结构内合法解决民族愿望的机会。缅甸经不起妨碍和平与团结的折腾，缅甸要稳定与发展，就必须要和平与团结。", "84. 虽然现在评估缅甸政治变化的性质和程度还是为时尚早，不过各种变化是显而易见的。经过二十年封闭决策，这种转变能够而且应该启动一个更明智、更基础广泛、更透明和更能问责的进程，以指导任何治理改革和民主过渡。在这样的过程中，如要真正摆脱现状，军事和民事当局搞好关系最为重要。", "85. 所有利益攸关方现在面对的问题是如何在当前的管治体制内利用各种机会推动民族和解。最近的事态发展能否带来更大的开放性和包容性，将取决于所有各方选择如何彼此合作。所有各方谋求和解，接受和解，符合国家利益。尽量利用可用的有限空间是至关重要的。归根到底，政府有责任接触所有政治力量，包括联系那些在议会中没有代表的政治力量，确保改革获得尽可能广泛的支持。鉴于当前的环境，我期待着加大力度，持续进行斡旋。", "86. 新政府是否有能力，是否意愿，是否获得人民支持，以实现其改革议程，还有待观察。改革取得成功，对于国际社会，特别是对于区域各国和东盟国家，都有好处。促使当前的进程产生有助于国家稳定与发展的可信的过渡，是一项集体挑战。改革的承诺提供了一个让缅甸和国际社会更好地相互了解的机会。我随时准备与缅甸和感兴趣的利益攸关者，包括捐助者和发展伙伴，探讨国际社会和联合国系统如何能够为缅甸人民的利益，鼓励和支持有效的改革。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目69(c)", "页:1", "促进和保护人权:人权状况及特别报告员和代表的报告", "缅甸境内的人权情况", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第65/241号决议第30段提交的,所述期间为2010年8月26日至2011年8月4日。 在本报告所述期间,国家和平与发展委员会所领导政治路线图的其余步骤得到落实,即2010年11月7日举行大选;2011年1月召开新议会;2011年3月30日将权力从委员会移交给新政府。 在此过程中,理事会被正式解散. 2010年11月13日,在选举一周后,昂山素季被软禁了七年后获释.", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第65/241号决议第30段请秘书长继续提供斡旋,并继续同缅甸政府和人民讨论人权状况、向民主过渡和民族和解进程;在这方面向缅甸政府提供技术援助;向大会第六十六届会议和人权理事会报告该决议的执行进展情况。 本报告所述期间为2010年8月26日至2011年8月4日。 2010年9月(A/65/368)和2011年3月(A/HRC/16/59)分别印发了缅甸人权状况特别报告员的报告。", "2. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,国家和平与发展委员会所领导政治路线图的其余步骤得到落实,即2010年11月7日举行大选;2011年1月召开新议会;2011年3月30日,委员会将权力移交给由登盛总统领导的缅甸新政府。 在此过程中,理事会被正式解散,理事会主席丹瑞大将和副主席马洪·阿耶大将正式辞去正式权力职务. 2010年11月13日,在选举一周后,昂山素季被软禁了七年后获释.", "3个 在同一期间,2010年10月,在东盟-联合国第三次首脑会议期间,我在河内会见了时任总理登盛;2010年9月,在大会第六十五届会议期间,在纽约会见了前外交部长宁温。 昂山素季获释后,我还立即与其直接交谈。 我的特别顾问Vijay Nambiar应缅甸政府邀请,于2010年11月27日和28日在昂山素季当选和获释后,以及2011年5月11日至13日在新政府成立后两次访问缅甸。", " 4.四. 在本报告所述期间,我继续与有关会员国接触,包括在2010年9月和12月以及2011年6月召开三次缅甸问题秘书长之友小组会议。 除了在各国首都进行协商外,我的特别顾问还向大会主席、秘书长之友小组和安全理事会通报了他每次访问缅甸的情况。 随着新政府的成立,我继续在缅甸与主要国际利益攸关方之间恢复高级别双边接触的背景下进行斡旋。", "二. 主要事态发展", "选举", "5 (韩语). 截至2010年9月,已有42个政党在联邦选举委员会登记参加定于2010年11月7日举行的选举,其中包括10个参加1990年选举的现有政党中的5个。 2010年9月14日,委员会根据选举法宣布10个政党“无效”,包括全国民主联盟和另外4个现有政党不重新登记。 委员会为其余37个当事方发布了游说准则。", "6. 国家 除了以登盛总理为首的\"联邦团结与发展党\"和\"民族团结党\"两个成立政党外,还有两大反对党\"国家民主力量\"和\"民主党\",大多数政党都是以民族为代表,代表了当地和全国广泛的选区. 在规定时限内,各方的组织和财政能力为其游说战略提供了信息。 在大约3 300名候选人中,联邦团结与发展党和民族团结党派出的人数最多(1 100人和990人),而其他政党派出的人数少得多,而且只在一些选区。", "7. 联合国 11月7日,同时举行了三次选举:人民议会(下院)和邦议会(上院),以及14个州和地区立法机构。 与1990年一样,选举是按先任制组织的。 到11月17日,选票计票正式公布. 到12月7日,委员会宣布,缅甸2 900万合格选民的投票率为77%。", "8. 联合国 联邦团结与发展党获得了全部1 154个民选席位中的近77%(883个席位),其中包括各族议会的77%(129个席位)和人民议会的79%(259个席位)。 每个议会25%的席位留给军队(缅军),联邦团结与发展党和军事集团占了压倒多数。 国家立法机构的其余席位由16个政党和独立人士所分出,包括民族团结党,民族民主力量,掸邦民族民主党,若开邦民族进步党,全蒙地区民主党和钦进步党.", "9. 国家 在14个州和地区立法机构中,民族政党的表现相对优于全国反对党。 虽然联邦团结和发展党在大多数中部地区赢得了几乎所有民选席位,但在民族地区,该党赢得了相当多集团,但只在克耶邦占多数,各族裔政党在钦邦和若开邦赢得了多达30%的席位。", "10个 根据独立报告,尽管存在违规现象,投票日总的来说是和平有序的。 有迹象表明,大多数选民能够自由投出选票,在多数情况下,投票站的计票是在政党代表和公众成员面前进行的。 然而,与此同时,在整个过程中有许多关于侵犯、恐吓和胁迫的报告。 这增加了人们对限制性选举框架的关切,这种框架实际上将主要利益攸关方排除在选举进程之外,言论、集会和结社自由也受到限制,此外还有获得国家资源的机会不平等,媒体受到限制,缺乏选民教育,候选人和政党在公平竞争环境中竞争受到严重限制。", "11个 一些最严重的关切问题是滥用预先投票程序,在计票过程中,该程序似乎使反对派候选人向联邦团结和发展党倾斜。 因此,预先投票估计占全国选票的10%。 虽然官方来源声称只有4个席位受到影响,但独立来源报告说,预先投票可能改变了结果,导致多达64个席位。", "12. 11月8日,东盟主席发表声明,欢迎选举,认为这是在执行缅甸走向民主的行进图方面向前迈出的重要一步,鼓励缅甸加快民族和解和民主化进程,并继续与东盟和联合国合作。", "13个 同一天,我发表声明,指出选举是在没有足够包容性、参与性和透明度的情况下举行的,并强调指出,缅甸当局有责任释放政治犯并解除对昂山素季的限制,使选举成为可信的政治过渡的新开端。 我还敦促建立新的政府机构的进程具有广泛的基础和包容性,并呼吁所有利益攸关方在这方面进行对话。 我强调,国际社会正在寻求更大的保证,即正在进行的进程将标志着真正脱离现状。", "14个 2011年6月和7月,几个政党宣布,它们打算为定于2011年11月举行的议会补选提名候选人。 包括\"国家民主力量\"和\"掸邦民主党\"在内的民主党之友集团宣布计划为40个选区派出候选人,而\"联邦团结与发展党\"则宣布将参加所有45个选区的竞争. 在同一时期,提交了新政党登记申请。 7月20日,选举委员会允许人民民主党注册,正式注册的政党总数达到38个.", "释放昂 山苏 Kyi", "15. 2010年11月13日,国家和平与发展委员会主席丹瑞大将的行政命令解除了对昂山素季的软禁。 在一份声明中,我对释放表示欢迎,指出她面对不公正的尊严和勇气鼓舞了全世界许多人,并对她被有效地排斥在选举之外深表遗憾。 我明确表示不应进一步限制她,并再次敦促当局释放所有剩余的政治犯。", "16. 11月22日,内比最高法院 Taw驳回了全国民主联盟根据选举委员会的公告提出的解散上诉。", "二. 政府组成", "17岁。 1月31日,第一届联盟大会召开,使\"2008年宪法\"生效. 前国家和平与发展委员会三等委员瑞·曼被选为人民议会议长,前文化部长金·昂·明特被选为民族议会议长,并担任联盟议会议长. 所有发言者和副发言者的职位都交给了联邦团结与发展党。", "18岁。 2月4日,总统选举团(由联盟大会全体成员组成)选举前国家和平与发展委员会总理登盛为主席,前理事会第一书记丁昂明特·乌为第一副主席,掸族著名人物毛克·坎为第二副主席. 这三人都是联邦团结与发展党的民选代表. 我通过一项声明指出,召开议会和选举主席团是缅甸摆脱现状的重要机会。", "19. 3月30日,国家和平与发展委员会在向新政府移交权力后正式解散。 丹瑞大将和陵中正将 是,他们正式退休了 我通过一项声明注意到向新政府移交权力,并强调指出,缅甸当局有机会也有义务向其人民表明,这一变化将标志着开始从近50年的直接军事统治开始实质性和真正的转变。 我还敦促当局就建立可信而有效的政府制度的必要改革开展广泛包容性对话。", "20号. 新政府虽然名义上是文官,但以最近退休的军官为主. 在30名部长中,有3名由总司令任命担任安全职务的军官;10名部长和5名来自前内阁的副部长;4名最近退休的高级军官被任命担任技术部委的职务;8名新任命的技术专家,包括3名具有军事背景但具有广泛任职经验的军官,如外交部长吴纳·马洪伦。", "21岁 在7个地区和7个州中,每个州都引入了新的立法和行政机构。 在有关国家,为某些族裔群体划定了六个自我管理的地区。 所有由总统任命的地方首席部长都来自联邦团结与发展党,但克伦邦除外,该邦由一名军事立法者领导。 在地方政府中,族裔反对派政治人物被任命担任社会和其他职务。 6月和7月,地方政府进行了改组,调整了中央和地方各级的部长职务。", "22号. 军事领导层的变动包括新任总司令敏昂莱将军。 取消军队控制的超部级政策委员会并实行地方政府,这些变化反映了军队根据《宪法》在治理中的作用可能受到限制。 军队没有直接在财政委员会中任职,财政委员会负责制定军事预算,但据报告,总司令控制着一个“特别基金”,不受公众监督。", "23. 联合国 在1月31日至3月30日举行的第一届会议上,上院和下院都处理了关键行政和司法职位的提名以及实质性问题和提案。 政府部长首次到议会回答问题。 官方媒体报道了议会辩论,包括以前没有公开讨论的敏感议题,如土地保有权、审查制度、义务兵役立法、招聘少数民族公务员、少数民族语言教育、人口迁移、克伦邦停火问题、赦免掸族政治犯问题、若开邦北部穆斯林居民身份证以及私营部门垄断。", "24 (韩语). 根据《宪法》,议会成立了各种委员会,如法案委员会、公共账户委员会、权利委员会以及政府担保、保证和承诺审查委员会。 反对党成员占所有委员会成员的三分之一,包括担任一个委员会主席,其余来自联邦团结与发展党。 不包括军事任命人员。 8月1日,官方宣布议会第二届常会将于2011年8月22日举行。", "改革议程", "25岁 登盛总统在3月30日向议会、3月31日向政府成员、4月23日向边境地区和民族进步中央委员会所作的就职演说中,概述了新政府在五年任期内在主要优先领域的政策方向的初步指标。 这是近代历史上政府首次制定公共政策议程并评估该国面临的许多问题。", "26. 联合国 总统背离了以前官方的论述,明确承认在国内外有许多个人和非法组织不接受路线图和宪法. 总统强调,没有民族团结,100多个民族共同生活的国家就不能享有和平与稳定,而和平与稳定对建设发达国家至关重要。 他警告不要在宪法框架之外采取任何行动,同时承诺说服各族裔群体相信政府的善意,同 \" 善意的政治力量 \" 一起为和平、稳定和发展而努力,包括保持 \" 和平之门 \" 畅通,欢迎持不同观点的人参加选举。", "27个 总统承诺改革的其他关键政策主题和优先事项包括:采用开放的市场经济、改善社会经济条件并缩小城乡差距;保护社会和经济权利;发展基础设施和提供基本服务,包括在民族地区;改善保健和教育标准;保护基本人权和自由;尊重法治和独立和透明的司法机构;尊重媒体的作用;善政以及行政和立法机构的公共监督;机构能力建设和人力资源开发;“清洁”、负责、负责和包容性的政府;权力下放。", "28岁 具体而言,总统宣布了一项十点立法改革议程,其目的是:确保现行法律符合《宪法》;保障基本权利;提高服务人员的工资和养老金;保障农民的权利;创造就业并保障劳工权利;全面改革公共保健和社会保障;提高教育和卫生标准;修订新闻法;促进环境保护;加强自然灾害应对。", "全国对话与和解", "29. 国家 昂山素季在1月28日向瑞士达沃斯世界经济论坛广播的声明中强调,需要以人力资源开发为基础,实现民族和解、政治稳定和经济增长,这是善政的基本要求。 她呼吁在缅甸投资,重视尊重法律、环境和社会因素、劳工权利和创造就业。 她呼吁制定与人类发展和能力建设有关的经济政策;创新技术和基础设施投资并实现投资多样化;为消除贫穷提供创业和小额信贷机会;采取健康预防措施;促进环境和社会负责任的发展;以及法律改革和法治。", "30岁。 2月8日,全国民主联盟发布了对缅甸制裁的审查,结论是,制裁对经济状况的影响程度不高;取消制裁的最佳方式是有效应对侵犯人权和缺乏民主做法;同时,如果外国投资遵守旨在保护环境、保护劳工权利和促进民间社会的准则,人民的经济困难将得到改善。 该方还呼吁同有关会员国进行讨论,以就何时、如何和在何种情况下可修改制裁达成协议,并指出受尊敬的专业人员对制裁的影响进行研究将是有益的。", "31. 3月11日,由议会10个最大的民主和族裔政党组成的民主党之友小组发表了一封公开信,呼吁国际社会承认缅甸的政治发展,包括建立新的政治空间、向新一代领导人过渡和政党选举。 该集团注意到,对缅甸的制裁虽然不是造成贫穷的主要原因,但却打击了劳动密集型部门,阻碍了创造就业机会,使社会无法享受到外国投资增加带来的惠益。 该集团呼吁取消制裁,通过旅游、贸易和投资方面的咨询和合作,增加捐助者对施政和社会经济改革的供资和援助。", "32. 3月27日,全国民主联盟发表声明,敦促当局创造公平的政治条件,释放所有政治犯并立即开展具有政治意义的对话,以消除民主力量与缅军之间的误解。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 4月25日,全国民主联盟发表声明,欢迎总统致力于法治。 声明提到违反司法原则的个别案件,呼吁发布进一步的准则,以建立法治,包括在司法方面通过适当程序和公平审判。", "34. 国家 5月16日,宣布总统登盛基于人道主义理由赦免囚犯家属,将死刑减为无期徒刑,将其他刑期减为一年。 因此,据报告,在被拘留的约2 000名政治犯中,有100多名政治犯获释,其中包括23名全国民主联盟成员。", "35. 联合国 在5月20日的公开信中,组成民主党之友小组的10个政党欢迎大赦,认为这是善意的姿态,但指出,大赦不足以为民族和解作出有意义的贡献,因为它不适用于长期服刑的政治犯。 该集团注意到缅甸在民选政府领导下的过渡需要政治力量之间建立信任,作为实行民主改革的关键步骤,呼吁释放政治犯并让流亡的持不同政见者返回。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 6月28日,内政部警告昂山素季和全国民主联盟主席昂瑞,由于该党被正式解散,其活动是非法的,应当停止,因为这些活动会破坏和平、稳定和法治,并会给民族和解造成更多的困难。 该部告知,为了参与社会事务,应申请组建社会组织。 国家媒体同样警告该党停止活动以避免不必要的后果,指出其领导人有权组建一个政党,应努力作为合法政党参选。 它还警告说,昂山素季计划到仰光外的任何访问都存在安全问题,但指出,她不会受到旅行限制。", "37. 联合国 6月29日,全国民主联盟公开答复说,它仍然是一个合法注册的政党,没有违反2008年宪法,因此,它既不能解散,也不能接受法院驳回其关于这一问题的上诉。 出于民族和解的共同利益,该党要求与内政部长会晤,讨论建立法治的问题。", "38. 7月4日至7日,Daw Aun Sansuu 自2003年5月Depayin事件以来,Kyi第一次在仰光外出旅行,在4天的私人旅行中无事可做地前往Bagan和周围地区。", "39. 联合国 令人鼓舞的是,7月19日,昂山素季应政府邀请,在仰光举行的 \" 马太日 \" 正式仪式上,9年来首次出席。 另外,她和全国民主联盟领导了自2007年示威游行以来规模最大的公共游行. 该党重申致力于通过政治手段解决政治问题,并呼吁当局通过有意义的对话和释放政治犯来创造公平的政治条件。", " 40. 40. 7月25日,应政府邀请,社会福利部长昂季同昂山素季举行了会谈,标志着她自获释以来首次与政府会谈。 在一份联合声明中,两人表示会议是积极的,对结果表示满意并商定在适当时候再次举行会议。 他们讨论了为人民的利益进行合作的可能性,包括与法治和消除误解有关的事项。 通过一份声明,我欢迎并鼓励通过真诚对话来建立相互理解的努力。 我还再次呼吁政府考虑早日采取行动,释放政治犯。", "41. 国家 在本报告所述期间,停火和非停火武装团体,包括克钦族、克伦族、掸族和佤族部队,继续出现紧张局势。 最严重的紧张局势是缅军和克钦独立军于6月9日在克钦邦和掸邦北部开始的武装冲突,自1994年签署停火协定以来,武装冲突有可能升级为大规模暴力和公开战斗。 据报告,冲突造成双方人员伤亡,并造成侵犯人权、平民流离失所和基础设施被摧毁。", "42. 国家 6月24日,人民议会议长报告说,缅军和克钦独立军之间的小规模冲突在当地和全国引起了恐慌,但协调努力使局势得以控制,并因此几乎完全恢复了该地区的和平与稳定。 战斗爆发后,据报已举行多轮谈判,包括中央和地方当局以及联邦团结与发展党、克钦独立军和克钦独立组织的代表。 昂山素季在7月28日的公开信中呼吁通过政治谈判解决任何涉及武装族裔群体的紧张局势,以有利于民族团结,并表示支持为此正在作出的努力。", "43. 东帝汶 自6月21日以来,联合国驻地协调员办事处已同社会福利、救济和重新安置部的代表会晤,对克钦邦的人道主义局势,特别是平民的人道主义局势表示关切,要求并分享关于据报人口流离失所和其他关切问题的信息,要求进入进行人道主义评估和提供援助,并讨论人道主义走廊和安全通道的选择。", "人权机制", "44. 国家 2011年1月27日,缅甸接受了人权理事会的第一次普遍定期审议。 在审查期间提出的180项建议中,缅甸拒绝了70项,接受了64项,并同意再研究46项。", "45. 国家 3月7日,特别报告员向人权理事会提交了第四次报告(A/HRC/16/59)。 3月25日,理事会通过了第16/24号决议,其中除其他外,对特别报告员自2010年2月以来未获准访问表示遗憾,并将他的任期延长了一年。 安理会还表示坚决支持斡旋特派团,并呼吁该国政府确保同我的特别顾问和特别报告员充分合作。 7月22日,特别报告员被邀请于8月访问缅甸。", "46. 经常预算: 7月1日和2日,红十字国际委员会六年来第一次获准恢复访问,视察三个不同地点的监狱条件。", "社会经济发展", "47. 国家 6月27日,政府和亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)在内比都联合举办了第三次发展伙伴关系论坛。 由副主席Mauk Kham主持并由亚太经社会执行秘书和国家规划和经济发展部长共同主持的基础广泛的会议重点讨论了恢复缅甸稻米经济作为农业部门最关键部分的政策,影响到70%的人口。 政府决策者与民间社会、私营部门以及地方和国际专家的代表进行对话。 建议政府将建议合并为行动计划。 论坛以2009年举行的第二次发展伙伴论坛和2010年5月举行的减缓贫穷和农村发展国家讲习班为基础。 亚太经社会执行秘书在论坛结束时会见了昂山素季。", "三. 讨论的内容和结果", " 48. 48. 我在9月24日于纽约同东盟各国外交部长举行的一次会议上强调,迫切需要举行自由、公平和包容各方的选举,以推进缅甸的稳定和发展。 我强调,不满足这些期望会损害这一进程的信誉,而该进程可能反映东盟的集体价值和原则。 我呼吁东盟成员国鼓励缅甸更密切地参与我的斡旋。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在我9月26日在纽约会见前外交部长尼扬·温时,我强调,政府作出善意姿态以提高选举的公信力,包括允许昂山素季享有投票权并释放尽可能多的政治犯,为时不晚。 部长建议,选举后政治局势将完全改变。 我强调,政府及其继任者需要继续积极参与我的斡旋和特别顾问。", " 50. 50. 在10月29日于河内举行的第三次东盟-联合国首脑会议上,我向东盟领导人介绍了我的斡旋工作,强调必须进行可信的民主过渡和民族和解,包括举行自由、公正和包容各方的选举。 我在10月30日与登盛总理的双边会晤中表示,联合国和国际社会对选举安排不满意,并再次呼吁在选举前释放政治犯,包括昂山素季。 除了可信的投票之外,我还强调必须有透明的选举结果和包容各方的政府组建进程。 总理证实,丹瑞大将和马洪·阿耶副将不会参加竞选。 他指出,将继续给予大赦。 他强调新政府将继续配合我的斡旋工作,他呼吁国际社会更密切地同缅甸在社会经济和政治领域的接触。", "51. 联合国 在我11月18日与昂山素季的电话讨论中,我们同意必须优先释放所有政治犯。 我告诉昂山素季,她的发言和在获释后呼吁对话和妥协的和解精神令我感到鼓舞,我将继续鼓励所有各方为国家利益而共同努力。 昂山苏 季对联合国在缅甸所发挥的重要作用表示赞赏,并对我为她而作的持续努力表示赞赏。 她表示支持我的特别顾问早日访问,并表示希望密切接触。 我重申致力于继续维护缅甸的人权、和平与民主事业。", "52. 11月27日至28日,我的特别顾问应缅甸政府的邀请访问了缅甸。 这是自我2009年7月访问缅甸以来第一次在缅甸直接进行斡旋。 联合国第一次有更大的灵活性来组织其方案。 我的特别顾问会见了前外交部长尼扬·温、来自规划和边境事务部、选举委员会和联邦团结与发展党秘书长Htay Oo的高级官员。 我的特别顾问首次在昂山素季的住所会见了昂山素季和全国民主联盟中央执行委员会成员。 他还在联合国房地会见了在选举中赢得席位的政党代表以及民间社会领导人。", "53. 联合国 针对各政党和民间社会证实的对选举的关切,政府和选举委员会指出,没有提出正式投诉,选举法包括提出此类投诉的程序。 他们强调,没有禁止新政党的登记。 不论是否有正式投诉,我的特别顾问都强调,不迅速和透明地处理选举问题,将使选举进程的公信力受到怀疑。 他还强调必须建立良好的选举做法,从补选开始。", "54. 联合国 关于更广泛的政治进程,我的特别顾问强调,如果任何过渡要取得成功,就不应将决定不参加选举的政治力量排除在对话之外,并强调指出,这些政治力量将继续构成政治格局的关键部分。 随着选举的结束,他强调,对话与和解的呼声比以前更加强烈,当局应能够更好地接触批评者。 对话者都同意需要继续努力实现民族和解,但他们的期望和前进方向各不相同。", "55. 国家 政府对话者以及联邦团结与发展党和民族团结党对路线图的继续实施表示信心,强调所有各方都有机会参加选举,并应继续在《宪法》既定框架内展开民族和解。 他们呼吁国际社会承认在这方面取得的进展,包括取消制裁。 尽管当局仍然不承诺,但他们并不直接拒绝关于对话、包容性的政府组建进程和释放政治犯的呼吁。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 昂 东 参会 苏 Kyi表示,她决心继续致力于以对话为基础的民族和解,并指出,民主的嘲弄比彻底独裁更糟糕。 她表示希望听取各种意见,以便更全面地了解选举后的情况。 她明确表示,她愿意对当局与她和全国民主联盟接触的有意义的努力作出反应。 她除了说明需要详细评估制裁的影响外,没有阐述她关于制裁的立场。 她表示希望我的斡旋和特别顾问充分参与促进政治对话、人权和法治。 她还表示有兴趣同联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)和其他伙伴密切合作。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 尽管民主和族裔政党的代表对选举感到失望和沮丧,但他们认为,他们在这个进程中的立足点是一个合法平台,通过在新宪法框架内最大限度地扩大他们所谓的“新政治空间”来巩固他们取得的成果。 他们意识到,鉴于其代表性有限,他们将继续面临挑战,但指出他们之间以及与包括联邦团结和发展党在内的其他方面的潜在合作和接触。", "58. 联合国 所有对话者都强调必须解决该国的发展和人道主义需要,并期望联合国在这方面发挥更大的作用。 据当局和联邦团结与发展党称,缅甸需要经济发展,以确保稳定和民主做法。 前外交部长重申缅甸承诺在技术和政策一级与联合国合作,并呼吁捐助者提供更多的援助。 缅甸政府强调,由于执行局施加的限制,缅甸是唯一一个没有实施正常国家方案的国家,政府明确呼吁取消这种限制。 它保证解决联合国各机构的入境问题并及时发放签证。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 昂 东 山素季欢迎她与联合国驻地协调员不断进行接触和互动,并表示她致力于同联合国系统合作,包括就影响人道主义和发展活动的政策和业务限制进行合作。 大多数政党根据其竞选纲领,将社会经济问题确定为优先议程,以满足其选区的需要。 民间社会领导人强烈要求所有利益攸关方从政治对抗转向改善国家政治经济。 他们认为,自2008年 \" 纳尔吉斯 \" 气旋以来民间社会的经验表明,进展往往是通过在现有框架内的建设性参与来取得的。 他们强调,必须更细致地了解解决该国问题的现有机会,将其作为更广泛的自由化议程的一部分。 同样,独立专家认为,处理经济管理问题的新机会对于任何民主过渡都至关重要,包括更加透明的立法和预算程序。", "60. 联合国 在返回缅甸之前,我的特别顾问于5月10日在雅加达与印度尼西亚政府外交部长兼东盟主席马蒂·纳塔莱加瓦会晤,讨论5月7日和8日在雅加达举行的第18届东盟首脑会议的结果,会上审议了缅甸在2014年担任东盟主席的提议。 我的特别顾问获悉,关于该提案的正式决定被推迟到定于2011年11月17日和18日举行的第19届东盟首脑会议,以待东盟主席按计划访问缅甸。", "61. 5月11日至13日,我的特别顾问应新政府的邀请,再次访问缅甸。 在内比都,他受到外交部长武纳·马洪·伦的接见并会见了内政、社会福利和国家规划和发展部的部长以及商务、卫生和教育部的高级官员。 他会见了新任命的总统政治、法律和经济事务顾问。 他还被人民议会副议长和联邦团结与发展党秘书长接见. 在仰光,他再次会见了昂山素季和全国民主联盟中央执行委员会成员,以及议会和民间社会反对派和族裔政党的代表。 他还访问了巴果,会见了首席部长和前外交部长尼安·温.", "62. 联合国 我的特别顾问在所有会晤中都强调,新政府必须积极主动地采取具体步骤,实施登盛总统宣布的改革。 他强调,在国内和国际上增强对缅甸正在变化的信心,既是领导能力和政策的因素,也是实现人民期望的因素。 他告诫说,执行所承诺的改革所需时间越长,挫折感就越大。", "63. 国家 我的特别顾问强调,释放政治犯仍然是能够增强对政府努力的信心的最重要步骤,指出这是该进程内外所有民主和族裔政治力量的一项关键要求。 尽管当局继续否认存在政治犯,我的特别顾问收到迹象表明,大赦问题正在作为一个属于总统决定权的事项进行审议。 访问之后5月16日宣布的大赦证实了这一点。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 关于政治进程,我的特别顾问敦促政府尽可能广泛地接触所有利益攸关方,包括在议会中没有代表的利益攸关方。 他指出了联合国在其他过渡背景下的经验,这表明任何改革的成功在很大程度上取决于整个社会的支持程度。 他重申,随着路线图的完成,新政府应能够与批评者接触,包括通过专门的能力促进基础广泛的对话。 对此,政府对话者认识到,有必要扩大与整个社会的联系,对不同的观点和想法持开放态度。 然而,他们的立场是,议会为民选代表之间的透明辩论和谈判提供了一个合理的公平竞争环境。 外交部长强调,希望通过选举参与政治进程的所有人仍然可以畅所欲言。 当局还承认有必要同武装族裔群体达成和平解决办法。 关于昂山素季,政府对话者指出,她的释放是无条件的,并表示他们正在等待她如何响应总统的改革议程。", "65. 国家 关于选举进程,我的特别顾问敦促当局从2010年选举的缺点中吸取经验教训,以提高今后任何选票的可信度。 他指出,补选为确保更具包容性、参与性和透明度的进程提供了第一次机会。 当局指出,议会任命了一个新的选举委员会。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 在人权方面,我的特别顾问敦促该国政府与联合国人权机制,包括同特别报告员积极合作,以解决对不断有侵犯人权行为报告的关切,并加强治理能力,包括培训、体制改革和法治。 外交部长和内政部长都指出,国际上对缅甸普遍定期审议的反应令人鼓舞,并保证政府正在执行作为审议的一部分所提出的建议。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 关于人道主义和发展援助,我的特别顾问强调,缅甸需要响应捐助界的主张并借鉴亚太经社会、开发署和其他伙伴的努力。 当局同意同联合国系统更密切合作,包括在保健、教育和能力建设领域。 同时,他们强调,需要解决关于“不公平待遇”的三个具体问题:(a) 取消对缅甸的单方面制裁;(b) 增加发展援助;(c) 取消对开发计划署国家方案的限制。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 我的特别顾问还指出,缅甸政府对改革的承诺为加强缅甸同国际社会之间的相互理解提供了机会,这在缅甸提议在2014年担任东盟主席时特别重要。 他鼓励当局与国际社会接触,更公开和更经常地参与我的斡旋。 为此,他代表我邀请外交部长在纽约会见之友小组,并再次提议在缅甸保持谨慎的政治存在,以支持斡旋工作。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 政府和联邦团结与发展党的谈话者强调,缅甸的政治过渡刚刚开始,其新的权力下放框架仍在组织之中。 他们虽然不对任何建议作出承诺,但强调政府决心加快过渡和执行改革。 他们明确表示,他们期望国际社会更加积极地承认他们有秩序地完成了行进图,并强调国际社会现在应该以更建设性的方式重新考虑其对缅甸的态度。 同时,他们认识到联合国和国际社会期望看到在悬而未决的关键问题上取得进展。", "70. 联合国 昂 东 山苏 Kyi表示,她和全国民主联盟并不想采取消极态度,但在有证据表明发生了有意义的变化之前,他们保持了极为谨慎的态度. 在她的评估中,情况没有发生深刻变化,因为政府正在通过象征而不是行动来争取合法性。 她注意到政府的所有三个分支都由同一个政党控制,对政府倾向于填补政治空间而排斥其他政党表示关切。 她强调,没有理由进一步拖延释放政治犯或执行已逾期的改革。 她指出,任何积极的事态发展都应以尚未解决的关切来衡量,包括特别报告员尚未被邀请返回缅甸这一事实。 她重申,她愿意对政府同她和全国民主联盟接触的任何真诚努力作出反应。", "71. 联合国 昂 东 参会 素季和全国民主联盟中央执行委员会成员指出,他们已经用尽了对其政党正式解散提出的法律上诉,但他们将通过人权理事会寻求维持其存在。 他们表示赞成人权理事会最近关于缅甸的决议。 他们表示,该党目前不准备批准在现有框架内参加选举。 但是,他们对扩大该党的社会网络和活动表示满意,并呼吁当局在这方面给予合作。 昂山素季再次欢迎她与联合国系统持续接触和互动,包括就影响人道主义和发展活动的限制进行接触和互动。 她再次感谢我的斡旋并期望我的特别顾问充分参与。", "72. 联合国 大多数政党和民间社会组织对政府进行改革的能力采取了谨慎的 \" 等待和观察 \" 态度,但欢迎总统的议程并警告说,不应过早地判断新政府。 对他们来说,最重要的是政府公开听取不同意见,包括通过任命独立顾问。 他们也认为,虽然前一个制度基本上有一个权力协调中心,但选举为多个行为体、政党、机构和议程开辟了新的政治空间来影响治理。 他们表示决心为改革作出贡献。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 虽然各政党分享了议会程序方面的好坏参半的经验,但它们表示有参与政治活动的能力。 多数人要求赦免政治犯,有些人还要求欢迎缅甸的侨民返回。 一些人建议政府组织一次“工会公约”,作为应对国家挑战的广泛平台。 几个族裔政党认为权力下放是结束武装冲突的关键,同时强调迫切需要应对边境地区的突出挑战。 大多数人表示,社会经济问题已成为选民的优先议程,这同政府要求增加发展援助和取消制裁的呼吁一致。", "74. 国家 民间社会领导人欢迎他们所称的“新治理”,即当局制定国家建设基准,“变革推动者”有一个框架和工作空间。 他们注意到改革可以使更多的利益攸关方参与和解,认为改革可起促进社区和政府之间关系的作用。 他们指出了最近的积极变化,包括取消一些地区的军事检查站;放宽媒体限制和审查;将进出口许可证转让给文职当局;新的投资和环境法;废除贸易垄断;制定减贫战略;以及政府与工商界和民间社会协商。", "75. 6月27日至30日,作为我特别顾问访问的后续行动,在第三次发展伙伴关系论坛期间,我的特别顾问办公室首次有机会与内比都和仰光的一系列国内对话者,包括总统顾问和民间社会代表进行工作接触。", "76. 联合国 7月29日,我与外交部长武纳·马洪伦通了电话。 7月27日,我的特别顾问与昂山素季通了电话。 这些呼吁旨在表达联合国的期望,即在最近事态发展的基础上,应加紧努力,以按照改革议程的既定目标解决悬而未决的问题,包括释放政治犯、全国对话与和解。", "四、结 论 意 见", "77. 国家 经过近50年的军事统治,在最近选举20年之后,国家和平与发展委员会所领导的路线图的完成为更具包容性的国家讨论和政治发展提供了新的机会。 安理会向新政府移交权力,丹瑞大将辞职并释放昂山素季,为缅甸走上进步道路并改善其区域和全球地位提供了新的前景。 在长达几十年的冲突和政治僵局的背景下,联合国认识到这种事态发展的重要性。", "78. 国家 总统登盛宣布,缅甸赶上不断变化的世界的时机已经到来,没有浪费时间. 缅甸继续面临其长期面临的同样挑战:该国的人权、政治、社会、经济和人道主义问题仍然严重、根深蒂固并长期存在。 因此,我欢迎登盛总统承认缅甸需要进行广泛的政治和经济改革,以及他承诺以加强国家统一的方式进行这种改革。", "79. 联合国 政府公开作出的承诺似乎与缅甸人民的需要和希望更加一致,与国际社会的关切和期望更加一致。 我认为,这可以为更有效地合作执行大会赋予我的任务的目标提供基础。 如果缅甸要克服它作为一个处于永久危机中的国家的看法并恢复其作为国际社会受人尊重并负责任的成员的合法地位,这一点就更加重要了。 然而,真正的考验在于及时履行政府的承诺。 联合国希望看到缅甸在这项努力中取得成功。", "80个 尽管选举存在缺陷和受控制的性质,如果采纳了联合国的建议,选举的信誉本可以提高,但各政党和选民的参与表明他们愿意利用20年来第一个政治空间窗口。 尽管许多人对这一进程及其结果感到失望和失望,但它使法律政治活动得以恢复,这些活动已被禁止或受到限制了近50年。 在任何过渡情况下,恢复政治生活是基础广泛的社会和解的先决条件。 出现的声音和行为者及议程多种多样,这表明缅甸政治环境的复杂性。", "81个 昂山素季的持久呼吁以及她所代表的理想仍然是政治现实。 我感到鼓舞的是,她及其追随者被允许从事公共活动,包括会见来访的外国代表团并到仰光以外旅行。 我希望他们能够继续不受限制地行使这种自由。 昂山素季是缅甸国内外的重要人物,她的福利和福祉受到国际关注. 对她的行动或对其安全的威胁施加任何限制都会引起严重关切并发出错误的信号。", "82. 继续拘留政治犯仍然是联合国和国际社会最严重关切的问题。 这不符合政府关于进一步开放和尊重基本自由和法治的承诺和初步努力。 它还不利于促进社会和平与对话。 拘留所有剩余的政治犯将继续掩盖并破坏对政府努力的信任。 归根结底,这将给缅甸带来损失,因为缅甸需要全体人民的才华来建设一个更美好的未来。", "83个 同样令人关切的是,与一些武装族裔群体之间的持续紧张关系和武装冲突。 根据多年来为维护停火协定而作的努力以及登盛总统关于保持 \" 和平之门 \" 开放的承诺,所有各方需要紧急努力,以避免紧张局势升级并谈判解决悬而未决的政治和安全问题的持久解决办法,作为更广泛的民族和解进程的一部分。 不这样做不仅会影响有关社区,而且会阻碍改革进程,包括在新的政治结构内合法解决族裔愿望的前景。 缅甸不能阻碍其稳定和发展所需的和平与团结。", "第八十四会. 虽然评估缅甸政治变革的性质和程度为时尚早,但各种转变是显而易见的。 经过二十年的封闭决策后,这种转变能够而且应该能够使更多的知情、基础广泛、透明和问责的进程指导任何治理改革和民主过渡。 在这些进程中,军事当局和民政当局之间的关系将是真正偏离现状的关键。", "85. 所有利益攸关方面临的问题是,如何利用现有体制内的机会来推动民族和解。 最近的事态发展能否导致更大的开放性和包容性将取决于各方如何选择彼此合作。 扩大和接受和解性参与符合国家利益。 尽量扩大有限的空间至关重要。 归根结底,政府有责任确保通过接触所有政治力量,包括那些在议会中没有代表性的政治力量,尽可能广泛支持改革。 鉴于目前的环境,我期待着不断加强我的斡旋。", "86号. 新政府是否有能力、意愿和支持执行其改革议程,仍有待观察。 国际社会,特别是区域和东盟国家,对改革的成功有利害关系。 集体挑战是使目前的进程能够实现可信的过渡,为国家的稳定和发展作出贡献。 改革的希望为缅甸与国际社会之间更好地相互理解提供了机会。 我随时准备同缅甸和感兴趣的利益攸关方,包括捐助者和发展伙伴,探讨国际社会和联合国系统如何能够为了缅甸人民的利益鼓励和支持有效的改革。" ]

[ "United Nations DP/2011/40-DP/FPA/2011/12", "[]", "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 5 of the provisional agenda", "Follow-up to UNAIDS Programme Coordinating Board Meeting", "Report on the implementation of the decisions and recommendations of the Programme Coordinating Board of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS", "Summary", "As per discussions at the Executive Board’s second regular session 2010, the present report focuses on selected results of UNDP and UNFPA in addressing HIV and provides an update on the decisions and recommendationsrelevant to UNFPA and UNDP from the 27^(th) and 28^(th)meetings of the Programme Coordinating Board of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS held in December 2010 and June 2011, respectively.", "Elements for a decision are contained in the present report.", "Contents", "I. Context 4", "II. UNDP and UNFPA results 4", "III. UNAIDS PCB decisions and recommendations of note for UNDP and UNFPA 12", "IV. The way forward 16", "V. Elements for a decision 17", "Annex 18", "List of acronyms", "APNSW Asia Pacific Network of Sex Workers", "ASRH Adolescent sexual and reproductive health", "CCO Committee of Cosponsoring Organizations", "CEWG Cosponsor Evaluation Working Group", "DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations", "EAC East African Community", "EIAs Environmental impact assessments", "GBV Gender-based violence", "GIZ German Agency for International Cooperation", "(previously known as the German Agency for Technical Cooperation, GTZ)", "HCT HIV Counselling and Testing Campaign", "MDG Millennium Development Goal", "MERG Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group", "MSM Men having sex with men", "PCB Programme Coordinating Board", "PMTCT Prevention of mother-to-child transmission", "PRSPs Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers", "SADC Southern African Development Community", "SIE Second independent evaluation", "SRH Sexual and reproductive health", "TRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights", "UBRAF Unified budget, resultsand accountability framework", "UBW Unified budget and workplan", "UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS", "YWCA Young Women’s Christian Association", "I. Context", "1. Thirty years into the HIV epidemic, the global AIDS response stands at a crossroads. Important progress has been made in the fight against AIDS since the 2001 and 2006 United Nations General Assembly special sessions — particularly in terms of greater resources, stronger national policy frameworks, wider access to treatment and prevention services and broad consensus on the principles of effective country-level action. The review of major trends also highlights key opportunities, including improved tools to measure HIV incidence, superior strategic information, and momentum in the development of new strategies for HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. At the same time, a review of longer-term political and economic trends points towards flattening resources, fragmented and generic responses, severe gaps in treatment access, weak systemsand perpetuation of social injustices.", "2. At the United Nations General Assembly high-level meeting on AIDS in June 2011, Member States adopted a new Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS: Intensifying our Efforts to Eliminate HIV/AIDS, which sets bold new targets in responding to HIV. This declaration sets the agenda for the future of the AIDS response and provides a roadmap for ending the epidemic. The adoption of a new Security Council resolution on AIDS,i.e., resolution 1983 (2011), which addresses the link between violence against women and HIV in conflict and post-conflict settings, is another significant step in ensuring social stability and national security which could be jeopardized by the AIDS epidemic.", "3. In June 2003, the Executive Boards of UNDP/UNFPA, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Food Programme (WFP) held a joint meeting to address the recommendations of the first five-year evaluation of UNAIDS, contained in document UNAIDS/PCB(13)/02.2. The joint meeting discussed the implications of the evaluation recommendations for UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF and WFP, and addressed UNAIDS operational and governance issues. As a result, members of the Executive Boards agreed that a regular item should be placed on the agendas of the Executive Boards concerning follow-up to the decisions and recommendations of theProgramme Coordinating Board (PCB)of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).", "4. The present report, prepared jointly by UNDP and UNFPA, provides an overview of results achieved in addressing HIV. It also provides an update on the decisions and recommendations from the 27^(th) and 28^(th) PCB meetings, held in December 2010 and June 2011, respectively. Key issues addressed during those meetings that were of particular relevance to UNDP and UNFPA included:the UNAIDS strategy 2011-2015; the UNAIDS unified budget, resultsand accountability framework (UBRAF); and progress on the implementation of the second independent evaluation (SIE).", "II. UNDP and UNFPA results", "5. The 27^(th) meeting of the PCB officially adopted the new UNAIDS 2011-2015 Strategy: Getting to Zero, which presents a transformative agenda for the global response. The three new strategic directions for UNAIDS are: (a) revolutionizing HIV prevention; (b) catalysing the next phase of treatment, care and support; and (c) advancing human rights and gender equality. Each of these strategic directions is critical, and all are interdependent. Ten medium-term goals[1] towards the long-term UNAIDS vision have been established. Evolved from the priority areas of the UNAIDS outcome framework, these goals aim to drive concrete progress where it is needed and enable the joint programme to improve its strategic focus. The annex provides the new UNAIDS strategy at a glance. The strategy formed the basis for the new political declaration on HIV/AIDS adopted at the United Nations General Assembly high-level meeting on AIDS in June 2011.", "6. Below are some illustrative examples of the results generated by UNDP and UNFPA contributions to development, under each of the three strategic directions of the UNAIDS strategy 2011-2015, as well as challenges and steps to address them.", "7. Since 2008, nearly 70 UNDP country offices have implemented programmes linked to the four HIV outcomes of the UNDP strategic plan, and an additional 30 countries are estimated to implement HIV activities as part of other thematic or cross-practice programmes. Analysis of independent evaluative evidence and reporting from country offices outlines significant results in addressing HIV. In particular, the evidence highlights successful approaches in building the capacity of local institutions, advancing gender equality, and promoting multi-stakeholder engagement, South-South cooperation and collaboration with United Nations agencies. The evaluations point to noteworthy cross-practice work, indicating that some of the strongest HIV results have been achieved where there are linkages to other thematic areas.", "8. Given that about 80 percent of HIV infections are transmitted sexually or are associated with pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, UNFPA has implemented a strategy that prioritized the allocation and use of its unified budget and workplan (UBW) resources towards building the Fund’s dedicated HIV capacity at country and subregional levels. This capacity-building strategy to enhance its support to countries’ HIV-prevention efforts was launched in 2006.A review in 2008 concluded that the scope, intensity and quality of the UNFPA contribution to HIV prevention have undergone a significant positive shift. In 2011, the strategy is under review to ensure an integrated approach to more efficiently intensify the Fund’s work with countries to link HIV responses to broader development, human rights and humanitarian programming and to sexual and reproductive health (SRH).", "Revolutionizing HIV prevention", "9. UNDP supported 21 countries and two regions for mainstreaming HIV into national and sector development plans and processes, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and Millennium Development Goal (MDG) plans. A draft legislative review report on integrating health and social issues (particularly HIV and gender) into environmental impact assessments (EIAs) in the Southern and East Africa regions has been produced by the Southern Africa Institute for Environmental Assessment and supported by UNDP. Partnering countries include: Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia. EIAs are a practical platform through which the social impacts (HIV and gender) associated with capital projects can be better understood and addressed through a multisectoral approach in a sustainable manner. The initiation of this project has led to strengthened collaboration across ministries. In all countries, links between gender, HIV and capital projects are being identified and better understood.", "10. Technical assistance and policy guidance on men having sex with men (MSM), transgender people and sex work, as well as funding and fund-raising support was provided to over 37 countries. Building on work initiated in 2009, UNDP continued to provide advisory support to programmes in Argentina, Burkina Faso, Togo, Lesotho, Fiji, Philippines and Ukraine on strategic information for MSM and transgender people, human rights protection and strengthening capacity and partnerships for scaling up services for MSM and transgender people. These programmes have resulted in scaling up national efforts to address the needs of these typically underserved populations – for example, in the Philippines there is now a specific component in the national HIV programme focusing on MSM and transgender people.", "11. Addressing the SRH needs of men and women, UNFPA continues to intensify access to male and female condoms and promote their correct and consistent use. The Global Condom Initiative was expanded to 74 countries in 2010, up from 55 countries in 2008 and moving closer to its 100 country target. UNFPA continues to be one of the largest suppliers of male and female condoms to low-income countries (68 million and 14 million, respectively, in 2009). A condom demand-generation framework was field-tested in the Caribbeansubregion resulting in the drafting of condom demand-generation strategies in Belize, Suriname and St. Lucia. Condom demand-generation initiatives were also completed in four high-prevalence countries in Southern Africa, namely,Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland.In 2011, UNFPA intensified efforts towards achieving the UNAIDS targets of increasing condom use among young people by 50 per cent and this will continue to be a programmatic priority.", "12. To scale up HIV testing for young people in South Africa, UNFPA forged a partnership with LoveLife and Soul City, to support a national HIV Counselling and Testing Campaign (HCT) for 12-14 year olds reaching 8,445,000 young people. In Barbados and Kazakhstan, advocacy with policymakers was undertaken to remove the legal barriers that prevent youth below the age of 18 from accessing SRH services without parental consent. In Belize, UNFPA support to the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) to establish a youth-friendly space for young girls has significantly improved access to counselling, SRH information and condom use.", "13. Globally, UNFPA continued to strengthen partnerships, build the evidence base, support capacity development and provide technical assistance to support young people’s access to the comprehensive package of adolescent SRH services and sexuality education. The 2011 target for proportion of countries with secondary school curricula including gender-sensitive life skills-based SRH and HIV prevention has already been surpassed in 2010. Examples of results from UNFPA support include Nepal where adolescent and youth SRH was included in the Government’s health-sector implementation plan; and Viet Nam where national adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) guidelines were developed for out-of-school youth. In Colombia and Mozambique, UNFPA-supported programmes made the important switch from being donor-supported to government-owned. In the Syrian Arab Republic and Egypt, UNFPA supported sexuality education through culturallysensitive approaches.", "14. Currently, UNFPA and partners are working to establish a network of regional and national experts to respond to training and technical assistance requests in sexuality education. As a first step, a situational analysis was carried out to assess the content, quality and the method of delivery of the current school-based sexuality education programmes in 10 East and Southern African countries so as to guide future curriculum revisions. The results fed into a workshop co-organized by UNFPA, UNICEF, UNESCO, and the University of KwaZulu-Natal which built the capacity of 70 curriculum-development specialists from the Ministries of Education and United Nations staff responsible for youth from 10 Southern African Development Community(SADC) countries (Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe) to design and implement effective sexuality education and HIV prevention among young people in the educational settings. As a result, a regional training manual on sexuality education, using participatory training methodology, is being developed and will be used to create a critical mass of competent sexuality educators.", "15. Recent evidence showing HIV as the leading cause of death in women of reproductive age demands strengthened awareness of the interconnection of MDGs 3, 4, 5 and 6 and concerted efforts to support the integration of HIV and SRH. To date, 25 countries have been supported to develop and implement national plans to integrate SRH and countries have reported improved linkages between HIV programmes and efforts to prevent gender-based violence (GBV). Technical support was provided to 61 countries to scale up programmes to implement prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and service integration – family planning provides a solid entry point with UNFPA offices reporting that 70 per cent of the countries had included family planning in situation analyses, and 49 per cent had allocated a budget for it in their national plans.", "16. Key challenges remain and will impact reaching the UNAIDS strategy goals. In 2010, more evidence emerged of the prevention benefits resulting from scaled-up treatment. These findings underscored not only the need to accelerate the expansion of treatment access, but also the critical need to link HIV prevention and treatment at the levels of strategic planning, service delivery, and impact evaluation. This will require stronger measurement and data gathering on prevention as a whole, both qualitative and quantitative. ‘Treatmentforprevention’ needs to be used in combination with other HIV-prevention options as it is an enhancement of the HIV-prevention package and not a replacement.", "17. On the issue of integration, linkages between HIV and SRH continue to be challenging in many countries. Often the focus is on service-level integration with less attention paid to the wider structural and human rights issues. Ineffective logistical and supply systems are also obstacles to effective service delivery. For example, interruptions in the supplies of key commodities (antiretroviral medicines, regimens for opportunistic illnesses, HIV testing kits, condoms, etc.) impede effective responses and underscore the need for further strengthening of national and subnational systems for procurement and supply management. As regards elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and universal access goals, these will not be attained unless countries and communities reach the most marginalized members of society and serve their needs. Greater political support, focused technical support and more integrated services are required to ensure programmes are scaledup in countries where progress continues to lag. A comprehensive approach, with practical standardized procedures supplemented with evidence on the benefits of integration, is critical in convincing stakeholders to scale up programmes.", "18. Prevention information and programming need to be delivered through a continuum of age- and context-appropriate programmes, for which the design has seen young peoples’ participation and inputs, including sexuality education as a useful means of improving health outcomes for young people. Removing policy and legal barriers to youth-friendly services so that young people are not excluded reduces their risk of exposure to HIV. Working towards measurable targets (for example, on comprehensive knowledge, HIV testing and condom use in young people) in priority countries will help to build greater accountability and leverage for results in reducing new infections.", "Catalysing the next phase of treatment, care and support", "19. As a Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malariaprincipal recipient, UNDP helped to develop country capacity to effectively implement large-scale HIV, tuberculosisand malaria programmes in 29 countries in 2010. Capacity development support for national stakeholders has been a key priority, with formal capacity development plans being prepared for all new grants managed by UNDP, in collaboration with country partners. UNDP has served as a principal recipient in a total of 37 countries between 2003 and 2010. In 12 of these countries, the principal recipient role was handed over to a national entity, reflecting achievements in capacity development. Despite often serving as principal recipient in country contexts with the highest levels of risk, UNDP grant performance is significantly above average. Since 2003, UNDP contributed to providing community outreach for HIV, tuberculosis and malaria prevention to 28 million people. HIV counselling and testing was provided for nearly 4.8 million people, in addition to antiretroviral treatment for 213,000 people living with HIV.[2]Programmes also resulted in detection and treatment of 700,000 cases of tuberculosis, distribution of 11 million bed nets, and treatment of 26 million malaria cases.", "20. UNFPA supported the development of specific guidance for addressing issues relevant to youth and sex workers for use in preparing Round 10 Global Fund HIV proposals.It provided technical support to South Africa, Swaziland and Zambiato integrate SRH and HIV; and to 20 countries for PMTCT of HIV, including consultation and joint technical missions.", "21. UNDP supported 17 countries and two regions to build capacity for adoption of enabling trade and health policies and legislation. In Ukraine, for example, the Government was supported by UNDP to incorporateTrade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS) flexibilities into their national legislation. If these are adopted, there could be a substantial reduction in the costs of antiretroviralsand other medicines. Also, in the case of Ukraine, if the TRIPS flexibilities are adopted, more generics could be used, which in some cases could account for over 90 per cent cost savings thereby allowing many more people to be put on treatment. In the United Republic of Tanzania, UNDP, in partnership with civil society and the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) organized two meetings on the proliferation of anti-counterfeiting legislation in the East African Community (EAC) – covering Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. The meetings were attended by government representatives, Members of Parliament, scholars and civil society from all EAC countries and raised awareness on the public health implications of anti-counterfeit legislation. They resulted in the adoption by the EAC Secretariat of UNDP proposals to amend the draft EAC anti-counterfeiting bill in a public health-sensitive fashion. This will guarantee the continued use of generic medicines in the EAC countries which account for 90 per cent of all medicines consumed in the region.", "22. Poverty and exclusion are key aspects to address when tackling vulnerability to AIDS. This has led the global community to recognize that we need not an AIDS-exclusive but an AIDS-sensitive approach to social protection. In India, UNDP supported the creation, expansion and reform of multiple HIV-sensitive social protection programmes in several states, reaching over 77,000 people in a six-month period in 2010. The analytical foundation for these programmes was laid out in 2006 with a socio-economic impact study, which showed considerable negative impacts of HIV on employment, income, savings and school attendance in affected households. In follow-up, UNDP launched a multipronged strategy of advocacy and technical support involving the National AIDS Control Organization, state offices and civil society organizations, including networks of people living with HIV. As a result, in the State of Rajasthan, the widow-pension scheme was reformed so that women widowed by HIV would be eligible to receive a monthly pension irrespective of age. Other states in India are now following suit. Across all states with modified pension schemes, approximately 23,000 women benefited from this change in 2010. Moreover, states have been increasingly covering transportation costs for HIV treatment. In six months in 2010, over 31,000 people benefited from the programme. Other notable reforms include states where people with HIV now have access to subsidized food, housing and health care – all of which were previously restricted to those below the poverty line. The Ministry of Labour has also removed an HIV-exclusion clause from special health insurance schemes for informal workers.", "23. Many countries do not have national social protection programmes and for those that do there needs to be a thorough review of how to make laws, policies and programmes more sensitive to the needs of those affected by and living with HIV. Access to services is restricted for many due to general conditions of poverty, combined with stigma and discrimination. Although in some settings there exists a continuum of care between HIV-treatment sites and community-based organizations, in reality this is very difficult to ensure due to a variety of factors including lack of political will and resources, lack of capacity of community groups, and a lack of understanding between community groups and health-care workers.", "24. While the health sector must be at the centre of treatment, care and support scale-up efforts, many countries are still not strategically leveraging and coordinating with the relevant ministries. In addition to the role of trade and social protection policies as described above, other key contributors to scalingup care and support can include ministries of women or gender, which address the disproportionate role of women as caregivers, and ministries of the interior or home affairs, which help to facilitate access to services for marginalized groups.", "Advancing human rights and gender equality", "25. UNDP, together with the UNAIDS Secretariat and the Global Fund, published an analysis of access to justice programming in Rounds 6 and 7 HIV proposals and grants, which successfully influenced inclusion of a specific objective and operational plan on human rights and equity in the new Global Fund strategy.", "26. In June 2010, UNDP launched the Global Commission on HIV and the Law on behalf of the UNAIDS family. The Commission’s aim is to develop evidence-informed and human rights-based recommendations which will support countries to create and maintain enabling legal environments for effective HIV responses. The discussions and follow-up actions identified through the Commission’s regional dialogues across six regions, held in 2011, will further inform and strengthen UNDP work in this important area. The aim of the regional dialogues is to generate policy dialogue, with a view to giving voice to the critical HIV-related human rights and legal issues in the region. The regional dialogues will inform the deliberations of the commission through submissions and evidence-informed inputs and by engaging policy and lawmakers, law enforcement and community perspectives. The regional dialogues will also contribute to enhancing awareness, engagement and ownership within regions on the actions that are required to effect real change on issues of human rights and law that can support improvements in people's lives and health. There are close links between the gender work of UNDP and the Global Commission on HIV and the Law. One of the three main areas the Commission is investigating concerns laws which sustain or mitigate violence and discrimination lived by women.", "27. A progress report on the implementation of the action framework and the UNAIDS Agenda for Accelerated Country Action for Women, Girls, Gender Equality and HIV was presented to the 27^(th) PCB. The 28^(th) PCB meeting further discussed gender sensitivity of AIDS responses. Launched in March 2010, the initiative has achieved considerable results: 55 countries have launched the agenda for women and girls, with 45 countries already reporting on activities directly related to the agenda. A total of $6.1 million has been allocated towards the initiative in 2010, including $4.5 million in country support.", "28. PCB members welcomed the progress report and cited the operational plan as a unique opportunity to ensure that national responses meet the needs of women and girls. The PCB specifically welcomed efforts by UNAIDS to incorporate comprehensive sexuality education policies and programmes in its 2011-2015 strategy, as well as UNAIDS efforts to address male gender-related obstacles to HIV and SRH services. Further progress was urged, and calls were made for broader leadership on women, girls and HIV, with political rhetoric matched by sufficient resources.", "29. Following up on UNDP responsibilities within the UNAIDSAgenda for Accelerated Country Action for Women, Girls, Gender Equality and HIV, leadership capacity development for women living with HIV was undertaken in 23 countries across six regions, resulting in increased partnerships between HIV-positive women’s organizations/networks and other key national stakeholders. In addition, the capacity of national networks of women living with HIV has been strengthened to more effectively engage in universal access processes/reporting and MDG reporting/advocacy in 14 countries.", "30. Integrating responsibilities for the UNiTE Campaign and the Agenda for Women and Girls, UNFPA supported 42 countries to design, implement or evaluate prevention, treatment, care and support programmes specifically intended to empower women and girls; and 26 countries to develop and/or implement HIV-related policies that specifically address GBV and other actions promoting gender equality. In Jamaica, a Men’s Desk was created to manage requisite interventions at the Bureau of Women’s Affairs which has increased mobilization of Jamaican men in the advocacy and implementation of programmes to reduce GBV and improved male involvement in securing equality and rights of women. Networks of people living with HIV were supported in nearly 80 countries with an emphasis on women living with HIV.", "31. At the end of 2010, UNFPA led the work of the inter-agency working group on gender equality and HIV to build the capacity of 16 countries across three regions to jointly develop and operationalize, with men and boys, strategies addressing social norms around gender, violence, and sexual relationships. UNFPA supported the “Working with men for HIV/AIDS prevention and response” workshop for 92 participants from 30 countries that resulted in the development of an Africa regional framework on working with men and boys for the promotion of gender and reproductive health (to include HIV/AIDS). Although the importance of engaging men and boys to move towards gender equality is recognized, the challenge remains to engage them as partners towards this end as well as for their own sexual and reproductive health.", "32. UNDP has led an inter-agency initiative, which includes UNFPA, called ‘Universal Access for Women and Girls Now!’ in 10 countries to support countries to address gender equality in national HIV responses. An example of success includes the integration of a clear gender component and commitment to address GBV in Zambia’s new National AIDS Strategic Framework (2011-2015) andthe creation of a new gender adviser post in the Zambia National Council to ensure ongoing integration of gender into the national AIDS response.", "33. Key challenges for implementation of the action framework include: the need for long-term political and financial commitments for women, girls and HIV; the need to strengthen SRH services and link them to HIV; high rates of GBV; and the need to increase the engagement of men. Capacity development is central to the success and sustainability of this agenda. Furthermore, experience to date underscores the need for better evidence and improved monitoring systems.", "34. It was noted that UN-Women represents a potential opportunity to strengthen the United Nations system’s engagement on the above-mentioned issues. At its March 2011 meeting, the Committee of Cosponsoring Organizations (CCO) welcomed the interest of UN-Women to join the Joint United NationsProgramme on HIV/AIDS and agreed to the initiation of the formal application process for UN-Women in accordance with criteria and process agreed by the PCB in 2004 (UNAIDS/PCB(15)/04.8). In the meantime, the joint programme continues to focus on women and girls and to promote women’s rights and gender equality.", "35. During the development of the UBRAF, UNAIDS ensured that key actions, indicators and budgetary allocations pertinent to continued progress in implementing the action agenda were reflected, including but not limited to the integration of HIV and SRH services. Member States requested that further monitoring be carried out in coordination with Member States, and with the participation of women living with HIV and civil society and that it be reported to the PCB through the UBRAF. They also requested a midterm review of the agenda in December 2012.", "36. UNAIDS was asked to partner with national stakeholders to document models of best practice of collaboration between the AIDS and women’s movements in addressing the HIV-related needs of women and girls. The PCB also requested UNAIDS to collaborate with key stakeholders to promote and facilitate improved linkages between SRH, human rights and HIV and encouraged further partnership with networks that work on HIV and gender-equality issues with men and boys as well as women and girls.", "37. In 2011, UNFPA and UNDP supported over 50 countries to enhance human-rights protection and service access for sex workers and their clients, MSM and transgender people. These efforts have increased coordination and harmonization among sex worker networks and organizations focused on HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention, SRH and the links between SRH, GBV and human rights. UNFPA and the Asia Pacific Network of Sex Workers (APNSW), together with partners, organized the first Asia Pacific regional consultation on HIV and sex work, hosted by the Royal Thai Government, with participation from Cambodia, China, Fiji, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea and Thailand.The consultation resulted in the development of eight draft country-level action plans on HIV and sex work; the setting of a regional agenda for responding to the HIV epidemic among sex workers and their clients for implementation during2010-2013; strengthened technical capacity of the APNSW Secretariat through the employment of a full-time director and a policy officer; and the establishment of regional dialogue between the governments and national-level dialogue between the government and sex workers.", "38. Issues surrounding key populations hamper progress. Data shows that most countries continue to allocate inadequate resources to programmes for key populations. Stigma, discrimination and homophobia continue to persist, coupled with inadequate political commitment. In some countries the effects of having weak civil societies impede efforts to address the HIV-related needs of key populations. A lack of both quantitative and qualitative data means theoretical frameworks around gender, sexuality and identity are weak, leading to superficial understandings of needs and behaviours which in turn result in ineffective programmes. Furthermore, effective responses and efforts to work in partnership with key populations can be hindered by a range of situations, for example, compulsory drug treatment, or the criminalization of sex work and same-sex relations. Recent policy changes linked to more effective political leadership and more targeted resource allocations have helped to expand access to evidence-informed services for key populations, and demonstrate that progress is possible. A supportive environment must be created for key populations to participate in the planning, delivery and evaluation of strategies and programmes that affect their lives. Effective attention to the needs of key populations also requires a holistic approach, including anti-stigma efforts and work with law enforcement agencies and other stakeholders to address macrolevel issues.", "39. The 27^(th) PCB meeting discussed AIDS, security and humanitarian responses. Under the UNAIDS Division of Labour, UNFPA and UNDP have been working jointly with partners on addressing HIV/AIDS in humanitarian situations. The need to scale up this work and strengthen programmes that address HIV and sexual violence in conflict settings was recognized through the adoption in June 2011 ofSecurity Council resolution 1983 (2011)[3].", "40. Under the framework of the above-mentioned Security Council resolution, UNDP and UNFPA, in collaboration with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), UNAIDS Secretariat and cosponsors, will build on past initiatives and continue to strengthen ongoing work such as:", "demobilization and reintegration programmes. Joint programmes have reached male and female ex-combatants, as well as women associated with armed forces and receiving communities during reintegration processes in Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, Liberia, Nepal, Sudan, Sierra Leone and South Sudan.", "to all refugee populations and camp settings managed by UNHCR in approximately 25 countries per year (as per an agreement between UNFPA and UNHCR).", "peacekeeping missions and partnership with DPKO on training initiatives for peacekeepers on HIV and GBV.", "programmes for host communities on prevention of sexual violence and HIV in conflict and post-conflict settings.", "41. The adoption of Security Council resolution 1983 (2011) shows high-level commitment from Member States for combating HIV/AIDS in humanitarian contexts and presents new opportunities for UNFPA and UNDP to sustain/expand programmes and partnerships. As pointed out in the progress report on implementation of Security Council resolution 1308 (2000), On the Frontline: A review of programmes that address HIV among international peacekeepers and uniformed services 2005-2010“… the changing landscape of threats to international, peace and security and the evolving evidence on the relationship between AIDS and security have created new challenges and opportunities to further strengthen these actions and contribute to United Nationsefforts to prevent conflict and build peace”.Discussions between the key actors (UNAIDS Secretariat, DPKO, UNDP, UNFPA, UNODC) will soon take place to determine a clear division of responsibilities and timelines in order to implement Security Council resolution 1983 (2011).", "III. UNAIDS PCB decisions and recommendations of note for UNDP and UNFPA", "UNAIDS strategy", "42. The 27^(th) meeting of the PCB officially adopted the new UNAIDS 2011-2015 Strategy: Getting to Zero, which presents a transformative agenda for the global response. The strategy aims to increase focus and improve efficiency in order to radically reduce the number of new infections, expand treatment access and reduce stigma and discrimination. It is intended to facilitate strategic partnerships, support country ownership, engage emerging economies, facilitate South-South and triangular cooperation, and usher in a new approach to financing the response. The strategy emphasizes mutual accountability in the response, improving broad ownership, strengthening community systems, and promoting activism. It reflects the transition from short-term technical support to the development of lasting capacity and resilient nations, as well as enhanced efforts to link the AIDS response with broader health and development efforts.", "43. Member States emphasized that all cosponsors were encouraged to link their strategies to the new UNAIDS strategy. This continues as a work in progress with WHO, WFP, ILO and UNESCO having already revised their HIV strategies and policies to make specific links to the UNAIDS strategy. UNFPA is set to do this with an upcoming revision of its strategic guidance on HIV and is taking the UNAIDS UBRAF into consideration within the follow-up to the midterm review of its strategic plan and revision of the accompanying development results framework.The new UNAIDS strategy will also inform the next UNFPA strategic plan, 2014-2017. UNDP will update its current corporate strategy on AIDS to reflect the new UNAIDS strategy, for 2012 and 2013. In addition, the new UNAIDS strategy will inform the incorporation of HIV and AIDS work in the new UNDP strategic plan for 2014 and beyond.", "44. One challenge of note is the flattening international support for HIV combined with competing needs and a growing population of people living with HIV placing significant pressure on the HIV response and threatening the sustainability of recent gains. In addition, the heavy dependence of many countries on external support potentially places national responses in jeopardy. Ten years after the adoption of the time-bound targets in the 2001 Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, human resource and institutional capacity constraints exist in technical and managerial areas, which continue to undermine national responses. Funding the response to HIV is a shared responsibilitythat demands continued support from international donors, greater allocations and political commitment from domestic governments, stronger leadership from emerging economies and the private sector, and intensified programmatic focus on improving efficiency and maximizing impact.", "Unified budget, results and accountability framework 2012-2015", "45. The UNAIDS strategy will be implemented through various mechanisms, including the 2012-2015 UBRAF and a revised UNAIDS Division of Labour. The UBRAF was the main item on the agenda of the 28^(th) meeting of the PCB replacing the thematic session. The UBRAF is structured around the UNAIDS strategy, its 10 strategic goals and strategic functions aim to contribute to achieving the UNAIDS long-term vision of zero new HIV infections, zero AIDS-related deaths, and zero discrimination.", "46. The UBRAF describes outcomes, outputs and deliverables for the joint programme, the allocation of resources against these with geographical reference, and how progress will be monitored. As such, it presents the comprehensive results architecture for the joint programme, incorporating clearly defined baselines and outcomes, identifying each cosponsor’s contributions, and specifically focusing on country progress.", "47. The UBRAF is composed of three components:", "(a) A business plan that provides a framework to capture the contributions of the joint programme to support the operationalization of the UNAIDS strategy 2011-2015.The business plan describes the rationale, objectives and expected results of the joint programme. Cosponsors and the UNAIDS Secretariat will develop annual rolling workplans for the detailed implementation of the UBRAF, strengthening linkages to the planning processes and results frameworks of the cosponsors. Given the changing nature of the epidemic and the need for greater focus, UNAIDS will concentrate its efforts both programmaticallyand through intensifying efforts in 20+ countries identified in the UNAIDS strategy (see figure 1).", "Figure 1: Overview of 20+ countries", "[]", "(b) A results and accountability framework that will measure the achievements of the joint programme and provide a clear link between investments and results.Theresults and accountability framework will ensure accountability in both programmatic results and in delivering value for money. The PCB requested the joint programme to further strengthen the framework through a consultative process with all constituencies, the results of which will be reported to the 29^(th) PCB meeting. Implications for UNDP and UNFPA include review and refinement of indicators as members of the Cosponsor Evaluation Working Group (CEWG) and the UNAIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group (MERG). Implementation of the framework will be reported to the PCB annually, including information, supported with indicators,on resourcing and engagement of civil society.", "(c) A core budget to catalyse the contributions of the cosponsors and fund the UNAIDS Secretariat in 2012-2013 to translate the goals of UNAIDS strategy into action and results.The PCB approved the core budget of $485 million for 2012-2013, which means the budget remains at the same level as in 2010-2011 and 2008-2009. This represents a decline in real terms and highlights the continued catalytic and leveraging nature of the UBRAF and efforts to ensure value for money. An amount of $164 million goes towards the 10 UNAIDS cosponsors and $320 million to the UNAIDS Secretariat. Core budget allocations to cosponsors are intended to leverage other budgets to be raised by cosponsors for AIDS-related work. Over the next two bienniums, the aim is to increase the amount of core UBRAF resources spent at regional and country level to 70 per cent to maximize the impact of all cosponsor and UNAIDS Secretariat resources dedicated to the AIDS response.", "Figure 2: Current and target allocation of core UBRAF resources", "[]", "48. The UBRAF links all elements of the business plan, the results and accountability framework and the budget to produce a chain of results to support the achievement of the UNAIDS strategy 2011-2015. The figure below summarizes the business plan, results and accountability framework, and budget, and the links between them. The support and guidance of the UNDP/UNFPA/UNOPS Executive Board in aligning the respective UNDP and UNFPA strategic plan revisions with the UBRAF will ease the alignment challenges.", "Figure 3: Links between the different elements of the UBRAF", "[]", "Progress report on implementation of the second independent evaluation", "49. The second independent evaluation of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS called for the development of a new UNAIDS mission, vision, strategy and unified budget, results and accountability framework. In addition, the joint programme revised the UNAIDS Division of Labour to enhance efficiency and effectiveness, leverage respective mandates and resources, and promote mutual accountability at global, regional and country levels. The Division of Labour identifies convening and partnership roles and responsibilities for each of the 10 UNAIDS cosponsors. The UNAIDS Secretariat is not convening any of the 15 Division of Labour areas, but will facilitate and promote coordination and cohesion in advocacy, strategic information, partnership, mutual accountability, and the mobilization of core resources to achieve results in all the areas.", "50. Under the revised Division of Labour, UNDP is assigned as a convenoronthe priority area addressing human rights and the legal environment, and as a co-convenor with UNFPA on women and girls and most-at-risk populations.[4]Furthermore, UNFPA is co-convening with the World Bank on sexual transmissionof HIV and with UNICEF on young people. The convening and partnership roles designated to UNDP are well aligned to the outcome areas of its strategic plan, and the broader mandate of UNDP in poverty reduction, governance, gender equality and crisis prevention and recovery. Similarly, the co-convening roles for UNFPA are fully aligned with its mandate and its strategic plan focus on universal access to sexual and reproductive health, reproductive rights, women and gender equality, young people and the focus on reaching marginalized and excluded populations.", "51. Overall, there are opportunities to significantly improve UNAIDS collective performance and impact as a result of the adoption of the revised Division of Labour. The increase in the number of joint United Nations teams and joint programmes of support offers the potential to improve the coherence, coordination and effectiveness of United Nations efforts at country level. The broader effort to implement recommendations of the SIE will also lead to changes across UNAIDS, not least in the new and four-year format of the UBRAF. While queries have been posed by some donors regarding potential changes to the Division of Labour under the assumption that UN-Women would be joining the joint programme,it is expected that formalities will take place in due course. However, agencies are already working closely with UN-Women on various issues and, where present at country level, UN-Women is included in the discussions and decisions on the process of adapting the Division of Labour at country level based on local circumstances and needs, taking into account the comparative advantages of all partners.", "52. The finalization of the technical-support strategy had been deferred to the 27^(th) PCB meeting. The technical-support strategy outlines key actions by the joint programme for scaling up technical support and strengthening the overall technical support marketplace. Enhanced emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of technical support and on the cost-effective delivery of such support through harmonized and accountable systems. In particular, UNAIDS will focus its technicalsupport efforts on long-term skills transfer and capacity development at national and regional levels, and on aligning differing technicalsupport architectures and mechanisms within the joint programme.", "53. PCB members requested additional details on plans for technical support. It was agreed to include a substantive agenda item reviewing and analysing the state of sustainable capacity development and technical support in the joint programme and to undertake further discussion of the UNAIDS technical-support strategy at the 29^(th) meeting of the PCB. Linked to the technical-support strategy in terms of capacity development was the reiteration of the need for a distinct partnership strategy focused on civil society and people living with HIV as noted in the SIE. Work will continue on its codification, along with identification of UBRAF indicators, over the next six months in collaboration with civil society partners. Challenges include ensuring a clear understanding of the expectations and objectives of each potential partner as a principle of effective partnership and ensuring that these expectations and objectives are aligned with UNAIDS strategic goals and national programme priorities. Furthermore, recent experience highlights the willingness of many multinational companies to partner on social development work with NGOs to strengthen corporate social responsibility programmes and explore opportunities to work with smaller private sector enterprises on HIV.", "54. Finally, the PCB was informed that, following extensive consultation and a thorough review of pertinent benefits and costs, it had been determined that the best option for the UNAIDS Secretariat was to move to a single administrative system within the framework of WHO regulations and rules. Previously, the Secretariat used the WHO and UNDP administrative systems, respectively, at headquarters level and country level. All UNAIDS staff will now be subject to the same set of staff rules and connected to the same electronic platform. Costs associated with moving to a single administrative system will be absorbed within the Secretariat component of the unified budget and workplan. It is anticipated that a single administrative system will enable the UNAIDS Secretariat to achieve important efficiencies and avoid duplication.", "IV. The way forward", "55. In view of the context, UNDP is adjusting HIV programming to respond to the identified challenges and scale up successes. First, recognizing the value of linking action on HIV and broader development efforts, UNDP will prioritize implementation of cross-thematic programmes that address HIV together with key priorities such as advancing gender equality, access to justice, and economic empowerment. This will involve development of cross-practice strategies and joint workplans, as well as operationalization of practical programming guidance. Secondly, while good progress is being made in developing the capacity of national entities to take over implementation of Global Fund, HIV, tuberculosis and malaria grants, UNDP will significantly scale up attention to longer-term capacity development. Moving forward, capacity development assessments and plans prepared in collaboration with national stakeholders will be an integral component for all new Global Fund programmes managed by UNDP. Thirdly, building on the MDG assessment, which points to the benefits of linking HIV and health strategies, UNDP will look to promote cost-effectiveness by leveraging existing successful HIV programming for broader health MDGs. This will include drawing on experience in supporting large-scale implementation, capacity development and governance to accelerate MDG progress. Finally, it will be important to ensure that evaluations more consistently inform programming decisions, and that successful HIV initiatives are either sustained and scaledup, or handed over to partners in cases where UNDP terminates support.", "56. In light of the reality that thetwotop causes of death in women of reproductive age globally are complications related to pregnancy and childbearing and HIV/AIDS, and given the fact that maternal mortality worldwide would have been lower by about 6 per cent in 2008 in the absence of HIV, UNFPA will continue its efforts to reduce maternal mortality. This will include strengthening mechanisms that actively link efforts to reduce maternal mortality with those that respond to the AIDS epidemic; fostering greater collaboration and integrated approaches and developing evidence-informed and rights-based programmes; and placing maternal health within a continuum of care that integrates a comprehensive range of interventions to impact maternal health outcomes, including those related to HIV. UNFPA will continue to support efforts for the meaningful engagement of women and girlsat every stage of national HIV responses to ensure that their needs and rights are well addressed and monitored; and that they have access to an essential package of quality SRH services and are treated with dignity and respect, free of violence, coercion, stigma and discrimination. Based on the evidence of what works to prevent HIV infections in adolescents and young people, UNFPA will support comprehensive HIV and SRH interventions for young people inclusive of: delaying sexual debut; abstaining from sex; correct and consistent use of male and female condoms; medical male circumcision; reduction of multiple concurrent sexual partners; and effective communication for social and behavioural change.", "57. UNFPA will continue to support the improvement of national, regional and global comprehensive condom programming to increase access to and demand for male and female condoms. UNFPA will support governments to develop strategies that specifically address the sexual and reproductive health needs of MSM, sex workers and transgender people based on epidemiological and national contexts. Finally, recognizing that without effective primary prevention of HIV among women of reproductive age and prevention of unintended pregnancies among women living with HIV, the goal to eliminate new infections in children cannot be achieved, and that effective primary prevention in pregnant women, lowering rates of unintended pregnancies along with limited breastfeeding for women living with HIV would account for 19 per cent of potential reduction in mother-to-child transmission of HIV, UNFPA will support efforts to ensure that human rights, including the reproductive rights of all women and girls – in particular those living with HIV – are protected as a non-negotiable element of all HIV and global health programmes.", "58. Notwithstanding the solid commitment within the United Nations system to support national responses to HIV, underlying issues already noted in the present report, especially those related to availability of financial and, more importantly for the United Nations, human resource capacities at all levels, will continue to challenge agency results and national progress towards targets set forth in the political declarations, the UNAIDS strategy and the UBRAF.", "V. Elements for a decision", "59. The Executive Board may wish to take note of the present report and recommend making specific links to the UNAIDS strategy in the respective UNDP and UNFPA HIV strategies and policies, as well as in the respective new UNDP and UNFPA strategic plans to be developed for 2014-2017.", "[]Annex", "[1] The goals are (1) sexual transmission of HIV reduced by half, including among young people, men who have sex with men and transmission in the context of sex work; (2) vertical transmission of HIV eliminated and AIDS-related maternal mortality reduced by half; (3) all new HIV infections prevented among people who use drugs; (4) universal access to antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV who are eligible for treatment; (5) tuberculosis deaths among people living with HIV reduced by half; (6) people living with HIV and households affected by HIV are addressed in all national social protection strategies and have access to essential care and support; (7) countries with punitive laws and practices around HIV transmission, sex work, drug use or homosexuality that block effective responses reduced by half; (8) HIV-related restrictions on entry, stay and residence eliminated in half of the countries that have such restrictions; (9) HIV-specific needs of women and girls are addressed in at least half of all national HIV responses; (10) zero tolerance for gender-based violence.", "[2] HIV treatment figure represents current number of people on antiretroviral treatment for active grants.", "[3] The resolution, among other provisions, “Encourages the incorporation, as appropriate, of HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support, including voluntary and confidential counselling and testing programmes in the implementation of mandated tasks of peacekeeping operations, including assistance to national institutions, to security sector reform (SSR) and to disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) processes; and the need to ensure the continuation of such prevention, treatment, care and support during and after transitions to other configurations of United Nations presence”. This resolution not only recognizes that “coordinated international action continues to be required to curb the impact of the HIV epidemic in conflict and post-conflict situations” but also provides directives for the United Nations and Member States on implementation.", "[4] UNDP convenes on “remove punitive laws, policies, practices, stigma and discrimination that block effective responses to AIDS”, and co-convenes with UNFPA on “meet the HIV needs of women and girls and stop sexual and gender-based violence” and “empower men who have sex with men, sex workers and transgender people to protect themselves from HIV infection and to fully access antiretroviral therapy”." ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日，纽约", "临时议程项目5", "艾滋病署方案协调委员会会议的后续行动", "联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署方案协调委员会各项决定和建议的执行情况报告", "摘要", "根据执行局2010年第二届常会的讨论，本报告侧重开发署和人口基金在防治艾滋病毒问题方面的某些结果，并报告联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署方案协调委员会2010年12月举行的第27次会议和2011年6月举行的第28次会议给人口基金和开发署的决定和建议的最新情况。", "决定要点见本报告。", "目录", "页次\n1.背景 4\n2.开发署和人口基金的成果 4\n3.艾滋病署协委会为开发署和人口基金提出的重要决定和建议 13\n4.前进的道路 18\n5.决定要点 20 \n 附件 \n战略——一瞥 21", "缩写表", "维和部 维持和平行动部", "南共体 南部非洲发展共同体", "艾滋病署 联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署", "女青年会 基督教女青年会", "一. 背景", "1. 在艾滋病毒流行病爆发三十年后，全球艾滋病防治工作处于交叉路口。自2001年和2006年联合国大会举行两届特别会议以来，艾滋病防治工作取得了重大进展，尤其是在以下方面：增加资源，加强国家政策框架，更广泛提供治疗和预防服务，以及就国家一级有效行动的原则达成广泛共识。对主要趋势的审查还强调存在重要的机会，包括改进衡量艾滋病毒发病率的工具、优质的战略信息，以及在制订艾滋病毒预防、治疗、护理和支助新战略方面的势头。与此同时，审查较长期的政治和经济趋势表明资源减少、应对措施支离破碎和普普通通，提供治疗方面存在严重差距，体制薄弱，社会不公持久存在。", "2. 在2011年6月举行的艾滋病问题联合国大会高级别会议上，会员国通过了新的《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言：加强努力消除艾滋病毒/艾滋病》，在防治艾滋病毒方面制订了大胆的新指标。这一宣言为艾滋病防治工作的未来制订了议程，并为消除这一流行病提供了路线图。安全理事会通过了关于艾滋病问题的新决议，即第1983(2011)号决议，在确保可能因艾滋病这一流行病受到损害的社会稳定和国家安全方面，该决议是另一个重要的步骤。它阐述了在冲突和冲突后环境中暴力侵害妇女行为与艾滋病毒之间的联系。", "3. 2003年6月，开发署/人口基金、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)和世界粮食计划署(粮食署)各执行局举行联席会议，讨论载于文件UNAIDS/PCB(13)/02.2中的艾滋病署第一个五年评价的建议。联席会议讨论了评价建议对开发署、人口基金、儿基会和粮食署的影响，并讨论了艾滋病署的业务和治理问题。因此，执行局成员商定，执行局的议程上应该有一个关于联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病署)方案协调委员会(协委会)决定和建议的后续行动的经常项目。", "4. 本报告由开发署和人口基金联合编写，概述了在艾滋病毒防治方面取得的成果，还提供了2010年12月举行的协委会第27次会议和2011年6月举行的第28次会议的各项决定和建议的最新执行情况。这两次会议上讨论的与开发署和人口基金特别有关的重要问题包括：艾滋病署2011年至2015年战略；艾滋病署统一预算、成果和问责框架；第二次独立评价的执行进展情况。", "二. 开发署和人口基金的成果", "5. 协委会第27次会议正式通过了《艾滋病署2011年至2015年战略：实现三无》，该战略为全球防治工作提供了转型议程。艾滋病署的三个新战略方向是：(a) 在艾滋病毒预防方面实现革命性变革；(b) 促成下一阶段的治疗、护理和支助；和(c) 促进人权和性别平等。这些战略方向每一个都很重要，并相互关联。为实现艾滋病署的长期愿景，已经制订了10项中期目标。[1] 这些目标来自艾滋病署成果框架的优先领域，旨在需要的地方推动具体进展，使得联合方案有可能改进其战略侧重点。附件提供了艾滋病署新战略一览。该战略是2011年6月举行的艾滋病问题联合国大会高级别会议通过的艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题新政治宣言的基础。", "6. 下文举例说明了在艾滋病署2011年至2015年战略的三个战略方向下，开发署和人口基金对发展作出的贡献所产生的成果，以及挑战和应对这些挑战的措施。", "7. 自2008年以来，开发署的近70个国家办事处执行了与开发署战略计划的四个防治艾滋病毒成果挂钩的方案，估计另有30个国家把执行防治艾滋病毒活动作为其他专题方案或跨行业方案的一部分。对独立评估证据和各国家办事处报告进行的分析概述了在防治艾滋病毒方面的重大成果。证据尤其突出了在以下方面的成功做法：地方机构的能力建设、推动性别平等、促进多方利益攸关方的参与、南南合作和与联合国各机构协作。评价指出了值得注意的跨行业工作，表明在防治艾滋病毒方面的一些最有效成果是在与其他专题领域挂钩的情况下取得的。", "8. 鉴于80%的艾滋病毒感染由性行为传播，或者与怀孕、生育和哺乳有关，人口基金执行的战略为其统一预算和工作规划的资源分配和使用制订了优先次序，以建设人口基金在国家和次区域两级防治艾滋病毒的专门能力。这一能力建设战略于2006年启动，目的是加强其对各国艾滋病毒防治工作的支持。2008年进行的一次审查断言，人口基金对艾滋病毒防治工作的贡献，其强度和质量经历了巨大的积极变化。2011年对这一战略进行了审查，以确保采取综合办法，更有效地加强人口基金与各国的合作，把艾滋病毒防治工作与更广泛的发展、人权和人道主义方案制订联系权利，并与性健康和生殖健康联系起来。", "在预防艾滋病毒方面实现革命性变革", "9. 开发署支助21个国家和两个区域将艾滋病毒防治工作纳入国家和部门发展规划和进程、减贫战略文件和千年发展目标规划的主流。南部非洲环境评价研究所编写了一份立法审查报告草案，有关将健康和社会问题(尤其是艾滋病毒和性别问题)纳入南部非洲和东部非洲地区的环境影响评价，开发署为此提供了支助。伙伴国包括：博茨瓦纳、莱索托、马拉维、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、南非、乌干达和赞比亚。环境影响评估是一个务实的平台，通过这个平台，可以更好地理解与基本建设项目有关的社会影响(艾滋病毒和性别)，并通过多部门方法持久地解决这个问题。启动本项目的结果是加强了各部的合作。所有的国家都正在查明和更好地了解性别、艾滋病毒与基本建设项目之间的联系。", "10. 向37个国家提供了关于男男性行为者、变性者和性工作以及供资金和筹资支助方面的技术援助和政策指导。在2009年启动的工作的基础上，开发署继续就以下方面的战略信息，向在阿根廷、布基纳法索、多哥、莱索托、斐济、菲律宾和乌克兰的方案提供咨询支助：男男性行为者、变性者、人权保护、加强为男男性行为者、变性者提供服务的能力和伙伴关系。这些方案均导致加强国家满足这些明显缺少服务的人口需要的工作，例如在菲律宾，国家艾滋病毒防治方案中目前就有一个专门针对男男性行为者和变性者的部分。", "11. 在满足男子和妇女的性健康和生殖健康需要方面，人口基金继续加强提供男用和女用避孕套并促进其正确和持久使用的工作。全球避孕套倡议从2008年的55个国家扩大到2010年的74个国家，并正在接近100个国家的目标。人口基金仍是低收入国家男用和女用避孕套的最大供应商(2009年分别为6 800万和1 400万)。在加勒比次区域测试了拓展避孕套需求框架，结果是在伯利兹、苏里南和圣卢西亚起草了拓展避孕套需求战略。还在南部非洲的四个高发病国家，即博茨瓦纳、莱索托、南非和斯威士兰，完成了拓展避孕套需求倡议。2011年，人口基金加紧努力，争取实现艾滋病署将青年中使用避孕套的人数增加50%的指标，它仍是方案优先事项。", "12. 为了增加南非青年的艾滋病毒检测，人口基金与LoveLife和首尔市结成伙伴关系，支持为12至14岁青年提供国家艾滋病毒咨询和检测活动，已经8 445 000名青年参加。在巴巴多斯和哈萨克斯坦，对决策者开展宣传工作，以消除阻碍18岁以下青年在父母未同意情况下获取性健康和生殖健康服务的法律障碍。在伯利兹，人口基金支对基督教女青年会(女青年会)为少女设立对青年友好空间，这大大改善了获得咨询、性健康和生殖健康信息以及使用避孕套的情况。", "13. 在全球范围，人口基金继续加强伙伴关系，建立实证基础，支持能力建设，并提供技术援助，以支持年轻人获得综合性的一揽子青少年性健康和生殖健康服务和性教育。就中学课程中列入对性别问题有敏感认识的、以谋生技能为基础的性健康和生殖健康和艾滋病毒防治问题的国家比例而言，2010年就已经超过了2011年的指标。人口基金支助成果的例子包括尼泊尔和越南。前者将青少年和青年性健康和生殖健康列入政府的卫生部门执行计划，后者为辍学青年制订了国家青少年性健康和生殖健康准则。在哥伦比亚和莫桑比克，人口基金支助的方案发生了重要转变，从捐助者支持转向政府拥有。在阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和埃及，人口基金通过对文化敏感的做法向性教育提供支助。", "14. 目前，人口基金及其伙伴正在努力建立区域和国家专家网络，以应对在性教育方面的培训和援助需求。作为第一步，进行了情况分析，评估目前东部和南部非洲10个国家学校性教育方案的内容、质量和提供方法，以便对未来的课程修订给予。结果反馈到了人口基金、儿基会、教科文组织和KwaZulu-Natal大学共同主办的讲习班，该讲习班为来自10个南部非洲共同体(南共体)国家(博茨瓦纳、肯尼亚、莱索托、马拉维、纳米比亚、南非、斯威士兰、乌干达、赞比亚和津巴布韦)教育部的70个课程制订专家和负责青年问题的联合国工作人员提高能力，以为学校的年轻人设计和实施有效的性教育和艾滋病毒防治工作。因此，正在利用参与性培训方法，编写关于性教育的区域培训手册，并将用其来产生足够数量的合格性教育者。", "15. 最近的证据表明，艾滋病毒是育龄妇女死亡的主要原因，这要求提高对千年发展目标3、4、5和6之间联系的认识，并一致努力支持将艾滋病毒防治工作与性健康和生殖健康结合起来。迄今为止，已支助25个国家制订和实施了列入性健康和生殖健康的国家计划，而且各国报告加强了艾滋病毒防治方案与预防性别暴力之间的联系。向61个国家提供了技术支助，以加强实施预防母婴传播和服务整合的方案。计划生育提供了坚实的切入点，人口基金各办事处报告说，70%的国家将计划生育列入情况分析，49%的国家在国家规划中为其分配了预算。", "16. 重大的挑战依然存在，并将影响到艾滋病署战略目标的实现。2010年，有更多证据表明扩大治疗对预防产生的益处。这些发现不仅强调了需要加速扩大获得治疗的机会，而且亟须在战略规划、提供服务和影响评估几个层面将艾滋病毒的预防与治疗挂钩。这需要加强整个预防方面的衡量以及定性和定量数据的收集。在使用“预防性治疗”时，需要与预防艾滋病毒的其他选择相结合，因为“预防性治疗”是对艾滋病毒综合预防的加强而不是替代。", "17. 关于整合问题，在许多国家，艾滋病毒与性健康和生殖健康之间的联系仍然具有挑战性。往往侧重服务层面的整合，却较少注意更广泛的结构和人权问题。后勤和供应系统效力低下也阻碍有效地提供服务。例如，关键商品(抗逆病毒药物、治疗机会性疾病的药物、艾滋病毒检测包、避孕套等)供应的中断阻碍有效防治，并强调了需要进一步加强国家和国家以下一级的采购和供应管理。至于消除艾滋病毒的母婴传播和普遍服务的目标，除非国家和社区覆盖到社会最边缘群体并满足他们的需要，否则这些目标是无法实现的。需要加强政治支持，注重技术资助和扩大综合服务，以确保在进展方面继续落后的国家扩大方案。在说服利益攸关方扩大方案方面，至关重要的是采取综合办法，有务实的标准标准化程序，并有实证说明整合的裨益。", "18. 需要通过一系列适龄和因地制宜的方案来满足预防信息和方案制订方面的需要，方案的设计要有年轻人参与并听取他们的意见，包括把性教育作为改善青年健康的有益手段。消除妨碍提供有利于青年的服务的政策和法律障碍，以便不排斥青年，可以减少他们感染艾滋病毒的风险。在重点国家努力实现可衡量的指标(例如综合知识、艾滋病毒检验和年轻人使用避孕套)，将有助于加强问责和利用减少新感染方面的结果。", "推动下一阶段的治疗、护理和支助", "19. 开发署作为全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金的接收方，2010年在29个国家帮助发展国家有效实施大型抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾方案的能力。为国家利益攸关方提供能力发展支助一直是一个重要优先事项，开发署与国家伙伴协作，为开发署经管的所有新赠款编制了正式的能力发展计划。2003年至2010年，开发署共在37个国家担任主要接收方。在其中12个国家，已将主要接收方的角色移交给一个国家实体，体现出在能力发展方面取得了成就。尽管开发署经常在风险最高的国家担任主要接收方，但其赠款的业绩大大高于平均水平。自2003年以来，开发署促成为2 800万人提供预防艾滋病、结核病和疟疾方面的社区外联。为近480万人提供了艾滋病毒咨询和检验，还为213 000名艾滋病毒感染者提供了抗逆病毒治疗。[2] 这些方案的结果还包括查出和治疗了70万结核病病例，分发了1 100万床蚊帐，并治疗了2 600万疟疾病例。", "20. 人口基金支助制订解决与青年和性工作者有关问题的具体指导，以用于编写全球基金第十轮防治艾滋病毒的提案。它为南非、斯威士兰和赞比亚将性健康和生殖健康与防治艾滋病毒相结合提供技术支助；并向20个国家提供预防艾滋病毒母婴传播的技术支助，包括协商和联合技术访问团。", "21. 开发署支助17个国家和2个地区进行能力建设，以便通过有利的贸易和卫生政策和立法。例如在乌克兰，开发署支助政府将与贸易有关的知识产权的灵活性列入其国家立法。这些立法若获得通过，将大大降低抗逆病毒药物和其他药物的费用。同样在乌克兰，如果与贸易有关的知识产权的灵活性得以通过，可以利用更多的非专利药，而在某些情况下，这可以节省90%多的费用，因而使更多的人开始接受治疗。在坦桑尼亚联合共和国，开发署与民间社会和德国国际合作署合作，举办两次关于反仿冒立法在东部非洲共同体(东非共同体)激增的会议——包括布隆迪、肯尼亚、卢旺达、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国。来自所有东非共同体国家的政府代表、议员、学者和民间社会出席了会议。会议提高了对反仿冒立法在公共卫生方面影响的认识。其结果是东非共同体秘书处采用了开发署的建议，即以对公共卫生敏感的形式修订东非共同体反仿冒法草案。这将保障在东非共同体国家继续使用在该区域消费的所有药品中占90%的非专利药。", "22. 在处理易受艾滋病感染方面，贫穷和排斥是关键问题。国际社会因此认识到，对于社会保护，我们需要采取的不是排斥艾滋病而是对艾滋病有敏感认识的方法。在印度，开发署支助在几个邦制订、扩大和改革对艾滋病毒敏感的多方社会保护方案，在2010年的6个月期间覆盖了77 000人。一项社会经济影响研究在2006年为这些方案奠定了分析性基础，它表明艾滋病毒对受影响家庭的就业、收入、储蓄和就学有相当大的负面影响。作为后续行动，开发署启动了一项多管齐下的宣传和技术支助战略，涉及到国家艾滋病控制组织、邦官员和包括艾滋病毒感染者网络在内的民间社会组织。因此，拉贾斯坦邦改革了寡妇养恤金制度，以便因艾滋病毒而寡居的妇女无论多大年龄都有资格接受每月的养恤金。印度的其他各邦正在仿效这一办法。2010年，在所有对养恤金进行了改革的州，约有23 000名妇女受益于这一变革。此外，各邦正在越来越多地支付治疗艾滋病毒所需的交通费。在2010年的六个月里，超过31 000人受益于这一方案。其他值得注意的改革包括有些邦现在向艾滋病毒感染者提供获得补贴的食物、住房和保健，所有这些以前都仅限于那些处于贫困线以下的人。劳动部还从非正式工人的特别健康保险中取消了将艾滋病毒排除在外的条款。", "23. 许多国家没有全国性的社会保护方案，而拥有这些方案的那些国家则需要对如何使法律、政策和方案更敏感地注意到受艾滋病毒影响者和艾滋病毒感染者的需要进行全面审查。由于总体处于贫穷状态，加之受到侮辱和歧视，对许多人来说，获得服务是受到限制的。尽管在某些情况下，在艾滋病毒治疗场所与社区组织之间存在一系列护理，但事实上由于各种因素这是很难保证的，这些因素包括缺乏政治意愿和资源、社区团体缺乏能力、社区团体与保健工作者之间缺乏理解。", "24. 尽管卫生部门必须是加强治疗、护理和支助的中心，但许多国家仍然没有利用相关的部委并与之进行战略协调。除了上述的贸易和社会保护政策的作用外，促进扩大护理和支助的其他关键因素可能还包括妇女部或者性别平等部(处理妇女作为照料者的不相称角色问题)和内政部(帮助促进向边缘群体提供服务)。", "促进人权和性别平等", "25. 开发署与艾滋病署秘书处和全球基金一起，发表了一份对艾滋病毒第六轮和第七轮提案和赠款中司法救助方案的分析报告，它成功地影响了将关于人权和平等的具体目标和业务计划列入全球基金新战略。", "26. 2010年6月，开发署代表艾滋病署大家庭创立了全球艾滋病毒问题和法律委员会。该委员会的目的是制订有实证依据的、以人权为基础的建议，支持各国建立和维护对有效防治艾滋病有利的法律环境。通过2011年委员会在六个区域进行的区域对话查明的讨论和后续行动，将进一步向开发署在这一重要领域的工作提供资料并加强这一工作。区域对话的目的是进行战略对话，以期突出这一地区与艾滋病毒有关的重要人权和法律问题。区域对话通过提交有实证依据的意见和参与的决策者和立法者、执法部门和社区的意见，向委员会的审议提供资料。区域对话还将推动区域提高认识、参与和自主权，采取在人权和法律问题上实现真正变革的行动，支持人民生活和健康状况的改善。开发署的性别平等工作与艾滋病毒问题和法律委员会之间存在密切的联系。该委员会正在调查的三个主要领域之一涉及哪些法律维持或减轻妇女遭受的暴力和歧视。", "27. 向协委会第27次会议提交了行动框架执行进展情况报告和《艾滋病署国家加速对妇女、女孩、男女平等和艾滋病毒问题采取行动的议程》。第28次会议进一步讨论了防治艾滋病工作的性别敏感性问题。2010年3月启动的这一倡议已经取得了重大成果：55个国家制订了妇女和女孩议程，45个国家已经报告就这一议程直接采取的活动。2010年为这一举措分配了610万美元，包括用于国家支助的450万美元。", "28. 协委会成员对进展报告表示欢迎，把业务计划作为确保国家防治工作满足妇女和女孩需要的独特机会。协委会明确欢迎艾滋病署做出努力，将综合性教育政策和方案纳入其2011年至2015年战略，以及艾滋病署努力解决与男性有关的阻碍提供艾滋病毒和性健康和生殖健康服务的障碍。协委会敦促取得进一步进展，呼吁在妇女、女孩和防治艾滋病毒方面提供更广泛的领导，要用充足的资源来配合政治辞令。", "29. 作为《艾滋病署国家加速对妇女、女孩、男女平等和艾滋病毒问题采取行动的议程》规定的开发署责任的后续行动，在六个地区23个国家为感染艾滋病毒的妇女开展了领导能力建设工作，其结果是艾滋病毒抗体阳性妇女组织/网络与其他重要的国家利益攸关方之间的伙伴关系增强。此外，14个国家的艾滋病毒抗体阳性妇女国家网络的能力加强，以便更有效地参与普遍服务/报告和千年发展目标报告/宣称工作。", "30. 人口基金把联合国制止对妇女暴力联合运动的责任和妇女和女孩问题议程的责任整合起来，支助42个国家设计、实施或评估预防、治疗、护理和支助方案，以增强妇女和女孩的权能；支助26个国家制订和(或)实施与艾滋病毒防治有关的政策，具体处理性别暴力和促进性别平等的其他行动。牙买加在妇女事务局里设立了一个男子服务台，以管理必要的干预措施，动员更多的牙买加男子参加方案的宣传和实施，以减少性别暴力，改善男子参与确保妇女的平等和权利的情况。对近80个国家的艾滋病毒感染者网络提供支助，重点放在感染艾滋病毒的妇女身上。", "31. 2010年底，人口基金领导性别平等和艾滋病毒问题机构间工作组在三个地区16个国家的能力建设工作，以便与男子和男孩共同制订和落实战略，以处理围绕性别、暴力和性关系的社会标准。人口基金支助“与男子共同努力预防和应对艾滋病毒/艾滋病”讲习班，来自30个国家的92人参加了这个讲习班，其结果是制订了与男子和男孩共同促进性别平等和生殖健康(包括艾滋病毒/艾滋病)的非洲区域框架。尽管让男子和男孩参与实现性别平等工作的重要性得到承认，但使他们为此目的并为自己的性健康和生殖健康作为伙伴参与，仍是一个挑战。", "32. 开发署在10个国家领导了一个称为“现在就为妇女和女孩普及服务！”的机构间倡议，其中包括人口基金，目的是支助各国在艾滋病毒防治工作中处理性别平等问题。成功的事例包括在赞比亚国家艾滋病新战略框架(2011-2015年)中列入了明确的性别部分和解决性别暴力的承诺，以及在赞比亚国家理事会里设立了一个性别顾问职位，以确保不断将性别问题纳入国家艾滋病防治工作。", "33. 对实施行动框架的主要挑战包括：需要对妇女、女孩和艾滋病毒防治工作有长期的政治和资金承诺；需要加强性健康和生殖健康服务，并将其与艾滋病毒防治工作联系起来；性别暴力的高发率；需要增加男子的参与。能力发展对这一议程的成功和持久至关重要。此外，迄今为止的经验强调需要改善实证和监测系统。", "34. 注意到妇女署是加强联合国系统参与上述问题的一个潜在机会。在2011年3月的会议上，共同赞助组织委员会妇女署有兴趣加入联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署表示欢迎，并同意按照协委会2004年商定的标准和进程(UNAIDS/PCB (15)/04.8)启动妇女署的正式申请进程。与此同时，联合方案继续侧重妇女和女孩问题，并促进妇女的权利和性别平等。", "35. 艾滋病署在制订统一预算、成果和问责框架期间，确保在与执行行动议程方面取得持续进展有关的重要行动、指标和预算分配得到体现，包括但不限于艾滋病毒防治与性健康和生殖健康服务的结合。会员国要求与它们协调，并在感染艾滋病毒妇女和民间社会的参与下，进一步进行监测，并要求通过统一预算、成果和问责框架向协委会报告。它们还要求在2012年12月对议程进行中期审查。", "36. 请艾滋病署与国家利益攸关方结成伙伴，记录艾滋病防治工作与妇女运动协作满足妇女和女孩与艾滋病毒有关的需要方面的最佳做法。协委会还要求艾滋病署与关键的利益攸关方协作，促进和便利改进性健康和生殖健康、人权和艾滋病毒防治之间的联系，并鼓励进一步与在艾滋病毒防治和性别平等问题上与男子和男孩以及妇女和女孩一起工作的网络结成伙伴关系。", "37. 2011年，人口基金和开发署支助50多个国家加强对性工作者及其客户、男男性行为者和变性者的人权保护及其获得服务的机会。这些努力加强了性工作者网络和组织之间的协调和统一，这些网络和组织侧重艾滋病毒防治、性传播感染的预防、性健康和生殖健康，以及性健康和生殖健康与性别暴力和人权之间的联系。人口基金、亚太性工作者网络与合作伙伴一起，举报了亚太区域第一个关于艾滋病毒防治和性工作的协商，这一协商由泰国皇家政府主持，柬埔寨、中国、斐济、印度尼西亚、缅甸、巴基斯坦、巴布亚新几内亚和泰国参加了协商。协商的结果是制订了八项国家一级关于艾滋病毒防治和性工作的行动计划草案，制订了在性工作者及其客户中防治艾滋病毒流行病的区域议程，供在2010至2013年期间执行；通过雇用一名全职主任和一名政策官员，加强亚太性工作者网络秘书处的技术能力；在政府之间进行区域一级的对话，并在政府与性工作者之间进行国家一级的对话。", "38. 围绕关键人口的问题阻碍取得进展。数据表明，多数国家分配给关键人口方案的资金仍旧不足。污名化、歧视和仇视同性恋继续存在，同时没有足够的政治承诺。在某些国家，民间社会薄弱的影响阻碍了满足关键人口与艾滋病毒防治有关的需要的工作。缺乏定量和定性数据意味着关于性别、性行为和身份的理论框架薄弱，导致对需要和行为的了解肤浅，这反过来又导致方案的效力低下。此外，一系列情况可能阻碍对与关键人口合作做出有效应对和努力，例如强制性药物治疗，或者将性工作和同性关系定为刑事犯罪。最近政策上的变化与更有效的政治领导及更有针对性的资源分配相联，已有助于扩大为关键人口提供有实证依据的服务，并表明进展是可能的。必须创造有利的氛围，促进关键人口参与影响其生活的战略和方案的规划、提供和评价。切实注重关键人口的需求还要求采取全面的方法，包括反污名化工作，以及与执法机构和其他利益攸关方合作，解决宏观层面的问题。", "39. 协委会第27次会议讨论了艾滋病、安全和人道主义应对工作。按照《艾滋病署分工》，人口基金和开发署一直与合作伙伴共同努力处理人道主义局势中的艾滋病毒/艾滋病防治问题。2011年6月安全理事会通过第1983(2011)号决议，[3] 确认必须加强这一工作，并加强处理冲突局势中艾滋病毒和性暴力问题的方案。", "40. 按照安全理事会上述决议的框架，开发署和人口基金将与维持和平行动部(维和部)、艾滋病署秘书处及共同赞助者协作，在过去举措的基础上，继续加强正在进行的工作，例如：", "• 将性别问题和艾滋病毒干预措施纳入解除武装、复员和重返社会方案。在科摩罗、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、印度尼西亚、利比里亚、尼泊尔、苏丹、塞拉利昂和南苏丹，联合方案已经覆盖男女前战斗人员，以及与武装团体有关联的妇女和接纳社区。", "• (根据人口基金与难民署之间的协定)向难民署每年在约25个国家经管的所有难民人口和营地提供基本生殖健康产品和用品。", "• 在国家军警人员部署到维持和平特派团之前对其进行培训，并与维和部建立伙伴关系，就艾滋病毒和性暴力问题制订维和人员培训举措。", "• 与各相关机构建立伙伴关系，为东道社区制订和(或)加强冲突中和冲突后预防性暴力和艾滋病毒的方案。", "41. 安全理事会第1983(2011)号决议的通过表明会员国高层对在人道主义情况下防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病作出承诺，并为人口基金和开发署维持或扩大方案和伙伴关系提供了新机会。如安全理事会第1308(2000)号决议执行进展报告(“在前线：审查2005-2010年处理国际维和人员和军警人员中艾滋病毒问题的方案”)中所指出，“……对国际和平与安全的威胁不断变化，说明艾滋病与安全之间关系的实证也在变化，它们已经对进一步加强这些行动和促进联合国预防冲突和建设和平的工作提出了新的挑战和机遇”。重要的行为者(艾滋病署秘书处、维和部、开发署、人口基金、禁毒办)之间最近将进行讨论，确定明确的责任分工和时间表，以执行安全理事会第1983(2011)号决议。", "三. 艾滋病署协委会为开发署和人口基金提出的重要决定和建议", "艾滋病署的战略", "42. 协委会第27次会议正式通过了为全球防治工作提供了转型性议程的新《艾滋病署2011年至2015年战略：实现三无》。该战略的目的是突出重点和提高效率，以便大幅度减少新感染的数目，扩大获得治疗的机会，并减少污名化和歧视。它计划促进战略伙伴关系，支持国家自主权，促进新兴经济体的参与，促进南南合作和三角合作，并为防治工作引进新的供资做法。这一战略强调防治工作中的相互问责，扩大自主权，加强社区制度，促进采取行动。它体现出从短期技术支助向发展持久能力和国家复原力转型，以及更加努力把艾滋病防治工作与更广泛的健康与发展工作联系起来。", "43. 会员国强调指出，鼓励所有的共同赞助者把它们的战略与艾滋病署新战略挂钩。这项工作仍在进展中，世卫组织、粮食署、劳工组织和教科文组织已经修订了其艾滋病毒防治战略和政策，使其与艾滋病署的战略具体挂钩。人口基金即将修订其关于艾滋病毒问题的战略指导方针，并正在对其战略计划进行中期审查和修订所附发展成果框架的后续行动的范围内，考虑艾滋病署的统一预算、成果和问责框架。艾滋病署新战略还将为人口基金的下一个战略计划(2014-2017年)提供资料。开发署将更新其目前的艾滋病防治共同战略，为2012年和2013年体现出艾滋病署的新战略。此外，艾滋病署新战略将为把艾滋病毒和艾滋病防治工作纳入开发署2014年及其后的新战略计划提供资料。", "44. 一个重要的挑战是国际上为艾滋病毒防治工作提供的支助减少，同时存在相互竞争的需要，而感染艾滋病毒的人有所增加，使艾滋病毒防治工作受到很大压力，并威胁到最近取得的成果是否可持续下去。此外，许多国家严重依赖外部支助，这有可能损害国家防治工作。 在2001年《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的承诺宣言》中有时限的指标通过十年后，在技术和管理领域存在人力资源和机构能力方面的限制，继续削弱更加防治工作。为艾滋病毒防治工作提供资金是一个分担的责任，需要国际捐助者继续给予支助，国内政府增加拨款和作出政治承诺，新兴经济体和私人部门提供更强大的领导 ，以及加强方案重点，以提高效率和扩大影响。", "2012-2015年统一预算、成果和问责框架", "45. 将通过各种机制，包括2012-2015年统一预算、成果和问责框架和订正的《艾滋病署分工》来执行艾滋病署战略。统一预算、成果和问责框架是取代了专题届会的协委会第28次会议议程上的主要项目。该框架的结构围绕艾滋病署战略、其10项战略目标和战略职能，旨在促进实现艾滋病署的长期愿景，即无新的艾滋病毒感染、无艾滋病导致的死亡和无歧视。", "46. 统一预算、成果和问责框架说明了联合方案的成果、产出和交付品，针对这些的资源分配及地理参考，以及进展监测手段。它本身为联合方案提供了综合成果架构，纳入了明确界定的基线和成果，确定了每一联合赞助者的捐款，并具体侧重国家进展情况。", "47. 统一预算、成果和问责框架由三部分组成：", "(a) 业务计划：提供了说明联合方案贡献的框架，以支持落实艾滋病署2011-2015年战略。业务计划说明了联合方案的理由、目标和预期成果。共同赞助者和艾滋病署秘书处将为详细执行统一预算、成果和问责框架制订年度滚动工作计划，加强与共同赞助者规划工作和成果框架的联系。鉴于流行病变化的性质以及需要更有侧重点，艾滋病署的工作将更加集中，无论是在方案上，还是通过加强在艾滋病署战略中查明的20+ 国家中的工作(见图1)。", "图1 20＋国家概览", "• 将处理以下问题 \n 巴西 － 总体艾滋病毒新感染超过70% \n柬埔寨\t－合格成人接受抗逆转录病毒疗法的总体差距超过80%\n 喀麦隆 － 预防垂直传播方面的总体差距超过75% \n中国\t－与艾滋病毒有关联的结核病造成的总体负担超过95%\n刚果民主共和国\t－由注射吸毒驱动的艾滋病毒传染病严重(估计20个中低收入国家中有一半的注射吸毒人口超过10万，估计这些人中的艾滋病毒发病率超过10%\n埃塞俄比亚\t－影响艾滋病毒防治工作的法律，包括限制感染艾滋病毒者旅行的法律(这些国家中的14个国家有3个或3个以上这样的法律)\n 印度 \n 肯尼亚 \n 马拉维 \n 莫桑比克 \n 缅甸 \n 尼日利亚 • 将提高援助效力 \n俄罗斯联邦\t－加强来自全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金的51亿美元艾滋病毒防治赠款的实施工作\n南非\t－利用来自美国总统艾滋病紧急救援计划的资金(2007至2009年为74亿美元)\n 泰国 \n 乌干达 \n 乌克兰 \n坦桑尼亚联合共和国\t• 将使以下国家参与 赞比亚 － \n 所有金砖五国(巴西、俄罗斯联邦、印度、中国、南非)\n 津巴布韦 根据独立数据来源，三个国家符合以下五个标准：(1) \n新感染艾滋病毒的总人数高于1%；(2)成人接受抗逆转录病毒疗法的总差距大于80%(CD4大于350/ml)；(3)与艾滋病毒有关的结核病总负担大于1%；(4)估计注射吸毒的人数超过10万，估计这些人中的艾滋病毒发病率高于10%；(5)存在妨碍为边缘群体，包括性工作者、男男性行为者、变性者和注射吸毒者提供普遍服务的法律。", "(b) 成果和问责框架：将衡量联合方案的成就，提供投资与结果之间的明确联系。这一成果问责框架将确保在方案结果以及物有所值方面的问责。协委会要求联合方案通过与所有赞助者的协商进程，进一步加强这一框架，并向协委会第29次会议报告其结果。对开发署和人口基金而言，影响包括审查和修正作为共同赞助者评价工作组和艾滋病署监测和评价参考组成员的指标。将每年向协委会报告框架的执行情况，包括关于民间社会资金来源和参与情况的资料，同时提供指标。", "(c) 核心预算：以推动共同赞助者的捐款，并在2012-2013年为艾滋病署提供资金，以便将艾滋病署战略的各项目标转化为行动和成果。协委会核准了4.85亿美元的2012-2013年核心预算，这意味着与2010-2011年和2008-2009年的数额保持不变。这表示实际价值有所下降，突出了统一预算、成果和问责框架的继续推动和利用性质，以及努力确保物有所值。1.64亿美元分配给艾滋病署的10个共同赞助者，3.2亿美元分配给艾滋病署秘书处。给共同赞助者的核心预算拨款是为了推动共同赞助者为艾滋病相关工作募集的其他预算。在下两个两年期，目标是将用于区域和国家两级统一预算、成果和问责框架的核心资源提高70%，以最大限度地扩大所有共同赞助者和艾滋病署秘书处专用于艾滋病防治工作的资源的影响。", "图2 统一预算、成果和问责框架核心资源的目前分配情况和指标分配情况", "[]", "48. 统一预算、成果和问责框架将业务计划、成果和问责框架以及预算的所有部分联系起来，以便产生一系列支持实现艾滋病署2011-2015年战略的结果。以下数字概述了业务计划、成果和问责框架和预算以及它们之间的联系。在根据统一预算、成果和问责框架调整开发署和人口基金各自的战略计划修订工作方面，开发署/人口基金/项目厅执行局提供支助和指导将减轻调整方面的挑战。", "图3 统一预算、成果和问责框架各要素之间的联系", "[]", "第二次独立评价的执行情况进展报告", "49. 联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署第二次独立评价要求为艾滋病署制订新的任务说明、愿景、战略和统一预算、成果和问责框架。[4] 此外，联合方案修订了《艾滋病署分工》，以提高效率和效力，利用各自的任务和资源，促进在全球、区域和国家各级相互问责。《分工》确定了艾滋病署10个共同赞助者每一个在召集和建立伙伴关系方面的作用和责任。艾滋病署秘书处部不负责召集15个分工领域中的任何一个，但将负责促进和推动在宣传、战略信息、伙伴关系、相互问责和调集核心资源领域的协调和统一，以实现所有领域的成果。", "50. 按照订正的《分工》，开发署负责召集人权和法律环境这一优先领域，并与人口基金负责共同召集妇女和女孩以及最高风险人群这一领域。 此外，人口基金与世界银行负责共同召集艾滋病毒的性传播，与儿童基金会负责共同召集青年这一领域。指派给开发署的召集和伙伴角色非常符合其战略规划的成果领域，以及开发署在减贫、治理、性别平等和预防危机和复原方面的更广泛任务。同样，人口基金的共同召集角色完全符合其任务和其战略规划的侧重点，即普遍获得性健康和生殖健康、生殖权、妇女和性别平等、青年和覆盖边缘人群和被排斥人群。", "51. 总体上说，由于订正《分工》的通过，艾滋病署的集体业绩和影响有机会得到大幅度改进。联合国联合小组和联合支助方案的数目增加，为在国家一级改善联合国工作的统筹、协调和效力提供了可能性。更努力执行第二次独立评价的建议还可使整个艾滋病署发生变化，尤其是在统一预算、成果和问责框架新的四年格式方面。由于假定妇女署将加入联合方案，有些捐助者询问分工可能出现的变化，预计格式将在适当时问世。然而，各机构已经与妇女署在各种问题上紧密合作，而且在妇女署有国家存在的地方，已经根据当地情况和需要，将妇女署列入关于在国家一级通过《分工》进程的讨论和决策中，同时考虑到所有伙伴的比较优势。", "52. 技术支助战略的确定被推迟到协委会第27次会议。技术支助战略概述了联合方案扩大技术支助和加强总体技术支助市场的重要行动。更加强调技术支助的效力和通过统一的问责制具有成本效益地提供这种支持。艾滋病署的技术支助将尤其侧重国家和区域两级的长期技能转让和能力开发，并侧重统一联合方案中不同的技术支助架构和机制。", "53. 协委会成员要求提供关于技术支助计划的更多细节。商定列入一个实质性议程项目，即审查和分析联合方案中可持续能力发展和技术支助的情况，还商定在协委会第29次会议上进一步讨论艾滋病署的技术支助战略。就能力开发而言，与技术支助战略相联的，是像第二次独立评价指出的那样，重申需要一项侧重民间社会和艾滋病感染者的明确伙伴战略。在今后的六个月，将与民间社会伙伴协作，继续编撰工作，并确定统一预算、成果和问责框架的各项指标。挑战包括确保清楚地了解每一潜在伙伴的期望和目标，将其作为有效伙伴关系的一项原则，并确保这些期望和目标与艾滋病署的战略目标和国家方案优先事项保持一致。此外，最近的经验突出表明，许多多国公司乐于在社会发展工作方面与非政府组织结成伙伴关系，以加强公司的社会责任方案，并探讨是否有机会就艾滋病毒防治与私营部门较小企业合作。", "54. 最后，协委会获悉，经广泛协商并对相关的成本效益进行全面分析后，已经确定艾滋病署秘书处的最佳选择是转向世卫组织条例和细则框架内的单一行政系统。秘书处以前在总部和国家两级分别利用世卫组织和开发署两套行政系统。现在艾滋病署的所有工作人员将服从同一套工作人员细则，并与同一电子平台相联。与转向单一行政系统相关的费用将由统一预算和工作计划的秘书处部分匀支。预计艾滋病署秘书处将因采用单一行政系统而大大提高效率并避免重复。", "四. 前进的道路", "55. 有鉴于此，开发署正在调整艾滋病毒防治方案的制订工作，以应对挑战和扩大成功。首先，开发署认识到把艾滋病毒防治行动与更广大的发展工作相联系的重要性，将把执行跨专题方案作为优先事项，这些方案在处理艾滋病毒问题的同时，处理促进性别平等、司法救助和增强经济权能等重要优先事项。这将涉及制订跨业务领域的战略和联合工作计划，以及落实务实的方案制订指导方针。其次，在发展国家实体能力以接管全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金赠款的实施工作取得了重大进展的同时，开发署还将更加重视较长期的能力发展。在前进的过程中，与国家利益攸关方协作编写能力建设评估和计划将是开发署经管的所有全球基金新方案不可分割的组成部分。第三，千年发展目标评估突出了把艾滋病毒防治工作与卫生战略相联的裨益，开发署将在这一评估的基础上，通过利用现有成功的艾滋病毒防治方案，提高成本效益，促进实现卫生方面更广泛的千年发展目标。这将包括吸取在支助大规模实施、能力发展和治理方面的经验，以加快在实现千年发展目标方面的进展。最后，非常重要的是确保评估为方案制订方面的决定提供更一致的资料，并确保成功防治艾滋病毒的举措能够持久和扩大，或在开发署停止支助时移交合作伙伴。", "56. 鉴于全球育龄妇女死亡的两大主要原因是与怀孕、生育和艾滋病毒/艾滋病有关的并发症，而且鉴于如果没有艾滋病毒，2008年全世界的孕产妇死亡率本来可以下降约6%，人口基金将继续努力降低孕产妇死亡率。这将包括加强积极把降低孕产妇死亡率的工作与防治艾滋病流行病的工作挂钩的机制；促进加强协作，采取综合做法，制订有实证依据和注重权利的方案，将孕产妇健康置于持续护理的范围内，持续护理纳入了影响孕产妇健康结果的一系列综合干预措施，包括与艾滋病毒防治有关的措施。人口基金将继续支持让妇女和女孩有意义地参与国家艾滋病毒防治工作每一阶段的努力，以确保适当地处理和监测她们的需要和权利；她们获得性健康和生殖健康方面优质的基本服务，受到有尊严的对待和尊重，免遭暴力、胁迫、侮辱和歧视。在哪些工作可有效预防青少年和青年感染艾滋病毒的实证基础上，人口基金将支助在艾滋病毒防治和性健康和生殖健康方面为青年制订的综合干预措施，包括推迟第一次性交、回避性行为、正确和持续使用男用和女用避孕套、包皮环切术、减少同时有多个性伴侣和有效交流，以实现社会变革和行为转变。", "57. 人口基金将继续支助改善国家、区域和全球综合安全套规划，以增加获得男用和女用安全套的机会和需求。人口基金将支助政府根据流行病情况和国情制订专门针对男男性行为者、性工作者和变性者的性健康和生殖健康需要的战略。最后，人口基金认识到若不在育龄妇女中进行艾滋病毒的有效初级预防，不在感染艾滋病毒妇女中预防意外怀孕，在儿童中消灭新感染的目标就不可能实现，还认识到在孕妇中进行有效的初级预防，降低感染艾滋病毒妇女的意外怀孕以及限制这些妇女用母乳喂养，有可能将艾滋病毒母婴感染减少19%，因此将支助确保人权，包括所有妇女和女孩的生殖权，尤其是那些感染了艾滋病毒的妇女和女孩的生殖权得到保护，并将其作为所有艾滋病毒防治和全球保健方案不容谈判的一部分。", "58. 尽管联合国系统内对支持国家艾滋病毒防治工作作出坚定承诺，强调本报告提出问题，特别是那些与提供财政资源有关的，而且对联合国而言更重要的是与在各级提供人力资源能力有关的问题，将继续对各机构的成果，以及国家在实现政治宣言、艾滋病署战略和统一预算、成果和问责框架中规定的指标方面取得的进展提出挑战。", "五. 决定要点", "59. 执行局不妨注意到本报告，并建议在开发署和人口基金各自的艾滋病毒防治战略和政策中，以及在开发署和人口基金将为2014-2017年制订的新战略规划中，与艾滋病署的战略具体挂钩。", "附件", "战略——一瞥", "全球承诺", "普及艾滋病毒预防、治疗、护理和支助工作 遏制并扭转艾滋病毒的蔓延，促进千年发展目标的实现 战略方向 愿景和目标 \n 在艾滋病毒预防方面实现革命性变革 愿景：实现无新的感染 \n每天有7000多人新感染艾滋病毒。亟需在预防的政治、政策和实践方面实现革命性变革。通过以下途径可实现这一点：为作出承诺制订政治激励措施，推动由艾滋病毒感染者、受影响社区、妇女和青年领导在性行为、吸毒和艾滋病毒教育方面的转型社会运动。同样至关重要的是把流行病高发区，尤其是特大城市里的高发区作为目标，并确保平等提供高质量、高成本效益的艾滋病毒预防方案，其中包括迅速采用科学突破。 2015年目标：将艾滋病毒的性传播减少一半，包括在青年、男男性行为者中的传播和性工作范围内的传播消灭艾滋病毒的垂直传播，将与艾滋病有关的孕产妇死亡率降低一半在吸毒者中预防所有新的艾滋病毒感染\n 促成下一阶段的治疗、护理和支助 愿景：实现无艾滋病导致的死亡\n2009年，共有180万人死于与艾滋病有关的原因。通过更简单、更支付得起和更有效的药物和支付系统，可以向所有需要者提供治疗。加强抗逆转录病毒疗法服务与初级保健、孕产妇和儿童保健、结核病和性健康和生殖健康服务之间的联系，将进一步降低费用，推动提高效率。加强快速注册的能力将增加获得药物的机会，以及国家利用与贸易有关的知识产权灵活性的能力。必需通过利用社会和现金转让以及扩大社会保险制度，为艾滋病毒感染者和受到艾滋病毒影响的人，包括孤儿和易受感染儿童加强营养支助和社会保护。 2015年目标：向有资格获得治疗的所有艾滋病毒感染者普遍提供抗逆转录病毒疗法将死于结核病的艾滋病毒感染者减少一半在所有国家社会保护战略中解决艾滋病毒感染者和受艾滋病毒影响家庭的问题，并向其提供基本护理和支持\n促进人权和性别平等，推动艾滋病毒防治工作 愿景：实现无歧视2015年目标：\n社会和法律环境若不能保护免遭污名化和歧视，或不能促进提供艾滋病毒防治方案，将继续妨碍普遍获取服务。各国必须作出更大努力，以实现和保护与艾滋病毒有关的人权，包括妇女和女孩的权利；为艾滋病毒感染者和感染艾滋病毒高危人群实施保护性环境；确保艾滋病毒防治工作覆盖最缺少服务和最弱势群体。艾滋病毒感染者和高危人群应了解自己与艾滋病毒有关的权利，并在为履行权利动员起来时得到支持。应做出更大投资，处理易感染艾滋病毒、性别不平等与暴力侵害妇女和女孩行为之间的内部联系。 将拥有阻碍有效防治工作的关于艾滋病毒传播、性工作、吸毒或同性恋的惩罚性法律和做法的国家减少一半将在入境、停留和居住方面实施与艾滋病毒有关限制的国家减少一半在至少一半国家的艾滋病毒防治工作中满足妇女和女孩防治艾滋病毒的具体需要对性别暴力采取零容忍政策。", "核心专题 人民包容性防治工作覆盖多数最脆弱者，动员社区，保护人权 国家国家拥有可持续的防治工作，供资多样化，加强制度 协同作用统一运动，整合服务，确保所有千年发展目标的效率", "[1] 这些目标为(1) 将艾滋病毒的性传播减少一半，包括在青年、男男性行为者中的传播和在性工作范围内的传播；(2) 消灭艾滋病毒的垂直传播，并将与艾滋病有关的孕产妇死亡率降低一半；(3) 在吸毒者中预防所有新的艾滋病毒感染；(4) 向有资格获得治疗的艾滋病毒感染者普遍提供抗逆转录治疗；(5) 将死于结核病的艾滋病毒感染者减少一半；(6) 在所有国家社会保护战略中解决艾滋病毒感染者和受到艾滋病毒影响家庭的问题，并向其提供基本的护理和支助；(7) 将拥有阻碍有效防治工作的关于艾滋病毒传播、性工作、吸毒或同性恋的惩罚性法律和做法的国家减少一半；(8) 将在入境、停留和居住方面实施与艾滋病毒有关限制的国家减少一半；(9) 在至少一半国家的艾滋病毒防治工作中满足妇女和女孩防治艾滋病毒的具体需要；(10) 对性别暴力采取零容忍政策。", "[2] 艾滋病毒治疗数字为目前通过当前赠款接受抗逆病毒治疗的人数。", "[3] 除其他规定外，该决议“鼓励在完成维持和平行动的规定任务过程中，酌情列入包括自愿保密咨询和检测方案在内的艾滋病毒的预防、治疗、护理和支助，包括向各国机构、安全部门改革和解除武装、复员和重返社会(复员方案)工作提供援助，并需要在联合国派驻人员过渡到其他组合期间和之后继续提供这种预防、治疗、护理和支助”。这一决议不仅确认“国际社会仍然需要紧迫采取协调一致的行动，控制艾滋病毒流行在冲突中和冲突后的影响”，而且为联合国和会员国的执行工作提供了指导。", "[4] 开发署负责“废除惩罚性法律、政策和做法，消除污名化和歧视，为有效防治艾滋病清除障碍”方面的召集，并与人口基金共同负责“满足妇女和女孩防治艾滋病毒的需要并制止性暴力和性别暴力”和“增强男男性行为者、性工作者和变性者自我保护、避免感染艾滋病毒和充分获得抗逆转录病毒疗法的能力”方面的召集。" ]

[ "联合国 DP/2011/40-DP/FPA/2011/12", "[]", "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日,纽约", "临时议程项目5", "艾滋病规划署的后续行动 方案协调委员会会议", "联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署方案协调委员会各项决定和建议的执行情况报告", "内容提要", "根据执行局2010年第二届常会的讨论,本报告重点介绍开发署和人口基金在应对艾滋病毒方面的选定成果,并介绍联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署方案协调委员会分别于2010年12月和2011年6月举行的第27(th)和28(x)次会议与人口基金和开发署有关的决定和建议的最新情况。", "决定要点载于本报告。", "目录", "一. 背景情况 4", "二. 开发署和人口基金的成果4", "三. 艾滋病规划署协委会的决定和开发署和人口基金说明性建议 12", "四、结 论 今后的道路 16", " V. 决定要点 17", "页:1", "缩略语一览表", "APNSW 亚太性工作者网络", "ASRH 青少年性健康和生殖健康", "反腐败委员会 共同赞助组织委员会", "CEWG 共同赞助者评价工作组", "维和部", "东非共同体 东非共同体", "EIAs 环境影响评估", "基于性别的暴力", "GIZ 德国国际合作署", "(以前称为德国技术合作署)", "HCT 艾滋病毒咨询和检测运动", "MDG 千年发展目标", "MERG 监测和评价咨商小组", "管理部 男男性行为者", "多氯联苯 方案协调委员会", "防止母婴传播 预防母婴传播", "减贫战略文件", "南共体 南部非洲发展共同体", "西亚 第二次独立评价", "SRH 性健康和生殖健康", "TRIPS 与贸易有关的知识产权", "乌干达联邦 综合预算、成果和问责制框架", "乌比韦 综合预算和工作计划", "艾滋病规划署 联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署", "YWCA 基督教青年会", "一. 背景情况", "1. 联合国 在艾滋病毒流行30年后,全球艾滋病对策正处在十字路口。 自2001年和2006年联合国大会特别会议以来,在防治艾滋病方面取得了重要进展,特别是在增加资源、加强国家政策框架、扩大获得治疗和预防服务的机会以及就国家一级有效行动的原则达成广泛共识方面。 对主要趋势的审查也突出了关键机会,包括改进衡量艾滋病毒发生率的工具、更好的战略信息以及制定艾滋病毒预防、治疗、护理和支助新战略的势头。 同时,对长期政治和经济趋势的审查表明,资源趋于平坦,反应分散和笼统,治疗机会严重不足,制度薄弱并长期存在社会不公正现象。", "2. 联合国 在2011年6月联合国大会艾滋病问题高级别会议上,会员国通过了一项新的《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言:加大行动力度以消灭艾滋病毒/艾滋病》,为防治艾滋病毒确定了大胆的新目标。 这一宣言确定了未来防治艾滋病工作的议程,并为结束这一流行病提供了路线图。 安全理事会关于艾滋病问题的新决议 -- -- 第1983(2011)号决议 -- -- 就冲突中和冲突后暴力侵害妇女行为与艾滋病毒之间的联系问题获得通过,是确保社会稳定和国家安全的又一重要步骤,而艾滋病可能危害到社会稳定和国家安全。", "3. 2003年6月,开发计划署/人口基金、联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)和世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)的执行局举行了一次联席会议,讨论载于UNIDS/PCB(13)/02.2号文件的艾滋病规划署第一次五年评价所提出的建议。 联席会议讨论了评价建议对开发署、人口基金、儿童基金会和粮食计划署的影响并讨论了艾滋病规划署的业务和治理问题。 因此,执行局成员同意在执行局议程上列入一个经常项目,说明联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病规划署)方案协调委员会的决定和建议的后续行动。", " 4.四. 本报告由开发署和人口基金联合编写,概述了在防治艾滋病毒方面取得的成果。 报告还介绍了分别于2010年12月和2011年6月举行的协委会第27(第2次)和28(第2次)会议的决定和建议的最新情况。 会议期间讨论的与开发署和人口基金特别相关的关键问题包括:艾滋病署2011-2015年战略;艾滋病署统一预算、成果和问责制框架;第二次独立评价的执行进展情况。", "二. 开发署和人口基金的成果", "5 (韩语). 协委会第27^ (th)次会议正式通过了新的艾滋病署2011-2015年战略:实现零,该战略为全球应对工作提出了变革性议程。 艾滋病规划署的三个新的战略方向是:(a) 革命性地预防艾滋病毒;(b) 促进下一阶段的治疗、护理和支助;(c) 促进人权和两性平等。 所有这些战略方向都至关重要,都是相互依存的。 为艾滋病规划署的长期愿景确定了10个中期目标。 这些目标源自艾滋病规划署成果框架的优先领域,目的是在需要的地方推动具体进展,使联合方案能够改进其战略重点。 附件概述了艾滋病规划署的新战略。 该战略是2011年6月联合国大会艾滋病问题高级别会议所通过关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的新政治宣言的基础。", "6. 国家 下文举例说明开发署和人口基金在艾滋病署2011-2015年战略三个战略方向下对发展的贡献所产生的成果,以及应对这些挑战和步骤。", "7. 联合国 自2008年以来,开发署近70个国家办事处实施了与开发署战略计划四项艾滋病毒成果相挂钩的方案,另外估计还有30个国家将开展艾滋病毒活动,作为其他专题或跨业务方案的一部分。 对独立评价证据的分析以及国家办事处的报告概述了在防治艾滋病毒方面取得的重大成果。 特别是,证据突出表明,在建设地方机构的能力、促进两性平等、促进多方利益攸关方参与、南南合作和同联合国机构协作方面采取了成功的做法。 评价指出了值得注意的跨实践工作,表明在与其他专题领域有联系的地方取得了一些最强有力的艾滋病毒成果。", "8. 联合国 鉴于约80%的艾滋病毒感染是性传染的,或与怀孕、分娩和哺乳有关,人口基金已执行一项战略,优先分配和使用其统一预算和工作计划资源,以在国家和分区域一级建立人口基金的艾滋病毒专门能力。 这一能力建设战略旨在增强对各国的支助。 2006年启动了预防艾滋病毒的努力。 2008年的一项审查得出结论认为,人口基金对艾滋病毒预防工作的贡献范围、强度和质量发生了重大积极变化。 2011年,正在审查该战略,以确保采取综合办法,更有效地加强人口基金同各国的合作,将艾滋病毒对策同更广泛的发展、人权和人道主义方案拟订以及性健康和生殖健康联系起来。", "扭转艾滋病毒预防工作", "9. 国家 开发计划署支助21个国家和地区将艾滋病毒纳入国家和部门发展计划和进程、减贫战略文件和千年发展目标计划的主流。 南部非洲环境评估研究所编写了一份关于将卫生和社会问题(特别是艾滋病毒和性别问题)纳入南部非洲和东非区域环境影响评估的立法审查报告草案,并得到了开发署的支持。 伙伴国家包括:博茨瓦纳、莱索托、马拉维、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、南非、乌干达和赞比亚。 环境影响评估是一个实用的平台,通过这种平台,可以通过多部门方式以可持续的方式更好地了解和解决与基本建设项目有关的社会影响(艾滋病毒和性别)。 该项目的启动加强了各部委之间的合作。 在所有国家,性别、艾滋病毒和基本建设项目之间的联系正在得到确认并获得更好的理解。", "10个 向37个以上国家提供了关于男男性行为者、变性人和性工作的技术援助和政策指导,并提供资金和筹资支助。 在2009年开始的工作基础上,开发署继续向阿根廷、布基纳法索、多哥、莱索托、斐济、菲律宾和乌克兰的方案提供以下方面的咨询支助:为男男性行为者和变性人提供战略信息、人权保护以及加强能力和伙伴关系以扩大为男男性行为者和变性人提供的服务。 这些方案加强了国家努力,以满足这些通常得不到充分服务的人口的需要,例如在菲律宾,国家艾滋病毒方案现在有一个以男男性行为者和变性者为重点的具体组成部分。", "11个 为了满足男子和妇女的性健康和生殖健康需要,人口基金继续增加获得男用和女用避孕套的机会,并促使其正确和持续地使用。 全球保险套倡议从2008年的55个国家扩大到2010年的74个国家,并接近其100个国家目标。 人口基金仍然是低收入国家最大的男用和女用安全套供应商之一(2009年分别为6 800万和1 400万)。 在加勒比次区域对避孕套需求生成框架进行了实地测试,结果在伯利兹、苏里南和圣卢西亚起草了避孕套需求生成战略。 南部非洲4个高流行率国家,即博茨瓦纳、莱索托、南非和斯威士兰也完成了避孕套需求生成举措。 2011年,人口基金加紧努力,实现艾滋病规划署关于将青年使用避孕套率提高50%的目标,这将继续是一个方案优先事项。", "12个 为了扩大南非青年人的艾滋病毒检测,人口基金与LoveLife和灵魂城建立了伙伴关系,支持为12至14岁青年开展的全国艾滋病毒咨询和检测运动,惠及8 445 000名青年人。 在巴巴多斯和哈萨克斯坦,向决策者进行宣传,以消除阻碍18岁以下青年在未经父母同意的情况下获得性健康和生殖健康服务的法律障碍。 在伯利兹,人口基金支持基督教女青年会(基督教女青年会)为年轻女孩建立方便青年的空间,大大改善了她们获得咨询、性健康和生殖健康信息和使用避孕套的机会。", "13个 在全球范围,人口基金继续加强伙伴关系,建立证据基础,支持能力发展并提供技术援助,以支持青年人获得全面的青少年性健康和生殖健康服务及性教育。 2010年,已超过2011年关于有中学课程的国家比例的目标,包括以对性别问题有敏感认识的生活技能为基础的性健康和生殖健康以及预防艾滋病毒。 人口基金支助的成果实例包括尼泊尔将青少年性健康和生殖健康纳入政府的卫生部门执行计划;越南为校外青年制定了国家青少年性健康和生殖健康准则。 在哥伦比亚和莫桑比克,人口基金支助的方案从捐助者支助转变为政府所有。 在阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和埃及,人口基金通过具有文化敏感性的方法支持性教育。", "14个 目前,人口基金和合作伙伴正在努力建立一个区域和国家专家网络,以应对性教育方面的培训和技术援助请求。 作为第一步,进行了情况分析,以评估东部和南部非洲10个国家目前以学校为基础的性教育课程的内容、质量和提供方法,以指导今后的课程修订。 其结果被人口基金、儿童基金会、教科文组织和夸祖鲁-纳塔尔大学共同举办的一次讲习班所吸收,该讲习班培养了来自南部非洲共同体(南共体)10个国家(博茨瓦纳、肯尼亚、莱索托、马拉维、纳米比亚、南非、斯威士兰、乌干达、赞比亚和津巴布韦)教育部和负责青年事务的联合国工作人员的70名课程发展专家的能力,以在教育环境中设计和实施有效的性教育和艾滋病毒预防。 因此,正在利用参与性培训方法,编制关于性教育的区域培训手册,并将用来培养足够数量的合格的性教育教育工作者。", "15个 最近的证据显示,艾滋病毒是育龄妇女死亡的主要原因,因此需要加强对千年发展目标3、4、5和6之间相互联系的认识,并作出一致努力,支持将艾滋病毒和性健康和生殖健康结合起来。 迄今为止,已有25个国家得到支助,以制定和执行将性健康和生殖健康纳入国家计划,各国报告说,艾滋病毒方案与预防性别暴力的努力之间的联系有所改善。 向61个国家提供了技术支助,以扩大实施预防母婴传播和服务一体化的方案——计划生育提供了一个坚实的切入点,人口基金各办事处报告说,70%的国家将计划生育纳入了情况分析,49%的国家在其国家计划中为此拨出了预算。", "16号. 关键的挑战依然存在并会影响实现艾滋病规划署的战略目标。 2010年,出现了更多证据表明,扩大治疗可带来预防效益。 这些调查结果不仅突出表明需要加快扩大治疗范围,而且迫切需要在战略规划、提供服务和影响评估各级将艾滋病毒预防和治疗联系起来。 这将需要从质量和数量两方面加强对整个预防的衡量和数据收集。 `预防治疗 ' 需要结合其他预防艾滋病毒的备选办法使用,因为它是加强预防艾滋病毒的一揽子计划,而不是替代。", "17岁 关于融合问题,在许多国家,艾滋病毒与性健康和生殖健康之间的联系仍然具有挑战性。 重点往往放在服务层面的一体化上,而对更广泛的结构和人权问题的关注较少。 后勤和供应系统效率低下也是有效提供服务的障碍。 例如,关键商品(抗反转录病毒药物、机会性疾病的治疗方案、艾滋病毒检测包、避孕套等)的供应中断,妨碍了有效的应对措施,并强调需要进一步加强国家和国家以下各级的采购和供应管理系统。 关于消除母婴传播艾滋病毒和普及防治的目标,除非国家和社区帮助社会最边缘化的成员并满足他们的需要,否则这些目标将无法实现。 需要更多的政治支持、重点明确的技术支助和更加综合的服务,以确保在进展仍然滞后的国家扩大方案。 采取全面办法,辅之以实际的标准化程序并辅之以关于一体化好处的证据,对于说服利益有关者扩大方案规模至关重要。", "18岁。 预防信息和方案拟定需要通过一系列适合年龄和背景的方案提供,设计方案认为青年人的参与和投入,包括性教育,是改善青年人健康结果的有用手段。 消除对青年友好服务的政策和法律障碍,使青年人不受排斥,减少他们感染艾滋病毒的风险。 优先国家努力实现可衡量的目标(例如,关于青年人的全面知识、艾滋病毒检测和避孕套使用),将有助于在减少新感染方面加强问责制并发挥杠杆作用。", "促进下一阶段的治疗、护理和支助", " 19. 19. 作为全球防治艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金的主要接受者,2010年开发署帮助发展了国家能力,以在29个国家有效执行大规模艾滋病毒、结核病和疟疾方案。 向国家利益攸关方提供能力发展支助是一个关键优先事项,目前正在同国家伙伴协作,为开发署管理的所有新赠款制定正式的能力发展计划。 2003年至2010年期间,开发署在总共37个国家担任主要受援国。 在其中12个国家,主要受援者的作用被移交给国家实体,这反映了能力发展的成就。 尽管在风险最高的国家,开发署的赠款业绩常常是主要受援国,但远远高于平均水平。 自2003年以来,开发计划署协助向2 800万人提供艾滋病毒、结核病和疟疾预防的社区外联服务。 除了向213 000名艾滋病毒感染者提供抗逆转录病毒治疗外,还为近480万人提供了艾滋病毒咨询和检测。 [2] 方案还发现和治疗了70万个结核病病例,分发了1 100万个蚊帐并治疗了2 600万个疟疾病例。", "20号. 人口基金支持制定具体指南,以解决与青年和性工作者有关的问题,以用于编写第10轮全球基金艾滋病毒提案。 它向南非、斯威士兰和赞比亚提供了技术支助,以便将性健康和生殖健康与艾滋病毒结合起来;向20个国家提供了防止母婴传播艾滋病毒的技术支助,包括咨询和联合技术特派团。", "21岁 开发署支持17个国家和地区进行能力建设,以通过有利的贸易和卫生政策及立法。 例如,在乌克兰,政府得到开发署的支持,将与贸易有关的知识产权的灵活性纳入其国家立法。 如果这些办法获得通过,抗逆转录病毒药物和其他药物的费用可能会被大幅度降低。 另外,就乌克兰而言,如果采用TRIPS的灵活性,可以使用更多的通用软件,在某些情况下,这可以节省90%以上的费用,从而使更多的人得到治疗。 在坦桑尼亚联合共和国,开发计划署同民间社会和德国国际合作署合作,组织了两次关于东非共同体反伪造立法扩散问题的会议,涉及布隆迪、肯尼亚、卢旺达、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国。 来自所有东非共同体国家的政府代表、议员、学者和民间社会出席了这些会议,提高了对反伪造立法对公共卫生影响的认识。 结果,东非共同体秘书处通过了开发计划署关于以对公共健康敏感的方式修订东非共同体反伪造法案草案的建议。 这将保障占该区域所消费药品90%的东非共同体国家继续使用非专利药品。", "22号. 贫穷和被排斥是解决易受艾滋病伤害问题的关键方面。 这已使全球社会认识到,我们需要的不是艾滋病独有,而是对艾滋病敏感的社会保护办法。 在印度,开发署支持在几个州建立、扩大和改革多个对艾滋病毒敏感的社会保护方案,2010年在六个月期间惠及77 000多人。 2006年,一项社会经济影响研究为这些方案奠定了分析基础,研究显示艾滋病毒对受影响家庭的就业、收入、储蓄和上学产生了相当大的不利影响。 作为后续行动,开发署发起了一项多管齐下的宣传和技术支助战略,涉及国家艾滋病控制组织、州办事处和民间社会组织,包括艾滋病毒感染者网络。 因此,在拉贾斯坦邦,寡妇养恤金计划进行了改革,使因艾滋病毒而丧偶的妇女有资格每月领取养恤金,不论年龄大小。 印度的其他邦现在也在效仿。 2010年,在养恤金计划经过修改的所有州中,约有23 000名妇女从这一变化中受益。 此外,各州越来越多地支付艾滋病毒治疗的运输费用。 2010年,在6个月内,有31 000多人受益于该方案。 其他值得注意的改革包括艾滋病毒携带者现在能够获得补贴食品、住房和医疗保健的各州,所有这些州以前都仅限于贫困线以下的人。 劳动部还取消了将艾滋病毒排除在非正规工人特别医疗保险计划之外的条款。", "23. 联合国 许多国家没有国家社会保护方案,而那些有方案的国家需要彻底审查如何使法律、政策和方案更敏感地顾及受艾滋病毒影响者和艾滋病毒感染者的需要。 由于普遍贫困,加上耻辱和歧视,许多人获得服务的机会受到限制。 虽然在某些情况下,艾滋病毒治疗场所和社区组织之间有连续的护理,但实际上,由于各种因素,包括缺乏政治意愿和资源、社区团体缺乏能力以及社区团体与保健工作者之间缺乏理解,这一点很难保证。", "24 (韩语). 虽然卫生部门必须成为扩大治疗、护理和支助工作的核心,但许多国家仍然没有从战略上利用和协调有关部委。 除了上述贸易和社会保护政策的作用外,扩大护理和支助的其他主要贡献者可包括妇女部或性别部,它们处理妇女作为照料者的不相称作用,以及内政部或内政部,它们有助于被边缘化群体获得服务。", "促进人权和两性平等", "25岁 开发署同艾滋病规划署秘书处和全球基金一起,在第六和第七轮艾滋病毒提案和赠款中发表了关于获得司法机会方案的分析,成功地影响了将关于人权和平等的具体目标和业务计划纳入全球基金新战略。", "26. 联合国 2010年6月,开发署代表艾滋病规划署家庭启动了艾滋病毒与法律问题全球委员会。 委员会的目的是拟订有事实根据和以人权为基础的建议,以支持各国建立并维持有利的法律环境,以有效地应对艾滋病毒。 2011年在六个区域举行的委员会区域对话确定的讨论和后续行动将进一步通报和加强开发署在这一重要领域的工作。 区域对话的目的是促成政策对话,以期对该区域与艾滋病毒有关的重大人权和法律问题发表意见。 区域对话将通过提交材料和循证投入以及让决策者和立法者、执法和社区观点参与进来,为委员会的审议工作提供信息。 区域对话还将有助于加强区域内部的认识、参与和自主权,了解需要采取哪些行动才能真正改变人权和法律问题,从而支持改善人民的生活和健康。 开发署的性别工作与全球艾滋病毒与法律问题委员会之间有着密切的联系。 该委员会正在调查的三个主要领域之一,涉及维持或减轻妇女遭受暴力和歧视的法律。", "27个 向协委会第二十七届会议提交了一份关于行动框架和艾滋病规划署加速国家行动议程执行情况的进度报告。 协委会第28次会议进一步讨论了艾滋病对策对性别问题的敏感性。 该倡议于2010年3月启动,取得了相当大的成果:55个国家启动了妇女和女童议程,45个国家已经报告了与议程直接有关的活动。 2010年共为该倡议拨款610万美元,其中包括450万美元的国家支助。", "28岁 协委会成员欢迎进度报告并称行动计划是确保国家对策满足妇女和女童需要的独特机会。 协委会特别欢迎艾滋病署努力将全面的性教育政策和方案纳入其2011-2015年战略,并欣见艾滋病署努力消除与男性性别有关的艾滋病毒和性健康和生殖健康服务障碍。 与会者敦促取得进一步进展,并呼吁在妇女、女孩和艾滋病毒问题上发挥更广泛的领导作用,同时发表政治言论并配以充足的资源。", "29. 国家 在艾滋病规划署加速国家妇女、女孩、两性平等和艾滋病毒行动议程范围内,开发计划署在六个区域23个国家对感染艾滋病毒的妇女进行了领导能力建设,结果艾滋病毒抗体阳性妇女组织/网络和其他主要国家利益有关者之间加强了伙伴关系。 此外,已加强国家感染艾滋病毒妇女网络的能力,以更有效地参与14个国家的普及进程/报告和千年发展目标报告/宣传。", "30岁。 人口基金将联合起来开展运动和 \" 妇女和女孩议程 \" 的责任结合起来,支助42个国家设计、执行或评价专门旨在增强妇女和女孩权能的预防、治疗、护理和支助方案;支助26个国家制定和(或)执行与艾滋病毒有关的政策,专门处理基于性别的暴力问题并采取其他促进两性平等的行动。 在牙买加,设立了一个男子事务股,负责管理妇女事务局的必要干预措施,这促使牙买加男子进一步动员起来,宣传和执行减少基于性别的暴力的方案,并促使男子更多地参与确保妇女的平等和权利。 在近80个国家支助了艾滋病毒感染者网络,重点是感染艾滋病毒的妇女。", "31岁 2010年底,人口基金领导了性别平等和艾滋病毒问题机构间工作组的工作,以建设三个区域的16个国家的能力,与男子和男孩共同制定并实施有关性别、暴力和性关系的社会规范的战略。 人口基金支持为来自30个国家的92名与会者举办的“与男子合作预防和应对艾滋病毒/艾滋病”讲习班,该讲习班的成果是制定了与男子和男孩合作促进两性平等和生殖健康(包括艾滋病毒/艾滋病)的非洲区域框架。 虽然人们认识到让男子和男孩参与实现两性平等的重要性,但挑战仍然是让他们作为伙伴参与实现这一目标,以及促进他们自己的性健康和生殖健康。", "32. 联合国 开发计划署在10个国家领导了一项机构间倡议,其中包括人口基金,称为 \" 立即让妇女和女孩普遍获得服务! \" ,以支持各国在国家艾滋病毒防治工作中解决两性平等问题。 成功的一个例子包括在赞比亚新的《国家艾滋病战略框架》(2011-2015年)中纳入明确的性别内容并致力于解决基于性别的暴力问题,并在赞比亚全国委员会中设立一个新的性别问题顾问员额,以确保继续将性别问题纳入国家艾滋病对策。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 行动框架执行工作面临的主要挑战包括:需要为妇女、女孩和艾滋病毒作出长期的政治和财政承诺;需要增强性健康和生殖健康服务并将这些服务同艾滋病毒联系起来;基于性别的暴力发生率高;需要增加男子的参与。 能力发展对这一议程的成功和可持续性至关重要。 此外,迄今为止的经验突出表明,需要更好的证据和改进监测系统。", "34. 国家 有人指出,妇女署是加强联合国系统参与解决上述问题的一个潜在机会。 在2011年3月的会议上,共同赞助组织委员会欢迎妇女署有兴趣加入联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署,并商定根据协委会2004年商定的标准和程序(UNAIDS/PCB(15)/04.8)启动妇女署的正式申请程序。 同时,联合方案继续注重妇女和女孩,并增进妇女权利和两性平等。", "35. 联合国 在制定统一预算和资源分配框架期间,艾滋病规划署确保反映与在执行行动议程方面继续取得进展有关的关键行动、指标和预算拨款,包括但不限于整合艾滋病毒和性健康和生殖健康服务。 成员国要求与成员国协调,在感染艾滋病毒的妇女和民间社会的参与下,开展进一步监测,并通过统一预算和资源分配框架向协委会报告。 他们还要求在2012年12月对议程进行中期审查。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 要求艾滋病方案同国家利益有关者合作,记录艾滋病同妇女运动在解决同艾滋病毒有关的妇女和女孩需要方面进行合作的最佳做法模式。 协委会还请艾滋病规划署与主要利益攸关方合作,促进和推动改善性健康和生殖健康、人权和艾滋病毒之间的联系,并鼓励与处理艾滋病毒和两性平等问题的网络建立进一步的伙伴关系。", "37. 联合国 2011年,人口基金和开发署支助了50多个国家,以加强对性工作者及其客户、男男性行为者和变性者的人权保护和服务。 这些努力加强了性工作者网络和组织之间的协调与统一,重点是预防艾滋病毒和性传播感染、性健康和生殖健康以及性健康和生殖健康、基于性别的暴力和人权之间的联系。 人口基金和亚太性工作者网络与合作伙伴一道,组织了由泰国王国政府主办的关于艾滋病毒和性工作的首次亚太区域协商会,来自柬埔寨、中国、斐济、印度尼西亚、缅甸、巴基斯坦、巴布亚新几内亚和泰国的代表参加了协商会。 通过协商,拟订了8个关于艾滋病毒和性工作的国家级行动计划草案;制定了应对性工作者及其服务对象中艾滋病毒流行的区域议程,供2010-2013年实施;通过雇用一名全职主任和一名政策干事,加强了APNSW秘书处的技术能力;在政府与性工作者之间建立了区域对话和国家一级的对话。", "38. 国家 围绕关键人群的问题阻碍了进展。 数据显示,大多数国家仍然为针对关键人口的方案分配了不足的资源。 污名化、歧视和仇视同性恋现象继续存在,加上政治承诺不足。 在一些国家,民间社会薄弱的影响阻碍了解决关键人群与艾滋病毒有关需要的努力。 缺乏定量和定性数据意味着围绕性别、性和身份认同的理论框架薄弱,导致对需求和行为的肤浅理解,进而导致方案无效。 此外,与关键人群合作的有效对策和努力可能因一系列情况而受阻,例如强制戒毒或将性工作和同性关系定为犯罪。 最近与更有效的政治领导和更有针对性地分配资源有关的政策变化有助于扩大向关键人口提供循证服务的机会,并表明有可能取得进展。 必须为关键人口参与规划、执行和评价影响其生活的战略和方案创造有利的环境。 有效关注关键人群的需求还需要采取整体办法,包括反污名化努力,并与执法机构和其他利益攸关方合作解决宏观层面的问题。", "39. 联合国 协委会第二十七届会议讨论了艾滋病、安全和人道主义对策。 在艾滋病规划署劳工司下,人口基金和开发计划署一直同合作伙伴合作,处理人道主义局势中的艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题。 2011年6月安全理事会通过第1983(2011)号决议,确认需要扩大这项工作,加强解决冲突环境中艾滋病毒和性暴力的方案。", " 40. 40. 根据上述决议的框架,开发计划署和人口基金将同维持和平行动部(维和部)、艾滋病规划署秘书处和共同赞助者合作,以过去的倡议为基础,继续加强正在进行的工作,例如:", "复员和重返社会方案。 在科摩罗、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、印度尼西亚、利比里亚、尼泊尔、苏丹、塞拉利昂和南苏丹的重返社会进程中,联合方案惠及男女前战斗人员以及与武装部队和接收社区有关联的妇女。", "每年在大约25个国家(根据人口基金和难民署之间的协议),难民署管理的所有难民人口和难民营环境。", "与维和部合作,为维和人员开展关于艾滋病毒和性别暴力的培训举措。", "为东道社区制定的关于在冲突和冲突后环境中预防性暴力和艾滋病毒的方案。", "41. 国家 安全理事会第1983(2011)号决议的通过表明了会员国在人道主义背景下防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病的高级别承诺,并为人口基金和开发署维持/扩大方案和伙伴关系提供了新的机会。 正如关于安全理事会第1308(2000)号决议执行情况的进度报告所指出,“前线:审查2005-2010年国际维持和平人员和军警部门防治艾滋病毒的方案”。 威胁国际、和平与安全的形势不断变化,艾滋病与安全之间关系的证据不断演变,这些都为进一步加强这些行动和推动联合国预防冲突和建设和平的努力创造了新的挑战和机会”。 关键行为体(艾滋病规划署秘书处、维和部、开发署、人口基金、毒品和犯罪问题办公室)之间将很快进行讨论,以确定明确的责任分工和时间表,以执行安全理事会第1983(2011)号决议。", "三. 艾滋病规划署协委会关于开发署和人口基金的决定和建议说明", "艾滋病规划署战略", "42. 国家 协委会第27^ (th)次会议正式通过了新的艾滋病署2011-2015年战略:实现零,该战略为全球应对工作提出了变革性议程。 该战略旨在增加重点并提高效率,以大幅降低新感染人数,扩大治疗范围并减少耻辱和歧视。 其目的是促进战略伙伴关系,支持国家自主权,使新兴经济体参与进来,促进南南合作和三角合作,并引入为应对措施筹资的新办法。 该战略强调在应对措施中相互问责,改善广泛的自主权,加强社区系统,并提倡积极性。 它反映了从短期技术支助向发展持久能力和有复原力国家的过渡,以及将防治艾滋病与更广泛的保健和发展努力联系起来的进一步努力。", "43. 东帝汶 会员国强调,鼓励所有共同赞助者将其战略同艾滋病规划署的新战略联系起来。 这项工作仍在继续进行,卫生组织、粮食计划署、劳工组织和教科文组织已经修订了其艾滋病毒战略和政策,以便同艾滋病规划署的战略建立具体的联系。 人口基金准备在即将修订其艾滋病毒问题战略指导时这样做,并在对其战略计划进行中期审查并修订相应的发展成果框架的后续行动中考虑到艾滋病规划署的UBRAF。 新的艾滋病署战略还将为人口基金2014-2017年下一个战略计划提供参考。 开发署将更新其目前的艾滋病整体战略,以反映2012年和2013年艾滋病署的新战略。 此外,新的艾滋病署战略将为将艾滋病毒和艾滋病工作纳入开发署2014年及以后的新战略计划提供信息。", "44. 国家 值得一提的挑战是,对艾滋病毒的国际支持日益平平,同时需求相互竞争,艾滋病毒感染者人数不断增加,给艾滋病毒防治工作带来巨大压力,并威胁到最近成果的可持续性。 此外,许多国家严重依赖外部支助,可能危及国家应对工作。 在通过2001年《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的承诺宣言》中有时限的目标十年后,技术和管理领域内存在着人力资源和机构能力方面的限制,这继续破坏国家的反应。 为艾滋病毒防治工作提供资金是一项共同的责任,需要国际捐助者继续提供支助,国内政府增加拨款并作出政治承诺,新兴经济体和私营部门加强领导,加强方案重点,提高效率并发挥最大影响。", "2012-2015年综合预算、成果和问责框架", "45. 国家 艾滋病署的战略将通过各种机制来实施,包括2012-2015年艾滋病联盟和经修订的艾滋病署劳工部。 UBRAF是协委会第28^ ()次会议议程上的主要项目,取代了专题会议。 统一预算和资源分配框架的结构围绕艾滋病规划署的战略、其10个战略目标和战略职能,旨在帮助实现艾滋病规划署关于零新艾滋病毒感染、零艾滋病相关死亡和零歧视的长期愿景。", "46. 经常预算: 统一预算和资源分配框架说明联合方案的成果、产出和可交付成果,对照这些成果、产出和可交付成果分配资源的情况,以及如何监测进展情况。 因此,报告介绍了联合方案的全面成果结构,包括明确界定的基线和成果,确定每个共同赞助者的贡献,并具体侧重于国家进展。", "47. 国家 UBRAF由三个部分组成:", "(a) 一项业务计划,其中提供了一个框架,以了解联合方案为支持2011-2015年艾滋病署战略的实施所作出的贡献。 业务计划说明了联合方案的理由、目标和预期成果。 共同赞助者和艾滋病规划署秘书处将制定年度滚动工作计划,以详细执行综合预算框架,加强与共同赞助者的规划进程和成果框架的联系。 鉴于这一流行病的性质不断变化并需要更加突出重点,艾滋病规划署将在方案方面集中努力,并在艾滋病规划署战略确定的20个以上国家加紧努力(见图1)。", "图1:20多个国家概览", "[]", "(b) 成果和问责框架,用以衡量联合方案的成就并明确投资与成果之间的联系。 成果和问责框架将确保在方案成果和实现资金效益方面实行问责制。 协委会请联合方案通过与所有赞助方的协商进程来进一步加强该框架,协商的结果将报告给协委会第29^ (th)次会议。 对开发署和人口基金的影响包括作为共同赞助者评价工作组和艾滋病规划署监测和评价咨商小组成员审查和完善指标。 每年将向协委会报告框架的执行情况,包括以指标支持的关于民间社会的资源和参与的信息。", "(c) 2012-2013年核心预算,以催化共同赞助者的捐款并资助艾滋病规划署秘书处,将艾滋病规划署战略目标转化为行动和成果。 协委会核准了2012-2013年4.85亿美元的核心预算,这意味着预算维持在2010-2011年和2008-2009年的水平上。 这表明实际价值下降,并凸显了统一预算和资源分配框架的持续催化和杠杆作用以及为确保资金效益而作的努力。 向艾滋病规划署10个共同赞助者提供1.64亿美元,向艾滋病规划署秘书处提供3.2亿美元。 向共同赞助者分配核心预算是为了利用共同赞助者为艾滋病工作筹集的其他预算。 在今后两个两年期中,目标是将区域和国家两级的UBRAF核心资源增加到70%,以尽量扩大所有共同赞助者和艾滋病规划署秘书处专门用于防治艾滋病的资源的影响。", "图2. UBRAF核心资源目前和目标分配情况", "[]", " 48. 48. UBRAF将业务计划、成果和问责制框架和预算的所有内容联系起来,以产生一系列成果,支持实现艾滋病署2011-2015年战略。 下图概述了业务计划、成果和问责制框架、预算及其之间的联系。 开发署/人口基金/项目厅执行局支持和指导开发署和人口基金各自的战略计划修订工作与统一预算和预算框架保持一致,这将缓解调整方面的挑战。", "图3:UBRAF不同要素之间的联系", "[]", "第二次独立评价执行情况进展报告", "49. (中文(简体) ). 对联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署的第二次独立评价要求制定新的艾滋病规划署任务、愿景、战略和统一预算、成果和问责制框架。 此外,联合方案修订了艾滋病规划署分工,以提高效率和效力,利用各自的任务和资源,并在全球、区域和国家各级促进相互问责。 劳工部确定了艾滋病规划署10个共同赞助者的召集和伙伴关系作用与责任。 艾滋病规划署秘书处没有召集15个分工领域的任何会议,而是将推动和促进在宣传、战略信息、伙伴关系、相互问责和调动核心资源以实现所有领域的成果方面的协调和凝聚力。", " 50. 50. 根据订正的劳工司,开发计划署被指派作为处理人权和法律环境的优先领域的召集人,并作为与人口基金关于妇女和女童和最有风险人口的联合召集人。 [4] 此外,人口基金正在与世界银行就艾滋病毒的性传播问题以及同儿童基金会就青年人问题共同召开会议。 开发署的召集和伙伴关系作用完全符合其战略计划的成果领域以及开发署在减贫、治理、两性平等和危机预防和恢复等更广泛的任务。 同样,人口基金的共同召集作用完全符合其任务和战略计划的重点,即普及性健康和生殖健康、生殖权利、妇女和两性平等、青年,并注重惠及边缘化和被排斥的人口。", "51. 联合国 总的来说,由于通过了订正的劳工司,有机会大幅度地改进艾滋病规划署的集体业绩和影响。 联合国联合小组和联合支助方案的数目增加,有可能改进联合国在国家一级的努力的一致性、协调和效力。 更广泛地努力实施环境信息系统的建议,也将导致整个艾滋病规划署的变革,特别是统一预算和资源分配框架的新形式和四年形式。 虽然一些捐助方根据妇女署将加入联合方案的假设,就可能改变劳动司的问题提出了询问,但预计在适当的时候将办理手续。 然而,各机构已就各种问题同妇女署密切合作,在国家一级,妇女署也参与关于根据当地情况和需要调整国家一级劳动司进程的讨论和决定,同时考虑到所有伙伴的相对优势。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 技术支助战略的定稿被推迟到协委会第27^ (th)次会议。 技术支助战略概述了联合方案为扩大技术支助和加强总体技术支助市场而采取的主要行动。 更加强调技术支助的有效性和通过统一和问责制度以成本效益高的方式提供这种支助。 特别是,艾滋病规划署将把技术支助工作重点放在国家和区域两级的长期技能转让和能力发展上,并注重在联合方案内调整不同的技术支助结构和机制。", "53. 联合国 协委会成员要求提供关于技术支持计划的其他细节。 会议商定在联合方案中列入一个实质性议程项目,审查和分析可持续能力发展和技术支助的状况,并在协委会第29^ ()次会议上进一步讨论艾滋病规划署的技术支助战略。 与能力建设方面的技术支助战略相联的是,重申需要如环境信息系统所指出,制定一项以民间社会和艾滋病毒感染者为重点的独特的伙伴关系战略。 今后六个月,将与民间社会伙伴合作,继续进行编纂工作,同时确定统一预算和资源分配框架的指标。 挑战包括确保明确了解每个潜在伙伴的期望和目标,作为有效伙伴关系的原则,并确保这些期望和目标同艾滋病规划署的战略目标和国家方案优先事项相一致。 此外,最近的经验突出表明,许多多国公司愿意与非政府组织在社会发展工作方面建立伙伴关系,以加强企业社会责任方案并探讨同小型私营部门企业就艾滋病毒问题进行合作的机会。", "54. 联合国 最后,协委会获悉,经过广泛磋商并彻底审查了相关的效益和费用后,已确定艾滋病规划署秘书处的最佳选择是在卫生组织条例和细则的框架内采用单一的行政系统。 以前,秘书处分别在总部一级和国家一级使用卫生组织和开发计划署的行政系统。 艾滋病规划署所有工作人员现在都将遵守同一套工作人员细则,并与同一套电子平台连接。 向单一行政系统过渡的相关费用将在统一预算和工作计划的秘书处部分内匀支。 预计单一的行政系统将使艾滋病规划署秘书处能够实现重要的效率和避免重复。", "四、结 论 二. 前进的道路", "55. 国家 有鉴于此,开发署正在调整艾滋病毒方案拟订工作,以应对已查明的挑战并推广成功经验。 首先,开发署认识到将关于艾滋病毒的行动同更广泛的发展努力联系起来的价值,因此将优先执行处理艾滋病毒问题的跨专题方案以及促进两性平等、诉诸司法和经济赋权等关键优先事项。 这将涉及制定跨业务战略和联合工作计划,并落实实际方案拟订指导。 第二,在发展国家实体接管全球基金、艾滋病毒、结核病和疟疾赠款执行工作的能力方面正在取得良好进展的同时,开发署将大大加强对更长期能力发展的重视。 今后,与国家利益攸关方合作编写的能力发展评估和计划将是开发署管理的所有新的全球基金方案的组成部分。 第三,千年发展目标评估指出了将艾滋病毒与保健战略相挂钩的好处,开发署将在评估的基础上再接再厉,通过利用现有成功的艾滋病毒方案促进更广泛的保健千年发展目标来提高成本效益。 这将包括借鉴支持大规模执行、能力发展和治理的经验来加快千年发展目标的进展。 最后,必须确保评价更连贯一致地为方案拟订决定提供参考,并确保艾滋病毒方面的成功举措得到持续和扩大,或者在开发署终止支助时移交给合作伙伴。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 鉴于全球育龄妇女死亡的两个最大原因都是与怀孕和生育以及艾滋病毒/艾滋病有关的并发症,并且鉴于在没有艾滋病毒的情况下,2008年全球孕产妇死亡率会降低约6%,人口基金将继续努力降低孕产妇死亡率。 这将包括加强机制,将降低孕产妇死亡率的努力同应对艾滋病流行的努力积极联系起来;促进加强合作和采取综合办法并制订循证和以权利为本的方案;将孕产妇保健纳入一系列综合干预措施的连续护理,以影响孕产妇保健成果,包括与艾滋病毒有关的成果。 人口基金将继续支持努力使妇女和女孩有意义地参与国家艾滋病毒对策的每个阶段,以确保她们的需要和权利得到妥善处理和监测;确保她们能够获得一揽子优质性健康和生殖健康服务,得到有尊严和尊重的待遇,免受暴力、胁迫、羞辱和歧视。 根据预防青少年和青年人感染艾滋病毒的有效方法的证据,人口基金将支持针对青年人的艾滋病毒和性健康和生殖健康综合干预措施,包括:推迟初次性行为;戒烟;正确和持续地使用男用和女用避孕套;男性医疗割礼;减少多个同时的性伴侣;以及有效沟通,以改变社会和行为。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 人口基金将继续支持改进国家、区域和全球综合安全套方案,以扩大获得男用和女用安全套的机会和需求。 人口基金将支持各国政府根据流行病和国家情况制定战略,具体满足男男性行为者、性工作者和变性者的性健康和生殖健康需要。 最后,人口基金认识到,如果不在育龄妇女中进行有效的艾滋病毒初级预防并预防感染艾滋病毒的妇女意外怀孕,就不可能实现消除儿童新感染的目标,而且如果在孕妇中进行有效的初级预防,降低意外怀孕率,同时限制母乳喂养感染艾滋病毒的妇女,将占减少母婴传播艾滋病毒的可能性的19%,人口基金将支持努力确保人权,包括所有妇女和女孩的生殖权利 -- -- 特别是感染艾滋病毒的妇女和女孩的生殖权利 -- -- 受到保护,成为所有艾滋病毒和全球保健方案的不可谈判的内容。", "58. 联合国 尽管联合国系统内对支持各国应对艾滋病毒作出了坚定承诺,但本报告已经指出的根本问题,特别是与资金供应有关的问题,以及更重要的是与联合国的人力资源能力有关的问题,将继续挑战各机构的成果和国家在实现政治宣言、艾滋病规划署战略和统一预算和预算框架所订立的目标方面取得的进展。", " V. 决定要点", "59. (中文(简体) ). 执行局不妨注意到本报告,并建议在开发署和人口基金各自的艾滋病毒战略和政策以及开发署和人口基金拟为2014-2017年制定的各自新的战略计划中,与艾滋病署的战略建立具体联系。", "[ ] 附件", "[1] 目标是:(1) 将艾滋病毒的性传播减少一半,包括在年轻人、男男性行为者中间的性传播和在性工作背景下的传播;(2) 消除艾滋病毒的垂直传播和将与艾滋病有关的孕产妇死亡率减半;(3) 在吸毒者中预防的所有新的艾滋病毒感染;(4) 符合治疗条件的艾滋病毒感染者普遍获得抗逆转录病毒治疗;(5) 艾滋病毒感染者的结核病死亡减半;(6) 艾滋病毒感染者和受艾滋病毒影响的家庭在国家所有社会保护战略中得到处理并获得基本护理和支助;(7) 围绕艾滋病毒传播、性工作、毒品使用或同性恋的惩罚性法律和做法阻碍有效对策减半;(8) 在有这种限制的半数国家中消除与艾滋病毒有关的对进入、停留和居住的限制;(9) 妇女和女童的艾滋病毒特定需要至少在所有国家艾滋病毒对策中得到解决;(10) 对基于性别的暴力零容忍。", "[2] 艾滋病毒治疗数字是目前接受抗逆转录病毒治疗并获得主动赠款的人数。", "[3] 决议除其他规定外,“鼓励在执行维持和平行动的授权任务时,酌情纳入艾滋病毒预防、治疗、护理和支助,包括自愿和保密的咨询和检测方案,包括协助国家机构、安全部门改革和解除武装、复员和重返社会(复员方案)进程;必须确保在过渡到联合国存在的其他结构期间和之后,继续提供这种预防、治疗、护理和支助”。 该决议不仅承认“仍然需要采取协调一致的国际行动来遏制艾滋病毒流行病在冲突和冲突后局势中的影响”,而且还为联合国和会员国提供了执行方面的指示。", "[4] 开发署召开会议,讨论“废除阻碍有效应对艾滋病的惩罚性法律、政策、做法、污名化和歧视”,并与人口基金共同召集会议,讨论“满足妇女和女孩的艾滋病毒需要并制止性暴力和性别暴力”和“增强与男子发生性关系的男子、性工作者和变性人保护自己免受艾滋病毒感染并充分获得抗逆转录病毒疗法的能力”。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the interim report prepared by the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan E. Méndez, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/205.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment", "Summary", "In the present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/205, the Special Rapporteur addresses issues of special concern and recent developments in the context of his mandate.", "The Special Rapporteur draws the attention of the General Assembly to his assessment that solitary confinement is practised in a majority of States. He finds that where the physical conditions and the prison regime of solitary confinement cause severe mental and physical pain or suffering, when used as a punishment, during pre-trial detention, indefinitely, prolonged, on juveniles or persons with mental disabilities, it can amount to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and even torture. In addition, the use of solitary confinement increases the risk that acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment will go undetected and unchallenged.", "The report highlights a number of general principles to help to guide States to re-evaluate and minimize its use and, in certain cases, abolish the practice of solitary confinement. The practice should be used only in very exceptional circumstances, as a last resort, for as short a time as possible. He further emphasizes the need for minimum procedural safeguards, internal and external, to ensure that all persons deprived of their liberty are treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Activities 4 related to the \nmandate III.Solitary 7 \nconfinement A.Overview 7 of work undertaken by the \nmandate B.History 7 and current practice of solitary \nconfinement \nC.Definition 8D. Legal 9 \nframework E.States’ 12 rationale for the use of solitary \nconfinement F.Conditions 14 of solitary \nconfinement G. Prolonged 16 or indefinite solitary \nconfinement H. Psychological 17 and physiological effects of solitary \nconfinement I.Latent 18 effects of solitary \nconfinement J.Vulnerable 18 \nindividuals K.When 19 solitary confinement amounts to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or \npunishment IV.Conclusions 21 and \nrecommendations \nAnnex Effectsof 26 solitary \nconfinement", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report, submitted pursuant to paragraph 39 of General Assembly resolution 65/205, is the thirteenth submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. It is the first report submitted by the present mandate holder.", "2. The Special Rapporteur wishes to draw attention to his report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/52), in which he outlined his vision, working methods and priorities for his tenure as Special Rapporteur.", "II. Activities related to the mandate", "3. Below is a summary of the activities carried out by the Special Rapporteur pursuant to the mandate since the submission of his report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/52 and Add.1-6).", "Communications concerning human rights violations", "4. During the period from 1 December 2010 to 1 July 2011, he sent 20 letters of allegations of torture to 18 Governments, and 95 urgent appeals on behalf of persons who might be at risk of torture or other forms of ill-treatment to 48 Governments. In the same period 82 responses were received.", "Country visits", "5. With respect to fact-finding missions, an anticipated country visit to Kyrgyzstan for May 2011 was postponed, at the request of the Government, owing to ongoing political developments. By letter dated 28 July 2011, the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic proposed a country visit for the second half of August 2011. The Special Rapporteur welcomes this invitation; however, because of the short notice, he is discussing potential dates with the Government at the time of submitting the present report. He has accepted an invitation from the Government of Iraq to visit the country in October 2011. He has also been invited to visit Bahrain and is discussing dates with the Government. In addition to the pending country visit requests (see A/HRC/16/52, para. 6) the Special Rapporteur has requested a visit to Morocco with respect to Western Sahara.", "6. The Special Rapporteur conducted a visit to Tunisia from 15 to 22 May 2011. He shared his preliminary findings with the interim Government and issued a press statement on 22 May expressing his appreciation to the Government for the full cooperation extended to him. He noted that the Government had undertaken a series of positive steps towards ensuring accountability and long-term reforms. However, he is of the view that a “wait and see attitude” in anticipation of the Constituent Assembly election may be hampering the possibility of delivering bold and aggressive steps in restoring justice for past and recent abuses. The Special Rapporteur stressed that swift, effective and independent criminal investigations against alleged perpetrators of torture and ill-treatment should be ensured and administrative programmes should be launched offering redress and reparation services to victims of past and recent violations. The report of the mission to Tunisia will be presented to the Human Rights Council at its nineteenth session in March 2012.", "Key press statements", "7. The Special Rapporteur issued the following press statements (many were joint statements with other mandate holders):", "• On 31 December 2010 — expressing serious concern that enforced or involuntary disappearances, arbitrary detentions, extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, and acts of sexual violence may have occurred or may still be occurring in Côte d’Ivoire in relation to the presidential elections.", "• On 14 January 2011 — urging the Government of Tunisia to control the use of force against peaceful demonstrations, after at least 21 deaths were officially confirmed.", "• On 3 February 2011 — on public unrest in Belarus, Egypt and Tunisia and the alleged infliction of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment in connection with suppression of peaceful demonstrations.", "• On 17 February — urging the transitional Government in Egypt to establish an independent inquiry to investigate human rights violations during the revolution in that country, with the powers to transmit names and evidence for prosecution to the relevant authorities.", "• On 18 February — urging the Governments of Bahrain and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to guarantee the right to peaceful protest and immediately cease the use of excessive and lethal force.", "• On 22 February — on the situation of human rights defenders expressing serious concerns about gross violations of human rights that were being committed in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "• On 3 March 2011 — condemning the violent crackdown on protesters in Yemen, and urging the Government to stop the excessive use of force as a means to end ongoing protests.", "• On 22 March — expressing concerns about increased incidents of serious human rights violations in the capital of Bahrain.", "• On 1 April 2011 — expressing concerns about serious human rights violations in Côte d’Ivoire, including enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, killing and maiming of children, and sexual violence which may amount to international crimes, and expressed the full support of the Special Rapporteur and other mandate holders for Security Council resolution 1975 (2011).", "• On 11 April and 12 July — expressing frustration that despite his repeated requests to visit Private First Class Bradley E. Manning, the Government of the United States of America has not granted him unmonitored access to the detainee. The question of unfettered access goes beyond this case and touches on whether the Special Rapporteur would be able to conduct private and unmonitored interviews with detainees if he were to conduct a country visit to the United States.", "• On 15 April — denouncing the rising death toll and brutal crackdown on peaceful protesters, journalists and human rights defenders in the Syrian Arab Republic despite the Government’s promises of reforms and consultations to end the 48-year-old emergency rule.", "• On 1 July 2011 — urging the Government of the United States to stop the scheduled execution of Humberto Leal García in Texas.", "Highlights of key presentations/consultations/training courses", "8. From 8 to 9 February 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in a meeting sponsored by Amnesty International in London to discuss “Developing International Best Practice for Inquiries and Investigations into Torture”. He also spoke at the All Party Parliamentary Group on Extraordinary Rendition.", "9. On 22 February, he delivered a statement to the American Academy of Forensic Sciences at its 63rd annual meeting on “International framework and mechanisms for documenting conditions of detention, torture and ill-treatment”.", "10. On 28 February, he met with high-ranking officials from the Department of State and the Department of Defense of the United States of America in Washington, D.C., and again with the Department of Defense on 22 April to discuss issues of mutual concern.", "11. From 6 to 10 March 2011, the Special Rapporteur was in Geneva for the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council and met with the Ambassadors of Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Thailand and the United States. He also met with all the Human Rights Council regional groups except for the Africa Group, which unfortunately could not be scheduled.", "12. On 16 and 17 March, in Washington, D.C., he participated in a meeting with the Chair of the Committee against Torture, the Vice-Chair of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Rapporteur on the Rights of Persons Deprived of Liberty of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, a representative of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and the Special Rapporteur on Detained Persons of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The meeting was organized jointly by the Washington College of Law of American University and the Association for the Prevention of Torture to discuss ways to strengthen the working relations of those mechanisms.", "13. From 18 to 20 March, the Special Rapporteur made two presentations to the annual General Meeting and the fiftieth anniversary commemoration of the United States Section of Amnesty International in San Francisco.", "14. On 1 June 2011, he was the keynote speaker at an event in Washington, D.C., organized by several faith-based groups and entitled “Accountability Today: Preventing Torture Tomorrow”.", "15. From 15 to 17 June, the Special Rapporteur chaired, with the support of the Government of the Netherlands, a regional consultation on torture for the Americas in Santiago, Chile. The regional consultation was organized in partnership with the Association for the Prevention of Torture, the Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales, Corporación Humanas — Centro Regional de Derechos Humanos y Justicia de Género and Conectas Direitos Humanos, and was an opportunity for governments, national institutions and organizations of civil society from 12 countries to discuss follow-up to recommendations of country visits and to strengthen local and regional protection mechanisms against torture and ill-treatment.", "16. On 20 June, he met with the Director General for Foreign Policy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile, in Santiago.", "17. From 27 June to 1 July, the Special Rapporteur participated in the eighteenth annual meeting of Special Rapporteurs in Geneva. He also met with representatives of the Governments of Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, the Netherlands, the Russian Federation, Tunisia and the United States of America.", "18. On 7 July 2011, he met in Brasilia with the Minister for Human Rights in the Government of Brazil.", "III. Solitary confinement", "A. Overview of work undertaken by the mandate", "19. In his first report as Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/16/52, para. 70), he recognized that “the question as to whether ... prolonged solitary confinement” constituted “per se cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment has given rise to much debate and discussion in the Human Rights Council”, and believed that “the international community as a whole would greatly benefit from a dispassionate and rational discussion of the issues”.", "20. The Special Rapporteur has received complaints that solitary confinement is used in some countries in the context of administrative detention for national security or as a method to fight organized crime, as well as in immigration detention. He undertook this study because he found the practice of solitary confinement to be global in nature and subject to widespread abuse. In particular, the social isolation and sensory deprivation that is imposed by some States does, in some circumstances, amount to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and even torture.", "21. The Special Rapporteur’s predecessors have noted that prolonged solitary confinement may itself amount to prohibited ill-treatment or torture (E/CN.4/1999/61, para. 394, and E/CN.4/2003/68, para. 26 (m)).", "22. The Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement was annexed to the former Special Rapporteur’s 2008 interim report to the General Assembly (A/63/175, annex). The report concluded that “prolonged isolation of detainees may amount to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and, in certain instances, may amount to torture. ... [T]he use of solitary confinement should be kept to a minimum, used in very exceptional cases, for as short a time as possible, and only as a last resort. Regardless of the specific circumstances of its use, effort is required to raise the level of social contacts for prisoners: prisoner-prison staff contact, allowing access to social activities with other prisoners, allowing more visits and providing access to mental health services” (A/63/175, paras. 77 and 83).", "B. History and current practice of solitary confinement", "23. The history of the use of solitary confinement on detainees has been well documented. The practice can be traced to the 1820s in the United States of America, where it was believed that isolation of prisoners would aid in their rehabilitation. Under this model prisoners spent their entire day alone, mostly within the confines of their cells, including for work, in order to reflect on their transgressions away from negative external influences. Beginning in the 1830s, European and South American countries adopted this practice (A/63/175, para. 81). It must be recognized that 200 years ago this model was a socially and morally progressive way to deal with punishment, as it emphasized rehabilitation and attempted to substitute for the death penalty, limb amputations and other penalties then prevalent.", "24. States around the world continue to use solitary confinement extensively (see A/63/175, para. 78). In some countries, the use of Super Maximum Security Prisons to impose solitary confinement as a normal, rather than an “exceptional”, practice for inmates is considered problematic. In the United States, for example, it is estimated that between 20,000 and 25,000 individuals are being held in isolation.[1] Another example is the extensive use of solitary confinement in relation to pretrial detention, which for many years has been an integral part of the Scandinavian prison practice.[2] Some form of isolation from the general prison population is used almost everywhere as punishment for breaches of prison discipline. Many States now use solitary confinement more routinely and for longer durations. For example, in Brazil, Law 10792 of 2003, amending the existing “Law of Penal Execution”, contemplates a “differentiated” disciplinary regime in an individual cell for up to 360 days, without prejudice to extensions of similar length for new offences and up to one sixth of the prison term. In 2010, the Province of Buenos Aires in Argentina instituted a Programme of Prevention of Violent Behaviour in its prisons which consists of isolation for a minimum of nine months (the initial three months in full isolation), a term that — according to prison monitors — is frequently extended.", "C. Definition", "25. There is no universally agreed upon definition of solitary confinement. The Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement defines solitary confinement as the physical isolation of individuals who are confined to their cells for 22 to 24 hours a day. In many jurisdictions, prisoners held in solitary confinement are allowed out of their cells for one hour of solitary exercise a day. Meaningful contact with other people is typically reduced to a minimum. The reduction in stimuli is not only quantitative but also qualitative. The available stimuli and the occasional social contacts are seldom freely chosen, generally monotonous, and often not empathetic.", "26. Solitary confinement is also known as “segregation”, “isolation”,[3] “separation”, “cellular”,[4] “lockdown”, “Supermax”, “the hole” or “Secure Housing Unit (SHU)”,[5] but all these terms can involve different factors. For the purposes of this report, the Special Rapporteur defines solitary confinement as the physical and social isolation of individuals who are confined to their cells for 22 to 24 hours a day. Of particular concern to the Special Rapporteur is prolonged solitary confinement, which he defines as any period of solitary confinement in excess of 15 days. He is aware of the arbitrary nature of the effort to establish a moment in time which an already harmful regime becomes prolonged and therefore unacceptably painful. He concludes that 15 days is the limit between “solitary confinement” and “prolonged solitary confinement” because at that point, according to the literature surveyed, some of the harmful psychological effects of isolation can become irreversible.[6]", "D. Legal framework", "27. International and regional human rights bodies have taken different approaches to address the underlying conditions of social and physical isolation of detainees, and whether such practices constitute torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. For example, while the European Court of Human Rights has confronted solitary confinement regimes with regularity, the United Nations Human Rights Committee and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have most extensively addressed the related phenomenon of incommunicado detention. For the purposes of this report, the Special Rapporteur will highlight the work of universal and regional human rights bodies on solitary confinement only.", "1. International level", "General Assembly", "28. In 1990, the General Assembly adopted resolution 45/111, the Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners. Principle 7 states that efforts to abolish solitary confinement as a punishment, or to restrict its use, should be undertaken and encouraged.", "29. In the same year, the General Assembly adopted resolution 45/113, the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty. In paragraph 67 the Assembly asserted that “All disciplinary measures constituting cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment shall be strictly prohibited, including ... solitary confinement or any other punishment that may compromise the physical or mental health of the juvenile concerned”.", "United Nations treaty bodies", "30. The Human Rights Committee, in paragraph 6 of its General Comment No. 20, noted that prolonged solitary confinement of the detained or imprisoned person might amount to acts prohibited by article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[7] In its concluding observations on Rwanda, the Human Rights Committee recommended that “The State party should put an end to the sentence of solitary confinement ...” (CCPR/C/RWA/CO/3, para. 14).", "31. The Committee against Torture has recognized the harmful physical and mental effects of prolonged solitary confinement and has expressed concern about its use, including as a preventive measure during pretrial detention, as well as a disciplinary measure. The Committee has recommended that the use of solitary confinement be abolished, particularly during pretrial detention, or at least that it should be strictly and specifically regulated by law (maximum duration, etc.) and exercised under judicial supervision, and used only in exceptional circumstances, such as when the safety of persons or property is involved (A/63/175, para. 80). The Committee has recommended that persons under the age of 18 should not be subjected to solitary confinement (CAT/C/MAC/CO/4, para. 8).", "32. The Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment has pointed out that prolonged solitary confinement may amount to an act of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and recommended that solitary confinement should not be used in the case of minors or the mentally disabled (CAT/OP/PRY/1, para. 185). The Subcommittee has also recommended that a medical officer should visit prisoners held in solitary confinement every day, on the understanding that such visits should be in the interests of the prisoners’ health. Furthermore, prisoners held in solitary confinement for more than 12 hours should have access to fresh air for at least one hour each day (CAT/OP/PRY/1, para. 184). In view of the condition of solitary confinement, the Subcommittee has pointed out that beds and proper mattresses should be made available to all inmates, including prisoners held in solitary confinement (CAT/OP/HND/1, para. 227 (a), and CAT/OP/PRY/1, para. 280).", "33. The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its General Comment No. 10 (2007), emphasized that “disciplinary measures in violation of article 37 [of the Convention on the Rights of the Child] must be strictly forbidden, including ... closed or solitary confinement, or any other punishment that may compromise the physical or mental health or well-being of the child concerned” (CRC/C/GC/10, para. 89). Moreover, the Committee has urged States parties to prohibit and abolish the use of solitary confinement against children (CRC/C/15/Add.151, para. 41; CRC/C/15/Add.220, para. 45 (d); and CRC/C/15/Add.232, para. 36 (a)).", "2. Regional level", "European Court of Human Rights", "34. In its evaluation of cases of solitary confinement, the European Court of Human Rights considers the rationale given by the State for the imposition of social and physical isolation. The Court has found violations of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights where States do not provide a security-based justification for the use of solitary confinement.[8] In circumstances of prolonged solitary confinement, the Court has held that the justification for solitary confinement must be explained to the individual and the justification must be “increasingly detailed and compelling” as time goes on.[9]", "35. Through its jurisprudence, the European Court of Human Rights emphasizes that certain procedural safeguards must be in place during the imposition of solitary confinement, for example, monitoring a prisoner’s physical well-being,⁹ particularly where the individual is not in good health[10] and having access to judicial review.[11]", "36. The level of isolation imposed on an individual is essential to the European Court of Human Rights’ assessment of whether instances of physical and mental isolation constitute torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. A prolonged absolute prohibition of visits from individuals from outside the prison causes suffering “clearly exceeding the unavoidable level inherent in detention”.[12] However, where the individual can receive visitors and write letters,[13] have access to television, books and newspapers and regular contact with prison staff[14] or visit with clergy or lawyers on a regular basis,[15] isolation is “partial”, and the minimum threshold of severity — which the European Court of Human Rights considers necessary to find a violation of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights — is not met. Nevertheless, the Court has emphasized that solitary confinement, even where the isolation is only partial, cannot be imposed on a prisoner indefinitely.[16]", "Inter-American System on Human Rights", "37. The jurisprudence on solitary confinement within the Inter-American System on Human Rights is more conclusive than within the bodies discussed above. Since its earliest judgments, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has found that certain elements of a prison regime and certain physical prison conditions in themselves constitute cruel and inhuman treatment, and therefore violate article 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights, which recognizes the right to the integrity of the person. For example, the Court held that “prolonged isolation and deprivation of communication are in themselves cruel and inhuman treatment, harmful to the psychological and moral integrity of the person and a violation of the right of any detainee to respect for his inherent dignity as a human being”.[17] The Court has additionally addressed physical conditions of detention, asserting that “isolation in a small cell, without ventilation or natural light, ... [and] restriction of visiting rights ..., constitute forms of cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment”.[18]", "38. The Court has additionally recognized that solitary confinement results in psychological and physical suffering that may contribute to treatment that constitutes torture. In at least one case, the Court has identified the physical conditions of solitary confinement, including “a small cell with no ventilation or natural light”, and a prison regime where a detained individual “is held for 23 and a half hours a day ..., [and] permitted to see his relatives only once a month, but could have no physical contact with them”, when coupled with other forms of physical and psychological aggression, in sum may constitute physical and psychological torture.[19]", "39. In its analysis of solitary confinement, the Court has noted that even when used in exceptional circumstances, procedural safeguards must be in place. For example, “the State is obliged to ensure that the detainee enjoys the minimum and non-derogable guarantees established in the [American] Convention and, specifically, the right to question the lawfulness of the detention and the guarantee of access to effective defense during his incarceration”.[20] Similarly, the Inter‑American Commission on Human Rights has consistently held that all forms of disciplinary action taken against detained persons must comport with the norms of due process and provide opportunity for judicial review.[21]", "E. States’ rationale for the use of solitary confinement", "40. The justifications provided by States for the use of solitary confinement fall into five general categories:", "(a) To punish an individual (as part of the judicially imposed sentence or as part of a disciplinary regime);", "(b) To protect vulnerable individuals;", "(c) To facilitate prison management of certain individuals;", "(d) To protect or promote national security;", "(e) To facilitate pre-charge or pretrial investigations.", "41. The imposition of solitary confinement as a part of an individual’s judicially imposed sentence often arises in circumstances of particularly egregious crimes or crimes against the State.[22] For instance, in some central European States, individuals convicted and sentenced to capital punishment and to life imprisonment serve their time in solitary confinement (A/64/215, para. 53). In other States, such as in Mongolia, death sentences may be commuted to life sentences spent in solitary confinement (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.4, para. 47). The use of solitary confinement as a disciplinary measure within prisons is also well documented and is likely the most pervasive rationale for the use of solitary confinement as a form of punishment.²² Disciplinary measures usually involve the violation of a prison rule. For instance, in Nigeria detainees are punished with solitary confinement of up to three days for disciplinary offences (A/HRC/7/3/Add.4, appendix I, para. 113). Similarly, in the Abepura Prison in Indonesia, solitary confinement for up to eight days is used as a disciplinary measure for persons who violate prison rules (A/HRC/7/3/Add.7, appendix I, para. 37).", "42. Solitary confinement is also used to separate vulnerable individuals, including juveniles, persons with disabilities, and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons, for their own protection. They may be placed in solitary confinement at their own request or at the discretion of prison officials.[23]", "43. State officials also use solitary confinement as a tool to manage certain prison populations. Individuals determined to be dangerous, such as gang members, or at high risk of escape may be placed in solitary confinement.²³ Similarly, individuals determined to be at risk of injury, such as sex offenders, informants, and former correctional or law enforcement officers, are often allowed, or encouraged, to choose voluntary solitary confinement in order to protect themselves from fellow inmates.[24] Prisoners may also be placed in some form of solitary confinement in the interests of prison management before, during or after transportation to and from cells and detention facilities.[25] While the duration of solitary confinement when used as a management tool may vary considerably, it is notable that the motivation for its imposition is pragmatic rather than punitive.", "44. Individuals determined to be terrorist suspects or national security risks are often subjected to solitary confinement as well. For instance, in Equatorial Guinea a section of the Black Beach Prison consisting of single cells is used for solitary confinement of high security prisoners (A/HRC/13/39/Add.4, appendix I). Solitary confinement can be also used as a coercive interrogation technique, and is often an integral part of enforced disappearance or incommunicado detention (A/63/175, annex). As noted within category (a) in paragraph 40 above, national security also serves as a primary reason for the imposition of solitary confinement as a result of a judicial sentence. For example, in China an individual sentenced for “unlawfully supplying State secrets or intelligence to entities outside China” was allegedly held in solitary confinement for two years of her eight-year sentence (E/CN.4/2006/6/ Add.6, appendix 2, para. 26).", "45. States also use solitary confinement to isolate individuals during pre-charge or pretrial detention. In some States, such as Denmark, holding individuals in solitary confinement is a regular feature of pretrial detention (A/63/175, para. 78 (i)). The purposes for the use of solitary confinement in pre-charge and pretrial detention vary widely, and include preventing the intermingling of detainees to avoid demoralization and collusion, and to apply pressure on detainees to elicit cooperation or extract a confession.[26]", "F. Conditions of solitary confinement", "46. The administration of prisons and the conditions in which prisoners are held is governed by prison regulations and national laws, as well as by international human rights law. Fundamental norms that are binding by virtue of being treaty-based or part of customary international law are supplemented and interpreted through the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, adopted by the Economic and Social Council in 1957. Although not directly binding, the Standard Minimum Rules are widely accepted as the universal norm for the humane treatment of prisoners.", "47. The particular conditions in which detainees are held in solitary confinement vary between institutions and jurisdictions. Most, however, have a number of physical and non-physical conditions (or a prison regime) in common.", "1. Physical conditions", "48. The principal physical conditions relevant to solitary confinement are cell size, presence of windows and light, and access to sanitary fixtures for personal hygiene. In practice, solitary confinement cells typically share some common features, including: location in a separate or remote part of the prison; small, or partially covered windows; sealed air quality; stark appearance and dull colours; toughened cardboard or other tamperproof furniture bolted to the floor; and small and barren exercise cages or yards (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.3, para. 47). In some jurisdictions, prisoners in solitary confinement are held in leg irons and subjected to other physical restraints (A/HRC/13/39/Add.4, para. 76 (f)).", "49. There is no universal instrument that specifies a minimum acceptable cell size, although domestic and regional jurisdictions have sometimes ruled on the matter. According to the European Court of Human Rights in Ramírez Sanchez v. France, a cell measuring 6.84 square metres is “large enough” for single occupancy.[27] The Court did not elaborate on why such measures could be considered adequate; the Special Rapporteur respectfully begs to differ, especially if the single cell should also contain, at a minimum, toilet and washing facilities, bedding and a desk.", "50. The presence of windows and light is also of critical importance to the adequate treatment of detainees in solitary confinement. Under rule 11 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, there should be sufficient light to enable the detainee to work or read, and windows so constructed as to allow airflow whether or not artificial ventilation is provided. However, State practice reveals that this standard is often not met. For example, in Georgia, window-openings in solitary confinement cells were found to have steel sheets welded to the outside bars, which restricted light and ventilation (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.3, para. 47). In Israel, solitary confinement cells are often lit with fluorescent bulbs as their only source of light, and they have no source of fresh air.[28]", "51. Rules 12 and 13 of the Standard Minimum Rules stipulate that detention facilities should provide sufficient sanitary fixtures to allow for the personal hygiene of the detainee. Therefore, cells used for solitary confinement should contain a lavatory and wash-basin within the cell.[29] In its 2006 report on Greece, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment observed that isolation cells in the Komotini Prison failed to meet the necessary minimum standard for sanitary fixtures because detainees were forced to use the toilet for a wash-basin as well.[30] Other environmental factors, such as temperature, noise level, privacy, and soft materials for cell furnishings may also be implicated in the solitary confinement setting.", "2. Prison regime", "52. The principal aspects of a prison regime relevant to an assessment of the conditions of solitary confinement include access to outdoor exercise and programming, access to meaningful human contact within the prison, and contact with the outside world. In accordance with rule 21 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, every prisoner who is not employed in outdoor work shall have at least one hour of suitable exercise in the open air daily if the weather permits. Similarly, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture emphasizes that all prisoners without exception should be afforded the opportunity to have one hour of open-air exercise per day.[31] However, State practice indicates that these standards are not always observed. In Jordan, for example, a detainee was allowed outside of his solitary confinement cell for only one hour per week (A/HRC/4/33/Add.3, appendix, para. 21). In Poltrotsky v. Ukraine, the European Court of Human Rights found that a lack of opportunity for outdoor exercise, coupled with a lack of access to natural light, constitutes a violation of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.[32]", "53. Access to meaningful human contact within the prison and contact with the outside world are also essential to the psychological health of detainees held in solitary confinement, especially those held for prolonged periods of time. Within prisons this contact could be with health professionals, prison guards or other prisoners. Contact with the outside world could include visits, mail, and phone calls from legal counsel, family and friends, and access to reading material, television or radio. Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights grants prisoners the right to family and correspondence. Additionally, the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners provide for various external stimuli (articles 21 on exercise and sport; 37-39 on contact with the outside world; 40 on books; 41 and 42 on religion; 71-76 on work; 77 and 78 on education and recreation; and 79-81 on social relations and after-care).", "3. Social isolation", "54. Solitary confinement reduces meaningful social contact to an absolute minimum. The level of social stimulus that results is insufficient for the individual to remain in a reasonable state of mental health.[33]", "55. Research shows that deprived of a sufficient level of social stimulation, individuals soon become incapable of maintaining an adequate state of alertness and attention to their environment. Indeed, even a few days of solitary confinement will shift an individual’s brain activity towards an abnormal pattern characteristic of stupor and delirium.[34] Advancements in new technologies have made it possible to achieve indirect supervision and keep individuals under close surveillance with almost no human interaction. The European Court of Human Rights has recognized that “complete sensory isolation, coupled with total social isolation, can destroy the personality and constitutes a form of inhuman treatment which cannot be justified by the requirements of security or any other reason”.[35]", "56. According to the European Court of Human Rights, States should also take steps to reduce the negative impact of solitary confinement.[36] Where the damaging effects of solitary confinement on a particular individual are known, the regime cannot continue.[37] The conditions of confinement are relevant in this respect, because where conditions are beyond reproach, the Court considers it unlikely that the minimum threshold of severity to find a violation of article 3 will be reached.[38] Routine examination by doctors can be a factor in determining that there was no violation of article 3.[39]", "G. Prolonged or indefinite solitary confinement", "57. The use of prolonged or indefinite solitary confinement has increased in various jurisdictions, especially in the context of the “war on terror” and “a threat to national security”. Individuals subjected to either of these practices are in a sense in a prison within a prison and thus suffer an extreme form of anxiety and exclusion, which clearly supersede normal imprisonment. Owing to their isolation, prisoners held in prolonged or indefinite solitary confinement can easily slip out of sight of justice, and safeguarding their rights is therefore often difficult, even in States where there is a strong adherence to rule of law.[40]", "58. When a State fails to uphold the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners during a short period of time of solitary confinement, there may be some debate on whether the adverse effects amount to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment or torture. However, the longer the duration of solitary confinement or the greater the uncertainty regarding the length of time, the greater the risk of serious and irreparable harm to the inmate that may constitute cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment or even torture.", "59. The feeling of uncertainty when not informed of the length of solitary confinement exacerbates the pain and suffering of the individuals who are subjected to it. In some instances, individuals may be held indefinitely during pretrial detention, increasing the risk of other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment or torture (CAT/C/DNK/CO/5, para. 14).", "60. Most studies fail to specify the length of time after which solitary confinement becomes prolonged. While the term may be undefined, detainees can be held in solitary confinement from a few weeks to many years. For example, in Kazakhstan, individuals can be held in solitary confinement for more than two months (A/HRC/13/39/Add.3, para. 117). Some detainees have been held in solitary confinement facilities for years, without any charge and without trial, and in secret detention centres where isolation is used as an integral part of interrogation practices.[41] In a joint report on the situation of detainees at Guantánamo Bay, experts found that although 30 days of isolation was the maximum period permissible, some detainees were returned to isolation after very short breaks over a period of up to 18 months (E/CN.4/2006/120, para. 53).", "61. There is no international standard for the permitted maximum overall duration of solitary confinement. In A.B. v. Russia, the European Court of Human Rights held that detaining an individual in solitary confinement for three years constituted a violation of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.[42] By contrast, in the United States of America, it is reported that two prisoners have been held in solitary confinement in a Louisiana prison for 40 years after failed attempts at judicial appeal of the conditions of their confinement.[43] As explained in paragraph 26 above, the Special Rapporteur finds that solitary confinement exceeding 15 days is prolonged.", "H. Psychological and physiological effects of solitary confinement", "62. Negative health effects can occur after only a few days in solitary confinement, and the health risks rise with each additional day spent in such conditions. Experts who have examined the impact of solitary confinement have found three common elements that are inherently present in solitary confinement — social isolation, minimal environmental stimulation and “minimal opportunity for social interaction”.[44] Research further shows that solitary confinement appears to cause “psychotic disturbances,” a syndrome that has been described as “prison psychoses”.[45] Symptoms can include anxiety, depression, anger, cognitive disturbances, perceptual distortions, paranoia and psychosis and self-harm (see annex for a comprehensive list of symptoms).", "63. Some individuals experience discrete symptoms while others experience a “severe exacerbation of a previously existing mental condition or the appearance of a mental illness where none had been observed before”.[46] Still, a significant number of individuals will experience serious health problems regardless of the specific conditions, regardless of time and place, and regardless of pre-existing personal factors.", "I. Latent effects of solitary confinement", "64. There is a lack of research into the latent effects of solitary confinement. While the acute effects of solitary confinement generally recede after the period of solitary confinement ends, some of the negative health effects are long term. The minimal stimulation experienced during solitary confinement can lead to a decline in brain activity in individuals after seven days. One study found that “up to seven days, the [brain activity] decline is reversible, but if deprived over a long period this may not be the case”.[47]", "65. Studies have found continued sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety, phobias, emotional dependence, confusion, impaired memory and concentration long after the release from isolation. Additionally, lasting personality changes often leave individuals formerly held in solitary confinement socially impoverished and withdrawn, subtly angry and fearful when forced into social interaction.[48] Intolerance of social interaction after a period of solitary confinement is a handicap that often prevents individuals from successfully readjusting to life within the broader prison population and severely impairs their capacity to reintegrate into society when released from imprisonment.[49]", "J. Vulnerable individuals", "1. Juveniles", "66. United Nations treaty bodies consistently recommend that juvenile offenders, children or minors should not be subjected to solitary confinement (CAT/C/MAC/CO/4, para. 8; CAT/OP/PRY/1, para. 185; CRC/C/15/Add.151, para. 41; and CRC/C/15/Add.232, para. 36 (a)). Juveniles are often held in solitary confinement either as a disciplinary measure, or to separate them from the adult inmate population, as international human rights law prohibits the intermingling of juvenile and adult prison populations.[50] Regrettably, solitary confinement as a form of punishment of juvenile detainees has been prevalent in States such as Jamaica (A/HRC/16/52/Add.3, para. 211), Paraguay (A/HRC/7/3/Add.3, appendix I, para. 46) and Papua New Guinea (A/HRC/16/52/Add.5, appendix). In regard to disciplinary measures, a report has indicated that solitary confinement does not reduce violence among juvenile offenders detained in the youth prison.[51]", "2. Persons with disabilities", "67. Persons with disabilities are held in solitary confinement in some jurisdictions as a substitute for proper medical or psychiatric care or owing to the lack of other institutional housing options. These individuals may not necessarily pose danger to others or to themselves, but they are vulnerable to abuse and often regarded as a disturbance to other prisoners and prison staff.[52]", "68. Research has shown that with respect to mental disabilities, solitary confinement often results in severe exacerbation of a previously existing mental condition.[53] Prisoners with mental health issues deteriorate dramatically in isolation.[54] The adverse effects of solitary confinement are especially significant for persons with serious mental health problems which are usually characterized by psychotic symptoms and/or significant functional impairments.[55] Some engage in extreme acts of self-mutilation and even suicide.⁵⁴", "3. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender", "69. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals are often subjected to solitary confinement as a form of “protective custody”.[56] Although segregation of such individuals may be necessary for their safety, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender status does not justify limitations on their social regime, e.g., access to recreation, reading materials, legal counsel or medical doctors.", "K. When solitary confinement amounts to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment", "70. Because of the absence of witnesses, solitary confinement increases the risk of acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Given its severe adverse health effects, the use of solitary confinement itself can amount to acts prohibited by article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, torture as defined in article 1 of the Convention against Torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment as defined in article 16 of the Convention.", "71. The assessment of whether solitary confinement amounts to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment should take into consideration all relevant circumstances on a case-by-case basis. These circumstances include the purpose of the application of solitary confinement, the conditions, length and effects of the treatment and, of course, the subjective conditions of each victim that make him or her more or less vulnerable to those effects. In this section, the report discusses a few circumstances where the use of solitary confinement constitutes torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", "72. Solitary confinement, when used for the purpose of punishment, cannot be justified for any reason, precisely because it imposes severe mental pain and suffering beyond any reasonable retribution for criminal behaviour and thus constitutes an act defined in article 1 or article 16 of the Convention against Torture, and a breach of article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. This applies as well to situations in which solitary confinement is imposed as a result of a breach of prison discipline, as long as the pain and suffering experienced by the victim reaches the necessary severity.", "73. While physical and social segregation may be necessary in some circumstances during criminal investigations, the practice of solitary confinement during pretrial detention creates a de facto situation of psychological pressure which can influence detainees to make confessions or statements against others and undermines the integrity of the investigation. When solitary confinement is used intentionally during pretrial detention as a technique for the purpose of obtaining information or a confession, it amounts to torture as defined in article 1 or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under article 16 of the Convention against Torture, and to a breach of article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.", "74. Where the physical conditions of solitary confinement are so poor and the regime so strict that they lead to severe mental and physical pain or suffering of individuals who are subjected to the confinement, the conditions of solitary confinement amount to torture or to cruel and inhuman treatment as defined in articles 1 and 16 of the Convention, and constitute a breach of article 7 of the Covenant.", "75. The use of solitary confinement can be accepted only in exceptional circumstances where its duration must be as short as possible and for a definite term that is properly announced and communicated. Given the harmful effects of indefinite solitary confinement, its potential use to extract information or confession during pretrial detention, and the fact that uncertainty prevents the use of remedies to challenge it, the Special Rapporteur finds that indefinite imposition of solitary confinement violates the right to due process of the concerned individual (article 9 of the Covenant, articles 1 or 16 of the Convention, and article 7 of the Covenant).", "76. The Special Rapporteur asserts that social isolation is contrary to article 10, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which states that “The penitentiary system shall comprise treatment of prisoners the essential aim of which shall be their reformation and social rehabilitation” (General Assembly resolution 2200 (XXI), annex). Long periods of isolation do not aid the rehabilitation or re-socialization of detainees (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.4, para. 48). The adverse acute and latent psychological and physiological effects of prolonged solitary confinement constitute severe mental pain or suffering. Thus the Special Rapporteur concurs with the position taken by the Committee against Torture in its General Comment No. 20 that prolonged solitary confinement amounts to acts prohibited by article 7 of the Covenant, and consequently to an act as defined in article 1 or article 16 of the Convention. For these reasons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that, in his view, any imposition of solitary confinement beyond 15 days constitutes torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, depending on the circumstances. He calls on the international community to agree to such a standard and to impose an absolute prohibition on solitary confinement exceeding 15 consecutive days.", "77. With respect to juveniles, the Declaration of the Rights of the Child and the Preamble of the Convention on the Rights of the Child state that, given their physical and mental immaturity, juveniles need special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection. Article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (General Assembly resolution 44/25) requires States Parties to “take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence …” In its General Comment No. 8, the Committee on the Rights of the Child indicated that “There is no ambiguity: ‘all forms of physical or mental violence’ does not leave room for any level of legalized violence against children” (CRC/C/GC/8, para. 18). Paragraph 67 of the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty, adopted by the General Assembly in resolution 45/113 of 14 December 1990, states that “All disciplinary measures constituting cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment shall be strictly prohibited, including ... solitary confinement or any other punishment that may compromise the physical or mental health of the juvenile concerned” (see also CRC/C/GC/10, para. 89). Thus the Special Rapporteur holds the view that the imposition of solitary confinement, of any duration, on juveniles is cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and violates article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 16 of the Convention against Torture.", "78. The right of persons with mental disabilities to be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity guaranteed under article 10 of the Covenant should be interpreted in light of the Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Care, adopted by the General Assembly on 17 December 1991 (resolution 46/119, annex). Given their diminished mental capacity and that solitary confinement often results in severe exacerbation of a previously existing mental condition, the Special Rapporteur believes that its imposition, of any duration, on persons with mental disabilities is cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and violates article 7 of the Covenant and article 16 of the Convention.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "Conclusions", "79. The Special Rapporteur stresses that solitary confinement is a harsh measure which may cause serious psychological and physiological adverse effects on individuals regardless of their specific conditions. He finds solitary confinement to be contrary to one of the essential aims of the penitentiary system, which is to rehabilitate offenders and facilitate their reintegration into society. The Special Rapporteur defines prolonged solitary confinement as any period of solitary confinement in excess of 15 days.", "80. Depending on the specific reason for its application, conditions, length, effects and other circumstances, solitary confinement can amount to a breach of article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and to an act defined in article 1 or article 16 of the Convention against Torture. In addition, the use of solitary confinement increases the risk that acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment will go undetected and unchallenged.", "81. Considering the severe mental pain or suffering solitary confinement may cause when used as a punishment, during pretrial detention, indefinitely or for a prolonged period, for juveniles or persons with mental disabilities, it can amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The Special Rapporteur is of the view that where the physical conditions and the prison regime of solitary confinement fail to respect the inherent dignity of the human person and cause severe mental and physical pain or suffering, it amounts to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", "Recommendations", "82. The Special Rapporteur calls upon States to respect and protect the rights of persons deprived of liberty while maintaining security and order in places of detention. He recommends that States conduct regular reviews of the system of solitary confinement. In this context, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that States should refer to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement as a useful tool in efforts to promote the respect and protection of the rights of detainees.", "83. The Special Rapporteur calls upon States to ensure that all persons deprived of their liberty are treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person as protected by article 10, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Special Rapporteur refers to the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and recommends that States increase the level of psychological, meaningful social contact for detainees while in solitary confinement.", "84. The Special Rapporteur urges States to prohibit the imposition of solitary confinement as punishment — either as a part of a judicially imposed sentence or a disciplinary measure. He recommends that States develop and implement alternative disciplinary sanctions to avoid the use of solitary confinement.", "85. States should take necessary steps to put an end to the practice of solitary confinement in pretrial detention. The use of solitary confinement as an extortion technique during pretrial detention should be abolished. States should adopt effective measures at the pretrial stage to improve the efficiency of investigation and introduce alternative control measures in order to segregate individuals, protect ongoing investigations, and avoid detainee collusion.", "86. States should abolish the use of solitary confinement for juveniles and persons with mental disabilities. Regarding disciplinary measures for juveniles, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States should take other measures that do not involve the use of solitary confinement. In regard to the use of solitary confinement for persons with mental disabilities, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that physical segregation of such persons may be necessary in some cases for their own safety, but solitary confinement should be strictly prohibited.", "87. Indefinite solitary confinement should be abolished.", "88. It is clear that short-term solitary confinement can amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; it can, however, be a legitimate device in other circumstances, provided that adequate safeguards are in place. In the opinion of the Special Rapporteur, prolonged solitary confinement, in excess of 15 days, should be subject to an absolute prohibition.", "89. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that solitary confinement should be used only in very exceptional circumstances, as a last resort, for as short a time as possible. He emphasizes that when solitary confinement is used in exceptional circumstances, minimum procedural safeguards must be followed. These safeguards reduce the chances that the use of solitary confinement will be arbitrary or excessive, as in the case of prolonged or indefinite confinement. They are all the more important in circumstances of detention where due process protections are often limited, as in administrative immigration detention. Minimum procedural safeguards should be interpreted in a manner that provides the greatest possible protection of the rights of detained individuals. In this context, the Special Rapporteur urges States to apply the following guiding principles and procedural safeguards.", "Guiding principles", "90. Throughout the period of detention, the physical conditions and prison regime of the solitary confinement, and in particular the duration of confinement, must be proportional to the severity of the criminal or disciplinary infraction for which solitary confinement is imposed.", "91. The physical conditions and prison regime of solitary confinement must be imposed only as a last resort where less restrictive measures could not achieve the intended disciplinary goals.", "92. Solitary confinement must never be imposed or allowed to continue except where there is an affirmative determination that it will not result in severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, giving rise to acts as defined in article 1 or article 16 of the Convention against Torture.", "93. All assessments and decisions taken with respect to the imposition of solitary confinement must be clearly documented and readily available to the detained persons and their legal counsel. This includes the identity and title of the authority imposing solitary confinement, the source of his or her legal attributes to impose it, a statement of underlying justification for its imposition, its duration, the reasons for which solitary confinement is determined to be appropriate in accordance with the detained person’s mental and physical health, the reasons for which solitary confinement is determined to be proportional to the infraction, reports from regular review of the justification for solitary confinement, and medical assessments of the detained person’s mental and physical health.", "Internal safeguards", "94. From the moment that solitary confinement is imposed, through all stages of its review and decisions of extension or termination, the justification and duration of the solitary confinement should be recorded and made known to the detained person. Additionally, the detained person should be informed of what he or she must do to be removed from solitary confinement. In accordance with rule 35 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, the detained person must receive this information in plain language that he or she understands. This information must additionally be provided to any legal representative of the detained person.", "95. A documented system of regular review of the justification for the imposition of solitary confinement should be in place. The review should be conducted in good faith and carried out by an independent body. Any change in the factors that justified the imposition of solitary confinement should immediately trigger a review of the detained person’s solitary confinement. All review processes must be documented.", "96. Persons held in solitary confinement must be provided with a genuine opportunity to challenge both the nature of their confinement and its underlying justification through a process of administrative review. At the outset of the imposition of solitary confinement, detained persons must be informed of their alleged criminal or disciplinary infraction for which solitary confinement is being imposed and must immediately have an opportunity to challenge the reasons for their detention. Following the imposition of solitary confinement, detained persons must have the opportunity to file a complaint to prison management through an internal or administrative complaints system.", "97. There shall be no limitations imposed on the request or complaint, such as requiring evidence of both mental or emotional suffering and physical suffering. Prison officials have an obligation to address all requests or complaints promptly, informing the detained person of the outcome. All internal administrative findings must be subject to external appeal through judicial processes.", "External safeguards", "98. Detained persons held in solitary confinement must be afforded genuine opportunities to challenge both the nature of their confinement and its underlying justification through the courts of law. This requires a right to appeal all final decisions by prison authorities and administrative bodies to an independent judicial body empowered to review both the legality of the nature of the confinement and its underlying justification. Thereafter, detained persons must have the opportunity to appeal these judgements to the highest authority in the State and, after exhaustion of domestic remedies, seek review by regional or universal human rights bodies.", "99. Individuals must have free access to competent legal counsel throughout the period in which they are held in solitary confinement. Where necessary to facilitate complete and open communication between a detainee and his or her legal counsel, access to an interpreter must be provided.", "100. There should be a documented system of regular monitoring and review of the inmate’s physical and mental condition by qualified medical personnel, both at the initiation of solitary confinement and on a daily basis throughout the period in which the detained person remains in solitary confinement, as required by rule 32, paragraph 3, of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Medical personnel monitoring detained persons should have specialized training in psychological assessment and/or the support of specialists in psychology. Additionally, medical personnel must be independent and accountable to an authority outside of the prison administration. Preferably, they should belong to the general national health structure. Any deterioration of the inmate’s mental or physical condition should trigger a presumption that the conditions of confinement are excessive and activate an immediate review.", "101. Medical personnel should additionally inspect the physical conditions of the inmate’s confinement in accordance with article 26 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Relevant considerations include the level of hygiene and cleanliness of the facility and the inmate, heating, lighting and ventilation of the cell, suitability of clothing and bedding, adequate supply of food and water and observance of the rules concerning physical exercise.", "Annex", "Effects of solitary confinement", "^(a) Sharon Shalev, A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement (London, Mannheim Centre for Criminology, 2008), pp. 15-17; also Peter Scharff Smith, “The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates: a brief history and review of the literature”, Crime and Justice, vol. 34 (2006), p. 441.", "Many symptoms may present themselves in individuals held in solitary confinement, both concurrent with their solitary confinement and after the period of solitary confinement has terminated. The following list prepared by Dr. Sharon Shalev^(a) demonstrates a range of possible symptoms.", "Anxiety, ranging from feelings of tension to full-blown panic attacks", "• Persistent low level of stress", "• Irritability or anxiousness", "• Fear of impending death", "• Panic attacks", "Depression, varying from low mood to clinical depression", "• Emotional flatness/blunting — loss of ability to have any “feelings”", "• Mood swings", "• Hopelessness", "• Social withdrawal; loss of initiation of activity or ideas; apathy; lethargy", "• Major depression", "Anger, ranging from irritability to full-blown rage", "• Irritability and hostility", "• Poor impulse control", "• Outbursts of physical and verbal violence against others, self and objects", "• Unprovoked anger, sometimes manifested as rage", "Cognitive disturbances, ranging from lack of concentration to confused state", "• Short attention span", "• Poor concentration", "• Poor memory", "• Confused thought processes; disorientation", "Perceptual distortions, ranging from hypersensitivity to hallucinations", "• Hypersensitivity to noises and smells", "• Distortions of sensation (e.g., walls closing in)", "• Disorientation in time and space", "• Depersonalization/derealization", "• Hallucinations affecting all five senses (e.g., hallucinations of objects or people appearing in the cell, or hearing voices when no one is actually speaking)", "Paranoia and psychosis, ranging from obsessional thoughts to full-blown psychosis", "• Recurrent and persistent thoughts (ruminations), often of a violent and vengeful character (e.g., directed against prison staff)", "• Paranoid ideas — often persecutory", "• Psychotic episodes or states: psychotic depression, schizophrenia", "Self-harm, self-directed aggression", "• Self-mutilation and cutting", "• Suicide attempts", "[1] Alexandra Naday, Joshua D. Freilich and Jeff Mellow, “The Elusive Data on Supermax Confinement”, The Prison Journal, vol. 88, issue 1, p. 69 (2008).", "[2] Peter Scharff Smith, “The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates: a brief history and review of the literature”, Crime and Justice, vol. 34 (2006), p. 441.", "[3] Jeffrey L. Metzner, M.D., and Jamie Fellner, “Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in U.S. Prisons: A Challenge for Medical Ethics”, The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 104-108 (2010).", "[4] Sharon Shalev, A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement (London, Mannheim Centre for Criminology, 2008), p. 1.", "[5] Ken Strutin, “Solitary Confinement”, LLRX.com, published on 10 August 2010.", "[6] Craig Haney, “Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and ‘Supermax’ Confinement, Crime and Delinquency”, vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 124-156.", "[7] Human Rights Committee, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, General Comment No. 20 (A/47/40, annex VI.A), article 7 (Prohibition of torture, or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment), 10 March 1992.", "[8] Iorgov v. Bulgaria, Application No. 40653/98, European Court of Human Rights, para. 84 (2004); G.B. v. Bulgaria, Application No. 42346/98, European Court of Human Rights, para. 85 (2004).", "[9] A.B. v. Russia, Application No. 1439/06, European Court of Human Rights, para. 108 (2010).", "[10] Palushi v. Austria, Application No. 27900/04, European Court of Human Rights, paras. 72 and 73 (2009).", "[11] A.B. v. Russia, para. 111.", "[12] Onoufriou v. Cyprus, Application No. 24407/04, European Court of Human Rights, para. 80 (2010).", "[13] Ocalan v. Turkey, Application No. 46221/99, European Court of Human Rights, para. 196 (2005).", "[14] Rohde v. Denmark, Application No. 69332/01, European Court of Human Rights, para. 97 (2005).", "[15] Ramírez Sanchez v. France, Application No. 59450/00, European Court of Human Rights, paras. 105, 106 and 135 (2006).", "[16] Ibid., para. 145.", "[17] Velázquez-Rodríguez v. Honduras, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C, No. 4, para. 156 (1988).", "[18] Loayza-Tamayo v. Peru, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C, No. 33, para. 58 (1997).", "[19] Cantoral-Benavides v. Peru, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C, No. 69, paras. 62 and 104 (2000).", "[20] Suárez-Rosero v. Ecuador, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C, No. 35, paras. 51-56 (1997).", "[21] Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Mexico (OEA/Ser.L/V/II.100), para. 254 (2008).", "[22] Shalev, op. cit., p. 25.", "[23] Shalev, op. cit., pp. 25 and 26.", "[24] Peter Scharff Smith, “Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”, Journal on Rehabilitation of Torture Victims and Prevention of Torture, vol. 18 (2008), p. 56.", "[25] Shalev, op. cit., p. 26.", "[26] Peter Scharff Smith, “Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”, p. 41.", "[27] Ramírez Sanchez v. France, Application No. 59450/00, European Court of Human Rights, para. 102 (2006).", "[28] Solitary Confinement of Prisoners and Detainees in Israeli Prisons, Joint Project of Adalah, Al Mezan (Gaza) and Physicians for Human Rights (Israel, June 2011).", "[29] Shalev, op. cit., p. 42.", "[30] Council of Europe, Committee for the Prevention of Torture, Report to the Government of Greece on the visit to Greece carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 20 December 2006 (CPT/Inf (2006)), p. 41.", "[31] Council of Europe, “CPT Standards” (CPT/Inf/E (2002) 1 — Rev. 2010), sect. II, para. 48.", "[32] Poltrotsky v. Ukraine, p. 146 (European Court of Human Rights, 2006-V).", "[33] Peter Scharff Smith, “The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates”, Crime and Justice, vol. 34 (2006), p. 449.", "[34] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”, Journal of Law and Policy, vol. 22 (2006), p. 325.", "[35] Ilaşcu and others v. Moldova and Russia, Application No. 48787/99, European Court of Human Rights (2004), para. 432.", "[36] Mathew v. Netherlands, Application No. 24919/03, para. 202.", "[37] G.B. v. Bulgaria, para. 85.", "[38] Valasinas v. Lithuania, Application No. 44558/98, European Court of Human Rights, para. 112 (2001); Ocalan v. Turkey, para. 193.", "[39] Rohde v. Denmark, para. 97.", "[40] Peter Scharff Smith, “Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”, p. 1.", "[41] Shalev, op. cit., p. 2.", "[42] A.B. v. Russia, Application No. 1439/06, European Court of Human Rights, para. 135 (2010).", "[43] “USA: The Cruel and Inhumane Treatment of Albert Woodfox and Herman Wallace”, Amnesty International (2001).", "[44] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement” (1993), p. 1.", "[45] Ibid., p. 8.", "[46] Ibid., p. 2.", "[47] Ibid., p. 20.", "[48] Shalev, op. cit., pp. 13 and 22.", "[49] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”, pp. 332 and 333.", "[50] Article 37(c), Convention on the Rights of the Child; article 8(d), United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.", "[51] Robert Wildeboer, “The Impact of Solitary Confinement in a Youth Prison”, Inside and Out (Chicago, 2010).", "[52] Shalev, op. cit., p. 26.", "[53] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”; Shalev, op. cit., p. 10.", "[54] American Civil Liberties Union, “Abuse of the Human Rights of Prisoners in the United States: Solitary Confinement” (2011).", "[55] Jeffrey L. Metzner, M.D., and Jamie Fellner, “Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in U.S. Prisons: A Challenge for Medical Ethics”, The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 104-108 (2010).", "[56] Heartland Alliance National Immigrant Justice Center, letter to the Special Rapporteur on torture dated 16 June 2011." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题， 包括增进人权和基本自由 切实享受的各种途径", "酷刑和其他残忍、不人道及有辱人格的待遇和处罚", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递人权理事会酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员胡安·门德斯根据大会第65/205号决议编写的临时报告。", "人权理事会酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员的临时报告", "摘要", "特别报告员在按照大会第65/205号决议提交的本报告中根据其任务范围述及各项特别关注的问题和最近的发展情况。", "特别报告员提请大会注意他的评估意见，即大多数国家都实行单独监禁的做法。他发现，物质条件和单独监禁这种监狱制度会造成严重的精神和身体痛苦或苦难，当把它作为一种惩罚手段在审前拘留期间无限期、长期施用于青少年或患有精神残疾的人时，就构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚，甚至是酷刑了。此外，单独监禁这一做法增加了酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚行为不被发现和不被质疑的风险。", "报告强调了一些一般原则，以帮助指导各国重新评价和尽量减少使用单独监禁，并在某类案件中取消单独监禁的做法。这种做法只应作为最后手段用于非常特殊的情况，使用的时间越短越好。他还强调，需要有最低限度的内部和外部程序保障，以确保所有被剥夺自由的人都得到人道待遇及对人所固有的尊严的尊重。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.与任务有关的活动 4\n3.单独监禁 7\nA.对根据任务规定所开展工作的概述 7\nB.单独监禁的历史和当前的做法 7\nC.定义 8\nD.法律框架 9\nE.国家使用单独监禁的理由 11\nF.单独监禁的条件 13\nG.长期或无限期单独监禁 16\nH.单独监禁造成的心理和生理影响 17\nI.单独监禁的潜在影响 17\nJ.易受伤害的人 17\nK.当单独监禁构成酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚时 18\n4.结论和建议 20\n附件单独监禁的影响 24", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告根据大会第65/205号决议第39段提交，是酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员向大会提交的第十三次报告，也是本项任务执行人提交的第一次报告。", "2. 特别报告员提请注意他呈送人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/16/52)；在该报告中，他概述了自己在特别报告员任期内的愿景、工作方法和优先事项。", "二. 与任务有关的活动", "3. 以下是特别报告员自其向人权理事会提交报告(A/HRC/16/52和Add.1-6)以来根据任务规定所开展活动的小结。", "关于侵犯人权行为的来文", "4. 在2010年12月1日至2011年7月1日期间，他向18国政府发出20封酷刑指控函，并为可能遭受酷刑或其他形式虐待的个人向48国政府发出95份紧急呼吁。同期收到82份答复。", "国别访问", "5. 关于实况调查团，原计划于2011年5月对吉尔吉斯斯坦进行国别访问，但该国政府以正在发生的政治事态为由要求延期。吉尔吉斯共和国政府在2011年7月28日的信中提议，在2011年8月下旬进行国别访问。特别报告员对此邀请表示欢迎，但因是临时通知，因此在提交本报告时正与该国政府商量其他可能的日期。他接受了伊拉克政府请他于2011年10月访问该国的邀请。他还被邀请去访问巴林并正与该国政府商量日期。除了将要提出的国别访问要求外(见A/HRC/16/52，第6段)，特别报告员已要求就西撒哈拉问题访问摩洛哥。", "6. 特别报告员于2011年5月15日至22日访问了突尼斯。他与临时政府分享了他的初步调查结果，并于5月22日发布新闻谈话稿，对该国政府向他提供全面合作表示感谢。他指出，该国政府已采取一系列积极步骤来确保问责制和长期改革。但他认为，在期待制宪大会选举时的那种“观望态度”可能会妨碍在清算过去和最近的侵权行为方面采取大胆和积极步骤的可能性。特别报告员强调，应确保对被控实施酷刑和虐待的人进行迅速、有效和独立的刑事调查，并应启动行政方案，以对过去和最近的侵权行为受害者提供补救和赔偿服务。有关访问突尼斯的报告将提交给定于2012年3月举行的人权理事会第十九届会议。", "关键的新闻谈话稿", "7. 特别报告员发布了下列新闻谈话稿(其中有许多是与其他任务执行人联合发表的声明)：", "• 2010年12月31日——对在科特迪瓦总统选举期间可能发生的或可能仍在发生的强迫或非自愿失踪、任意拘留、法外处决、即审即决或任意处决事件及性暴力行为表示严重关切。", "• 2011年1月14日——在官方确认至少有21人死亡之后，敦促突尼斯政府控制对和平示威使用武力。", "• 2011年2月3日——关于在白俄罗斯、埃及和突尼斯的公众骚乱和在镇压和平示威时据称施加的酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇。", "• 2月17日——敦促埃及过渡政府设立独立调查组调查在该国革命期间发生的侵犯人权行为，并有权将人名和证据转递有关当局提起公诉。", "• 2月18日——敦促巴林政府和阿拉伯利比亚民众国政府保障和平抗议的权利，并立即停止使用过度和致命武力。", "• 2月22日——关于对阿拉伯利比亚民众国境内正在发生的严重侵犯人权行为表示严重关切的人权维护者的境况。", "• 3月3日——谴责在也门发生的对抗议者的暴力镇压，并敦促该国政府停止把过度使用武力作为结束持续不断抗议的手段。", "• 3月22日——对在巴林首都麦纳麦发生越来越多的严重侵犯人权事件表示关切。", "• 4月1日——对科特迪瓦境内发生的严重侵犯人权行为表示关切，包括可能构成国际罪行的强迫失踪、法外杀戮、杀害和残害儿童及性暴力，并表示，特别报告员和其他任务执行人全力支持安全理事会第1975(2011)号决议。", "• 4月11日和7月12日——尽管他一再要求探访一等兵布拉德利·曼宁，但是美利坚合众国政府仍未给予他不受监督地接触该被拘留者的机会，对此他表示沮丧。不受约束的接触问题不局限于该案例，还涉及特别报告员如果对美国进行国别访问时是否能与被拘留者进行私下和不受监督的面谈。", "• 4月15日——谴责阿拉伯叙利亚共和国境内死亡人数不断增加和残酷镇压和平抗议者、记者和人权维护者，尽管该国政府保证进行改革和协商，以结束长达48年的紧急状态统治。", "• 7月1日——敦促美国政府停止对德克萨斯州的Humberto Leal García 执行排定的处决。", "关键演讲/协商/培训课程的要点", "8. 特别报告员于2011年2月8日至9日参加了大赦国际在伦敦主办的一次会议，讨论“发展对酷刑进行询问和调查的国际最佳做法”。他还向特别引渡问题全党派议会小组作了讲话。", "9. 2月22日，他在美洲法证科学学院第六十三届年会作了关于“记录拘留条件、酷刑和虐待的国际框架和机制”的发言。", "10. 2月28日，他在华盛顿市会见了美利坚合众国国务院和国防部的高级官员，在4月22日再次拜访国防部，讨论共同关心的问题。", "11. 3月6日至10日，特别报告员在日内瓦出席人权理事会第十六届会议，会见了伊拉克、吉尔吉斯斯坦、墨西哥、泰国和美国等国的大使。他还会见了人权理事会所有区域小组，但非洲小组除外，因为很遗憾无法与该小组排定会见日期。", "12. 3月16日和17日，他在华盛顿市会见了禁止酷刑委员会主席、防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会副主席、美洲人权委员会被剥夺自由人员的权利问题报告员、欧洲防止酷刑委员会的一名代表和非洲人权和人民权利委员会被拘留人员问题特别报告员。该次会见是美国大学华盛顿法律学院和防止酷刑协会联合组办的，以讨论如何加强这些机制之间的工作关系。", "13. 3月18日至20日，特别报告员在旧金山大赦国际美国分部的年度大会和五十周年纪念会议上发表了两次讲话。", "14. 2011年6月1日，他在由几个宗教团体在华盛顿市组办的一次活动中作了主旨发言，题目是：“今天的问责制：防止明天的酷刑”。", "15. 6月15日至17日，特别报告员在荷兰政府支持下在智利圣地亚哥主持了一次关于酷刑的美洲国家区域协商会议。这次区域协商会议是在防止酷刑协会、法律和社会中心、人力公司、人权和性别公正区域中心、人权联系会的协助下组办的，为来自12个国家的政府、国家机构和民间社会组织提供了一个机会，以讨论在国别访问之后所提出建议的后续行动和加强防范酷刑和虐待的地方和区域保护机制。", "16. 6月20日，他在圣地亚哥会见了智利外交部外交政策总干事。", "17. 6月27日至7月1日，特别报告员在日内瓦参加了特别报告员第十八次年会。他还会见了伊拉克、吉尔吉斯斯坦、荷兰、俄罗斯联邦、突尼斯和美利坚合众国等国政府的代表。", "18. 7月7日，他在巴西利亚会见了巴西政府人权部长。", "三. 单独监禁", "A. 对根据任务规定所开展工作的概述", "19. 在他作为特别报告员提交的第一次报告中(A/HRC/16/52，第70段)，他认识到，“长期单独监禁是否……在本质上构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的问题在人权理事会引起了很多争论和讨论”；他认为，“国际社会作为一个整体将从冷静和理性地讨论这一问题中受益”。", "20. 特别报告员接到投诉，指称一些国家在以国家安全为由进行行政拘留时使用单独监禁或将单独监禁作为打击有组织犯罪的一种手段，以及在作移民拘留时使用单独监禁。他作此项研究是因为他发现，单独监禁的做法具有全球性，并易于被广泛滥用。特别是，一些国家所施行的社会隔离和感觉剥夺的做法在某种情况下构成残忍、不人道和有辱人格的待遇甚至是酷刑。", "21. 特别报告员的前任已指出，长期单独监禁本身可能就构成受禁止的虐待或酷刑(E/CN.4/1999/61，第394段和E/CN.4/2003/68，第26(m)段)。", "22. 《关于使用单独监禁及其影响的伊斯坦布尔声明》作为附件列入了前任特别报告员提交大会的2008年临时报告(A/63/175，附件)。该报告的结论是：“长期隔离被拘留者可能构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或刑罚，在某些情况下，可能构成酷刑。……应将单独监禁的使用保持在最低限度；在非常特殊的情况下，在尽可能短暂的时间内使用，并仅作为最后手段。无论使用的具体情况如何，都必须努力提高囚犯社会接触的水平：囚犯与监狱工作人员接触，允许与其他囚犯一起搞社交活动，允许更多探访，并提供心理健康服务”(A/63/175，第77段和第83段)。", "B. 单独监禁的历史和当前的做法", "23. 有关对被拘留者使用单独监禁的历史有据可查。这种做法可追溯到1820年代的美利坚合众国，当时人们相信隔离囚犯的做法有助于实现改造。在这种模式下，囚犯整天独处一室，大多数情况下是在囚室内，即使工作时也如此，以反省自己的犯罪过程，从而规避外部的消极影响。从1830年代开始，欧洲和南美洲国家采用了这种做法(A/63/175，第81段)。必须认识到，200年前这个模式是在处罚方面的一种社会和道德上进步的方式，因为这种做法强调了改造，并试图以此取代死刑、切割四肢和当时流行的其他惩罚手段。", "24. 世界各国继续广泛使用单独监禁(A/63/175，第78段)。在一些国家，超级最高安全监狱把对囚犯施用单独监禁视作正常而不是“例外”的做法，这被认为是有问题的。例如在美国，估计有2万至2.5万人被单独拘押。[1] 另一个例子是，在审前拘留中广泛使用单独监禁；许多年来这一直是斯堪的纳维亚监狱做法的一个有机组成部分。[2] 几乎所有地方都把与监狱其他囚犯相隔离的做法作为惩罚破坏监狱纪律的一种手段。现在许多国家更为经常地使用单独监禁，持续的时间也更长。例如在巴西，2003年第10792号法令修正了现行的“刑法执行法”，设想出一个可长达360天的单个囚室的“区别”纪律处分制度，同时不妨碍因新的犯罪而延长相似的持续时间，最高可达刑期的六分之一。阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯省于2010年启动了一个防止监狱暴力行为方案，其中包括至少9个月的隔离(最初3个月为全面隔离)，根据监狱监测员的说法，这个期限往往还会延长。", "C. 定义", "25. 现在尚未有对单独监禁的得到普遍商定的定义。《关于使用单独监禁及其影响的伊斯坦布尔声明》把单独监禁定义为：对个人的人身隔离，将其关在囚室中每天长达22至24小时。在许多司法管辖区中，允许被单独监禁的囚犯每天走出囚室单独放风一小时。与其他人有意义的接触通常被减少至最低程度。刺激的减少不仅是在数量上，而且还在质量上。仅有的刺激和偶尔的社会接触很少能由其自由选择，通常十分单调且不具移情作用。", "26. 单独监禁也被称为“分隔”、“隔离”、[3] “分离”、“蜂窝”、[4] “锁定”、“超级最高级”、“牢洞”或“安全住房单位”，[5] 但所有这些名词都涉及不同的因素。为本报告的目的，特别报告员将单独监禁定义为：对个人的人身和社会隔离，将其关在囚室中每天长达22至24小时。让特别报告员特别感到关切的是长期单独监禁，他对此的定义为：任何超过15天的单独监禁。他知道，要确定一个早已有害的制度从何时转变为长期因而造成不可接受的痛苦的时间点是具有任意性的。他的结论是，15天是“单独监禁”和“长期单独监禁”之间的界限，因为根据所查看的文献资料，在这一个时间点上，隔离造成的某些有害的心理影响就可能变得不可逆转了。[6]", "D. 法律框架", "27. 国际和区域人权机构在解决造成被拘留者社会和人身隔离的基本条件方面及在确定这种做法是否构成酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚方面采取了不同的方法。例如，虽然欧洲人权法院经常面对单独监禁问题，但最为广泛地处理与禁止与外界接触的拘押相关现象的机构则是联合国人权事务委员会和美洲人权法院。为本报告的目的，特别报告员将只重点介绍全球性和区域人权机构就单独监禁问题所开展的工作。", "1. 国际一级", "联合国大会", "28. 1990年，大会通过了第45/111号决议，《囚犯待遇基本原则》。原则7规定，应努力废除或限制使用单独监禁作为惩罚的手段，并鼓励为此而作出的努力。", "29. 同一年，大会通过第45/113号决议，《联合国保护被剥夺自由少年规则》。大会在第67段中主张：“应严格禁止任何构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇的惩戒措施，其中包括……单独监禁或任何其他有害有关少年身心健康的惩罚”。", "联合国条约机构", "30. 人权事务委员会在其第20号一般性意见第6段中指出，对被拘留者或囚犯的长期单独监禁可能构成《公民及政治权利国际公约》第7条所禁止的行为。[7] 在其对卢旺达的结论性意见中，人权事务委员会建议：“缔约国应结束判处单独监禁的做法……”(CCPR/C/RWA/CO/3，第14段)。", "31. 禁止酷刑委员会认识到长期单独监禁对身心的有害影响，并对将长期单独监禁作为审前拘留期间的一项预防措施和纪律处分措施表示关切。委员会建议废除使用单独监禁，特别是在审前拘留期间，或至少由法律作出严格和具体规范(最长持续时间等)，在司法监督下实施，并只在特殊情况下使用，如涉及人员安全之时(A/63/175，第80段)。委员会建议，不应对18岁以下人员使用单独监禁(CAT/C/MAC/CO/4，第8段)。", "32. 防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会指出，长期单独监禁可能构成酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚行为，并建议在涉及未成年人或心智残障人员的案件中不使用单独监禁(CAT/OP/PRY/1，第185段)。小组委员会还建议，应由医官每天探访被单独监禁的囚犯，但有一项谅解，即这类探访应对该囚犯的健康有益。此外，被单独监禁超过12小时的囚犯应每天至少有1个小时可呼吸新鲜空气(CAT/OP/PRY/1，第 184段)。鉴于单独监禁的条件，小组委员会指出，应向所有囚犯提供床和合适的床垫，包括被单独监禁的囚犯(CAT/OP/HND/1，第227(a)段和CAT/OP/PRY/1，第280段)。", "33. 儿童权利委员会在其第10号一般性意见(2001年)中强调，“必须严格禁止违反《儿童权利公约》第37条的纪律处分措施，包括……禁闭或单独监禁，或可能伤害有关儿童身体或精神健康或福祉的其他任何处罚”(CRC/C/GC/10，第89段)。此外，委员会敦促各缔约国禁止并废除对儿童使用单独监禁(CRC/C/15/Add.151，第41段；CRC/C/15/Add.220，第45(d)段；CRC/C/15/Add.232，第36(a)段)。", "2. 区域一级", "欧洲人权法院", "34. 欧洲人权法院在评价单独监禁案件时审议了国家提出的施行社会和人身隔离的理由。法院裁定违反了《欧洲人权公约》第3条，因为国家没有为使用单独监禁提供以安全为基础的正当理由。[8] 至于长期单独监禁问题，法院认为，必须向个人解释使用单独监禁的理由，并随着时间的推移，这种理由“必须越来越详细和越来越紧迫”。[9]", "35. 通过其判例法，欧洲人权法院强调，在施行单独监禁期间某些程序保障措施必须到位，例如监测囚犯的身体健康，⁹ 特别当这个人身体不好时更应如此，[10] 并有机会获得司法复核。[11]", "36. 欧洲人权法院在评估人身和精神隔离个案是否构成酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚时依据的一个关键因素就是对个人所施行的隔离的程度。长期绝对禁止监狱以外个人来访的做法造成的痛苦“明显超越拘留所固有的无可避免的程度”。[12] 但是，只要个人可以接待来访者和写信，[13] 可以看电视、看书和看报纸，以及与监狱工作人员经常接触[14] 或能定期探访神职人员或律师，[15] 这种隔离就是“局部”隔离，未到达严重程度的最低限度门槛，即未到达欧洲人权法院判定违反《欧洲人权公约》第3条所必需的最低限度门槛。但法院强调，即使施行的是局部隔离，也不能对囚犯无限期地施行单独监禁。[16]", "美洲人权体系", "37. 美洲人权体系有关单独监禁的判例比上面所讨论的机构更具结论性。自其最早的判决以来，美洲人权法院就判定，监狱制度的某些要素和监狱某些物质条件本身就构成残忍和不人道待遇，因此违反了《美洲人权公约》第5条，因为该条款承认人的完整性权利。例如法院主张，“长期隔离和剥夺交流机会的做法本身就是残忍和不人道的待遇，伤害了人的心理和道德完整性，违反了被拘留者尊重作为人所固有的尊严的权利”。[17] 法院还讨论了拘留的物质条件，强调“在狭小、无通风和无自然光的囚室内的隔离，……[以及]对探访权的限制……，构成残忍、不人道和有辱人格的待遇的形式”。[18]", "38. 法院还认识到，单独监禁导致心理和身体上的痛苦，而这种痛苦可能会促成构成酷刑的待遇。法院至少在一个案件中确认了单独监禁的物质条件，包括“狭小、无通风或无自然光的囚室”，以及被拘留者“每天被关23个半小时……，[和]每月只允许见其亲属一次并不得与他们有身体接触”的监狱制度，当这些条件与其他形式的身体和心理侵害结合在一起时就有可能构成身体和心理酷刑。[19]", "39. 法院在对单独监禁进行分析时指出，即使在特殊情况下使用时，程序保障措施仍必须到位。例如，“国家有义务确保被拘留者享受《[美洲]公约》所规定的最低限度和非减损保证，具体而言就是，有权质问拘留的合法性及保证被拘留者在被监禁期间的得到有效辩护”。[20] 同样，美洲人权委员会一贯主张，对被拘留者采取的所有形式的纪律处分行动都必须符合正当法律程序的准则并提供司法复核的机会。[21]", "E. 国家使用单独监禁的理由", "40. 国家为使用单独监禁提出的理由可分成五大类：", "(a) 处罚人(作为司法判刑的一部分或作为纪律处分制度的一部分)；", "(b) 保护易受伤害的人；", "(c) 便利监狱对某些人的管理；", "(d) 保护或促进国家安全；", "(e) 便利起诉前或审前调查。", "41. 作为对个人司法判刑的一部分而施行单独监禁的做法往往发生在犯下特别严重的罪行或对国家犯下罪行的情况下。[22] 例如在某些中欧国家，被判定犯下谋杀或强奸罪的人被判处在单独监禁的情况下服刑(A/64/215，第53段)。在其他国家，例如在蒙古国，死刑可改判为无期徒刑，以单独监禁的方式服刑(E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.4，第47段)。在监狱里将单独监禁作为纪律处分措施使用也是有案可查的，这也许是把单独监禁作为一种处罚形式加以使用的最普遍的理由。²² 纪律处分措施通常涉及违反监狱的规则。例如在尼日利亚，被拘留者会因违纪行为受到多至3天的单独监禁处罚(A/HRC/7/3/Add.4，附文一，第113段)。同样，在印度尼西亚的阿贝普拉监狱，作为纪律处分措施可对违反监狱规则的人处以多至8天的单独监禁(A/HRC/7/3/Add.7,附文一，第37段)。", "42. 单独监禁还用于分离易受伤害的个人，包括青少年、残疾人，以及女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者，以对他们提供保护。他们可能自己要求或经监狱官员的斟酌而被单独监禁。[23]", "43. 国家官员还把单独监禁作为管理某些监狱人口的工具。被确认具有危险性的人，如帮派成员，或逃跑风险较大的人可能会被单独监禁。²³ 同样，被确认具有被伤害风险的人，如性犯罪者、告密者，以及前惩教或执法人员，往往被允许或鼓励选择自愿单独监禁，以保护他们不受同室囚犯的伤害。[24] 为监狱管理的需要，在将囚犯转换囚室和拘留所之前、期间或之后也可能将囚犯置于某种形式的单独监禁。[25] 虽然单独监禁作为管理工具使用时其持续时间差别很大，但应注意到，这种使用是出于实用而不是惩处的动机。", "44. 被确认为恐怖嫌疑犯或具有国家安全风险的人也往往被置于单独监禁。例如在赤道几内亚，“黑海滩监狱”某个由单人囚室组成的部分专用于对高安全囚犯施行单独监禁(A/HRC/13/39/Add.4,附文一)。单独监禁也可用作强制性审讯手段，并往往是强迫失踪或禁止与外界接触的羁押的有机组成部分(A/63/175,附件)。正如在上文第40段a类中所指出的，国家安全也是司法判决后施行单独监禁的首要原因。例如在中国，一个因“向中国境外实体非法提供国家秘密或情报”而被判刑的人在她8年的刑期中据称有2年被置于单独监禁(E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.6,附文2，第26段)。", "45. 国家还在起诉前或审前拘留期间利用单独监禁孤立个人。在一些国家，例如丹麦，把人置于单独监禁是审前拘留的常规做法(A/63/175,第78(i)段)。起诉前和审前拘留期间使用单独监禁的目的差异很大，包括防止被拘留者混杂，以避免发生道德败坏和勾结行为，以及对被拘留者施加压力以使其合作或坦白。[26]", "F. 单独监禁的条件", "46. 对监狱和对被关押囚犯的条件的管理受监狱条例和国家法律，以及国际人权法的制约。经济及社会理事会于1957年通过的《联合国囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》补充并诠释了因以条约为基础或作为习惯国际法组成部分而具有约束力的基本准则。虽然《最低限度标准规则》并无直接的约束力，但已被广泛接受作为人道对待囚犯的普遍准则。", "47. 被置于单独监禁下的拘留者所处的特定条件因机构和司法管辖区的不同而不同。但大多数有一些共同的物质条件和非物质条件(或监狱制度)。", "1. 物质条件", "48. 与单独监禁有关的主要物质条件是囚室的大小、是否有窗子和电灯，以及是否有用于个人卫生的固定卫生设备。实际上，单独监禁囚室通常都具有某些共同特征，包括：位于监狱的独立或偏远之处、窗子狭小或部分被遮盖、空气不流通、光秃秃的外观和沉闷的色彩、钉在地板上的增韧纸板或其他以防拨弄的家具，以及狭小无趣的健身笼或院子(E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.3,第47段)。在某些司法管辖区，被单独监禁的囚犯会戴脚镣和受其他身体限制(A/HRC/13/39/Add.4,第76(f)段)。", "49. 目前没有一项普遍文书对可接受的最低限度面积的囚室作出了规定，虽然国内和区域司法管辖机构有时对此事项作出裁决。根据欧洲人权法院在“Ramirez 诉法国”一案中的裁决，一个6.84平方米的囚室“足以”供单人居住。[27] 法院没有详细说明为什么这样的面积可被认为已足够；特别报告员以恭敬的态度表示自己有不同意见，特别是如果单人囚室还应至少包括马桶和梳洗设备、床和一张桌子。", "50. 就单独监禁的被拘留者是否得到适当待遇而言，窗子和电灯的存在同样具有关键重要性。《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》第11条规定，应有充分灯光使被拘留者能够工作或阅读，不管是否有人工通风设备都应开一个窗口使空气流通。但国家的做法显示，这一标准往往得不到满足。例如在格鲁吉亚，发现单独监禁囚室的窗子开口有钢板焊接在外面的铁条上，限制了采光和通风(E/CN.4/2006/6/ Add.3,第47段)。在以色列，单独监禁囚室的唯一光源往往就是荧光灯泡，而且没有新鲜空气。[28]", "51. 《最低限度标准规则》第12和第13条规定，拘留设施应提供足够的固定卫生设备供被拘留者保持个人卫生之用。因此，用于单独监禁的囚室应在室内安置马桶和洗脸盆。[29] 欧洲防止酷刑和不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚委员会在其2006年关于希腊的报告中指出，科莫蒂尼监狱的隔离囚室未能满足卫生设备的必要最低限度标准，因为被拘留者被迫将马桶当作洗脸盆使用。[30] 单独监禁的设置中还涉及其他环境因素，如温度、噪音水平、隐私，以及用于囚室家具的软质材料。", "2. 监狱制度", "52. 在评估单独监禁的条件时要顾及的监狱制度的主要方面包括，是否有户外运动和健身计划、在监狱里是否有人与人之间有意义的接触，以及是否能与外界接触。根据《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》第21条，只要天气合适，不参加户外工作的每一个囚犯每天应至少有1个小时在露天做适当的运动。同样，欧洲防止酷刑委员会强调，所有囚犯无一例外都应有机会每天在露天运动1个小时。[31] 但国家的做法表明，这些标准并非总能得到遵守。例如在约旦，一个被拘留者只被允许每周在户外呆1个小时(A/HRC/4/33/Add.3，附文，第21段)。在“Poltrotsky诉乌克兰”案中，欧洲人权法院判定，缺乏户外运动的机会再加上缺乏接触自然光的机会构成违法《欧洲人权公约》第3条的行为。[32]", "53. 在监狱内有机会进行人与人之间有意义的接触和与外界的接触对于单独监禁的被拘留者的心理健康也至关重要，特别是对那些被长期关押的人而言更是如此。在监狱内，这类接触可以是与保健专业人员、狱警或其他囚犯的接触。与外界的接触包括法律顾问、家庭和朋友的探访、邮件和打电话，以及有机会阅读材料、看电视或听收音机。《公民及政治权利国际公约》第17条赋予囚犯接触家人和收发信件的权利。此外，《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》对各种外部刺激作了规定(关于体操和运动的第21条、关于同外界的接触的第37至第39条、关于书籍的第40条、关于宗教的第41和第42条、关于工作的第71至第76条、关于教育和娱乐的第77和第78条及关于社会关系和善后照顾的第79至第81条)。", "3. 社会隔离", "54. 单独监禁将有意义的社会接触降低到绝对最低限度。由此导致的对个人的社会刺激水平不足以维持一种合理的精神健康状态。[33]", "55. 研究结果表明，一旦被剥夺足够水平的社会刺激，人很快就会无法对其环境维持适当的警觉和注意状态。事实上，甚至只要几天的单独监禁就可使人的大脑活动趋于具有精神恍惚和神志失常特点的不正常状态。[34] 新技术方面的进步使人们可以做到，在几乎无需进行人与人之间互动的情况下就可间接监督人和保持对人的密切监视。欧洲人权法院认为，“彻底的感官隔离再加上完全的社会隔离可能会摧毁个性，并构成一种不能以安全或任何其他理由来辩解的不人道待遇的形式。”[35]", "56. 根据欧洲人权法院的意见，各国还应采取步骤减少单独监禁的负面影响。[36] 只要知道了单独监禁对某一特定个人的伤害性影响，就不得继续执行这种制度。[37] 在这方面，监禁的条件也是有关系的，因为当条件无可厚非时，法院认为，就不太可能越过可判定违反第3条的最低限度严重性门槛。[38] 让医生进行常规检查可作为确定是否存在违反第3条情事的一个因素。[39]", "G. 长期或无限期单独监禁", "57. 各司法管辖区都增加了使用长期或无限期单独监禁的频率，特别是以“反恐战争”和“对国家安全的威胁”为由。受这两种做法惩处的人可说是身处“监狱中的监狱”，因此忍受极端形式的焦虑和被排斥状态的煎熬，很明显这种做法取代了正常监禁。由于他们与世隔绝，被长期或无限期单独监禁的囚犯很容易就会滑出正义的视线，因此要保障他们的权利往往很困难，即使在强力坚持法治的国家里也是如此。[40]", "58. 当一国在单独监禁的一个稍短期间内未遵守《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》时，可能会引起对不利影响是否构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚或酷刑的某种辩论。但是，单独监禁持续的时间越长或对持续时间的不确定性越大，对囚犯造成严重和不可逆转伤害的风险也就越大，而这可能会构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚或甚至是酷刑。", "59. 未被告知单独监禁的期限而产生的不确定感加剧了受刑人的痛苦和苦难。在某些情况下，有的人会在审前拘留期间被无限期扣押，从而增加了其他形式残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的风险(CAT/C/DNK/CO/5，第14段)。", "60. 大多数研究报告未具体说明，单独监禁要持续多久之后才成为长期单独监禁。虽然刑期是不确定的，但被拘留者可能被单独监禁几个星期直至许多年。例如在哈萨克斯坦，可将人单独监禁2个月以上(A/HRC/13/39/Add.3，第117段)。一些被拘留者未经任何起诉和审判在秘密拘留中心被单独监禁多年，而在那些地方与世隔绝是审讯做法的一个有机组成部分。[41] 专家们在一份关于关塔那摩湾被拘留者状况的联合报告中指出，虽然隔离30天是被许可的最长期限，但是一些被拘留者在经历超过18月的隔离后隔了很短时间就又重被隔离(E/CN.4/2006/ 120，第53段)。", "61. 目前没有有关单独监禁可允许最高限度总持续时间的国际标准。在“A.B.诉俄罗斯”案中，欧洲人权法院认为，将一个人以单独监禁方式拘留3年构成违反《欧洲人权公约》第3条的行为。[42] 相比较，据报道在美利坚合众国，路易斯安那州一所监狱在2名囚犯试图对自己的监禁条件提出司法上诉未果之后将他们单独监禁了40年。[43] 正如本报告第26段所述，特别报告员认为，单独监禁超过15天即成为长期单独监禁。", "H. 单独监禁造成的心理和生理影响", "62. 单独监禁只要施行几天就会对健康产生负面影响，而单独监禁每延长一天，健康风险也会随之增加。对单独监禁的影响作过调查的专家们发现了单独监禁固有的3个共同要素：社会隔离、最小的环境刺激和“最少的社交机会”。[44] 研究结果进一步显示，单独监禁似乎会造成“精神错乱性不安”，这是一种被称为“监狱精神病”的综合征。[45] 症状可包括焦虑、忧郁、愤怒、认知障碍、知觉扭曲、偏执和精神病及自残(见附件所载的全面症状清单)。", "63. 一些人经历无关联的症状，而另一些人则会经历“已存在的精神状态的严重恶化或出现以前从未见到过的精神疾病”。[46] 不管具体条件是什么，不管在何时何地，也不管曾有过何种个人因素，都会有为数不少的人经历严重的健康问题。", "I. 单独监禁的潜在影响", "64. 目前缺乏对单独监禁潜在影响的研究。虽然在单独监禁期结束后，单独监禁的急性效应一般会消退，但对健康的某些负面影响会长期存在。在单独监禁期间经历的最小刺激状态可在7天后导致人的大脑活动减少。一项研究发现，“多至7天，[大脑活动的]减少尚可逆转，但如果被剥夺的时间很长，那就不一定了”。[47]", "65. 研究发现，在经历隔离而释放了很长时间之后仍有持续睡眠障碍、忧郁、焦虑、恐惧、情感依赖、精神错乱、记忆力和注意力减退等症状。此外，长久的个性改变往往会使那些曾被单独监禁的人社会生活贫乏、孤僻，对被迫进行社会交往感到不快和恐惧。[48] 在经过一段时间的单独监禁后就不愿意进行社会交往，这种障碍往往使人无法顺利调整生活以与监狱里的众人交往，并严重影响他们在刑满释放后重新融入社会的能力。[49]", "J. 易受伤害的人", "1. 青少年", "66. 联合国各条约机构一致建议，不应对少年犯、儿童或未成年人施行单独监禁(CAT/C/MAC/CO/4,第8段；CAT/OP/PRY/1,第185段；CRC/C/15/Add.151,第41段；以及CRC/C/15/Add.232,第36(a)段)。对青少年施行单独监禁往往是作为纪律处分措施或为了把他们与成年囚犯隔离，因为国际人权法禁止让青少年和成年囚犯混居。[50] 令人遗憾的是，单独监禁作为对被拘留青少年的一种处罚形式在一些国家一直很普遍，如牙买加(A/HRC/16/52/Add.3,第211段)、巴拉圭(A/HRC/7/3/Add.3,附文一，第46段)和巴布亚新几内亚(A/HRC/16/52/Add.5,附文)。至于纪律处分措施，有一份报告指出，单独监禁并不能减少青年监狱内被拘留少年犯之间的暴力行为。[51]", "2. 残疾人", "67. 一些司法管辖区把对残疾人的单独监禁作为适当的医疗或精神病护理来用，或因为缺乏其他拘留设施。这些人不一定对其他人或对他们自己构成威胁，但他们易受虐待，并往往被视作是对其他囚犯和监狱工作人员的一种干扰。[52]", "68. 研究表明，对精神残疾而言，单独监禁往往导致以前存在的精神状况严重加剧。[53] 具有精神健康问题的囚犯一被隔离病情就会急剧恶化。[54] 单独监禁的不利影响对具有严重精神健康问题的人造成的后果特别明显，其特点通常是精神病症状和/或明显的功能障碍。[55] 一些人会采取极端行动，如自残，甚至自杀。⁵⁴", "3. 女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者", "69. 单独监禁作为一种“保护性羁押”形式经常施行于女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者。[56] 虽然出于安全考虑，将女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者进行隔离是必要的，但女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者的地位并不能成为限制他们的社会行为(如接触娱乐活动、阅读材料、法律顾问或医生的机会)的理由。", "K. 当单独监禁构成酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚时", "70. 由于缺乏证人，单独监禁增加了酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚行为的风险。鉴于单独监禁会对健康造成严重不利影响，单独监禁的使用本身就可构成《公民及政治权利国际公约》第7条所禁止的行为、《禁止酷刑公约》第1条所定义的酷刑或该公约第16条所定义的残忍、不人道或有辱人格的处罚。", "71. 在评估单独监禁是否构成酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚时应以个案为基础考虑所有相关情况。这些情况包括施行单独监禁的目的、条件、该待遇的持续时间和影响，当然还包括使每一个受害者多多少少更易于受这种影响伤害的主观条件。报告在本节中讨论单独监禁的使用构成酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的一些情况。", "72. 在出于处罚的目的而使用单独监禁时，则不管提出什么样的理由都无法证明这种做法是正当的；这正因为单独监禁施加的严重精神痛苦和苦难超过了对犯罪行为的任何合理惩罚，因而构成了《禁止酷刑公约》第1条或第16条所定义的行为，违反了《公民及政治权利国际公约》第7条。这也适用于因违反监狱纪律而施行单独监禁时的情况，只要受害人经历的痛苦和苦难达到必要的严重性。", "73. 虽然在刑事调查期间在某些情况下也许必须施行人身和社会隔离，但是在审前拘留期间施行单独监禁的做法造成了事实上的心理压力状况，可能对被拘留者产生影响，使之坦白或作出对别人不利的供述，破坏调查工作的完整性。在审前拘留期间为获取信息或促使坦白而蓄意将单独监禁作为一种手段加以使用的做法构成《禁止酷刑公约》第1条所定义的酷刑或第16条所定义的残忍、不人道或其他有辱人格的待遇或处罚，违反《公民及政治权利国际公约》第7条。", "74. 当单独监禁的物质条件非常贫乏、制度非常严厉，导致对受刑人造成严重精神和身体痛苦或苦难时，单独监禁的条件就构成了《禁止酷刑公约》第1条和第16条所定义的酷刑或残忍和不人道的待遇，违反了《公民及政治权利国际公约》第7条。", "75. 只有在特殊情况下才可接受使用单独监禁，其持续时间必须尽可能短，并以适当方式宣布和通报一个确定的期限。鉴于无限期单独监禁的有害影响，有可能在审前拘留期间被用来获取信息或促使坦白，以及不确定性使人们无法采用补救措施对其进行质疑，因此特别报告员判定，无限期施行单独监禁的做法侵犯了有关个人的正当法律程序权(《公民及政治权利国际公约》，第9条)，违反了《禁止酷刑公约》第1条和第16条及《公民及政治权利国际公约》第7条。", "76. 特别报告员声明，社会隔离的做法违背《公民及政治权利国际公约》第10条第3款；该款规定“监狱制度应包括以争取囚犯改造和社会复员为基本目的的待遇”(大会第2200(XXI)号决议，附件)。长期隔离无助于使被拘留者复员或重新社会化(E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.4,第48段)。长期单独监禁的急性和潜在的心理和生理不利影响构成严重精神痛苦或苦难。特别报告员因此赞同禁止酷刑公约在第20号一般性意见中所采取的立场，即长期单独监禁构成《公民及政治权利国际公约》第7条所禁止的行为，因而构成《禁止酷刑公约》第1条或第16条所定义的行为。出于这些理由，特别报告员重申，他认为，根据有关情况，施行单独监禁超过15天即构成酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。他呼吁国际社会就这样一个标准达到一致意见，并严厉禁止施行连续15天以上的单独监禁。", "77. 关于青少年，《儿童权利宣言》和《儿童权利公约》序言部分声明，鉴于青少年身心尚未成熟，他们需要特殊的保护和照料，包括法律上的适当保护。《儿童权利公约》(大会第44/25号决议)第19条要求缔约国“采取一切适当的立法、行政、社会和教育措施，保护儿童……不致受到任何形式的身心摧残……”。儿童权利委员会在其第8号一般性意见中表明，“不存在模棱两可的情况：‘任何形式的身心摧残’没有为对儿童任何程度的摧残的合法化提供任何空间”(CRC/C/GC/8，第18段)。1990年12月14日通过的大会题为“联合国保护被剥夺自由少年规则”的第45/113号决议第67段规定，“应严格禁止任何构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇的惩戒措施，包括……单独监禁或任何其他有害有关少年身心健康的惩罚”(又见CRC/C/GC/10，第89段)。特别报告员因此认为，对青少年施行单独监禁的做法，不管持续时间多寡，都是残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇，违反《公民及政治权利国际公约》第7条和《禁止酷刑公约》第16条。", "78. 《公民及政治权利国际公约》第10条所保障的心智残障人享有的人道及尊重其固有的尊严的权利应根据大会于1991年12月17日通过的“保护精神病患者和改善精神保健的原则”(大会第46/119号决议，附件)加以诠释。鉴于他们智力受损，而单独监禁又往往严重恶化以前已存在的精神状态，特别报告员因此认为，不管持续时间多寡，对心智残障人施行单独监禁的做法是残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇，违反《公民及政治权利国际公约》第7条和《禁止酷刑公约》第16条。", "四. 结论和建议", "结论", "79. 特别报告员强调，单独监禁是一种严酷的措施，不管其具体条件如何都可能对人造成严重的心理和生理不利影响。他判断，单独监禁违背监狱制度的一个基本目的，即改造罪犯和帮助他们重新融入社会。特别报告员将长期单独监禁定义为任何持续时间超过15天的单独监禁。", "80. 根据施行的具体理由、条件、持续时间、影响和其他情况，单独监禁可构成违反《公民及政治权利国际公约》第7条，以及构成《禁止酷刑公约》第1条或第16条所定义的行为。此外，使用单独监禁会增加酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚在不易被侦测和不受质疑的情况下大行其道的风险。", "81. 考虑到在审前拘留期间将单独监禁作为一种惩罚手段无限期或长期施行于青少年或心智残障人可能造成的严重精神痛苦或苦难，这种做法可能构成酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。特别报告员认为，只要单独监禁的物质条件和监狱制度未达到尊重人的固有尊严的水平并造成严重精神和身体痛苦或苦难，就构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。", "建议", "82. 特别报告员呼吁各国，在维持拘留场所的安全和秩序的同时要尊重和保护被剥夺自由的人的权利。他建议各国定期审查单独监禁制度。在这方面，特别报告员重申，各国应参照《关于使用单独监禁及其影响的伊斯坦布尔声明》，把它作为一个有用的工具，以努力促进尊重和保护被拘留者的权利。", "83. 特别报告员呼吁各国确保以人道方式对待所有被剥夺自由的人，并尊重受《公民及政治权利国际公约》第10条第1款保护的人的固有尊严。特别报告员提及《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》，并建议各国提高被单独监禁的被拘留者有意义的心理社会接触水平。", "84. 特别报告员敦促各国禁止将单独监禁作为惩罚手段加以施行，不管是作为司法判刑还是纪律处分措施的组成部分。他建议各国拟订和执行替代性纪律制裁措施，以避免使用单独监禁。", "85. 各国应采取必要步骤，结束在审前拘留期间使用单独监禁的做法。在审前拘留期间将使用单独监禁作为逼供技术的做法应予废除。各国应在审前阶段采取有效措施，改善调查工作的效率，引入替代性控制措施，以分离个人、保护正在进行的调查工作及避免被拘留者串通。", "86. 各国应取消对青少年和心智残障人使用单独监禁。关于对青少年的纪律处分措施，特别报告员建议各国采取不涉及使用单独监禁的其他措施。关于对心智残障人使用单独监禁的问题，特别报告员强调，在某些情况下，为了他们自身的安全人身隔离也许是必要的，但是仍应严格禁止单独监禁。", "87. 应取消无限期单独监禁。", "88. 很明显，短期单独监禁可能构成酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚；但是，在其他情况下这种做法可能是合法的手段，条件是必须有足够的保障措施。特别报告员认为，应绝对禁止超过15天的长期单独监禁。", "89. 特别报告员重申，单独监禁应只在非常特殊的情况下使用，仅作为最后手段，持续时间应尽可能短。他强调，在特殊情况下使用单独监禁时，必须遵循最低程序保障措施。这些保障措施会降低任意或过度使用单独监禁，例如在长期或无限期监禁的情况下。在正当程序保护有限的拘留情况下，例如行政移民拘留，这种保障措施就更为重要了。应以尽可能给被拘留者的权利以最大保护的方式来诠释最低限度程序保障措施。在这方面，特别报告员敦促各国应用下列指导原则和程序保障措施。", "指导原则", "90. 在整个拘留期间，单独监禁的物质条件和监狱制度，尤其是监禁的持续时间，必须与单独监禁所针对的犯罪或违纪行为的严重程度相当。", "91. 必须在限制性较少的措施无法达到预期纪律处分目标的时候才可作为最后手段施行单独监禁的物质条件和监狱制度。", "92. 绝不可施行或允许继续施行单独监禁，除非能肯定地确定，单独监禁不会造成身体或精神上的严重痛苦或苦难，不会导致产生《禁止酷刑公约》第1条或第16条所定义的行为。", "93. 必须清楚地记载与施行单独监禁有关的所有评估和决定，并可随时提供给被拘留者和他们的法律顾问。这包括施行单独监禁的当权者的身份和头衔、其施行单独监禁的法律属性的来源、说明施行单独监禁的正当理由的声明、持续时间、说明根据被拘留者的精神和身体健康状况确定单独监禁是合适的理由、说明确定单独监禁对违规行为是相当的理由、有关定期审查单独监禁的理由的报告，以及对被拘留者精神和身体健康的医疗评估。", "内部保障措施", "94. 从施行单独监禁之时开始，在对单独监禁进行复核和作出延长或终止单独监禁决定的所有阶段中，都应记录单独监禁的理由和持续时间，并向被拘留者公布。此外，被拘留者应被告知，他们若想免除单独监禁必须做些什么。根据《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》第35条，被拘留者必须以其能理解的通俗易懂的语言得到此项信息。此外，这项信息必须提供给被拘留者的任何法定代表人。", "95. 应有一个记录定期复核施行单独监禁的理由的系统。应以诚意并由一个独立机构进行复核。构成施行单独监禁理由的因素一发生变化就应立即触发对被拘留者的单独监禁的复核。必须记录所有复核流程。", "96. 必须向被单独监禁者提供真实机会，以通过行政复核程序质疑单独监禁做法的性质及其基本理由。在开始施行单独监禁之时，必须告诉被拘留者他们因被指控犯下何种罪行或违纪行为而被施以单独监禁，并必须立即让他们有机会对其被拘留的理由提出质疑。在施行单独监禁之后，被拘留者必须有机会通过内部或行政投诉系统对监狱管理部门提出投诉。", "97. 对请求或投诉不应施加任何限制，如请求得到精神或情绪上的受苦和身体上的受苦的证据。监狱官员有义务及时处理所有请求或投诉，并将结果通知被拘留者。所有内部行政结论都必须通过司法程序接受外部上诉。", "外部保障措施", "98. 被单独监禁的被拘留者必须得到真实的机会，以通过法院来质疑单独监禁做法的性质及其基本理由。这就要求有权利就监狱主管当局和行政机构的所有最终决定向有权复核单独监禁的性质的合法性及其基本理由的独立司法机构提出上诉。之后，被拘留者必须有机会就这些判决向国家最高权力机关提出上诉；在用尽国内补救措施之后，可寻求由区域或全球性人权机构进行复核。", "99. 在整个被单独监禁期间，个人都必须能自由接触合格的法律顾问。在需要便利被拘留者与其法律顾问进行完全和开放式沟通时，必须提供获得口译员的机会。", "100. 根据《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》第32条第3款的规定，应有一个记录由合格医务人员在开始施行单独监禁之时和被拘留者在被单独监禁的整个过程中每天对囚犯的身体和精神状态进行定期监测和审查的系统。负责监测被拘留者的医务人员应有心理评估方面的专门培训和/或得到心理学专家的支助。此外，医务人员必须是独立的，并对监狱管理当局以外的主管机构负责。他们最好属于国家的一般卫生结构。囚犯在精神或身体状况方面的任何恶化都应触发一种假设，即监禁的条件是过度的，应立即进行复核。", "101. 此外，医务人员应根据《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》第26条视察囚犯监禁的物质条件。有关考虑因素包括监所和囚犯的卫生和清洁；囚室的暖气、灯光和通风；衣服和被褥是否适当；食物和水的供应是否充分，以及有关身体锻炼的规则的遵守情况。", "Annex:", "Effects of solitary confinement", "^(a) Sharon Shalev, A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement, Mannheim Centre for Criminology, (2008), pp.15-17; also Peter Scharff Smith, “The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates: a brief history and review of the literature, crime and justice, vol. 34, (2006), p.441.", "Many symptoms may present themselves in individuals held in solitary confinement, both concurrent with their solitary confinement and after the period of solitary confinement has terminated. The following list prepared by Dr. Sharon Shalev ^(a) demonstrates a range of possible symptoms.", "Anxiety, ranging from feelings of tension to full-blown panic attacks", "• Persistent low level of stress", "• Irritability or anxiousness", "• Fear of impending death", "• Panic attacks", "Depression, varying from low mood to clinical depression", "• Emotional flatness/blunting – loss of ability to have any ‘feelings’", "• Mood swings", "• Hopelessness", "• Social withdrawal; loss of initiation of activity or ideas; apathy; lethargy", "• Major depression", "Anger, ranging from irritability to full-blown rage", "• Irritability and hostility", "• Poor impulse control", "• Outbursts of physical and verbal violence against others, self and objects", "• Unprovoked anger, sometimes manifested as rage", "Cognitive disturbances, ranging from lack of concentration to confused state", "• Short attention span", "• Poor concentration", "• Poor memory", "• Confused thought processes; disorientation", "Perceptual distortions, ranging from hypersensitivity to hallucinations", "• Hypersensitivity to noises and smells", "• Distortions of sensation (e.g., walls closing in)", "• Disorientation in time and space", "• Depersonalization/derealization", "• Hallucinations affecting all five senses (e.g., hallucinations of objects or people appearing in the cell, or hearing voices when no one is actually speaking)", "Paranoia and psychosis, ranging from obsessional thoughts to full-blown psychosis", "• Recurrent and persistent thoughts (ruminations), often of a violent and vengeful character (e.g., directed against prison staff)", "• Paranoid ideas – often persecutory", "• Psychotic episodes or states: psychotic depression, schizophrenia", "Self-harm,self-directed aggression", "• Self-mutilation and cutting", "• Suicide attempts", "[1] Alexandra Naday、Joshua D. Freilich和Jeff Mellow，“The Elusive Data on Supermax Confinement”，The Prison Journal，第88卷，第1期，第69页(2008年)。", "[2] Peter Scharff Smith，“The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates: a brief history and review of the literature”，Crime and Justice，第34卷，第441页(2006年)。", "[3] Jeffrey L. Metzner医生和Jamie Fellner,“Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in U.S. Prisons: A Challenge for Medical Ethics”，The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law,第38卷，第104至第108页(2010年)。", "[4] Sharon Shalev, Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement,Mannheim Centre for Criminology, 2008年，第1页。", "[5] Ken Strutin,“Solitary Confinement”，LLRX.com,2010年8月10日出版。", "[6] Haney,“Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and‘Supermax’Confinement, Crime and Delinquency”第49卷，第1期，第124至第156页。", "[7] 人权事务委员会(《公民及政治权利国际公约》)第20号一般性意见(A/47/40，附件六A)，第7条(禁止酷刑或其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚)，1992年3月10日。", "[8] Iorgov诉保加利亚，第40653/98号申请，欧洲人权法院，第84段(2004年)；G.B.诉保加利亚，第42346/98号申请，欧洲法院，第85段(2004年)。", "[9] A.B.诉俄罗斯，第1439/06号申请，欧洲人权法院，第108段(2010年)。", "[10] Palushi诉奥地利，第27900/04号申请，欧洲人权法院，第72和第73段(2009年)。", "[11] A.B.诉俄罗斯，第111段。", "[12] Onoufriou诉塞浦路斯，第24407/04号申请，欧洲人权法院，第80段(2010年)。", "[13] Ocalan诉土耳其，第46221/99号申请，欧洲人权法院，第196段(2005年)。", "[14] Rohde诉丹麦，第69332/01号申请，欧洲人权法院，第97段(2005年)。", "[15] Ramirez Sanchez诉法国，第59450/00号申请，欧洲人权法院，第105、第106和第135段(2006年)。", "[16] 同上，第145段。", "[17] Velázquez-Rodríguez诉洪都拉斯，美洲人权法院，C系列第4号，第156段(1988年)。", "[18] Loayza-Tamayo诉秘鲁，美洲人权法院，C系列第33号，第58段(1997年)。", "[19] Cantoral-Benavides诉秘鲁，美洲人权法院，C系列第69号，第62和第104段(2000年)。", "[20] Suárez-Rosero诉厄瓜多尔，美洲人权法院，C系列第35号，第51至第56段(1997年)。", "[21] 《墨西哥人权状况报告》，美洲人权委员会，OEA/Ser.L/V/II.100,第254段(2008年)。", "[22] halev，同前，第25段。", "[23] Shalev，同前，第25和第26段。", "[24] Peter Scharff Smith,“Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”，Journal on Rehabilitation of Torture Victims and Prevention of Torture，第18卷，第56页(2008年)。", "[25] Shalev，同前，第26页。", "[26] Peter Scharff Smith,“Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”，第41段。", "[27] Ramirez Sanchez诉法国，第59450/00申请，欧洲人权法院，第102段(2006年)。", "[28] Solitary Confinement of Prisoners and Detainees in Israeli Prisons, Joint Project of Adalah, Al Mezan(Gaza)and Physicians for Human Rights(2011年6月，以色列)。", "[29] Shalev，同前，第42段。", "[30] 欧洲委员会防止酷刑委员会，向希腊政府提交的关于欧洲防止酷刑和不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚委员会访问希腊的报告，2006年12月20日(CPT/Inf(2006))，第41段。", "[31] 欧洲委员会，“防止酷刑委员会标准”(CPT/Inf/E (2002) 1 - Rev. 2010)，第二节，第48段。", "[32] Poltrotsky诉乌克兰,第146页(ECHR 2003-V)。", "[33] Peter Scharff Smith,“The Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prison Inmates”，Crime and Justice(2006年),第34卷，第449页。", "[34] Stuart Grassian,“Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”，Journal of Law and Policy(2006年),第22卷，第325页。", "[35] Ilaşcu等人诉摩尔多瓦和俄罗斯，第48787/99号申请，欧洲人权法院(2004年)，第432段。", "[36] Mathew诉荷兰，第24919/03号申请，第202段。", "[37] G.B.诉保加利亚，第85段。", "[38] Valasinas诉立陶宛，第44558/98号申请，欧洲人权法院(2001年)，第112页；Ocalan诉土耳其，第193段。", "[39] Rohde诉丹麦，第97段。", "[40] Peter Scharff Smith,“Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”，第1页。", "[41] Shalev，同前，第2页。", "[42] A.B.诉俄罗斯，第1439/06号申请，欧洲人权法院(2010年)，第135段。", "[43] “USA：The Cruel and Inhumane Treatment of Albert Woodfox and Herman Wallace”，大赦国际(2001年)。", "[44] Stuart Grassian,“Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”(1993年)，第1页。", "[45] 同上，第8页。", "[46] 同上，第2页。", "[47] 同上，第20页。", "[48] Shalev，同前，第13和第22页。", "[49] Stuart Grassian,“Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”，第332和第333页。", "[50] 《儿童权利公约》，第37(c)条；《联合国囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》，第8(d)条。", "[51] Robert Wildeboer,“The Impact of Solitary Confinement in a Youth Prison”，Inside and Out,(2010年，芝加哥)。", "[52] Shalev，同前，第26页。", "[53] Stuart Grassian,“Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”，Shalev，同前，第10页。", "[54] 美国公民自由联盟，“Abuse of the Human Rights of Prisoners in the United States:Solitary Confinement”(2011年)。", "[55] Jeffrey L.Metyner医生和Jamie Fellner, Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in U.S. Prisons: A Challenge for Medical Ethics, The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 第38卷，第104至第108页，2010年。", "[56] Heartland Alliance National Immigrant Justice Center,2011年6月16日给酷刑问题特别报告员的信。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递人权理事会酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员胡安·门德斯根据大会第65/205号决议编写的临时报告。", "人权理事会酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员的临时报告", "内容提要", "在根据大会第65/205号决议提交的本报告中,特别报告员阐述了他任务范围内特别关注的问题和最近的事态发展。", "特别报告员提请大会注意他对大多数国家实行单独监禁的评估。 他认为,如果单独监禁的身体条件和监狱制度在审前拘留期间对青少年或有精神残疾的人造成严重的身心痛苦或折磨,而且这种痛苦或折磨是无限期地、长期的,就相当于残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚,甚至酷刑。 此外,使用单独监禁增加了酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚行为不被察觉和不受质疑的风险。", "报告强调了一些一般原则,以有助于指导各国重新评估和尽量减少其使用,并在某些情况下废除单独监禁的做法。 这种做法只应在非常特殊的情况下使用,作为最后手段,时间应尽可能短。 他进一步强调,必须在内部和外部提供最低限度的程序保障,以确保所有被剥夺自由的人得到人道待遇并尊重人的固有尊严。", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 4 活动4\n三、任务. 7\nA. 概述7\nB. 历史7和目前单独监禁的做法\n监禁\nC. 定义 8D. 法律 9\nE. 12个国家使用单独监禁的理由\nF. 单独监禁的条件 14\nG. 长期或无限期单独监禁\nH. 单独监禁的心理17和生理影响\n单独监禁的18种效果\nJ.Vulnerable 18号牢房\nK. 当19起单独监禁相当于酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或\n四、结 论. 21 和\n建议\n26 单独影响\n监禁", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员根据大会第65/205号决议第39段提交的第十三次报告。 这是现任任务负责人提交的第一份报告。", "2. 联合国 特别报告员想提请注意他提交人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/16/52),其中概述了他作为特别报告员的愿景、工作方法和优先事项。", "二. 与任务有关的活动", "3个 以下是特别报告员自向人权理事会提交报告(A/HRC/16/52和Add.1-6)以来根据任务授权所开展活动的概述。", "关于侵犯人权行为的来文", " 4.四. 在2010年12月1日至2011年7月1日期间,他向18个政府发出了20封酷刑指控信,并代表可能遭受酷刑或其他形式虐待的人向48个政府发出了95个紧急呼吁。 同期收到了82份答复。", "国别访问", "5 (韩语). 关于实况调查团,由于持续的政治事态发展,应吉尔吉斯斯坦政府的请求,预计2011年5月对吉尔吉斯斯坦的国别访问被推迟。 吉尔吉斯共和国政府在2011年7月28日的信中提议于2011年8月下半月进行国别访问。 特别报告员欢迎这一邀请;但由于通知时间很短,他正在提交本报告时与政府讨论可能的日期。 他接受了伊拉克政府2011年10月访问该国的邀请。 他还被邀请访问巴林并正在与政府讨论日期。 除了待处理的国别访问请求外(见A/HRC/16/52, 第15段)。 6) 特别报告员要求访问摩洛哥,访问西撒哈拉。", "6. 国家 特别报告员于2011年5月15日至22日访问了突尼斯。 他与临时政府分享了初步调查结果,并于5月22日发表新闻谈话,对该国政府给予的充分合作表示感谢。 他指出,政府为确保问责制和长期改革采取了一系列积极步骤。 然而,他认为,期待制宪会议选举的“等待并看到态度”可能会妨碍采取大胆和积极的步骤,恢复对过去和最近侵权行为的司法。 特别报告员强调,应确保对酷刑和虐待的指称肇事者进行迅速、有效和独立的刑事调查,并启动行政方案,为过去和最近侵权行为的受害者提供补救和赔偿服务。 访问突尼斯的报告将提交人权理事会2012年3月第十九届会议。", "主要新闻谈话", "7. 联合国 特别报告员发表了以下新闻声明(其中许多是与其他任务负责人的联合声明):", "二. 支助 2010年12月31日——表示严重关切科特迪瓦在总统选举中可能已经或仍在发生被强迫或非自愿失踪、任意拘留、法外处决、即审即决或任意处决以及性暴力行为。", "二. 支助 2011年1月14日——敦促突尼斯政府在正式确认至少21人死亡后,控制对和平示威使用武力.", "二. 支助 2011年2月3日——关于白俄罗斯、埃及和突尼斯的公共动乱以及据称在镇压和平示威过程中施加酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇。", "二. 支助 2月17日——敦促埃及过渡政府进行独立调查,调查该国革命期间的侵犯人权行为,并有权将姓名和证据转交有关当局起诉。", "二. 支助 2月18日——敦促巴林和阿拉伯利比亚民众国政府保障和平抗议权并立即停止使用过度和致命武力.", "二. 支助 2月22日——关于对阿拉伯利比亚民众国境内发生的严重侵犯人权行为表示严重关切的人权维护者的状况。", "二. 支助 2011年3月3日——谴责对也门抗议者的暴力镇压,敦促政府停止将过度使用武力作为结束持续抗议的手段.", "二. 支助 3月22日——对巴林首都严重侵犯人权事件增加表示关切.", "二. 支助 2011年4月1日——表示关切科特迪瓦境内严重侵犯人权的情况,包括强迫失踪、法外杀害、杀害和残害儿童以及可能构成国际罪行的性暴力;并表示特别报告员和其他任务负责人全力支持安全理事会第1975(2011)号决议。", "二. 支助 4月11日和7月12日,尽管他一再要求访问一等兵Bradley E. Manning,但美国政府没有允许他不受监视地接触被拘留者,对此他表示失望。 不受限制的接触问题超出了本案的范围,并涉及特别报告员如果对美国进行国别访问,是否能够与被拘留者进行私下和不受监督的面谈。", "二. 支助 4月15日——谴责阿拉伯叙利亚共和国境内和平抗议者、记者和人权捍卫者的死亡人数不断增加并遭到残酷镇压,尽管政府承诺进行改革和协商,以结束长达48年的紧急状态。", "二. 支助 2011年7月1日——敦促美国政府在德克萨斯州停止按计划处决汉伯托·莱尔·加西亚.", "主要发言/协商/培训课程要点", "8. 2011年2月8日至9日,特别报告员参加了大赦国际在伦敦主办的一次会议,讨论 \" 制定酷刑调查和调查的国际最佳做法 \" 。 他还在全党议会特别引渡小组发言。", "9. 国家 2月22日,他在美国法医科学院第63届年会上就“记录拘留条件、酷刑和虐待的国际框架和机制”作了发言。", "10个 2月28日,他在华盛顿特区会见了美国国务院和国防部的高级官员,4月22日再次会见了国防部,讨论共同关心的问题.", "11. 2011年3月6日至10日,特别报告员在日内瓦出席人权理事会第十六届会议并会见了伊拉克、吉尔吉斯斯坦、墨西哥、泰国和美国大使。 他还会见了人权理事会所有区域集团,但非洲集团除外,遗憾的是,非洲集团未能安排会议时间。", "12. 3月16日和17日,他在华盛顿特区参加了一次与禁止酷刑委员会主席、防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会副主席、美洲人权委员会被剥夺自由者权利问题特别报告员、欧洲防止酷刑委员会的一名代表和非洲人权和人民权利委员会被拘留者问题特别报告员的会议。 会议由美国大学华盛顿法学院和防止酷刑协会联合举办,讨论如何加强这些机制的工作关系。", "13. 3月18日至20日,特别报告员在旧金山举行的年度大会和大赦国际美国科五十周年纪念活动上作了两次发言。", "14个 2011年6月1日,他在华盛顿特区举行的由几个信仰团体组织的题为“今天的问责制:明天防止酷刑”的活动上作了主旨发言。", "15. 6月15日至17日,特别报告员在荷兰政府的支持下,在智利圣地亚哥主持了美洲酷刑问题区域磋商会。 区域协商是与防止酷刑协会、法律与社会研究中心、人类公司、人权和正义人权事务区域中心和Direitos Conctas Humanos合作组织的,使来自12个国家的政府、国家机构和组织有机会讨论对国别访问建议的后续行动,并加强地方和区域防范酷刑和虐待的保护机制。", "16号. 6月20日,他在圣地亚哥会见了智利外交部外交政策司司长。", "17. 6月27日至7月1日,特别报告员参加了在日内瓦举行的第十八次特别报告员年度会议。 他还会见了伊拉克、吉尔吉斯斯坦、荷兰、俄罗斯联邦、突尼斯和美利坚合众国等国政府的代表。", "18岁。 2011年7月7日,他在巴西利亚会见了巴西政府的人权部长。", "三. 单独监禁", "A类. 任务所开展工作概述", " 19. 19. 在他作为特别报告员的第一次报告(A/HRC/16/52, 第70段)中,他承认,“关于......长期单独监禁”是否构成“本身残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的问题已引起人权理事会的大量辩论和讨论”,并认为“对这些问题进行冷静而合理的讨论将极大地有利于整个国际社会”。", "20号. 特别报告员收到一些申诉,称一些国家在为国家安全进行行政拘留或作为打击有组织犯罪的手段以及在移民拘留中使用单独监禁。 他之所以进行这项研究,是因为他发现单独监禁的做法具有全球性质并受到广泛虐待。 特别是一些国家强加的社会孤立和感官剥夺,在某些情况下,确实构成残忍、不人道和有辱人格的待遇,甚至酷刑。", "21岁 特别报告员的前任指出,长期单独监禁本身可能构成所禁止的虐待或酷刑(E/CN.4/1999/61, 第394段和E/CN.4/2003/68, 第26(m)段)。", "22号. 前任特别报告员2008年提交大会的临时报告(A/63/175,附件)附有《关于单独囚禁的使用和影响伊斯坦布尔声明》。 报告的结论是,“长期隔离被拘留者可能构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚,在某些情况下可能构成酷刑。 . . . . . . . 单独监禁的使用应保持在最低限度,在非常特殊的情况下使用,时间应尽可能短,而且只能作为最后手段。 无论使用何种特殊情况,都必须努力提高囚犯的社会接触水平:囚犯-监狱工作人员接触,允许与其他囚犯进行社会活动,允许更多的探视,并提供心理健康服务”(A/63/175, 第77和83段)。", "B. 单独监禁的历史和现行做法", "23. 联合国 对被拘留者使用单独监禁的历史已有详细记载。 这种做法可以追溯到美利坚合众国的1820年代,在那里,人们认为隔离囚犯将有助于他们的康复。 在这一模式下,囚犯们整天独自度过,大多在牢房的禁地内,包括工作用地,以便反思他们的违法行为,避免负面的外部影响。 从1830年代开始,欧洲和南美洲国家采用了这种做法(A/63/175,第81段)。 必须认识到,200年前,这种模式是处理惩罚问题的社会和道德进步方式,因为它强调改造,并试图取而代之的是当时普遍存在的死刑、截肢和其他惩罚。", "24 (韩语). 世界各国继续广泛使用单独监禁(见A/63/175,第78段)。 在有些国家,使用超大安全监狱作为正常的、而不是“例外”的单独监禁做法,被认为是有问题的。 例如,在美国,估计有20 000至25 000人被隔离关押。 [1] 另一个例子是在审前拘留方面广泛使用单独监禁,多年来,单独监禁一直是斯堪的纳维亚监狱做法的一个组成部分。 [2] 与普通监狱人口某种形式的隔离几乎在任何地方被用作对违反监狱纪律的惩罚。 许多国家现在更经常地使用单独监禁,而且时间更长。 例如,在巴西,2003年第10792号法律修订了现行的“刑事执行法”,其中设想在个人牢房中实行“区别对待”的纪律制度,最长可达360天,但不妨碍对新罪行延长类似期限,最长可达刑期的六分之一。 2010年,阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯省在其监狱中制定了《预防暴力行为方案》,其中包括至少9个月的隔离(最初3个月完全隔离),据监狱监督员称,这一期限经常被延长。", "C. 定义", "25岁 没有普遍商定的单独监禁定义。 《关于单独囚禁的使用及其影响的伊斯坦布尔声明》将单独监禁定义为对每天22至24小时被禁闭在囚室内的个人进行身体隔离。 在许多司法管辖区,被单独监禁的囚犯每天被允许离开牢房一小时单独锻炼。 与其他人有意义的接触通常会减少到最低限度。 刺激措施的减少不仅在数量上,而且在质量上。 现有的刺激因素和偶尔发生的社会接触很少是自由选择的,一般是单调的,而且往往不令人同情。", "26. 联合国 单独禁闭也称为“隔离”、“隔离”、“[3] “隔离”、“细胞”、“[4] “封闭”、“超级屏蔽”、“洞口”或“安全住房单位”[5],但所有这些术语都可能涉及不同的因素。 为本报告的目的,特别报告员将单独监禁定义为对每天22至24小时被关在牢房内的个人的身体和社会隔离。 特别报告员特别关注的是长期单独监禁,他将其定义为超过15天的任何单独监禁期。 他意识到,为及时确定一个已经有害的政权长期存在因而令人无法接受的痛苦而作的努力是武断的。 他的结论是,15天是“单独监禁”和“长期单独监禁”之间的限制,因为根据所调查的文献,此时隔离的某些有害心理影响可能不可逆转。 [6]", "D. 法律框架", "27个 国际和区域人权机构采取了不同办法,处理被拘留者在社会和身体上与世隔离的根本条件,以及这种做法是否构成酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。 例如,欧洲人权法院经常面对单独监禁制度,而联合国人权事务委员会和美洲人权法院则最广泛地处理与单独监禁有关的现象。 为本报告的目的,特别报告员将重点介绍全球和区域人权机构仅在单独监禁方面的工作。", "1. 联合国 国际一级", "大 会", "28岁 1990年,大会通过了第45/111号决议《囚犯待遇基本原则》。 原则7规定,应努力废除作为惩罚的单独监禁或限制其使用。", "29. 国家 同年,大会通过了第45/113号决议,即《联合国保护被剥夺自由少年规则》。 大会在第67段中主张,“应严格禁止构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的一切纪律措施,包括.可能损害有关少年身心健康的单独监禁或任何其他惩罚”。", "联合国条约机构", "30岁。 人权事务委员会在其第20号一般性意见第6段中指出,长期单独监禁被拘留者或被监禁者可能构成《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第七条所禁止的行为。 [7] 人权事务委员会在其关于卢旺达的结论性意见中建议,“缔约国应结束对单独监禁的判刑......”(CCPR/C/RWA/CO/3, 第14段)。", "31岁 禁止酷刑委员会认识到长期单独监禁对身体和精神的有害影响,并对使用单独监禁表示关切,包括将其作为审前拘留期间的预防措施和纪律措施。 委员会建议废除使用单独监禁,特别是在审前拘留期间,或者至少应当由法律严格和具体地加以规定(最长期限等),并在司法监督下使用,并且只在特殊情况下使用,例如涉及人员或财产安全时使用(A/63/175, 第80段)。 委员会建议,18岁以下的人不应受到单独监禁(CAT/C/MAC/CO/4, 第18段)。 (原始内容存档于2019-09-31). Ent.", "32. 联合国 防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会已经指出,长期单独监禁可能构成酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚行为,并建议对未成年人或精神残疾者不得使用单独监禁(CAT/OP/PRY/1, 第18段)。 第185页。 小组委员会还建议,医务干事应每天探访被单独监禁的囚犯,但有一项谅解,即这种探访应有利于囚犯的健康。 此外,被单独监禁超过12小时的囚犯每天至少应有一小时的新鲜空气(CAT/OP/PRY/1, 第184段)。 鉴于单独监禁的状况,小组委员会已指出,应当向所有囚犯,包括被单独监禁的囚犯提供床位和适当的床垫(CAT/OP/HND/1, 第227(a)段;CAT/OP/PRY/1, 第280段)。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 儿童权利委员会在第10(2007)号一般性意见中强调,“必须严格禁止违反[《儿童权利公约 第37条的纪律措施,包括.封闭或单独监禁,或可能损害有关儿童身心健康或福利的任何其他惩罚”(CRC/C/GC/10, 第89段)。 此外,委员会还敦促缔约国禁止并废除对儿童使用单独监禁(CRC/C/15/Add.151, 第41段;CRC/C/15/Add.220, 第45 (d)段;和CRC/C/15/Add.232, 第36 (a)段)。", "2. 区域一级", "欧洲人权法院", "34. 国家 欧洲人权法院在评估单独监禁案件时,考虑了国家为实行社会和身体隔离所提出的理由。 法院认定,在《欧洲人权公约》第3条没有为使用单独监禁提供基于安全的理由的情况下,违反了该条。 [8] 在长期单独监禁的情况下,法院认为,单独监禁的理由必须向个人解释,随着时间的流逝,其理由必须“更加详细和有说服力”。 [9]", "35. 联合国 欧洲人权法院通过其判例强调,在实行单独监禁时,必须具备某些程序保障,例如,监测囚犯的身体状况,9 特别是在个人健康状况不佳的情况下,以及获得司法审查。 [11]", "36. (中文(简体) ). 对个人实行隔离的程度对于欧洲人权法院评估身心隔离是否构成酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚至关重要。 长期绝对禁止狱外人员探视会造成“明显地超过拘留所必然达到的水平”。 [12] 但是,如果个人能够接待探视者和写信,[13] 有机会看电视、看书和看报纸,定期与监狱工作人员接触,[14] 或与神职人员或律师的探访,[15] 隔离是“部分的”,而且欧洲人权法院认为违反《欧洲人权公约》第3条所必需的最低严重程度没有达到。 然而,法院强调,即使隔离只是局部的,也不能无限期地对囚犯实施单独监禁。 [16]", "美洲人权系统", "37. 联合国 美洲人权体系内关于单独监禁的判例比上文所讨论机构内的判例更具结论性。 美洲人权法院自作出最初的判决以来,就认定监狱制度的某些内容和某些监狱的物质条件本身构成残忍和不人道的待遇,因此违反了《美洲人权公约》第五条,该条承认人身完整权。 例如,法院认为,“长期隔离和剥夺通信权本身是残忍和不人道的待遇,有害于个人的心理和道德完整,侵犯了任何被拘留者尊重其作为人所固有的尊严的权利。” [17] 法院还处理了拘留的实际条件,声称“隔离在一个没有通风或自然光的小牢房中,......[并]限制探视权......构成了残忍、不人道和有辱人格的待遇。”", "38. 国家 法院还认识到,单独监禁造成身心痛苦,可能助长构成酷刑的待遇。 在至少一个案件中,法院查明了单独监禁的物质条件,包括“一个没有通风和自然光的小牢房”,以及一个监狱制度,即被拘留者“每天被关押23个半小时......[并]只允许每月探视其亲属一次,但无法与亲属进行身体接触”,总之,如果加上其他形式的身心侵犯,则可能构成身心折磨。 [19]", "39. 联合国 法院在分析单独监禁时指出,即使在特殊情况下使用,也必须有程序保障。 例如,“国家有义务确保被拘留者享有《[美国]公约》规定的最低限度和不可减损的保障,特别是有权质疑拘留的合法性和保证在监禁期间得到有效的辩护”。 [20] 同样地,美洲人权委员会一贯认为,对被拘留者采取的一切形式的惩戒行动必须符合正当程序准则并提供机会进行司法审查。 [21]", "E. 各国使用单独监禁的理由", " 40. 40. 各国为使用单独监禁提供的理由分为五大类:", "(a) 国家 惩罚个人(作为司法判决的一部分或作为纪律制度的一部分);", "(b) 国家 保护弱势个人;", "(c) 为某些人的监狱管理提供便利;", "(d) 保护或促进国家安全;", "(e) 为起诉前调查或审前调查提供便利。", "41. 国家 将单独监禁作为个人司法判刑的一部分,往往发生在危害国家的罪行或特别恶劣的情况下。 [22] 例如,在一些中欧国家,被判并被判处死刑和终身监禁的个人被单独监禁(A/64/215,第53段)。 在其他国家,如蒙古,死刑可被减为无期徒刑(E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.4, 第47段)。 在监狱内使用单独监禁作为一种惩戒措施也有大量文件记载,这可能是使用单独监禁作为一种惩罚形式的最普遍的理由。 纪律措施通常涉及违反监狱规则。 例如,在尼日利亚,被拘留者因违纪被单独禁闭三天(A/HRC/7/3/Add.4,附录一,第113段)。 同样,在印度尼西亚的阿贝普拉监狱,对违反监狱规则的人采用长达8天的单独监禁作为纪律措施(A/HRC/7/3/Add.7,附录一,第37段)。", "42. 国家 单独囚禁还用来将弱势个人,包括青少年、残疾人以及男女同性恋、双性恋和变性者分开,以保护自己。 他们可以应自己要求或由监狱官员酌情单独监禁。 [23]", "43. 东帝汶 国家官员还使用单独监禁作为管理某些监狱人口的工具。 被确定为具有危险性的个人,如帮派成员,或极有可能逃跑的人,可被单独监禁。 同样,被确定有受伤害风险的个人,如性犯罪者、告密者、以及前管教或执法人员,往往被允许或鼓励选择自愿单独监禁,以保护自己免受其他囚犯的伤害。 [24] 在往返牢房和拘留设施之前、期间或之后,为了监狱管理起见,也可将囚犯置于某种形式的单独监禁。 [25] 虽然单独监禁作为管理工具使用的时间可能有很大差异,但值得注意的是,实施单独监禁的动机是务实的,而不是惩罚性的。", "44. 国家 被确定为恐怖主义嫌疑人或国家安全风险的个人也经常被单独监禁。 例如,在赤道几内亚,由单人牢房组成的黑滩监狱的一部分用于单独关押高度安全囚犯(A/HRC/13/39/Add.4,附录一)。 单独监禁也可作为一种胁迫性审讯手段,而且往往是强迫失踪或单独监禁的一个组成部分(A/63/175,附件)。 正如上文第40段(a)类所指出,国家安全也是因司法判决而实行单独监禁的主要原因。 例如,在中国,一名因“非法向中国境外实体提供国家机密或情报”而被判刑的人据称被单独监禁了两年,刑期为八年(E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.6,附录2, 第26段)。", "45. 国家 各国还使用单独监禁在起诉前或审前拘留期间隔离个人。 在一些国家,如丹麦,将个人单独监禁是审前拘留的常态(A/63/175, 第78(一)段)。 起诉前和审前拘留中使用单独监禁的目的大相径庭,包括防止将被拘留者混为一谈,以避免士气低落和勾结,并对被拘留者施加压力以争取合作或逼供。 [26]", "F. 单独监禁的条件", "46. 经常预算: 监狱的管理和囚犯的关押条件由监狱条例和国家法律以及国际人权法规定。 经济及社会理事会于1957年通过的《联合国囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》对因以条约为基础的或习惯国际法的一部分而具有约束力的基本规范作了补充和解释。 《最低限度标准规则》虽然没有直接约束力,但被广泛接受为囚犯人道待遇的普遍规范。", "47. 国家 拘留者单独囚禁的具体条件因机构和司法管辖区而异。 然而,大多数监狱都有一些共同的物理和非物理条件(或监狱制度)。", "1. 联合国 物质条件", " 48. 48. 与单独监禁有关的主要物质条件包括牢房大小、窗户和灯光的存在以及获得个人卫生的卫生装置。 在实践中,单独监禁囚室通常具有一些共同的特点,包括:位于监狱的一个单独或偏僻的地方;窗户小或被部分覆盖;空气质量被密封;外观和颜色模糊;硬化的纸板或其他防篡改的家具被固定在地上;小而贫瘠的锻炼笼或庭院(E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.3, 第47段)。 在一些法域,单独监禁的囚犯被绑在脚镣上并受到其他身体约束(A/HRC/13/39/Add.4, 第76(f)段)。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 虽然国内和区域的管辖机构有时已就这一事项作出裁决,但目前还没有规定最低可接受面积的普遍文书。 欧洲人权法院在Ramírez Sanchez诉法国案中指出,一个面积为6.84平方米的牢房“足够大”,可以单人居住。 [27] 法院没有详细说明为什么可以认为这些措施是适当的;特别报告员恳请提出不同的看法,特别是如果单间牢房至少还应包括厕所和洗涤设施、被褥和办公桌。", " 50. 50. 窗户和灯光的存在对于适当对待单独监禁的被拘留者也至关重要。 根据《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》第11条,应有足够的光来使被拘留者能够工作或阅读,并修建窗户,以允许空气流通,无论是否提供人工通风。 然而,国家实践表明,这一标准往往没有达到。 例如,在格鲁吉亚,发现隔离监禁室的窗开口将钢板焊接到外栏,限制了光线和通风(E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.3, 第47段)。 在以色列,隔离牢房经常被用荧光灯泡点燃,作为唯一的光源,而且没有新鲜空气。", "51. 联合国 《最低限度标准规则》第12和13条规定,拘留设施应提供足够的卫生设施,使被拘留者能够个人卫生。 因此,用于单独监禁的牢房内应装有厕所和洗浴盆。 [29] 欧洲防止酷刑和不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚委员会在2006年关于希腊的报告中指出,Komotini监狱的隔离牢房没有达到必要的卫生设施最低标准,因为被拘留者也被迫使用厕所洗浴。 [30] 其他环境因素,如温度、噪音水平、隐私以及牢房家具的软材料,也可能与单独监禁环境有关。", "2. 监狱制度", "52. (中文(简体) ). 监狱制度与评估单独监禁条件有关的主要方面包括室外锻炼和编程、在监狱内接触有意义的人以及与外界接触。 根据《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》第21条,如果天气允许,每个未从事户外工作的囚犯每天至少应有一小时的露天锻炼时间。 同样,欧洲防止酷刑委员会也强调,应当毫无例外地向所有囚犯提供每天一小时露天锻炼的机会。 [31] 但是,国家实践表明,这些标准并非总是得到遵守。 例如,在约旦,一名被拘留者被允许每周在单独监禁室外仅1小时(A/HRC/4/33/Add.3,附录,第21段)。 在Poltrotsky诉乌克兰一案中,欧洲人权法院认定,缺乏户外锻炼的机会,加上无法获得自然光,构成了违反《欧洲人权公约》第3条的行为。 [32] (中文(简体) ).", "53. 联合国 获得监狱内有意义的人际接触和与外部世界的接触,对于被单独监禁的被拘留者的心理健康也至关重要,特别是那些被长期拘留的人。 在监狱内,这种联系可以与卫生专业人员、监狱看守或其他囚犯进行。 与外界的接触可包括法律顾问、家人和朋友的访问、邮件和电话,以及获取阅读材料、电视或收音机。 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十七条赋予囚犯家人和通信权。 此外,《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》规定了各种外部刺激措施(关于锻炼和运动的第21条;关于与外界接触的第37-39条;关于书籍的第40条;关于宗教的第41和42条;关于工作的第71-76条;关于教育和娱乐的第77和78条;以及关于社会关系和善后照料的第79-81条)。", "3个 社会孤立", "54. 联合国 单独监禁将有意义的社会接触减少到绝对最低程度。 所产生的社会刺激水平不足以使个人保持合理的心理健康状态。", "55. 国家 研究表明,由于缺乏足够的社会刺激,个人很快无法保持足够的警觉状态并关注环境。 事实上,即使是几天的单独监禁,个人的脑活性也会转向精神紊乱和精神失常的异常模式。 [34] 新技术的进步使得实现间接监督,将个人置于几乎没有人类互动的严密监视之下成为可能. 欧洲人权法院承认,“完全的感官隔离,加上完全的社会隔离,可以破坏人格,构成一种不人道的待遇,而这种待遇不能以安全要求或任何其他理由为理由”。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 欧洲人权法院认为,各国还应采取措施来减少单独监禁的负面影响。 [36] 如果知道单独监禁对特定个人的破坏性影响,则这种制度不能继续下去。 [37] 监禁条件在这方面是相关的,因为如果条件无可指责,法院认为不大可能达到认定违反第3条的最低严重程度标准。 [38] 医生的例行检查可以成为确定是否违反第3条的一个因素。", "G. 长期或无限期单独监禁", "57. 萨尔瓦多 在不同司法管辖区,特别是在“反恐战争”和“对国家安全的威胁”的情况下,使用长期或无限期单独监禁的情况有所增加。 遭受上述任何一种做法的个人在某种意义上是在监狱内的监狱里,因此遭受了一种极端的焦虑和排斥,这显然取代了正常的监禁。 由于被隔离,被长期或无限期单独监禁的囚犯很容易逃脱司法制裁,因此,即便在严格遵守法治的国家,捍卫他们的权利也往往很困难。", "58. 联合国 如果一国在短期单独监禁期间未能遵守《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》,可能会就不利影响是否构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚或酷刑展开一些辩论。 然而,单独监禁时间越长,或越无法确定时间越长,囚犯遭受严重和不可弥补的伤害的风险就越大,从而可能构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚,甚至酷刑。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 如果不知道单独监禁时间长短,这种不确定的感觉会加剧遭受单独监禁的个人的痛苦和苦难。 在某些情况下,在审前拘留期间,个人可能被无限期拘留,这增加了其他形式的残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚或酷刑的风险(CAT/C/DNK/CO/5, 第14段)。", "60. 联合国 大多数研究没有具体说明单独监禁持续的时间。 虽然这一术语可能没有定义,但被拘留者可以被单独囚禁几个星期至多年。 例如,在哈萨克斯坦,个人可被单独监禁两个月以上(A/HRC/13/39/Add.3, 第117段)。 一些被拘留者被单独监禁多年,未经任何指控和审判,并被关押在秘密拘留中心,在那里隔离被用作审讯做法的一个组成部分。 [41] 在一份关于关塔那摩湾被拘留者状况的联合报告中,专家们发现,虽然30天的隔离是允许的最长期限,但一些被拘留者在长达18个月的短暂休息后被送回隔离(E/CN.4/2006/120, 第53段)。", "61. 国家 没有关于允许单独监禁最长总期限的国际标准。 在A.B.诉俄罗斯一案中,欧洲人权法院认为,将一个人单独监禁三年构成违反《欧洲人权公约》第3条。 [42] 相比之下,在美利坚合众国,据报道,在试图就其监禁条件提出司法上诉的努力失败后,两名囚犯被单独关押在路易斯安那监狱40年。 [43] 正如上文第26段所述,特别报告员认为,单独监禁超过15天是延长的。", "H. 单独监禁的心理和生理影响", "62. 联合国 在隔离监禁仅几天之后,对健康造成负面影响,健康风险随着在这种条件下多花一天而增加。 研究了单独监禁的影响的专家发现,单独监禁中固有的三个共同因素——社会隔离、最低环境刺激和“极少的社会互动机会”。 [44] 研究进一步表明,单独监禁似乎造成“精神紊乱”,这种综合症被描述为“监狱精神病”。 [45] 症状可包括焦虑、抑郁、愤怒、认知障碍、视觉扭曲、偏执和精神病以及自残(症状综合清单见附件)。", "63. 国家 有些个人有个别的症状,而另一些人则“严重恶化了以前存在的心理状况或出现精神病,而以前没有观察到任何症状”。", "I. 单独监禁的后遗症", "64. (中文(简体) ). 对单独监禁的潜在影响缺乏研究。 虽然单独监禁的严重影响一般在单独监禁期结束后会逐渐消退,但一些负面的健康影响是长期的。 隔离监禁期间经历的最小刺激可能导致个人在7天后脑活性下降. 一项研究发现,“长达七天的[脑活 下降是可以逆转的,但如果长期被剥夺,情况可能并非如此”。", "65. 国家 研究发现,在从隔离释放后很长一段时间内,持续睡眠扰动,抑郁,焦虑,恐惧症,情感依赖,困惑,记忆力受损和集中. 此外,持久的个性变化往往使以前被单独囚禁的个人在社会上陷入贫困并被撤走,在被迫进行社会互动时会变得心怀愤怒和恐惧。 [48] 在单独监禁一段时间后不容忍社会互动是一种障碍,往往妨碍个人在更广泛的监狱人口范围内成功地重新适应生活,并严重损害他们从监禁中获释后重新融入社会的能力。 [49]", "J. 弱势个人", "1. 联合国 青少年", "66. (中文(简体) ). 联合国条约机构一贯建议,少年犯、儿童或未成年人不应受到单独监禁(CAT/C/MAC/CO/4, 第18段)。 第8条;CAT/OP/PRY/1, 第185段;CRC/C/15/Add.151, 第41段;CRC/C/15/Add.232, 第36(a)段)。 青少年往往被单独监禁,作为纪律措施,或将他们与成年囚犯隔离,因为国际人权法禁止将青少年和成年囚犯混合在一起。 [50] 令人遗憾的是,单独监禁作为一种惩罚少年被拘留者的形式在牙买加(A/HRC/16/52/Add.3, 第211段)、巴拉圭(A/HRC/7/3/Add.3, 附录一, 第46段)和巴布亚新几内亚(A/HRC/16/52/Add.5, 附录)等国家十分普遍。 关于纪律措施,一份报告指出,单独监禁并不能减少青年监狱内少年犯之间的暴力。 [51]", "2. 残疾人", "67. (中文(简体) ). 在一些司法管辖区,残疾人被单独监禁,以替代适当的医疗或精神治疗,或者由于缺乏其他机构住房选择。 这些人不一定对他人或对自己造成危险,但他们容易受到虐待,往往被视为对其他囚犯和监狱工作人员的干扰。 [52]", "68. (中文(简体) ). 研究表明,在精神残疾方面,单独监禁往往使以前存在的精神状况严重恶化。 [53] 有心理健康问题的囚犯被隔离后急剧恶化. [54] 单独监禁对患有严重精神健康问题的人造成特别严重的不利影响,这些人通常有精神病症状和/或严重功能障碍。 [55] 有些人从事自残甚至自杀的极端行为。", "3. 男女同性恋、双性恋和变性者", "69. 女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者往往作为 \" 保护性拘留 \" 的一种形式受到单独监禁。 [56] 虽然隔离这类人对其安全可能是必要的,但男女同性恋、双性恋和变性者的地位并不能成为限制其社会制度的理由,例如获得娱乐、阅读材料、法律顾问或医生。", "凯. 当单独监禁相当于酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚时", "70. 联合国 由于没有证人,单独监禁增加了酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的风险。 鉴于单独监禁对健康造成严重的不利影响,使用单独监禁本身可构成《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第七条所禁止的行为,即《禁止酷刑公约》第一条所定义的酷刑,或《公约》第十六条所定义的残忍、不人道或有辱人格的处罚。", "71. 联合国 在评估单独监禁是否构成酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚时,应当逐案考虑所有相关情况。 这些情况包括实施单独监禁的目的、治疗的条件、时间和效果,当然还有每个受害人的主观条件,这些条件使其或多或少容易受到这些影响。 在本节中,报告讨论了使用单独监禁构成酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的少数情况。", "72. 联合国 单独囚禁,在用于惩罚目的时,不能以任何理由证明是正当的,因为它造成精神上的严重痛苦和痛苦,超出了对犯罪行为的任何合理惩罚,因此构成《禁止酷刑公约》第1条或第16条所定义的行为,违反了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第7条。 这也适用于由于违反监狱纪律而实行单独监禁的情况,只要受害者遭受的痛苦达到必要的严重程度。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 虽然在刑事调查期间在某些情况下可能有必要进行身体和社会隔离,但在审前拘留期间实行单独监禁的做法造成了事实上的心理压力状况,这可能会影响被拘留者对他人供认或供述,并会损害调查的完整性。 如果在审前拘留期间故意使用单独监禁作为获取信息或供认的手段,则相当于《禁止酷刑公约》第1条所界定的酷刑或第16条规定的残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚,并违反《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第7条。", "74. 国家 如果单独监禁的身体条件如此恶劣,而且制度如此严格,导致遭受单独监禁的个人遭受严重的身心痛苦或折磨,则单独监禁的条件相当于《公约》第一条和第十六条所定义的酷刑或残忍和不人道待遇,并构成违反《公约》第七条的行为。", "75. 国家 单独监禁的使用只有在例外情况下才能被接受,因为单独监禁的期限必须尽可能地短,而且期限必须明确,并适当宣布和通报。 鉴于无限期单独监禁的有害影响、在审前拘留期间可能用于获取资料或口供,以及不确定因素妨碍利用补救办法对之提出质疑,特别报告员认为,无限期实行单独监禁侵犯了有关个人享有正当程序的权利(《公约》第九条、《公约》第一或第十六条和《公约》第七条)。", "76. 联合国 特别报告员声称,社会隔离违反了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十条第3款,该款指出,“监狱系统应包括囚犯待遇,其基本目的是改造囚犯并使他们得到社会康复”(大会第2200(XXI)号决议,附件)。 长期隔离无助于被拘留者的康复或重新融入社会(E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.4, 第48段)。 长期单独监禁的不良急性和潜在心理和生理影响构成严重的精神痛苦或痛苦。 因此,特别报告员同意禁止酷刑委员会在第20号一般性意见中采取的立场,即长期单独监禁相当于《公约》第7条所禁止的行为,因此也相当于《公约》第1条或第16条所定义的行为。 出于这些原因,特别报告员重申,他认为,任何超过15天的单独监禁都根据具体情况构成酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。 他呼吁国际社会同意这一标准,绝对禁止连续15天以上的单独监禁。", "77. 国家 关于青少年,《儿童权利宣言》和《儿童权利公约》序言指出,鉴于青少年身心不成熟,他们需要特殊的保障和照顾,包括适当的法律保护。 《儿童权利公约》(大会第44/25号决议)第19条要求缔约国“采取一切适当的立法、行政、社会和教育措施,以保护儿童免受一切形式的身心暴力......”。 儿童权利委员会在第8号一般性意见中指出, \" 没有任何含糊之处:`一切形式的身心暴力 ' 都不允许对儿童施加任何程度的合法化暴力 \" (CRC/C/GC/8, 第18段)。 大会1990年12月14日第45/113号决议通过的《联合国保护被剥夺自由少年规则》第67段指出,“应严格禁止构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇的一切纪律措施,包括.可能损害有关少年身心健康的单独监禁或任何其他惩罚”(又见CRC/C/GC/10, 第89段)。 因此,特别报告员认为,对青少年实施任何期限的单独监禁都是残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇,违反了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第七条和《禁止酷刑公约》第十六条。", "78. 国家 《公约》第10条保障的精神残疾者有权得到人道待遇并尊重其固有的尊严,这一点应根据大会1991年12月17日通过的《保护精神病患者和改善精神保健的原则》(第46/119号决议,附件)来解释。 鉴于精神能力下降,而且单独监禁往往使原先存在的精神状况严重恶化,特别报告员认为,对精神残疾者施加这种长期监禁是残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇,违反了《公约》第七条和《公约》第十六条。", "四、结 论 结论和建议", "结论", "79. 联合国 特别报告员强调,单独监禁是一项严厉措施,无论具体条件如何,都可能对个人造成严重的心理和生理不利影响。 他认为单独监禁违背了监狱系统的基本目标之一,即改造罪犯并帮助他们重新融入社会。 特别报告员将长期单独监禁定义为超过15天的任何单独监禁期。", "80个 根据其具体实施原因、条件、时间、影响和其他情况,单独监禁可构成违反《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第七条和《禁止酷刑公约》第1条或第16条所定义的行为。 此外,使用单独监禁增加了酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚行为不被察觉和不受质疑的风险。", "81个 考虑到在审前拘留期间、无限期地或长期地对青少年或有精神残疾的人使用单独监禁作为惩罚时可能造成的严重精神痛苦或痛苦,这可构成酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。 特别报告员认为,如果单独监禁的物质条件和监狱制度没有尊重人的固有尊严并造成严重的身心痛苦,就等于残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。", "建议", "82. 特别报告员呼吁各国尊重和保护被剥夺自由者的权利,同时维持拘留场所的安全和秩序。 他建议各国定期审查单独监禁制度。 在这方面,特别报告员重申,各国应将《关于单独囚禁的使用和影响的伊斯坦布尔声明》视为促进尊重和保护被拘留者权利的有用工具。", "83个 特别报告员呼吁各国确保所有被剥夺自由者受到人道待遇并尊重《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十条第一款所保护的人的固有尊严。 特别报告员提到《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》,并建议缔约国提高被拘留者在单独监禁期间的心理和有意义的社会接触水平。", "第八十四会. 特别报告员敦促各国禁止将单独监禁作为惩罚——作为司法判决或纪律措施的一部分。 他建议各国制定和实施替代性纪律制裁,以避免使用单独监禁。", "85. 各国应采取必要步骤,终止审前拘留中的单独监禁做法。 应废除在审前拘留期间使用单独监禁作为敲诈手段的做法。 各国应在预审阶段采取有效措施,提高调查效率并采取其他控制措施,以便隔离个人,保护正在进行的调查并避免被拘押者串通。", "86号. 各国应废除对青少年和精神残疾者使用单独监禁的做法。 关于少年的纪律措施,特别报告员建议各国采取不涉及使用单独监禁的其他措施。 关于对精神残疾者使用单独监禁的问题,特别报告员强调,在某些情况下,可能有必要对这些人进行肉体隔离,以保障他们的安全,但应严格禁止单独监禁。", "87. 应废除无限期单独监禁。", "88个 显然,短期单独监禁可构成酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚;但是,在其它情况下,只要有适当的保障措施,这种单独监禁可以是一种合法手段。 特别报告员认为,超过15天的长期单独监禁应受到绝对禁止。", "89. 国家 特别报告员重申,单独监禁只应在非常特殊的情况下使用,作为最后手段,时间应尽可能短。 他强调,在例外情况下使用单独监禁时,必须遵守最低限度的程序保障。 这些保障措施减少了任意或过度使用单独监禁的机会,如长期或无限期监禁。 在正当程序保护往往有限的拘留情况下,如在移民行政拘留的情况下,这些保护就更加重要。 最低程序保障的解释方式应最大限度地保护被拘留者的权利。 在这方面,特别报告员促请各国适用下列指导原则和程序保障。", "指导原则", "90. (中文(简体) ). 在整个拘留期间,单独监禁的物质条件和监狱制度,特别是监禁期限,必须与实施单独监禁的刑事或纪律违法行为的严重程度成正比。", "91. 联合国 只有在限制性较小的措施不能达到预定纪律目标的情况下,才可作为最后手段实施单独监禁的物质条件和监狱制度。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 绝对不能强制或允许单独监禁继续下去,除非有肯定的决定,即单独监禁不会造成严重疼痛或痛苦,无论是身体上还是精神上的痛苦,从而引起《禁止酷刑公约》第1条或第16条所定义的行为。", "93. 国家 关于实施单独监禁的所有评估和决定都必须有明确的文件记录,并可供被拘留者及其法律顾问随时查阅。 这包括实施单独监禁的当局的身份和名称、实施单独监禁的法律属性来源、实施单独监禁的基本理由说明、期限、根据被拘留者的身心健康情况确定为适当的单独监禁理由、确定单独监禁与违法行为相称的理由、定期审查单独监禁理由的报告以及对被拘留者身心健康的医疗评估。", "内部保障措施", "94. 国家 从单独监禁实施之时起,直至其审查和延长或终止决定的所有阶段,单独监禁的理由和期限均应记录在案并告知被拘留者。 此外,应当告知被拘留者必须做些什么才能解除单独监禁。 根据《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》第35条,被拘留者必须以他(她)能理解的通俗语言获得这一信息。 此外,还必须向被拘留者的任何法律代表提供这种资料。", "95号. 应当建立有文件记载的定期审查实施单独监禁的理由的制度。 审查应本着诚意由独立机构进行。 任何改变实施单独监禁的合理性的因素,应立即对被拘留者的单独监禁情况进行审查。 所有审查过程都必须记录在案。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 必须给被单独监禁的人提供真正的机会,通过行政审查程序质疑其监禁性质及其基本理由。 在开始实行单独监禁时,必须告知被拘留者据称因违反刑事或纪律而实施单独监禁,并必须立即有机会对其拘留的理由提出质疑。 在实行单独监禁之后,被拘留者必须有机会通过内部或行政申诉制度向监狱管理部门提出申诉。", "97. 国家 不得对请求或申诉施加任何限制,例如要求提供精神或情感痛苦和身体痛苦的证据。 监狱官员有义务迅速处理所有请求或申诉,并将结果通知被拘留者。 所有内部行政调查结果都必须通过司法程序接受外部上诉。", "外部保障", "98 (英语). 必须让被单独监禁的人真正有机会通过法院质疑其监禁性质及其基本理由。 这要求有权就监狱当局和行政机构的所有最后决定向独立的司法机构提出上诉,该机构有权审查监禁性质的合法性及其根本理由。 此后,被拘留者必须有机会就这些判决向国家最高当局提出上诉,并在用尽国内补救办法后,寻求区域或世界人权机构的审查。", "99号. 在被单独监禁的整个期间,个人必须能够自由接触合格的法律顾问。 必要时,必须允许被拘留者与其法律顾问进行完整和公开的沟通。", "一百个 应有一个有文件记载的由合格医务人员定期监测和审查囚犯身心状况的制度,无论是在开始单独监禁时,还是在被拘留者仍被单独监禁的整个期间,都应按照《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》第32条第3款的要求,进行定期监测和审查。 监测被拘留者的医务人员应接受心理评估和/或心理专家支助方面的专门培训。 此外,医务人员必须独立,对监狱管理部门以外的当局负责。 它们最好属于国家总的卫生结构。 囚犯精神或身体状况的任何恶化都应导致一种推定,即监禁条件过重并立即启动审查。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 医务人员应当根据《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》第26条,进一步检查囚犯的监禁条件。 有关的考虑因素包括设施和囚犯的卫生和清洁程度、牢房的取暖、照明和通风、衣服和被褥的适宜性、食物和水的充分供应以及遵守有关锻炼的规则。", "页:1", "单独监禁的影响", "^(a) Sharon Shalev,《关于单独囚禁的原始资料》,(伦敦,曼海姆犯罪学中心,2008年),第15-17页;Peter Scharff Smith, “单独监禁对囚犯的影响:简史和文献回顾”,《犯罪与司法》,第34卷(2006年),第441页。", "许多症状可能出现在被单独禁闭的个人身上,无论是在单独禁闭的同时,还是在单独禁闭期结束之后。 沙龙·沙莱夫博士编写的以下清单显示了一系列可能的症状。", "焦虑,从紧张情绪到全面恐慌", "二. 支助 持续低水平的压力", "• 刺激或焦虑", "二. 支助 对即将死亡的恐惧", "• 恐慌袭击", "抑郁 从情绪低落到临床抑郁", "• 情绪平平/发光——丧失任何“感觉”的能力", "二. 支助 摩德摇摆", "• 绝望", "• 社会退出;失去活动或思想;冷漠;乏味", "二. 支助 主要抑郁症", "愤怒 从刺激到发怒", "• 刺激和敌意", "二. 支助 冲动控制不当", "二. 支助 对他人、自我和物体实施人身和言语暴力", "二. 支助 无端的愤怒,有时表现为愤怒", "认知干扰,从缺乏集中到混乱状态", "二. 支助 注意时间短", "二. 支助 集中程度低", "二. 支助 记忆力差", "二. 支助 困惑的思想过程;失明", "观念扭曲,从超敏到幻觉", "• 对噪音和气味的超敏度", "• 感觉的扭曲(例如墙壁被关闭)", "• 在时间和空间上偏离方向", "• 人格解体/去现实化", "• 影响所有5个感官的幻觉(例如,细胞内出现物体或人的幻觉,或无人实际发言时听到声音)", "妄想症和精神病,从痴迷思想到全面发作的精神病", "• 经常和持续的思想(煽动),往往带有暴力和报复性质(例如针对监狱工作人员)", "二. 支助 妄想思想——常被迫害.", "• 精神病发作或状态:精神抑郁症、精神分裂症", "自我伤害,自我指挥的侵略", "• 自残和切割", "二. 支助 自杀未遂", "[1] Alexandra Naday, Joshua D. Freilich和Jeff Mellow,“超马克思俘虏的精英数据”,《监狱杂志》,第88卷,第1期,第69页(2008年)。", "[2] Peter Scharff Smith,“单独监禁对囚犯的影响:简史和文献回顾”,《犯罪与司法》,第34卷(2006年),第441页。", "[3] Jeffrey L. Metzner, M.D.,和Jamie Fellner,“美国监狱的隔离和精神疾病:对医疗道德的挑战”,《美国精神病学和法律学院学报》,第38卷,第1期,第104-108页(2010年)。", "[4] Sharon Shalev,《索利塔里俘虏资料手册》(伦敦,曼海姆犯罪学中心,2008年),第1页。", "[5] Ken Strutin, “Solitary Confinement\", LLRX.com, 2010年8月10日出版.", "[6] Craig Haney, \" 长期孤独症和 \" 超马克思 \" 中的精神健康问题,犯罪和犯罪 \" ,第49卷,第1号,第124-156页。", "[7] 人权事务委员会,《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》,第20号一般性意见(A/47/40,附件六.A),第7条(禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚),1992年3月10日。", "[8] Iorgov诉保加利亚,第40653/98号申请,欧洲人权法院,第84段(2004年);G.B.诉保加利亚,第42346/98号申请,欧洲人权法院,第85段(2004年)。", "[9] A.B.诉俄罗斯,第1439/06号申请,欧洲人权法院,第108段(2010年)。", "[10] Palushi诉奥地利,第27900/04号申请,欧洲人权法院,第72和73段(2009年)。", "[11] A.B.诉俄罗斯,第111段。", "[12] Onufriou诉塞浦路斯,第24407/04号申请,欧洲人权法院,第80段(2010年)。", "[13] Ocalan诉土耳其,第46221/99号申请,欧洲人权法院,第196段(2005年)。", "[14] Rohde诉丹麦,第69332/01号申请,欧洲人权法院,第97段(2005年)。", "[15] Ramírez Sanchez诉法国,第59450/00号申请,欧洲人权法院,第105、106和135段(2006年)。", "[16] 同上,第145段。", "[17] Velázquez-Rodríguez诉洪都拉斯,美洲人权法院,C辑,第4号,第156段(1988年)。", "[18] Loayza-Tamayo诉秘鲁,美洲人权法院,C辑,第33号,第58段(1997年)。", "[19] Cantoral-Benavides诉秘鲁,美洲人权法院,C辑,第69号,第62和104段(2000年)。", "[20] Suárez-Rosero诉厄瓜多尔,美洲人权法院,C辑,第35号,第51-56段(1997年)。", "[21] 美洲人权委员会,《墨西哥人权状况报告》(OEA/Ser.L/V/II.100),第254段(2008年)。", "[22] Shalev,同前,第25页。", "[23] Shalev,同前,第25和26页。", "[24] Peter Scharff Smith, “单一的集合: 《关于单独囚禁的使用和影响伊斯坦布尔声明》导言,《酷刑受害者康复和防止酷刑杂志》,第18卷(2008年),第56页。", "[25] Shalev,同前,第26页。", "[26] Peter Scharff Smith,“单独封口: 《关于单独囚禁的使用和影响伊斯坦布尔声明》的导言,第41页。", "[27] Ramírez Sanchez诉法国,第59450/00号申请,欧洲人权法院,第102段(2006年)。", "[28] 以色列监狱中囚犯和被拘留者的单独囚禁、阿达拉、迈赞(加沙)和医生促进人权联合项目(以色列,2011年6月)。", "[29] Shalev,同前,第42页。", "[30] 欧洲委员会,防止酷刑委员会,关于欧洲防止酷刑和不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚委员会访问希腊的报告,2006年12月20日(CPT/Inf(2006)),第41页。", "[31] 欧洲委员会,“CPT标准”(CPT/Inf/E(2002)1-Rev.2010),C节。 页:1", "[32] Poltrotsky诉乌克兰,第146页(欧洲人权法院,2006-V)。", "[33] Peter Scharff Smith,“单独监禁对囚犯的影响”,《犯罪与司法》,第34卷(2006年),第449页。", "[34] Stuart Grassian, “Solitary Confinement的心理影响”,《法律和政策杂志》, 第22卷(2006年), 第325页。", "[35] Ilaşcu等诉摩尔多瓦和俄罗斯,第48787/99号申请,欧洲人权法院(2004年),第432段。", "[36] Mathew诉荷兰,第24919/03号申请,第202段。", "[37] G.B.诉保加利亚,第85段。", "[38] Valasinas诉立陶宛,第44558/98号申请,欧洲人权法院,第112段(2001年);Ocalan诉土耳其,第193段。", "[39] Rohde诉丹麦案,第97段。", "[40] Peter Scharff Smith, “团结的信念: 《关于单独囚禁的使用和影响伊斯坦布尔声明》的导言,第1页。", "[41] Shalev,同前,第2页。", "[42] A.B.诉俄罗斯,第1439/06号申请,欧洲人权法院,第135段(2010年)。", "[43] “美国:艾伯特·伍德福克和赫尔曼·华莱士的残忍和不人道的待遇”,大赦国际(2001年)。", "[44] Stuart Grassian, “Solitary Confinement的心理影响”(1993年), 第1页.", "[45] 同上,第8页。", "[46] 同上,第2页。", "[47] 同上,第20页。", "[48] Shalev,同前,第13和22页。", "[49] Stuart Grassian, “Solitary Confinement的心理影响”, 第332和333页。", "[50] 《儿童权利公约》第37(c)条;《联合国囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》第8(d)条。", "[51] Robert Wildeboer,“青年监狱的单独监禁的影响”,内外(芝加哥,2010年)。", "[52] Shalev,同前,第26页。", "[53] Stuart Grassian, “Solitary Confinement的心理影响”;Shalev,同前, 第10页。", "[54] 美国公民自由联盟,“剥夺美国囚犯的人权:单独囚禁”(2011年)。", "[55] Jeffrey L. Metzner, M.D., 和Jamie Fellner, “美国监狱的单独监禁和精神疾病:医疗道德的挑战”,《美国精神病学与法律学院学报》, 第38卷, 第1期, 第104-108页(2010)。", "[56] 心脏地联盟全国移民正义中心,2011年6月16日给酷刑问题特别报告员的信。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Items 133 and 134 of the provisional agenda*", "Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "Administrative expenses of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund and transitional measures concerning the Fund’s financial reporting under the International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "Report of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board", "Contents", "Page\nI.Overview 4II. Budget 4 estimates for the biennium 2010-2011: performance \nreport A.Administrative 7 \ncosts B.Investment 13 \ncosts C. Audit 16 \ncosts D. Board 16 \ncosts E.Extrabudgetary 16 \ncosts III. Budget 17 estimates for the biennium 2012-2013: results-based frameworks and analysis of resource \nrequirements \nA.Introduction 17B.Administrative 25 \ncosts C.Investment 49 \ncosts D. Audit 66 \ncosts E. Board 67 \nexpenses IV. Emergency 67 \n Fund V.Recommendation 67 for ad hoc measures regarding implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards by 1 January \n 2012 VI. Action 68 to be taken by the General \nAssembly VII.Summary 69 of follow-up action taken to implement requests and recommendations of the Board of Auditors and Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary \nQuestions \nAnnexes I.Discussionsin 79 theUnited NationsJointStaff PensionBoardon the revisedbudgetestimates for the biennium2010-2011 andon thebudgetestimates for the \nbiennium2012-2013 II.United 94 NationsJointStaff PensionFund: approved organizationchart for the \nbiennium2010-2011 III.United 95 NationsJointStaff PensionFund: proposed organizationchart for the \nbiennium2012-2013 IV.United 96 NationsJointStaff PensionFund:numberof participantsbymember organizationasat31 December \n 2010", "Summary \nThe present report contains the revised budget for the United NationsJoint Staff Pension Fund for the biennium 2010-2011, which indicatesa reduction in appropriations amounting to $21,772,800. Thisreduction comprises amounts under expenditures of administrativecosts ($11,830,000), investment costs ($9,908,500) and audit costs($112,100), partly offset by an increase of $77,800 for Boardexpenses. The revised appropriations for the biennium 2010-2011 wouldthen amount to $154,545,700, divided into: administrative costs($80,478,500), investment costs ($71,289,000), audit costs($2,532,900) and Board expenses ($245,300). Of this amount,$21,508,700 is chargeable to the United Nations under thecost-sharing arrangement.\nThe report also contains budget estimates for the period from 1January 2012 to 31 December 2013, which amount to $191,620,600(before recosting) for administrative costs ($96,873,100), investmentcosts ($91,799,300), audit costs ($2,748,200) and Pension Boardexpenses ($200,000). The report provides for a total of 227continuing established posts, 17 temporary posts, 7 new establishedposts and the reclassification of 1 post.\n Resource requirements -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Resources Posts(thousands ofUnited Statesdollars)---------------------- ------------- ------------- -- ----------- -----------Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013(beforerecosting) Administrative^(a,b) 92 308.5 96 873.1 188 187 Investment 81 197.5 91 799.3 58 65 Audit 2 645.0 2 748.2 — — Pension Board 167.5 200.0 — — Total 176 318.5 191 620.6 246 252----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ^(a) One extrabudgetary General Service (Other level) post fundedby member organizations. \n^(b) Includes 18 Integrated Pension Administration System temporaryposts; 1 post at the P-4 level was abolished in 2011.", "I. Overview", "1. The United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund was established in 1949 by the General Assembly to provide retirement, death, disability and related benefits for the staff of the United Nations and such other organizations as might be admitted to membership. There are currently 23 member organizations; the combined number of active participants and benefits in payment as of 31 December 2010 amounted to 184,968.", "2. In accordance with the Regulations adopted by the General Assembly, the Fund is administered by the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board, a staff pension committee for each member organization and a secretariat to the Board and to each such committee. One third of the Board members are chosen by the General Assembly and the corresponding governing bodies of the other member organizations, one third by the executive heads and one third by the participants. The Pension Board reports to the General Assembly on the operations of the Fund and on the investment of its assets. When necessary, it recommends amendments to the Regulations, which govern, inter alia, the rates of contribution by the participants (currently 7.9 per cent of their pensionable remuneration) and by the organizations (currently 15.8 per cent), eligibility for participation, and the benefits to which participants and their dependants may become entitled.", "II. Budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011: performance report", "3. Table 1 summarizes the total estimated expenditures for the biennium 2010-2011. In order to make the performance report of the Fund more meaningful, the expenditures for the biennium comprise two distinct elements: (a) actual expenditures for the 17-month period from 1 January 2010 through 31 May 2011; and (b) estimated expenditures for the 7-month period from 1 June through 31 December 2011. The actual expenditures for the period from 1 January through 31 May 2011 have been calculated on the accrual basis of accounting, meaning that the effects of transactions and other events are recognized in financial statements when they occur and not when cash and cash equivalents are received or paid.", "4. In resolution 64/245, the General Assembly approved appropriations for the biennium 2010-2011 totalling $176,318,500, comprising administrative costs ($92,281,400), investment costs ($81,292,100), audit costs ($2,645,000) and Board expenses ($100,000). Of this amount, $154,749,100 is chargeable directly to the Fund and $21,569,400 being the share of costs borne by the United Nations. In addition, resources amounting to $158,200 were authorized for extrabudgetary costs and funded by a number of member organizations. In its resolution 65/249, the General Assembly approved the redeployment of appropriations to meet the requirements of the Fund. The revised appropriation comprises administrative costs ($92,308,500), investment costs ($81,197,500), audit costs ($2,645,000) and Board expenses ($167,500). The amount chargeable directly to the Fund and the share of costs borne by the United Nations remain unchanged at $154,749,100 and $21,569,400, respectively.", "Table 1 Revised estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 by object of expenditure", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Approved Expenditures Estimated Increase or Proposed final appropriations for the expenditures (decrease) 2010-2011 17-month for the for the appropriations period 7-month period biennium 1 January 1 June-31 2010-2011 2010-31 May December 2011 2011\n Pension United Total Pension United Total Pension United Total Pension United Total Pension United Total Fund Nations Fund Nations Fund Nations Fund Nations Fund Nations", "(a) (b) (c) (d) = (b) + (e) = (a) + (d) (c) - (a)", "Administrative costs", "Posts 26 386.6 12 344.8 38 731.4 16 442.4 7 739.9 24 8 213.8 3 829.8 12 (1 730.4) (775.1) (2 505.5) 24 656.2 11 36 182.3 043.6 569.7 225.9", "Temporary posts 2 870.3 — 2 870.3 807.1 — 807.1 258.0 — 258.0 (1 805.2) — (1 805.2) 1 065.1 — 1 065.1", "Other staff 2 830.8 1 202.0 4 032.8 1 958.8 932.6 2 891.4 1 260.5 538.6 1 799.1 388.5 269.2 657.7 3 219.3 1 471.2 4 690.5 costs", "Consultants 537.6 — 537.6 205.9 — 205.9 132.6 — 132.6 (199.1) — (199.1) 338.5 — 338.5", "Travel 1 360.6 — 1 360.6 907.2 — 907.2 389.9 — 389.9 (63.5) — (63.5) 1 297.1 — 1 297.1", "Contractual 21 908.3 3 851.7 25 760.0 12 144.7 3 163.6 15 2 651.8 521.5 3 173.3 (7 111.8) (166.6) (7 278.4) 14 796.5 3 685.1 18 services 308.3 481.6", "Hospitality 4.0 — 4.0 4.3 — 4.3 1.0 — 1.0 1.3 — 1.3 5.3 — 5.3", "General 9 581.6 3 220.1 12 801.7 6 703.9 3 125.8 9 829.7 4 442.8 712.1 5 154.9 1 565.1 617.8 2 182.9 11 146.7 3 837.9 14 operating 984.6 expenses", "Supplies and 140.1 70.0 210.1 252.4 55.1 307.5 54.9 27.5 82.4 167.2 12.6 179.8 307.3 82.6 389.9 materials", "Furniture and 5 560.0 440.0 6 000.0 481.5 114.1 595.6 2 078.5 325.9 2 404.4 (3 000.0) — (3 000.0) 2 560.0 440.0 3 000.0 equipment", "Total 71 179.9 21 128.6 92,308.5 39 908.2 15 55 19 483.8 5 955.4 25 (11 (42.1) (11 59 392.0 21 80 131.1 039.3 439.2 787.9) 830.0) 086.5 478.5", "Investment costs", "Posts 15 344.0 — 15 344.0 9 115.1 — 9 115.1 5 275.5 — 5 275.5 (953.4) — (953.4) 14 390.6 — 14 390.6", "Other staff 2 361.8 — 2 361.8 753.4 — 753.4 1 738.7 — 1 738.7 130.3 — 130.3 2 492.1 — 2 492.1 costs", "Consultants 2 328.8 — 2 328.8 702.6 — 702.6 1 626.2 — 1 626.2 — — — 2 328.8 — 2 328.8", "Travel 2 000.0 — 2 000.0 1 100.6 — 1 100.6 610.4 — 610.4 (289.0) — (289.0) 1 711.0 — 1 711.0", "Contractual 52 878.9 — 52 878.9 32 839.7 — 32 11 594.0 — 11 (8 445.2) — (8 445.2) 44 433.7 — 44 services 839.7 594.0 433.7", "Hospitality 22.0 — 22.0 20.4 — 20.4 3.0 — 3.0 1.4 — 1.4 23.4 — 23.4", "General 5 402.0 — 5 402.0 2 787.4 — 2 787.4 2 283.5 — 2 283.5 (331.1) — (331.1) 5 070.9 — 5 070.9 operating expenses", "Supplies and 160.0 — 160.0 53.8 — 53.8 105.8 — 105.8 (0.4) — (0.4) 159.6 — 159.6 materials", "Furniture and 700.0 — 700.0 218.6 — 218.6 460.3 — 460.3 (21.1) — (21.1) 678.9 — 678.9 equipment", "Total 81 197.5 81 197.5 47 591.6 47 23 697.4 23 (9 908.5) (9 908.5) 71 289.0 71 591.6 697.4 289.0", "Audit costs", "External audit 551.0 110.2 661.2 244.6 48.9 293.5 306.4 61.3 367.7 — — — 551.0 110.2 661.2", "Internal audit 1 653.2 330.6 1 983.8 821.4 164.3 985.7 738.3 147.7 886.0 (93.5) (18.6) (112.1) 1 559.7 312.0 1 871.7", "Total 2 204.2 440.8 2 645.0 1 066.0 213.2 1 279.2 1 044.7 209.0 1 253.7 (93.5) (18.6) (112.1) 2 110.7 422.2 2 532.9", "Board expenses 167.5 — 167.5 199.4 — 199.4 45.9 — 45.9 77.8 — 77.8 245.3 — 245.3", "Total resources 154 749.1 21 569.4 176 318.5 88 765.2 15 104 44 271.8 6 164.4 50 (21 (60.7) (21 133 037.0 21 154 344.3 109.5 436.2 712.1) 772.8) 508.7 545.7", "Extrabudgetary costs (after-service health insurance system)", "Operational 158.2 — 158.2 90.0 — 90.0 54.3 — 54.3 (13.9) — (13.9) 144.3 — 144.3 activities", "5. The revised appropriations were approved for:", "(a) Administrative costs: an increase of $94,600 in general temporary assistance expenditure to cover the cost of one post at the P-4 level related to the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS);", "(b) Investment costs: a decrease in contractual services of $94,600.", "6. Total expenditure for the biennium 2010-2011 is estimated at $154,545,700, comprised of administrative costs ($80,478,500), investment costs ($71,289,000), audit costs ($2,532,900) and Board expenses ($245,300), resulting in an underexpenditure of $21,772,800, or 12.3 per cent of the total appropriation. In addition, the projected expenditure of $144,300 for extrabudgetary costs will result in an underexpenditure of $13,900, or 8.8 per cent of the appropriation.", "A. Administrative costs", "7. The $80,478,500 estimated administrative costs will result in an underexpenditure of $11,830,000, or 12.8 per cent. The main resource variances that contribute to the net underexpenditure are due primarily to the Integrated Pension Administration System project as a result of a refinement in the project plan and the addition of new foundational activities as well as the installation of the new information technology infrastructure as explained in paragraphs 13 to 17 below. The Integrated Pension Administration System project is a major capital project for the Pension Fund and, as such, table 2 highlights the split between the estimated expenditure of the Integrated Pension Administration System project and non-Integrated Pension Administration System projects for the biennium 2010-2011.", "8. The major resource variances not related to the Integrated Pension Administration System include:", "1. Posts — underexpenditure of $2,505,500", "9. The underexpenditure is mainly due to a higher average vacancy rate early in the biennium.", "2. Other staff costs — overexpenditure of $657,700", "10. The higher than expected expenditure is owing mainly to the need for general temporary assistance as a result of increased workload owing to the increase in the number of participants, retirees and other beneficiaries.", "3. General operating expenses — overexpenditure of $2,182,900", "11. The higher than expected expenditure is owing mainly to bank charges, which are estimated to be $2,500,000. Estimates for bank charges were included in the 2010-2011 budget estimates report presented to the Board, under the general operating expenses category, which, after consideration by the Board, was eliminated in the budget report to the General Assembly (see A/64/291, annex VII, para. 34). The amount of $2,500,000 for bank charges for benefit payments is based on actual charges incurred in the 2008-2009 performance period.", "4. Projects undertaken in the biennium 2010-2011", "12. Brief details of the status of information technology projects undertaken in the biennium 2010-2011 are given below.", "Table 2 Status of projects, 2010-2011", "(United States dollars)", "Project Projected/actual Appropriation Estimated Overexpenditure or completion date expenditure (underexpenditure)", "Integrated Pension May 2014 14 361 400 2 299 906 (12 061 494) Administration System", "Member organization December 2011 1 749 773 1 749 773 — information-sharing initiatives", "Client services initiatives December 2011 469 671 469 671 —", "Web system initiatives December 2011 1 709 342 1 709 342 —", "Enterprise system December 2011 1 063 280 1 063 280 — initiatives", "Enterprise operations December 2011 1 031 400 1 031 400 — initiatives", "Information technology December 2011 461 633 461 633 — consolidation with Investment Management Service", "Total 20 846 499 8 785 005 (12 061 494)", "Integrated Pension Administration System initiative", "13. During the biennium 2010-2011, the Fund continued with the project’s major foundational tasks including: (a) constructing a comprehensive data dictionary of the current systems (PENSYS and Lawson); (b) producing a detailed data analysis of the current systems; (c) cleaning data, utilizing specialized “bulk” programmes, and through the work of the Integrated Pension Administration System project team staff with the PENSYS and Lawson databases; (d) updating procedural documentation (to complement the process maps produced under the planning and design phase of the project); (e) producing the first set of calculation formulas to set out the complex and detailed calculation basis of the Pension Fund and be ready for the sign-off of these from in-house and external experts during the implementation phase; (f) updating of technical documentation which sets out the detailed data exchanges (interfaces) that exist between the current systems and other entities; and (g) creating the first set of detailed test libraries covering the interfaces and calculations.", "14. The project started two additional initiatives not considered in the original plan. The first initiative refers to an extensive bottom-up review of the statement of requirements produced during the first phase of the project. During this phase, the target operating model and project scope were refined. New functional and information technology requirements were expanded. The final statement of work considers 333 detailed functional and information technology specifications in addition to 18 key high-level requirements.", "15. The second initiative relates to the exploration of new technologies as the means to develop better interfaces that would allow a seamless payroll connection (between the Integrated Pension Administration System and member organizations’ human resources and finance systems) and that would enable a better use of existing databases to automate verification of contribution calculations and establish other data quality protocols. In the light of the recent strategy adopted by many member organizations to migrate to enterprise resource planning platforms, the Fund is studying the possibility of establishing common interfaces using newer technologies. At the completion of the implementation of the SAP software by the United Nations, it is estimated that 96 per cent of the Pension Fund participants’ data will be maintained under an enterprise resource planning platform. This initiative is closely connected with the development of Integrated Pension Administration System since the amended specifications consider: (a) the need for a seamless payroll connection; (b) the tools for an efficient utilization of the common enterprise resource planning interfaces; and (c) the development of a web-entry system (for those organizations lacking enterprise resource planning platforms).", "16. The two additional initiatives yielded more detailed specifications that will guide the parameterization and functionality building process in a more precise and effective manner. This will improve the new system and save time and resources in post-implementation changes. In addition, the Integrated Pension Administration System project will try to harmonize as early as possible its data requirements with the data generated by the enterprise resource planning systems of member organizations. Naturally, the success of the System is closely linked to the quality, timeliness and availability of the human resources and financial data supplied by the Fund’s member organizations.", "17. While the Integrated Pension Administration System project’s overall estimated cost of $22,660,300 (before recosting) remains unchanged, additional activities have been incorporated into the project plan, and the procurement process has been significantly modified to incorporate a two-stage evaluation (as suggested by the United Nations Procurement Division). These changes resulted in an extension of the original timeline and a corresponding shift in the estimated timing of the expenditures. Table 3 highlights the estimated expenditure for the biennium 2010-2011 as well as the overall estimated project cost.", "Table 3 Summary of resource requirements for the Integrated Pension Administration System", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Administrative Biennium Biennium Biennium Total project costs 2010-2011 2012-2013 2014-2015\n Approved Estimated Increase/ Proposed final Requested Estimated Estimated appropriations expenditure (decrease) appropriations appropriations appropriations appropriations", "Temporary posts 2 870.3 1 065.1 (1 805.2) 1 065.1 3 670.8 957.7 5 693.6", "Travel 84.8 84.8 — 84.8 — — 84.8", "Contractual 8 406.3 1 150.0 (7 256.3) 1 150.0 11 966.3 3 765.6 16 881.9 services", "Furniture and 3 000.0 — (3 000.0) — — — — equipment", "Total 14 361.4 2 299.9 (12 061.5) 2 299.9 15 637.1 4 723.3 22 660.3", "Furniture and equipment — underexpenditure of $3,000,000", "18. The lower than expected expenditure is the result of a decision to install the information technology hardware required by the project in the Fund’s new data centre owing to vulnerabilities identified in the data centre at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza. The project’s original strategy was to acquire 12 new servers and 15 storage area network modules as well as uninterruptible power supply expansions and install them in the data centre located on the fourth floor of 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza to provide the required additional capacity to host the new system applications.", "19. However, owing to serious vulnerabilities identified in the data centre at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, this strategy was not considered viable. The Business Impact Analysis conducted in 2009 and presented to the Pension Board in 2010 revealed that while the data centre had installed a UPS system, there was no power generator to deal with possible power failures from the utility company (or building electrical system). An earlier assessment of the data centre against industry practices for a production data centre gave the facility an availability rating of 2 out of 10 (10 being the highest or best possible score). Therefore, installing new hardware in the data centre at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza would represent serious risks to the Integrated Pension Administration System project.", "20. After an extensive search for a suitable alternative, the Fund decided to migrate the information and communications technology infrastructure located at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza to the new North American data centre, which is a new and more robust data centre that would be able to properly ensure operational availability of its mission critical systems. The North American data centre is classified as tier 3 according to the Telecommunications Industry Association standards (TIA-942 DC), which guarantees 99.9 per cent uptime and availability.", "Contractual services — underexpenditure of $7,256,300", "21. The lower than expected expenditure is owing mainly to the change in location of the data centre to host the new system applications. When the existing equipment at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza was moved to the new North American data centre, additional new equipment in the amount of $750,000 was acquired and installed in the North American data centre to adequately cover all of the expected capacity needs of the Integrated Pension Administration System. A request for proposal has been issued for $400,000 to retain a specialized consulting firm to assist in the re-engineering of its processes as per the new target operating model and new operational paradigm as well as to develop test scenarios to serve as the basis for ensuring that the new system is able to process entitlements and payments accurately, safely and efficiently.", "22. The above-mentioned initiatives enable the Integrated Pension Administration System project to be in a better position to start its next phase, but this represents a shift in the original timeline. The project’s 30-month estimate for full system deployment (after the proof of concept has been tested and approved) has not changed. Therefore, the completion of system implementation is expected by April 2014 and parallel testing and training by November 2014. However, this target date is dependent on the duration of the remaining procurement/contractual activities which are expected to be completed in nine months. Consequently, the appropriations for the development, parameterization and implementation of the new software applications considered in the budget for 2010-2011 ($7,256,300) will not be exercised until the biennium 2012-2013. The project’s detailed timeline and description of activities is included in annex II of the supplementary financial information.", "Temporary posts — underexpenditure of $1,805,200", "23. The lower than expected expenditure in posts is owing primarily to a staggered recruitment approach which was adopted to make the best use of the project’s resources and which responds to the updating of the project’s timeline.", "Client services initiatives", "24. A pilot project (iServ), based on Oracle’s Siebel customer relationship management, was commissioned with the goal of streamlining and automating incidents reported to the Fund’s webmaster. The exercise proved to be much more complex and challenging than initially estimated but helped the Fund gain substantial knowledge about implementing a customer relationship management system and provided many valuable lessons. It also helped the Fund determine that introducing a comprehensive customer relationship management solution right away into its core business activities might not be the most practical, advisable or cost-effective action (especially so considering that customer relationship management could be a part of the Integrated Pension Administration System initiative), whereas addressing the most critical needs of the Client Services Unit in the short term by building smaller localized applications would prepare it better in understanding how to shape the customer relationship management system when it is eventually integrated with the business processes.", "25. As an alternative, a Lotus Notes-based custom application has been developed to track interactions with clients who visit the Fund in person or phone. Not only does the application record valuable information, such as the area of service requested, mode the service was provided in (walk in or phone) and the time taken to service a client, it provides an easy-to-use reporting and analytics tool (including dashboards) that can be used to view statistics and trends over a period of time. It is envisioned that as time goes by, this application will be enhanced to incorporate additional features covering a broader spectrum of client services activities.", "Web systems initiatives", "26. The web systems initiatives keep providing beneficiaries and participants with direct access to personalized information through the use of custom web-based applications. Critical applications, including the two-track and benefit estimate systems, certificate of entitlement tracking and annual statements, have now become a standard service for clients. The cost-of-living notification, produced whenever there is a change in the cost-of-living index and/or the quarterly exchange rate, is now available on the Web for registered beneficiaries in receipt of a monthly benefit. The interface for the benefit estimator available through the annual statement application has been redesigned and is now available to clients since the release of the 2009 annual statement. As part of the Fund’s ongoing efforts to support the increasing number of visitors, parts of the website infrastructure and applications were upgraded to provide a more stable and secure environment. New web-based portals were added to provide role-based and secure single-point interfaces for many Fund-wide web applications. Additional e-learning applications and onboarding workshops have been added to accommodate training requirements, and several new courses will be made available in 2011. A case digest for the Legal Office has been developed and will also be available on the website in 2011.", "Enterprise systems initiatives", "27. The enterprise systems initiatives will ensure that mission-critical business systems (for example, Content Manager and Lawson) are current with vendor updates, releases and upgrades, while keeping pace with changes to the business model of the Fund. All necessary updates, releases and upgrades have been or are expected to be successfully installed by the end of 2011.", "Enterprise operations initiatives", "28. As part of the enterprise operations mandate, all mission critical systems have been transferred to a new site in Piscataway, New Jersey. The new facility is a Tier III data centre fault tolerant providing 99.9 per cent availability. Telecommunication equipment will continue to be hosted by the data centre at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, while the Geneva data centre hosts the support systems for the Geneva office and the business continuity and disaster recovery environment. As part of the data centre relocation project, the storage area network has been upgraded, increasing the capacity and reducing the systems response time. A new virtual infrastructure was built enabling 70 per cent of the Fund’s servers to run on virtual farms, thereby increasing operational efficiency and availability and improving manageability of the server infrastructure. The Lawson and database servers have been upgraded, and a fail-over cluster was implemented to optimize the recovery time and response to users. The relocation of the Geneva Data Centre is in progress. The new facilities are managed by the International Computing Centre and will allow the Fund to virtualize 95 per cent of the servers and support redundancy for the web environment. A new data backup system has been implemented reducing the maintenance window and the file recovery time. An enterprise e-mail archiving solution has been implemented in the Pension Fund in order to manage the e-mail service efficiently and to keep up with the growing mailboxes and unlimited retention policy of the organization. In the process, Pension Fund e-mail servers and clients have been constantly upgraded to the most current releases. It is anticipated that by the end of 2011, the Information Management Systems Service will complete an upgrade of the UPS system.", "Information technology consolidation with the Investment Management Division initiative", "29. Information technology consolidation with the Investment Management Division is progressing as planned and is scheduled to finish during the current biennium. Based on the signed service delivery agreements between the Information Management Systems Service and the Investment Management Division, several infrastructure projects were executed successfully and in a timely manner within the shared infrastructure environment. These include the trade order management system, Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), and document management system. A disaster recovery environment for the trade order management system and SWIFT was also successfully built and tested in Geneva. Work is in progress for the final 5 out of the 38 areas identified for consolidation and is anticipated to be completed during the current biennium. These include network, help desk, provision of directory services, file sharing and e-mail consolidations.", "B. Investment costs", "30. The $71,289,000 estimated administrative costs will result in an underexpenditure of $9,908,500, or 12.2 per cent. The main resource variances that contribute to the net underexpenditure include:", "1. Posts — underexpenditure of $953,400", "31. The underexpenditure is due mainly to the later than expected recruitment of staff.", "2. Travel — underexpenditure of $289,000", "32. The underexpenditure is owing mainly to the later than expected recruitment of staff and the availability of staff as a result of work schedules. The lower requirement was offset by higher travel costs for the members of the Investment Committee.", "3. General operating expenses — underexpenditure of $331,100", "33. The underexpenditure is attributable to lower than anticipated costs for charges such as chilled water, cleaning services and building operating expenses.", "4. Contractual services — underexpenditure of $8,445,200", "Table 4 Contractual services: estimated expenditures 2010-2011", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Category Appropriations Estimated Overexpenditure or 2010-2011 expenditures (underexpenditure)", "External legal consultant 1 200.0 1 200.0 —", "Third-party service providers", "(a) Global custodian and advisers", "Global custodian 6 952.0 3 743.8 (3 208.2)", "Advisers 16 976.4 14 994.0 (1 982.4)", "Subtotal (a) 23 928.4 18 737.8 (5 190.6)", "(b) Portfolio management", "Small capitalization 12 500.0 13 562.4 1 062.4", "Publicly traded real 2 700.0 700.0 (2 000.0) estate", "Subtotal (b) 15 200.0 14 252.4 (937.6)", "(c) Market data services 3 541.5 2 399.5 (1 142.0)", "Subtotal third-party 42 669.9 35 399.7 (7 270.2) service providers", "SWIFT contractual 590.0 345.0 (245.0) services", "Other contractual 8 419.0 7 489.0 (930.0) services", "Total 52 878.9 44 433.7 (8 445.2)", "34. The underexpenditure is attributable to several factors including: delay in the procurement processes for the multiple custodians and independent master record keeper, and the hiring of a manager of publicly traded real estate as well as advisers on fixed income, real assets and alternative investment; and the lower than anticipated cost of procuring applications, such as the disaster recovery solution, SWIFT and the compliance system. The reduced requirements were partly offset by the increase in the cost of small capitalization as a result of the increase in fees, based on good performance.", "5. Projects undertaken in the biennium 2010-2011", "35. Table 5 shows the status of information technology projects funded and undertaken in the biennium 2010-2011.", "Table 5 Status of projects, biennium 2010-2011", "(United States dollars)", "Project Projected/actual Appropriation Estimated Overexpenditure or completion date expenditure (underexpenditure)", "Portfolio risk analysis and June 2011 1 390 000 1 280 000 110 000 performance attribution", "Electronic order management and March 2011 1 120 000 1 120 000 — trading (Charles River System)", "Compliance pre-trading and March 2011 970 000 870 000 100 000 post-trading", "Portfolio accounting and December 2011 2 790 000 2 390 000 400 000 reconciliation", "Data hub system June 2012 820 000 820 000 —", "OMEGEO, FXALL, Tradeweb and December 2011 1 170 000 850 000 320 000 other confirmation and trading platforms are being integrated into the Charles River System", "SWIFT, including upgrade of June 2011 590 000 345 000 245 000 SWIFT to version 7", "Total 8 850 000 7 675 000 1 175 000", "Operating expenses", "Charles River in disaster December 2011 200 000 143 771 56 229 recovery site (International Computing Centre Geneva)", "SWIFT in disaster recovery site December 2011 200 000 221 805 (21 805) (International Computing Centre Geneva)", "SunGard 200 000 — (200 000)", "Total 600 000 365 576 (234 424)", "Furniture and equipment", "Sun servers May 2011 500 000 500 000 —", "Desktops June 2011 100 000 100 000 —", "Laptops June 2011 73 400 70 000 3 400", "Total 673 400 670 000 3 400", "Portfolio risk analysis and performance attribution system", "36. As of February 2011, the Investment Management Division is performing user acceptance tests for most risk analysis scenarios. Some important risk reports have been designed. However, the Division is still waiting for further contracts with various data feeds to be completed by the Procurement Division and the Office of Legal Affairs. These data feeds of market data are essential for the completion of Risk Metrics implementation. After the implementation is completed, an ongoing service will be maintained. This project is expected to be finalized and fully in production by October 2011, provided that data feeds contracts are finalized.", "Electronic order management and trading system", "37. The Charles River System is in production as of March 2010. The current production implementation encompasses equity, foreign exchange and fixed income transactions. It also includes the connectivity with brokers via the protocol FIX, and the connectivity with custodian bank via SWIFT. The Investment Management Division has been trading electronically all equity assets. The Division is working on installing electronic platforms for the other assets. Currently, 99 per cent of the cross asset settlements are completed through SWIFT. The Investment Management Division continues to support and enhance the Charles River working environment.", "Compliance pre-trading and post-trading system", "38. The pre-trading and post-trading system (Charles River) has been implemented and in production since March 2010. The Investment Management Division continues to maintain and update the compliance rules as required.", "Portfolio accounting and reconciliation system", "39. The portfolio accounting and reconciliation system was awarded to Murex North America in April 2010, and the legal contract was signed in February 2011. The project kick-off meeting took place on 16 February 2011. The Investment Management Division is currently finalizing the implementation plan and committing resources with a target to deliver a first phase implementation by 30 June 2011. It is estimated that the project will be completed by 31 December 2011. It is important to note that this project encompasses the conversion to IPSAS for investment activities.", "Data hub system", "40. As of February 2011, the Investment Management Division had completed the technical evaluation. The due diligence will be scheduled for the second semester of 2011. It is expected to start the implementation of the data hub in February 2012.", "OMEGEO, FXALL, Tradeweb and other confirmation and trading platforms are being integrated to Charles River", "41. The Investment Management Division planned to add OMEGEO, an electronic confirmation and affirmation of equity trades, FXALL, FXConnect and Bloomberg FX: foreign exchange trading platforms, and Tradeweb, market Axess, Bond Vision and Bloomberg FI: fixed income trading platforms to strengthen the Charles River trade order management system. Contracts for the respective products are in negotiation. The Investment Management Division is planning to have all these platforms integrated by December 2011.", "Charles River System in the disaster recovery site (International Computing Centre Geneva)", "42. Charles River disaster recovery was completed in March 2011. The disaster recovery includes the connectivity to FIX, Bloomberg data licence, Bloomberg data bulk and Bloomberg API. It also provides the connectivity to SWIFT.", "Bloomberg data licence, Bloomberg data bulk and Bloomberg API", "43. The Bloomberg data licence, Bloomberg data bulk and API were installed and integrated with the Charles River System in March 2010.", "SWIFT in the disaster recovery site (International Computing Centre Geneva)", "44. The SWIFT disaster recovery site has been operational since January 2010. The Investment Management Division is currently working on integrating it with the Charles River System disaster recovery infrastructure.", "Upgrade of SWIFT to version 7", "45. SWIFT upgrade to the mandatory version 7 is scheduled to be completed in June 2011.", "C. Audit costs", "46. The estimated expenditure of audit costs will result in lower utilization of the appropriations in the amount of $112,100, primarily for general temporary assistance for internal audit.", "D. Board expenses", "47. The increased requirement of $77,800 is the result of the higher than anticipated expenses for the Working Group on Plan Design.", "E. Extrabudgetary costs", "48. The underexpenditure of $13,900 is the result of the General Service (Other level) post, which is covered by extrabudgetary funds, being vacant for a period of three months.", "III. Budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013: results-based frameworks and analysis of resource requirements", "A. Introduction", "1. Overview", "49. The United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund is a fully funded defined benefit pension fund providing retirement and other benefits to nearly 64,000 retirees and beneficiaries. Currently, some 120,000 active participants are accumulating pension rights under the Fund. The assets of the Fund stood at $41.4 billion at the end of 2010. The Pension Fund is self-administered in accordance with Regulations adopted by the General Assembly. The Pension Board is responsible for managing the Fund and reports annually to the General Assembly. The day-to-day operations of the Fund are overseen by the Chief Executive Officer. The Fund has 245 staff. A detailed description of the Fund and its day-to-day operations are included in this budget and the accompanying annexes.", "50. Fund investments are decided by the Secretary-General, who has delegated this responsibility to his representative, who in turn manages the Fund’s Investment Management Division. The Division is responsible for the investment and accounting of the Fund assets with the objective to ensure an adequate level of investment return in line with the Fund’s risk tolerance philosophy and the requirements posed by its liabilities.", "51. The Fund has grown significantly during the past 10 years, as new member organizations have joined and the overall number of participants, retirees and other beneficiaries being serviced has continued to increase. During this period, the number of active participants has increased by 63 per cent and the number of periodic benefits in payment has grown by 33 per cent. The Management Charter of the Fund identified five categories of challenges, as follows:", "(a) Growing complexity of the Fund’s operations;", "(b) Growing interdependency of assets and liabilities;", "(c) Aging of information systems and growing demand for services;", "(d) Quality service and high operational standards;", "(e) Social and environmental responsibility.", "52. To address these challenges, the Fund carried out comprehensive studies on risk assessment, asset-liability management, the organization of the Fund and its plan design and changes in its pension administration system; it then developed medium-term objectives which are outlined in the Fund’s strategic framework, as follows:", "(a) Strengthening the Fund’s operating model;", "(b) Improving the management of risks and internal controls;", "(c) Enhancing information systems;", "(d) Increasing the quality and efficiency of service provided including communications and outreach efforts;", "(e) Promoting social and environmental responsibility.", "53. Each area of operation developed specific action plans to meet these objectives, including a medium-term human resources plan, business impact analysis and disaster recovery plan, which have been used to prepare the following budget proposal.", "54. In summary, during the biennium 2012-2013, the Pension Fund intends to allocate financial and human resources towards the following key initiatives as outlined in the strategic framework:", "(a) Integrated Pension Administration System — new operating model for an integrated pension administration system;", "(b) IPSAS — new accounting standards for the Fund’s financial statements;", "(c) Responsive client services;", "(d) Other actions required to improve operational efficiency, risk evaluation and management, e-learning, training and knowledge management.", "55. The Fund is expected to achieve its overall objectives on the assumption that adequate human and financial resources are available. This will pose particular challenges in coming years, given the current financial constraints. Recognition must be given, however, to the critical juncture in the evolution of the Fund that is outside its control. The Fund has experienced steady growth since its inception and unprecedented growth during the past 10 years in the population it services. At the same time, the Fund has been expanding its provisions not only to cover a greater number of individuals, but also to address a wider scope of unique circumstances, thus resulting in increasing complexities. The growth in the volume of the related work and the increasing complexities are culminating at the same time with a steady loss in institutional memory owing to a high number of retirements and other separations over recent years. Moreover, and at the same time, improvements in longevity are resulting in an ageing of the Fund’s clientele, which in turn often requires more extensive consultations and other special client servicing needs. The significant challenges emanating from these external factors are further compounded by the fact that the Fund, which requires staff with very specific and long-term expertise, must aim to function according to certain organizational policies that pose particular difficulties not normally encountered in outside enterprises. Given its need for unique and long-term expertise, and in the light of its independent status as an inter-agency entity, the Fund is undertaking a review of the policies governing the recruitment, mobility, promotion and retention of its staff. It intends to address these issues in a revised memorandum of understanding.", "56. Giving further consideration to the challenges posed by the current economic environment, the Fund secretariat also reviewed its staffing needs and decided to defer its request for a number of staffing positions. While these positions are key to meeting the medium-term goals of its strategic framework, the secretariat believes that deferral of the hiring of staff can be accomplished by limiting changes in the plan design of the Fund as well as the addition of new projects, while continuing its efforts towards efficiencies and productivity improvements. However, these positions cannot be deferred indefinitely without altering the Fund’s operational capacity, its responsiveness to its clients and/or the timing of reaching its goals.", "57. With this in mind, recognition must also be given to the fact that new peacekeeping missions may be approved outside the regular budget of the United Nations at times when the Fund must aim to address calls for budgetary restraint. This results in significant challenges, and indeed risks, to the Fund, which must nevertheless provide full and timely services to the elevated numbers of staff employed by such missions.", "Results-based budgeting, methodology and terminology", "58. The current budget submission follows the results-based budgeting format adopted by the Fund in its submission for the biennium 2008-2009. Resources have been requested in line with the Fund’s programmes, and all justification and supporting information is contained in the supplementary financial information to the proposed budget.", "59. The following factors have been used in the calculation of resources:", "(a) Delayed recruitment factors for both New York and Geneva for 2012 and 2013 have been applied to continuing Professional posts (90.4 per cent), Professional new posts (50.0 per cent), continuing General Service posts (96.5 per cent) and new General Service posts (65.0 per cent); these factors have been applied to the version 1 of the New York and Geneva 2012-2013 standard salary tables;", "(b) The average annual rate of inflation applied for 2012 and 2013 for New York are 1.90 and 2.50 per cent, respectively, and for Geneva are 1.00 and 1.30 per cent, respectively;", "(c) The exchange rate applied for 2012 and 2013 for Geneva is 1.046;", "(d) Within the framework of the cost-sharing arrangement between the United Nations and the Fund, the ratios of one third and two thirds, respectively, will continue to be applied to the specific elements of administration, with the exception of the cost for posts in the Information Management Systems Service and the Executive Office. On the basis of the ratio of approved posts for the secretariat (170) to those for the Investment Management Division (58), plus specific project posts (17), 69.4 per cent of the cost of the posts in the Information Management Systems Service and the Executive Office will be subjected to the cost-sharing arrangement.", "2. Overall resources requested", "60. Human and financial resources requested for the Fund as a whole are given below, along with estimated extrabudgetary resources and details of additional post requirements.", "Table 6 Percentage distribution of resources by component: Fund", "Component Regular Extrabudgetary budget", "A. Executive direction and management 7.0", "B. Programme of work", "1. Administration 17.7 100.0", "2. Investments 33.0", "Subtotal B 50.7 100.0", "C. Support", "1. Information technology 31.8", "2. Legal Office 0.7", "3. Administrative support 8.3", "Subtotal C 40.8", "D. Audit 1.4", "E. Pension Board 0.1", "Total 100.0 100.0", "Table 7 Resource requirements by component: Fund", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Component 2010-2011 Resource Total Recosting Apportionment 2012-2013 growth before estimate recosting\n Amount Percentage United Pension Nations Fund", "1. Regular budget", "A. Executive 16 141.1 (2 672.3) (16.6) 13 468.8 61.9 1 197.8 12 332.9 13 530.7 direction and management", "B. Programme of work", "1. Operations, 30 470.0 3 498.4 11.5 33 968.4 908.7 9 527.5 25 349.6 34 877.1 financial services", "2. Investments 55 678.4 7 451.7 13.4 63 130.1 816.5 — 63 946.6 63 946.6", "Subtotal B 86 148.4 10 950.1 12.7 97 098.5 1 725.2 9 527.5 89 296.2 98 823.7", "C. Support", "1. Information 53 018.1 7 878.6 14.9 60 896.7 815.6 5 704.7 56 007.6 61 712.3 technology", "2. Legal Office — 1 358.4 — 1 358.4 (16.2) 447.4 894.8 1 342.2", "3. 18 198.4 (2 348.4) (12.9) 15 850.0 86.9 3 590.6 12 346.3 15 936.9 Administrative support", "Subtotal C 71 216.5 6 888.6 9.7 78 105.1 886.3 9 742.7 69 248.7 78 991.4", "D. Audit 2 645.0 103.2 3.9 2 748.2 (134.4) 435.4 2 178.4 2 613.8", "E. Pension Board 167.5 32.5 19.4 200.0 4.4 — 204.4 204.4", "Total 176 318.5 15 302.1 8.7 191 620.6 2 543.4 20 903.4 173 260.6 194 164.0", "2. 158.2 (5.3) (3.4) 152.9 3.9 — 156.8 156.8 Extrabudgetary", "61. As indicated in table 8, the overall increase in resources requested amount to $15,302,100 (before recosting), or 8.7 per cent, attributable to administrative costs ($4,564,600), investment costs ($10,601,800), audit costs ($103,200) and board expenses ($32,500).", "62. The increase in resources of $4,564,600 in administrative costs comprises the net effect of the proposed increase in established posts ($739,400) and temporary posts ($800,500), of which $680,100 and $800,500, respectively, are attributable to delayed recruitment factor, and non-post costs of $3,024,700. Increases in non-post costs are attributable primarily to the growth in the need for contractual services ($6,087,900) and higher general operating expenses ($1,446,300), partially offset by reduced requirements for furniture and equipment ($3,989,000), other staff costs ($122,500), consultants ($237,600) and travel ($136,100).", "63. The increase in resources of $10,601,800 in investment costs comprises the net effect of the proposed increase in posts ($2,486,900), of which $1,222,700 is attributable to a delayed recruitment factor, and non-post costs of $8,114.900. Increases in non-post costs are caused primarily by growth in the need for contractual services ($9,653,200) and increases for other staff costs ($530,400), offset by a reduction in resources for consultants ($1,151,800) and general operating expenses ($916,900).", "64. The increase of resources for audit costs, amounting to $103,200, comprises an increase in the apportioned cost applicable to the Fund for the Board of Auditors ($113,500), and, in relation to Internal Audit, the net effect is a proposed decrease ($10,300). This decrease is primarily the result of minor reductions in communications ($9,800) and supplies and materials ($5,000) and an increase in resource requirements for furniture and equipment ($5,800). In addition, there is a compensating decrease and increase of $80,000 between consultants and contractual services, respectively.", "65. The estimated percentage distribution of resources and resources requested by component for the Fund are summarized in tables 6 and 7, respectively.", "Table 8 Financial resource requirements for the biennium 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Resource Apportionment growth\n Category 2008-2009 2010-2011 Amount Percentage Total Recosting United Pension 2012-2013 2012 2013 expenditure appropriation before Nations Fund Estimate Estimate Estimate recosting", "Administrative costs", "Posts 34 524.8 38 731.4 739.4 1.9 39 470.8 591.4 12 440.4 27 621.8 40 062.2 19 883.6 20 178.6", "Temporary posts — 2 870.3 800.5 27.9 3 670.8 (103.4) — 3 567.4 3 567.4 1 581.3 1 986.1", "Other staff 3 033.8 4 032.8 (122.5) (3.0) 3 910.3 94.5 803.3 3 201.5 4 004.8 2 005.4 1 999.4 costs", "Consultants 106.4 537.6 (237.6) (44.2) 300.0 6.7 — 306.7 306.7 152.9 153.8", "Travel 997.7 1 360.6 (136.1) (10.0) 1 224.5 27.0 — 1 251.5 1 251.5 623.9 627.6", "Contractual 16 690.8 25 760.0 6 087.9 23.6 31 847.9 700.7 3 465.9 29 082.7 32 548.6 16 250.2 16 298.4 services", "Hospitality 2.6 4.0 — — 4.0 0.1 — 4.1 4.1 2.0 2.1", "General 11 641.1 12 801.7 1 446.3 11.3 14 248.0 169.0 3 175.9 11 241.1 14 417.0 7 031.8 7 385.2 operating expenses", "Supplies and 263.3 210.1 (24.3) (11.6) 185.8 4.1 54.5 135.4 189.9 90.1 99.8 materials", "Furniture and 3 815.3 6 000 (3 989.0) (66.5) 2 011.0 44.4 528.0 1 527.4 2 055.4 1 024.6 1 030.8 equipment", "Total 71 075.8 92 308.5 4 564.6 4.9 96 873.1 1 534.5 20 468.0 77 939.6 98 407.6 48 645.8 49 761.8", "Investment costs", "Posts 10 617.0 15 344.0 2 486.9 16.2 17 830.9 (424.9) — 17 406.0 17 406.0 8 644.2 8 761.8", "Other staff 534.0 2 361.8 530.4 22.5 2 892.2 61.0 — 2 953.2 2 953.2 1 500.3 1 452.9 costs", "Consultants 299.5 2 328.8 (1 151.8) (49.5) 1 177.0 24.7 — 1 201.7 1 201.7 822.4 379.3", "Travel 1 018.0 2 000.0 — — 2 000.0 44.0 — 2 044.0 2 044.0 1 019.0 1 025.0", "Contractual 27 491.4 52 878.9 9 653.2 18.3 62 532.1 1 387.1 — 63 919.2 63 919.2 29 924.0 33 995.2 services", "Hospitality 16.4 22.0 — — 22.0 0.5 — 22.5 22.5 11.2 11.3", "General 5 157.5 5 402.0 (916.9) (17.0) 4 485.1 27.5 — 4 512.6 4 512.6 2 254.1 2 258.5 operating expenses", "Supplies and 91.0 160.0 — — 160.0 3.5 — 163.5 163.5 81.5 82.0 materials", "Furniture and 246.6 700.0 — — 700.0 15.5 — 751.6 715.5 356.7 358.8 equipment", "Total 45 471.4 81 197.5 10 601.8 13.1 91 799.3 1 138.9 — 92 938.2 92 938.2 44 613.4 48 324.8", "Audit costs", "External audit 682.1 661.2 113.5 17.2 774.7 17.1 132.0 659.8 791.8 394.7 397.1", "Internal audit 1 612.6 1 983.8 (10.3) (0.5) 1 973.5 (151.5) 303.4 1 518.6 1 822.0 906.2 915.8", "Total 2 294.7 2 645.0 103.2 3.9 2 748.2 (134.4) 435.4 2 178.4 2 613.8 1 300.9 1 312.9", "Board expenses 127.4 167.5 32.5 19.4 200.0 4.4 — 204.4 204.4 101.9 102.5", "Total resources 118 969.3 176 318.5 15 302.1 8.7 191 620.6 2 543.4 20 903.4 173 260.6 194 164.0 94 662.0 99 502.0 required", "Extrabudgetary costs (after-service health insurance system)", "Operational 132.3 158.2 (5.3) (3.4) 152.9 3.9 — 156.8 156.8 77.3 79.5 activities", "Table 9 Human resources requirements", "Established Temporary Extrabudgetary Total posts posts posts\n Category 2010- 2012- 2010- 2012- 2010- 2012- 2010- 2012- 2011 2013 2011 2013 2011 2013 2011 2013", "Administrative", "Professional and above", "ASG 1 1 — — — — 1 1", "D-2 1 1 — — — — 1 1", "D-1 4 4 — — — — 4 4", "P-5 9 9 1 1 — — 10 10", "P-4 19 20 8 7 — — 27 27", "P-3 25 24 4 4 — — 29 28", "P-2/1 1 1 — — — — 1 1", "Subtotal 60 60 13 12 — — 73 72", "General Service", "Principal level 10 10 — — — — 10 10", "Other level 99 99 5 5 1 1 105 105", "Subtotal 109 109 5 5 1 1 115 115", "Total administrative 169 169 18 17 1 1 188 187", "Investment", "Professional and above", "D-2 1 1 — — — — 1 1", "D-1 2 2 — — — — 2 2", "P-5 10 10 — — — — 10 10", "P-4 13 18 — — — — 13 18", "P-3 7 9 — — — — 7 9", "P-2 — — — —", "Subtotal 33 40 — — — — 33 40", "General Service", "Principal level 10 10 — — — — 10 10", "Other level 15 15 — — — — 15 15", "Subtotal 25 25 — — — — 25 25", "Total investment 58 65 — — — — 58 65", "Total Pension Fund 227 234 18^(c) 17^(b,c) 1^(a) 1^(a) 246 252", "^(a) One extrabudgetary General Service (Other level) post funded by member organizations.", "^(b) Includes 17 Integrated Pension Administration System temporary posts.", "^(c) Of the 18 temporary posts authorized for the 2010-2011 biennium, one post at the P-4 level was authorized for 12 months only. This post was abolished in 2011.", "66. As indicated in table 9, this submission provides for the establishment of seven additional posts and the reclassification of one post, as follows:", "(a) Provision is made for the secretariat for the reclassification of one post (from the P-3 to the P-4 level). Provision is also made for the continuation of one extrabudgetary post (1 General Service (Other level)) funded by member organizations;", "(b) Provision is made for the Investment Management Division for seven additional established posts (5 P-4, 2 P-3).", "67. The requested additional posts are summarized in table 10.", "Table 10 Summary of post requirements", "Section\tAction\tPost\tNumberofposts\tCategory \n Administration \n Programme support \nExecutive Office\tReclassification\tFinance andBudget Officer\t1\tP-3toP-4\n Investments \n Programme of work \nInvestmentsSection\tNewpost\tInvestmentOfficer —AlternativeInvestments\t1\tP-4\n\tNewpost\tInvestmentOfficer — GlobalEmerging Markets\t1\tP-4\n\tNewpost\tInvestmentOfficer — TradeExecution Officer\t1\tP-4\n\tNewpost\tInvestmentOfficer — NorthAmerican Equities\t1\tP-3\nRisk andCompliance Section\tNewpost\tDue Diligence andQuantitativeStrategic RiskManager\t1\tP-4\nOperations Section\tNewpost\tFinance Officer,Reconciliations\t1\tP-3\n Programme support \nInformationSystems Section\tNewpost\tData ManagementOfficer\t1\tP-4", "B. Administrative costs", "1. Overview", "68. The secretariat is responsible for managing the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund under the authority of the Pension Board. It aims to provide services to participants, as well as pension revenues and related benefits to retirees and beneficiaries in the best conditions of security, performance, responsibility and accountability and in full compliance with the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity. In order to deliver such services, the Fund must deal with an increasingly complex set of regulations, linked to past decisions taken either on the grounds of economy measures or in response to strong social demand for new categories of beneficiaries. It must also continue to adapt its processes and procedures to an ever changing banking and regulatory environment.", "69. The overall level of resources for administrative costs amounts to $96,873,100 before recosting, reflecting a net increase of $4,564,600, or 4.9 per cent, from the revised appropriations for the biennium 2010-2011. The net increase, as shown in table 12, can be summarized as follows:", "(a) Executive direction and management: the decrease of $1,104,400 relates to post requirements ($810,200), owing primarily to the redeployment of three posts (2 P-5, 1 General Service (Other level)) to the Legal Office. The decrease in non‑post costs is attributed to other staff costs ($50,100), consultants ($337,600) and travel ($114,500), with increases in contractual services ($112,000) and general operating expenses ($96,000).", "(b) Programme of work: the increase of $3,498,400 is the result of post requirements ($751,500), of which $147,400 is attributable to the net effect of the delayed recruitment factor and the redeployment of one post at the P-4 level to the Legal Office and $604,100 for the delayed recruitment factor for the 12 Integrated Pension Administration System temporary posts; and additional non-post resources of $2,746,900 in the form of an increase in general operating expenses ($2,846,300) and consultants ($100,000), and decreases in other staff costs ($199,400).", "(c) Programme support: the increase of $2,170,600 is attributable to increases in Information Management Systems Service resources ($2,084,100), the redeployment of the Legal Office from executive direction and management ($1,358,400) and a decrease for the Executive Office ($1,271,900). For the Information Management Systems Service, the increase in resources for temporary posts ($196,400) is the result of the delayed recruitment factor. With regard to non-post resources ($1,903,200), this is primarily the result of an increase in contractual services ($5,975,600), partially offset by decreases in requirements for furniture and equipment ($3,976,400), general operating expenses ($177,400) and travel of staff ($21,600). For the Legal Office, the increase in resources for posts is the result of the redeployment of three posts (2 P-5 and 1 General Service (Other level)) from the Office of the Chief Executive Officer and the redeployment, for supervisory purposes only, of one post at the P-4 level from the Geneva office. With regard to the Executive Office, the decrease in resources ($1,318,600) is attributable to non-post requirements for general operating expenses, specifically for the rental and maintenance of premises.", "70. The estimated distribution of resources is shown in table 11 and resource requirements by component in table 12.", "Table 11 Percentage distribution of resources by component: administrative costs", "Component Regular budget Extrabudgetary", "A. Executive direction and management 6.6", "B. Programme of work (operations, 35.1 100.0 financial services)", "C. Programme support", "1. Information Management Systems 44.7 Service", "2. Legal Office 1.4", "3. Executive Office 12.2", "Subtotal C 58.3", "Total 100.0 100.0", "Table 12 Resource requirements by component: administrative costs (Thousands of United States dollars)", "Component 2010/2011 Resource Total Recosting Apportionment 2012-2013 appropriation growth before estimate recosting\n Amount Percentage United Pension Nations Fund", "1. Regular budget", "A. Executive 7 486.9 (1 104.4) (14.8) 6 382.5 9.6 1 197.8 5 194.3 6 392.1 direction and management", "B. Programme of 30 470.0 3 498.4 11.5 33 968.4 908.7 9 527.5 25 349.6 34 877.1 work (operations, financial services)", "C. Support", "1. Information 41 240.8 2 084.1 5.1 43 324.9 562.4 5 704.7 38 182.6 43 887.3 Management Systems Service", "2. Legal Office — 1 358.4 — 1 358.4 (16.2) 447.4 894.8 1 342.2", "3. Executive 13 110.8 (1 271.9) (9.7) 11 838.9 70.0 3 590.6 8 318.3 11 908.9 Office", "Subtotal C 54 351.9 2 170.6 4.0 56 522.2 616.2 9 742.7 47 395.7 57 138.4", "Total 92 308.5 4 564.6 4.9 96 873.1 1 534.5 20 468.0 77 939.6 98 407.6", "2. 158.2 (5.3) (3.4) 152.9 3.9 — 156.8 156.8 Extrabudgetary", "2. Executive direction and management", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $6,382,500", "71. The Chief Executive Officer is responsible for managing the Fund, under the authority of the Pension Board, to provide related services to the member organizations and to the participants, retirees and beneficiaries. In providing such services, the Chief Executive Officer must ensure that a framework is in place so that the Fund can operate in the best conditions of security, performance, responsibility and accountability and in full compliance with the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity. As part of its responsibility within such a framework, the Fund must deal with an increasingly complex and continuously evolving plan design, as set out in its Regulations and Rules and in its very unique and complex pension adjustment system. The Chief Executive Officer must ensure that the Fund is in position to continuously and accurately weigh its actuarial costs to assess and manage risk, to adapt its plan design and to adjust its processes and procedures to accommodate an ever changing workforce that is clearly affected by long-term societal changes, including increased longevity, while at the same time carrying out its responsibilities in an evolving banking, accounting and regulatory environment.", "72. The Fund’s member organizations, the number of its participants, retirees and beneficiaries, the financial environment in which it operates and the value of the assets and liabilities under its management have all grown dramatically over the Fund’s 60 year history. The overall number of individuals serviced by the Fund, which amounts to 185,000, is expected to increase steadily in the medium-term and beyond. The international and multiorganizational nature, and the multitiered benefit structure of the Fund will all continue to present new and increasingly intricate and demanding challenges. There has been, and will continue to be, a steady and dramatic increase in the responsibilities and demands being placed on the Fund. In response to the Board’s request for a more strategic approach to the Fund’s human resource requirements and with a view towards identifying its needs in the medium term, the Fund carried out a high-level review that took into account the circumstances and pressing challenges facing the Fund, which was presented to the Pension Board at its 2010 session.", "Table 13 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:To ensure the fullimplementation of the Fund’sprogramme of work in compliancewith Regulations and Rules ofthe Fund and with decisions andguidelines issued by thePension Board and GeneralAssembly\t(1) Effective management of theFund’s programme of work\t(1.1) All detailed action plans,projects and studiessuccessfully monitored andimplemented Performance measures 2008-2009: 100 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent (2) Effectivebackstopping/servicing/managementof the Pension Board andCommittees\t(2.1) No complaints receivedfrom the Pension Board, StandingCommittee, Committee ofActuaries, Audit Committee andWorking Groups about supportprovided Performance measures (number ofcomplaints) 2008-2009: no complaints aboutsupport provided Estimate 2010-2011: nocomplaints about supportprovided \n Target 2012-2013: no complaints (3) Effective management ofFund-wide governance mechanismsfor human resources, riskmanagement, businesscontinuity/recovery,information technology, newaccounting standards andasset-liability management\t(3.1) Successful monitoring andimplementation of activitiesdecided by the Working Groupsand Steering CommitteesPerformance measures2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011:100 per centof performance indicators \n\t2012-2013: 100 per cent ofperformance indicators(4) Effective strategicplanning for the Fund\t(4.1) Strategic planningexercise conducted every twoyears Performance measures 2008-2009: 100 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent", "External factors", "73. Executive Direction and Management is expected to achieve its objective and expected accomplishments on the assumption that adequate human and financial resources are provided.", "Other outputs", "74. During the biennium, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) Servicing of intergovernmental and expert bodies: two Pension Board sessions; three meetings of the Committee of Actuaries, and approximately four Working Groups; one joint session of the Committee of Actuaries and the Investments Committee; six meetings of the Audit Committee; four meetings of the United Nations Staff Pension Committee;", "(b) Drafting of documents: approximately 100 papers for submission to the Pension Board, Committee of Actuaries and Working Groups and 15 notes to the Audit Committee in addition to the technical and administrative servicing of its sessions;", "(c) Other substantive activities:", "(i) Efficient succession planning for retiring staff; advance planning to avoid vacancies arising from the retirement of staff and to encumber other vacant posts, owing to staff turnover, within five months of the vacancy being announced;", "(ii) Efficient administration and control of the following:", "• Integrated Pension Administration System project", "• Business continuity and disaster recovery planning", "• Enterprise-wide risk management", "• Human resources policy and human resources medium-term plan", "• Information technology consolidation", "• Asset liability management study", "• Business impact analysis", "• Data warehouse", "• Procurement Advisory Committee.", "Table 14 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 3 641.0 2 830.8 11 8", "Non-post 3 845.9 3 551.7 — —", "Total 7 486.9 6 382.5 11 8", "75. The amount of $6,382,500 will provide for the continuation of eight existing posts (1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3, 1 General Service (Principal level) and 1 General Service (Other level)), and non-post resources relate to the Administration as a whole. The reduction of $810,200 in post resources is the result of the redeployment of the three authorized posts (2 P-5 and 1 General Service (Other level)) from the Legal Office to programme support. Non-post resources have decreased owing primarily to reductions in other staff costs ($50,100), travel ($114,500) and consultants ($337,600) and increases in contractual services, attributable to the consulting actuary ($112,000), and general operating expenses for the Fund’s cost-sharing of the cases in the United Nations Appeals Tribunal ($96,000).", "3. Programme of work", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $33,968,400", "76. The programme of work, which includes operations and the financial services of both the New York and Geneva offices, is responsible for the core functions of the Fund, including, but not limited to, the determination of eligibility to participate and the affiliation of new participants into the Fund, along with the recordkeeping of historical personal and financial data, collection and recording of contributions into the Fund, calculation and set up for payment of all pension entitlements, the payment of subsequent pension benefits and all related accounting activities. This programme is also responsible for the client servicing functions in respect to the Fund’s 185,000 active participants, retirees and other beneficiaries.", "77. It should be recalled that following a recommendation made on the basis of the Whole Office Review that was carried out in 2008, the Chief Executive Officer decided to segregate Operations and the Fund’s Financial Services. It was decided that although there was an important link between the calculation and processing of entitlements as carried out by Operations, and the payment of and accounting for the ensuing benefits as carried out by the Financial Services, there should nevertheless be a distinct and separate segregation of the functions. Operations focuses on the integrity of the calculation, which, once established, remains valid for the lifetime of the retiree and any eligible survivor. Financial Services focuses on the integrity of the payment. By separating these functions and establishing Financial Services as separate and distinct from Operations, clear responsibility was established and greater accountability was institutionalized between these two core functions of the Fund that make up the programme of work.", "Operations", "78. Operations comprises the Pension Entitlements Sections and the Client Services, Records Management and Distribution work units in both the New York and Geneva offices. The Chief of Operations is responsible for the management and direction of the service in accordance with the goals set out in the Fund’s Management Charter and for ensuring adherence to the Fund’s Regulations, Rules and Pension Adjustment System, while duly operating within specific quality management, internal control and communications policies. Operations expects to process in excess of 55,000 new participants, separations and transfers in and out of the Fund during the biennium 2012-2013.[1] It also expects to process some 6,000 pension benefits after initial separation from service, which are among the most complex, and thus time-consuming, benefits to process (i.e., death after service, survivor benefits that sometimes involve multiple spouses residing in various locations, residual settlements, deferred benefits into payment, two-track cases that sometimes involve reversion to the United States dollar track, benefits payable to surviving divorced spouses, surviving spouse annuities, special measure cases, etc.). In addition to some 225,000 benefit estimates provided through the Fund’s website (i.e., during 2010), Operations also expects to provide during the next biennium some 5,500 individual benefit estimates that often involve personal consultations. During the biennium 2012-2013, the service also expects to dispatch, track and record upon receipt over 100,000 certificates of entitlement and to scan over 1,200,000 documents into the Fund’s content management system.", "Table 15 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:To ensure that all eligibleparticipants, retirees andother beneficiaries areserviced in accordance with theRegulations, Rules and PensionAdjustment System of the Fund,while fully adhering to thecommunications, qualitymanagement and internal controlpolicies as outlined in theFund’s management charter\t(1) Effective processing ofPension Fund benefitentitlements\t(1.1) Increased percentage ofwithdrawal settlements,retirement benefits and otherbenefits processed within15 business days Performance measures forprocessing full withdrawalsettlements, periodic retirementbenefits and lump-sumcommutation benefits (Benchmark: 15 business days) 2004-2005: 72 per cent of casescompleted within 15 days 2006-2007: 79 per cent of casescompleted within 15 days 2008-2009: 80 per cent of casescompleted within 15 days Estimate 2010-2011: 77 per centof cases completed within 15days \n\tTarget 2012-2013: 80 per cent ofcases completed within 15 days(2) Enhanced quality ofclient-oriented services to thePension Fund clientele\t(2.1) Increased percentage ofincoming correspondence throughmail and e-mail responded towithin 15 business days Performance measures (Benchmark: 15 business days) 2004-2005: 31 per cent ofqueries responded to within15 business days 2006-2007: 55 per cent ofqueries responded to within15 business days 2008-2009: 75 per cent ofqueries responded to within15 business days Estimate 2010-2011: 82 per centof queries responded to within15 business days \n\tTarget 2012-2013: 82 per cent ofqueries responded to within 15business days(3) Improved communication\t(3.1) Increased number ofbriefings and seminars forparticipants, beneficiaries,staff pension committees andcounterparts among finance andhuman resources staff ofparticipating organizations Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: 65 \n Target 2012-2013: 75", "External factors", "79. Operations is expected to achieve its objectives on the assumption that adequate human and financial resources are available. Recognition must therefore be given to the critical juncture in the evolution of the Fund that is outside its control. The Fund is experiencing rapid growth in the population it services. At the same time, improvements in longevity are resulting in the ageing of the Fund’s clientele, which in turn often requires more extensive consultations and other special client servicing needs.", "Outputs", "80. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) Process during the biennium an estimated 18,000 withdrawal settlements and retirement benefits;[2]", "(b) Process an estimated 6,000 other benefits after initial retirement benefit (i.e., survivor, child, two-track benefits, etc.);", "(c) Determine eligibility and affiliation into the Fund of some 30,000 new participants;", "(d) Dispatch, track and record upon receipt some 100,000 certificates of entitlement;", "(e) Respond to an estimated 15,000 inquiries by mail and e-mail;", "(f) Receive and provide services to an estimated 11,000 walk-in clients;", "(g) Pre-implementation tasks, such as data cleansing and quality management, documentation of procedures, algorithms and subsequent transition to the Integrated Pension Administration System platform;", "(h) Efficient recording, monitoring and enhancement of the controls of its client interfaces;", "(i) Review, assessment, development and implementation of a client relationship management system;", "(j) Review and development of enhanced training materials for workshops and seminars that are to be provided to Fund staff (in both the New York and Geneva offices), participants, retirees and other beneficiaries, as well as to the Staff Pension Committee secretariats and other human resources staff of member organizations;", "(k) Development and implementation of a secure signature system to add graphical signatures for comparison purposes to the electronic folders of each individual being serviced by the Fund;", "(l) Enhancement of the controls and a redesign of the certificate of entitlement form, with further efforts to streamline the overall certification process;", "(m) Enhancement and continued development of performance data for both internal requirements and the various oversight bodies;", "(n) Enhancement of outreach capabilities through seminars and training to be provided to participants, retirees and other beneficiaries, Staff Pension Committee secretariats, various subcommittees (including both advisory and working groups) and members of the Board.", "Financial services", "81. The Financial Services Section provides comprehensive services through its Payments, Accounts and Cashier/Cash Management Units, and is accountable for all financial, accounting and disbursement operations of the Fund. The Fund’s annual financial transactions amount to some $3.8 billion (considering both benefit payments and contribution collections). Every month, the Fund processes approximately 62,000 (as of the 2009 audited financial statements of the Fund) periodic benefit payments in 15 currencies and effects payments to retirees and other beneficiaries residing in over 190 countries. The Section is also responsible for producing accurate and timely financial statements for the Fund as a whole, including the Investment Management Division, and for liaising and coordinating with both internal and external auditors with regard to the financial aspects of the Fund.", "Table 16 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:To ensure the timely, accurateand secure payment of benefitsand full accountability forall financial, accounting, anddisbursement operations of theFund, including the issuanceof accurate and timelyfinancial statements andliaison with both internal andexternal auditors regardingfinancial matters\t\n(1) Effective management ofbenefit payments\t(1.1) Timely issuance of thePension Fund payroll Performance measures 2008-2009: 1,200,000 Estimate 2010-2011: 1,300,000 \n Target 2012-2013: 1,400,000 \n\t(1.2) Timely, accurate and securepayment of Pension Fund periodicbenefit payments Performance measures 2008-2009: 100 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent \n\t(1.3) Timely, accurate and securepayment of Pension Fundnon-periodic benefit payments (15days of receipt of appropriatedocuments for payments related tobenefit reinstatements and 30days for all other payments) Performance measures (Payments related to benefitreinstatements made within 15days of receipt of theappropriate documents; all otherpayments within 30 days ofreceipt) 2008-2009: 100 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent \n(2) Enhanced quality andconsistency of contributionrecording, including timelyreconciliation of participantreconciliation exception casesthat arise from the year-endprocess\t(2.1) Number of resolvedparticipant reconciliationexceptions Performance measures 2008-2009: 9,000 Estimate 2010-2011: 10,000 \n Target 2012-2013: 11,000 \n\t(2.2) All participant recordsverified within six weeks ofreceipt of year-end schedule Performance measures (Verify records for allparticipants within six weeks ofreceipt of year-end schedule) 2008-2009: 100 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent \n(3) Provision of quality andconsistent financialstatements and establishmentof policies and procedures toimplement appropriateIPSAS/International AccountingStandards\t(3.1) Timely provision offinancial statements (draftstatement issued by 15 April ofthe following year) Performance measures (draft statement issued by 15April of the following year) 2008-2009: by the due date Estimate 2010-2011: by the duedate \n Target 2012-2013: by the due date\n\t(3.2) Increased percentage ofIPSAS/ International AccountingStandards and disclosurerequirements adopted Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: beginadoption of certain IPSAS/International AccountingStandards and disclosurerequirements \n\tTarget 2012-2013: Full adoptionof IPSAS/ InternationalAccounting standards for 2012financials. Annual auditsanticipated.", "External factors", "82. This subprogramme is expected to achieve its objectives unless affected by events such as: (a) political conflicts and natural disasters around the world causing interruption of banking services available to pensioners; (b) unanticipated system implementation delays causing IPSAS financial statement information to be delayed; and (c) growth of the Fund, leading to inadequate staffing resources to properly serve the pensioners.", "Outputs", "83. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) Production of three sets of financial statements and associated documents; preparation of updated financial statements in the light of the change from United Nations system accounting standards to full adoption of IPSAS and International Accounting Standard 26 for the 2012 financial statements;", "(b) Reduction in the number of outstanding audit observations between reports (allowing for additional observations arising in the interim) on the areas under supervision and technical accounting issues;", "(c) Full reconciliation for all remitting entities to be produced in the specified timeframe of six months following the submission of the year-end schedules;", "(d) Full reconciliation of the data held in the master separation file records to payroll history records for the annual and biennial close;", "(e) Conduct presentations and training on contribution related participant reconciliation exceptions issues in New York and Geneva and with large reporting entities;", "(f) Bank reconciliations for all accounts to be completed on a monthly basis in a timely manner;", "(g) Comply, on a timely basis, to any updated banking requirements regarding payments to pensioners;", "(h) With regard to payments to pensioners:", "(i) Ensure timely receipt of pensioner payments;", "(ii) Reduce banking fees to the Fund;", "(iii) Reduce or eliminate bank charges to pensioners wherever possible.", "Table 17 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2012 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 27 874.7 28 626.2 137 136", "Non-post 2 595.3 5 342.2 — —", "Subtotal 30 470.0 33 968.4 137 136", "Extrabudgetary 158.2 152.9 1 1", "Total 30 628.2 34 121.3 138 137", "84. The amount of $34,121,300 will provide for the continuation of 137 posts; 124 established posts (3 D-1, 3 P-5, 9 P-4, 13 P-3, 1 P-2, 8 General Service (Principal level) and 87 General Service (Other level)); one General Service (Other level) post funded from extrabudgetary resources; 12 temporary posts (6 P-4, 2 P-3, 4 General Service (Other level)) and the redeployment of one Legal Officer post at the P-4 level in the Geneva office under the control of the Legal Office, and for non‑post requirements. The increase in non-post resources relates to higher requirements for consultants ($100,000) and general operating expenses ($2,846,300), partially offset by a decrease in general temporary assistance ($199,400). The large increase in general operating expenses is owing entirely to bank charges that were deducted from the proposed budget for 2010-2011 by the Pension Board.", "85. At its 186th meeting, the Standing Committee reviewed a note on the after-service health insurance premium deduction programme undertaken by the Fund. As a result, extrabudgetary resources referred to above were approved and funded by participating member organizations at no cost to the Fund.", "4. Programme support", "Information Management Systems Service", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $43,324,900", "86. Under the guidance of the Pension Fund governance model for information and communications technology, the Information Management Systems Service is responsible for the Fund’s information system services, maintaining information and communications technologies, coordinating the implementation of strategic decisions taken by the Information Technology Executive Committee, establishing training plans for information and communications technology staff and providing the necessary tools for supporting knowledge exchange and cooperative work.", "87. The Service is responsible for the provision of overall computing office automation; software/systems design, development and implementation; hardware support; telecommunications; shared infrastructure services, including the Investment Management Division; supervision and technical leadership of information technology operations in the Geneva office of the Fund; and management of resources, infrastructure and conference support.", "Table 18 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:To facilitate the achievementof the operational andstrategic goals of the Fundthrough the efficient andeffective use of informationand communications technology\t(1) Progress in modernizing theFund’s information systemsplatform\t(1.1) The enterprise informationtechnology architecture thatsupports the redesigned businessprocesses Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Target 2010-2011: projectdeliverables completed accordingto milestone dates \n\tTarget 2012-2013: projectdeliverables completed accordingto milestone dates\n(2) Increased efficiency andeffectiveness in serviceprovided to clients\t(2.1) Percentage of time wheninformation technology servicesare available to clients Performance measures 2008-2009: 99 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 99 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 99 per cent \n(3) Improved informationtechnology services\t(3.1) Percentage of informationtechnology systems atsatisfactory level (or above) ofsupport Performance measures 2008-2009: 95 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 95 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 95 per cent \n(4) Increased use of electronicrepositories for sharinginformation\t(4.1) Percentage of InformationManagement Systems Servicedocumentation available withinthe knowledge management system Performance measures 2008-2009: 80 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 95 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 95 per cent \n(5) Increased informationsecurity\t(5.1) Percentage increase incompliance, for the defineddeliverables as per theInternational Organization forStandardization 17799 securitystandards, measured annually Performance measures 2008-2009: 78 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 90 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 90 per cent \n(6) Improved sharing ofelectronic information withparticipants, beneficiaries andother clients\t(6.1) Percentage of participantssharing human resourcesinformation electronically Performance measures 2008-2009: 75 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 80 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 80 per cent \n\t(6.2) Percentage of participantssharing financial informationelectronically Performance measures 2008-2009: 10 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 20 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 30 per cent", "External factors", "88. This subprogramme is expected to achieve its objectives and accomplishments on the assumption that: (a) the evolution of technology is in line with expectations; (b) resources both internal and outsourced are made available to meet critical targets; and (c) stakeholders fulfil their responsibilities and obligations and extend their full cooperation in attaining the objectives of the information and communications technology strategy, most importantly during the process review and redesign stages of activity.", "Outputs", "89. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "Enterprise operations services", "(a) Translating the organization’s functional and operational requirements into the effective and efficient acquisition and implementation of information and communications technology architecture for the proposed Integrated Pension Administration System initiative with a focus on improving the management of information and the efficiency of the Fund’s operations;", "(b) Policies. Ensuring that all information and communications technology services delivered by the Information Management Systems Service meet the expectations of the Fund’s Information Technology Executive Committee and relevant industry standards to the extent possible (e.g., Information Technology Infrastructure Library); enforcing network security in line with International Organization for Standardization security standard ISO-20002 for the Fund’s information and communications technology infrastructure;", "(c) Communications. Provision of backbone communications services, including Internet, private leased lines, telecommunication devices and equipment, and the required communication lines that are used for connecting the various offices of the Fund, including the Fund secretariat, the Geneva office, the Investment Management Division and the newly established information technology infrastructure hosting arrangement with the International Computing Centre; upgrading the New York backbone network infrastructure with robust capabilities to support users with diverse requirements for high-speed mission-critical data, voice and video traffic to the desktop;", "(d) Information and communications technology infrastructure services. Multishift operations, management and maintenance of Information and Communications Technology Infrastructure Services, such as server management, middleware management, and data backup in New York, New Jersey, and Geneva to support the operations of the Fund. Monitoring applications, equipment, network loads and traffic from the command centre to prevent failure of services. They will also ensure that software versions are at current levels where practical and, if necessary, perform systems upgrades using software development life-cycle methodologies;", "(e) Infrastructure architecture services. Developing and implementing information and communications technology infrastructure based on best technology standards and practices that will emphasize integration, interoperability, modularity and scalability with a periodic technology refresh; provide a guide to information technology decision makers, lower costs of information technology through reduced support costs and economies of scale;", "(f) User support/help desk. Provide technical, operational and help desk support for applications, servers, personal computers and mobile devices connected to the Pension Fund networks; provide infrastructure support for approved software applications, such as productivity systems, e-mail, knowledge management systems and custom applications; operation of and the provision of support to conference room facilities and equipment, including video/audio and projection functions;", "(g) Messaging. Provision and maintenance of electronic messaging services, including e-mail, videoconferencing services and unified messaging; provision and maintenance of mobile messaging and communications for handheld devices and services.", "Enterprise applications services", "(a) Development. Maintain systems that enhance productivity and efficiency by incorporating those that reduce manual processing of benefits; enhance participant and beneficiary processing and relate to banking, accounting system and workflow interfaces;", "(b) Enterprise systems maintenance. Maintain and enhance enterprise systems for core business applications, including pension administration, accounting and content management;", "(c) Maintenance of member organization information-sharing. Provision and maintenance of member organization information-sharing for the data collection of human resources and financial information, maintenance of custom interfaces and systems programmes to enhance human resources and financial data collection with the various enterprise resource planning interfaces used by organizations, and maintenance of electronic file transfer interface to securely support the sharing and translation of information.", "Enterprise data services", "(a) Database administration. Implement, maintain and enhance the availability of Pension Fund databases across various information technology platforms; perform database upgrades; monitor usage and resolve problems; create new tables and views; identify data integrity issues; and support system development activities as they relate to database access in line with business requirements;", "(b) System programming. Implement and maintain database systems and host computer operating systems and programmes to the extent necessary to provide mission-critical data to various applications and interfaces;", "(c) Data warehouse support. Implement, maintain and enhance the availability of the data warehouse system; provide data cleansing and federation across various platforms;", "(d) Management reporting. Implement, maintain and enhance management reporting using business intelligence tools.", "Enterprise Security Services", "(a) Information security. Periodic security risk assessments of technological structures and operations of the Pension Fund offices in New York and Geneva and securing the network using various security tools, including firewalls, anti-spam and anti-virus solutions;", "(b) Identity management. Provide the ability to centrally manage the provisioning and deprovisioning of identities, and consolidate the proliferation of identity repositories;", "(c) Disaster recovery. Formulate, adopt and implement a multi-year disaster recovery strategy to support Pension Fund business continuity requirements.", "Enterprise project management services", "(a) Governance. Enhance and implement the programme management infrastructure with strong governance utilizing the model established by the governing bodies of the Information Management Systems Service;", "(b) Project management methodology. Provide guidance in project management processes and methodologies in a manner that is efficient, consistent and standardized;", "(c) Project management support. Update, monitor and maintain the project portfolio in accordance with project management methodologies; provide mentoring and coaching in an effort to raise the project management maturity level of the organization;", "(d) Audit governance. Manage and comply with internal and external audit observations as they relate to information and technology services.", "Enterprise quality and production control services", "(a) Quality standardization. Identify and document the requirements for various quality standards for implementation within the Information Management Systems Service;", "(b) Change management. Identify and implement a complete change management framework with proper segregation of duties;", "(c) Service level and delivery agreements. Compile statistics and manage all service level and delivery agreements of the Information Management Systems Service;", "(d) Production control. Oversee the quality assurance function to ensure that all systems are placed into the production environment only after undergoing a comprehensive evaluation and user acceptance test.", "Contract management services", "Monitor and manage the various components of the budget of the Information Management System Service; provide administrative support to information and communications technology services, including the identification of available resources, the entry of pre-encumbrances and the processing of requisitions, purchase orders and related invoices; account for the assets of the Service; manage vendor relationships, including those with technology partners, contractors and outsourcers; provide expert level knowledge in the development of generic specifications for technology procurement; work directly with the United Nations Procurement Service to ensure that value-added solutions are provided at the lowest possible cost.", "Table 19", "Resource requirements", "Category Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 8 426.7 8 607.6 32 31", "Non-post 32 814.1 34 717.3 — —", "Total 41 240.8 43 324.9 32 31", "90. The amount of $43,324,900 will provide for the continuation of 31 posts; 26 established posts (1 D-1, 2 P-5, 6 P-4, 10 P-3, 1 General Service (Principal level) and 6 General Service (Other level)); 5 temporary posts (1 P-5, 1 P-4, 2 P-3 and 1 General Service (Other level)) and non-post resources. One temporary post at the P-4 level was authorized for 12 months only, and this post was abolished in 2011. The increase in non-post resources ($1,903,200) is attributable primarily to other staff costs ($127,000) and contractual services ($5,975,900), partially offset by decreases in requirements for furniture and equipment ($3,976,400), travel of staff ($21,600) and general operating expenses ($177,400). The total resources requested for the Integrated Pension Administration System project in the amount of $12,661,400 is attributable to contractual services ($11,466,300) and temporary posts ($1,195,100).", "Legal Office", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $1,358,400", "91. The Legal Office continues to provide unified legal service for the Fund’s management and operations in the New York and Geneva offices. It will provide substantive, procedural and administrative support to the Audit Committee and the Standing Committee (appeals) of the Pension Board as well as to the United Nations Staff Pension Committee (disability cases). The Office will ensure that the Fund’s operations comply with the Regulations and Rules of the Fund and that the Regulations are consistently interpreted. In addition to all sections and offices in the secretariat of the Fund, legal services and support are provided to participants and retirees and/or their legal representatives in regard to the application of the Fund’s Regulations and Rules in individual cases. The Office has focused on a new approach to the documentation and dissemination of legal precedents, rulings and policy decisions. Such promotion of knowledge-sharing facilitates the efficient use of legal information and experience accumulated by the Legal Office, enhances the use of best practices, and enables managers and staff to take into account legal risks in their daily decision-making.", "Table 20", "Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:To protect the legal interestsof the Fund and to provideexpert legal advice on PensionFund matters to the ChiefExecutive Officer, the PensionBoard and Standing Committeeand other governance bodies ofthe Pension Fund\t\n(1) Improved uniformity andconsistency in the applicationof the Regulations, Rules andPension Adjustment System ofthe Pension Fund\t(1.1) Reduced number of requestsfor review and appeals where theFund’s position is not upheld byeither the Standing Committee orthe Appeals Tribunal Performance measures 2008-2009: 90 per cent of casesupheld Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per centof cases upheld \n\tTarget 2012-2013: 100 per centof cases upheld\n(2) Modernized and improvedcommunication andknowledge-sharing in respect oflegal matters\t(2.1) The number of legaldecisions and jurisprudencedocumented and disseminatedusing the Pension Fund CaseDigest and other knowledgemanagement tools Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per centof Standing Committee andTribunal cases, 10 per cent oflegal rulings codified \n\tTarget 2012-2013: 100 per centof Standing Committee andTribunal cases, 30 per cent oflegal rulings codified(3) Improved organizational andprocedural aspects of meetingservicing, as well as enhancedsubstantive support to themembers of the Committees\t(3.1) The satisfaction of themembers of the Pension Board,Standing Committee, AuditCommittee and the United NationsStaff Pension Committeeconcerning the level and qualityof substantive secretariatservices Performance measures 2008-2009: no complaints aboutsupport Estimate 2010-2011: nocomplaints about support \n\tTarget 2012-2013: no complaintsabout support", "External factors", "92. The Legal Office is expected to achieve its objective and expected accomplishments on the assumption that: (a) the Fund’s committees, Pension Board, member organizations, operational staff and management will seek legal advice when the legal interests or liabilities of the Fund are affected by their activities and operations; (b) legal advice is sought in a timely manner and clients provide sufficient information for legal analysis and will be guided by the advice rendered; and (c) the required human and financial resources will be made available.", "Outputs", "93. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) Provision of advice on questions relating to interpretation and application of the Fund’s Regulations, Administrative Rules and Pension Adjustment System, provision of operational support in respect of administrative polices and procedures;", "(b) Provision of advice on and, as appropriate, supervision and oversight of the review, negotiation and drafting of agreements and other legal instruments with member organizations, as well as other international and intergovernmental organizations;", "(c) Provision of advice and preparation of documentation regarding institutional and operational modalities, legal submissions and other legal documents; preparation of respondent’s answers to the United Nations Appeals Tribunal in cases concerning pension matters (10 instances);", "(d) Preparation of legal publications or communications to Fund participants/beneficiaries, pension secretariats and administrations of member organizations, including the relevant material for the Fund’s website;", "(e) Servicing of the meetings of the United Nations Staff Pension Committee, Standing Committee and Audit Committee, including streamlining and modernizing information-sharing, by electronic dissemination of documents through web-based Quick Places and the other knowledge management tools of the Fund:", "(i) Provision of advice on rules of procedure, interpretation and implementation of resolutions and Pension Board/Committee decisions;", "(ii) Substantive, technical and administrative servicing of the meetings of the Standing Committee (2 instances), including the preparation of approximately 12 requests for review and appeals; analysis of legal issues and the preparation of reports and documentation;", "(iii) Substantive, technical and administrative servicing of the meetings of the United Nations Staff Pension Committee (4 instances); preparation of applications for disability benefits (approximately 140 new adult cases, 40 child cases and approximately 190 review cases and 2 appeals cases); preparation of reports and documentation;", "(iv) Substantive, technical and administrative servicing of the meetings of the Audit Committee (6 instances), including the coordination of preparation of documentation and reports;", "(f) Codification and systematic dissemination of the jurisprudence of the Standing Committee and Administrative Tribunal cases as well as other legal reference files, opinions, policy decisions and guidelines;", "(g) Liaison with member organizations of the Fund, their Staff Pension Committees and other international organizations on issues related to legal questions in pension schemes;", "(h) Representation of the Fund at international or regional meetings, inter-agency meetings and meetings of legal advisers of member organizations, and participation in various standing boards, committees, ad hoc working groups and task forces, as required.", "Table 21", "Resource requirements", "Category Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post — 1 358.4 — 4", "Non-post — —", "Total — 1 358.4 — 4", "94. In order to more clearly analyse programme support, the Legal Office has been segregated from the Office of the Chief Executive Officer and redesignated as a subprogramme of programme support. The amount of $1,358,400 provides for the continuation of four posts, three redeployed from the Office of the Chief Executive Officer (2 P-5 and 1 General Service (Other level)) and one from the Geneva Office (1 P-4, Legal Officer). The latter will be located in Geneva.", "Executive Office", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $11,838,900", "95. The Executive Office provides the administrative and programme support necessary for the implementation of the activities of the Fund. It assists the Chief Executive Officer and the Director of the Investment Management Division in the preparation of the biennial budget submission and provides the relevant support services for the efficient utilization of human and financial resources. It also provides a general administration and facilities management service.", "Table 22", "Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:To facilitate the achievementof the operational andstrategic goals of the Fundthrough efficient andeffective administrative andprogramme support\t\n(1) Timely recruitment andplacement of staff\t(1.1) Reduction in the averagenumber of working days a postremains vacant Performance measures 2008-2009: 200 days Estimate 2010-2011: 180 days \n Target 2012-2013: 150 days \n\t(1.2) Increased percentage ofwomen in posts at theProfessional level and above forappointments of one year or more Performance measures 2008-2009: 32 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 39 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 45 per cent \n(2) Improved versatility ofstaff by internal and externaltraining\t(2.1) Increased production ofbespoke learning coursesavailable Performance measures 2008-2009: 30 Estimate 2010-2011: 38 \n Target 2012-2013: 48 \n\t(2.2) Increased staffparticipation in and successfulcompletion of learning and careerdevelopment programmes Performance measures 2008-2009: 618 Estimate 2010-2011: 700 \n Target 2012-2013: 700 \n(3) Improved management andmonitoring of the Fund’sadministrative budget\t(3.1) Reduce unliquidatedobligations and cancellation ofprior-period obligations as apercentage of finalappropriations Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: 9 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 8 per cent \n(4) Enhanced quality andtimeliness of facilities andproperty services\t(4.1) Decreased working days lostdue to downtime of buildingfacilities Performance measures 2008-2009: zero Estimate 2010-2011: zero \n Target 2012-2013: zero", "External factors", "96. The Executive Office is expected to achieve its objective and expected accomplishments on the assumption that the required human and financial resources are made available.", "Outputs", "97. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) Human resources management:", "(i) Provision of policy advice to all staff on all issues relating to human resources management;", "(ii) Manage tracking data of job openings for hiring managers to support recruitment targets;", "(iii) Report on electronic Performance Appraisal System compliance data to directors;", "(iv) Schedule interviews for all INSPIRA and temporary vacancy announcement recruitment;", "(v) Deal with issues related to staff-management relations (rebuttal panels, etc.);", "(b) Staff training and career development:", "(i) Develop Fund-specific courses and facilitate knowledge transfer for a learning management system platform in coordination with the Information Management Systems Service;", "(ii) Arrange training courses on Fund premises;", "(iii) Monitor and track mandatory courses for all staff;", "(iv) Induct all new staff into the Fund;", "(v) Provide career development advice;", "(c) Administration:", "(i) Provide day-to-day administrative support to the staff of the Fund;", "(ii) Maintain the staffing table;", "(iii) Process General Service and Professional personnel actions to meet payroll each month;", "(iv) Renew staff contracts two months prior to expiration by alerting supervisors for recommendations;", "(v) Analyse individual staff cases of benefits and entitlements in accordance with United Nations policy and action any change or update to individual benefits and entitlements;", "(vi) Provision of certified business travel to the Fund staff and associated personnel;", "(vii) Arranging travel for United Nations members of the Pension Board and members of the Audit Committee and Committee of Actuaries and the staff of the Fund;", "(viii) Maintain time and attendance records;", "(ix) Maintenance of Quick Place website for Audit Committee members to access documentation related to meetings;", "(d) Finance and Budgetary Control:", "(i) Provide guidance to programme managers on, and completion of the Fund’s biennial and revised budgets;", "(ii) Issuance and revision of allotments;", "(iii) Certification of all expenditures;", "(iv) Monitoring and reporting expenditure to programme managers on a monthly basis;", "(v) Provision of advice and guidance on the application of the Financial Regulations and Rules to programme managers;", "(vi) Control of the administrative budget, including verification of invoices prior to payment;", "(vii) Completion of schedule I (Status of appropriations in relation to administrative expenses) of the Fund’s annual financial statement;", "(viii) Reconciliation of administrative expenses between the Fund and United Nations Secretariat;", "(e) Facilities and property management:", "(i) Ensure that facilities are maintained and are in operational condition;", "(ii) Coordinate with building management and vendors for any required repairs;", "(iii) Manage contracts relating to the office space;", "(iv) Provide support in the planning and configuration of new and existing office space;", "(v) Maintain and support the asset/inventory management system for fixed assets of the Fund;", "(vi) Coordinate disposal of obsolete equipment and furniture;", "(vii) Maintain and support the Fund emergency notification system;", "(viii) Maintain emergency contact information for staff of the Fund for security/emergency action purposes.", "Table 23 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 1 659.3 1 718.6 7 7", "Non-post 11 451.5 10 120.3 — —", "Total 13 110.8 11 838.9 7 7", "98. The amount of $11,838,900, representing a decrease of $1,271,900, provides for the continuation of seven posts (1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3 and 4 General Service (Other level)) and the reclassification of one P-3 post as a P-4 post, and for non-post requirements for the Administration as a whole. The decrease in non-post resources of $1,331,200 is due primarily to a decrease in the rental and maintenance of premises as a result of the use of more accurate estimates.", "C. Investment costs", "1. Overview", "99. The Investment Management Division assists the Secretary-General, under the authority delegated by the Representative of the Secretary-General in accordance with article 19 of the Regulations of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, in the management of the investment of the Fund’s assets. It is responsible for the day-to-day management of those assets, implementing the approved investment strategy and ensuring that the portfolio conforms to the approved asset allocation, policies and Regulations and Rules of the Fund. Its mandate is to generate the total amount of portfolio returns required to meet the liability demands of the Fund while staying under the Fund’s risk threshold. The Division ensures that performance and portfolio risk analysis reports are accurate and up to date, and arranges for the maintenance of appropriate and accurate accounts on the Fund’s investments. The main sections of the Division are: the Office of the Director, the Investment Section, the Risk and Compliance Section, the Operations Section and the Information Systems Section.", "100. The overall level of resources for the Investment Management Division amounts to $91,799,300 before recosting, reflecting a net increase of $10,601,800, or 13.1 per cent, compared with the revised appropriations for the 2010-2011 biennium. The net increase, as shown in table 25, can be summarized as follows:", "(a) Executive direction and management: the decrease of $1,567,900 relates to the decrease in non-post costs, comprising primarily decreases in travel ($1,382,200), consultants ($2,028,800) and other staff costs ($1,665,100), which have been requested under the relevant programme, offset by an increase in posts ($508,200) due to the redeployment of one P-4 Legal Officer from the Risk and Compliance Section and one General Service (Other level) post from the Operations Section and contractual services ($3,000,000);", "(b) Programme of work: the increase of $7,451,700 is attributable to six additional posts offset by the redeployment of two posts to the Office of the Director ($1,115,100) and non-post resources of $6,336,600, attributable to contractual services ($2,772,200); in addition, other staff costs ($1,416,200), travel of staff ($1,271,200) and consultants ($877,000), all of which were requested under executive direction and management in previous submissions, have been requested under programme of work;", "(c) Programme support: the net increase of $4,718,000 for the Information Systems Section ($5,794,500) is attributable to one additional post ($863,600), an increase in contractual services ($4,040,000), other staff costs ($779,300) and travel ($111,000), the latter two of which were requested under executive direction and management in prior submissions, which is offset in part by a decrease in administrative support of $1,076,500 under rental and maintenance of premises due to the completion of the renovation of the thirtieth floor of 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza for the Division.", "101. The estimated distribution of resources is shown in table 24, and resource requirements by component are shown in table 25.", "Table 24 Percentage distribution of resources by component", "Component Regular budget", "A. Executive direction and management 7.7", "B. Programme of work", "1. Investments 53.9", "2. Risk and compliance 2.9", "3. Operations 12.0", "Subtotal, programme of work 68.8", "C. Support", "1. Information Systems Section 19.1", "2. Administrative support 4.4", "Subtotal, programme support 23.5", "Total 100.0", "Table 25 Resource requirements by component", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Component 2010-2011 Resource Total Recosting Apportionment 2012-2013 appropriation growth before estimate recosting\n Amount Percentage United Pension Nations Fund", "A. Executive 8 654.2 (1 567.9) (18.1) 7 086.3 52.33 — 7 138.6 7 138.6 direction and management", "B. Programme of work", "1. Investments 51 568.3 (2 091.7) (4.1) 49 476.6 655.8 — 50 132.4 50 132.4", "2. Risk and 1 931.6 680.1 35.2 2 611.7 (19.2) — 2 592.5 2 592.5 compliance", "3. Operations 2 178.5 8 863.3 406.9 11 041.8 179.9 — 11 221.7 11 221.7", "Subtotal, B 55 678.4 7 451.7 13.4 63 130.1 816.5 — 63 946.6 63 946.6", "C. Support", "1. Information 11 777.3 5 794.5 49.2 17 571.8 253.2 — 17 825.0 17 825.0", "2. 5 087.6 (1 076.5) (21.2) 4 011.1 16.9 — 4 028.0 4 028.0 Administrative", "Subtotal, C 16 864.9 4 718.0 28.0 21 582.9 270.1 — 21 853.0 21 853.0", "Total 81 197.5 10 601.8 13.1 91 799.3 1 138.9 — 92 938.2 92 938.2", "2. Executive direction and management", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $7,086,300", "102. The Director of the Investment Management Division sets forth the framework under which the sections of the Division establish their strategies and priorities to ensure that the Division carries out its mandate, while guaranteeing the best possible conditions of security, performance, responsibility and accountability and ensuring full compliance with the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity. The Director promotes the controlled, efficient and effective management of the assets of the Fund through a workplan designed to reflect the long-term goals and priorities of the Division and of the Fund as a whole. The Director leads the Division’s cooperation with the Fund’s Audit Committee, the United Nations Board of Auditors and the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS).", "103. The Office of the Director is responsible for providing critical legal, contract management and requisitioning services as well as administrative support, including making strategic human resources projections in response to the growing needs of the Division. The Office also provides services for and supports the Investments Committee.", "104. The objective is to develop the Office of the Director into a unit that would assist the Division in monitoring and coordinating the timely implementation of its workplan. The scope and responsibilities of the Office have increased and diversified as the Fund has grown in terms of both types of investments and number of staff and sections. Thus, provided that sufficient systems and staffing are available, the plan is to strengthen and expand the functioning of the Office by establishing specialized units with clear mandates and responsibilities to deal with legal and contract management; requisitioning, budget preparation and invoice processing; the Investments Committee and legislative bodies; and administration-related issues.", "Table 26 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:To ensure the fullimplementation of legislativemandates and compliance with theRegulations and Rules of theFund, taking into account therecommendations of theInvestments Committee and thedecisions of the Representativeof the Secretary-General withrespect to the management of theFund’s programme of work inrelation to investments and ofstaff and financial resources\t\n(1) Determining, in consultationwith the Representative of theSecretary-General, guidelines onasset allocation ranges,currency holdings, marketweightings, strategic andtactical short-term allocations;investment opportunities; andinformation systems andoperational infrastructure\t(1.1) Outperformance of Fund’sinvestments\n(2) Timely and effectiveplanning and coordination ofInvestment Management Divisionprocurement needs\t(2.1) Percentage of requestsfor proposal completed within 6months\n(3) Provision of a wide range oflegal advice on various types ofinvestments and contracts\t(3.1) Successful completion ofnew investment transactions andexecution of contracts\n(4) Effective servicing ofInvestments Committee and otherlegislative bodies\t(4.1) No complaints receivedfrom Investments Committeemembers and other participants\n(5) Timely recruitment andplacement of staff\t(5.1) Reduction in the averagenumber of days for which a postremains vacant\n\t(5.2) Reduction in the vacancyrate", "External factors", "105. The objective and accomplishments are expected to be achieved consistently on the assumption that (a) all stakeholders will be supportive of the efforts of and will extend their full cooperation to the Investment Management Division; and (b) there are no significant shortfalls in funding for the implementation of the mandates established by the General Assembly and the Pension Board. The accomplishment of the executive direction programme depends on the full cooperation of the relevant United Nations departments and divisions.", "Outputs", "106. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) A regularly updated and implemented investment policy that ensures forcefully implemented investment strategy in accordance with the guidance received by the Investments Committee;", "(b) A medium-term procurement plan, resulting from the effective and regular coordination of Investment Management Division procurement needs with the Procurement Division, that produces high-quality solicitation documents and results in faster solicitation and participation of high-quality firms in the bidding process in approximately 10 procurement exercises;", "(c) Approximately 160 contracts, negotiated and executed with regular coordination and contacts with legal experts in the Office of Legal Affairs and the Legal Counsel;", "(d) Four Investments Committee meetings are organized annually. The Pension Board, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, the Fifth Committee and other relevant parties are provided with accurate reports on investments;", "(e) Investment Management Division staff travel and training plans are implemented. Vacancies are filled within 180 days.", "Table 27 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 1 941.6 2 449.8 7 9", "Non-post 6 712.6 4 636.5 — —", "Total 8 654.2 7 086.3 7 9", "107. The amount of $7,086,300, representing a $1,567,900 decrease, provides for the continuation of seven posts (1 D-2, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 General Service (Principal level) and 3 General Service (Other level)), the redeployment of two posts, one each from the Risk and Compliance Section (1 P-4) and the Operations Section (1 General Service (Other level)), and non-post resources for the Division as a whole for the travel of representatives and hospitality. The decrease in non-post resources is attributable primarily to the apportionment of resources for other staff costs ($1,665,100), travel of staff ($1,382,200) and consultants ($2,028,800), offset in part by an increase in contractual services ($3,000,000).", "3. Programme of work", "Investment Section", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $49,476,600", "108. The Investment Section is responsible for achieving optimal investment returns for the Fund while avoiding undue risks. The Section consists of seven organizational entities, namely, North American equity, European equity, Asia-Pacific equity, global emerging markets equity, fixed income, real estate and alternative investments. The primary functions involve monitoring current portfolios, keeping abreast of and tracking developments in the financial markets, and making and carrying out investment decisions. The fulfilment of these functions involves the preparation of financial analyses, attendance at meetings and conferences and travel to various countries to meet analysts and companies’ management. A secondary function is contributing to the formulation of reports to all the governing bodies.", "109. The tasks of the Investment Section for 2012-2013 include (a) to meet the long-term objective of an annualized real rate of return on the investments of the Fund of 3.5 per cent, as adjusted by the United States consumer price index; (b) to achieve consistent outperformance of the policy benchmark by the Fund’s investments; (c) to maintain a risk level commensurate with target investment returns; and (d) to reduce currency risks and country risks through sound diversification.", "Table 28 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:The long-term objectives are:(a) to achieve optimal returnfor the Fund in real termswithout undue risk; and (b) todiversify the portfolio withrespect to asset type,currency and geography\t(1) A long-term annualizedreal rate of return on theinvestments of the Fund of 3.5per cent, as adjusted by theUnited States consumer priceindex\t(1.1) Total Fund return againstthe Fund’s objective over a10-year periodPerformance measures2008-2009: underperformed theobjective by 1.7 per cent over a10-year period ended December2009, while the Fund experiencedthe global financial crisis in2008 and early in 2009 Estimate 2010-2011: according topreliminary numbers, the Fundperformed 3.5 per cent in realterms over a 10‑year period endedDecember 2010, in line with theFund’s return target \n\tTarget 2012-2013: outperform thelong-term target of an annualizedreal rate of return of 3.5 percent(2) Consistent outperformanceof the Fund’s investmentsrelative to the policybenchmark, which is 60 percent in equity, 31 per cent infixed income, 6 per cent inreal estate and 3 per cent incash\t(2.1) Total return against thepolicy benchmark over a 5-yearperiodPerformance measures2008-2009: outperformed thebenchmark by 0.9 per cent over a5-year period ended December 2009 Estimate 2010-2011: according topreliminary numbers, the Fundperformed 10.2 per cent innominal terms in 2010, marginallyunderperforming the 60/31benchmark return of 10.6 per cent \n\tTarget 2012-2013: outperform thepolicy benchmark(3) Reduction of currency riskand country risk through sounddiversification\t(3.1) Number of currenciesinvested inPerformance measures 2008-2009: invested in 27currencies as of December 2009 Estimate 2010-2011: invested in35 currencies as of December 2010 \n\tTarget 2012-2013: further refinethe allocation of the Fund’sassets by currency as appropriate\t(3.2) Number of countriesinvested in 2008-2009: invested in more than41 countries, including emergingmarkets, ininternational/regionalinstitutions and in investmenttrusts as of December 2009 Estimate 2010-2011: invested inmore than 47 countries, includingemerging markets, ininternational/regionalinstitutions and in investmenttrusts as of December 2010 \n\tTarget 2012-2013: further refinethe allocation of the Fund’sassets by country as appropriate(4) Diversification ofinvestments in alternativeasset classes\t(4.1) Number of strategies ofalternative asset classesinvested in Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: SeniorInvestment Officer forAlternative Investments joinedthe Fund in June 2010. The targetfor the period from June 2010 toDecember 2011 is to finalizeAlternative Investments adviserselection and make commitments to5-10 managers. The Real AssetsAdviser was selected in June2009, and a detailed strategy forreal assets will be set early in2011. The Fund will makecommitments in several funds ininfrastructure andtimber/agricultural lands \n\tTarget 2012-2013: By the end of2013, the Fund expects to becommitted to up to 15 to 20private equity funds and hedgefunds of funds. Private equityperformance over time will bemeasured using dollar-weightedreturn and internal rate ofreturn calculations, while thehedge fund portfolio will bemeasured using time-weightedreturn calculations. Benchmarkingfor the Fund will be discussedwith the Fund’s private equityand hedge fund Advisers and willbe presented in detail at a laterstage(5) Enhanced capacity of staffto address issues related toinvestments and portfoliomanagement\t(5.1) Percentage of staff whoattend at least 1 relevantconference or seminarPerformance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: notapplicable \n\tTarget 2012-2013: each staffmember attends at least 1 seminaror conference", "External factors", "110. The objective and accomplishments are expected to be achieved consistently on the assumption that (a) all stakeholders will be supportive of the efforts of and will extend their full cooperation to the Investment Management Division; (b) there are no significant shortfalls in funding for the implementation of the mandates established by the General Assembly and the Pension Board; and (c) the financial markets such as global equity, global fixed income, real estate and foreign exchange will move in the direction of the long-term assumptions.", "Outputs", "111. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) A positive total return exceeding the Fund’s objective, which is a long-term annualized real rate of return on investment of 3.5 per cent, as adjusted by the United States consumer price index;", "(b) A positive total Fund return exceeding the policy benchmark, which is 60 per cent in equity, 31 per cent in fixed income, 6 per cent in real estate and 3 per cent in cash;", "(c) The maintenance of a well-diversified portfolio, in terms of both currencies and countries, in order to reduce currency risk and country risk;", "(d) Successful implementation of the alternative asset class suited to the Fund objective when market conditions are favourable for the Fund to earn a return premium exceeding what could be earned from investments in publicly listed equities;", "(e) The enhancement of the professionalism and in-depth knowledge of staff, who will help to improve the performance of the Fund through participation in conferences and seminars directly related to investments and portfolio management.", "Table 29 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 7 698.4 8 974.3 27 31", "Non-post 43 869.9 40 502.3 — —", "Total 51 568.3 49 476.6 27 31", "112. The amount of $49,476,600, representing a $2,091,700 decrease, provides for the continuation of 27 posts (1 D-1, 7 P-5, 6 P-4, 4 P-3, 4 General Service (Principal level) and 5 General Service (Other level)) and the establishment of 4 new posts (3 P-4 and 1 P-3) and for non-post resources. The decrease in non-post resources is attributable to contractual services ($5,090,300) and the inclusion of resources for other staff costs ($197,500), travel of staff ($1,025,200) and consultants ($500,000) previously requested under executive direction and management.", "Risk and compliance", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $2,611,700", "113. The Risk and Compliance Section is a newly established entity responsible for identifying, measuring and managing all aspects of risks to which the Fund is exposed. In addition, in terms of compliance, it is mandated to implement adequate monitoring and control processes covering the Fund’s investments. Its function comprises two sub-functions: risk management and compliance.", "Table 30 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Objective of the Organization:To establish controls andmonitor compliance for variousrisks to which the Fund isexposed, namely, market risk,operational risk, credit risk,and legal and reputationalrisk. The function is alsoresponsible for establishingthe risk budget at the assetand manager levels, monitoringcompliance with the riskbudget and helping theinvestment function tomaximize risk-adjusted returnsbased on established riskappetite\t\n Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement (1) Effective oversight of therisks involved in the Fund’sinvestment operations\t(1.1) All investment tradeseffectively covered by monitoringactivities Performance measures (percentage number of cases) 2010-2011: 100 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent (2) Risk management frameworkestablished\t(2.1) Fully implement the riskanalytics system and train allportfolio managers to integraterisk analytics into portfolioconstruction Performance measures \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent (2.2) Implementation of riskmanagement controls as outlinedin the Risk Management Manual;percentage of implemented riskcontrols Performance measures Successful implementation of allestablished risk guidelines andcontrols Monitor controls, conduct trendanalysis and modify guidelinesand controls in accordance withchanges in investment environmentor as new risks are identified 2010-2011: 75 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 99 per cent (3) Compliance withestablished policies andprocedures of InvestmentManagement Division\t(3.1) Percentage of investmenttransactions in compliance withpolicies and standard operatingprocedures Performance measures (percentage of transactions) \n Target 2012-2013: 95 per cent (3.2) Assurance of higher ethicalstandards on the part of staffmembers in relation to thedischarge of their duties andresponsibilities as internationalcivil servants Performance measures (percentage number of staffmembers) \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent (3.3) Successfully coordinatesand facilitates compliance withaudit recommendations Performance measures (percentage of completed audits) \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent (4) Implementation of multiplecustodians and independentmaster record-keeper\t(4.1) Independent masterrecord-keeper and multiplecustodians fully implemented andoperational, integrated withother Investment ManagementDivision systems such as thosefor risk management, accountingand trade order management Performance measures \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent", "External factors", "114. The Risk and Compliance Section is expected to achieve its objective and accomplishments on the assumption that all external parties will be supportive of the efforts of and will extend full cooperation to the Section. Other external factors include:", "(a) More volatile equities markets;", "(b) More volatile currencies market with large swings, requiring extensive quantitative analysis capacity for the use of index-linked tools for offsetting risks;", "(c) More credit risk from sovereign countries;", "(d) Operating in inflationary and/or deflationary environments simultaneously in various geographies;", "(e) More international trade barriers;", "(f) Changes in benchmarks if there are shifts in macroeconomic trends;", "(g) Sudden underfunding of risks due to depreciation in base currency (United States dollar), causing funds to reach historical highs, while being potentially underfunded as use of the two-track feature increases and as liabilities increase in other currencies;", "(h) Run on commodities;", "(i) High unemployment becomes the “new normal” on a sustained basis in developing economies;", "(j) Sovereign countries default on their loans.", "Outputs", "115. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) The maintenance of policies and standard operating procedures, namely, standard operating investment policies and procedures, the Risk Management Manual, the compliance policy and manual, the code of ethics and the personal securities, gift and hospitality policies;", "(b) The completion of quarterly compliance reviews of the Fund’s investment operations to ensure the effective management of the Fund’s compliance risks;", "(c) The administration of certification of acknowledgement, trade order pre‑clearances, report of personal securities, hospitality log and mandatory leave;", "(d) The organization of training programmes pertaining to investment compliance, code of ethics (total of two on-site division-wide programmes);", "(e) Coordination for full compliance with the annual United Nations financial disclosure programme;", "(f) The preparation of periodic reports to the Audit Committee of the Pension Board (total of eight presentations);", "(g) Acting as a focal point for planned internal and external audits of the Board of Auditors and the Office of Internal Oversight Services, and for queries from the Ethics Office.", "Table 31 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 1 931.6 1 919.7 6 7", "Non-post — 692.0 — —", "Total 1 931.6 2 611.7 6 7", "116. The amount of $2,611,700, representing a $680,100 increase, provides for the continuation of five posts (1 D-1, 2 P-4 and 2 General Service (Principal level)), the redeployment of one P-4 post to the Office of the Director and one General Service (Other level) post from the Operations Section and the establishment of one new post (1 P‑4). The increase in non-post resources is attributable primarily to the inclusion of resources for other staff costs ($321,600), travel of staff ($193,400), consultants ($127,000) and contractual services ($50,000) previously requested under executive direction and management.", "Operations", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $11,041,800", "117. The Operations Section of the Investment Management Division is responsible for back-office investment operations, accounting and reconciliation and the financial reporting of all investment transactions and related activities of the Fund. It is also responsible for settling all investment trades and foreign-exchange transactions in a timely and accurate fashion, employing industry-standard solutions for straight-through and exception processing. In addition, it ensures that all investment activities, such as trades, foreign-exchange transactions, income collection, maturities, tax collection and corporate actions, are properly recorded in accordance with IPSAS, adopted by the Fund for the preparation of financial statements, with adequate internal controls and audit trail. Furthermore, the Section is responsible for the production of daily cash projections enabling the Investment Section to manage cash for all of the currencies utilized by the Division for investment purposes. The Operations Section is also responsible for the implementation of IPSAS with regard to all the Fund’s investment activities to be reported and reflected in the Fund-wide financial statements commencing on 1 January 2012, under the general guidance and direction of the Fund’s Chief Financial Officer. The Section works closely with the custodians for trade and foreign-exchange settlements, the investigation of interest claims on failed trades, income collection, maturities, tax collection and corporate actions. It also works closely with the master record-keeper for the daily reconciliation of cash and holdings, the fair market valuation of the Fund’s investments and the general ledger feed. The Section works closely with the Information Systems Section to assist in the implementation of more efficient processes, ensuring internal controls, while enhancing the various computerized investment activities of the Division and minimizing manual intervention.", "Table 32 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Objective of theOrganization: To ensure thesecurity of the Fund’sinvestments and increasetransparency in the financialreporting thereof\t\n Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement (1) Automated back-officetrade settlement andreconciliation processes withthe capacity to handle anincreased volume ofinvestment transactions\t(1.1) Increased percentage ofproperly authorized investmenttrades settled withinmarket-prescribed settlement timeframesPerformance measures 2008-2009: 96.25 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 98 per cent Target 2012: 99 per cent \n Target 2013: 99 per cent (1.2) Reduced number of daysneeded for the resolution ofdiscrepancies inpositions/holdings and cash Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: implementationand testing stage Target 2012: resolve discrepancieswithin 3 days \n\tTarget 2013: resolve discrepancieswithin 2 days(2) Successful implementationof IPSAS, adopted by thePension Fund in coordinationwith governing bodies\t(2.1) Timely submission of theDivision’s IPSAS-compliantfinancial statements to the Fund’sChief Financial Officer (by 15March of the following year) Performance measures 2008-2009: 1 April 2010 Estimate 2010-2011: 15 March 2011 Target 2012: 15 March 2012 \n Target 2013: 15 March 2013 (2.2) Unqualified audit opinionfrom the Board of Auditors onfinancial statements Performance measures 2008: unqualified audit opinion 2009: modified audit opinion Estimate 2010-2011: unqualifiedaudit opinion Target 2012: unqualified auditopinion \n\tTarget 2013: unqualified auditopinion\n(3) Fully functionaloperations with the new dualcustodians and independentmaster record-keeper model\t(3.1) All operational systemsfully functional when newcustodians and masterrecord-keeper providers areselected", "External factors", "118. The Operations Section is expected to achieve its objectives on the following assumptions:", "(a) The internal mission-critical systems (the Charles River trade order management system, Murex MX.3, SWIFT and Omgeo) and the independent master record-keeper’s general ledger feed system will provide full straight-through processing and exception-based processing and reconciliation on a timely basis; the implementation of Omgeo, the independent master record-keeper and the general ledger accounting systems are all dependent on the successful negotiation of contracts;", "(b) The satisfactory performance of the two custodians and the independent master record-keeper in the delivery of custodial and master record-keeping services.", "Outputs", "119. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) The settlement of all securities trading, real estate, alternative assets and currency-exchange transactions on the settlement or value date;", "(b) The automated reconciliation of securities/positions/holdings and cash, including income (dividends, interest and cash distributions), maturities and corporate actions on a daily exception basis;", "(c) Successful test or dry run of 30 June 2012 financial statements, with favourable review/comments by external auditors on IPSAS compliance;", "(d) The production of IPSAS-compliant financial statements and disclosures (investments portion only) by 15 March 2013;", "(e) All assets are transferred and accounted for and re-registered with the new custodians;", "(f) All standard reports are produced by the new master record-keeper and custodians.", "Table 33 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 2 178.5 2 029.6 11 10", "Non-post — 9 012.2 — —", "Total 2 178.5 11 041.8 11 10", "120. The amount of $11,041,800, representing a $8,863,300 increase, provides for the continuation of nine posts (1 P-5, 1 P-3, 2 General Service (Principal level) and 5 General Service (Other level)), the redeployment of two General Service (Other level) posts, one each to the Office of the Director and the Risk and Compliance Section, and the establishment of one new post (1 P-3). The increase in non-post resources is attributable primarily to contractual services ($7,812,500) and resources that were previously requested under executive direction and management, comprising other staff costs ($897,100), travel of staff ($52,600) and consultants ($250,000).", "4. Programme support", "Information Systems Section", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $17,571,800", "121. The Information Systems Section is responsible for the technology, data management, applications, policies, procedures and management of projects facilitating the investment processes and reliable investment data. The Section will continue implementing solutions to enhance investment data quality and convenience, streamline and standardize investment processes, provide viable technology-enforcing security policies, enable business continuity and implement controls that are in line with Investment Management Division investment guidelines in order to mitigate operations and business risks. More important, the Section will provide good investment data that will be part of the solution to generate value for the Fund and enable smart risk management.", "Table 34 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Objective of the Organization:To provide informationtechnology solutions andtechnological support tofacilitate front-to-backinvestment processes \n Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement (1) Implementation ofInvestment Management Divisioninformation and communicationstechnology strategy, includingimplementation and integrationof new and existing systemsfacilitating investmentactivities\t(1.1) Exception-based processingof investment transactionsenabledPerformance measuresPercentage of transactionsprocessed straight through 2008-2009: not available 2010-2011: 90 per cent (tradeorder management, SWIFT,custodian bank) \n Target 2012-2013: 95 per cent (1.2) Standardization andmodernization of investmentprocesses supported Performance measures Percentage of business processesstandardized 2008-2009: not available 2010-2011: 85 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 95 per cent (1.3) Risk and compliancemanagement enabled Performance measures Number of risk and compliancetools offered 2008-2009: not available 2010-2011: 2 \n Target 2012-2013: 2 (2) Increased quality, securityand availability of InvestmentManagement Division investmentdata\t(2.1) Investment data validatedand reconciled in a timelymannerPerformance measures Percentage of dependableinvestment reports produced 2008-2009: 50 per cent 2010-2011: 75 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 90 per cent (2.2) High availability ofinformation technology services Performance measures Percentage of potentialinformation technology operationrisk 2008-2009: 20 per cent 2010-2011: less than 5 per cent \n\tTarget 2012-2013: less than 1per cent", "External factors", "122. The subprogramme is expected to achieve its objective and expected accomplishments on the assumption that (a) the procurement and legal processes undertaken by the United Nations Secretariat on behalf of the Investment Management Division are completed within the expected time frame; (b) stakeholders fulfil their responsibilities and extend their full cooperation in attaining the objectives of the Division’s information and technology strategy, facilitating Division business; and (c) the Information Management Systems Service supports the consolidated information and communications technology infrastructure in a timely manner.", "Outputs", "123. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) Trade order management (Charles River), back-office tasks, reconciliation, accounting (Murex) and the interbank messaging system (SWIFT) are successfully and fully implemented and supported;", "(b) Data hub, foreign exchange and fixed income investment execution systems are implemented;", "(c) Investment processes are properly documented;", "(d) Exception-based processing of investment transactions is achieved;", "(e) Standardization and streamlining of business processes are facilitated;", "(f) Compliance monitoring and system are supported and facilitated;", "(g) Automatic data feed is implemented and data validation is supported;", "(h) Data reconciliation is supported;", "(i) The Division’s information and communications technology infrastructure is strengthened;", "(j) Security policies and disaster recovery are implemented and supported;", "(k) Business continuity is enabled.", "Table 35 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 1 593.9 2 457.5 7 8", "Non-post 10 183.4 15 114.3 — —", "Total 11 777.3 17 571.8 7 8", "124. The amount of $17,571,800, representing a $5,794,500 increase, provides for the continuation of seven posts (1 P-5, 3 P-4, 2 P-3 and 1 General Service (Principal level)) and the establishment of one new post (1 P-4). The increase in non-post resources is attributable primarily to increased requirements for contractual services ($498,500) and the moving of market data contractual services from the Investment Section to the Information Systems Section ($3,541,500) and to resources that were previously requested under executive direction and management, comprising other staff costs ($779,300) and travel of staff ($111,000).", "Administrative support", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $4,011,100", "Table 36 Financial resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Non-post 5 087.6 4 011.1 — —", "Total 5 087.6 4 011.1 — —", "125. The amount of $4,011,100, representing a $1,076,500 decrease, provides for non-post resources for the Division as a whole. The decrease is attributable primarily to the rental and maintenance of premises ($916,900) due to the one-time request in the revised budget for 2010-2011 for the renovation of additional office space at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza.", "D. Audit costs", "Resources requested (before recosting): $2,748,200", "126. The distribution of resources is shown in table 37.", "Table 37 Financial resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "External audit 661.2 774.7 — —", "Internal audit 1 983.8 1 973.5 — —", "Total 2 645.0 2 748.2 — —", "127. The amount of $2,748,200 covers the estimated requirements for external audit ($774,700) as requested by the Board of Auditors and for internal audit ($1,973,500) as requested by the Office of Internal Oversight Services.", "1. External audit", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $774,700", "128. Provision is made in the amount of $774,700 for the costs associated with the Board of Auditors and apportioned to the Fund by the secretariat of the Board of Auditors.", "2. Internal audit", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $1,973,500", "129. The amount of $1,973,500 provides for the continuation of five general temporary assistance posts (1 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3 and 1 General Service (Other level)), training and non-post resources comprising consultants, travel of staff, contractual services, communications, operating expenses, supplies and materials, and furniture and equipment. The reduction in costs is due primarily to general temporary assistance required as a result of a reduction in the standard salary tables and the net effect of minor changes to the resources requested for other non-post resources.", "E. Board expenses", "Resources requested (before recosting): $200,000", "Table 38 Financial resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Board expenses 167.5 200.0 — —", "130. The General Assembly, in section IV of its resolution 61/240, authorized Board expenses, comprising the administrative costs of Board sessions, the Chair’s travel expenses and the travel expenses of working groups, to be included in the Fund’s budget and charged against administrative expenses.", "131. The amount of $200,000 covers the estimated requirements for Board expenses and comprises travel costs for the Chair to attend the fifty-ninth and sixtieth sessions of the Board and meetings of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and the Fifth Committee, travel costs of members of the Chief Executive Officer Search Group and administrative expenses of the fifty-ninth and sixtieth sessions ($120,000), to be held in July 2012 and July 2013.", "IV. Emergency Fund", "132. The General Assembly, in section III of its resolution 62/241, authorized the Pension Fund to supplement the voluntary contributions to the Emergency Fund for the biennium 2008-2009 by an amount not exceeding $200,000.", "133. It is proposed that the Pension Board recommend to the General Assembly that it authorize the Board to supplement contributions to the Emergency Fund for the biennium 2012-2013 by an amount not exceeding $200,000.", "V. Recommendation for ad hoc measures regarding implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards by 1 January 2012", "134. At its fifty-seventh session, in July 2010, the Board had approved the implementation of IPSAS as of 1 January 2012. As requested, a report on the status of the implementation of the new accounting standards was presented to the Board by the secretariat and the Investment Management Division in July 2011.", "135. Currently, the Fund reports under the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations. It was noted that the United Nations was planning to implement IPSAS in 2014, and, in this regard, the Board was informed that the United Nations was planning to present to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, in 2012, proposed changes to the Financial Regulations and Rules.", "136. In the light of the timeline for revising the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, and with the support of the Pension Fund Audit Committee, the Board was requested, for the sole purpose of the Fund’s timely implementation of IPSAS, to recommend for the approval of the General Assembly, at its sixty-sixth session in 2011, the following transitional measure concerning the Fund’s financial reporting:", "“As a transitional measure, the Board authorizes the Fund to continue to apply the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations mutatis mutandis to their accounting processes and financial reporting, and in a manner that allows the Fund to be IPSAS-compliant. The Board hereby recommends that in accordance with article 19 (b) of the Regulations of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, the Secretary-General maintain detailed accounts of all investments and other transactions relating to the Fund in a manner that is IPSAS-compliant.”", "137. The Board was informed that, with the approval of the transitional measure, the Fund’s full implementation of IPSAS would fulfil the Board’s decision to adopt IPSAS in 2012, subject to the subsequent formalization of the Fund’s financial regulations and rules. The Fund’s financial statements for 2012 would be presented and audited on the basis of IPSAS, which would provide the regulatory framework.", "138. After discussion, the Board endorsed the transitional measure concerning the Fund’s financial reporting and recommended this measure for the approval of the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, in 2011.", "VI. Action to be taken by the General Assembly", "139. The Pension Board recommends the following to the General Assembly:", "(a) The approval of a reduction in appropriations for 2010-2011 amounting to $21,772,800. The revised appropriations for the 2010-2011 biennium would then amount to $154,545,700, divided into administrative costs ($80,478,500), investment costs ($71,289,000), audit costs ($2,532,900) and Board expenses ($245,300). Of this amount, $133,037,000 would be apportioned to the Fund and $21,508,700 would be directly chargeable to the United Nations under the cost-sharing arrangement;", "(b) The approval of a revised estimate for the biennium 2010-2011 amounting to $144,300 for extrabudgetary resources;", "(c) The approval of the Pension Fund estimate for the 2012-2013 biennium amounting to $194,164,000, comprising administrative costs ($98,407,600), investment costs ($92,938,200), audit costs ($2,613,800) and Pension Board expenses ($204,400). Of this amount, $173,260,600 would be apportioned to the Fund and $20,903,400 to the United Nations under the cost-sharing arrangement;", "(d) The approval of resources for the biennium 2012-2013 amounting to $156,800 for extrabudgetary costs and funded by a number of member organizations;", "(e) The approval of an amount not exceeding $200,000 to supplement contributions to the Emergency Fund;", "(f) The approval of the ad hoc and transitional financial measures regarding IPSAS implementation by 1 January 2012.", "VII. Summary of follow-up action taken to implement requests and recommendations of the Board of Auditors and the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "Table 39", "A. Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "(A/65/567)", "Request/recommendation\tAction taken to implementrequest/recommendation \n(a) The Advisory Committeeconcurs with the Board’srecommendations regarding therevised risk management policyand that the Division continueto implement its newlydeveloped risk managementmanual (para. 7)\tThe majority of the controlshave already been implemented,and efforts are under way toimplement those that have not.The Risk Management Manual is aliving document that is updatedevery quarter. Implementation isongoing, and the target is toimplement all controls. Some ofthe controls set out in the RiskManagement Manual are manual,pending resource allocation;others are automated, pendinginfrastructure modernization. Asthese milestones are reached,these controls will beimplemented.\n(b) The Advisory Committeeconcurs with therecommendations of the Board ofAuditors. The Committee isconcerned at the fact that thePension Fund received anunqualified audit opinion withone emphasis of matter on therealized and unrealized losseson the investments of the Fundon the financial statements forthe biennium ended 31 December2009. The Advisory Committeeurges the Pension Fund toimplement the Board’srecommendations (para. 9)\tThis has been done in the notesto the 2010 financial statementsthat the Investment ManagementDivision submitted to thePension Fund secretariat on 11March 2011. The Division willconsult further with the IPSASconsultants on thesedisclosures.\n(c) The Advisory Committeereiterates its recommendationthat the Board continue toexplore opportunities forinvestment in developingcountries and countries witheconomies in transition (para.10)\tThe Fund is continuouslyresearching opportunities, andthe Director and staff of theInvestment Management Divisionrecently travelled to Africa andthe Middle East to broaden ouraward-winning portfolio inAfrican investments. TheDirector will meet with theWorld Bank and the InternationalMonetary Fund to review on aregular basis additionalopportunities in emerging andfrontier markets.\n(d) The Advisory Committeeconcurs with the Board ofAuditors that the Pension Fundshould finalize and approve itsIPSAS implementation plan in atimely manner. The Committeeexpects that the new ChiefFinancial Officer will be hiredas soon as possible and that,in the interim, preparation forIPSAS will proceed to ensureits implementation on 1 January2012. Furthermore, theCommittee encourages the Boardof Auditors to closely monitorthe Pension Fund’s IPSASimplementation progress andreiterates its recommendationthat the Board report to theGeneral Assembly on an annualbasis on progress made (seeA/65/498, para. 19) (para. 13)\tThe Fund has finalized its IPSASimplementation plan andtimeline, as presented to theAudit Committee and presented tothe Pension Board at its 58thsession, in July 2011. Therecruitment of the new ChiefFinancial Officer is under way.\n(e) The Advisory Committeeemphasizes that sufficientsupport, drawn from existingresources, should be madeavailable to ensure the timelyand well-managed implementationof IPSAS (para. 15)\tThe reallocation of existingresources required for IPSASimplementation was approved bythe Pension Board at its 57thmeeting, in July 2010, and bythe General Assembly in December2010. Additional resources arebeing requested for 2012-2013.\n(f) The Advisory Committeeconcurs with the PensionBoard’s request that themedical consultant look intothe possibility of establishinga standard for medicalexaminations for purposes ofparticipation in the Fundpursuant to article 41 of theFund Regulations (para. 18)\tAs requested, the MedicalConsultant will present a noteon this matter to the Board atits July 2012 session.\n Regulations (para. 18). \n(g) The Advisory Committeeconcurs with the Board ofAuditors on the need fortransparent disclosure of theinvestments of the UnitedNations University EndowmentFund and notes that the PensionBoard has agreed that suchdisclosure would be provided infuture (para. 20).\tThis has been done in the notesto the 2010 financial statementsthat the Investment ManagementDivision submitted to thePension Fund Secretariat on11 March 2011. The Division willconsult further with the IPSASconsultants on thesedisclosures.", "B. Board of Auditors", "(A/65/9, annex X)", "Request/recommendation Action taken to implement request/recommendation", "The Board’s main recommendations are that:", "(a) The Fund finalize and approve The Fund has finalized an its IPSAS implementation plan; implementation plan and timeline, as identify and involve other presented to the Audit Committee. A stakeholders in the IPSAS steering committee has been implementation project; and established, comprising IPSAS provide details on what aspects of stakeholders from both the the Financial Regulations and Investment Management Division and Rules would need to be revised the secretariat. At present, the (para. 27); Fund follows the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, pending the adoption of IPSAS. The Investment Management Division is waiting for its IPSAS consultants to recommend suggested language for rules 104.12, 104.13, 104.14, 104.15 and 104.16 to ensure IPSAS compliance. This will be presented to the Audit Committee in June 2011 and to the Pension Board at its fifty-eighth session, in July 2011.", "(b) The Fund raise a receivable Amounts owed by member organizations and income for amounts owing to have been calculated. Once reviewed, the Fund (para. 30); they will be issued.", "(c) The Fund reverse all The Fund has drafted closing prior-period unliquidated instructions for the administrative obligations and accruals as they element of the Lawson accounts. The are paid, and address the weakness Executive Office has produced a in controls that resulted in third draft for review and agreement accruals for items that have by the Financial Services Section. already been paid (para. 33); In accordance with these instructions, the administrative accounts for the period 1 January 2006 through 31 December 2009 will be adjusted to give the correct balances, brought forward for 1 January 2010. The accounts will be closed as at 31 December 2010 using these instructions.", "(d) The Fund implement improved Policy and procedure for long controls to ensure that amounts outstanding receivables have been outstanding are recovered in a implemented. Ongoing collection timely manner and establish a efforts are in place. policy on the accounting treatment of long outstanding amounts that are not recoverable (para. 43);", "(e) The Fund consider raising a A provision for all receivables provision for doubtful debts in older than two years will be its financial records to reflect included in the Fund’s 2010 the recoverable amounts at the financial statements. In addition, reporting date (para. 44); the write-off of uncollectable receivables amounts began in 2010.", "(f) The Fund revalue all balances Agreed. The year-end exchange rate denominated in foreign currencies will be used to translate at the operational rate of foreign-currency bank-account exchange prevailing at the balances to United States dollars reporting date (para. 48); for 2010 financial statements.", "(g) The Fund take urgent steps to Ongoing. The Investment Management recover outstanding amounts of Division continued to make extensive foreign taxes (para. 51); efforts to prevent the imposition of taxes and to recover taxes withheld on its investment income in various jurisdictions. In particular, in January 2010 representatives of the Division met with representatives of the State Administration of Taxation of China, in Beijing, to address the formal recognition and implementation of the Fund’s tax-exempt status in that country. Representatives of the Division also initiated discussions with representatives of the Government of Brazil, which led to the issuance in April 2010 by the Brazilian Revenue Service of a broadly worded formal recognition of the Fund’s tax-exempt status in that country. In addition, the Division recently launched a request for proposal for global tax advisory services. The global tax adviser will assist the Division, among others, with its tax reclaim efforts around the world.", "(h) The Fund record the receivable This has been taken into account and and related income from the United the situation rectified as part of Nations for the reimbursement of the account closure procedures. administrative expenses in the correct accounting period (para. 54);", "(i) The Fund continue reconciling For a period of time, the Fund used the balance with the United the interfund balance to reconcile Nations to ensure that differences with the United Nations. The United are fully reconciled (para. 57); Nations also used this balance. The Fund has now reverted to using actual expenditures when reconciling with the United Nations.", "(j) The Fund upload the correct Ongoing process. Erroneous items accrual amounts from the accounts have been identified. Proper entries payable module into the Lawson will be made for 2010 to correct system and adjust its accounts for these balances. differences noted (para. 63);", "(k) The Fund perform regular The Financial Services Section is monthly reconciliations between awaiting a Cognos “cube” to support the accounts payable module and Lawson data for the generation of a the general ledger (para. 64); new report.", "(l) The Fund reallocate debit This is an ongoing process. Efforts balances in accounts payable to began in 2010 and will continue accounts receivable, and complete throughout 2011 to correct these the data cleansing exercise to accounts. ensure that all amounts included in accounts payable were valid payables (para. 67);", "(m) The Fund develop an ageing The Financial Services Section is tool to analyse benefits payable awaiting a Cognos “cube” to support (para. 70); Lawson data for the generation of a new report.", "(n) The Fund apply article 46 of This is an ongoing exercise and is the Regulations and Rules of the part of the data cleansing to be Fund by adjusting benefit payables completed by the end of 2011. related to all amounts that are due for forfeiture (para. 75);", "(o) The Fund comply with the As reported to the Board (see submission dates for financial A/65/9), the Fund is unable to statements as required by the comply with the 31 March completion Financial Regulations and Rules of date, owing to the reconciliation the United Nations (para. 79); procedures for payments from the organizations members of the Fund. The Investment Management Division submitted its part of the financial statements to the Fund secretariat on 11 March 2011. Going forward, the Division will ensure the submission of the financial statements to the secretariat by 15 March of the following year.", "(p) The Fund develop and implement The footnotes will continue to be accounting policies that have a enhanced as part of IPSAS clear basis for how transactions implementation. This process will are accounted for in the continue as part of the 2010 and accounting records of the Fund, 2011 financial statements, with full and ensure that all accounting adoption of IPSAS for 2012. policies are clearly defined and disclosed in the financial statements (para. 84);", "(q) The Fund compile The Fund report writer consolidates reconciliations or working papers general ledger accounts into line for all line items on the items for financial statements so financial statements and prepare that all financial statement numbers supporting schedules of can be traced to source documents. calculations or adjustments that are in agreement with the book of entries (para. 89);", "(r) The Investment Management Implemented. This has been done in Division make a complete the notes to the 2010 financial disclosure in its financial statements that the Investment statements of the investments it Management Division submitted to the manages for the United Nations Fund secretariat on 11 March 2011, University Endowment Fund (para. specifically under funds under 92); management. The Division will consult further with the IPSAS consultants on these disclosures.", "(s) The Investment Management The Investment Management Division Division reconsider its formal will provide full disclosure. It arrangements for providing a fund will fully disclose the independent management service to third arrangements established for the parties (para. 93); United Nations University Endowment Fund in the 1990s on the basis of audit recommendations. Those arrangements include a separate custody account and an independent outside fund manager. There has never been any commingling of funds with the Pension Fund.", "(t) The Investment Management Ongoing. The majority of the Division continue to implement its controls have already been newly developed Risk Management implemented and efforts are under Manual (para. 111); way to implement the rest. The Risk Management Manual is a living document that is updated every quarter. Implementation is ongoing, and the target is to implement all controls. Some of the controls specified in the Risk Management Manual are manual, pending resource allocation; others are automated, pending infrastructure modernization. As these milestones are reached, these controls will be implemented.", "(u) The Investment Management The Investment Management Division Division undertake a case-by-case has reviewed the catastrophic events review to identify lessons to be of 2008 and has taken note of the learned in respect of all realized risks posed by excessively loose investment losses for 2008-2009, monetary policy in place for and current ongoing unrealized extended periods of time. The loss positions (para. 112); Division has implemented a formal weekly and quarterly compliance and investment review of unrealized gains and losses exceeding 25 per cent.", "(v) The Investment Management Implemented. This was done in the Division provide a clear notes to the 2010 financial description and disclosure of statements that the Investment investments in the financial Management Division submitted to the statements, by tabulating Fund secretariat on 11 March 2011. separately gains and losses on the The Division will consult further sale of investments, as well as with the IPSAS consultants on these disclosing all unrealized gains disclosures. and losses as at the balance sheet date (para. 113);", "(w) The Investment Management Implemented. With the hiring of a Division address the remaining Compliance Officer in October 2009, open or in-process the Investment Management Division recommendations, given that the made important advances in its findings of OIOS reflected compliance programme. New policies significant shortcomings in have been implemented, including in investment compliance (para. 117); relation to personal trading, gifts and hospitality, and mandatory leave; other policies are pending review and acceptance. The Division’s Risk and Compliance Section, using its risk and compliance manuals and various automated systems, is monitoring Fund investments on a continuous basis to ensure that there is adequate oversight and enforcement of Division policies and standards. Multiple OIOS recommendations have been addressed and closed. There is a formal procedure in place for monitoring and addressing OIOS recommendations in a timely manner. Division staff training sessions have been conducted, including one with the Ethics Office. The Risk and Compliance Section has determined that at this time there are no wilful or recurring violations of Division policies or procedures that risk financial harm to the Pension Fund, or to its reputation, participants or beneficiaries.", "(x) The Fund enhance its For 2009, the Fund included the 2009 disclosure of the major actuarial actuarial valuation as part of the assumptions and changes in financial statements. In addition, relation to the valuation of the for the first time the Fund recorded end-of-service liabilities in the the after-service health insurance notes to the financial statements and end-of-service liabilities on (para. 124); the face of the financial statements.", "(y) The Fund develop a funding On hold. Any funding plan will plan for end-of-service require the United Nations to fund liabilities for consideration by one third of specific elements. its governing body (para. 131); Implementation of this recommendation has been placed on hold pending such a plan by the United Nations Secretariat.", "(z) The Fund consider a revision The Fund is having continuing of its policy for the valuation of discussions with the United Nations annual leave liability in its and the IPSAS task force on whether implementation of IPSAS (para. annual leave should be valued as a 139); current liability or as an actuarial valuation.", "(aa) The Fund implement measures 100 per cent inventory checks are to ensure that physical inventory carried out every 12 months. counts are conducted and Commencing in 2011, these checks reconciled to the asset register will be carried out in the fourth in a timely manner and on a quarter of each year owing to IPSAS regular basis (para. 144); implementation in 2012. Furthermore, in future signed proof of such checks will be maintained.", "(bb) The Fund obtain the inventory Inventory reports are received from reports from the Property the Property Management and Management and Inventory Control Inventory Control Unit monthly. The Unit of the United Nations, and Fund requested access to ProcurePlus obtain full administrative access from the Office of Central Support to the ProcurePlus system for the Services by a memorandum dated purpose of updating all assets and 30 September 2010 with a follow-up obtaining inventory reports (para. dated 15 October 2010, and is 145); awaiting a response.", "(cc) The Fund secretariat develop The Fund drafted a human resources a human resources plan (para. plan and presented it to the Pension 149); Board at its fifty-seventh session, in July 2010.", "(dd) The Fund secretariat consider The Fund’s training and development ways to strengthen succession platform, which includes e-learning, planning as measured by the is constantly being developed and retention of retired staff (para. updated in consultation with 153); programme managers. The expertise of retired staff is utilized to assist in this process. See also paragraph 8 of the Chief Executive Officer’s memo to the Board of Auditors dated 15 April 2010.", "(ee) The Fund address the (a) The Fund adheres to the annual recommendations of OIOS, given leave policy as provided by staff that they reflected significant regulation 5.1, “Staff members shall shortcomings in human resources be allowed appropriate annual management (para. 158); leave”, and article 105 of the Staff Rules. Fund management will encourage personnel in positions involving financial responsibilities to take an uninterrupted period of two weeks of annual leave each year. This is mandatory for Investment Management Division staff.", "(b) The Executive Office manually prepared a staffing table, which is reconciled with the Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) on a monthly basis.", "(c) A tracking system has been developed to monitor the recruitment of staff and will be used to develop benchmarks for each stage of the recruitment process. Until the Fund has sufficient data to calculate its own benchmark, the United Nations benchmark of 120 days will be used. Hiring managers are encouraged to carefully review applicants with a view to gender parity.", "(d) Functional packages in IMIS must be proposed by the supervisor for the staff member, and will be reviewed and then authorized accordingly by the Executive Office. No staff members outside the Executive Office will be provided with the IMIS human resources functions without the approval of the Chief Executive Officer.", "(e) Staff members working beyond the age of retirement are now under the category of “temporary” within the new contractual framework. The general procedures issued in January 2009 provide an annex for the workplan for and subsequent evaluation of temporary staff, to be completed by supervisors and managers.", "(f) Supervisors, in consultation with department heads and staff members, clearly identify and document training needs in each staff member’s e-PAS. Departments will monitor or continue to monitor implementation.", "(g) Compliance monitoring will be continued with the provision of statistical and individual feedback to department heads, with a focus on the timely completion of e-PAS.", "(ff) The Fund secretariat Under current conditions, monthly reconcile monthly contributions reconciliations are unfeasible. from member organizations and However, a pilot plan has just begun follow up on unreconciled items in in order to test a system that would a timely manner (para. 162); permit monthly reconciliations.", "(gg) The Fund secretariat A pilot that was started for the establish systems to verify the 2009 fiscal year was expanded in accuracy of the information 2010, with positive results. The provided by the member auto file transfer and edit check of organizations prior to year-end year-end files will increase the closing, and ensure that accuracy of reporting and decrease reconciliations are performed and the manual workload of the Fund. verified before the financial statements are finalized (para. 167);", "(hh) The Fund secretariat upload (a) It is standard practice to evidence of follow-up with systematically upload, and scan to beneficiaries on the content the appropriate file in the content manager system where the manager system, evidence of all signatures on certificate of official correspondence of the Fund entitlement forms were different with its participants and from original signatures, and beneficiaries. This includes comply with procedure general follow-up letters sent out to 2001-68, which requires that all clarify signature discrepancies. available digital images of a Should such a document be missing beneficiary’s signature be from a file, it would be an uploaded on the content manager exception and due to an oversight. system (para. 174);", "(b) As explained above, it is standard procedure to upload to the content manager system all documents pertaining to the files of the Fund’s beneficiaries and participants. An omission would be the result of an oversight and would be an exception.", "(ii) The Fund secretariat improve The Fund has caught up with the its overall processing times for former backlog in transfer cases, transfer cases to be in compliance which had been due in part to long with the six-month processing delays experienced by the Fund’s target (para. 180); Actuarial Consultant and in part to policy issues that had to be clarified for certain cases before transfers could be finalized. Today, few cases are long outstanding and none is older than 50 days. The processing benchmark for these cases is therefore met in all cases.", "(jj) The Fund secretariat The Financial Services Section is implement procedures to reconcile looking into the development of a the PENSYS payroll with the Lawson Cognos report in 2011 for such system (general ledger) on a reconciliation. regular basis (para. 184);", "(kk) The Fund secretariat develop In progress. The Information and approve comprehensive user Management Systems Service account management procedures to introduced an “access, systems and ensure adequate user account data privileges” policy to address management, and implement the account management procedures. procedures to monitor the validity Role-based groups have been of user accounts on a regular introduced in the system, and access basis (para. 188); is defined through these roles when requested by the supervisor. Password resetting and security parameter setting have been implemented within these systems through the use of “active directory policy” and “single sign-on” scripts. Owing to the limitations within PENSYS, it was not considered feasible to introduce “regular logging and review of system activity” within these ageing systems, and thus those functions have been introduced as a requirement for the upcoming replacement with the Integrated Pension Administration System.", "(ll) The Fund secretariat review Recommended for closure. The the request for change and request Information Management Systems for service procedures to take Service has reviewed the into account the areas requiring request-for-change and improvement as noted by the Board request-for-service procedures and (para. 193); has updated the request-for-change tool to include a field indicating whether the documentation is required along with the required testing and approvals for implementation.", "(mm) The Fund secretariat monitor Recommended for closure. The adherence to change control Information Management Systems procedures and maintain adequate Service has implemented a change change control management management policy and has developed documentation (para. 195); a comprehensive and automated system for approvals and tracking. Processes have been put in place. The Service and supervisors currently monitor adherence to the change control procedures on a daily basis and enforce the policy of documenting any and all changes before implementation.", "(nn) The Fund secretariat Recommended for closure. Despite the implement an information rejection of a “quality assurance technology quality assurance position”, the Information function to ensure that a level of Management Systems Service has confidence can be established and streamlined the requirements of this maintained, and implement controls function by writing a to prevent the use of the database segregation-of-duties policy. In administrator’s username and addition, the proper execution of password by the program analysts the Service’s segregation-of-duties (para. 202); policy is confirmed and monitored by documenting each step (e.g., analyst, developer, migratory) through the modification request process, which requires review by two individuals: the First Approving Officer and the Second Approving Officer. Changes have been put in place whereby the database administrator’s username and password are available only to the database administrator.", "(oo) The Fund secretariat review Recommended for closure. Despite the the appropriateness of the access rejection of a “quality assurance rights of the program analysts position”, the Information with a specific focus on access to Management Systems Service has the production environment, and to streamlined the requirements of this set procedures to manage instances function by writing a where such access to the segregation-of-duties policy. production environment was Segregation of duties is maintained required (para. 204); by ensuring that tasks associated with analysis/ development and move-to-production are assigned to two individuals. Furthermore, a system modification plan has been put in place to manage and monitor this process.", "(pp) The Fund secretariat ensure Recommended for closure. Despite the the existence of adequate rejection of a “quality assurance segregation of responsibilities in position”, the Information the process of migration of tested Management Systems Service has and approved changes from the streamlined the requirements of this development environment to the function by writing a test environment and from the test segregation-of-duties policy. environment to the production Segregation of duties is maintained, environment (para. 206). by ensuring that tasks associated with development, testing and move-to-production are assigned to different individuals. Furthermore, a System Modification Plan has been put in place to manage and monitor this process.", "Annex I", "Discussions in the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board on the revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 and on the budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013", "Administrative matters of the Fund", "(a) Revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011", "1. The secretariat of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund requested a reduction in the budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 amounting to $21,772,800, compared with the revised appropriations of $176,318,500. The final revised appropriations for the 2010-2011 biennium would then amount to $154,545,700, of which $21,508,700 is chargeable to the United Nations under the cost-sharing arrangement.", "(b) Budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013", "2. The proposed budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 provide for approved expenditures of $215,999,100 (before recosting), as compared with the total of $176,318,500 for the biennium 2010-2011. The budget submission presented covers administrative costs of $101,768,500, investment costs of $111,282,400, audit costs of $2,748,200 and Board expenses of $200,000. In addition, the estimates provide for one extrabudgetary post for after-service health insurance in the amount of $152,900 and an amount not to exceed $200,000 for the Emergency Fund.", "Administrative costs", "3. The proposed budget under administrative costs totals $101,768,500 before recosting, representing resource growth of 10.2 per cent compared with the appropriation for the 2010-2011 biennium, and 26.5 per cent compared with the revised budget estimates for the 2010-2011 biennium.", "4. With regard to administrative costs, the secretariat emphasized that while the overall estimated cost of the Integrated Pension Administration System project remained unchanged, there had been a shift in the original timeline, owing to changes in the implementation strategy. This had resulted in underexpenditure on the project in the 2010-2011 biennium and a request for those funds in the 2012-2013 biennium. In addition, and in line with the secretariat’s medium-term human resources strategic plan, a request for 16 additional established posts and 3 reclassifications was proposed, as set out below:", "New posts", "Number\tCategory/level\tPost title \n1\tD-1\tChief, Technical Evaluation and RiskManagement\n1\tP-5\tChief, Client Service, RecordsManagement and Distribution\n1\tP-3\tChief, Records Management andDistribution\n2\tGeneral Service(Other level)\tBenefits Assistant\n 1 P-4 Accountant, IPSAS Specialist \n1\tGeneral Service(Principal level)\tSenior Accounting Assistant\n 1 P-4 Accountant \n 1 P-5 Chief, Security Officer \n 1 P-5 Chief, Enterprise Architecture \n1\tGeneral Service(Other level)\tLegal Assistant\n 1 P-4 Finance and Budget Officer \n 1 P-3 Human Resources/Training Officer \n1\tGeneral Service(Principal level)\tHuman Resources Assistant\n1\tGeneral Service(Other level)\tTravel Assistant\n1\tGeneral Service(Principal level)\tSenior Facilities Management Assistant", "Reclassifications", "Number\tCategory/level\tReclassifications \n 1 P-4 to P-5 Chief, Payments Unit \n 1 P-4 to P-5 Cashier \n 1 P-5 to D-1 Chief, Legal Officer", "Investment costs", "5. The proposed budget under investment costs totals $111,282,400 before recosting, representing resource growth of 37.1 per cent compared with the appropriation for the 2010-2011 biennium ($81,197,500), and 56.1 per cent compared with the revised budget estimate for the 2010-2011 biennium ($71,289,000).", "6. Under investment costs, resources requested by the Representative of the Secretary-General included 20 additional posts, as indicated below, and additional resources for contractual services in the area of portfolio management for the implementation of the Leadership Fund, an increase in small capitalization, the master record-keeper and information technology projects.", "New posts", "Number\tCategory/level\tPost title \n 1 P-5 Senior Legal Officer \n 1 P-4 Investment Committee Secretary \n1\tP-5\tSenior Investment Officer — ExternalManagement\n1\tP-4\tInvestment Officer — Fixed Income andForeign Currency\n1\tP-4\tInvestment Officer — AlternativeInvestments\n1\tP-4\tInvestment Officer — Global EmergingMarkets\n1\tP-4\tInvestment Officer — Trade ExecutionOfficer\n1\tP-3\tInvestment Officer — North AmericanEquities\n1\tP-3\tInvestment Officer/Analyst — RealEstate\n1\tGeneral Service(Other level)\tTrade Execution Assistant\n1\tP-4\tDue Diligence and QuantitiesStrategies Risk Manager\n1\tP-3\tCompliance Analyst and OperationalRisk Manager\n1\tGeneral Service(Other level)\tAssistant to the Director, Risk andCompliance\n 1 P-4 Chief, Accounting and Reporting \n 1 P-3 Finance Officer, Reconciliations \n 1 D-1 Chief, Information Technology Officer \n 1 P-4 Data Management Officer \n 1 P-3 Information Security Officer \n 1 P-3 Reconciliation Administrator \n1\tGeneral Service(Other level)\tAdministrative Assistant", "Audit costs", "7. The Fund requested a total of $2,748,200 for external ($774,700) and internal ($1,973,500) audit costs, representing net growth of $103,200, of which $113,500 is attributable to the external auditors.", "Pension Board expenses", "8. A total of $200,000 was requested to cover the costs of two Board sessions and travel expenses of the Chair and the Search Committee for the appointment of the next Chief Executive Officer.", "Extrabudgetary funding", "9. Extrabudgetary resources amounting to $152,900 were requested for the one General Service (Other level) post to be funded by member organizations participating in the after-service health insurance scheme.", "Emergency Fund", "10. An amount not to exceed $200,000 was requested to supplement the Emergency Fund.", "Budget working group", "11. Comments and recommendations made by the budget working group and endorsed by the Board are set out below.", "12. In accordance with the decision taken by the Board at its fifty-seventh session, the budget working group began its work on 6 July 2011.", "13. The original composition of the working group as agreed by the Board was changed with the replacement of one representative of the executive heads group and one representative of the participants group. The final composition of the working group was as follows:", "Ms. J. Forrest (International Telecommunication Union), representing governing bodies", "Mr. G. Kuentzle (United Nations), representing governing bodies", "Ms. Y. Mortlock* (International Organization for Migration), representing executive heads", "Ms. S. Van Buerle (United Nations), representing executive heads (elected as Chair)", "Mr. H. Baritt* (World Health Organization), representing participants", "Mr. C. Santos-Tejada (United Nations), representing participants", "Mr. A. Castellanos del Corral (Federation of Associations of Former International Civil Servants), representing pensioners", "Mr. T. Teshome (Federation of Associations of Former International Civil Servants), representing pensioners", "* New member.", "14. The working group had before it documents relating to: the status of Pension Fund implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011, the Fund’s strategic framework for the period 2012-2013, and budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013. The working group benefited from valuable interactions with members of the secretariat and the Investment Management Division.", "Performance report for the biennium 2010-2011", "15. As indicated in paragraph 195 of the report on its fifty-fifth session (A/63/9) and paragraph 137 of the report on its fifty-seventh session (A/65/9), the Board decided that the Pension Fund secretariat should provide to the Board on an annual basis, in the context of the programme budget performance report, a detailed analysis of the budgetary variances between the approved budget and actual expenditures. While noting that some information had been provided, the working group was of the view that a more detailed breakdown of the variances in the main object of expenditure groups should be provided in future performance reports. It was also noted that IPSAS required an explanation of variances between the budget and actual expenditure, which would improve the Board’s consideration of future budget submissions. Furthermore, where changes in approach, strategy of implementation, etc., of projects or initiatives had a significant impact on the programme of work and hence on the level of expenditures in the period, this should be more fully explained. It was of particular note that some of the anticipated underexpenditure for the biennium was in fact a rephasing of requirements into the subsequent budget period, a condition that should be reflected in a new submission to facilitate the review of the requests, especially in the context of the Integrated Pension Administration System project.", "16. In this context, the working group was of the view that resources programmed for a given biennium should, as a matter of principle, be spent for the purposes approved, during that biennium. The working group also noted recurring underexpenditure for “contractual services” in the Investment Management Division. It expressed appreciation for the Division’s efforts to act in a cost-conscious manner and encouraged the continuation of such actions to bring budget estimates further into line with actual performance.", "Strategic framework for the period 2012-2013", "17. The working group acknowledged the continuing efforts made to improve on the results-based presentation, notably through more focused objectives, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement. It recommended that the Fund align the formulation of its logistical frameworks with the SMART principles —specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound — which would enable the Board to effectively evaluate the performance of the Fund in delivering the results expected. The working group noted that the strategic framework would require changes in line with decisions to be taken on the budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "18. In addition, the working group noted that, according to the established budgetary process of the United Nations, the strategic framework would have been submitted to the Board in an off-budget year to enable it to provide the Fund with relevant guidance on priorities and the programme of work on which the budget for the subsequent financial period would be formulated. As this was the first year in which the framework had been provided since the Board’s decision requiring the submission of a strategic framework, it was recognized that the established cycle would be followed as of 2012, when the strategic framework for the period 2014-2015 would be submitted to the Board at its fifty-ninth session.", "Budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013", "19. The guiding principle followed by the working group in reviewing the budget proposals and the concerns of its various constituent groups was that the highest level of efficiency, effectiveness and cost-consciousness must be ensured in delivering on the mandate of the Fund, with a particular focus on initiatives to increase returns, reduce risks and/or provide better services to those constituents. Overall, the working group reviewed the justifications provided for the resource increases sought. In a number of cases, the group was cognizant of the fact that the impacts and implications of IPSAS, the Integrated Pension Administration System and other initiatives were not yet fully known. Furthermore, in the view of the working group, it was premature to seek additional resources that would lock a staffing structure in place before the Chief Financial Officer, who had yet to be recruited, could express his or her views on the matter. The working group also believed that further synergies could be achieved through greater integration of the New York and Geneva operations. The Chief Executive Officer reported to the group that the opportunities for outsourcing were being examined. The working group recommended a closer review of offshoring and outsourcing options, particularly in view of the upcoming expiration of current leases, to achieve efficiencies in administrative costs.", "20. Moreover, the working group was fully aware of the financial situation faced by both the participating organizations and Member States, notably the need to achieve efficiencies and effective ways of delivering their work. In the case of the Pension Fund, the working group noted the expansionary nature of the proposals and the heavy reliance on the future anticipated benefits of the Integrated Pension Administration System (a project still in progress), requiring further explanation regarding what actions had been or could now be taken by the Fund to improve its work and the efficiencies and cost savings, including staffing structure changes, that such a project would bring.", "21. The budget working group recognized the consistent growth in the number of participants, which had increased 4.2 per cent over the past 10 years. During the same period, there had been a substantial increase in the complexity of administering participants, which was due largely to the increase in the number of provisions of the Fund’s pension adjustment system.", "22. Over the past few years, the Fund has also seen unprecedented growth in the budget. The proposed 2012-2013 budget of $216 million represented a 23 per cent increase compared with the 2010-2011 budget, which had been set at $176.3 million, and a 68 per cent increase compared with the 2008-2009 budget of $128.2 million.", "23. In order to make a more meaningful evaluation of the overall Administration budget, the working group reviewed “per-participant” costs (total costs divided by number of participants). The calculations, which included adjustments for inflation, showed that the cost of administering a participant had averaged $197 per year over the past 10 years. The proposed budget of $216 million, however, equated to $248 per participant, representing a 26 per cent increase.", "Cost per participant, adjusted for inflation", "(United States dollars)", "[]", "24. The Chief Executive Officer confirmed to the working group that the Administration used a number of key performance indicators to track the effectiveness and efficiency of the Fund. The working group would recommend that the Fund make efforts to link future budget proposals to those indicators.", "Budget presentation and methodology", "25. The working group noted with appreciation that the decision taken by the Board at its fifty-seventh session regarding the submission of future proposed budget documents to Board members 90 days prior to the Board session had been fully respected. This facilitated early review by the budget working group. It was noted that attempts had been made to align the presentation of the submission as closely as possible with the methodology used by the United Nations.", "26. However, the working group made the general observation that the Fund needed to revise the presentation of its budget documentation, with clearer and more concise justifications for changes, to facilitate decision-making by the Board. A quality review of the documentation would also assist in eliminating inconsistencies and ensure that cross-cutting initiatives were presented in an aggregated manner, using tables/graphs where appropriate, to facilitate an understanding of the initiatives. Furthermore, as previously recommended by the Board, the Fund should continue to ensure greater alignment with the budget presentation of the United Nations, in particular as to the differentiation between growth and changes resulting from costing parameter changes, namely, currency, inflation or standard salary costs.", "27. The working group noted with concern that little or no progress had been made with regard to the integration and consolidation of certain functions and services, which had favoured the continuation of a silo approach to operations; similarly, it was not clear what work had been done to implement cost-savings initiatives regarding back-office tasks. The Board might wish to consider requesting the Chief Executive Officer and the Representative of the Secretary-General to jointly study options for submission at a future Board session.", "Information technology", "28. The working group noted that the Fund had sought approximately $66 million under the Information Systems Section and the Information Management Systems Service for activities related to information technology. While that level of resources might ultimately prove to be appropriate, it would be opportune, given the growing complexity of the proposals presented to the Board, to prepare and present to the Board, at its fifty-ninth session, a concise, comprehensive and integrated information technology strategy linked to the budget and incorporating validations by independent information technology specialists in the relevant fields of operation of the Fund.", "29. In this regard, the working group noted the Fund’s heavy reliance on the International Computing Centre. Notably, when reference was made to the Centre’s budget, the working group was made aware that the Pension Fund was the second largest user of the Centre’s services, after the Department of Field Support. The working group was advised that, owing to the nature of the Centre, no competitive bidding was undertaken for its services, which raised concern as to whether this was the most cost-effective and economical means of meeting the needs of the Fund without compromising data security or confidentiality. At the same time, in interviews with representatives of the Fund, it had been noted that a separate staffing capacity had been engaged by the Fund through the Centre, with approximately 13 staff at varying levels, ranging from General Service (Other level) to P-5, engaged through contractual services, with some having been on board since 2004.", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "30. The working group was pleased to hear the report from the Chief Executive Officer that good progress had been made on the IPSAS project and that there was a high degree of confidence that the Fund would meet the implementation deadlines. The remaining issues relating to fixed assets and employee benefits seemed to been well addressed. The existing finance staffs in both the secretariat and the Investment Management Division were well versed in the Standards. The working group believed that in the long term, IPSAS would be incorporated into the duties of the finance line management, much in the same way as the implementation of the United Nations system accounting standards had been coordinated.", "31. The working group did not believe that the establishment of two new posts dedicated to IPSAS was necessary; some funding for short-term consultancies to assist with the financial statements, impairment testing and policy documentation was deemed to be more appropriate.", "Integrated Pension Administration System", "32. With regard to the Integrated Pension Administration System, the working group welcomed the Chief Executive Officer’s assertions that he regarded the project as a top priority. It was noted that the Integrated Pension Administration System would fundamentally change the organizational approach from one that was case-driven to one that was process-driven. It was recalled that the System was aimed at improving both efficiency and service delivery. In this context, the working group considered it imperative that the review and improvement, as appropriate, of all relevant existing processes be an integral part of the entire Integrated Pension Administration System change management process. The working group would also encourage the Fund to ensure that the project was not driven primarily by information technology, as full ownership by the substantive areas was indispensable.", "33. The working group recommended that the Board request a report on the expected organizational structure of the Fund after the implementation of the Integrated Pension Administration System, to be considered in the context of the next budget submission, at its sixtieth session. The report should also contain a strategic evaluation of all posts affected by the implementation of the System.", "34. The Fund had scanned 639,499 documents in 2010, comprising 1,120,602 pages. The Integrated Pension Administration System was intended to replace the entitlement, accounting and document management systems. The working group noted that in the project, staffing resources seemed to have been allocated to both accounting and entitlements, but no specific resources were dedicated to document management. The working group would encourage the Fund to monitor the project skill sets and to ensure that resources were aligned to address document management.", "35. The current budget covered additional contractual services and other costs that were required in order to support legacy systems that would be replaced by the Integrated Pension Administration System. The Chief Executive Officer had provided assurances that the System would be delivered according to the project schedule and on or possibly below budget.", "36. The Integrated Pension Administration System project would have a major impact on the delivery of services. Therefore, the working group would recommend that a revised organization chart be provided with the next budget submissions.", "Resource proposals", "Posts", "37. In line with the guiding principle and criteria outlined in paragraph 19 above, and following a series of consultations with the executives and managers involved, the working group proceeded with the review of posts as follows. The Fund sought a total of three reclassifications (3 secretariat posts) and 36 new posts (16 Administration posts and 20 Investment Management Division posts). Having reviewed each post, and following dialogue with representatives of the secretariat and the Division, the working group proposed the following:", "(a) Not to support the reclassifications as proposed;", "(b) To support seven new posts in the Investment Management Division, as reflected in table 1;", "(c) To support the positions set out in table 2 as general temporary assistance positions (not posts, as originally requested) for the duration and purpose indicated;", "(d) Not to support the new P-4 Finance and Budget Officer post in the Executive Office of the Fund. On the basis of the explanation that the functions of the post had increased in complexity, the working group supported the reclassification of the existing P-3 Finance and Budget Officer post to the P-4 level.", "Table 1", "Section\tPost\tNumberofposts\tCategory \n B. Investments \nProgramme ofwork \nInvestments\tInvestment Officer — AlternativeInvestments\t1\tP-4\n\tInvestment Officer — GlobalEmerging Markets\t1\tP-4\n\tInvestment Officer — TradeExecution\t1\tP-4\n\tInvestment Officer — NorthAmerican Equities\t1\tP-3\nRisk andCompliance\tDue Diligence and QuantitativeStrategies Risk Manager\t1\tP-4\nOperations\tFinance Officer, Reconciliations\t1\tP-3\nProgrammesupport \nInformationSystems\tData Management Officer\t1\tP-4", "Table 2", "Section\tGeneral temporaryassistancepositions\tNumber\tCategory\tRemarks \nA.Administration \nProgramme ofwork \nOperations\tChief, RecordsManagement andDistribution(InformationManagementOfficer)\t1\tP-3\tNon-recurrent,24months\n\tBenefitsAssistant forclient services(New York)\t1\tGeneralService(Otherlevel)\tNon-recurrent,24months\n B. Investments \nOffice of theDirector\tLegalOfficer/Office ofLegal Affairs^(a)\t1\tP-4\tNon-recurrent,12months\nProgramme ofwork Operations\tChief, Accountingand Reporting\t1\tP-4\tToremainundergeneral temporaryassistance;not \n convertedto apost\nProgrammesupport \nInformationSystems\tStatic DataAdministrator\t1\tP-3", "^(a) Resources provided for services to be obtained from the Office of Legal Affairs.", "Administration", "38. Under the Information Management System Service, following a discussion with the Fund on the prioritization of its information technology projects in the light of ongoing dedicated capacity required for Integrated Pension Administration System implementation, the working group did not support the Integrated Management Initiative and proposed a reduction in the budget by an amount of $2,543,300 (before recosting). This would result in the necessary reduction, under contractual services ($1,133,300) and furniture and equipment ($1,410,000), of the Administration budget.", "Temporary posts", "39. The working group supported the continuation of the 17 temporary posts for the Integrated Pension Administration System project at the following levels: 1 P-5, 7 P-4, 4 P-3 and 5 General Service (Other level).", "Other staff costs", "40. The working group agreed to the amount sought under other staff costs, adjusted for the additional requirements for the two general temporary assistance positions approved in operations/administration, as reflected in table 2.", "Consultants", "41. The working group supported the amount sought amounting to $300,000 (before recosting).", "Travel", "42. The working group proposed a reduction of 10 per cent in the revised appropriation level.", "Contractual services", "43. The working group supported the amount sought, as adjusted for the non‑approval of resources for the Integrated Management Initiative project.", "Hospitality", "44. To remain at the revised appropriation level.", "General operating expenses", "45. The working group agreed to the amount sought under administration. The working group noted an increase in general operating expenses due to bank charges of $3 million. This represented an increase of approximately $500,000 compared with the previous biennium. The working group requested that the Fund review the banking mechanisms in an effort to reduce these fees. A summary report should be provided with the next budget submission.", "Supplies and materials", "46. The working group supported the amount sought.", "Furniture and equipment", "47. The working group supported the amount sought, as adjusted for the non‑approval of resources for the Integrated Management Initiative project.", "48. Table 3 summarizes the recommendations on non-post items, as explained above, for administration.", "Table 3", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Other staff costs 3 910.3", "Consultants 300.0", "Travel 1 224.5", "Contractual services 31 847.9", "Hospitality 4.0", "General operating expenses 14 248.0", "Supplies and materials 185.8", "Furniture and equipment 2 011.0", "Total non-post resources 53 731.5", "Investment Management Division", "Other staff costs", "49. The working group proposed resources at the revised appropriation level, adjusted for additional requirements for the two general temporary assistance positions (non-recurrent resources for one P-4 Legal Officer in the Office of Legal Affairs for 12 months and one P-4 Chief, Accounting and Reporting, for 24 months) as reflected in table 2.", "50. In addition, the working group agreed to the establishment by the Investment Management Division of one P-2 Risk and Compliance Implementation Analyst and one 1 P-3 Static Data Administrator, to be accommodated within the overall resources approved for other staff costs (as reflected in table 3).", "Consultants", "51. On the basis of a review of the total resources for IPSAS, the working group proposed that the requirements estimated at $500,000 be reduced to $250,000. Accordingly, the provision under consultants would amount to $1,177,000 (before recosting).", "Travel", "52. The working group proposed maintenance at the revised appropriation level.", "Contractual services", "53. Under contractual services, an amount of $11,250,000, requested for the Leadership Fund, was not supported by the working group at this time. The working group was of the view that a move in this direction was tantamount to a change in the investment strategy that should be discussed at the Board session and supported by unambiguous views on the part of the Investments Committee.", "54. Furthermore, as the working group had been advised that the recent contract for the custodian/master record-keeper services had been negotiated at an amount less than anticipated, it was proposed that this line of expenditure be reduced by an amount of $4,138,300.", "Hospitality", "55. The working group proposed maintenance at the revised appropriation level.", "General operating expenses", "56. The working group agreed to the amount sought.", "Supplies and materials", "57. The working group proposed maintenance at the revised appropriation level.", "Furniture and equipment", "58. The working group proposed maintenance at the revised appropriation level.", "59. Table 4 summarizes the recommendations on non-post items, as explained above, for the Investment Management Division.", "Table 4", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Other staff costs 2 892.2", "Consultants 1 177.0", "Travel 2 000.0", "Contractual services 62 532.1", "Hospitality 22.0", "General operating expenses 4 485.1", "Supplies and materials 160.0", "Furniture and equipment 700.0", "Total non-post resources 73 968.4", "Pension Board expenses", "60. The working group fully supported the resources requested to cover the Board expenses.", "Extrabudgetary funding", "61. The working group supported the resources for one General Service (Other level) staff to be funded by member organizations participating in the scheme.", "Discussion in the Board", "62. The Board noted with appreciation that the budget document had been provided as requested, 90 days prior to the opening of the session, allowing for a thorough review of the document by the budget working group.", "63. The executive heads supported the outcome of the working group and were pleased that the budget presentation had been carried out in compliance with International Public Sector Accounting Standard No. 24 and had been prepared within the time frame requested by the Board. The executive heads were concerned that inaccuracies in the information presented in the proposal had complicated the analysis conducted by the working group and the consideration by the Board. They recommended that analysis be carried out thoroughly, making use of ratios as appropriate. They also commented that budgets approved in prior periods had been underspent.", "64. Governing bodies endorsed the recommendations of the working group. They recommended that at future meetings, the document be introduced earlier, together with opening statements by key officials, so as to inform the considerations of the working group more fully.", "65. The participants group supported the recommendations of the working group, noting that the asset-liability management studies had recommended a diversification of the Fund’s assets towards alternative assets. The group recalled the recommendation, made at the previous session of the General Assembly, to proceed with the greatest of prudence. It also recalled that professional advancement should not be impeded by budgetary constraints.", "66. The Federation of Associations of Former International Civil Servants supported the working group’s conclusion and expressed its thanks to the working group.", "67. It was also commented that comparator bases should be modified to allow for inflation and currency effect as necessary, that in an overall context of austerity possible cost reductions should be sought in items such as travel and information technology, and that budget requests should be closely linked to strategic goals. With regard to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, any system changes likely to have an impact on member organizations should be flagged well in advance.", "68. Members of the Board also stated that:", "(a) The Fund should take a critical look at the methodology and assumptions made when budgeting for contractual services;", "(b) The table contained in the report of the budget working group reflecting the trend in cost per participant was useful and could serve as a model for the Fund in carrying out further analysis.", "69. The Representative of the Secretary-General made a statement to the Board in which he cautioned that the opportunity costs of foregone investment returns, as a result of savings achieved on investment management, could far exceed those apparent savings. As the fiduciary of the Fund, the Representative of the Secretary-General placed on record his worries and concerns that the structural underfunding of the Investment Management Division would represent an unacceptable risk for the generation of adequate returns in future to support existing and projected liabilities.", "70. The Chief Executive Officer thanked the working group and expressed appreciation for the group’s support of key projects including the Integrated Pension Administration System and the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. He referred to the chart contained in the report of the working group reflecting cost per participant, providing further clarification that whenever an increase in cost per participant occurred, it was due to a project, and the cost per participant would again decrease after the completion of the project. As examples, he referred to the spike in 2004 relating to the relocation of the Pension Fund offices from the Secretariat Building to 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, and to the spike in 2012-2013 corresponding to the Integrated Pension Administration System project, which included 17 temporary posts that would be eliminated after the completion of the project.", "71. The Deputy Chief Executive Officer confirmed that the target operating model related to the Integrated Pension Administration System project remained unchanged, with the same objectives and benefits. The change that had occurred related to the location of the new information technology infrastructure needed for the project at the North American data centre in New Jersey. The decision to install the project’s information technology infrastructure at the Centre had followed the identification of serious vulnerabilities at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza data centre. The Deputy Chief Executive Officer also indicated that all substantive groups within the Fund were involved with the project and that an Integrated Pension Administration System steering committee was in place. He confirmed that the project was expected to be completed as presented and within budget.", "Recommendations of the Board", "72. On the basis of the recommendations of the working group, the Pension Board approved, for submission to the General Assembly, the proposed budget estimates amounting to $194,164,000, comprising administrative costs ($98,407,600), investment costs ($92,938,200), audit costs ($2,613,800) and Board expenses ($204,400). This amount would be apportioned $173,260,600 to the Pension Fund and $20,903,400 to the United Nations under the cost-sharing agreement.", "73. In addition, the Board approved resources amounting to $156,800 from extrabudgetary funding for the processing of after-service health insurance premium payments for a number of member organizations upon their request.", "Annex II", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund: approved organization chart for the biennium 2010-2011", "Abbreviations: ASG, Assistant Secretary-General; GS, General Service; OL, Other level; PL, Principal level.", "^(a) One extrabudgetary General Service (Other level) post is funded by member organizations.", "^(b) Temporary posts authorized for the Integrated Pension Administration System project.", "^(c) One of the two P-4 temporary posts authorized for the Information Management Systems Service for the biennium 2010-2011 was authorized for 12 months only. It was abolished in 2011, reducing the number of temporary P-4 posts in the Service to one.", "Annex III", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund: proposed organization chart for the biennium 2012-2013", "[]", "Abbreviations: ASG, Assistant Secretary-General; GS, General Service; OL, Other level; PL, Principal level.", "^(a) One extrabudgetary General Service (Other level) post is funded by member organizations.", "^(b) Temporary posts authorized for the Integrated Pension Administration System project.", "Annex IV", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund: number of participants by member organization as at 31 December 2010", "Member organization Number of participants\n 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010", "United Nations^(a) 44 059 43 869 43 864 43 751 44 958 50 126 54 953 56 287 57 541 59 542 64 092 68 853 74 575 79 933 82 576 85 617", "International Labour 2 823 2 632 2 599 2 620 2 612 2 650 2 747 2 863 3 044 3 221 3 330 3 261 3 366 3 572 3 642 3 741 Organization", "Food and Agriculture 5 735 5 540 5 435 5 387 5 340 5 315 5 344 5 447 5 648 5 822 5 918 5 774 5 735 5 722 6 011 6 145 Organization of the United Nations", "United Nations 2 561 2 667 2 588 2 650 2 629 2 452 2 414 2 437 2 517 2 528 2 508 2 469 2 526 2 553 2 602 2 632 Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "World Health 6 125 5 965 5 935 6 180 6 409 6 817 7 375 8 181 8 966 9 498 9 932 10 072 10 157 10 435 11 029 10 986 Organization", "International Civil 820 826 852 852 841 867 873 883 863 863 826 806 795 775 784 791 Aviation Organization", "World Meteorological 333 316 312 314 327 329 322 310 303 287 302 334 332 319 315 309 Organization", "General Agreement on 476 538 529 542 7 4 3 1 — — — — — — — — Tariffs and Trade^(b)", "International Atomic 2 146 2 057 2 053 2 075 2 068 2 076 2 125 2 168 2 207 2 217 2 261 2 278 2 273 2 229 2 245 2 307 Energy Agency", "International 315 324 323 310 315 325 330 340 344 351 343 338 337 320 323 313 Maritime Organization", "International 908 885 905 921 965 953 967 1 006 971 875 871 854 843 823 831 830 Telecommunication Union", "World Intellectual 611 672 712 807 955 1 033 1 106 1 189 1 240 1 206 1 166 1 130 1 134 1 139 1 154 1 156 Property Organization", "International Fund 302 295 298 332 338 344 383 435 462 488 506 502 519 526 534 540 for Agricultural Development", "International Centre 29 31 29 32 35 37 33 36 34 39 39 40 38 37 36 34 for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property", "European and 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization", "United Nations 1 455 1 163 1 064 921 851 810 813 821 786 791 783 753 759 779 825 826 Industrial Development Organization", "International Centre — 136 138 141 142 145 145 150 152 162 171 173 177 191 194 190 for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology", "World Tourism — 70 72 74 78 79 79 83 88 95 90 99 100 95 95 95 Organization", "International — — 18 20 25 27 30 33 34 34 36 36 36 38 34 34 Tribunal for the Law of the Sea", "International Seabed — — 3 30 28 31 28 34 34 28 30 29 29 32 31 32 Authority", "International — — — — — — — — — 298 431 578 719 809 865 908 Criminal Court^(c)", "Inter-Parliamentary — — — — — — — — — — 37 40 45 45 48 49 Union^(d)", "International — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 059 2 419 3 134 3 261 Organization for Migration^(e)", "Special Tribunal for — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 259 329 Lebanon^(f)", "Total number of 68 708 67 997 67 740 67 971 68 935 74 432 80 082 82 715 85 245 88 356 93 683 98 431 106 112 117 121 participants 566 804 580 138", "Total number of 16 18 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 member organizations", "^(a) The number of United Nations participants for 2006 was revised downward by 2, from 68,855 to 68,853.", "^(b) The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade withdrew from the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund as from 31 December 1998.", "^(c) The International Criminal Court became the twentieth organization member of the Fund as at 1 January 2004.", "^(d) The Inter-Parliamentary Union became the twenty-first member as at 1 January 2005.", "^(e) The International Organization for Migration became the twenty-second member as at 1 January 2007.", "^(f) Special Tribunal for Lebanon became the twenty-third member as at 1 January 2009.", "[1] It is estimated that Operations will process some 55,400 affiliations of new participants, transfers in and out and separations during the biennium 2012-2013; this relates to specific and measurable work tasks carried out by Operations, representing an 80 per cent increase over the biennium 1998-1999.", "[2] The total annuity value of the additional periodic benefits to be paid out over some 30 years and the cash settlements calculated, verified and set up in Operations for payment each year is estimated to represent nearly $1 billion." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目133和134", "2010-2011两年期方案预算", "2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算", "联合国合办工作人员养恤基金的管理费用和按照国际公共部门会计准则提交基金财务报告的过渡措施", "联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会的报告", "目录", "页次 \n1.概述 4 \n2.2010-2011两年期预算估计数：执行情况报告 4 \nA.行政费用 7 \nB.投资费用 12 \nC.审计费用 16 \nD.联委会费用 16 \nE.预算外费用 16 \n3.2012-2013两年期概算：成果预算框架和所需资源分析 16 \nA.导言 16 \nB.行政费用 25 \nC.投资费用 48 \nD.审计费用 64 \nE.联委会费用 65 \n4.紧急基金 66 \n5.为在2012年1月1日前执行国际公共部门会计准则所建议的临时措施 66 \n6.有待大会采取的行动 67 7.为执行审计委员会以及行政和预算问题咨询委员会的各项要求和建议而采取的 67 \n后续行动总表 \nA.行政和预算问题咨询委员会 67 \nB.审计委员会 69 \n 附件 \n1.联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会关于2010-2011两年期订正预算估计数和2012-2013两年期预算估计数的讨论 76\t\n2.联合国合办工作人员养恤基金：2010-2011两年期核定组织结构图 90\t\n3.联合国合办工作人员养恤基金：2012-2013两年期拟议组织结构图 91\t4.联合国合办工作人员养恤基金：截至2010年12月31日按成员组织开列的参加 92 \n 人数", "摘要 \n本报告载列联合国合办工作人员养恤基金2010-2011两年期订正预算，其中显示批款减少21772 800美元。减少的是以下支出数额：行政费用(11 830000美元)、投资费用(9 908 500美元)和审计费用(112100美元)。养恤金联委会费用增加77800美元，部分抵消了减少的支出。因此，2010-2011两年期订正批款为154 545700美元，用作行政费用(80 478 500美元)、投资费用(71 289000美元)、审计费用(2 532 900美元)和联委会费用(245300美元)。根据费用分摊安排，其中21 508 700美元应由联合国分担。\n本报告还载列2012年1月1日至2013年12月31日期间的预算估计数，数额为191620 600美元(重计费用前)，用作行政费用(96 873 100美元)、投资费用(91799 300美元)、审计费用(2 748 200美元)和养恤金联委会费用(200000美元)。本报告总共为227个连续性员额、17个临时员额、7个新设员额和1个员额的改叙提供费用。 所需资源 +---------------+------------+------------+---+----------+----------++---------------+------------+------------+---+----------+----------++---------------+------------+------------+---+----------+----------++---------------+------------+------------+---+----------+----------++---------------+------------+------------+---+----------+----------++---------------+------------+------------+---+----------+----------++---------------+------------+------------+---+----------+----------++---------------+------------+------------+---+----------+----------+\t类别行政^(a,b)投资审计养恤金联委会共计\t资源(千美元)2010-2011年92 308.581 197.52 645.0167.5176 318.5\t2012-2013年(重计费用前)96 873.191 799.32 748.2200.0191 620.6\t2010-2011年18858246\t员额\t2012-2013年18765252 ^(a) 由成员组织提供经费的1个预算外一般事务(其他职等)员额。 \n^(b)包括18个养恤金综合管理系统临时员额；2011年裁撤了1个P-4职等员额。", "一. 概述", "1. 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金是大会1949年为向联合国和被接纳为成员的其他组织的工作人员发放退休金、死亡抚恤金、残疾抚恤金和有关补助金而设，目前共有成员组织23个。截至2010年12月31日，在职参与人和养恤金领取人合计184 968人。", "2. 根据大会通过的《条例》，基金由联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会、每个成员组织的工作人员养恤金委员会、联委会秘书处和每个成员组织工作人员养恤金委员会的秘书处管理。养恤金联委会三分之一成员由大会和其他成员组织相应的理事机构遴选，三分之一由各行政首长遴选，三分之一由参与人遴选。联委会向大会报告基金的业务及资产投资情况。必要时，联委会建议修正《条例》，后者除其他外，规定参与人的缴款比例(目前为应计养恤金薪酬的7.9%)和各成员组织的缴款比例(目前为15.8%)、参与资格以及参与人及其受养人可能有权领取的养恤金。", "二. 2010-2011两年期预算估计数：执行情况报告", "3. 表1汇总了2010-2011两年期的支出估计数总额。为了使基金执行情况报告更有意义，本两年期支出由两个不同的部分组成：(a) 2010年1月1日至2011年5月31日17个月期间的实际支出；(b) 2011年6月1日至12月31日7个月期间的支出估计数。2011年1月1日至5月31日期间的实际支出是按权责发生制会计方法确定，意即交易和其他事项是于发生时在财务报表中予以确认，而不是于收到或支付现金或现金等价物时确认。", "4. 大会在第64/245号决议中核准为2010-2011两年期批款共计176 318 500美元，包括行政费用(92 281 400美元)、投资费用(81 292 000美元)、审计费用(2 645 000美元)和联委会费用(100 000美元)。在这笔批款中，154 749 100美元直接由基金负担，21 569 400美元由联合国分担。此外，还核准作为预算外费用的资源158 200美元，由若干成员组织提供。大会在第65/249号决议核可为满足基金的需要而调拨批款。订正批款包括行政费用(92 308 500美元)、投资费用(81 197 500美元)、审计费用(2 645 000美元)和联委会费用(167 500美元)。直接由基金负担的数额和由联合国分担的份额保持不变，分别为154 749 100美元和21 569 400美元。", "表1 按支出用途开列的2010-2011两年期订正估计数", "(千美元)", "核定批款 2010年1月1日至2011年 2011年6月1日至12月31日 2010-2011两年期的 2010-2011年 5月31日17个月期间的支出 7个月期间的支出估计数 增/(减) 拟议最后批款\n 养恤金 联合国 共计 养恤金 联合国 共计 养恤金 联合国 共计 养恤金 联合国 共计 养恤金 联合国 共计", "(a) (b) (c) (d)=(b)+(c)-(a) (e)=(a)+(d)", "行政费用", "员额 26 386.6 12 344.8 38 16 442.4 7 739.9 24 8 213.8 3 829.8 12 (1 730.4) (775.1) (2 505.5) 24 656.2 11 36 731.4 182.3 043.6 569.7 225.9", "临时员额 2 870.3 — 2 870.3 807.1 — 807.1 258.0 — 258.0 (1 805.2) — (1 805.2) 1 065.1 — 1 065.1", "其他工作人员费用 2 830.8 1 202.0 4 032.8 1 958.8 932.6 2 891.4 1 260.5 538.6 1 799.1 388.5 269.2 657.7 3 219.3 1 471.2 4 690.5", "咨询人 537.6 — 537.6 205.9 — 205.9 132.6 — 132.6 (199.1) — (199.1) 338.5 — 338.5", "差旅 1 360.6 — 1 360.6 907.2 — 907.2 389.9 — 389.9 (63.5) — (63.5) 1 297.1 — 1 297.1", "订约承办事务 21 908.3 3 851.7 25 12 144.7 3 163.6 15 2 651.8 521.5 3 173.3 (7 111.8) (166.6) (7 278.4) 14 796.5 3 685.1 18 760.0 308.3 481.6", "招待费 4.0 — 4.0 4.3 — 4.3 1.0 — 1.0 1.3 — 1.3 5.3 — 5.3", "一般业务费用 9 581.6 3 220.1 12 6 703.9 3 125.8 9 829.7 4 442.8 712.1 5 154.9 1 565.1 617.8 2 182.9 11 146.7 3 837.9 14 801.7 984.6", "用品和材料 140.1 70.0 210.1 252.4 55.1 307.5 54.9 27.5 82.4 167.2 12.6 179.8 307.3 82.6 389.9", "家具和设备 5 560.0 440.0 6 000.0 481.5 114.1 595.6 2 078.5 325.9 2 404.4 (3 000.0) (3 000.0) 2 560.0 440.0 3 000.0", "共计 71 179.9 21 128.6 92 39 908.2 15 55 19 483.8 5 955.4 25 (11 787.9) (42.1) (11 59 392.0 21 80 308.5 131.1 039.3 439.2 830.0) 086.5 478.5", "投资费用", "员额 15 344.0 15 9 115.1 — 9 115.1 5 275.5 — 5 275.5 (953.4) — (953.4) 14 390.6 — 14 344.0 390.6", "其他工作人员费用 2 361.8 2 361.8 753.4 — 753.4 1 738.7 — 1 738.7 130.3 — 130.3 2 492.1 — 2 492.1", "咨询人 2 328.8 2 328.8 702.6 — 702.6 1 626.2 — 1 626.2 — 2 328.8 — 2 328.8", "差旅 2 000.0 2 000.0 1 100.6 — 1 100.6 610.4 — 610.4 (289.0) — (289.0) 1 711.0 — 1 711.0", "订约承办事务 52 878.9 52 32 839.7 — 32 11 594.0 — 11 (8 445.2) — (8 445.2) 44 433.7 — 44 878.9 839.7 594.0 433.7", "招待费 22.0 22.0 20.4 — 20.4 3.0 — 3.0 1.4 — 1.4 23.4 — 23.4", "一般业务费用 5 402.0 5 402.0 2 787.4 — 2 787.4 2 283.5 — 2 283.5 (331.1) — (331.1) 5 070.9 — 5 070.9", "用品和材料 160.0 160.0 53.8 — 53.8 105.8 — 105.8 (0.4) — (0.4) 159.6 — 159.6", "家具和设备 700.0 700.0 218.6 — 218.6 460.3 — 460.3 (21.1) — (21.1) 678.9 — 678.9", "共计 81 197.5 81 47 591.6 47 23 697.4 23 (9 908.5) (9 908.5) 71 289.0 71 197.5 591.6 697.4 289.0", "审计费用", "外部审计 551.0 110.2 661.2 244.6 48.9 293.5 306.4 61.3 367.7 551.0 110.2 661.2", "内部审计 1 653.2 330.6 1 983.8 821.4 164.3 985.7 738.3 147.7 886.0 (93.5) (18.6) (112.1) 1 559.7 312.0 1 871.7", "共计 2 204.2 440.8 2 645.0 1 066.0 213.2 1 279.2 1 044.7 209.0 1 253.7 (93.5) (18.6) (112.1) 2 110.7 422.2 2 532.9", "联委会费用 167.5 — 167.5 199.4 — 199.4 45.9 — 45.9 77.8 — 77.8 245.3 — 245.3", "资源共计 154 749.1 21 569.4 176 88 765.2 15 104 44 271.8 6 164.4 50 (21 712.1) (60.7) (21 133 037.0 21 154 318.5 344.3 109.5 436.2 772.8) 508.7 545.7", "预算外费用(离职后医疗保险制度)", "业务活动 158.2 — 158.2 90.0 — 90.0 54.3 — 54.3 (13.9) — (13.9) 144.3 — 144.3", "5. 核准了以下用途的订正批款：", "(a) 行政费用：一般临时人员支出增加94 600美元，用以支付一个与实施国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)有关的P-4职等员额的费用；", "(b) 投资费用：订约承办事务费用减少94 600美元。", "6. 2010-2011两年期支出总额估计为154 545 700美元，其中包括行政费用(80 478 500美元)、投资费用(71 289 000美元)、审计费用(2 532 900美元)和联委会费用(245 300美元)，由此导致节余21 772 800美元，相当于批款总额的12.3%。此外，预算外费用预计支出144 300美元，导致节余13 900美元，相当于批款的8.8%。", "A. 行政费用", "7. 行政费用估计为80 478 500美元，由此导致支出节余11 830 000美元，即12.8%。造成净节余的主要资源差异首先来自养恤金综合管理系统，原因是如第13至17段所述，对该系统的项目计划进行了改进，增加了新的基本活动，并安装了新的信息技术基础设施。养恤金综合管理系统项目是养恤基金的一个重大基本建设项目，因此，表2把2010-2011两年期的养恤金综合管理系统项目支出估计数与无关该项目的支出估计数着重分开列报。", "8. 与养恤金综合管理系统无关的主要资源差异包括：", "1. 员额—支出节余2 505 500美元", "9. 节余主要归因于两年期之初的平均空缺率较高。", "2. 其他工作人员费用—超支657 700美元", "10. 支出超过预期的主要原因是，参与人、退休人员和其他受益人增加，导致工作量增加，因此需要一般临时人员。", "3. 一般业务费用—超支2 182 900美元", "11. 支出超过预期的主要原因是估计为2 500 000美元的银行手续费。提交联委会的2010-2011年预算估计数报告在一般业务费用类别下列入了银行手续费估计数。联委会经过审议，在提交大会的预算报告中删除了这项费用(见A/64/291，附件七，第34段)。用于养恤金支付的2 500 000美元银行手续费是以2008-2009年执行期的实际手续费为依据。", "4. 2010-2011两年期举办的项目", "12. 以下摘要介绍了在2010-2011两年期举办的信息技术项目的详细情况。", "表2 2010-2011两年期项目情况", "(千美元)", "项目\t预计/实际完成日期\t批款\t支出估计数\t超支或(支出节余) \n养恤金综合管理系统\t2014年5月\t14 361400\t2 299 906\t(12 061494)\n成员组织信息共享举措\t2011年12月\t1 749773\t1 749 773\t－\n客户服务举措\t2011年12月\t469 671\t469 671\t－\n网络系统举措\t2011年12月\t1 709342\t1 709 342\t－\n企业系统举措\t2011年12月\t1 063280\t1 063 280\t－\n企业业务举措\t2011年12月\t1 031400\t1 031 400\t－\n与投资管理处的信息技术合并举措\t2011年12月\t461 633\t461 633\t－\n共计 20 846499\t8 785 005\t(12 061494)", "养恤金综合管理系统", "13. 2010-2011两年期，养恤基金继续执行该项目的主要基本任务，包括：(a) 为现有系统(养恤金管理系统和Lawson系统)建造一个全面的数据字典；(b) 为现有系统编制一份详细的数据分析报告；(c) 利用专门的“大宗”程序，并通过养恤金综合管理系统项目小组工作人员有关养恤金管理系统和Lawson系统数据库的工作来清洗数据；(d) 更新程序文件(以补充在项目的规划和设计阶段编制的流程图)；(e) 编制第一套计算公式，用以校准养恤基金的复杂和详细的计算基础，并准备由内部和外部专家在执行阶段予以签字批准；(f) 更新详细阐明现有系统与其他实体之间数据交换办法(界面)的技术文件；(g) 建立第一组详细的测试库，它们的范围将包括界面和计算结果。", "14. 这个项目开始了原计划没有考虑的两个附加举措。第一个举措是对项目第一阶段期间编制的需求说明进行一次广泛的自下而上的审查。在这一阶段对目标操作模型和项目范围进行了改进。扩大了新的功能要求和信息技术要求。最后的工作说明除了18项关键的高层面要求外，还考虑333项详细的功能规格和信息技术规格。", "15. 第二个举措与探索新技术有关，因为通过建立更好的界面的手段，能够(在养恤金综合管理系统与成员组织的人力资源系统和财务系统之间)使发薪系统无缝衔接，并能够更好地利用现有的数据库来使对缴款计算结果的核查自动化，同时建立其他数据质量规程。鉴于很多成员组织最近采取了过渡到企业资源规划平台的战略，养恤基金正在研究使用较新的技术建立共同界面的可能性。在联合国完成SAP软件的启用后，据估计96%的养恤基金参与人的数据将在一个企业资源规划平台下维护。这项举措与养恤金综合管理系统的发展密切挂钩，因为经过修订的规格考虑到：(a) 需要实现发薪系统之间的无缝衔接；(b) 对共同企业资源规划界面进行高效率利用的工具；(c) (为那些没有企业资源规划平台的组织)开发一个网络入口系统。", "16. 这两项附加举措产生了更详细的规格，它们将更准确和更有效地指导参数化和建立功能的过程。这将改进新系统，在启用之后进行改动时节省时间和资源。此外，养恤金综合管理系统项目将力求尽早使自己的数据要求与成员组织的企业资源规划系统所产生的数据相协调。很自然的是，综合管理系统的成功将与养恤基金成员组织所提供的人力资源数据和财务数据的质量、及时性和可取得性密切相关。", "17. 虽然养恤金综合管理系统项目的22 660 300美元(重计费用前)总费用估计数保持不变，但项目计划中增加了新的活动，并(根据联合国采购司的建议)对采购程序进行了重大修改，以纳入一个分为两个阶段的评价内容。由于这些改动，延长了原来的时限，估计的支出时间也作了相应调整。表3着重显示了2010-2011两年期的支出估计数和项目总费用估计数。", "表3 养恤金综合管理系统所需资源汇总", "(千美元)", "2010-2011两年期 2012-2013两年期 2014-2015两年期 项目共计\n 行政费用 核定批款 支出估计数 增加/(减少) 拟议最后批款 申请批款 估计批款 估计批款", "临时员额 2 870.3 1 065.1 (1 805.2) 1 065.1 3 670.8 957.7 5 693.6", "差旅 84.8 84.8 — 84.8 — — 84.8", "订约承办事务 8 406.3 1 150.0 (7 256.3) 1 150.0 11 966.3 3 765.6 16 881.9", "家具和设备 3 000.0 — (3 000.0) — — — —", "行政费用共计 14 361.4 2 299.9 (12 061.5) 2 299.9 15 637.1 4 723.3 22 660.3", "家具和设备—支出节余3 000 000美元", "18. 支出低于预期的原因是，由于在达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号的数据中心发现弱点，决定把项目所需信息技术硬件安装在养恤基金的新数据中心。项目原来的计划是购置12台新的服务器、15台储存区域网络模块和不间断供电系统的扩展装置，并将其安装在达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号四楼的数据中心，以提供所需要的更多能力来担任新的系统应用程序的主机。", "19. 然而，由于在达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号的数据中心发现严重弱点，这个计划被视为不可行。于2009年进行了业务影响分析，于2010年把分析结果提交给了养恤金联委会，其中揭示，该数据中心虽然安装了不间断供电系统，但没有任何发电机来应付电力公司(或大楼电路系统)可能断电的情况。早先根据关于生产数据中心的行业惯例对该数据中心进行了一次评估，对该设施的评分是10分制的2分(10分是最高或最佳分数)。因此，如果在达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号数据中心安装新的硬件，将对养恤金综合管理系统项目构成严重风险。", "20. 经过广泛寻找适当的替代办法，基金决定把位于达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号的信息和通信技术基础设施迁到新的北美数据中心，后者是一个新的和更可靠的数据中心，能够妥为确保其关键任务系统的可用性。北美数据中心根据电信业协会标准(TIA-942 DC)被定为第3级，即，保证99.9%的时间正常运转，可供使用。", "订约承办事务—支出节余7 256 300美元", "21. 支出低于预期的主要原因是，为新的系统应用程序提供主机服务的数据中心迁到另一地址。在把达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号的现有设备迁至新的北美数据中心时，购置了750 000美元的新设备，将其安装在该中心，以充分提供养恤金综合管理系统的全部预期所需能力。发出了400 000美元的招标书，以聘请一个专业咨询公司协助按照新的目标操作模型和新的范式重新设计数据中心的流程，并编制测试情景，作为确保新系统能够准确、安全和高效率地处理应领养恤金和付款的基础。", "22. 上述举措使得养恤金综合管理系统项目能够更好地启动下个阶段的工作，但这改动了项目原来的时间表。项目的整个系统部署时间估计为30个月(在概念论证得到检验和批准之后起算)，并未改变。因此，预计将在2014年4月完成系统的建立工作，在2014年完成平行开展的测试和培训工作。但是，这个目标日期取决于剩余采购/订约承办活动的持续时间，这些活动预计将在9个月内完成。因此，在2010-2011年预算内审议的新应用程序开发、参数化和启用批款(7 256 300美元)在2012-2013 两年期之前将不会动用。补充财务资料的附件二载有详细的项目时间表和活动说明。", "临时员额—支出节余1 805 200美元", "23. 员额支出低于预期，主要原因是采用了交错征聘方法，从而最佳地利用项目资源，符合更新的项目时间表。", "客户服务举措", "24. 委托举办一个基于甲骨文公司Siebel客户关系管理系统的试点项目(iServ)，目标是精简向基金的网站技术主管报告事故的程序并使其自动化。这个项目证明比原来的估计复杂得多和艰巨得多，但有助于基金获得大量有关建立客户关系管理系统的知识，并提供了很多宝贵的经验教训。这个项目还有助于基金确定，如果马上在其核心业务活动中采用一个全面的客户关系管理方案，可能不是最实际可行、适宜或有成本效益的行动(特别是考虑到客户关系管理可以成为养恤金综合管理系统举措的一部分)，但是，如果设立较小的本地应用程序，以满足客户服务股在短期内的最迫切需要，将使其能够在最终把客户服务管理系统与业务过程结合起来的时候，更好地理解如何设计该系统。", "25. 作为一个替代办法，开发了一个基于Lotus Notes的定制应用程序，用以跟踪与那些亲自访问或通过电话联系了基金的客户之间的互动。这个应用程序不仅记录宝贵的信息，例如请求提供的是什么方面的服务、提供服务的模式(面对面或电话)以及为一个客户提供服务所使用的时间，而且提供了易于使用的报告和分析工具(包括指示板)，这些工具可以用来查看统计数字和一段时期内的趋势。根据设想，随着时间的推移，这个应用程序将得到加强，纳入更多的性能，涵盖更多的客户服务活动。", "网络系统举措", "26. 网络系统举措采用基于网络的定制应用程序，使受益人和参与人可以随时直接查询个人化资料。关键应用程序，包括双轨养恤金估算系统、应享权利证书跟踪和年度报表，现已成为标准客户服务项目。无论何时，如果生活费指数和(或)季度汇率发生变化，都会编制生活费通知，经过登记的每月领取养恤金的受益人现在可以上网查看这些通知。可以通过年度报表应用程序进入的养恤金估算系统界面现已经过重新设计，自2009年的年度报表发表以来即可供客户使用。在基金当前为支持越来越多的访问者进行的努力中，对网站的部分基础设施和应用程序进行了升级，以提供一个更加稳定和安全的环境。增加了新的门户网站，用来为许多全基金网络应用程序提供基于角色和安全的单点登录界面。增加了更多的电子学习应用程序和入职讲习班软件，以满足培训需要，并将在2011年提供一些新的课程。为法律室开发了案件摘要，将在2011年放到网站上。", "企业系统举措", "27. 企业系统举措将确保关键任务业务系统(例如内容管理系统和Lawson系统)有供应商最新的更新、版本和升级，同时跟上基金业务模式的变化。所有必要的更新、版本和升级或是已经成功安装，或是将在2011年底之前成功安装。", "企业业务举措", "28. 作为企业业务规定的一部分，所有关键任务系统都已前往位于新泽西州Piscataway市的新址。新设施具备第三级数据中心出错容忍度，可用率达99.9%。 电信设备将继续安装在达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号的数据中心，日内瓦办事处以及业务连续性和灾难恢复环境的支持系统则安装在日内瓦数据中心。在数据中心迁址项目中对储存区域网络进行了升级，以增加容量和减少系统反应时间。建立了一个新的虚拟基础结构，使基金的70%的服务器能够在虚拟群组中运行，从而提高了业务效率和可用率，并使服务器基础结构更易于管理。对Lawson和数据库服务器进行了升级，并建立了故障切换群集，以优化恢复时间和对用户的反应。日内瓦数据中心的迁址正在进行当中。新设施由国际电子计算中心经管，将使基金能够把95%的服务器和网络环境的辅助冗余虚拟化。建立了一个新的数据备份系统，从而缩短了维护时间和文件恢复时间。在养恤基金实行了一个企业电子邮件存档解决方案，以高效率地管理电子邮件服务，并跟上不断变大的邮箱和无限制保存政策。在这个过程中，养恤基金的电子邮件服务器和客户端不断升级到最新版本。预计信息管理系统处将在2011年底之前完成不间断供电系统的升级。", "与投资管理司的信息技术合并举措", "29. 与投资管理司的信息技术合并正在按计划进行，定于本两年期完成。根据信息管理系统处与投资管理司之间的协议，成功和及时地在共享基础设施环境中执行了若干基础设施项目。这些项目包括交易订单管理系统、环球银行间金融电信协会(SWIFT)系统和文件管理系统。还在日内瓦为交易订单管理系统和SWIFT系统成功建立和测试了一个灾难恢复系统。在指定的38个合并领域中，最后5个领域中的工作正在进行，预计将在本两年期完成。这些领域包括：网络、求助服务台、名录服务、文件共用和电子邮件合并。", "B. 投资费用", "30. 投资费用估计为71 289 000美元，由此导致支出节余9 908 500美元，即12.2%。导致净节余的主要资源差异包括：", "1. 员额——支出节余953 400美元", "31. 节余主要归因于工作人员的征聘晚于预期。", "2. 差旅——支出节余289 000美元", "32. 节余主要归因于工作日程安排导致工作人员的征聘晚于预期和有工作人员可用。投资委员会成员的差旅费用有所上升，部分抵消了所需差旅的减少。", "3. 一般业务费用——支出节余331 100美元", "33. 节余归因于一些费用，例如冷却水、清洁服务和房舍管理费用，低于预期。", "4. 订约承办事务——支出节余8 445 200美元", "表4 订约承办事务：2010-2011年支出估计数", "(千美元)", "类别 2010-2011年批款 支出估计数 超支或 (支出节余)", "外部法律咨询人 1 200.0 1 200.0 －", "第三方服务提供者", "(a) 全球保管人和顾问", "全球保管人 6 952.0 3 743.8 (3 208.2)", "顾问 16 976.4 14 994.0 (1 982.4)", "(a) 部分小计 23 928.4 18 737.8 (5 190.6)", "(b) 投资组合管理", "小盘股 12 500.0 13 562.4 1 062.4", "公开交易不动产 2 700.0 700.0 (2 000.0)", "(b) 部分小计 15 200.0 14 252.4 (937.6)", "(c) 市场数据服务 3 541.5 2 399.5 (1 142.0)", "第三方服务提供者小计 42 669.9 35 399.7 (7 270.2)", "SWIFT订约承办事务 590.0 345.0 (245.0)", "其他订约承办事务 8 419.0 7 489.0 (930.0)", "共计 52 878.9 44 433.7 (8 445.2)", "34. 节余归因于若干因素，包括：为多个保管人和独立总账管理人进行的采购、聘用一个公开交易不动产管理人的工作以及聘用固定收入、实物资产和替代投资顾问的工作出现延迟；应用程序，例如灾难恢复解决办法、SWIFT系统和合规系统的采购费用低于预期。由于良好业绩导致收费上调，小盘股费用有所增加，部分抵消了所需资源的减少。", "5. 2010-2011两年期实施的项目", "35. 表5所示为2010-2011两年期供资和实施的信息技术项目的情况。", "表5 2008-2009两年期项目情况", "(美元)", "项目\t预计/实际完成日期\t批款\t支出估计数\t超支或(支出节余) \n投资组合风险分析和业绩归因\t2011年6月\t1 390000\t1 280000\t110000\n电子订单管理和交易(CharlesRiver系统)\t2011年3月\t1 120000\t1 120000\t－\n交易前和交易后合规\t2011年3月\t970000\t870000\t100000\n投资组合会计核算和对账\t2011年12月\t2 790000\t2 390000\t400000\n数据中心系统\t2012年6月\t820000\t820000\t－\nOMEGEO、FXALL、交易网及其他将并入CharlesRiver系统的确认和交易平台\t2011年12月\t1 170000\t850000\t320000\nSWIFT，包括SWIFT升级至第7版\t2011年6月\t590000\t345000\t245000\n共计 8 850000\t7 6758000\t1 175000\n 业务费用 \n灾难恢复站点中的CharlesRiver系统(日内瓦国际电子计算中心)\t2011年12月\t200000\t143771\t56 229\n灾难恢复站点中的SWIFT系统(日内瓦国际电子计算中心)\t2011年12月\t200000\t221805\t(21805)\nSunGard 200000\t－\t(200000)\n共计 600000\t365576\t(234424)\n 家具和设备 \nSun服务器\t2011年5月\t500000\t500000\t－\n台式计算机\t2011年6月\t100000\t100000\t－\n膝上型计算机\t2011年6月\t73 400\t70 000\t3 400\n共计 673400\t670000\t3 400", "投资组合风险和业绩归因系统", "36. 截至2011年2月，投资管理司正在对风险最大的分析情景进行用户接受度测试。制订了一些重要的风险报告。然而，该司仍在等待采购司和法律事务厅签订更多使用各种数据源的合同。这些市场数据的数据源对于完成风险计量工作必不可少。这项工作完成后，将保持当前的服务。如果最后签订了数据源合同，这个项目预计将在2011年10月完成和充分投入使用。", "电子订单管理和交易系统", "37. Charles River系统于2010年3月投入运行。当前的运行范围包括股票、外汇和固定收入交易。该系统还通过FIX规程与经纪商连通，通过SWIFT系统与保管银行连通。投资管理司正在安装适用于其他资产的电子平台。当前，99%的交叉资产结算是通过SWIFT系统进行。投资管理司继续支持和加强Charles River工作环境。", "交易前和交易后合规系统", "38. 交易前和交易后系统(Charles River系统)已经建成，自2010年3月开始运行。投资管理司继续视需要维护和更新合规规则。", "投资组合会计核算和对账系统", "39. 建立投资组合会计核算和对账系统的合同于2010年4月被授予Murex North America公司，法律合同于2011年2月签署。2011年2月16日举行了项目启动会议。投资管理司当前正在最后确定实施计划和做出资源承诺，目标是在2011年6月30日之前完成第一阶段的执行工作。据估计，项目将于2011年12月31日之前完成。必须指出，这个项目包括对投资活动改为适用公共部门会计准则。", "数据中心系统", "40. 到2011年2月，投资管理司已经完成了技术评价。将定于2011年下半年进行应有审查。预计在2012年开始数据中心的实施工作。", "OMEGEO、FXALL、交易网及其他将并入Charles River系统的确认和交易平台", "41. 为了加强Charles River交易订单管理系统，投资管理司计划增加以下平台：OMEGEO，一个股票交易电子确认和证实系统；FXALL、FXConnect和Bloomberg FX：都是外汇交易平台；交易网、Market Axess、Bond Vision和Bloomberg FI：都是固定收入交易平台。目前正在谈判每个产品的合同。投资管理司计划最迟在2011年12月并入所有这些平台。", "灾难恢复站点中的SWIFT系统(日内瓦国际电子计算中心)", "42. Charles River灾难恢复系统于2011年3月安装完成。灾难恢复系统包括与FIX、Bloomberg数据授权、Bloomberg批量数据和Bloomberg API。该系统还提供与SWIFT系统的连通。", "Bloomberg数据授权、Bloomberg批量数据和Bloomberg API", "43. 于2010年3月安装了Bloomberg数据授权、Bloomberg批量数据和Bloomberg API，并将其并入Charles River系统。", "灾难恢复站点中的SWIFT系统(日内瓦国际电子计算中心)", "44. SWIFT灾难恢复站点于2010年1月投入使用。投资管理司当前正在将其与Charles River系统的灾难恢复架构一体化。", "SWIFT升级至第7版", "45. 把SWIFT升级至必需的第7版的工作定于2011年6月完成。", "C. 审计费用", "46. 审计费用支出的估计数将降低对批款的使用率，减少数额为112 100美元，主要归因于进行内部审计的一般临时人员。", "D. 联委会费用", "47. 所需资源增加77 800美元，原因是计划设计工作组的费用超过预期。", "E. 预算外费用", "48. 支出节余13 900美元，原因是预算外资金支付的一般事务类(其他职等)员额出缺三个月", "三. 2012-2013两年期概算：成果预算框架和所需资源分析", "A. 导言", "1. 概述", "49. 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金是足额供资的给付确定型养恤基金，为近64 000名退休人员和受益人提供退休金和其他养恤金。目前，约有120 000名在职参与人在累积基金规定的退休金权利。截至2010年年底，基金共有414亿美元的资产。养恤基金根据大会通过的《条例》自行管理。养恤金联委会负责管理基金并每年向大会提交报告。基金的日常业务由首席执行干事监管。基金有245名工作人员。本预算及其附件详细介绍了基金及其日常业务。", "50. 基金的投资由秘书长决定。秘书长将此职责交给其代表，由后者管理基金的投资管理司。投资管理司负责基金资产的投资和会计工作，目的是确保根据基金的风险容忍度和负债所需资源，获得充分的投资收益。", "51. 基金在过去十年里显著增长，因为有新的成员组织加入，而且受其服务的参与人、退休人员和其他受益人总人数不断增加。在此期间，在职参与人增加了63%，定期养恤金领取人数增加了33%。基金的管理章程确认了以下5类挑战：", "(a) 基金的业务越来越复杂；", "(b) 资产和负债越来越相互依赖；", "(c) 信息系统老化和对服务的需求增长；", "(d) 优质服务和业务高标准；", "(e) 社会和环境责任。", "52. 为了应付这些挑战，基金对风险评估、资产-负债管理、基金组织及其计划设计和养恤金管理系统的变化进行了全面研究。然后，基金制定了其战略框架中概述的以下中期目标：", "(a) 加强基金的业务模式；", "(b) 改善风险管理和内部控制；", "(c) 强化信息系统；", "(d) 提高服务质量和效率，包括通信和外联工作的质量和效率；", "(e) 提倡对社会和环境负责。", "53. 每个业务部门都制定了实现这些目标的具体行动计划，包括中期人力资源计划、业务影响分析和灾难恢复计划。在编写以下拟议预算时，采用了上述这些计划。", "54. 总之，在2012-2013两年期期间，养恤基金打算为战略框架概述的以下主要举措分配财政资源和人力资源：", "(a) 养恤金综合管理系统——养恤金综合管理系统的新业务模式；", "(b) 公共部门会计准则——基金财务报表的新会计标准；", "(c) 灵敏的客户服务；", "(d) 为提高业务效率以及改善风险评估和管理、电子学习、培训和知识管理所需要的其他行动。", "55. 预计基金能够实现其总体目标，前提是要有足够的人力资源和财政资源。鉴于目前的财政拮据状况，这一点将成为今后几年特别严重的挑战。但是，必须认识到基金发展过程正处于其无法控制的关键时刻。基金自成立以来一直稳步增长。过去十年里，基金的服务对象更是前所未有地增加。与此同时，基金的服务范围一直在扩大，不仅包括的人数增加，而且受理的特殊情况更为广泛，造成复杂性的增加。有关的工作量和复杂性的增加正好在机构记忆不断损失的情况下达到高峰，因为近年来有大量人员退休，还有其他人离职。此外，基金的客户群也同时因长寿而老龄化，往往需要提供更广泛的咨询，并满足客户服务方面的其他特殊需要。除了这些外部因素带来的重大挑战之外，这一需要非常专业和有长期专门知识的工作人员管理的基金还必须力求按照某些组织政策行事。这带来外部企业通常不会遇到的特殊困难。鉴于需要特殊和长期的专门知识，又鉴于其作为机构间实体的独立地位，基金目前正在审查其工作人员的征聘、流动和升级政策以及留住工作人员的政策。基金打算在经修订的谅解备忘录中讨论这些问题。", "56. 基金秘书处进一步考虑了目前的经济环境带来的挑战，还审查了自己的人员配置需要，决定推迟请设若干工作人员职位。虽然这些职位对实现基金战略框架的中期目标十分重要，但秘书处认为，可以通过限制基金计划设计中的变动以及限制增加的新项目，同时继续努力提高效率和生产力来推迟雇用工作人员。但是，这些职位不可能无限期地推迟，除非改变基金的业务能力以及基金对客户有求必应的能力和(或)实现其目标的时间表。", "57. 为此，必须认识到，在基金不得不致力于应对关于限制预算的要求之时，联合国有可能在经常预算之外核准新的维和特派团。这给基金带来重大挑战，甚至是风险，因为基金仍必须为这些特派团增加的雇员提供充分和及时的服务。", "成果预算编制、方法和术语", "58. 本预算报告采用基金在2008-2009两年期预算报告中采用的成果预算编制列报格式。所请求的资源是根据基金的各项方案计算，所有理由说明和支持性信息载于拟议预算的补充财务信息。", "59. 在计算资源时使用了下列因数：", "(a) 对2012年和2013年纽约和日内瓦两地采用了以下延迟征聘因数：续设专业类员额90.4%，新设专业类员额50.0%，续设一般事务类员额96.5%，新设一般事务类员额65.0%。这些因数也是纽约和日内瓦2012-2013年标准薪金表版本1中使用的；", "(b) 2012年和2013年采用的年平均通货膨胀率：纽约分别为1.90%和2.50%，日内瓦分别为1.00%和1.30%；", "(c) 2012年和2013年对日内瓦采用的汇率为1.046；", "(d) 在联合国与基金分摊费用安排的框架内，除了信息管理系统处和行政办公室员额的费用以外，具体的管理费将继续分别按照三分之一和三分之二的比例分担。根据秘书处(170)对投资管理司(58)的核定员额比率，加上具体项目员额(17)，信息管理系统处和执行办公室员额费用的69.4%将通过分摊费用安排解决。", "2. 请批的总体资源", "60. 整个基金请批的人力资源和财政资源以及预算外资源估计数和新增员额所需资源细目如下。", "表6 按构成部分开列的资源分配百分比：养恤基金", "构成部分 经常预算 预算外", "A. 行政领导和管理 7.0", "B. 工作方案", "1. 行政 17.7 100.0", "2. 投资 33.0", "B部分小计 50.7 100.0", "C. 支助", "1. 信息技术 31.8", "2. 法律室 0.7", "3. 行政支助 8.3", "C部分小计 40.8", "D. 审计 1.4", "E. 养恤金联委会 0.1", "共计 100.0 100.0", "表7 按构成部分开列的所需资源：养恤基金", "(千美元)", "资源增长 分摊数\n 构成部分 2010-2011年 数额 百分比 重计费用前共计 重计费用 联合国 养恤基金 2012-2013年估计数", "1. 经常预算", "A. 行政领导和管理 16 141.1 (2 672.3) (16.6) 13 468.8 61.9 1 197.8 12 332.9 13 530.7", "B. 工作方案", "1. 业务，财务 30 470.0 3 498.4 11.5 33 968.4 908.7 9 527.5 25 349.6 34 877.1", "2. 投资 55 678.4 7 451.7 13.4 63 130.1 816.5 — 63 946.6 63 946.6", "B部分小计 86 148.4 10 950.1 12.7 97 098.5 1 725.2 9 527.5 89 296.2 98 823.7", "C. 支助", "1. 信息技术 53 018.1 7 878.6 14.9 60 896.7 815.6 5 704.7 56 007.6 61 712.3", "2. 法律室 — 1 358.4 — 1 358.4 (16.2) 447.4 894.8 1 342.2", "3. 行政支助 18 198.4 (2 348.4) (12.9) 15 850.0 86.9 3 590.6 12 346.3 15 936.9", "C部分小计 71 216.5 6 888.6 9.7 78 105.1 886.3 9 742.7 69 248.7 78 991.4", "D. 审计 2 645.0 103.2 3.9 2 748.2 (134.4) 435.4 2 178.4 2 613.8", "E. 养恤金联委会 167.5 32.5 19.4 200.0 4.4 — 204.4 204.4", "共计 176 318.5 15 302.1 8.7 191 620.6 2 543.4 20 903.4 173 260.6 194 164.0", "61. 如下表8所示，请批资源总体增加15 302 100美元(重计费用前)，增幅8.7%，原因是行政费用(4 564 600美元)、投资费用(10 601 800美元)、审计费用(103 200美元)和联委会开支(32 500美元)增加。", "62. 行政费用资源增加4 564 600美元，是拟议增加的常设员额(739 400美元)和临时员额(800 500美元)——其中680 100美元和800 500美元分别归因于常设员额和临时员额的延迟征聘因数——以及3 024 700美元非员额费用的净结果。非员额费用增加主要是由于订约承办事务(6 087 900美元)和一般业务费用(1 446 300美元)增加，但因家具和设备(3 989 000美元)、其他工作人员费用(122 500美元)、咨询人(237 600美元)和差旅(136 100美元)减少而部分抵消。", "63. 投资费用资源增加10 601 800美元，是拟议增加的员额(2 486 900美元)和非员额费用(8 114 900美元)的净结果，其中1 222 700美元是由于延迟征聘因数。非员额费用增加主要是由于订约承办事务(9 653 200美元)和其他工作人员费用(530 400美元)增加，但因咨询人资源(1 151 800美元)和一般业务费用(916 900美元)减少而抵消。", "64. 审计费用资源增加103 200美元，其中基金应分摊的审计委员会费用增加(113 500美元)，还包括拟议减少内部审计费用所产生的净结果(10 300美元)。减少内部审计费用的主要原因是通信(9 800美元)以及用品和材料(5 000美元)略有减少，而家具和设备的所需资源增加(5 800美元)。此外，咨询人和订约承办事务分别减少和增加80 000美元，互为抵消。", "65. 表6和表7分别汇总了养恤基金按构成部分开列的资源分配百分比和请批资源估计数。", "表8 2012-2013两年期所需财政资源", "(千美元)", "资源增长 批款\n 类别 2008-2009 2010-2011 数额 百分比 重计费用前 重计费用 联合国 养恤基金 2012-2013年估计数 2012年 2013年 年支出 年批款 共计 估计数 估计数", "行政费用", "员额 34 524.8 38 731.4 739.4 1.9 39 470.8 591.4 12 440.4 27 621.8 40 062.2 19 883.6 20 178.6", "临时员额 — 2 870.3 800.5 27.9 3 670.8 (103.4) — 3 567.4 3 567.4 1 581.3 1 986.1", "其他工作人员费用 3 033.8 4 032.8 (122.5) (3.0) 3 910.3 94.5 803.3 3 201.5 4 004.8 2 005.4 1 999.4", "咨询人 106.4 537.6 (237.6) (44.2) 300.0 6.7 — 306.7 306.7 152.9 153.8", "差旅 997.7 1 360.6 (136.1) (10.0) 1 224.5 27.0 — 1 251.5 1 251.5 623.9 627.6", "订约承办事务 16 690.8 25 760.0 6 087.9 23.6 31 847.9 700.7 3 465.9 29 082.7 32 548.6 16 250.2 16 298.4", "招待费 2.6 4.0 — — 4.0 0.1 — 4.1 4.1 2.0 2.1", "一般业务费用 11 641.1 12 801.7 1 446.3 11.3 14 248.0 169.0 3 175.9 11 241.1 14 417.0 7 031.8 7 385.2", "用品和材料 263.3 210.1 (24.3) (11.6) 185.8 4.1 54.5 135.4 189.9 90.1 99.8", "家具和设备 3 815.3 6 000 (3 989.0) (66.5) 2 011.0 44.4 528.0 1 527.4 2 055.4 1 024.6 1 030.8", "共计 71 075.8 92 308.5 4 564.6 4.9 96 873.1 1 534.5 20 468.0 77 939.6 98 407.6 48 645.8 49 761.8", "投资费用", "员额 10 617.0 15 344.0 2 486.9 16.2 17 830.9 (424.9) — 17 406.0 17 406.0 8 644.2 8 761.8", "其他工作人员费用 534.0 2 361.8 530.4 22.5 2 892.2 61.0 — 2 953.2 2 953.2 1 500.3 1 452.9", "咨询人 299.5 2 328.8 (1 151.8) (49.5) 1 177.0 24.7 — 1 201.7 1 201.7 822.4 379.3", "差旅 1 018.0 2 000.0 — — 2 000.0 44.0 — 2 044.0 2 044.0 1 019.0 1 025.0", "订约承办事务 27 491.4 52 878.9 9 653.2 18.3 62 532.1 1 387.1 — 63 919.2 63 919.2 29 924.0 33 995.2", "招待费 16.4 22.0 — — 22.0 0.5 — 22.5 22.5 11.2 11.3", "一般业务费用 5 157.5 5 402.0 (916.9) (17.0) 4 485.1 27.5 — 4 512.6 4 512.6 2 254.1 2 258.5", "用品和材料 91.0 160.0 — — 160.0 3.5 — 163.5 163.5 81.5 82.0", "家具和设备 246.6 700.0 — — 700.0 15.5 — 751.6 715.5 356.7 358.8", "共计 45 471.4 81 197.5 10 601.8 13.1 91 799.3 1 138.9 — 92 938.2 92 938.2 44 613.4 48 324.8", "审计费用", "外部审计 682.1 661.2 113.5 17.2 774.7 17.1 132.0 659.8 791.8 394.7 397.1", "内部审计 1 612.6 1 983.8 (10.3) (0.5) 1 973.5 (151 5) 303.4 1 518.6 1 822.0 906.2 915.8", "共计 2 294.7 2 645.0 103.2 3.9 2 748.2 (134.4) 435.4 2 178.4 2 613.8 1 300.9 1 312.9", "联委会开支 127.4 167.5 32.5 19.4 200.0 4.4 — 204.4 204.4 101.9 102.5", "请批资源共计 118 969.3 176 318.5 15 302.1 8.7 191 620.6 2 543.4 20 903.4 173 260.6 194 164.0 94 662.0 99 502.0", "预算外费用(离职后医疗保险制度)", "业务活动 132.3 158.2 (5.3) (3.4) 152.9 3.9 — 156.8 156.8 77.3 79.5", "表9 所需人力资源", "常设员额 临时员额 预算外员额 共计\n 类别 2010- 2012- 2010- 2012- 2010- 2012- 2010- 2012- 2011年 2013年 2011年 2013年 2011年 2013年 2011年 2013年", "行政", "专业及以上", "助理秘书长 1 1 — — — — 1 1", "D-2 1 1 — — — — 1 1", "D-1 4 4 — — — — 4 4", "P-5 9 9 1 1 — — 10 10", "P-4 19 20 8 7 — — 27 27", "P-3 25 24 4 4 — — 29 28", "P-2/1 1 1 — — — — 1 1", "小计 60 60 13 12 — — 73 72", "一般事务人员", "特等 10 10 — — — — 10 10", "其他职等 99 99 5 5 1 1 105 105", "小计 109 109 5 5 1 1 115 115", "行政共计 169 169 18 17 1 1 188 187", "投资", "专业及以上", "D-2 1 1 — — — — 1 1", "D-1 2 2 — — — — 2 2", "P-5 10 10 — — — — 10 10", "P-4 13 18 — — — — 13 18", "P-3 7 9 — — — — 7 9", "P-2 — — — —", "小计 33 40 — — — — 33 40", "一般事务人员", "特等 10 10 — — — — 10 10", "其他职等 15 15 — — — — 15 15", "小计 25 25 — — — — 25 25", "投资共计 58 65 — — — — 58 65", "养恤基金共计 227 234 18^(c) 17^(b、c) 1^(a) 1^(a) 246 252", "^(a) 一个预算外一般事务(其他职等)员额由会员国供资。", "^(b) 包括17个养恤金综合管理系统临时员额。", "^(c) 2010-2011两年期核可的18个临时员额中，一个P-4职等的员额只核可12个月。该员额于2011年被裁撤。", "66. 如表9所示，本预算报告编列了增设7个员额和改叙1个员额的经费，具体如下：", "(a) 编列了改叙秘书处1个员额的经费(从P-3改到P-4)，并且编列了续设1个预算外员额(1个一般事务(其他职等))的经费，由成员组织供资；", "(b) 编列了为投资管理司增设7个常设员额(5个P-4，2个P-3)的经费。", "67. 表10汇总了请求增设的员额。", "表10 所需员额汇总", "款次\t行动\t员额\t员额数目\t职类 \n 行政 \n 方案支助 \n执行办公室\t改叙\t财务和预算干事\t1\tP-3到P-4\n 投资 \n 工作方案 \n投资科\t新员额\t投资干事——另类投资\t1\tP-4\n\t新员额\t投资干事——全球新兴市场\t1\tP-4\n\t新员额\t投资干事——交易干事\t1\tP-4\n\t新员额\t投资干事——北美股票\t1\tP-3\n风险和合规科\t新员额\t尽责调查和定量战略风险经理\t1\tP-4\n业务科\t新员额\t财务干事，对账\t1\tP-3\n 方案支助 \n信息系统科\t新员额\t数据管理干事\t1\tP-4", "B. 行政费用", "1. 概述", "68. 秘书处负责在养恤金联委会的领导下管理联合国合办工作人员养恤基金。秘书处的目标是在最佳安全、业绩、责任和问责制条件下，完全遵循效率、能力和廉正方面的最高标准，向参与人提供相关服务，并为退休人员和受益人提供养恤金和相关津贴。在提供这些服务的过程中，基金必须面对日益复杂的一套条例。这些条例涉及过去作为节约措施或针对关于增加新的受益人类别的强烈社会需要而作出的决定。秘书处还必须根据不断变化的银行业环境和监管环境，继续调整其流程和程序。", "69. 行政费用总资源在重计费用前为96 873 100美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款净增4 564 600美元，增幅4.9%。表12所示净增加额概述如下：", "(a) 行政领导和管理：减少1 104 400美元与所需员额经费(810 200美元)有关，主要是由于向法律室调了3个员额(2个P-5、1个一般事务(其他职等))。非员额费用减少与其他工作人员费用(50 100美元)、咨询人(337 600美元)和差旅(114 500美元)有关。订约承办事务(112 000美元)和一般业务费用(96 000美元)有所增加。", "(b) 工作方案：增加3 498 400美元是因为所需员额资源(751 500美元)和非员额资源增加2 746 900美元的结果。所需员额资源中有147 400美元归因于延迟征聘因数和1个P-4职等员额调往法律室的净结果，另有604 100美元是由于养恤金综合管理系统12个临时员额的延迟征聘因数。非员额资源增加是因为一般业务费用(2 846 300美元)和咨询人费用(100 000美元)增加，而其他工作人员费用减少(199 400美元)。", "(c) 方案支助。资源增加2 170 600美元是由于信息管理系统处资源增加(2 084 100美元)、法律室调出行政领导和管理(1 358 400美元)和执行办公室资源减少(1 271 900美元)。就信息管理系统处而言，临时员额资源增加(196 400美元)是延迟征聘因数所致。非员额资源(1 903 200美元)增加主要是由于订约承办事务增加(5 975 600美元)，但因家具和设备(3 976 400美元)、一般业务费用(177 400美元)和工作人员差旅(21 600美元)所需经费减少而部分抵销。法律室员额资源增加是因为将3个员额(2个P-5和1个一般事务(其他职等))调出首席执行干事办公室和从日内瓦办事处调来1个P-4职等的员额专门从事监管工作。执行办公室的资源减少(1 318 600美元)归因于一般业务费用的所需非员额经费，特别是房地的租用和维修。", "70. 表11列示资源分配估计数，表12为按构成部分开列的所需资源。", "表11 按构成部分开列的资源分配百分比：行政费用", "构成部分 经常预算 预算外", "A. 行政领导和管理 6.6", "B. 工作方案(业务，财务) 35.1 100.0", "C. 方案支助", "1. 信息管理系统处 44.7", "2. 法律室 1.4", "3. 执行办公室 12.2", "C部分小计 58.3", "共计 100.0 100.0", "表12 按构成部分开列的所需资源：行政费用", "(千美元)", "资源增长 分摊数\n 构成部分 2010-2011年 数额 百分比 重计费用前共计 重计费用 联合国 养恤基金 2012-2013年估计数 批款", "1. 经常预算", "A. 行政领导和管理 7 486.9 (1 104.4) (14.8) 6 382.5 9.6 1 197.8 5 194.3 6 392.1", "B. 30 470.0 3 498.4 11.5 33 968.4 908.7 6 527.5 25 349.6 34 877.1 工作方案(业务，财务)", "C. 支助", "1. 信息管理系统处 41 240.8 2 084.1 5.1 43 324.9 562.4 5 704.7 38 182.6 43 887.3", "2. 法律室 — 1 358.4 — 1 358.4 (16.2) 447.4 894.8 1 342.2", "3. 执行办公室 13 110.8 (1 271.9) (9.7) 11 838.9 70.0 3 590.6 8 318.3 11 908.9", "C部分小计 54 351.9 2 170.6 4.0 56 522.2 616.2 9 742.7 47 395.7 57 138.4", "共计 92 308.5 4 564.6 4.9 96 873.1 1 534.5 20 468.0 77 939.6 98 407.6", "2. 预算外 158.2 (5.3) (3.4) 152.9 3.9 — 156.8 156.8", "2. 行政领导和管理", "所需资源(重计费用前)：6 382 500美元", "71. 首席执行干事根据养恤金联委会的授权负责基金的管理，为成员组织、参与人、退休人员和受益人提供相关服务。在提供这类服务的过程中，首席执行干事必须确保制定一个框架，以便基金的运作在安全、业绩、责任和问责制方面达到最佳，并完全符合效率、能力和廉正方面的最高标准。基金为履行在这一框架中的责任，必须按照其条例、细则及其独特而复杂的养恤金调整制度的规定，应对日益复杂和不断变化的计划设计。首席执行干事必须确保能够持续、准确地权衡其精算成本，以评估和管理风险，调整其计划设计，根据受到长期社会变化(包括寿命延长)的显著影响，因而不断变化的人员情况调整其程序，同时在一个不断变化的银行、会计和监管环境中履行其职责。", "72. 在基金60年的历史中，其成员组织、参与人、退休人员和受益人的数目、其业务运营的金融环境及其所管理的资产和负债的价值均大幅增长。基金所服务的个人总数已经超过185 000，预计在中长期内还将继续稳步增加。基金的国际和多组织性质以及多层养恤金结构将继续带来新的日益复杂和严峻的挑战。基金所承担的责任和面临的要求一直在稳步大幅增加，这一情况未来仍将继续。基金按照联委会关于对所需人力资源采取更为战略性的办法的要求，为确定其中期需要，进行了一次高级别审查，其中考虑到了基金所面临的情况和紧迫挑战，审查结果已提交2010年届会。", "表13 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "本组织目标：确保遵照《基金条例和细则》以及养恤金联委会和大会下发的决定和准则，全面执行基金的工作方案 \n 预期成绩 绩效指标 \n(1) 有效管理基金工作方案 (1.1)所有详细的行动计划、项目和研究得到成功的监测和实施 业绩计量 2008-2009年：100% 2010-2011年估计：100% \n 2012-2013年目标：100% (2)为联委会和委员会提供有效支助/服务/管理 (2.1)养恤金联委会、常设委员会、精算师委员会、审计工作委员会和各工作组对提供的支助没有投诉 业绩计量(投诉数目) 2008-2009年：对提供的支助没有投诉 2010-2011年估计：对提供的支助没有投诉 \n 2012-2013年目标：没有投诉 (3)对全基金范围内人力资源、风险管理、业务连续性/恢复、信息技术新会计准则以及资产负债管理方面的治理机制进行有效管理 (3.1)成功监测和实施各工作组和指导委员会决定的活动业绩计量 2008-2009年：不适用 2010-2011年估计：绩效指标的100% \n 2012-2013年目标：绩效指标的100% (4) 基金的有效战略规划 (4.1) 战略规划工作每两年进行一次 业绩计量 2008-2009年：100% 2010-2011年估计：100% \n 2012-2013年目标：100%", "外部因素", "73. 行政领导和管理预计能实现目标和预期成绩，前提是要为其提供充足的人力资源和资金。", "其他产出", "74. 本两年期内将交付下列产出：", "(a) 为服务政府间机构和专家机构提供服务：2次养恤金联委会届会；3次精算师委员会会议，4次工作组会议，1次精算师委员会和投资委员会联席会议，6次审计工作委员会会议和4次联合国工作人员养恤金委员会会议；", "(b) 草拟文件；大约100份提交养恤金联委会、精算师委员会和工作组的文件；除为审计工作委员会的届会提供技术性和行政服务以外，还向该委员会提交15份说明；", "(c) 其他实务活动：", "㈠ 高效的退休工作人员接任规划；进行预先规划，以避免由于工作人员退休产生空缺，并填补由于工作人员更替所产生的其他空缺职位，在空缺宣布后五个月内完成填补；", "㈡ 对下列事项的高效管理和控制：", "• 养恤金综合管理系统项目", "• 业务连续性和灾难恢复规划", "• 全企业风险管理", "• 人力资源政策和人力资源中期计划", "• 信息技术整合", "• 资产负债管理研究", "• 业务影响分析", "• 数据库", "• 采购咨询委员会；", "表14 所需资源", "资源(千美元) 员额\n 类别 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (重计费用前)", "员额 3 641.0 2 830.8 11 8", "非员额 3 845.9 3 551.7 — —", "共计 7 486.9 6 382.5 11 8", "75. 所列经费6 382 500美元将用于续设8个现有员额(1个助理秘书长、1个D-2、1个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3、1个一般事务(特等)和1个一般事务(其他职等))以及与总体行政有关的非员额资源。员额资源减少810 200美元是因为从法律室调动了3个核定员额(2个P-5和1个一般事务(其他职等))到方案支助。非员额资源减少的主要原因是其他工作人员费用(50 100美元)、差旅费(114 500美元)和咨询人费用(337 600美元)减少，而另一方面，因使用顾问精算师而导致订约承办事务费用有所增加(112 000美元)，而且基金为分担联合国上诉法庭案件费用也产生了一般业务费用(美元96 000)。", "3. 工作方案", "所需资源(重计费用前)：33 968 400美元", "76. 该工作方案包括纽约和日内瓦办事处的业务和财务处，负责基金的核心功能，包括但不限于对新参与人的参加资格及其与基金隶属关系的认定、个人和财务历史数据的记录、基金缴款的征收和记录、应领养恤金的计算和备付、后续养恤金的支付和所有相关的会计活动。此方案也负责对基金185 000名在职参与人、退休人员和其他受益人提供客户服务的功能。", "77. 应该回顾指出，按照2008年举行的全基金审查的建议，首席执行干事决定将基金的业务部门与财务部门分开。首席执行干事决定，尽管应享权利的计算和处理(业务)与由此产生的养恤金的给付和核算(财务)之间有重要的联系，但是这两项职能必须明确分隔开来。业务部门的重点是计算的正确性，计算一旦成立，将适用于退休人员和任何符合条件的遗属的一生。财务部门的重点是支付的正确性。将这两项职能分开，设立独立于业务部门之外的单独财务部门，能够在基金这两项核心职能(此两项职能即构成了本工作方案)之间确立明确的责任分工，并加强问责制。", "业务部门", "78. 业务部门包括纽约和日内瓦办事处的养恤金权利科和客户服务、记录管理和分发股。业务主任负责按照基金管理章程规定的目标管理和领导该部门。业务主任必须确保遵守基金的条例、细则和养恤金调整制度，同时严格遵守具体的质量管理、内部控制和信息交流政策。在2012-2013两年期内，业务部门预计将办理超过55 000项新参与人加入手续、离职手续以及进出基金账目手续。[1] 预计该部门还将办理约6 000人的最初离职后养恤金福利手续，这是最复杂因而也是最耗时的手续之一，这些手续包括离职后死亡、遗属恤金(有时涉及居住在不同地点的多个配偶)、剩余偿金、递延养恤金支付，双轨制(有时出现向美元轨道回归)、应付给未亡已离婚配偶的恤金、未亡配偶年金、特殊措施的情况等。除了通过基金的网站提供了约225 000项养恤金估算外(即2010年期间)，业务部门预计在下一个两年期内将提供约5 500项个人养恤金估算，其中往往还要进行个人咨询。在2012-2013两年期，该部门预计还将发送、跟踪并在收到时记录超过10万份应享权利证书，并将超过120万份文件扫描到基金的内容管理系统之中。", "表15 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "本组织目标：确保根据养恤基金条例、细则和养恤金调整制度，为所有符合条件的参与人、退休人员和其他受益人提供服务，同时充分遵守基金《管理章程》所制定的沟通、质量管理和内部控制政策 \n 预期成绩 绩效指标 \n(1)有效办理养恤基金的应领养恤金手续 (1.1)在15个工作日内完成的离职偿金、退休金及其他养恤金手续所占百分比增加 离职偿金、定期退休金和整笔折付养恤金手续业绩计量(基准：15个工作日) \n 2004-2005年：72%的个案在15个工作日内完成 2006-2007年：79%的个案在15个工作日内完成 \n 2008-2009年：80%的个案在15个工作日内完成 2010-2011年估计：77%的个案在15个工作日内完成 \n 2012-2013年目标：80%的个案在15个工作日内完成(2)以更高质量为养恤基金客户提供以客户为本的服务 (2.1)在15个工作日内答复的邮件和电子邮件所占百分比增加 业绩计量(基准：15个工作日)： 2004-2005年：31%的查询在15个工作日内得到答复 2006-2007年：55%的查询在15个工作日内得到答复 2008-2009年：75%的查询在15个工作日内得到答复 2010-2011年估计：82%的查询在15个工作日内得到答复 \n 2012-2013年目标：82%的查询在15个工作日内得到答复\n(3) 加强沟通 (3.1)为参与人、受益人、工作人员养恤金委员会以及参与组织的对口财务和人力资源工作人员举办的简报会和研讨会数目增加 业绩计量 2008-2009年：不适用 2010-2011年估计：65 \n 2012-2013年目标：75", "外部因素", "79. 业务部门预计能实现其目标，前提是为其提供充足的人力资源和资金。因此必须承认，基金的演变正处于其无法控制的关键时刻。基金的服务对象正在快速增长。同时，因寿命的增长，基金客户出现了老龄化，而这又往往需要提供更广泛的咨询以及满足其他特殊的客户服务需求。", "产出", "80. 在2012-2013两年期将交付以下产出：", "(a) 在两年期内办理约18 000项离职偿金和退休金手续；[2]", "(b) 办理约6 000项最初退休金后的其他养恤金手续(即遗属、子女、双轨制养恤金等)；", "(c) 确定基金约30 000名新参与人的加入资格和隶属关系；", "(d) 发送、跟踪和在收到时记录约10万份应享权利证书；", "(e) 答复约15 000份查询邮件和电子邮件；", "(f) 接待约11 000名上门客户并提供服务；", "(g) 诸如数据清洗和质量管理、流程记录、算法和随后过渡到养恤金综合管理系统平台等实施前任务；", "(h) 客户界面控制的有效记录、监测和加强；", "(i) 审查、评估、开发和实施一个客户关系管理系统；", "(j) 审查和编写供讲习班和研讨会使用的强化培训材料，拟提供给(纽约和日内瓦的)基金工作人员、参与人、退休人员和其他受益人以及工作人员养恤金委员会秘书处和成员组织的其他人力资源工作人员；", "(k) 开发并实施一个安全的签名系统，以便在基金所服务的每个个人的电子档案中添加图形签字，以供核对比较；", "(l) 加强控制并重新设计应享权利证书，并进一步努力，争取简化整个程序；", "(m) 强化并持续发展业绩数据以满足内部要求并供各监督机构参考；", "(n) 为参与人、退休人员和其他受益人、工作人员养恤金委员会秘书处、各小组委员会(包括咨询组和工作组)和联委会成员举办研讨会和培训，从而增强外联能力。", "财务部门", "81. 财务科通过其付款、账户和出纳股/现金管理股提供全面服务，并负责基金所有财务、会计和付款操作。基金每年的财务交易总额约为38亿美元(考虑到养恤金给付和缴款的征收)。基金每月办理15种货币的62 000笔定期退休金付款(依据基金2009年已审计财务报表)，并向居住在190多个国家的退休人员和其他受益人付款。该科还负责编制包括投资管理司在内的及时、准确的全基金财务报表，并负责就养恤基金的财务问题与内部和外聘审计人进行联络和协调。", "表16 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "本组织目标：确保及时、准确、可靠地支付养恤金并对基金的财务、会计和支付业务全面负责，包括出具准确、及时的财务报表，并就财务事项与内部审计人和外聘审计人联络 \n 预期成绩 绩效指标 \n (1) 有效管理定期养恤金支付 (1.1) 按时发出养恤基金工资单资料 业绩计量 2008-2009年：1 200 000 2010-2011年估计：1 300 000 \n 2012-2013年目标：1 400 000 (1.2)及时、准确、可靠地支付养恤基金定期给付 业绩计量 2008-2009年：100% 2010-2011年估计：100% \n 2012-2013年目标：100% (1.3)及时、准确、可靠地支付养恤基金非定期给付(与恢复发放养恤金有关的付款在收到有关文件后15日内支付；所有其他付款在收到后30日内支付) 业绩计量 (与恢复发放养恤金有关的付款在收到有关文件后15日内支付；所有其他付款在收到后30日内支付) 2008-2009年：100% 2010-2011年估计：100% \n 2012-2013年目标：100% (2)提供高质量和一致的缴款记录，包括及时核对年终程序所产生的参与人对账异常情况 (2.1)得到解决的参与人对账异常情况数目业绩计量 2008-2009年：9 000 2010-2011年估计：10 000 \n 2012-2013年目标：11 000 (2.2)在收到年终附表后六个星期内为所有参与人核定记录 业绩计量 (在收到年终附表后六个星期内为所有参与人核定记录) 2008-2009年：100% 2010-2011年估计：100% \n 2012-2013年目标：100% (3)提供高质量和一致的财务报表，制定实施适用的国际公共部门会计准则/国际会计准则的政策和程序 (3.1)及时提供财务报表(在下一年4月15日前出具报表草稿)业绩计量 (在下一年4月15日前出具报表草稿) 2008-2009年：在到期日前 2010-2011年估计：在到期日前 2012-2013年目标：在到期日前 (3.2)采用的国际公共部门会计准则和披露要求百分比增加 业绩计量 2008-2009年：不适用 2010-2011年估计：开始采用某些国际公共部门会计准则和披露要求 \n 2012-2013年目标：2012年财务将全面采用国际公共部门会计准则。预期将进行年度审计。", "外部因素", "82. 本次级方案预计将实现其目标，除非受如下事件影响：(a) 世界各地的政治冲突和自然灾害造成养恤金领取者的银行服务中断；(b) 系统实施方面出现意外延误，导致公共部门会计准则的财务报表信息延迟；及(c) 基金的增长导致人力资源不足，因而无法妥善向养恤金领取者提供服务。", "产出", "83. 在2012-2013两年期将交付以下产出：", "(a) 编制3套财务报表和相关文件；根据自联合国系统会计准则转向完全采用公共部门会计准则第26条所带来的变化，编写2012年更新的财务报表；", "(b) 在前后报告之间减少关于监督下领域和会计技术问题的未执行审计意见的数目(同时计入其间所产生的新的审计意见)；", "(c) 在规定的提交年终附表后六个月的期限内为所有汇款实体进行全面对账；", "(d) 在年度和两年期决算时，在离职主卷宗记录中的数据与给付历史记录之间进行全面核对；", "(e) 在纽约、日内瓦和较大的报告实体举办关于缴款方面参与人对账异常情形问题的专题介绍和讲习班；", "(f) 每个月及时完成所有账户的银行对账；", "(g) 及时落实任何关于向养恤金领取人付款的最新银行规定；", "(h) 在向养恤金领取者付款方面：", "㈠ 确保养恤金领取者及时收到款项；", "㈡ 减少银行向基金的收费；", "㈢ 尽可能减少或消除银行对养恤金领取者的收费。", "表17 所需资源", "资源(千美元) 员额\n 类别 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (重计费用前)", "员额 27 874.7 28 626.2 137 136", "非员额 2 595.3 5 342.2 — —", "小计 30 470.0 33 968.4 137 136", "预算外 158.2 152.9 1 1", "共计 30 628.2 34 121.3 138 137", "84. 所列经费34 121 300美元，将用于续设137个员额；124个常设员额(3个D-1，3个P-5，9个 P-4，13个P-3，1个P-2，8个一般事务(特等)和87个一般事务(其他职等))；1个由预算外资源供资的一般事务(其他职等)员额；12个临时员额(6个P-4，2个P-3，4个一般事务(其他职等))及在日内瓦办事处调动的1个法律室控制下的P-4职等法律事务干事员额，以及用于非员额所需资源。非员额资源增加的原因是，下列方面的所需资源增加：咨询人(100 000美元)和一般业务费用(2 846 300美元)，但增加的数额因一般临时助理所需资源增加而部分抵消(199 400美元)。一般业务费用大幅增加完全是由于养恤金联委会从2010-2011年拟议预算中扣除了银行收费。", "85. 常设委员会在其第186次会议上审查了关于基金实施的离职后健康保险保费削减方案的一份说明，批准了上述预算外资源，由参加的成员组织出资，基金不承担任何费用。", "4. 方案支助", "信息管理系统处", "所需资源(重计费用前)：43 324 900美元", "86. 在养恤基金信息和通信技术管理模式的指导下，信息管理系统处负责以下工作：基金的信息系统服务；维护信息和通信技术；协调执行信息技术执行委员会通过的战略决定；为信息和通信技术工作人员制定培训计划及提供必要工具，以支助知识的交流和合作性工作。", "87. 该处负责提供全方位的电算办公室自动化；软件/系统设计、开发和启用；硬件支持；电信；共用基础设施服务(包括投资管理司)；基金日内瓦办事处信息技术工作的监督和技术领导；资源管理、基础设施和会议室支持。", "表18 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "本组织目标：通过高效和有效地利用信息和通信技术协助实现基金的业务和战略目标 \n 预期成绩 绩效指标 \n(1)在基金的信息系统平台现代化方面取得进展 (1.1)支持经过重新设计的业务程序的企业信息技术架构 业绩计量 2008-2009年：不适用 2010-2011年目标：每阶段按期完成项目交付 \n 2012-2013年目标：每阶段按期完成项目交付(2)提高向客户提供服务的效率和成效 (2.1)向客户提供信息技术服务的时间的百分比 业绩计量 2008-2009年：99% 2010-2011年估计：99 % \n 2012-2013年目标：99 % (3) 改善信息技术服务 (3.1)支助工作达到令人满意(或以上)水平的信息技术系统百分比 业绩计量 2008-2009年：95% 2010-2011年估计：95 % \n 2012-2013年目标：95 % (4)更多使用电子存储进行信息共享 (4.1)知识管理系统中提供的信息管理系统处文件的百分比 业绩计量 2008-2009年：80% 2010-2011年估计：95 % \n 2012-2013年目标：95 % (5) 增加信息安全 (5.1)每年按照国际标准化组织17799号安全标准衡量的既定交付成果合规率上升百分比 业绩计量 2008-2009年：78% 2010-2011年估计：90% \n 2012-2013年目标：90% (6)更好地与参与人、受益人和其他客户分享电子信息 (6.1)通过电子方式分享人力资源信息的参与人所占百分比 业绩计量 2008-2009年：75% 2010-2011年估计：80 % \n 2012-2013年目标：80 % (6.2)通过电子方式分享财务信息的参与人所占百分比 业绩计量 2008-2009年：10% 2010-2011年估计：20 % \n 2012-2013年目标：30 %", "外部因素", "88. 本次级方案预计能实现目标和预期成绩，前提是：(a) 技术发展符合预期； (b) 可获得用以实现重要目标的内部和外包资源；(c) 各利益攸关方履行责任和义务，并为实现信息和通信技术战略的各项目标提供全面合作，尤其是在工作的流程审查和重新设计阶段。", "产出", "89. 2012-2013两年期内将交付下列产出：", "企业业务服务", "(a) 根据本组织的职能和业务需求，有成效和高效率地获取和实施服务于拟议的养恤金综合管理系统举措的信息和通信技术架构，重点是改善信息管理和提高基金业务的效率；", "(b) 政策。确保信息管理系统处提供的所有信息和通信技术服务尽可能符合基金信息技术执行委员会的预期和相关行业标准(例如信息技术基础设施库)；按照国际标准化组织安全标准ISO-20002，对基金的信息和通信技术基础设施执行网络安全措施；", "(c) 通信。提供主干通信服务，包括用于连接基金各办事处(包括基金秘书处、日内瓦办事处、投资管理司和同国际电子计算中心新达成的信息技术基础设施托管安排)的因特网、私人租赁线路、通信装置和设备及必要的通信线路；对纽约的中枢网络基础设施进行升级，扩充其容量，以支持在把高速关键任务数据、语音和视频等信息传送到桌上电脑方面有着多种需求的用户；", "(d) 信息和通信技术基础设施服务。为支持基金的业务，对信息和通信技术基础设施服务实施多班操作、管理和维护，如在纽约、新泽西和日内瓦进行的服务器管理、中件管理和数据备份。 监督指挥中心的应用程序、设备、网络负载和信息传输，以防止服务中断。它们还将确保尽可能使用最新版本软件，并在必要情况下利用软件开发生命周期办法进行系统升级；", "(e) 基础设施构架服务。在强调整合、互操作性、模块性和可扩缩性，并定期进行技术更新的最佳技术标准和做法基础上，开发和落实信息和通信技术基础设施；为信息技术决策者提供指导、通过减少支助费用和规模经济来降低信息技术费用；", "(f) 用户支助/服务台。为连接养恤基金网络的应用程序、服务器、个人电脑和移动设施提供技术性、操作和服务台支持；为核准的软件应用程序，如生产力系统、电子邮件、知识管理系统和定制应用程序提供基础设施支持；操作和支持会议室设施和设备，包括视频/音频设备及投影功能；", "(g) 短信通讯。提供和维护电子短信通讯服务，包括电子邮件、视频会议服务和统一报文传送；提供和维护用于手提式设备和服务的移动短信通讯和通信。", "企业应用程序服务", "(a) 开发。采用能够减少养恤金人工处理的系统，以维护提高生产力和效率的系统；改进参与人和受益人的手续办理并与银行、会计系统和工作流程界面连接；", "(b) 企业系统维护。维护及改进核心业务应用企业系统，包括养恤金管理、会计和内容管理等系统；", "(c) 维护成员组织的信息共享。在人力资源信息和财政信息数据的收集中实施和维护成员组织的信息共享；利用各组织使用的若干企业资源规划界面加强人力资源和财政数据的收集；维护电子档案输出界面，以安全的方式支持信息分享和转换。", "企业数据服务", "(a) 数据库管理。在各种信息技术平台上实施和维护养恤基金数据库并提高其可用性；进行数据库升级；监测使用情况和解决问题；编制新表格和视图；发现数据完整性问题；根据业务需求支持与数据库连接有关的系统开发工作；", "(b) 系统软件编程。实施和维护数据库系统，在需要时为计算机操作系统和程序提供主机服务，以便向各种应用程序和界面提供关键任务数据；", "(c) 数据仓支持。实施和维护数据仓系统并提高其可用性；在各种平台上进行数据清洗和数据联合；", "(d) 管理方报告。利用商业情报工具实施、维护和改进管理方报告。", "企业安全服务", "(a) 信息安全。定期对养恤基金纽约和日内瓦办事处技术架构和运作进行安全风险评估，并用各种安保工具，包括防火墙、反垃圾邮件和防毒软件来保护网络安全；", "(b) 身份管理。提供集中管理身份储存和删除的能力，整合不断扩大的身份储存库；", "(c) 灾难恢复。拟订、采取和实施一个多年期灾难恢复战略，以支持养恤基金的业务延续性需求。", "企业项目管理服务", "(a) 治理。利用信息管理系统处各理事机构建立的模式来强化和运行具有强大治理能力的方案管理基础设施；", "(b) 项目管理方法。以高效、连贯和标准化方式提供项目管理程序及方法方面的指导；", "(c) 项目管理支持。根据项目管理方法更新、监督和维护项目组合；提供辅导和训练指导，以努力提高本组织的项目管理成熟度；", "(d) 审计管理。管理和遵守与信息和技术服务有关的内部和外部审计意见。", "企业质量和生产控制服务", "(a) 质量标准化。查明和记录对信息管理系统处内执行工作的各种质量标准要求；", "(b) 变化管理。确定和实施列有适当责任分工的完整的变化管理框架；", "(c) 服务级协议和服务提供协议。编制统计资料及管理信息管理系统处所有服务级协议和服务提供协议；", "(d) 生产控制。监督质量保障功能，以确保所有系统都是在进行了全面评估和用户接受程度测试之后才投入使用。", "合同管理服务", "监测和管理信息管理系统处预算的各个构成部分；向各项信息和通信技术服务提供行政支助，包括确定可用资源、登录预留款和处理请购单、定购单及相关发票；说明该处资产用途；管理与供应商包括技术伙伴、承包商和承包公司的关系。在拟订技术采购的一般性规格说明方面提供专家级知识；直接与联合国采购处合作，确保以尽可能低的费用提供带来增值的解决办法。", "表19 所需资源", "资源 (千美元) 员额\n 类别 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (重计费用前)", "员额 8,426.7 8 607.6 32 31", "非员额 32 814.1 34 717.3 — —", "共计 41 240.8 43 324.9 32 31", "90. 所列经费 43 324 900美元，用于续设31个员额：26个常设员额(1个D-1、2个P-5、6个P-4、10个P-3、1个一般事务(特等)和6个一般事务(其他职等))和5个临时员额(1个P-5、1个P-4、2个P-3和1个一般事务(其他职等))，并包括非员额资源。核定的1个P-4职等临时员额的任用期只有12个月，该员额已于2011年裁撤。非员额资源增加(1 903 200美元)主要是用于其他工作人员费用(127 000美元)和订约承办事务(5 975 900美元)，但由于家具和设备(3 976 400美元)、工作人员差旅费(21 600美元)和一般业务费用(177 400美元)所需资源减少而部分抵消。养恤金综合管理系统项目所需资源总计12 661 400美元，用作订约承办事务(11 466 300美元)和临时员额(1 195 100美元)费用。", "法律室", "所需资源(重计费用前)：1 358 400美元", "91. 法律室继续负责向基金纽约和日内瓦办事处的管理层和业务部门提供统一的法律服务，向养恤金联委会审计工作委员会和常设委员会(关于上诉案件)以及联合国工作人员养恤金委员会(关于伤残案件)提供实质性、程序性和行政支助。法律室负责确保基金业务活动遵守《基金条例和细则》，并对《条例》作前后一致的解释。除基金秘书处各科室外，还就个案中实施《基金条例和细则》问题向参与者和退休人员和/或其法律代表提供法律服务和支助。法律室侧重以新的方式记载和传播判例、裁决和政策决定。通过这种方式促进知识分享有助于有效利用法律室积累的法律信息和经验，更多利用最佳做法，并使主管人员和工作人员能够在其日常决策中考虑到法律风险。", "表20 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "本组织目标：保护基金的法律利益，就养恤基金事项向首席执行干事、养恤金联委会和常设委员会以及养恤基金其他管理机构提供专家法律意见 \n 预期成绩 绩效指标 (1)实施《养恤基金条例和细则》和养恤金调整制度的统一性和连贯性得到加强 (1.1)基金立场未得到常设委员会或上诉法庭支持的复审请求/申诉数目减少业绩计量 2008-2009年：90%的案例维持原判 2010-2011年估计：100%的案例维持原判 \n 2012-2013年目标：100%的案例维持原判(2)有关法律事项的交流和知识分享实现了现代化和得到改善 (2.1)　利用养恤基金《案例摘要》和其他知识管理工具记载和传播的法律决定和判例的数目 业绩计量 2008-2009年：不适用 2010-2011年估计：100%的常设委员会和法庭案例，10%已汇编的法律裁决 \n 2012-2013年目标：100%的常设委员会和法庭案例，30%已汇编的法律裁决(3)会议服务的组织和程序事项得到改善，向各委员会成员提供的实质性服务得到加强 (3.1)　养恤金联委会、常设委员会、审计工作委员会和联合国工作人员养恤金委员会成员对秘书处实质性服务的水平和质量的满意程度 业绩计量 2008-2009年：对提供的服务没有提出投诉 2010-2011年估计：对提供的服务没有提出投诉 \n 2012-2013年目标：对提供的服务没有提出投诉", "外部因素", "92. 法律室预计能实现目标和预期成绩，前提是：(a) 基金各委员会、养恤金联委会、成员组织、业务人员和管理层在其活动和业务影响到基金的法律利益和法律责任时，寻求法律咨询；(b) 及时征求法律意见，客户提供充分信息，以供进行法律分析，并将遵循所提供的意见；(c) 可获得所需人力和财政资源。", "产出", "93. 2012-2013两年期内，将交付下列产出：", "(a) 就与《基金条例》、《管理细则》和养恤金调整制度的解释和实施有关的问题提供咨询，为实施管理政策和程序提供业务支持；", "(b) 就与成员组织以及其他国际和政府间组织之间的协定和其他法律文书的审查、谈判和起草工作提供咨询，并酌情进行督查和监督；", "(c) 就体制模式和业务模式、法律呈件和其他法律文件提供咨询和编制文件；就有关养恤金事项的案件编写提交联合国上诉法庭的被告方答辞(10)；", "(d) 编写法律出版物和送交基金参与者/受益人、各养恤金秘书处和各成员组织行政当局的信函，包括在基金网站上发布的有关资料；", "(e) 为联合国工作人员养恤金委员会、常设委员会、审计工作委员会提供会议服务，包括通过网上“Quick Places”和其他知识管理工具，以电子方式传送文件来简化信息分享和实现信息分享现代化；", "㈠ 就程序规则、各项决议和养恤金联委会/委员会各项决定的解释和执行提供咨询；", "㈡ 为常设委员会会议提供实质性、技术性和行政服务(2次),包括编写约12份复审请求和申诉；分析法律问题、编写报告和文件：", "㈢ 为联合国工作人员养恤金委员会会议提供实质性、技术性和行政服务(4次)；编写残疾津贴申请(大约140项新的成人申请案、40项子女申请案、大约190份复核申请和2项上诉申请)；编写报告和文件；", "㈣ 为审计工作委员会会议提供实质性、技术性和行政支助(6次)，包括协调文件和报告的编写工作；", "(f) 编纂和系统地传播常设委员会和行政法庭案件判例以及其他法律参考档案、意见、政策决定和准则；", "(g) 就养恤金办法的法律方面有关问题，与基金各成员组织及其工作人员养恤金委员会以及其他国际组织联络；", "(h) 代表基金出席国际或区域会议、机构间会议和成员组织法律顾问会议，并于必要时参加各种常设理事会、委员会、特设工作组和工作队。", "表21 所需资源", "资源 (千美元) 员额\n 类别 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (重计费用前)", "员额 — 1 358.4 — 4", "非员额 — —", "共计 — 1 358.4 — 4", "94. 为了更为明确地分析方案支助，已将法律室从首席行政干事办公室分离出来，将其改为一个方案支助次级方案。1 358 400美元的经费将用于续设4个员额，其中3个员额调自首席执行干事办公室(2个P-5和1个一般事务(其他职等))，1个员额调自日内瓦办事处(1个P-4，法律干事)。其中最后一个员额将设在日内瓦。", "执行办公室", "所需资源 (重计费用前): 11 838 900美元", "95. 执行办公室为基金开展活动提供必要的行政和方案支持。它协助首席执行干事和投资管理司司长编制两年期预算报告，并为有效利用人力和财政资源提供相关的支助服务。它还提供一般行政管理和设施管理服务。", "表22 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "本组织目标：通过高效和有效的管理和方案支助，协助实现基金的业务和战略目标 \n 预期成绩 绩效指标 (1) 及时征聘和安置工作人员 (1.1)　员额平均空缺天数减少 业绩计量 2008-2009年：200天 2010-2011年估计：180天 \n 2012-2013目标：150天 \n (1.2)妇女在任期一年或一年以上的专业及以上职等员额中所占百分比增加 业绩计量 2008-2009年：32% 2010-2011年估计：39% \n 2012-2013年目标：45% (2)通过内部和外部培训，工作人员的多面能力得到加强 (2.1)　可提供的专门学习课程产出增加业绩计量 2008-2009年：30 2010-2011年估计：38 \n 2012-2013年目标：48 (2.2)　参加和成功完成学习和职业发展方案的工作人员数目增加 业绩计量 2008-2009年：618 2010-2011年估计：700 \n 2012-2013年目标：700 (3)对基金行政预算的管理和监督得到改善 (3.1)　降低未清债务和上期债务核销额相当于最后批款的百分比业绩计量 2008-2009年：不适用 2010-2011年估计：9% \n 2012-2013年目标：8% (4)设施和财产服务的质量和及时性得到加强 (4.1)　因房舍设施维修停工而损失的工作日减少业绩计量 2008-2009年：零 2010-2011年估计：零 \n 2012-2013年目标：零", "外部因素", "96. 执行办公室预计能实现目标和预期成绩，前提是能够得到所需人力和财政资源。", "产出", "97. 2012-2013两年期内将交付下列产出：", "(a) 人力资源管理：", "㈠ 就与人力资源管理有关的一切问题向所有工作人员提供政策建议；", "㈡ 管理招聘主管所需的职位空缺跟踪数据，以支持征聘目标；", "㈢ 向各位主任报告电子考绩制度合规数据；", "㈣ 为通过Inspira和临时空缺通知征聘的所有人员安排面试；", "㈤ 处理与工作人员-管理当局之间关系有关的问题 (听取抗辩小组等)；", "(b) 工作人员培训和职业发展：", "㈠ 为基金制定专门课程，并与信息管理系统处协调促进知识转让，以建立一个学习管理系统平台；", "㈡ 安排在基金房舍举办培训课程；", "㈢ 监督和跟踪所有工作人员都须完成的必修课程；", "㈣ 向每个新工作人员介绍基金情况；", "㈤ 提供职业发展方面的咨询意见。", "(c) 行政：", "㈠ 向基金工作人员提供日常行政支助；", "㈡ 维护人员配置表;", "㈢ 处理一般事务职等和专业职等人事行动，以按月发薪；", "㈣ 以提醒主管提出推荐的方式，在工作人员合同到期的两个月前续延合同；", "㈤ 根据联合国的政策和个人养恤金和应享权利的任何变更和最新情况，对工作人员养恤金和应享权利个案进行分析；", "㈥ 为基金工作人员和有关人员提供经过确认的商务旅行;", "㈦ 安排养恤金联委会联合国成员、审计工作委员会和精算师委员会成员和基金工作人员的旅行；", "㈧ 维护工作时间和出勤记录；", "㈨ 维护“Quickplace”网站，供审计工作委员会成员获取与会议有关的文件。", "(d) 财务和预算管理：", "㈠ 就基金的两年期预算和订正预算向方案主管提供指导并完成预算编制工作；", "㈡ 发放拨款和订正拨款；", "㈢ 为所有支出提供证明；", "㈣ 监督支出，并每月向方案主管报告支出情况；", "㈤ 就《财务条例和细则》的实施向方案主管提供咨询和指导；", "㈥ 控制行政预算，包括核查发票后再付款；", "㈦ 完成基金年度财务报表附表一(批款状况与行政费用之比较)；", "㈧ 核对基金和联合国秘书处之间的行政费用。", "(e) 设施和财产管理：", "㈠ 确保设施得到维护和处于正常运行状况；", "㈡ 与房舍管理部门和供应商协调进行任何必要的维修；", "㈢ 管理与办公场所有关的合同；", "㈣ 协助规划和配置新的和现有的办公空间；", "㈤ 维护和支持基金固定资产的资产/库存管理系统；", "㈥ 协调处置陈旧设备和家具；", "㈦ 维护和支持基金的紧急情况通报系统；", "㈧ 维护紧急情况联络资料，供基金工作人员在安全/紧急行动中使用。", "表23 所需资源", "资源 (千美元) 员额\n 类别 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (重计费用前)", "员额 1 659.3 1 718.6 7 7", "非员额 11 451.5 10 120.3 — —", "共计 13 110.8 11 838.9 7 7", "98. 所列经费11 838 900美元，减少了1 271 900美元，用于续设7个员额(1个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-3和4个一般事务(其他职等))和将1个P-3员额改叙为P-4员额，并包括整个行政方面的非员额资源。非员额资源减少1 331 200美元的主要原因是，在作出更准确的估算后，房地租金和维修费减少。", "C． 投资费用", "1. 概述", "99. 投资管理司根据秘书长代表依照《联合国合办工作人员养恤基金条例》第19条所给予的授权，协助秘书长管理基金资产的投资。该司负责这些资产的日常管理，执行核准的投资策略，并确保投资组合符合基金核准的资产分配、政策、条例和细则。其任务是创造满足负债需求的总体投资组合收益，同时不超出基金的风险限度。投资管理司确保执行情况报告和投资组合风险分析报告的准确性和及时更新，并安排对基金的投资予以适当和准确的记账。该司的主要科室有司长办公室、投资科、风险与合规科、业务科和信息系统科。", "100.　投资管理司总体所需资源总额在重计费用前为91 799 300美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款净增加了10 601 800美元，增幅13.1%。下表25所示净增加额概述如下：", "(a) 行政领导和管理：减少1 567 900美元是由于非员额费用的减少，主要包括差旅(1 382 200美元)、咨询人(2 028 800美元)、其他工作人员费用(1 665 100美元)方面的减少，这些款项均在有关方案项下提出请批，从风险与合规科调入1名P-4职等法律干事和从业务科调入1个一般事务(其他职等)员额所增加的员额经费(508 200美元)和订约承办事务经费(3 000 000美元)的增加与之部分相抵；", "(b) 工作方案：增加7 451 700美元是由于新增6个员额，调入司长办公室的2个员额(1 115 100美元)和与订约承办事务(2 772 200美元)有关的非员额资源6 336 600美元与之相抵；此外，过去提交的文件中在行政领导和管理项下请批的其他工作人员费用(1 416 200美元)、工作人员差旅费(1 271 200美元)和咨询人费用(877 000美元)现均在工作方案项下提出请求；", "(c) 方案支助：信息系统科所需资源(5 794 500美元)净增4 718 000美元的原因是新增1个员额(863 600美元)以及订约承办事务费用(4 040 000美元)、其他工作人员费用(779 300美元)和差旅费(111 000美元)的增长(过去提交的文件中在行政领导和管理项下请批其中最后两项经费)，行政支助项下房地租金和维修费减少1 076 500美元，与之部分相抵，减少原因是该司位于达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号30层的办公室已装修完毕。", "101.　下文表24和25所示为资源分配估计数和按构成部分开列的所需资源。", "表24 按构成部分开列的资源分配百分比", "构成部分 经常预算", "A. 行政领导和管理 7.7", "B. 工作方案", "1. 投资 53.9", "2. 风险与合规 2.9", "3. 业务活动 12.0", "工作方案小计 68.8", "C. 支助", "1. 信息系统科 19.1", "2. 行政支助 4.4", "方案支助小计 23.5", "共计 100.0", "表25 按构成部分开列的所需资源", "(千美元)", "资源增长 分摊数", "构成部分 2010-2011年 数额 百分比 重计费用前 重计费用 联合国 养恤基金 2012-2013年 批款 共计 估计数", "A. 8 654.2 (1 (18 1) 7 086.3 52.33 — 7 138.6 7 138.6 行政领导和管理 567.9)", "B. 工作方案", "1. 投资 51 568.3 (2 (4.1) 49 476.6 655.8 — 50 132.4 50 132.4 091.7)", "2. 风险与合规 1 931.6 680.1 35.2 2 611.7 (19.2) — 2 592.5 2 592.5", "3. 业务活动 2 178.5 8 863.3 406.9 11 041.8 179.9 — 11 221.7 11 221.7", "B小计 55 678.4 7 451.7 13.4 63 130.1 816.5 — 63 946.6 63 946.6", "C. 支助", "1. 信息系统科 11 777.3 5 794.5 49.2 17 571.8 253.2 — 17 825.0 17 825.0", "2. 行政支助 5 087.6 (1 (21.2) 4 011.1 16.9 — 4 028.0 4 028.0 076.5)", "C小计 16 864.9 4 718.0 28.0 21 582.9 270.1 — 21 853.0 21 853.0", "共计 81 197.5 10 601.8 13.1 91 799.3 1 138.9 — 92 938.2 92 938.2", "2. 行政领导和管理", "所需资源(重计费用前)：7 086 300美元", "102.　投资管理司司长为该司各科制定各自的战略和优先事项设立框架，以确保该司在履行其任务规定，同时保证达到安全、业绩、责任和问责制方面的最佳状况，并确保充分遵守效率、能力和廉正的最高标准。司长通过反映出该司和整个基金的长期目标和优先事项的工作计划，促进对基金资产的有效控制和管理。司长领导投资管理司与基金的审计工作委员会、联合国审计委员会和内部监督事务厅(监督厅)开展合作。", "103.　司长办公室负责提供至关重要的法律、合同管理和请购服务及行政支助，包括针对投资管理司日益增长的需求作出人力资源战略预测。该办公室还为投资委员会提供服务和支持。", "104.　我们的目标是把司长办公室发展成为协助投资管理司监测和协调其工作计划的及时实施的一个单位。随着基金在投资类型、工作人员和科室数目方面持续增长并日趋多元化，司长办公室的范围和职责也在扩大。因此，倘若所需系统和人员配置充足的话，我们计划强化和扩充该办公室的职能，办法是设立任务和责任明确的专门部门来处理以下事项：法律和合同管理；请购服务、预算编制和发票处理；投资委员会和立法机构；行政相关事项。", "表26 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "本组织目标：确保全面执行法定任务并遵守养恤基金条例和细则，同时考虑到在投资和工作人员及财政资源方面涉及到养恤基金工作方案管理的投资委员会建议和秘书长代表的决定\n 预期成绩 绩效指标", "⑴ 与秘书长代表协商决定：关于资产分配幅度、货币持有、市场加权、战略和战术性短期分配的指导方针；投资机会；信息系统和操作基础设施 (1.1) 基金的投资业绩优于市场", "⑵ 对投资管理司的采购需求进行有效的规划和协调 (2.1) 在6个月之内完成的招标书百分比", "⑶ 就各种类型的投资和合同提供范围广泛的法律咨询 (3.1) 成功完成新的投资交易并执行合同", "⑷ 向投资委员会和其他立法机构提供有效服务 (4.1) 没有收到投资委员会和其他参与者提出的任何投诉", "⑸ 工作人员得到及时征聘和安置 (5.1) 员额持续空缺的平均天数减少", "(5.2) 空缺率降低", "外部因素", "105.　目标和预期成绩应能稳定实现，前提是：(a) 所有利益攸关方对投资管理司的工作都给予支持和全力配合；(b) 在执行大会和养恤金联委会确立的任务时没有重大的资金缺口。行政领导方案的实现取决于联合国有关厅/司的全力合作。", "产出", "106.　2012-2013两年期期间将交付以下产出：", "(a) 定期更新和执行投资政策，以确保按照投资委员会接到的指令有力实施投资战略；", "(b) 就投资管理司的采购需求与采购司进行有效和定期的协调，制定一份中期采购计划，编写高品质的招标文件，加速招标进程；让高品质的企业参与约10次采购行动的投标过程；", "(c) 与法律事务厅的法律专家和法律顾问定期协调和接触，谈判和执行约160份合同；", "(d) 每年举办4次投资委员会会议。向联委会、行政和预算问题咨询委员会、第五委员会和其他有关各方提供有关投资的准确报告；", "(e) 贯彻落实投资管理司工作人员的差旅和培训计划。在180天之内填补职位空缺。", "表27 所需资源", "资源(千美元) 员额", "类别 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (重计费用前)", "员额 1 941.6 2 449.8 7 9", "非员额 6 712.6 4 636.5 — —", "共计 8 654.2 7 086.3 7 9", "107.　所需资源总额为7 086 300美元，减少1 567 900美元，用于续设7个员额(1个D-2、1个P-5、1个P-4、1个一般事务人员(特等)和3个一般事务人员(其他职等))、分别从风险与合规科(1个P-4)和业务科(1个一般事务人员(其他职等))调入的2个员额以及全司在代表差旅费和招待费项下的非员额资源。非员额资源减少的主要原因是其他工作人员费用(1 665 100美元)、工作人员差旅费(1 382 200美元)和咨询人费用(2 028 800美元)经费分摊，增加的订约承办事务费用(3 000 000美元)与之部分相抵。", "3. 工作方案", "投资科", "所需资源(重计费用前)：49 476 600美元", "108.　投资科负责为基金实现最佳投资收益，同时避免不当风险。该科由7个组织实体组成，即北美股票、欧洲股票、亚太股票、全球新兴市场股票、债券、房地产和另类投资。投资科的主要职能是监测当前的投资组合，及时了解和追踪各金融市场的动态，作出并执行投资决定。履行这些职能的工作包括编写金融分析报告，出席大小会议，前往各国会晤一些分析员和公司管理人员。一个次要职能是协助编写给所有理事机构的报告。", "109.　投资科2012-2013年的任务包括：(a) 实现基金投资的长期目标，即按美国消费物价指数调整后，实际年收益率达3.5%；(b) 实现基金的投资业绩稳定地超过政策基准；(c) 保持与投资收益目标相匹配的风险程度；(d) 通过合理多样化减少货币风险和国家风险。", "表28 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "本组织目标：长期目标是：(a)在避免不当风险的情况下为基金实现最佳实际投资收益；(b)在资产形式、货币和地域方面令投资组合多样化 \n 预期成绩 绩效指标 (1)养恤基金投资的长期实际年收益率按美国消费物价指数调整后达3.5% (1.1)　10年期内基金总收益与基金目标的比较业绩计量 2008-2009年：由于在2008年和2009年初经历了全球金融危机，基金在2009年12月终了的10年期内业绩比目标低1.7% 2010-2011年估计：根据初步数据，按实际价值计算，基金在2010年12月终了的10年期内业绩为3.5%，与基金的收益目标保持一致 \n 2012-2013年目标：业绩优于实际年收益率达3.5%的长期目标\n(2)基金的投资业绩稳定地超过政策基准，其构成是：60%为股票、31%为债券、6%为房地产和3%为现金 (2.1)　5年期内基金的总收益率与政策基准的比较\n 业绩计量 2008-2009年：在2009年12月终了的5年期内业绩超过基准0.9% 2010-2011年估计：根据初步数据，按名义价值计算，基金在2010年的业绩为10.2%，略低于10.6%的60/31基准收益率 \n 2012-2013年目标：业绩超过政策基准(3)通过合理的多样化减少货币风险和国家风险 (3.1)　投资的币种数目业绩计量 2008-2009年：截至2009年12月，投资于27种货币 2010-2011年估计：截至2010年12月，投资于35种货币 \n 2012-2013年目标：进一步酌情优化基金资产在币种方面的配置 (3.2)　投资的国家数目 2008-2009年：截至2009年12月，投资于包括新兴市场国家在内的41个国家、国际/区域机构和投资信托公司 2010-2011年估计：截至2010年12月，投资于包括新兴市场国家在内的47个国家、国际/区域机构和投资信托公司 \n 2012-2013年目标：进一步酌情优化基金资产在国家间的分配 (4) 将投资分散到另类资产类别 (4.1) 另类资产类别投资战略数目 业绩计量 2008-2009年：不适用 \n 2010-2011年估计：2010年6月，另类投资高级投资干事加入基金。2010年6月至2011年12月期间的目标是敲定另类投资顾问的人选，并向5-10名经理作出承诺。2009年6月，实物资产顾问的人选敲定，并将于2011年初制定详细的战略。基金将向基础设施和木材/农业用地领域的几个基金投资\n 2012-2013年目标：截至2013年底，基金预计将向15-20家私募基金和对冲基金投资。私募基金的长期表现将用美元加权收益率和内部收益率计算法来衡量；而对冲基金投资组合则将用时间加权收益率计算法来衡量。将与养恤基金的私募基金和对冲基金顾问一道讨论基金的基准设定问题，并将在后面的阶段中详细列报(5)工作人员处理投资和投资组合管理问题的能力提高 (5.1)　至少参加一次相关会议或研讨会的工作人员比例业绩计量 2008-2009年：不适用 2010-2011年估计：不适用 \n 2012-2013年目标：每个工作人员至少参加一次相关会议或研讨会", "外部因素", "110.　目标和预期成绩应能稳定实现，前提是(a) 所有利益攸关方对投资管理司的工作都给予支持和全力配合；(b) 在执行大会和养恤金联委会确立的任务时没有重大的资金缺口；(c) 诸如全球股票、全球债券、房地产和外汇等金融市场的变动方向与长期假设一致。", "产出", "111.　2012-2013两年期期间将交付以下产出：", "(a) 总收益率优于基金目标，即，长期实际年收益率按美国消费物价指数调整后达3.5%；", "(b) 基金总收益率超过政策基准，其构成是：证券为60%，债券为31%，房地产为6%，现金为3%；", "(c) 在货币和国家方面保持较好的多样化投资组合，以期降低货币风险和国家风险；", "(d) 在市场条件有利于基金的情况下成功采用适合基金目标的另类资产类别，以赚取比投资于上市股票更高的收益率；", "(e) 通过参加与投资和投资组合管理直接相关的会议和研讨会，提高工作人员的专业素质和知识深度，将有助于提高基金的业绩。", "表29 所需资源", "资源(千美元) 员额", "类别 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (重计费用前)", "员额 7 698.4 8 974.3 27 31", "非员额 43 869.9 40 502.3 — —", "共计 51 568.3 49 476.6 27 31", "112.　所需资源总额为49 476 600美元，减少2 091 700美元，用于续设27个员额(1个D-1、7个P-5、6个P-4、4个P-3、4个一般事务人员(特等)和5个一般事务人员(其他职等))、新设4个员额(3个P-4和1个P-3)及非员额资源。非员额资源减少的原因是订约承办事务费用减少(5 090 300美元)以及纳入了原来在行政领导和管理项下请批的其他工作人员费用(197 500美元)、工作人员差旅费(1 025 200美元)和咨询人费用(500 000美元)。", "风险与合规", "所需资源(重计费用前)：2 611 700美元", "113.　风险与合规科是一个新设机构，负责识别、计量和管理基金所面临风险的各方面问题。此外，在合规方面，该科负责实施对基金投资的有效的监测和控制程序。其职能包括两个分项职能：风险管理与合规。", "表30 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "本组织目标：规定控制措施，监测在投资管理司资金所涉各类风险(即市场风险、操作风险、信用风险、法律和名誉风险)方面的合规情况。这一职能还负责在资产和主管一级制定风险预算，监测对风险预算的遵守情况，根据既定风险承受度帮助投资部门将经风险调整的收益最大化 \n 预期成绩 绩效指标 (1)有效监督养恤基金投资业务所包含的风险 (1.1)监测活动有效覆盖所有投资交易业绩计量(交易数) 2010-2011年：100% \n 2012-2013年目标：100% (2) 制定风险管理框架 (2.1)全面实施风险分析系统，并培训所有投资组合管理人员将风险分析纳入投资组合构建过程 \n 2012-2013年目标：100% (2.2)执行《风险管理手册》中列出的风险管理控制措施；风险控制措施的落实比例 业绩计量 成功落实所有既定的风险指导原则和控制措施 根据投资环境的变化或新确认的风险，监测控制措施，开展趋势分析，修正指导原则和控制措施 2010-2011年：75% \n 2012-2013年目标：99% (3)遵守投资管理司既定的政策和程序 (3.1)符合各项政策和标准操作程序的投资交易比例 业绩计量(交易的百分比) \n 2012-2013年目标：95% (3.2)保证工作人员在履行其作为国际公务员的职责和责任的过程中具有较高的道德标准 业绩计量(工作人员数) \n 2012-2013年目标：100% (3.3)成功协调和帮助遵守审计建议 业绩计量(已完成的审计比例) \n 2012-2013年目标：100% (4)落实多保管人和独立的总账管理人做法 (4.1)全面落实多保管人和独立的总账管理人制度，与风险管理、会计和交易订单管理等投资管理司的其他系统实现一体化 \n 2012-2013年目标：100%", "外部因素", "114.　风险与合规科应能实现目标和预期成绩，前提是外部所有各方都对该科的工作给予支持和全力配合。其他外部因素包括：", "(a) 更加不稳定的股市；", "(b) 更加不稳定、大幅波动的货币市场，需要开展大量定量分析的能力，以利用与指数挂钩的工具来抵消风险；", "(c) 主权国家的信用风险增大；", "(d) 在不同地域同时出现通胀和/或通缩的环境下开展运作；", "(e) 国际贸易壁垒增多；", "(f) 宏观经济走势变化时的基准变化；", "(g) 因基准货币(美元)贬值而产生突发性资金不足的风险，致使资金达到历史高点，但由于对双轨制功能的使用增多以及用其他货币计价的负债增多，同时存在资金不足的潜在风险；", "(h) 商品价格大涨；", "(i) 失业率高企，成为发展中经济体持续存在的“新常态”；", "(j) 主权国家贷款违约。", "产出", "115.　2012-2013两年期期间将交付以下产出：", "(a) 维护政策和标准作业程序，即标准投资作业政策和程序、《风险管理手册》、合规政策和手册、道德规范和关于个人证券、礼物和招待的政策；", "(b) 完成对基金投资业务的季度合规审查，以确保有效控制基金的合规风险；", "(c) 管理回执核证、交易订单预先核准、个人证券报告、招待费记录和强制休假；", "(d) 组织有关投资合规和道德守则的培训方案(共2项全司参与的现场培训方案)；", "(e) 为全面遵守联合国年度财务披露方案开展协调；", "(f) 编制养恤金联委会审计工作委员会的定期报告(共8次列报)；", "(g) 为审计委员会和内部监督事务厅计划开展的内部和外部审计充当协调中心；充当处理道德操守办公室质询的协调中心。", "表31 所需资源", "资源(千美元) 员额", "类别 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (重计费用前)", "员额 1 931.6 1 919.7 6 7", "非员额 — 692.0 — —", "共计 1 931.6 2 611.7 6 7", "116.　所需资源总额为2 611 700美元，增加680 100美元，用于续设5个员额(1个D-1、2个P-4和2个一般事务人员(特等))、从业务活动科调动1名P-4和1名一般事务人员(其他职等)员额到司长办公室以及新设1个员额(1个P-4)的费用。非员额资源增加的主要原因是纳入了原先在行政领导和管理项下请批的其他工作人员费用(321 600美元)、工作人员差旅费(193 400美元)、咨询人费用(127 000美元)和订约承办事务费用(50 000美元)。", "业务活动", "所需资源(重计费用前)：11 041 800美元", "117.　投资管理司业务科负责基金一切投资交易与相关活动的后台投资业务、会计、对账和财务报告工作。该科还负责及时和准确地结算一切投资交易和外汇交易，运用行业标准解决办法进行直通处理和例外情况处理。此外，该科还确保按照养恤基金采用的国际公共部门会计准则妥善记录所有投资活动，例如交易、外汇交易、收入核收、债务期限、税收和企业行动，以便编写具有足够的内部控制和审计跟踪的财务报表。另外，该科还负责编写每日现金预测，以便投资科能够管理投资管理司投资时使用的所有币种现金。从2012年1月1日起，业务科还将在养恤基金财务主任全面指导下，负责对所有应在全养恤基金的财务报表中报告和反映的投资活动适用国际公共部门会计准则。该科与托管人密切合作，以处理交易和外汇结算、未成功交易的利息索赔调查、收入核收、债务期限、税收和企业行动。该科还与总账管理人密切合作，每天核对现金和所持资产、基金投资的公平市场估值以及总分类账入账情况。该科与信息系统科密切合作，协助执行更高效的程序，确保内部控制，同时加强投资管理司的各种计算机化投资活动，以尽量减少人工干预。", "表32 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "本组织目标：确保基金投资的安全和提高投资财务报告的透明度", "预期成绩 绩效指标", "(1) (1.1) 在市场结算时限内结算的适当授权的投资交易所占百分比增加 自动化后台交易结算与核对进程，具备处理增加了的投资交易量的能力", "业绩计量", "2008-2009年：96.25%", "2010-2011年估计：98%", "2012年目标：99%", "2013年目标：99%", "(1.2) 为解决头寸/所持资产和现金差异所需天数减少", "2008-2009年：不适用", "2010-2011年估计：执行和测试阶段", "2012年目标：3天之内解决差异问题", "2013年目标：2天之内解决差异问题", "(2) 与理事机构协调，成功实行养恤基金所通过的国际公共部门会计准则 (2.1) 及时向基金财务主任上报该司编制的符合国际公共部门会计准则的财务报表(来年3月15日之前)", "业绩计量", "2008-2009年：2010年4月1日", "2010-2011年估计：2011年3月15日", "2012年目标：2012年3月15日", "2013年目标：2013年3月15日", "(2.2) 审计委员会就财务报表提出无保留的审计意见", "业绩计量", "2008年：无保留的审计意见", "2009年：经修改的审计意见", "2010-2011年估计：无保留的审计意见", "2012年目标：无保留的审计意见", "2013年目标：无保留的审计意见", "(3) 在新的双重托管人和独立总账管理人模式中业务功能进入全面运作 (3.1) 在新的托管人和总账管理人选定后所有业务系统进入全面运作", "外部因素", "118.　业务科预计能够实现其目标，前提如下：", "(a) 内部关键任务系统(Charles River交易订单管理系统、Murex MX.3、SWIFT和OMGEO)和独立总账管理人的总账入账系统及时提供全面的直通处理以及例外情况处理与对账；OMGEO、独立总账管理人和总账会计系统的落实都有赖于合同谈判取得成功；", "(b) 两位托管人及独立总账管理人在保管和总账管理服务方面的业绩令人满意。", "产出", "119.　2012-2013两年期期间，将交付以下产出：", "(a) 所有证券、房地产、另类资产和货币兑换交易在结算日或定值日的结算；", "(b) 每天针对例外情况进行证券/头寸/所持资产和现金，包括收入(股息、利息和现金分派)、期限以及企业行动的自动核对；", "(c) 2012年6月30日财务报表的成功检验或测试，并得到外聘审计人对遵守国际公共部门会计准则的情况予以的好评；", "(d) 在2013年3月15日之前，编制符合国际公共部门会计准则的财务报表和披露(仅投资部分)；", "(e) 将所有资产转至新的保管人，由其入账并重新登记；", "(f) 由新的总账管理人和保管人编制所有标准报告。", "表33 所需资源", "资源(千美元) 员额\n 类别 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (重计费用前)", "员额 2 178.5 2 029.6 11 10", "非员额 — 9 012.2 — —", "共计 2 178.5 11 041.8 11 10", "120.　编列经费11 041 800美元，增加了8 863 300美元，用于续设9个员额(1个P-5、1个P-3、2个一般事务人员(特等)和5个一般服务(其他职等))，调出2名一般事务(其他职等)员额，分别调往司长办公室以及风险和合规科，设立1个新员额(1个P-3)。非员额资源的增加主要是用于订约承办事务(7 812 500美元)以及行政指导和管理项下先前请批的资源，包括其他工作人员费用(897 100美元)、工作人员差旅费(52 600美元)和咨询人(250 000美元)。", "4. 方案支助", "信息系统科", "所需资源(重计费用前)：17 571 800美元", "121.　信息系统科负责技术、数据管理、应用程序、政策、程序和项目管理，以帮助投资流程和维护可靠的投资数据。该科将继续执行有关解决方案，以提高投资数据质量和便利性，对投资程序加以精简和标准化，并提供切实可行的技术，以执行安全政策，确保业务连续性，并执行符合投资管理司投资准则的控制措施，从而减少操作风险和业务风险。更为重要的是，该科将提供良好的投资数据，并使其成为解决方案的一部分，为养恤基金增值，并使明智的风险管理成为可能。", "表34 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "本组织目标：提供信息技术解决方案和技术支持，以促进前后台投资流程", "预期成绩 绩效指标", "(1) (1.1) 能够对投资交易进行例外处理 执行投资管理司的信息和通信技术战略，包括实施与合并新的和现有系统，以便利投资活动", "业绩计量", "直通处理的交易所占百分比", "2008-2009年：不适用", "2010-2011年：90%(交易订单管理、SWIFT、保管人银行)", "2012-2013年目标：95%", "(1.2) 支持投资流程的标准化和现代化", "业绩计量", "标准化的业务流程所占百分比", "2008-2009年：不适用", "2010-2011年：85%", "2012-2013年目标：95%", "(1.3) 使风险与合规管理成为可能", "业绩计量", "所提供的风险与合规工具的数目", "2008-2009年：不适用", "2010-2011年：2", "2012-2013年目标：2", "(2) 提高投资管理司投资数据的质量、安全性和可获得性 (2.1) 投资数据得到及时核实与对账", "业绩计量", "编制的可靠投资报告所占百分比", "2008-2009年：50%", "2010-2011年：75%", "2012-2013年目标：90%", "(2.2) 信息技术服务的可获得性高", "业绩计量", "信息技术潜在操作风险所占百分比", "2008-2009年：25%", "2010-2011年：小于5%", "2012-2013年目标：小于1%", "外部因素", "122.　本次级方案预计能实现目标和预期成绩，前提是：(a) 联合国秘书处代表投资管理司进行的采购和法律程序在预计期限内完成；(b) 各利益攸关方履行自己的职责，对实现该司的信息和技术战略目标给予充分合作，便利该司的业务；(c) 信息管理系统处及时支持经过整合的信息和通信技术基础设施。", "产出", "123.　在2012-2013两年期将交付以下产出：", "(a) 交易订单管理(Charles River)、后台任务、对账、会计(Murex)以及银行间短信系统(SWIFT)得到成功和充分的执行和支持；", "(b) 数据中心、外汇和固定收益投资执行系统得到落实；", "(c) 投资流程得到妥善记载；", "(d) 投资交易实现例外情况处理；", "(e) 为业务流程的标准化和简化提供便利；", "(f) 为合规情况监测工作和系统提供支持和便利；", "(g) 执行数据自动输入，支持数据核查；", "(h) 支持数据对账；", "(i) 加强投资管理司基础设施；", "(j) 执行和支持安保政策和灾难恢复；", "(k) 使业务连续性成为可能。", "表35 所需资源", "资源(千美元) 员额\n 类别 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (重计费用前)", "员额 1 593.9 2 457.5 7 8", "非员额 10 183.4 15 114.3 — —", "共计 11 777.3 17 571.8 7 8", "124.　编列经费17 571 800美元，增加了5 794 500美元，用于续设7个员额(1个P-5、3个P-4、2个P-3和1个一般事务人员(特等))，并设立1个新员额(1个P-4)。非员额资源的增加主要原因是订约承办事务所需资源增加(498 500美元)、把市场数据订约承办事务从投资科转至信息系统科(3 541 500美元)以及以前在行政领导和管理项下请批的资源，包括其他工作人员费用(779 300美元)和工作人员差旅费(111 000美元)。", "行政支助", "所需资源(重计费用前)：4 011 100美元", "表36 所需财政资源", "(千美元)", "资源(千美元) 员额\n 类别 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (重计费用前)", "非员额 5 087.6 4 011.1 — —", "共计 5 087.6 4 011.1 — —", "125.　所列经费4 011 100美元，减少了1 076 500美元，用于全司的非员额资源。减少的主要原因是，由于装修哈马舍尔德广场1号新增办公空间，在2010-2011年订正预算中一次性请批房地租金和维持费(916 900美元)。", "D. 审计费用", "所需资源(重计费用前)：2 748 200美元", "126.　资源的分配情况见表37。", "表37 所需财政资源", "(千美元)", "资源(千美元) 员额\n 类别 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (重计费用前)", "外部审计 661.2 774.7 — —", "内部审计 1 983.8 1 973.5 — —", "共计 2 645.0 2 748.2 — —", "127.　所列经费2 748 200美元，用于审计委员会请批的外部审计所需资源估计数(774 700美元)，以及内部监督事务厅请批的内部审计所需资源估计数(1 973 500美元)。", "1. 外部审计", "所需经费(重计费用前)：774 700美元", "128.　所列经费774 700美元，用于支付与审计委员会相关费用，这笔款项由审计委员会秘书处向养恤基金分摊。", "2. 内部审计", "所需经费(重计费用前)：1 973 500美元", "129.　所列经费1 973 500美元，用于续设5个一般临时助理人员员额(1个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3和1个一般事务人员(其他职等))、培训和非员额资源(包括咨询人、工作人员差旅费、订约承办事务、通信、业务费用、用品和材料以及家具和设备。费用减少的主要原因是，由于标准薪金费用的减少而仅需要一般临时人员以及对其他非员额请批资源做出少许改动所产生的净影响。", "E. 联委会费用", "所需资源(重计费用前)：200 000美元", "表38 所需财政资源", "(千美元)", "资源(千美元) 员额\n 类别 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (重计费用前)", "联委会费用 167.5 200.0 — —", "130.　大会在第61/240号决议第四节中，批准将联委会费用，包括联委会会议的行政费用、主席的差旅费和工作组的差旅费等，列入基金预算并计入行政费用账目。", "131.　所列经费200 000美元，用于支付联委会开支所需估计数，包括主席出席联委会第五十九届和第六十届会议以及行政和预算问题咨询委员会会议和第五委员会会议的差旅费、首席执行干事人选物色小组的差旅费以及将于2012年7月和2013年7月举行的第五十九届和第六十届会议的行政费用(120 000美元)。", "四. 紧急基金", "132.　大会在第62/241号决议第三节中授权养恤基金补充2008-2009两年期紧急基金自愿捐款，数额不超过200 000美元。", "133.　提议由养恤基金联委会建议大会授权联委会补充2012-2013两年期紧急基金自愿捐款，数额不超过200 000美元。", "五. 为在2012年1月1日前执行国际公共部门会计准则所建议的临时措施", "134.　联委会在其2010年7月第五十七届会议上核准从2012年1月1日起执行国际公共部门会计准则，根据要求，秘书处和投资管理司在2011年7月向联委会提交了执行新会计准则的现况报告。", "135.　目前，养恤基金是根据《联合国财务条例和细则》提交报告的。据指出，联合国原本计划于2014年执行国际公共部门会计准则，在这方面，联委会获悉联合国计划向2012年大会第六十七届会议建议修改《财务条例和细则》。", "136.　鉴于修改《财务条例和细则》的时间安排，在养恤基金审计工作委员会的支持下，完全是为了养恤基金能够及时执行国际公共部门会计准则之目的，要求联委会向2011年大会第六十六届会议建议核准以下关于养恤基金财务报告的过渡性措施：", "“作为一项过渡性措施，联委会授权养恤基金在其会计核算流程和财务报告中继续适用经必要修改的《联合国财务条例和细则》，其方式应使养恤基金的做法符合国际公共部门会计准则。联委会谨此建议，按照《联合国合办工作人员养恤基金条例》第19条b款，秘书长以符合国际公共部门会计准则的方式，维持养恤基金所有投资和其他交易的详细账目。”", "137.　联委会获悉，一旦核准过渡性措施，养恤基金全面执行国际公共部门会计准则将兑现联委会关于在2012年采用国际公共部门会计准则的决定，但条件是养恤基金接下来要使其《财务条例和细则》正式化。养恤基金2012年的财务报表将根据公共部门会计准则提交并进行审计，后者将提供规管架构。", "138.　联委会在讨论后，认可了关于养恤基金财务报告的过渡性措施，建议2011年大会第六十六届会议核准这一措施。", "六. 有待大会采取的行动", "139.　养恤金联委会向大会提出如下建议：", "(a) 核准2010-2011年批款减少21 772 800美元。因此，2010-2011两年期订正批款为154 545 700美元，分为行政费用(80 478 500美元)、投资费用(71 289 000美元)、审计费用(2 532 900美元)和联委会费用(245 300美元)。其中，133 037 000美元将摊派给养恤基金，21 508 700美元将根据费用分摊安排，直接向联合国收取；", "(b) 核准2010-2011两年期预算外资源的订正预算估计数共计144 300美元；", "(c) 核准养恤基金2012-2013两年期预算估计数共计194 164 000美元，包括行政费用(98 407 600美元)、投资费用(92 938 200美元)，审计费用(2 613 800美元)和养恤金联委会费用(204 400美元)。其中，173 260 600美元将分摊给养恤基金，20 903 400美元将根据费用分摊安排，分摊给联合国；", "(d) 核准2012-2013两年期预算外费用的资源共计156 800美元，由若干成员组织出资；", "(e) 核准不超过200 000美元的一笔款项，以补充紧急基金所得捐款；", "(f) 核准为在2012年1月1日开始执行公共部门会计准则所采取的临时过渡财务措施。", "七． 为执行审计委员会以及行政和预算问题咨询委员会的各项要求和建议而采取的后续行动总表", "表39", "A. 行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "(A/65/567)", "要求/建议 为执行要求/建议而采取的行动\n (a) 行预咨委会赞同审计委员会提出的与经修订的风险管理政策有关的建议和关于该司应继续执行新拟定的风险管理手册的建议(第7段)。 已执行了大部分控制措施，现正作出努力以执行其余的控制措施。《风险管理手册》是一分活文件，每季度都会更新。执行工作是一个持续过程，目标是执行所有控制措施。《风险管理手册》规定的某些控制措施是人工措施，需等待资源分配；其他的是自动化措施，需等待基础设施的现代化。等到达这些里程碑时，这些控制措施就将得到执行。", "(b) 行预咨委会赞同审计委员会的建议。行预咨委会感到关切的是，养恤基金收到包括一个强调事项段的无保留审计意见，该强调事项段涉及2009年12月31日终了两年期财务报表所示投资的实现的和未实现的亏损。行预咨委会敦促养恤基金执行审计委员会的建议(第9段)。 在投资管理司2011年3月11日提交养恤基金秘书处的2010年财务报表附注中已做了这项工作。该司将继续就这些披露与公共部门会计准则咨询师进行协商。", "(c) 行预咨委会重申其建议，即联委会继续探索在发展中国家和经济转型国家进行投资的机会(第10段)。 基金在继续研究各种机会；投资管理司司长和工作人员最近去了非洲和中东，以扩大我们在非洲投资中的获奖投资组合。司长将定期与世界银行和货币基金组织会晤，以审查新兴和前沿市场里新出现的机会。", "(d) 基金已最后确定公共部门会计准则的执行计划和时限，并已提交审计工作委员会和2011年7月举行的养恤金联委会第五十八届会议。招聘新的财务主任的工作也在进行中。 行预咨委会赞同审计委员会的意见，即养恤基金应及时最后确定并批准公共部门会计准则的执行计划。行预咨委会期待尽快招聘新的财务主任，与此同时，开始有关准备工作，以确保于2012年1月1日执行公共部门会计准则。此外，行预咨委会鼓励审计委员会密切监测养恤基金公共部门会计准则的执行进展情况，并重申其建议，即审计委员会应每年向大会报告这方面的进展情况(见A/65/498，第19段)(第13段)。", "(e) 行预咨委会强调应利用现有资源提供足够支助，以确保及时执行公共部门会计准则并对执行情况进行妥善管理(第15段)。 为执行公共部门会计准则而对现有资源进行重新分配的方案获得2010年7月举行的养恤金联委会第五十七届会议核准，并在2010年12月获得大会核准。现正为2012-2013年度申请追加资源。", "(f) 行预咨委会赞同养恤金联委会的要求，即医疗顾问应考虑是否有可能确立一项体检标准，专门用于根据《基金条例》第41条的规定参与基金目的(第18段)。 医疗顾问将根据要求就此事项向联委会2012年7月的届会提交说明。", "(g) 行预咨委会赞同审计委员会的意见，即有必要以具有透明度的方式披露联合国大学捐赠基金的投资，并注意到养恤金联委会已同意在今后提供这样的披露(第20段)。 在投资管理司2011年3月11日提交养恤基金秘书处的2010年财务报表附注中已做了这项工作。该司将继续就这类披露问题与公共部门会计准则咨询人进行协商。", "B. 审计委员会", "(A/65/9，附件十)", "要求/建议 为执行要求/建议而采取的行动\n 审计委员会的主要建议是：", "(a) 基金应最后确定并批准《公共部门会计准则》的执行计划，确定执行公共部门会计准则项目的其他利益攸关方并促其参与该项目，以及详细说明《财务条例和细则》哪些方面需要修订(第27段)； 基金最后确定了执行计划和时限，并已提交审计工作委员会。成立了一个由来自投资管理司和秘书处的公共部门会计准则利益攸关方组成的指导委员会。在采用公共部门会计准则之前，基金目前仍将遵循以联合国系统会计标准为基础的《联合国财务条例和细则》。投资管理司正等待其《公共部门会计准则》咨询人就细则104.12、104.13、104.14、104.15和104.16的建议措辞提出建议，以确保符合公共部门会计准则的规定。将于2011年6月提交给审计工作委员会，于2011年7月提交给养恤金联委会第五十八届会议。", "(b) 基金将拖欠基金的款项记为应收账款和收入(第30段)； 已计算了成员组织拖欠的款项。在审查之后就予以公布。", "(c) 基金应在实际支付时，对前期所有未清债务和应计项目进行转回分录，并解决导致把已支付项目记为应计项目的控制措施的纰漏(第33段)； 基金已就Lawson账户的行政部分起草了关闭指示。执行办公室提出了第三稿征求财务科的审查和同意。根据这些指示，将对2006年1月1日至2009年12月31日期间的行政账户作调整，以得出结转至2010年1月1日的正确结余。将根据这些指示以2010年12月31日作为截止日关闭这些账户。", "(d) 基金执行经过改进的控制措施，确保及时收回未清款项，并制订关于不可收回的长期未清款项的会计处理政策(第43段)； 已执行了针对长期未清应收款的政策和程序。正在作出收款努力。", "(e) 基金考虑在其财务记录中为可疑债务提取备抵，以反映截至报告日期的可收回款项(第44段)； 基金2010年财务报表将为账龄超过2年的所有应收款列出备低。此外，从2010年开始注销无法收回的应收款项。", "(f) 基金用报告日现行业务汇率，对所有以外币标价的余额进行重新估值(第48段)； 同意。2010年财务报表将使用年末汇率把外币银行账户余额换算成美元。", "(g) 基金立即采取步骤，收回尚未退还的国外税款(第51段)； 正在进行。投资管理司继续作出广泛努力，防止各管辖区对其投资收入征税并收回被扣缴的税款。特别是，投资管理司的代表于2010年1月在北京会见了中国国家税务总局的代表，以解决正式承认并落实基金在该国的免税地位问题。该司代表还主动与巴西政府代表进行讨论，从而使巴西税务局于2010年4月发布一个措辞广泛的文告，正式承认基金在该国的免税地位。此外，该司最近发出了一个有关全球税务咨询服务的招标书。全球税务顾问将协助该司开展在全球的申请退税工作等事项。", "(h) 基金应把联合国偿还行政费用产生的应收款及相关收入记录在正确的会计时期(第54段)； 已考虑到这一点并在账户关闭程序中加以纠正。", "(i) 基金继续与联合国一起调节余额，确保差额完全对账(第57段)； 有一段时间基金使用基金间余额与联合国进行调节。联合国也使用这一余额数。基金现在在与联合国进行调节时恢复使用实际支出数。", "(j) 基金把正确的应计数额从应付账款模块上传至Lawson系统，同时对发现的差异账目进行调整(第63段)； 正在进行中。确定了错误的项目。将为2010年作出适当登录，以纠正这些余额数。", "(k) 基金每月定期核对应付账款模块和总分类账(第64段)； 财务科正等待COGNOS“方块”，以支助Lawson数据生成一份新报告。", "(l) 基金将应付账款借方余额重新调整为应收账款，完成数据清洗工作，以确保应付账款中包括的所有款项都是有效的应付款(第67段)； 这是个持续进行的流程。于2010年开始展开工作，将在2011年全年持续进行，以纠正这些账户。", "(m) 基金开发分析应付养恤金账龄的工具(第70段)； 财务科正等待COGNOS“方块”，以支助Lawson数据生成一份新报告。", "(n) 基金适用《养恤基金条例和细则》第46条，调整与所有应丧失数额有关的应付养恤金(第75段)； 这是一项持续进行的工作，是2011年底前要完成的数据清洗工作的一部分。", "(o) 基金按照联合国《财务条例和细则》的要求，遵守提交财务报表日期的规定(第79段)； 正如在提交审计委员会的报告(见A/65/9)中所指出的，由于需要对基金成员组织的付款实行调节程序，基金无法遵守3月31日这个完工期限。投资管理司于2011年3月11日向基金秘书处提交了财务报表中该司负责提供的部分。今后，该司将确保在下一年的3月15日之前向秘书处提交财务报表。", "(p) 基金制订并执行明确规定交易如何在养恤基金会计记录中入账的会计政策，并确保所有会计政策在财务报表中得到明确界定和披露(第84段)； 作为公共部门会计准则执行工作的一部分，将继续加强脚注。这项工作将继续是2010年和2011年财务报表的组成部分，在2012年将全面采用公共部门会计准则。", "(q) 基金编制财务报表所有细列项目的调节表或工作底稿，并编制与账本一致的有关计算或调整的附表(第89段)； 基金的报告撰写人把总分类账账户并入财务报表的细列项目，如此财务报表上的所有数字都可追溯到源文件。", "(r) 投资管理司在财务报表中完全披露其为联合国大学捐赠基金管理的投资(第92段)； 已执行。在投资管理司于2011年3月11日提交给基金秘书处的2010年财务报表的附注中已这样做了，具体在“管理的基金”项下。该司将进一步就这类披露问题与公共部门会计准则咨询师进行协商。", "(s) 投资管理司重新考虑其为第三方提供资金管理服务的正式安排(第93段)； 投资管理司将提供全面披露。该司将全面披露根据审计建议在1990年代为联合国大学捐赠基金设立的独立安排。这些安排包括一个单独的托管账户和一个独立的外部基金经理。从未将这些基金与养恤基金混合过。", "(t) 投资管理司继续执行其新拟订的《风险管理手册》(第111段)； 正在进行。已执行了大部分控制措施，现正作出努力以执行其余的控制措施。《风险管理手册》是一分活文件，每季度都会更新。执行工作是一个持续过程，目标是执行所有控制措施。《风险管理手册》规定的某些控制措施是人工措施，需等待资源分配；其他的是自动化措施，需等待基础设施的现代化。等到达这些里程碑时，这些控制措施就将得到执行。", "(u) 投资管理司进行一次逐案审查，以查明与2008-2009 年所有已实现投资亏损以及当前仍在持续的未实现亏损的头寸有关的可汲取的经验教训(第112段)； 投资管理司回顾了2008年的灾难性事件，并注意到长期过度宽松货币政策构成的风险。投资管理司已对超过25%的未实现收益和亏损执行了每周和每季度的正式合规和投资审查。", "(v) 投资管理司用表格分别列出出售投资的收益和亏损，并披露截至资产债务表日期的所有未实现收益和亏损，以在财务报表中对投资作出清楚说明和披露(第113段)； 已执行。在投资管理司于2011年3月11日提交给基金秘书处的2010年财务报表附注中已这样做了。该司将进一步就这类披露问题与公共部门会计准则咨询师进行协商。", "(w) 鉴于监督厅的审计结果反映出投资合规方面存在重大缺陷，投资管理司要处理好余留的待执行或执行中的建议(第117段)； 已执行。投资管理司于2009年10月雇用了一名合规事务干事，从而在合规方案方面取得了重要进展。执行了新的政策，包括有关个人交易、礼品和招待，以及强制性休假的政策。其他政策尚在等待审查和验收。该司的风险和合规事务科使用风险和合规手册及各种自动系统，监测基金投资，以确保该司的政策和标准得到充分监督和强制性执行。处理和落实了监督厅的多项建议。现在有一个正式的程序，用于及时监测和处理监督厅的建议。开设了对该司工作人员的培训班，其中一个班与道德操守办公室合办。风险和合规事务科已确认，目前不存在蓄意或经常违反该司政策或程序从而可能给养恤基金、其声誉、参与人或受益人造成财务损害的情况。", "(x) 基金在财务报表附注中更好地披露主要精算假设和与服务终了负债估值有关的变动情况(第124段)； 就2009年而言，基金列入2009年精算估值作为财务报表的组成部分。此外，基金第一次在财务报表正文里记录了离职后健康保险和与服务终了有关的负债。", "(y) 基金应当为与服务终了有关的负债制订一项筹资计划，供其理事机构审议(第131段)； 暂缓执行。任何筹资计划都将要求联合国为具体部分提供三分之一的资金。暂缓执行该建议，以等待联合国秘书处提出这样一个计划。", "(z) 基金在执行公共部门会计准则时考虑修订其年假负债估值政策(第139段)； 基金正在与联合国和公共部门会计准则工作队讨论，以决定是将年假作为当前债务还是作为精算估值处理。", "(aa) 基金采取措施确保及时和定期进行库存实物盘点并将盘点结果与资产登记册核对(第144段)； 每12个月就进行一次100%的库存检查。因为将从2012年开始执行公共部门会计准则，因此从2011年开始，这些检查将从每一年的第四个季度展开。此外，以后将保留有关这类检查的签字证明。", "(bb) 基金从联合国财产管理和库存管理股取得库存报告，并取得对ProcurePlus 系统的充分行政访问权，目的是更新所有资产和取得库存报告(第145段)； 每月都收到财产管理和库存管理股的库存报告。基金在2010年9月30日的备忘录和2010年10月15日的后续备忘录中向中央支助事务厅要求Procure Plus的访问权，现仍在等待答复。", "(cc) 基金秘书处制订一份人力资源计划(第149段)； 基金起草了一份人力资源计划并于2010年7月提交养恤金联委会第五十七届会议。", "(dd) 基金秘书处考虑采取办法，加强以留用退休人员情况作为衡量依据的更替规划(第153段)； 在与方案经理的协商下正不断发展和更新基金的培训和发展平台，包括在线学习。利用退休工作人员的专门知识来协助这一进程。又请见首席执行干事于2010年4月15日提交审计委员会的备忘录第8段。", "(ee) 鉴于监督厅的建议反映出在人力资源管理方面存在重大缺陷，基金应处理好监督厅的建议(第158段)； (a) 基金坚持执行工作人员条例5.1所规定的年假政策：“应允许所有工作人员享受适当的年假”和《工作人员细则》第105条。基金管理部门鼓励担负财务责任的人员每年不间断地休两星期年假。对投资管理司的工作人员而言，这是强制性的。", "(b) 执行办公室以人工方式每月编制人员配置表，并与综合管理信息系统(综管系统)进行核对。", "(c) 已建立了一个追踪系统，以监测工作人员的征聘情况，并将用于为征聘流程的每一个阶段制定基准。在基金拥有足够数据以计算自己的基准之前，将使用联合国的120天基准。鼓励负责征聘的经理仔细审查申请人，以实现性别均等。", "(d) 必须由主管为工作人员提出综管系统的功能包，并由执行办公室审查及作出相应授权。未经首席执行干事批准，执行办公室之外的工作人员无权使用综管系统的人力资源功能。", "(e) 在新的合同框架内，超过退休年龄的在职工作人员现在置于“临时”类别之下。2009年1月发布的总程序为临时工作人员的工作计划及之后对他们的考绩工作提供了一个附件，由主管和经理负责完成。", "(f) 主管与部门负责人和工作人员协商，在电子考绩报告里明确确定并记录每一个工作人员的培训需求。各部门将监测或继续监测执行情况。", "(g) 将继续进行合规监测，并向各部门负责人提供统计反馈和个人反馈，重点放在是否及时完成电子考绩报告上。", "(ff) 基金秘书处应核对成员组织的月度缴款并及时跟进未能调节的项目(第162段)； 在目前条件下，进行月度调节是不可行的。但刚展开一个试验性计划，以对一个可做月度调节的系统进行测试。", "(gg) 基金秘书处建立系统，以核实成员组织在年终结算前所提供信息的精确性，确保在财务报表定稿之前进行对账并核实对账结果(第167段)； 在2009财政年度展开了一个试验项目，并在2010年加以扩大，取得了积极成果。年底文档的自动文档转移和编辑检查功能提高了报告的精确性，减少了基金的手工工作量。", "(hh) (a) 将基金与其参与人和受益人的所有正式函件系统性地上载和扫描至内容管理系统的适当文档之内的做法是标准做法。这包括发送出去以澄清签名不一致问题的后续信函。如果在文档中找不到这类文件，那就是例外，是疏忽造成的。 基金秘书处在应享权利证明表中的签名与原有签名不同的情况下，将与受益人进行后续核实的证据上载到内容管理系统中；遵守第2001-68号总程序的要求，即所有能够取得的受益人签名数字图像均应输入内容管理系统(第174段)；", "(b) 正如上文所解释的，标准做法是，将与基金受益人和参与方的文档相关的所有文件上载至内容管理系统。文件遗失是疏忽造成的，是例外。", "(ii) 基金秘书处改进转移个案的总体处理时间，以达到六个月的处理时间目标(第180段)； 基金已处理了以前积压的转移个案，当年造成积压的原因是基金精算咨询人遇到长时间延误，以及事关某些个案的政策问题，在最后完成转移之前必须厘清这些政策问题。目前长期未决的个案很少，没有一个个案超过50天。因此，所有这些个案都达到了个案处理基准。", "(jj) 基金秘书处实施程序，定期在养恤金管理系统薪资单和Lawson系统(总分类账)之间进行调节(第184段)； 财务科正考虑在2011年为这类调节拟订一份COGNOS报告。", "(kk) 基金秘书处制定并核准全面的用户账户管理程序，以确保适当管理用户账户；实施定期监测用户账户有效性的程序(第188段)； 进行中。信息管理系统处引入了一项“访问、系统和数据权限”政策，以落实账户管理程序。在系统中引入了以群体为基础的角色，在主管提出要求时可通过这类角色限定访问权限。通过使用“积极通讯录政策”和“单点登录”程序在这些系统中执行了密码重置和安全参数设置。由于养恤金管理系统的限制，在这些老化的系统中引入“定期记录和系统活动审查”功能被认为是不可行的；因此，对即将用来更换的综合养恤金管理系统而言，这些功能是必须要具备的。", "(ll) 基金秘书处审查更改请求和服务请求程序，以考虑到审计委员会指出的需要改进的方面(第193段)； 建议结案。信息管理系统处审查了更改请求和服务请求程序，更新了更改请求工具，以列入一个字段，显示在要求测试和批准执行时是否要求同时提供文件。", "(mm) 基金秘书处监测遵守更改控制程序的情况，并保持适当的更改控制管理文件记录(第195段)； 建议结案。信息管理系统处已执行了更改管理政策并建立了一个用于批准和追踪的全面自动系统。各项流程已经到位。该处和主管们目前正每日监测遵守更改控制程序的情况，并强制执行一项有关记录在执行前进行的任何和所有更改的政策。", "(nn) 基金秘书处执行信息技术质量保证职能，确保建立和保持一定程度的信任；执行控制措施，防止程序分析员使用数据库管理员的用户名和密码(第202段)； 建议结案。信息管理系统处尽管拒绝 设立“质量保证职位”，但精简了这个职能的要求，为此起草了一项责任分离政策。通过修改请求流程记录每一个步骤(例如，分析师、开发人员、迁移等)，从而确认和监测了该处责任分离政策的适当执行情况；修改请求流程需经两个人审查：第一核签人和第二核签人。已作出更改，如此数据库管理员的用户名和密码只提供给数据库管理员。", "(oo) 基金秘书处审查程序分析员的使用权是否适当，特别注意生产环境的进出，并制定程序，对需要进出生产环境的情况进行管理(第204段)； 建议结案。尽管信息管理系统处拒绝 设立“质量保证职位”，但精简了这个职能的要求，为此起草了一项责任分离政策。通过确保将与分析/开发和移动到生产有关的任务分派给两个不同的人的做法维持责任分离。此外，系统修改计划已经到位，以管理和监测这个流程。", "(pp) 基金秘书处确保在经测试及核准的更改从开发环境转入测试环境以及从测试环境转入生产环境的过程中，各种责任分离得当(第206段)。 建议结案。尽管信息管理系统处拒绝 设立“质量保证职位”，但精简了这个职能的要求，为此起草了一项责任分离政策。通过确保将与开发、测试和移动到生产有关的任务分派给不同的人的做法维持责任分离。此外，系统修改计划已经到位，以管理和监测这个流程。", "附件一", "联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会关于2010-2011两年期订正预算估计数和2012-2013两年期预算估计数的讨论", "基金的行政事项", "(a) 2010-2011两年期订正预算估计数", "1. 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金秘书处提请，相对于订正批款176 318 500美元，将2010-2011两年期预算估计数减少21 772 800美元。因此，2010-2011两年期最后订正批款为154 545 700美元，其中21 508 700美元由联合国按照费用分摊安排支付。", "(b) 2012-2013两年期预算估计数", "2. 2012-2013两年期拟议预算估计数编列了215 999 100美元用作核定支出 (重计费用前)，而2010-2011两年期的核定支出总额为176 318 500美元。预算报告列报了行政费用101 768 500美元、投资费用111 282 400美元、审计费用2 748 200美元、联委会费用200 000美元。此外，该估计数还为一个离职后健康保险预算外员额编列了152 900美元的费用，并为紧急基金编列了不超过200 000美元的费用。", "行政费用", "3. 行政费用项下拟议预算重计费用前总额为101 768 500美元，比2010-2011两年期批款增长10.2%，比2010-2011两年期订正预算估计数增长26.5%。", "4. 关于行政费用，秘书处强调说，尽管养恤金综合管理系统项目费用估计数总额保持未变，但由于执行战略的改变，原先的时间表发生了变化，因此该项目2010-2011两年期支出出现节余，继而在2012-2013两年期预算中请批这项资金。此外，按照秘书处的中期人力资源战略计划，拟请增设16个常设员额，改叙3个员额，列示如下：", "新员额", "数目 职类/职等 职衔 \n 数目 职类/职等 职衔 \n 1 D-1 技术评价和风险管理主任 \n 1 P-5 客户服务、记录管理和分发股股长 \n 1 P-3 记录管理和分发组组长 \n2\t一般事务(其他职等)\t福利助理\n 1 P-4 会计，公共部门会计准则专家 \n 1 一般事务(特等) 高级会计助理 \n 1 P-4 会计 \n 1 P-5 安保主任 \n 1 P-5 企业架构主管 \n1\t一般事务(其他职等)\t法律助理\n 1 P-4 财务和预算干事 \n 1 P-3 人力资源/训练干事 \n 1 一般事务(特等) 人力资源助理 \n1\t一般事务(其他职等)\t差旅助理\n 1 一般事务(特等) 高级设施管理助理 \n 改叙 \n 1 P-4至P-5 支付股股长 \n 1 P-4至P-5 出纳员 \n 1 P-5至D-1 首席法律干事", "投资费用", "5. 投资费用项下拟议预算重计费用前总额为111 282 400美元，比2010-2011两年期批款(81 197 500美元)增长37.1%，比2010-2011两年期订正预算估计数(71 289 000美元)增长56.1%。", "6. 在投资费用项下，秘书长代表请批的资源包括下表列示的20个增设员额和以下各项所需追加资源：为落实领导基金所涉投资组合管理领域的订约承办事务；小盘股增加；总账管理人；信息技术项目。", "新员额", "数目 职类/职等 职衔 \n 1 P-5 高级法律干事 \n 1 P-4 投资委员会秘书 \n 1 P-5 高级投资干事——外部管理 \n 1 P-4 投资干事——固定收入和外币 \n 1 P-4 投资干事——另类投资 \n 1 P-4 投资干事——全球新兴市场 \n 1 P-4 投资干事——交易执行干事 \n 1 P-3 投资干事——北美股票 \n 1 P-3 投资干事/分析员——房地产 \n1\t一般事务(其他职等)\t交易执行助理\n 1 P-4 尽责和定量战略风险管理人 \n 1 P-3 合规分析员兼业务风险管理人 \n1\t一般事务(其他职等)\t风险与合规主任助理\n 1 P-4 会计和报告主管 \n 1 P-3 财务干事，调节 \n 1 D-1 首席信息技术干事 \n 1 P-4 数据管理干事 \n 1 P-3 信息安全干事 \n 1 P-3 调节管理员 \n1\t一般事务(其他职等)\t行政助理", "审计费用", "7. 基金请批外部审计费用74 700美元，内部审计费用1 973 500美元，共计2 748 200美元，净增长103 200美元。其中113 500美元为外聘审计人费用。", "养恤金联委会费用", "8. 请批费用共计200 000美元，用于两届联委会会议的费用以及主席和遴选委员会征聘下一任首席执行干事所需差旅费。", "预算外资金", "9. 请批预算外资源152 900美元，用于1个一般事务(其他职等)员额，该员额由参与离职后健康保险计划的成员组织供资。", "紧急基金", "10. 为紧急基金请批不超过200 000美元的补充数额。", "预算工作组", "11. 预算工作组提出并经联委会核可的评论意见和建议列述如下。", "12. 按照联委会第五十七届会议所作决定，预算工作组于2011年7月6日开始工作。", "13. 工作组原先经联委会同意的组成有所改变，更换了一名行政首长组代表和一名参与人组代表。工作组的最后组成如下：", "J. Forest(国际电信联盟)女士，代表理事机构", "G. Kuentzle先生(联合国)，代表理事机构", "Y. Mortlock女士^(*) (国际移徙组织)，代表行政首长", "S. Van Buerle女士(联合国)，代表行政首长 (当选为主席)", "H. Baritt先生^(*) (世界卫生组织)，代表参与人", "C. Santos-Tejada先生(联合国)，代表参与人", "A. Castellanos del Corral先生(退职国际公务员协会联合会)，代表养恤金领取人", "T. Teshome先生(退职国际公务员协会联合会)，代表养恤金领取人", "^(*) 新成员。", "14. 工作组面前有下列文件：养恤基金实施国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)的情况；2010-2011两年期订正预算估计数；基金2012-2013年期间战略框架；2012-2013两年期预算估计数。工作组与秘书处和投资管理司进行了有意义的互动，从中获得了助益。", "2010-2011两年期执行情况报告", "15. 如联委会第五十五届会议报告(A/63/9)第195段及其第五十七届会议报告(A/65/9)第137段所述，联委会决定，养恤基金秘书处应每年在方案预算执行情况报告中向联委会提供关于核定预算与实际支出之间的预算差异的详细分析。工作组注意到部分信息已经提供，但认为未来的执行情况报告应按各类支出的主要用途提供更详尽的差异细目。工作组还指出，公共部门会计准则要求对预算与实际支出之间的差异作出说明，这样做可以改善联委会对未来预算报告的审议。而且，如果项目或举措的实施方法、战略等方面的改变对这一时期的工作方案有较大影响并因此影响到支出数额，也应对这一点作出充分的说明。特别指出的是，某些预期的两年期间支出节余实际上是将所需资源改为划入了下一个预算期，这种情况应在新的预算报告中列明，以便审查请批的数额，特别是为养恤金综合管理系统项目请批的数额。", "16. 在这方面，工作组认为，为特定两年期拟定的资源原则上应该用于该两年期间的核定用途。工作组还注意到，投资管理司的“订约承办事务”一再出现支出节余。工作组表示赞赏该司努力以注意成本的方式行事，并鼓励继续如此行事，以便使预算估计数更符合实际执行情况。", "2012-2013年期间战略框架", "17. 工作组确认，为改进基于成果的列报做法进行了持续努力，特别是列报了更突出重点的目标、预期成绩和绩效指标。工作组建议，基金后勤框架的拟定应该符合SMART原则——具体、可计量、可实现、切实可行、有时限，以便联委会有效评价基金在实现预期成果方面的执行情况。工作组指出，战略框架需要根据即将对2012-2013两年期预算作出的决定进行修改。", "18. 此外，工作组还指出，按照联合国的既定预算流程，战略框架本应在非编制预算年提交联委会，以便联委会就优先事项和工作方案为基金提供相关指导，作为拟定下一个财政期预算的基础。由于这是联委会作出要求提交战略框架的决定之后第一个提交战略框架的年份，因此确认，规定的周期将从2012年开始实行，届时应向联委会第五十九届会议提交2014-2015 年期间战略框架。", "2012-2013两年期预算估计数", "19. 在审查拟议预算以及基金各利益攸关群体提出的关切问题时，工作组所遵循的原则是，必须确保基金任务的执行工作达到最高的效率、最大的效益和最强的成本意识，特别侧重于通过各种举措增加收益、减少风险和(或)为各利益攸关群体提供更好的服务。最重要的是，工作组审查了为寻求更多资源所提出的理由。对于其中几种情况，工作组认识到，公共部门会计准则、养恤金综合管理系统以及其他举措的影响和意义尚未得到全面了解。此外，工作组认为，在首席财务干事(尚待征聘)能够表达他或她对人员配置结构的看法之前，寻求增加资源还为时过早，这些追加资源会锁定人员配置结构。工作组还认为，通过加强纽约与日内瓦之间的业务整合，可以实现进一步的协同作用。首席执行官向工作组报告说，正在考查各种外包机会。工作组建议，为了实现更高的行政成本效益，应该更仔细地审查各种离岸化和外包选择，特别是在当期租约即将到期的情况下这样做。", "20. 另外，工作组充分认识到各参与组织和会员国面临的财政状况，特别指出它们需要实现效率更高、效益更大的方法来交付工作成果。就养恤基金而言，工作组注意到拟议预算具有扩张性，而且在很大程度上取决于养恤金综合管理系统(尚在进展中的项目)的未来预期效益，因此要求进一步说明基金已经采取或者可以采取哪些行动，以改善工作、提高效率并节省费用，包括该项目将会带来的人员配置结构变化。", "21. 预算工作组认识到，参与人人数不断增长，过去10年来增加了4.2%。同一时期，管理参与人的复杂性也大大提高，主要是因为基金的养恤金调整系统相关条款的数目增加。", "22. 过去几年来，基金的预算也出现前所未有的增长。2012-2013年2.16亿美元的拟议预算比2010-2011年预算(核定1.763亿美元)增加了23%，比2008-2009年1.282亿美元的预算增加了68%。", "23. 为了更有效地评价总体行政预算，工作组审查了“每个参与人”费用(总费用除以参与人人数)。计算包括了通货膨胀调整，结果表明，过去10年来，每个参与人的年均管理费用为197美元。2.16亿美元的拟议预算等于每个参与人248美元，增加了26%。", "经通货膨胀调整后的每个参与人费用", "(美元)", "[]", "24. 首席执行干事向工作组确认，行政部门使用了若干主要业绩指标，以跟踪基金的效益和效率。工作组建议，基金应努力将未来的拟议预算同这些指标联系起来。", "预算列报和方法", "25. 联委会第五十七届会议决定，未来的拟议预算文件应在联委员届会90天以前提交，决定工作组赞赏地注意到该决定完全得到了遵守。这为预算工作组及早审查提供了便利。工作组注意到，已经尽力使所提交文件中的列报内容与联合国使用的方法相一致。", "26. 然而，工作组普遍认为，基金需要修改其预算文件中的列报内容，应该更清楚、更简要地说明各项变化的理由，以便联委会作出决定。对文件进行质量审查也会有助于去除前后不一之处，并确保以汇总方式列报交叉性举措，适当使用图表，以便于对各项举措的理解。此外，如联委会先前建议的那样，基金应继续确保与联合国的预算列报方法更为一致，特别是区分增长造成的变化和费用计算参数变更造成的变化，费用计算参数系指货币、通货膨胀或标准薪资费用。", "27. 工作组关切地注意到，某些职能和服务的整合与合并很少取得或没有取得进展，这些职能和服务仍然倾向于使用各自为政的业务方法；同样，在后台任务方面，为实行节省成本的举措做了哪些工作，这一点也不清楚。联委会不妨考虑请首席执行干事和秘书长代表共同研究可选办法，并提交未来的联委会届会。", "信息技术", "28. 工作组注意到，基金为信息系统科和信息管理系统处请批6 600万美元经费，用于信息技术相关活动。这一经费数额也许最后会证明是合理的，但是，鉴于提交联委会的拟议预算越来越复杂，不妨结合预算编写一份简明、全面、综合的信息技术战略并提交联委会第五十九届会议，该战略应包括基金有关业务领域的独立信息技术专家所作的鉴定。", "29. 在这方面，工作组注意到，基金在很大程度上依赖国际电子计算中心。特别是，在提及该中心的预算时，工作组了解到，养恤基金是该中心服务的第二大用户，仅次于外勤支助部。工作组获悉，由于该中心的性质，它的服务没有进行竞价投标，因此令人疑虑这是不是满足基金的需要而不损害数据安全或保密性的最具成本效益、最经济合算的办法。同时，工作组在同基金代表进行访谈时注意到，基金通过该中心分开配备工作人员，有大约13名通过订约承办事务聘用的工作人员，其职等从一般事务(其他职等)到P-5不等，有些人员自2004年以来一直受聘。", "公共部门会计准则", "30. 工作组高兴地听到首席执行干事报告说，公共部门会计准则项目已取得良好进展，基金很有可能按期完成任务。其余有关固定资产和雇员福利的问题看来已得到妥善处理。秘书处和投资管理司现有财务人员熟知公共部门会计准则的各项标准。工作组认为，长期而言，公共部门会计准则将被纳入各级财务管理职责，与联合国系统会计准则的实施方式大体相同。", "31. 工作组认为，没有必要设立两个专门负责公共部门会计准则的新员额，更适当的是提供一些短期咨询资金，用于协助处理财务报表、减值测试和政策文件。", "养恤金综合管理系统", "32. 就养恤金综合管理系统而言，工作组欢迎首席执行干事确认将养恤金综合管理系统项目作为最高优先事项。工作组指出，养恤金综合管理系统将从根本上把组织办法从个案驱动变为程序驱动。工作组回顾说，该系统的目的是提高效率并更好地提供服务。在这方面，工作组认为，对所有现行相关程序的审查和适当改进必须成为整个养恤金综合管理系统改革管理过程的固有组成部分。工作组还鼓励基金确保该项目并不主要由信息技术驱动，因为实质性领域的全面自主是不可或缺的。", "33. 工作组建议，联委会应该要求提交一份报告，说明基金在实施养恤金综合管理系统之后的预期组织结构，供联委会第六十届会议结合下一次预算报告进行审议。该报告还应包括对所有因实施该系统而受影响的员额的战略评价。", "34. 2010年，基金扫描了639 499份文件，共1 120 602页。养恤金综合管理系统意在取代应享权利、会计和文件管理系统。工作组注意到，在该项目中，看来已为会计和应享权利分配人员配置资源，但没有专为文件管理分配具体资源。工作组鼓励基金监测该项目所需的各种技能，确保资源分配到位，解决文件管理问题。", "35. 目前的预算包括支持遗留系统所需要的额外订约承办事务和其他费用，而遗留系统将被养恤金综合管理系统取代。首席执行干事保证，新系统将按项目时间表和预算完成，也可能会低于预算。", "36. 养恤金综合管理系统项目将对提供服务产生重大影响。因此工作组建议，在下一次预算报告中应提供一份订正组织结构图。", "拟议资源", "员额", "37. 按照上文第19段所述原则和标准，并经过有行政和管理人员参与的一系列协商，工作组着手对员额进行了如下审查。基金总共请设3个改叙员额(3个秘书处员额)和36个新员额(16个行政部门员额和20个投资管理司员额)。经过审查每个员额并同秘书处和投资管理司对话，工作组提出以下意见：", "(a) 不支持拟议的改叙；", "(b) 支持在投资管理司设立7个新员额，如表1所列；", "(c) 支持设立表2所列一般临时职位(并非原先请设的员额)；时间和目的如该表所示；", "(d) 不支持在基金执行办公室设立新的P-4财务和预算干事员额。根据所提供的说明，现有P-3财务和预算干事员额的职能复杂程度有所增加，因此工作组支持将该员额改为P-4职等。", "表1", "款次 员额 员额数目 职类 \n B. 投资 \n 工作方案 \n 投资 投资干事——另类投资 1 P-4 \n\t投资干事——全球新兴市场\t1\tP-4\n 投资干事——交易执行 1 P-4 \n 投资干事——北美股票 1 P-3 \n风险与合规\t尽责和定量战略风险管理人\t1\tP-4\n 业务 财务干事，对账 1 P-3 \n 方案支持     \n 信息系统 数据管理干事 1 P-4", "表2", "款次\t一般临时人员职位\t数目\t职类\t备注 \n A. 行政 \n 工作方案 \n业务\t记录管理和分发主管(信息管理干事)\t1\tP-3\t24个月非经常职位\n\t客户服务福利助理(纽约)\t1\t一般事务(其他职等)\t24个月非经常职位\n B. 投资 \n司长办公室\t法律干事/法律室^(a)\t1\tP-4\t12个月非经常职位\n 工作方案 \n业务\t会计和报告主管\t1\tP-4\t仍在一般临时人员项下，不改为员额\n 方案支助 \n信息系统\t静态数据管理员\t1\tP-3", "^(a) 提供服务所需资源将从法律室调拨。", "行政", "38. 在信息管理系统处项下，经过与基金讨论在持续需要用专职能力实施养恤金综合管理系统的情况下如何排定信息技术项目的优先次序问题，工作组不支持“综合管理举措”，并建议将预算减少2 543 300美元(重计费用前)。这将使行政预算有必要地减少订约承办事务(1 133 300美元)以及家具和设备(1 410 000美元)的费用。", "临时员额", "39. 工作组支持为养恤金综合管理系统项目续设17个临时员额，其职等如下：1个P-5，7个P-4，4个P-3，5个一般事务(其他职等)。", "其他工作人员费用", "40. 工作组同意其他工作人员费用项下请批的数额，该数额因业务/行政项下核准的2个一般临时人员职位所需追加资源而作了调整，如表2所列。", "咨询人", "41. 工作组支持请批的数额，共计300 000美元(重计费用前)。", "差旅", "42. 工作组建议订正批款数额减少10%。", "订约承办事务", "43. 工作组支持请批的数额，该数额因综合管理举措项目请批资源未获核准而作了调整。", "招待费", "44. 维持订正批款数额。", "一般业务费用", "45. 工作组同意行政项下请批的数额。工作组注意到一般业务费用有所增加，原因是300万美元的银行手续费。这项费用比上一个两年期增加了约50万美元。工作组请基金审查银行业务机制，力求减少这些费用。下一次提交预算时应提供一份简要报告。", "用品和材料", "46. 工作组支持请批的数额。", "家具和设备", "47. 工作组支持请批的数额，该数额因综合管理举措项目请批资源未获核准而作了调整。", "48. 表3汇总列示上述关于行政部门非员额项目的建议。", "表3 (千美元)", "其他工作人员费用 3 910.3\n 咨询人 300.0", "差旅 1 224.5", "订约承办事务 31 847.9", "招待费 4.0", "一般业务费用 14 248.0", "用品和材料 185.8", "家具和设备 2 011.0", "非员额资源共计 53 731.5", "投资管理司", "其他工作人员费用", "49. 工作组建议按订正批款数额批拨资源，该数额因增设2个一般临时人员职位所需追加资源(非经常资源，为1个P-4法律室法律干事供资12个月，为1个P-4会计和报告主管供资24个月)而作了调整，如表2所列。", "50. 此外，工作组同意投资管理司设立一个P-2风险与合规执行情况分析员和一个P-3静态数据管理员，在其他工作人员费用项下核定总资源范围内安排(如表3所列)。", "咨询人", "51. 根据对公共部门会计标准所需总资源的审查，工作组建议将所需资源估计数500 000美元减少到250 000美元。因此，咨询人项下经费为1 177 000美元(重计费用前)。", "差旅", "52. 工作组建议维持订正批款数额。", "订约承办事务", "53. 在订约承办事务项下，工作组目前不支持为领导基金请批的11 250 000美元数额。工作组认为，批拨这一数额等于改变投资战略，但这种改变应在联委会届会上讨论并得到投资委员会的明确支持。", "54. 此外，工作组获悉，最近的保管人/总账管理人服务合同谈定费用低于预期数额，因此建议将该项支出减少4 138 300美元。", "招待费", "55. 工作组建议维持订正批款数额。", "一般业务费用", "56. 工作组同意请批的数额。", "用品和材料", "57. 工作组建议维持订正批款数额。", "家具和设备", "58. 工作组建议维持订正批款数额。", "59. 表4汇总列示上述关于投资管理司非员额项目的建议。", "表4", "(千美元)", "其他工作人员费用 2 892.2\n 咨询人 1 177.0", "差旅 2 000.0", "订约承办事务 62 532.1", "招待费 22.0", "一般业务费用 4 485.1", "用品和材料 160.0", "家具和设备 700.0", "非员额资源共计 73 968.4", "养恤金联委会费用", "60. 工作组完全支持请批的作为联委会费用的经费。", "预算外资金", "61. 工作组支持由参加计划的各成员组织出资的一名一般事务(其他职等)工作人员的经费。", "联委会的讨论情况", "62. 联委会赞赏地注意到按照要求在大会开始前90天提交了预算文件，使得预算工作组可以对文件进行详细审查。", "63. 行政首长支持工作组的工作成果并欣见列报的预算符合国际公共部门会计准则第24条，而且是在联委会要求的时间范围内编制完成。行政首长关注的一点是，拟议预算中提供的信息有不准确之处，使得工作组进行的分析和联委会的审议工作变得更加复杂。行政首长建议应酌情彻底利用比率进行分析。行政首长还指出以往期间核准的预算未全部支出。", "64. 各理事机构核准了工作组的建议。理事机构建议在今后的会议上，应更早提交文件，同时附上主要官员的前言说明，以便为工作组的审议提供更全面信息。", "65. 参与人小组支持工作组提出的建议并注意到各项资产负债管理研究建议基金资产实现多样化并寻求投资于另类资产。参与人小组忆及以往大会会上提出的尽可能审慎行事的建议。参与人小组还忆及预算制约不应阻碍专业进展。", "66. 退职国际公务员协会联合会支持工作组的结论并向工作组表示感谢。", "67. 该联合会进一步指出，应在必要时根据通货膨胀和货币影响调整参照基数，在厉行节俭的大环境下，应在诸如差旅和信息技术等项目方面视可能寻求减少费用，而且请批的预算应与战略目标密切相关。应尽早事先说明养恤金综合管理系统的任何系统变化可能对成员组织产生的影响。", "68. 联委会成员还指出：", "(a) 基金在为订约承办事务编制预算时应审视采用的方法和所做的假设；", "(b) 预算工作组报告中所载表格列出了每个参与人的费用趋势，这一做法很有用，可以作为基金进行进一步分析的一个模式。", "69. 秘书长的代表向联委会提交了一份说明，其中警告说，因在投资管理方面节省开支，失去了投资回报，由此造成的机会成本可能远超表面的节省。作为基金的受托人，秘书长的代表正式提出他的忧虑和关切，即投资管理司的资金结构性不足，导致一个无法接受的风险，即今后无法带来适当回报，无法支持现有和预期负债。", "70. 首席执行干事感谢工作组并对工作组支持包括养恤金综管系统和公共部门会计准则在内的主要项目表示感谢。首席执行干事还提及工作组报告中列出了每名参与人费用的示意图，进一步澄清说，每次每名参与人费用增加，都是由于举办了某个项目，项目结束后每名参与人费用又会下降。他举例说，2004年费用突然上涨是由于养恤基金从联合国秘书处大楼搬迁到了达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号,2012-2013年费用猛涨是由于建立养恤金综合管理系统，其中包括项目结束后就将取消的17个临时员额。", "71. 副首席执行干事确认，与养恤金综合管理系统项目相关的目标操作模式的目的和效益不变。出现变化的是新泽西北美数据中心项目所需新信息技术基础结构的地点。发现达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号数据中心存在严重弱点后，决定在北美数据中心安装项目的信息技术基础结构。副首席执行干事还指出，基金内的所有实务小组都参与了该项目，而且还成立了养恤金综合管理系统指导委员会。他确认，预计将按计划在预算内完成该项目。", "联委会的建议", "72. 根据工作组的建议，养恤金联委会核准拟议预算估计数194 164 000美元，其中包括行政费用(98 407 600美元)、投资费用(92 938 200美元)、审计费用(2 613 800美元)和联委会费用(204 400美元)，供提交大会。根据费用分摊安排，这笔款项中的173 260 600美元将分摊给养恤基金，20 903 400美元将分摊给联合国。", "73. 此外，联委会核准使用156 800美元预算外资金用于根据一些成员组织的要求处理离职后健康保险费的付款。", "附件二", "联合国合办工作人员养恤基金：2010-2011两年期核定组织结构图", "[]", "缩写：ASG：助理秘书长；GS：一般事务；OL：其他职等；PL：特等。", "^(a) 一个预算外一般事务(其他职等)员额由成员组织提供经费。", "^(b) 授权参与养恤金综管系统项目的临时员额。", "^(c) 授权2010-2011两年期参与信管系统处的2个P-4员额中的1人授权仅为12个月。2011年裁撤了这一员额，将信管系统处的临时P-4员额减为1人。", "附件三", "联合国合办工作人员养恤基金：2012-2013两年期拟议组织结构图", "[]", "缩写：ASG：助理秘书长；OL：其他职等；PL：特等。", "^(a) 一个预算外一般事务(其他职等)由成员组织提供经费。", "^(b) 授权参与养恤金综管系统项目的临时员额。", "附件四", "联合国合办工作人员养恤基金：截至2010年12月31日按成员组织开列的参加人数", "[TABLE]", "^(a) 2006年联合国的参加人数调降2人，从68 855人减至68 853人。", "^(b) 《关税及贸易总协定》于1998年12月31日退出联合国合办工作人员养恤基金。", "^(c) 国际刑事法院自2004年1月1日起成为基金的第20个成员组织。", "^(d) 各国议会联盟自2005年1月1日起成为基金的第21个成员组织。", "^(e) 国际移徙组织自2007年1月1日起成为基金的第22个成员组织。", "^(f) 黎巴嫩问题特别法庭自2009年1月1日起成为基金的第23个成员组织。", "[1] 据估计，在2012-2013两年期期间，预计将办理超过55 400项新参与人加入手续、离职手续以及进出基金账目手续；这涉及该部门开展的具体和可衡量的工作任务，比1998-1999两年期增加80%。", "[2] 在约30年期间，共要支付的额外定期养恤金的总年金价值以及业务处每年计算、验证和备付的现金结算额估计近10亿美元。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目133和134", "2010-2011两年期方案预算", "2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算", "联合国合办工作人员养恤基金的管理费用和根据国际公共部门会计准则基金财务报告的过渡措施", "联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会的报告", "目录", "页次\n一. 概览 4 二. 2010-2011两年期预算估计数:执行情况\nA. 行政. 7\nB. 投资. 13\nC. 审计. 16\nD. 董事会. 16\nE. 预算外费用 16\n三. 费用 2012-2013两年期预算估计数:成果框架和资源分析\n所需经费\nA. 导言 17 B. 行政. 25\nC. 投资. 49\nD. 审计 66\nE. 董事会. 67\n四. 费用 紧急情况 67\n五. 关于最迟于1月1日实施国际公共部门会计准则的临时措施的建议67\n2012. 六. VI. 有待大会采取的行动68\n为执行审计委员会和行政和预算问题咨询委员会的要求和建议而采取的后续行动摘要\n问 题\n一. 讨论联合国合办工作人员养恤基金2010-2011两年期订正预算估计数和\n二. 联合国合办工作人员养恤金基金:\n三. 联合国合办工作人员养恤金基金:\n四. 联合国联合工作人员 养恤基金:按成员组织分列的参与人人数31 12月(半天)\n2010 (中文(简体) ).", "内容提要\n本报告载有联合国合办工作人员养恤基金2010-2011两年期订正预算,表明批款减少21 772 800美元。 减少的数额包括行政费用(11 830 000美元)、投资费用(9 908 500美元)和审计费用(112 100美元)等支出项下的数额,但联委会支出增加77 800美元,部分抵消了减少的数额。 2010-2011两年期订正批款为154 545 700美元,分为:行政费用(80 478 500美元)、投资费用(71 289 000美元)、审计费用(2 532 900美元)和联委会费用(245 300美元)。 根据费用分摊安排,其中21 508 700美元由联合国支付。\n本报告还载有2012年1月1日至2013年12月31日期间的概算,数额为191 620 600美元(重计费用前),包括行政费用(96 873 100美元)、投资费用(91 799 300美元)、审计费用(2 748 200美元)和养恤金联委会费用(200 000美元)。 报告提供了总共227个连续性常设员额、17个临时员额、7个新设常设员额和1个改叙员额。\n所需资源 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- 员额(千美元) - -?),又作\"活活活活活\". - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - 说吧 - - - - - - - - - - - ---- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --\n^(b) 包括18个养恤金综合管理部门 系统临时员额;2011年裁撤了1个P-4职等员额。", "一. 概览", "1. 联合国 1. 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金是1949年由联合国大会设立的,目的是向联合国和被接纳为成员的其他组织的工作人员提供退休、死亡、残疾和有关福利。 目前有23个成员组织;截至2010年12月31日,在职参与人和在付养恤金合计为184 968个。", "2. 联合国 根据大会通过的《条例》,基金由联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会、每个成员组织的工作人员养恤金委员会以及联合委员会和每个此类委员会的秘书处管理。 联委会三分之一的成员由大会和其他成员组织的相应理事机构选出,三分之一由行政首长选出,三分之一由参与人选出。 养恤金联委会就基金的运作及其资产投资向大会提出报告。 必要时,它建议修订《条例》,除其他外,规定参与人的缴款率(目前为应计养恤金薪酬的7.9%)和各组织的缴款率(目前为15.8%)、参加资格以及参与人及其受扶养人可能有资格领取的养恤金。", "二. 2010-2011两年期预算估计数:执行情况报告", "3个 表1汇总了2010-2011两年期估计支出总额。 为了使基金执行情况报告更有意义,本两年期的支出包括两个不同的部分:(a) 2010年1月1日至2011年5月31日17个月期间的实际支出;(b) 2011年6月1日至12月31日7个月期间的预计支出。 2011年1月1日至5月31日期间的实际支出是按权责发生制计算的,这意味着交易和其他事项发生时在财务报表中确认,而不是在收到或支付现金和现金等同物时确认。", " 4.四. 大会第64/245号决议核准2010-2011两年期批款共计176 318 500美元,其中包括行政费用(92 281 400美元)、投资费用(81 292 100美元)、审计费用(2 645 000美元)和联委会费用(100 000美元)。 其中154 749 100美元直接由基金支付,21 569 400美元由联合国承担。 此外,为预算外费用核定了158 200美元,由若干成员组织供资。 大会第65/249号决议核准调动批款,以支付基金所需经费。 订正批款包括行政费用(92 308 500美元)、投资费用(81 197 500美元)、审计费用(2 645 000美元)和联委会费用(167 500美元)。 直接由基金支付的数额和联合国承担的费用份额保持不变,分别为154 749 100美元和21 569 400美元。", "表1 按支出用途开列的2010-2011两年期订正估计数", "(单位:千美元)", "2010-2011年(减少)支出估计增加额或拟议最后批款\n养恤基金 养恤基金 养恤基金", "(a) (b) (c) (d) = (b) + (e) = (a) + (d) (c)-(a)", "行政费用", "员额 26 386.6 12 344.8 38 731.4 16 442.4 7 749.9 24 8 213.8 3 829.8 12 (1 730.4) (775.1) (2 505.5) 24 656.2 11 36 182.3 043.6 569.7 225.9", "临时员额 2 870.3 — 2 870.3 807.1 — 807.1 258.0 — 258.0 (1 805.2) — (1 805.2) 1 065.1 — 1 065.1", "其他工作人员 2 830.8 1 202.0 4 032.8 1 958.8 932.6 2 891.4 1 260.5 538.6 1 799.1 388.5 269.2 657.7 3 219.3 1 471.2 4 690.5美元", "顾问 537.6 - 537.6 205.9 - 205.9 132.6 - 132.6 (199.1) - (199.1) 338.5 - 338.5", "旅费 1 360.6 — 1 360.6 907.2 — 907.2 389.9 — 389.9 (63.5) — (63.5) 1 297.1 — 1 297.1", "合同 21 908.3 3 851.7 25 760.0 12 144.7 3 163.6 15 2 651.8 521.5 3 173.3 (7 111.8) (166.6) (7 278.4) 14 796.5 3 685.1 18 308.3 481.6", "招待费 4.0 - 4.0 4.3 - 4.3 1.0 - 1.0 1.3 - 1.3 5.3 - 5.3", "一般费用 9 581.6 3 220.1 12 801.7 6 703.9 3 125.8 9 829.7 4 442.8 712.1 5 154.9 1 565.1 617.8 2 182.9 11 146.7 3 837.9 14 业务费用 984.6", "用品和140.1 700.0 210.1 252.4 55.1 307.5 54.9 27.5 82.4 167.2 12.6 179.8 307.3 82.6 389.9 材料", "家具和5 560.0 440.0 6 000.0 481.5 114.1 595.6 2 078.5 325.9 2 404.4 (3 000.0) — (3 000.0) 2 560.0 440.0 3 000.0 设备", "共计71 179.9 21 128.6 92 308.5 39 908.2 15 55 19 483.8 5 955.4 25 (11 (42.1) (11 59 392.0 21 80 131 039.3 439.2 787.9) 830.5 478.5", "投资费用", "员额 15 344.0 - 15 344.0 9 115.1 - 9 115.1 5 275.5 - 5 275.5 (953.4) - (953.4) 14 390.6 - 14 390.6", "其他工作人员 2 361.8 — 2 361.8 753.4 — 753.4 1 738.7 — 1 738.7 130.3 — 130.3 2 492.1 — 2 492.1 费用", "顾问 2 328.8 - 328.8 702.6 - 702.6 1 626.2 - 1 626.2 - 2 328.8 - 2 328.8", "旅费 2 000.0 - 2 000.0 1 100.6 - 1 100.6 610.4 - 610.4 (289.0) - (289.0) 1 711.0 - 1 711.0", "合同 52 878.9 - 52 878.9 32 839.7 - 32 11 594.0 - 11 (8 445.2) - (8 445.2) 44 437.7 - 44 处 839.7 594.0 433.7", "招待费 22.0 - 22.0 20.4 - 20.4 3.0 - 3.0 1.4 - 1.4 23.4 - 23.4", "一般 5 402.0 - 5 402.0 2 787.4 - 2 787.4 2 283.5 - 2 283.5 (331.1) - (331.1) 5 070.9 - 5 070.9 业务费用", "用品和(0.4) 用品", "家具和700.0 -- -- 700.0 -- -- 218.6 -- -- 218.6 460.3 -- -- 460.3 (21.1) -- -- (21.1) 678.9 -- -- 678.9设备", "共计 81 197.5 81 197.5 47 591.6 47 23 697.4 23 (9 908.5 (9 908.5) 71 289.0 71 591.6 697.4 289.0", "审计费用", "外部审计 551.0 110.2 661.2 244.6 48.9 293.5 306.4 61.3 367.7 — — 551.0 110.2 661.2", "内部审计 1 653.2 330.6 1 983.8 821.4 164.3 985.7 738.3 147.7 886.0(93.5) (18.6) (112.1) 1 559.7 312.0 1 871.7", "共计 2 204.2 440.8 2 645.0 1 066.0 213.2 1 279.2 1 044.7 209.0 1 253.7 (93.5) (18.6) (112.1) 2 110.7 422.2 2 532.9", "联委会费用 167.5 - 167.5 199.4 - 199.4 45.9 - 45.9 77.8 - 77.8 24.5.3 - 245.3", "总资源154 749.1 21 569.4 176 318.5 88 765.2 15 104 44 271.8 6 164.4 50 (21 (60.7) (21 133 037.0 21 154 344.3 109.5 436.2 712.1) 772.8 508.7 545.7", "预算外费用(离职后健康保险制度)", "业务158.2 -- -- 158.2 90.0 -- -- 90. 54.3 -- -- 54.3(13.9) -- -- (13.9)144.3 -- -- 144.3活动", "5 (韩语). 核定的订正批款用于:", "(a) 行政费用:一般临时人员支出增加94 600美元,用于支付与执行国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)有关的1个P-4职等员额的费用;", "(b) 投资费用:订约承办事务减少94 600美元。", "6. 国家 2010-2011两年期支出总额估计为154 545 700美元,包括行政费用(80 478 500美元)、投资费用(71 289 000美元)、审计费用(2 532 900美元)和联委会费用(245 300美元),因此支出节余21 772 800美元,即占批款总额的12.3%。 此外,预算外费用预计支出144 300美元将产生13 900美元的支出节余,即占批款的8.8%。", "A. 行政费用", "7. 联合国 80 478 500美元的行政费用估计数将产生11 830 000美元的支出节余,即12.8%。 造成净支出结余的主要资源差异主要是由于养恤金综合管理系统项目,因为项目计划有所改进,增加了新的基础活动,并安装了新的信息技术基础设施,详见下文第13至17段。 养恤金综合管理系统项目是养恤基金的一个主要基本建设项目,因此,表2突出了2010-2011两年期养恤金综合管理系统项目与非养恤金综合管理系统项目的估计支出之间的分化。", "8. 联合国 与养恤金综合管理系统无关的主要资源差异包括:", "1. 联合国 员额——支出节余2 505 500美元", "9. 国家 支出低于预算的主要原因是两年期初期平均空缺率较高。", "2. 联合国 其他人事费——超支657 700美元", "10个 支出高于预期的主要原因是,由于参与人、退休人员和其他受益人人数增加,工作量增加,需要一般临时助理人员。", "3个 一般业务费用——超支2 182 900美元", "11个 支出高于预期的主要原因是银行手续费估计为2 500 000美元。 银行手续费估计数已包括在提交审计委员会的2010-2011年概算中一般业务费用类别下,审计委员会审议后,在给大会的预算报告中予以删除(见A/64/291,附件七,第34段)。 支付养恤金的银行手续费2 500 000美元是根据2008-2009年执行期间发生的实际费用计算的。", " 4.四. 2010-2011两年期执行的项目", "12个 现将2010-2011两年期开展的信息技术项目情况简述如下。", "表2 2010-2011年项目状况", "(单位:美元)", "项目预计/实际批款 超支或完成日期支出估计数(支出结余)", "2014年5月 14 361 400 2 299 906 (12 061 494) 行政系统", "2011年12月 成员组织 1 749 773 1 749 773——信息共享举措", "客户服务举措 2011年12月 469 671 469 671 — (中文(简体) ).", "2011年12月网络系统举措 1 709 342 1 709 342 -", "企业系统 2011年12月", "企业业务 2011年12月 1 031 400 1 031 400 - 举措", "2011年12月 信息技术 461 633 461 633 — 与投资管理处合并", "共计 20 846 499 8 785 005 (12 061 494)", "养恤金综合管理 系统举措", "13个 在2010-2011两年期,基金继续执行该项目的主要基础任务,包括:(a) 编制现有系统(养恤金管理系统和劳森系统)的综合数据词典;(b) 对现有系统进行详细数据分析;(c) 利用专门 \" 块 \" 方案,通过养恤金综合管理系统项目小组工作人员与养恤金管理系统和劳森数据库的工作,清理数据;(d) 更新程序文件(补充在项目规划和设计阶段制作的程序图);(e) 编制第一套计算公式,以阐明养恤基金复杂而详细的计算基础,并准备在实施阶段由内部和外部专家签署这些数据;(f) 更新技术文件,其中列出现有系统与其他实体之间现有的详细数据交换(接口);(g) 建立第一套详细的测试图书馆,涵盖接口和计算。", "14个 该项目启动了原计划未考虑的另外两项举措。 第一个举措是指从下到上广泛审查项目第一阶段提出的要求说明。 在这一阶段,目标运作模式和项目范围得到完善。 新的职能和信息技术要求已扩大。 最后的工作说明除了18个关键的高级要求外,还考虑了333个详细的功能和信息技术规格。", "15个 第二项倡议涉及探索新技术,作为发展更好的接口的手段,以便(养恤金综合管理系统同成员组织的人力资源和财务系统之间)实现无缝的薪给连接,并能够更好地利用现有数据库,使缴款计算自动化核查和建立其他数据质量协议。 鉴于许多成员组织最近采取了向企业资源规划平台迁移的战略,养恤基金正在研究利用更新技术建立共同接口的可能性。 在完成联合国实施SAP软件后,估计养恤基金参与人96%的数据将保留在一个企业资源规划平台下。 这一举措与养恤金综合管理系统的开发密切相关,因为经修订的规格考虑到:(a) 需要无缝的发薪连接;(b) 有效利用共同企业资源规划接口的工具;(c) 开发一个网络输入系统(为那些缺乏企业资源规划平台的组织)。", "16号. 另外两项举措产生了更详细的规格,将更精确和有效地指导参数化和功能建设进程。 这将改进新系统,并节省执行后变化的时间和资源。 此外,养恤金综合管理系统项目将努力尽早使其数据要求与成员组织企业资源规划系统产生的数据相统一。 自然,该系统的成功与养恤基金成员组织提供的人力资源和财务数据的质量、及时性和可用性密切相关。", "17岁 虽然养恤金综合管理系统项目的总估计费用为22 660 300美元(重计费用前)没有变化,但其他活动已纳入项目计划,采购程序已作重大修改,以纳入两个阶段的评价(如联合国采购司所建议)。 这些变动延长了原定时间表并相应改变了估计支出时间。 表3列出了2010-2011两年期支出估计数和项目费用估计数总额。", "表3 养恤金综合管理系统所需资源总表", "(单位:千美元)", "项目费用共计\n批款估计数(减少)", "临时员额 2 870.3 1 065.1(1 805.2) 1 065.1 3 6708 957.7 5 693.6", "旅费 84.8 84.8 - 84.8 - 84.8", "承包8 406.3 1 1500.0(7 256.3) 1 1500.0 11 966.3 3 765.6 16 881.9 服务", "家具和3 000.0 (3 000.0) 设备", "共计 14 361.4 2 299.9 (12 061.5) 2 299.9 15 637.1 4 723.3 22 660.3", "家具和设备——支出节余3 000 000美元", "18岁。 支出低于预期的原因是,由于达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号数据中心发现存在弱点,决定在基金新数据中心安装该项目所需的信息技术硬件。 该项目最初的战略是购置12台新的服务器和15个储域网模块以及不间断地扩大供电,并安装在位于达格·哈马舍尔德广场一号四楼的数据中心,以提供托管新系统应用程序所需的额外能力。", " 19. 19. 然而,由于达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号数据中心发现的严重弱点,这一战略被认为不可行。 2009年进行并于2010年提交养恤金联委会的 \" 业务影响分析 \" 显示,虽然数据中心安装了UPS系统,但没有发电机处理公用事业公司(或建筑电气系统)可能发生的电力故障。 早些时候,根据生产数据中心的行业做法对数据中心进行了评估,使设施在10分中获得了2分(10分是最高或最佳得分)。 因此,在达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号数据中心安装新的硬件将对养恤金综合管理系统项目构成严重风险。", "20号. 在广泛寻找合适的替代办法后,基金决定将位于达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号的信息和通信技术基础设施迁移到新的北美数据中心,该中心是一个新的、更坚固的数据中心,能够适当确保其关键任务系统的运作。 根据电信业协会标准(TIA-942 DC),北美数据中心被归类为第三级,该标准保证了99.9%的运行时间和可用性.", "订约承办事务——支出节余7 256 300美元", "21岁 支出低于预期的主要原因是数据中心地点变更,以托管新系统应用程序。 当达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号的现有设备被移至新的北美数据中心时,在北美数据中心购置并安装了750 000美元的额外新设备,以充分满足养恤金综合管理系统的所有预期能力需要。 已发出400 000美元的招标书,以保留一家专业咨询公司,协助按照新的目标业务模式和新的业务模式重新设计其程序,并制订测试方案,作为确保新系统能够准确、安全和高效地处理应享权利和付款的基础。", "22号. 上述举措使养恤金综合管理系统项目能够更好地开始下一阶段的工作,但这是原先时间表的转变。 该项目30个月的系统全面部署估计数(在概念证明得到测试和核准后)没有改变。 因此,预计2014年4月前完成系统实施,2014年11月前完成平行测试和培训。 然而,这一目标日期取决于预期在9个月内完成的其余采购/合同活动的持续时间。 因此,2010-2011两年期预算中考虑的新软件应用程序的开发、参数化和执行批款(7 256 300美元)将直到2012-2013两年期才动用。 该项目的详细时间表和活动说明载于补充财务资料附件二。", "临时员额——支出节余1 805 200美元", "23. 联合国 员额支出低于预期的主要原因是采取了错开的征聘办法,以最佳地利用项目资源,并对更新项目时间表作出反应。", "客户服务举措", "24 (韩语). 已根据甲骨文的Siebel客户关系管理委托进行一个试验项目,目的是精简向基金网站主管报告的事件并使之自动化。 事实证明,这项工作比最初估计的要复杂得多,更具挑战性,但有助于基金获得关于实施客户关系管理系统的大量知识,并提供了许多宝贵的经验教训。 它还帮助基金确定,立即在其核心业务活动中采用全面的客户关系管理办法可能不是最实际、最可取或成本效益最高的行动(特别是考虑到客户关系管理可以成为养恤金综合管理系统举措的一部分),而在短期内通过建立较小的本地化应用程序来解决客户服务股最关键的需求,将使它更了解在客户关系管理系统最终与业务流程结合时如何塑造该系统。", "25岁 作为替代办法,开发了基于Lotus Notes的定制应用程序,以跟踪与亲自或打电话访问基金的客户的互动情况。 应用程序不仅记录了有价值的信息,如所请求的服务领域,服务方式(行走或电话)以及服务客户所需时间等,还提供了一个便于使用的报告和分析工具(包括仪表板),可用于在一段时间内查看统计数据和趋势. 预计随着时间的推移,这一应用程序将得到加强,以纳入涵盖更广泛的客户服务活动的其他特征。", "网络系统举措", "26. 联合国 网络系统举措通过使用定制的网络应用程序,使受益者和参与者能够直接获得个性化信息。 关键应用程序,包括双轨和养恤金估计系统、应享权利证书跟踪和年度报表,现已成为客户的标准服务。 在生活费指数和(或)季度汇率发生变化时制作的生活费通知现已在网上提供给每月领取津贴的登记受益人。 通过年度报表应用程序提供的养恤金估计器接口已经重新设计,自2009年年度报表发布以来,客户现在可以使用。 作为基金为支助日益增多的来访者而正在作出的努力的一部分,部分网站基础设施和应用程序已经升级,以提供一个更稳定和安全的环境。 增加了新的基于网络的门户,为整个基金的许多网络应用程序提供基于角色的安全单点接口。 为满足培训需求,还增设了电子学习应用程序和入职讲习班,2011年将开设多门新课程。 为法律事务厅编写了案例摘要,2011年还将在网站上提供。", "企业系统举措", "27个 企业系统举措将确保关键业务系统(例如内容管理员和劳森)随时更新、发布和升级供应商,同时跟上基金业务模式的变化。 所有必要的更新、发布和升级已经或预计将于2011年底成功安装。", "企业业务举措", "28岁 作为企业业务任务的一部分,所有任务关键系统被转移到了新泽西州皮斯卡塔韦的新地点. 新设施为三级数据中心,可容性为99.9%。 电信设备将继续由设在达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号的数据中心托管,而日内瓦数据中心则托管日内瓦办事处的支助系统以及业务连续性和灾后恢复环境。 作为数据中心搬迁项目的一部分,已升级了储域网,增加了容量并减少了系统响应时间. 建造了一个新的虚拟基础设施,使基金70%的服务器能够在虚拟农场运行,从而提高业务效率和可用性并改进服务器基础设施的可管理性。 劳森和数据库服务器已经升级,并实施了故障集群,以优化恢复时间和对用户的回应. 日内瓦数据中心的搬迁工作正在进行中。 新设施由国际电子计算中心管理,将使养恤基金能够虚拟化95%的服务器,并支持网络环境的冗余。 一个新的数据备份系统已经实施,减少了维护窗口和文件恢复时间。 养恤基金实施了企业电子邮件存档解决方案,以有效管理电子邮件服务并跟上本组织不断增长的邮箱和无限保留政策。 在此过程中,养恤基金电子邮件服务器和客户端不断升级到最新的版本。 预计到2011年底,信息管理系统处将完成UPS系统的升级。", "与投资管理司举措合并信息技术", "29. 国家 与投资管理司的信息技术合并正在按计划进行,计划在本两年期完成。 根据信息管理系统处与投资管理司签署的服务交付协议,在共享的基础设施环境中成功及时地执行了几个基础设施项目。 其中包括贸易订单管理系统、环球银行间金融电信协会和文件管理系统。 贸易订单管理系统和SWIFT的灾后恢复环境也在日内瓦成功建造和试验。 在38个有待合并的领域中,最后5个领域的工作正在进行之中,预计将在本两年期完成。 其中包括网络、服务台、提供目录服务、文件共享和电子邮件合并。", "B. 投资费用", "30岁。 71 289 000美元的行政费用估计数将导致支出节余9 908 500美元,即12.2%。 造成支出结余净额的主要资源差异包括:", "1. 联合国 员额——支出节余953 400美元", "31岁 支出低于预算的主要原因是工作人员征聘工作晚于预期。", "2. 联合国 旅费——支出节余289 000美元", "32. 联合国 支出低于预算的主要原因是工作人员征聘工作比预期晚,以及工作时间安排导致工作人员可用。 所需经费减少被投资委员会成员差旅费增加所抵消。", "3个 一般业务费用——支出节余331 100美元", "33. (中文(简体) ). 支出低于预算的原因是冷水、清洁服务和建筑物业务费用等费用低于预期。", " 4.四. 订约承办事务——支出节余8 445 200美元", "订约承办事务:2010-2011年支出估计数", "(单位:千美元)", "超支或2010-2011年支出估计数(支出结余)", "外部法律顾问", "第三方服务提供者", "(a) 全球保管人和顾问", "全球保管人 6 952.0 3 743.8 (3 208.2)", "顾问 16 976.4 14 994.0(1 982.4)", "(a) 小计 23 928.4 18 737.8 (5 190.6)", "(b) 组合管理", "小额资本", "公开交易的2 700.0 700.0(2 000.0)房地产", "(b) 小计 15 200.0 14 252.4(937.6)", "(c) 市场数据服务", "第三方小计 42 669.9 35 399.7 (7 270.2) 服务提供者", "SWIFT合同服务 590.0 345.0(245.0)", "其他合同服务", "共计 52 878.9 44 433.7 (8 445.2)", "34. 国家 支出低于预算是由于若干因素造成的,其中包括:多个保管人和独立总账管理人的采购过程被推迟,公开交易的房地产经理以及固定收入、不动产和替代投资方面的顾问被雇用;购置应用程序的费用低于预期,例如灾后恢复解决方案、环球银行间金融电信协会和合规系统。 所需经费的减少被小资本化费用增加所部分抵销,因为根据良好的业绩,费用增加。", "5 (韩语). 2010-2011两年期执行的项目", "35. 联合国 表5显示2010-2011两年期资助和执行的信息技术项目的状况。", "表5 2010-2011两年期项目状况", "(单位:美元)", "项目预计/实际批款 超支或完成日期支出估计数(支出结余)", "组合风险分析和2011年6月", "电子订单管理和2011年3月", "合规交易前和2011年3月", "组合会计和2011年12月", "数据枢纽系统 2012年6月 820 000 820 000 -", "OMEGEO、FXALL、Tradeweb和2011年12月 1 170 000 850 000 320 000 其他确认和交易平台正在并入查尔斯河系统", "SWIFT,包括2011年6月的590 000 345 000 245 000 SWIFT升级为第7版", "共计 8 850 000 7 675 000 1 175 000", "业务费用", "2011年12月的Charles River灾难中,", "2011年12月 灾后恢复现场SWIFT 200 000 221 805 (21 805) (日内瓦国际电子计算中心)", "SunGard 200 000——(200 000)", "共计 600 000 365 576 (234 424)", "家具和设备", "太阳服务器 2011年5月 500 000 500 000 -", "桌面 2011年6月 100 000 100 000 -", "2011年6月 73 400 70 000 3 400", "共计 673 400 670000 3 400", "组合风险分析和业绩归属制度", "36. (中文(简体) ). 截至2011年2月,投资管理司正在对大多数风险分析情景进行用户验收测试。 已经设计出一些重要的风险报告。 然而,该司仍在等待采购司和法律事务厅完成有各种数据资料的进一步合同。 这些数据对完成风险计量的实施工作至关重要。 实施完成后,将维持持续服务。 预计该项目将于2011年10月完成并全面投入使用,但数据输入合同必须最后敲定。", "电子订单管理和交易系统", "37. 联合国 查尔斯河系统自2010年3月起投入生产. 目前的生产实施包括股票、外汇和固定收入交易。 它还包括通过FIX协议与经纪人的连接,以及通过SWIFT与托管银行的连接。 投资管理司一直在以电子方式交易所有股权资产。 该司正在努力为其他资产安装电子平台。 目前,99%的交叉资产结算是通过环球银行间金融电信协会完成的。 投资管理司继续支持和加强查尔斯河的工作环境。", "交易前和交易后遵守制度", "38. 国家 交易前和交易后系统(Charles River)自2010年3月起实施并投入生产. 投资管理司继续按需要维持和更新合规规则。", "组合会计和对账系统", "39. 联合国 2010年4月将投资组合会计和对账系统授予了Murex北美公司,2011年2月签署了法律合同。 项目启动会议于2011年2月16日举行。 投资管理司目前正在最后确定执行计划并承付资源,目标是到2011年6月30日完成第一阶段的执行工作。 据估计,该项目将于2011年12月31日前完成。 必须指出,该项目包括将投资活动转换为公共部门会计准则。", "数据中心系统", " 40. 40. 截至2011年2月,投资管理司已完成技术评价。 尽职调查定于2011年下半年进行。 预计该数据中心将于2012年2月开始实施。", "OMEGE、FXALL、Tradeweb和其他确认和交易平台正在并入查尔斯河", "41. 国家 投资管理司计划增加OMEGEO,即证券交易的电子确认和确认,FXALL,FXConnect和Bloomberg FX:外汇交易平台,以及Tradeweb,市场Axess,Bond Vision和Bloomberg FI:加强Charles River贸易订单管理系统的固定收入交易平台. 有关产品的合同正在谈判之中。 投资管理司正计划到2011年12月实现所有这些平台的一体化。", "灾后恢复现场的Charles River系统(日内瓦国际电子计算中心)", "42. 国家 2011年3月完成查尔斯·里弗灾难恢复. 灾后恢复包括连接FIX,彭博数据许可,彭博数据批量和彭博API. 它还提供与SWIFT的连接.", "彭博数据许可证 彭博数据批量和彭博 API", "43. 东帝汶 彭博数据许可,彭博数据批量和API于2010年3月被安装并被集成到查尔斯河系统.", "灾难恢复现场的SWIFT(日内瓦国际电子计算中心)", "44. 国家 SWIFT灾后恢复站点自2010年1月起投入使用. 投资管理司目前正在努力将其与查尔斯河系统灾后恢复基础设施相结合。", "将SWIFT升级到第7版", "45. 国家 SWIFT升级为强制性版本7定于2011年6月完成.", "C. 审计费用", "46. 经常预算: 审计费用的估计支出将导致减少使用批款112 100美元,主要用于内部审计一般临时人员。", "D. 联委会费用", "47. 国家 所需经费增加77 800美元的原因是计划设计工作组的费用高于预期。", "页:1 预算外费用", " 48. 48. 支出节余13 900美元是由于由预算外资金供资的一般事务(其他职等)员额空缺了三个月。", "三. 2012-2013两年期预算估计数:成果框架和所需资源分析", "A. 导言", "1. 联合国 概览", "49. (中文(简体) ). 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金是一个完全注资的确定福利养恤基金,向近64 000名退休人员和受益人提供退休金和其他福利。 目前,约有120 000名在职参与人正在积累养恤基金规定的养恤金权利。 截至2010年底,基金资产为414亿美元。 养恤基金是根据大会所通过的条例自行管理的。 养恤金联委会负责管理基金并每年向大会提出报告。 基金的日常业务由首席执行干事监督。 基金有245名工作人员。 本预算及所附附件载有基金及其日常业务的详细说明。", " 50. 50. 基金投资由秘书长决定,秘书长将这一责任委托给他的代表,而他的代表又负责管理基金的投资管理司。 该司负责基金资产的投资和会计工作,目的是确保按照基金的风险承受力理念和负债要求获得适当的投资回报。", "51. 联合国 在过去十年中,随着新的成员组织的加入,养恤基金有了显著增长,接受服务的参与人、退休人员和其他受益人总数继续增加。 在此期间,在职参与人人数增加了63%,定期支付的养恤金增加了33%。 《基金管理章程》确定了以下五类挑战:", "(a) 基金业务日益复杂;", "(b) 资产和负债日益相互依存;", "(c) 信息系统老化和对服务的需求增加;", "(d) 优质服务和高业务标准;", "(e) 社会和环境责任。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 为了应付这些挑战,基金就风险评估、资产负债管理、基金的组织及其计划设计和养恤金管理系统的改变等问题进行了全面研究;然后制定了中期目标,这些目标在基金的战略框架中概述如下:", "(a) 加强基金的业务模式;", "(b) 改进风险管理和内部控制;", "(c) 加强信息系统;", "(d) 提高所提供服务的质量和效率,包括通信和外联工作;", "(e) 促进社会和环境责任。", "53. 联合国 每个业务领域都制定了实现这些目标的具体行动计划,包括中期人力资源计划、业务影响分析和灾后恢复计划,这些计划已用于编制下列拟议预算。", "54. 联合国 总之,在2012-2013两年期,养恤基金打算为战略框架概述的下列主要举措分配财政和人力资源:", "(a) 养恤金综合管理系统——养恤金综合管理系统的新运作模式;", "(b) 国际公共部门会计准则——基金财务报表的新会计准则;", "(c) 响应客户服务;", "(d) 提高业务效率、风险评估和管理、电子学习、培训和知识管理所需的其他行动。", "55. 国家 基金预计能实现其总体目标,前提是有充足的人力和财力资源。 鉴于目前的财政拮据,这将在今后几年中构成特别的挑战。 然而,必须承认基金演变的关键时刻是其无法控制的。 基金自成立以来稳步增长,过去十年来其服务的人口空前增长。 与此同时,基金一直在扩大其规定范围,不仅包括更多的个人,而且还处理范围更广的独特情况,从而造成日益复杂的情况。 有关工作量的增加和复杂性的不断增长,最终导致近年来退休和其他离职人数众多,导致机构记忆不断丧失。 此外,同时,寿命的延长正在使基金的客户老化,而这往往需要更广泛的协商和其他特殊客户服务需要。 基金需要具有非常具体和长期专门知识的工作人员,基金必须力求按照某些组织政策运作,这些政策给外部企业带来通常没有遇到的特殊困难。 鉴于基金需要独特的长期专门知识,并鉴于基金作为一个机构间实体的独立地位,基金正在审查关于征聘、调动、晋升和留住工作人员的政策。 它打算在订正谅解备忘录中处理这些问题。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 基金秘书处还进一步审议了当前经济环境所带来的挑战,审查了其人员配置需要,并决定将关于设立若干人员配置职位的请求推迟。 虽然这些职位是实现战略框架中期目标的关键,但秘书处认为,通过限制基金计划设计的改变并增加新项目,同时继续努力提高效率并提高生产力,可以推迟聘用工作人员。 但是,如果不改变基金的业务能力、对客户的反应和(或)实现目标的时间,这些职位就不能无限期地推迟。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 考虑到这一点,还必须认识到,在基金必须努力解决预算限制要求时,可以在联合国经常预算之外核准新的维持和平特派团。 这给基金带来重大挑战,甚至风险,基金必须及时向这些特派团雇用的大批工作人员提供充分服务。", "成果预算编制、方法和术语", "58. 联合国 本预算报告沿用了基金在2008-2009两年期报告所采用的成果预算编制格式。 已根据基金的方案要求资源,所有理由和佐证资料载于概算的补充财务资料。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 在计算资源时采用了下列因素:", "(a) 2012年和2013年纽约和日内瓦的延迟征聘因数适用于连续性专业员额(90.4%)、专业新员额(50.0%)、连续性一般事务员额(96.5%)和新设一般事务员额(65.0%);纽约和日内瓦2012-2013年标准薪金表第1版采用了这些因素;", "(b) 国家 2012年和2013年纽约的平均年通货膨胀率分别为1.90%和2.50%,而日内瓦的平均年通货膨胀率分别为1.00和1.30%;", "(c)) 2012年和2013年对日内瓦适用的汇率为1.046;", "(d) 在联合国和基金之间的费用分摊安排框架内,除信息管理系统处和执行办公室员额费用外,三分之一和三分之二的比率将继续适用于具体行政要素。 根据秘书处核定员额(170个)与投资管理司(58个)员额的比率,加上具体项目员额(17个),信息管理系统处和执行办公室员额费用的69.4%将适用费用分摊安排。", "2. 联合国 请拨资源总额", "60. 联合国 为整个基金请批的人力资源和财政资源以及预算外资源估计数和所需增设员额的详情如下:", "表6 按构成部分开列的资源分配百分比:基金", "构成部分 经常 预算外", "A类. 行政领导和管理", "B. 工作方案", "1. 行政管理", "2. 投资 33.0", "B小计", "C. 支助", "1. 信息技术 31.8", "2. 法律办公室 0.7", "3. 行政支助", "C小计 40.8", "D. 审计 1.4", "E. 养恤金联委会. 0.1", "共计", "表7 按构成部分开列的所需资源:基金", "(单位:千美元)", "2010-2011年构成部分 2012-2013年在重计费用前的分配数增长\n养恤基金", "1. 联合国 经常预算", "A. 执行16 141.1(2 672.3)(16.6) 13 468.8 61.9 1 197.8 12 332.9 13 530.7 领导和管理", "B. 工作方案", "1. 业务,30 470.0 3 498.4 11.5 33 968.4 908.7 9 527.5 25 349.6 34 877.1 金融服务", "2. 投资 55 678.4 7 451.7 13.4 63 130.1 816.5 - 63 946.6 63 946.6", "B 小计 86 148.4 10 950.1 12.7 97 098.5 1 725.2 9 527.5 89 296.2 98 823.7", "C. 支助", "1. 信息 53 018.1 7 878.6 14.9 60 896.7 815.6 5 704.7 56 007.6 61 712.3 技术", "2. 法律事务厅 - 1 358.4 - 1 358.4 (16.2) 447.4 894.8 1 342.2", "3. 18 198.4 (2 348.4) (12.9) 15 850.0 86.9 3 590.6 12 346.3 15 936.9 行政支助", "C. 小计 71 216.5 6 888.6 9.7 78 105.1 886.3 9 742.7 69 248.7 78 991.4", "D. 审计 2 645.0 103.2 3.9 2 748.2(134.4) 435.4 2 178.4 2 613.8", "E. 养恤金联委会 167.5 32.5 19.4 200.0 4.4 - 204.4 204.4", "共计 176 318.5 15 302.1 8.7 191 620.6 2 543.4 20 903.4 173 260.6 194 164.0", "2. 158.2(5.3(3.4) 152.9 3.9 - 156.8 156.8 预算外", "61. 国家 如表8所示,所需资源总额增加15 302 100美元(重计费用前),即8.7%,原因是行政费用(4 564 600美元)、投资费用(10 601 800美元)、审计费用(103 200美元)和董事会费用(32 500美元)。", "62. 联合国 行政费用增加4 564 600美元,是常设员额拟议增加(739 400美元)和临时员额拟议增加(800 500美元)的净结果,其中分别有680 100美元和800 500美元是由于延迟征聘因素和非员额费用3 024 700美元。 非员额费用增加的主要原因是订约承办事务需求增加(6 087 900美元)和一般业务费用增加(1 446 300美元),但家具和设备(3 989 000美元)、其他工作人员费用(122 500美元)、咨询人(237 600美元)和差旅(136 100美元)所需经费减少,部分抵消了增加额。", "63. 国家 投资费用增加了10 601 800美元,这是拟议增加员额(2 486 900美元)的净影响,其中1 222 700美元是延迟征聘因素造成的,非员额费用为8 114 900美元。 非员额费用增加的主要原因是订约承办事务需求增加(9 653 200美元),其他工作人员费用增加(530 400美元)被咨询人(1 151 800美元)和一般业务费用(916 900美元)资源减少所抵消。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 审计费用增加103 200美元,包括基金适用于审计委员会的分摊费用增加(113 500美元),与内部审计相比,净影响是拟议减少(10 300美元)。 减少的主要原因是通信(9 800美元)和用品和材料(5 000美元)略有减少,家具和设备所需资源也有所增加(5 800美元)。 此外,顾问和订约承办事务之间分别有80 000美元的补偿性减少和增加。", "65. 国家 表6和表7分别汇总了按基金构成部分分列的资源分配和所需资源估计百分比。", "表8 2012-2013两年期所需财政资源", "(单位:千美元)", "资源分配增长\n2012-2013年联合国养恤金重计费用总额", "行政费用", "员额 34 524.8 38 731.4 739.4 1.9 39 470.8 591.4 12 440.4 27 621.8 40 062.2 19 883.6 20.178.6", "临时员额-2 870.3 800.5 27.9 3 670.8 (103.4) - 3 567.4 3 567.4 1 581.3 1 986.1", "其他工作人员 3 033.8 4 032.8 (122.5) (3.0) 3 910.3 94.5 803.3 3 201.5 4 004.8 2 005.4 1 999.4 费用", "咨询人 106.4 537.6 (237.6)(44.2) 300.00 6.7 - 306.7 306.7 152.9 153.8", "旅费997.7 1 360.6(136.1) (1.0) 1 224.5 27.0 — 1 251.5 1 251.5 623.9 627.6", "合同 16 690.8 25 760.0 6 087.9 23.6 31 847.9 700.7 3 465.9 29 082.7 32 548.6 16 250.2 16 298.4 服务", "招待费 2.6 4.0 — 4.0 0.1 — 4.1 4.1 2.0 2.1", "一般费用 11 641.1 12 801.7 1 446.3 11.3 14 248.0 169.0 3 175.9 11 241.1 14 417.0 7 031.8 7 385.2 业务费用", "用品和263.3 210.1(24.3)(11.6)", "家具和3 815.3 6 000(3 989.0)(66.5) 2 011 0 44.4 528.0 1 527.4 2 055.4 1 024.6 1 030.8个设备", "共计 71 075.8 92 308.5 4 564.6 4.9 96 873.1 1 534.5 20 468.0 77 939.6 98 407.6 48 645.8 49 761.8", "投资费用", "员额 10 617.0 15 344.0 2 486.9 16.2 17 830.9 (424.9) - 17 406.0 17 406.0 8 644.2 8 761.8", "其他工作人员 534.0 2 361.8 530.4 22.5 2 892.2 61.0 - 2 953.2 1 500.3 1 452.9美元费用", "顾问 299.5 2 328.8 (1 151.8 (49.5)) 1 177.0 24.7 - 1 201.7 1 201.7 822.4 379.3", "旅费 1 018.0 2 000.0 — — 2 000.0 44.0 — — 2 044.0 — 2 044.0 — — 1 019.0 — 1 025.0 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —", "合同 27 491.4 52 878.9 9 653.2 18.3 62 532.1 1 387.1 - 63 919.2 63 919.2 29 924.0 33 995.2 服务", "招待费 16.4 22.0 - 22.0 0.5 - 22.5 22.5 11.2 11.3", "一般费用 5 157.5 5 402.0 (916.9) (17.0) 4 485.1 27.5 - 4 512.6 4 512.6 2 254.1 2 258.5 业务费用", "用品和91.0 160.0 -- -- 160.0 3.5 -- -- 163.5 163.5 81.5 82.0 材料", "家具和246.6 700.0 — — 700.0 15.5 — 751.6 715.5 356.7 358.8 设备", "共计 45 471.4 81 197.5 10 601.8 13.1 91 799.3 1 138.9 - 92 938.2 92 938.2 44 613.4 48 324.8", "审计费用", "外部审计", "内部审计 1 612.6 1 983.8 (10.3) (0.5) 1 973.5 (151.5) 303.4 1 518.6 1 822.0 906.2 915.8", "共计 2 294.7 2 645.0 103.2 3.9 2 748.2(134.4) 435.4 2 178.4 2 613.8 1 300.9 1 312.9", "联委会费用", "所需资源共计 118 969.3 176 318.5 15 302.1 8.7 191 620.6 2 543.4 20 903.4 173 260.6 194 164.0 94 662.0 99 502.0", "预算外费用(离职后健康保险制度)", "业务活动132.3 158.2 (5.3(3.4) 152.9 3.9 - 156.8 156.8 77.3 79.5", "表9 所需人力资源", "员额总数\n类别 2010-2012年 2010-2012年 2010-2012年 2011-2013年 2013年 2011年 2011年 2011年 2011年 2011年 2011年 2011年 2011年 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2014-12-02.", "行政", "专业及以上", "助理秘书长 1 — — — — 1 1", "D-2 1 1 — — — — 1 1", "D-1 4 4 — — — — — 4 4", "P-5 9 9 1 1 - 10 10", "P-4 19 20 8 7 - 27 27", "P-3 25 24 4 4 - 29 28", "P-2/1 1 — — — — 1 1", "小计 60 13 12 - 73 72", "一般事务", "特等. 10 - 10 10", "其他职等 99 99 5 5 1 1 105", "小计 109 5 5 1 1 115 115", "行政共计 169 169 18 17 1 1 188 187", "投资", "专业及以上", "D-2 1 1 — — — — 1 1", "D-1 2 2 — — — — — 2 2", "P-5 10 . . . . 10 10", "P-4 13 18 - - - - 13 18", "P-3 7 9 — — — — — — — 7 9", "P-2————————", "小计 33 40 - - - 33 40", "一般事务", "特等. 10 - 10 10", "其他职等. 15 - 15 15", "小计 25 - - - - 25 25", "总投资 58 65 — — — — — 58 65", "养恤基金共计 227 234 18^(c) 17^(b,c) 1^(a) 1^(a) 246 256", "^(a) 1个预算外一般事务(其他职等)员额由成员组织供资。", "^(b) 包括17个养恤金综合管理系统临时员额。", "•(c) 在为2010-2011两年期核准的18个临时员额中,一个P-4职等员额只核定12个月。 该员额于2011年被裁撤.", "66. (中文(简体) ). 如表9所示,本呈件为增设7个员额和改叙1个员额编列经费如下:", "(a) 为秘书处改叙一个员额(从P-3改叙为P-4职等)编列了经费。 还为续设由成员组织供资的1个预算外员额(1个一般事务(其他职等))编列经费;", "(b) 为投资管理司增设7个常设员额(5个P-4、2个P-3)编列经费。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 要求增设的员额汇总于表10。", "表10 所需员额总表", "员额数 类别\n行政部门\n方案支助\n财务和预算干事 1个P-3至P-4\n投资\n工作方案\n投资科 1个P-4\n投资干事——全球新兴市场 1个P-4\n投资干事-贸易执行干事 1名P-4\n1名P-3\n风险和遵约 尽责和定量 战略风险管理员 1个P-4\n新设员额财务干事,调解 1个P-3\n方案支助\n信息系统科 1个P-4", "B. 行政费用", "1. 联合国 概览", "68. (中文(简体) ). 秘书处负责在养恤金联委会的领导下管理联合国合办工作人员养恤基金。 其目的是在安全、业绩、责任和问责制的最佳条件下,并充分遵守效率、才干和忠诚的最高标准,向参与人提供服务,并向退休人员和受益人提供养恤金收入和相关福利。 为了提供这种服务,基金必须处理一套日益复杂的条例,这些条例与过去根据经济措施或根据社会对新类别受益人的强烈需求作出的决定相联系。 它还必须继续调整其程序,以适应不断变化的银行和监管环境。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 行政费用资源总额在重计费用前为96 873 100美元,比2010-2011两年期订正批款净增4 564 600美元,即4.9%。 如表12所示,净增加额可概述如下:", "(a) 行政领导和管理:减少1 104 400美元,与所需员额(810 200美元)有关,主要原因是将3个员额(2个P-5、1个一般事务(其他职等))调到法律办公室。 非员额费用减少的原因是其他工作人员费用(50 100美元)、咨询人(337 600美元)和差旅(114 500美元),订约承办事务(112 000美元)和一般业务费用(96 000美元)增加。", "(b) 工作方案:员额经费增加3 498 400美元(751 500美元),其中147 400美元是由于延迟征聘因数和将1个P-4职等员额调到法律办公室所产生的净影响;604 100美元是由于养恤金综合管理系统12个临时员额的延迟征聘因数;以一般业务费用(2 846 300美元)和咨询人(100 000美元)和减少其他工作人员费用(199 400美元)的形式增加非员额资源2 746 900美元。", "(c) 方案支助:增加2 170 600美元,原因是信息管理系统处资源增加(2 084 100美元)、法律办公室从行政领导和管理调入(1 358 400美元)以及执行办公室减少(1 271 900美元)。 信息管理系统处临时员额资源增加(196 400美元)的原因是延迟征聘因素。 关于非员额资源(1 903 200美元),主要原因是订约承办事务增加(5 975 600美元),由家具和设备(3 976 400美元)、一般业务费用(177 400美元)和工作人员差旅费(21 600美元)的所需经费减少所部分抵消。 就法律厅而言,员额资源增加的原因是从首席执行干事办公室调动了3个员额(2个P-5和1个一般事务(其他职等)),并从日内瓦办事处调动了1个P-4职等员额,只是为了监督目的。 关于执行办公室,资源减少(1 318 600美元)的原因是一般业务费用的非员额经费,特别是房地租金和维修费。", "70. 联合国 资源分配估计数见表11,按构成部分开列的所需资源见表12。", "表11 按构成部分开列的资源分配百分比:行政费用", "经常预算", "A类. 行政领导和管理", "B. 工作方案(业务,35.1 100.0金融服务)", "C. 方案支助", "1. 信息管理系统 44.7处", "2. 法律办公室 1.4", "3个 执行办公室 12.2", "C58.3小计", "共计", "表12 按区域开列的所需资源 按构成部分开列的所需资源:行政费用", "2010/2011年构成部分 重计费用前批款增长情况\n养恤基金", "1. 联合国 经常预算", "A. 行政部门 7 486.9 (1 104.4) (14.8) 6 382.5 9.6 1 197.8 5 194.3 6 392.1 指导和管理", "B. 30 470.0 3 498.4 11.5 33 968.4 908.7 9 527.5 25 349.6 34 877.1 个工作(业务、财务)", "C. 支助", "1. 资料 41 240.8 2 084.1 5.1 43 324.9 562.4 5 704.7 38 182.6 43 887.3 管理系统处", "2. 法律事务厅 - 1 358.4 - 1 358.4 (16.2) 447.4 894.8 1 342.2", "3. 执行13 110.8(1 271.9)(9.7) 11 838.9 70.0 3 590.6 8 318.3 11 908.9 办公室", "小计 C 54 351.9 2 170.6 4.0 56 522.2 616.2 9 742.7 47 395.7 57 138.4", "共计92 308.5 4 564.6 4.9 96 873.1 1 534.5 20 468.0 77 939.6 98 407.6", "2. 158.2(5.3(3.4) 152.9 3.9 - 156.8 156.8 预算外", "2. 联合国 行政领导和管理", "所需资源(重计费用前):6 382 500美元", "71. 联合国 首席执行干事负责在养恤金联委会领导下管理养恤基金,为成员组织、参与人、退休人员和受益人提供相关服务。 在提供这种服务时,首席执行干事必须确保建立一个框架,使基金能够在安全、业绩、责任和问责制的最佳条件下运作,并充分遵守效率、才干和忠诚等最高标准。 作为其在这一框架内的责任的一部分,养恤基金必须处理其《条例和细则》及其非常独特而复杂的养恤金调整制度所规定的日益复杂和不断演变的计划设计。 首席执行干事必须确保养恤基金能够持续、准确地权衡其精算费用,以评估和管理风险,调整其计划设计并调整其流程和程序,以适应不断变化的工作人员队伍,他们显然受到长期社会变化的影响,包括寿命延长,同时在不断变化的银行、会计和监管环境中履行职责。", "72. 联合国 在基金60年的历史中,基金的成员组织、参与人、退休人员和受益人的人数、其运作的财务环境及其管理下的资产和负债的价值都急剧增加。 基金服务的总人数为185 000人,预计在中期和以后将稳步增加。 基金的国际和多组织性质以及多层次的养恤金结构将继续提出新的和日益复杂和艰巨的挑战。 对基金的责任和要求已经并将继续稳步地急剧增加。 联委会要求对养恤基金的人力资源需求采取更具战略性的办法,为了确定养恤基金在中期的需要,养恤基金进行了高级别审查,其中考虑到养恤基金面临的环境和紧迫挑战,并提交给养恤金联委会2010年会议。", "表13. 按区域开列的所需资源 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "预期成绩 绩效指标\n本组织目标: 为确保基金工作方案得到全面执行,遵守基金条例和细则以及养恤金联委会和联合国大会发布的各项决定和准则(1) 有效管理基金的工作方案(1.1) 所有详细行动计划、项目和研究都得到成功监测和执行:2008-2009年业绩计量:100% 2010-2011年估计:100%\n2012-2013年目标:100% (2) 养恤金联委会和各委员会的有效支助/服务/管理(2.1) 养恤金联委会、常设委员会、精算师委员会、审计委员会和工作组未就提供的支助提出投诉\n2012-2013年目标:无投诉 (3) 有效管理全基金人力资源治理机制、风险管理、业务连续性/回收、信息技术、新会计标准和资产负债管理(3.1)\n2012-2013年:100%的业绩指标(4) 养恤基金的有效战略规划(4.1) 每两年进行一次战略规划 2008-2009年业绩计量:100% 2010-2011年估计:100%\n2012-2013年目标:100%", "外部因素", "73 (中文(简体) ). 行政领导和管理预计能实现目标和预期成绩,前提是提供足够的人力和财政资源。", "其他产出", "74. 国家 两年期内,将提供下列产出:", "(a) 为政府间机构和专家机构提供服务:养恤金联委会两届会议;精算师委员会会议和大约四个工作组;精算师委员会和投资委员会联席会议;审计委员会六次会议;联合国工作人员养恤金委员会四次会议;", "(b) 起草文件:向养恤金联委会、精算师委员会和工作组提交的大约100份文件,向审计委员会提交的15份说明,以及委员会届会的技术和行政服务;", "(c) 其他实质性活动:", "(一) 对退休工作人员进行有效的继任规划;在宣布空缺后5个月内,提前规划以避免工作人员退休后产生的空缺并填补因工作人员更替而出现的其他空缺;", "(二) 有效管理和控制下列事项:", "• 养恤金综合管理系统项目", "• 业务连续性和灾后恢复规划", "• 全系统风险管理", "• 人力资源政策和人力资源中期计划", "• 信息技术的合并", "二. 支助 资产负债管理研究", "• 业务影响分析", "• 数据仓", "• 采购咨询委员会。", "表14 所需资源", "员额(千美元)\n2010-2011年(重计费用前)", "员额 3 641.0 2 830.8 11 8", "非员额 3 845.9 3 551.7 — —", "共计 7 486.9 6 382.5 11 8", "75. 国家 所列经费6 382 500美元用于维持8个现有员额(1个助理秘书长、1个D-2、1个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3、1个一般事务(特等)和1个一般事务(其他职等)),并用作整个行政部门的非员额资源。 员额资源减少810 200美元的原因是将3个核定员额(2个P-5和1个一般事务(其他职等))从法律办公室调到方案支助。 非员额资源已减少,主要原因是其他人事费(50 100美元)、旅费(114 500美元)和顾问费(337 600美元)减少,以及顾问精算师的订约承办事务增加(112 000美元)和基金分担联合国上诉法庭案件费用的一般业务费(96 000美元)。", "3个 工作方案", "所需资源(重计费用前):33 968 400美元", "76. 联合国 工作方案包括纽约办事处和日内瓦办事处的业务和财务处,负责基金的核心职能,包括但不限于确定参加资格和新参与人加入基金,以及记录历史个人和财务数据,收集和记录向基金缴纳的缴款,计算和确定支付所有养恤金权利、支付后续养恤金福利和所有相关会计活动。 该方案还负责为基金185 000名在职参与人、退休人员和其他受益人履行客户服务职能。", "77. 国家 应当回顾,根据2008年进行的全办公室审查提出的建议,首席执行干事决定将业务和基金财务分开。 会议决定,虽然业务处对应享待遇的计算和处理与财务处对随之而来的福利的支付和核算之间有着重要联系,但职能应明确和单独分开。 业务重点是计算的完整性,计算一旦确定,在退休人员和任何合格幸存者的一生中仍然有效。 财务部门注重支付的完整性。 通过将这些职能分开,设立财务处,使之独立于业务处,明确了责任,并使构成工作方案的基金这两个核心职能之间的问责制制度化。", "业务", "78. 国家 业务包括纽约和日内瓦办事处的养恤金权利科和客户服务、记录管理和分发工作股。 业务主任负责按照《基金管理章程》规定的目标管理和指导该处,并确保遵守基金条例、细则和养恤金调整制度,同时在具体的质量管理、内部控制和沟通政策范围内适当运作。 2012-2013两年期,业务部门预计将处理超过55 000名新参与人、离职和基金内外转账。 [1] 它还预期在初次离职后处理大约6 000个养恤金福利,这些福利属于最复杂、因而也是最费时的养恤金(即离职后死亡、有时涉及居住在不同地点的多配偶的遗属福利、剩余偿金、递延养恤金转为付款、有时涉及转回美元轨道的双轨情况、支付给未亡离婚配偶的养恤金、未亡配偶年金、特别措施等)。 除了通过养恤基金网站提供的大约225 000项养恤金估计数(即2010年期间)外,业务处还预期在下一个两年期提供大约5 500项个人养恤金估计数,这些估计数往往涉及个人协商。 在2012-2013两年期,该处还将在收到100 000多份应享权利证书后发送、跟踪和记录,并将1 200多份文件扫描入基金的内容管理系统。", "表15. 按区域开列的所需资源 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "预期成绩 绩效指标\n本组织目标: 为确保所有符合条件的参与人、退休人员和其他受益人都按照基金条例、细则和养恤金调整制度获得服务,同时充分遵守基金管理章程中概述的沟通、质量管理和内部控制政策(1) 有效处理养恤基金的养恤金应享权利(1.1) 提高在15个工作日内处理的离职偿金、退休福利和其他福利的百分比(15个工作日) 2004-2005年:72%的案件在15天内结案:79%的案件在15天内结案:80%的案件在15天内结案。 77%的案件在15天内结案\n2012-2013年目标:80%的案件在15天内完成(2) 向养恤基金客户提供面向客户的服务的质量得到提高(2.1) 通过邮件和电子邮件在15个工作日内回复的来函百分比提高(基准:15个工作日):2004-2005年业绩计量:31%的来函在15个工作日内回复:55%的来函在15个工作日内回复:75%的来函在15个工作日内回复。\n2012-2013年目标:82%的养老院在15个工作日内作出答复(3) 2008-2009年业绩计量: 2010-2011年估计:65\n2012-2013年目标:75", "外部因素", "79. 联合国 业务预计能实现其目标,前提是有充足的人力和财力资源。 因此,必须承认基金发展过程中其无法控制的关键时刻。 基金所服务的人口正在迅速增长。 与此同时,寿命的延长正在使基金的客户老化,这反过来往往需要更广泛的协商和其他特殊的客户服务需要。", "产出", "80个 2012-2013两年期将执行下列产出:", "(a) 在两年期内处理大约18 000笔离职偿金和退休金;[2]", "(b) 在初次退休后处理估计6 000个其他福利(即遗属、子女、双轨福利等);", "(c) 确定约30 000名新参与人的资格和加入基金的情况;", "(d) 发送、跟踪和记录大约100 000份应享权利证书;", "(e) 通过邮件和电子邮件答复约15 000起查询;", "(f) 接收和向约11 000名不预约的客户提供服务;", "(g) 实施前任务,如数据清理和质量管理、程序文件、算法和随后向养恤金综合管理系统平台过渡;", "(h) 高效记录、监测和加强其客户界面的控制;", "(一) 审查、评估、开发和实施客户关系管理系统;", "(j) 审查并编制为(在纽约和日内瓦办事处)养恤基金工作人员、参与人、退休人员和其他受益人以及工作人员养恤金委员会秘书处和成员组织其他人力资源工作人员提供的讲习班和研讨会提供的强化培训材料;", "(k) 开发和实施安全签名系统,在基金服务的每个人的电子文件夹中添加图形签名,以便进行比较;", "(l) 加强管制并重新设计应享权利证书表格,并进一步努力精简整个核证程序;", "(m) 加强和继续编制内部要求和各种监督机构的业绩数据;", "(n) 通过向参与人、退休人员和其他受益人、工作人员养恤金委员会秘书处、各小组委员会(包括咨询和工作组)和联委会成员提供研讨会和培训,加强外联能力。", "金融服务", "81个 财务科通过其付款、账户和出纳/现金管理股提供全面服务,并对基金的所有财务、会计和付款业务负责。 养恤基金的年度财务交易额为38亿美元(考虑到养恤金的支付和缴款的收取)。 养恤基金每月处理大约62 000笔(截至2009年基金已审计财务报表)定期以15种货币支付的养恤金,并向居住在190多个国家的退休人员和其他受益人支付养恤金。 该科还负责为包括投资管理司在内的整个基金编制准确而及时的财务报表,并就基金的财务问题与内部和外部审计员进行联络和协调。", "表16. 按部门开列的所需资源 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "预期成绩 绩效指标\n本组织目标: 确保及时、准确和可靠地支付养恤金,并对基金的所有财务、会计和支付业务全面负责,包括就财务事项印发准确和及时的财务报表并联络内部和外部审计员\n(1) 有效管理养恤金付款(1.1) 及时发放养恤金基金薪金\n2012-2013年目标:1 400 000\n(1.2) 及时、准确和可靠地支付养恤基金定期养恤金 2008-2009年业绩计量:100% 2010-2011年估计:100%\n2012-2013年目标:100%\n(1.3) 及时、准确和有保障地支付养恤基金非定期养恤金付款(收到与恢复养恤金有关的付款的适当文件15天和所有其他付款30天) 2008-2009年:100% 2010-2011年估计:100%\n2012-2013年目标:100%\n(2) 提高捐款记录的质量和一致性,包括及时协调年终流程产生的参与人和解例外案例(2.1) 2008-2009年业绩计量:9 000 2010-2011年估计:10 000\n2012-2013年目标:11 000\n(2.2) 2008-2009年:100%\n2012-2013年目标:100%\n(3) 提供质量和符合要求的财务报表并制订政策和程序,以实施适当的公共部门会计准则/国际会计标准(3.1) 及时提供财务报表(在下一年4月15日前印发报表草案) 2008-2009年:在规定日期前\n2012-2013年目标:在规定日期前\n(3.2) 采用2008-2009年业绩计量的公共部门会计准则/国际会计标准和披露要求的百分比增加:2010-2011年估计:开始采用某些公共部门会计准则/国际会计标准和披露要求\n2012-2013年目标:全面采用公共部门会计准则/国际 2012年财务会计准则. 预期的年度审计。", "外部因素", "82. 本次级方案预计能实现其目标,除非受到下列事件的影响:(a) 世界各地政治冲突和自然灾害导致养恤金领取人获得的银行服务中断;(b) 系统实施出现意外延误,导致公共部门会计准则财务报表信息被延迟;(c) 养恤基金的增长,导致工作人员资源不足,无法为养恤金领取人提供适当服务。", "产出", "83个 2012-2013两年期将执行下列产出:", "(a) 编制三套财务报表和相关文件;根据2012年财务报表从联合国系统会计准则改为全面采用公共部门会计准则和国际会计准则第26号,编制最新财务报表;", "(b) 减少关于受监督领域的报告与技术会计问题之间尚未发表的审计意见的数目(包括临时提出的补充意见);", "(c) 所有汇款实体在年终时间表提交后六个月的指定时限内进行全面核对;", "(d) 将总离职档案记录中的数据与年度和两年期结账时的薪金历史记录充分核对;", "(e) 在纽约和日内瓦以及同大型报告实体就与缴款有关的参与人调节例外问题进行介绍和培训;", "(f) 每月及时完成所有账户的银行往来调节;", "(g) 及时遵守关于向养恤金领取人付款的最新银行要求;", "(h) 关于向养恤金领取者支付的款项:", "(一) 确保及时收到养恤金领取人付款;", "(二) 减少对基金的银行手续费;", "(三) 尽可能减少或取消对养恤金领取人的银行收费。", "表17 所需资源", "员额(千美元)\n2010-2012年类别 2012-2013年(重计费用前)", "员额 27 874.7 28 626.2 137 136", "非员额 2 595.3 5 342.2 - -", "小计 30 470.0 33 968.4 137 136", "预算外", "共计 30 628.2 34 121.3 138 137", "第八十四会. 34 121 300美元将用于继续维持137个员额;124个常设员额(3个D-1、2个P-5、9个P-4、13个P-3、1个P-2、8个一般事务(特等)和87个一般事务(其他职等));由预算外资源供资的1个一般事务(其他职等)员额;12个临时员额(6个P-4、2个P-3、4个一般事务(其他职等))和在法律事务厅控制下调动日内瓦办事处1个P-4职等法律干事员额;以及非员额所需经费。 非员额资源增加的原因是咨询人(100 000美元)和一般业务费用(2 846 300美元)所需经费增加,但一般临时人员减少(199 400美元)部分抵消了增加额。 一般业务费用大幅增加,完全是由于养恤金联委会从2010-2011年拟议预算中扣除银行手续费。", "85. 常设委员会第186次会议审查了关于基金实施的离职后健康保险保险费扣减方案的说明。 因此,上述预算外资源由参与的成员组织核准和供资,不由基金支付费用。", " 4.四. 方案支助", "信息管理系统处", "所需资源(重计费用前):43 324 900美元", "86号. 在养恤基金信息和通信技术治理模式的指导下,信息管理系统处负责养恤基金的信息系统服务,维护信息和通信技术,协调执行信息技术执行委员会作出的战略决定,为信息和通信技术工作人员制定培训计划,并提供必要的工具来支助知识交流和合作工作。", "87个 该处负责提供全面的计算机办公室自动化;软件/系统的设计、开发和实施;硬件支助;电信;共享基础设施服务,包括投资管理司;对基金日内瓦办事处的信息技术业务进行监督和技术领导;管理资源、基础设施和会议支助。", "表18. 妇女状况 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "预期成绩 绩效指标\n本组织目标: (1) 基金信息系统平台现代化的进展(1.1) 支持重新设计业务流程的企业信息技术架构 2008-2009年业绩计量不适用:2010-2011年目标:根据里程碑日期完成可交付项目\n2012-2013年目标:根据里程碑日期完成可交付项目\n(2) 提高向客户提供服务的效率和效力(2.1) 向客户提供信息技术服务的时间百分比:2008-2009年业绩计量:99% 2010-2011年估计:99%\n2012-2013年目标:99%\n(3) 改进信息技术服务(3.1) 信息技术系统对支助的满意程度(或高于)百分比\n2012-2013年目标:95%\n(4) 更多地使用电子存储器分享信息(4.1) 知识管理系统内可用的信息管理系统服务文件的百分比:2008-2009年业绩计量:80% 2010-2011年估计:95%\n2012-2013年目标:95%\n(5) 加强信息安全(5.1) 按照国际标准化组织标准衡量的17799项安全标准,遵守可实现目标的百分比增加\n2012-2013年目标:90%\n(6) 改进与参与者、受益者和其他客户的电子信息共享(6.1)\n2012-2013年目标:80%\n(6.2) 通过电子方式分享财务信息的参与者百分比:2008-2009年业绩计量:10% 2010-2011年估计:20%\n2012-2013年目标:30%", "外部因素", "88个 本次级方案预计能实现目标和预期成绩,前提是:(a) 技术发展符合预期;(b) 为实现关键目标提供内部和外包资源;(c) 利益攸关方履行其责任和义务并为实现信息和通信技术战略的目标提供充分合作,最重要的是在进程审查和重新设计活动阶段。", "产出", "89. 国家 2012-2013两年期将执行下列产出:", "企业业务服务", "(a) 将本组织的职能和业务要求转化为为拟议的养恤金综合管理系统倡议有效和高效地获取和实施信息和通信技术架构,并注重改进信息管理和基金业务效率;", "(b) 政策。 确保信息管理系统处提供的所有信息和通信技术服务尽可能地符合基金信息技术执行委员会的期望和有关行业标准(例如信息技术基础设施图书馆);按照标准化组织ISO-20002国际标准,为基金的信息和通信技术基础设施加强网络安全;", "(c) 通讯。 提供骨干通信服务,包括因特网、私人租赁线路、电信设备和设备,以及用于连接养恤基金各办事处的必要通信线路,包括养恤基金秘书处、日内瓦办事处、投资管理司和与国际电子计算中心新设立的信息技术基础设施托管安排;更新纽约骨干网络基础设施,使之具备强大能力,以支持对高速任务关键数据、语音和视频传输到桌面的各种要求的用户;", "(d) 信息和通信技术基础设施服务。 纽约、新泽西和日内瓦的多班业务、信息和通信技术基础设施服务的管理和维护,如服务器管理、中件管理和数据备份,以支持基金的运作。 从指挥中心监测应用,设备,网络负荷和流量,防止服务失败. 它们还将保证软件版本处于实用的当前水平,必要时采用软件开发生命周期方法进行系统升级;", "(e) 基础设施建筑服务。 根据最佳技术标准和做法,开发和实施信息和通信技术基础设施,并定期更新技术,强调一体化、互操作性、模块性和可扩展性;为信息技术决策者提供指导,通过降低支助费用和规模经济来降低信息技术成本;", "(f) 用户支助/服务台。 为与养恤基金网络连接的应用程序、服务器、个人计算机和移动设备提供技术、业务和服务台支助;为核定软件应用程序提供基础设施支助,如生产力系统、电子邮件、知识管理系统和定制应用程序;运行会议室设施和设备并向其提供支助,包括视频/音频和投影功能;", "(g) 通讯。 提供和维护电子信息服务,包括电子邮件、视频会议服务和统一信息传递;提供和维护手持设备和服务移动信息传递和通信。", "企业应用服务", "(a) 发展。 维持能够提高生产力和效率的系统,包括那些能够减少养恤金人工处理的系统;加强参与人和受益人的处理,并涉及银行业务、会计系统和工作流程接口;", "(b) 企业系统维护。 维护和加强核心业务应用的企业系统,包括养恤金管理、会计和内容管理;", "(c) 维持成员组织的信息共享。 提供和维护成员组织的信息共享,以收集人力资源和财务信息,维护定制接口和系统方案,以加强人力资源和财务数据收集与各组织使用的各种企业资源规划接口,并维护电子文件传输接口,以可靠地支持信息的共享和翻译。", "企业数据服务", "(a) 数据库管理。 实施、维持并增加各个信息技术平台上养恤基金数据库的可用性;进行数据库升级;监测使用情况并解决问题;建立新的表格和观点;确定数据完整性问题;支持系统开发活动,因为这些活动与按照业务要求访问数据库有关;", "(b) 系统编程。 必要时实施和维护数据库系统并托管计算机操作系统和程序,以便向各种应用程序和接口提供对任务至关重要的数据;", "(c) 数据仓支助。 实施、维护并增加数据仓系统的可用性;在各个平台上进行数据清理和联合;", "(d) 管理报告。 利用商业情报工具实施、维持和加强管理报告。", "企业安保处", "(a) 信息安全。 定期对养恤基金纽约和日内瓦办事处的技术结构和业务进行安全风险评估,并使用防火墙、防垃圾邮件和防病毒解决方案等各种安全工具确保网络安全;", "(b) 身份管理。 提供能力,集中管理身份的提供和消除,并巩固身份储存库的扩散;", "(c) 灾后恢复。 制定、通过和执行多年灾后恢复战略,以支持养恤基金的业务连续性要求。", "企业项目管理服务", "(a) 治理。 利用信息管理系统处理事机构所建立的模式,加强和执行方案管理基础设施,加强治理;", "(b) 项目管理方法。 以高效、一致和标准化的方式提供项目管理程序和方法方面的指导;", "(c) 项目管理支助。 按照项目管理方法更新、监测和维持项目组合;提供指导和辅导,以努力提高本组织的项目管理成熟程度;", "(d) 审计治理。 管理和遵守与信息和技术服务有关的内部和外部审计意见。", "企业质量和生产控制服务", "(a) 质量标准化。 确定和记录信息管理系统处实施各种质量标准的要求;", "(b) 改革管理。 确定并执行一项完整的改革管理框架,并适当划分职责;", "(c) 服务级别和交付协议。 汇编统计数据并管理信息管理系统处的所有服务级别和交付协议;", "(d) 生产控制。 监督质量保证功能,以确保所有系统在经过全面的评价和用户接受测试后才能被放入生产环境.", "合同管理事务", "监测和管理信息管理系统处预算的各个构成部分;向信息和通信技术处提供行政支助,包括查明现有资源、输入预留款项和处理请购单、定购单和有关发票;核算该处的资产;管理供应商关系,包括与技术伙伴、承包商和外包商的关系;提供技术采购通用规格制定方面的专家知识;与联合国采购处直接合作,确保以尽可能低的成本提供增值解决办法。", "表19. 按区域开列的所需资源", "所需资源", "员额(千美元)\n2010-2011 (重计费用前)", "员额 8 426.7 8 607.6 32 31", "非员额 32 814.1 34 717.3 - -", "共计 41 240.8 43 324.9 32 31", "90. (中文(简体) ). 43 324 900美元将用于续设31个员额;26个常设员额(1个D-1、2个P-5、6个P-4、10个P-3、1个一般事务(特等)和6个一般事务(其他职等));5个临时员额(1个P-5、1个P-4、2个P-3和1个一般事务(其他职等))和非员额资源。 1个P-4级临时员额仅核定12个月,该员额于2011年被裁撤。 非员额资源增加(1 903 200美元)的主要原因是其他工作人员费用(127 000美元)和订约承办事务(5 975 900美元),但家具和设备(3 976 400美元)、工作人员差旅费(21 600美元)和一般业务费用(177 400美元)所需经费减少,部分抵消了增加额。 养恤金综合管理系统项目所需资源总额为12 661 400美元,用于订约承办事务(11 466 300美元)和临时员额(1 195 100美元)。", "法律事务厅", "所需资源(重计费用前):1 358 400美元", "91. 联合国 法律事务厅继续为基金在纽约和日内瓦办事处的管理和业务提供统一的法律服务。 它将向养恤金联委会审计委员会和常设委员会(上诉)以及联合国工作人员养恤金委员会(残疾案件)提供实务、程序和行政支助。 监督厅将确保基金的业务符合《基金条例和细则》,并确保对《条例》作出一致的解释。 除了基金秘书处的所有科室外,还为参与人、退休人员和(或)其法律代表提供法律服务和支助,以在个别案件中适用基金条例和细则。 该办公室注重采用新办法记录和传播法律先例、裁决和政策决定。 促进知识共享有助于有效利用法律办公室积累的法律信息和经验,加强最佳做法的利用,使管理人员和工作人员能在其日常决策中考虑到法律风险。", "表20. 妇女状况", "两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "预期成绩 绩效指标\n本组织目标: 保护基金的合法利益,就养恤基金事项向养恤基金首席执行官、养恤金联委会和常设委员会及其他管理机构提供专家法律咨询\n(1) 养恤基金《条例、细则和养恤金调整制度》的适用更加统一和一致(1.1) 如果常设委员会或上诉法庭的业绩计量都未能维持基金的地位,则请求审查和上诉的数目减少:90%的案件得到处理\n2012-2013年目标:100%的案件得到维持\n(2) 现代化和改进法律事项的交流和知识分享(2.1) 利用养恤基金案件记录和其他知识管理工具记录和传播的法律决定和判例的数目:2008-2009年业绩计量不适用\n2012-2013年目标:100% 常设委员会和法庭案件,编纂的法律裁决有30%(3) 改进会议服务的组织和程序方面,加强对委员会成员的实质性支助(3.1) 2008-2009年业绩计量:对支助没有投诉\n2012-2013年目标:没有关于支助的投诉", "外部因素", "92. (中文(简体) ). 法律厅预计能实现目标和预期成绩,前提是:(a) 基金各委员会、养恤金联委会、成员组织、业务工作人员和管理当局在基金的法律利益或责任受到其活动和业务的影响时,将寻求法律咨询;(b) 及时寻求法律咨询,客户提供足够的法律分析资料并接受所提供咨询意见的指导;(c) 提供所需的人力和财政资源。", "产出", "93. 国家 2012-2013两年期将执行下列产出:", "(a) 就养恤基金条例、行政细则和养恤金调整制度的解释和适用、提供行政政策和程序方面的业务支助等有关问题提供咨询意见;", "(b) 就审查、谈判和起草与成员组织以及其他国际和政府间组织的协定和其他法律文书提供咨询意见,并酌情进行监督和监督;", "(c) 就体制和业务方式、法律呈件和其他法律文件提供咨询并编写文件;就养恤金事项编写答辩人给联合国上诉法庭的答复(10起);", "(d) 编写法律出版物,或向基金参与人/受益人、养恤金秘书处和成员组织行政部门发送函件,包括为基金网站提供有关资料;", "(e) 向联合国工作人员养恤金委员会、常务委员会和审计委员会的会议提供服务,包括通过网上快速地点和基金其他知识管理工具以电子方式分发文件,精简和使信息共享现代化:", "(一) 就议事规则、决议和养恤金联委会/委员会决定的解释和执行提供咨询意见;", "(二) 为常设委员会会议提供实务、技术和行政服务(2次),包括编写大约12份审查和上诉请求;分析法律问题并编写报告和文件;", "(三) 为联合国工作人员养恤金委员会会议提供实务、技术和行政服务(4次);编写残疾津贴申请(约140起新成人案件、40起儿童案件和约190起审查案件和2起上诉案件);编写报告和文件;", "(四) 为审计委员会会议提供实务、技术和行政服务(6次),包括协调文件和报告的编写;", "(f) 编纂并系统传播常设委员会和行政法庭案件的判例以及其他法律参考档案、意见、政策决定和准则;", "(g) 就养恤金办法中的法律问题同养恤基金成员组织、其工作人员养恤金委员会和其他国际组织进行联络;", "(h) 代表基金出席国际和区域会议、机构间会议和成员组织法律顾问会议,并视需要参加各种常设委员会、委员会、特设工作组和工作队。", "表21 按区域开列的所需资源", "所需资源", "员额(千美元)\n2010-2011 (重计费用前)", "员额 - 1 358.4 - 4", "非员额——", "共计 - 1 358.4 - 4", "94. 国家 为了更明确地分析方案支助,法律办公室已从首席执行干事办公室中分离出来,并重新指定为方案支助次级方案。 所列经费1 358 400美元,用于续设4个员额,从首席执行干事办公室调入3个员额(2个P-5和1个一般事务(其他职等)),从日内瓦办事处调入1个员额(1个P-4,法律干事)。 后者将设在日内瓦。", "执行办公室", "所需资源(重计费用前):11 838 900美元", "95号. 执行办公室为执行基金的活动提供必要的行政和方案支助。 它协助首席执行干事和投资管理司司长编写两年期预算报告,并提供有关支助服务,以有效利用人力和财政资源。 它还提供一般行政和设施管理服务。", "表22. 妇女状况", "两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "预期成绩 绩效指标\n本组织目标: 通过高效和有效的行政和方案支助,促进实现基金的业务和战略目标\n(1) 及时征聘和安置工作人员(1.1) 减少员额空缺的平均工作天数:2008-2009年业绩计量:200天\n2012-2013年目标:150天\n(1.2) 2008-2009年业绩计量:2010-2011年估计:39%\n2012-2013年目标:45%\n(2) 通过内部和外部培训提高工作人员的多面性(2.1)\n2012-2013年目标:48\n(2.2) 2008-2009年业绩计量:618 2010-2011年估计:700\n2012-2013年目标:700\n(3) 改善对基金行政预算的管理和监测(3.1) 减少未清债务和核销前期债务占最后批款的百分比:2008-2009年业绩计量不适用:2010-2011年估计: 9%\n2012-2013年目标:8%\n(4) 设施和财产服务的质量和及时性得到提高(4.1)\n2012-2013年目标:零", "外部因素", "96. (中文(简体) ). 执行办公室预计能实现目标和预期成绩,前提是提供所需的人力和财政资源。", "产出", "97. 国家 2012-2013两年期将执行下列产出:", "(a) 人力资源管理:", "(一) 就与人力资源管理有关的所有问题向所有工作人员提供政策咨询;", "(二) 管理征聘管理人员职位空缺的跟踪数据,以支持征聘目标;", "(三) 向主任报告电子考绩制度遵守情况数据;", "(四) 安排所有INSPIRA人员的面试和临时空缺通知征聘;", "(五) 处理与工作人员和管理当局关系有关的问题(答辩小组等);", "(b) 工作人员培训和职业发展:", "(一) 与信息管理系统处协调,为学习管理系统平台开发基金专用课程并便利知识转让;", "(二) 在基金房地安排培训课程;", "(三) 监测和跟踪所有工作人员必修课程;", "(四) 让所有新工作人员加入基金;", "(五) 提供职业发展咨询;", "(c) 行政:", "(一) 为基金工作人员提供日常行政支助;", "(二) 维持员额配置表;", "(三) 每月处理一般事务人员和专业人员支付薪金的行动;", "(四) 通过提醒主管提出建议,在工作人员合同到期前两个月延长合同;", "(五) 按照联合国政策和行动,分析工作人员个人的福利和应享待遇,对个人福利和应享待遇作出任何改变或更新;", "(六) 为基金工作人员和有关人员提供经核证的公务旅行;", "(七) 为养恤金联委会联合国成员、审计委员会和精算师委员会成员以及养恤基金工作人员安排旅费;", "(八) 保存出勤记录;", "(九) 维护Quick Place网站,供审计委员会成员查阅与会议有关的文件;", "(d) 财务和预算控制:", "(一) 就基金两年期预算和订正预算的完成向方案主管提供指导;", "(二) 拨款的发放和订正;", "(三) 所有支出的证明;", "(四) 每月向方案主管监测和报告支出情况;", "(五) 就《财务条例和细则》的适用向方案主管提供咨询和指导;", "(六) 控制行政预算,包括核查付款前的发票;", "(七) 完成基金年度财务报表附表一(与行政费用有关的批款状况);", "(八) 调节基金同联合国秘书处之间的行政费用;", "(e) 设施和财产管理:", "(一) 确保设施得到维护和运行状况;", "(二) 与建筑物管理部门和任何所需修理的供应商进行协调;", "(三) 管理与办公空间有关的合同;", "(四) 为规划和配置新的和现有的办公空间提供支助;", "(五) 维护和支持养恤基金固定资产的资产/库存管理系统;", "(六) 协调处置陈旧设备和家具;", "(七) 维持和支持基金的紧急通知系统;", "(八) 为安保/紧急行动目的,为基金工作人员维持紧急联络信息。", "表23 所需资源", "员额(千美元)\n2010-2011年(重计费用前)", "员额 1 659.3 1 718.6 7 7", "非员额 11 451.5 10 120.3 - -", "共计 13 110.8 11 838.9 7 7", "98 (英语). 经费为11 838 900美元,减少了1 271 900美元,用于续设7个员额(1个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-3和4个一般事务(其他职等))和将1个P-3员额改叙为P-4员额,以及整个行政部门的非员额经费。 非员额资源减少1 331 200美元,主要原因是使用更准确的估计数,减少了房地租金和维修费。", "C. 投资费用", "1. 联合国 概览", "99号. 投资管理司根据秘书长代表根据《联合国合办工作人员养恤基金条例》第19条的授权,协助秘书长管理基金的资产投资。 它负责这些资产的日常管理,执行已核准的投资战略,并确保投资组合符合已核准的资产分配、政策和基金条例和细则。 其任务是产生满足基金负债要求所需的投资组合收益总额,同时不超出基金的风险门槛。 该司确保业绩和组合风险分析报告准确并及时更新,并安排维持适当和准确的基金投资账户。 该司的主要科是:司长办公室、投资科、风险和合规科、业务科和信息系统科。", "一百个 投资管理司的资源总额在重计费用前为91 799 300美元,与2010-2011两年期订正批款相比净增10 601 800美元,即13.1%。 如表25所示,净增加额可概述如下:", "(a) 行政领导和管理:减少1 567 900美元是因为非员额费用减少,主要包括旅费(1 382 200美元)、咨询人费用(2 028 800美元)和其他工作人员费用(1 665 100美元),这是在相关方案下要求的,但因从风险和合规科调入1个P-4法律干事和从业务科调入1个一般事务(其他职等)员额和订约承办事务(3 000 000美元)而增加的员额(508 200美元)而抵消;", "(b) 工作方案:增加7 451 700美元,原因是将两个员额调到司长办公室(1 115 100美元)和非员额资源6 336 600美元抵消了6个新增员额的增加额,这些员额是订约承办事务(2 772 200美元);此外,工作方案项下已要求提供其他工作人员费用(1 416 200美元)、工作人员差旅费(1 271 200美元)和咨询人费用(877 000美元),这些都是以前提交的行政领导和管理项下要求的;", "(c) 方案支助:信息系统科净增加4 718 000美元(5 794 500美元),原因是增设一个员额(863 600美元)、订约承办事务增加(4 040 000美元)、其他人事费增加(779 300美元)和旅费增加(111 000美元),其中后两个是以前提交的行政领导和管理项下要求的,但因该司完成达格·哈马舍尔德广场一号第30层的翻修,房地租金和维修费减少1 076 500美元而部分抵消。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 资源分配估计数见表24,按构成部分开列的所需资源见表25。", "表24 按构成部分开列的资源分配百分比", "经常预算", "A类. 行政领导和管理 7.7", "B. 工作方案", "1. 投资 53.9", "2. 风险和遵约 2.9", "3. 业务 12.0", "工作方案小计", "C. 支助", "1. 信息系统科 19.1", "2. 行政支助. 4.4", "方案支助小计 第23.5条", "共计100.0", "表25 按构成部分开列的所需资源", "(单位:千美元)", "2010-2011年构成部分 重计费用前批款增长情况\n养恤基金", "A. 行政部门 8 654.2 (1 567.9 (18.1)) 7 086.3 52.33 - 7 138.6 7 138.6 指导和管理", "B. 工作方案", "1. 投资 51 568.3 (2 091.7) (4.1) 49 476.6 655.8 - 50 132.4 50 132.4", "2. 风险和1 931.6 680.1 35.2 2 611.7 (19.2) - 2 592.5 2 592.5 合规", "3. 业务 2 178.5 8 863.3 406.9 11 041.8 179.9 - 11 221.7 11 221.7", "B 55 678.4 小计 7 451.7 13.4 63 130.1 816.5 - 63 946.6 63 946.6", "C. 支助", "1. 资料 11 773 5 794.5 49.2 17 571.8 253.2 - 17 825.0 17 825.0", "2. 5 087.6 (1 076.5) (21.2) 4 011.1 16.9 - 4 028. 028. 028. 行政", "小计,C16864.9 4 718.0 28.0 21 582.9 270.1 - 21 853.0 21 853.0", "共计 81 197.5 10 601.8 13.1 91 799.3 1 138.9 - 92 938.2 92 938.2", "2. 联合国 行政领导和管理", "所需资源(重计费用前):7 086 300美元", "102. 国家 投资管理司司长阐述了投资管理司各科制定战略和优先事项的框架,以确保投资管理司执行任务,同时确保安全、业绩、责任和问责制方面尽可能好的条件,并确保充分遵守效率、才干和忠诚等最高标准。 司长通过旨在反映该司和整个基金的长期目标和优先事项的工作计划,促进基金资产的控制、高效和有效管理。 司长领导该司同基金审计委员会、联合国审计委员会和内部监督事务厅(监督厅)的合作。", "第103页。 司长办公室负责提供关键的法律、合同管理和请购服务以及行政支助,包括根据该司日益增长的需要作出战略性人力资源预测。 该办公室还为投资委员会提供服务并提供支助。", "104 (韩语). 目标是将司长办公室发展成为一个股,协助该司监测和协调其工作计划的及时执行。 随着基金在投资类型和工作人员及科室数量方面的增加,该办公室的范围和职责已经扩大并多样化。 因此,如果有充足的系统和人员编制,计划将加强和扩大该办公室的运作,办法是设立专门机构,明确处理法律和合同管理、请购、预算编制和发票处理、投资委员会和立法机构以及行政相关问题等任务和责任。", "表26. 妇女状况 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "预期成绩 绩效指标\n本组织目标: 确保全面执行法定任务并遵守基金的条例和细则,同时考虑到投资委员会的建议和秘书长代表在尊重基金工作方案与投资、工作人员和财政资源关系管理方面的决定。\n(1) 与秘书长代表协商,确定关于资产分配范围、货币持有量、市场加权、短期战略和战术分配的准则;投资机会;信息系统和业务基础设施(1.1)\n(2) 及时有效地规划和协调投资管理司的采购需要(2.1) 在6个月内完成招标的百分比\n(3) 就各类投资和合同提供广泛的法律咨询(3.1) 成功完成新的投资交易和执行合同\n(4) 为投资委员会和其他立法机构提供有效服务(4.1)\n(5) 及时征聘和安置工作人员(5.1)\n(5.2) 降低空缺率", "外部因素", "105. (中文(简体) ). 预计目标和成绩将始终如一地得到实现,前提是:(a) 所有利益攸关方支持投资管理司的努力并给予充分合作;(b) 执行大会和养恤金联委会所确定任务的资金没有重大短缺。 行政领导方案的完成取决于联合国有关部门和司的充分合作。", "产出", "106. (中文(简体) ). 2012-2013两年期将执行下列产出:", "(a) 定期更新和执行投资政策,确保按照投资委员会得到的指导,大力执行投资战略;", "(b) 中期采购计划,这是投资管理司与采购司有效并定期协调采购需要的结果,该计划编制出高质量的招标文件,使高质量的公司在大约10起采购活动中更快地进行招标和参与投标过程;", "(c) 与法律事务厅法律专家和法律顾问定期协调和接触,谈判和执行约160份合同;", "(d) 每年组织四次投资委员会会议。 向养恤金联委会、行政和预算问题咨询委员会、第五委员会和其他有关方面提供关于投资的准确报告;", "(e) 执行投资管理司工作人员差旅和培训计划。 空缺在180天内填补。", "表27 所需资源", "员额(千美元)\n2010-2011年(重计费用前)", "员额 1 941.6 2 449.8 7 9", "非员额 6 712.6 4 636.5 - -", "共计 8 654.2 7 086.3 7 9", "107 (韩语). 所列经费7 086 300美元,减少了1 567 900美元,用于续设7个员额(1个D-2、1个P-5、1个P-4、1个一般事务(特等)和3个一般事务(其他职等)),从风险和合规科(1个P-4)和业务科各调入2个员额(1个一般事务(其他职等)),以及整个司用于代表差旅和招待的非员额资源。 非员额资源减少的主要原因是,其他工作人员费用(1 665 100美元)、工作人员差旅费(1 382 200美元)和咨询人差旅费(2 028 800美元)的资源分配额被订约承办事务增加(3 000 000美元)所部分抵消。", "3个 工作方案", "投资科", "所需资源(重计费用前):49 476 600美元", "108. (中文(简体) ). 投资科负责为基金实现最佳投资回报,同时避免不当风险。 该科由七个组织实体组成,即北美股票、欧洲股票、亚太股票、全球新兴市场股票、固定收入、房地产和替代投资。 主要职能包括监测当前的投资组合,及时了解和跟踪金融市场的发展情况,以及作出和执行投资决定。 履行这些职能需要编写财务分析,出席各种会议并前往各国会见分析员和公司管理人员。 一个次要职能是协助编写提交所有理事机构的报告。", "第109页. 2012-2013年投资科的任务包括:(a) 实现按美国消费物价指数调整的基金投资年均实际收益率3.5%的长期目标;(b) 使基金投资持续超过政策基准;(c) 保持与目标投资收益相适应的风险水平;(d) 通过健全的多样化来减少货币风险和国家风险。", "表28 按区域开列的所需资源 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "预期成绩 绩效指标\n本组织目标: 长期目标是:(a) 在不造成不当风险的情况下,实现基金实际最佳回报;(b) 在尊重资产类型、货币和地域的情况下,分散投资组合(1) 按美国消费物价指数(1.1)调整,基金投资的长期实际年收益率为3.5%。 2008-2009年期间基金总回报率与基金目标相比,在2009年12月终了的10年期间,业绩低于目标1.7%,而基金在2008年和2009年初经历了全球金融危机。 2010-2011年估计:根据初步数字,基金在2010年12月终了的10年期间的实际收益率为3.5%。\n2012-2013年目标:超过长期目标,即实际年收益率为3.5%(2) 与政策基准挂钩的基金投资业绩一致,即股票为60%,固定收入为31%,不动产为6%,现金为3%(2.1) 5年期间政策基准的总收益:2008-2009年业绩计量:在2009年12月终了的5年期间,业绩超过基准0.9%\n2012-2013年目标:业绩超过政策基准(3) 通过合理多样化减少货币风险和国家风险(3.1) 2008-2009年业绩计量投资的货币数量:截至2009年12月投资27个证券\n2012-2013年目标:酌情按货币进一步细化基金资产的分配 (3.2) 2008-2009年投资的国家数目:截至2009年12月在41个以上国家,包括新兴市场、国际/区域机构和投资信托机构投资的国家数目\n2012-2013年目标:酌情进一步细化按国家分列的基金资产分配(4) 替代资产类别投资多样化(4.1) 2008-2009年业绩计量投资的替代资产类别战略数目:不适用 2010-2011年估计:替代投资高级投资干事于2010年6月加入基金。 2010年6月至2011年12月期间的目标是完成替代投资顾问的甄选,并向5至10名管理人员作出承诺。 2009年6月选定了实际资产顾问,2011年初将制定详细的实际资产战略。 该基金将在几个基金中作出承诺。\n2012-2013年目标: 到2013年底,基金预计将承付最多15至20个私募股本基金和对冲基金。 将采用美元加权收益和内部收益率计算法衡量长期私人股权业绩,而对冲基金组合则采用时间加权收益计算法衡量。 基金的基准将同基金的私人股权和对冲基金顾问讨论,并将在稍后阶段详细介绍(5) 加强工作人员处理投资和投资组合管理问题的能力(5.1)\n2012-2013年目标:每个工作人员至少出席1次研讨会", "外部因素", "110. 国家 预计目标和成绩将始终如一地得到实现,前提是:(a) 所有利益攸关方支持投资管理司的努力并给予充分合作;(b) 执行大会和养恤金联委会所订立任务的资金没有重大短缺;(c) 全球股票、全球固定收入、房地产和外汇等金融市场朝着长期假设的方向发展。", "产出", "111. 2012-2013两年期将执行下列产出:", "(a) 总收益正数超过基金的目标,即按美国消费物价指数调整的长期年化实际投资收益率为3.5%;", "(b) 基金收益总额超过政策基准,即股票为60%,固定收入为31%,房地产为6%,现金为3%;", "(c)) 维持货币和国家的多样化投资组合,以减少货币风险和国家风险;", "(d) 在市场条件有利于基金赚取收益溢价超过对公开上市股票投资所能赚取的收益时,成功实施适合基金目标的替代资产类别;", "(e) 协助 加强工作人员的专业精神和深入知识,他们将通过参加与投资和投资组合管理直接有关的会议和研讨会来帮助改善基金的业绩。", "表29 所需资源", "员额(千美元)\n2010-2011年(重计费用前)", "员额 7 698.4 8 974.3 27 31", "非员额 43 869.9 40 502.3 - -", "共计 51 568.3 49 476.6 27 31", "112号 49 476 600美元减少2 091 700美元,用于续设27个员额(1个D-1、7个P-5、6个P-4、4个P-3、4个一般事务(特等)和5个一般事务(其他职等)),并设立4个新员额(3个P-4和1个P-3)和非员额资源。 非员额资源减少的原因是订约承办事务(5 090 300美元)以及列入其他工作人员费用(197 500美元)、工作人员差旅费(1 025 200美元)和咨询人费用(500 000美元),这些经费以前是在行政领导和管理项下请拨的。", "风险和遵守情况", "所需资源(重计费用前):2 611 700美元", "113号. 风险和合规科是新成立的实体,负责查明、衡量和管理基金面临的所有风险。 此外,在遵守方面,它的任务是对基金的投资进行适当的监测和控制。 其职能包括两个次级职能:风险管理和合规。", "表30. 按部门开列的所需资源 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "本组织目标: 对基金面临的各种风险,即市场风险、业务风险、信用风险、法律风险和声誉风险,建立控制和监测机制。 该职能还负责在资产和管理人员一级制定风险预算,监测风险预算的遵守情况,并帮助投资职能部门根据既定的风险承受因素,实现风险调整后的收益最大化\n绩效指标(1) 有效监督基金投资业务所涉风险(1.1) 监测活动有效涵盖的所有投资交易\n2012-2013年目标:100% (2) 建立风险管理框架(2.1) 全面实施风险分析系统并培训所有组合管理者将风险分析纳入组合建设\n2012-2013年目标:100%(2.2)实施《风险管理手册》中概述的风险管理控制;实施的风险控制百分比 业绩计量 成功实施所有既定的风险准则和控制 监测控制,根据投资环境的变化进行趋势分析并修改准则和控制,因为2010-2011年发现新的风险:75%\n2012-2013年目标:99%(3) 遵守投资管理司既定政策和程序(3.1) 遵守政策和标准作业程序的投资交易百分比\n2012-2013年目标:95%(3.2) 保证工作人员在履行国际公务员职责和责任方面有更高的道德操守标准\n2012-2013年目标:100%(3.3) 成功协调和促进遵守审计建议\n2012-2013年目标:100%(4) 实施多管员和独立总账管理人(4.1) 独立总账管理人和多管员得到充分执行并投入运作,与风险管理、会计和贸易秩序管理等其他投资管理司系统相整合\n2012-2013年目标:100%", "外部因素", "114 (韩语). 风险和合规科预计能实现目标和预期成绩,前提是外部各方支持该科的努力并给予充分合作。 其他外部因素包括:", "(a) 股票市场更加起伏;", "(b) 货币市场波动较大,波动较大,需要具备广泛的定量分析能力,才能使用与指数挂钩的工具来抵消风险;", "(c) 主权国家的信贷风险增加;", "(d) 在各种地理学上同时在通货紧缩和(或)通货紧缩的环境中运作;", "(e) 更多的国际贸易壁垒;", "(f) 如果宏观经济趋势发生变化,基准的变化;", "(g) 基本货币(美元)贬值导致的风险资金突然不足,造成资金达到历史高位,同时由于双轨办法的使用增加和其他货币负债增加,资金可能资金不足;", "(h) 追查商品;", "(一) 高失业率在发展中经济体持续成为 \" 新常态 \" ;", "(j) 主权国家拖欠贷款。", "产出", "115. (中文(简体) ). 2012-2013两年期将执行下列产出:", "(a) 国家 维持政策和标准作业程序,即标准业务投资政策和程序、风险管理手册、合规政策和手册、道德守则和个人证券、馈赠和招待政策;", "(b) 国家 完成对基金投资业务的季度合规审查,以确保有效管理基金合规风险;", "(c)) (一) 管理确认书的核证、交易许可、个人证券报告、招待记录和强制性休假;", "(d) 国家 组织与遵守投资规定、道德守则有关的培训方案(共两个全司现场方案);", "(e) 为全面遵守联合国年度财务披露方案而进行协调;", "(f) 编写提交养恤金联委会审计委员会的定期报告(共8份);", "(g) 作为审计委员会和内部监督事务厅计划进行的内部和外部审计的协调中心,并负责道德操守办公室的询问。", "表31 国家 所需资源", "员额(千美元)\n2010-2011年(重计费用前)", "员额 1 931.6 1 919.7 6 7", "非员额——692.0 ——", "共计 1 931.6 2 611.7 6 7", "116 (英语). 所列经费2 611 700美元,增加了680 100美元,用于续设5个员额(1个D-1、2个P-4和2个一般事务(特等)),从业务科调入1个P-4员额和1个一般事务(其他职等)员额,并新设1个员额(1个P-4)。 非员额资源增加的主要原因是,列入其他工作人员费用(321 600美元)、工作人员差旅费(193 400美元)、咨询人(127 000美元)和订约承办事务(50 000美元)的资源。", "业务", "所需资源(重计费用前):11 041 800美元", "117号 投资管理司业务科负责后台投资业务、会计和调节以及养恤基金所有投资交易和相关活动的财务报告。 它还负责及时和准确地解决所有投资贸易和外汇交易,利用行业标准解决方案进行直通和例外处理。 此外,它确保所有投资活动,如交易、外汇交易、收入收收、到期日、收税和公司行动,都按照养恤基金为编制财务报表而采用的公共部门会计准则得到适当记录,并有适当的内部控制和审计线索。 此外,该科还负责编制每日现金预测,使投资科能够管理该司用于投资的所有货币的现金。 业务科还负责在基金首席财务干事的一般指导和指导下,在2012年1月1日开始的全基金财务报表中报告和反映养恤基金所有投资活动方面实施公共部门会计准则。 该科与贸易和外汇结算的保管人密切合作,调查有关交易失败的利息索赔、收入的收取、到期日、收税和公司行动。 它还同总账管理人密切合作,每日核对现金和持有情况,对基金投资进行公平的市场估值,并提供总分类账。 该科同信息系统科密切合作,协助执行更有效的程序,确保内部控制,同时加强该司的各种计算机化投资活动并尽量减少人工干预。", "表32 按区域开列的所需资源 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "本组织的目标: 确保基金投资的安全并提高其财务报告的透明度\n绩效指标(1) 自动后台交易结算和与有能力处理更多投资交易的调和程序(1.1) 在市场规定的结算时限内结算的适当授权投资交易的百分比增加 2008-2009年业绩计量:96.25% 2010-2011年估计:98% 2012年目标:99%\n2013年目标:99% (1.2) 减少解决职位/持有和现金差异所需的天数:2008-2009年业绩计量不适用 2010-2011年估计:实施和测试阶段 2012年目标:在3天内解决差异\n2013年目标:在2天内解决差异问题(2) 养恤金基金与理事机构协调成功实施公共部门会计准则(2.1) 及时向基金首席财务干事提交该司符合公共部门会计准则的财务报表(到来年3月15日) 2008-2009年业绩计量:2010年4月1日 2010-2011年估计:2011年3月15日 2012年目标:2012年3月15日\n2013年目标:2013年3月15日(2.2) 审计委员会对财务报表无保留审计意见 2008年业绩计量:2009年无保留审计意见:经修订的审计意见 2010-2011年估计:无保留审计意见 2012年目标:无保留审计意见\n2013年目标:无保留审计意见\n(3) 与新的双重监视器和独立机长记录员模式进行完全的功能操作(3.1) 所有操作系统在新监视器和主记录管理器提供者被选中时均能正常运行", "外部因素", "118. 业务科预计能以下列假设实现其目标:", "(a) 国家 内部关键任务系统(Charles River贸易订单管理系统、Murex MX.3、SWIFT和Omgeo)和独立总账管理人总分类账输入系统将及时提供全面的直通处理和例外处理及核对;Omgeo、独立总账管理人和总分类账会计系统的实施都取决于合同谈判的成功;", "(b) 国家 两个保管人和独立总账管理人在提供保管和总账保管服务方面表现令人满意。", "产出", "119. 2012-2013两年期将执行下列产出:", "(a) 国家 在结算日或价值日结算所有证券交易、房地产、替代资产和货币兑换交易;", "(b) 国家 自动核对证券/职位/持有和现金,包括收入(分配、利息和现金分配)、到期日以及日常例外的公司行动;", "(c) 成功测试或模拟2012年6月30日财务报表,外部审计员对《公共部门会计准则》遵守情况进行审查/评论;", "(d) 国家 在2013年3月15日前编制符合公共部门会计准则的财务报表和披露(仅投资部分);", "(e) 所有资产均被转移和核算,并向新的保管人重新登记;", "(f) 所有标准报告由新的总账管理人和保管人编写。", "表33 所需资源", "员额(千美元)\n2010-2011年(重计费用前)", "员额 2178.5 2 029.6 11 10", "非员额——9 012.2美元——", "共计 2 178.5 11 041.8 11 10", "120号. 所列经费11 041 800美元,增加了8 863 300美元,用于续设9个员额(1个P-5、1个P-3、2个一般事务(特等)和5个一般事务(其他职等)),调动2个一般事务(其他职等)员额,各1个调至主任办公室和风险和合规科,并新设1个员额(1个P-3)。 非员额资源增加的主要原因是订约承办事务(7 812 500美元)和以前在行政领导和管理项下请拨的资源,包括其他工作人员费用(897 100美元)、工作人员差旅费(52 600美元)和咨询人(250 000美元)。", " 4.四. 方案支助", "信息系统科", "所需资源(重计费用前):17 571 800美元", "121. (中文(简体) ). 信息系统科负责技术、数据管理、应用程序、政策、程序和项目管理,促进投资进程和可靠的投资数据。 该科将继续实施各种解决方案,以提高投资数据质量和便利性,精简投资流程并实现标准化,提供可行的技术强化安全政策,使业务连续性得以实现,并实行符合投资管理司投资准则的控制措施,以降低业务和业务风险。 更重要的是,该科将提供良好的投资数据,作为解决方案的一部分,为基金创造价值并促成明智的风险管理。", "表34 按区域开列的所需资源 两年期目标、预期成绩和绩效指标", "本组织目标: 提供信息技术解决方案和技术支持,为前向投资进程提供便利\n绩效指标(1) 执行投资管理司信息和通信技术战略,包括执行和整合促进投资活动的新系统和现有系统(1.1) 业绩计量 直达2008-2009年的交易百分比:2010-2011年不详:90%(贸易订单管理、环球银行间金融电信协会、控股银行)\n2012-2013年目标:95% (1.2) 投资流程的标准化和现代化得到支持\n2012-2013年目标:95% (1.3) 风险和合规管理使业绩计量成为可能:2008-2009年提供的风险和合规工具数目:没有2010-2011年: 2个\n2012-2013年目标:2(2) 投资管理司投资数据的质量、安全和可用性得到提高(2.1) 投资数据得到及时验证和核对\n2012-2013年目标:90%(2.2) 信息技术服务高可用率\n2012-2013年目标:不到1%", "外部因素", "122. (中文(简体) ). 本次级方案预计能实现目标和预期成绩,前提是:(a) 联合国秘书处代表投资管理司进行的采购和法律程序在预期时限内完成;(b) 利益有关者履行职责并给予充分合作,以实现该司信息和技术战略的目标,为该司的业务提供便利;(c) 信息管理系统处及时支助综合信息和通信技术基础设施。", "产出", "123. 国家 2012-2013两年期将执行下列产出:", "(a) 贸易订单管理(Charles River)、后台任务、对账、会计(Murex)和银行间短信系统(SWIFT)得到成功和充分的实施和支持;", "(b) 实施数据中心、外汇和固定收入投资执行系统;", "(c) 投资过程得到适当记录;", "(d) 对投资交易进行例外处理;", "(e) 为业务流程的标准化和精简提供便利;", "(f) 支持和便利合规监测和系统;", "(g) 实施自动数据输入和支持数据验证;", "(h) 支持数据核对;", "(一) 加强该司的信息和通信技术基础设施;", "(j) 执行和支持安全政策和灾后恢复;", "(k) 实现业务连续性。", "表35 所需资源", "员额(千美元)\n2010-2011年(重计费用前)", "员额 1 593.9 2 457.5 7 8", "非员额 10 183.4 15 114.3 - -", "共计 11 777.3 17 571.8 7 8", "124. (中文(简体) ). 所列经费17 571 800美元,增加了5 794 500美元,用于续设7个员额(1个P-5、3个P-4、2个P-3和1个一般事务(特等))并设立1个新员额(1个P-4)。 非员额资源增加的主要原因是订约承办事务所需经费增加(498 500美元),市场数据订约承办事务从投资科转到信息系统科(3 541 500美元),以及以前在行政领导和管理项下请拨的资源,包括其他工作人员费用(779 300美元)和工作人员差旅费(111 000美元)。", "行政支助", "所需资源(重计费用前):4 011 100美元", "表36 所需财政资源", "员额(千美元)\n2010-2011年(重计费用前)", "非员额 5 087.6 4 011.1 - -", "共计 5 087.6 4 011.1 -", "125. (中文(简体) ). 所需经费为4 011 100美元,减少了1 076 500美元,用于整个司的非员额资源。 经费减少的主要原因是,2010-2011年订正预算一次性要求翻修达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号的办公空间,导致房地租金和维修费(916 900美元)。", "D. 审计费用", "所需资源(重计费用前):2 748 200美元", "126. (中文(简体) ). 资源分配情况见表37。", "表37 所需资源", "员额(千美元)\n2010-2011年(重计费用前)", "外部审计 661.2 774.7 — —", "内部审计", "共计 2 645.0 2 748.2 - -", "127 (韩语). 2 748 200美元用于支付审计委员会要求的外部审计所需经费估计数(774 700美元)和内部监督事务厅要求的内部审计所需经费估计数(1 973 500美元)。", "1. 联合国 外部审计", "所需资源(重计费用前):774 700美元", "128. (英语). 编列经费774 700美元,用于支付与审计委员会有关的费用,并由审计委员会秘书处分摊给基金。", "2. 内部审计", "所需资源(重计费用前):1 973 500美元", "129. 国家 所列经费1 973 500美元用于续设5个一般临时人员职位(1个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3和1个一般事务(其他职等))、培训和非员额资源,包括咨询人、工作人员差旅、订约承办事务、通信、业务费用、用品和材料以及家具和设备。 费用减少的主要原因是,标准薪金表减少,其他非员额资源所需资源略有变动,因此需要一般临时人员。", "页:1 联委会费用", "所需资源(重计费用前):200 000美元", "表38 所需财政资源", "员额(千美元)\n2010-2011年(重计费用前)", "联委会费用", "130. (中文(简体) ). 大会第61/240号决议第四节授权联委会支出,包括联委会届会的行政费用、主席的差旅费和工作组的差旅费,列入基金预算,由行政费用支付。", "131. 国家 200 000美元用于支付联委会费用估计数,包括主席出席联委会第五十九届和第六十届会议以及行政和预算问题咨询委员会和第五委员会会议的旅费、首席执行官搜索小组成员的差旅费以及定于2012年7月和2013年7月举行的第五十九届和第六十届会议的行政费用(120 000美元)。", "四、结 论 紧急基金", "132. (中文(简体) ). 大会第62/241号决议第三节授权养恤基金补充2008-2009两年期对紧急基金的自愿捐款,数额不超过200 000美元。", "133. (中文(简体) ). 拟议养恤金联委会建议大会授权联委会为2012-2013两年期补充紧急基金捐款,数额不超过200 000美元。", " V. 关于至迟于2012年1月1日就实施国际公共部门会计准则采取临时措施的建议", "134. 审计委员会在2010年7月第五十七届会议上核准自2012年1月1日起实施公共部门会计准则。 根据要求,秘书处和投资管理司于2011年7月向联委会提交了一份关于新会计准则执行情况的报告。", "135. (中文(简体) ). 目前,基金根据《联合国财务条例和细则》提交报告。 委员会注意到,联合国计划于2014年实施公共部门会计准则,在这方面,审计委员会获悉,联合国正计划向2012年大会第六十七届会议提交对《财务条例和细则》的拟议修改。", "136. (中文(简体) ). 鉴于修订《联合国财务条例和细则》的时间表,并在养恤基金审计委员会的支持下,请联委会为养恤基金及时实施《国际公共部门会计准则》的目的,建议大会在2011年第六十六届会议上核准关于养恤基金财务报告的下列过渡措施:", "“作为一项过渡性措施,审计委员会授权基金在会计程序和财务报告中继续比照适用《联合国财务条例和细则》,使基金能够遵守公共部门会计准则。 联委会特此建议,根据《联合国合办工作人员养恤基金条例》第19(b)条,秘书长以符合《公共部门会计准则》的方式,保持与养恤基金有关的所有投资和其他交易的详细账目。 “", "137号. 联委会获悉,在核准过渡措施后,养恤基金全面实施《公共部门会计准则》将履行联委会关于在2012年采用《公共部门会计准则》的决定,但须随后正式确定养恤基金财务条例和细则。 基金2012年财务报表将根据《公共部门会计准则》列报和审计,该准则将提供监管框架。", "138. 经讨论后,联委会核可了关于基金财务报告的过渡措施,并建议2011年大会第六十六届会议核准这一措施。", "六、结 论 有待大会采取的行动", "139. (中文(简体) ). 养恤金联委会向大会提出以下建议:", "(a) 国家 核准减少2010-2011年批款21 772 800美元。 2010-2011两年期订正批款将达154 545 700美元,分为行政费用(80 478 500美元)、投资费用(71 289 000美元)、审计费用(2 532 900美元)和联委会费用(245 300美元)。 其中133 037 000美元由基金分摊,21 508 700美元由费用分摊安排直接由联合国支付;", "(b) 国家 核准2010-2011两年期预算外资源订正估计数为144 300美元;", "(c)) 核准养恤基金2012-2013两年期估计数194 164 000美元,包括行政费用(98 407 600美元)、投资费用(92 938 200美元)、审计费用(2 613 800美元)和养恤金联委会费用(204 400美元)。 根据费用分摊安排,其中173 260 600美元将分摊给基金,20 903 400美元将分摊给联合国;", "(d) 国家 2012-2013两年期预算外费用核定资源为156 800美元,由若干成员组织提供;", "(e) 协助 核准不超过200 000美元的数额来补充对紧急基金的捐款;", "(f) 在2012年1月1日前核准关于实施公共部门会计准则的临时和过渡财务措施。", "页:1 为执行审计委员会及行政和预算问题咨询委员会的要求和建议而采取的后续行动摘要", "表39. 按区域开列的所需资源", "A. 行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "(A/65/567)", "要求/建议 为执行要求/建议采取的行动\n(a) 咨询委员会同意审计委员会关于修订风险管理政策并让该司继续执行其新制订的风险管理手册的建议(第24段)。 7) 大部分控制已经实施,目前正在努力实施那些尚未实施控制的国家。 《风险管理手册》是一份生活文件,每季度更新。 执行工作正在进行,目标是执行所有控制措施。 《风险管理手册》中规定的一些控制措施是人工的,有待资源分配;其他控制措施是自动化的,有待基础设施现代化。 随着这些里程碑的到来,将实施这些控制。\n(b) 咨询委员会同意审计委员会的建议。 行预咨委会感到关切的是,养恤基金收到了无保留的审计意见,其中有一个强调事项,涉及养恤基金在2009年12月31日终了两年期财务报表项下投资已实现和未实现的损失。 咨询委员会敦促养恤基金执行联委会的建议(第5段)。 9) 投资管理司于2011年3月11日向养恤基金秘书处提交的2010年财务报表说明中已经做了这项工作。 该司将就这些披露事项与公共部门会计准则顾问进一步协商。\n(c) 咨询委员会再次建议审计委员会继续开拓在发展中国家和经济转型国家进行投资的机会(第10段) 基金正在不断研究机会,投资管理司的司长和工作人员最近前往非洲和中东,以扩大我们在非洲投资中得奖的投资组合。 司长将同世界银行和国际货币基金会晤,定期审查新兴和边境市场的额外机会。\n(d) 咨询委员会同意审计委员会的意见,即养恤基金应及时最后确定并核准其公共部门会计准则实施计划。 委员会希望尽快聘用新的首席财务干事,在此期间,将着手为公共部门会计准则做准备,以确保在2012年1月1日实施。 此外,委员会鼓励审计委员会密切监测养恤基金实施公共部门会计准则的进展情况并重申其建议,即联委会应每年向大会报告进展情况(见A/65/498,第19段)。 (第19段) 13) 养恤基金已完成其公共部门会计准则实施计划和时间表,提交审计委员会,并提交2011年7月养恤金联委会第五十八届会议。 正在征聘新的首席财务干事。\n(e) 咨询委员会强调,应利用现有资源提供足够的支助,以确保及时、妥善地实施公共部门会计准则(第16段)。 (15个) 养恤金联委会2010年7月第57次会议和2010年12月大会分别核准了实施公共部门会计准则所需现有资源的重新分配。 2012-2013年请求追加资源。\n(f) 咨询委员会同意养恤金理事会的要求,即医务顾问应研究是否可能根据《基金条例》第41条,为参加基金制定体检标准(第5段)。 (第18段) 根据要求,医务顾问将在2012年7月的届会上就此事向联委会提交一份说明。\n条例(第18段)。\n(g) 咨询委员会同意审计委员会的意见,认为需要透明地披露联合国大学捐赠基金的投资情况,并注意到养恤金理事会已同意今后将予以披露(第20段)。 投资管理司于2011年3月11日向养恤基金秘书处提交的2010年财务报表说明中就已经这样做了。 该司将就这些披露事项与公共部门会计准则顾问进一步协商。", "B. 审计委员会", "(A/65/9,附件十)", "要求/建议 为执行要求/建议采取的行动", "委员会的主要建议是:", "(a) 养恤基金已最后确定并核准其公共部门会计准则实施计划;实施计划和时间表,以确定并向审计委员会提交其他计划。 公共部门会计准则指导委员会的一个利益攸关方一直是实施项目;由公共部门会计准则组成的指导委员会的设立详细介绍了财务条例和细则及投资管理司和《规则》利益攸关方需要修订的内容。 目前(第27段);基金遵循《联合国财务条例和细则》,以待采用公共部门会计准则。 投资管理司正在等待其公共部门会计准则顾问建议细则104.12、104.13、104.14、104.15和104.16的措辞,以确保遵守公共部门会计准则。 这将在2011年6月提交审计委员会,并在2011年7月提交养恤金联委会第五十八届会议。", "(b) 国家 养恤基金筹集了成员组织所欠的应收款项和应计算的数额的收入。 一旦审查,基金(第30段)将予以印发。", "(c) 养恤基金已草拟关于行政债务和应计事项的上期结算未清债务指示,因为这些指示是劳森账户的组成部分。 已支付款项,并解决了执行办公室的薄弱环节,产生了一项控制措施,导致财务科对项目进行审查的第三稿和应计协议。 已经支付(第33段); 根据这些指示,2006年1月1日至2009年12月31日期间的行政账户将作调整,以得出2010年1月1日结转的正确余额。 账户将使用这些指示于2010年12月31日关闭。", "(d) 国家 基金实施了经改进的长期控制政策和程序,以确保未清应收账款得到收回。 目前及时收集工作,并作出努力。 (一) 关于无法收回的长期未付款项的会计处理的政策(第43段);", "(e) 协助 基金考虑为超过两年的可疑债务的所有应收款备抵提取备抵,作为其财务记录,以反映基金2010年财务报表中可收回的数额。 此外,报告日期(第44段);2010年开始注销无法收回的应收款。", "(f) 基金重新估值商定的所有结余。 以外币计价的年终汇率将用来以外汇银行账户结余时通行的业务汇率折算为美元报告日(第48段);2010年财务报表。", "(g) 基金采取紧急步骤进行中。 投资管理部门继续征收大量国外税款(第51段);努力防止征收税款并收回其投资收入在各法域的预扣税款。 特别是,2010年1月,该司的代表在北京会见了中国国家税务管理局的代表,讨论正式承认和落实该基金在该国的免税地位的问题。 该司的代表还开始同巴西政府代表进行讨论,导致巴西税务局于2010年4月正式承认该基金在该国的免税地位。 此外,税务司最近发出了全球税务咨询服务征求建议书。 全球税务顾问将协助该司在世界各地开展退税工作。", "(h) 基金记录应收帐款。 已考虑到这一情况,联合国的相关收入已作为联合国偿还结账程序的一部分予以纠正。 正确会计期间的行政开支(第54段);", "(一) 在一段时间内,基金继续利用基金间结余与联合国调节,以确保与联合国的差额。 联合部队已完全调和(第57段);联合国也使用了这一余额。 基金现在在与联合国对账时恢复使用实际支出。", "(j) 基金上传正确的持续程序。 已查明账户中的应计数额有错误。 2010年将对劳森系统进行适当的应付款模块,以纠正系统并调整这些余额的账目。 注意到差异(第63段);", "(k) 与《公约》有关的问题 财务科每月在等待支助应付账款单元的Cognos“立方体”和劳森数据之间进行核对,以便生成总分类账(第64段);新报告。", "(l) 基金再分配借项 这是一个持续的进程。 应于2010年开始努力争取应付账款余额,并将继续应收账款,并在整个2011年完成这些数据清理工作。 确保列入应付账款的所有款项均为有效应付款项(第67段);", "(m) 财务科是分析待Cognos“立方体”支助应付养恤金的工具(第70段);劳森数据,用于编制新报告。", "(n) 国家 基金适用第46条是一项持续的工作,是《基金数据清理部分条例和细则》,通过调整2011年底完成的应付养恤金。 (一) 所有应予没收的款项(第75段);", "(o) 基金遵守向审计委员会报告的《财务条例和细则》(见财务文件A/65/9的提交日期),由于联合国进行了对账(第79段),基金无法按照3月31日完成的《财务条例和细则》的规定进行报表;基金各组织成员付款的程序。 投资管理司于2011年3月11日向基金秘书处提交了其部分财务报表。 今后,该司将确保在下一年3月15日之前向秘书处提交财务报表。", "(p) 基金制定和执行 脚注将继续是会计政策,作为《公共部门会计准则》明确基础的一部分,加强了如何实施交易。 这一过程将作为养恤基金2010年财务报表和2011年财务报表的会计记录的一部分继续入账,并全面确保2012年所有会计都采用公共部门会计准则。 政策在财务报表中得到明确界定和披露(第84段);", "(q) 财务和预算司 基金汇编 基金报告撰写人将财务报表项目中所有细列项目的核对或工作文件总分类账账户合并为一行,以便编制财务报表,使所有支持附表的财务报表编号可以追溯到来源文件。 与入帐簿一致的计算或调整(第89段);", "(r) 已执行的投资管理。 管理司在2011年3月11日向基金秘书处管理层提交的管理司投资报表(具体在92下的资金项下)中为2010年财务披露提供了完整的附注。 该司将就这些披露与公共部门会计准则咨询人进一步协商。", "(s) 投资管理司将重新考虑其形式,全面披露。 它将根据审计建议,向为当事方制定的第三项安排(第93段)充分披露1990年代联合国大学捐赠基金的独立管理服务。 这些安排包括一个单独的保管账户和一个独立的外部基金管理人。 基金从未与养恤基金相混合。", "(t) 投资管理正在进行。 该司大多数部门继续实施其控制措施,并已实施新制定的风险管理,并正在根据《手册》(第111段)开展工作;其余部分将如何实施。 《风险管理手册》是一份活的文件,每季度更新。 正在执行,目标是实施所有控制措施。 《风险管理手册》中规定的一些控制措施是人工的,等待资源分配;其他控制措施是自动化的,等待基础设施现代化。 随着这些里程碑的到来,将实施这些控制。", "(u) 投资管理司逐一审查了灾难性事件审查,以确定2008年的经验教训,并注意到2008-2009年投资损失过度松散造成的所有已实现风险方面的经验教训、为目前长期未实现的货币政策。 损失情况(第112段);该司每周和每季度对25%以上的未实现损益进行正式合规和投资审查。", "(五) 已执行的投资管理。 投资管理司在2010年财务说明和披露财务管理司投资于2011年3月11日向报表提交的报表时提供了明确的附注。 投资管理司将就披露所有未实现收益的披露,与公共部门会计准则咨询人协商进一步出售投资。 资产负债表日期的损失(第113段);", "(w) 已执行投资管理。 由于2009年10月聘用了一名该司的合规干事,投资管理司的建议公开或正在处理之中,因为监督厅的调查结果取得的重要进展反映了合规方案。 新政策存在重大缺陷,包括投资合规(第117段);个人交易、馈赠和招待以及强制性休假;其他政策有待审查和接受。 该司的风险和合规科利用其风险和合规手册和各种自动化系统,不断监测基金的投资情况,以确保充分监督和执行该司的政策和标准。 监督厅的多项建议已得到处理并结案。 已制定正式程序来监测和及时处理监督厅的建议。 已举办了该司工作人员培训班,包括与道德操守办公室的培训班。 风险和合规科已经确定,目前没有故意或一再违反该司的政策或程序,可能给养恤基金或其声誉、参与人或受益人造成财务损害。", "(十) 国家 2009年,基金将2009年主要精算估值的披露列为财务报表假设和变动的一部分。 此外,关于养恤基金首次在财务报表的离职后健康保险附注中记录服务终了负债和服务终了负债的估值(第124段);财务报表正文部分。", "(y) 基金制定暂停供资办法。 任何供资计划都将要求联合国为负债提供资金,供三分之一的具体要素审议。 (b) 在联合国秘书处提出这一计划之前,本建议暂不执行。", "(z) 与《公约》有关的问题 养恤基金继续执行其与联合国年假负债工作队和公共部门会计准则工作队讨论以下问题的政策:实施公共部门会计准则(第139段);当前负债或精算估值。", "(aa) 基金执行100%盘存检查的措施,以确保每12个月进行一次实物盘存。 进行盘点,并于2011年开始,这些与资产登记册核对的检查将按公共部门会计准则定期进行,并将在每年四分之一的时间及时进行(第144段);2012年实施。 此外,今后将保留这类检查的签名证明。", "(bb) 基金每月从财产管理、管理和库存管制股的报告中获取盘存报告。 联合国和基金股要求利用ProcurePlus系统,通过日期为2010年9月30日的更新所有资产的备忘录,获得中央支助事务厅对ProcurePlus系统的全面行政访问权,后续获得库存报告(2010年10月15日,第145段);等待答复。", "(cc) 基金秘书处制定 养恤基金起草了人力资源计划(第149段),并提交给了养恤基金;联委会2010年7月第五十七届会议。", "(dd) 基金秘书处考虑基金的培训和发展方法,以加强继任平台,其中包括电子学习、不断开发的规划和保留退休工作人员(同153个方案管理员协商后更新后更新后)。 利用退休工作人员的专门知识协助这一进程。 另见2010年4月15日首席执行干事给审计委员会的备忘录第8段。", "(ee) 基金处理以下问题:(a) 基金遵守监督厅的年度建议,因为工作人员规定的请假政策反映了重要的条例5.1,“工作人员应允许适当的年度管理(第158段);请假)”,以及《工作人员细则》第105条。 基金管理将鼓励承担财务责任的职位工作人员每年不间断地休两周年假。 投资管理司工作人员必须这样做。", "(b) 国家 执行办公室人工编制员额配置表,每月与综合管理信息系统(综管系统)核对。", "(c) 开发了一个跟踪系统来监测工作人员的征聘情况,并将用于为征聘过程的每个阶段制定基准。 除非基金有足够的数据来计算自己的基准,否则将采用联合国120天的基准。 鼓励征聘管理人员认真审查申请人,以实现两性平等。", "(d) 综管系统中的职能包必须由主管为工作人员提出,然后由执行办公室审查并相应批准。 未经首席执行干事核准,不得向执行办公室以外的工作人员提供综管系统的人力资源职能。", "(e) 超过退休年龄的工作人员目前在新的合同框架内属于“临时”类别。 2009年1月公布的一般程序为临时工作人员的工作计划和随后的评价提供了附件,将由主管和管理人员完成。", "(f) 主管与各部主管和工作人员协商,明确确定并记录每个工作人员电子考绩制度的培训需要。 各部门将监测或继续监测执行情况。", "(g) 将继续监测遵守情况,向各部主管提供统计和个人反馈,并注重及时完成电子考绩制度。", "(ff) 基金秘书处 在当前条件下,每月对账的缴款调节不可行。 然而,一项试点计划刚刚开始对未核对的项目采取后续行动,以便测试一个及时进行核对的系统(第162段);", "(gg) 基金秘书处为核查2009财政年度情况的建立系统开展了一个试点,扩大了2010年信息的准确性,取得了积极成果。 成员在年终年终文件之前自动转出和编辑各组织的核对,将增加结账时间,并确保进行报告的准确性和减少调节,以及基金人工工作量。 在财务报表定稿前核实(第167段);", "(hh) 基金秘书处上传:(a) 有系统地上传后续证据是标准做法,并在内容管理系统的适当档案中扫描给受益人,因为管理系统、基金应享权利表格正式公文证书上的所有签名都与参与人和原始签名和受益人不同。 这包括遵守向2001-68年发出的一般性后续信函的程序,其中要求所有信件必须澄清签名不一致之处。 如果某一文件缺少受益人的签名,则该文件将上传到内容管理器的例外情况上,因为疏忽。 系统(第174段);", "(b) 国家 如上所述,把与基金受益人和参与人档案有关的所有文件上载到内容管理系统是标准程序。 遗漏是疏忽的结果,是例外。", "(二) 基金秘书处改进了基金对以前积压的转移案件的总体处理时间,转移案件要遵守,部分是由于基金目标(第180段)所经历的六个月的处理拖延造成的(第180段);精算顾问,部分是由于某些案件在完成转移之前必须澄清的政策问题。 今天,很少有案件长期未决,没有一件案件超过50天。 因此,在所有案件中都达到了这些案件的处理基准。", "(jj) 基金秘书处 经常(第184段);", "(kk) 基金秘书处开发 信息并核准用户管理系统处账户管理综合程序,以便采用“访问、系统并确保适当的用户账户数据特权”政策,解决管理问题并落实账户管理程序。 监测有效性的程序,基于作用的团体是定期在系统中引入的用户账户和访问(第188段);在主管要求时通过这些作用加以界定。 通过使用“主动目录政策”和“单一签名”脚本,在这些系统内实施了密码重设和安全参数设定。 由于养恤金管理系统内部的局限性,在这些老化系统中实行“定期记录和审查系统活动”被认为是不可行的,因此,这些职能是作为即将被养恤金综合管理系统所取代的一项要求提出的。", "(ll) 基金秘书处审查建议结束。 要求更改和要求信息管理系统采用服务程序的要求已审查了审计委员会要求更改和改进服务程序所指出的需要改变和改进的领域(第193段);更新了要求更改的工具,以包括一个字段,说明是否需要文件以及执行所需的测试和核准。", "(mm) 基金秘书处监测建议关闭。 遵守变更控制信息管理系统程序和维持适当的服务处已执行变更控制管理政策并编制文件(第195段);建立审批和跟踪的全面自动化系统。 进程已经到位。 该处和主管目前每天监测变化控制程序的遵守情况,并强制执行在实施之前记录任何和所有变化的政策。", "(nn) 基金秘书处建议关闭。 尽管信息技术部门拒绝设立“质量保证技术质量保证职位”,但信息部门负责确保能够建立一定程度的管理系统服务,并精简维持这一职位的要求,通过撰写防止使用数据库零用量隔离政策来执行控制职能。 在管理员的用户名和增加部分,由程序分析员适当执行密码,该处的分工(第202段);通过修改请求程序记录每一步骤(例如分析员、开发员、迁移),确认和监测政策,这需要两个个人进行审查:第一核准干事和第二核准干事。 已作出修改,数据库管理员的用户名和密码只能提供给数据库管理员。", "(oo) 基金秘书处审查建议结束。 尽管拒绝“程序分析员职位的质量保证权”的准入是适当的,但特别侧重于进入管理系统服务的信息具有生产环境,并简化了这套程序的要求,以便通过写出这种获得责任分离政策的机会来管理实例。 需要维持职责分工(第204段);确保把与分析/开发和向生产转移有关的任务分配给两人。 此外,还制定了一项系统修改计划来管理和监测这一进程。", "(pp) 基金秘书处确保建议关闭。 尽管存在着适当拒绝“在职位上的责任的质量保证隔离”的情况,但经过测试的管理系统处的迁移过程已经并批准从简化这一发展环境的要求到职能的改变,办法是写出一个测试环境,以及从检验的零星隔离政策。 环境与生产之间的分工得到维持,环境(第206段)。 确保与发展、测试和向生产转移有关的任务分配给不同的个人。 此外,还制定了系统修改计划来管理和监测这一进程。", "页:1", "联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会关于2010-2011两年期订正预算估计数和2012-2013两年期预算估计数的讨论", "基金的行政事项", "(a) 2010-2011两年期订正预算估计数", "1. 联合国 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金秘书处请求将2010-2011两年期预算估计数减少21 772 800美元,而订正批款为176 318 500美元。 因此,2010-2011两年期最后订正批款为154 545 700美元,其中21 508 700美元由联合国根据费用分摊安排支付。", "(b) 2012-2013两年期预算估计数", "2. 联合国 2012-2013两年期拟议预算估计数为核定支出215 999 100美元(重计费用前)编列了经费,而2010-2011两年期的支出总额为176 318 500美元。 提交的预算包括行政费用101 768 500美元、投资费用111 282 400美元、审计费用2 748 200美元和联委会费用200 000美元。 此外,估计数为离职后健康保险编列了152 900美元的一个预算外员额,为紧急基金编列了不超过200 000美元的经费。", "行政费用", "3个 行政费用项下的拟议预算重计费用前共计101 768 500美元,与2010-2011两年期批款相比,资源增长10.2%;与2010-2011两年期订正预算估计数相比,资源增长26.5%。", " 4.四. 关于行政费用,秘书处强调,虽然养恤金综合管理系统项目的总估计费用保持不变,但由于执行战略的改变,原时间表有所改变。 这导致2010-2011两年期项目支出低于预算,2012-2013两年期要求获得这些资金。 此外,根据秘书处的中期人力资源战略计划,提议增设16个常设员额和3个改叙员额,具体如下:", "新员额", "类别/职等 职衔\n1个D-1技术评价和风险管理主任\n1个P-5 记录客户事务处处长 管理和分发\n1个P-3 记录管理和分发\n2名一般事务人员(其他职等)福利助理\n1名P-4会计,公共部门会计准则专家\n1名一般事务人员(特等)高级会计助理\n1个P-4会计\n1个P-5 警卫\n1个P-5 企业建筑主任\n1名一般事务人员(其他职等)法律助理\n1个P-4财务和预算干事\n1个P-3人力资源/培训干事\n1名一般事务人员(特等)人力资源助理\n1名一般事务人员(其他职等)旅行助理\n1名一般事务人员(特等)高级设施管理助理", "改叙", "类别/职等\n1个P-4改叙为P-5,付款股股长\n1个P-4改叙为P-5出纳员\n1个P-5改叙为D-1 法律干事", "投资费用", "5 (韩语). 投资费用项下的拟议预算重计费用前共计111 282 400美元,与2010-2011两年期批款(81 197 500美元)相比,资源增长37.1%;与2010-2011两年期订正预算估计数(71 289 000美元)相比,增长56.1%。", "6. 国家 在投资费用项下,秘书长代表要求的资源包括如下所示的20个新增员额,以及用于执行领导基金投资组合管理领域的订约承办事务、小额资本增加、总账管理人和信息技术项目的额外资源。", "新员额", "类别/职等 职衔\n1个P-5高级法律干事\n1名P-4投资委员会秘书\n1个P-5高级投资干事——外部管理\n1名P-4投资干事——固定收入和外币\n1名P-4投资干事——另类投资\n1名P-4投资干事——全球新兴市场\n1名P-4投资干事——贸易执行干事\n1名P-3投资干事——北美股票\n1名P-3投资干事/分析员——房地产\n1名一般事务人员(其他职等)贸易执行助理\n1个P-4 克尽职守和数量 战略风险管理人\n1个P-3合规分析员和业务风险管理员\n1名一般事务人员(其他职等),司长风险和合规助理\n1个P-4 会计和报告\n1个P-3财务干事,对账\n1个D-1信息技术主任\n1个P-4 数据管理 主席团成员\n1个P-3信息安全干事\n1名P-3和解事务管理员\n1名一般事务人员(其他职等)行政助理", "审计费用", "7. 联合国 基金要求总共提供2 748 200美元,用于外部(774 700美元)和内部(1 973 500美元)审计费用,净增加103 200美元,其中113 500美元属于外聘审计员。", "养恤金联委会费用", "8. 联合国 共请拨200 000美元,用于支付联委会两届会议的费用和任命下一任首席执行干事的主席和搜寻委员会的旅费。", "预算外供资", "9. 国家 请求为1个一般事务(其他职等)员额提供数额为152 900美元的预算外资源,该员额将由参加离职后健康保险计划的成员组织供资。", "紧急基金", "10个 请求提供不超过200 000美元的数额来补充紧急基金。", "预算工作组", "11个 预算工作组提出并经委员会核可的意见和建议如下:", "12个 根据联委会第五十七届会议的决定,预算工作组于2011年7月6日开始工作。", "13个 经理事会同意,工作组的最初组成有所改变,更换了行政首长小组的一名代表和参与人小组的一名代表。 工作组的最后组成如下:", "J. Forrest女士(国际电信联盟),代表理事机构", "G. Kuentzle先生(联合国),代表理事机构", "Y. Mortlock女士*(国际移徙组织),代表行政首长", "S. Van Buerle女士(联合国),代表行政首长(当选主席)", "H. Baritt先生*(世界卫生组织),代表与会者", "C. Santos-Tejada先生(联合国),与会者代表", "A. Castellanos del Corral先生(退职国际公务员协会联合会),代表养恤金领取人", "T. Teshome先生(退职国际公务员协会联合会),代表养恤金领取人", "* 新成员。", "14个 工作组收到了与以下方面有关的文件:养恤基金执行国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)的情况、2010-2011两年期订正预算估计数、养恤基金2012-2013年期间战略框架和2012-2013两年期概算。 工作组得益于与秘书处和投资管理司成员的宝贵互动。", "2010-2011两年期执行情况报告", "15个 如其第五十五届会议报告(A/63/9)第195段和第五十七届会议报告(A/65/9)第137段所述,联委会决定养恤基金秘书处应每年在方案预算执行情况报告中向联委会提供核定预算与实际支出之间的预算差异的详细分析。 工作组注意到已经提供了一些资料,但认为今后执行情况报告应更详细地分门别类地列出主要支出用途的差异。 还有人指出,《国际公共部门会计准则》要求对预算与实际支出之间的差异作出解释,这将改进审计委员会对今后预算报告的审议。 此外,如果项目或倡议的方法、执行战略等的变化对工作方案、因而对这一期间的支出水平有重大影响,则应对此作出更充分的解释。 特别值得注意的是,两年期预计支出节余中的一些事实上是将所需经费重新安排到下一个预算期间,这种情况应反映在新提交的文件中,以便利审查这些请求,特别是在养恤金综合管理系统项目方面。", "16号. 在这方面,工作组认为,作为原则事项,为某一个两年期编列的资源应用于该两年期核定用途。 工作组还注意到投资管理司“订约承办事务”经常出现支出节余。 它表示赞赏该司努力以有成本意识的方式采取行动,并鼓励继续采取这种行动,使概算与实际执行情况更加一致。", "2012-2013年期间战略框架", "17岁 工作组确认继续努力改进注重成果的列报方式,特别是通过重点更突出的目标、预期成绩和绩效指标。 它建议基金使其后勤框架的制定符合SMART原则——具体、可衡量、可实现、现实和有时限——使联委会能够有效评价基金在实现预期成果方面的业绩。 工作组注意到,战略框架需要根据对2012-2013两年期预算所要作出的决定来修改。", "18岁。 此外,工作组指出,根据联合国既定预算程序,战略框架本应在非预算年度提交联委会,以使其能够就下一个财政期间预算所依据的优先事项和工作方案向基金提供相关指导。 由于这是自理事会决定要求提交战略框架以来提供该框架的第一年,会议确认,自2012年向理事会第五十九届会议提交2014-2015年期间战略框架起,将遵循既定周期。", "2012-2013两年期预算估计数", " 19. 19. 工作组在审查拟议预算及其各组成集团所关切的问题时遵循的指导原则是,在完成基金的任务时,必须确保效率、效力和成本意识达到最高水平,并特别注重增加回报、减少风险和(或)向这些组成集团提供更好的服务的举措。 总体而言,工作组审查了请求增加资源的理由。 在一些情况下,该小组认识到,公共部门会计准则、养恤金综合管理系统和其他举措的影响和影响尚未完全为人所知。 此外,工作组认为,在尚未征聘的首席财务干事能够表达自己对此事的看法之前,寻求额外资源来锁定人员配置结构为时过早。 工作组还认为,通过进一步整合纽约和日内瓦的业务,可以进一步发挥协同作用。 首席执行干事向专家组报告说,正在审查外包的机会。 工作组建议更密切地审查离岸外包和外包的备选办法,特别是鉴于目前租约即将到期,以便提高行政费用的效率。", "20号. 此外,工作组充分意识到参加组织和会员国面临的财政状况,特别是需要提高效率和有效开展工作的方式。 就养恤基金而言,工作组注意到这些提案的扩展性质和对养恤金综合管理系统未来预期效益的严重依赖(该项目仍在进行中),需要进一步解释基金已经或现在可以采取什么行动来改进其工作,提高效率并节省费用,包括改变人员配置结构。", "21岁 预算工作组认识到参加人数持续增加,在过去十年中增加了4.2%。 在同一期间,管理参与人的复杂性大大增加,这主要是由于基金养恤金调整制度的规定数量增加。", "22号. 在过去几年中,基金的预算也出现了前所未有的增长。 2012-2013年拟议预算为2.16亿美元,比2010-2011年预算增加23%,2010-2011年预算定为1.763亿美元,比2008-2009年预算1.282亿美元增加68%。", "23. 联合国 为了对总体行政预算进行更有意义的评价,工作组审查了“每个参加者”的费用(费用总额除以参加者人数)。 包括通货膨胀调整数在内的计算表明,过去十年来管理一名参与人的费用平均为每年197美元。 然而,拟议预算为2.16亿美元,相当于每个参与者248美元,增加了26%。", "按通货膨胀调整的每名参加者的费用", "(单位:美元)", "[]", "24 (韩语). 首席执行干事向工作组确认,行政当局使用了若干关键业绩指标来跟踪基金的成效和效率。 工作组将建议基金努力将今后的拟议预算同这些指标联系起来。", "预算列报和方法", "25岁 工作组赞赏地注意到,理事会第五十七届会议就今后在理事会届会前90天向理事会成员提交拟议预算的决定得到充分尊重。 这有助于预算工作组尽早进行审查。 有人指出,已设法使划界案的列报方式尽可能与联合国采用的方法保持一致。", "26. 联合国 然而,工作组一般认为,基金需要修订其预算文件的列报方式,更明确和简洁地说明变动的理由,以方便联委会的决策。 对文件进行质量审查还将有助于消除不一致之处,并确保以综合方式提出贯穿各领域的倡议,酌情使用表格/图表,以方便人们了解这些倡议。 此外,如联委会先前所建议,基金应继续确保与联合国的预算列报更加一致,特别是区分增长和因计算成本参数变化而发生的变化,即货币、通货膨胀或标准薪金费用。", "27个 工作组关切地注意到,在整合和合并某些职能和服务方面进展甚微或根本没有进展,这有利于继续采取各自为政的行动方法;同样,还不清楚为执行有关后台任务的费用节省举措做了哪些工作。 执行局不妨考虑请首席执行干事和秘书长代表共同研究各种备选办法,以提交执行局今后的届会。", "信息技术", "28岁 工作组注意到,基金已在信息系统科和信息管理系统处项下争取约6 600万美元用于与信息技术有关的活动。 虽然这种资源水平最终可能证明是适当的,但鉴于向联委会提出的提议日益复杂,现在应该编制并向联委会第五十九届会议提交一份与预算有关的简明、全面和综合的信息技术战略,并纳入基金有关业务领域独立信息技术专家的论证。", "29. 国家 在这方面,工作组注意到基金严重依赖国际电子计算中心。 值得注意的是,在提到中心的预算时,工作组了解到养恤基金是中心服务的第二大用户,仅次于外勤支助部。 工作组获悉,由于该中心的性质,没有对其服务进行竞标,这引起了人们的关切,即这是在不损害数据安全或保密的情况下满足基金需要的最符合成本效益和最经济的手段。 与此同时,在与基金代表的访谈中注意到,基金通过中心聘用了单独的工作人员,约有13名不同职等的工作人员,从一般事务人员(其他职等)到P-5不等,通过订约承办事务聘用,有些工作人员自2004年以来一直任职。", "国际公共部门会计准则", "30岁。 工作组高兴地听到首席执行干事的报告,即公共部门会计准则项目已取得良好进展,而且对基金将遵守实施期限抱有高度信心。 与固定资产和雇员福利有关的其余问题似乎得到了妥善解决。 秘书处和投资管理司的现有财务人员都非常熟悉《准则》。 工作组认为,从长远来看,《公共部门会计准则》将纳入财务项目管理的职责,这在很大程度上与《联合国系统会计准则》的实施得到协调相同。", "31岁 工作组认为,没有必要设立两个专门负责公共部门会计准则的新员额;据认为,为协助编制财务报表的短期咨询、减值测试和政策文件提供一些资金更为合适。", "养恤金综合管理 系统", "32. 联合国 关于养恤金综合管理系统,工作组欢迎首席执行干事关于将该项目视为最优先事项的说法。 有人指出,养恤金综合管理系统将从根本上改变组织办法,从个案驱动办法改为流程驱动办法。 据回顾,该系统的目的是提高效率和提供服务。 在这方面,工作组认为,必须酌情审查和改进所有相关的现有程序,使之成为养恤金综合管理系统改革管理整个进程的组成部分。 工作组还将鼓励基金确保该项目不是主要由信息技术驱动的,因为实务领域的充分所有权是必不可少的。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 工作组建议联委会要求就养恤金综合管理系统实施后养恤基金的预期组织结构提交一份报告,供联委会第六十届会议在下次提交预算时审议。 报告还应载有对受实施该系统影响的所有员额的战略评价。", "34. 国家 2010年,基金扫描了639 499份文件,共1 120 602页。 养恤金综合管理系统旨在取代应享权利、会计和文件管理系统。 工作组注意到,在该项目中,工作人员似乎被分配用于会计和应享权利,但没有专门资源用于文件管理。 工作组将鼓励基金监测项目技能组合,并确保资源配合用于文件管理。", "35. 联合国 本期预算用于额外的订约承办事务和其他费用,以支助由养恤金综合管理系统所取代的遗留系统。 首席执行干事保证,该系统将按照项目时间表交付,并可能低于预算。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 养恤金综合管理系统项目将对服务的提供产生重大影响。 因此,工作组将建议在提交下一份预算时提供订正的组织结构图。", "资源提议", "员额", "37. 联合国 根据上文第19段概述的指导原则和标准,在与有关执行人员和管理人员进行一系列协商后,工作组对员额进行了审查如下。 基金共要求改叙三个员额(3个秘书处员额)和36个新员额(16个行政员额和20个投资管理司员额)。 工作组审查了每个员额,并在与秘书处和该司代表对话后提出如下建议:", "(a) 不支持提议的改叙;", "(b) 如表1所示,支助投资管理司的7个新员额;", "(c) 支持表2所列职位,作为一般临时人员职位(而不是原先请设的员额),任期和目的均如所示;", "(d) 不支持基金执行办公室新设的P-4财务和预算干事员额。 根据该员额职能日趋复杂的解释,工作组支持将现有的P-3财务和预算干事员额改叙为P-4职等。", "表1 按区域开列的所需资源", "员额数 类别\nB. 投资\n工作方案\n投资干事-另类投资 1个P-4\n投资干事-全球新兴市场 1个P-4\n投资干事-贸易执行 1个P-4\n投资干事——北美股票 1个P-3\n风险和遵约 克尽职责和定量战略 1个P-4\n业务财务干事,对账 1个P-3\n方案支助\n信息系统 数据管理干事 1个P-4", "表2. 私营部门", "一般临时助理 数量 类别\nA. 行政管理\n工作方案\n业务主任, 记录管理和分发(信息管理干事) 1个P-3 非经常,24个月\n1 总务(其他职等) 非经常,24个月\nB. 投资\n1个P-4 非经常员额,12个月\n工作方案业务主任,会计和报告 临时援助; 不\n转为员额\n方案支助\n信息系统静态数据管理员 1个P-3", "^(a) 为法律事务厅提供的服务提供资源。", "行政部门", "38. 国家 在信息管理系统处项下,鉴于养恤金综合管理系统的实施需要持续的专门能力,与基金讨论信息技术项目的优先次序后,工作组不支持综合管理倡议,并提议将预算减少2 543 300美元(重计费用前)。 这将导致在订约承办事务(1 133 300美元)和家具和设备(1 410 000美元)项下减少行政预算。", "临时员额", "39. 联合国 工作组支持为养恤金综合管理系统项目续设以下级别的17个临时员额: 1个P-5、7个P-4、4个P-3和5个一般事务(其他职等)。", "其他人事费", " 40. 40. 如表2所示,工作组同意在其他工作人员费用下请拨的数额,按业务/行政所核准的2个一般临时人员职位所需额外经费作了调整。", "咨询人", "41. 国家 工作组支持请拨的300 000美元(重计费用前)。", "旅费", "42. 国家 工作组提议将订正批款数额减少10%。", "订约承办事务", "43. 东帝汶 工作组支持因未核准综合管理信息系统项目资源而调整的请拨数额。", "招待费", "44. 国家 保持订正批款水平。", "一般业务费用", "45. 国家 工作组同意在管理下要求的数额。 工作组注意到,由于银行手续费为300万美元,一般业务费用增加。 这比上一个两年期增加了约500 000美元。 工作组请基金审查银行机制,以努力减少这些费用。 下一次提交预算时应提供一份摘要报告。", "用品和材料", "46. 经常预算: 工作组支持所要求的数额。", "家具和设备", "47. 国家 工作组支持因未核准综合管理信息系统项目资源而调整的请拨数额。", " 48. 48. 如上所解释,表3概述了关于非员额项目的建议。", "表3 按区域开列的所需资源", "(单位:千美元)", "其他人事费 3 910.3", "顾问", "旅费 1 224.5", "订约承办事务 31 847.9", "招待费 4.0", "一般业务费用 14 248.0", "用品和材料", "家具和设备", "非员额资源共计 53 731.5", "投资管理司", "其他人事费", "49. (中文(简体) ). 如表2所示,工作组拟议按订正批款水平编列资源,以适应2个一般临时人员职位(法律事务厅1个P-4法律干事12个月和1个P-4会计和报告主任24个月的非经常资源)所需额外经费。", " 50. 50. 此外,工作组商定由投资管理司设立1个P-2风险和合规执行情况分析员和1个P-3静态数据管理员,由为其他工作人员费用核定的资源总额支付(见表3)。", "咨询人", "51. 联合国 根据对《公共部门会计准则》所需资源总额的审查,工作组建议将所需经费估计数500 000美元减至250 000美元。 因此,咨询人项下的经费为1 177 000美元(重计费用前)。", "旅费", "52. (中文(简体) ). 工作组提议维持订正批款水平。", "订约承办事务", "53. 联合国 在订约承办事务项下,为领导才能基金请拨的11 250 000美元目前没有得到工作组的支助。 工作组认为,朝这个方向迈进,等于改变投资战略,应在联委会会议上讨论,并得到投资委员会的明确意见的支持。", "54. 联合国 此外,工作组获悉,最近就保管人/总账管理人服务合同所谈判的数额低于预期,因此提议将这一支出项目减少4 138 300美元。", "招待费", "55. 国家 工作组提议维持订正批款水平。", "一般业务费用", "56. (中文(简体) ). 工作组商定了索赔额。", "用品和材料", "57. 萨尔瓦多 工作组提议维持订正批款水平。", "家具和设备", "58. 联合国 工作组提议维持订正批款水平。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 如上所解释,表4汇总了关于投资管理司非员额项目的建议。", "表 4 国家", "(单位:千美元)", "其他人事费 2 892.2", "顾问", "旅费", "订约承办事务 62 532.1", "招待费 22.0", "一般业务费用", "用品和材料", "家具和设备", "非员额资源共计 73 968.4", "养恤金联委会费用", "60. 联合国 工作组完全支持为支付联委会费用而请拨的资源。", "预算外供资", "61. 国家 工作组支持由参加该计划的成员组织提供经费的一名一般事务人员(其他职等)的资源。", "联委会的讨论", "62. 联合国 委员会赞赏地注意到,预算文件是在会议开幕90天前按要求提供的,预算工作组得以对该文件进行彻底审查。", "63. 国家 行政首长们支持工作组的成果,并高兴地看到预算的列报符合《国际公共部门会计准则》第24号,并且是在审计委员会要求的时限内编制的。 行政首长感到关切的是,提案中提供的资料不准确使工作组进行的分析和理事会的审议复杂化。 他们建议进行彻底分析,酌情利用比率。 他们还评论说,以往各期核准的预算支出不足。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 理事机构赞同工作组的建议。 他们建议,在今后的会议上,应更早地介绍该文件以及主要官员的开幕发言,以便更充分地了解工作组的审议情况。", "65. 国家 参与人小组支持工作组的建议,指出资产-负债管理研究已建议将基金的资产分散到其他资产。 该集团回顾大会上届会议提出的建议,即尽量谨慎行事。 委员会还回顾,不应受预算限制而妨碍专业晋升。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 退职国际公务员协会联合会支持工作组的结论并表示感谢工作组。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 还有人评论说,应修改参照基准,以便在必要时考虑到通货膨胀和货币影响,在紧缩的总体背景下,应争取在差旅和信息技术等项目中降低费用,预算要求应与战略目标密切相联。 关于《国际公共部门会计准则》,任何可能对成员组织产生影响的系统变化都应及早标明。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 董事会成员还指出:", "(a) 国家 养恤基金应严格审查订约承办事务预算编制的方法和假设;", "(b) 国家 预算工作组报告所载反映每个参与人费用趋势的表格是有用的,可作为基金进一步分析的典范。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 秘书长代表在联委会发言中警告说,由于投资管理方面实现的节余,放弃投资收益的机会成本可能远远超过这些明显的节余。 秘书长代表作为基金的受托人,正式表示担心和担心投资管理司结构资金不足将构成不可接受的风险,在今后产生足够的回报,以支持现有的和预计的负债。", "70. 联合国 首席执行干事感谢工作组,并感谢工作组对养恤金综合管理系统和国际公共部门会计准则等关键项目的支持。 他提到工作组报告所载的反映每个参与者成本的图表,并进一步澄清说,每当每个参与者的费用增加时,都是由于一个项目,在项目完成后,每个参与者的费用将再次减少。 例如,他提到2004年养恤基金办公室从秘书处大楼迁至达格·哈马舍尔德广场1号的情况激增,以及2012-2013年养恤金综合管理系统项目的情况激增,其中17个临时员额将在项目完成后取消。", "71. 联合国 副首席执行干事确认,与养恤金综合管理系统项目有关的目标运作模式保持不变,目标和福利相同。 出现的变化涉及该项目在新泽西北美数据中心所需的新的信息技术基础设施的位置。 在确定达格·哈马舍尔德广场1个数据中心的严重弱点后,决定在该中心安装该项目的信息技术基础设施。 副首席执行干事也表示,基金内的所有实务团体都参与该项目,并已设立一个养恤金综合管理系统指导委员会。 他确认,预计该项目将在预算范围内完成。", "审计委员会建议", "72. 联合国 根据工作组的建议,养恤金联委会核准将194 164 000美元的拟议预算估计数提交大会,其中包括行政费用(98 407 600美元)、投资费用(92 938 200美元)、审计费用(2 613 800美元)和联委会费用(204 400美元)。 根据费用分摊协定,这笔款项将分配给养恤基金173 260 600美元,并分配给联合国20 903 400美元。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 此外,审计委员会还核准由预算外资金提供156 800美元,用于应若干成员组织的请求处理其离职后健康保险保险费付款。", "页:1", "联合国合办工作人员养恤基金:2010-2011两年期核定组织结构图", "缩写:ASG:助理秘书长;GS:一般事务;OL:其他职等;PL:特等。", "^(a) 一个预算外一般事务(其他职等)员额由成员组织供资。", "^(b) 为养恤金综合管理系统项目核准的临时员额。", "•(c) 2010-2011两年期为信息管理系统处核准的2个P-4临时员额中,1个只核定12个月。 2011年,该处裁撤了1个P-4员额。", "联合国", "联合国合办工作人员养恤基金:2012-2013两年期拟议组织结构图", "[]", "缩写:ASG:助理秘书长;GS:一般事务;OL:其他职等;PL:特等。", "^(a) 一个预算外一般事务(其他职等)员额由成员组织供资。", "^(b) 为养恤金综合管理系统项目核准的临时员额。", "联合国", "联合国合办工作人员养恤基金:截至2010年12月31日按成员组织分列的参与人人数", "成员组织 与会者人数\n1995-1996年 1997-1998年 1999-2000年 2001-2002年 2003-2004年 2006-2007年 2008-2009年 2010年 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2014-12-02.", "联合国^(a) 44 059 43 869 43 864 43 751 44 958 50 126 54 953 56 287 57 541 59 542 64 092 68 853 74 575 79 933 82 576 85 617", "国际劳工 2 823 2 632 2 599 2 620 2 612 2 650 2 747 2 863 3 044 3 221 3 3330 3 261 3 366 3 572 3 642 3 741 组织", "联合国粮食及农业组织 5 735 5 540 5 435 5 387 5 340 5 315 5 344 5 447 5 648 5 822 5 918 5 774 5 735 5 722 6 011 6 145", "联合国 2 561 2 667 2 588 2 650 2 629 2 452 2 414 2 437 2 517 2 528 2 508 2 469 2 526 2 553 2 602 2 632 教育、科学及文化组织", "世界卫生6 125 5 965 5 935 6 180 6 409 6 817 7 375 8 181 8 966 9 498 9 932 10 072 10 157 10 435 11 029 10 986组织", "国际民事 820 826 852 852 841 867 873 883 863 863 826 806 795 775 784 791 航空组织", "世界气象 333 316 312 314 327 322 310 303 287 302 334 332 319 315 309 组织", "总协定 476 538 529 542 7 4 3 1 — — — — — — 关税与贸易^(b)", "国际原子能机构(原子能机构)", "国际 315 324 323 310 315 325 330 344 344 343 333 337 323 313 海事组织", "国际 908 885 905 921 965 953 967 1 006 971 875 871 854 843 823 831 830 电信联盟", "世界知识分子 611 672 712 807 955 1 033 1 106 1 189 1 240 1 206 1 166 1 130 1 134 1 139 1 154 1 156 产权组织", "国际农业发展基金", "保存和修复文化财产研究国际中心 29 31 29 32 35 37 33 36 34 39 40 38 37 36 34", "欧洲植物保护组织", "联合国 1 455 1 163 1 064 921 851 810 813 821 786 791 783 753 759 779 825 826 工业发展组织", "国际遗传工程和生物技术中心——136 138 141 142 145 150 152 171 173 177 191 194 190", "世界旅游业——70 72 74 78 79 83 88 95 99 99 100 95 95 95 95", "国际——18 20 25 27 30 33 34 36 36 36 38 34 34 海洋法法庭", "国际海底管理局. - - 3 30 28 28 28 34 34 28 30 29 32 31 32", "国际—————————————————— 298 431 578 719 809 865 908 刑事法院 ^(c)", "各国议会联盟————————————————————————————————————", "国际 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 059 2 419 3 134 3 261 ^(e)", "特别法庭———————————————————————————— 259 329 黎巴嫩(f)", "总数68 708 67 997 67 740 67 971 68 935 74 432 80 082 82 715 85 245 88 356 93 683 98 431 106 112 117 121 参加者 566 804 580 138", "16 18 20 20 19 19 19 19 20 21 22 22 23个成员组织", "^(a) 2006年联合国参加人数从68 855人下调至68 853人。", "^(b) 关税及贸易总协定从1998年12月31日起退出联合国合办工作人员养恤基金。", "^(c) 国际刑事法院自2004年1月1日起成为基金的第二十个成员。", "^(d) 各国议会联盟自2005年1月1日起成为第21个成员。", "^(e) 国际移徙组织于2007年1月1日成为第二十二个成员。", "^(f) 黎巴嫩问题特别法庭自2009年1月1日起成为第二十三个成员。", "[1] 据估计,在2012-2013两年期,业务处将处理约55 400个新参与者的隶属关系、出入和离职事宜;这涉及业务处执行的具体和可计量的工作任务,比1998-1999两年期增加80%。", "[2] 据估计,每年在业务处计算、核实和设立以支付的额外定期养恤金的总年金价值为近10亿美元。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 43 \n Question of Cyprus", "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Upon instructions from my Government and further to my letter dated 7 July 2011 addressed to you (A/65/901-S/2011/424), I have the honour to draw your attention to ongoing violations of the international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus by military aircraft of the Turkish Air Force, recorded from 1 June to 28 July 2011, as follows.", "On 1 June 2011, six F-16, two CN-235, one Cougar and one C-160 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus three times.", "On 2 June 2011, one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 3 and 4 June 2011, two Cougar, one CN-235 and one C-160 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations five times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus five times.", "On 6 June 2011, two F-16, four F-4 and four Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations eight times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus six times.", "On 7 June 2011, two F-4 and two CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations three times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus three times.", "On 8 June 2011, one B-200, one C-160, one C-130 and one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus seven times.", "On 9 June 2011, eight Cougar Turkish military aircraft coming in two formations violated international air traffic regulations four times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus four times.", "On 11 and 13 June 2011, three Cougar, one CN-235 and one B-200 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations six times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus six times.", "On 14 June 2011, four Cougar and one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations five times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus five times.", "On 15 June 2011, one C-160, one CN-235, six Cougar and one Turkish military aircraft of unknown type violated international air traffic regulations ten times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus nine times.", "On 16 June 2011, two F-16, two C-160, two CN-235 and one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations eight times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus six times.", "On 17, 18 and 19 June 2011, two Cougar, two C-130 and one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations eight times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus eight times.", "On 21 June 2011, one CN-235, one Cougar and one Turkish military aircraft of unknown type violated international air traffic regulations five times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus five times.", "On 22 June 2011, one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 23 June 2011, two Cougar and two CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations five times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus four times.", "On 25 June 2011, one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 28 June 2011, one CN-235 and two F-16 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 29 June 2011, one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 30 June 2011, one CN-235 and two F-16 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 1 July 2011, one Cougar and one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations three times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus three times.", "On 6 July 2011, one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 7 July 2011, one CN-235 and two F-4 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations three times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 8 and 9 July 2011, one Cougar, one CN-235 and two C-130 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations six times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus five times.", "On 12 July 2011, two F-16 and two KC-135 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 13 July 2011, two B-200 and one CN-235 Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations three times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 15 July 2011, two Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 18 July 2011, ten NF-5, two C-160 and one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus seven times.", "On 19 July 2011, one C-650, one C-208, two Cougar, one CN-235, two F-16 and eight NF-5 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations nine times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus nine times.", "On 20 July 2011, one C-208, two Cougar, one CN-235 and eleven NF-5 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus seven times.", "On 21 July 2011, three F-16, two KC-135, one C-650 and one CN-235 violated international air traffic regulations four times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 22 July 2011, ten NF-5, two C-160 and one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus seven times.", "On 25 July 2011, one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 26 July 2011, two F-16, two Cougar and two CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations six times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus four times.", "On 27 and 28 July 2011, one C-160, one CN-235, one B-200 and three Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations eight times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus seven times.", "On 28 July 2011, one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On behalf of my Government, I strongly protest the continuing violations by Turkey of international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus and call for their immediate cessation.", "This relentless abuse by Turkey of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus clearly violates international law and air traffic regulations and puts the safety of international aviation in the Eastern Mediterranean at serious risk. I call upon the Turkish Government to abide by the Charter of the United Nations and its international obligations and respect the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus.", "Regrettably, while negotiations aimed at finding a just, lasting and peaceful solution to the Cyprus problem are ongoing, Turkey’s provocative behaviour continues unabated. Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan’s latest remarks, while on an illegal visit to the occupied areas of Cyprus, leave no room for doubt as to Turkey’s real intentions and are particularly disheartening at the current juncture in the negotiations. We call on Turkey, once again, to heed the call of the international community and engage constructively towards reaching a viable solution to the Cyprus problem, in accordance with the agreed basis for such a solution, endorsed by numerous Security Council resolutions.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Minas A. Hadjimichael" ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目43", "塞浦路斯问题", "2011年8月4日塞浦路斯常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "奉我国政府指示并继我2011年7月7日给你的信(A/65/901-S/2011/424)之后，谨提请你注意2011年6月1日至7月28日期间记录的土耳其空军军用飞机连续违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空的行为，情况如下：", "2011年6月1日，土耳其6架F-16、两架CN-235、1架美洲狮和1架C-160型军用飞机七次违反国际空中交通管制条例并三次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月2日，土耳其1架美洲狮型军用飞机违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月3日和4日，土耳其两架美洲狮型军用飞机、1架CN-235型军用飞机和1架C-160型军用飞机五次违反国际空中交通管制条例并五次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月6日，土耳其两架F-16、4架F-4和4架美洲狮型军用飞机八次违反国际空中交通管制条例并六次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月7日，土耳其4架F-4和两架CN-235型军用飞机三次违反国际空中交通管制条例并三次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月8日，土耳其1架B-200、1架C-160、1架C-130型和1架美洲狮型军用飞机七次违反国际空中交通管制条例和七次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月9日，土耳其8架美洲狮型军用飞机组成两个编队四次违反国际空中交通管制条例并四次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月11日和13日，土耳其3架美洲狮、1架CN-235和1架B-200型军用飞机六次违反国际空中交通管制条例并六次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月14日，土耳其4架美洲狮和1架CN-235型军用飞机五次违反国际空中交通管制条例并五次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月15日，土耳其1架C-160、1架CN-235、6架美洲狮型以及1架机型不明的军用飞机十次违反国际空中交通管制条例并九次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月16日，土耳其两架F-16、两架C-160、两架CN-235和1架美洲狮型军用飞机八次违反国际空中交通管制条例并六次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月17日、18日和19日，土耳其两架美洲狮、两架C-130和1架CN-235型军用飞机八次违反国际空中交通管制条例并八次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月21日，土耳其1架CN-235、1架美洲狮和一架型号不明的军用飞机五次违反国际空中交通管制条例并五次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月22日，土耳其1架美洲狮军用飞机两次违反国际空中交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月23日，土耳其两架美洲狮和两架CN-235型军用飞机五次违反国际空中交通管制条例并四次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月25日，土耳其1架CN-235军用飞机两次违反国际空中交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月28日，土耳其1架CN-235和两架F-16军用飞机两次违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月29日，土耳其1架美洲狮军用飞机违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月30日，土耳其1架CN-235和两架F-16军用飞机两次违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月1日，土耳其1架美洲狮和1架CN-235军用飞机三次违反国际空中交通管制条例并三次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月6日，土耳其1架CN-235军用飞机两次违反国际交通法规并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月7日，土耳其1架CN-235和两架F-4军用飞机三次违反国际空中交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月8日和9日，土耳其1架美洲狮、1架CN-235和两架C-130军用飞机六次违反国际空中交通管制条例并五次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月12日，土耳其两架F-16和两架KC-135军用飞机违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月13日，土耳其两架B-200和1架CN-235型美洲狮军用飞机三次违反国际空中交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月15日，土耳其两架美洲狮军用飞机两次违反国际空中交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月18日，土耳其10架NF-5、两架C-160和1架CN-235型军用飞机七次违反国际空中交通管制条例并七次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月19日，土耳其1架C-650、1架C-208、两架美洲狮、1架CN-235、两架F-16和8架NF-5型军用飞机九次违反国际空中交通管制条例并九次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月20日，土耳其1架C-208、两架美洲狮、1架CN-235和11架NF-5型军用飞机七次违反国际空中交通管制条例，并七次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月21日，土耳其3架F-16、两架KC-135、1架C-650和1架CN-235型飞机四次违反国际空中交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月22日，土耳其10架NF-5、两架C-160和1架CN-235型军用飞机七次违反国际空中交通管制条例并七次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月25日，土耳其1架CN-235型军用飞机两次违反国际空中交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月26日，土耳其两架F-16、两架美洲狮和两架CN-235型军用飞机六次违反国际空中交通管制条例并四次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月27和28日，土耳其1架C-160、1架CN-235、1架B-200和3架美洲狮型军用飞机八次违反国际空中交通管制条例并七次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月28日，土耳其1架美洲狮军用飞机违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "我谨代表塞浦路斯政府，强烈抗议土耳其持续违反国际空中交通管制条例以及侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空的行为，并要求立即停止这种行为。", "土耳其持续不断地侵犯塞浦路斯共和国主权和领土完整，明显违反了国际法和国际空中交通管制条例，严重威胁了地中海中部地区的国际航空安全。我呼吁土耳其政府遵守《联合国宪章》及其国际义务，并尊重塞浦路斯共和国的主权、独立和领土完整。", "令人遗憾的是，虽然旨在寻求公正、持久与和平解决塞浦路斯问题的谈判正在进行，但土耳其的挑衅行为却有增无减。土耳其总理埃尔多安在最近对塞浦路斯被占领地区进行非法访问期间发表的最新言论，让我们丝毫不会怀疑土耳其对塞浦路斯的真正意图，而目前正值谈判的关键时刻，其讲话特别令人沮丧。我们再次呼吁土耳其，根据经安全理事会多项决议认可的这类解决方案的商定基础，顺应国际社会的呼吁，并本着建设性精神行事，以便切实可行地解决塞浦路斯问题。", "请将本函作为大会议程项目43下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "米纳斯·哈吉迈克尔(签名)" ]

[ "大会第六十五届会议 议程项目43\n塞浦路斯问题", "2011年8月4日塞浦路斯常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "奉我国政府指示并继我2011年7月7日给你的信(A/65/901-S/2011/424)后,谨提请你注意2011年6月1日至7月28日期间记录到的土耳其空军军用飞机持续违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空的情况如下。", "2011年6月1日,土耳其六架F-16、两架CN-235、一架美洲狮和一架C-160军用飞机七次违反国际空中交通管制条例并三次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月2日,土耳其一架美洲狮军用飞机违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月3日和4日,两架美洲狮、一架CN-235和一架C-160土耳其军用飞机五次违反国际空中交通管制条例并五次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月6日,土耳其两架F-16、四架F-4和四架美洲狮军用飞机八次违反国际空中交通管制条例并六次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月7日,两架F-4和两架CN-235土耳其军用飞机三次违反国际空中交通管制条例并三次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月8日,土耳其一架B-200、一架C-160、一架C-130和一架美洲狮军用飞机七次违反国际空中交通管制条例并七次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月9日,八架美洲狮土耳其军用飞机分两个编队,四次违反国际空中交通管制条例并四次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月11日和13日,三架美洲狮、一架CN-235和一架B-200土耳其军用飞机六次违反国际空中交通管制条例并六次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月14日,四架美洲狮和一架CN-235土耳其军用飞机五次违反国际空中交通管制条例并五次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月15日,一架C-160、一架CN-235、六架美洲狮和一架型号不明的土耳其军用飞机十次违反国际空中交通管制条例并九次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月16日,两架F-16、两架C-160、两架CN-235和一架美洲狮土耳其军用飞机八次违反国际空中交通管制条例并六次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月17日、18日和19日,两架美洲狮、两架C-130和一架CN-235土耳其军用飞机八次违反国际空中交通管制条例并八次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月21日,一架CN-235、一架美洲狮和一架型号不明的土耳其军用飞机五次违反国际空中交通管制条例并五次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月22日,一架美洲狮土耳其军用飞机两次违反国际空中交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月23日,两架美洲狮和两架CN-235土耳其军用飞机五次违反国际空中交通管制条例并四次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月25日,土耳其一架CN-235军用飞机两次违反国际空中交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月28日,土耳其一架CN-235和两架F-16军用飞机两次违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月29日,土耳其一架美洲狮军用飞机违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年6月30日,土耳其一架CN-235和两架F-16军用飞机两次违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月1日,土耳其一架美洲狮和一架CN-235军用飞机三次违反国际空中交通管制条例并三次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月6日,土耳其一架CN-235军用飞机两次违反国际交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月7日,土耳其一架CN-235和两架F-4军用飞机三次违反国际空中交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月8日和9日,一架美洲狮、一架CN-235和两架C-130土耳其军用飞机六次违反国际空中交通管制条例并五次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月12日,土耳其两架F-16和两架KC-135军用飞机违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月13日,两架B-200和一架CN-235美洲狮土耳其军用飞机三次违反国际空中交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月15日,两架美洲狮土耳其军用飞机两次违反国际空中交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月18日,十架NF-5、两架C-160和一架CN-235土耳其军用飞机七次违反国际空中交通管制条例并七次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月19日,土耳其一架C-650、一架C-208、两架美洲狮、一架CN-235、两架F-16和八架NF-5军用飞机九次违反国际空中交通管制条例并九次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月20日,土耳其一架C-208、两架美洲狮、一架CN-235和十一架NF-5军用飞机七次违反国际空中交通管制条例并七次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月21日,3个F-16、2个KC-135、1个C-650和1个CN-235四次违反国际空中交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月22日,十架NF-5、两架C-160和一架CN-235土耳其军用飞机七次违反国际空中交通管制条例并七次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月25日,土耳其一架CN-235军用飞机两次违反国际空中交通管制条例并两次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月26日,土耳其两架F-16、两架美洲狮和两架CN-235军用飞机六次违反国际空中交通管制条例并四次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月27日和28日,土耳其一架C-160、一架CN-235、一架B-200和三架美洲狮军用飞机八次违反国际空中交通管制条例并七次侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "2011年7月28日,土耳其一架美洲狮军用飞机违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空。", "我代表我国政府,强烈抗议土耳其继续违反国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯塞浦路斯共和国领空,并要求立即停止这些行为。", "土耳其无情地侵犯塞浦路斯共和国的主权和领土完整,显然违反了国际法和空中交通条例,并严重危及东地中海国际航空的安全。 我呼吁土耳其政府遵守《联合国宪章》和其国际义务并尊重塞浦路斯共和国的主权、独立和领土完整。", "令人遗憾的是,虽然旨在寻求公正、持久及和平解决塞浦路斯问题的谈判仍在进行,但土耳其的挑衅行为仍然有增无减。 土耳其总理埃尔多安在非法访问塞浦路斯被占领地区时最近的讲话,对土耳其的真实意图不容置疑,在谈判的目前关头尤其令人沮丧。 我们再次呼吁土耳其响应国际社会的呼吁,建设性地参与,以按照安全理事会许多决议所赞同的解决塞浦路斯问题的商定基础,达成可行的解决办法。", "请将本函作为大会议程项目43下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "(签名) 米纳斯·哈吉迈克尔" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "* A/66/150.", "The right to education", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education, Kishore Singh, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 8/4 and 17/3.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 8/4 and 17/3. It is devoted to the issue of domestic financing of basic education. It details human rights obligations for financing education and provides practical examples of national legal frameworks that ensure domestic financing. The report also contains an update on the situation of education in emergencies, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/290. The Special Rapporteur underlines that the attention and funding dedicated to education in emergencies continue to be insufficient and inadequate, and calls for more investment in preventive efforts and for a better protection of education during armed conflict.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Financing 3 basic \neducation A. Human 4 rights obligations for financing \neducation B.National 8 legal framework for financing basic \neducation C.Concerns 10 requiring further \nconsideration D.Conclusion 12 and \nrecommendations III. Update 13 on education in \nemergencies A.Ensuring 14 political and financial support to education in \nemergencies B.Protecting 17 education from \nattack C. Preparing 18 education systems to cope with natural \ndisasters D.Ensuring 19 attention to girls and marginalized \ngroups E.Ensuring 20 quality education at all \nlevels F.Collecting 21 information on education in \nemergencies G.Conclusion 22 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 8/4 and 17/3. It addresses State obligations regarding public financing of basic education and the importance of legal frameworks ensuring domestic financing of such education. It also contains an update on the situation of education in emergencies, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/290.", "2. Following his appointment by the Human Rights Council, Kishore Singh assumed his functions as Special Rapporteur in August 2010. Since then, he reported to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session, in June 2011. In his first report[1] he outlined priority areas to be examined in the course of his mandate and addressed in more detail State obligations to ensure equality of opportunity in education. He also reported on his first country mission to Senegal,[2] which was conducted in January 2011.", "3. During his first year of work, the Special Rapporteur participated in a number of public events on education and worked to establish collaboration with States, international organizations and non-governmental organizations. The Special Rapporteur recently participated in two regional preparatory meetings of the Economic and Social Council, in Thailand in March and in Togo in April. In July, the Special Rapporteur participated in the annual ministerial review held during the High-Level Segment of the substantive session of the Council, which focused on internationally agreed goals and commitments with regard to education.", "II. Financing basic education", "4. The right to education is an internationally recognized right and the provision of adequate financial resources is essential to its realization. Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes the right of everyone to education, which shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, States have undertaken international legal obligations for the fulfilment of the right to education through various human rights instruments[3] and assumed the responsibility of providing the resources required for its realization.", "5. Resource constraints, however, remain a major barrier to the realization of the right to education. Prospects for achieving the targets of millennium development goals 2 (Ensuring that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling) and 3 (Eliminating gender disparity in all levels of education no later than 2015) are bleak on account of a dearth of resources. The assessment prepared for the 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals underlined the need for scaling up budgets and providing enhanced resources to accelerate progress in meeting those targets.[4] The Education for All Global Monitoring Reports in recent years have consistently pointed to insufficient funding for education. More recently, public expenditure cuts as a consequence of the global financial crisis have threatened to decrease support to the education sector, possibly jeopardizing recent advances.[5] For instance, 7 of 18 low-income countries reduced spending on education in 2009; those countries alone had 3.7 million children out of school.[6]", "6. In view of the critical need to overcome resource constraints for the realization of the right to education and for the achievement of internationally agreed goals such as the millennium development goals and Education for All, in the present report the Special Rapporteur recalls States’ obligations regarding the provision of domestic resources for basic education and presents examples of national legal instruments adopted to secure adequate financial resources for education.", "A. Human rights obligations for financing education", "7. In accordance with international human rights treaties, States are responsible for providing resources to ensure the enjoyment of human rights. Providing the necessary resources for the enjoyment of the right to education is all the more important, given that the enjoyment of this right is essential for the exercise of all other human rights. It deserves high priority in public investment, as both the individual and society are its beneficiaries.", "8. States’ obligations to ensure the provision of full resources to overcome constraints to the realization of the right to education consistently figure in the concluding observations adopted by the United Nations human rights treaty bodies. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on the Rights of the Child have often expressed concern about declining educational standards due to lack of State investment in education and have recommended that the resources allocated to the education sector should be increased. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has also systematically urged States to increase investment in education as a fundamental human right and as a basis for the empowerment of women. Recommendations resulting from the Universal Periodic Review process of the Human Rights Council for the provision of increased resources to education further confirm the wide recognition of the central relevance of financing education for the fulfilment of human rights obligations.[7]", "9. Commitments to finance education are also present in the International Labour Organization (ILO)/United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers (1966), which recognizes the need for high priority to be given in all countries to setting aside, within the national budget, an adequate proportion of national income for the development of education.[8] In fact, the right to education is an integral part of the institutional mission of UNESCO, and Member States have the obligation of providing the necessary resources for its realization.", "1. Ensuring progressive realization and avoiding retrogression", "10. The concept of the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to education, recognizes that their realization often extends over time. It also implies that measures to promote the fulfilment of a right must be adopted with a view to ensuring a sustainable expansion of its enjoyment across the country. When referring to the progressive realization of the right to education, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights emphasized that States parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have a specific and continuing obligation “to move as expeditiously and effectively as possible” towards the full realization of that right. It also underlined: “there is a strong presumption of impermissibility of any retrogressive measures”.[9] In that sense, support to education must be driven by consideration of the need to ensure the gradual expansion of the education sector.", "11. Various United Nations human rights treaty bodies have expressed concern regarding the possible impact of economic crises on the enjoyment of human rights. The Committee on Economic and Social Rights specified that “even in times of severe resources constraints, whether caused by a process of adjustment, of economic recession or by other factors, the vulnerable members of society can and indeed must be protected by the adoption of relatively low-cost targeted programmes”.[10] More recently, the Human Rights Council adopted a resolution in which it called upon States to note that the global economic and financial crises did not diminish the responsibility of national authorities in the realization of human rights.[11]", "2. Fulfilling core obligations", "12. States’ obligations to satisfy, as a matter of priority, “minimum essential levels of each of the rights” recognized in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, also referred to as “minimum core obligations”, have immediate effect. Core obligations relating to the right to education include the obligation to provide primary education free of charge for all in accordance with article 13.2 (a) and the obligation to adopt and implement a national educational strategy that includes the provision of secondary, higher and fundamental education.[12] Article 14 of the Covenant further underlines the core obligation to adopt a plan of action aimed at securing the progressive implementation of the right to compulsory primary education, free of charge, within a reasonable time frame.", "3. Ensuring the provision of maximum available resources", "13. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,[13] the Convention on the Rights of the Child[14] and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[15] are all explicit about States parties’ obligations to provide maximum available resources to ensure the enjoyment of human rights.", "14. In its general comment on the nature of States parties’ obligations, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights underlined that even where the available resources are inadequate for the realization of economic and social rights, the obligation remains for a State party to strive to ensure the widest possible enjoyment of those rights under the prevailing circumstances, to monitor the extent of their realization, and to devise strategies and programmes for their promotion.[16] Mentions of resources refer to financing, but not exclusively.", "4. Providing international assistance and cooperation", "15. Under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, States have an obligation to take steps individually and through international assistance and cooperation, to the maximum extent of their available resources, with a view to achieving the progressive realization of rights. The specific obligations of the international community towards financing the right to education have been underlined by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[17] At the same time, States requiring international assistance must seek and manage aid in accordance with human rights norms and standards.", "16. By virtue of the principle of international solidarity, least developed countries, faced with serious financial constraints, deserve such assistance, a priori. Development partners must provide “financial and technical support” to those countries “to implement their national education plans and programmes, including increased accessibility in rural and remote areas”. For their part, the least developed countries need to strengthen their national education systems.[18]", "17. A number of political declarations on international aid underline the need for the adequate management of domestically available resources by recipient countries, which must contribute to the enhanced sustainability of development efforts. For example, through the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, partner countries commit themselves to “intensify efforts to mobilize domestic resources, strengthen fiscal sustainability and create an enabling environment for public and private investment”.[19] Similarly, the United Nations Global Compact launched by the Secretary-General at the International Conference on Financing for Development, held in Monterrey, Mexico in 2002, provides that if developing countries improve governance and achieved results, the donors would come up with the necessary funding to reach the millennium development goals.[20] The Education for All Fast Track Initiative, the most important mechanism of international assistance for education, was designed to assist countries to achieve millennium development goal 2 and the Education for All goals, and pays particular attention to the adequate management of domestic resources by recipient countries.", "18. In 2006, States and international organizations involved in development aid established the Leading Group on Innovative Financing for Development to devise additional international financing mechanisms to promote global development. The International Task Force on Innovative Financing for Education, established as part of that initiative, is currently discussing a number of alternatives to enhance funding for education,[21] including the mobilization of domestic resources as well as international aid.[22]", "5. Relevant global political commitments", "19. Commitments to finance primary education are expressed in numerous international declarations and are at the heart of major global campaigns. At the World Education Forum in 2000, Governments, along with other stakeholders, pledged themselves to a strategy, inter alia, to “mobilize strong national and international political commitment for education for all, develop national action plans and enhance significantly investment in basic education”.[23] Those pledges include the commitment that “political will must be underpinned by resources”. It is thus incumbent upon Governments to provide domestic resources for achieving Education for All. Access to education, as a basic human right, is considered a “strategic development investment”.[24]", "20. The Millennium Development Goals should also be construed as a reaffirmation of obligations expressed in human rights treaties and, therefore, of the responsibility of Governments to provide financial resources for education. Millennium development goal 2 reflects the obligation to ensure universal primary education, including the obligation to ensure that no direct or indirect costs deprive children of their right to education. Millennium development goal 3 reflects the obligation to ensure gender parity at all levels of education, including the duty to provide financial resources for that purpose.", "B. National legal framework for financing basic education", "21. It is incumbent upon States to incorporate in domestic law their international obligations to finance education. Provisions for public funding of education in a country’s constitution, national legislation and educational policies are crucial to give effect to obligations relating to the realization of the right to education. The Special Rapporteur considers that the adoption of a national legal framework for financing education indicates the importance and priority given to the right to education.", "22. Through law reforms promoted in the context of the Education for All process, one can witness the emergence of the right to basic education in continuum with the right to primary education in national legal frameworks. As a result, States recognize their duty to guarantee universal access to basic education. The 2009 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, for example, called on all Commonwealth countries to commit further resources to basic education.[25]", "1. Constitutional provisions", "23. Constitutional provisions on financing education provide a firm basis for developing national legislation and education policies. Such provisions exist in several countries that have different criteria for determining minimum levels of investment in education.", "24. Some constitutions establish a minimum level of resources that must be committed to education as a proportion of tax revenues. The Constitution of Brazil provides in article 212 that “the Union shall apply annually not less than 18 per cent of its tax revenues, and the States, the Federal District, and Counties at least 25 per cent of the tax revenues, including revenues resulting from transfers, for the maintenance and development of education”.", "25. Other constitutions establish a minimal share for education in the overall national budget. The Constitution of Indonesia, as revised in 2002, establishes in article 31 (4) that the State shall prioritize the budget for education to a minimum of 20 per cent of the State budget and of the regional budgets to fulfil the needs of implementation of national education.", "26. Other constitutions use the national gross domestic product (GDP) to calculate the minimum support required for education. The 2008 Constitution of Ecuador provides that public expenditure for education shall be 6 per cent of GDP. The 1997 Constitution of Costa Rica contains similar provisions.", "27. Finally, other constitutions lay down the obligation to prioritize investment in education. The Constitution of Ethiopia provides that “the State has the obligation to allocate ever increasing resources to provide to the public health, education and other social services” (art. 41 (4)). Similarly, the Constitutions of the Philippines and of Viet Nam provide that the State shall give priority investment to education.", "2. National legislation and budgetary allocation for basic education", "28. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has underlined the importance of national legislation for giving effect to State obligations.[26] National legislation developed in many countries, often in the context of the Education for All process, contains important provisions for financing basic education, establishing minimal levels of financial support and responsibilities in that regard. Recent developments that can be cited as practical examples are described below.", "29. In South Africa, basic education is a constitutional right. The South African Schools Act, 1996 provides that “subject to the Constitution and this Act, the Minister must determine norms and minimum standards for the funding of public schools after consultation with the Council of Education Ministers, the Financial and Fiscal Commission and the Minister of Finance” (para. 35).", "30. In Nigeria, the Act on Compulsory Free Universal Basic Education, 2004, which provides for nine years of compulsory basic education, establishes the Universal Basic Education Commission, entrusted with the task of implementing the right to basic education and with the provision of resources. The universal basic education programme is financed by 2 per cent of the Consolidated Revenue Fund.", "31. In Argentina, the National Education Law No. 26.206 of 2007 provides that the resources for education shall be increased to 6 per cent of GDP in 2010. The Law lays down a right to compulsory schooling from the age of 5 until the completion of secondary education (art. 16).", "32. In Mexico, the General Law on Education, revised in 2003, provides for 8 per cent of GDP to be allocated to public education and education services (art. 25). It is reported that this contributed to an increase in support to education.", "33. In India, policies for financing basic education have emanated from national legislation, as exemplified by measures being taken for the implementation of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009. An exponential increase in expenditure on education in the country’s five-year plan is reported as a consequence of this framework.", "34. In Senegal, Law 91-22 of 1991 on the orientation of national education, modified in 2004 by Law 2004-37, institutes compulsory schooling for all children aged between 6 and 16, which is free in all public schools. The recognition of the duty to provide education was reportedly followed by an increase in national investment to nearly 40 per cent of the national budget.", "35. In Kenya, the adoption of the Children’s Act of 2001 and of education strategies for the 21st century underlined the core commitment to universalize primary education. It is reported that resource allocations to education have increased significantly as a result of that commitment.", "36. In China, the Compulsory Education Law, as amended in 2006, provides for nine years of basic education. It guarantees that basic education will be financed by the State Council and local people’s governments. The National Plan for Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development (2010-2020) recognizes that funding of education is a basic and strategic investment. Under the plan, it is proposed to raise public expenditure on education to 4 per cent of GDP by 2012.", "37. Some legal frameworks devolve financing responsibilities to subnational entities. In Iceland, the Compulsory School Act No. 19 of 2008, provides that the municipalities shall finance the capital investment costs of compulsory education. In Thailand, the National Education Act, 1999 authorizes the State and local bodies to levy educational taxes as appropriate. Some countries having a federal system make specific financing arrangements in terms of the competence and responsibility of federal and provincial (state) authorities.[27]", "3. Mobilization of additional resources for education", "38. Legal instruments can enable the mobilization of additional resources for education. A 2 per cent education cess on all central taxes levied in India has resulted in an important expansion of funding for the elementary education sector. Similarly, the National Plan of China, mentioned above, proposes an education surtax accounting for 3 per cent of the value-added tax, to be spent specifically on educational undertakings. Mobilizing additional resources through such special taxation schemes is crucial in reinforcing budgetary provisions.[28]", "39. Public investment in basic education can be enhanced by mobilizing additional resources from contributions of local bodies, private donors and communities through institutional mechanisms that supplement Government funding. For example, the Tanzania Education Authority, under the Education Fund Act, 2001 can “receive gifts, donations, grants or other moneys on behalf of the Fund”. Similar mechanisms exist, for instance, in India with the Bharatiya Shiksa Kosh (education fund) and in Nigeria with the Education Tax Fund. It must be ensured that the modus operandi of all such institutional mechanisms is fully respectful of transparency and accountability.", "40. The present report focuses only on financing education through public resources. However, it is clear that the private sector can complement State initiatives in providing education by entering into partnerships with Governments for equitably sharing responsibilities.[29] It should, however, be ensured that such partnerships operate within a legal framework that requires full compliance with human rights norms and with standards of quality education.", "C. Concerns requiring further consideration", "41. As described above, human rights instruments clearly establish State obligations to finance education. Translating these obligations into practice requires a number of legal and policy instruments to ensure that investment in education is predictable and sustainable and that financial resources are made available and properly utilized in a timely manner to ensure the broadest possible enjoyment of the right to education. Adopting a legal framework for financing education offers an important tool for fostering accountability, as action affecting public investment in education can become the subject of domestic legal action.[30]", "42. Below, the Special Rapporteur mentions some core concerns that deserve further attention in the implementation of legal instruments for financing basic education.", "1. Securing adequate financial resources for basic education", "43. In order to overcome resource constraints on the Education for All agenda, the High-level Group on Education for All has advocated for ensuring that a minimum proportion of national budgets (15 to 20 per cent) or share of GDP (4 to 6 per cent) is dedicated to education.[31] As described above, mechanisms establishing that a proportion of overall public expenditure or the revenue from specific taxes is earmarked to education have already accomplished results in the expansion of funding for education in various countries. It is clear that an evaluation of the effectiveness of those mechanisms over time will depend on the overall functioning of fiscal and budgetary policy mechanisms in place in a given State.", "2. Ensuring adequate utilization of resources for education", "44. While allocating the maximum amount of domestic resources to education is crucial, it is of equally critical importance to ensure their effective and optimal utilization.[32] Beyond securing funds for education, legal instruments protecting the right to education can further guide State action for the utilization of resources assigned to education in accordance with human rights obligations.", "45. Bearing in mind the obligation to ensure universal primary education and commitments to meet the Millennium Development Goals and the Education for All agenda, public funding for primary and basic education should be ensured as a matter of priority.", "46. Evaluation of the effectiveness of financial management in the area of education requires attention to the core principles of equality and non-discrimination. In the allocation of funds to the various education levels and regions within a territory, prevailing socio-economic disparities and their implications for the education sector must be taken into consideration. In situations where schools are funded through subnational budgets, it is also necessary to ensure that differences in revenues collected locally do not result in inequalities between regions.", "47. Specific resources must be ensured to address the root causes of the exclusion from education of girls, those living in poverty or with disabilities, ethnic and linguistic minorities, migrants, and other marginalized and disadvantaged groups. Specific measures targeting important obstacles to education must be considered, including the abolition of school fees and the provision of subsidies for other costs, such as textbooks, uniforms and transportation.[33] Temporary special measures to provide financial support to such groups through affirmative action have a normative basis in international human rights treaties.[34] Particular attention must be paid to the principles of transparency and accountability in the management of education budgets.", "3. Responding to quality imperatives", "48. Finally, frameworks regulating education expenditure must give foremost consideration to the improvement of quality education, recognizing the centrality of education in people’s lives and the empowering role of quality education. Often education budgets are fully consumed by recurring expenditure, mostly teachers’ salaries, which, unfortunately are often very low and result in difficulties in attracting qualified professionals.[35] Investment in essential areas such as the development of pedagogic materials, the training of teaching personnel and improving working conditions remains neglected. The Special Rapporteur intends to examine this question in another thematic report, on quality education.", "D. Conclusion and recommendations", "49. States cannot fulfil their international obligations concerning the realization of the right to education unless they provide the necessary resources for education and make them available on a consistent and predictable basis. For this purpose, national legal and policy frameworks ensuring investment in education play a crucial role. They are also essential in accelerating sustainable progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals and moving the Education for All agenda forward. Education is indeed the best investment a country can make and deserves the highest priority in resource allocation. As a global public good of paramount importance, education should receive strong commitments from global leaders for its funding.[36]", "50. In that spirit, the Special Rapporteur provides the following recommendations:", "(a) Securing investment in education through domestic legal frameworks", "51. A national law whereby at least a minimum level of investment is indispensably assured for quality education is highly necessary. Following up on the recommendations made consistently by the High-level Group on Education for All, the establishment of an internationally accepted norm, whereby a certain minimum percentage of GNP (4-6 per cent) or of the national budget (15-20 per cent) is allocated to education may be valuable in providing the basis for developing a national legal and policy framework.", "(b) Devising strategies to increase resource allocation", "52. It is of crucial importance for countries to devise new approaches to resource allocation and its utilization. To enhance investment in education as a national priority, budget lines for education can be provided for in various ministries concerned with social development (ministries of social welfare, child and women’s development, labour, health, etc.). At the same time, broadening the tax base is important for creating more budgetary resources.", "(c) Promoting public debate and exchange of experiences", "53. Education does not often receive the priority it deserves at the national level in terms of budget allocations. To ensure that education receives priority attention, it would be expedient to promote public dialogue among ministers of education and ministers of finance and planning on the necessary steps to secure maximum funding for education. An exchange of ideas and approaches among countries regarding legal and policy frameworks for financing education would enable national authorities to draw upon available experiences and practical examples from a comparative perspective and could provide insight into new avenues for investment in education.", "(d) Giving particular attention to the financing of basic education in providing technical assistance to Governments for the development of national legal frameworks", "54. Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 17/3, UNESCO and UNICEF should be encouraged to continue to provide technical assistance to Member States for modernizing/developing national legislation. In this process, the importance of provisions for the financing of basic education should be emphasized.", "(e) Responding to quality imperatives", "55. Budgetary provision for quality education is scarce as almost the totality of resources assigned for education go to recurring expenditure. A paradigm shift is required to respond to quality imperatives, which remains a daunting challenge.", "III. Update on education in emergencies", "56. The General Assembly, in its resolution 64/290, requested the Special Rapporteur to include in his next interim report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session an update to the report on the right to education in emergencies submitted in 2008 by his predecessor (A/HRC/8/10) in order to identify gaps and remaining challenges in ensuring the right to education in emergency situations.", "57. In the 2008 report, emergencies were defined as any crisis situations due to natural disasters, or to armed conflict, which may be international (including military occupation) or internal, as defined in international humanitarian law, or post-conflict situations. It was pointed out in the report that, besides being a widely recognized State obligation, ensuring adequate education was indispensable for preventing emergencies and ensuring success in peacebuilding and recovery efforts. It was underlined, however, that education was frequently found to be interrupted, delayed or even denied during emergencies and in the reconstruction process. In the report a number of recommendations were presented to States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations for better protecting education and ensuring its inclusion as an integral part of the humanitarian response to conflicts and natural disasters.", "58. The current update is divided into six sections reflecting the content and core recommendations of resolution 64/290. Each section provides an indication of remaining challenges in the promotion of education in emergencies, and progress made in the past three years. The first section focuses on the recommendation for increasing political and financial support to education in emergencies. The second section addresses the recommendation to better protect schools from attacks and to ensure accountability. The third section addresses the recommendation to better prepare education systems for situations of natural disaster. The fourth section addresses the recommendation that attention be given to the specific needs of girls and other marginalized groups. The fifth section focuses on the recommendation to ensure quality education in emergencies. The sixth section is dedicated to the need for improving the collection of data on education in emergencies.", "59. The preparation of the present update benefited from an extensive submission prepared through a collaborative consultative process led by a group of international and non-governmental organizations with expertise on education in emergencies.[37] The Special Rapporteur expresses his gratitude to all those who compiled or shared information for the preparation of the update.", "A. Ensuring political and financial support to education in emergencies", "60. Millions of persons continue to be deprived of their right to education in emergencies. Enhanced political attention and sustainable financial support are essential to safeguard this fundamental right. Lack of sufficient attention to education in emergencies continues to affect prospects for achieving both the Millennium Development Goals and the Education for All (EFA) goals. The EFA Global Monitoring Report, 2011 underlines that around 28 million children of primary school age in conflict-affected countries are estimated to be currently out of school. This represents 42 per cent of the total number of children in the world who are out of school.[38] Education is also at risk from natural and man-made disasters: an estimated 875 million schoolchildren live in high seismic risk zones and hundreds of millions more face regular flood, landslide, extreme wind and fire hazards, as well as slow onset disasters.[39]", "61. General Assembly resolution 64/290 reflects States’ recognition of the urgency of ensuring the realization of the right to education as an integral element of humanitarian assistance and response. Debate and research efforts within the United Nations system are helping to unveil what has been called a “hidden crisis” by the EFA Global Monitoring Report. Thematic days of discussion focused on the topic were conducted by the Committee on the Rights of the Child in 2008 and the General Assembly in 2009.", "62. Increased and more coordinated attention to education among the stakeholders providing humanitarian assistance remains a key concern. The recent partnership between The Sphere Project and the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE) in preparing the companionship agreement guiding the integration of quality education in humanitarian response represents an important step in the promotion of more coherent and dedicated attention to education within the humanitarian community. Traditionally excluded from humanitarian priorities, the restoration of access to education continues to be cited as a priority by families and young people affected by emergencies.[40] Responding to the needs identified by communities affected is an essential component of humanitarian responses, and central to the implementation of the right to education.", "63. Despite the increased recognition of the importance of education in emergencies by the international community and by communities affected by emergencies, funding remains extremely limited. Only a few donor agencies have explicitly included education as part of their humanitarian policies.[41] The EFA Global Monitoring Report, 2011 underlined that in 2009, the share of humanitarian aid dedicated to education in conflict-related emergencies represented merely 2 per cent of total humanitarian aid.[42] It concluded:", "Education is the poor neighbour of a humanitarian aid system that is underfinanced, unpredictable and governed by short-termism. It suffers from a double disadvantage: education accounts for a small share of humanitarian appeals, and an even smaller share of the appeals that get funded.[43]", "64. Evaluations indicate that some particularly fragile countries requiring education funding are left behind, with donors clearly prioritizing countries linked with their security priorities: official development assistance to fragile States is highly concentrated, with 51 per cent of 2008 official development assistance for 43 fragile States benefiting just six countries, which account for only 23 per cent of the population of the total number of fragile States.[44]", "65. The volatility of support is another cause of concern. As already indicated, the sustainability of financial support is crucial for the adequate functioning of education systems. It can only be ensured through continued financial support enabling programmes to continue their course uninterrupted. Important opportunities are missed in post-emergency situations because of the lack of sustainable support and funding in the transition from a humanitarian response to a development framework. The need for further investment in national planning and information systems in recipient countries is also underlined in those contexts.[45]", "66. The Education For All — Fast Track Initiative is working to increase its support to fragile States, but so far has lacked the capacity to deliver financing in acute emergency settings.[46] In addition to bilateral support, a number of additional financing modalities exist to finance education in emergencies, but these are still clearly insufficient.", "67. The Special Rapporteur underlines that emergencies do not relieve States from their obligation to take all appropriate measures to ensure the realization of the right to education of all persons in their territories, including non-nationals, refugees or internally displaced groups. Ensuring financial support for primary education in order to guarantee that it continues to be available during emergencies, making secondary education available without discrimination and promoting access to higher education on the basis of capacity are nothing more than the fulfilment of a human rights obligation.", "68. Given the fragility of some States affected by emergencies, and the central role of international assistance and cooperation in that context, it is important to recall that the obligation to provide international assistance is established in human rights law.[47] It is also reflected in numerous international declarations, including the Dakar Framework of Action on Education for All, adopted by the World Education Forum in 2000. Moreover, as noted above, States requiring assistance are also obliged to seek and manage external assistance in accordance with human rights principles.", "B. Protecting education from attack", "69. Attacks against schools and institutions of higher education violate human rights and humanitarian law.[48] Nonetheless, as recently reported by the Secretary‑General, attacks against schools are a significant concern and a growing trend.[49] Insecurity still prevails in many education institutions located in conflict zones, with long-lasting consequences for education systems and students.", "70. Studies indicate a continued increase in the reported number of attacks on education in situations of conflict and widespread violence over the past three years.[50] Such episodes include harming or killing students and school personnel, damaging or destroying education facilities and ultimately preventing thousands of students from attending school or university owing to closures. The Institute of International Education’s Scholar Rescue Fund[51] reports that applications from threatened scholars doubled during the period 2008-2011 as compared to the previous period. In certain situations, the use of schools by armed elements has compromised the civilian nature of schools and put students and teachers at risk.[52]", "71. Despite deficiencies in monitoring mechanisms, increased attention on the part of the international community to situations of attack against education in emergencies can be noted. In 2010, the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack was established by international and non-governmental organizations to jointly promote efforts to prevent, respond to and monitor attacks against education. The Secretary-General included information on such situations in his most recent report on children in armed conflict.[53] The same was done by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, who recalled the importance of protecting schools against attacks and underlined that “enhancing accountability mechanisms for such crimes is key to ensuring that schools remain safe havens and zones of peace”.[54]", "72. The Special Rapporteur considers that enhancing the capacity of mechanisms monitoring situations where education systems are targeted by those involved in armed conflict is essential to end invisibility and impunity. In that regard, he welcomes the recent adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1998 (2011), in which, expressing deep concern about attacks against schools, the Council requested the Secretary-General to include in the annexes to his reports on children and armed conflict information about recurrent attacks on schools and recurrent attacks or threats of attacks against protected persons in relation to schools. The Security Council’s monitoring and reporting mechanism has already played an important role in the identification of grave violations committed against children in armed conflict, and continuing and growing attention to attacks against schools will be vital to enhance protection of the right to education. To further ensure accountability, the capacity of domestic and international justice systems must also be enhanced, allowing for the prosecution of perpetrators, including non-State actors.", "73. Beyond ensuring accountability for attacks against schools, targeted efforts are also required to prevent the occurrence of attacks against schools and other education institutions and to prepare them for situations of insecurity in order to minimize the damage armed conflict may cause. Finally, dedicated efforts are required to assist victims in their recovery and to ensure appropriate individual and collective reparation for these education-related violations.", "C. Preparing education systems to cope with natural disasters", "74. The increasing number of natural disasters must not be ignored by those in charge of education systems. Schools not only play a crucial role in preparing communities to be more resilient in such situations, but also need to be adequately prepared to minimize the harm that natural disasters may eventually cause to their own functioning. Thus, specific attention to the education sector is required in the development of overall disaster risk reduction strategies. At the same time, schools must develop and adopt systematic safety and security measures adapted to the specific circumstances they face.", "75. Schools are often not constructed or maintained to be disaster resilient. An extensive consultation with children around the globe resulted in the recent preparation of a children’s charter for disaster risk reduction,[55] which highlights the need for schools to be safe and education not to be interrupted. INEE coordinated the preparation of guidance notes on the necessary steps to ensure the construction of safer schools and the adaptation of existing ones.[56] A major effort is needed to build technical capacity for, and ensure the adoption of, safer standards for education infrastructure to avoid tragedies where seismic or other hazards take the lives of large numbers of children in unsafe schools.", "76. Attention is being paid also to the use of schools as a platform to increase the preparation of learners and education staff for disasters and their aftermath. Several countries have included disaster risk reduction elements in their school curriculum,[57] others have considered making disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation a national education priority.[58]", "77. The Special Rapporteur underlines that investing in preventive efforts through education is crucial to protect schools and the communities they serve from the impact of natural disasters. Therefore, education systems must be actively engaged in the development and implementation of risk management strategies. Through their regular activities, schools must also contribute to establishing a culture of prevention and preparedness among students, staff and the communities to which they belong. Considering that the risks and needs of communities vary greatly, even within the same region, it is important to ensure that risk management strategies are prepared through meaningful participatory processes involving the communities where schools are located.", "D. Ensuring attention to girls and marginalized groups", "78. The failure of Governments to tackle persistent inequalities based on income, gender, location, ethnicity and language is one of the reasons for the limited progress in the realization of the Education for All goals[59] as well as the Millennium Development Goals. Obstacles to schooling that are already present during periods of normality have their impact obviously magnified in emergency contexts. The costs of schooling can greatly increase and commuting between school and home often becomes very difficult and insecure, further excluding those living in poverty or more vulnerable to violence. In this sense, targeted initiatives identifying marginalized groups and addressing their specific needs are necessary to avoid widening inequalities in education.", "79. Efforts to ensure gender parity in education are particularly relevant in this context. Attention has been drawn to the pervasive harm of sexual violence during conflict, which directly and indirectly affects female teachers and students.[60] Insecurity on the way to and from and within schools or colleges appears as a central element in the exclusion of girls from the education system. The lack of separate sanitary facilities in emergency schools can also constitute a major barrier to girls’ education.", "80. Despite the obvious resource constraints experienced in emergencies, neglecting the impact of discrimination and structural inequalities in education while planning, implementing and evaluating education policies in these situations can lead to further marginalization and in some cases contribute to a recurrence of conflict.", "81. Refugees and internally displaced persons continue to face great obstacles when seeking education outside their communities of origin. Data collected by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees within official camps indicated limited and uneven access to education across camps; the overall primary school participation rate of refugee children in camps was 69 per cent and at the secondary level only 30 per cent.[61] Several countries maintain administrative barriers to the enrolment of both refugee and internally displaced children, despite human rights obligations to provide education without discrimination of any kind to all children living in their territories[62] and the relevant provisions of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees.[63] Short-term financing of projects in situations of prolonged displacement threatens the education, and progression, of many thousands of refugee and internally displaced children;[64] gaps in the financing of education in such situations must be addressed as a matter of priority because of the long-lasting impact of the denial of education to these populations.", "82. The Special Rapporteur already underlined in his first report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/29) that equality of opportunity in education permeates most human rights treaties. Human rights treaties establish the duty to ensure the right of access to public educational institutions and programmes on a non‑discriminatory basis, and to provide primary education for all.", "E. Ensuring quality education at all levels", "83. Enrolment in school does not alone ensure the fulfilment of the right to education if, for example, the quality of the education provided does not correspond to adequate standards. Resource constraints faced in periods of emergency do not justify overlooking basic requirements to ensure quality education, such as the presence of qualified teachers, the availability of adequate educational materials, adequate real teaching time and improved classroom environments.", "84. States, international organizations and civil society continue to contribute guidance to improve quality education in emergencies through materials prepared by INEE. A consultative process involving stakeholders concerned with education in emergencies all over the world led to an updated version of the INEE Minimum Standards for Education: Preparedness, Response, Recovery providing important policy guidance on the necessary steps to ensure quality education. The recently released INEE Guidance Notes on Teaching and Learning provide more specific pedagogical guidance based on the accumulated experience of educators working in emergency situations.", "85. As discussed above, the inadequate and short-term funding of emergency and transitional education programmes deeply affect the possibilities of addressing serious deficiencies that result in very low levels of quality in education. Moreover, the overall tendency of humanitarian work to focus solely on primary education limits investment in early childhood care and development, and in secondary and higher education. This bias greatly limits prospects of progression for students and increases the challenges for training teachers.", "86. The EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011 describes a number of issues critical to ensuring quality education for students affected by or at risk of conflict. They include ensuring that children can learn in their mother tongue, particularly at the early stages, rethinking the teaching of history and religion so it illustrates different perspectives on conflict-sensitive issues, and promoting non-violent school environments.", "87. The effective teaching of literacy, numeracy and life skills, such as health preparedness and conflict resolution, is crucial to enhancing resilience during periods of emergency. School staff must be given adequate incentives, and have their capacity enhanced, to give appropriate attention to the psychosocial needs of students, using resources and making schedule arrangements that allow for recreational and expressive activities, as well as referring severely affected students for additional support.", "88. The provision of learning achievement certification is another concern related to the quality of education in emergency contexts, in particular for students in refugee schools. Specific strategies are required to ensure that, even in times of crisis, students have their achievements adequately monitored, documented and recognized.", "F. Collecting information on education in emergencies", "89. Limitations in data collection in emergency situations continue to affect humanitarian efforts as a whole. Lack of capacity to accurately assess education needs limits the possibilities for accurately designing and evaluating education initiatives in emergency contexts. As already mentioned, poor monitoring further results in invisibility and consequent impunity in situations where schools are directly targeted by violence.", "90. The EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011 pointed to serious limitations in data collection in conflict situations: “assessments of need for communities caught up in conflict are at best haphazard, even taking into account the inevitable constraints associated with conducting surveys in conflict affected areas”.[65] It also underlined that donors’ assessments tend to underestimate needs in the education sector as their proposals are often tailored to meet low expectations of donor funding.[66] Limited attention is paid to needs assessment for qualitative aspects of education, such as textbook supply, hours of study and in-service teacher training. Human resources and infrastructure requirements for secondary education tend also to be completely ignored.", "91. Collecting information during emergencies requires specific strategies to overcome the various obstacles faced in such circumstances. These obstacles may include difficult logistics, physical insecurity, the political and ethical implications of activities in rapidly changing environments, and the technical challenges of working with mobile populations and populations with unusual demographic compositions.[67]", "92. The Global Education Cluster developed a Joint Education Needs Assessment Toolkit in 2010, as well as a Short Guide for Rapid Needs Assessments to provide guidance on data collection in emergency situations. The need for further improving monitoring capacities through the definition of a core set of indicators, including estimated numbers of children and youth to be reached, age and gender profiles, patterns of displacement, education materials, teacher and infrastructure requirements needed to guide the estimation of financing requirements has been underlined.[68]", "G. Conclusion and recommendations", "93. As discussed in the previous report on education in emergency situations (A/HRC/8/10), severely limited access to education continues to be a reality for most of the communities affected by emergencies. Despite increased attention by the international community, crucial problems persist: funding for humanitarian activities continues to ignore requirements to ensure education; schools continue to be victimized by direct and indirect violence; and preventive efforts are still timid vis-à-vis an increased impact of natural disasters. To reverse the current trend, States and other entities providing and channelling humanitarian and transitional assistance must pay enhanced attention to education in emergencies. Providing education and ensuring that education is protected during periods of emergency is not a choice, but an obligation.", "94. In this context, the Special Rapporteur submits the following recommendations:", "(a) Ensuring adequate funding for education in situations of emergency", "95. States must urgently increase their national, bilateral and multilateral funding commitments for education as a pillar of humanitarian and transitional response. Explicit policy commitments must be made to ensure adequate and sustainable domestic and international support for education in situations of emergency, as well as in situations of fragility and protracted crisis. Such commitments must follow through to the final stages of recovery, including in development frameworks. Recipient countries must comply with human rights while seeking and managing international assistance.", "(b) Enhancing the protection of schools from attacks", "96. States must ensure systematic monitoring, documenting and reporting of violations of international human rights and humanitarian law committed against members of education communities and education institutions and settings. The recent adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1998 (2011) must be followed by enhanced attention to the situation of education in future efforts for monitoring violations of child rights during armed conflict. Domestic, regional and international accountability mechanisms, including those of the military, should be fully cognizant of, as well as systematically address, the obligations of State and non-State actors with respect to the right to education and other legal protections guaranteed to members of education communities and institutions. Specific efforts are required to strengthen the capacity of education providers to prevent and respond to attacks.", "(c) Strengthening safety and disaster risk reduction", "97. States must ensure that disaster risk and safety considerations are factored into the planning, design, construction and reconstruction of educational facilities. Disaster risk reduction and preparedness notions should be embedded in education policies and curricula. Participatory processes involving students and their communities must be used to ensure local hazard assessments and preparedness.", "(d) Paying attention to the exclusion of girls and marginalized groups", "98. States must take specific measure to guarantee the education of girls and marginalized groups in situations of emergency. Specific efforts are required to eliminate persistent or emerging patterns of discrimination and to remove physical, financial, cultural and linguistic barriers that contribute to furthering inequalities during periods of emergency.", "(e) Ensuring quality education", "99. Those in charge of the provision of education in emergencies must consider the requirements for meeting quality educational standards. Dedicated attention must be paid to improving school curricula, promoting human rights education and addressing the psychosocial needs of students and teachers.", "(f) Developing a common framework for the assessment of education needs in emergencies", "100. Further investments are required to ensure systematic data collection on the situation of education in emergencies. States and international and non‑governmental organizations providing support to education in emergencies should work on the development of a common framework for the assessment and reporting of met and unmet education needs in contexts of emergency. Such a framework must take into consideration human rights obligations regarding the right to education.", "[1] A/HRC/17/29 and Corr.1.", "[2] A/HRC/17/29/Add.2.", "[3] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, articles 13 and 14, and the UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education comprehensively provide this right, which is also guaranteed by articles 28 and 29 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 5 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, articles 10, 11 and 13 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, articles 30, 43 and 45 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, and article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.", "[4] A/64/665, para. 71 (b).", "[5] Several publications of the UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning on the financing of education have also addressed this issue.", "[6] UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011, The Hidden Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education, p. 12.", "[7] For example, recommendations addressed in 2009 and 2010 to Bolivia, Cambodia, Chile, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Dominican Republic, Ethiopia and Spain.", "[8] ILO/UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers, para. 10 (l).", "[9] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 13, paras. 44 and 45.", "[10] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 3, para. 12.", "[11] Human Rights Council resolution S-10/1 of 23 February 2009.", "[12] See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 13, para. 52.", "[13] Article 2.1.", "[14] Article 4.", "[15] Article 4.2.", "[16] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 3, para. 11.", "[17] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 11 (1999), para. 9, and General Comment No. 3 (1990), para. 14.", "[18] Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020, adopted by the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011 (A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1), para. 74.2 (a) and 1 (c), and para. 72.1 (c).", "[19] Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, Part I: Statement of Resolve, para. 25. The Statement of Resolve reflects commitment to strengthening partner countries’ national development strategies and associated operational frameworks (e.g. planning, budget, and performance assessment frameworks) and “defining measures and standards of performance”.", "[20] The underlying idea of debt swaps in education is the cancellation of external debt in exchange for the debtor Government’s commitment to mobilize domestic resources for spending on education, for example.", "[21] See Leading Group on Innovative Financing for Development, “2+3=8; Innovating in financing education; Report of the Writing Committee to the Task Force on Innovative Financing for Education”, 2010.", "[22] Discussed at the second meeting of the Education International Task Force of the Leading Group on Innovative Financing, Paris, 17 June 2010.", "[23] Dakar Framework for Action, adopted at the World Education Forum, 2000, para. 8 (i).", "[24] World Bank Group Education Strategy 2020, Learning for All: Investing in People’s Knowledge and Skills to Promote Development, Executive summary, p. 1.", "[25] Communiqué of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, held in Trinidad and Tobago from 27 to 29 November 2009, para. 89.", "[26] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 3, para. 3: “The means which should be used in order to satisfy the State obligation to take steps are stated in article 2 (1) to be ‘all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures.’”", "[27] For instance, in India, within the framework of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, the Federal Government will contribute 65 per cent of the public funding of education as against the 35 per cent contribution of States.", "[28] In this context, it is important to note that reflections on innovative financing in education include several proposals for new mechanisms intended to offset the investment deficit in education and sustain funding over the long term.", "[29] Jakarta Declaration, adopted at the International Conference on the Right to Basic Education as Fundamental Human Right and Legal Framework for its Financing, December 2005.", "[30] For example, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia passed a resolution in 2008 reminding the lawmaker to meet the constitutional obligation to provide at least 20 per cent of the national budget to education in the fiscal year 2009. The Government accordingly was obliged to increase the budget for education.", "[31] The High-level Group on Education for All, since its Fifth Meeting, in 2005, has consistently been recommending such measures to Governments. At its Tenth Meeting, held in March 2011, the High-level Group called upon national Governments to allocate at least 6 per cent of gross national product (GNP) and/or 20 per cent of public expenditure to education and to ensure the cost-effective use of resources.", "[32] Committee on the Rights of the Child, Day of General Discussion on “Resources for the rights of the child — responsibility of States”, 21 September 2007.", "[33] A/64/665, para. 71 (b).", "[34] Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provides for “an adequate fellowship system”, inter alia, with respect to achieving full realization of the right to education. Similarly, the UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education lays down the criterion of “merit or need” with respect to “the grant of scholarships or other forms of assistance to pupils” (art. 3 (c)).", "[35] Teachers’ salaries have been doubled in Ecuador under the Law on Intercultural Education, 2011.", "[36] Fourth meeting of the International Task Force on Innovative Financing for Education, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, 4 February 2011.", "[37] Education Above All, the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies, the Right to Education Project/ActionAid International, Save the Children International and the United Nations Children’s Fund co-signed the submission.", "[38] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report, 2011, p. 15.", "[39] International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies and World Bank, Guidance Notes on Safer School Construction (New York, INEE; Washington, World Bank Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, 2009).", "[40] INEE, INEE Reference Guide on External Education Financing (New York, 2010).", "[41] Until 2010, Canada, Denmark, Japan, Norway and Sweden included education in their humanitarian aid policies. In 2011, donor agencies in Australia (AusAID) and the United States of America (USAID) reflected education in emergency situations and conflict-affected countries, respectively, in their education strategies. See Save the Children, “Making it happen: financing education in countries affected by conflict and emergencies”, 2011.", "[42] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report, 2011, p. 204.", "[43] Ibid., p. 19.", "[44] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)-Development Cooperation Directorate (DAC) factsheet, “Ensuring fragile States are not left behind”, Paris, December 2010.", "[45] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report, 2011, p. 227.", "[46] Meeting of the Education for All Fast Track Initiative Board of Directors, 2011.", "[47] See Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter of the United Nations, articles 2.1 and 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, article 4 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.", "[48] The right to education during conflict is protected by the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949. Under international humanitarian law, schools and educational institutions are civilian objects that are protected from deliberate attack unless and only for such time as they are being used by belligerent forces for a military purpose. See article 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.", "[49] A/65/820-S/2011/250, para. 211.", "[50] N. Boothby, A. Ager and R. Quinn, “Feasibility study for a global monitoring system for attacks on education: definitions and typology”, CPC Learning Network, Doha; Education Above All, New York, 2011.", "[51] The Institute of International Education (IIE), an independent non-profit organization, has participated in the rescue of persecuted scholars since its founding in 1919. In 2002, IIE launched the Scholar Rescue Fund (SRF) as a formalized response to this ongoing international dilemma. SRF cooperates closely with the Scholars at Risk Network, the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics and similar organizations.", "[52] A/65/820-S/2011/250, para. 211.", "[53] Ibid.", "[54] A/64/254, para. 25.", "[55] Children’s Charter — an action plan for disaster risk reduction by children for children, available from www.childreninachangingclimate.org.", "[56] Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, Guidance Notes on Safer School Construction, 2009.", "[57] Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, “Aligning regional and global disaster risk reduction agendas; Summary of key regional political commitments & disaster risk reduction priorities”, 2011, p. 20.", "[58] Ibid., p. 25.", "[59] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report 2009, Summary, Overcoming Inequality: Why Governance Matters, pp. 4, 7 and 39.", "[60] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011, p. 190.", "[61] Dryden-Peterson, S., “Conflict, education and displacement”, in Conflict & Education: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Toronto, 2011.", "[62] Convention on the Rights of the Child, articles 2 and 28.", "[63] Refugee children should be accorded the same treatment as is accorded to nationals with respect to elementary education (art. 22, para. 1) and treatment no less favourable than that accorded to foreigners with respect to education other than elementary education (art. 22, para. 2).", "[64] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011, Summary, p. 31.", "[65] Ibid., p. 216.", "[66] Ibid., p. 206.", "[67] Jennifer Schlecht and Sara Casey, “Challenges of collecting baseline data in emergency settings”, Reproductive Health Access, Information and Services in Emergencies, 2008.", "[68] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011, p. 217." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "受教育的权利", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨根据人权理事会第8/4和第17/3号决议向大会转交受教育权利特别报告员基肖·辛格的中期报告。", "受教育权利特别报告员的中期报告", "摘要", "这份报告是根据人权理事会第8/4和第17/3号决议提交的，专门介绍国内资助基础教育问题。报告详细介绍了教育筹资的人权义务和国家法律框架的实际范例，以确保国内筹资。报告还根据大会第64/290号决议，补充介绍紧急情况下教育的情况。特别报告员强调，紧急情况下对教育的关注和筹资仍然不足，不当，呼吁更多地投资于预防工作，更好地保护武装冲突期间的教育。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.基础教育筹资 4\nA.资助教育的人权义务 5\nB.资助基础教育的国家法律框架 8\nC.需要进一步考虑的关切点 10\nD.结论和建议 11\n3.关于紧急情况中的受教育权利的最新情况 12\nA.确保为紧急状况中的教育提供政治和财政支助 13\nB.保护教育免受攻击 15\nC.使教育系统作好准备应对自然灾害 16\nD.确保关注女童和边缘化群体 17\nE.在所有级别确保高质教育 18\nF.收集有关紧急状况下教育的信息 19\nG.结论和建议 20", "一. 导言", "1. 这份报告是根据人权理事会第8/4和第17/3号决议提交的。报告介绍国家关于公共资助基础教育的义务，确保国内资助公共教育的法律框架的重要性。报告还根据大会第64/290号决议，补充介绍紧急情况下教育的情况。", "2. 继由人权理事会任命后，基肖·辛格在2010年8月担任特别报告员。此后，2011年6月他向人权理事会第十七届会议报告工作。在其第一次报告中，他概述了任务期间考虑的优先领域，详细介绍确保教育机会平等方面的国家义务。还报告了2011年1月我访问第一个国家——塞内加尔——的情况。[2]", "3. 在其工作第一年，特别报告员参加若干公共教育活动，致力于建立与各国、国际组织和非政府组织的合作。特别报告员最近参加了经济及社会理事会两次区域筹备会议，一次是3月在泰国举行，一次是4月在多哥举行。7月，特别报告员参加了侧重教育方面国际商定目标和承诺的经社理事会实质性会议上高级别会议期间举行的年度部长级审查。", "二. 基础教育筹资", "4. 受教育权利是国际公认的权利，提供充足财政资源是落实权利所必不可少的。《世界人权宣言》第26条承认受教育权利，表明其应当免费，至少在初级和基础阶段。自《世界人权宣言》通过以来，各国通过各种人权文书[3] 承诺履行受教育权利的国际法律义务，并承担责任，提供实现这一目标所需的资源。", "5. 然而，资源约束仍然是实现受教育权利的一个主要障碍。实现千年发展目标2(确保到2015年，世界各地儿童，不论男女，都能完成小学全部课程)和3(不迟于2015年，消除各级教育中的性别差距)的前景因资源匮乏而暗淡。2010年大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议强调，需要扩大预算，提供更多资源，加速实现教育目标。[4] 近年来的《全民教育全球监测报告》一直指出教育经费不足现象。最近，全球金融危机后，削减公共开支，可能减少对教育部门的支持，危及最新进展。[5] 例如，18个低收入国家中的7个，在2009年减少了教育支出，仅这些国家的学校，就有370万儿童失学。[6]", "6. 为克服资源限制，实现受教育权利，实现国际商定目标，如千年发展目标和全民教育，报告回顾了关于国内资助基础教育的国家义务。列举了国家采用法律文书，确保足够的教育财政资源的范例。", "A. 资助教育的人权义务", "7. 按照国际人权条约，国家负责提供资源，确保享受人权。为享有受教育权利提供必要资源，则更为重要，因为享受受教育权利是行使所有其他人权的关键。这在公共投资中给予高度重视，无论个人，还是社会，均可受益。", "8. 国家有义务确保提供充分的资源，克服制约因素，实现受教育权利，这在联合国人权条约机构通过的结论性意见中一直有所体现。经济、社会和文化权利委员会及儿童权利委员会经常表示关注，由于国家教育投资不足，导致教育水准下降，建议增加教育部门的资源分配。消除对妇女歧视委员会还系统地敦促各国作为一项基本人权和赋予妇女权力，增加基础教育投资。人权理事会普遍定期审议建议增加教育投资，这进一步证实了人们广泛承认，资助教育是履行人权义务的中心。[7]", "9. 承诺资助教育，也是国际劳工组织(劳工组织)/联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)关于教师地位的建议(1966年)的内容，其中承认所有国家需要高度重视在国家预算中，为国家教育事业发展拨出足够比例的国民收入。[8] 事实上，受教育权利是教科文组织机构使命的组成部分，成员国有义务为实现这一目标提供必要的资源。", "1. 确保逐步实现，避免出现倒退", "10. 逐步实现经济、社会和文化权利(包括受教育权利)的概念承认，实现这些权利，往往需要时间。这也意味着，须采取措施，促进履行权利，以确保在全国持续普及这项权利。提到逐步实现受教育权利时，经济、社会和文化权利委员会强调，《经济、社会化文化国际公约》缔约国有特定、持续的义务，“为尽快和尽可能有效地”充分实现这一权利。公约还强调，“不允许有任何倒退措施”。[9] 从这个意义上，支持教育的同时，必须考虑到要确保教育部门逐步扩大。", "11. 联合国各人权条约机构对经济危机可能给享受人权方面产生影响表示关切。经济和社会权利委员会具体表示，“即使在因调整过程，因经济衰退，或因其他因素引起的严重资源制约之时，社会上弱势成员也可以，而且必须得到相对低成本、具有针对性的方案的保护。”[10] 最近，人权理事会通过一项决议，呼吁会员国，强调全球经济和金融危机不应减少国家主管部门实现人权的责任。[11]", "2. 履行核心义务", "12. 国家有义务优先满足《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》确认的、“每项权利最低限度的基本水平”，也称“最低限度的核心义务”，这有立竿见影的效果。有关受教育权利的核心义务包括，除其他外，根据第13.2(a)条，为所有学生提供免费小学教育的义务，采取和执行国家教育战略、包括拨款提供中等教育、高等教育和基础教育的核心义务。[12] “公约”第14条进一步强调到核心权利是：采纳行动计划，争取在合理时间内逐步实施接受免费初等义务教育的权利。", "3. 确保提供尽可能多的资源", "13. 《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》、[13] 《儿童权利公约》[14] 和《残疾人权利公约》[15] 都明确表示，缔约国有义务提供尽可能多的资源，确保享受人权。", "14. 经济、社会和文化权利委员会在其关于缔约国义务的一般性意见中强调，即使在现有的资源不足以实现经济和社会权利情况下，缔约国仍有义务努力确保在当时情况下，尽可能广泛地享有这些权利，监督其实现程度，制定推广战略和方案。[16] 此处的资源是指财政资源，但不专指财政资源。", "4. 提供国际援助和合作", "15. 根据《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》，各国有义务单独和通过国际援助和合作采取措施，尽可能利用现有资源，逐步实现这些权利。经济、社会和文化权利委员会强调了国际社会对资助受教育权利的具体义务。[17] 同时，需要国际援助的国家必须根据人权规范和标准寻求和管理援助。", "16. 凭借国际团结原则，最不发达国家面临着严重的财政困难，值得优先得到国际援助。发展伙伴必须向这些国家提供“财政和技术支持”，“实现国家教育计划和方案，包括在农村和偏远地区普及教育”。最不发达国家需要加强国民教育体系。[18]", "17. 关于国际援助的若干政治宣言强调，受援国必须妥当管理国内现有资源，增强发展努力的可持续性。例如，通过巴黎援助效益宣言(2005)，伙伴国家承诺“加紧调动国内资源，加强财政的可持续性，为公共和私人投资创造有利环境。”[19] 同样，国际发展筹资会议上秘书长发起的《全球契约》(2002年)规定，如果发展中国家改善治理，取得成果，捐助者将拿出必要的资金，实现千年发展目标。[20] “全民教育快车道倡议”是国际教育援助的最重要的机制，旨在协助各国实现千年发展目标2和全民教育目标，并尤其注重受援国妥当管理国内资源。", "18. 最近，2006年，参与发展援助的国家和国际组织建立了创新融资发展领导小组，制定更多的国际融资机制，促进全球发展。作为该倡议的一部分，设立了创新教育筹资国际工作队，正在讨论若干替代方法，增加教育经费，[21] 包括调动国内资源，以及国际援助。[22]", "5. 相关的全球政治承诺", "19. 许多国际宣言写有资助小学教育的承诺，这也是重大的全球运动的核心。在世界教育论坛(2000年)上，各国政府以及其他利益相关者承诺拟定战略，特别是“调集强大的国家和国际上的全民教育政治承诺，制定国家行动计划，大幅度增加基础教育的投资。[23] 这些承诺包括，“政治意愿必须有资源来支撑”这一承诺。因此各国政府有责任提供国内资源，实现全民教育。普及教育是一项基本人权，被认为是“战略发展投资。”[24]", "20. 千年发展目标也应用来重申人权条约中所表达的义务，因此，各国政府有责任提供财政资源用于教育。千年发展目标2反映了确保普及小学教育的义务，包括确保不得用直接或间接学费来剥夺儿童接受教育权利的义务。千年发展目标3反映了确保各级教育两性均等的义务，包括为此提供财政资源的义务。", "B. 资助基础教育的国家法律框架", "21. 各国有义务把资助教育的国际义务纳入国内法。国家宪法、立法和教育政策规定用于教育的公共资金，是履行义务，实现受教育权利的关键。特别报告员认为，通过国家教育经费的法律框架，能够表示对受教育权利的重视和优先考虑。", "22. 在全民教育进程中通过法律改革，可以目睹国家法律框架内受基础教育的权利与受初级教育的权利一并出现。因此，各国承认有义务保证基础教育的普及。例如，2009年英联邦政府首脑会议呼吁所有英联邦国家为基础教育投入更多资源。[25]", "1. 宪法规定", "23. 宪法规定教育经费，这为制定国家立法和教育政策奠定了坚实基础。一些国家对确定最低限度教育投资定有不同的标准，但都有宪法规定。", "24. 一些国家的宪法规定了必须拿出税收收入的一定比例，用作最低水平的教育资源。巴西宪法第212条规定，“联邦每年使用不低于18%的税收，各州、联邦区、县至少使用25%的税收，包括汇款收入，用于维护和发展教育。”", "25. 其他国家的宪法确定整个国家预算中教育所占的最低份额。2002年修订的印度尼西亚宪法第31条⑷规定，“国家预算和地区预算至少20%应优先用于教育，以满足国民教育的需求”。", "26. 其他国家宪法使用国内生产总值来计算教育所需的最低限度的支持。厄瓜多尔2008年宪法规定，公共教育开支应占国内生产总值的6%。哥斯达黎加1997年宪法载有类似的规定。", "27. 最后，其他国家宪法规定优先投资教育的义务。埃塞俄比亚宪法规定，“国家有义务分配越来越多的资源，用于公共健康、教育和其他社会服务。”(第41条⑷)。同样，菲律宾和越南宪法规定，国家应优先投资教育。", "2. 国家立法和预算拨款用于基础教育", "28. 经济、社会和文化权利委员会强调，以国家立法履行国家义务的重要性。[26] 许多国家的立法往往是在全民教育进程中拟定的，包含资助基础教育，制定最低限度财政支持和责任的重要规定。最近的事态发展可作为实际的例子，介绍如下。", "29. 在南非，基础教育是一项宪法权利。1996年南非学校法规定，“根据宪法和本法，部长须与金融和财政委员会和财政部部长协商，确定资助公立学校的准则和最低标准”(第35条)。", "30. 尼日利亚2004年《免费义务基础教育法》规定9年义务基础教育，建立普及基础教育委员会，负责实施受基础教育权利，并提供资源。普及基础教育方案经费来自2%的综合收入基金。", "31. 阿根廷2007年《国民教育法》第26.206号规定，2010年教育资源增加额为国内生产总值的6%。该法规定了从五岁起享有义务教育的权利，直至完成中学教育(第16条)。", "32. 墨西哥2003年《教育总法》规定，国民生产总值的8%分配给公共教育和教育服务(第25条)。据悉，这有助于增加对教育的支持。", "33. 在印度，为基础教育提供资金的政策源自国家立法，例如正在采取措施，实施2009年《儿童免费义务教育法》。制定这一框架后，国家五年计划中的教育开支大量增加。", "34. 塞内加尔1991年关于国家教育政策的第91-22号法得到2004年第2004-37号法修订，规定6至16岁所有儿童享受义务教育，所有公立学校免费。据报道，承认提供教育的义务后，国家教育投资增至占近40%的国家预算。", "35. 肯尼亚通过了2001年《儿童法》和21世纪教育战略，强调普及小学教育的核心承诺。据报道，做出承诺后，教育资源分配显著增加。", "36. 中国2006年修订了《义务教育法》，规定了9年基础教育。该法保证，基础教育由国务院和地方人民政府资助。中国的中期和长期教育改革和发展国家计划(2010-2020年)承认，“筹资教育是一个基础性、战略性的投资。”计划到2012年，公共教育开支将占国内生产总值的4%。", "37. 一些法律框架把资助责任下放给地方实体。冰岛2008年第19号义务教育法规定，市政府负责义务教育的资本投资费用。泰国1999年《国民教育法》授权邦和地方机构酌情征收教育税。一些联邦制国家具体安排了联邦和各州当局的供资职权和责任。[27]", "3. 为教育筹集补充资金", "38. 法律文书能够为教育筹集补充资金。印度对所有中央税征收2%的教育税，为初等教育部门开拓了重要的资金来源。同样，上文提及的中国国家行动计划也拟议征收教育附加税，占增值税的3%，专门用于教育事业。通过此类特别征税计划筹集补充资金，对于增强预算供资至关重要。[28]", "39. 通过对政府资助作出补充的制度性机制，地方机构、私人捐助者和社区可以用捐款来筹集补充资金，从而加强对基础教育的公共投资。例如，根据2001年教育基金法，坦桑尼亚教育署可以“代表该基金接受馈赠、捐赠、赠款或其他款项”。此外还存在其他的类似机制，例如印度的Bharatiya Shiksa Kosh(教育基金)和尼日利亚的教育税基金。必须确保所有这些制度性机制的工作方式充分尊重透明度和问责制。", "40. 本报告仅限于集中讨论通过公共资源为教育融资的问题。然而，私营部门显然可以通过结成与政府公平分担责任的伙伴关系，在提供教育方面对国家的教育举措构成补充。[29] 但是，应确保这种伙伴关系在全面遵守人权规范的法律框架之内开展运作，并与高质量教育的标准保持一致。", "C. 需要进一步考虑的关切点", "41. 如前所述，人权文书明确规定了国家资助教育的义务。将这些义务付诸实践要求采取一系列的法律和政策手段，以确保对教育的投资是可预见和可持续的，并确保可以随时使用和及时、适当地利用各种财政资源，以保证尽可能广泛地享有受教育的权利。采用为教育筹资的法律框架为促进问责制提供了一项重要工具，因为影响公共教育投资的行动可能会招致国内法律诉讼。[30]", "42. 特别报告员在下文中列出了一些核心的关切点，在执行为基础教育筹资的法律文书的过程中值得进一步重视这些问题。", "1. 为基础教育获取充足的财政资源", "43. 为了克服全民教育议程所面临的资源限制，全民教育问题高级别小组主张应确保国家预算中用于教育的最低比例达到15%至20%，或占国内生产总值的4%至6%。[31] 如上所述，规定总公共开支中的一定比例或具体税种的收入必须专门用于教育的机制业已成功地增加了多个国家的教育供资。很显然，是否对这些机制的有效性逐步开展一次评估取决于特定国家的财政和预算政策机制的整体运作情况。", "2. 确保充分利用教育资源", "44. 尽管为教育分配尽可能多的国内资源至关重要，同样重要的是必须确保这些资源的有效和最佳利用。[32] 除了确保教育经费之外，保护受教育权的法律文书也可以进一步引导国家采取行动，履行人权义务，利用好划拨给教育的资源。", "45. 考虑到确保普及小学教育的义务以及致力于千年发展目标和全民教育议程的承诺，应确保将初等教育和基础教育的公共资金投入当作优先事项。", "46. 对教育财务管理的有效性进行评价，必须重视平等和不歧视的核心原则。向一个地区内的不同教育层次和区域分配资金时，必须考虑到现有的社会经济差距及其对于教育界的影响。此外，在通过次国家预算为教育供资的情况下，还要确保本地征收的财税收入的差异不会导致不同区域之间出现不平等状况。", "47. 必须保证投入专门资金解决女孩、贫困人口、残疾人、种族和语言上的少数群体、移民及其他边缘群体和弱势群体被排斥于教育之外这一问题的根源。必须考虑采取克服重大教育障碍的具体措施，包括取消学费、为其他费用(如课本、校服和交通)提供补贴等。[33] 通过平等权利行动向这些群体提供财政支持的临时特别措施，可以在国际人权条约中找到规范的依据。[34] 必须特别注意在教育预算管理中体现透明度和问责制的原则。", "3. 对教育质量作出回应", "48. 最后，调整教育经费支出的框架必须首先考虑提高优质教育，认识到教育在人民生活中的中心地位以及优质教育的赋权作用。教育预算往往全部用于经常性开支(主要是教师的薪金)。不幸的是，教师的薪酬往往非常低，难以吸引合格的专业人员。[35] 对重要环节的投资(如开发教学材料、培训教员和改善工作条件)仍然受到忽视。特别报告员打算在有关优质教育的另一份专题报告中考察这个问题。", "D. 结论和建议", "49. 只有国家为教育提供必要的资源，并在一贯和可预见的基础上使其可用，各国才能履行保证受教育权的国际义务。为此，确保教育投入的国家法律和政策框架起到了至关重要的作用。这对于加速实现千年发展目标的可持续发展进程和推动全民教育议程向前发展也十分重要。教育确实是一个国家所能做出的最佳投资，值得在资源配置中享受最高的优先级。作为一项至关重要的全球公共商品，教育应享有全球领导人坚定的投资承诺。[36]", "50. 本着这一精神，特别报告员提供了以下建议：", "(a) 通过国内法律框架确保教育投资", "51. 制订一部国家法律，并规定至少要保证不可或缺的最低水平的优质教育投入，实属十分必要。针对全民教育问题高级别小组一直强调的建议开展后续行动，并设立一项国际公认的准则(即至少为教育分配国民生产总值的4-6%或国家预算的15-20%)，对于为制定国家法律和政策框架奠定基础可能是有价值的。", "(b) 制订增加资源分配的战略", "52. 开拓资源分配和利用的新途径，对于各国而言至关重要。为加强教育投入作为国家优先事项的地位，与社会发展有关的各部委(社会福利部、儿童和妇女发展部、劳动部、卫生部等)都可以规定教育预算项目。与此同时，拓宽税基对于创造更多的预算资源也很重要。", "(c) 提倡公开辩论和交流经验", "53. 在预算分配方面，教育往往无法享有在国家一级应有的优先地位。为了确保教育得到优先关注，必须推动教育部长与财政部长和规划部长之间就确保教育投入最大化的必要步骤开展公共对话。各国之间就筹集教育经费的法律和政策框架交流思想和办法，将有助于国家主管部门通过比较来借鉴现有的经验和实际的范例，同时也有助于增进有关教育投入新途径的认识。", "(d) 在为各国政府制订国家法律框架提供技术援助的过程中，要特别重视为基础教育筹措经费", "54. 根据人权理事会第17/3号决议，应鼓励教科文组织和儿基会继续向会员国提供技术援助，协助各国制订国家立法并实现其现代化。在这一过程中，应强调为基础教育筹措经费的规定的重要性。", "(e) 对教育质量作出回应", "55. 用于优质教育的预算准备金非常稀缺，因为分配给教育的资源几乎全部用于经常性开支。在对教育质量作出回应方面需要一种范式的转变，而这依然是一项艰巨的挑战。", "三. 关于紧急情况中的受教育权利的最新情况", "56. 大会第64/290号决议请特别报告员在其提交大会第六十六届会议的下次临时报告中列入有关上任特别报告员2008年提交的紧急情况中教育权利报告(A/HRC/8/10)的最新资料，以便明确紧急情况中受教育权利方面的差距和余留挑战。", "57. 2008年的报告将紧急情况定义为任何由自然灾害或武装冲突引发的危机，根据国际人道主义法的定义，这些紧急情况可能是国际性的(包括军事占领)，也可能是内部的，或者是冲突后局势。报告指出，确保适当的教育不仅是各国广泛承认的国家义务，而且对于防止突发事件、确保在建设和平与恢复工作中取得成功也是必不可少的。但是，报告强调指出，在紧急情况和重建进程中，教育往往被中断、被延迟甚至被剥夺。报告向各个国家、政府间组织和非政府组织提出了若干建议，应更好地保护教育，并确保将其纳入针对冲突和自然灾害开展的人道主义应急活动。", "58. 这份最新情况说明分为六个部分，反映了第64/290号决议的内容和核心建议。每个部分都列出了在促进紧急情况中的受教育权利方面所面临的余留挑战，并列举了在过去三年中所取得的进展。第一部分集中讨论为紧急情况下的教育增加政治和财政支助的建议。第二部分涉及更好地保护学校免受攻击和确保问责制的建议。第三部分涉及让教育系统对自然灾害状况作出更佳准备的建议。第四部分涉及关注女孩和其他边缘群体的特定需求的建议。第五部分集中讨论确保紧急情况中的优质教育的建议。第六部分集中讨论改进在紧急情况下的教育数据的收集工作的必要性。", "59. 由一批在紧急情况下的教育问题领域具有知识专长的国际组织和非政府组织牵头、通过合作协商进程拟订的一份详尽报告，[37] 为这份最新情况说明作出了贡献。特别报告员向所有为编制这份最新情况说明而共享资料或付出编撰努力的人们表示感谢。", "A. 确保为紧急状况中的教育提供政治和财政支助", "60. 仍有千百万人被剥夺了在紧急情况下受教育的权利。为保障这一基本权利，必须增强政治关注和可持续的财政支持。对紧急情况下受教育的权利缺乏足够的重视，仍在影响着实现千年发展目标和全民教育目标的前景。《2011年全民教育全球监测报告》强调指出，在受冲突影响的国家中，估计约有2 800万的小学适龄儿童目前失学，占全球失学儿童总数的42%。[38] 自然和人为灾害也威胁到教育：估计有8.75亿的学龄儿童生活在地震高风险区，还有数亿儿童面临着经常发生的洪涝灾害、山体滑坡、大风和火灾危害以及发生速度较缓的灾害。[39]", "61. 大会第64/290号决议反映出，各国已经认识到，将确保实现受教育的权利作为人道主义援助和应急的一个不可或缺的组成部分具有十分的紧迫性。联合国系统内部的辩论和研究工作有助于揭示出《全民教育全球监测报告》所称的“隐藏的危机”。儿童权利委员会和大会分别于2008年和2009年举办了集中讨论这一主题的专题讨论日。", "62. 提供人道主义援助的各个利益攸关方对于教育的更大重视和相互协调仍然是一个关键的问题。环球项目和机构间紧急教育网之间最近结成了合作伙伴关系，共同拟订一份伙伴协定，指导如何将优质教育纳入人道主义应急之中，这朝着推动人道主义界内部更加一致地专注于教育迈出了重要一步。传统上，恢复受教育的机会被排除在人道主义优先事项之外，但受紧急状况影响的家庭和年轻人仍将其视为一项优先事项。[40] 对受影响社区提出的需求作出回应是人道主义应急的重要组成部分之一，也是实施受教育的权利的关键。", "63. 尽管国际社会和受紧急状况影响的社区越来越多地认识到紧急情况中的教育的重要性，但为此筹集的资金仍然十分有限。仅有少数捐助机构已将教育明确列入其人道主义政策的一部分。[41] 2011年《全民教育全球监测报告》强调指出，2009年，致力于在与冲突相关的紧急情况下提供教育的人道主义援助只占人道主义援助总额的2%。[42] 报告得出的结论是：", "教育是人道主义援助制度的穷邻居，这方面不仅资金投入不足、完全不可预测，而且还受到短期行为的制约。教育面临着双重劣势：它占人道主义呼吁的比例很小，在得到资助的人道主义呼吁中所占的比例就更小了。[43]", "64. 评价表明，一些需要教育经费的特别脆弱的国家被许多捐助方弃之不顾，因为捐助国显然更优先照顾那些与本国的安全优先事项挂钩的国家：向脆弱国家提供的官方发展援助高度集中，2008年向43个脆弱国家提供的官方发展援助中，51%的援助流向了六个受惠国，仅占脆弱国家人口总数的23%。[44]", "65. 支持的变动是另一个值得关注的问题。正如上文指出的那样，财政支持的可持续性对于确保教育系统充分发挥作用是至关重要的。只能通过持续的金融支持让教育方案不间断地实施下去，才能实现这一点。由于在从人道主义应急到发展框架过渡的过程中缺乏可持续的支持和资助，在紧急情况发生后会错过许多重要的机会。在此背景下，值得强调的是还必须进一步投资于受援国的国家规划和信息系统。[45]", "66. 全民教育快车道倡议正在努力增加对脆弱国家的支持，但迄今为止，该倡议还不具备在特别紧急的情况下提供融资的能力。[46] 除双边支持外，还有许多为紧急情况下的教育提供资金的补充融资方式，但这些方式仍明显不足。", "67. 特别报告员强调，紧急情况并不能免除国家采取一切适当措施确保本国领土上的所有人(包括非国民、境内流离失所者群体的难民)都能实现受教育权的义务。确保为初等教育提供财政支持以保证在紧急情况下仍可获得初等教育、以非歧视的方式提供中学教育、促成在能力的基础上接受高等教育的机会都不过是履行人权义务而已。", "68. 考虑到受紧急状况影响的一些国家的脆弱性以及国际援助和合作在这种状况下的核心作用，必须铭记人权法确立了提供国际援助的义务。[47] 同样的承诺也反映在许多国际宣言中，包括世界教育论坛2000年通过的《达喀尔全民教育行动框架》。此外，如上所述，要求援助的国家也有义务根据人权原则寻求和管理外部援助。", "B. 保护教育免受攻击", "69. 对学校和高等教育机构的袭击违反人权和人道主义法。[48] 然而，秘书长最近报告说，对学校的袭击构成了严重的关切，并有增多的趋势。[49] 位于冲突区的许多教育机构仍然面临着不安全状况，对教育制度和学生造成了长期后果。", "70. 研究表明，在过去三年中，在冲突局势下对教育机构发动袭击的数量持续增加，暴力行为十分广泛。[50] 这些事件包括伤害或杀害学生和学校工作人员，损坏或毁坏教育设施，最终造成成千上万的学生因学校或大学关闭而无法上学。国际教育学会的学者救援基金[51] 报告说，受到威胁的学者在2008-2011年期间提交的申请比上一个时期增加了一倍。在某些情况下，武装分子对学校的利用破坏了学校的民用性质，将学生和教师置于危险之中。[52]", "71. 尽管监测机制仍存在缺陷，但人们注意到，国际社会越来越重视在紧急情况下袭击教育机构的状况。2010年，国际组织和非政府组织成立了一个保护教育机构免遭袭击全球联盟，推动共同努力，防止、应对和监控对教育机构的袭击。秘书长在他关于在武装冲突中的儿童的最新报告中介绍了这些情况。[53] 同样，负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表重申了保护学校免受攻击的重要性，并强调“加强对此类罪行问责的机制是确保学校保持安全避风港与和平区地位的关键”。[54]", "72. 特别报告员认为，必须加强监测机制的能力，监控那些卷入武装冲突的人针对教育系统发起袭击的状况，这对于防止不可见性和结束有罪不罚现象是必不可少的。在这方面，他表示欣见安理会最近通过的第1998(2011)号决议，该决议对学校受袭事件深表关切，并要求秘书长在其关于儿童和武装冲突问题的报告附件中列入相关资料，介绍对学校的经常性袭击以及对受保护的学校相关人员的袭击或袭击威胁。安全理事会的监察和报告机制在确定武装冲突中严重侵害儿童的行为方面业已发挥重要作用，持续重视和更多关注对学校的袭击对于保护受教育的权利而言至关重要。为进一步确保问责制，还必须进一步加强国内和国际司法系统的能力，以便起诉犯罪人，包括非国家行为者。", "73. 除了确保追究袭击学校的责任之外，还必须作出有针对性的努力，以防止发生袭击学校和其他教育机构的事件，并使其对不安全状况作出防备，以便将武装冲突可能造成的损失降至最低。最后，还需要开展不懈的努力，协助受害者康复，并确保为这些与教育有关的侵犯行为支付适当的个人和集体赔偿。", "C. 使教育系统作好准备应对自然灾害", "74. 教育系统负责人一定不能忽视越来越多的自然灾害。学校不仅在帮助社区提高抗灾能力方面发挥至关重要的作用，还需要作好充分准备，尽可能减少自然灾害最终可能对其自身运作造成的危害。因此，需要在编制减少灾害风险整体战略时特别关注教育部门。与此同时，学校必须制定和采取适应其所面临的具体情况的系统安全和安保措施。", "75. 学校的建造或维护工作往往不是为提高抗灾能力进行的。在世界各地与儿童进行的广泛磋商的结果是，最近编制了《减少灾害风险儿童宪章》，该宪章强调了学校安全和教育不被打断的需要。[55] 机构间紧急情况中教育网络为编制确保建造更安全学校和改造现有学校的必要步骤的指导说明进行了协调。[56] 需要作出重大努力，为更安全的教育基础设施标准建立技术能力，并确保其得到采纳，以避免地震或其他灾害夺走在不安全学校就学的大批儿童生命的悲剧。", "76. 还注意利用学校作为增加学习者和教育工作人员为灾害及其后果开展的准备工作的平台。一些国家已将减少灾害风险的组成部分纳入他们的学校课程，[57] 其他国家考虑将减少灾害风险和适应气候变化作为国家的教育优先事项。[58]", "77. 特别报告员强调，通过教育进行的在预防工作方面的投入对于保护他们援助的学校和社区免受自然灾害的影响至关重要。因此，教育系统必须积极参与风险管理战略的编制和实施。学校还必须通过其经常性的活动，促进在学生、工作人员及其所属社区中形成一种预防和备灾的文化。考虑到即使在同一地区的各个社区的风险和需求都大相径庭，需要确保通过一个学校所在社区参与的有意义的参与过程编制风险管理策略。", "D. 确保关注女童和边缘化群体", "78. 政府不能解决基于收入、性别、地点、族裔和语言的持续不平等问题是在实现全民教育目标[59] 以及千年发展目标方面进展有限的原因之一。在正常时期已经存在的上学的障碍，在紧急情况下其影响显然更大。上学的成本可能大大增加，并且学校和家庭之间的通勤往往变得非常困难和不安全，将那些贫困或更容易受到暴力侵害的儿童进一步排除在外。在这个意义上，确定边缘化群体并解决他们的具体需要的有针对性的措施对于避免扩大在教育方面的不平等是必要的。", "79. 确保教育中的性别均等的工作在这方面尤其重要。已提请注意在冲突中普遍存在的性暴力伤害直接和间接影响女教师和女学生。[60] 前往学校、从学校离开的路上或在学校内的不安全状况似乎是将女童排除在教育系统之外的一个核心因素。在紧急学校缺乏独立的卫生设施也构成了女童教育的主要障碍。", "80. 尽管在紧急情况下存在明显的资源限制，在这种情况下规划、实施和评估教育政策时忽视教育中的歧视和结构不平等的影响可能导致进一步的边缘化，并在某些情况下导致冲突的再次发生。", "81. 难民和境内流离失所者在原籍社区之外寻求教育方面继续面临很大的障碍。联合国难民事务高级专员办事处在联合国正式难民营内收集到的数据显示，各个营地受教育的机会是有限和不均衡的——难民儿童的整体小学入学率是69%，而中学阶段的入学率只有30%。[61] 尽管各国有不加任何歧视地向居住在其领土上的所有儿童提供教育的人权义务，并且《公约》有与难民地位有关的规定，[62] 多个国家维持对难民和境内流离失所儿童入学的行政障碍。[63] 为长期流离失所状况下的项目提供短期资助威胁数千名难民和流离失所儿童的教育和进步。[64] 必须将在这些情况下的教育供资方面的差距作为优先事项加以处理，因为拒绝向这些人口提供教育会产生持久的影响。", "82. 特别报告员在其向人权理事会提交的第一次报告(A/HRC/17/29)中已经强调，大多数人权条约都涉及到平等教育机会问题。人权条约规定国家有责任确保在公立教育机构和课程就读的权利不受歧视，并向所有人提供初等教育。", "E. 在所有级别确保高质教育", "83. 仅仅入学并不能保证受教育权利的行使，例如，在所提供的教育质量不符合适当的标准的情况下。在紧急时期所面临的资源限制并不是忽略确保高质量教育的基本要求的正当理由，这些要求包括合格教师的存在、适当教学材料的提供、充分的真实教学时间和经改善的课堂教学环境。", "84. 各国、国际组织和民间社会继续通过机构间紧急情况中教育网络编制的材料，为改善在紧急情况下的高质教育提供指导。一个世界各地的紧急教育所涉利益攸关方参与的协商进程的结果是编制了《机构间紧急情况中教育网络教育工作最低标准：备灾、回应和复原》的更新版本，该标准提供有关确保高质量教育的必要步骤的重要政策指导。最近发布的机构间紧急情况中教育网络关于教与学的指导说明根据在紧急情况下工作的教育工作者积累的经验，提供了更具体的教学指导。", "85. 如上所述，紧急教育和过渡方案资金的不足和短期性质大大影响消除严重缺陷的可能性，这导致教育质量十分低下。此外，仅仅侧重于小学教育的人道主义工作总体趋势限制了对早期儿童护理和发展以及中等教育和高等教育的投资。这种偏见极大地限制了学生进步的前景，并增加了培训教师方面面临的挑战。", "86. 2011年全民教育全球监测报告介绍了确保受冲突影响或面临冲突风险的学生得到高质量教育方面的一些关键问题。这些问题包括，确保儿童可以学习自己的母语，尤其是在早期阶段；重新考虑历史和宗教的教学，使其展示对冲突敏感问题的不同视角；并促进非暴力的学校环境。", "87. 识字、算术和生活技能(如疾病预防和冲突解决)的有效教学对于提高突发事件期间的应变能力至关重要。必须给予学校工作人员足够的激励并加强他们的能力，以使他们对学生的心理需求给予适当关注，为娱乐和表演活动使用资源和做出日程安排，并使受到严重影响的学生求助于额外的支持。", "88. 提供学习成绩认证是在紧急情况下与教育质量有关的另一个值得关注的问题，特别是对于难民学校的学生。需要编制具体的战略，以确保即使在发生危机的时候，学生的成绩记录也能得到充分地监测、记录和确认。", "F. 收集有关紧急状况下教育的信息", "89. 在紧急情况下收集数据方面的限制继续影响整个人道主义工作。准确评估教育需求的能力不足限制了在紧急情况下准确制定和评估教育举措的可能性。如上所述，监测欠佳进一步导致在学校直接受到暴力威胁情况下缺乏能见度和随之而来的有罪不罚现象。", "90. 2011年全民教育全球监测报告指出，冲突局势中的数据收集存在严重的局限性：“对陷入冲突的社区的需求评估是没有计划性的，即使考虑到与在受冲突影响地区进行调查有关的不可避免的限制也是如此。[65] 该报告还强调，捐助方评估往往低估教育部门的需求，因为他们的建议往往是为满足对捐助资金的较低期望提出的。[66] 对教科书供应、学时、在职教师培训等教育质量方面的需求评估的关注有限。中学教育对人力资源和基础设施的要求往往也被完全忽略。", "91. 在紧急情况下收集信息需要具体的策略，以克服在这种情况下所面临的各种障碍。这些障碍可能包括艰难的后勤工作、人身的不安全性、在瞬息万变的环境中各种活动所涉及的政治和伦理问题，以及与流动人口和具有不寻常人口构成的群体合作的技术挑战。[67]", "92. 全球教育专题工作组在2010年编制了联合教育需求评估工具包以及快速需求评估简要指南，以在紧急状况下提供有关数据收集的指导。工作组强调，需要通过界定一套核心指标进一步提高监测能力，包括指导融资要求估计所需的即将接触的儿童和青年的估计数字、年龄和性别概况、流离失所的模式、教育材料、教师和基础设施要求。[68]", "G. 结论和建议", "93. 如关于紧急状况下的教育的上次报告(A/HRC/8/10)中所述，对于受紧急状况影响的大多数社区，极为有限的接受教育的途径仍然是一个现实情况。尽管国际社会增加了关注，关键问题仍然存在：对人道主义活动的供资仍然忽视确保教育的需求；学校继续成为直接和间接暴力的受害者；面对自然灾害的更大影响，预防工作仍然不够积极。为了扭转目前的趋势，提供和输送人道主义和过渡援助的国家和其他实体在紧急情况下一定要更加重视教育。在紧急情况期间提供教育和确保教育受到保护不是一种选择，而是一种义务。", "94. 在此方面，特别报告员提出了以下建议：", "(a) 确保在紧急状况下为教育提供充分资金", "95. 作为人道主义和过渡响应工作的支柱，各国必须紧急增加对教育的国家、双边和多边供资承诺。必须作出明确的政策承诺，以确保在紧急状况以及脆弱和持久危机的情况下对教育提供充足和可持续的国内和国际支持。这种承诺所涉的期间必须直至恢复的最后阶段，包括在发展框架中。受援国必须在寻求和管理国际援助的同时遵循有关人权的规定。", "(b) 加强对学校的保护，使其免受袭击", "96. 各国必须确保系统监测、记录和报告对教育界人员和教育机构和场地进行的侵犯国际人权和人道主义法的行为。必须遵循安全理事会最近通过的第1998(2011)号决议，在今后监测武装冲突中侵犯儿童权利情况的工作中更加关注教育情况。应充分了解国内、区域和国际问责机制(包括军事问责机制)，并系统落实国家和非国家行为体在教育权和其他保证向教育界人员和机构提供的法律保护方面的义务。需要开展具体工作，加强教育提供者预防和回应袭击的能力。", "(c) 加强安全和减少灾害风险", "97. 各国必须确保，在规划、设计、建造和重建教育设施时考虑到灾害风险和安全因素。应将减少灾害风险和备灾概念纳入教育政策和课程中。必须使用有学生和社区参加的参与性进程，以确保对当地的危险进行评估和备灾。", "(d) 注意将女童和边缘化群体排除在外的情况", "98. 各国必须采取具体措施，在紧急状况中保障女童和边缘化群体受到教育。需要开展具体工作，消除持续或新出现的歧视模式，并消除在紧急情况期间使不平等程度加深的实体、财政、文化和语言障碍。", "(e) 确保高质量的教育", "99. 那些负责在紧急状况中提供教育的机构必须考虑满足高质量教育标准的要求。必须特别注意改进学校的课程，促进人权教育并满足学生和教师的心理社会需求。", "(f) 制定评估紧急状况中教育需求的共同框架", "100.　需要进一步投资，以确保系统收集有关在紧急状况下教育状况的数据。在紧急状况下对教育提供支持的国家、国际组织和非政府组织应努力编制一个评估和报告紧急状况中得到满足和未得到满足的教育需求的共同框架。这种框架必须考虑到与受教育权有关的人权义务。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] A/HRC/17/29/Add.2。", "[3] 《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》第13条和第14条和教科文组织《取缔教育歧视公约》广泛规定了这项权利，并且也得到《儿童权利公约》第28和第29条、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第5条、《国际消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第10、第11和第13条、《保护所有移徙工人及其家人权利的国际公约》第30、第43和第45条，以及《残疾人权利公约》第24条的保障。", "[4] A/64/665，第71(b)段。", "[5] 教科文组织教育规划资助教育国际研究所 一些出版物也探讨此一问题。", "[6] 教科文组织2011年《全民教育全球报告》，“隐形危机：武装冲突与教育”，第12页。", "[7] 例如，2009年和2010年给玻利维亚、柬埔寨、智利、刚果民主共和国、多米尼加共和国、埃塞俄比亚和西班牙的建议。", "[8] 劳工组织/教科文组织关于教师地位的建议，第10(e)段。", "[9] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会，一般性意见第13号第5段，第44号和第45号。", "[10] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会，一般性意见第3号第12段。", "[11] 人权理事会2009年2月23日S-10/1号决议。", "[12] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会，一般性意见第13号第52段。", "[13] 第2.1条。", "[14] 第4条。", "[15] 第4.2条。", "[16] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会，一般性意见第3号第11段。", "[17] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会，一般性意见第11号(1999)第9段，和一般性意见第3号(1990)第14段。", "[18] 2011年5月9日至13日在伊斯坦布尔召开的年联合国最不发达国家问题会议通过的最不发达国家2011-2020十年行动纲领(A/CONF.219/3/REV.1)第74.2(a)和1(c)段和第72.1(c)段。", "[19] 《关于援助有效性巴黎宣言》第一部分：表示决心，第25段，这反映出承诺加强伙伴国家的全国发展战略及有关业务框架(如规划、预算、业绩评估框架)，以及“定性措施和业绩标准”。", "[20] 教育方面债务转换的基本概念是，取消外债，换取债权国政府承诺调动国内资源，用于教育。", "[21] 创新教育筹资领导小组，“2+3=8；创新教育筹资：编写委员会给创新教育筹资工作队的报告”，2010年。", "[22] 创新筹资领导小组国际教育工作队第二届会议讨论，巴黎，2010年6月17日。", "[23] 《达喀尔行动框架》，世界教育论坛通过，2000年，第8㈠段。", "[24] 世界银行教育战略小组，2020年，人人学习：投资于人的知识和技能，促进发展。执行摘要，第1页。", "[25] 英联邦共同体政府首脑会议公报，2009年11月27日至29日，特立尼达和多巴哥。第89段。", "[26] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会，一般性意见第3号第3段：“履行国家义务，采取步骤应采用的手段，见第2⑴条，即，‘所有适当手段，尤其包括采用立法措施。’”", "[27] 如在印度，在2009年《儿童免费义务教育权利法》框架内，联邦政府将担负教育公共资金的65%，各邦担负35%。", "[28] 在此背景下，值得一提的是，就教育创新筹资展开的讨论中包含设立新机制的若干建议，旨在弥补教育领域的投资缺口，确保长期可持续供资。", "[29] 印度尼西亚常驻教科文组织代表团。关于作为基本人权的接受基础教育权及其资金筹措的法律框架的国际会议通过的《雅加达宣言》，2005年12月。", "[30] 例如，印度尼西亚宪法法院于2008年通过了一项决议，提醒立法机构履行宪法规定的义务，为2009财政年度提供至少占国家预算20%的教育预算。印度尼西亚政府相应地增加了教育预算。", "[31] 自其2005年第五次会议以来，关于全民教育问题的高级别小组就一直向各国政府建议采取此类措施。在2011年3月于宗甸-芭堤雅举行的第十次会议上，高级别小组呼吁各国政府“至少为教育分配国民生产总值的6%和/或公共开支的20%，以确保资源利用的成本效益”", "[32] 儿童权利委员会，关于“保护儿童权利的资源——国家的责任”的一般性讨论日，2007年9月21日。", "[33] A/64/665,第71(b)段。", "[34] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》关于全面实现受教育的权利的条款规定，“应设立适当的奖助金制度”(第13条)。同样，教科文组织《取缔教育歧视公约》规定，“向学生颁发奖学金或其他形式的援助”应根据“成绩或需要”的标准(第3(C)条)。", "[35] 依照厄瓜多尔的2011年《跨文化教育法》，教师的薪酬已经翻番。", "[36] 教育创新筹资国际工作队第四次会议，巴黎，教科文组织总部，2011年2月4日。", "[37] 教育高于一切”、机构间紧急教育网、受教育的权利项目/国际援助行动组织、拯救儿童国际联盟和联合国儿童基金会联署了这份文件。", "[38] 教科文组织：《全民教育全球监测报告》，2011年，第15页。", "[39] 国际减少灾害战略、机构间紧急教育网和世界银行：《提高学校建设安全的指导说明》(纽约：机构间紧急教育网；华盛顿：世界银行全球减灾和灾后恢复基金，2009年)。", "[40] 机构间紧急教育网：《机构间紧急教育网关于教育外部筹资的参考指南》(纽约，2010年)。", "[41] 截至2010年，加拿大、丹麦、日本、挪威和瑞典已将教育纳入其人道主义援助政策。2011年，澳大利亚的捐助机构(澳援署)和美利坚合众国的捐助机构(美援署)分别将紧急情况下的教育问题和受冲突影响国家的教育问题列入其教育战略。参见拯救儿童基金：《办到它：为受冲突和紧急情况影响的国家提供教育资金》，2011年。", "[42] 教科文组织：《全民教育全球监测报告》，2011年，第204页。", "[43] 同上，第19页。", "[44] 经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)发展合作司概况介绍：《确保脆弱国家不被弃之不顾》，巴黎，2010年。", "[45] 教科文组织：《全民教育全球监测报告》，2011年，第227页。", "[46] 《全民教育快车道倡议》，理事会会议，2011年。", "[47] 参见《联合国宪章》第55条和第56条、《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第2.1条和第11条、《儿童权利公约》第4条和《残疾人权利公约》第32条。", "[48] 1949年8月12日《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》保护冲突期间受教育的权利。根据国际人道主义法，学校和教育机构属于民用目标，除非被敌方用于军事目的，否则不得对其进行蓄意袭击。参见《国际刑事法院罗马规约》第8条。", "[49] A/65/820-S/2011/250，第211段。", "[50] N.Boothby；A.Ager；R.Quinn；“Feasibility Study for a Global Monitoring System for Attacks on Education：Definitions and Typology”,CPC Learning Network，Doha；Education Above All，New York，2011。", "[51] 国际教育学会是一家独立的非营利组织，自1919年成立以来，该学会一直参与救援遭受迫害的学者。2002年，国际教育学会启动了学者救援基金，作为对这一持续的国际困境的正式回应。学者救援基金与面临风险学者网络、协助学术难民理事会和其他类似组织开展紧密合作。", "[52] A/65/820-S/2011/250，第211段。", "[53] 同上。", "[54] A/64/254，第25段。", "[55] Children’s Charter–an action plan for disaster risk reduction by children for children，available from www.childreninachangingclimate.org。", "[56] 全球减灾和灾后恢复基金，《安全学校建造准则》，2009年。", "[57] 减少灾害风险全球平台，“统一区域和全球减少灾害风险议程；关键区域政治承诺和减少灾害风险优先事项摘要”，2011年，第20页。", "[58] 同上，第25页。", "[59] 教科文组织，“克服不平等：治理为何重要”，全民教育全球监测报告，摘要，2009年，第4页、第7页和第39页。", "[60] 教科文组织，全民教育全球监测报告，2011年，第190页。", "[61] Dryden-Peterson，S.，“Conflict，education and displacement”，in Conflict & Education：An Interdisciplinary Journal，Toronto，2011。", "[62] 缔约各国应给予难民凡本国国民在初等教育方面所享有的同样待遇(第22条，第1款)。缔约各国就初等教育以外的教育，应对难民给以不得低于一般外国人所享有的待遇(第22条，第2款)。", "[63] 《儿童权利公约》，第2条和第28条。", "[64] 教科文组织，2011年全民教育全球监测报告，摘要，第31页。", "[65] 同上，第216页。", "[66] 同上，第206页。", "[67] Jennifer Schlecht and Sara Casey，“Challenges of collecting baseline data in emergency settings”，Reproductive Health Access，Information and Services in Emergencies，2008。", "[68] 教科文组织，2011年全民教育全球监测报告，摘要，第31页，第217页。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "页:1", "受教育权", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递教育权问题特别报告员基肖尔·辛格根据人权理事会第8/4号和第17/3号决议所提交的临时报告。", "教育权问题特别报告员的临时报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据人权理事会第8/4和17/3号决议提交的。 它致力于基础教育的国内筹资问题。 报告详细说明了资助教育的人权义务,并提供了确保国内融资的国家法律框架实例。 根据大会第64/290号决议,本报告还载有紧急情况下教育的最新情况。 特别报告员强调,用于紧急情况下教育的注意力和资金仍然不足和不足,他呼吁增加对预防工作的投资并更好地保护武装冲突期间的教育。", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 3 筹资\nA. 资助方面的人权义务\nB. 资助基础教育的国家法律框架 8\nC. 需要更多的教育\nD. 结 论\n三、建 议 最新13起关于教育\nA. 确保向教育提供14个政治和财政支助\nB. 保护17名来自\nC. 准备18个教育系统应付自然灾害\nD. 确保对女童和被边缘化群体的19个关注\nE. 确保20起优质教育\nF. 收集21个关于教育的信息\nG. 结论22和\n建议", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据人权理事会第8/4和17/3号决议提交的。 它涉及国家为基础教育提供公共资金的义务以及确保国内为基础教育提供资金的法律框架的重要性。 根据大会第64/290号决议,本报告还载有紧急情况下教育的最新情况。", "2. 基肖尔·辛格被人权理事会任命后,于2010年8月就任特别报告员。 此后,他于2011年6月向人权理事会第十七届会议提交了报告。 他在第一次报告[1]中概述了任务期间需要审查的优先领域,并更详细地阐述了国家确保教育机会平等的义务。 他还报告了他在2011年1月对塞内加尔的第一次国别访问。", "3个 在第一年的工作中,特别报告员参加了一些关于教育的公开活动并努力与各国、国际组织和非政府组织建立合作关系。 特别报告员最近参加了经济及社会理事会分别于3月和4月在泰国和多哥举行的两次区域筹备会议。 7月,特别报告员参加了理事会实质性会议高级别部分期间举行的年度部长级审查,审查的重点是教育方面的国际商定目标和承诺。", "二. 资助基础教育", " 4.四. 受教育权是一项得到国际承认的权利,提供足够的财政资源对于实现这一权利至关重要。 《世界人权宣言》第26条承认人人有权接受教育,教育至少应在初级和基本阶段免费。 自《世界人权宣言》通过以来,各国通过各种人权文书[3]承担了实现受教育权的国际法律义务,并承担了提供实现受教育权所需资源的责任。", "5 (韩语). 然而,资源限制仍然是实现受教育权的主要障碍。 实现千年发展目标目标的前景 2(确保到2015年,世界各地的儿童,不论男女,都能上完小学全部课程)和3(至迟于2015年消除各级教育中的性别差距)由于缺乏资源而令人沮丧。 为2010年大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议编写的评估强调,需要扩大预算并提供更多资源来加快实现这些目标的进展。 [4] 近年来的《全民教育全球监测报告》一贯指出,教育资金不足。 最近,全球金融危机导致公共开支削减,有可能减少对教育部门的支助,可能危及最近的进展。 [5] 例如,2009年18个低收入国家中有7个减少了教育支出;仅这些国家就有370万儿童失学。 [6]", "6. 国家 鉴于迫切需要克服资源限制,以实现受教育权并实现国际商定的目标,如千年发展目标和全民教育,特别报告员在本报告中回顾了各国在为基础教育提供国内资源方面的义务,并举例说明为确保教育获得充足的财政资源而通过的国家法律文书。", "A. 资助教育的人权义务", "7. 联合国 根据国际人权条约,国家有责任提供资源,确保人权的享受。 鉴于享有受教育权对行使所有其他人权至关重要,为享有受教育权提供必要资源就更为重要。 由于个人和社会都是公共投资的受益者,因此应高度重视公共投资。", "8. 各国有义务确保提供足够的资源来克服联合国人权条约机构通过的结论性意见中始终存在的阻碍实现受教育权的因素。 经济、社会、文化权利委员会和儿童权利委员会经常对教育标准因国家教育投资不足而下降表示关切,并建议增加分配给教育部门的资源。 消除对妇女歧视委员会还系统地敦促各国增加对教育的投资,将其作为一项基本人权和赋予妇女权力的基础。 人权理事会普遍定期审议进程提出的增加教育资源的建议进一步证实,人们普遍认识到为教育供资对于履行人权义务至关重要。 [7]", "9. 国家 国际劳工组织(劳工组织)/联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)也承诺资助教育 关于教师地位的建议(1966年),该建议承认所有国家需要高度重视在国家预算中拨出适当比例的国民收入用于发展教育。 [8] 事实上,受教育权是教科文组织机构使命的一个组成部分,会员国有义务为实现受教育权提供必要资源。", "1. 联合国 确保逐步实现并避免倒退", "10个 逐步实现经济、社会和文化权利,包括受教育权的概念承认,这些权利的实现往往要持续一段时间。 它还意味着,必须采取措施,促进实现一项权利,以确保在全国各地可持续地扩大享受这项权利。 经济、社会、文化权利委员会在提到逐步实现教育权时强调,《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》缔约国有具体和持续的义务“尽可能迅速和有效地”争取充分实现这项权利。 它还强调:“强烈推定不允许采取任何倒退措施”。 [9] 从这个意义上讲,对教育的支持必须基于对确保教育部门逐步扩大的必要性的考虑。", "11个 联合国各人权条约机构对经济危机可能对享受人权的影响表示关切。 经济、社会、文化权利委员会指出,“即使在资源严重受限的情况下,无论是由调整进程、经济衰退还是由其他因素所造成,社会弱势成员仍然能够而且确实必须通过费用相对较低的有针对性的方案加以保护”。 [10] 最近,人权理事会通过了一项决议,呼吁各国注意到,全球经济和金融危机并没有削弱国家当局在实现人权方面的责任。 [11]", "2. 联合国 履行核心义务", "12. 各国优先满足《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》所承认 \" 每项权利的最低基本水平 \" 的义务,也称为 \" 最低核心义务 \" ,立即生效。 与受教育权有关的核心义务包括根据第13条第2款(a)项为所有人免费提供初等教育的义务,以及通过和执行包括提供中等、高等教育和基础教育在内的国家教育战略的义务。 [12] 《公约》第14条还进一步强调了一项核心义务,即通过一项行动计划,以确保在合理时限内逐步实现免费接受义务初级教育的权利。", "3个 确保提供尽可能多的现有资源", "13个 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、[13]《儿童权利公约》[14]和《残疾人权利公约》[15]都明确规定缔约国有义务提供最大限度的现有资源,以确保人权的享受。", "14个 经济、社会、文化权利委员会在关于缔约国义务性质的一般性意见中强调,即使在现有资源不足以实现经济和社会权利的情况下,缔约国仍有义务努力确保在当前情况下尽可能广泛地享有这些权利,监测这些权利的实现程度,并制订促进这些权利的战略和方案。 [16] 提及资源是指筹资,但不仅限于筹资。", " 4.四. 提供国际援助与合作", "15个 根据《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》,各国有义务在其现有资源所允许的最大限度内,单独或通过国际援助和合作采取步骤,以逐步实现各项权利。 经济、社会、文化权利委员会已经强调了国际社会对资助受教育权的具体义务。 [17] 同时,需要国际援助的国家必须按照人权准则和标准寻求和管理援助。", "16号. 根据国际团结原则,最不发达国家面临严重的财政困难,理应获得这种援助,这是理所当然的。 发展伙伴必须向这些国家提供“财政和技术支助”,以“执行其国家教育计划和方案,包括增加农村和边远地区的入学机会”。 就最不发达国家而言,它们需要加强其国家教育系统。 [18]", "17岁 一些关于国际援助的政治宣言强调受援国需要适当管理国内现有资源,这必须有助于加强发展努力的可持续性。 例如,通过2005年《援助实效问题巴黎宣言》,伙伴国家承诺“加强努力来调动国内资源,加强财政可持续性,为公共和私人投资创造有利环境”。 [ 19] 同样地,秘书长在2002年于墨西哥蒙特雷举行的发展筹资问题国际会议上发起的《联合国全球契约》规定,如果发展中国家改善施政并取得成果,捐助者将拿出必要的资金来实现千年发展目标。 [20] 全民教育快车道倡议是国际援助教育的最重要机制,旨在协助各国实现千年发展目标2和全民教育目标,并特别注意受援国对国内资源的适当管理。", "18岁。 2006年,参与发展援助的国家和国际组织设立了创新发展筹资领导小组,以制定更多国际筹资机制来推动全球发展。 作为该倡议的一部分而成立的教育创新筹资问题国际工作队目前正在讨论若干其他办法,以增加对教育的供资,[21] 包括调动国内资源和国际援助。", "5 (韩语). 相关的全球政治承诺", " 19. 19. 资助初级教育的承诺在许多国际宣言中得到体现,是全球重大运动的核心。 在2000年世界教育论坛上,各国政府和其他利益有关者承诺执行一项战略,特别是“调动国家和国际对普及教育的坚定政治承诺,制定国家行动计划并大力增加对基础教育的投资”。 因此,各国政府有责任为普及教育提供国内资源。 获得教育作为一项基本人权,被视为一项“战略发展投资”。", "20号. 千年发展目标也应被理解为重申人权条约中表达的义务,因此,重申各国政府有责任为教育提供财政资源。 千年发展目标2反映了确保普及初等教育的义务,包括确保不直接或间接费用剥夺儿童受教育的权利的义务。 千年发展目标3反映了确保各级教育两性均等的义务,包括为此目的提供财政资源的义务。", "B. 资助基础教育的国家法律框架", "21岁 各国有责任将资助教育的国际义务纳入国内法。 国家宪法、国家立法和教育政策中为教育提供公共资金的规定对于履行与实现受教育权有关的义务至关重要。 特别报告员认为,通过资助教育的国家法律框架表明了对受教育权的重视和优先考虑。", "22号. 通过在全民教育进程中所推动的法律改革,人们可以目睹在国家法律框架中,基础教育权与接受初等教育权连续出现。 因此,各国认识到它们有义务保障普及基础教育。 例如,2009年英联邦政府首脑会议呼吁所有英联邦国家承诺为基础教育提供更多的资源。 [25] (中文(简体) ).", "1. 联合国 宪法规定", "23. 联合国 关于资助教育的宪法规定为制定国家立法和教育政策奠定了坚实的基础。 有些国家有这种规定,这些国家有不同的标准来确定最低教育投资水平。", "24 (韩语). 有些宪法规定了教育必须占税收比例的最低资源水平。 《巴西宪法》第212条规定,“联邦每年应适用不少于其税收的18%,各州、联邦区和各州至少应适用25%的税收,包括转移收入,用于维持和发展教育”。", "25岁 另一些宪法规定,教育在国家总预算中所占的份额是最低的。 2002年修订的《印度尼西亚宪法》第31条第4款规定,国家应将教育预算列为优先,至少占国家预算和区域预算的20%,以满足实施国民教育的需要。", "26. 联合国 其他宪法使用国家国内生产总值来计算教育所需的最低支持。 2008年《厄瓜多尔宪法》规定,用于教育的公共开支为国内生产总值的6%。 1997年《哥斯达黎加宪法》载有类似规定。", "27个 最后,其他宪法规定了优先投资于教育的义务。 《埃塞俄比亚宪法》规定,“国家有义务拨出越来越多的资源,用于公共卫生、教育和其他社会服务”(第41条第4款)。 同样,菲律宾和越南的宪法规定,国家应优先投资于教育。", "2. 基础教育方面的国家立法和预算拨款", "28岁 经济、社会和文化权利委员会已强调国家立法对于履行国家义务的重要性。 [26] 许多国家制定的国家立法,往往是在普及教育进程范围内制定的,载有为基础教育提供资金的重要规定,规定了这方面的最低限度财政支助和责任。 下文介绍可作为实例列举的最近事态发展。", "29. 国家 在南非,基础教育是一项宪法权利。 1996年《南非学校法》规定,“在遵守《宪法》和该法的前提下,部长必须与教育部长会议、财政和财政委员会以及财政部长协商,确定公立学校筹资的规范和最低标准”(第35段)。", "30. 在尼日利亚,2004年的《义务免费普及基础教育法》规定了九年义务基础教育,设立了普及基础教育委员会,负责落实接受基础教育的权利和提供资源。 普及基础教育方案由综合税收基金的2%供资。", "31岁 阿根廷2007年第26.206号《国家教育法》规定,2010年,教育资源将增加到国内生产总值的6%。 该法规定了从5岁到中学毕业接受义务教育的权利(第16条)。", "32. 在墨西哥,2003年修订的《普通教育法》规定将国内生产总值的8%用于公共教育和教育服务(第25条)。 据报告,这有助于增加对教育的支助。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 在印度,基本教育筹资政策源于国家立法,例如,正在采取措施执行2009年《儿童免费义务教育权利法》。 据报,由于这个框架,该国五年计划的教育开支急剧增加。", "34. 国家 在塞内加尔,关于国民教育取向的1991年第91-22号法律于2004年由2004-37号法律修订,规定所有6至16岁的儿童接受义务教育,所有公立学校均免费。 据报告,在承认提供教育的义务之后,国家投资增加到了国家预算的近40%。", "35. 联合国 在肯尼亚,2001年《儿童法》和21世纪教育战略的通过突出了普及初级教育的核心承诺。 据报告,由于这一承诺,分配给教育的资源大幅增加。", "36. 在中国,2006年修订的《义务教育法》规定了九年基础教育。 保证基础教育经费由国务院和地方人民政府提供. 国家中长期教育改革与发展规划(2010-2020年)确认教育经费是基本战略投资. 根据该计划,建议到2012年将教育方面的公共支出提高到国内生产总值的4%。", "37. 联合国 一些法律框架将融资责任下放给国家以下各级实体。 在冰岛,2008年第19号《义务教育法》规定,市政当局应资助义务教育的资本投资费用。 在泰国,1999年《国家教育法》授权国家和地方机构酌情征收教育税。 一些国家建立了联邦制度,就联邦和省(州)当局的权限和责任作出具体的筹资安排。", "3. 为教育调动额外资源", "38. 国家 法律文书可以调动更多的资源用于教育。 印度征收的所有中央税中,有2%的教育收入,使初等教育部门的资金有了大幅度增长。 同样,上述《中国国家计划》建议征收占增值税3%的教育附加税,专门用于教育事业。 通过这种特别税收办法调动额外资源对于加强预算规定至关重要。 [28]", "39. 联合国 可以通过补充政府资金的体制机制,从地方机构、私人捐助者和社区的捐款中调动更多资源,以加强对基础教育的公共投资。 例如,根据2001年《教育基金法》,坦桑尼亚教育局可以“代表该基金接受礼物、捐款、赠款或其他资金”。 例如,印度与Bharatiya Shiksa Kosh(教育基金)和尼日利亚与教育税基金存在类似的机制。 必须确保所有这些体制机制的运作方式充分尊重透明度和问责制。", " 40. 40. 本报告仅侧重于通过公共资源为教育提供资金。 然而,显然私营部门可以与政府建立伙伴关系,公平分担责任,以此补充国家在提供教育方面的举措。 [29] 然而,应确保这种伙伴关系在法律框架内运作,要求充分遵守人权准则和优质教育标准。", "C. 需要进一步审议的问题", "41. 国家 如上所述,人权文书明确规定了国家资助教育的义务。 将这些义务付诸实践,需要一些法律和政策文书,以确保教育投资是可预见和可持续的,并确保及时提供并适当利用财政资源,确保尽可能广泛地享有受教育权。 采用资助教育的法律框架是促进问责制的重要工具,因为影响教育公共投资的行动可以成为国内法律行动的主题。 [30]", "42. 国家 下文,特别报告员提到了在执行基本教育筹资法律文书方面值得进一步关注的一些核心问题。", "1. 联合国 为基础教育争取足够的财政资源;", "43. 东帝汶 为了克服全民教育议程的资源限制,全民教育高级别小组已倡导确保国家预算中至少有一部分(15%至20%)或国内生产总值的一部分(4%至6%)专门用于教育。 [31] 如上所述,建立将公共支出总额或特定税收收入的一定比例指定用于教育的机制,已经在各国扩大教育资金方面取得了成果。 显然,随着时间的推移,评估这些机制的效力将取决于特定国家现行财政和预算政策机制的总体运作情况。", "2. 联合国 确保充分利用教育资源", "44. 国家 虽然将尽可能多的国内资源用于教育至关重要,但确保有效而最佳地利用这些资源同样重要。 [32] 除了获得教育资金外,保护教育权的法律文书还可进一步指导国家采取行动,根据人权义务利用分配给教育的资源。", "45. 国家 考虑到确保普及初等教育的义务以及实现千年发展目标和全民教育议程的承诺,应作为优先事项确保为初等教育和基础教育提供公共资金。", "46. 经常预算: 评估教育领域财务管理的有效性需要重视平等和不歧视的核心原则。 在向领土内各级教育和地区分配资金时,必须考虑到普遍存在的社会经济差距及其对教育部门的影响。 在通过国家以下一级预算为学校提供资金的情况下,还有必要确保地方收入差异不会造成地区之间的不平等。", "47. 国家 必须确保提供具体资源,解决女孩、生活贫困或残疾的女孩、族裔和语言少数群体、移民以及其他边缘化和处境不利群体被排除在教育之外的根本原因。 必须考虑针对重要教育障碍的具体措施,包括取消学费和为教科书、校服和交通等其他费用提供补贴。 [33] 通过扶持行动向这类群体提供财政支持的暂行特别措施在国际人权条约中具有规范性基础。 [34] 必须特别注意教育预算管理的透明度和问责制原则。", "3个 回应质量要求", " 48. 48. 最后,规范教育开支的框架必须首先考虑改善优质教育,承认教育在人民生活中的中心地位和优质教育的赋权作用。 教育预算往往被经常性开支所完全消耗,大部分是教师的工资,不幸的是,这种开支往往很低,难以吸引合格的专业人员。 [35] 在编制教材、培训教职员工和改善工作条件等关键领域的投资仍然被忽略。 特别报告员打算在关于优质教育的另一份专题报告中研究这一问题。", "D. 结论和建议", "49. (中文(简体) ). 国家不能履行关于实现受教育权的国际义务,除非它们为教育提供必要的资源,并在一贯和可预测的基础上提供这些资源。 为此目的,确保教育投资的国家法律和政策框架发挥着至关重要的作用。 在加快实现千年发展目标和推进全民教育议程方面,它们也至关重要。 教育确实是一国在资源分配方面能够作出并应当得到最优先考虑的最佳投资。 作为最重要的全球公益,教育应得到全球领导人对其供资的有力承诺。 [36]", " 50. 50. 本着这一精神,特别报告员提出以下建议:", "(a) 通过国内法律框架确保对教育的投资", "51. 联合国 一项国家法律非常需要,根据这项法律,至少必须保证对优质教育的最低投资水平。 根据全民教育高级别小组一贯提出的建议,制定国际公认的规范,将国民生产总值(4-6%)或国家预算(15-20%)的一定最低百分比分配给教育,对于为制定国家法律和政策框架提供基础可能很有价值。", "(b) 制定增加资源分配的战略", "52. (中文(简体) ). 至关重要的是,各国应制定新的资源分配和使用办法。 为了加强对教育的投资,将其作为国家的优先事项,可以向负责社会发展的各部(社会福利、儿童和妇女发展、劳工、保健等部)提供教育预算项目。 与此同时,扩大税收基础对于创造更多的预算资源十分重要。", "(c) 促进公开辩论和经验交流", "53. 联合国 教育在国家一级的预算拨款方面往往得不到应有的重视。 为了确保教育得到优先关注,应当促进教育部长和财政部长之间的公开对话,并计划采取必要步骤,确保教育获得最大限度的资金。 各国之间就资助教育的法律和政策框架交流看法和办法,将使国家当局能够从比较的角度借鉴现有经验和实际例子,并使人们深入了解教育投资的新途径。", "(d) 在向各国政府提供技术援助以制定国家法律框架时,特别注意为基础教育提供资金", "54. 联合国 根据人权理事会第17/3号决议,应鼓励教科文组织和儿基会继续为会员国提供国家立法现代化/发展的技术援助。 在这一进程中,应当强调为基础教育提供资金的重要性。", "(e) 回应质量要求", "55. 国家 用于优质教育的预算经费很少,因为分配给教育的资源几乎全部用于经常性支出。 需要改变模式,以应对质量要求,这仍然是一项艰巨的挑战。", "三. 紧急情况下教育的最新情况", "56. (中文(简体) ). 大会在第64/290号决议中请特别报告员在其向大会第六十六届会议提交的下一份临时报告中提供其前任于2008年提交的关于紧急情况下受教育权的报告(A/HRC/8/10)的更新内容,以找出在紧急情况下确保受教育权方面的差距和尚存挑战。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 在2008年的报告中,紧急情况被定义为由自然灾害或武装冲突造成的任何危机局势,这些危机局势可能是国际(包括军事占领)或国际人道主义法所定义的国内危机局势或冲突后局势。 报告指出,除了是一项得到广泛承认的国家义务外,确保适当的教育对于防止紧急情况和确保建设和平和恢复努力取得成功是必不可少的。 然而,有人强调,在紧急情况和重建过程中,常常发现教育被中断、拖延甚至被剥夺。 报告向各国、政府间组织和非政府组织提出一些建议,以更好地保护教育并确保将教育列为对冲突和自然灾害的人道主义反应的一个组成部分。", "58. 联合国 目前的最新情况分为六节,反映了第64/290号决议的内容和核心建议。 每节都说明在紧急情况下促进教育方面仍然存在的挑战,以及过去三年取得的进展。 第一节着重讨论关于增加对紧急情况下教育的政治和财政支助的建议。 第二部分述及更好地保护学校免遭袭击和确保问责的建议。 第三节述及关于更好地为自然灾害情况建立教育系统的建议。 第四节涉及关注女孩和其他被边缘化群体具体需要的建议。 第五节着重讨论关于在紧急情况下确保优质教育的建议。 第六节专门讨论需要改进紧急情况下教育数据的收集工作。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 本增订本的编写得益于由具有紧急情况下教育专门知识的一批国际组织和非政府组织牵头的协作协商进程所编写的大量材料。 [37] 特别报告员对所有为编写最新情况汇编或分享信息的人表示感谢。", "A类. 确保向紧急情况下的教育提供政治和财政支助", "60. 联合国 数百万人在紧急情况下继续被剥夺受教育的权利。 增强政治关注和提供可持续的财政支持对于保障这一基本权利至关重要。 紧急情况下的教育得不到足够重视,继续影响着实现千年发展目标和全民教育目标的前景。 《2011年全民教育全球监测报告》强调,据估计,受冲突影响国家的约2 800万小学适龄儿童目前失学。 这占全世界失学儿童总数的42%。 [38] 教育还面临自然和人为灾害的风险:估计有8.75亿学童生活在高地震风险区,还有数亿人经常面临洪水、山体滑坡、极端风灾和火灾灾害以及缓慢发生的灾害。 [39]", "61. 国家 大会第64/290号决议 各国认识到迫切需要确保将实现受教育权作为人道主义援助和反应的一个组成部分。 联合国系统内的辩论和研究工作有助于揭露全民教育全球监测报告所称的“隐藏危机”。 儿童权利委员会在2008年和大会在2009年分别举行了专题讨论日。", "62. 联合国 提供人道主义援助的利益攸关方更加协调地重视教育,这仍然是一个主要关切问题。 \" 环球项目 \" 和机构间紧急情况教育网络(应急教育网络)之间最近合作,拟订指导将优质教育纳入人道主义应急工作的配套协定,这是在人道主义界促进更加一致和专注地关注教育的一个重要步骤。 传统上被排除在人道主义优先事项之外,受紧急情况影响的家庭和年轻人继续把恢复受教育机会列为优先事项。 [40] 对受影响社区所查明的需求作出反应是人道主义对策的重要组成部分,对落实受教育权至关重要。", "63. 国家 尽管国际社会和受紧急情况影响的社区日益认识到紧急情况下教育的重要性,但资金仍然极为有限。 只有少数捐助机构明确将教育作为其人道主义政策的一部分。 [41] 2011年《全民教育全球监测报告》强调,2009年,专门用于冲突相关紧急情况下教育的人道主义援助仅占人道主义援助总额的2%。 [42] 会议的结论是:", "教育是人道主义援助体系的贫困邻邦,这一体系资金不足、无法预测并受短期主义支配。 它处于双重不利地位:教育在人道主义呼吁中占很小的份额,在获得资助的呼吁中占较小的份额。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 评估表明,一些需要教育资金的特别脆弱国家被抛在后头,捐助者明确确定与它们的安全优先事项有关的国家的优先次序:向脆弱国家提供的官方发展援助高度集中,2008年对43个脆弱国家提供的官方发展援助有51%只使6个国家受益,这些国家只占脆弱国家总数的23%。", "65. 国家 支助的不稳定性是另一个令人关切的问题。 如已指出的,财政支助的可持续性对教育系统的充分运作至关重要。 只有通过持续提供财政支助,使方案能够不间断地继续其课程,才能确保开展这项工作。 在紧急情况后,由于在从人道主义反应向发展框架过渡的过程中缺乏可持续的支持和资金,失去了重要的机会。 在这些背景下,还强调必须进一步投资于受援国的国家规划和信息系统。 [45]", "66. (中文(简体) ). 全民教育——快车道倡议正在努力增加对脆弱国家的支持,但迄今缺乏在紧急环境下提供资金的能力。 [46] 除了双边支助外,还存在一些额外筹资方式来资助紧急情况下的教育,但这些方式显然仍然不足。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员强调,紧急状况并不免除国家采取一切适当措施确保在其领土上的所有人,包括非国民、难民或国内流离失所者群体实现受教育权的义务。 确保为初等教育提供财政支助,以保证在紧急情况下继续提供这种支助,不加歧视地提供中等教育,并按能力促进接受高等教育,这只不过是履行人权义务。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 鉴于受紧急情况影响的一些国家的脆弱性,以及国际援助与合作在这方面的核心作用,必须回顾,提供国际援助的义务是人权法规定的。 [47] 这也反映在许多国际宣言中,包括世界教育论坛于2000年通过的《达喀尔全民教育行动框架》。 此外,如上所述,需要援助的国家也有义务根据人权原则寻求和管理外部援助。", "B. 保护教育免遭攻击", "69. (中文(简体) ). 对学校和高等教育机构的袭击违反了人权和人道主义法。 [48] 然而,正如秘书长最近所报告,袭击学校是一个令人严重关切的问题并呈上升趋势。 [49] 位于冲突地区的许多教育机构仍然普遍存在不安全现象,对教育系统和学生造成长期影响。", "70. 联合国 研究表明,在过去三年里,据报在冲突局势中发生的攻击教育事件和广泛发生的暴力继续增加。 [50] 此类事件包括伤害或杀害学生和学校人员,破坏或摧毁教育设施,以及由于关闭学校,最终使数千名学生无法上学或上大学。 国际教育研究所的学者救援基金[51]报告说,在2008-2011年期间,受威胁学者的申请比上个期间翻了一番。 在某些情况下,武装分子利用学校损害了学校的平民性质并危及学生和教师。", "71. 联合国 尽管监测机制存在缺陷,但可以注意到国际社会更加注意紧急情况下攻击教育的情况。 2010年,国际组织和非政府组织成立了保护教育免遭袭击全球联盟,以共同促进预防、应对和监测对教育的袭击。 秘书长最近关于武装冲突中的儿童的报告列入了有关这些情况的资料。 [53] 负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表也这样做了,他回顾了保护学校免受攻击的重要性,并着重指出,“加强对这类罪行的问责机制是确保学校仍然是安全地与和平区的关键”。", "72. 联合国 特别报告员认为,加强监测教育系统被卷入武装冲突者作为目标的情况的机制的能力,对于结束隐形和有罪不罚现象至关重要。 在这方面,他欢迎安全理事会最近通过第1998(2011)号决议,其中安理会对袭击学校的行为深表关切,请秘书长在他关于儿童与武装冲突问题的报告附件中列入资料,说明一再袭击学校以及一再袭击或威胁袭击与学校有关的受保护人员的情况。 安全理事会的监测和报告机制在查明武装冲突中严重侵犯儿童的行为方面已经发挥了重要作用,继续并日益注意攻击学校的问题,对加强保护受教育的权利至关重要。 为了进一步确保问责制,还必须加强国内和国际司法系统的能力,以便能够起诉犯罪人,包括非国家行为者。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 除了确保对袭击学校行为追究责任外,还需要有针对性地努力防止袭击学校和其他教育机构的行为发生,并让他们做好应对不安全局势的准备,以尽量减少武装冲突可能造成的损害。 最后,需要作出专门的努力,协助受害者康复,并确保对这些与教育有关的侵权行为给予适当的个人和集体赔偿。", "C. 准备教育系统应付自然灾害", "74. 国家 教育系统负责人决不能忽视自然灾害日益增多的情况。 学校不仅在使社区在此种情况下更具有复原力方面发挥关键作用,而且需要做好充分准备,以尽量减少自然灾害最终可能对自身运作造成的伤害。 因此,在制定总体减少灾害风险战略时需要特别关注教育部门。 同时,学校必须制定和采取符合其所面临具体情况的系统安全保障措施。", "75. 国家 学校的建造或维护往往不具有抗灾能力。 与全球各地儿童进行广泛协商后,最近起草了《减少灾害风险儿童宪章》,[55]其中强调学校必须安全,教育不应中断。 国家教育研究所协调编写了关于采取必要步骤确保建造更安全的学校和改造现有学校的指导说明。 [56] 需要作出重大努力来建设技术能力,确保采用更安全的教育基础设施标准,以避免地震或其他灾害在不安全学校夺走大量儿童生命的悲剧。", "76. 联合国 此外,还重视利用学校作为平台,提高学生和教育工作者对灾害及其后果的准备。 一些国家已将减少灾害风险的内容纳入其学校课程,[57] 其他国家则考虑将减少灾害风险和适应气候变化列为国家教育优先事项。 [58]", "77. 国家 特别报告员强调,通过教育对预防工作进行投资,对于保护学校及其服务的社区免受自然灾害的影响至关重要。 因此,教育系统必须积极参与制定和实施风险管理战略。 学校还必须通过其定期活动,为在学生、工作人员和所属社区中建立一种预防和准备文化作出贡献。 考虑到社区的风险和需要大相径庭,即使是在同一区域,必须确保通过有学校所在社区参与的有意义的参与进程制定风险管理战略。", "D. 确保关注女童和被边缘化群体", "78. 国家 各国政府未能解决基于收入、性别、地点、族裔和语言的长期不平等问题,是在实现全民教育目标和千年发展目标方面进展有限的原因之一。 正常时期已经存在的入学障碍,在紧急情况下,其影响明显会扩大。 上学费用会大大增加,学校与家庭之间的通勤往往变得非常困难和不安全,进一步将生活贫困或更容易遭受暴力的人排除在外。 从这个意义上讲,有必要采取有针对性的举措,确定边缘化群体并满足其具体需求,以避免教育方面的不平等现象扩大。", "79. 联合国 在这方面,努力确保教育中的两性均等尤为重要。 已提请注意冲突期间性暴力的普遍伤害,这种伤害直接和间接地影响到女教师和女学生。 [60] 进出学校或学院途中和学校内部的不安全似乎是将女孩排除在教育系统之外的一个核心因素。 紧急学校缺乏单独的卫生设施也可能是阻碍女孩接受教育的一个主要障碍。", "80个 尽管紧急情况下资源明显受限,但在规划、执行和评价教育政策时忽视教育中歧视和结构性不平等的影响,可能导致进一步边缘化,有时还助长冲突再起。", "81个 难民和国内流离失所者在其原籍社区外寻求教育时继续面临巨大障碍。 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处在正式营地收集的数据表明,各营地获得教育的机会有限,而且不均衡;难民营中难民儿童的小学入学率为69%,中学只有30%。 [61] 一些国家对难民儿童和国内流离失所儿童入学仍设置了行政上的障碍,尽管它们负有人权义务,向生活在本国领土上的所有儿童不加任何歧视地提供教育[62] 以及《关于难民地位的公约》的有关规定。 [63] 长期流离失所情况下的项目的短期筹资威胁到成千上万名难民儿童和国内流离失所儿童的教育和进步;[64] 在这种情况下的教育筹资缺口必须作为优先事项加以解决,因为拒绝教育对这些人口的长期影响。", "82. 特别报告员在提交人权理事会的第一次报告(A/HRC/17/29)中已经强调,教育机会平等贯穿于大多数人权条约。 人权条约规定了在不歧视的基础上确保进入公立教育机构和方案的权利并为所有人提供初等教育的义务。", "页:1 确保各级教育的质量", "83个 如果提供的教育质量达不到适当的标准,那么单靠入学并不能确保受教育权的实现。 在紧急情况下面临的资源限制不能成为忽略确保优质教育的基本要求的理由,例如合格教师的存在、适当的教材的提供、适当的实际教学时间和改善课堂环境。", "第八十四会. 各国、国际组织和民间社会继续提供指导意见,以通过欧洲教育研究所编写的材料改进紧急情况下的优质教育。 由世界各地与紧急情况下教育有关的利益攸关方参与的协商进程导致更新了欧洲教育研究所教育最低标准: 准备、应对、恢复为确保优质教育采取必要步骤提供了重要的政策指导。 最近出版的《国家教育研究所教学指导说明》根据在紧急情况下工作的教育工作者积累的经验,提供了更具体的教学指导。", "85. 如上所述,紧急和过渡教育方案的短期资金不足,严重影响了解决造成教育质量极低的严重缺陷的可能性。 此外,人道主义工作只注重初级教育的总体趋势限制了对幼儿保育和发展以及中等和高等教育的投资。 这种偏见极大地限制了学生进步的前景并增加了培训教师的挑战。", "86. 《2011年全民教育全球监测报告》描述了一些对确保受冲突影响或面临冲突风险的学生获得优质教育至关重要的问题。 其中包括确保儿童能够用母语学习,特别是在早期阶段,重新考虑历史和宗教的教学,以表明对冲突敏感问题的不同观点,并提倡非暴力的学校环境。", "87个 有效地教授识字、算术和生活技能,如健康准备和冲突解决,对于加强紧急情况期间的复原力至关重要。 必须对学校工作人员给予充分的奖励,并提高他们的能力,以适当关注学生的心理社会需要,利用资源并安排时间安排,以便开展娱乐和表达活动,同时请受严重影响的学生提供额外支助。", "88个 提供学习成绩证书是另一个与紧急情况下教育质量有关的问题,特别是对难民学校的学生。 需要制定具体战略,确保即使在危机时期,学生的成就也得到适当监测、记录和承认。", "F. 收集关于紧急情况下教育的信息", "89. 紧急情况下数据收集方面的限制继续影响整个人道主义努力。 缺乏准确评估教育需要的能力限制了在紧急情况下准确设计和评估教育举措的可能性。 如前所述,监测不力进一步导致学校直接被暴力所害的情况下的隐形和由此而来的有罪不罚现象。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 《2011年全民教育全球监测报告》指出,在冲突局势中,数据收集工作受到严重限制:“对陷入冲突的社区的需求评估充其量是无序的,即使考虑到在受冲突影响地区开展调查必然受到的限制。” [65] 报告还强调,捐助方的评估往往低估教育部门的需求,因为其建议往往是为了满足对捐助方供资的低期望。 [66] 对教育质量方面的需要评估,如教科书供应、学习时间和在职教师培训,注意不够。 中等教育的人力资源和基础设施需求也往往被完全忽略。", "91. 联合国 在紧急情况下收集资料需要具体战略来克服在这种情况下所面临各种障碍。 这些障碍可能包括后勤困难、实体不安全、在迅速变化的环境中开展活动的政治和道德影响,以及与流动人口和人口组成异常的人口合作的技术挑战。 [67]", "92. (中文(简体) ). 全球教育集群于2010年开发了《联合教育需求评估工具包》和《快速需求评估短期指南》,为紧急情况下的数据收集提供指导。 强调需要通过确定一套核心指标来进一步提高监测能力,这些指标包括需要达到的儿童和青年的估计人数、年龄和性别概况、流离失所模式、教材、教师和基础设施需求,以指导对筹资需求的估计。 [68]", "G. 结论和建议", "93. 国家 正如前一份关于紧急情况下教育的报告(A/HRC/8/10)所讨论,对受紧急情况影响的大多数社区来说,受教育机会严重受限仍然是一个现实。 尽管国际社会日益重视,但关键问题依然存在:人道主义活动的供资继续无视确保教育的要求;学校继续受直接和间接暴力之害;预防工作仍然受到自然灾害日益严重的影响。 为了扭转目前的趋势,提供和输送人道主义和过渡援助的国家和其他实体必须更加重视紧急情况下的教育。 提供教育和确保在紧急情况下保护教育不是一项选择,而是一项义务。", "94. 国家 在这方面,特别报告员提出以下建议:", "(a) 确保为紧急情况下的教育提供足够的资金", "95号. 各国必须紧急增加对教育的国家、双边和多边供资承诺,以此作为人道主义和过渡反应的支柱。 必须作出明确的政策承诺,以确保在紧急情况下以及在脆弱和长期危机的情况下,为教育提供充足和可持续的国内和国际支助。 这些承诺必须贯彻到复原的最后阶段,包括在发展框架中。 受援国在寻求和管理国际援助时必须遵守人权。", "(b) 加强保护学校免受攻击", "96. (中文(简体) ). 国家必须确保系统地监测、记录和报告对教育界和教育机构及教育机构成员犯下的违反国际人权和人道主义法行为。 安全理事会最近通过第1998(2011)号决议后,必须在今后监测武装冲突期间侵犯儿童权利行为的工作中更加注意教育状况。 国内、区域和国际问责机制,包括军队的问责机制,应充分认识到并系统地处理国家和非国家行为者在教育界和机构成员受教育的权利和其他法律保障方面的义务。 需要作出具体努力,加强教育提供者防止和应对袭击的能力。", "(c) 加强安全和减少灾害风险", "97. 国家 各国必须确保在规划、设计、建造和重建教育设施时考虑到灾害风险和安全因素。 减少灾害风险和备灾概念应纳入教育政策和课程。 必须利用涉及学生及其社区的参与性进程,确保地方灾害评估和备灾。", "(d) 注意排斥女孩和被边缘化群体的问题", "98 (英语). 各国必须采取具体措施,保障女童和处于社会边缘地位的群体在紧急情况下接受教育。 需要作出具体努力来消除持续存在或新出现的歧视模式,并消除在紧急情况下助长不平等现象的物质、财政、文化和语言障碍。", "(e) 确保优质教育", "99号. 负责在紧急情况下提供教育的人员必须考虑达到优质教育标准的要求。 必须特别关注改进学校课程、促进人权教育和解决学生和教师的心理社会需要。", "(f) 为评估紧急情况下的教育需要制定共同框架", "一百个 需要进一步投资,以确保系统地收集关于紧急情况下教育状况的数据。 向紧急情况下教育提供支助的国家、国际组织和非政府组织应努力为评估和报告紧急情况下满足和未满足的教育需要制定一个共同框架。 这种框架必须考虑到与受教育权有关的人权义务。", "[1] A/HRC/17/29和Corr.1。", "[2] A/HRC/17/29/Add.2。", "[3] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》 第13和14条以及教科文组织《取缔教育歧视公约》全面规定了这项权利,这项权利还得到《儿童权利公约》 第28和29条、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》 第5条、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》 第10、11和13条、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》 第30、43和45条以及《残疾人权利公约》 第24条的保障。", "[4] A/64/665,第71(b)段。", "[5] 教科文组织国际教育规划研究所关于教育筹资的若干出版物也涉及这个问题。", "[6] 教科文组织,《2011年全民教育全球监测报告:隐藏的危机:武装冲突和教育》,第12页。", "[7] 例如,2009年和2010年向玻利维亚、柬埔寨、智利、刚果民主共和国、多米尼加共和国、埃塞俄比亚和西班牙提出的建议。", "[8] 劳工组织/教科文组织关于教师地位的建议,第10(l)段。", "[9] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第13号一般性意见,第44和45段。", "[10] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第3号一般性意见,第10段。 12个", "[11] 人权理事会2009年2月23日S-10/1号决议。", "[12] 见经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第13号一般性意见,第52段。", "[13] 第2.1条。", "[14] 第4条。", "[15] 第4.2条。", "[16] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第3号一般性意见,第16段。 11个", "[17] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第11号一般性意见(1999年),第9段;第3号一般性意见(1990年),第9段。 14个", "[18] 2011年5月9日至13日在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议通过的《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》(A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1),第74.2(a)和1(c)段;以及第72.1(c)段。", "[19] 《援助实效问题巴黎宣言》,第一部分:决心声明,第19段。 25. 《决心声明》反映了对加强伙伴国家的国家发展战略和相关业务框架(如规划、预算和业绩评估框架)和 \" 确定措施和业绩标准 \" 的承诺。", "[20] 教育方面债务转换的基本想法是取消外债,以换取债务国政府承诺调动国内资源用于教育支出。", "[21] 见创新发展筹资领导小组,“2+3=8;创新教育筹资;撰写委员会提交创新教育筹资工作队的报告”,2010年。", "[22] 2010年6月17日在巴黎举行的创新融资领导小组教育国际工作队第二次会议上进行了讨论。", "[23] 世界教育论坛通过的《达喀尔行动框架》,2000年,第8(一)段。", "[24] 世界银行2020年集体教育战略,《为所有人学习:投资于人的知识和技能以促进发展》,执行摘要,第1页。", "[25] 2009年11月27日至29日在特立尼达和多巴哥举行的英联邦政府首脑会议公报,第2段。 89. 国家", "[26] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第3号一般性意见,第2段。 3: \" 为履行国家采取步骤的义务而应采用的手段在第2条第1款中规定为`一切适当手段,尤其包括采取立法措施 ' 。", "[27] (中文(简体) ). 例如,在印度,在2009年《儿童免费义务教育权利法》的框架内,联邦政府将提供教育公共资金的65%,而各州的捐款为35%。", "[28] 在这方面,必须指出,对教育创新融资的思考包括若干关于新机制的建议,旨在抵消教育投资赤字并长期维持供资。", "[29] 《雅加达宣言》,2005年12月,作为基本人权的基础教育权利国际会议及其筹资法律框架。", "[30] 例如,印度尼西亚宪法法院于2008年通过了一项决议,提醒立法者履行宪法义务,在2009财政年度将国家预算的至少20%用于教育。 因此,政府有义务增加教育预算。", "[31] 自2005年第五次会议以来,全民教育高级别小组一直向各国政府建议采取此类措施。 在2011年3月举行的第十次会议上,高级别小组呼吁各国政府至少将国民生产总值(国产总值)的6%和(或)公共支出的20%用于教育,并确保以成本效益高的方式使用资源。", "[32] 儿童权利委员会,关于“儿童权利的资源——国家的责任”的一般性讨论日,2007年9月21日。", "[33] A/64/665,第71(b)段。", "[34] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第十三条规定了“充分的研究金制度”,除其他外,关于充分实现受教育权。 同样地,教科文组织《取缔教育歧视公约》在“向学生提供奖学金或其他形式的援助”方面规定了“优待或需要”的标准(第3(c)条)。", "[35] 根据2011年《跨文化教育法》,厄瓜多尔的教师工资翻了一番。", "[36] 2011年2月4日在巴黎教科文组织总部举行的创新教育筹资国际工作队第四次会议。", "[37] 教育至上、机构间紧急教育网络、教育权项目/援助行动国际、拯救儿童国际和联合国儿童基金会共同签署了划界案。", "[38] 教科文组织,《全民教育全球监测报告》,2011年,第15页。", "[39] 国际减少灾害战略、机构间紧急情况教育网络和世界银行,《更安全的学校建设指导说明》(纽约,欧洲教育研究所;华盛顿,世界银行全球减灾和复原基金,2009年)。", "[40] INEE, INEE外部教育筹资参考指南(2010年,纽约)。", "[41] 直到2010年,加拿大、丹麦、日本、挪威和瑞典将教育纳入其人道主义援助政策。 2011年,澳大利亚(澳援署)和美利坚合众国(美援署)的捐助机构在其教育战略中分别反映了紧急情况下和受冲突影响国家的教育情况。 见拯救儿童联盟,“实现这一点:为受冲突和紧急情况影响的国家的教育提供资金”,2011年。", "[42] 教科文组织,全民教育全球监测报告,2011年,第204页。", "[43] 同上,第19页。", "[44] 经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)-发展合作局(发援会)概况介绍,“确保脆弱国家不被抛在后面”,巴黎,2010年12月。", "[45] 教科文组织,《全民教育全球监测报告》,2011年,第227页。", "[46] 全民教育快车道倡议董事会会议,2011年。", "[47] 见\"联合国宪章\"第五十五和第五十六条,\"经济,社会,文化权利国际公约\"第二一一和第十一条,\"儿童权利公约\"第四条和\"残疾人权利公约\"第三十二条.", "[48] 冲突期间的受教育权受1949年8月12日《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》的保护。 根据国际人道主义法,学校和教育机构是民用物体,除非而且只在交战部队用于军事目的时才受到保护,不受蓄意攻击。 见《国际刑事法院罗马规约》第8条。", "[49] A/65/820-S/2011/250,第211段。", "[50] N. Boothby, A. Ager和R. Quinn,“攻击教育全球监测系统的可行性研究:定义和类型”,CPC学习网络,多哈;教育高于一切,纽约,2011年。", "[51] 国际教育学会(IIE)是一个独立的非营利组织,自1919年成立以来,参与营救被迫害的学者. 2002年,国际教育学会启动了学者救援基金,作为对目前国际困境的正式反应。 战略成果框架与风险学者网络、难民学术援助理事会和类似组织密切合作。", "[52] A/65/820-S/2011/250,第211段。", "[53] 同上。", "[54] A/64/254,第25段。", "[55] 《儿童宪章》——儿童减少灾害风险行动计划,可查阅www.childreninachangingclimate.org。", "[56] 全球减灾和复原基金,《更安全的学校建设指导说明》,2009年。", "[57] 全球减少灾害风险平台,“协调区域和全球减少灾害风险议程;关键区域政治承诺和减少灾害风险优先事项摘要”,2011年,第20页。", "[58] 同上,第25页。", "[59] 教科文组织,《2009年全民教育全球监测报告》,摘要,克服 不平等:为什么治理问题,第4、7和39页。", "[60] 教科文组织,《2011年全民教育全球监测报告》,第190页。", "[61] Dryden-Peterson, S.,“冲突、教育和流离失所”,载于《冲突与教育:跨学科杂志》,多伦多,2011年。", "[62] 《儿童权利公约》,第2和28条。", "[63] 在初等教育方面,难民儿童应得到与国民同等的待遇(第22条第1款)。 1)和不亚于在初等教育以外的教育方面给予外国人的待遇(第22条第1款)。 2 (中文(简体) ).", "[64] 教科文组织,《2011年全民教育全球监测报告》,摘要,第31页。", "[65] 同上,第216页。", "[66] 同上,第206页。", "[67] Jennifer Schlecht和Sara Casey,“在紧急情况下收集基线数据的挑战”,生殖健康、信息和紧急情况服务,2008年。", "[68] 教科文组织,《2011年全民教育全球监测报告》,第217页。" ]

[ "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Eritrea to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Upon instruction from my Government I hereby attach Eritrea’s preliminary remarks on the report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (S/2011/433) of 18 July 2011 (see annex). While Eritrea is in the process of preparing a comprehensive response to the report, which has been made public since 28 July 2011, I would be most grateful if the present letter and its annex could be issued as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Araya Desta Ambassador and Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Eritrea to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Preliminary remarks by Yemane Ghebreab, Political Adviser to the President of the State of Eritrea, on the report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea", "New York, 22 July 2011", "Let me take this opportunity to express my delegation’s appreciation to you as Chairman of the Security Council Committee, pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009), and through you to the members of the Committee, for arranging the informal consultations.", "It must be acknowledged that despite its strong reservations on the whole affair, Eritrea has fully cooperated with the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea in the discharge of its mandate.", "The Monitoring Group visited Eritrea twice and there was also a third informal discussion held in Europe. Eritrea also responded to the Group’s written queries. Eritrea finds that the substance and tenor of the Group’s report do not reflect those discussions and is hugely disappointed. In contrast, the Monitoring Group has received a ringing endorsement from Ethiopia, which is vociferously calling for an extension of the Group’s mandate and tightening of the sanctions regime against Eritrea.", "Eritrea is also dismayed by the fact that the contents of the report were presented by a high-level international civil servant to the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Summit held in Addis Ababa. The selective presentation was used inappropriately to sway the opinions of the IGAD leaders, who subsequently called for additional sanctions against Eritrea.", "At this time, the Eritrean delegation can only register a preliminary, but factual, response since Eritrea was not given a copy of the report, despite a written formal request. The Eritrean delegation has been briefed and allowed some access to the report, but due to the limited time allotted and the inability to contact relevant authorities in Eritrea for comments and verifications on the various allegations contained in the report, the delegation is unable to give a full response.", "Eritrea, therefore, once again requests from the Sanctions Committee a copy of the report and adequate time to present a definitive reply with supporting documents. This is only fair since Eritrea cannot be judged on the basis of a document that is not in its possession and without the opportunity to properly defend itself.", "Eritrea’s overview of the report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea", "The report can be divided into three parts: background information and analysis; main body of the report with specific accusations; and recommendations.", "Eritrea’s overview of the report can be distilled into the following points:", "• The background (contextual) section of the report is replete with sweeping statements about the policies, practices and institutions of the Eritrean Government as well as gross accusations that are not borne out by either the reality on the ground or the main body of the report. A casual reading of the report can easily lead to misleading perceptions and erroneous conclusions, while a careful reading reveals that the report is tall on accusations and short on tangible evidence.", "• The accusations against Eritrea in the main body of the report generally fall into two categories: allegations that are narrated in great detail creating wrong impressions, but with the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea then admitting that the allegations are not backed by conclusive evidence; and allegations of events and actions that took place prior to 23 December 2009, the cutoff date for any determination of Eritrea’s compliance with resolution 1907 (2009).", "• There is no conclusive evidence in the report of any Eritrean violations in regard to Somalia and Djibouti, as well as the arms embargo on Eritrea. These are highly significant as they were accusations of Eritrean wrongdoings in regard to Somalia (particularly support to Al-Shabaab) and Djibouti that were the basis for the imposition of sanctions on Eritrea. Fairness would require an acknowledgement of this fact and a decision to lift the sanctions against Eritrea.", "• The centrepiece accusation against Eritrea, the basis for calls for additional sanctions, is the sensationalized allegation of a plot to bomb Addis Ababa during the African Union Summit in January 2011. Here it is pertinent to point out that the goalpost in accusations against Eritrea has shifted from Somalia and Djibouti to Ethiopia, which is the culprit, accuser and source of all “evidence” at the same time. Additionally, Eritrea would have no interest in disrupting a Summit of the African Union, when it had just reopened its mission in Addis Ababa and was participating in the Summit for the first time after a long absence. It would be reckless or stupid to contemplate such a hideous attack. More crucially, Eritrea can prove definitively and conclusively that it is not guilty of masterminding and directing the said plot. (We present our preliminary response to this allegation below.)", "Eritrea’s remarks on the contextual analysis of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea", "Domestic Eritrean situation", "The report lacks any sense of balance and projects an extremely negative portrait of Eritrea, which is at variance with reality. As Eritrea informed the Security Council during the informal interactive dialogue on 19 July 2011, Eritrea is focused on development, making it the country’s paramount priority.", "Eritrea-Ethiopia relations", "While the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea recognizes the vital relevance and crucial role of this issue in regard to Eritrea, it does not give it the consideration that it deserves.", "It acknowledges that Ethiopia is actively working to destabilize Eritrea and mentions “Ethiopia’s support of armed opposition groups”, but it again fails to give it due weight.", "In fact, Ethiopia has repeatedly carried out armed incursions, sabotage and other terrorist operations against Eritrea, targeting the mining sector in particular. There have been over 30 operations in the past two years alone, including one against the headquarters of a Chinese mining company. Ethiopia has also been hosting for almost 11 years now — and with audacity — an assortment of 16 subversive and terrorist “Eritrean” groups, including the Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement, to promote its publicly pronounced agenda of destabilizing Eritrea.", "The Monitoring Group report glosses over these facts as well as the repeated public threats made by Ethiopia on so many occasions. Indeed, Ethiopia has informed visiting Security Council members that Ethiopia’s official policy is the removal of the Eritrean Government.", "Significant ramifications of the relationship between the two countries:", "• Two wars: a 30-year one, which claimed the lives of 65,000 martyrs; a second one, which exacted a human toll of 20,000 lives. These human losses are huge for a small country with a small population;", "• Ethiopia continues to occupy huge and sensitive chunks of sovereign Eritrean territories;", "• Ethiopia has made clear its intention to take military measures to overthrow the Eritrean Government.", "Today, Ethiopia is seeking economic sanctions and diplomatic isolation to hamstring and pre-empt Eritrea’s serious efforts to reach out and contribute to enduring regional stability and harmony.", "Eritrea’s regional role", "Once again the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea chooses to ignore Eritrea’s constructive regional role, including its widely acknowledged contribution to peace in the Sudan, unwittingly revealing its biases.", "Eritrea’s preliminary reply to accusations of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea", "1. Support to armed groups involved in violence, destabilization and terrorism", "The Monitoring Group begins treatment of the subject by identifying officers it considers essential in the direction and conduct of Eritrea’s external intelligence operations. It names seven persons, most of whom are officers of the defence forces, with no links to external intelligence.", "For instance, the Monitoring Group mentions Colonel Gemachew Ayana, who is not even Eritrean. Colonel Gemachew Ayana is an Ethiopian citizen and was a member of the Ethiopian Defence Forces. He was commander of a Mechanized Division of the Ethiopian army until 2003 when he was accused, like dozens of other Oromo military officers, of clandestine involvement with the opposition Oromo Liberation Front and relieved of his post. Some three years later, he joined the Oromo Liberation Front. Given that these are easily verifiable facts, it is puzzling why the Monitoring Group claimed in its report that he is an Eritrean officer in external intelligence. As we shall see, Gemachew is accused of playing a key role in the alleged plot to bomb Addis Ababa. A statement by Colonel Gemachew is attached (see enclosure).", "2. Training facilities", "Eritrea’s military facilities and their locations are not a secret. Contrary to what the Monitoring Group report states, Eritrea’s National Security Agency does not undertake military training. Most importantly, much of the information contained in the report predates resolution 1907 (2009) and is therefore irrelevant.", "3. Assistance to armed groups alleged to be in violation of resolution 1970 (2009)", "Djibouti", "Although the report presents two allegations of what it calls “Eritrean support of limited scale”, its sources are dubious to say the least. A former FRUD commander, detained by the Djibouti Government, can hardly be expected to be a credible source. Although the detainee claimed that Eritrea provided “food, medicines and treatment for wounded fighters”, he denied receiving any weaponry or military equipment. He said that FRUD uniforms, arms and ammunition were purchased from Yemen. This contradicts claims by Djibouti authorities that the detainee had admitted that Eritrea provided arms. In addition, this Monitoring Group allegation relates to the period prior to December 2009, as the latest claim of any Eritrean involvement was October 2009.", "There is only one other allegation in the report, which claims that in February 2011 the Djibouti military seized 50 kgs of explosives hidden in a cave. The Monitoring Group said that the explosives were of Soviet era manufacture and that it “has been unable to trace their place of origin or chain of custody”. Since there was no allegation of any Eritrean involvement, why mention this under Eritrea’s alleged violations?", "It is clear that there is no evidence of Eritrean violation of resolution 1907 (2009) in regard to Djibouti.", "Ethiopia", "As mentioned above, the centrepiece of the Monitoring Group’s (and Ethiopia’s) accusations that Eritrea is engaged in terrorist plots and acts of regional destabilization is the alleged plot to bomb Addis Ababa during the African Union Summit in January 2011. The Monitoring Group claims that “although ostensibly an OLF (Oromo Liberation Front) operation”, it was conceived, planned and directed by the Eritrean National Security Agency. It concludes that the “operation was effectively an Eritrean intelligence activity falsely flagged as an OLF initiative”.", "The operation is described in a dramatic thriller fashion over several pages of confusing and contradictory narrative, one full of holes. If it is given the opportunity, Eritrea will present a detailed exposé that will prove conclusively that the Monitoring Group accusation of Eritrea is utterly unfounded. As to the alleged role of OLF, the organization can speak for itself.", "In this preliminary response, Eritrea presents the following facts and pieces of evidence that underscore that the Monitoring Group’s accusations are not based on solid and conclusive evidence.", "The source for the information and “evidence” that underpin the accusation are highly suspicious and not credible. The Monitoring Group admits that its only sources for its allegations are Ethiopian security authorities and alleged perpetrators detained by Ethiopian security. It is obvious that an Ethiopian Government that is hostile to Eritrea and actively campaigning for additional sanctions has the desire and the means to tamper with, embellish, distort, even fabricate pieces of evidence. It is also clear that any testimony by detainees in the hands of a Government that is well known for routinely resorting to torture cannot contradict the official Ethiopian Government version as this would lead to severe consequences for the detainees.", "An additional fact that severely tests the credibility of the testimony of the detainees is their claim that the person who allegedly played the central role, Colonel Gemachew Ayana, is an official in Eritrean intelligence and not an OLF official, as we have seen above. If the informants actually played the roles ascribed to them in the narrative of the alleged plot, there is no conceivable reason why they would not know that Gemachew was in fact an OLF official. If they knew and deliberately misled the Monitoring Group (to give the benefit of the doubt to the Monitoring Group) into thinking that he was an officer in Eritrean intelligence, then they must have been coached by their handlers with the express purpose of implicating Eritrea.", "The Monitoring Group’s claim that Eritrean officers played the central role in the plot is plain wrong and contradicted by its own narrative. To justify its premise that the attempted bombing of Addis Ababa was an Eritrean operation, the Monitoring Group states that only one OLF detainee, the “team leader Omar Idriss Mohamed appears to have been in regular contact with the OLF leadership ... All other teams members were isolated from OLF structures from the moment of recruitment and received all training and orders directly from Eritrean officers.”", "It adds that according to Omar (the team leader) only OLF Chairman Dawud Ibsa “was aware of the existence of this special operation and its objectives, but he does not appear to have exercised any command or control over its actions”.", "According to the narrative in the report, however, and again we are by no means lending any credence to the allegations, it is OLF officials who allegedly played the key role.", "This is what the narrative says. Back in 2008, an OLF associate in Kenya had put the leader of team 1, Fekadu, in contact with an Eritrean Colonel named Gemachew Ayana. (As previously stated, Gemachew is in fact an OLF official and not an Eritrean.) Gemachew also approached Omar Idriss Mohamed, the overall team leader, who says that he was contacted in August/September 2009 by OLF Chairman Dawud Ibsa and informed that he would be given a secret assignment. In March 2010, Gemachew “instructed Fekadu and his team to return to Addis Ababa”. Fekadu “remained in contact with Gemachew with phone records indicating at least 27 conversations”. Gemachew also arranged for money transfers to team members in Addis Ababa. According to Omar, it was Gemachew who gave team members the equipment and explosives that would be used in the operation. Again, Gemachew “provided final instructions and explosives”. In early January, Omar “requested additional funds from Gemachew”. In the last week of January, “with time running out ... Omar felt the need to consult with Gemachew ... Phone records appear to indicate that they made contact 39 times ... mainly initiated by Gemachew.”", "There is some mention of Eritreans in the narrative, but in a limited and secondary role, again based on suspicious testimony from detainees.", "Even if we allow that the narrative is in fact true — and Eritrea believes it isn’t — it is abundantly clear that the alleged attempt was from start to finish an OLF effort.", "There are other major problems with the narrative.", "It states categorically that the operation did not target the African Union leaders, but then claims that one of the targets was the Sheraton Hotel where most of the leaders were staying.", "The report states that a sniper rifle, which was allegedly in the possession of one member of the team, was sold to Eritrea by Romania as corroborated by the Romanian Government. We will seek to get back to the Sanctions Committee with information on the veracity of this claim. But even if we assume that it is of Eritrean source, this till does not show conclusively when and how the rifle ended up in the hands of the Ethiopian Government. On the other hand, the report does not provide any evidence at all that the essential equipment and the explosives that were going to be used in the alleged plot were sourced from Eritrea.", "The Monitoring Group bases much of its claims on an OLF contact list in Asmara but it then admits that this key piece of evidence is an outdated one from 2006. Realizing it is on untenable grounds, it flimsily tries to justify itself by claiming that unnamed former OLF members (defectors) had told it that the list is currently valid, forgetting that the testimony of defectors, now collaborating with the Ethiopian Government, cannot be regarded as credible sources.", "This account belies the claim that the alleged Addis Ababa operation was conceived, planned and directed by Eritrea. It also shows that there is no incontrovertible evidence of Eritrean involvement, even the limited role that remains once we take into account the alleged key actors, those who allegedly had the command and control, were non-Eritreans. If given the time, Eritrea wishes to provide crucial extra information pertaining to this sensationalized accusation, which reminds of an earlier accusation by the Monitoring Group that Eritrea had 2,000 soldiers in Somalia, with detailed information on when and how they arrived and where and in what numbers they were deployed. This showpiece of an earlier report, which proved to have been totally groundless, was used at the time to build a case for sanctions against Eritrea.", "Somalia", "Given that the allegations of Eritrea’s military support to Al-Shabaab has been the central concern of the Security Council and the main impetus behind the imposition of sanctions under resolution 1907 (2009), it is remarkable that the Monitoring Group report confirms that Eritrea is not in violation of resolution 1907 (2009) in regards to military support to Al-Shabaab or any armed group in Somalia. It mentions claims from unidentified sources of Eritrean arms shipments to Kismaayo (in fact, Ethiopia had publicly made those accusations), but states categorically that it “could not independently verify the reports”.", "Regarding financial support, the Monitoring Group states that it has documentary evidence of Eritrean payments to individuals linked to Al-Shabaab, but admits that these relate only to 1998. It mentions allegations that financing continues, one source claiming to the tune of $80,000 per month, but does not present a shred of evidence.", "Sudan", "The report acknowledges that it is not possible to conclude that Eritrea has provided direct military assistance to groups engaged in the destabilization of South Sudan in violation of resolution 1907 (2009).", "4. Violation of the arms embargo", "The Monitoring Group speaks about reports and circumstantial evidence of Eritrean arms procurement, but does not claim that it has evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. It also states that it has not been able to determine whether any Government is directly involved in any deliberate violation of the arms embargo in regard to Eritrea.", "The report mentions allegations received that an Eritrean military officer is involved in arms smuggling from Eritrea to the Sudan. It does not provide any proof of the allegations and in any case they relate to the pre-resolution 1907 (2009) period.", "5. Financing in support of violations of resolution 1907 (2009)", "The report devotes a lot of space to allegations that there may be covert financial activities in support of arms embargo violations. It goes into detail into what it considers are sources of revenue for the Eritrean Government, with particular emphasis to contributions from the Eritrean diaspora as well as the mining sector. It is sad that it repeats accusations (from suspicious sources, including individuals with personal agendas) without providing any evidence that insinuates that Eritrean community members and business people are involved in illegal activities. These allegations are simply defamatory and tarnish the reputations of these individuals, who are also citizens of the countries they reside in, as well as their families and businesses.", "The report also steps on a legal minefield by suggesting that contributions by the Eritrean diaspora are illegal and violate the Vienna Conventions. Since the Monitoring Group did not conclusively establish violations of the arms embargo, the discussion of the possible source of its financing can only be hypothetical. It seems the whole exercise is meant to give a fig leaf to calls for economic sanctions to Eritrea.", "Eritrea’s response to the recommendations of the Monitoring Group", "The recommendations of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea to impose additional sanctions against Eritrea fly against the content and evidence presented in the main body of its own report. As we have seen, Eritrea is in compliance with resolution 1907 (2009) in regards to Somalia, Djibouti and the arms embargo. We have also shown that the accusation that Eritrea masterminded and attempted the bombing plot on Addis Ababa is not supported by solid evidence. This being the case, fairness and justice demand that the sanctions on Eritrea be lifted immediately, not to speak of additional sanctions. Justice and fairness would also require that measures be taken against the Ethiopian Government as the Monitoring Group has stated categorically that Ethiopia is “in violation of the general and complete arms embargo” on Somalia. It is highly significant that the Monitoring Group inexplicably fails to make any recommendations in regard to Ethiopia’s violations of relevant Security Council resolutions, including 1907 (2009).", "Conclusion", "Eritrea concludes its preliminary submission by requesting once again the opportunity to present a comprehensive and definitive response after receiving and reviewing the report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea. Clearly there is no emergency that would justify a hasty, unfair and dangerous decision against Eritrea, for the second time in only 18 months.", "Enclosure", "Statement by Brigadier General Hailu Gonfa and Colonel Gemechu Ayana", "14 September 2006", "Until a few days ago, we were officers in the Ethiopian army sworn to protect the country’s laws and diverse people from any threats. To our deepest dismay, we have come to the conclusion that the greatest threat to Ethiopia and the people emanates not from elsewhere but from the regime on power. Over the last years, the armed forces have been systematically reduced to protecting the narrow interest of a small clique determined to cling to power at all costs. Under the circumstances the choices confronting us are: Either to remain with the same oppressive machinery or wait and see hoping against hope that things would improve on their own or through a miracle. We have waited too long; we cannot wait any longer.", "Despite the calls by opposition groups to peacefully deal with the dire situation, EPRDF is showing no inclination whatsoever to address the country’s mounting social, economic and political problems. Instead, it is intensifying repression. Even though this repressive machinery did not spare any people in the country, the magnitude and scale of repression, harassment and intimidation committed against Oromo people has no comparison. Moreover, it is considering new military adventures in the region that would not serve the legitimate interest of all affected — and could plunge the region into chaos.", "Throughout the years we served this regime, we serve hoping things would improve over time and expected the regime would also resolve political conflicts peacefully and truly democratize the country where political power emanates from the will of the people not from force. Now we have found this to be an empty promise. We are particularly elated that the Alliance for Freedom and Democracy (AFD) has offered a hope not only to eliminate the spectre of more mayhem but also chart a better future through a process of dialogue involving all stakeholders in the search for comprehensive solutions.", "We regret that the regime has flagrantly, and without serious consideration, rejected this offer of goodwill and continued on its path of destruction. We cannot therefore continue to defend a minority and overwhelmingly rejected regime, sadly, that is committing untold atrocities against our own people.", "It is time for us to take side in the fight between tyranny and liberty. Accordingly, we have dissociated ourselves from TPLF/EPRDF and joined the liberation struggle of our people gripped by the claws of tyranny. We have therefore joined the Oromo Liberation Front that is a member of the Alliance for Freedom and Democracy (AFD) to realize the age-old dream of all peoples for freedom and democracy.", "To the Ethiopian Armed Forces", "The incumbent regime has been fooling us all by falsely extolling its commitment to freedom, democracy and speedy economic development. This commitment has been put to test over the last 15 years. The tyrannical behaviour of the regime demonstrates that this pledge runs skin deep and does not show any sign of change, which makes all our efforts and sacrifices in vain. We believe as long as the regime continues to defy the will of the people, our problems would multiply. That is why it has to be compelled to desist from its destructive path or be removed. We therefore call on you to follow our example and join the just and popular struggle.", "To the international community", "The minority Ethiopian regime does not have the capacity or the legitimacy to continue to rule the country. The regime, whose dismal 15-year tenure is more than enough to gauge its goodwill, needs to be pressed rather than appeased to submit to the call for dialogue. We strongly urge you to reconsider your support for it as it does not any more serve our common strategic interests." ]

[ "2011年8月4日厄立特里亚常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "谨奉我国政府之命，随函附上厄立特里亚对2011年7月18日索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组报告(S/2011/433)的初步意见(见附件)。厄立特里亚目前正在准备对索厄问题监察组于2011年7月28日所公布报告作出全面答复，请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会的文件印发为荷。", "大使兼常驻代表", "阿拉亚·德斯塔(签名)", "2011年8月4日厄立特里亚常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "厄立特里亚国总统政治顾问Yemane Ghebreab先生就索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组报告提出的初步意见", "2011年7月22日，纽约", "借此机会，我要向你作为安全理事会第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议所设委员会主席安排非正式磋商表示本代表团的感激之情。", "必须承认，尽管厄立特里亚对于整个事项持有强烈保留意见，但还是对索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组履行其职责予以充分合作。", "监察组曾两次前往厄立特里亚，并在欧洲举行了第三次非正式讨论。厄立特里亚还答复了监察组提出的书面询问。厄立特里亚认为，监察组报告的实质和基调没有反映出这些讨论，并感到十分失望。与较之下，埃塞俄比亚对监察组则赞誉有加，该国正在拼命要求延长监察组的任期，并加强对厄立特里亚的制裁措施。", "厄立特里亚还感到不安的是监察组的报告是由一位高级别国际公务员提交给在亚的斯亚贝巴举行的政府间发展管理局首脑会议的。这里不恰当地采用有选择地提交方式，以左右政府间发展管理局领导人的意见，进一步制裁厄立特里亚的措施是随后才提出的。", "由于厄立特里亚在提出书面正式要求之后仍然未能得到监察组的报告副本，厄立特里亚代表团此时此刻只能作出一个初步的切合实际的答复。厄立特里亚代表团得到了关于报告介绍，以及报告部分内容，但由于时间有限并且无法与厄立特里亚有关当局取得联系以就监察组报告中各项指控提出意见和论证，代表团目前无法作出充分答复。", "因此，厄立特里亚再次请制裁委员会提供报告副本，并给予充分时间，以便厄立特里亚在辅助文件的基础上作出明确答复。这样才是公正合理的，因为不能根据厄立特里亚没有得到的一个文件并且没有机会为自己作出澄清的情况下就下定论。", "厄立特里亚关于索厄问题监察组报告的总体看法", "这一报告可以分为三个部分：背景资料和分析；包含具体指控的报告主体部分；以及建议。", "厄立特里亚关于监察组报告的总体看法可以分为以下几点：", "• 报告的背景部分充斥着关于厄立特里亚政府各项政策、做法和机制的笼统陈述，以及与实际情况和报告主体内容所不相符的肆意指控。如果粗略浏览报告，很容易得出错误的印象和结论，而认真阅读之后，就会发现报告提出了许多指控，却没有切实依据。", "• 报告主体内容之中关于厄立特里亚的指控大致分为两类：详细描述指控给人以错误的印象，不过随后索厄问题监察组承认这些指控并没有任何确凿证据；以及关于2009年12月23日以前则发生事件和行动的指控，这是确定厄立特里亚是否遵守了第1907(2009)号决议的截止日期。", "• 报告中没有确凿证据表明，厄立特里亚对索马里和吉布提的任何侵犯行动，对于厄立特里亚的武器禁运也是如此。这几点意义十分重大，因为关于厄立特里亚对索马里(尤其是支持青年党)以及对吉布提的错误行径是对厄立特里亚进行制裁的依据。公正的做法是承认这一事实，并作出决定取消对厄立特里亚的制裁。", "• 对于厄立特里亚的最大指控，即要求进一步制裁的依据，就是2011年1月非洲联邦首脑会议期间在亚的斯亚贝巴制造爆炸事件的耸人听闻的指控。这里应当指出的是，对于厄立特里亚的指控规则已经从索马里和吉布提转到埃塞俄比亚，而埃塞俄比亚恰恰是罪魁祸首、指控者和所有“证据”的来源。此外厄立特里亚刚刚重新建立了在亚的斯亚贝巴的使团，并且在长期缺席之后第一次参加首脑会议，厄立特里亚实在没有道理要破坏非洲联邦的这次首脑会议。而且厄立特里亚要考虑进行这样一次恶毒袭击就是无理和糊涂了。更为重要的是，厄立特里亚可以明确和令人信服地表明，其没有参与策划和指挥这样一个阴谋(我们在下面提出对这一指控的初步答复)。", "厄立特里亚关于索厄问题监察组的背景分析的意见", "厄立特里亚的国内形势", "该报告缺乏一种平衡观念，竟提出了与事实不符的关于厄立特里亚极为消极的描述。正如厄立特里亚于2011年7月19日在非正式互动对话期间向安全理事会所表述的，厄立特里亚致力于发展，并将发展作为该国的头等大事。", "厄立特里亚与埃塞俄比亚的关系", "虽然监察组认识到这一问题也对厄立特里亚具有重大意义并且发挥着至关重要的作用，却未能给予应有重视。", "监察组承认埃塞俄比亚正在积极努力造成厄立特里亚的不稳定，并提到“厄立特里亚对反政府武装集团的支持”，但却再一次未能给予充分重视。", "事实上，埃塞俄比亚一再针对厄立特里亚进行武装入侵、破坏和其他恐怖主义行动，尤其针对的是开采业的目标。在过去两年间就出现过30多起行动，其中包括针对一家中国开采公司总部的一次行动。埃塞俄比亚还在将近11年期间收留了各式各样16个“厄立特里亚”颠覆性恐怖主义集团，其中包括厄立特里亚伊斯兰圣战运动，目的就是要实现其肆意扰乱厄立特里亚的意图。", "监察组的报告忽略了上述事实以及埃塞俄比亚曾多次公开作出的威胁。事实上，埃塞俄比亚对前去访问的安全理事会成员表示，埃塞俄比亚的官方政策就是要推翻厄立特里亚政府。", "两国关系业的重大结果是：", "• 两场战争：第一场为期30年的战争造成65 000名死难者；第二场战争的死亡人数为20 000人。这种人员伤亡对于一个人口不多的小国可谓十分惨重；", "• 埃塞俄比亚继续占领着几大块十分敏感的厄立特里亚主权领土；", "• 埃塞俄比亚还明确表示要采取军事措施推翻厄立特里亚政府。", "今天，埃塞俄比亚在力图通过经济制裁和外交孤立手段，干扰和破坏厄立特里亚为与外界取得联系并推动区域持久稳定与和谐所作极大努力。", "厄立特里亚的区域作用", "监察组再次选择忽略厄立特里亚的建设性区域作用，包括其在苏丹和平问题上政策作出得到广泛承认的贡献，无意间显示出监察组的偏见。", "厄立特里亚对索厄问题监察组所作指控的初步答复", "1. 支持参与暴力、颠覆和恐怖主义的武装集团", "监察组刚开始涉及到这一问题便提出了监察组认为在指挥和进行厄立特里亚对外情报行动发挥着关键作用的军官。监察组点了七个人的名字，其中大多数人是武装部队的军官，与对外情报部门没有关系。", "例如，监察组提到Gemachew Ayana上校，他甚至不是厄立特里亚人。Gemachew Ayana上校是埃塞俄比亚公民，并且曾经是埃塞俄比亚武装部队的成员。他担任过埃塞俄比亚军队一个机械化师的指挥官，而到2003年则被指控与其他十几名奥罗莫解放阵线的军官一同秘密参与了反政府的奥罗莫解放阵线，并被解职。大约三年之后，他参加了奥罗莫解放阵线。鉴于这些都是十分容易查证的事实，所以也令人诧异的是监察组为什么依然要在报告中声称此人是对外情报领域的厄立特里亚军官。我们将可以看到，Gemachew被指控在所谓亚的斯亚贝巴的爆炸阴谋中发挥了关键作用。Gemachew上校的一份讲话附后(见附文)。", "2. 培训设施", "厄立特里亚的军事设施及其地点都不是秘密。与监察组报告所述恰恰相反，厄立特里亚国家安全局没有进行任何军事训练。十分重要的是，监察组报告中所载大部分信息都是第1907(2009)号决议之前的事，因此毫无关联。", "3. 据称违反第1907(2009)号决议对武装集团的援助", "吉布提", "虽然报告提出两项所谓“厄立特里亚规模有限的支持”的指控，但其消息来源却至少令人质疑。很难想象一位被吉布提政府扣押的“团结民主阵线前指挥官”会成为可信的消息来源。虽然此人声称厄立特里亚“为受伤士兵提供食品、医药和治疗”，他否认收到过任何武器或军事装备。他说，团结民主阵线从也门购买制服、武器和弹药。这一说法不同于吉布提当局所称此人承认厄立特里亚曾提供武器。此外，监察组的这一指控涉及到2009年12月以前的时期，而关于厄立特里亚参与的最新说法则是2009年10月。", "报告中只提出另外一项指控，声称2011年2月，吉布提军方在一个山洞中缴获隐藏的50公斤炸药。监察组指出，这些炸药是苏联时期的产品，而且“已无法追溯其产地和保管链”。既然这里没有关于厄立特里亚参与的指控，为何将其列在厄立特里亚违规行为的章节呢？", "显然没有任何证据显示厄立特里亚针对吉布提违反第1907(2009)号决议。", "埃塞俄比亚", "如上所述，监察组(和埃塞俄比亚)对于厄立特里亚从事恐怖主义阴谋和破坏区域稳定行动的核心是2011年1月在非洲联盟首脑会议期间在亚的斯亚贝巴制造所谓爆炸事件的阴谋。监察组声称，“虽然这表面上是奥罗莫解放阵线的行动”,但确实有厄立特里亚国家安全局所构想、策划和指挥的。监察组得出的结论是，“这一行动实际上是厄利特里亚情报部门的行动，却被错误地冠之以奥罗莫解放阵线的举措。”", "关于这次行动的描述生动离奇，洋洋洒洒数页纸，扑朔迷离，自相矛盾，漏洞百出。如果有机会，厄立特里亚将提出一份详细说明，切实证明监察组对厄立特里亚的指控完全没有根据。至于奥罗莫解放阵线所扮演的角色，该组织自己可以澄清。", "在这份初步答复中，厄立特里亚提出以下事实和证据，以表明监察组的指控并不是以确凿证据为基础的。", "指控背后的消息来源和“依据”都令人质疑，并不可信。索厄问题监察组承认，其仅有的消息来源是埃塞俄比亚保安部门和埃塞俄比亚保安人员扣留的所谓犯罪人。显然，对厄利特里亚持敌对态度并积极推动进一步制裁的埃塞俄比亚政府拥有摆布、掩饰、歪曲甚至捏造证据的意愿和手段。同样明显的是，对于一个众所周知借助酷刑对待犯人的政府而言，任何一个落在其手中扣押犯的证词都不会与埃塞俄比亚政府的官方说法相左，因为这将给在押人带来严重的后果。", "另一个事实使人对在押人的证词提出严肃质疑，如上所述，他们声称发挥核心作用之人Gemachew Ayana上校是厄立特里亚情报官员，而不是奥罗莫解放阵线官员。如果提供情报者在所谓阴谋中扮演了他们所描述的角色，他们就不会不知道，Gemachew实际上是一名奥罗莫解放阵线的官员。如果他们知情却有意误导(在证据不足时权且相信监察组)，让监察组以为这是一名厄立特里亚情报官员，那这些人一定是受到了扣押者指使，其明确意图就是要抹黑厄立特里亚。", "监察组声称厄立特里亚官员在爆炸案中扮演重要角色，这显然是错误的并且与其自身说法相矛盾。为证实其关于亚的斯亚贝巴爆炸计划是厄立特里亚的一次行动的说法，索厄问题监察组表示，只有一名奥罗莫解放阵线被拘留者“小组领导人Omar Idris Mahamed似乎与奥罗莫解放阵线领导层保持经常联系……而其他小组成员则招募之时起与奥罗莫解放阵线组织结构没有联系并且由厄立特里亚官员直接培训和指挥”。", "监察组还补充指出，按照Omar(小组领导人)的说法“只有奥罗莫解放阵线主席Dawud Ibsa了解行动的存在及其目标，但似乎没有指挥行动，也不具备控制能力。”", "然而，按照报告的说法，我们还是没有办法相信这些指控，即奥罗莫解放阵线的官员发挥了重要作用。", "报告中是这样说的。早在2008年，奥罗莫解放阵线在肯尼亚的一位同伙人介绍第一小组领导人Fekadu与名叫Gemachew Ayana的厄立特里亚上校取得联系。(如前所述，Gemachew实际上是奥罗莫解放阵线官员，而不是厄立特里亚人。)Gemachew Ayana也接触过整个小组领导人Omar Idris Mahamed，后者说“奥罗莫解放阵线主席于2009年8-9月与他取得联系，并说将交给他一项秘密任务。2010年3月，Gemachew 指示Fekadu和他的小组返回亚的斯亚贝巴”。Fekada“一直与Gemachew Ayana保持联系，电话记录显示至少有27次通话”。Gemachew 还作出安排向亚的斯亚贝巴的小组成员汇款。按照Omar的说法，是Gemachew向小组成员提供了行动中所使用的设备和炸药。“同样是Gemachew提供了最后指令和炸药”。一月初，Omar“要求Gemachew 提供更多经费……”。在一月最后一个星期，“随着时间的迫近……Omar认为有必要与Gemachew进行磋商……，电话记录显示，他们通话39次……大多是由Gemachew拨打的。”", "报告在论述中涉及到厄立特里亚人，但都是有局限的次要角色，而且还是根据在押者令人怀疑的证词。", "即使我们就算这种说法属实——厄立特里亚认为这种说法不属实——十分显而易见的是，所谓企图由始至终都是奥罗莫解放阵线做的事。", "报告中存在其他重大问题。", "报告明确指出，这一行动中针对的不是非洲联盟领导人，然后却又声称袭击目标之一是喜来登饭店，这正是大多数领导人下榻之处。", "报告指出，经罗马尼亚政府证实，罗马尼亚向厄立特里亚出售一支狙击步枪，这支枪据说最后落入小组一名成员之手。我们将力图将此事真相提供给制裁委员会。但即使我们假定这支枪来自厄立特里亚人，这依然而不能说明步枪如何以及何时间落入埃塞俄比亚政府之手。另一方面，报告没有提供一点点证据说明，在所谓爆炸案中要使用的最重要装备炸药是由厄立特里亚提供的。", "监察组提出的各种说法大多以奥罗莫解放阵线在阿斯马拉的联络名单为依据，但监察组随后又承认这一关键证据实际上是2009年的陈旧证据。在认识到这一证据缺乏说服力之后，小组、监察组只是试图为自己辩解，声称未透露姓名的前奥罗莫解放阵线成员“叛逃者”向监察组表示这一名单目前有效，整个小组忽略了一点，现在与埃塞俄比亚政府合作的叛逃者的证词不能视为可信证词。", "这一情况推翻了关于所谓的斯亚贝巴行动是厄立特里亚制定、策划和指挥的说法。而且还表明，目前没有任何确凿证据说明厄立特里亚的参与，如果我们考虑到所谓主要人士的说法，甚至不能确定厄立特里亚发挥了有限的作用，那些据称拥有指挥权和控制权的人都不是厄立特里亚人。如果时间更为充裕，厄立特里亚愿意就这一耸人听闻的指控提供更确切的进一步信息，目前的指控使人想起早先监察组曾指责厄立特里亚向索马里派遣2 000名士兵，甚至还包括他们在何时以及如何抵达，还有多少人部署在何处。这是早先一份报告中的一段重头戏，当时被用来作为游说对厄立特里亚进行制裁的理由，现在却显得毫无根据。", "索马里", "由于所谓厄立特里亚对青年党的军事支持一直是安理会主要关注的问题，而且是根据第1907(2009)号决议进行制裁的主要原因，监察组的报告竟然证实了向青年党或索马里其他武装集团提供军事援助方面厄立特里亚并没有违反第1907(2009)号决议。报告提到了若干未知名的消息来源称厄立特里亚向Kismayo运送武器(其实埃塞俄比亚则公开作出这些指控)，但又明确表示，“无法从其他渠道证实这些报告。”", "关于财务支持，监察组表示，已经掌握了厄立特里亚向与青年党有联系的个人付款的书面证据，还承认这些文件只涉及到1998年。监察组坚持说这种资助仍在继续，有一个消息来源称每月达到80 000美元，但却没有提出丝毫的证据。", "苏丹", "监察组报告承认没有可能得出结论说,厄立特里亚违反第1907(2009)号决议向破坏南苏丹稳定的集团直接提供军事援助。", "4. 违反武器禁运", "监察组谈到关于厄立特里亚购买武器的报导和间接证据，但就没有表示监察组掌握有比较确凿的证据。监察组还说，就厄立特里亚而言，目前没有能够确定是否有任何政府直接参与了蓄谋违反武器禁运的行动。", "监察组报告谈到其收到的指控是厄立特里亚的一名军官参与了厄立特里亚向苏丹走私武器的行动。监察组们没有就这方面指控提出任何证据，而且无论怎样，这些指控仅涉及到了第1907(2009)号决议之前的时间。", "5. 为违反第1907(2009)号决议的行动筹措资金", "报告占用大量篇幅提出指控，可能有协助违反武器禁运的秘密筹资活动。报告还详细提出可能向厄立特里亚政府提供资金的来源，并特别注重谈到厄立特里亚侨民和采矿部门的贡献。令人遗憾的是，报告重复着指控(不可靠消息人士，包括带有个人目的的个别人)却没有提供任何证据来表明厄立特里亚社区成员和商界人士参与了非法活动。这些指控就是要诋毁和玷污社区人士的声誉，这些人也是驻在国的国民，这对其家人和生意都是一种诋毁。", "这一报告也踏入法律雷区，认为厄立特里亚侨民的捐款是非法的，并且违反了维也纳公约。监察组并没有提出明确结论说违反了武器禁运，可能消息来源对于自助活动的讨论只能是一种假设。看来整个做法都是要粉饰其关于经济制裁厄立特里亚的要求。", "厄立特里亚对监察组建议的答复", "监察组关于对厄立特里亚进行进一步制裁的建议违反了其自身报告主体中的内容和证据。我们已经看到，厄立特里亚在索马里、吉布提和武器禁运问题上遵守了第1907(2009)号决议。我们还表明，关于厄立特里亚策划和企图制造亚的斯亚贝巴的爆炸案的指控并没有任何确凿证据。在这种情况下，公正的做法是要求立即取消对厄立特里亚的制裁，更不要说进一步制裁。公正的做法还要对埃塞俄比亚政府采取措施，因为监察组已明确指出，埃塞俄比亚“违反了对索马里的全面彻底武器禁运”。意义重大的是监察组未能就埃塞俄比亚违反安全理事会相关决议，包括第1907(2009)号决议，提出任何建议。", "结论", "厄立特里亚在初步意见中最后提出，要求在得到和看过监察组报告后再有一次机会提出全面和明确答复。显然不能以任何紧急情况为借口，在仅仅18个月内第二次针对厄立特里亚匆忙作出不公正和危险的决定。", "附文", "Statement by Brigadier General Hailu Gonfa and Colonel Gemechu Avana", "14 September 2006", "Until a few days ago, we were officers in the Ethiopian army sworn to protect the country’s laws and diverse people from any threats. To our deepest dismay, we have come to the conclusion that the greatest threat to Ethiopia and the people emanates not from elsewhere but from the regime on power. Over the last years, the armed forces have been systematically reduced to protecting the narrow interest of a small clique determined to cling to power at all costs. Under the circumstances the choices confronting us are: Either to remain with the same oppressive machinery or wait and see hoping against hope that things would improve on their own or through a miracle. We have waited too long; we cannot wait any longer.", "Despite the calls by opposition groups to peacefully deal with the dire situation, EPRDF is showing no inclination whatsoever to address the country’s mounting social, economic and political problems. Instead, it is intensifying repression. Even though this repressive machinery did not spare any people in the country, the magnitude and scale of repression, harassment and intimidation committed against Oromo people has no comparison. Moreover, it is considering new military adventures in the region that would not serve the legitimate interest of all affected — and could plunge the region into chaos.", "Throughout the years we served this regime, we serve hoping things would improve over time and expected the regime would also resolve political conflicts peacefully and truly democratize the country where political power emanates from the will of the people not from force. Now we have found this to be an empty promise. We are particularly elated the Alliance for Freedom and Democracy (AFD) has offered a hope not only to eliminate the spectre of more mayhem but also chart a better future through a process of dialogue involving all stakeholders in the search for comprehensive solutions.", "We regret that the regime has flagrantly, and without serious consideration, rejected this offer of goodwill and continued on its path of destruction. We cannot therefore continue to defend a minority and overwhelmingly rejected regime, sadly, that is committing untold atrocities against or own people.", "It is time for us to take side in the fight between tyranny and liberty. Accordingly, we have dissociated ourselves from TPLF/EPRDF and joined the liberation struggle of our people gripped by the claws of tyranny. We have therefore joined the Oromo Liberation Front that is a member of the Alliance for Freedom and Democracy (AFD) to realize the age-old dream of all peoples for freedom and democracy.", "To the Ethiopian Armed Forces", "The incumbent regime has been fooling us all by falsely extolling its commitment to freedom, democracy and speedy economic development. This commitment has been put to test over the last 15 years. The tyrannical behaviour of the regime demonstrates that this pledge runs skin deep and does not show any sign of change, which makes all our efforts and sacrifices in vain. We believe as long as the regime continues to defy the will of the people, our problems would multiply. This is why it has to be compelled to desist from its destructive path or be removed. We therefore call on you to follow our example and join the just and popular struggle.", "To the international community", "The minority Ethiopian regime does not have the capacity or the legitimacy to continue to rule the country. The regime, whose dismal 15 year tenure is more than enough to gauge its goodwill, needs to be pressed rather than appeased to submit to the call for dialogue. We strongly urge you to reconsider your support for it as it does not any more serve our common strategic interests." ]

[ "2011年8月4日厄立特里亚常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "奉我国政府指示,谨随函附上厄立特里亚对索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组2011年7月18日报告(S/2011/433)的初步评论(见附件)。 厄立特里亚正在编写自2011年7月28日以来公布的报告的全面答复,请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "阿拉亚·德斯塔(签名)", "2011年8月4日厄立特里亚常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "厄立特里亚国总统政治顾问耶马内·格布拉布就索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组的报告作的初步发言", "2011年7月22日,纽约", "让我借此机会表示,我国代表团赞赏你作为安全理事会第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议所设委员会主席,并通过你感谢委员会成员安排了非正式磋商。", "必须承认,尽管厄立特里亚对整个事务持强烈保留态度,但它与索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组充分合作,以执行其任务。", "监察组访问了厄立特里亚两次,还在欧洲举行了第三次非正式讨论。 厄立特里亚还回答了专家组的书面询问。 厄立特里亚认为,专家组报告的实质内容和要旨没有反映这些讨论,非常失望。 相反,监测组得到埃塞俄比亚的热烈赞同,埃塞俄比亚强烈要求延长监测组的任务期限并收紧对厄立特里亚的制裁制度。", "厄立特里亚还感到不安的是,该报告的内容是由一名高级国际公务员提交给在亚的斯亚贝巴举行的政府间发展管理局(伊加特)首脑会议的。 选择性的表述被不适当地用来动摇伊加特领导人的意见,他们随后呼吁对厄立特里亚实行更多的制裁。", "目前,厄立特里亚代表团只能作出初步但事实性的答复,因为厄立特里亚没有获得报告的副本,尽管有书面的正式要求。 厄立特里亚代表团听取了简报,并允许一些人查阅报告,但由于所分配的时间有限,无法与厄立特里亚有关当局联系,就报告所载的各种指控进行评论和核实,代表团无法作出充分答复。", "因此,厄立特里亚再次要求制裁委员会提供报告副本并有充分时间提出附有证明文件的明确答复。 这样做是公平的,因为不能根据它没有的文件来判断厄立特里亚,也不能没有适当为自己辩护的机会。", "厄立特里亚对索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组报告的概述", "报告可分为三部分:背景资料和分析;附有具体指控的报告主体;和建议。", "厄立特里亚对报告的概述可归纳为以下几点:", "二. 支助 报告的背景(文字)部分充满了关于厄立特里亚政府的政策、做法和机构的全面声明,以及严重的指控,无论是实地的实际情况还是报告的主要部分都没有证实。 随意阅读报告很容易导致误解和错误结论,而仔细阅读则会发现,报告在指控上很高,在具体证据上则很短。", "二. 支助 报告主体中对厄立特里亚的指控一般分为两类:详细叙述的指控造成错误的印象,但索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组随后承认这些指控没有确凿证据作为佐证;对2009年12月23日,即确定厄立特里亚遵守第1907(2009)号决议情况的截止日期之前发生的事件和行动的指控。", "二. 支助 报告中没有确凿证据表明厄立特里亚在索马里和吉布提方面有任何违反行为以及对厄立特里亚的武器禁运。 这些都是极其重要的,因为它们是对厄立特里亚在索马里(特别是支持青年党)和吉布提的不法行为的指控,是制裁厄立特里亚的依据。 公正要求承认这一事实并作出取消对厄立特里亚的制裁的决定。", "二. 支助 对厄立特里亚的核心指控是,2011年1月非洲联盟首脑会议期间,有人耸人听闻地指控厄立特里亚计划轰炸亚的斯亚贝巴。 在此,应当指出,对厄立特里亚的指控目标已经从索马里和吉布提转移到埃塞俄比亚,埃塞俄比亚是所有“证据”的罪魁祸首、指控者和来源。 此外,厄立特里亚无意破坏非洲联盟的首脑会议,当时它刚刚重新开放了在亚的斯亚贝巴的任务,并在长期缺席之后首次参加首脑会议。 考虑这样可怕的攻击是鲁莽或愚蠢的。 更关键的是,厄立特里亚可以明确和决定性地证明,它没有策划和指挥上述阴谋。 (我们提出我们对以下这一指控的初步答复。 )", "厄立特里亚关于索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组背景分析的评论", "厄立特里亚国内局势", "报告缺乏任何平衡感,对厄立特里亚描绘出极其负面的一面,这与现实不符。 正如厄立特里亚在2011年7月19日非正式互动对话期间向安全理事会通报的那样,厄立特里亚的重点是发展,使其成为该国的首要优先事项。", "厄立特里亚-埃塞俄比亚关系", "虽然索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组认识到这一问题对厄立特里亚至关重要和至关重要,但它没有给予它应有的考虑。", "它承认埃塞俄比亚正在积极努力破坏厄立特里亚的稳定并提到 \" 埃塞俄比亚对武装反对派团体的支持 \" ,但它再次没有给予适当重视。", "事实上,埃塞俄比亚一再对厄立特里亚进行武装入侵、破坏和其他恐怖主义行动,特别以采矿部门为目标。 仅过去两年就有30多起业务,其中一起针对一家中国矿业公司的总部。 埃塞俄比亚在将近11年的时间里,还大胆地接纳了包括厄立特里亚伊斯兰圣战运动在内的16个颠覆和恐怖主义“厄立特里亚”团体,以促进其公开宣布的破坏厄立特里亚稳定的议程。", "监测组的报告掩盖了这些事实以及埃塞俄比亚多次公开威胁。 事实上,埃塞俄比亚已经通知来访的安全理事会成员,埃塞俄比亚的官方政策是解除厄立特里亚政府的职务。", "两国关系的重大影响:", "二. 支助 两次战争:一是三十年,夺去六万五千烈士性命;一是第二次,夺去二万人性命. 对于人口较少的小国来说,这些人员损失是巨大的;", "• 埃塞俄比亚继续占领厄立特里亚大片主权敏感领土;", "• 埃塞俄比亚已明确表示打算采取军事措施来推翻厄立特里亚政府。", "今天,埃塞俄比亚正在寻求经济制裁和外交孤立,以阻断和预先阻止厄立特里亚为伸出援手和为持久的区域稳定与和谐作出贡献而做出的认真努力。", "厄立特里亚的区域作用", "索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组再次无视厄立特里亚的建设性区域作用,包括它对苏丹和平的普遍承认的贡献,无意中暴露出它的偏见。", "厄立特里亚对索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组指控的初步答复", "1. 联合国 支持参与暴力、破坏稳定和恐怖主义的武装团体", "监测组首先确定它认为对厄立特里亚外部情报行动的方向和进行至关重要的干事,从而处理这一问题。 它列举了7人,其中大多数是国防军军官,与外部情报没有任何联系。", "例如,监察组提到Gemachew Ayana上校,他甚至不是厄立特里亚人。 Gemachew Ayana上校是埃塞俄比亚公民,是埃塞俄比亚国防军成员。 他一直担任埃塞俄比亚军队机械化师的指挥官,直到2003年,他与其他数十名奥罗莫军官一样被指责秘密参与反对派奥罗莫解放阵线并被解职. 大约三年后,他加入了奥罗莫解放阵线. 鉴于这些事实很容易核实,令人费解的是,监察组在报告中为什么声称他是一名厄立特里亚的外部情报官员。 我们将看到,Gemachew被指控在据称的轰炸亚的斯亚贝巴的阴谋中起关键作用。 兹附上格马丘上校的声明(见附文)。", "2. 培训设施", "厄立特里亚的军事设施及其位置并非秘密。 与监察组报告所言相反,厄立特里亚国家安全局不进行军事训练。 最重要的是,报告中的许多信息是在第1907(2009)号决议之前提供的,因此与该决议无关。", "3个 向被指称违反第1970(2009)号决议的武装团体提供援助", "吉布提", "虽然报告提出了两项关于它所称的“厄立特里亚有限规模的支持”的指控,但至少其资料来源令人怀疑。 吉布提政府拘留的一位前团结和民主阵线指挥官很难指望是一个可信的消息来源。 虽然被拘留者声称厄立特里亚为受伤的战斗人员提供了“食物、药品和治疗”,但他否认收到任何武器或军事装备。 他说,FUD制服、武器和弹药是从也门购买的。 这与吉布提当局声称被拘留者承认厄立特里亚提供了武器的说法相矛盾。 此外,监察组的这一指控涉及2009年12月之前的时期,因为厄立特里亚最近一次参与的指控是2009年10月。", "报告中只有一个其他指控,声称吉布提军方在2011年2月缴获了50公斤隐藏在一个洞穴里的炸药。 监测组说,这些爆炸物是苏联时代制造的,“无法追查其原产地或保管链”。 既然没有关于厄立特里亚参与的任何指控,为什么在厄立特里亚指称的违反行为下提及这一点?", "显然,没有证据表明厄立特里亚在吉布提问题上违反了第1907(2009)号决议。", "埃塞俄比亚", "如上所述,监察组(和埃塞俄比亚)指控厄立特里亚从事恐怖阴谋和破坏区域稳定行动的核心,是在2011年1月非洲联盟首脑会议期间企图轰炸亚的斯亚贝巴。 监察组声称,“虽然表面上是奥罗莫解放阵线(OLF)的行动”,但行动是由厄立特里亚国家安全局设想、规划和指挥的。 报告的结论是,“这一行动实际上是厄立特里亚的一项情报活动,被诬为奥阵的一项倡议”。", "行动以戏剧性的惊悚方式描述在多页的混乱和自相矛盾的叙述上,一个充满漏洞. 如果有机会,厄立特里亚将提出详细的揭发材料,以确凿证明监察组对厄立特里亚的指控是毫无根据的。 至于奥阵的所谓作用,该组织可以为自己辩护。", "在这份初步答复中,厄立特里亚提出下列事实和证据,强调监测组的指控不是基于确凿和确凿的证据。", "指控所依据的信息来源和“证据”非常可疑,不可信。 监察组承认,其指控的唯一来源是埃塞俄比亚安全当局和被埃塞俄比亚安全拘留的据称肇事者。 显然,一个敌视厄立特里亚并积极争取额外制裁的埃塞俄比亚政府有篡改、美化、歪曲甚至捏造证据的愿望和手段。 同样明显的是,被拘留者在政府手中的任何证词,如果经常以使用酷刑而出名,都不能与埃塞俄比亚政府的官方说法相矛盾,因为这将给被拘留者带来严重后果。", "严重考验被拘留者证词可信度的另一个事实是,他们声称,Gemachew Ayana上校据称发挥了中心作用,他是厄立特里亚情报部门的一名官员,而不是我们上文看到的奥阵官员。 如果线人实际上在所指控的阴谋的叙述中扮演了赋予他们的角色,那么他们没有理由不知道Gemachew事实上是奥阵的官员。 如果他们知道并故意误导监察组(使监察组从怀疑中获益),认为他是厄立特里亚情报部门的军官,那么,他们一定是由他们的管理人员指导的,其明确目的是牵连厄立特里亚。", "监察组声称厄立特里亚军官在该阴谋中扮演了中心角色,这显然是错误的,而且与它自己的叙述相矛盾。 为了证明对亚的斯亚贝巴的爆炸未遂是厄立特里亚的行动这一前提,监测组指出,只有一名奥阵被拘留者,即“小组领导人Omar Idriss Mohamed似乎经常同奥阵领导人接触......。 从招募之时起,所有其他小组成员就与奥阵结构隔离,直接接受厄立特里亚军官的所有培训和命令。 “", "它还说,据奥马尔(小组组长)说,只有奥阵主席Dawud Ibsa“知道这一特别行动的存在及其目标,但他似乎没有指挥或控制其行动”。", "然而,根据报告的说明,我们绝不相信这些指控,据称发挥关键作用的是奥阵官员。", "此是叙事所说. 2008年,一名奥阵在肯尼亚的同伙让第一小组队长Fekadu与一名名叫Gemachew Ayana的厄立特里亚上校接触。 (如前所述,Gemachew事实上是奥阵官员,而不是厄立特里亚人。 ) Gemachew还联系了小组总负责人Omar Idriss Mohamed,他说,2009年8月/9月,奥阵主席Dawud Ibsa与他联系,并通知他将接受秘密任务。 2010年3月,Gemachew“指示Fekadu和他的团队返回亚的斯亚贝巴”。 Fekadu“与Gemachew保持联系,电话记录显示至少27次谈话”。 Gemachew还安排向在亚的斯亚贝巴的小组成员汇款。 据奥马尔说,是Gemachew向小组成员提供了行动中使用的设备和炸药。 Gemachew再次“提供了最后指示和炸药”。 1月初,奥马尔“要求Gemachew提供更多资金”。 在一月的最后一个星期,“随着时间的流逝......奥马尔感到有必要同Gemachew协商......。 电话记录显示他们联系了39次... 主要是Gemachew发起的 “", "叙述中有些提到厄立特里亚人,但作用有限和次要,同样基于被拘留者的可疑证词。", "即使我们允许这种叙述事实上是真实的,厄立特里亚也认为并非如此,但非常明显的是,据称的企图从一开始就是结束奥阵的努力。", "叙述中还有其他重大问题。", "它断然指出,这次行动并非针对非洲联盟领导人,而后声称目标之一是大多数领导人居住的喜来登酒店.", "报告指出,一支狙击步枪据称由小组的一名成员持有,罗马尼亚向厄立特里亚出售,罗马尼亚政府证实了这一点。 我们将设法向制裁委员会提供这一说法的真实性。 但是,即使我们假定这是厄立特里亚的消息来源,但这直到最后还不能确切地表明步枪何时以及如何落入埃塞俄比亚政府手中。 另一方面,报告没有提供任何证据,说明拟用于所指控阴谋的基本设备和爆炸物来自厄立特里亚。", "监察组根据奥阵在阿斯马拉的联络名单提出其许多说法,但随后承认,这一关键证据是2006年的已过时证据。 由于认识到这是站不住脚的理由,它巧妙地试图为自己辩护,声称不明姓名的前奥阵成员(叛逃者)告诉它,名单目前是有效的,忘记了叛逃者的证词现在与埃塞俄比亚政府合作,不能被视为可信的来源。", "这一说法否定了所谓亚的斯亚贝巴行动是由厄立特里亚设想、规划和指挥的说法。 它还表明,没有任何无可争辩的证据表明厄立特里亚参与,即使当我们考虑到据称的主要行为者,即那些据称拥有指挥和控制权的行为者是非厄立特里亚人之后,仍然存在有限的作用。 如果有时间,厄立特里亚希望就这一耸人听闻的指控提供重要的额外资料,这提醒人们注意监测组早些时候的指控,即厄立特里亚在索马里有2 000名士兵,详细介绍了他们何时和如何抵达以及部署在何处和人数。 先前的一份报告证明是完全没有根据的,当时利用这份报告的这一亮相对厄立特里亚实施制裁。", "索马里", "鉴于厄立特里亚向青年党提供军事支持的指控是安全理事会所关注的主要问题,也是根据第1907(2009)号决议实施制裁的主要动力,值得注意的是,监察组的报告证实,厄立特里亚在向青年党或索马里任何武装团体提供军事支持方面没有违反第1907(2009)号决议。 它提到厄立特里亚向基斯马尤运送军火的不明来源的说法(事实上埃塞俄比亚公开提出这些指控),但明确指出,它“无法独立核实这些报告”。", "关于财政支助,监测组指出,它有厄立特里亚向与青年党有联系的个人付款的书面证据,但承认这些付款只涉及1998年。 它提到有人指控说,资金仍在继续,一个来源声称每月80 000美元,但没有提出一丝一毫的证据。", "苏丹", "报告承认,无法断定厄立特里亚违反第1907(2009)号决议,向破坏南苏丹稳定的团体提供直接军事援助。", " 4.四. 违反武器禁运", "监测组谈到厄立特里亚采购武器的报告和间接证据,但没有声称它有无可置疑的证据。 它还指出,它无法确定是否有任何政府直接参与蓄意违反对厄立特里亚的武器禁运。", "报告提到收到的关于一名厄立特里亚军官参与从厄立特里亚向苏丹走私武器的指控。 它没有提供任何证据来证明这些指控,而且无论如何都与第1907(2009)号决议前时期有关。", "5 (韩语). 资助违反第1907(2009)号决议的行为", "报告对可能存在支持违反武器禁运行为的隐蔽金融活动的指控作了大量报道。 报告详细叙述了它认为厄立特里亚政府的收入来源,特别强调厄立特里亚侨民和采矿部门的贡献。 令人悲哀的是,它重复指控(来自可疑来源,包括有个人意图的个人),却没有提供任何证据证明厄立特里亚社区成员和商人参与了非法活动。 这些指控纯属诽谤,损害了这些人的声誉,这些人也是他们居住国的公民,也是他们的家庭和企业。", "报告还就合法雷场采取了步骤,指出厄立特里亚侨民的贡献是非法的,违反了《维也纳公约》。 由于监察组没有最终确定违反武器禁运的情况,只能假设讨论其筹资的可能来源。 整个行动似乎是为了给厄立特里亚经济制裁的呼吁留下一丝空白。", "厄立特里亚对监察组建议的答复", "索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组关于对厄立特里亚实施更多制裁的建议违背了监察组报告主体的内容和证据。 正如我们所看到的那样,厄立特里亚遵守关于索马里、吉布提和武器禁运的第1907(2009)号决议。 我们还表明,厄立特里亚策划并企图策划对亚的斯亚贝巴的轰炸阴谋的指控没有确凿证据的支持。 在这种情况下,公平和正义要求立即取消对厄立特里亚的制裁,而不要说有其他制裁。 正义和公平还要求对埃塞俄比亚政府采取措施,因为监察组明确声明埃塞俄比亚“违反了对索马里的全面和彻底的武器禁运”。 极为重要的是,监察组没有就埃塞俄比亚违反包括1907(2009)号决议在内的安全理事会有关决议的行为提出任何建议。", "结论", "厄立特里亚在结束其初步陈述时再次要求有机会在收到并审查索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组的报告后作出全面和明确的答复。 显然,没有任何紧急情况可以证明对厄立特里亚作出仓促、不公平和危险的决定是合理的,这在仅仅18个月内是第二次。", "附录", "海卢·贡法准将和格梅丘·阿亚纳上校的发言", "页:1", "直到几天前,我们是埃塞俄比亚军队的军官,他们发誓要保护该国的法律和人民免受任何威胁。 令我们深感不安的是,我们得出的结论是,对埃塞俄比亚和人民的最大威胁不是来自其他地方,而是来自政权。 在过去几年中,武装部队被有系统地削弱,以保护一个决心不惜一切代价坚持权力的小集团的狭隘利益。 在这种情况下,我们面临的选择是: 要么留在同一个压迫机器中,要么等待和看到对希望抱有的希望,即事情会自行改善,要么通过奇迹来改善。 我们等待太久;我们不能再等待了。", "尽管反对派团体呼吁和平处理这一严峻局势,但厄立特里亚人民革命阵线并没有表现出解决该国日益严重的社会、经济和政治问题的任何倾向。 相反,它正在加强镇压。 尽管这一镇压机制并没有使该国任何人幸免于难,但针对奥罗莫人民的镇压、骚扰和恐吓的规模和规模是无法相提并论的。 此外,它正在考虑在该区域进行新的军事冒险,这种冒险不符合所有受影响者的正当利益——并可能使该区域陷入混乱。", "我们服务于该政权的这些年来,我们一直希望情况会随着时间的推移而改善,并期望该政权还将和平解决政治冲突并真正使政治权力来自人民的意愿而不是武力的国家民主化。 现在我们发现这是一个空洞的承诺。 我们特别高兴的是,自由和民主联盟(自由民主联盟)不仅希望消除更多混乱的幽灵,而且希望通过让所有利益攸关方参与寻求全面解决办法的对话进程,创造更美好的未来。", "我们感到遗憾的是,该政权公然、未经认真考虑,拒绝了这一善意提议,并继续走毁灭之路。 因此,我们不能继续捍卫一个少数和遭到压倒性拒绝的政权,可悲的是,这个政权正在对我们自己的人民犯下难以言状的暴行。", "现在是我们站在暴政与自由斗争一边的时候了。 因此,我们脱离了TPLF/EPRDF,加入了我们人民在暴政爪下进行的解放斗争。 因此,我们加入了作为自由和民主联盟成员的奥罗莫解放阵线,以实现各国人民对自由和民主的古老梦想。", "致埃塞俄比亚武装部队", "现任政权欺骗了我们大家,错误地违背了其对自由、民主和迅速经济发展的承诺。 过去15年来,这一承诺受到了考验。 该政权的暴虐行为表明,这一承诺是肤浅的,没有显示任何变化的迹象,这使我们的一切努力和牺牲都白费了。 我们认为,只要该政权继续无视人民的意愿,我们的问题就会增加。 这就是为什么必须迫使它停止走破坏性道路或被拆除的原因。 因此,我们呼吁你们以我们为榜样,加入公正和受欢迎的斗争。", "对国际社会的建议", "少数埃塞俄比亚政权没有继续统治国家的能力或合法性。 该政权的15年任期令人沮丧,足以衡量其善意,因此,需要加以施压,而不是姑息,以服从对话的呼吁。 我们强烈敦促你重新考虑你对此的支持,因为它不再符合我们的共同战略利益。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Right to adequate housing", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living and on the right to non-discrimination in this context, Ms. Raquel Rolnik, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 15/8, paragraph 2 (h).", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living", "Summary", "The present report focuses on the realization of the right to adequate housing in post-disaster settings. The report assesses human rights standards and guidelines relevant to an approach to disaster response based on the right to adequate housing and discusses some existing limitations. It elaborates upon key challenges relating to the protection and realization of the right in disaster response: inattention to or discrimination against vulnerable and disadvantaged groups; the overemphasis on individual property ownership and the associated difficulty to recognize and address the multiplicity of tenure forms equally in restitution and recovery programmes; the risks of approaching post-disaster reconstruction predominantly as a business or development opportunity that benefits only a few; and limitations in existing frameworks for reconstruction and recovery. The report concludes by outlining the fundamentals of an approach to disaster response that deliberately and comprehensively integrates the right to adequate housing.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Assessment 4 of the legal and policy framework applicable to natural \ndisasters III. Discrimination 7 and vulnerability: compounding factors in the impacts on and responses to \ndisasters A. Disadvantaged 7 groups most affected by \ndisasters B.Neglect 8 and discrimination made visible by \ndisasters C.Recovery 9 responses overlooking or discriminating against the most \nvulnerable IV.Recognizing 10 and protecting all forms of tenure equally, from restitution to durable solutions \nprogrammes A.Towards 11 an expansive notion of housing and property \nrestitution B.Recognizing 13 tenure rights in practice, for the purpose of durable \nsolutions V. Disasters 15 as opportunities — for \nwhom? A.From 15 the redevelopment of coastal areas and cities to outsourcing \nreconstruction B.Acting 17 with due diligence to protect the right to adequate \nhousing VI.Recovery 18 and durable solutions: addressing all aspects of the right to adequate \nhousing A. Undue 19 focus on houses and \nproperty B.Addressing 20 the wider context in relief and recovery \nefforts C.Disconnect 21 between emergency and long-term \nrecovery \nVII. Conclusion 21\nVIII.Recommendations 22A.General 22 framework: disaster response based on the right to adequate \nhousing B.Recommendations 25 for \nfollow-up", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report focuses on the realization of the right to adequate housing in post-disaster settings. It should be read in conjunction with the report submitted to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/42), in which the Special Rapporteur discusses common issues relevant to both post-conflict and post-disaster settings.", "2. While many commonalities exist across post-conflict and post-disaster situations, some challenges are specific to the latter and require different responses. The Special Rapporteur chose to focus on disasters, in the light of the increasing prevalence of disasters worldwide that have more devastating effects than ever before,[1] the likelihood that this trend will continue as a result of climate change, rapid urbanization and population growth, and the comparatively fewer experiences and guidelines available to address issues related to the right to adequate housing in the wake of disasters, compared to post-conflict settings.[2] The Special Rapporteur also had the opportunity to conduct a working visit to Haiti (8-11 June 2011) to assess reconstruction and relief efforts in the wake of the earthquake of January 2010, which greatly informed her thinking for the present report and highlighted the need to focus on disasters.[3]", "3. Taking an approach to post-disaster and recovery-based reconstruction on the right to adequate housing has significant implications. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that disaster relief and recovery efforts have so far, with notable exceptions, taken a narrow view of what constitutes the right to adequate housing, on some occasions leading to violations of the right. Section I of the present report assesses relevant standards. Sections II to V elaborate upon key challenges. The report concludes by outlining the fundamentals of an approach to disaster response that deliberately and comprehensively integrates the right to adequate housing and provides recommendations for follow-up measures.", "II. Assessment of the legal and policy framework applicable to natural disasters", "4. While there are a number of standards and guidelines relevant to ensuring the right to adequate housing in post-disaster situations, they are often understood and applied in a fragmented manner.[4] There are other more specific limitations too, as will be discussed.", "5. The right to adequate housing is most clearly recognized by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (article 11). The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights underlined the importance of interpreting the right in broad terms, identifying seven aspects of the right that States must progressively realize: security of tenure; availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure; affordability; habitability; accessibility; location; and cultural adequacy.[5] All the aspects and safeguards pertaining to eviction and resettlement derived from the right[6] are relevant to disaster response, as are the human rights principles of participation and non-discrimination and equality.[7]", "6. However, existing guidance with respect to disaster situations has given little attention to the right to adequate housing. When reference to the right is made it is limited, with the right narrowed down to the need to provide shelter, housing or to aspects related to protection.[8] The few attempts to discuss the right in a more comprehensive manner have remained at the level of an individual organization’s guidance and not in the form of authoritative policies of broad application.[9] Equally, United Nations human rights mechanisms have, with notable exceptions, not addressed the specificities of disaster situations and their impacts on the enjoyment of the right to adequate housing or other human rights, remaining at the level of generalities.[10]", "7. Instead, most initiatives to address disasters from a human rights perspective have taken place with respect to specific groups, notably internally displaced persons and refugees. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement are essential in this regard. They have been recognized as a significant international framework for the protection of internally displaced persons in both post-conflict and post-disaster situations.[11] While attention was at first geared to the protection of internally displaced persons in conflict and post-conflict situations, in recent years policy and operational guidelines have also been developed with respect to natural disasters, expanding the scope of application to all persons affected by disasters, including but not limited to internally displaced persons. The Inter-Agency Standing Committee Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Situations of Natural Disasters (Inter-Agency Standing Committee Guidelines) is an important document in this regard.[12] The Guidelines and the above-mentioned Guiding Principles recognize the right of persons displaced by conflict or disaster to durable solutions, namely, a return to their homes or places of habitual residence (and, as key condition for durable return, to have housing or land restored to them), relocation elsewhere or local integration.[13]", "8. The 2005 Principles on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons[14] (“Pinheiro Principles”) go one step further by recognizing a distinct “right to restitution” (covering housing, land and/or other property) for refugees and displaced persons.[15] An important question is whether the Pinheiro Principles apply to post-disaster situations. The intention seemed to have been that they should apply, the central idea behind principle 1.2 being that people who are displaced — regardless of the reason for their displacement — are similarly situated and have a right to return to their places of habitual residence and thereby to restitution. On that basis, some interpret the Principles as applicable to all situations of natural disaster.[16] However, others point out that the Principles are explicitly limited to the “arbitrary or unlawful deprivation” of people’s former homes, land or places of habitual residence following displacement.[17]", "9. This is not to say that the Pinheiro Principles are irrelevant to natural disaster situations. First, they fully apply in actual cases of arbitrary or unlawful deprivation or destruction of housing or land occurring in post-disaster situations, including, arguably, when displaced persons are denied their right to return to their homes (see section IV below), and in cases of unreasonable State failings with respect to disaster preparedness, mitigation or early warning systems.[18] Second, taken as a specification of existing standards pertaining to the rights of displaced persons and refugees to return to their homes, the Principles provide relevant guidance on how best to manage the technical and legal issues associated with housing, land and property restitution, guidance which has since been reflected to varying degrees in policy and practice.", "10. Thus, an approach to disaster response that fully integrates the right to adequate housing would combine all the above sets of standards and principles and have at its core the various elements of the right to adequate housing. The recommendations in the final section of the present report propose the integration of those standards within a consolidated, conceptual and operational framework.", "III. Discrimination and vulnerability: compounding factors in the impacts on and responses to disasters", "11. Vulnerability is widely recognized as an important element in disaster risk reduction and management.[19] The most vulnerable, such as those living in poverty or with insecure tenure, are more likely to live in disaster-prone land; they are also at greater risks of displacement and loss of livelihood in the event of a disaster; and they will recover with more difficulty from the disaster.", "12. On many occasions, vulnerability is compounded by direct or indirect discrimination, impacting on the ability of individuals and communities to protect themselves from disasters and to recover. The relevance of discrimination to disasters and disaster response may not be immediately apparent. Indeed, the term “natural disaster” could be taken as precluding responsibility, which may imply, in turn, the impossibility of discrimination. However, it is well accepted that the magnitude of impacts and distribution of losses from natural hazards are to a large extent man-made (see A/60/227). Disaster preparedness, mitigation and response are all subject to or conditioned by State action or omission, and may therefore be discriminatory.", "13. The principles of equality and non-discrimination are firmly rooted in international human rights law. Attention to non-discrimination and equality requires Governments and aid organizations to pay particular attention to vulnerabilities and inequalities in pre-disaster contexts, and, in the aftermath of disasters, to address inequalities and protect the most vulnerable. United Nations treaty bodies have noted that even in times of severe resource constraints — as is typically the case in the wake of a disaster — States have a particular obligation to protect vulnerable members of society.[20] States should also take special measures to secure for disadvantaged groups the full and equal enjoyment of their human rights.[21] In post-disaster situations, such measures might translate into special assistance to support return of the most vulnerable groups or find land/housing for landless or homeless families.", "A. Disadvantaged groups most affected by disasters", "14. When Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans in 2005, African Americans and poor people (with the two categories to a large extent blurred)[22] bore the brunt of the devastation because, for the most part, they lived most often in the lower-lying, more flood-prone sections of the city. In addition large numbers of the metropolitan area’s population (being generally poor) lacked the means to escape the flood.[23] The particular impacts and costs of the hurricane were therefore intimately linked to pre‑existing social, economic and land use patterns, directly related to housing and urban planning policies.", "15. In Honduras, in the wake of Hurricane Mitch in 1998, the groups disproportionately affected included poor women, peasants and indigenous groups, many of whom had been living under insecure tenure conditions and in vulnerable areas exposed to strong winds, flooding and landslides (see A/HRC/16/42, para. 32). In Colombia, the floods throughout 2010 and into 2011 were said to have disproportionately affected those already displaced by conflict, particularly indigenous and Afro-Colombians, who tended to live in remote areas subject to violence from armed groups.[24]", "16. In the aftermath of the Pakistan floods of 2010, it was acknowledged that the poor and vulnerable bore the brunt of the catastrophe, having no assets or safety nets. Those who were displaced by the floods and lost their assets and means of livelihood consisted disproportionately of landless tenants and labourers, living in non-/semi-permanent housing.[25]", "B. Neglect and discrimination made visible by disasters", "17. The earthquake in Haiti exacerbated and made visible a hitherto relatively invisible problem, namely, the dire conditions characterizing informal settlements in which the majority of the Port-au-Prince population lived.[26] The settlements, as many others elsewhere, had been created spontaneously and had never been recognized formally by the authorities. They had no or little access to basic infrastructure and services. With the earthquake, many of the residents moved to camps, either because their homes or neighbourhoods had been destroyed or damaged, or in order to be able to receive food or medical assistance, to take part in cash-for-work programmes, to save on rent (in the case of renters) or in the hope of receiving a house.", "18. Sixteen months after the earthquake, there were still 634,000 people in over 1,000 camps. Observers noted that the camp populations were declining more slowly than in 2010, suggesting that people had nowhere else to go or had decided that however precarious their situation in the camps, it was still better than their situation of origin.[27] The earthquake thus highlighted long-entrenched patterns of discrimination and neglect. Disasters elsewhere have had similar effects.[28]", "C. Recovery responses overlooking or discriminating against the most vulnerable", "19. Recovery efforts, by overlooking or directly discriminating against some groups, can perpetuate and even reinforce pre-existing patterns of vulnerability and disadvantage. This is often the case with women. In the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, it was reported that the international response on many occasions strengthened “those who were better off and/or more articulate … while marginalizing those who had few assets, notably women”.[29] Relief efforts and policies, for instance, excluded women from livelihoods assistance and on occasion directly undermined women’s pre-existing rights, such as their rights to housing or land in matrilineal communities.[30] When women also happen to have insecure tenure — as they often do because their access to housing and land frequently hinges on a relationship with a man, or because they face additional hurdles as sole head of a household, they are particularly vulnerable.[31]", "20. Disaster response appears to differ greatly according to whether it addresses the situation of individual, formally registered, property owners or that of all those with other types of tenure arrangements. It has been noted that in most housing reconstruction programmes, tenure documentation and legal proof of rights are prerequisites for establishing beneficiary eligibility, with the consequence of excluding the poorest and most vulnerable, including those residing in informal settlements with temporary or informal rights of tenure.[32] In a number of countries, displaced renters and squatters often find themselves excluded from permanent housing schemes designed to replace the assets of homeowners.[33]", "21. Similar limitations have been seen in post-disaster needs assessments. While conditions pertaining to tenure and land ownership may be discussed and recognized as important at the level of principle, they are not always addressed in policies, strategies and sectoral priorities in practice. For instance, in the disaster needs assessment carried out by international financial institutions and the Government of Pakistan following the floods, the proposed housing and reconstruction strategy made no mention of land ownership or tenure issues, but only focused on the techniques and costs of housing reconstruction. In addition, policy priorities for other sectors relevant to land, such as agriculture, were said to favour landowners.[34]", "22. Often, multiple factors of vulnerability and discrimination have a compounding effect. Post-Katrina responses by the federal and state governments in the United States generally were found lacking when it came to supporting lower-income renters — predominantly African American — and addressing the range of obstacles that prevented them from accessing affordable housing.[35] Despite a federal programme of housing vouchers, in practice, families with rent vouchers had difficulties finding rental units. Reasons included public and rental housing shortages (due to storm damage but also to subsequent decisions to massively cut down public housing), rent increases, discrimination by landowners,[36] the slow pace of rental housing construction and the decision by states in the Gulf coast to direct the bulk of federal funds towards repairing homeowner units rather than rental ones.[37] With a very limited option to rent, an important number of families were de facto denied return to their city and former homes;[38] which resulted in a rise in homelessness.[39]", "23. The above examples show how discrimination, as much as vulnerability, is a key factor bearing upon disaster impact and response. Discrimination based on tenure status highlights a broader problem, namely the reluctance or inability of Governments, international and national organizations alike to adequately recognize and protect all forms of tenure equally.", "IV. Recognizing and protecting all forms of tenure equally, from restitution to durable solutions programmes", "24. The Special Rapporteur notes the centrality of tenure security in the right to adequate housing. Tenure security does not equate to a right to private ownership,[40] nor is it limited to the conferral of formal legal titles. There is a multiplicity of legitimate tenure arrangements besides private ownership,[41] such as public or private rental accommodation, cooperative housing, lease, occupation/rent of land or property in informal settlements, and other user or occupancy rights through customary or traditional arrangements all with varying degrees of formality.[42] It follows that only a minority of victims of natural disasters may in effect have individual, formally registered, ownership rights to their housing or land.", "25. Nevertheless, the Special Rapporteur is concerned that policy and practice in post-disaster settings are skewed towards individual private ownership, as already shown in section III above. Section IV will focus on policy and practices pertaining to restitution and more broadly to durable solutions and reconstruction, as illustrations of the tensions between individual property ownership and other forms of tenure in practice.", "A. Towards an expansive notion of housing and property restitution", "26. The right to housing and property restitution has found its most specific elaboration in the Pinheiro Principles. At the time of their adoption, the Principles responded to an obvious need for guidance on the procedures and mechanisms necessary to facilitate property restitution. Today, as programmes for return and restitution have been applied in more diverse contexts and circumstances, it is time to reflect on the Principles and reinterpret them in the light of such practices.", "27. The Principles, in their specific formulation and the mechanisms suggested to determine claims over property or land, are not entirely clear on the recognition of all forms of tenure rights. While some take an expansive view of the Principles,[43] others have criticized them as being overly focused on individual property ownership and contexts of formal and registered claims. By referring “the rights of tenants and other non-owners” in a separate provision (principle 16), the Principles may be seen to question whether these are on an equal footing with individual property owners. Equally, the call in the same principle for mechanisms of property restitution to recognize, “to the maximum extent possible”, those with rights to housing and land other than formal ownership needs clarification, although it could be seen as a practical suggestion rather than implying limitations to the entitlements of non-owners.[44]", "28. The Principles must also be read against the particular context in which they were developed. While drawing on a number of sources, they were shaped by the experience of formal restitution mechanisms operating at the time, in particular in Bosnia and Herzegovina — a context of largely formal registration of private property and of what Yugoslav law called “socially-owned” apartments.[45] The restitution mechanism in Bosnia and Herzegovina, like others, has been criticized for doing little for those who did not own property or did not have recognized formal titles to them, and for being unable to deal with complex, informal systems of tenure with a plurality of customary, state or religious laws.[46]", "29. The Special Rapporteur suggests that housing and property restitution must be understood as the restitution of any right to tenure related to housing or land prior to disaster, irrespective of tenure status or whether the land or housing is formally registered. An example of such an approach can be found in the South Africa Restitution of Land Rights Act, and in recent operational guidance on durable solutions.[47] Without pre-empting deeper discussion and clarification of their provisions, the Pinheiro Principles should be systematically viewed to embrace a wide ambit of situations and tenure rights. A number of elements in the Principles already point to an appropriately expansive conception of restitution, such as the systematic use of the term “housing, land and property” rather than only property.[48]", "30. This more expansive view of restitution is grounded in the State obligations associated with the right to adequate housing to respect and ensure tenure security for all, irrespective of the form of tenure. The approach recognizes all those who are not individual owners of formally registered property as rights-holders. While post-disaster and post-conflict needs will vary with the context, the typology of human rights duties remains the same. Property restitution should be viewed and implemented in this light.", "31. The practical implications of this expansive view of restitution as part of the right to remedy should be further examined with a view to articulating guidance on various scenarios.[49] For the purpose of the present report, however, and bearing in mind the qualified assessment of the Pinheiro Principles with respect to disaster situations (see section II above), property restitution will more often than not be a condition for return and other durable solutions, not a legal remedy. Understanding the equal legitimacy of all forms of tenure is thus not only relevant to restitution but even more so to efforts to ensure durable solutions and recovery. In such cases, States, with international organizations, must assess the tenure rights of all people affected by disasters and take measures to protect and ensure secure tenure post-disaster, whether at a former place of residence or elsewhere, should people be unable or unwilling to return.[50] Furthermore, the principle of non-discrimination and equality requires States and international organizations to prioritize assistance to those with most insecure tenure and strengthen tenure security for those with weak, ambiguous or vulnerable tenure, a responsibility often overlooked in relief and recovery efforts.", "B. Recognizing tenure rights in practice, for the purpose of durable solutions", "32. International agencies have shown reluctance to invest in places of return or relocation where land tenure is unclear and where legal and customary arrangements under which claims regarding housing or land may fall are diverse and at times conflicting. In that respect, reconstruction in urban areas might be particularly challenging since the areas they are often characterized by complicated land ownership and tenure issues.", "33. This mindset is evident among many organizations operating in Haiti. As evident in one assessment:", "The condition of land markets is chaotic and essentially lawless. Land ownership records are non-existent or ambiguous. Lack of clear title to a plot of land or written approval from a verified owner makes it difficult to supply a potential beneficiary with a new house or to support re-occupancy of prior homes.[51]", "Clearly, this has been one of the reasons for the delay in reconstruction and return in Haiti. Similarly, in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami, the promulgation of contradictory policies and restrictions on land use at various levels of government and the contention surrounding these were said to have created obstacles to international recovery work and severely undermined efforts to pursue disaster risk management.[52]", "34. Against this backdrop it is important to differentiate between two tasks. In the long term, there might be a need to formally record and strengthen ownership or tenure through legal reforms and other mechanisms such as land titling, thereby definitively resolving the ambiguous and uncertain situation in which many find themselves. In the short term, however, these means may not be the most appropriate to address reconstruction and recovery needs and to do so without reinforcing inequalities.[53] Experience also suggests the enormous challenge of attempting to deal with the full spectrum of ownership/tenure and land reform issues right after disaster or conflict. The Government of Pakistan noted that an appreciation of the social, political, technical and legal complexities of land tenure issues and the fact that those were not confined to the disaster-affected areas was essential.[54] In the short term, it remains nonetheless essential and opportune to assess pre-disaster tenure rights, through swift methods, in order to move effectively towards reconstruction and recovery in a way that ensures a minimum of tenure security to everyone and addresses some of the worse forms of inequality and insecurity.", "35. The optimal means for determining housing or land claims for the purpose of reconstruction and return will depend on the particular context, in terms of tenure or property arrangements, formality and registration, and resources. As discussed, formal administrative or judicial property restitution mechanisms might not be applicable or appropriate in a number of situations, in particular those characterized by multiple tenure arrangements.[55] The Protocol on the Property Rights of Returning Persons of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region offers a more comprehensive approach than the Pinheiro Principles in this regard, by providing that both administrative and traditional authorities should address property disputes, thereby acknowledging the importance of traditional and customary systems with regard to land.[56] The Protocol also envisages alternative and informal community-based mechanisms for resolving disputes, using requirements of proof of ownership based upon testimony.[57] In practice, organizations supporting return of refugees or displaced persons have often relied on customary law and traditional conflict resolution mechanisms to solve land disputes.[58] Caution must however be exercised so that women or others particularly vulnerable to discrimination are not excluded or disadvantaged in these processes.", "36. One step further are “community” or “participatory” enumeration practices. Such participatory processes have been implemented in various countries for various aims, for instance to determine and strengthen tenure rights in informal settlements or for land adjudication.[59] In the absence of land records, in case of their destruction following disaster, or in context of multiple tenure arrangements, community enumerations offer promising and flexible alternatives to identify the state of occupancy and tenure pre-disaster or pre-conflict, thus ensuring a certain level of certainty and security of tenure in informdurable solutions. Community enumeration projects were implemented in the wake of the Indian Ocean tsunami,[60] and have been started in Haiti. Lessons should be drawn from experience in defining key elements and prerequisites of successful community mapping processes, applied to post-disaster situations, including their relationship with more formal or Government-led validation or land management processes, and the need to complement them with conflict resolution mechanisms.[61]", "37. While mechanisms to assess, respect and strengthen tenure security post-disaster will differ depending on the context, they must in any event be guided by human rights principles, such as participation of affected communities and gender equality.", "V. Disasters as opportunities — for whom?", "38. It is often said that disasters, by creating a “clean slate”, offer major opportunities to launch into wide scale reforms and ambitious redevelopment. Disasters offer opportunities, but also serious risks, for the protection and promotion of human rights. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that in some cases, major redevelopment efforts, while benefiting some, have, by commission or omission, overlooked the most vulnerable and in fact violated key elements of the right to adequate housing.", "A. From the redevelopment of coastal areas and cities to outsourcing reconstruction", "39. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was seen by many as providing major opportunities for redevelopment, sometimes under the guise of public safety and disaster risk mitigation. In the tsunami’s aftermath, zones prohibiting housing reconstruction along the coast (buffer zones) were in fact introduced in a number of countries affected by the tsunami; they ranged from 100 to 500 metres and, in some cases, if implemented fully, would have required the relocation of over 100,000 houses.[62] The zones were purportedly declared to protect residents from future disasters. They also had major impacts on the livelihoods of residents, especially those who relied on the sea for a living.", "40. At the same time, ambitious plans for “redevelopment” and luxury tourism emerged, including for those coastal areas closed off to residents for safety reasons. One tourism board announced at the time that the tsunami offered an opportunity to make of its country a “world class tourism destination”.[63] It was reported that while displaced persons were prohibited from returning to their homes, the same prohibition did not apply to hotel complexes. In some places, land developers simply used the opportunity to grab land, especially from the most vulnerable communities. Luxury hotels sprang up in many coastal areas. Communities and civil society organizations complained that the creation of zones was used to arbitrarily evict poor coastal dwellers and indigenous communities to the benefit of businesses and new tourism facilities.[64]", "41. The destruction of much of the housing stock in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina was also seen as an opportunity to fundamentally change the housing and urban characteristics of the city. Notably, the four largest public housing complexes in New Orleans (the “big 4”), mostly inhabited by African Americans, were demolished to give way to planned redevelopment of mixed-income communities and other uses. Although in some cases there may have been no feasible alternatives because of the severity of the damages, the demolitions were mainly justified as essential to the city’s recovery and necessary for health and safety reasons.[65] Problematically, the planned developments were to include a small number of public housing units compared to the total available before Hurricane Katrina.[66] Their demolition was another obstacle preventing lower income residents from returning to New Orleans (see sect. III above).[67]", "42. Concerns have also been expressed over what has been called “the business of reconstruction”, whereby the planning, financing and implementation of reconstruction are outsourced to private companies. In some cases, outsourcing reconstruction without putting adequate safeguards in place has been associated with negative impacts on the adequacy and affordability of reconstruction as well as on people’s ability to participate in and benefit from reconstruction efforts. In Chile, following the earthquake and subsequent tsunami of February 2010, the private sector reportedly played a central role in the reconstruction of urban centres and coastal areas. Following one of the main principles of the national reconstruction plan, families have the choice to decide whether to rebuild their homes on the same sites of the collapsed buildings or to acquire a previously existing or a newly built house. However, as housing reconstruction was supported mainly by subsidies attached to individual property, private constructors preferred to rebuild housing in new areas on the outskirts of towns, rather than the central areas from which many people had been displaced, where land and housing prices were much higher.[68] Real estate companies were also said to pressure families to sell land and housing at very low prices in a moment where they were very vulnerable, in order to make way for private redevelopment.[69] This shows that if left only to the market, new housing for the poorest will likely be in the peripheries.", "43. Similar distortions were seen with respect to the construction market. In one case, it has been reported that in some cities a few companies were given a monopoly over construction materials, to the detriment of local small businesses, and in another, the reconstruction process led to increased prices by suppliers and construction companies, stymying individual reconstruction efforts.[70] Likewise, the outsourcing of transitional shelters by humanitarian agencies to international contractors might divert potential financial resources for displaced persons who could be supported to build their own shelter. The results in the latter instances are also less likely to be culturally appropriate.[71]", "B. Acting with due diligence to protect the right to adequate housing", "44. In the examples discussed above, post-disaster reconstruction has had negative impacts on the poorest. In the worst cases, disasters provided a clean slate and excuse for powerful actors to destroy housing or grab land, which would not have been possible in the pre-disaster context, where legal procedures would have had to be followed and affected households consulted and given access to remedies. At best, States did not adequately monitor the operation and regulation of the post-disaster housing and reconstruction markets, nor did they take measures to ensure that people retained access to affordable housing and were not in effect forced to leave their places of origin. While nothing prevents States from asking for the support of private companies in reconstruction efforts — and indeed private sector contributions can be essential to recovery — Governments must be mindful of their role to monitor private sector delivery and ensure that reconstruction does not benefit only a privileged few to the detriment of others.", "45. Such examples could be seen as “constructive forced evictions”.[72] In such cases, international standards pertaining to forced eviction or arbitrary displacement apply. When forced eviction has been proved, people should have access to remedies, including to a fair hearing, access to legal counsel and to receiving reparation, such as housing or land restitution, adequate compensation, or alternative housing/land if they so choose.[73]", "46. In cases where public security and safety concerns are legitimate and compelling, decisions over land use or housing regulations must nonetheless be subject to human rights standards — in particular the strict procedural requirements relating to the conduct of evictions, the right to redress and remedy and an opportunity for judicial review, and the economic, social and cultural rights of affected communities. Evictions should not result in individuals being rendered homeless. Where those affected are unable to provide for themselves, the State must take measures to ensure that alternative housing, resettlement or access to productive land is available.[74]", "47. Restrictive measures must also conform to the principle of proportionality.[75] This calls for a balancing act between the rights of those affected with the interests of the State in mitigating the damage and ensuring public safety.[76] With respect to tsunami prevention for instance, any regulation preventing residents from returning to beachfront areas must be shown to be the least restrictive means of achieving public safety objectives. A State would have to show that other safety measures such as warning systems or dykes are not available or effective.[77]", "48. Finally, experience with respect to land use restrictions compels consideration of a range of factors, including that resettling people involves large costs in terms of infrastructure and services and may also severely disrupt people’s livelihoods and community lives.[78] Settlement and housing patterns are not random but reflect a specific economic and social fabric that may be difficult to replicate elsewhere. Thus, both human rights standards and an assessment of the social and economic costs of displacement call for a more restrictive approach to the application of land/housing use restrictions.", "VI. Recovery and durable solutions: addressing all aspects of the right to adequate housing", "49. Beyond the more obvious protection aspects discussed above, it is important to address reconstruction from a broader view of adequate housing — including seeing housing as a social asset — and with the aim to progressively realize the right. Ensuring recovery and durable solutions, seen in this light, means rebuilding communities and neighbourhoods and ensuring an adequate standard of living, of which housing unit construction is only one part, sometimes not the most important or urgent.[79] Disasters do not take place in a vacuum: it is important to assess and address the wider housing context in which disasters take place.", "A. Undue focus on houses and property", "50. Post-disaster situations are likely to be characterized not only by massive damage to housing but also by mass displacement, disruption of social networks and relationships, damage or lack of access to basic services and loss of livelihoods, employment, assets, or land, which are all key factors that have an impact on enjoyment of the right to adequate housing. However, reconstruction and efforts to ensure durable solutions have too often focused on the most tangible aspects of housing (the physical structures). International organizations and Governments are prone to assume that housing reconstruction is the main priority for affected persons, rather than livelihoods or neighbourhood infrastructure.[80] When housing is assessed it is assessed as a technical or economic sector rather than as a human right, and the focus is on building and construction standards and materials, and on the quality of emergency and transitional shelters. In some cases the focus on property restitution has also been to the detriment of rebuilding and improving the broader social, political or economic conditions required to support sustainable return — jobs, basic services and infrastructure, and security. A commentator stated that, the “house” had become the measure of success of the return process rather than the actual welfare of the people displaced from their homes.[81]", "51. The well-known slogan, “Build Back Better”, seems to, and certainly should, aspire to address the broader living conditions of affected communities. The special envoy of the Secretary-General to the Indian Ocean tsunami noted that the financial resources, international focus and openness to political and policy reform that often characterized a post-crisis period should allow for “build back better” and break out of inequitable development patterns in a sustained way.[82] Similar calls were made to consider the Pakistan floods as “an opportunity to build back better lives and to step up to the task of bringing dignity to the millions who live on the margins of society”.[83] However, implementing this inspiring idea is often reduced to its most technical meaning, for instance building houses using flood- and seismic-resistant standards.[84]", "52. By contrast, a number of reconstruction projects worldwide have attempted to see the reconstruction process “as an opportunity to promote a local development process” rather than being limited to restoring pre-disaster conditions — the participation of communities being essential in that regard.[85]", "B. Addressing the wider context in relief and recovery efforts", "53. As mentioned above, the earthquake in Haiti highlighted the largely inadequate housing conditions and the precariousness and insecure tenure of informal settlements. The international community, by focusing on people displaced in camps, and by offering conditions superior to those enjoyed by many Haitians, inadvertently made camps attractive places. While systematic reconstruction accompanied by the provision of services in neighbourhoods of return is not forthcoming, there is thus little reason for poor families to leave the camps where housing and services are provided free of charge. Although understandable from an emergency perspective, a narrow focus on the plight of internally displaced persons and temporary solutions becomes, amidst a difficult socio-economic and tenure context, an obstacle to long-term recovery, and in some cases may result in further development problems.[86] Such situations are bound to become more frequent, with increased urbanization, much of which occurs in an unplanned manner (see A/64/255, paras. 13-21).", "54. The situation in Haiti also serves as an example of the challenges facing the basic rationale for reconstruction and property restitution: in contexts characterized by massive poverty and grossly inadequate living and housing conditions, the question remains as to whether the final goal of reconstruction should be to provide high-quality houses for those who lost their dwellings in the disaster. The Special Rapporteur believes that interventions must instead aim to progressively realize the right to adequate housing for all. In Haiti, reconstruction and recovery have less to do with the construction of new houses for individuals directly affected by the disaster than with the improvement of the overall living and housing conditions in the unplanned and unserviced settlements affected by the disaster. The approach should thus focus on settlements and communities, not individual constructions, and the aim to create places where people can have an adequate standard of living.", "55. Land use planning post-disaster can be a powerful instrument to provide both a reference for reconstruction and a legal basis for action in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. Post-disaster zoning can recognize de facto settlements, opening ground for investment in infrastructure and upgrading of hitherto unserviced and unplanned settlements in order to facilitate return and reconstruction.", "56. From a human rights perspective, investment in upgrading settlements characterized by grossly inadequate living conditions as part of disaster response is not only legitimate but also indispensable, bearing in mind the obligation of non‑discrimination and attention to the most vulnerable. Moreover, for principled and pragmatic reasons, in a number of contexts it would be important to address the situation from a longer-term perspective: in the context of Haiti, this means a focus on improving conditions in settlements not damaged by the disaster (provided they are not in disaster-prone areas) but with the same urbanistic and vulnerability characteristics as those affected by it.", "C. Disconnect between emergency and long-term recovery", "57. The above examples also illustrate the existing disconnect between the emergency phase and longer-term recovery, as well as the difficulties of the international community, in many contexts, to manage the transition from one to the other.[87]", "58. A focus on individual beneficiaries and on “deliverables” — food, shelters, health kits — as ends in themselves might divert from the fundamental responsibility to respect, protect and fulfil rights (to housing, water, health, for instance), and the requirement to think of the long term. In Haiti, it was reported that immediate needs had dominated the international community’s response and that specific pledges to support permanent housing requirements had therefore been less significant.[88] The Haiti Shelter Cluster of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee reported on the risks of institutionalizing camps and of consuming scarce resources in emergency measures at the expense of more durable permanent solutions were recognized.", "59. Similarly, the massive construction of transitional shelters might not always be required or appropriate and in some cases might impede durable solutions, such as in dense, urban settings where people might be prevented from incrementally building permanent housing due to lack of space. The production of these shelters might unintentionally divert resources from the reconstruction of permanent housing and neighbourhoods, in a context of diminishing attention and aid flows over time.[89] It is thus not uncommon, regrettably, for people to live in transitional shelters many years following a disaster (see A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, para. 31). States and international organizations should not automatically assume the need for transitional shelters without considering whether alternative solutions can be supported.", "60. Many have made the call for an integrated approach to ensure a continuum of aid between relief and recovery. In the previous report (A/HRC/16/42) to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur discussed some of the funding issues associated with the issue. The Special Rapporteur would like to encourage donors to support durable solutions and recovery at the earliest time possible and to help to ensure a continuum of aid, including by funding that can be flexible enough to do so.", "VII. Conclusion", "An approach to disaster response deliberately and comprehensively integrating the right to adequate housing", "61. Integrating the right to adequate housing into disaster response has broad implications. In practice, however, comprehension of the right to adequate housing and its application to disaster response has been limited to only some aspects of the right, most notably linked to physical structures and individual property ownership. In some cases, reconstruction and recovery efforts — by omission or commission — have had a detrimental impact on victims of disasters and their enjoyment of the right to adequate housing.", "62. In the view of the Special Rapporteur, making comprehensive efforts to realize the right to adequate housing in reconstruction efforts is not only an obligation but also an opportunity. While disaster response will not — and should not — replace development efforts, it provides an occasion to redress the inequalities that either exacerbated the natural disaster’s impacts or were made visible by it, and to contribute to efforts to progressively realize the right to adequate housing for all, notably by improving tenure security.", "63. The recommendations below outline the fundamental elements of an approach to disaster response that is fully based on the right to adequate housing. They are meant to complement existing guidance when it comes to ensuring protection and realization of the right to adequate housing. Unless stated otherwise the recommendations are addressed to Governments, and international donors and organizations. Finally, recommendations for follow-up are provided, bearing in mind that the framework only outlines general principles that will need to be further refined and operationalized.", "VIII. Recommendations", "64. The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:", "A. General framework: disaster response based on the right to adequate housing", "Overarching principles", "1. Right to adequate housing", "In all phases of disaster response the right to adequate housing should be respected and protected. It should be understood as the right to live in safety and security, in conditions deemed adequate on grounds of security of tenure; availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure; affordability; habitability; accessibility; location; and cultural adequacy.", "2. Security of tenure", "The multiplicity of forms of tenure should be recognized equally and Security of tenure should be ensured for everyone post-disaster.", "3. Participation", "• All affected persons and groups should have access to information and be able to participate meaningfully in the planning and implementation of the various stages of the disaster response.", "• In particular, all affected persons and groups should have the opportunity to participate in the identification and determination of tenure rights; the choice over, planning and implementation of transitional shelter and permanent housing programmes, and of durable solutions (return, local integration, resettlement); and in decisions over land use planning and restrictions.", "• Women’s participation must be ensured.", "4. Non-discrimination and vulnerability", "• In post-disaster needs assessments (for both emergency and recovery), pre-disaster inequalities and vulnerabilities should be identified, whether based on race, socio-economic status, tenure, gender or any other relevant grounds.", "• In recovery plans, programmes should be devised to specifically address inequalities identified.", "• Special measures should be taken to redress discrimination and ensure the realization of the right to adequate housing for the most disadvantaged groups, including through measures to strengthen tenure security for those with insecure status and/or through the prioritization of housing reconstruction and the provision of alternate housing, such as social or public housing, for the most vulnerable.", "Operational principles", "1. Equal rights to shelter and housing", "• All affected persons, irrespective of their tenure status pre-disaster, should have equal rights to shelter in the emergency and transitional phases.", "• Shelter and housing must fulfil the requirements of adequacy in international human rights law.[90]", "2. Do no harm", "No harm should be caused by or to others in respecting and protecting the right to adequate housing, including tenure security:", "• Existing land, housing and identity records should be protected.", "• Housing, land and property should be protected from further damage or destruction.", "• States must prohibit and sanction forced evictions by Government and private actors alike.", "• Health and safety regulations as well as disaster risk reduction measures, which may call for land use or housing restrictions, must be subject to human rights standards: their impacts on the human rights of individuals and communities must be assessed, and due process rights, and the rights to information and participation, must be upheld in all circumstances.", "• Efforts must be made to ensure that humanitarian and shelter assistance, as well as the restitution laws, mechanisms and institutions that may emerge in post-disaster situations, do not intentionally or by default discriminate on the basis of tenure status.", "3. Tenure of “non-formal owners”", "The tenure rights of “non-formal owners”, namely those without individual, formally registered, property ownership, should be honoured:", "• All pre-disaster tenure rights, including in disaster damage and needs assessments, should be assessed and recorded.", "• In contexts where property and ownership are not formally registered, fast-track mechanisms to determine tenure rights, notably community-led processes (community enumeration), should be considered an essential element of and prerequisite to the implementation of restitution, reconstruction and recovery programmes.", "• Housing and property restitution must be understood as the recognition and restitution of all tenure rights to housing or land.", "• For those with insecure tenure, measures should aim at strengthening their security of tenure, for instance by granting rights to housing or land at places of origin, either immediately or in incremental stages. When restitution or return is not desirable for the affected persons or is not possible owing to land having disappeared or to compelling safety reasons that prevent the return, alternative housing or land should be granted at another location.", "• Measures must be taken to support the repossession of or alternative access to adequate housing or land for all non-formal owners, with a particular focus on the most vulnerable.", "4. Context of relief and recovery programmes", "Relief and recovery programmes should be addressed within the overall housing context (of an area/city/country):", "• In post-disaster needs assessments, major pre-disaster impediments to the realization of the right to adequate housing should be identified, as should the impact of pre-disaster situations on durable solutions and the recovery process.", "• The broader housing situation, including unplanned and unserviced settlements, should be addressed through targeted programmes in conjunction with programmes for disaster response and with a focus on the most vulnerable populations.", "5. Rebuilding communities", "Communities and settlements, not just houses, should be rebuilt or resettled:", "• Reconstruction should not only apply to physical structures but should also include or prioritize, as appropriate and according to the needs and requests of affected persons, the rebuilding or setting up of basic infrastructure and services and the upgrading of settlements.", "• Community structures and networks, to the extent that they respect international human rights standards including on gender equality, should be deliberately preserved and supported.", "6. Compliance with international standards", "If return is impossible because the land has disappeared or there are objective safety grounds preventing return, of if it is not desired by the affected individuals or groups, resettlement and local integration conditions must comply with international human rights standards and guidelines pertaining to adequate housing, evictions and displacement.", "7. Disaster risk reduction legislation", "States must adopt disaster risk reduction legislation that respects the right to adequate housing. Special attention must be given to those who may face discrimination and exclusion, including on the grounds of tenure status, and measures must be devised to protect them.", "B. Recommendations for follow-up", "1. United Nations agencies and mechanisms, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee or organizations that are members of or cooperating with it, should consider undertaking further research on the practical integration of the right to adequate housing in disaster response, taking as a starting point the framework proposed by the Special Rapporteur.", "2. Further work should be conducted on:", "• The mechanisms to support the fast-track determination of tenure rights, including community mapping and enumeration, drawing lessons from existing practices to advise on their essential features and application in post-disaster situations.", "• The legal and practical measures needed to support, in post-disaster situations, all those who are not individual owners of formally registered property.", "• Territorial planning and land use instruments and tools and their potential to provide a technical and legal foundation for return and reconstruction programmes.", "• The access to use and control over land in situations of natural disasters, including conditions for land requisition and acquisition for shelter/ settlement.", "3. In their examination of State reports and country visits, United Nations human rights mechanisms should assess and make recommendations on the enjoyment of specific human rights in natural disaster situations, as well as the extent to which disaster prevention, relief and recovery efforts contribute to their enjoyment.", "[1] International Disaster Database, http://www.emdat.be.", "[2] The present report will nonetheless draw from examples in post-conflict settings, when relevant and applicable to post-disaster situations, and in the absence of documented examples in disaster situations.", "[3] The Special Rapporteur would like to reiterate her thanks to the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, which facilitated her visit.", "[4] Human rights challenges in conflict and post-conflict settings have received more attention and the relevant standards have been further elaborated upon than in post-disaster situations. In addition to the standards discussed here, post-conflict responses would also be guided by international humanitarian law, refugee law and standards pertaining to remedies and reparation.", "[5] See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 4, on the right to adequate housing.", "[6] See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 7, on forced evictions; see also “Basic principles and guidelines on development-based eviction and displacement” (A/HRC/4/18, annex 1).", "[7] Participation was discussed in the previous report to the Human Rights Council. Section III of the present report discusses non-discrimination.", "[8] For example, in the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Situations of Natural Disaster, reference to adequate housing is made under C.2.1 but not in other potentially relevant provisions.", "[9] See Erica Harper, International Law and Standards Applicable in Natural Disaster Situations (Rome, International Development Law Organization, 2009).", "[10] The Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons is among the exceptions. See observations by United Nations treaty bodies and special procedures, Universal Human Rights Index, http://www.universalhumanrightsindex.org/ en/index.html.", "[11] The legal database on the Guiding Principles attests to their wide recognition. See http://www.idpguidingprinciples.org/.", "[12] First issued in 2006, a revised version was published in 2011.", "[13] Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, principle 28; Inter-Agency Standing Committee Guidelines, D.2.2, D.2.3.", "[14] Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, resolution 2005/21.", "[15] Principle 2.2. See also the seemingly unsettled debate as to whether there is a self-standing right to property restitution under international law: Malcolm Langford and Khulekani Moyo, “Right, remedy or rhetoric? Land Restitution in International Law”, Nordic Journal of Human Rights, vol. 28, No. 2 (2010). For the purposes of the present report, however, the Special Rapporteur is satisfied that the right to property restitution is an essential element of the right to remedy and reparation and to the right of refugees and internally displaced persons to return to their places of origin and habitual residence.", "[16] Harper, International Law, chapter 4 (see footnote 9 above).", "[17] Principle 1. See, among others, Charles Gould, “The Right to housing recovery after natural disasters”, Harvard Human Rights Journal, vol. 22 (2009); Rebecca Barber, “Protecting the right to housing in the aftermath of natural disaster: standards in international human rights law”, International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 20, Issue 3 (2008).", "[18] European Court of Human Rights, Budayeva and others v. Russia, 29 September 2008; Supreme Court of Pakistan, Floods Commission case, 7 June 2011, available from http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page.asp?id=735 (accessed 24 July 2011).", "[19] See General Assembly resolution 64/200.", "[20] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 3 on the nature of States parties obligations, article 2 (1) of the Covenant. See also concluding observations by the Committee on the Rights of the Child with respect to disasters, for instance, CRC/C/MOZ/CO/2, CRC/C/PHL/CO/3-4.", "[21] International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, article 1 (4); Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, article 4.", "[22] No less than 84 per cent of the city’s poor population was African-American. The Brookings Institution, “New Orleans after the storm: lessons from the past, a plan for the future” (2005), p. 6.", "[23] Ibid., p. 13.", "[24] Elizabeth Ferris and Daniel Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously: A Review of Natural Disasters in 2010 (London, The Brookings Institution — London School of Economics, 2011), p. 19. The Special Rapporteur welcomes information received from the Government of Colombia on the range of actions taken to address the effects of La Niña, such as the establishment of the “Fondo de Adaptación” charged to identify and manage projects aimed at finding durable solutions, including mitigation and preventing strategies.", "[25] Government of Pakistan, Asian Development Bank and World Bank, Pakistan Floods 2010: Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment, p. 68; Oxfam, Land Rights and the Indus Flood, 2010-2011: Rapid Assessment and Policy Review (Oxford, OxfamGB, 2011). The Special Rapporteur acknowledges the scale of the challenge faced by the Government and its efforts in handling relief and recovery, particularly the initiation of the Watan Card, which being non‑discriminatory between landowners and the landless, encouraged all to return home.", "[26] It is estimated that before the earthquake 80 per cent of the Port-au-Prince population lived in informal settlements, on only 20 per cent of the land.", "[27] International Organization for Migration, displacement tracking matrix, May 2011.", "[28] Oxfam, Land Rights and the Indus Flood, p. 3 (see footnote 25 above).", "[29] John Telford and John Cosgrove, Joint Evaluation of the International Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Synthesis Report (London, Tsunami Evaluation Coalition, 2006), p. 104.", "[30] Michael Lyons and Theo Shilderman, eds. Building Back Better: Delivering People-Centred Housing Reconstruction at Scale (London, Practical Action, 2010) (with respect to communities in Sri Lanka); ActionAid, “Tsunami response: a human rights assessment” (2006), pp. 43-47.", "[31] Following Hurricane Katrina, women were particularly affected by the lack of affordable/public housing since prior to the storm they had headed the majority of public housing and voucher-subsidized households. See Ferris and Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously (see footnote 24 above).", "[32] See World Reconstruction Conference: Recovering and Reducing Risks after Natural Disasters: Proceedings (Geneva, May 2011), p. 31.", "[33] See report of the United Nations Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery, William J. Clinton, “Key propositions for building back better” (2006); (Hakan Arslan and Cassidy Johnson, “Turkey: can small actors overcome the absence of state will?”, in Building Back Better: Delivering People-Centred Housing, Lyons and Shilderman, eds. (see footnote 30 above).", "[34] Oxfam, Land Rights and the Indus flood, pp. 24 and 25 (see footnote 25 above); Government of Pakistan and others, Pakistan Floods 2010, annexes on housing, agriculture and the financial sector (see footnote 25 above). See also part III of the present report for a discussion on tenure/land assessments.", "[35] See Advisory Group on Forced Evictions, “Mission report to New Orleans”, 26-31 July 2009, and A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, para. 30. A total of 90 per cent of neighbourhoods dominated by public housing were populated by African-Americans, of which 80 per cent were renters in those areas. See Ferris and Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously, p. 74 (see footnote 24 above).", "[36] The Special Rapporteur welcomes the information received by the Government of the United States of America and concerning the measures undertaken by the Government, including by the Department of Housing and Urban Development, to combat housing discrimination by private and public actors and, inter alia, its measures to combat systematic discrimination caused by restrictive zoning or rental ordinances that discriminate against African-Americans, such as ordinances passed by St. Bernard’s Parish after the hurricane.", "[37] United States Government Accountability Office, Disaster Housing: FEMA needs more detailed guidance and performance measures to help ensure effective assistance after major disasters, 2009, pp. 11-13; “4 Years After Katrina: Housing crisis continues, low-income renters face discrimination”, Facing South, 21 August 2009.", "[38] Ferris and Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously, p. 74 (see footnote 24 above).", "[39] Advisory Group on Forced Evictions, “Mission report”, p. 5 (see footnote 35 above).", "[40] In some circumstances, private ownership may in fact not be the most appropriate way to ensure tenure. See A/HRC/10/7.", "[41] See comments on the report of the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/16/42/2010) by delegations supporting this view, Human Rights Council, sixteenth session.", "[42] The Special Rapporteur notes the categorization used among humanitarian agencies of “six tenure options”, an acknowledgment of the need to also address other forms of tenure. United Nations and Shelter Centre, Shelter after Disaster (2010), p. 107.", "[43] Langford and Moyo, “Right, remedy or rhetoric?”, pp. 148 and 149 (see footnote 15 above).", "[44] See also recognition of the possessory rights of traditional and indigenous communities, principle 15.3, separate from principle 16.", "[45] See http://www.ohr.int/plip; Norbert Wühler and Heike Niebergall), eds., Property Restitution and Compensation: Practices and Experiences of Claims Programmes (Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2008).", "[46] Rhodri Williams, “Post-conflict property restitution in Bosnia: balancing reparations and durable solutions in the aftermath of displacement”, presented at TESEV International Symposium on internal displacement in Turkey and abroad, Istanbul, December 2006; Conor Foley, Ingunn Sofie Aursnes, “Land, housing and property restitution after conflict: principles and practice”, Humanitarian Exchange Magazine (2005), p. 2. Norwegian Refugee Council, on Afghanistan’s special property restitution court, 2005.", "[47] Office of the President, No. 22 of 1994, Restitution of Land Rights Act, chapter I (1) xi; Inter‑Agency Standing Committee, Framework on durable solutions for internally displaced persons (Washington D.C., The Brookings Institution, 2010), p. 35.", "[48] See also principles 8 and 15.2; E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/17/Add.1, para. 62; Langford and Moyo, “Right, remedy or rhetoric?” (see footnote 15 above).", "[49] Including situations whereby tenure rights are solely based on use, or whereby restitution is materially impossible, such as in cases where tenants are unable to return to their places of residence, or the original sites have disappeared or been declared non-aedificandi after the disaster.", "[50] Importantly, someone’s right to tenure is not dependent on the actual reoccupancy of a former place of habitual residence.", "[51] International Housing Coalition, “Haiti shelter sector assessment: one year after the earthquake” (April 2011), p. 12.", "[52] Telford and Cosgrove, Synthesis report, p. 102 (see footnote 29 above); and Ian Christoplos, Links between Relief, Rehabilitation and Development in the Tsunami Response: a Synthesis of Initial Findings (London, Tsunami Evaluation Coalition, 2006), p. 71.", "[53] With respect to Haiti, it was commented that “a strict asset-replacement approach to housing provision and a rush to confirm property rights … will not be appropriate to meet the housing needs of the majority of the affected population who are tenants and squatters rather than owners”. A proposal to move quickly with the implementation of a cadastre was considered inappropriate, with the potential to “reinforce biases towards the most established and powerful formal owners able to produce documentation”. Kate Crawford and others, “Coordination and the tenure puzzle in Haiti”, Humanitarian Exchange Magazine No. 48 (2010), p. 8.", "[54] Comments received on an earlier draft. Similarly, the Government of Timor-Leste chose a long time frame to address land issues. Comments by Timor-Leste on the report of the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/16/42), 8 March 2011.", "[55] Formal special mechanisms are also resource- and time-consuming. See Kosovo property agency annual report, 2010.", "[56] International Conference on the Great Lakes Region, Protocol on the Property Rights of Returning Persons (Great Lakes Protocol), 2006, article 4.", "[57] Great Lakes Protocol, article 4 (3).", "[58] See A/HRC/16/42, paras. 44 and 45 (on Timor-Leste); and Foley and Aursnes, “Land, housing and property” (see footnote 46 above).", "[59] United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Count Me In: Surveying for Tenure Security and Urban Land Management (Nairobi, 2010).", "[60] Ibid. (on Aceh, Indonesia), pp. 79-83; and Harper International Law, p. 209 (see footnote 9 above).", "[61] See World Reconstruction Conference: Recovering and Reducing Risks, pp. 33 and 34 (see footnote 32 above).", "[62] Oli Brown and Alec Crawford, “Addressing land ownership after natural disasters: an agency survey”, 2006, p. 6; and Human Rights Watch, “After the deluge: India’s reconstruction following the 2004 tsunami”, p. 41. Some of the most important restrictions were ultimately abandoned.", "[63] Tourism Concern, “Post-tsunami reconstruction and tourism: a second disaster?”, 2005.", "[64] Action Aid, “Tsunami response”, pp. 17 and 18 (see footnote 30 above); Malcolm Langford and Jean du Plessis, “Dignity in the rubble? Forced evictions and human rights law”; and Brown and Crawford, “Addressing land ownership” (see footnote 62 above).", "[65] Julia Cass and Peter Whoriskey, “New Orleans to raze public housing”, Washington Post, 8 December 2006.", "[66] Amnesty International, “UN-Natural disaster: human rights in the Gulf coast”, 2010, p. 6; and Advisory Group on Forced Evictions, Mission report, pp. 5, 28-32 (see footnote 35 above).", "[67] A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, para. 30. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the information received from the Government, as well as the fact that, owing to a combination of housing policies, there are now more housing subsidies beneficiaries in New Orleans than prior to Hurricane Katrina.", "[68] 2011 report on the earthquake-tsunami of 27 February 2010 and the reconstruction process in Chile, prepared for the Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing by Habitat International Coalition, Habitat for Humanity, the Housing Institute of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, the Observatory of Reconstruction, “Sur Maule”, “Let’s build” and “Observatory and Housing” networks.", "[69] Ibid.", "[70] Ibid; see also A/HRC/13/20/Add.3, para. 25.", "[71] See by contrast the success of “owner-driven approaches” to reconstruction. World Reconstruction Conference: Recovering and Reducing Risks, pp. 25-27 (see footnote 32 above).", "[72] Malcolm Langford, “The right to return and resettlement after the tsunami disaster”, Disaster Brief, vol. 2 (2) (July-September 2005). The term “constructive eviction” is used in some countries to describe actions or omissions by a landlord that make the premises unhabitable or unsuitable for the purposes for which they were leased.", "[73] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 7, General Assembly resolution 60/147, entitled “Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law; and the Pinheiro Principles.", "[74] General Comment No. 7, para. 16. Inter-Agency Standing Committee Guidelines, C.2.4, C.2.5.", "[75] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 27, on freedom of movement.", "[76] “Protection of internally displaced persons in natural disasters: a working visit to Asia by the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons”, Walter Kälin, 2005, p. 22.", "[77] Langford, “The right to return and resettlement” (see footnote 72 above).", "[78] World Bank, Hazards of Nature, Risks to Development: an IEG Evaluation of World Bank Assistance for Natural Disasters (Washington, D.C., 2006); Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action, “Responding to earthquakes, 2008: learning from earthquake relief and recovery”.", "[79] Inter-Agency Standing Committee, Framework on Durable Solutions (see footnote 47 above). Lessons could be drawn from good development practices on resettlement, for instance: Michael Cernea and Christopher McDowell, eds., Risks and Reconstruction: Experiences of Resettlers and Refugees (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2000).", "[80] See for instance, with reference to housing construction in Indonesia, Lyons and Shilderman, eds., Building Back Better, p. 157 (see footnote 30 above).", "[81] Megan Ballard, “Post-conflict property restitution: flawed legal and theoretical foundations, Berkeley Journal of International Law 462 (2010) (with respect to Bosnia and Herzegovina).", "[82] United Nations Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery, “Key positions for building back better” (see footnote 33 above).", "[83] Government of Pakistan, Asian Development Bank and World Bank, Pakistan Floods, p. 7 (see footnote 25 above).", "[84] Ibid., pp. 22 and 94.", "[85] See for instance projects in Peru: Lyons and Shilderman, eds., Building Back Better, pp. 307-344 (see footnote 30 above).", "[86] The case of “Camp Corail” at the outskirts of Port-au-Prince epitomizes such difficulties. Intended as a temporary camp for the displaced living in areas most at risk, it has attracted people from everywhere and has been transformed within a few months into a new informal settlement, with at least 50,000-60,000 residents as of May 2011.", "[87] John Holmes, “Learning the lessons of Haiti”, Humanitarian Exchange No. 48 (October 2010), p. 3.", "[88] United States of America strategy entitled “Post-earthquake United States Government Haiti strategy: towards renewal and economic opportunity” (2011).", "[89] In Haiti, a T-shelter costs $2,500 on average, while the cheapest estimates for permanent housing are around $3,500 per house.", "[90] See overarching principle No. 1." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题,包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "适足住房权利", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转呈适足生活水准权所含适足住房问题和在这方面不受歧视权问题特别报告员拉克尔·罗尔尼克女士根据人权理事会第15/8号决议第2(h)段提交的报告。", "适足生活水准权所含适足住房问题特别报告员的报告", "摘要", "本报告着重论述在灾后环境下实现适足住房权。本报告评价人权标准 和准则，这些标准和准则与一种以适足住房权为根据的救灾方法有关；并讨论现有的某些局限因素。本报告详细阐述在救灾活动中保障和实现适足住房权的关键挑战：不关注或者歧视脆弱和弱势群体；过分强调个人财产权，以及与在财产归还和恢复计划中平等地承认和解决错综复杂的土地权形式有关的困难；将灾后重建主要作为让少数人受益的商业或者开发计划的风险；以及现有重建和恢复框架的局限之处。本报告最后扼要介绍了一种救灾方法的基本情况，这种方法有针对性地全面纳入了适足住房权。", "目录", "页 次", "一、导言 4", "二、对应对自然灾害的法律和政策框架的评估 4", "三、歧视和脆弱性：灾害的影响及救灾措施中的复合因素 6", "A. 受灾害影响最严重的弱势群体 7", "B. 灾害所暴露出来的忽视和歧视现象 8", "C. 忽视或者歧视最脆弱群体的恢复对策 8", "四、一视同仁地承认和保护各种形式的土地权，从归还到持久解决方案 10", "A. 全面看待住房和财产归还问题 11", "B. 为实施持久解决方案而承认实际存在的土地权利 13", "五、灾害成为机会——谁的机会？ 15", "A. 从沿海地带和城市重新开发到重建工作外包 15", "B. 尽职尽责地保障适足住房权 17", "六、恢复与持久解决方案：解决适足住房权的方方面面 18", "A. 对住房和财产的不当关注 18", "B. 解决救济和恢复努力中更广泛的问题 19", "C. 应急阶段与长期恢复之间缺乏联系 20", "七、结论 21", "八、建议 21", "A. 一般框架：以适足住房权为根据的救灾工作 22", "B. 后续行动建议 24", "一、导言", "1. 本报告着重论述在灾后环境下实现适足住房权。应当结合提交给人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/16/42)阅读本报告，其中，特别报告员探讨了冲突后环境与灾后环境共同面临的问题。", "2. 尽管冲突后环境与灾后环境存在许多共同之处，但是灾后环境面临着某些挑战，需要采取不同的对策。考虑到世界范围内灾害的发生越来越普遍，产生了前所未有的破坏性后果，[2] 这种趋势有可能随着气候变化、快速城市化和人口增长而持续下去，与冲突后环境相比，能够解决灾后适足住房权问题的经验和准则相对较少，因此特别报告员决定关注灾害问题。[3] 特别报告员还借机对海地进行了视察(2011年6月8日至11日)，以评价2010年1月地震之后的重建和救济工作，这次视察活动极大地充实了她对本报告的见解，突出了关注灾害问题的必要性。[4]", "3. 在适足住房权方面进行灾后重建和恢复工作，这种方法具有重大意义。特别报告员担心，到目前为止，除了若干明显的例外情况，救灾和恢复工作仍然以狭隘的眼光看待适足住房权的内容，在某些情况下导致这项权利受到侵犯。本报告的第一部分评估相关的准则。第二至五部分详细阐述重大挑战。本报告最后扼要介绍了一种救灾方法的基本情况，这种方法有针对性地全面纳入了适足住房权，本报告还提出了采取后续措施的建议。", "二、对应对自然灾害的法律和政策框架的评估", "4. 尽管存在一些确保灾后环境下适足住房权的标准和准则，但是对这些标准和准则的理解和运用往往是不全面的。[5] 就像下文将要讨论的那样，还有其他更具体的限制因素。", "5. 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》(第11条)极其明确地确认适足住房权。经济、社会和文化权利委员会强调对这项权利作广义解释的重要性，确定了各国必须逐步实现适足住房权的七个方面：保有权保障；服务、物资、设施和基础设施的提供；价格适中；适宜居住；进出方便；地点以及适当的文化环境。[6] 这七个方面以及源于适足住房权的应对驱逐和重新安置问题的保障措施[7] 与救灾存在联系，也是参与、不歧视和平等的人权原则的体现。[8]", "6. 但是，应对灾情的现有指导原则对适足住房权不够重视。提到适足住房权的时候，这项权利局限于提供庇护所、住房或者提供保护的需要。[9] 更加全面地探讨适足住房权问题的努力为数不多，这些努力停留在各个组织的指导意见层面，没有采用普遍适用的权威政策形式。[10] 联合国人权机制——除了若干明显的例外情形——同样没有着手解决灾情的特殊问题及其对享受适足住房权或者其他人权的影响，仍然是笼统的机制。[11]", "7. 大多数从人权角度着眼处理灾害问题的措施反而关注特定群体，尤其是国内流离失所者和难民。《国内流离失所问题指导原则》在这方面非常重要，已被公认为是在冲突后和灾后环境下保护国内流离失所者的一个重要国际框架。[12] 尽管起初注意力集中于保护冲突和冲突后局面下国内流离失所者，近些年来也制定了应对自然灾害的政策和行动准则，其适用范围扩大到所有遭受灾害影响的人，包括但不限于国内流离失所者。在这方面，《机构间常设委员会关于在发生自然灾害时保护人员的行动准则》(《机构间常委会准则》)是一份重要文件。[13] 这些准则和上述指导原则承认由于冲突或者灾害而流离失所者有权享受持久解决方法，即返回他们的家园或常住地(而且，作为持久回归的关键条件，应当向流离失所者归还住房或者土地)、异地安置或者融入当地社会。[14]", "8. 《2005年归还难民和流离失所者住房和财产原则》[15] (《皮涅罗原则》)进一步承认难民和流离失所者可享有单独的“得到复原的权利”(涵盖住房、土地及/或其他财产)。[16] 一个重要的问题是《皮涅罗原则》是否适用于灾后情形。这个问题的意图似乎是《皮涅罗原则》应当适用，而第1.2项原则所蕴含的中心思想是不论由于何种原因而流离失所，流离失所者的处境是类似的，他们有权返回常驻地，因而有权得到复原。有人以此为根据将《皮涅罗原则》解释为适用于所有自然灾害情形。[17] 但是，其他人指出《皮涅罗原则》明确限于“肆意或非法剥夺”流离失所者从前的家园、土地或者常驻地。[18]", "9. 这并不意味着《皮涅罗原则》与自然灾害情形无关。首先，灾害发生后，实际出现肆意或非法剥夺或毁坏住房或者土地的事件时，包括可以说是剥夺流离失所者享有返回家园的权利(见下文第四部分)，以及发生国家在防灾、减灾或者预警系统方面无故有过失的事件时，《皮涅罗原则》是完全适用的。[19] 第二，《皮涅罗原则》指明了与流离失所者和难民返回家园的权利有关的现有准则，就如何最好地处理与住房、土地和财产归还有关的技术和法律问题提供了相关指导意见，这些指导意见在此后的政策和实践中均有不同程度的体现。", "10. 因此，充分考虑适足住房权的救灾方法将会综合上述各种准则和原则，适足住房权的各种要素成为这种方法的核心。本报告最后一节建议将上述准则纳入一个统一的概念性行动框架之内。", "三、歧视和脆弱性：灾害的影响及救灾措施中的复合因素", "11. 人们普遍认为，脆弱性是减少和管理灾害风险的一个重要因素。[20] 最脆弱的群体，如贫困群体或者土地权没有保障的群体，更有可能居住在容易发生灾害的地方；倘若发生灾害，他们还面临着流离失所和丧失生计的更大危险；要从灾害的影响下恢复原状，他们将会遭遇更大的困难。", "12. 在许多时候，直接或间接的歧视现象加剧了脆弱性，从而影响到个人和群体免遭灾害影响和从灾害影响下恢复的能力。歧视现象与灾害和救灾的关系也许不是一目了然的。实际上，“自然灾害”这个用语可以被看作排除责任，这又意味着不可能存在歧视。然而，人们确信，对于自然危险造成的损失，其影响之大，分布之广，在很大程度上是人为的(见A/60/227)。备灾、减灾和救灾全都受制于或者取决于国家的作为或者不作为，因此可能具有歧视性。", "13. 平等和不歧视原则是国际人权法的坚定原则。对不歧视和平等的关注要求各国政府和援助组织格外关注灾害发生之前的脆弱性和不平等现象；在灾害发生之后，各国政府和援助组织应当着手解决各种不平等现象，保护最脆弱的群体。联合国条约机构已经指出，即便在严峻的资源匮乏时期——就像灾害发生以后往往出现的情形——各国仍然担负着保护社会脆弱成员的特定义务。[21] 各国还应当采取特别措施，以确保弱势群体能够充分和平等地享有人权。[22] 在灾后情形下，这类措施可能转化成支助最脆弱群体回归家园或者为没有土地或者无家可归的家庭找到土地/住房的特殊援助。", "A. 受灾害影响最严重的弱势群体", "14. 2005年，卡特里娜飓风袭击新奥尔良市，非裔美国人和穷人(这两类人的区别在很大程度上是模糊不清的[23])首当其冲，这是因为他们中的大多数人通常居住在这座城市地势低洼、更容易发生洪灾的区域。此外，都市地带的大量居民(他们普遍贫困)缺乏摆脱洪灾的办法。[24] 因此，卡特里娜飓风的特定影响和代价与先前存在的社会、经济和土地利用模式密不可分，与住房和城市规划政策有直接关系。", "15. 在洪都拉斯，1998年的米奇飓风发生之后，遭受风灾严重影响的群体包括贫困妇女、农民和土著群体，他们当中的许多人生活在土地权利没有保障和容易发生强风、洪水和滑坡的脆弱地区(见A/HRC/16/42，第32段)。在哥伦比亚，从2010年持续到2011年的洪灾据说已经严重影响到由于冲突而流离失所的人，特别是土著人和非裔哥伦比亚人——他们往往居住在容易遭受武装团体暴力侵袭的偏远地带。[25]", "16. 2010年的巴基斯坦洪灾发生后，贫穷和弱势的群体由于没有资产或者福利保障，在这场灾害中首当其冲。那些由于洪水而流离失所并且丧失财产和生计的人大多是居住不固定/半永久性住房内的无地租户和劳工。[26]", "B. 灾害所暴露出来的忽视和歧视现象", "17. 海地地震加剧和暴露了一个到目前为止相对不为人知的问题，那就是大多数太子港居民所居住的非正规房屋的状况很差。[27] 这些房屋与其他地方的许多其他房屋一样，都是自发修建的，从未得到当局的正式承认。这些房屋没有或者几乎没有基本的基础设施和服务。由于发生地震，许多居民迁入帐篷，他们这样做或者是由于他们居住的房屋或者社区已经被毁或者损坏，或者是为了能够得到食物或者医疗援助，参与“以现金支付工资”方案，节省房租(对于租户而言)或者有望得到住房。", "18. 地震发生之后十六个月，仍有634 000人居住在1 000多顶帐篷内。观察人士指出，与2010年相比，居住在帐篷内的人数下降更慢，这表明人们无法迁徙到其他地方或者人们已经决定不论在帐篷内生活的境况多么危险，这种生活仍然胜过在出生地的境况。[28] 海地地震因此突出了根深蒂固的歧视和忽视的情形。其他地方的灾害也产生了类似的影响。[29]", "C. 忽视或者歧视最脆弱群体的恢复对策", "19. 恢复工作由于忽视或者直接歧视某些群体，可能使某些先前存在的脆弱和弱势形式长期存在下去，甚至加重这种形式。妇女常常遭遇这种情况。2004年印度洋海啸发生之后，有报道称国际社会的应对措施在许多情况下巩固了“那些更富裕者和/或更加能言善辩者的地位……那些没有多少资产的人，尤其是妇女，反而被边缘化了。”[30] 比方说，救济工作和政策导致妇女无法获得生计援助，有时直接损害了妇女先前享有的权利，例如她们在母系社区内享有的获得住房或者土地的权利。[31] 妇女的土地权恰好又没有保障——她们通常处于这种境地，因为她们能否获得住房和土地常常取决于与男子的关系，或者由于她们作为家庭的唯一家长，面临着更大的困难，因此她们的处境格外脆弱。[32]", "20. 根据救灾工作是解决经过正式登记的个别财产所有人的境遇，还是解决所有拥有其他类型土地权安排的人的境遇，救灾工作的差别似乎很大。已经指出，在大多数住房重建方案中，土地权文书和法定权利证明是成为方案受益人的先决条件，结果是最贫困和最脆弱的群体，包括在非正规房屋内居住，只有临时或者非正式土地权的人被排斥在外。[33] 在一些国家，流离失所的租户和擅自占地者往往发现自己无缘享受旨在替换房主资产的永久住房计划。[34]", "21. 灾后需求评估中也发现了类似的局限之处。尽管可以讨论土地权和土地所有权的条件并且承认这些条件具有原则性的重要意义，但是在具体的政策、策略和各部门实际优先办理的事务中，这些条件并非总是得到落实。例如，国际金融机构和巴基斯坦政府在洪灾之后进行的灾后需求评估中，所提出的住房和重建战略没有谈及土地所有权或者土地权问题，只是关注住房重建的技术和费用。此外，其他部门优先制定的与土地有关的政策，例如农业政策，据称使土地所有者受 惠。[35]", "22. 多种脆弱性和歧视因素往往交互作用，相互产生影响。在卡特里娜飓风之后，普遍发现美国联邦政府和州政府的救灾措施不能支助低收入租户(主要是非裔美国人)，而且不能解决妨碍他们获得廉价住房的种种障碍。[36] 尽管制定了一项联邦住房券计划，但是实际上持有租金券的家庭难以找到出租房。原因是公共房屋和出租房屋短缺(不仅由于风灾受损而且由于后来作出的大规模削减公共房屋的决定)、房租上涨、土地所有者的歧视[37]、出租房屋建设缓慢以及墨西哥湾沿岸各州决定大部分联邦资金用于修缮房主的房屋而不是修缮出租住房。[38] 由于可供选择的出租房屋非常有限，相当数量的家庭事实上被禁止返回他们的城市和从前的家园；[39] 这导致无家可归者人数上升。[40]", "23. 上述事例表明歧视以及脆弱性如何成为与灾害影响和救灾措施有关的一个关键因素。以土地权状况为基础的歧视凸显了一个更广泛的问题，即政府、国际组织和国内组织都不愿意或者不能够一视同仁地充分承认和保护各种土地权。", "四、一视同仁地承认和保护各种形式的土地权，从归还到持久解决方案", "24. 特别报告员指出土地权保障在适足住房权利中的核心地位。土地权保障不等于私人所有权，[41] 也不局限于赋予正式的法定产权。除了私人所有权以外，还有多种多样的合法土地权安排，[42] 例如公共或者私人出租房屋、合作住房、租赁、占有/租赁土地或者非正规房产，以及通过习惯上的或者传统上的安排实现的其他用益权或者占有权——这些土地权利均须办理不同程度的手续。[43] 有理由认为只有少数自然灾害的受害者可能对其房屋或者土地实际上享有经过正式登记的个人所有权。", "25. 尽管如此，特别报告员担心，就像上文第三部分证明的那样，灾后的政策和做法偏向个人私人所有权。第四部分将着重探讨与归还有关的——以及在更广泛意义上与持久解决方案有关的——政策和做法，借以说明个人财产所有权与其他形式的土地权实际存在的紧张关系。", "A. 全面看待住房和财产归还问题", "26. 《皮涅罗原则》对于“住房和财产”归还权利作了最为具体的阐述。通过《皮涅罗原则》的时候，明显需要对于财产归还所必需的程序和机制加以指导，《皮涅罗原则》对这种需要作出了回应。如今，由于回返和归还的方案已经适用于更加多样化的背景和情势，是根据这种实践仔细考虑并且重新阐释《皮涅罗原则》的时候了。", "27. 在具体制定《皮涅罗原则》时，以及《皮涅罗原则》提出的确定财产或者土地权利请求的机制，并没有相当清楚地确认各种形式的土地权利，[44] 其他人已经批评《皮涅罗原则》过分关注个人财产所有权以及正式的和经过登记的权利请求情形。《皮涅罗原则》在一项单独的条文中(原则16)提及“土地保有人和其他非所有人的权利”，可以认为《皮涅罗原则》质疑这些权利是否与个人财产所有权处于平等的地位。同样，在同一项原则里要求财产归还机制“在最大程度上”承认拥有正式所有权以外的房屋和土地权利的人需要澄清权利性质，不过这项原则可以理解为提出一项切合实际的建议，而不是意味非所有人的法定权利存在局限。[45]", "28. 必须根据制定《皮涅罗原则》的特定背景对该原则加以理解。虽然制定《皮涅罗原则》的资料来源多种多样，但形成《皮涅罗原则》的是当时施行的正式归还机制(尤其是在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那施行的机制)的实践经验——其背景主要是正式登记的私人财产和南斯拉夫法律所称的“社会所有”公寓。[46] 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的归还机制与其他地方的机制一样受到批评，被认为几乎没有照顾那些没有财产或者不具有得到承认的正式产权的人，无法依据形形色色的习惯法、国家法或者宗教法处置错综复杂的非正规土地权制度。[47]", "29. 特别报告员建议必须将住房和财产归还理解为归还与灾害发生前的住房或者土地有关的任何土地权利，不论土地权利状况如何抑或住房或者土地是否经过正式登记。在《南非土地权利归还法》以及近来关于持久解决方案的工作指导意见中可以找到这种方法的事例。[48] 在没有首先对《皮涅罗原则》的条文深入讨论和阐述的情况下，应当系统地将《皮涅罗原则》理解为包含多种多样的情形和土地权利。《皮涅罗原则》的一些要素表明归还概念具有适当的宽泛性，例如系统地使用“住房、土地和财产”而不是仅仅使用“财产”这个表述。[49]", "30. 《皮涅罗原则》对归还持有这种更全面的看法，其依据是国家承担与适足住房权有关的义务，尊重和确保全体人民的土地权保障，不论土地权体现为何种形式。这种方法承认那些不属于正式登记财产个人所有人的人也是享有权利的人。尽管由于背景不同，灾后和冲突后的需求也会有所不同，人权责任的类型却是相同的。应当以此为根据看待和贯彻财产归还制度。", "31. 应当进一步审视这种将归还制度视为救济权组成部分的全面见解的实际意义，以便清楚有力地指导各种情况。[50] 但是，就本报告而言，应当铭记《皮涅罗原则》对灾情作出了合格的评估(见上文第二部分)，财产归还制度往往是回返及其他持久解决方案的一项条件，而不是一种法律救济。明白各种形式的土地权具有平等的合法地位，这不仅与归还制度有关，甚至与确保持久解决方案和恢复的努力有关。在此等情况下，倘若人们不能够或者不愿意回返，国家以及国际组织不论是在他们从前的居住地还是在其他地方，都必须评估所有受灾者的土地权利，并且采取措施保证和确保灾后的土地权保障。[51] 再者，不歧视和平等原则要求各国和国际组织优先援助那些土地权最缺乏保障的人，对于那些土地权薄弱、不明确或者脆弱的人，加强他们的土地权保障，这项义务在救济和恢复工作中常常遭到忽视。", "B. 为实施持久解决方案而承认实际存在的土地权利", "32. 在土地保有不够明确，有关住房或者土地的权利请求所依据的法律和习惯安排纷繁复杂，有时相互矛盾的情况下，国际机构不大愿意对这样的回返地或者重新安置地进行投资。在这方面，城市地区的重建活动可能格外艰巨，因为这些地区的土地所有权和地产保有问题往往错综复杂。", "33. 在海地开展工作的许多组织明显地表现出这种心态。一项评估明确表示：", "土地市场的状况混乱不堪，基本上无法可依。土地所有权记录荡然无存或者含糊不清。土地缺乏清晰的产权或者没有经过核实的所有人出具的书面同意，以致难以向潜在的受益人提供新住房或者支持他重新占有先前的住房。[52]", "显然，这已经成为海地重建和回返迟延的原因之一。同样，在印度洋海啸发生之后，各级政府颁布了若干相互矛盾的土地利用政策和限制措施，由此发生的争端据称给国际恢复工作造成了种种障碍，严重损害了为实现灾害风险管理所付出的努力。[53]", "34. 在这种背景下，必须区分两项任务：长期来说，可能需要通过法律改革及其他机制，例如标明土地产权，正式登记并巩固所有权或者地产保有，由此明确解决许多人发觉的含糊不清或者无法确定的情形。不过就短期而言，上述措施可能不是满足重建和恢复需求而又不加重不平等现象的最适宜的办法。[54] 经验还表明试图在灾害或者冲突发生后立即解决所有的所有权/地产保有和土地改革问题将会遇到艰巨的挑战。巴基斯坦政府指出：“充分理解土地保有问题在社会、政治、技术和法律方面的复杂性，明白这些复杂之处不限于受灾地区，这是极其重要的。”[55] 短期来说，通过迅速的方法评估灾害发生前的地产保有权利，以便更有效地实现重建和恢复，确保人人得到最低程度的土地权保障，并且解决解决某些最重要的不平等和不安全现象，这种做法仍然是必要而且适宜的。", "35. 为重建和回返确定住房或者土地权利请求的最适宜办法取决于地产保有或者财产安排、正式手续和登记以及资源等方面的特定环境。正如已经讨论的那样，正式的行政或者司法财产归还机制在一些情形下，尤其是以多种多样的地产保有安排为特征的情形下，可能并不适用或者适合。[56]大湖区问题国际会议的《回返者财产权议定书》在这方面提供了比《皮涅罗原则》更全面的方法，规定行政当局和传统当局都应当解决财产纠纷，由此承认传统上和习惯上的土地体系的重要性。[57] 《议定书》还设想出在社区解决纠纷的替代性和非正规机制，将以证人证言为根据的所有权证明作为要件。[58] 实际上，支助难民或者流离失所者回返的组织经常借助习惯法和传统冲突解决机制化解土地纠纷。[59] 但是必须小心谨慎，以免妇女或者其他特别容易遭受歧视的人在上述纠纷解决过程中不会遭到排斥或者处于不利境地。", "36. 更进一步的是“社区”或者“参与式”查点做法。此类参与式程序已经在不同国家用于不同目的，例如用于确定和加强非正规房屋的地产保有权利，或者用于土地裁决。[60] 在没有土地簿记的情况下，在灾害发生后土地簿记被毁的情况下，或者在多种地产保有安排的背景下，社区查点可以提供有希望而且灵活的替代办法，以确定灾害发生前或者冲突发生前的占有和地产保有状况，由此确保地产保有具有一定程度的确定性和安全性，为持久解决方案提供资料。社区查点项目在印度洋海啸发生后得以实施，[61] 这些项目已开始在海地实施。应当从确定(适用于灾后情形的)成功的社区测绘程序的关键因素和先决条件的经验中吸取教训，包括此类程序与更正规的或者政府领导的鉴定或者土地管理程序之间的关系，以及需要利用冲突解决机制辅助这些程序。[62]", "37. 尽管由于背景不同，评估、尊重和加强土地权保障的机制也有所区别，但是不论在何种情况下这些机制都必须受人权原则指引，例如受灾社区参与和两性平等原则。", "五、灾害成为机会——谁的机会？", "38. 通常认为灾害创造了“白板”，从而为开展大规模的改革和艰巨的重新开发提供了重大机遇。灾害不仅为保护和促进人权带来了种种机遇，也带来了重大的风险。特别报告员担心，在某些情况下，重大的重新开发活动尽管使某些人受益，却由于作为或者不作为而忽视了最脆弱的群体，事实上违背了适足住房权的关键因素。", "A. 从沿海地带和城市重新开发到重建工作外包", "39. 许多人认为2004年印度洋海啸为重新开发提供了重大机遇，而重新开发活动有时候是以公共安全和减少灾害风险的名义进行的。海啸发生后，一些遭受海啸侵袭的国家确实在沿海设立了禁止重建房屋的地带(缓冲区)；这些地带宽约100到500米，在某些情况下，如果充分落实有关缓冲区的规定，将会需要重新安置超过100 000座房屋。[63] 缓冲区据说是使居民今后免遭灾害侵袭，可是缓冲区也对居民尤其是那些靠海洋为生的人们的生计产生了重大影响。", "40. 同时，包括基于安全理由对居民封闭的沿海地带的雄心勃勃的“重新开发”计划和豪华旅游出现了。一个旅游委员会当时曾经宣布海啸使本国有机会成为一个“世界级旅游胜地”。[64] 据报道，尽管禁止流离失所者返回他们的家园，酒店却不受这项禁令约束。在某些地方，土地开发商不过借机攫取土地，尤其是从脆弱的社区攫取土地。豪华酒店在许多沿海地带拔地而起。社区和平民社团组织抱怨道，设立缓冲区是为了蛮横地驱逐穷苦的沿海居民和土著社区，使企业和新的旅游设施获利。[65]", "41. 在卡特里娜飓风之后，新奥尔良市原有的许多公共住房被毁，在人们看来，这是从根本上改变这座城市的住房和城市特征的机会。特别是，新奥尔良市以非裔居民为主的四个最大的公共住房区(“四大区”)被拆除，以便按照规划重新开发各种收入者居住的社区以及实现其他用途。虽然在有些情况下由于公共住房损毁严重，也许没有切实可行的替代办法，拆除公共住房的主要理由是，这对城市恢复而言极其必要，对于保证健康和安全而言亦不可或缺。[66]问题是，与发生卡特里娜飓风之前可供居住的公共住房总数相比，规划的开发区只包括少量公共住房。[67] 拆除公共住房成为导致低收入居民无法返回新奥尔良的另一个障碍(见上文第三部分)。[68]", "42. 人们对所谓“重建行业”——重建活动的规划、筹资和实施被外包给私人公司——也表达了忧虑。在某些情况下，将重建工作外包而又不制定健全的保障措施，不可避免地对重建工作的适足性和可承受性以及人们参与重建活动并从中受益的能力产生不良影响。在智利，在地震和随后于2010年2月发生的海啸之后，据称私营部门在城市中心和沿海地带的重建活动中起了主要作用。按照《国家重建计划》的一项主要原则，家庭可以选择决定是在倒塌建筑物的原址重建他们的房屋还是获得一所先前存在的或者新近修建的房屋。但是，由于住房重建活动主要得到与个人财产挂钩的补贴的资助，私营建造商宁愿在城镇郊区的新地带而不是在许多人被迫离开的中心区重新修建住房，因为在中心区土地和房屋的价格要高得多。[69] 据说，房地产公司还趁这些家庭非常脆弱的时候迫使他们以极低的价格出售土地和房屋——以便进行私人重新开发。[70] 这表明，如果把重建活动仅仅交给市场，那么最穷困的人的新住房将很有可能位于城市外围。", "43. 在建筑市场也发现了类似的反常现象。在一起案件中，据报告某些城市的少数公司被授予垄断建筑材料的权力，给当地的小型企业造成了危害；在另一起案件中，重建进程导致供货商和建筑公司提高价格，阻挠了个人重建的努力。[71]同样，人道主义机构将过渡性住房的修建外包给国际承包商，这种做法可能分散支助流离失所者(可以利用这些资金支持他们修建自己的住房)的潜在资金。后一种情况的结果在文化方面也不可能是适宜的。[72]", "B. 尽职尽责地保障适足住房权", "44. 在上文讨论的事例中，灾后重建活动对最贫困者具有不良影响。在最恶劣的案例中，灾害为有权势的人毁坏房屋或者攫取土地提供了清白的记录和理由，而在灾害发生前这种情况是不可能发生的，因为当时必须遵循法律程序，必须征求受灾家庭的意见，向他们提供救济。充其量，国家没有充分监督灾后住房和重建市场的运营和管理，也没有采取措施确保人们得到能够承受的住房而且实际上不会被迫离开他们的出生地。虽然没有什么可以阻止国家要求私营企业支持重建活动——私营部门确实可以对恢复工作作出关键的贡献——但是政府必须留意自己的职责，那就是监督私营部门兑现承诺，确保重建活动不会让少数特权者受益，损害其他人的权益。", "45. 上述事例可被视为“推定强制驱逐”。[73] 在此类案例中，可适用与强制驱逐或者任意造成流离失所问题有关的国际准则。当证实存在强制驱逐现象时，受害人应当有权获得救济，包括公允的听证、获得法律咨询，取得赔偿，例如按照他们的选择，归还住房或者土地、给予适足赔偿或者替代性的住房/土地。[74]", "46. 在对公共安全的关注是合法而且必要的情况下，关于土地利用的决定或者住房法规仍须遵守人权准则——特别是与进行驱逐、得到补救和救济以及司法审查机会的权利、以及受影响社区的经济、社会和文化权利有关的严格程序要求。驱逐不应造成个人无家可归的结果。在受灾者无法养活自己的情况下，国家必须采取措施确保他们能够得到替代性住房、重新安置或者肥沃的土地。[75]", "47. 限制措施也必须符合相称性原则。[76] 这需要在受灾者的权利与国家减少损害和确保公共安全的利益之间保持平衡。[77] 就防止海啸而言，必须证明阻止居民返回海滨地带的法规是为实现公共安全目标而采取的限制性最小的办法。国家必须证明警示系统或者堤堰等其他安全措施无法实施或者没有效果。[78]", "48. 最后，土地利用限制措施的经验促使人们考虑多种因素，包括重新安置居民需要在基础设施和服务方面投入大量资金，还可能严重扰乱人们的生计和社区的生活。[79] 定居点和住宅建设的模式不是任意的，而是反映出难以在其他地方照搬的特定经济和社会结构。因此，不论人权准则，还是对于流离失所现象的社会经济成本的评估，都要求采取限制性更强的方法实施有关土地/住房建设用途的限制措施。", "六、恢复与持久解决方案：解决适足住房权的方方面面", "49. 除了上文讨论的更加明显的保护问题，还必须从对适足住房的更开阔的看法出发解决重建问题——包括将住房看作一种社会资产——力求逐步实现适足住房权。据此来看，确保恢复和持久解决方案意味着重建社区和住宅区，确保适足生活水准，修建住房只是这其中的一部分，有时甚至不是最重要或者最迫切的部分。[80] 灾害不是在真空环境下发生的：必须评估和解决发生灾害的更广泛的住房背景。", "A. 对住房和财产的不当关注", "50. 灾后情形的特点不仅有可能是房屋大规模受损，还有可能是居民大批流离失所，社交网络和关系陷入混乱，基本服务受到破坏或者无法获得，丧失生计、工作、资产或者土地——这一切都是影响到享受适足住房权的关键因素。因此，重建工作和确保持久解决方案的努力往往过于关注房屋最确实的方面(有形构筑物)。国际组织和各国/地区政府容易认为对受灾者而言当务之急是重建住房而不是生计或者社区基础设施。[81] 对房屋进行评估时，房屋被当作一个技术或者经济行业而不是一项人权，受到关注的是建筑物和建造标准及材料，还有应急和过渡住房的质量。在某些情况下，对于财产归还的关注还对伤害到重新建立并改善支持可持续回返的更广泛社会、政治或者经济状况——工作、基本服务和基础设施、安全保障。一位评论者指出，“‘房屋’，而不是流离失所者的实际幸福，成了衡量回返进程成功与否的标准。”[82]", "51. 众所周知的口号“重建更美好家园”似乎——而且肯定应当—— 立志解决受灾社区更广泛的生活状况。秘书长印度洋海啸问题特使指出：“财政资源、国际关注以及进行政治和政策改革的意愿，通常是危机发生后时期的特征，它们应当使我们能够重建得更美好并且持久地摆脱不公平的开发模式。”[83] 人们也提出了类似的呼吁，将巴基斯坦洪灾看作“一次重建更美好的生活和加紧给生活在社会边缘的数百万人带来尊严。”[84] 然而，落实这种令人振奋的想法往往具有技术性最强的含义，例如，修建防洪和抗震标准的房屋。[85]", "52. 相比之下，世界范围内的一些重建项目已经尝试将重建进程看作“促进当地开发进程的一次机遇”，而不是局限于恢复灾害发生前的状况——社区的参与在这方面起着关键作用。[86]", "B. 解决救济和恢复努力中更广泛的问题", "53. 上文曾经提到，海地地震凸显住房条件在很大程度上不充足、非正规房屋充满危险而且土地权缺乏保障的问题。国际社会关心在帐篷内栖身的流离失所者，向他们提供的条件比许多海地人享有的条件还要优越，从而意外地使帐篷成为令人向往的栖身地。由于没有进行伴有向回返社区提供服务的系统重建，贫困家庭没有什么理由离开他们所栖身的帐篷——在这里住房和服务是免费提供的。狭隘地关注境内流离失所者的困境和临时性解决方案，尽管从应急的角度来看是可以理解的，但是在困难的社会经济和地产保有背景下，这种狭隘的观念却成为长期恢复的障碍，在某些情况下导致进一步的发展问题。[87] 随着城市化程度的提高，许多城市化活动的发生出人意料，此类情况必定更加频繁(见A/64/255，第13至21段)。", "54. 海地的情形也可作为一个实例说明重建和财产规还制度的理论基础面临的挑战：问题在于，在以普遍贫困和生活及住房条件严重不足为特征的背景下，重建的最终目标是否应当是为那些在灾害中丧失居所的人提供高质量的住房？特别报告员认为干预措施必须力求逐步实现全体人民的适足住房权。在海地，重建和恢复工作与为那些直接遭受灾害影响的人修建新住宅没有多大关系，更重要的是要改善遭受灾害影响、未经规划而且未经维护的定居点的总体生活和住房条件。因此这种方法应当以定居点和社区，而不是个人房屋，作为关注对象，并且专注于营造人们能够享受适足生活水准的地方。", "55. 灾后土地利用规划可以作为一种有力的工具，既为重建工作提供参考，又为灾害发生后即刻采取的应对行动提供法律依据。灾后区域规划可以承认事实上的定居点，为基础设施投资和升级到目前为止未经维修和未经规划的定居点提供依据，从而为回返和重建工作创造便利。", "56. 从人权的角度来看，应当铭记不歧视和关注最脆弱者的义务，因此，作为救灾工作的组成部分，投资改造生活条件非常差的定居点，不仅是正当的，也是必需的。而且，出于原则性和务实的理由，从长远来看，在一些情况下也需要处理这种情形：就海地的情况而言，这意味着专注于改善那些虽然未受灾害影响但是与受灾定居点具有同样城市化和脆弱性特征的定居点(只要这些定居点不在容易受灾的地区)的状况。", "C. 应急阶段与长期恢复之间缺乏联系", "57. 上述实例还证明应急阶段与长期恢复之间目前缺乏联系，而且在许多情况下，国际社会对于从一个阶段向另一个阶段过渡进行管理时遭遇种种困难。[88]", "58. 将个体受益者和“可达到的目标”——食物、住房、健康用品——本身作为关注的目的，可能背离尊重、保护和实现权利(例如住房权、用水权、健康权)的基本责任和长久考虑的要求。在海地，有报告说直接需求成为国际社会应对措施的主题，因此，扶持永久住房需求的特殊承诺变得无关紧要。[89] 机构间常委会的Hach住房小组在报告中确认了对帐篷区习以为常，以牺牲更持久的永久性方案来让应急措施消耗紧缺资源等风险。", "59. 同样，大规模建造过渡性住房也许并不总是必要或者适宜的，某些情况下可能给持久解决方案造成妨碍，例如，在拥挤的城市地区，由于缺乏空间，人们可能无法逐步修建永久性住房。在随着时间推移，人们的关注和援助量不断减少的情况下，修建过渡性住房可能无意中分散用于重建永久性住房和住宅区的资 源。[90] 因此，令人遗憾的是，灾害结束后多年，人们仍旧栖身于过渡性住房，这种现象并不少见(见A/HRC/13/20/Add.4，第31段)。 国家和国际组织在没有考虑能否支持替代性解决方案的情况下，不应想当然地假定人们需要过渡性住房。", "60. 许多人呼吁采取一种综合方法确保在救济阶段和恢复阶段之间援助能够源源不断。特别报告员在提交人权理事会的上一次报告(A/HRC/16/42)中曾经讨论了与这个问题有关的某些资金筹措事宜。特别报告员谨此鼓励捐助者尽早支持持久解决方案和恢复工作，并且帮助确保源源不断地提供援助，包括能够不拘一格地提供资金帮助。", "七、结论", "一种有针对性地全面纳入适足住房权的救灾方法", "61. 将适足住房权纳入灾害对策具有广泛的意义。然而，在实践中，对适足住房权的理解和运用这种权利进行救灾却被局限于这项权利的某些方面，最为显著的就是与有形构筑物和个人财产所有权有联系的方面。在某些情况下，重建和恢复工作由于疏忽大意或者有意作为而对受灾者及受灾者享有适足住房权产生了有害影响。", "62. 在特别报告员看来，在重建工作中付出全方位的努力以求实现适足住房权不仅是一项义务也是一种机遇。尽管救灾工作不会也不应当取代开发活动，但是可以借助救灾工作纠正要么加剧自然灾害影响要么被自然灾害暴露出来的不平等现象，促进尤其是通过改善土地权保障逐步实现人人享有适足住房权的努力。", "63. 下面的建议概述一种充分立足于适足住房权的救灾方法的基本要素。这些建议的本意是，在涉及确保适足住房权得到保障和实现时，它们对现有的指导意见能够加以补充。除非另行说明，这些建议的对象既包括政府也包括国际捐助者和组织。最后，本报告就后续行动提出了建议，应当铭记，这种框架仅仅扼要说明需要进一步完善和实施的一般性原则。", "八、建议", "64. 特别报告员提出的建议如下：", "A. 一般框架：以适足住房权为根据的救灾工作", "首要原则", "1. 适足住房权", "在灾害应对的各个阶段，都应当尊重和保护适足住房权。应当将适足住房权理解为安全无虞地生活，在根据以下因素而被视为适足的环境下生活的权利：保有权保障；可提供服务、物资、便利和基础设施；价格低廉；适合居住；进出方便；地点；以及适当的文化环境。", "2. 保有权保障", "一视同仁地承认多种多样的地产保有形式，确保灾后人人的土地权能够得到保障。", "3. 参与", "4. 不歧视和脆弱性", "行动原则", "1. 平等的避难和住房权利", "2. 切勿损害权利", "尊重和保护适足住房权，包括土地权保障时，不得由此造成损害，也不得损害这种权利：", "3. “非正式所有人”的土地保有权", "应尊重“非正式所有人”——即那些不具有经过正式登记的个人财产所有权的人——的土地保有权利：", "4. 救灾和恢复方案的背景", "应当在(一个地区/城市/国家)总体住房环境下实施救济和恢复方案：", "5. 社会重建", "应重新修建或者重新安置社区和住区，而不仅仅是房舍：", "6. 遵守国际标准", "如果由于土地已经灭失或者存在阻止回返的客观安全理由，或者如果受灾的个人或者群体不想回返，以致不能实现回返，那么重新安置和融入当地的条件必须符合与适足住房、驱逐和流离失所问题有关的国际人权标准和准则。", "7. 减少灾害风险的法律", "各国必须通过减少灾害风险的法律，此类法律应当尊重适足住房权。必须特别关照可能遭受歧视和排斥的人，包括由于土地权状况而遭受歧视和排斥的人，并应制定措施保护他们。", "B. 后续行动建议", "1. 联合国各机构和机制、机构间常设委员会或者该委员会的组织成员或合作机构应当考虑进一步研究将适足住房权切实纳入救灾措施之中，以此作为特别报告员所提议的框架的出发点。", "2. 应当在以下方面进一步开展工作：", "3. 联合国人权机制在审查国家报告和进行国别视察时，应当评估在自然灾害环境下享有具体人权的情况以及防灾、救灾和恢复工作在何种程度上促进享有人权，并就此提出建议。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 国际灾害数据库，http：//www.emdat.be。", "[3] 当灾后环境缺乏有案可查的事例，而冲突后环境的某些事例又与灾后环境有关而且适合灾后环境时，本报告仍将借鉴冲突后环境下的事例。", "[4] 特别报告员谨向为她的视察活动提供便利的联合国海地稳定特派团、人权事务高级专员办事处和联合国人居署重申谢意。", "[5] 与灾后相比，在冲突和冲突后环境下的人权挑战受到更多关注，相关准则也得到进一步阐述。除了本报告讨论的准则以外，冲突后应对措施还要受到国际人道主义法、难民法以及与救济和赔偿有关的准则指引。", "[6] 见经济、社会和文化权利委员会，第4号一般性意见：适足住房权。", "[7] 见经济、社会和文化权利委员会，第7号一般性意见：强行驱逐；另见《关于出于发展目的的搬迁和迁离问题的基本原则和准则》(A/HRC/4/18，附件1)。", "[8] 在提交人权理事会的上一份报告中对参与问题进行了讨论。本报告第三部分讨论不歧视问题。", "[9] 例如，在《机构间常设委员会关于在发生自然灾害时保护人员的行动准则》中，第C.2.1节提及适足住房权，但是其他可能相关的条款却没有提到这项权利。", "[10] 见Erica Harper,《适用于自然灾害的国际法和准则》(罗马，国际发展法组织，2009年)。", "[11] 负责境内流离失所者人权问题的秘书长代表属于例外情形。见联合国条约机构和特别程序所作的评论意见，《世界人权索引》，http：//www.universalhumanrightsindex.org/en/index.html。", "[12] 《指导原则法律数据库》证明它们得到广泛认可。见http：//www.idpguidingprinciples.org/。", "[13] 最初于2006年发布，修订本于2011年公布。", "[14] 《国内流离失所问题指导原则》，第28项原则；机构间常设委员会准则，D.2.2，D.2.3。", "[15] 促进和保护人权小组委员会，第2005/21号决议。", "[16] 第2.2项原则。另见关于根据国际法是否存在某种独立的财产归还权利的似乎尚无定论的辩论：Malcolm Langford和Khvlekani Moyo，“权利、救济还是夸夸其谈？国际法上的土地归还问题”，《北欧人权杂志》第28卷，第2号(2010年)。但就本报告而言，特别报告员确信财产归还权是获得救济和赔偿的权利，以及难民和流离失所者返回出生地和常住地的权利的必要部分。", "[17] Harper, 《国际法》，第4章(见上文脚注9)。", "[18] 第1项原则。除其他外见Charles Gould，“自然灾害发生后重建住宅的权利”，《哈佛人权杂志》，第22卷(2009年)；Rebecca Barber，“自然灾害发生后保障住房权利：国际人权法准则”，《国际难民法杂志》第20卷，第3期(2008年)。", "[19] 欧洲人权法院，“Budayeva及其他人诉俄罗斯”，2008年9月29日；巴基斯坦最高法院，“防洪委员会案”，2011年6月7日，见http：//www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page. asp?id=735(访问时间为2011年7月24日)。", "[20] 见大会第64/200号决议。", "[21] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会，第3号一般性意见，缔约国义务的性质，《公约》第2条第(1)款。另见儿童权利委员会对于灾害问题的结论性意见，例如CRC/C/MOZ/CO/2, CRC/C/PHL/CO/3-4。", "[22] 《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》，第1条第(4)款；《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》，第4条。", "[23] 这座城市84%的贫困人口是非裔美国人。布鲁金斯学会，《风灾过后的新奥尔良：汲取以往的教训，未来的计划》(2005年)，第6页。", "[24] 同上，第13页。", "[25] Elizabeth Ferris 和Daniel Petz, 《朝不保夕的一年：对2010年自然灾害的回顾》(伦敦，布鲁金斯学会——伦敦政治经济学院，2011年)，第19页。特别报告员欢迎哥伦比亚政府提供信息，介绍该国为应对“拉尼娜”效应而采取的行动，例如设立“Fondo de Adaptación”，负责确定和管理旨在找到持久解决办法的项目，包括减灾和防灾策略。", "[26] 巴基斯坦政府、亚洲开发银行、世界银行，《2010年巴基斯坦洪水：破坏和需求初步评估》第68页；乐施会，《土地权与印度河洪水，2010-2011年：快速评估和政策审查》(牛津，大不列颠牛津救济会，2011年)。特别报告员承认巴基斯坦政府所面临的挑战的规模以及该国政府为处理救济和恢复工作所付出的种种努力，特别是一视同仁地向土地所有者和没有土地的人发放瓦坦卡，借以鼓励所有的难民返回家园。", "[27] 据估计，在地震发生之前，80%的太子港居民生活在仅占城市面积20%的非正规房屋中。", "[28] 国际移民组织，流离失所现象追踪矩阵，2011年5月。", "[29] 见乐施会，《土地权与印度河洪水》，第3页(见上文脚注25)。", "[30] John Telford和John Cosgrover，《关于国际社会应对印度洋海啸的联合评价——综合报告》(伦敦，海啸评估联盟，2006年)，第104页。", "[31] Michael Lyons和Thco Shilderman等人。《重建更美好家园：以人为本的按比例住宅重建》，(伦敦，务实行动， 2010年)，(关于斯里兰卡的社区)；援助行动组织，《海啸应对措施：人权评估》(2006年)，第43至47页。", "[32] 在卡特里娜飓风发生之前，大多数享受公共住房和房券补贴的家庭的户主是妇女。在飓风发生之后，她们由于缺乏可以承受的住房/公共住房，因此受灾尤其严重。见Ferris 和Pelz， (见上文脚注24)。", "[33] 见《世界重建大会：自然灾害发生后的恢复工作和减少风险：会议记录》(日内瓦，2011年5月)，第31页。", "[34] 见联合国海啸灾后恢复事务特使William J. Clinton的报告，《重建更美好家园的重要提议》(2006年)；Hakan Arslan和Cassidy Johnson，“土耳其：小规模行动者能够克服缺乏国家意志的困局吗？”，摘自《重建更美好家园：建设以人为本的住房》，Lyons和Shilderman等人(见上文脚注30)。", "[35] 乐施会，《土地权与印度河洪水》，第24至25页(见上文脚注25)；巴基斯坦政府等，《2010年巴基斯坦洪灾》，关于住房、农业和金融部门的附件。(见上文脚注25)。另见本报告第三部分关于土地权/土地评估的讨论。", "[36] 强制驱逐问题咨询小组，《新奥尔良任务报告》，2009年7月26日至31日以及A/HRC/13/20/Add.4，第30段。在以公共住房为主的90%的社区，居民是非裔美国人，而其中80%的居民又是租户。见Ferris和Petz，《朝不保夕的一年》，第74页(见上文脚注24)。", "[37] 特别报告员对美利坚合众国政府收到的信息表示欢迎，这些信息说明联邦政府，包括住房和城市开发署采取了哪些措施制止私人和公共主体在住房方面的歧视，除了其他措施以外，联邦政府采取了哪些措施制止由限制性区域规划或者歧视非裔美国人的租金条例(例如圣贝尔纳教区在卡特里娜飓风之后通过的条例)造成的系统性歧视现象。", "[38] 美国政府问责局，《灾后住房：联邦应急管理局需要更细致的指导和救灾措施，以确保在大灾之后有效开展救援》，2009年，第11至13页；“卡特里娜飓风之后4年：住房危机仍未结束，低收入租户遭遇歧视”，《直面南方》，2009年8月21日。", "[39] Ferris和Petz，《朝不保夕的一年》，第74页(见上文脚注24)。", "[40] 强制驱逐问题咨询小组，“任务报告”，第5页(见上文脚注35)。", "[41] 在某些情况下，私人所有权事实上不是确保土地权的最适宜方式。见A/HRC/10/7。", "[42] 见代表团就特别报告员的报告(A/HRC/16/42/2010)发表的支持这种看法的评论意见，人权理事会，第十六届会议。", "[43] 特别报告员特别指出人道主义机构对“六种土地权方案”的划分等于承认也需要解决其他形式的土地权。联合国与避难中心，《灾后避难所》(2010年)，第107页。", "[44] Langford和Moyo，“权利、救济还是夸夸其谈？”第148至149页(见上文脚注15)。", "[45] 另见原则15.3规定的承认传统社区和土著社区的占有权(独立于原则16)。", "[46] 见http：//www.ohr.int/plip； Norbert Wühler和Heike Niebergall编辑，《财产归还与赔偿：索赔方案的实践与经验》(日内瓦，国际移民组织，2008年)。", "[47] Rhodri Williams，“波斯尼亚的冲突后财产归还：在发生流离失所现象后权衡赔偿与持久解决方案”，在土耳其经济和社会研究基金会关于土耳其及其他国家境内流离失所问题的国际研讨会上提交，伊斯坦布尔，2006年12月；Conor Foley，Ingunn Sofie Aursnes，“冲突后的土地、住房和财产归还问题：原则与实践”，《人道主义交流杂志》(2005年)，第2页。挪威难民委员会，《阿富汗的特别财产归还法院》，2005年。", "[48] 总统办公室，1994年第22期，《土地权归还法》，第I (1)xi章；机构间常设委员会，《关于境内流离失所者持久解决方案的框架》，(哥伦比亚特区华盛顿，布鲁金斯研究所，2010年)，第35页。", "[49] 另见原则8和原则15.2；E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/17/Add.1，第62段；Langford和Moyo，“权利、救济还是夸夸其谈？”(见上文脚注15)。", "[50] 包括土地权仅仅以使用为基础的情形，或者实质上无法实现归还的情形，例如土地保有者无法返回他们的居住地，或者原来的居住地已经灭失或者在灾害发生后被宣布为“不宜居住”。", "[51] 重要的是，有人的地产保有权利并不取决于实际重新占有从前的经常居住地。", "[52] 国际住房联盟，《海地住房部门评估：震后一年》(2011年4月)，第12页。", "[53] Telford和Cosgrove，《综合报告》，第102页(见上文脚注29)；以及Ian Christoplos，《海啸应对措施中救灾、恢复与开发之间的联系：初始结果综合》(伦敦，海啸评估联盟，2006年)，第71页。", "[54] 关于海地，评论意见是“严格的提供住房的资产替换办法和过于急切地确认财产权利……并不适合满足身为租户和擅自占地者(而不是所有人)的大多数灾民的住房需求。”一项主张快速推行土地簿记的提议被认为不适宜，有可能“加剧对于能够出具文献的地位最稳固、最有势力的正式所有人的偏向。”Kate Crawford等人，“协调与海地地产保有难题”， 《人道主义交流杂志》第48期(2010年)，第8页。", "[55] 就先前的一份草案收到的评论意见。同样，东帝汶政府选择了一个长期框架来解决土地问题。东帝汶就特别报告员的报告(A/HRC/16/42)发表的评论意见，2011年3月8日。", "[56] 正式的特别机制也耗费资源和时间。见科索沃不动产管理局2010年年度报告。", "[57] 大湖区问题国际会议，《回返者财产权议定书》(《大湖区议定书》)，2006年，第4条。", "[58] 《大湖区议定书》，第4(3)条。", "[59] 见A/HRC/16/42，第44至45段(关于东帝汶)；以及Foley和Aursnes，“土地、住房和财产”(见上文脚注46)。", "[60] 联合国人居署，《请把我算在内：地产权保障和城市土地管理调查》(内罗毕，2010年)。", "[61] 同上，印度尼西亚亚齐省，第79至83页，以及Harper，国际法，第209页(见上文脚注9)。", "[62] 见《世界重建问题大会：恢复和减少风险》，第33至34页(见上文脚注32)。", "[63] Oli Brown和Alec Crawford，“在自然灾害发生后解决土地所有权问题：一项机构调查”，2006年，第6页；以及《人权观察》，“大灾过后：2004年海啸结束后印度的重建工作”，第41页。某些最重要的限制性措施最终被放弃了。", "[64] 旅游业关注组织，“海啸后重建与旅游：又一场灾难？”，2005年。", "[65] 援助行动组织，“海啸应对措施”第17至18页(见上文脚注30)；Malicolm Langford和Jean Plessis，“尊严扫地？强制驱逐与人权法”；以及Brown和Crawford，“解决土地所有权问题”(见上文脚注62)。", "[66] Jolia Cass和Peter Whoriskey，“新奥尔良将要铲除公共住房”，《华盛顿邮报》，2006年12月8日。", "[67] 大赦国际，“违反常理的灾难：海湾沿岸的人权”，2010年，第6页；强制驱逐问题咨询小组，《任务报告》，第28至32页(见上文脚注35)。", "[68] A/HRC/13/20/Add.4，第30页。特别报告员对美国政府提供的信息表示欢迎，并高兴地注意到，由于实行各种住房政策，与发生卡特里娜飓风之前相比，现在有更多的人享受住房补贴。", "[69] 国际生境联盟、国际人类栖身地组织、建筑学与城市化系住房研究所和重建问题观测站， “Sur Maule”、“行动起来搞建设”和“观测站与住房”网络为适足住房权问题特别报告员编写的2011年关于2010年2月27日地震海啸以及智利重建进程的报告。", "[70] 同上。", "[71] 同上；另见A/HRC/13/20/Add.3，第25段。", "[72] 见：相比之下“所有人带动的”重建方法取得的成功。世界重建问题大会：恢复工作和减少风险。第25至27页(见上文脚注32)。", "[73] Malcolm Langford，“在海啸灾害结束后回返和重新定居的权利”，《灾情简报》第2(2)期(2005年7月至9月)。有些国家利用“推定驱逐”这个术语描述出租人的某些作为或者不作为导致出租地产不适宜居住或者不适合租赁的目的。", "[74] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会，第7号一般性意见，大会第60/147号决议，Cuhtled；《严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害人获得补救和赔偿的权利基本原则和准则》；以及《皮涅罗原则》。", "[75] 第7号一般性意见，第16段。机构间常设委员会准则，C.2.4，C.2.5。", "[76] 人权委员会，第27项一般性意见：行动自由。", "[77] “保护自然灾害中的境内流离失所者：秘书长境内流离失所者人权问题代表对亚洲的工作视察”，Walter Kälin, 2005年，第22页。", "[78] Langford，“回返和重新安置权”(见上文脚注72)。", "[79] 世界银行，《自然界的危险，开发活动的风险：独立评估小组对世界银行自然灾害救援行动的评价》(哥伦比亚特区华盛顿，2006年)；人道主义行动问责和绩效动态学习网络，“应对地震灾害，2008年：从地震救灾和恢复中汲取教训”。", "[80] 机构间常设委员会，《持久解决方案框架》(见上文脚注47)。可以从良好的重新安置开发实践中汲取教益，例如：Michael Cernea和Christopher McDowell等人，《风险与重建：重新定居者和难民的经历》(哥伦比亚特区华盛顿，世界银行，2000年)。", "[81] 例如见，关于印度尼西亚住房建设，Lyons和Shilderman等人，《重建更美好家园》，第157页(见上文脚注30)。", "[82] Megar Ballard，“冲突后财产归还：有漏洞的法律和理论根据”，《伯克利国际法杂志》第462期(2010年)，(关于波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那)。", "[83] 联合国负责海啸灾后恢复事务的特使，“重建更美好家园的主要立场”(见上文脚注33)。", "[84] 巴基斯坦政府、亚洲开发银行和世界银行，《巴基斯坦洪灾》，第7页(见上文脚注25)。", "[85] 同上，第22页和第94页。", "[86] 例如见秘鲁的项目：Lyons和Shilderman等，《重建更美好家园》，第307至344页(见上文脚注30)。", "[87] 太子港郊区的“考雷尔帐篷区”案例是这些困难的典型表现。“考雷尔帐篷区”原本被当作一个临时性帐篷区，收容在最危险区域居住的流离失所者，不过它吸引着全国各地的人，短短数月就变成一个新的非正规定居点，截至2011年5月已经容纳至少50 000至60 000名居民。", "[88] John Holmes，“汲取海地的教训”，《人道主义交流杂志》第48期(2010年10月)，第3页。", "[89] 题为“地震后美国政府海地策略：谋求复兴和经济机遇”的美国战略(2011年)。", "[90] 在海地，一座T型住房的费用平均为2 500美元，而对永久性住房的最廉价估价约为每座房屋3 500美元。", "[91] 见第1项首要原则。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "适足住房权", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递适足生活水准权所含适足住房问题和在这方面不受歧视的权利问题特别报告员拉克尔·罗尔尼克女士根据人权理事会第15/8号决议第2(h)段提交的报告。", "适足生活水准权所含适足住房问题特别报告员的报告", "内容提要", "本报告侧重于灾后实现适足住房权的情况。 报告评估了与基于适足住房权的救灾办法有关的人权标准和准则并讨论了一些现有的限制。 报告阐述了与在救灾中保护和实现权利有关的主要挑战:忽视或歧视弱势和弱势群体;过度强调个人财产所有权,在归还和复原方案中同样承认和解决保有权形式繁多的问题;将灾后重建主要视为只惠及少数人的商业或发展机会的风险;以及现有重建和复原框架的局限性。 报告最后概述了故意和全面地纳入适足住房权的救灾办法的基本要素。", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 4 评估4 适用于自然资源的法律和政策框架\n灾害 歧视7和脆弱性:影响和应对\nA. 受灾害影响最严重的7个群体\nB. 忽视 8 和歧视现象\nC. 复原 9\n四. 脆弱性 承认10个并平等保护各种形式的保有权,从归还到持久解决办法\nA. 促进11个住房和财产的广泛概念\nB. 承认13项土地保有权在实践中的行使,以便\n五、灾害 15\n谁? A. 从15个沿海地区和城市重新发展到外包\nB. 尽职尽责地采取行动17\n住房 恢复18和持久解决办法:处理适足食物权的各个方面\nA. 逾期未交的19项以住房和\nB. 处理救济和复原方面更广泛的20个方面\nC. 将21个紧急情况与长期\n恢复\n页:1 结论21\n八. 建议22A. 总框架 22:基于适足权的救灾\nB. 建议25\n后续行动", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告侧重于灾后实现适足住房权的情况。 本报告应与提交人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/16/42)一并阅读,其中特别报告员讨论了与冲突后和灾后环境有关的共同问题。", "2. 联合国 虽然冲突后和灾后局势有许多共同点,但有些挑战是后者特有的,需要不同的对策。 特别报告员选择将重点放在灾害上,因为全世界灾害的流行程度日益增加,其破坏性后果比以往任何时候都更严重,[1] 由于气候变化、迅速城市化和人口增长,这一趋势有可能继续下去,而且与冲突后情况相比,处理灾后适足住房权问题的经验和准则相对较少。 [2] 特别报告员还有机会对海地进行了工作访问(2011年6月8日至11日),以评估2010年1月地震后开展的重建和救济工作。 [3]", "3个 采取基于适当住房权的灾后和复原重建办法具有重大影响。 特别报告员感到关切的是,除明显例外外,救灾和恢复工作迄今对适足住房权的构成方式持狭隘的看法,有时导致这项权利被侵犯。 节次 本报告一评估了相关标准。 第二至第五节阐述了主要挑战。 报告最后概述了有意和全面地纳入适足住房权的救灾办法的基本要素,并提出了后续措施建议。", "二. 评估适用于自然灾害的法律和政策框架", " 4.四. 虽然有一些标准和准则与确保灾后的适足住房权有关,但它们往往被零散理解和适用。 [4] 如将讨论的那样,还有其他更具体的限制。", "5 (韩语). 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》(第十一条)最明确地承认适足住房权。 经济、社会、文化权利委员会强调必须广义地解释这项权利,确定各国必须逐步实现的权利的七个方面:保有权保障;提供服务、材料、设施和基础设施;可负担性;可居住性;可获取性;地点;文化适足性。 [5] 与驱逐和重新安置有关的所有方面和保障,以及参与、不歧视和平等等人权原则,都与救灾有关。 [7]", "6. 国家 然而,关于灾害情况的现有指导很少注意适足住房权。 在提到这项权利时,这项权利受到限制,其范围缩小到提供住所、住房或保护方面的需要。 [8] 以更全面的方式讨论这项权利的少数尝试仍然停留在一个组织的指导一级,而不是广泛应用的权威政策。 [9] 同样,除显著例外外,联合国人权机制没有处理灾害情况的特殊性及其对享有适足住房权或其他人权的影响,而是停留在一般层面。 [10]", "7. 联合国 相反,从人权角度处理灾害的大多数举措都是针对特定群体,特别是境内流离失所者和难民。 在这方面,《关于国内流离失所问题的指导原则》至关重要。 它们被认为是在冲突后和灾后保护境内流离失所者的重要国际框架。 [11] 虽然最初重视在冲突和冲突后局势中保护境内流离失所者,但近年来还制定了关于自然灾害的政策和业务准则,将适用范围扩大到所有受灾害影响的人,包括但不限于境内流离失所者。 《机构间常设委员会关于自然灾害情况下的人员保护的业务准则》(《机构间常设委员会准则》)是这方面的重要文件。 [12] 《准则》和上述《指导原则》承认,因冲突或灾害而流离失所的人有权寻求持久解决办法,即返回其家园或惯常居住地(以及作为持久返回的关键条件,恢复其住房或土地)、迁移到他处或就地安置。 [13]", "8. 联合国 2005年《归还难民和流离失所者住房和财产原则》[14](“平埃罗原则”)更进一步,承认难民和流离失所者享有独特的“归还权”(包括住房、土地和/或其他财产)。 [15] 一个重要问题是\"皮涅罗原则\"是否适用于灾后情况. 其意图似乎是应用这些原则,原则1.2的核心思想是,流离失所者——无论其流离失所的原因如何——处境类似,有权返回其惯常居住地并因此获得归还。 在此基础上,一些人将这些原则解释为适用于所有自然灾害情况。 [16] 然而,其他人指出,这些原则明确限于在流离失所之后 \" 任意地或非法地剥夺 \" 人民以前的家园、土地或惯常居住地。 [17]", "9. 国家 这并不是说皮涅罗原则与自然灾害情况无关。 首先,它们完全适用于在灾后发生的任意或非法剥夺或破坏住房或土地的实际情况,包括可以说是流离失所者被剥夺了返回家园的权利(见下文第四节),以及国家在备灾、减灾或预警系统方面的不合理失误。 [18] 第二,《原则》作为流离失所者和难民返回家园权利现行标准的一项具体规定,就如何最好地管理与住房、土地和财产归还有关的技术和法律问题提供了相关指导,自此,这些指导在政策和做法中得到了不同程度的反映。", "10个 因此,充分纳入适足住房权的救灾办法将综合上述所有标准和原则,其核心是适足住房权的各种要素。 本报告最后一节中的建议提议将这些标准纳入一个综合、概念和业务框架。", "三. 歧视和脆弱性:灾害影响和应对的复合因素", "11个 脆弱性被广泛认为是减少灾害风险和管理的一个重要因素。 [19] 最弱势者,如生活贫困或土地保有权无保障者,更有可能生活在易受灾地;他们也面临更大的流离失所风险,在发生灾害时丧失生计;他们将更困难地从灾害中恢复。", "12个 在许多情况下,直接或间接的歧视加剧了脆弱性,影响到个人和社区保护自己免受灾害和复原的能力。 歧视与灾害和救灾的相关性可能并不立即显现。 实际上,“自然灾害”一词可被视为排除责任,这反过来可能意味着不可能实行歧视。 然而,人们公认,自然灾害的影响和损失分布很大程度上是人为的(见A/60/227)。 备灾、减灾和救灾工作都受国家行为或不行为的约束或制约,因此可能是歧视性的。", "13个 平等和不歧视原则牢固地植根于国际人权法。 重视不歧视和平等要求各国政府和援助组织特别注意灾前情况下的脆弱性和不平等现象,并在灾害后处理不平等现象并保护最脆弱群体。 联合国条约机构已经指出,即使在资源严重受限的时候,各国也有保护社会脆弱成员的特殊义务,这在灾害发生后通常就是这种情况。 [20] 各国还应采取特殊措施,确保弱势群体充分和平等地享有人权。 [21] 在灾后情况下,此类措施可转化为特别援助,以支持最脆弱群体的回返,或为无地或无家可归的家庭提供土地/住房。", "A类. 受灾害影响最大的弱势群体", "14个 当2005年 \" 卡特里娜 \" 飓风袭击新奥尔良时,非裔美国人和穷人(这两类人在很大程度上模糊不清)[22]首当其冲地遭受了破坏,因为他们大多居住在城市地势低洼、更易被洪水淹没的地区。 此外,大都市区的大量人口(普遍贫穷)缺乏躲避洪水的手段。 [23] 因此,飓风的特殊影响和成本与原有的社会、经济和土地利用模式密切相关,直接关系到住房和城市规划政策。", "15个 在洪都拉斯,在1998年米奇飓风之后,受影响特别严重的群体包括贫穷妇女、农民和土著群体,其中许多人生活在保有权无保障的条件下,并生活在易受强风、洪水和山体滑坡影响的脆弱地区(见A/HRC/16/42, 第32段)。 在哥伦比亚,整个2010年和2011年的洪水据说对已经因冲突而流离失所的人,特别是土著和非洲裔哥伦比亚人造成了不成比例的影响,他们往往生活在偏远地区,受到武装团体的暴力。", "16号. 在2010年巴基斯坦洪灾后,人们承认,穷人和弱势群体首当其冲,没有资产或安全网。 那些因洪水而流离失所并丧失了资产和生计的人不成比例地包括无地的租户和劳工,他们生活在非永久性住房中。 [25] (中文(简体) ).", "B. 灾害造成的忽视和歧视", "17岁 海地的地震加剧了一个迄今相对不可见的问题,即太子港大多数居民居住的非正规住区的恶劣条件。 [26] 定居点与其他许多定居点一样,是自发建立的,从未得到当局的正式承认。 他们无法或几乎得不到基本的基础设施和服务。 地震后,许多居民迁入了难民营,他们或是因为自己的家园或街区被摧毁或损坏,或是为了获得食物或医疗援助,参加以工换钱方案,节省租金(如果是租户)或希望得到一所房屋.", "18岁。 地震发生后16个月,1000多所营地仍有63.4万人. 观察员指出,难民营人口下降的速度比2010年要慢,这表明人们无处可去,或者决定,无论难民营中的情况多么不稳定,仍然比他们的原籍状况好。 [27] 因此,地震凸显出长期存在的歧视和忽视模式。 其他地方的灾害也产生了类似影响。 [28]", "C. 忽视或歧视最弱势群体的复苏对策", " 19. 19. 恢复努力通过忽视或直接歧视某些群体,可以使原先存在的脆弱和劣势模式永久化,甚至加剧这种模式。 妇女的情况往往如此。 在2004年印度洋海啸后,据报道,国际反应在许多场合加强了 \" 那些生活较好和/或更加明确的人.同时将那些资产很少的人,特别是妇女边缘化 \" 。 [29] 例如,救济努力和政策将妇女排除在生计援助之外,有时会直接损害妇女原有的权利,如她们在母系社区的住房或土地权。 [30] 当妇女的保有权也处于无保障状态时——她们经常这样做,因为她们获得住房和土地往往取决于与男子的关系,或者因为她们作为一家之主面临更多的障碍,她们特别脆弱。 [31]", "20号. 救灾工作似乎因是针对个人、正式登记的财产所有人,还是针对所有持有其他类型保有权安排的人的情况而大相径庭。 有人指出,在大多数住房重建方案中,土地保有权文件和权利的法律证明是确定受益人资格的先决条件,其结果是将最贫穷和最易受伤害的人排除在外,包括居住在非正式住区、拥有临时或非正式土地保有权的人。 [32] 在一些国家,流离失所的租户和棚户居民往往被排除在旨在取代房主资产的永久住房计划之外。", "21岁 灾后需要评估也有类似的局限性。 虽然在原则一级可以讨论和承认与土地保有权和土地所有权有关的条件十分重要,但在实践中,这些政策、战略和部门优先事项并不总是涉及这些条件。 例如,在国际金融机构和巴基斯坦政府在洪水后进行的灾害需要评估中,拟议的住房和重建战略没有提及土地所有权或土地保有权问题,而只侧重于住房重建的技术和成本。 此外,与土地有关的其他部门,如农业部门的政策优先事项据说有利于土地所有者。 [34]", "22号. 脆弱性和歧视的多种因素往往具有复合效应。 在支助低收入租户(主要是非裔美国人)和解决阻碍他们获得负担得起的住房的各种障碍时,一般发现美国联邦和州政府缺乏卡特里纳后的反应。 [35] 尽管实施了联邦住房券方案,但实际上,有房租券的家庭很难找到租房单位。 原因包括公共和租赁住房短缺(由风暴破坏所造成,但随后又决定大规模削减公共住房),租金上涨,地主歧视,[36] 租赁住房建设进度缓慢,以及海湾沿岸各州决定将大部分联邦资金用于修缮房屋所有者单位而不是租赁单位. [37] 由于租房的选择非常有限,大量家庭事实上被拒绝返回其城市和以前的家园;[38] 导致无家可归人数增加。 [39]", "23. 联合国 上述例子表明,歧视与脆弱性一样,是影响灾害影响和救灾的关键因素。 基于保有权地位的歧视突出了一个更广泛的问题,即各国政府、国际和国家组织都不愿意或没有能力充分承认和保护各种形式的保有权。", "四、结 论 承认并平等保护各种形式的保有权,从归还到持久解决办法方案", "24 (韩语). 特别报告员注意到保有权保障在适足住房权中的核心地位。 保有权担保不等同于私人所有权,[40]也不局限于授予正式的法律所有权。 除了私人所有权以外,还有多种合法的土地保有权安排,[41] 诸如公共或私人租赁住房、合作住房、租赁、在非正式住区占有/租用土地或财产,以及通过习惯或传统安排通过各种形式不同的其他使用权或占用权。 [42] 因此,只有少数自然灾害受害者实际上可以拥有个人、正式登记、对其住房或土地的所有权。", "25岁 然而,特别报告员感到关切的是,正如上文第三节所显示,灾后环境中的政策和做法偏向于个人的私人所有权。 第四节将重点介绍与归还有关的政策和做法,并更广泛地介绍持久解决办法和重建,以说明个人财产所有权与实际上其他形式的保有权之间的紧张关系。", "A类. 逐步扩大住房和财产归还的概念", "26. 联合国 住房和财产归还权在《皮涅罗原则》中得到了最具体的阐述。 在通过《原则》时,《原则》显然需要就便利归还财产所必要的程序和机制提供指导。 今天,随着返回和归还方案在更多样化的背景和情况下得到实施,现在应当思考并参照这些做法重新解释这些原则。", "27个 《原则》的具体表述和为确定对财产或土地的权利而建议的机制,在承认所有形式的保有权方面并不完全明确。 虽然有些人对《原则》持广义的看法,但另一些人则批评《原则》过于注重个人财产所有权以及正式和登记债权的背景。 《原则》通过在单独条款(原则16)中提及“租户和其他非所有人的权利”,可被视为质疑这些权利是否与个人财产所有人平等。 同样,同一原则呼吁归还财产机制“尽最大可能”承认那些拥有住房和土地权利但非正式所有权的人,这需要澄清,尽管这可以被看作是一个实际建议,而不是暗示对非所有权人权利的限制。", "28岁 《原则》还必须参照其制定的具体背景来理解。 在利用一些来源的同时,这些来源是根据当时特别是在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那运作的正式归还机制的经验形成的,这是私人财产基本上正式登记和南斯拉夫法律称之为“社会所有”公寓的背景。 [45] 同其他人一样,波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的归还机制受到批评,因为对那些没有财产或没有承认正式所有权的人没有做什么,而且由于习惯法、国家法或宗教法的多元化而无法处理复杂而非正式的保有权制度。 [46]", "29. 国家 特别报告员建议,住房和财产归还必须被理解为在灾害发生前归还与住房或土地有关的任何保有权,而不论保有权地位如何,也不论土地或住房是否正式登记。 南非《归还土地权利法》和最近关于持久解决办法的业务指南中都有这种做法的例子。 [47] 在不对《皮涅罗原则》的规定进行更深入的讨论和澄清之前,应系统地看待《皮涅罗原则》,使之涵盖广泛的情况和保有权。 《原则》中的一些内容已经指出了适当扩大的恢复原状概念,例如系统使用“住房、土地和财产”一词,而不仅仅是财产。 [48]", "30岁。 这种更广义的归还观点基于与适足住房权相关的国家义务,即尊重和确保所有人的保有权保障,而不论其保有权形式如何。 这种办法承认所有非正式登记财产的所有人为权利持有人。 虽然灾后和冲突后的需要因背景而异,但人权义务的类型保持不变。 应该从这一角度看待和落实财产归还。", "31岁 应当进一步审查这种将恢复原状作为补救权一部分的广泛观点的实际影响,以阐明关于各种情况的指导。 [49] 然而,为了本报告的目的,并铭记对《皮涅罗原则》对灾害情况所作的限定性评估(见上文第二节),归还财产往往将成为返回和其他持久解决办法的条件,而不是法律补救。 因此,理解所有形式的保有权的同等合法性不仅与归还有关,而且与努力确保持久解决和恢复有关。 在这种情况下,各国和国际组织必须评估所有受灾害影响者的保有权,并采取措施保护和确保灾后保有权的保障,无论在以前的居住地还是在其他地方,如果人们不能或不愿意返回。 [50] 此外,不歧视和平等原则要求各国和国际组织优先援助保有权最无保障的人,并强化保有权薄弱、模棱两可或脆弱的人的保有权保障,这是救济和恢复工作中经常被忽略的责任。", "B. 为持久解决目的在实践中承认保有权", "32. 在土地保有权不明确,而且有关住房或土地的主张可能依据的法律和习惯安排多种多样,有时相互冲突的情况下,国际机构不愿意在返回地或搬迁地投资。 在这方面,城市地区的重建可能特别有挑战性,因为这些地区往往面临复杂的土地所有权和保有权问题。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 这种心态在海地的许多组织中显而易见。 一项评估表明:", "土地市场的状况是混乱的,基本上是违法的。 土地所有权记录不存在或含糊不清。 由于对一块地皮没有明确的所有权或经核实的业主的书面批准,难以向潜在受益人提供新的住房或支持重新使用以前的住房。 [51]", "显然,这是海地重建和回返拖延的原因之一。 同样地,在印度洋海啸后,各级政府颁布相互矛盾的土地使用政策和限制,以及围绕这些政策和限制的争论,据说给国际恢复工作制造了障碍并严重损害了进行灾害风险管理的努力。 [52]", "34. 国家 在此背景下,必须区分两项任务。 从长远来看,可能需要通过法律改革和其他机制,如土地所有权,正式记录和加强所有权或保有权,从而最终解决许多人所处的模棱两可和不确定的局面。 然而,在短期内,这些手段可能不是解决重建和恢复需要的最适当手段,而且在不加剧不平等的情况下这样做。 [53] 经验还表明,在灾难或冲突结束后,试图处理所有所有/保有和土地改革问题是一项巨大挑战。 巴基斯坦政府指出,必须认识到土地保有权问题在社会、政治、技术和法律方面的复杂性,以及这些问题并不局限于受灾害影响地区。 [54] 在短期内,通过迅速的方法评估灾前的保有权仍然至关重要和及时,以便有效地向重建和恢复迈进,从而确保人人享有最低保有权保障,并解决一些更恶劣的不平等和不安全形式。", "35. 联合国 为了重建和返回的目的,确定住房或土地要求的最佳手段将取决于具体背景,包括保有权或财产安排、形式和登记以及资源。 正如所讨论的那样,正式的行政或司法财产归还机制可能不适用于或不适合若干情况,特别是以多重保有权安排为特征的情况。 [55] 在这方面,大湖区问题国际会议的《回归者财产权议定书》比皮涅罗原则更全面,规定行政当局和传统当局都应处理财产纠纷,从而承认传统和习惯制度对土地的重要性。 [56] 《议定书》还设想采用基于证词的所有权证明要求,建立以社区为基础的替代和非正式机制来解决争端。 [57] 在实践中,支持难民或流离失所者回返的组织往往依靠习惯法和传统的冲突解决机制来解决土地争端。 [58] 然而,必须谨慎行事,以免在这些进程中将妇女或其他特别容易受到歧视的人排除在外或处于不利地位。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 下一步是“社区”或“参与性”统计做法。 各国为了各种目的,例如为了确定和加强非正规住区的保有权或土地裁决,执行了这种参与性进程。 [59] 在没有土地记录的情况下,如果土地在灾害后被摧毁,或者在多种保有权安排的情况下,社区查点可以提供有希望和灵活的替代办法,以确定在灾害前或冲突前的占用和保有权状况,从而确保在知情解决办法方面有一定程度的确定性和保有权保障。 在印度洋海啸后实施了社区查点项目,[60] 并在海地开始实施。 应从确定成功社区制图进程的关键要素和先决条件的经验中吸取经验教训,并应用于灾后情况,包括其与更正式或政府主导的验证或土地管理进程的关系,以及用解决冲突机制补充这些要素和先决条件的必要性。 [61]", "37. 联合国 虽然评估、尊重和加强灾后保有权保障的机制将因具体情况而异,但无论如何,它们必须遵循人权原则,如受影响社区的参与和性别平等。", " V. 灾害是机遇——对谁来说?", "38. 国家 人们经常说,灾害通过形成一个“干净的板块”,为开展大规模改革和雄心勃勃的再发展提供了重大机会。 灾害为保护和促进人权提供了机会,但也带来严重风险。 特别报告员感到关切的是,在某些情况下,重大的再发展努力虽然使一些人受益,但因作为或不作为而忽视了最脆弱者,事实上侵犯了适足住房权的关键要素。", "A类. 从沿海地区和城市的再开发到外包重建", "39. 联合国 许多人认为2004年印度洋海啸为重新发展提供了重大机会,有时是在公共安全和减轻灾害风险的幌子下发生的。 在海啸之后,一些受海啸影响的国家实际上开始设立禁止沿海岸重建住房的地区(缓冲区);这些地区从100米到500米不等,在某些情况下,如果完全实施,将需要迁移10万多所住房。 [62] 据称,宣布这些区是为了保护居民免遭今后的灾害。 它们还对居民的生计有重大影响,特别是那些依靠海洋为生的居民。", " 40. 40. 与此同时,出现了雄心勃勃的“再发展”和奢侈旅游计划,包括针对那些因安全原因对居民关闭的沿海地区。 一家旅游局当时宣布,海啸提供了一个使该国成为“世界级旅游目的地”的机会。 [63] 据报告,虽然禁止流离失所者返回家园,但同样的禁令不适用于旅馆建筑群。 在有些地方,土地开发商只是利用这个机会抢取土地,特别是从最脆弱的社区抢取土地。 豪华酒店在许多沿海地区兴起. 社区和民间社会组织抱怨说,建立区被用来任意驱逐沿海贫穷居民和土著社区,使企业和新的旅游设施受益。 [64]", "41. 国家 飓风卡特里娜后新奥尔良大部分住房存量被摧毁也被视为从根本上改变城市住房和城市特征的机会. 值得注意的是,新奥尔良四个最大的公共住宅区( \" 大四 \" )大多由非裔美国人居住,被拆除,让位于计划重新开发混合收入社区和其他用途。 虽然在某些情况下,由于损害的严重程度,可能没有可行的替代办法,但拆除房屋主要是必要的,是城市恢复所必需的,也是健康和安全所必需的。 [65] 与卡特里娜飓风前提供的住房总数相比,计划中的开发计划将包括少量公共住房。 [66] 他们被拆除是阻止低收入居民返回新奥尔良的另一个障碍(见上文第三节)。 [67]", "42. 国家 也有人对所谓的“重建业务”表示关切,即重建的规划、筹资和执行外包给私营公司。 在某些情况下,将重建外包而不提供适当的保障,对重建的充分性和可负担性以及对人民参与并受益于重建努力的能力产生了负面影响。 在智利,2010年2月发生地震并随后发生海啸后,私营部门据说在城市中心和沿海地区的重建中发挥了核心作用。 按照国家重建计划的主要原则之一,家庭可以选择是在倒塌的建筑物的同一块地上重建家园,或者购置以前存在的或新建的房屋。 然而,由于住房重建主要依靠个人财产的补贴,私人建筑商倾向于在城镇郊区的新地区重建住房,而不是在许多人流离失所的中心地区重建住房,那里的土地和住房价格要高得多。 [68] 据说房地产公司还迫使家庭在非常脆弱的时刻以非常低的价格出售土地和住房,以便为私人再开发铺平道路。 [69] 这表明,如果只留给市场,为最贫穷者提供的新住房很可能处于边缘。", "43. 东帝汶 建筑市场也有类似的扭曲。 据报道,在一些城市,少数公司垄断了建筑材料,损害了当地的小企业;在另一个城市,重建进程导致供应商和建筑公司价格上涨,阻碍了个人的重建工作。 [70] 同样,人道主义机构将过渡性住所外包给国际承包商,可能会将潜在的财政资源转用于流离失所者,而流离失所者可以得到支助建造自己的住所。 后一种情况的结果也不太可能在文化上合适。 [71]", "B. 尽职尽责地采取行动保护适足住房权", "44. 国家 在上述例子中,灾后重建对最贫穷者产生了负面影响。 在最坏的情况下,灾害为有权势的行为者摧毁住房或抢占土地提供了干净的借口和借口,在灾前情况下,这是不可能做到的,因为在这种情况下,必须遵循法律程序,与受影响的家庭协商,并允许他们获得补救。 充其量,各国没有适当监测灾后住房和重建市场的运作和监管情况,也没有采取措施确保人们保留获得负担得起的住房的机会,实际上也没有被迫离开原住地。 虽然没有什么能阻止国家要求私营公司支持重建努力——事实上私营部门的贡献对恢复至关重要——但各国政府必须铭记它们的作用,监测私营部门的交付情况,并确保重建不会只使少数特权者受益而损害其他人。", "45. 国家 这些例子可视为“建设性强迫驱逐”。 当强迫迁离得到证明时,人们应有机会获得补救,包括获得公正的审讯,获得法律顾问的帮助并获得赔偿,如住房或土地归还,适当赔偿,或选择其他住房/土地。", "46. 经常预算: 在公共安全和安全关切是正当和令人信服的情况下,关于土地使用或住房条例的决定仍必须遵守人权标准,尤其是关于驱逐行为的严格程序要求、补救和补救权以及司法审查机会,以及受影响社区的经济、社会和文化权利。 驱逐不应导致个人无家可归。 如果受影响者无法自给,国家必须采取措施,确保提供替代住房、重新安置或获得生产性土地。 [74]", "47. 国家 限制性措施还必须符合相称性原则。 [75] 这要求在减轻损害和确保公共安全方面,在受影响者的权利和国家利益之间达成平衡。 [76] 例如,在预防海啸方面,任何阻止居民返回海滩边缘地区的条例都必须被证明是实现公共安全目标的限制性最小的手段。 国家必须表明,其他安全措施,如警报系统或堤坝,没有可用或有效。 [77]", " 48. 48. 最后,在土地使用限制方面的经验迫使人们考虑一系列因素,包括重新安置人民在基础设施和服务方面需要大量费用,还可能严重地扰乱人民的生计和社区生活。 [78] 定居和住房模式不是随意的,而是反映在其他地方可能难以复制的特定的经济和社会结构。 因此,人权标准和对流离失所的社会和经济代价的评估都要求对适用土地/住房使用限制采取更严格的办法。", "六、结 论 复苏和持久解决办法:处理适足住房权的所有方面", "49. (中文(简体) ). 除了上文讨论的更明显的保护方面之外,还必须从更广阔的适足住房角度处理重建问题,包括将住房视为社会资产,并逐步实现这项权利。 从这一点来看,确保复苏和持久解决意味着重建社区和街区,确保适足的生活水准,而建造住房单位只是其中的一部分,有时不是最重要的或最紧迫的。 [79] 灾害不是在真空中发生的:必须评估和处理发生灾害的更广泛的住房环境。", "A类. 不当关注住房和财产", " 50. 50. 灾后情况的特点是,住房遭受了大规模破坏,而且大规模流离失所、社会网络和关系被破坏、基本服务被破坏或得不到,生计、就业、资产或土地被丧失,这些都是影响享有适足住房权的关键因素。 然而,重建和确保持久解决办法的努力往往侧重于住房的最具体方面(有形结构)。 国际组织和各国政府往往认为,重建住房是受影响者的主要优先事项,而不是生计或邻里基础设施。 [80] 在评估住房时,住房被评估为技术或经济部门而不是人权,重点是建筑和建筑标准及材料,以及应急和过渡住房的质量。 在某些情况下,注重归还财产也不利于重建和改善支持可持续回返所需的更广泛的社会、政治或经济条件——就业、基本服务和基础设施以及安全。 一位评论员说,“住房”已成为衡量返回进程成功与否的尺度,而不是衡量流离失所者的实际福利。 [81]", "51. 联合国 众所周知的口号“重建得更好”似乎而且肯定应该希望解决受影响社区更广泛的生活条件问题。 秘书长印度洋海啸问题特使指出,由于财政资源、国际关注和对政治和政策改革的开放,这些往往是危机后时期的特点,因此应该能够“重建得更好”并持续地打破不公平的发展模式。 [82] 也有人发出类似呼吁,认为巴基斯坦水灾是“重建更美好生活的机会并加紧完成为生活在社会边缘的数百万人提供尊严的任务”。 [83] 然而,实施这一鼓舞人心的想法往往被降低到其最技术性的意义,例如,使用抗洪和抗震标准建造房屋。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 与此相反,世界范围内的一些重建项目试图将重建进程视为“促进地方发展进程的一个机会”,而不是局限于恢复灾前的条件——社区的参与在这方面至关重要。 [85] (中文(简体) ).", "B组. 处理救济和复原努力的更广泛背景", "53. 联合国 如上所述,海地的地震突出表明,非正规住区的住房条件基本不足,居住权不稳定。 国际社会注重难民营中的流离失所者,提供比许多海地人享有的条件优越的条件,无意中使难民营具有吸引力。 虽然没有进行有系统的重建,同时在返回的街区提供服务,但贫困家庭几乎没有理由离开免费提供住房和服务的营地。 虽然从紧急情况的角度来看是可以理解的,但是,在社会经济和保有权困难的情况下,狭隘地关注境内流离失所者的困境和临时解决办法,成为长期恢复的障碍,在某些情况下还可能导致进一步的发展问题。 [86] 随着城市化的加剧,这种情况势必会更频繁地发生,其中多数是以计划外的方式发生的(见A/64/255,第13-21段)。", "54. 联合国 海地局势也成为重建和归还财产的基本理由所面临挑战的一个例子:在以大规模贫穷和严重不足的生活和住房条件为特点的情况下,重建的最终目标是否应当是为那些在灾难中失去住房的人提供高质量的住房。 特别报告员认为,干预措施的目的必须是逐步实现所有人的适足住房权。 在海地,重建和恢复与为直接受灾害影响的个人建造新住房的关系,不如与改善受灾害影响的无计划和无服务的住区的总体生活和住房条件有关。 因此,这一方法应侧重于住区和社区,而不是个人建筑,并旨在创造人们能够享有适足生活水准的地方。", "55. 国家 灾后土地利用规划可成为一个强有力的工具,既能提供重建的参考,又能为灾后立即采取行动提供法律依据。 灾后分区可以承认事实上的定居点,为基础设施投资提供基础,并更新迄今尚未使用和计划外的定居点,以方便回返和重建。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 从人权角度看,投资改善居住区,其特点是生活条件严重不足,作为救灾的一部分,不仅合法,而且不可或缺,同时铭记不歧视和关注最脆弱群体的义务。 此外,出于原则性和务实性的原因,在若干情况下,必须从更长远的角度来看待这种情况:就海地而言,这意味着要注重改善未受灾害破坏的住区的条件(条件是这些住区不在灾害多发地区),但具有与受灾害影响的住区相同的城市化和脆弱性特征。", "C. 紧急情况与长期恢复断绝联系", "57. 萨尔瓦多 上述例子还说明了紧急阶段与长期恢复之间的现有脱节,以及国际社会在许多情况下难以管理从一个阶段向另一个阶段的过渡。", "58. 联合国 注重个人受益者和“可实现者”——食物、住所、保健包——本身就可能偏离尊重、保护和实现权利(例如住房、水、健康)的基本责任以及考虑长期问题的要求。 在海地,据报道,国际社会的反应主要是眼前的需要,因此,支助永久住房需要的具体承诺不那么重要。 [88] 机构间常设委员会海地住房组报告了难民营制度化和紧急措施消耗稀缺资源而牺牲更持久的永久解决办法的风险。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 同样,大规模建造过渡性住房可能并不总是必要或适当的,在某些情况下可能阻碍持久解决办法,例如在密集的城市环境中,人们可能因缺乏空间而无法逐步建造永久住房。 建造这些住房可能会无意中转移重建永久住房和住区的资源,因为随着时间的推移,注意力和援助流量会减少。 [89] 因此,令人遗憾的是,人们在灾害发生后多年生活在过渡性住所中并非罕见(见A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, 第31段)。 各国和国际组织不应自动承担过渡性庇护所的需要,而不考虑是否可以支持其他解决办法。", "60. 联合国 许多人呼吁采取综合办法,确保救济与恢复之间的连续援助。 在提交人权理事会的上一份报告(A/HRC/16/42)中,特别报告员讨论了与该问题有关的一些供资问题。 特别报告员想鼓励捐助方尽早支持持久解决办法和复苏,并帮助确保援助的连续性,包括为此提供足够灵活的资金。", "页:1 结论", "故意和全面地将适足住房权结合起来的救灾办法", "61. 国家 将适足住房权纳入救灾工作具有广泛影响。 然而,在实践中,对适足住房权的理解及其对救灾的适用仅限于权利的某些方面,最显著的是与有形结构和个人财产所有权有关。 在有些情况下,重建和恢复努力——不作为或行为——对灾害受害者及其享有适足住房权产生了有害影响。", "62. 联合国 特别报告员认为,在重建努力中为实现适足住房权而作出全面努力不仅是一项义务,也是一个机会。 虽然救灾工作不会也不应该取代发展努力,但它提供了一个机会来纠正加剧自然灾害影响或因灾害而可见的不平等现象,并特别通过改善保有权保障,为逐步实现所有人适足住房权的努力作出贡献。", "63. 国家 以下建议概述了充分以适足住房权为基础的救灾办法的基本要素。 在确保适当住房权的保护和实现方面,它们旨在补充现有的指导。 除非另有说明,否则建议是向各国政府、国际捐助者和组织提出的。 最后,还提出了后续行动建议,同时铭记该框架只概述了需要进一步完善和操作的一般原则。", "第八编. 建议", "64. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员提出以下建议:", "A类. 总框架:基于适足住房权的救灾", "二. 支配性原则", "1. 联合国 适足住房权", "在救灾的所有阶段,适足住房权都应得到尊重和保护。 它应被理解为在安全和有保障的条件下生活的权利,根据保有权的保障;服务、材料、设施和基础设施的可得性;可负担性;可居住性;可获取性;地点和文化适足性。", "2. 联合国 保有权保障", "应平等地承认多种保有权形式,并确保灾后每个人保有权的安全。", "3个 参与", "二. 支助 所有受灾人员和群体都应获得信息,并能够有意义地参与救灾各阶段的规划和实施。", "二. 支助 特别是,所有受影响的人和群体都应有机会参与确定和确定保有权;选择、规划和执行过渡住房和永久住房方案以及持久解决办法(回返、融入当地社会、重新安置);以及参与关于土地使用规划和限制的决定。", "必须确保妇女的参与。", " 4.四. 不歧视和脆弱性", "二. 支助 在灾后需求评估(紧急情况和复原)中,应查明灾害前的不平等和脆弱性,无论是基于种族、社会经济地位、保有权、性别还是任何其他相关理由。", "二. 支助 在恢复计划中,应制定具体解决所查明的不平等现象的方案。", "• 应采取特别措施来纠正歧视,确保实现最弱势群体的适足住房权,包括采取措施加强无保障地位者的保有权保障,并(或)优先考虑住房重建,为最弱势者提供社会或公共住房等替代住房。", "业务原则", "1. 联合国 获得住房和住房的平等权利", "二. 支助 所有受影响者,不论其在灾害前的保有权状况如何,在紧急和过渡阶段都应有获得住房的平等权利。", "• 住房和住房必须满足国际人权法规定的充分要求。", "2. 联合国 不要伤害我", "在尊重和保护适足住房权,包括住房权保障方面,不应由他人或对他人造成伤害:", "二. 支助 应当保护现有的土地、住房和身份记录。", "• 应保护住房、土地和财产不受进一步破坏或破坏。", "• 各国必须禁止和制裁政府和私人行为者的强迫驱逐。", "• 健康和安全条例以及减少灾害风险的措施可能需要对土地使用或住房实行限制,但必须遵守人权标准:必须评估这些条例对个人和社区人权的影响,在任何情况下都必须维护适当程序权利以及获得信息和参与的权利。", "二. 支助 必须努力确保人道主义和住房援助以及灾后可能出现的归还法律、机制和机构不会故意或默认地根据保有权地位加以歧视。", "3个 “非正规所有人”的保有权", "“非正规所有者”,即没有个人、正式登记、财产所有权的人的保有权,应当予以尊重:", "二. 支助 应评估和记录所有灾前保有权,包括灾害损害和需要评估。", "二. 支助 在财产和所有权没有正式登记的情况下,确定保有权的快车道机制,特别是社区主导的进程(社区查点),应被视为执行归还、重建和恢复方案的基本内容和先决条件。", "• 住房和财产归还必须被理解为承认和归还所有对住房或土地的保有权。", "二. 支助 对于保有权无保障的人,应采取措施加强保有权保障,例如立即或逐步给予原住地的住房或土地权。 如果归还或返回对受影响者不可取,或由于土地已消失或由于有迫不得已的安全原因而无法返回,则应在其他地点提供替代住房或土地。", "二. 支助 必须采取措施,支持所有非正规业主收回或另谋获得适足住房或土地,并特别关注最脆弱群体。", " 4.四. 救济和恢复方案的背景", "救济和恢复方案应在(某一地区/城市/国家)总体住房范围内进行:", "二. 支助 在灾后需要评估中,应查明灾害前实现适足住房权的主要障碍,以及灾前情况对持久解决办法和复原进程的影响。", "二. 支助 应通过有针对性的方案,结合救灾方案,并重点关注最弱势人口,来应对更广泛的住房状况,包括无计划和无服务的住区。", "5 (韩语). 重建社区", "应重建或重新安置社区和定居点,而不仅仅是房屋:", "• 重建不仅应适用于有形结构,而且应酌情根据灾民的需要和要求,包括重建或建立基本的基础设施和服务以及改善住区,或确定优先次序。", "• 社区结构和网络,只要尊重国际人权标准,包括两性平等标准,就应予以蓄意维护和支持。", "6. 国家 遵守国际标准", "如果由于土地已经消失或有客观的安全理由阻止返回而无法返回,如果受影响的个人或群体不希望返回,则重新安置和融入当地社会的条件必须符合有关适足住房、驱逐和流离失所的国际人权标准和准则。", "7. 联合国 减少灾害风险立法", "各国必须通过尊重适足住房权的减少灾害风险立法。 必须特别关注可能面临歧视和排斥的人,包括基于保有权地位的歧视和排斥,必须制定保护他们的措施。", "B. 后续行动建议", "1. 联合国 联合国各机构和机制、机构间常设委员会或属于其成员或与之合作的组织,应考虑以特别报告员提出的框架为起点,就将适足住房权切实纳入救灾工作的问题作进一步研究。", "2. 联合国 应就以下方面开展进一步的工作:", "二. 支助 支持快速确定保有权的机制,包括社区摸底和查点,从现有做法中吸取经验教训,以就其基本特征和在灾后情况下的应用提出咨询意见。", "二. 支助 在灾后情况下,需要采取哪些法律和实际措施来支持所有非正式登记财产的所有人。", "• 领土规划和土地使用手段和工具及其为回返和重建方案提供技术和法律基础的潜力。", "二. 支助 在发生自然灾害时获得土地的使用和控制,包括征地和获得住房/安置的条件。", "3个 联合国人权机制在审查国家报告和国别访问时,应评估在自然灾害情况下享受具体人权的情况并提出建议,以及灾害预防、救济和复原努力在多大程度上有助于享受这些权利。", "[1] 国际灾害数据库,http://www.emdat.be.", "[2] 尽管如此,本报告仍将取自冲突后环境中与灾后情况相关并适用的事例,以及没有记录的灾害情况实例。", "[3] 特别报告员再次感谢联合国海地稳定特派团、人权事务高级专员办事处和联合国人类住区规划署为她的访问提供了便利。", "[4] 冲突和冲突后环境中的人权挑战受到更多的关注,相关标准比灾后情况得到进一步阐述。 除了这里讨论的标准外,冲突后的对策还将以国际人道主义法、难民法和有关补救和赔偿的标准为指导。", "[5] 见经济、社会和文化权利委员会关于适足住房权的第4号一般性意见。", "[6] 见经济、社会和文化权利委员会,关于强迫迁离的第7号一般性意见;又见“关于基于发展的迁出和迁出的基本原则和准则”(A/HRC/4/18,附件一)。", "[7] 在提交人权理事会的上一份报告中讨论了参与问题。 本报告第三节讨论不歧视问题。", "[8] 例如,机构间常设委员会《关于保护自然灾害情况下的人的业务准则》在C.2.1下提到适足住房,但在其他可能相关的规定中没有提到。", "[9] 见Erica Harper,《适用于自然灾害情况的国际法和标准》(罗马,国际发展法组织,2009年)。", "[10] 负责境内流离失所者人权问题的秘书长代表属于例外情况。 见联合国条约机构和特别程序的意见,世界人权指数,http://www.universalhumanrightsindex.org/ en/index.html (中文(简体) ).", "[11] 关于《指导原则》的法律数据库证明这些原则得到广泛承认。 见 http://www.idpguiding principles.org/. 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011-12-21.", "[12] 2006年首次发布,2011年发布修订版.", "[13] 关于国内流离失所问题的指导原则,原则28;机构间常设委员会准则,D.2.2,D.2.3。", "[14] 增进和保护人权小组委员会,第2005/21号决议。", "[15] 原则2.2。 也见关于国际法下是否存在独立财产归还权的似乎未解决的辩论:Malcolm Langford和Khulekani Moyo, “权利、补救或言论? 《国际法中的归还土地》,《北欧人权杂志》,第28卷,第2期(2010年)。 然而,就本报告而言,特别报告员感到满意的是,归还财产的权利是获得补救和赔偿的权利以及难民和国内流离失所者返回原籍地和惯常居住地的权利的基本要素。", "[16] Harper,国际法,第四章(见上文脚注9)。", "[17] 原则 1. 除其他外,见Charles Gould, \" 自然灾害后恢复住房的权利 \" ,哈佛人权杂志,第22卷(2009年);Rebecca Barber, \" 自然灾害后保护住房权:国际人权法的标准 \" ,《国际难民法杂志》,第20卷,第3期(2008年)。", "[18] 欧洲人权法院,Budayeva等诉俄罗斯案,2008年9月29日;巴基斯坦最高法院,洪水委员会案,2011年6月7日,可查阅http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page.asp?id=735(2011年7月24日查阅)。", "[19] 见大会第64/200号决议。", "[20] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会,关于缔约国义务性质的第3号一般性意见,《公约》第二条第一款。 另见儿童权利委员会关于灾害的结论性意见,例如CRC/C/MOZ/CO/2、CRC/C/PHL/CO/3-4。", "[21] 《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第1(4)条;《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第4条。", "[22] 该市贫困人口中不少于84%为非裔美国人. 布鲁金斯学会,“风暴后的新奥尔良:过去的经验教训,未来计划”(2005年),第6页。", "[23] 同上,第13页。", "[24] Elizabeth Ferris和Daniel Petz, A Year of Living Ricely: A Review of Natural Dispace in 2010 (伦敦,布鲁金斯学会-伦敦经济学院,2011年), 第19页. 特别报告员欢迎哥伦比亚政府提供资料,说明为解决拉尼娜的影响而采取的一系列行动,例如设立“适应基金”,负责确定和管理旨在寻找持久解决办法的项目,包括缓解和预防战略。", "[25] 巴基斯坦政府、亚洲开发银行和世界银行,《2010年巴基斯坦水灾:初步损害和需要评估》,第68页;牛津救济会,《土地权利和印度河洪水》,2010-2011年:快速评估和政策审查(牛津,牛津救济会,2011年)。 特别报告员承认,政府面临巨大挑战,在救济和恢复方面作出了努力,特别是启动了Watan卡,在土地所有者和无地者之间没有歧视,鼓励所有人返回家园。", "[26] 据估计,在地震之前,太子港80%的人口居住在非正规住区,只有20%的土地。", "[27] 国际移徙组织,流离失所追踪矩阵,2011年5月。", "[28] 牛津救济会,《土地权利和印度河洪水》,第3页(见上文脚注25)。", "[29] John Telford和John Cosgrove,《对印度洋海啸国际反应的联合评价:综合报告》(伦敦,海啸评价联盟,2006年),第104页。", "[30] 迈克尔·里昂斯和西奥·希尔德曼编著. 《建设更美好:大规模交付以人为本的住房重建》(伦敦,《实际行动》,2010年)(关于斯里兰卡的社区);援助行动,“海啸应对:人权评估”(2006年),第43至47页。", "[31] 在 \" 卡特里娜 \" 飓风后,妇女尤其受缺乏负担得起的/公共住房的影响,因为在风暴来袭之前,她们领导了大多数公共住房和券补贴家庭。 见Ferris和Petz, A Year of Lives Dangerous (见上文脚注24)。", "[32] 见世界重建会议:自然灾害后恢复和减少风险:程序(2011年5月,日内瓦),第31页。", "[33] 见联合国海啸灾后复苏问题特使威廉·克林顿的报告,“重建更美好的关键提议”(2006年);(哈坎·阿尔斯兰和卡西迪·约翰逊,“土耳其:小行为者能否克服国家意愿的缺失?” ,《建设更美好:交付以人为本的住房》,里昂和希尔德曼编(见上文脚注30)。", "[34] 乐施会,《土地权利和印度河洪水》,第24和25页(见上文脚注25);巴基斯坦政府等,《2010年巴基斯坦水灾》,关于住房、农业和金融部门的附件(见上文脚注25)。 另见本报告第三部分关于土地保有权/土地评估的讨论。", "[35] 见强迫驱逐问题咨询小组,“对新奥尔良的访问报告”,2009年7月26日至31日,以及A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, 第30段。 在以公共住房为主的街区中,共有90%的居民是非裔美国人,其中80%是这些地区的租户。 见Ferris和Petz, A Year of living dangerous, 第74页(见上文脚注24)。", "[36] 特别报告员欢迎美利坚合众国政府提供的资料,欢迎该国政府,包括住房和城市发展部,为打击私营和公共行为者的住房歧视而采取的措施,以及除其他外,为打击歧视非裔美国人的限制性分区或租房条例引起的系统性歧视而采取的措施,例如圣伯纳德教区在飓风后通过的条例。", "[37] 美国政府问责局,《灾害住房:联邦紧急住房管理局需要更详细的指导和绩效措施,以帮助确保在重大灾害后提供有效援助,2009年,第11-13页;“卡特里娜后4年:住房危机仍在继续,低收入租户面临歧视”,《面对南方》,2009年8月21日。", "[38] Ferris和Petz, A Year of live dangerously, p.74 (见上文脚注24)。", "[39] 强迫驱逐问题咨询小组,“特派团报告”,第5页(见上文脚注35)。", "[40] 在某些情况下,私人所有权实际上可能不是确保保有权的最适当方式。 见A/HRC/10/7。", "[41] 见支持这一看法的代表团对特别报告员报告(A/HRC/16/42/2010)的评论,人权理事会第十六届会议。", "[42] 特别报告员注意到人道主义机构采用的“六种保有权选择”的分类办法,承认有必要也处理其他形式的保有权。 联合国和住房中心,灾后住房(2010年),第107页。", "[43] Langford和Moyo,“权利、补救或言论?” 第148和149页(见上文脚注15)。", "[44] 另见对传统和土著社区占有性权利的承认,原则15.3与原则16分开。", "[45] 见http://www.ohr.int/plip;Norbert Wühler和Heike Niebergall编,《财产归还和赔偿:索赔方案的做法和经验》(日内瓦,国际移徙组织,2008年)。", "[46] Rhodri Williams,“波斯尼亚冲突后财产的归还:在流离失所后兼顾赔偿和持久解决办法”,在土耳其国内外国内流离失所问题TESEV国际研讨会上作介绍,伊斯坦布尔,2006年12月;Conor Foley, Ingunn Sofie Aursnes,“冲突后土地、住房和财产的归还:原则和实践”,《人道主义交流杂志》(2005年),p. 2. 挪威难民理事会,阿富汗特别财产归还法院,2005年。", "[47] 总统办公室,1994年第22号,《归还土地权利法》,第一章(1);机构间常设委员会,《国内流离失所者持久解决办法框架》(哥伦比亚特区华盛顿,布鲁金斯研究所,2010年),第35页。", "[48] 另见原则8和15.2;E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/17/Add.1, 第62段;Langford和Moyo, “权利、补救或言论?” (见上文脚注15)。", "[49] 包括土地保有权完全基于使用,或实际上不可能归还的情况,例如租户无法返回居住地,或原址在灾害后已消失或被宣布为无住房。", "[50] 重要的是,某人的保有权不取决于原惯常居住地的实际重新使用。", "[51] 国际住房联盟,“海地住房部门评估:地震后一年”(2011年4月),第12页。", "[52] Telford和Cosgrove,《综合报告》,第102页(见上文脚注29);和Ian Christoplos,《救灾、恢复和发展在海啸反应中的联系:初步调查结果综述》(伦敦,海啸评价联盟,2006年),第71页。", "[53] (中文(简体) ). 关于海地,有人评论说,“对住房的提供采取严格的资产更换办法并急于确认财产权......并不适合满足大多数受影响人口的住房需要,这些人是租户和棚户区,而不是所有者”。 据认为,关于迅速实施地籍的提议是不适当的,有可能“对能够提供文件的最有地位和最强大的正式业主实行偏见”。 Kate Crawford等,“海地的协调和任期谜题”,《人道主义交流杂志》第48期(2010年),第8页。", "[54] 收到关于早先草案的评论。 同样,东帝汶政府也选择了一个很长的时间框架来处理土地问题。 东帝汶对特别报告员报告(A/HRC/16/42)的评论,2011年3月8日。", "[55] 正式的特别机制也需要资源和时间。 见科索沃财产机构2010年年度报告。", "[56] 大湖区问题国际会议,《回归者财产权议定书》(《大湖区议定书》),2006年,第4条。", "[57] 《大湖区议定书》,第4(3)条。", "[58] 见A/HRC/16/42, 第44和45段(关于东帝汶);和Foley和Aursnes, “土地、住房和财产”(见上文脚注46)。", "[59] 联合国人类住区规划署,《我的伯爵:土地保有权保障和城市土地管理调查》(内罗毕,2010年)。", "[60] 同上(关于印度尼西亚亚齐),第79-83页;和哈珀国际法,第209页(见上文脚注9)。", "[61] 见世界重建 会议:恢复和减少风险,第33和34页(见上文脚注32)。", "[62] Oli Brown和Alec Crawford,“在自然灾害后处理土地所有权问题:机构调查”,2006年,第6页;人权观察,“洪水后:2004年海啸后印度的重建”,第41页。 一些最重要的限制最终被放弃.", "[63] 旅游业关注,“海啸后重建和旅游业:第二次灾难?” 2005年。", "[64] 行动援助,“海啸反应”,第17和18页(见上文脚注30);Malcolm Langford和Jean du Plessis,“瓦砾中的尊严? 强迫驱逐和人权法”,以及布朗和克劳福德,“解决土地所有权问题”(见上文脚注62)。", "[65] Julia Cass和Peter Whoriskey,“新奥尔良夷平公共住房”,《华盛顿邮报》,2006年12月8日。", "[66] 大赦国际,“联合国自然灾害:海湾海岸的人权”,2010年,第6页;强迫驱逐问题咨询小组,特派团报告,第5、28至32页(见上文脚注35)。", "[67] A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, 第6段。 30. 特别报告员欢迎政府提供的资料以及以下事实:由于住房政策的结合,新奥尔良的住房补贴受益人现在比 \" 卡特里娜 \" 飓风之前多。", "[68] 2011年关于2010年2月27日地震海啸和智利重建进程的报告,由国际生境联盟、人类生境、建筑和城市主义学院住房研究所、重建观察站、 \" 太阳毛勒 \" 、 \" 让我们建设 \" 和 \" 观察站和住房 \" 网络为适当住房权问题特别报告员编写。", "[69] 同上。", "[70] 同上;又见A/HRC/13/20/Add.3, 第25段。", "[71] 相反,见“业主驱动”的重建办法是否成功。 世界重建组织 会议:恢复和减少风险,第25-27页(见上文脚注32)。", "[72] 马尔科姆·朗福德, “海啸灾难后返回和重新安置的权利”,《灾害简介》,第2(2)卷(2005年7月至9月)。 有些国家使用“建设性驱逐”一词来描述房东使房地无法居住或不适合其租赁目的的作为或不作为。", "[73] 经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第7号一般性意见,大会第60/147号决议,题为“严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害者获得补救和赔偿的权利的基本原则和准则;和皮涅罗原则。", "[74] 第7号一般性意见,第7段。 16. 机构间常设委员会准则,C.2.4,C.2.5。", "[75] 人权事务委员会,关于行动自由的第27号一般性意见。", "[76] “自然灾害中保护境内流离失所者:负责境内流离失所者人权问题的秘书长代表对亚洲的工作访问”,Walter Kälin,2005年,第22页。", "[77] 兰福德, “返回和重新安置的权利”(见上文脚注72)。", "[78] 世界银行,《自然危害,发展面临的风险:世界银行自然灾害援助国际评价》(哥伦比亚特区华盛顿,2006年);人道主义行动问责和绩效积极学习网络,“2008年应对地震:从地震救济和复原中学习”。", "[79] 机构间常设委员会,持久解决办法框架(见上文脚注47)。 可以从重新安置方面的良好发展做法中吸取经验教训,例如: Michael Cernea和Christopher McDowell编,《风险和重建:重新安置者和难民的经验》(世界银行,华盛顿特区,2000年)。", "[80] 例如,关于印度尼西亚、里昂和希尔德曼的住房建造,见《Bigs Back Better》,第157页(见上文脚注30)。", "[81] Megan Ballard,“冲突后财产归还:有缺陷的法律和理论基础”,《伯克利国际法学报》,462(2010)(关于波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那)。", "[82] 联合国海啸问题特使 恢复,“重建得更好的关键职位”(见上文脚注33)。", "[83] 巴基斯坦政府、亚洲开发银行和世界银行,《巴基斯坦水灾》,第7页(见上文脚注25)。", "[84] 同上,第22和94页。", "[85] 例如,见秘鲁的项目:《里昂和希尔德曼》,编辑,《BBuilding Back Better》,第307-344页(见上文脚注30)。", "[86] 太子港郊区的 \" Camp Corrail \" 案件就是这种困难的缩影。 它作为生活在最危险地区的流离失所者的临时营地,吸引了来自各地的人,并在几个月内被转变为一个新的非正式定居点,截至2011年5月,至少有50 000至60 000名居民。", "[87] John Holmes,“吸取海地的教训”,人道主义交流第48号(2010年10月),第3页。", "[88] 美利坚合众国题为“美国政府的海地战略:走向复兴和经济机会”的战略(2011年)。", "[89] 在海地,一个T型住房平均费用为2 500美元,而永久住房的最廉价估计数约为每所住房3 500美元。", "[90] 见第1号总原则。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of States on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the Members of the General Assembly the report of the independent expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of States on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights, Cephas Lumina, submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 7/4 and 16/14.", "Report of the independent expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of States on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights", "Summary", "Export credit and investment insurance agencies, commonly known as export credit agencies, are collectively the principal source of public financing for foreign corporate involvement in large-scale industrial and infrastructure projects in developing countries and emerging economies. In recent years, export credit agencies have assumed an increasingly important role in the global economy, particularly in the context of the global financial crisis.", "Nevertheless, many projects supported by export credit agencies have harmful environmental, social and human rights consequences and are not financially viable. Numerous reports have documented human rights violations arising from or associated with projects supported by export credit agencies, including forced displacement of local populations, violation of the rights of indigenous peoples, denial of access to basic services and environmental damage. In addition, export credit agencies tend to be secretive and often lack transparency and accountability in their funding decisions and operations.", "The present report, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 7/4 and 16/14, aims to focus attention on the adverse impact of export credit agency-supported activities on sustainable development and the realization of human rights in the countries where such activities are undertaken. It also examines the contribution of export credits to the debt burdens of those countries.", "The report calls upon States to address the negative impact of export credit agency-supported projects and makes some recommendations on measures to ensure that the activities of export credit agencies do not undermine the international human rights and other obligations of their home and host States and do not contribute to human rights violations.", "I. Introduction", "1. Export credit and investment insurance agencies, generally known as export credit agencies, are collectively the largest source of public financing for foreign corporate involvement in large-scale industrial and infrastructure projects, particularly in the extractive industries sector, in developing countries.[2] In 2005, export credit agencies from the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) provided $125 billion in credit, insurance, guarantee and interest support.[3] In 2007, export credit agencies collectively supported $1.4 trillion in trade and investment, equivalent to around 10 per cent of the world’s total export trade.[4] It is estimated that the activities undertaken by export credit agencies exceed those of all multilateral development banks and overseas development agencies and that they directly finance one in every eight dollars of world trade.[5]", "2. In recent years, export credit agencies have assumed an increasingly important role in the global economy, particularly in the context of the global financial crisis. In April 2009, the Group of 20, at its summit meeting in London, and OECD member countries pledged to provide extra support for export credits to help increase international trade flows.[6]", "3. Nevertheless, a significant number of the projects supported by export credit agencies, particularly large dams, oil pipelines, greenhouse gas-emitting coal and nuclear power plants, chemical facilities, mining projects and forestry and plantation schemes, have severe environmental, social and human rights impacts.[7] Numerous reports have documented the adverse human rights impact of projects supported by export credit agencies, including forced displacement of local populations, State repression, violations of the rights of indigenous peoples, denial of access to basic services and environmental damage.[8] In addition, export credit agencies often do not have adequate safeguards and due diligence, lack transparency and have been implicated in corruption.", "4. The present report, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 7/4 and 16/14, seeks to focus attention on the adverse impact of export credit agency-supported projects on sustainable development and the realization of human rights in the countries in which such projects are implemented. It also examines the contribution of export credits to the debt burden of developing countries.", "II. Overview of export credit agencies", "A. What is export credit?", "5. The term “export credit” refers to an insurance, guarantee or financing arrangement that enables a foreign buyer of exported capital goods and/or services to defer payment over a period of time (short term, usually under two years; medium term, usually from two to five years; and long term, usually over five years).[9] Export credit is the main type of facility provided by an export credit agency.", "B. What are export credit agencies?", "6. Export credit agencies are public entities that provide Government-backed or subsidized loans, guarantees, credits and insurance to private corporations from their home country to support exports and foreign investments, particularly in developing countries and emerging markets. Most developed countries have at least one export credit agency, which is usually an official or quasi-official agency of their Government.[10]", "7. Although export credit agencies take various organizational forms, they are usually backed by a Government and operate in accordance with a Government mandate. An export credit agency can be: (a) a Government department, as is the case in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Export Credits Guarantee Department) and the United States of America (Export-Import Bank); (b) an autonomous corporation, owned by the Government and independently managed, as in Australia (Export Finance and Insurance Corporation), Belgium (Office national du ducroire/Nationale Delcrederedienst) and Canada (Export Development Canada); or (c) a private company acting as a Government agent or a private-public partnership (where key decisions and risks are taken by the Government, while the company provides the services and undertakes the initial risk analysis), such as those in France (Compagnie française d’assurance pour le commerce extérieur), Germany (Euler Hermes Kreditversicherungs) and the Netherlands (Atradius).[11] These forms are reflected in the funding arrangements: from the national budget, from special Government funds, from loans and capital from the Government or from shares or bonds.", "8. Export credit agencies provide support to domestic companies in different ways. They provide loans (directly or through a commercial bank) to foreign buyers to purchase goods and services originating in the agency’s home country, thus facilitating the export capacity of local corporations. Financial services offered by export credit agencies also take the form of guarantees for commercial loans and export credit insurance. To obtain a credit guarantee, exporters take out insurance with an export credit agency, which undertakes to pay the exporter should the importer default on payment. Export credit agencies’ insurance also cover the losses emanating from political risks, such as nationalization or expropriation without compensation, confiscation of investments, restrictions on conversion of dividends and transfer of profits, currency instability, economic crisis or war. Through the provision of guarantees and insurance, export credit agencies back transactions that would normally be refused in the private market owing to the economic or political risk associated with them.", "9. Export credit agencies offer financing at lower interest rates, premiums and fees than those offered by the private markets, and their support entails minor economic requirements and limited (or no) compliance with environmental, social and transparency standards, thus facilitating easier, riskier and faster financial transactions. Nevertheless, for borrowers in developing countries, export credit agency-backed loans still have higher interest rates than many provided by other official sources, such as development banks or agencies.[12]", "10. Finally, most official lenders, such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other development agencies, ostensibly aim to promote local economic growth, development and/or poverty reduction, but most export credit agencies do not have a development mandate at all. Their singular purpose is to promote their own countries’ exports or foreign investments.", "III. Export credit agencies and sovereign debt", "11. Export credit agency-related debt constitutes the largest component of developing country debt. According to the World Bank, export credit agencies’ total exposure to developing countries had reached an estimated $500 billion by the end of 2000, one quarter of those countries’ total long-term external debt.[13] A number of countries owe more than 50 per cent of their total debt to export credit agencies. According to 2001 figures from OECD, for example, around 64 per cent of the debt of Nigeria and 42 per cent of the debt of the Democratic Republic of Congo were owed to export credit agencies.", "12. There are various ways in which export credits can contribute to a country’s sovereign debt. Export credit agencies can directly contribute to the sovereign debt burden when they lend to a Government or foreign public entity, or when they guarantee or insure commercial credits made available to a Government or public entity. If the debtor (the public entity) defaults on its payments to the export credit agency or to the creditor insured by the agency, the debt owed by the public entity becomes part of the country’s sovereign debt.", "13. Export credits may also generate sovereign debt indirectly through sovereign counterguarantees. These guarantees seek to reduce the risks of transactions between a private investor (an exporter or provider of services, often from a developed country) and a foreign private recipient (an importer or recipient of an investment or project, often from a developing country). The exporter takes up insurance with its home country’s export credit agency for a transaction or project with considerable economic or political risk. In turn, the export credit agency requires a counterguarantee from the recipient’s Government. In the event of default or failure of the project, the export credit agency pays the private company for its loss and seeks reimbursement for its costs from the developing country Government against its counterguarantee. If the Government is unable to pay the counterguarantee, the amount owed is added to the country’s sovereign debt. The inherent financial or political risk of the transaction is thus transferred from the private investor to the taxpayers of the country of the private recipient.", "14. Another way is when export credit agency projects involve Governments in large contingent liabilities even in circumstances where they do not borrow or guarantee a loan. Developing country Governments often have to offer extraordinarily generous terms to attract certain private investments such as those for power projects. The Government may have to sign a power purchase agreement guaranteeing the purchase of power at high dollar-denominated prices. Since such a purchase agreement is not a loan, it is not counted as debt, although it may have massive budgetary implications for the Government concerned.", "15. Inevitably, export credit agency backing reduces the pressure on investors to exercise due diligence in assessing the risk of default or failure of a project. Irresponsible investing and export credit agency backing can therefore contribute to an increase in the debt of developing countries.", "16. Governments that are unable to meet their debt obligations often need to reschedule their debt repayments in international forums, such as the Paris Club. For the least developed countries, export credit-related debt is often not included in negotiations on debt relief or cancellation. Currently, all export credit debt that is cancelled after debt rescheduling agreements in the Paris Club may be reported as official development assistance. Thus, the cancellation of export credit agency debts is often funded by official aid budgets. However, transactions that result in export credit debt do not necessarily serve development purposes; export credits typically support environmentally and socially harmful projects.", "17. Civil society organizations have expressed concern that some of the debt emanating from export credit agency transactions with developing countries may be odious or illegitimate (see A/64/289) and should therefore be cancelled. The independent expert shares this concern and urges debtor countries to conduct transparent public audits of all export credit agency debt in order to ascertain its nature. In keeping with the principle of shared responsibility of creditors and debtors for preventing and resolving unsustainable debt situations, as underscored in the Monterrey Consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development, he also calls upon the home States of export credit agencies to undertake transparent public audits of the lending portfolios of their agencies.", "IV. Export credit agencies and human rights", "A. Human rights obligations of export credit agencies", "18. States bear primary responsibility for the realization of human rights. In this regard, they have three essential duties: to respect, protect and fulfil the human rights of individuals or groups within their territory or jurisdiction. The duty to protect entails taking measures to ensure at all times that third parties do not violate human rights. Thus, States must take appropriate steps to prevent, investigate, punish and redress human rights abuses by third parties through effective policies, legislation, regulation and adjudication (see A/HRC/17/31, annex, principle 1).", "19. It is increasingly recognized that States’ human rights obligations can extend beyond borders in certain circumstances. For example, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has underscored the legal obligations of States to respect economic, social and cultural rights beyond their jurisdiction and to avoid actions that have the effect of undermining them. In its general comment No. 14, the Committee has stated that to comply with their international obligations, States parties have to respect the enjoyment of the right to health in other countries and to prevent third parties from violating that right in other countries, if they are able to influence these third parties by way of legal or political means, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and applicable international law (E/C.12/2000/4, para. 39).[14] In a similar vein, the Human Rights Committee, in its general comment No. 31, has stated that a State party must respect and ensure the rights laid down in the Covenant to anyone within the power or effective control of that State party, even if not situated within its territory (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13, para. 10).[15]", "20. Thus, a State whose actions undermine human rights abroad or whose failure to regulate national actors results in violations in other countries is liable in respect of those violations.[16] In addition, under article 2.1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, States have an obligation to provide international assistance and cooperation with a view to achieving progressively the realization of the rights elaborated in the Covenant.", "21. While the State where an export credit agency-backed project is implemented bears primary responsibility for the protection of human rights of the local population, the agencies’ home States are responsible for the regulation and supervision of the activities carried out by their national export credit agencies (whether owned, mandated or regulated by Government) that had an adverse effect on the enjoyment of human rights of the population of the host State. As stated by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, States should take steps to protect against human rights abuses by business enterprises that are owned or controlled by the State or that receive substantial support and services from State agencies such as export credit agencies and official investment insurance or guarantee agencies, including, where appropriate, by requiring human rights due diligence (A/HRC/17/31, annex, principle 4).", "22. However, Governments rarely exercise due diligence concerning the actions of their national export credit agencies. Indeed, the agencies’ operational policies and the national laws establishing them typically never include references to human rights standards. Neither do export credit agencies have in place a clear policy on the prevention of human rights abuses or on due diligence to identify potential harmful effects of projects on human rights and to mitigate them. Many export credit agencies’ home States also lack effective mechanisms to adjudicate claims of human rights abuses resulting from projects backed by such agencies.[17] Moreover, impact assessments of human rights violations of export credit agency-backed operations are rarely undertaken. In addition, all transactions and projects supported by export credit agencies are often protected by confidentiality provisions that prevent their publication among the population and the potentially affected communities, thus undermining the human rights principles of transparency and participation.", "23. As explained above, export credit agency-supported activities can have serious consequences on a country’s debt burden and sustainable development and, consequently, on the lives of people. States should therefore ensure that the projects that they support through their export credit agencies do not result in or contribute to human rights abuses. When a Government, directly or through its export credit agency, fails to exercise due diligence to protect human rights from the potentially harmful behaviour of non-State actors, it is in breach of its obligations under international human rights law.", "24. For export credit agencies to operate with due diligence, they should carry out and publicize human rights impact assessments, in consultation with the potentially affected population, before deciding to support any project. They should also continue to conduct independent monitoring throughout the life of the project and reassess the human rights risks. To ensure that potential victims receive adequate attention and redress, export credit agencies should put in place an independent, fair and non-discriminatory grievance mechanism. National legislation establishing export credit agencies and their operational policies should also refer to human rights standards. Export credit agencies should assess all projects against human rights standards and establish clear due diligence requirements in their policies and contracts with clients.", "25. Private corporations that are financially supported by export credit agencies also bear responsibility for the human rights impact of their activities. It is noteworthy in this regard that the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 8/7, underscores the responsibility of transnational corporations and other business enterprises to respect all human rights (see also Human Rights Council resolution 17/4). It is also notable that the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has stressed that national and transnational private actors should pursue their activities within the framework of a code of conduct conducive to the respect of those rights (E/C.12/1999/5, para. 20).", "26. Private corporations have a responsibility to the community to ensure that their activities do not violate human rights, either directly or through complicit association with abusers, and to seek to prevent or mitigate adverse human rights impacts (A/HRC/17/31, annex, principle 13). It is notable that the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises has stressed that, in addition to compliance with national laws, corporations have a basic responsibility to respect human rights, as this is the basic expectation that society has of business (see A/HRC/11/13).", "27. Such responsibility requires a policy commitment to comply with human rights standards grounded in core international human rights instruments, specific human rights due diligence and the provision of grievance mechanisms to victims of human rights abuses. Corporate due diligence should entail a number of steps that companies must take to become aware of, prevent, mitigate and address adverse human rights impacts. To conduct their businesses with due diligence, companies must consider the context in which they operate; the impact of their activities, by conducting human rights impact assessments; and the behaviour of the relationships connected to those activities, to avoid complicity in human rights abuses (A/HRC/17/31, annex, principle 17). They should also engage with potentially affected communities through continuous consultation and the provision of information.", "28. When abuses have already taken place, grievance mechanisms should be provided to the victims. The Special Representative has emphasized that access to remedies plays an important role in corporate responsibility to respect human rights. Corporations should establish grievance mechanisms such as hotlines for raising complaints, advisory services for victims and expert mediators.", "B. Impact of export credit agency activities on human rights", "29. Although it is difficult to obtain accurate information on export credit agency-backed projects owing to the secretive manner in which most of the agencies operate, numerous reports have documented the harmful impact of those projects on human rights. According to the reports, corporate activities supported by export credit agencies have on numerous occasions resulted in human rights violations, such as harassment of ethnic minorities, occupation of indigenous land, forced evictions and resettlement, lack of compensation, destruction of rural livelihoods, violations of labour rights, threats to life and bodily integrity, increased militarization, State repression, exclusion of women from consultation, restrictions on freedom of expression and association, insufficient participation of and consultation with people affected by the project and restrictions on access to justice.[18]", "C. Other concerns", "30. The activities supported by export credit agencies have also given rise to concerns about the lack of transparency and accountability. Most such agencies have resisted calls by civil society organizations to publish information, claiming that they are exempt from transparency requirements owing to the commercial and international sensitivity of their activities and the confidentiality rule that protects them.", "31. Although the availability of information on their operations varies from country to country, export credit agencies lag behind the transparency and accountability mechanisms of other public agencies. This undermines any attempts to ensure that the agencies provide responsible credit, behave with due diligence and respect human rights and environmental standards. Indeed, most of them are not obliged to disclose information about the potential adverse social and environmental impact of the projects that they support. Some agencies release the relevant information only after the transaction has been approved and subject to authorization from the client.", "32. The lack of transparency and accountability of export credit agency operations puts home Governments and, indirectly, their taxpayers, at risk of complicity in supporting projects that may result in human rights violations, connivance with corrupt practices, involvement in the activities of unaccountable regimes and environmental degradation. As public or semi-public entities, export credit agencies have a responsibility to inform taxpayers of any such risks.", "33. Reports by civil society organizations indicate that projects supported by export credit agencies are known to have been implicated in corruption cases. According to Transparency International, bribing foreign officials in order to secure contracts for their exports has become a widespread practice in industrialized countries.[19] The bribes are treated as commissions and are included in the contract value covered by the guarantee or in the indemnification of the exporter where insurances come into play.¹⁸", "34. Export credit agency-backed projects are also known to have supported the activities of unaccountable regimes. For example, loans and guarantees were provided by the Export-Import Bank of the United States for the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant project during the Ferdinand Marcos regime in the Philippines. The German export credit agency provided insurance to support a deal with Indonesia, during the Suharto regime, to purchase and modernize German vessels, which were eventually used in internal armed conflict in Indonesia.[20] Similarly, the Export Credits Guarantee Department of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland agreed to underwrite a guarantee on the sale of Hawk fighter jets to the Indonesian Air Force during the Suharto regime in 1993 and 1996. The jets were reported to have been used by the Indonesian military against villages in East Timor in 1999.[21]", "35. The provision of export credit agency loans and guarantees for extractive industry projects such as logging, mining, gas or oil can take an enormous toll on the environment of the region where the project is implemented and on the lives of their communities. They risk creating environmental degradation; land, air and water pollution; destruction of habitats; greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, desertification and soil degradation; long-term fossil fuel dependence; and ultimately, global climate change. In turn, these environmental changes may affect the health of the local population, increasing the risk of cancer, skin and pulmonary disease and other health-related problems. They may also affect people’s access to sources of livelihood, reducing their food security, and result in the displacement of local communities, particularly of indigenous peoples, from their traditional homelands.", "36. As stated above, export credit agencies play an important role in the global economy. This role entails an additional responsibility for agencies supporting projects in developing countries to conduct their businesses with transparency, accountability and due diligence and in strict compliance with internationally agreed standards on human rights and environmental issues. It is regrettable that as public finance bodies supporting projects in developing countries, most export credit agencies have no development mandate and their sole mission is to promote investments and exports of private corporations, often to the detriment of human rights and sustainable development in the countries where they support projects.[22]", "37. As intimated in his report on his mission to Australia (A/HRC/17/37/Add.1), the independent expert fully supports the view that the absence of transparency requirements raises serious questions about the accountability of export credit agencies to the taxpayers of their home States and to citizens of the developing countries where they support projects. Loans underwritten by an export credit agency’s home Government or guaranteed by the Governments of the countries where export credit agency-supported projects are being implemented are matters of public concern. It is therefore reasonable to expect a public body or a publicly funded body to abide by transparency requirements and operate with clear accountability mechanisms.", "38. The independent expert is of the view that export credit agencies should be required to publicly disclose information concerning their activities, including project assessment, decision-making and implementation, and to undertake assessments of the human rights impact of their financing decisions, in addition to environmental and social impact assessments. Any limitations to the disclosure of information should be clearly and narrowly defined. This would allow export credit agencies to make responsible and informed decisions about the projects they support.", "39. Besides the adoption of transparency and accountability mechanisms as part of agencies’ policies and procedures, State entities such as national legislatures or national audit offices have a responsibility to undertake ongoing monitoring of the activities of export credit agencies to ensure that their activities do not undermine their country’s foreign aid and development policies or their international human rights obligations. These human rights concerns require further investigation.", "V. International regulation of export credit agency activities", "40. Within OECD, export credit agencies are governed through the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits. The Arrangement establishes a legal and financial framework for export credit provision, with the aim of bringing discipline and transparency to export credit operations. The Arrangement focuses mainly on such issues as minimum interest rates and down payments, standardized repayment schedules, common reporting procedures, maximum duration of credits and discipline and transparency in the use of tied aid.", "41. In addition, the OECD Working Party on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees (Export Credit Group) provides a forum for the discussion of non-fiscal issues, such as corruption, environment and competition, the negotiation of non-binding common guiding principles and improved cooperation among competitors.", "42. International cooperation on export credit policy is also undertaken by the International Union of Credit and Investment Insurers, known as the Berne Union. However, its role is limited to exchanging information on foreign buyers to reduce commercial risk. The Berne Union gathers together export credit agencies not only from OECD countries but also from some emerging economies. It also includes private entities providing export credits and investment insurance without a public mandate. The guiding principles of the Berne Union, which apply to all members, contain vague references to such issues as environmental sensitivity, combating of corruption and promotion of transparency.", "43. Most OECD export credit agencies have adopted policies regarding the environmental and social impact of their activities. Such policies typically require environmental impact assessments.", "44. In 2003, OECD adopted the Export Credit Group’s recommendation on common approaches on environment and officially supported export credits, known as the Common Approaches. The Common Approaches require Governments and export credit agencies to review projects for their potential environmental impact and to evaluate them against international standards. After a review in June 2007, OECD updated the recommendation on the Common Approaches, calling for more public disclosure of information and increased exchange of information to promote a level playing field among agencies. The rules also require compliance with environmental standards in the host country, the screening and classification of potential environmental impact and the carrying out of environmental impact assessments for projects with potential significant adverse environmental impact, as well as the screening of projects against the World Bank safeguard policies or, where appropriate, the International Finance Corporation performance standards.", "45. However, the Common Approaches have a number of drawbacks. First, they are a non-binding recommendation. Second, they contain a derogation clause (article 13) that allows member export credit agencies, should they so decide, to opt out of applying any standards at all, provided they report and justify this to the Export Credit Group.[23] Third, the Common Approaches currently apply only to officially supported export credits with a repayment term of two years or more.", "46. It is notable that the Common Approaches make no reference to human rights, which has prompted the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises to recommend that the Common Approaches clearly acknowledge that human rights are a critical element in the social sustainability of enterprises and markets and explicitly recognize the export credit agencies’ role in fostering corporate responsibility to respect human rights.[24] The Special Representative has further suggested that OECD consider building export credit agency capacity on human rights by establishing a human rights working group to develop tools suitable for export credit agencies in undertaking human rights due diligence and help build in knowledge base and competency.²³ In addition, Amnesty International has recommended that export credit agency-supported projects be assessed against international human rights standards in order to prevent projects from causing or contributing to human rights violations.[25] The independent expert fully supports these recommendations.", "47. With regard to corruption, in 2000, the Export Credit Group issued an action statement on bribery and officially supported export credits, which was revised in 2006 and later converted into an OECD recommendation. The recommendation recognizes the role of export credit agencies in combating corruption and recommends appropriate measures to deter bribery in their international operations, including informing exporters requesting credit about the legal consequences of bribery, requesting a declaration that the exporters have not been engaged in bribery, requesting information on past corruption charges, requiring the disclosure of information on agents’ fees and commissions, checking the record of potential clients on the debarment lists of international financial institutions and suspending a project where there is evidence of bribery.[26]", "48. Despite these limited efforts, the operations of export credit agencies continue to be largely unregulated at the global level, and standards on and regulation of transparency and environmental and human rights effects are largely insufficient.", "VI. State responsibility for the wrongful acts of export credit agencies", "49. As officially supported agencies, export credit agencies can be distinguished from purely private financial corporations. Whether Government-owned or Government-mandated, they perform their functions under national laws or regulations that prescribe their mandates. All export credit agencies carry out some transactions on their Government’s behalf, with its support and under its control. This establishes a legal nexus between the State and the agency.[27] Private-public consortia of export credit agencies are also controlled by the State through the authorization, funding and regulation of their operations. As a consequence of this legal nexus, it can be argued that any violation of international law committed by an export credit agency triggers the responsibility of its home State and the wrongful act committed by the export credit agency will be attributable to that State.", "50. To support this view, it is worth recalling that according to articles 4 and 5 of the International Law Commission’s draft articles on Responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, the conduct of any organ of the State, whatever functions or position it holds, and of any non-State organ empowered by the law of that State to exercise certain Governmental authority and acting in that capacity in the particular instance will be attributable to that State under international law. Moreover, for the purposes of international responsibility and in line with the principle of unity of the State, the acts or omissions of any unit of the State can be regarded as an act of the State (A/56/10). This means that the wrongful actions and omissions of export credit agencies that are organs of the State are attributable to the State under the international law of State responsibility. Export credit agencies established as State agencies or Government departments are clearly public authorities, and as such the State bears responsibility for their actions. They are wholly owned by the State and operate under its control. Similarly, export credit agencies established as autonomous corporations owned by the State may be independently managed, but their activities are ultimately overseen by a Government department such as the ministry of trade or finance. Accordingly, this second category of export credit agencies may also be considered as being under State control. Although private companies or private-public consortia belonging to the third category possess more autonomy, the State retains some control over their operations through regulation, funding, approval of large disbursements, oversight or the establishment of standards and procedures. In many cases, ultimate decisions regarding the operations of private or public-private corporations require the approval of a ministry or ministerial committee. Overall, the implication of the State in the activities of export credit agencies is a common factor and cannot be taken too lightly.", "51. In line with the law of State responsibility, Governments must ensure that national export credit agencies do not violate international legal obligations, including international human rights law. Where an export credit agency does not consider or take steps to mitigate the human rights impact of the projects of private companies they support, they risk triggering the responsibility of the State for violating international law obligations should abuses occur (A/HRC/17/31, annex, principle 4). States’ duty under international law also requires them to ensure that their actions or those of their organs, including export credit agencies, do not cause harm to another State.", "52. A State also bears international responsibility for complicity in the wrongful acts of another State if it had knowledge of the circumstances of the wrongful act (A/56/10, article 16). Accordingly, if an export credit agency supports the project of a corporation in a country that allows the corporation to operate in violation of international human rights law, the home State could be responsible for assisting the wrongful act of the host State.[28]", "53. The commentary on part one, chapter II, of the draft articles stresses that a State may be responsible for the effects of the conduct of private parties if it failed to take necessary measures to prevent those effects (A/56/10). As mentioned above, under international human rights law, States have a duty to regulate the activities of third parties to protect against human rights abuses. Similarly, in the context of the responsibility of transnational corporate activities, States are under the obligation to protect against human rights abuses of home corporations in foreign countries.[29]", "VII. Conclusions and recommendations", "54. Projects supported by export credit agencies can have an adverse impact on sustainable development and human rights in the countries in which they are implemented. Often, export credit agencies lack transparency and do not adequately incorporate environmental, social and human rights considerations into their funding decisions. Under the international law of State responsibility, officially supported export credit agencies are organs or agents of the home State, and their wrongful acts or omissions may be attributable to that State. As such, home States are under an obligation to regulate their activities. In addition, export credit agencies have a responsibility to respect human rights.", "55. In order to ensure that export credit agency-supported activities do not undermine international human rights obligations, contribute to violations of human rights, hamper sustainable development in the countries in which they are being undertaken or contribute to the debt burdens of developing countries, the independent expert recommends that:", "(a) States adopt measures to ensure that their export credit agencies adopt and implement stronger environmental and social safeguards that are consistent with international human rights standards;", "(b) States ensure that their export credit agencies improve transparency and accountability by implementing disclosure policies that require, inter alia, public disclosure of all information on the environmental, social, human rights and development impact of agency-supported transactions and that such information is made accessible to the affected communities;", "(c) States take measures, including adopting legislation, to ensure that their export credit agencies do not support projects that cause or contribute to human rights violations, and in this regard, that they ensure that their export credit agencies discharge their obligation to respect human rights by adopting a human rights due diligence framework through which they can assess the actual and potential negative human rights impact and address risks effectively;", "(d) States ensure access to effective national legal remedies for those affected by export credit agency-supported projects and exports, including the victims of human rights violations arising from export credit agency-supported activities;", "(e) The implementation of the OECD Common Approaches in environmental, social and human rights screening policies of export credit agencies become mandatory;", "(f) The international community adopt a moratorium on the repayment of current export credit agency debt for the poorest countries, much of which has been incurred for economically unproductive purposes, debtor countries conduct transparent public audits of all export credit agency claims to determine their legitimacy in conformity with the odious debts doctrine, and all debt found to be contrary to the doctrine be unconditionally cancelled.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] See Doug Norlen, Rory Cox, Miho Kim and Catriona Glazebrook, eds., Unusual Suspects: Unearthing the Shadowy World of Export Credit Agencies (Oakland, California, Pacific Environment, 2002), p. 1; Bruce Rich, “Exporting destruction”, The Environmental Forum, September/October 2000; Malcolm Stephens, The Changing Role of Export Credit Agencies (Washington, D.C., International Monetary Fund, 1999), p. 63; Andrew M. Moravcsik, “Disciplining trade finance: the OECD export credit arrangement”, International Organization, vol. 43, No. 1 (Winter 1989), p. 176; OECD, “Review of official export credit commitments to IDA-only countries (2001-2009)”, p. 6, available from www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/59/ 36945707.pdf.", "[3] See www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/35/37931024.pdf. See also Karyn Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights” (Halifax Initiative, 2008), p. 1.", "[4] See Bruce Rich, Foreclosing the Future: Coal, Climate and Public International Finance (Environmental Defense Fund, 2009), p. 5, available from www.edf.org/documents/9593_coal-plants-report.pdf. See also Richard Wainwright, ed., Exporting Destruction: Export Credits, Illegal Logging and Deforestation (FERN, 2008), p. 7.", "[5] Delio E. Gianturco, Export Credit Agencies: The Unsung Giants of International Trade and Finance (Westport, Connecticut, Quorum Books, 2001), p. 1.", "[6] The final communiqué of the Group of 20 on the Global Plan for Recovery and Reform states that its leaders will ensure the availability of at least $250 billion over the next two years to support trade finance through the Group’s export credit and investment agencies and through the multilateral development banks. See the Global Plan for Recovery and Reform, adopted by the leaders of the Group of 20 on 2 April 2009. Available from www.g20.org/Documents/ final-communique.pdf. See also the statement of OECD on the global financial crisis and export credits dated 22 April 2009. Available from www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/22/42624233.pdf.", "[7] Norlen et al., Unusual Suspects (see footnote 1), p. 1.", "[8] See Gabrielle Watson, ed., Race to the Bottom, Take II: An Assessment of Sustainable Development Achievements of ECA-Supported Projects Two Years After OECD Common Approaches Rev. 6 (ECA Watch, 2003); Stephanie Fried and Titi Soentoro, eds., A Brief Overview of Export Credit Agencies in the Asia-Pacific Region (Mumbai, World Social Forum, 2004); Nicholas Hildyard, “Snouts in the trough: export credit agencies, corporate welfare and policy incoherence”, Corner House Briefing Paper No. 14 (Corner House, 1999), available from www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/resource/snouts-trough; Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights”, p. 1. See also the submission of Amnesty International on the review of the revised recommendation on common approaches on the environment and officially supported export credits in March 2010 (POL 30/002/2010), p. 1.", "[9] See OECD, Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-member Economies: Introduction (2008). Available from www.oecd-ilibrary.org.", "[10] For information on export credit financing systems in OECD member and non-member countries, see www.oecd-ilibrary.org/trade/export-credit-financing-systems-in-oecd-member-countries-and-non-member-economies_17273870.", "[11] Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights” (see footnote 2), p. 2.", "[12] Aaron Goldzimer, “Worse than the World Bank? Export credit agencies — the secret engine of globalization”, Backgrounder, vol. 9, No. 1 (Winter 2003), p. 2.", "[13] World Bank, Global Development Finance: Financing the Poorest Countries (Washington, D.C., 2002), p. 107.", "[14] See also general comment No. 12 on the right to adequate food, paras. 36 and 37; and general comment No. 15 on the right to water, paras. 31-34.", "[15] See also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[16] Some treaty bodies have urged States parties to take steps to prevent companies under their jurisdiction from committing abuses abroad. See, for example, general comment No. 19 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the right to social security (E/C.12/GC/19), para. 54, and the Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on the fourth, fifth and sixth periodic reports of the United States (CERD/C/USA/CO/6).", "[17] In the United States, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, which operates as an export credit agency, has established an Office of Accountability to assess and review complaints about the projects that it supports. The Office offers local communities, which may be materially, directly or adversely affected by a project, and project sponsors, a means of raising complaints, independently from the Corporation’s operations. See www.opic.gov/doing-business/ accountability.", "[18] See, for instance, Watson, ed., Race to the Bottom, Take 11 (see footnote 7) and Norlen et al., Unusual Suspects (see footnote 1).", "[19] Dieter Frisch, “Export credit insurance and the fight against international corruption”, Transparency International Working Paper (Transparency International, 1999). Available from www.odiousdebts.org/odiousdebts/index.cfm?DSP=content&ContentID=2366. On insufficient progress in tackling corporate involvement in bribery and corruption, see also Transparency International, Transparency in Reporting on Anti-Corruption: A Report on Corporate Practices (2009).", "[20] See European Network on Debt and Development, “Skeletons in the cupboard: illegitimate debt claims of the G7” (2007).", "[21] Hildyard, “Snouts in the trough” (see footnote 7).", "[22] Jubilee Australia, Risky Business: Shining a Spotlight on Australia’s Export Credit Agency (Sydney, Australia, 2009), p. 10.", "[23] Wainwright, ed., Exporting Destruction (see footnote 3), p. 12. See also http://www.oekb.at/ en/export-services/transparency-compliance/environment/oecd-common-approaches/pages/ default.aspx.", "[24] Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, John Ruggie, “Engaging export credit agencies in respecting human rights”, statement at the OECD Export Credit Group Common Approaches Meeting, Paris, 23 June 2010.", "[25] See the submission of Amnesty International on the review of the revised recommendation on the common approaches (see footnote 7), p. 4.", "[26] Wainwright, ed., Exporting Destruction (see footnote 3), p. 15.", "[27] See Özgür Can and Sara L. Seck, “The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”, paper prepared for ECA Watch, Halifax Initiative and ESCR-Net, July 2006. Available from www.halifaxinitiative.org/updir/ECAHRlegalFINAL.pdf.", "[28] See Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights” (see footnote 2), pp. 3-7. See also Can and Seck, “The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”, pp. 4-8.", "[29] See Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights”, p. 10; Can and Seck, “The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”, p. 12." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "国家的外债和其他有关国际金融义务对充分享受所有人权，尤其是经济、社会、文化权利的影响", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递国家的外债和其他有关国际金融义务对充分享受所有人权，特别是经济、社会和文化权利的影响问题独立专家西法斯·卢米纳根据人权理事会第7/4和16/4号决议提交的报告。", "国家的外债和其他有关国际金融义务对充分享受所有人权，尤其是经济、社会、文化权利的影响问题独立专家的报告", "摘要", "出口信贷和投资保险机构通常称为出口信贷机构。这些机构作为一个整体，是为外国企业参与发展中国家和新兴经济体大规模工业和基础设施项目提供公共融资的主要来源。近年来，出口信贷机构在全球经济中，尤其在全球金融危机背景下，发挥了日益重要的作用。", "然而，出口信贷机构支助的许多项目在环境、社会和人权方面产生了有害后果，而且在经济上无法维持。许多报告记录了出口信贷机构所支助的项目引起的或与其相关的侵犯人权行为，包括迫使当地人口流离失所、侵犯土著居民权利、剥夺获得基本服务的机会和破坏环境。此外，出口信贷机构一般行事作风诡秘，在融资决策和业务操作上往往缺乏透明度。", "本报告系根据人权理事会第7/4和16/4号决议提交，旨在探讨出口信贷机构所支持的活动对进行此类活动的国家、尤其是发展中国家的可持续性发展和人权实现情况的不利影响。报告还论述了出口信贷在增加这些国家债务负担方面所起的作用。", "本报告吁请各国减少出口信贷机构所支助项目的负面影响，并提出一些措施建议，以切实避免出口信贷机构的活动妨碍机构母国及东道国履行国际人权义务和其他义务，并切实避免该活动助长侵犯人权行为。", "一. 导言", "1. 出口信贷和投资保险机构一般称为出口信贷机构。这些机构作为一个整体，是为外国企业参与发展中国家大规模工业和基础设施项目、尤其是采掘业部门项目提供公共融资的主要来源。[2] 2005年，经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)成员国的出口信贷机构提供了1 250亿美元的信贷、保险、担保和利息补助。[3] 2007年，出口信贷机构集体支助了1.4万亿美元的贸易和投资，相当于世界出口贸易总额的约10%。[4] 据估计，出口信贷机构开展的活动超过所有多边开发银行和海外开发署的活动，其直接融资的贸易额占世界贸易总额的八分之一。[5]", "2. 近年来，出口信贷机构在全球经济中，尤其是在全球金融危机背景下，发挥了日益重要的作用。2009年4月，20国集团和经合组织国家举行伦敦峰会，承诺为出口信贷提供更多支助，以增加国际贸易流量。[6]", "3. 然而，出口信贷机构支助的许多项目，包括大型水坝、输油管、排放温室气体的火力发电厂和原子能发电厂、化工设施、采矿项目以及林业和种植园项目，在环境、社会和人权方面产生了严重后果。[7] 许多报告记录了出口信贷机构所支助的项目对人权的不利影响，包括迫使当地人口流离失所、导致政府镇压、侵犯土著居民权利、剥夺获得基本服务的机会和破坏环境。[8] 此外，出口信贷机构往往没有足够的保障监督和尽责措施，缺乏透明度，并卷入腐败。", "4. 本报告系根据人权理事会第7/4号和第16/4号决议提交，旨在重点阐述出口信贷机构所支持的活动对执行此类项目所在国的可持续性发展和人权实现情况的不利影响。本报告还探讨了出口信贷在增加发展中国家债务负担方面所起的作用。", "二. 出口信贷机构概述", "A. 什么是出口信贷？", "5. “出口信贷”一词系指一种保险、担保或融资安排，它使出口资本货物和/或服务的购买人能推迟一段时间付款(包括通常为两年以下的短期信贷，通常为两至五年的中期信贷，以及通常为五年以上的长期信贷)。[9] 出口信贷是出口信贷机构提供的主要贷款。", "B. 什么是出口信贷机构？", "6. 出口信贷机构是公共实体，向母国的私营公司提供政府担保或补贴的贷款、担保、信贷和保险，以支助出口和对外投资，尤其是对发展中国家和新兴经济体的出口和投资。大多数发达国家至少有一个出口信贷机构，通常是其政府的官方或准官方机构。[10]", "7. 虽然出口信贷机构的组织形式多种多样，但通常由政府支持并根据政府赋予的任务开展活动。出口信贷机构可以是：(a) 一个政府部门，例如大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国的出口信贷担保部和美利坚合众国的进出口银行；(b) 一家政府拥有但独立经营的自主公司，例如澳大利亚的出口融资和保险公司、比利时的Office National du Ducroire/Nationale Delcrederediennst和加拿大的加拿大出口发展公司；或(c) 一家作为政府代理机构或公私合伙机构的私人公司(由政府作出关键决策并承担关键风险，由公司提供服务并进行初期风险分析)，例如法国的Compagnie Francaise d’Assurance pour le Commerce Exterieur、德国的Euler Hermes Kreditversicherungs以及荷兰的Atradius。[11] 这些形式反映于融资安排的资金来源：国家预算；政府专项资金；政府贷款和资本；股份或债券。", "8. 出口信贷机构以不同方式向国内公司提供支助。这些机构向外国购买人(直接或通过商业银行)提供贷款，用于购买源自该机构母国的货物和服务，从而提升本国公司的出口能力。出口信贷机构提供的金融服务还包括商业贷款担保和出口信贷保险。为获取信贷担保，出口人向出口信贷机构投保，由该机构保证在进口人拖欠款项时向出口人支付的款项。出口信贷机构的保险还承保政治风险造成的损失，此类风险包括：无偿国有化或征用、没收投资、限制兑换股息和转移利润、货币不稳定、经济危机或战争。通过提供担保和保险，出口信贷机构支助在私人市场上因相关经济或政治风险而通常无人问津的交易。", "9. 出口信贷机构以低于私人市场的利率、保险费和手续费提供融资，且这些机构对提供支助提出的经济条件很低，只需有限度地遵守(或根本不用遵守)环境、社会和透明度标准，使金融交易得以更容易、更快捷地进行，但其风险也更高。然而，对发展中国家的借款人而言，出口信贷机构担保的贷款的利率仍高于开发银行或机构等其他官方来源提供的许多贷款的利率。[12]", "10. 最后，世界银行、国际货币基金组织和其他发展机构等大多数官方贷款机构显然以促进当地经济增长、发展和/或减贫为目标，而大多数出口信贷机构则完全没有促进发展的任务。这些机构的唯一目标就是促进本国的出口或对外投资。", "三. 出口信贷机构与主权债务", "11. 与出口信贷机构相关的债务是发展中国家债务的最大组成部分。据世界银行估计，截至2000年底，出口信贷机构对发展中国家长期外债的总敞口已达5000亿美元，占这些国家长期外债总额的四分之一。[13] 一些国家债务总额的50%以上为欠出口信贷机构的债务。例如，根据2001年经合组织提供的数字，尼日利亚约64%的债务和刚果民主共和国约42%的债务为欠出口信贷机构的债务。", "12. 出口信贷通过各种途径造成一个国家主权债务的增加。出口信贷机构可能直接加重主权债务负担，其途径是这些机构直接向政府或外国公共实体提供贷款，或者为提供给政府或公共实体的商业信贷提供担保或保险。如果债务人(公共实体)对出口信贷机构或其提供保险的债权人拖欠付款，该公共实体所欠的债务就会成为该国主权债务的一部分。", "13. 出口信贷还可能通过主权反担保间接导致主权债务。此类担保的目的是降低私人出口商通常为发达国家的服务出口商或提供商)与外国私人接受方(通常为发展中国家的进口商或投资或项目的接受方)之间交易的风险。出口商为有较大经济或政治风险的交易或项目向母国的出口信贷机构投保。然后，出口信贷机构要求接受方所在国家政府提供反担保。如果项目违约或破产，出口信贷机构会支付私营公司的损失，并根据发展中国家政府的反担保追回付出的款项。如果该政府无力按反担保付款，则所欠款额计入该国的主权债务。这样一来，该交易所包含的金融或政治风险就从私人投资者转到私人接受方所在国的纳税人身上。", "14. 另一种情况是，即便政府不借款或提供贷款担保，出口信贷机构项目也会给政府带来大量或有负债。发展中国家政府为吸引私人投资如发电项目投资，往往提供“特别慷慨的”条件。该政府可能不得不签订电力购买协议，保证按美元高价购买电力。这种购买协议并非贷款，因此不计为债务，但可能使该政府带来严重的预算问题。", "15. 不可避免的是，由于有出口信贷机构的支持，投资人为评估项目违约或破产风险而进行尽职调查的压力就会降低。因此，不负责任的投资行为和出口信贷机构的支持可能导致发展中国家债务增加。", "16. 无力履行偿债义务的政府往往需要在巴黎俱乐部等国际场合重新安排偿债期限。对最不发达国家而言，与出口信贷相关的债务往往不属于减免和取消债务谈判的一部分。目前，在巴黎俱乐部签订重新安排偿债期限协议后取消的所有出口信贷债务均可记为官方发展援助。因此，用于取消出口信贷机构债务的资金往往来自官方援助预算。但是，导致出口信贷债务的交易并不一定用于发展目的。出口信贷往往用于支助对环境和社会有害的项目。", "17. 民间社会组织已表示担心，出口信贷机构与发展中国家的交易所导致的某些债务可能是恶债或非法债务(见A/64/289)，因此应予以取消。独立专家也有这种担心，并促请债务国对所有出口信贷机构债务进行透明的公共审计以确定其性质。《国际发展筹资会议蒙特雷共识》强调了债权国与债务国对防止和解决不可持续的债务问题共同承担责任的原则。根据这项原则，他还呼吁出口信贷机构母国对这些机构的借贷组合进行透明的共同审计。", "四. 出口信贷机构与人权", "A. 出口信贷机构的人权义务", "18. 国家对实现人权负有首要责任。在这方面，国家肩负三项基本义务，即尊重、保护和实现国家领土或管辖范围内个人与群体的人权。保护义务意味着，应采取措施确保人权在任何时候都不受第三方侵犯。为此，国家必须采取适当步骤，通过有效政策、法律、条例和裁定，防止、调查、惩治和补救第三方的侵犯人权行为(见A/HRC/17/31，附件，原则1)。", "19. 日益获得确认的是，国家的人权义务在某些情况下可以超出国界。例如，经济、社会和文化权利委员会特别指出，国家在法律上有义务尊重其管辖范围以外的经济、社会和文化权利，并有义务避免其行动导致这些权利受到侵犯。该委员会在其第14号一般性意见中指出，缔约国为遵守国际义务，必须尊重在其他国家境内享有健康权，并根据《联合国宪章》和适用国际法，在能够通过法律或政治手段影响第三方时，阻止第三方在其他国家违反这项权利(E/C.12/2000/4，第39段)。[14] 同样，人权委员会还在其第31号一般性意见中指出，缔约国必须尊重和确保该缔约国权力或有效控制范围内任何人、即使是位于缔约国领土以外者的《公约》所规定权利(CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13，第10段)。[15]", "20. 所以，一国的行动在国外损害人权，或因一国不监管本国行为方而在其他国家导致侵犯人权行为，则该国对此类侵犯行为负有责任。[16] 此外，根据《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第2.1条，国家有义务提供国际援助及合作以逐渐达到《公约》所述权利的实现。", "21. 虽然出口信贷机构所支助项目的实施国对保护本地居民的人权负有首要责任，但此类机构的母国有责任监管和监督本国此类机构(不论是政府拥有、政府赋予任务还是政府监管的机构)所进行的、对东道国居民享有人权造成不利影响的活动。正如人权与跨国公司和其他工商企业问题秘书长特别代表所指出，国家应采取措施避免人权受到国家拥有或控制的工商企业侵犯，或受到获得出口信贷机构和官方投资保险或担保机构等国家机构大量支持和服务的企业侵犯，包括在适当时要求采取人权尽责措施(A/HRC/17/31，附件，原则4)。", "22. 然而，政府很少对本国出口信贷机构的行动采取尽责措施。事实上，这些机构的业务政策和国家关于建立此类机构的法律大都不提人权标准。出口信贷机构不论在防止侵犯人权行为方面，还是在采取尽责措施查明项目对人权可能造成的有害影响和减轻此种影响方面，都缺乏明确政策。许多出口信贷机构的母国还缺乏有效机制，无以对这些机构支助项目所导致的侵犯人权的指控作出裁决。[17] 此外，很少评估出口信贷机构所支助的活动侵犯人权情况的影响。再者，出口信贷机构支助的所有交易和项目往往都受保密规定的保护，无法对居民和潜在受影响社区公开，因此有损于透明和参与等人权原则。", "23. 如以上所解释，出口信贷机构支助的活动可能对一国的债务负担和可持续发展带来严重后果，因而给人民生活带来严重后果。所以，各国应切实避免其通过出口信贷机构支助的项目导致或助长侵犯人权行为。直接行事或通过其出口信贷机构行事的政府，如果未采取尽责措施和未避免非国家行为方的潜在有害行为侵犯人权，就等于违反国际人权法律所规定的义务。", "24. 出口信贷机构要在业务活动中履行尽责义务，就应在与潜在的受影响居民磋商的前提下，进行人权影响评估并公布评估结果，然后才决定支助任何项目。这些机构还应在整个项目过程中继续进行独立监测并重新评估人权风险。为确保潜在受害人获得充分注意和补救，出口信贷机构应建立独立、公平的非歧视性投诉机制。国家关于设立出口信贷机构的法律和出口信贷机构的业务政策也应提及人权标准。出口信贷机构应根据人权标准评估所有项目，并在其政策及合同中明确设定尽责措施规则。", "25. 由出口信贷机构提供资金支持的私营公司也对自身活动的人权影响承担责任。这方面值得注意的是，人权理事会第8/7号决议特别指出，跨国公司和其他工商企业有责任尊重所有人权(另见人权理事会第17/4号决议)。还值得注意的是，经济、社会和文化权利委员会强调，国家和跨国私人行为者应按照有利于尊重这些权利的行为准则展开其活动(E/C.12/1999/5，第20段)。", "26. 私营公司对社区负有下述责任，即：切实避免其活动侵犯人权，包括直接侵犯或与他人共谋侵犯，并努力避免或减少对人权产生不利影响(A/HRC/17/31，附件，原则13)。值得注意的是，人权与跨国公司和其他工商企业问题秘书长特别代表强调，公司除遵守国家法律外，还承担尊重人权的基本责任，因为这是社会对工商企业的基本期望(见A/HRC/11/13)。", "27. 该项责任要求在政策上承诺遵守国际核心人权文书所载的人权标准，采取具体的人权尽责措施，并向人权受侵犯者提供投诉机制。公司的尽责措施应包括公司必须采取一些步骤了解、防止、减少和处理对人权的不利影响。公司要在业务活动中履行尽责义务，就必须考虑到：公司开展业务的环境；其活动的影响；进行人权影响评估；以及与这些活动相关的各种关系的动态，以避免共谋侵犯人权(A/HRC/17/31，附件，原则17)。公司还应通过持续开展磋商和提供信息，与可能受影响的社区进行接触互动。", "28. 在人权已遭到侵犯的情况下，应向受害人提供投诉机制。特别代表强调，受害者获得补救是公司尊重人权责任的重要方面。公司应建立各种投诉机制，例如申诉热线电话、受害人咨询服务和调解专家。", "B. 出口信贷机构活动对人权的影响", "29. 大多数出口信贷机构以秘密方式操作，因此难以获得关于这些机构所支助项目的准确信息。尽管如此，许多报告记录了这些项目对人权的有害影响。根据此类报告，出口信贷机构所支助的公司的活动造成了许多侵犯人权情况，例如骚扰少数族裔，占用土著人土地、强制驱逐和重新安置、缺乏赔偿、损害农村生计、侵犯劳工权利、威胁生命和人身安全、加重军事化、国家镇压、不让妇女参与磋商、限制言论和结社自由、受项目影响的居民的参与以及与这些居民的协商不够、诉诸司法的机会受到限制。[18]", "C. 其他关切事项", "30. 出口信贷机构所支助的活动引起了对缺乏透明度和问责制的关切。大多数出口信贷机构抵制民间社会组织关于公布信息的呼吁，声称自己的活动具有商业和国际敏感性，而且受到保密规则的保护，因此可免于遵守透明度规则。", "31. 虽然各国在提供出口信贷机构信息的程度互有差别，但这些机构在透明度和问责制方面落后于其他公共机构。此种情况不利于确保这些机构提供负责任的信贷，在行动中履行尽责义务，以及尊重人权和环境标准的努力。事实上，大多数出口信贷机构无义务披露其所支助的项目可能产生的不利社会和环境影响。一些出口信贷机构仅在交易获得批准后等待客户核准时才公布有关信息。", "32. 出口信贷机构的业务活动缺乏透明度和问责制，使东道国政府并间接使其纳税人承担下述风险：共谋支助可能导致侵犯人权情况的项目、纵容腐败行为、参与无问责政权的活动以及破坏环境。出口信贷机构作为半公共实体，有责任向纳税人通报任何此类风险。", "33. 民间社会组织的报告表明，出口信贷机构所支助的项目确知涉足腐败案件。据透明国际报告，贿赂外国官员以获得其出口合同已成为工业化国家的普遍做法。[19] 贿赂被当作佣金，包含于担保的合同金额，在有保险情况下则包含于出口人的赔偿金额。¹⁸", "34. 确知出口信贷机构所支助的项目曾支助无问责政权的活动。例如，在费迪南德•马科斯当权期间的菲律宾，美国进出口银行曾为巴丹核发电厂项目提供贷款和担保。苏哈托当权期间，德国的出口信贷机构曾通过提供保险支助一项与印度尼西亚的交易，即购买德国舰只并使之现代化，这些舰只最终用于印度尼西亚国内的武装冲突。[20] 同样，苏哈托当权的1993至1996年期间，(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)出口信贷担保部曾为向印度尼西亚空军出售隼式战斗机提供担保。据报告，1999年印度尼西亚军方曾用这些战斗机攻击东帝汶村庄。[21]", "35. 出口信贷机构为伐木、采矿、天然气或石油等采掘业项目提供的贷款和担保给实施项目地区的环境及当地社区居民的生活造成巨大损害。这些项目的风险包括：环境退化；土地、空气和水污染；生境破坏；温室气体排放、毁林、荒漠化和土壤退化；长期依赖化石燃料；以至最终发生全球气候变化。然后，这些环境变化可能影响当地居民的健康，增大罹患癌症、皮肤病、肺部疾病和发生其他与健康相关问题的风险。这些变化还可能影响人们的生计来源，有损其粮食安全，并导致当地社区居民流离失所，尤其是导致土著居民离开其传统家园。", "36. 如上所述，出口信贷机构在全球经济中发挥重要作用。这种作用使支助发展中国家项目的此类机构承担额外的责任，在业务活动中必须具有透明度，实施问责，采取尽责措施，并严格遵守关于人权和环境问题的国际商定标准。遗憾的是，作为支助发展中国家项目的公共融资机构，大多数出口信贷机构并不承担促进发展的任务，且其唯一使命是促进私营公司的投资和出口，而这些活动往往有损于此类机构支助项目所在国的人权和可持续发展。[22]", "37. 如独立专家关于其澳大利亚之行的报告所述(A/HRC/17/37/Add.1)，独立专家完全支持的一个看法是：缺乏透明度规则，使人严重怀疑出口信贷机构接受母国纳税人和机构支持的项目所在发展中国家国民问责的问题。出口信贷机构母国政府提供的贷款或出口信贷机构所支助项目执行国政府所担保的贷款是关乎公众的事项，因此有理由要求这样的公共机构或公共供资机构遵守透明度规则并根据明确问责机制开展业务。", "38. 独立专家认为，应规定出口信贷机构必须公布其活动信息，包括项目评估、决策和执行情况，并评估其融资决策的人权影响(另外还要评估环境和社会影响)。如果对信息披露有限制，应加以明确从严界定。这样出口信贷机构就可以对其所支助的项目作出负责任和知情的决策。", "39. 除作为出口信贷机构政策和程序的一部分采用透明度和问责机制外，国家立法机构或国家审计局等国家实体也有责任不断监测这些机构的活动，切实避免其活动有损于本国对外援助和发展政策以及国际人权义务。这些人权事项需要加以进一步研究。", "五. 出口信贷机构活动的国际监管", "40. 经合组织内部通过“官方支助出口信贷安排”管理出口信贷机构。该安排就提供出口信贷规定法律和金融框架，用以约束出口信贷业务并使其具有透明度。该安排解决的主要问题包括：最低利率和首付、标准化偿还时间表、通用报告程序、信贷最长期限、对使用附带条件的援助的约束和透明度规则。", "41. 此外，经合组织出口信贷和信贷担保工作组(出口信贷工作组)提供一个论坛，用以讨论非财政问题(例如腐败、环境和竞争问题)，谈判达成非约束性通用指导原则，以及增进竞争者之间的合作。", "42. 国际信用和投资保险人联盟(简称伯尔尼联盟)也开展出口信贷政策方面的国际合作，但该联盟的作用仅限于交换有关外国购买人的信息以降低商业风险。参加伯尔尼联盟的不仅有经合组织国家的出口信贷机构，也有新兴经济体的此类机构。该联盟还包含非按政府所赋任务提供出口信贷和投资保险的私营实体。伯尔尼联盟指导原则适用于所有成员，其中含糊地提及环境敏感性、反腐和提高透明度等问题。", "43. 经合组织的大多数出口信贷机构已就其活动的环境和社会影响制定相关政策。此类政策通常要求经合组织的所有出口信贷机构进行环境影响评估。", "44. 2003年，经合组织通过了出口信贷工作小组关于制定环境与官方支助出口信贷问题共同办法(简称共同办法)的建议。共同办法要求政府和出口信贷机构审查项目的潜在环境影响，并根据国际标准加以评估。2007年6月经合组织进行审查后，更新了关于共同办法的建议，呼吁公开披露更多信息和增强信息交流，以使各机构的竞争环境更公平。这套办法还要求遵守东道国的环境标准，审查潜在环境影响并加以分类，对有潜在重大不利环境影响的项目开展环境影响评估，并根据世界银行保障政策或在适当时根据国际金融公司绩效标准，对项目进行筛选。", "45. 然而，共同办法也有几个缺点。首先，共同办法是非约束性建议。第二，共同办法包含一个例外条款(第13条)，规定成员出口信贷机构如果决定完全不采用任何标准，则可不采用，前提是该成员向出口信贷工作小组报告此事并提出理由。[23] 第三，共同办法目前仅适用于官方支助的偿还期至少为两年的出口信贷。", "46. 值得注意的是，共同办法根本未提到人权，因此人权与跨国公司和其他工商企业问题秘书长特别代表建议，共同办法应明确指出人权是企业和市场的社会可持续性方面的一个关键因素，并应明确承认出口信贷机构可为增强企业尊重人权责任发挥作用。[24] 特别代表进一步建议经合组织考虑建立一个人权工作组，编制供出口信贷机构在采取人权尽责措施时可以采用的合适工具并协助建设人权知识库和人权能力，以增强出口信贷机构维护人权的能力。²³ 此外，大赦国际也建议，应根据国际人权标准评估出口信贷机构支助的项目，以防止项目导致或助长侵犯人权行为。[25] 独立专家完全支持这些建议。", "47. 关于腐败问题，2000年出口信贷工作小组发布了贿赂与官方支助出口信贷问题行动声明。该声明于2006年修订，后成为经合组织建议。此建议确认出口信贷机构在反腐方面的作用，并提出在国际业务中防止腐败的一些适当措施，包括向申请信贷的出口商说明贿赂的法律后果，要求出口商宣布未进行贿赂，要求提供以往腐败指控的信息，要求披露代理费和佣金信息，检查列入国际金融机构取消资格名单的潜在客户的记录，以及暂时取消有贿赂证据的项目的资格。[26]", "48. 尽管作出了这些有限努力，但在全球范围，对出口信贷机构的业务活动大体上仍没有监管，且透明度以及环境和人权影响方面的标准及监管普遍不足。", "六. 国家对出口信贷机构不法行为的责任", "49. 出口信贷机构作为官方支助的机构，有别于纯粹的私营金融公司。不论是政府拥有还是政府赋予任务的出口信贷机构，都根据规定其任务的国家法律或规章行使职能。所有出口信贷机构均代表政府、在政府支助和控制下从事某些交易。这一点确立了国家与出口信贷机构的法律关系。[27] 公私合营财团形式的出口信贷机构也因国家对其业务活动的核准、供资和监管而受国家控制。由于存在这种法律关系，可以说，某一出口信贷机构违反国际法，则其母国需要承担责任，此种机构所犯不法行为将归于该国家。", "50. 作为此观点的论据，值得回顾的是，根据国际法委员会的国家对国际不法行为的责任条款草案第4和第5条，任何国家机关(不论行使何种职能或具有何种地位)以及任何经该国法律授权而行使某种政府权力并在特定情况下以此种资格行事的非国家机构，其行为按国际法应归于国家。此外，就国际责任而言，根据国家统一性原则，任何国家单位的作为或不作为均可视为国家作为(A/56/10)。这意味着作为国家机关的出口信贷机构，其不法作为和不作为按关于国家责任的国际法均归于国家。作为国家机构或政府部门设立的出口信贷机构显然是公共权力机构，因此国家对其行动负有责任。这些机构由国家独家所有并在其控制下开展业务。同样，作为国家拥有的自主公司设立的出口信贷机构，虽然可能独立经营，但其活动最终受诸如贸易部或财政部等政府部门管辖。因此，这第二类出口信贷机构也可视为受国家控制。属于第三类的私营公司或公私合营财团虽然自治程度较高，但国家仍通过监管、供资、批准大笔付款、监督或制定标准和程序而对其业务活动保持一定控制。在许多情况下，私营或公私合营公司业务的最终决策需要获得某个部或部级委员会批准。总之，国家对出口信贷机构活动的影响是一个常见因素，不可等闲视之。", "51. 根据国家责任的法律，政府必须切实避免本国出口信贷机构违反国际法律义务，包括违反国际人权法律。如出口信贷机构不考虑其所支助私营公司项目对人权的影响或采取步骤减少此种影响，当侵犯人权行为发生时，就可能导致国家对违反国际法义务承担责任(A/HRC/17/31，附件，原则4)。国际法规定的国家义务还要求各国切实避免其行动或包括出口信贷机构在内的其机关的行动对另一国造成伤害。", "52. 一国如事先了解另一国的不法行为的情形，则对此种不法行为承担国际共谋责任(A/56/10，第16条)。因此，如出口信贷机构在一个允许某一公司以违反国际人权法律的方式开展业务的外国支助该公司的项目，则母国可能对协助东道国的不法行为承担责任。[28]", "53. 关于条款草案第二章第一部分的评注强调，国家如不采取必要措施防止私人当事方的行为，则可能对该行为的影响承担责任(A/56/10)。如上所述，按照国际人权法，国家有责任监管第三方的活动，防止发生侵犯人权行为。同样，就跨国公司活动的责任而言，国家有义务防止本国公司在外国侵犯人权。[29]", "七. 结论和建议", "54. 出口信贷机构支助的项目可能对实施项目国家的可持续发展和人权造成不利影响。出口信贷机构往往缺乏透明度，而且在融资决策中不充分考虑环境、社会和人权因素。根据关于国家责任的国际法，官方支助的出口信贷机构是母国的机关或代理人，其不法作为或不作为可归于国家。因此，母国有义务监管其活动。此外，出口信贷机构也有责任尊重人权。", "55. 为确保出口信贷机构所支助的活动不损害国际人权义务，助长侵犯人权行为，阻碍开展该活动国家的可持续发展，或加重发展中国家的债务负担，独立专家建议：", "(a) 各国采取措施确保其出口信贷机构制定和执行更有力的、符合国际人权标准的环境和社会保障措施；", "(b) 各国确保其出口信贷机构执行信息披露政策，尤其是要求公开披露此类机构所支助交易的环境、社会、人权和发展影响的所有信息，以提高透明度和问责度，并确保将此类信息提供给受影响社区；", "(c) 各国采取措施，包括通过法律，确保其出口信贷机构不支助导致或助长侵犯人权行为的项目，并为此确保其出口信贷机构制定人权尽责措施框架，以便其评估对人权的实际和潜在不利影响并有效防范风险，从而履行其尊重人权的义务；", "(d) 各国确保受出口信贷机构所支助的项目和出口影响者，包括出口信贷机构所支助活动导致的侵犯人权行为的受害人，能获得有效的国家法律补救；", "(e) 把经合组织共同办法强制纳入出口信贷机构的环境、社会和人权审查政策；", "(f) 国际社会规定最穷国暂缓偿还现有的出口信贷机构债务，其中很大一部分用于无经济价值的目的，同时债务国根据恶债原则对出口信贷机构的全部索偿要求进行透明的公共审计以确定其合法性，并无条件取消所有被认定有违恶债原则的债务。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 见Doug Norlen,Rory Cox, Miho Kim and Catriona Glazebrook编辑，Unusual Suspects: Unearthing the Shadowy World of Export Credit Agencies (Oakland, California, Pacific Environment, 2002)第1页；Bruce Rich, “Exporting destruction”, The Environmental Forum, September/October 2000；Malcolm Stephens, The Changing Role of Export Credit Agencies (Washington, D.C., International Monetary Fund, 1999)第63页；Andrew M.Moravcsik, “Disciplining trade finance: the OECD export credit arrangement”, International Organization, vol. 43, No. 1 (Winter 1989)，第176页；OECD，“Review of official export credit commitments to IDA-only countries(2001-2009)”P.6，available from www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/59/36945707.pdf。", "[3] 见www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/35/37931024.pdf。另见 Karyn Keenan,“export credit agencies and the international law of human rights”(Halifax Initiative, 2008)，第1页。", "[4] 见Bruce Rich, Foreclosing the Future: Coal, Climate and Public International Finance (Environmental Defense Fund, 2009)，第5页，可查阅www.edf.org/documents/9593_coal-plants-report.pdf。另见Richard Wainwright, 编辑，Exporting Destruction: Export Credits, Illegal Logging and Deforestation (FERN, 2008)，第7段。", "[5] Delio E. Gianturco, Export Credit Agencies: The Unsung Giants of International Trade and Finance (Westport, Connecticut, Quorum Books, 2001)，第1页。", "[6] 20国集团关于《全球复苏与改革计划》的最后公报说，该集团各国领导人将确保今后两年至少提供2 500亿美元，以支助该集团各出口信贷和投资机构以及各多边开发银行提供贸易融资。见2009年4月2日20国集团领导人通过的《全球复苏与改革计划》。可查阅www.g20.org/ Documents/final-communique.pdf。另见2009年4月22日经合组织关于全球金融危机与出口信贷的声明。可查阅www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/22/42624233.pdf。", "[7] Norlen等人，Unusual Suspects(见脚注1)，第1页。", "[8] 见Gabrielle Watson,编辑，Race to the Bottom, Take II: An Assessment of Sustainable Development Achievements of ECA-Supported Projects Two Years After OECD Common Approaches Rev. 6 (ECA-Watch, 2003)；Stephanie Fried and Titi Soentoro,编辑，A Brief Overview of Export Credit Agencies in the Asia-Pacific Region (Mumbai, World Social Forum, 2004)；Nicholas Hildyard,“Snouts in the trough: export credit agencies, corporate welfare and policy incoherence”,Corner House Briefing Paper No. 14 (Corner House,1999)，可在www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/resource/snouts-trough查阅；Keenan, “export credit agencies and the international law of human rights”，第1页。另见2010年3月大赦国际关于审查环境与官方支助出口信贷问题共同方式修订建议的呈文(POL 30/002/2010)，第1页。", "[9] 见OECD，Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-member Economies：Introduction(2008)。可查阅www.oecd-ilibrary.org。", "[10] 关于经合组织成员和非成员国家出口信贷融资制度的信息,见www.oecd-ilibrary.org/trade/ export-credit-financing-systems-in-oecd-member-countries-and-non-member-economies_17273870。", "[11] Keenan,“Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights,”(见脚注2)，第2页。", "[12] Aaron Goldzimer,“Worse than the World Bank? Export credit agencies-the secret engine of globalization”，Backgrounder, vol. 9, No.1(Winter 2003)，第2页。", "[13] 世界银行，《全球发展融资：向最穷国提供资金》，(华盛顿特区，2002年)，第107页。", "[14] 另见关于适当食物权的第12号一般性意见，第36-37段；以及关于水权的第15号一般性意见，第31-34段。", "[15] 另见 Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports, 2004，第136页。", "[16] 一些条约机构促请各国采取步骤防止其管辖范围内的公司在国外犯下侵犯行为。可参见经济、社会和文化权利委员会关于社会保障权利的第19号一般性意见(E/C.12/GC/19)，第54段，以及消除种族歧视委员会关于美国第四次、第五次和第六次报告的结论性意见(CERD/C/USA/ CO/6)。", "[17] 在美国，作为出口信贷机构开展业务的海外私人投资公司设立了问责办公室，以评估和审查关于其所支助项目的投诉。该办公室向可能受项目重大、直接或不利影响的当地社区以及项目主办人提供投诉的途径，此途径独立于该公司的业务。见www.opic.gov/doing-business/ accountability。", "[18] 可参见Watson,编辑，Race to the Bottom, Take II(见脚注7)和Norlen等人，Unusual Suspects(见脚注1)。", "[19] Dieter Frisch,“Export Credit Insurance and the fight against international corruption,”Transparency International Working Paper (Transparency International, 1999)，可查阅www.odiousdebts.org/odiousdebts/index.cfm?DSP=content&ContentID=2366。关于在解决公司参与贿赂和腐败问题方面进展不足的情况，另见Transparency International, Transparency in Reporting on Anti-Corruption: A Report on Corporate Practices (2009)。", "[20] 见欧洲债务和发展网络，“Skeletons in the cupboard: illegitimate debt claims of the G7” (2007)。", "[21] Hildyard,“Snouts in the trough”(见脚注7)。", "[22] Jubilee Australia, Risky Business: Shining a Spotlight on Australia’s Export Credit Agency (Sydney, Australia, 2009)，第10段。", "[23] Wainwright,编辑，Exporting Destruction(见脚注3)，第12页。另见http://www.oekb.at/en/ export-services/transparency-compliance/environment/oecd-common-approaches/pages/default.aspx。", "[24] 人权与跨国公司和其他工商企业问题秘书长特别代表，“与出口信贷机构在尊重人权方面进行接触互动”，在经合组织出口信贷工作小组共同办法会议上的发言，巴黎，2010年6月23日。", "[25] 见大赦国际关于共同办法修订建议审查的呈文(见脚注7)，第4页。", "[26] Wainwright, 编辑，Exporting Destruction(见脚注3)，第15页。", "[27] 见Özgür Can和Sara L. Seck,“The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”，为ECA-Watch、Halifax Initiative和ESCR-Net编写的论文，2006年7月。可查阅www.halifaxinitiative.org/updir/ECAHRlegalFINAL.pdf。", "[28] 见Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights”(见脚注2)，第3-7页。另见Can and Seck,“The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”，第4-8页。", "[29] 见Keenan,“Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights”，第10页；Can and Seck,“The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”，第12页。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程项目69(b) [1]", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "国家的外债和其他有关国际金融义务对充分享有所有人权尤其是经济、社会和文化权利的影响", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会会员国转递各国外债和其他有关国际金融义务对充分享有所有人权尤其是经济、社会和文化权利的影响问题独立专家西法斯·卢米纳根据人权理事会第7/4和16/14号决议提交的报告。", "国家的外债和其他有关国际金融义务对充分享有所有人权,特别是经济、社会和文化权利的影响问题独立专家的报告", "内容提要", "出口信贷和投资保险机构,通称出口信贷机构,是外国公司在发展中国家和新兴经济体大规模工业和基础设施项目中参与公共融资的主要来源。 近年来,出口信贷机构在全球经济中发挥了日益重要的作用,特别是在全球金融危机的背景下。", "然而,出口信贷机构支助的许多项目对环境、社会和人权造成有害后果,在财政上不可行。 许多报告记录了出口信贷机构支助的项目引起的或与之有关的侵犯人权行为,包括强迫当地居民流离失所、侵犯土著人民的权利、拒绝提供基本服务和环境损害。 此外,出口信贷机构往往是秘密的,在供资决定和业务方面往往缺乏透明度和问责制。", "本报告根据人权理事会第7/4和16/14号决议提交,旨在重点关注出口信贷机构支助的活动对开展这些活动的国家的可持续发展和实现人权的不利影响。 报告还审查了出口信贷对这些国家债务负担的贡献。", "报告呼吁各国解决出口信贷机构支助项目的负面影响问题,并就如何采取措施确保出口信贷机构的活动不损害本国和东道国的国际人权和其他义务并不会助长侵犯人权行为提出一些建议。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 出口信贷和投资保险机构,一般称为出口信贷机构,是外国公司参与发展中国家大型工业和基础设施项目,特别是采掘业项目的最大公共资金来源。 [2] 2005年,经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)成员国的出口信贷机构提供了1 250亿美元的信贷、保险、担保和利息支助。 [3] 2007年,出口信贷机构共同支持了1.4万亿美元的贸易和投资,相当于世界出口贸易总额的10%左右。 [4] 据估计,出口信贷机构开展的活动超过了所有多边开发银行和海外发展机构的活动,它们每八美元直接为世界贸易供资。 [5]", "2. 联合国 近年来,出口信贷机构在全球经济中发挥了日益重要的作用,特别是在全球金融危机的背景下。 2009年4月,20国集团在伦敦举行的首脑会议上,经合组织成员国承诺为出口信贷提供额外支持,以帮助增加国际贸易流量。 [6]", "3个 然而,出口信贷机构支持的许多项目,特别是大型水坝、石油管道、温室气体排放的煤炭和核电站、化学设施、采矿项目以及林业和种植园计划,都对环境、社会和人权产生严重影响。 [7] 许多报告记录了出口信贷机构支助的项目对人权的不利影响,包括强迫当地居民流离失所、国家镇压、侵犯土著人民权利、拒绝提供基本服务和环境损害。 [8] 此外,出口信贷机构往往没有适当的保障和应有的注意,缺乏透明度并卷入了腐败。", " 4.四. 本报告根据人权理事会第7/4号和第16/14号决议提交,力求重点关注出口信贷机构支助的项目对实施这些项目的国家的可持续发展和实现人权的不利影响。 报告还审查了出口信贷对发展中国家债务负担的贡献。", "二. 出口信贷机构概览", "A类. 什么是出口信贷?", "5 (韩语). “出口信贷”一词是指使出口资本货物和(或)服务的外国买主能够在一段时间内(短期,通常两年以内;中期,通常两年至五年;长期,通常五年以内)延期付款的保险、担保或融资安排。 [9] 出口信贷是出口信贷机构提供的主要贷款。", "B类. 哪些是出口信贷机构?", "6. 国家 出口信贷机构是向母国私营公司提供政府支持或补贴贷款、担保、信贷和保险以支持出口和外国投资,特别是在发展中国家和新兴市场的国家实体。 大多数发达国家至少有一个出口信贷机构,通常是其政府的官方或准官方机构。 [10]", "7. 联合国 虽然出口信贷机构采取不同的组织形式,但它们通常得到政府的支持,并按照政府的授权运作。 出口信贷机构可以是:(a) 一个政府部门,例如大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(出口信贷担保部)和美利坚合众国(进出口银行);(b) 一个由政府拥有并独立管理的自治公司,例如澳大利亚(出口金融和保险公司)、比利时(国家教育局/国家德累德累德累斯特省)和加拿大(出口发展加拿大);或(c) 一个作为政府代理人或私营-公共伙伴关系的私营公司(如果政府作出关键决定并承担风险,而公司则提供服务并进行初步风险分析),例如法国(法国对外商业担保公司)、德国(Euler Hermes Kredititverscherungs)和荷兰(Atradius)。", "8. 联合国 出口信贷机构以不同方式向国内公司提供支助。 它们(直接或通过商业银行)向外国买主提供贷款,以购买原产于该机构母国的货物和服务,从而便利当地公司的出口能力。 出口信贷机构提供的金融服务也采取商业贷款担保和出口信贷保险的形式。 为了获得信贷担保,出口商向出口信贷机构投保,该机构承诺在进口商违约时向出口商付款。 出口信贷机构的保险还包括政治风险引起的损失,如国有化或无补偿地征用、没收投资、限制股息转换和利润转移、货币不稳定、经济危机或战争等。 通过提供担保和保险,出口信贷机构支持通常在私人市场上因其经济或政治风险而被拒绝的交易。", "9. 国家 出口信贷机构以低于私营市场提供的利率、溢价和规费提供融资,其支持涉及轻微的经济要求,以及对环境、社会和透明度标准的遵守情况有限(或没有),从而便利了更方便、更有风险和更快的金融交易。 然而,对发展中国家借款人而言,出口信贷机构支持的贷款的利率仍然高于其他官方来源,如开发银行或机构提供的利率。 [12]", "10个 最后,大多数官方贷款机构,如世界银行、国际货币基金组织和其他发展机构,表面上都旨在促进地方经济增长、发展和/或减贫,但大多数出口信贷机构根本没有发展任务。 它们的唯一目的是促进其本国的出口或外国投资。", "三. 出口信贷机构和主权债务", "11个 与出口信贷机构有关的债务是发展中国家债务的最大部分。 据世界银行说,到2000年底,出口信贷机构对发展中国家的总投资估计已达5 000亿美元,占这些国家长期外债总额的四分之一。 [13] 有几个国家欠出口信贷机构50%以上的债务。 例如,根据经合组织2001年的数字,尼日利亚约64%的债务和刚果民主共和国42%的债务是欠出口信贷机构的。", "12个 出口信贷可以通过各种方式促进一国的主权债务。 出口信贷机构在贷款给政府或外国公共实体时,或担保或担保提供给政府或公共实体的商业信贷时,可直接分担主权债务负担。 如果债务人(公共实体)拖欠其对出口信贷机构或该机构投保的债权人的付款,公共实体所欠的债务将成为该国主权债务的一部分。", "13个 出口信贷还可能通过主权反担保间接产生主权债务。 这些担保力求减少私人投资者(往往是发达国家的出口商或服务提供者)同外国私人接受者(通常是发展中国家的投资或项目的进口商或接受者)之间的交易风险。 出口商为具有相当经济或政治风险的交易或项目向母国的出口信贷机构投保。 反过来,出口信贷机构需要受援国政府的反担保。 如果项目违约或失败,出口信贷机构向私营公司支付损失,并请求发展中国家政府偿还其费用,以抵偿其反担保。 如果政府无力支付反担保金,所欠数额将加入国家的主权债务. 因此,交易的固有财务或政治风险从私人投资者转移到私人接受国的纳税人身上。", "14个 另一种方式是,出口信贷机构项目使政府承担大量或有负债,即使它们不借贷或担保贷款。 发展中国家政府往往不得不提供特别慷慨的条件来吸引某些私人投资,例如电力项目的投资。 政府可能必须签署一项电力购买协议,保证以高美元价格购买电力。 由于这种购买协议不是贷款,因此不算作债务,尽管它可能对有关政府产生巨大的预算影响。", "15个 出口信贷机构的支持必然会减少投资者在评估项目违约或失败风险时必须尽职尽责的压力。 因此,不负责任的投资和出口信贷机构的支持有助于增加发展中国家的债务。", "16号. 无力履行债务的政府往往需要在巴黎俱乐部等国际论坛上重新安排偿还债务的时间。 就最不发达国家而言,与出口信贷有关的债务往往没有纳入债务减免或取消谈判。 目前,巴黎俱乐部债务重新安排协议后取消的所有出口信贷债务都可以报告为官方发展援助。 因此,取消出口信贷机构的债务往往由官方援助预算供资。 然而,导致出口信贷债务的交易不一定有利于发展目的;出口信贷一般支持对环境和社会有害的项目。", "17岁 民间社会组织对出口信贷机构与发展中国家交易所产生的一些债务可能令人憎恶或非法表示关切(见A/64/289),因此应予取消。 独立专家同意这一关切,并敦促债务国对所有出口信贷机构债务进行透明的公开审计,以确定其性质。 根据发展筹资问题国际会议《蒙特雷共识》所强调债权人和债务人共同承担责任防止和解决无法持续承受的债务情况的原则,他还吁请出口信贷机构的母国对其机构的贷款组合进行透明的公开审计。", "四、结 论 出口信贷机构与人权", "A. 出口信贷机构的人权义务", "18岁。 国家对实现人权负有主要责任。 在这方面,他们负有三项基本义务:尊重、保护和实现其领土或管辖范围内的个人或团体的人权。 保护义务要求采取措施,确保第三方在任何时候不侵犯人权。 因此,各国必须采取适当步骤,通过有效的政策、立法、条例和裁决,防止、调查、惩罚和纠正第三方侵犯人权的行为(见A/HRC/17/31,附件,原则1)。", " 19. 19. 人们日益认识到,在某些情况下,国家的人权义务可以超越国界。 例如,经济、社会、文化权利委员会强调,各国有法律义务尊重其管辖范围外的经济、社会和文化权利并避免采取可能损害这些权利的行动。 委员会在第14号一般性意见中表示,为了遵守其国际义务,缔约国必须尊重在其他国家享有健康权,防止第三方在其他国家侵犯这项权利,如果第三方能够根据《联合国宪章》和可适用的国际法,以法律或政治手段影响这些第三方的话(E/C.12/2000/4, 第39段)。 [14] 同样,人权事务委员会在其第31号一般性意见中表示,缔约国必须尊重和确保《公约》规定的权利给予在该缔约国权力或有效控制下的任何人,即使不在其领土之内(CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13, 第10段)。", "20号. 因此,一国如果其行为损害到国外的人权,或未能监管国家行为者导致其他国家的侵权行为,则应对这些侵权行为承担责任。 [16] 此外,根据《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第二条第一款,各国有义务提供国际援助和合作,以逐步实现《公约》所阐明的权利。", "21岁 虽然执行出口信贷机构支助项目的国家对保护当地人民的人权负有主要责任,但这些机构的母国则负责管理和监督其国家出口信贷机构(无论是政府拥有的、授权的还是管制的)所进行的对东道国人民享有人权产生不利影响的活动。 正如人权与跨国公司和其他工商企业问题秘书长特别代表所指出,各国应当采取步骤,保护由国家拥有或控制或得到出口信贷机构和官方投资保险或担保机构等国家机构提供大量支持和服务,包括酌情要求人权尽职调查的工商企业的人权不受侵犯(A/HRC/17/31,附件,原则4)。", "22号. 然而,各国政府很少对其国家出口信贷机构的行动进行应有的注意。 事实上,各机构的业务政策和制定这些政策的国家法律通常从未提及人权标准。 出口信贷机构也没有制定明确的政策,防止侵犯人权或尽职调查,以查明项目对人权的潜在有害影响并减轻其影响。 许多出口信贷机构的母国也缺乏有效的机制,无法对这些机构支持的项目造成的侵犯人权指控作出裁决。 [17] 此外,很少对出口信贷机构支持的业务活动侵犯人权的情况进行影响评估。 此外,出口信贷机构支助的所有交易和项目往往都受到保密规定的保护,因为保密规定阻止在民众和潜在受影响社区公布这些交易和项目,从而破坏了透明和参与的人权原则。", "23. 联合国 如上所解释的,出口信贷机构支助的活动可能对一国的债务负担和可持续发展产生严重后果,从而会给人民的生活带来严重后果。 因此,各国应确保它们通过其出口信贷机构支持的项目不会造成或助长侵犯人权行为。 当一国政府直接地或通过其出口信贷机构未能尽职尽责地保护人权不受非国家行为者可能有害行为的影响时,就违反了其根据国际人权法所应承担的义务。", "24 (韩语). 出口信贷机构要尽职尽责地开展业务,就应在决定支持任何项目之前,与可能受影响的人口协商,进行并公布人权影响评估。 它们还应继续在整个项目期间进行独立监测并重新评估人权风险。 为确保潜在受害者得到充分关注和补救,出口信贷机构应建立一个独立、公平和非歧视性的申诉机制。 建立出口信贷机构的国家立法及其业务政策也应提及人权标准。 出口信贷机构应对照人权标准评估所有项目,并在其政策和与客户的合同中制定明确的尽职要求。", "25岁 由出口信贷机构提供资金支持的私营公司也对其活动对人权的影响负有责任。 在这方面值得注意的是,人权理事会第8/7号决议强调跨国公司和其他工商企业有责任尊重所有人权(又见人权理事会第17/4号决议)。 同样值得注意的是,经济、社会和文化权利委员会强调,国家和跨国私人行为者应在有利于尊重这些权利的行为守则框架内开展活动(E/C.12/1999/5, 第20段)。", "26. 联合国 私营公司有责任确保其活动不直接地或通过与施虐者串通,侵犯人权,并努力防止或减轻对人权的不利影响(A/HRC/17/31,附件,原则13)。 值得注意的是,人权与跨国公司和其他工商企业问题秘书长特别代表强调,除了遵守国家法律外,公司还负有尊重人权的基本责任,因为这是社会对工商业的基本期望(见A/HRC/11/13)。", "27个 这种责任要求作出政策承诺,遵守基于核心国际人权文书的人权标准、具体的人权尽职调查以及向侵犯人权行为受害者提供申诉机制。 公司尽职调查应包含一些公司必须采取的步骤,以便了解、预防、减轻和处理不利的人权影响。 公司要尽职尽责地开展业务,就必须通过开展人权影响评估,考虑其活动的影响;以及与这些活动有关的关系的行为,以避免参与侵犯人权行为(A/HRC/17/31,附件,原则17)。 它们还应通过持续磋商和提供信息,与潜在受影响社区接触。", "28岁 如果虐待已经发生,应向受害者提供申诉机制。 特别代表强调,获得补救在公司尊重人权的责任方面发挥着重要作用。 公司应建立申诉机制,如投诉热线、受害者咨询服务和专家调解员。", "B. 出口信贷机构的活动对人权的影响", "29. 国家 虽然由于大多数机构以秘密方式运作,很难获得出口信贷机构支持项目的准确信息,但许多报告都记录了这些项目对人权的有害影响。 根据这些报告,出口信贷机构支持的公司活动多次导致侵犯人权,如骚扰少数民族、占用土著土地、强迫驱逐和重新安置、缺乏补偿、破坏农村生计、侵犯劳工权利、威胁生命和身体完整、军事化加剧、国家镇压、排斥妇女不得与他人协商、限制言论和结社自由、受该项目影响的人参与和与其协商不足以及限制诉诸司法。 [18]", " C C. 其他关切", "30岁。 出口信贷机构支持的活动也使人们对缺乏透明度和问责制感到关切。 多数此类机构拒绝民间社会组织关于公布信息的呼吁,声称它们因其活动具有商业和国际敏感性以及保护他们的保密规则而不受透明度要求的限制。", "31岁 虽然各国获得的业务信息各不相同,但出口信贷机构落后于其他公共机构的透明度和问责制机制。 这破坏了确保各机构提供负责任的信贷、尽职尽责并尊重人权和环境标准的任何努力。 事实上,其中大多数国家没有义务披露他们所支持的项目对社会和环境的潜在不利影响。 有些机构只有在交易获得批准后,经客户授权后,才公布相关信息。", "32. 联合国 出口信贷机构业务缺乏透明度和问责制,使母国政府及其纳税人有可能共谋支持可能导致侵犯人权的项目、纵容腐败行为、参与不负责任的制度活动以及环境退化。 作为公共或半公共实体,出口信贷机构有责任向纳税人通报任何此类风险。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 民间社会组织的报告表明,众所周知,出口信贷机构支持的项目与腐败案件有关。 据透明国际称,贿赂外国官员以确保其出口合同已成为工业化国家的普遍做法。 [19] 贿赂作为佣金处理,包括在担保所涉的合同价值中,或在保险发生时列入对出口商的赔偿。", "34. 国家 据了解,出口信贷机构支持的项目也支持了不负责任的制度的活动。 例如,在菲律宾斐迪南·马科斯政权期间,美国进出口银行为巴丹核电站项目提供了贷款和担保。 德国出口信贷机构提供保险以支持苏哈托政权时期与印度尼西亚达成的购买德国船只并进行现代化的交易,这些船只最终被用在了印度尼西亚的国内武装冲突中. [20] 同样,大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国出口信贷担保部同意为1993年和1996年苏哈托政权期间向印度尼西亚空军出售霍克战斗机提供担保。 据报告,1999年印度尼西亚军方对东帝汶的村庄使用了喷气式飞机。", "35. 联合国 为伐木、采矿、天然气或石油等采掘工业项目提供出口信贷机构贷款和担保,会对项目实施地区域的环境及其社区的生活造成巨大损失。 它们有可能造成环境退化;土地、空气和水污染;破坏生境;温室气体排放、砍伐森林、荒漠化和土壤退化;长期依赖化石燃料;最终是全球气候变化。 反过来,这些环境变化可能影响当地居民的健康,增加了癌症,皮肤和肺病以及其他与健康有关的问题的风险. 它们还会影响人们获得生计来源的机会,削弱他们的粮食安全,并导致当地社区,特别是土著人民,从传统家园流离失所。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 如上所述,出口信贷机构在全球经济中发挥重要作用。 这一作用要求支助发展中国家项目的机构承担额外责任,以透明、负责和尽责的方式并严格遵守国际商定的人权和环境问题标准开展业务。 令人遗憾的是,作为支助发展中国家项目的公共财政机构,大多数出口信贷机构没有发展任务,其唯一任务是促进私营公司的投资和出口,往往损害其支助项目的国家的人权和可持续发展。 [22]", "37. 联合国 正如他关于访问澳大利亚的报告(A/HRC/17/37/Add.1)所指出,独立专家完全支持这样一种观点,即缺乏透明度要求引起了关于出口信贷机构对其母国纳税人及其支持项目的发展中国家公民负责的严重问题。 由出口信贷机构母国政府担保或由出口信贷机构支助项目执行所在国政府担保的贷款是公众关切的问题。 因此,合理的做法是期望公共机构或政府资助的机构遵守透明度要求,并在运作时有明确的问责机制。", "38. 国家 独立专家认为,除了环境和社会影响评估之外,还应要求出口信贷机构公开披露其活动的信息,包括项目评估、决策和执行情况,并评估其融资决定对人权的影响。 对信息披露的任何限制都应当明确界定。 这将使出口信贷机构能够对其支持的项目作出负责任和知情的决定。", "39. 联合国 除了采用透明和问责机制作为机构政策和程序的一部分外,国家立法机构或国家审计办公室等国家实体还有责任对出口信贷机构的活动进行持续监测,以确保其活动不会损害其国家的外援和发展政策或国际人权义务。 这些人权问题需要进一步调查。", "五. 对出口信贷机构活动的国际管制", " 40. 40. 在经合组织内,出口信贷机构通过官方支持的出口信贷安排进行管理。 该安排为提供出口信贷建立了一个法律和金融框架,目的是对出口信贷业务实行纪律和透明度。 该安排主要侧重于最低利率和定金、标准化偿还时间表、共同报告程序、信贷最长期限和约束以及附带条件的援助使用透明度等问题。", "41. 国家 此外,经合组织出口信贷和信贷担保工作组(出口信贷小组)为讨论非财政问题提供了一个论坛,如腐败、环境和竞争、谈判不具约束力的共同指导原则和改善竞争者之间的合作等。", "42. 国际信贷和投资保险人联合会(称为伯尔尼联盟)也开展出口信贷政策方面的国际合作。 然而,其作用仅限于交换关于外国买主的信息来降低商业风险。 伯尔尼联盟不仅聚集了经合组织国家的出口信贷机构,而且还聚集了一些新兴经济体的出口信贷机构。 它还包括无公共授权提供出口信贷和投资保险的私营实体。 伯尔尼联盟的指导原则适用于所有成员,其中含糊地提到了诸如环境敏感性、打击腐败和提高透明度等问题。", "43. 东帝汶 经合组织大多数出口信贷机构都对其活动的环境和社会影响采取了政策。 这类政策通常需要环境影响评估。", "44. 国家 2003年,经合组织采纳了出口信贷集团关于环境共同办法的建议并正式支持出口信贷,称为共同办法。 \" 共同办法 \" 要求政府和出口信贷机构审查项目对环境的潜在影响并参照国际标准加以评价。 在2007年6月进行审查后,经合组织更新了关于共同办法的建议,呼吁更多地公开披露信息并增加信息交流,以促进各机构之间的公平竞争。 这些规则还要求遵守东道国的环境标准,对潜在的环境影响进行甄别和分类,对可能对环境造成重大不利影响的项目进行环境影响评估,并根据世界银行的保障政策或酌情根据国际金融公司的业绩标准筛选项目。", "45. 国家 然而,共同办法有一些缺点。 首先,它们是一项不具约束力的建议。 第二,它们载有一项减损条款(第13条),允许成员出口信贷机构在作出决定时选择完全不适用任何标准,条件是它们向出口信贷集团报告并说明理由。 [23] 第三,《共同办法》目前仅适用于官方支持的偿还期为两年或两年以上的出口信贷。", "46. 经常预算: 值得注意的是,《共同办法》没有提到人权,这促使人权与跨国公司和其他工商企业问题秘书长特别代表建议,《共同办法》应明确承认人权是企业和市场社会可持续性的关键因素,并明确承认出口信贷机构在促进公司尊重人权责任方面的作用。 [24] 特别代表还进一步建议经合组织考虑通过设立一个人权工作组,建立出口信贷机构的人权能力,以开发适合出口信贷机构从事人权尽职调查的工具,并帮助建立知识基础和能力。 此外,大赦国际建议根据国际人权标准评估出口信贷机构支助的项目,以防止项目造成或助长侵犯人权行为。 [25] 独立专家完全支持这些建议。", "47. 国家 关于腐败问题,2000年,出口信贷集团发表了关于受贿和官方支持的出口信贷的行动声明,2006年对声明进行了修订,后来改为经合组织的建议。 该建议承认出口信贷机构在打击腐败方面的作用,并建议采取适当措施制止其国际业务中的贿赂行为,包括向要求信贷的出口商通报受贿的法律后果,要求出口商申报没有从事受贿行为,要求提供关于过去受贿指控的信息,要求披露代理人收费和佣金的信息,检查国际金融机构取消资格名单上的潜在客户的记录并暂停有受贿证据的项目。 [26]", " 48. 48. 尽管作出了这些有限的努力,出口信贷机构的业务在全球一级仍然基本上不受管制,关于透明度和环境及人权影响的标准和管制仍然不足。", "六、结 论 国家对出口信贷机构的不法行为的责任", "49. (中文(简体) ). 作为官方支助的机构,出口信贷机构可以与纯粹的私人金融公司区分开来。 无论是政府拥有的还是政府授权的,他们都根据规定其任务的国家法律或条例履行职责。 所有出口信贷机构在其支持和控制下代表本国政府进行一些交易。 这确立了国家和机构之间的法律联系。 [27] 出口信贷机构公私合营集团也由国家通过授权、资助和管理其业务来控制。 由于这种法律联系,可以说,出口信贷机构违反国际法的任何行为都触发了母国的责任,出口信贷机构的不法行为将归于该国。", " 50. 50. 为支持这一观点,值得回顾的是,根据国际法委员会关于国家对国际不法行为的责任的条款草案第4条和第5条,国家任何机关的行为,不论其职能或地位如何,以及经该国法律授权行使某些政府权力并在特定情况下以这种身份行事的任何非国家机关的行为,将根据国际法归于该国。 此外,为了国际责任的目的并依照国家统一的原则,国家任何单位的行为或不行为可视为国家的行为(A/56/10)。 这意味着作为国家机关的出口信贷机构的不法行为和不行为根据国家责任的国际法可归于国家。 作为国家机构或政府部门设立的出口信贷机构显然是公共当局,因此国家对其行动负责。 它们完全属于国家所有并在其控制下运作。 同样,作为国有自主公司设立的出口信贷机构可以独立管理,但其活动最终由贸易或财政部等政府部门监督。 因此,这第二类出口信贷机构也可被视为受国家管制。 虽然属于第三类的私营公司或公私合营集团拥有更多的自主权,但国家通过监管、供资、批准大笔付款、监督或制定标准和程序,保留对其业务的某些控制权。 在许多情况下,有关私营或公营-私营公司业务的最终决定需要获得一个部或部级委员会的批准。 总体而言,国家对出口信贷机构活动的影响是一个共同因素,不能太轻视。", "51. 联合国 根据国家责任法,各国政府必须确保国家出口信贷机构不违反国际法律义务,包括国际人权法。 如果出口信贷机构不考虑或采取步骤来减轻其支持的私营公司项目对人权的影响,它们就有可能在出现侵权行为时引发国家违反国际法义务的责任(A/HRC/17/31,附件,原则4)。 国际法规定的国家义务还要求它们确保其行动或其机关,包括出口信贷机构的行动不给另一国造成损害。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 一国如果知道另一国的不法行为的情况,也应对该不法行为的共谋承担国际责任(A/56/10,第16条)。 因此,如果出口信贷机构支持公司在一国的项目,允许公司违反国际人权法开展业务,母国可能有责任协助东道国的不法行为。", "53. 联合国 关于条款草案第一部分第二章的评注强调,如果一国未能采取必要措施来防止私人当事方行为的影响,则该国可能要对此负责(A/56/10)。 如上所述,根据国际人权法,各国有义务规范第三方的活动,以保护人权不受侵犯。 同样,在跨国公司活动的责任方面,国家有义务保护本国公司在外国的人权不受侵犯。 [29]", "页:1 结论和建议", "54. 联合国 出口信贷机构支持的项目可能对执行这些项目的国家的可持续发展和人权产生不利影响。 出口信贷机构往往缺乏透明度,没有将环境、社会和人权因素充分纳入其供资决定。 根据国家责任的国际法,官方支助的出口信贷机构是母国的机关或代理人,其不法行为或不行为可归于该国。 因此,母国有义务规范其活动。 此外,出口信贷机构有责任尊重人权。", "55. 国家 为了确保出口信贷机构支持的活动不破坏国际人权义务、助长侵犯人权行为、阻碍这些国家可持续发展或加重发展中国家的债务负担,独立专家建议:", "(a) 各国采取措施,确保其出口信贷机构采用并落实符合国际人权标准的更强有力的环境和社会保障措施;", "(b) 各国确保其出口信贷机构通过执行披露政策来提高透明度和加强问责制,这些政策除其他外,要求公开披露机构支持的交易对环境、社会、人权和发展影响的所有信息,并确保受影响社区能够获得这些信息;", "(c) 各国采取措施,包括通过立法,确保其出口信贷机构不支持造成或助长侵犯人权的项目,并在这方面确保其出口信贷机构通过采用人权尽职调查框架来履行其尊重人权的义务,从而能够评估实际和潜在的负面人权影响并有效应对风险;", "(d) 各国确保受出口信贷机构支助的项目和出口影响的人,包括因出口信贷机构支助的活动而受侵犯人权行为之害的人,获得有效的国家法律补救;", "(e) 协助 在出口信贷机构的环境、社会和人权筛选政策中执行经合组织的共同办法已成为强制性的;", "(f) 与《公约》有关的问题 国际社会暂停偿还最贫穷国家目前的出口信贷机构债务,这些债务大多是用于经济上无效益的目的,债务国对所有出口信贷机构的索赔进行透明的公开审计,以确定它们是否符合可憎债务原则,所有发现违反该原则的债务一律无条件取消。", "[1] (中文(简体) ).", "[2] 见Doug Norlen, Rory Cox, Miho Kim和Catriona Glazebrook等编辑,《不寻常的怀疑:揭开出口信贷机构阴影世界》(Oakland, California, Pacific Environment, 2002), 第1页;Bruce Rich, “出口破坏”,环境论坛,2000年9月/10月;Malcolm Stephens,“出口信贷机构作用的改变”(华盛顿特区,国际货币基金组织,1999年), 第63页;Andrew M. M. Moravcsik, “Disclint 贸易融资:经合组织出口信贷安排”,国际组织, 第43卷, 第1期(1989年), 第176页;经合组织,“审查对只向开发协会国家的官方出口信贷承诺(2001-2009年), 第6页,可查阅www.oecd.org/dataoecd/424/49457.pdf。", "[3] 见www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/35/37931024.pdf。 另见Karyn Keenan,“出口信贷机构和国际人权法”(哈利法克斯倡议,2008年),第1页。", "[4] 见Bruce Rich,《赎回未来:煤炭、气候和公共国际金融》(环境防卫基金,2009年),第5页,可查阅www.edf.org/documents/9593_coal-plants-report.pdf。 另见Richard Wainwright, 编辑,《出口销毁:出口信贷、非法伐木和砍伐森林》(2008年),第7页。", "[5] Delio E. Gianturco,《出口信贷机构:国际贸易和金融的无名巨人》(Westport, Connecticut, Question Books, 2001), 第1页。", "[6] 20国集团关于全球复苏和改革计划的最后公报指出,20国集团领导人将确保今后两年至少提供2 500亿美元,通过该集团的出口信贷和投资机构和多边开发银行支持贸易融资。 见20国集团领导人于2009年4月2日通过的《全球复苏和改革计划》。 可查阅www.g20.org/Documents/final-communique.pdf。 另见经合组织2009年4月22日关于全球金融危机和出口信贷的声明。 见www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/22/4262423.pdf。", "[7] Norlen等,《不寻常的嫌疑人》(见脚注1),第1页。", "[8] 见Gabrielle Watson编辑,《竞相向下》,《第二幕:评估非洲经委会支助的项目在经合组织共同办法订正6后两年的可持续发展成就》(非洲经委会观察,2003年);Stephanie Fried和Titi Soentoro编辑,《亚太地区出口信贷机构简况》(蒙拜,世界社会论坛,2004年);Nicholas Hildyard, “出口信贷机构、公司福利和政策不一致”,Corner House简报文件第14号(1999年,Corner House),可查阅www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/resource/snouts-traw; 济南, “出口信贷机构和国际人权法”,第1页。 另见大赦国际2010年3月提交的关于审查环境共同办法和官方支持的出口信贷的订正建议(POL 30/002/2010),第1页。", "[9] 见经合组织《经合组织成员国和非成员国经济体的出口信贷融资制度:导言》(2008年)。 可查阅www.oecd-library.org。", "[10] 关于经合组织成员国和非成员国出口信贷融资系统的资料,见www.oecd-ilibrary.org/trade/export-credit-finance-systems-in-oecd- member-countrys-and-n-member-economies_17273870.", "[11]克能南, “出口信贷机构和国际人权法”(见脚注2),第2页。", "[12] 亚伦·戈德齐默, “比世界银行还糟? 出口信贷机构——全球化的秘密引擎”,《背景》,第9卷,第1期(2003年温特),第2页。", "[13] 世界银行,全球发展 金融:资助最穷国(华盛顿特区,2002年),第107页。", "[14] 另见关于适足食物权的第12号一般性意见,第36和37段;关于水权的第15号一般性意见,第31至34段。", "[15] 另见《在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果,咨询意见,2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第136页。", "[16] 一些条约机构敦促缔约国采取步骤,防止在其管辖下的公司在国外实施侵权行为。 例如,见经济、社会和文化权利委员会关于社会保障权的第19号一般性意见(E/C.12/GC/19),第54段,以及消除种族歧视委员会关于美国第四、第五和第六次定期报告的结论性意见(CERD/C/USA/CO/6)。", "[17] 在美国,作为出口信贷机构的海外私人投资公司已设立了一个问责办公室,以评估和审查对其所支持项目的投诉。 办事处向当地社区提供项目主办人,这种社区可能在物质上、直接地或受到项目的不利影响,而项目主办人则是独立于公司业务提出投诉的手段。 见www.opic.gov/doing-business/问责制。", "[18] 例如,见Watson, 编,《竞相向下》,第11卷(见脚注7)和Norlen等,《不寻常的嫌疑人》(见脚注1)。", "[19] Dieter Frisch,“出口信贷保险和打击国际腐败”,透明国际工作文件(透明国际,1999年)。 可查阅www.odious Bunders.org/odious Bunders/index.cfm?DSP=content&ContentID=2366. 关于处理公司参与贿赂和腐败问题的进展不足,另见透明国际,《反腐败报告的透明度:公司做法报告》(2009年)。", "[20] 见欧洲债务与发展网络,“柜子里的骨头:7国集团的非法债务要求”(2007年)。", "[21] 希尔迪亚德, “槽中的鼻口”(见脚注7)。", "[22] 澳大利亚大庆会,《风险企业:向澳大利亚出口信贷机构亮出焦点》(Sydney,澳大利亚,2009年),第10页。", "[23] Wainwright, 编辑,《出口销毁》(见脚注3), 第12页。 另见http://www.oekb.at/。 进口/出口-服务/透明度-遵守/环境/oecd-共同办法/页数/ 默认.aspx.", "[24] 人权与跨国公司和其他工商企业问题秘书长特别代表约翰·鲁格,“动员出口信贷机构尊重人权”,2010年6月23日在巴黎举行的经合组织出口信贷集团共同办法会议上的发言。", "[25] (中文(简体) ). 见大赦国际就审查关于共同办法的订正建议所提交的文件(见脚注7),第4页。", "[26] Wainwright编辑,《出口销毁》(见脚注3),第15页。", "[27] 见Özgür Can和Sara L. Seck,“人权和出口信贷机构的法律义务”,为非洲经委会观察、哈利法克斯倡议和经济、社会和文化权利网编写的文件,2006年7月。 可查阅www.halifaxinitiative.org/updir/ECAHRlegalFINAL.pdf。", "[28] 见Keenan,“出口信贷机构与国际人权法”(见脚注2),第3-7页。 另见Can和Seck,“人权和出口信贷机构的法律义务”,第4至8页。", "[29] 见Keenan,“出口信贷机构和国际人权法”,第10页;Can和Seck,“人权和出口信贷机构的法律义务”,第12页。" ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Pre-session working group", "Fifty-first session", "1-5 August 2011", "Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women", "Report of the pre-session working group", "1. It is the practice of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to convene a pre-session working group for five days to prepare lists of issues and questions relating to the initial and periodic reports that would be considered by the Committee at one of its future sessions.", "2. The Committee decided that the pre-session working group for the Committee’s fifty-first session would meet from 1 to 5 August 2011, immediately after its forty-ninth session, in order to ensure that sufficient time would be available to States parties to submit their written replies to the lists of issues and questions, as well as to ensure their timely translation.", "3. The following experts were designated as members of the pre-session working group:", "Ms. Ayse Feride Acar", "Ms. Violet Awori", "Ms. Barbara Bailey", "Ms. Ismat Jahan", "Ms. Victoria Popescu", "4. The pre-session working group elected Ms. Popescu as its Chair.", "5. The pre-session working group prepared lists of issues and questions with respect to the reports of Brazil, Congo, Grenada, Jordan, Norway and Zimbabwe. In this regard, the pre-session working group was guided by the decision of the Committee, adopted at its forty-ninth session, to limit the lists of issues to 20 questions, with each question containing no more than three issues. The pre-session working group also considered the list of issues previously adopted for Algeria (CEDAW/C/DZA/Q/4) and decided not to adopt a supplemental list of issues at the meeting. It is further noted that at the end of the meeting of the pre-session working group, Comoros submitted its report to the Secretariat. Comoros, which was scheduled to be considered in the absence of a report at the fifty-first session, will be considered at the fifty-third session to allow for supplemental list of issues to be drawn up based upon the report submitted by the State party. The list of issues for Comoros had been adopted previously in the absence of a report (CEDAW/C/COM/Q/4).", "6. To assist in the preparation of the lists of issues and questions, the pre-session working group had before it the reports of the States parties listed above, as well as the States parties’ core documents, if available; the general recommendations adopted by the Committee; background information and draft lists of issues and questions prepared by the Secretariat, based on an analytical comparison of current States parties’ reports, and the Committee’s discussion on earlier reports; and other pertinent information, including concluding observations of the Committee and other treaty bodies, if relevant. In preparing the lists of issues and questions for periodic reports, the pre-session working group paid particular attention to the States parties’ follow-up to the Committee’s concluding observations on previous reports.", "7. The pre-session working group benefited from written and oral information submitted by United Nations entities and specialized agencies, non-governmental organizations and a national human rights institution.", "8. Lists of issues and questions adopted by the pre-session working group were transmitted to the States parties concerned and are contained in the following documents:", "(a) List of issues and questions with regard to the seventh periodic report of Brazil (CEDAW/C/BRA/Q/7);", "(b) List of issues and questions with regard to the sixth periodic report of Congo (CEDAW/C/COG/Q/6);[1]", "(c) List of issues and questions with regard to the initial to fifth combined periodic report of Grenada (CEDAW/C/GRD/Q/1-5);", "(d) List of issues and questions with regard to the fifth periodic report of Jordan (CEDAW/C/JOR/Q/5);", "(e) List of issues and questions with regard to the eighth periodic report of Norway (CEDAW/C/NOR/Q/8);", "(f) List of issues and questions with regard to the second to fifth combined periodic report of Zimbabwe (CEDAW/C/ZWE/Q/2-5).", "9. In accordance with the Committee decisions 22/V, 25/II and 31/III, the lists of issues and questions focused on themes addressed by the Convention. These themes include, inter alia, the Constitutional and legislative framework and national machinery for the advancement of women; gender stereotypes; poverty and employment; violence against women, including domestic violence; trafficking in women and exploitation of prostitution; participation of women in decision-making; education and training; employment; health; social and economic benefits; the situation of disadvantaged groups of women, such as older women, rural women, women with disabilities, women belonging to ethnic minorities, refugee and migrant women; equality before the law; and marriage and family relations.", "[1] The pre-session working group examined the sixth periodic report of the Republic of Congo submitted by the State party. The Committee in its previous concluding observations had requested the State party to provide a combined sixth and seventh period report; therefore, the constructive dialogue on the implementation of the Convention by the State party will cover the period corresponding to the sixth and seventh periodic report. This information will be brought to the attention of the State party." ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会 会前工作组", "第五十一届会议", "2011年8月1日至5日", "审议缔约国根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第18条提交的报告", "会前工作组的报告", "1. 消除对妇女歧视委员会的惯例是，召集一个为期五天的会前工作组会议，拟订与委员会未来一届会议将审议的初次报告和定期报告有关的议题和问题清单。", "2. 委员会决定，委员会第五十一届会议会前工作组将于2011年8月1至5日在委员会第四十九届会议结束之后立即召开会议，以便缔约国有足够的时间对议题和问题清单提出书面答复，并确保这些答复能得到及时的翻译。", "3. 下列专家被指定为会前工作组成员：", "Ayse Feride Acar女士", "Violet Awori女士", "Barbara Bailey 女士", "Ismat Jahan 女士", "Victoria Popescu 女士", "4. 会前工作组选出Popescu女士为主席。", "5. 会前工作组编写了关于巴西、刚果、格林纳达、挪威和津巴布韦的议题和问题清单。在此方面，会前工作组遵从委员会在第四十九届会议上通过的决定,将议题清单限于20个问题，每个问题最多包含3个议题。会前工作组还审议了先前通过的关于阿尔及利亚的议题清单(CEDAW/C/DZA/Q/4)，并决定不在本次会议上通过补充议题清单。会前工作组还注意到，在会前工作组会议结束时,科摩罗向秘书处提交了报告。原定于在第五十一届会议上在没有报告的情况下审议科摩罗的情况，现决定在第五十三届会议上审议，以便根据该缔约国提交的报告起草补充议题清单。先前在没有报告的情况下已通过了关于科摩罗的议题清单(CEDAW/C/COM/Q/4)。", "6. 为协助拟订这些议题和问题清单，会前工作组收到了上述缔约国的报告以及缔约国提交的核心文件(如果有的话)；委员会通过的一般性建议；秘书处根据对缔约国当前报告的分析比较结果以及委员会就先前报告的讨论拟订的背景资料、议题和问题清单草稿；其他有关资料，包括委员会和其他条约机构的结论意见(如相关)。在拟订定期报告的议题和问题清单时，会前工作组特别注意缔约国对委员会关于先前文件的结论意见采取的后续行动。", "7. 会前工作组还得益于联合国各实体和专门机构、非政府组织和一个国家人权机构提供的书面和口头资料。", "8. 会前工作组拟订的议题和问题清单已送交有关缔约国，这些清单载于下列文件：", "(a) 与巴西第七次定期报告有关的议题和问题清单(CEDAW/C/BRA/Q/7)；", "(b) 与刚果第六次定期报告有关的议题和问题清单(CEDAW/C/COG/Q/6)；[1]", "(c) 与格林纳达第五次合并定期报告有关的议题和问题清单(CEDAW/C/ GRD/Q/1-5)；", "(d) 与约旦第五次定期报告有关的议题和问题清单(CEDAW/C/JOR/Q/5)；", "(e) 与挪威第八次定期报告有关的议题和问题清单(CEDAW/C/NOR/Q/8)；", "(f) 与津巴布韦第五次合并定期报告有关的议题和问题清单(CEDAW/C/ ZWE/Q/2-5)。", "9. 根据委员会第22/V号、第25/II号和第31/III号决定，议题和问题清单都以《公约》所涉主题为重点。这些主题包括有关提高妇女地位的宪法及立法框架和国家机构；性别陈规定型观念；贫穷和就业；暴力侵害妇女行为，包括家庭暴力；贩运妇女和利用妇女卖淫营利；妇女参与决策；教育和培训；就业；保健；社会和经济福利；老龄妇女、农村妇女、残疾妇女、少数族裔妇女、难民妇女和移徙妇女等弱势妇女群体的状况；妇女在法律面前的平等地位；婚姻和家庭关系。", "[1] 会前工作组审查了刚果共和国提交的第六次定期报告。委员会在其以往的结论性意见中请缔约国提供第六次和第七次合并定期报告；因此，关于缔约国执行《公约》的建设性对话将涵盖与第六次和第七次定期报告涵盖的时段。将提请缔约国注意这一情况。" ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "会前工作组", "第五十一届会议", "2011年8月1日至5日,日内瓦", "审议缔约国根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》 第18条提交的报告", "会前工作组的报告", "1. 联合国 消除对妇女歧视委员会的惯例是召开为期五天的会前工作组会议,以拟订与委员会今后一届会议将审议的初次报告和定期报告有关的议题和问题清单。", "2. 联合国 委员会决定,委员会第五十一届会议会前工作组将在第四十九届会议后立即于2011年8月1日至5日举行会议,以确保缔约国有足够的时间对议题和问题清单提交书面答复,并确保及时翻译。", "3个 下列专家被指定为会前工作组成员:", "艾斯·费里德·阿卡尔女士", "维奥莱特·阿沃里女士", "芭芭拉·贝利女士", "伊斯马特·贾汉女士", "维多利亚·波佩斯库女士", " 4.四. 会前工作组选举波佩斯库女士为主席。", "5 (韩语). 会前工作组就巴西、刚果、格林纳达、约旦、挪威和津巴布韦的报告编写了议题和问题清单。 在这方面,会前工作组遵循了委员会第四十九届会议通过的决定,即将问题清单限定为20个问题,每个问题不超过三个问题。 会前工作组还审议了先前为阿尔及利亚通过的问题清单(CEDAW/C/DZA/Q/4),并决定不在会上通过补充性问题清单。 委员会还注意到,在会前工作组会议结束时,科摩罗向秘书处提交了报告。 科摩罗原定在第五十一届会议上在没有报告的情况下审议,将在第五十三届会议上审议,以便根据缔约国提交的报告拟订补充问题清单。 科摩罗的问题清单先前是在没有报告的情况下通过的(CEDAW/C/COM/Q/4)。", "6. 国家 为了协助拟订议题和问题清单,会前工作组收到了上述缔约国的报告,以及现有的缔约国核心文件;委员会通过的一般性建议;秘书处根据对目前缔约国报告的分析比较和委员会对以前报告的讨论编写的背景资料和议题和问题清单草案;以及其他有关资料,包括委员会和其他条约机构的相关结论性意见。 在编写定期报告的议题和问题清单时,会前工作组特别注意缔约国对委员会以前报告的结论性意见所采取的后续行动。", "7. 联合国 会前工作组受益于联合国各实体和专门机构、非政府组织和国家人权机构提供的书面和口头资料。", "8. 联合国 会前工作组通过的议题和问题清单已转交有关缔约国,并载于下列文件:", "(a) 与巴西第七次定期报告有关的议题和问题清单(CEDAW/C/BRA/Q/7);", "(b) 与刚果第六次定期报告有关的议题和问题清单(CEDAW/C/COG/Q/6);[1]", "(c) 与格林纳达初次至第五次合并定期报告有关的议题和问题清单(CEDAW/C/GRD/Q/1-5);", "(d) 与约旦第五次定期报告有关的议题和问题清单(CEDAW/C/JOR/Q/5);", "(e) 与挪威第八次定期报告有关的议题和问题清单(CEDAW/C/NOR/Q/8);", "(f) 与津巴布韦第二次至第五次合并定期报告有关的议题和问题清单(CEDAW/C/ZWE/Q/2-5)。", "9. 国家 根据委员会第22/V、25/II和31/III号决定,议题和问题清单侧重于《公约》所处理的主题。 这些主题主要包括:提高妇女地位的宪法和法律框架及国家机制;性别陈规定型观念;贫穷和就业;对妇女的暴力行为,包括家庭暴力;贩卖妇女和意图营利使人卖淫;妇女参与决策;教育和培训;就业;保健;社会和经济福利;老年妇女、农村妇女、残疾妇女、少数民族妇女、难民和移民妇女等弱势妇女群体的状况;法律面前的平等;婚姻和家庭关系。", "[1] 会前工作组审议了缔约国提交的刚果共和国第六次定期报告。 委员会在先前的结论性意见中请缔约国提交一份第六和第七次合并定期报告;因此,关于缔约国执行《公约》情况的建设性对话将涵盖与第六和第七次定期报告相对应的期间。 将提请缔约国注意这些资料。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Human rights and unilateral coercive measures", "Annual report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/217, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to bring the resolution to the attention of all Member States, to continue to collect their views and information on the implications and negative effects of unilateral coercive measures on their populations and to submit an analytical report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has received replies from the Governments of Argentina, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Iraq and Kuwait in response to a note verbale sent out by the Office. The present report comprises a summary of all responses received and an analysis of their contents.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Information 3 received from Member \nStates \nArgentina 3\nBelarus 4Bosnia 5 and \nHerzegovina Burkina 6 \n Faso \nCuba 7Dominican 11 \nRepublic \nEcuador 11\nGuatemala 12\nGuyana 12\nIraq 14\nKuwait 14III.Analysis 15 and \nconclusions", "I. Introduction", "1. In paragraph 15 of its resolution 65/217, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to bring the resolution to the attention of all Member States, to continue to collect their views and information on the implications and negative effects of unilateral coercive measures on their populations and to submit an analytical report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, while reiterating the need to highlight the practical and preventive measures in this regard.", "2. On 5 May 2011, in accordance with paragraph 15 of resolution 65/217, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights sent a request for information to all permanent missions to the United Nations Office at Geneva. As at 25 July 2011, the Office had received responses from the Governments of Argentina, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Iraq and Kuwait.", "II. Information received from Member States", "Argentina", "[Original: Spanish]", "[1 July 2011]", "The Republic of Argentina has consistently supported the resolutions on human rights and unilateral coercive measures in the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council. It also voted for General Assembly resolution 55/6 on the suppression of the use of unilateral measures as coercive political and economic instruments.", "The Argentine position is based on the obligation of all States to refrain from adopting or applying unilateral measures that oppose international law or the Charter of the United Nations. It is also based on the annex to General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV) and the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States contained in General Assembly resolution 3281 (XXIX). The use of unilateral coercive measures with extraterritorial effects seriously affects trade and economic cooperation and has a negative impact on the free movement of capital and the freedom of trade. Argentina believes that the adoption of coercive measures that deny people access to basic health care and food prevents the enjoyment of fundamental human rights, which cannot be violated on the rationale of national security interests.", "Argentine Act 24.871 states that any foreign law that limits or prevents free trade and free movement of capital, goods or people, directly or indirectly, adversely affecting any country or group of countries, will not be applicable and will not have any legal effect within the territory of Argentina. Article I of this Act states that foreign laws intended to generate extraterritorial legal effects by imposing economic sanctions, or by limiting investments in another country, with the objective of changing its government will not have any legal effect within the territory of the Republic. Argentina reaffirms the indivisible, universal and interdependent nature of all human rights.", "Belarus", "[Original: Russian]", "[23 June 2011]", "The response of the Republic of Belarus refers to the continued restrictive measures of a political and economic nature by the European Union and the United States of America in relation to Belarus. In 2011, the European Council imposed visa and financial sanctions against several officials of the Republic on the grounds of falsification of the Presidential elections of 19 December 2010 and subsequent violent persecution of the democratic opposition, civil society and members of the independent mass media. As at 20 June 2011, the number of Belorussian citizens subject to sanctions on travel to the territory of the States members of the European Union reached 190. In addition, the European Union imposed economic sanctions against three Belorussian enterprises, namely, Beltekexporta, BT-Telekommunikazi and Sport-pari. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Norway and Serbia also joined the European Union sanctions against Belarus.", "Since June 2006, the United States has imposed sanctions against officials of Belorussia affecting their property interests in United States territory. Since August 2007, United States visa restrictions have been applied against several categories of officials. During the period 2004-2011, a number of unilateral restrictive measures of an economic nature were applied by the United States of America against major Belorussian enterprises, including Belneftexim, BelTekExport, Belorusneft and Integral. The decisions of the European Union and the United States of America as well as the countries supporting their unilateral coercive measures in the form of sanctions directly affect the interests of ordinary Belorussian citizens and their enjoyment of economic, social and other rights, including the right to development. Such measures also affect the activities of Belorussian civil society, including journalists. Courts are under pressure from sanctions, which is not acceptable from the standpoint of preserving the independence of the judiciary and upholding rights.", "Belarus is obliged to draw the attention of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council to the unilateral coercive measures applied by the European Union, the United States of America and other countries, in violation of, inter alia, General Assembly resolution 65/217 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/24 on “Human rights and unilateral coercive measures”. It recalls that according to the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, and the relevant principles and provisions contained in the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, proclaimed by the General Assembly in its resolution 3281 (XXIX) of 12 December 1974, in particular article 32 thereof, no State may use or encourage the use of economic, political or any other type of measure to coerce another State in order to obtain from it the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights and to secure from it, advantages of any kind.", "The Republic of Belarus welcomes the continued attention of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council to the question of the realization of human rights in the context of unilateral coercive measures and is convinced of the need to set up in the Council a special procedure on unilateral coercive measures and their impact on human rights. Belarus supports the request contained in Human Rights Council resolution 15/24 that the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights prepare a thematic study on the impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights, including recommendations on actions aimed at ending such measures.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "[Original: English]", "[29 June 2011]", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a sovereign, independent and internationally recognized country, is deeply convinced that no State should use or encourage other international actors to use economic, political or any other type of measures to coerce other States in order to make them subordinate to the State or to great power. Bosnia and Herzegovina takes this position because unilateral coercive measures are in direct contradiction to the standards of public international law and humanitarian law and therefore constitute a flagrant violation of international instruments signed and ratified by internationally recognized entities/member States of families of international organizations of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the European Union and the like.", "Human rights are interrelated and interdependent, and this means that they include as a fundamental human right the right to development through the support of free trade and the movement of people, goods, capital and services. The principle of free passage, or “laissez passer”, was conceived in the times of the French revolution and is built into the foundations of the European Union. Bosnia and Herzegovina believes that restricting the right to development through the use of unilateral coercive measures greatly jeopardizes the human rights enshrined, in the first place, in the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and numerous international instruments that it has signed and ratified.", "Interference with free trade takes place at the expense of vulnerable populations in developing countries, including children, adolescents, women and the elderly. Unfortunately, legislative, economic and political unilateral coercive measures continue to prevail worldwide, significantly influencing the social situation in developing countries and the full exercise of human rights. In the light of the above, Bosnia and Herzegovina is of the view that it is necessary to raise public awareness of the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures and the importance of respecting the standards and principles of both public and private international law in order to create friendly relations between countries and promote and protect human rights.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina strongly supports the implementation of the Declaration on the Right to Development and invokes the principle under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights that no person shall be deprived of their own means of subsistence. Unilateral coercive measures are one-sided means of political force that directly conflict with the ideals of democratic States.", "Burkina Faso", "[Original: French]", "[20 July 2011]", "Burkina Faso supports General Assembly resolution 65/217 on “Human rights and unilateral coercive measures” and other documents adopted within the framework of other international bodies to prohibit the adoption of unilateral coercive measures by States. This includes Human Rights Council resolution 15/24 and previous resolutions of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council on “Human rights and unilateral coercive measures”; the Final Document of the Fourteenth Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Non-Aligned Movement held in Havana in September 2006 and the recommendations of the World Conference on Human Rights held in Vienna in 1993, which all require that States refrain from the use of unilateral measures inconsistent with international law and the Charter of the United Nations.", "Burkina Faso remains convinced that to preserve peace and security, States must necessarily seek to promote them through friendly and cooperative relations, based on the principle of equality among nations and their right to self-determination. The development of such relations requires that States refrain from adopting or executing unilateral coercive measures contrary to international law, including through recourse to war, militarism and negative economic and trade measures imposed unilaterally. These unilateral coercive measures are contrary to the fundamental principles of the Charter of the United Nations, the Charter of the African Union, and many other international legal instruments.", "Compliance with the rules and principles established by international law, including humanitarian law, are the only means to establish international relations that are peaceful and respectful of human rights. State sovereignty and non‑intervention in the internal affairs of other States are fundamental principles embodied in the Charter of the United Nations which should guide relations among States. In the view of Burkina Faso, in the current international context marked by divergence of State interests, but also by the development of multilateral frameworks for dialogue between States, the challenges in international relations must necessarily be addressed within these frameworks. The mechanisms established under the United Nations, including the Security Council, and other international and regional multilateral organizations are the only legitimate authorities to decide on appropriate measures to safeguard security and to encourage a State to comply with international standards. All coercive measures adopted unilaterally by one State against another, regardless of the purpose, are contrary to international law and should therefore be prohibited.", "The resort to direct or indirect war or armed force by one State against another always causes disastrous effects, for both human rights and the development of nations. All States should seek at all costs to resolve their differences through the mechanisms of peaceful resolution of disputes recognized by international law. As a peace-loving country, Burkina Faso has always tried to promote healthy relationships and friendships with other States. It is this spirit of peace that led to the active involvement of the Head of State of Burkina Faso in conflict resolution in the subregion, including in Côte d’Ivoire and Togo.", "Burkina Faso, as a Member State of the United Nations, the African Union and many other international and regional organizations, attaches great importance to multilateralism in international relations, as is evidenced by its active participation in various regional and international frameworks. Burkina Faso is a member of the Human Rights Council. The multilateral frameworks are appropriate and legitimate for the resolution of challenges encountered in inter-State relations and issues that may threaten international peace and security. Burkina Faso upholds the rule of law and is committed to the principle of equality, both nationally and internationally. In accordance with the standards and principles of international law, Burkina Faso has not adopted unilateral coercive measures against any other State.", "From the perspective of the law in Burkina Faso, international standards have primacy over internal legislative and administrative measures. Under Article 151 of the Constitution of Burkina Faso, its international obligations, particularly in the context of agreements duly ratified, supersede national laws. Therefore, measures that are contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and the international standards and principles to which Burkina Faso has agreed are prohibited by law. The authorities of Burkina Faso, committed to the core values that guide international relations, are willing to cooperate with other States and international bodies for the development of friendly relations and cooperation in the world.", "Cuba", "[Original: Spanish]", "[26 May 2011]", "Cuba points out that numerous resolutions of the General Assembly, the Human Rights Council and the former Commission on Human Rights, as well as political declarations approved at major international summits and conferences of the United Nations, have ruled that the application of unilateral coercive economic measures is a violation of the Charter of the United Nations and of international law. The implementation of unilateral coercive measures as an instrument of political and economic coercion threatens the enjoyment of all human rights, beginning with the right to life, as well as the independence, sovereignty and right to self-determination of peoples. The main victims of those measures are the people of the countries against which they are applied, especially the most vulnerable groups — children, women, the elderly and persons with disabilities.", "Cuba recalls that the General Assembly decided in 1970 that no State may use or encourage the use of economic, political or any other measures to coerce another State in order to obtain the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights or to obtain from it advantages of any kind. This was endorsed by the Declaration on the Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation between States.", "Cuba indicates that it has been a victim for over 50 years of the application of unilateral coercive measures and that it therefore attaches particular importance to the consideration of this matter by the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly. Cuba believes that the application of such measures has been a fundamental instrument of a policy of hostility and aggression of the United States of America against Cuba, seeking to destroy the political, economic and social system established by the sovereign will of the Cuban people. Cuba believes that the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States against Cuba is the “longest and most cruel system of unilateral sanctions which has been applied against any country or witnessed by the history of humankind”. The purpose of the economic, commercial and financial embargo was the destruction of the Cuban revolution, as laid down on 6 April 1960.", "Cuba maintains that the embargo constitutes an essential component of a policy of State terrorism deployed against Cuba by successive American administrations which, in a systematic, cumulative and inhumane way, has affected all Cuban people, regardless of age, sex, race, religion or social status. The Cuban submission asserts that this policy qualifies as an act of genocide under subsection (c) of Article II of the Geneva Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 9 December 1948.", "Cuba refers to the so-called Torricelli Act of 1992 and the Helms-Burton Act of 1996, which, it says, contain provisions that are contrary to the Charter of the United Nations, in violation of international law and World Trade Organization agreements. Through these laws of markedly extraterritorial nature, the United States Government has strengthened and extended to third countries, their companies and citizens, the application of the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed against Cuba for 50 years.", "Cuba has observed that, in an effort to justify the blockade against Cuba and its people, the United States Department of State has included Cuba, without any grounds, in a list elaborated unilaterally of perpetrators of alleged violations of human rights, human trafficking, sex tourism, practices of terrorism, religious intolerance, etc.", "Despite a media and diplomatic offensive by the United States Government and the adoption by it of some cosmetic measures, the embargo remains intact today and continues to be applied rigorously, with the political, administrative and repressive mechanisms for its implementation having been strengthened. There has been no action to dismantle the web of laws and administrative regulations/requirements that form the legal basis and regulations of the embargo. On 11 September 2009, the implementation of the embargo against Cuba was extended, based on “the national interest of the United States” and the 1917 Act of Trade with the Enemy, which applies only to situations of war and is valid only for Cuba. Sanctions apply to North American and European companies doing business with Cuba. This policy impedes exchanges of a scientific, cultural or touristic nature and promotes theft of trademarks and the freezing of millions of dollars of Cuban funds in the United States. More pressure is applied to subordinate relations with Cuba for the purposes of “regime change” and financial support is offered for actions aimed at overthrowing the constitutional order in Cuba.", "Cuba notes that the application of the embargo is not a bilateral issue only between Cuba and the United States. Repeated extraterritorial application of United States laws and the persecution against the legitimate interests of businesses and citizens of third countries significantly affect the sovereignty of many other States as well. The damages caused by the extraterritorial nature of unilateral coercive measures are multiplied by the important participation of the United States and its enterprises in trade and transnational investment. The investments of both third-country companies in the United States and of North American companies abroad, mainly in the form of mergers and partial or full acquisitions of companies, exacerbate the extraterritorial effects of these measures, by reducing the external economic space of Cuba and make it more difficult, sometimes impossible, to find partners and suppliers to avoid the strict blockade imposed by the United States.", "The Cuban submission states that, according to conservative estimates, the direct damage to Cuba resulting from the blockade until December 2009 exceeds tens of billions of dollars. Despite the approval of the most recent resolution of the General Assembly calling for the lifting of the economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba, adopted by an overwhelming majority of Member States on 28 October 2010, and notwithstanding the existence of 18 previous resolutions that include this just demand, the United States Government has continued to pursue this action against Cuba.", "The Cuban submission also states that the United States Government has recruited mercenaries to carry out acts against Cuba. In 2009, the Office of Foreign Assets Control fined seven entities for violating the blockade against Cuba in the amount of $315,503. The sum of fines on individuals and entities amounted to $340,678. In the first half of 2010, fines imposed on companies amounted to $2,221,671. The Office of Foreign Assets Control applied other million dollar fines for trade not only with Cuba, but also with other countries under/by virtue of unilateral coercive measures. The entities of third countries subjected to fines included Credit Suisse Bank of Switzerland, Australia and New Zealand Bank Group Ltd. and the subsidiary in Sweden of the chemical company Innospec Inc. based in Delaware. In May 2009, the Office of Foreign Assets Control refused the request of the Banco Popular Español to release funds amounting to €107,770.95 blocked via a transfer from Madrid to Moscow, realized by Cubana de Aviación in December 2008.", "The submission continues that, since the acquisition of the Lemery Company of Mexico by the Israeli transnational company Teva with United States capital, Cuba can no longer buy the cytostatic dactinomycin, the most useful drug in the treatment of sarcomas (malignant neoplasm). The use of this product would allow an increase in the survival rate of patients to over 70 per cent of all cases. Sensitive sectors, such as food, health, education and culture, have been among the main targets of this policy, which affects quality of life. The following are examples between May 2009 and April 2010. Cuba has no access to the medicine temozolamide (Temodar), specific cytostatic for use in central nervous system tumours (gliomas and astrocytomas). This affects approximately 250 patients annually, of which about 30 are children. The Pediatric Cardiology Centre “William Soler” is prevented from acquiring devices, such as catheters, coils, guides and stents, used for diagnosis and treatment by interventional catheterization for children with complex congenital heart disease. American companies are prohibited from selling these products to Cuba. Cuban children are denied the use of the American device Amplatzer made of special materials in order to avoid organic rejection/refusal. This device is used in open heart surgery, an intervention, in addition to being risky, that requires intensive care and recovery for three weeks. The Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology of Cuba is prevented from using plates of radioactive iodine in the treatment of retinoblastoma tumour (congenital tumour that grows on the retina) through inability to acquire these plates, which can be purchased only in the United States. In the absence of this technology, which is basically intended for children, the only alternative is the removal of the eye and, in some cases, the removal of both eyes, a medical method entailing serious limitations for life.", "In the food industry, the import company Alimport was affected between May 2009 and April 2010 in the approximate amount of $102,900,000 by the concept of “risk country” in the form of banking and financial costs and costs for the modality of payment instruments. If Cuba had these funds at its disposal, it could have purchased 337,000 tons of wheat, 451,000 tons of maize and 109,000 tons of chicken at 2008 average prices. In the field of education, Cuba has been prevented from acquiring the necessary equipment for 60 therapeutic classrooms for children with motor disabilities since it does not have access to the United States market and has to resort to markets that are more distant and more expensive. The cost of these classrooms is around €14,000 on the European market, but in the United States does not exceed $8,000 dollars.", "According to the submission, from May 2008 to May 2010, the total amount of Cuban imports in this sector fell to $18,200,000, of which 10 per cent was spent on freight. If Cuba had access to the United States market, it would have had to devote only 3.7 per cent to pay the freight, so it would have been able to buy offset paper for the printing of all textbooks needed for education (primary, secondary, etc.), all tracing toolkits for teaching mathematics in elementary schools and special education, and 150,000 sets of acrylic board markers for educational purposes around the country in the school year.", "Cuba notes that, in the cultural arena, a bilateral agreement was signed in 2002 with the National Social Sciences Research Council of the United States of America, which would support the project for conservation of the house-museum of Ernest Hemingway and supply materials for the scanning of correspondence and documents from the Hemingway collection. However, the Treasury Department did not authorize the transfer to Cuba of the funding necessary to implement this project. These are illustrative examples of laws, regulations and practices that support the embargo and that have remained in force, reinforcing the political, administrative and repressive mechanisms for its effective and deliberate implementation.", "The requirement to respect international law applies equally to everyone. Cuba states that it is unacceptable that the Government of the United States of America continues to maintain the embargo, which worsens the living conditions of the Cuban people, and ignores the fact that the international community has been calling for an end to the blockade against Cuba for 19 years in successive resolutions of the General Assembly, while it simultaneously condemns the application of unilateral coercive measures in the Assembly and several of its subsidiary organs.", "The application of this policy of blockade continues to be the main obstacle to the economic and social development of Cuba and constitutes a flagrant, massive and systematic violation of human rights and a transgression of the right to peace, and the development and the security of a sovereign State. The continued support of the international community and its strong pronouncement against the application of such measures has been an important tool in the struggle of the Cuban people. It is important that the international community increase the political pressure on the United States Government, calling for an end to this inhumane and obsolete policy, according to the Cuban submission.", "Dominican Republic", "[Original: Spanish] [27 June 2011]", "General Assembly resolution 65/217 seeks to reaffirm the principles and provisions enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, previous resolutions of the Human Rights Council and the Commission on Human Rights, as well as norms of international humanitarian law, which establish that unilateral coercive measures and laws applied by a State generate negative consequences, including extraterritorial effects for social and humanitarian activities, as well as for the economic and social development of developing countries. This resolution is a response to multiple calls from Member States of the United Nations with regard to the serious damage that unilateral coercive measures applied by States on other States generate on populations, particularly children, women, the elderly and persons with disabilities, in the Latin American region. The reports presented by Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela are particularly relevant.", "The Charter of the United Nations, in force since 24 October 1945, in particular, Article 10, states that “the General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations to the Members of the United Nations or to the Security Council or to both on any such questions or matters”. The Dominican Republic, as a Member State of the United Nations, does not underestimate the role of the said institution in the overall process of the formation and development of international law.", "The commitment of the Dominican Republic to the international community is enshrined in the Constitution of 26 January 2010, in its Article 26, paragraphs 3 and 4, which state: “the international relations of the Dominican Republic are founded and governed by the affirmation and promotion of its national values and interests, the respect for human rights and international law”. “On an equal footing with other States, the Dominican Republic accepts an international legal order that ensures respect for fundamental rights to peace, justice, and the political, social, economic and cultural development of nations. It commits to act at the international, regional and national levels in a manner consistent with national interests, peaceful coexistence among peoples and the duty of solidarity with all nations.”", "Ecuador", "[Original: Spanish] [6 July 2011]", "As a sovereign State, Ecuador does not apply unilateral coercive measures which are contrary to international law, the United Nations Charter and the rules and principles that govern peaceful relations between countries and which could prevent the full achievement of the economic and social development of the population, in particular the development of children and women.", "Ecuador does not adopt measures that could harm the well-being of its population and prevent it from enjoying human rights. On the contrary, Ecuador wants to implement measures to improve the living standards and the security level of the population, based on the principles and objectives established in the National Development Plan of Ecuador-National Plan for Well-being. The Government of Ecuador pays special attention to the right of each person to enjoy living standards that provide health and education and the right to food, health care, education and social services. Access to food and medication should not be used as a political tool.", "Guatemala", "[Original: Spanish] [8 June 2011]", "The response of the Presidential Commission for Coordinating Executive Policy in the Field of Human Rights in Guatemala underlines that the State of Guatemala has duly complied with resolution 65/217 and has not adopted any unilateral coercive measures which would be contrary to international human rights law and the Charter of the United Nations, as well as the principles of a State struggling for the strengthening of democracy and for respect for human rights.", "Guyana", "[Original: English] [14 June 2011]", "Guyana is both mindful of and agrees with the general considerations outlined in resolution 65/217, particularly article 32 of the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, proclaimed by the General Assembly in its resolution 3281 (XXIX) of 1974, insofar as it condemns use by a State of economic, political or any other type of measure to coerce another State in order to obtain from it the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights. It shares in the position of the General Assembly that such unilateral coercive measures and legislation are contrary to international law, international humanitarian law and the Charter of the United Nations, which form part of general customary international law and the norms and principles governing peaceful relations among States. Guyana has no legislation or other forms of coercive measures which encourage the use of economic or political coercion. It joins in the condemnation of States which resort to such measures and urges them to effectively reverse such actions.", "Guyana reaffirms its commitment to make good-faith efforts to fulfil its international obligations under international instruments to which it has acceded, including the Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. After the first free and fair elections in October 1992, following a long struggle for the restoration of democracy, Guyana has focused on the improved well-being and quality of life of its people, and its Parliament has enacted a series of statutes that specifically promote and protect the human rights of individuals as well as vulnerable groups of persons. Guyana, through its Executive, Legislature and Judiciary, collaborates to enhance the implementation of human rights treaties and recognizes the universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated character of all human rights.", "With regard to the reference in the resolution to “reaffirming the right to development as an integral part of all human rights”, Guyana’s Constitution, Part 2, Title 1, “Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual”, Article 149C, states that “no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of participating through cooperatives, trade unions, civic or socio-economic organizations of a national character, in the management and decision-making processes of the State”. Article 14 of the Constitution states that “the goal of economic development includes the objective of creating, promoting and encouraging an economic system capable of achieving and maintaining sustainable competitive advantage in the context of a global competitive environment, by fostering entrepreneurship, individual and group initiative and creativity, and strategic alliances with domestic and global business partners”. Guyana shares in the concern about the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on international relations, trade, investment and cooperation.", "As a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Guyana supports regional integration and consequently the establishment of a Caribbean Single Market and Economy. As a member of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the Organization of American States, Guyana takes seriously its obligations and commitments to these bodies. There exist claims on Guyana’s territory by two neighbouring countries — Suriname and Venezuela. Guyana chose to resolve the issue of its maritime boundaries with Suriname by utilizing the available remedies in the International Law of the Sea and the International Arbitral Tribunal, rather than through coercive measures. Guyana maintains good relations with both these countries and is committed to the United Nations good offices process with regard to the controversy with Venezuela. Guyana, although a small developing country, has reached out to assist States that have faced natural disasters, like Grenada, Haiti, Japan, Saint Vincent, Saint Lucia and Venezuela.", "Guyana is gravely concerned about the situation of children who are the main victims of unilateral coercive measures. It recognizes that every child has a right to grow to adulthood in health, peace and dignity and, to this end, has undertaken efforts to ensure the rights of children to health, nutrition, education, and social and emotional development. Similarly, in keeping with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and other international standards, Guyana has developed comprehensive constitutional and legislative provisions and policies to promote and protect women’s rights. These reforms are important to prohibit the persistence of unilateral coercive measures which have negative implications for social and humanitarian activities and economic and social development of developing countries like Guyana. Guyana remains committed to eradicating all forms of unilateral coercive measures which create obstacles to both development and human rights.", "With reference to paragraph 2 of the resolution concerning the right to “food, medical care and education”, Guyana places emphasis on the right to food and has taken positive measures to eliminate hunger and promote food security. Guyana ensures that health-care delivery is based on equity and accountability. Its education policy ensures that all citizens, regardless of race, age, creed, physical or mental disability, have opportunities to achieve their full potential through equal access to quality education within available resources. The provision of necessary social services, such as food, medical care, education and social safety nets, “are not used as tools for political pressure”.", "Guyana is both mindful of and agrees with the principle of self-determination alluded to in paragraphs 4 and 7 of resolution 65/217, under which nations have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or interference. Consequently, it shares in the condemnation and rejection of unilateral coercive measures adopted by any State, multilateral or international developmental agency. Guyana reiterates that unilateral coercive measures constitute a major obstacle to the full realization of human rights, development of societies, security and peaceful resolution of conflicts at the regional and global levels.", "Iraq", "[Original: Arabic] [22 July 2011]", "The Republic of Iraq fully supports General Assembly resolution 65/217 and reiterates the need for all States to refrain from unilateral coercive measures. Despite several resolutions on this issue, States still resort to the use of such arbitrary measures. Iraq condemns the use of arbitrary, extraterritorial, unilateral measures used to exert political pressure on other States. Such measures have a negative impact on human rights, including the basic right to food, health and development. Iraq stresses the importance of practical and preventive measures in the face of unilateral coercive measures.", "Kuwait", "[Original: Arabic] [24 June 2011]", "Human rights are enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and several other international instruments and are also contained in the majority of national constitutions. They apply to relations between States and individuals and are also of importance to relations between States. All human rights must be upheld without exception or selection. Kuwait supports all efforts by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights towards the rejection and elimination of unilateral coercive measures. Such measures are used to exert political pressure and pose obstacles to international relations and trade. Kuwait supports the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/217 and extends its support and cooperation in this regard. It is important not to politicize the legal issues involved in its implementation. It is necessary to study the issue of human rights and unilateral coercive measures and to do a comprehensive and complete assessment of United Nations resolutions on this subject, including obstacles facing the achievement of the objectives of these resolutions.", "Kuwait refuses to adopt any legislative, administrative or economic measures of a coercive nature or measures that obstruct the economic and cultural development of other States in order to force them to adopt certain policies. Unilateral coercive measures have negative effects on the populations of developing countries and development as laid out in the Declaration on the Right to Development. They impede the full enjoyment of all human rights, including the most elementary rights to food and medical care. Kuwait supports the decisions of the General Assembly in relation to the Right to Development and rejects the imposition of unilateral coercive measures which impede this right.", "Kuwait continues in its approach to international development assistance and support to more than 100 developing countries and least developed countries, for instance through the Kuwait Development Fund, and also through its work for sustainable development at the national level. Kuwait believes in the importance of development and its relationship to human rights and finds this to be an area to connect individuals and communities.", "III. Analysis and conclusions", "3. With regard to General Assembly resolution 65/217, a total of 11 Member States submitted their views on human rights and unilateral coercive measures. Collectively, all States which responded were unequivocal in their objection to the use of unilateral coercive measures.", "4. Respondent States rejected the use of unilateral coercive measures by any State, multilateral or international development agency. Such measures were viewed as violations of human rights and as obstacles to the full realization of human rights, development of societies, peace and security, and resolution of disputes and conflicts. Several States also stated that they do not resort to such measures as a matter of principle.", "5. Most respondents referred to the principles of international law which include the obligation of States to refrain from adopting or applying unilateral measures that are contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and public international law. Such measures were said to contravene the ideals of democratic States and the basic principles of State sovereignty, independence, sovereign equality, self-determination and non-intervention in internal affairs. Unilateral coercive measures involve both private and public international law, including international humanitarian law, and therefore constitute a violation of several international as well as regional instruments. Relevant instruments cited by States include the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, and the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States (under which no State may use or encourage the use of economic, political or any other type of measure to coerce another State in order to obtain from it the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights and to secure from it advantages of any kind).", "6. States recalled that under the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, no person can be deprived of his/her own means of subsistence. Several States also reaffirmed their support for the implementation of the Declaration on the Right to Development. It was noted that the use of unilateral coercive measures with extraterritorial effects seriously affects trade and economic cooperation and has a negative impact on the free movement of capital and the freedom of trade, which in turn constitute obstacles to realization of the right to development of persons living in affected countries.", "7. Respondents referred to different forms of sanctions of an economic, commercial and financial nature. They include: trade embargoes; restrictions on finance and funding, property, intellectual property, visas and travel; and interference with exchanges of a scientific, cultural or touristic nature. Extraterritorial application of laws and interference with interests of businesses and citizens of third countries are also involved, especially in the areas of trade and investment.", "8. States observed that unilateral legislative, economic and political unilateral coercive measures continue to prevail worldwide, with far-reaching negative implications for countries against which such measures are adopted, and more broadly, on human rights and development in developing countries. The main victims are said to be the people of the countries against which these measures apply, especially the most vulnerable — children, women, the elderly and persons with disabilities. Realities on the ground in affected countries included extreme hardships, denial of access to life-saving medication, especially paediatric medicines, basic food products, educational facilities and cultural amenities. The adoption of such coercive measures has a direct impact on the enjoyment of fundamental human rights.", "9. Several States reaffirmed the indivisible, universal, interrelated and interdependent nature of all human rights and the close relationship of this recognition to the maintenance of peaceful relations between States. States reiterated their belief in the relationship between development and human rights, as well as peace. To preserve international peace and security, all States must promote them through friendly and cooperative relations based on the principle of equality between nations and their right to self-determination. In view of the current international context marked by divergence of State interests, and also by the development of multilateral frameworks and multilateralism for dialogue between States, challenges in international relations must be addressed within the multilateral setting. It was stated that the mechanisms established under the United Nations, including the Security Council, and other international and regional multilateral organizations are the only legitimate authorities to decide on appropriate measures to safeguard security and to encourage a State to comply with international standards.", "10. By way of practical and preventive steps in the face of unilateral coercive measures, some States expressed the view that it is necessary to raise public awareness of the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures and the importance of respecting standards and principles of both public and private international law in order to create friendly relations between countries, and to promote and protect human rights. States cited national constitutional and legislative provisions, including those which upheld the values of peaceful coexistence among peoples and the duty of solidarity with all nations.", "11. Some States have enacted legislation providing that any foreign law that limits or prevents free trade and free movement of capital, goods or people, directly or indirectly, adversely affecting any country or group of countries, will not be applicable and will not have any legal effect within their territories. States also gave examples of legal provisions stating that foreign laws intended to generate extraterritorial legal effects by imposing economic sanctions, or by limiting investments in another country, with the objective of changing its government will not have any legal effect within their territories.", "12. References were made to internal measures adopted to uphold human rights and advance social and economic development both within territories and beyond, also restating the belief that access to basic necessities should be open to all, and that access to food, health care and education should under no circumstances be used as political tools, whether within States or in the broader international community. States provided illustrative examples of policies and actions adopted to promote human rights and development, both for their own populations and by way of international assistance and cooperation, especially for the benefit of people in developing countries.", "13. One State suggested the establishment of a Human Rights Council special procedure on unilateral coercive measures and their impact on human rights, and explicitly supported the request contained in Human Rights Council resolution 15/24 that the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights prepare a thematic study on human rights and unilateral coercive measures, including recommendations on actions aimed at ending such measures. Some States welcomed the continued attention of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council to the issue of human rights and unilateral coercive measures." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69 (b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "人权与单方面胁迫性措施", "秘书长的报告", "摘要 \n本报告根据大会第65/217号决议提交。大会在该决议中请秘书长提请所有会员国注意该决议，继续收集它们关于单方面胁迫性措施对其人民产生的影响和不良后果的意见及资料，并就此向大会第六十六届会议提交一份分析报告。联合国人权事务高级专员办事处已收到阿根廷、白俄罗斯、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、布基纳法索、古巴、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、圭亚那、伊拉克和科威特等国政府对该办事处发出的一份普通照会的答复。本报告载有收到的所有答复的摘要并分析了其内容。", "目录", "页次\n 1. 导言 3\n 2. 从会员国收到的资料 3\n 阿根廷 3\n 白俄罗斯 4\n 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 5\n 布基纳法索 5\n 古巴 6\n 多米尼加共和国 9\n厄瓜多尔\t10\n危地马拉\t10\n圭亚那\t10\n伊拉克\t12\n科威特\t12\n3. 分析和结论\t13", "一. 导言", "1. 在第65/217号决议第15段中，大会请秘书长提请所有会员国注意该决议，继续收集它们关于单方面胁迫性措施对其人民产生的影响和不良后果的意见及资料，并就此向大会第六十六届会议提交一份分析报告，同时再次重申有必要着重说明这方面的切实预防措施。", "2. 2011年5月5日，根据第65/217号决议第15段，联合国人权事务高级专员办事处向所有常驻联合国日内瓦办事处代表团发出提供资料的请求。截至2011年7月25日，该办事处已收到来自阿根廷、白俄罗斯、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、布基纳法索、古巴、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、圭亚那、伊拉克和科威特等国政府的答复。", "二. 从会员国收到的资料", "阿根廷", "[原文：西班牙语]", "[2011年7月1日]", "阿根廷共和国一贯支持大会和人权理事会关于人权和单方面胁迫性措施的各项决议。还支持大会关于消除使用单方面措施作为政治和经济胁迫手段的第55/6号决议。", "阿根廷的立场是基于所有国家都有义务避免采用或适用有悖国际法或《联合国宪章》的单边措施。也是基于大会第2625(XXV)号决议附件和大会第3281(XXIX)号决议所载的《各国经济权利和义务宪章》。使用单方面治外胁迫性措施严重影响贸易和合作，并对资本自由流动和贸易自由产生了不利影响。阿根廷认为，采取胁迫性措施剥夺了人民获得基本医疗保健和食物的机会，妨碍享有基本人权，不能基于国家安全利益的理由而侵犯这些权利。", "阿根廷《第24.871号法案》规定，任何直接或间接限制或妨碍自由贸易、限制或妨碍资本、货物或人员自由流动，对任何国家或国家群体造成不利影响的外国法律，在阿根廷境内不适用，亦不具有任何法律效力。法案第1条规定，旨在以实施经济制裁，或限制到另一国投资，目的是改变其政府等方式施加治外法律效力的外国法律，在阿根廷共和国境内均不具有任何法律效力。阿根廷重申所有人权的不可分割性、普遍性和相互依赖性。", "白俄罗斯", "[原文：俄语]", "[2011年6月23日]", "白俄罗斯共和国的答复提到了欧盟和美国继续对白俄罗斯实施政治和经济方面的限制性措施。2011年，欧洲委员会对白俄罗斯共和国的几名官员实施签证和经济制裁，理由是2010年12月19日的总统选举弄虚作假且随后大肆迫害民主反对派、民间社会和独立大众传媒的成员。截止2011年6月20日，受到欧盟成员国领土旅行限制的白俄罗斯公民人数达到了190人。此外，欧盟还对三家白俄罗斯企业，即“Beltekexporta”、“BT-Telekommunikazi”和“Sport-pari”实施经济制裁。阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、克罗地亚、冰岛、列支敦士登、前南斯拉夫马的其顿共和国、黑山、挪威和塞尔维亚也与欧盟一道对白俄罗斯实施制裁。", "2006年6月以来，美国对白俄罗斯官员实施的制裁影响到这些官员在美国境内的财产利益。2007年8月以来，美国已对几类官员实施签证限制。2004-2011年，美国对白俄罗斯大型企业，包括“Belneftexim”、“BelTekExport”、“Belorusneft”和“Integral”实施经济性质的单边限制性措施。欧盟、美国以及支持以制裁形式实施单方面胁迫性措施的各国的决定直接影响普通白俄罗斯公民的各项利益，影响他们享有经济、社会和其他各项权利，包括发展权。这类措施还影响白俄罗斯民间社会，包括新闻记者的各项活动。法院面临制裁造成的压力，从维护司法独立性和各项权利的立场出发，制裁行为是不可接受的。", "白俄罗斯有义务提醒大会和人权理事会注意欧盟、美国和其他国家实施的单方面胁迫性措施违反了大会第65/217号决议和人权理事会关于“人权与单方面胁迫性措施”的第15/24号决议。该决议回顾称，根据《关于各国依联合国宪章建立友好关系和合作的国际法原则宣言》和大会在1974年12月12日第3281 (XXIX)号决议中公布的《各国经济权利和义务宪章》的相关原则和条款，尤其是第32条，任何国家不得使用或鼓励使用经济、政治或任何其他措施来胁迫另一国家，使其在行使主权权利时有所屈从，并自该国取得任何利益。", "白俄罗斯共和国欢迎大会和人权理事会继续关注在单方面胁迫性措施背景下实现各项人权这个问题，并认为有必要在理事会内建立一个关于单方面胁迫性措施及其对人权影响的特别程序。白俄罗斯支持人权理事会第15/24号决议中提出的请求，即请联合国人权事务高级专员办事处编写一份关于单方面胁迫性措施对人权享有的影响的专题研究，包括旨在结束这类措施的行动建议。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那", "[原文：英语]", "[2011年6月29日]", "作为一个国际公认的独立主权国家，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那坚信，任何国家不得使用或鼓励使用经济、政治或任何其他措施，来强迫另一个国家，使其在主权权利的行使方面屈从一国或大国。波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那采取这个立场，因为单方面胁迫性措施直接违背公共国际法和人道主义法的标准，因而公然违反了国际公认实体、联合国欧洲委员会和欧洲联盟等国际组织大家庭的会员国签署并通过的国际文书。", "人权彼此相连、相互依存，这意味着人权中包括通过支持自由贸易和人员、货物、资本和服务流动等推进作为基本人权的发展权。法国革命时代设想的自由通过或“通行证”原则已成为欧洲联盟的基础。波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那认为，通过使用单方面胁迫性措施限制发展权首先极大地损害了《欧洲人权和基本自由公约》、《世界人权宣言》和业已签署和批准的许多国际文书所载的各项人权。", "干涉自由贸易损害发展中国家弱势群体，包括儿童、青少年、妇女和老人的利益。遗憾的是，立法、经济和政治单方面胁迫性措施仍在全世界盛行，严重影响发展中国家的社会状况和全面行使人权。有鉴于上述几点，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那认为，有必要增强公众对以下两点的认识，一是单方面胁迫性措施的消极影响，而是遵守公共和私立国际法的标准和原则的重要性，从而建立国与国之间的友好关系，并促进和保护人权。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那坚决支持执行《发展权利宣言》，践行《公民及政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》规定的原则，即不得剥夺任何人的生存手段。单方面胁迫性措施是一种片面的政治力量手段，直接违反了民主国家的意愿。", "布基纳法索", "[原文：法语]", "[2011年7月20日]", "布基纳法索支持大会关于“人权与单方面胁迫性措施”的第65/217号决议以及在其他国际机构框架内通过的禁止各国采取单方面胁迫性措施的其他文件。这包括人权理事会第15/24号决议和大会与人权理事会之前关于“人权和单方面胁迫性措施”的各项决议；2006年9月在哈瓦那举行的第十四次不结盟运动国家元首和政府首脑会议所通过的《最后文件》，以及1993年在维也纳举行的世界人权会议通过的各项建议，都要求各国不得使用不符合国际法和《联合国宪章》的单边措施。", "布基纳法索仍然坚信，要维和和平与安全，各国必须在各国平等、自决权的原则上通过友好合作的关系推进和平与安全。这类关系的发展要求各国不得采用或实施违背国际法的单方面胁迫性措施，包括通过诉诸战争、军事主义和单方面实施的消极经济和贸易措施。这些单方面胁迫性措施违反了《联合国宪章》、《非洲联盟宪章》和许多其他国际法律文书的基本原则。", "遵守国际法，包括人道主义法确立的规则和原则，是建立和平并尊重人权的国际关系的唯一途径。国家主权和不干预其他国家内部事务是《联合国宪章》奉行的根本原则，应用其指导各国之间的关系。布基纳法索认为，在当前各国利益分歧，同时发展各国多边对话框架的国际背景下，必须在这些框架内解决国际关系方面的诸多挑战。在联合国，包括安全理事会和其他国际和区域多边组织下建立的各种机制，是决定适当措施以维护安全和鼓励各国遵守国际标准的唯一合法机构。一国对另一国采取的所有胁迫性措施，不论其目的如何，都违反了国际法，故而应予以禁止。", "一国对另一国发动直接或间接战争或诉诸武力往往对各国的人权和发展造成灾难性后果。所有国家应力求尽最大努力通过国际法公认的和平解决争端机制来解决彼此之间的分歧。作为一个爱好和平的国家，布基纳法索一贯努力推进与其他国家的健康和友好的关系。正是这种和平精神促使布基纳法索国家元首积极参与次区域的冲突解决，包括科特迪瓦和多哥的冲突解决。", "布基纳法索是联合国、非洲联盟和许多其他国际和区域组织的成员国，高度重视国际关系方面的多边机制，布基纳法索积极参与各种区域和国际框架就是明证。布基纳法索还是人权理事会的成员。多边框架是解决国与国关系遇到的挑战以及可能威胁国际和平与安全的问题的恰当合法框架。布基纳法索坚持法治，在国家和国际层面奉行平等原则。根据国际法的标准和原则，布基纳法索未对其他任何国家采取过单方面胁迫性措施。", "布基纳法索认为，国际标准优先于国内立法和行政措施。根据布基纳法索《宪法》第151条，其国际义务，尤其是在正式通过协定的背景下，优先于国内法律。因此，法律禁止采取违反《联合国宪章》以及布基纳法索赞同的国际标准和原则的措施。布基纳法索当局致力于指导国际关系的核心价值观，愿意与其他国家和国际机构合作，推动在世界发展友好关系并加强合作。", "古巴", "[原文：西班牙语]", "[2011年5月26日]", "古巴指出，大会、人权理事会、和前人权委员会的诸多决议以及主要国际首脑会议和联合国会议上批准的政治宣言都裁定采用单方面胁迫性经济措施违反了《联合国宪章》和国际法。实施单方面胁迫性措施作为政治和经济胁迫手段威胁享有所有人权，首当其冲的是生命权以及民族的独立、主权和自决权。这些措施的主要受害者是承受国的人民，特别是弱势群体——儿童、妇女、老人和残疾人。", "古巴回顾称，1970年大会决定任何国家不得使用或鼓励使用经济、政治或任何其他措施，来强迫另一个国家，使其在主权权利的行使方面屈从，以及从该国获得任何好处。这一点得到了《关于各国依联合国宪章建立友好关系和合作的国际法原则宣言》的支持。", "古巴表示，古巴是长达50多年单方面胁迫性措施的受害者，因此尤其重视人权理事会和大会审议这个问题。古巴认为，采取这类措施是美国对古巴实施的敌对政策和侵略的一种根本手段，试图破坏由古巴人民的主权意愿所建立的政治、经济和社会制度。古巴认为，美国对古巴实施的经济、商业和金融封锁是“人类历史上或对任何国家所采用的最漫长、最残忍的单边制裁制度。”经济、商业和金融封锁的目的是破坏1960年4月6日落下帷幕的古巴革命。", "古巴坚持认为，禁运是美国几任当局以系统、旷日持久、不人道的方式对古巴实施的国家恐怖主义政策的基本组成部分，影响到所有古巴人民，不论其年龄、性别、种族、宗教或社会地位如何。古巴的呈件断言，这一政策足以够得上1948年12月9日《防止和惩治灭绝种族罪行的日内瓦公约》第二条(c)款规定的灭绝种族行动。", "古巴提及所谓的1992年《托里切利法案》和1996年《赫尔姆斯－伯顿法》，其中载有违反《联合国宪章》、国际法和世界贸易组织协定的条款。通过这些明显带有治外性质的法律，美国政府加强了封锁，并将其扩大到第三国，其企业和公民，对古巴实施了长达50年的经济、商业和金融封锁。", "古巴认为，在竭力为封锁古巴及其人民寻找理由的同时，美国国务院还在没有任何理由的情况下将古巴列入指控侵犯人权、贩运人口、色情旅游、恐怖主义行为和宗教不容忍等行为者的单边详细名单中。", "除了实行攻击性的媒体和外交措施以及一些粉饰太平的措施之外，美国政府当前仍维持禁运，并继续严格实施，还加强了政治、行政和强迫性机制来强制实施。对于构成封锁的法律基础的法律和行政条例/要求网络，美国没有采取任何行动予以撤销。2009年9月11日，美国延长了对古巴实施禁运的时间，依据是“美国的国家利益”和1917年《与敌国贸易法》，而后者仅适用于战争状况，并且仅对古巴具有法律效力。制裁适用于与古巴有商业往来的北美和欧洲公司。这项政策阻碍科学、文化或旅游性质的交流，促使商标盗窃行为，导致古巴在美国的数百万美元资金遭到冻结。对与古巴有附属关系者施加更多压力，目的是“政权变革”并为旨在推翻古巴宪法秩序的行动提供财政支持。", "古巴注意到，实施禁运并非仅是古巴与美国之间的一个双边问题。重复地在境外适用美国法律以及侵害第三国企业和公民的合法权益的行为还严重影响了其他许多国家的主权。治外性质的单方面胁迫性措施造成的损害由于美国及其企业大力参与贸易和跨国投资而更趋严重。第三国公司和境外北美公司在美国的投资主要以兼并、部分或全部收购公司的形式进行，这加剧了这些措施的治外影响，缩小了古巴的外部经济空间，使古巴更难、有时甚至不可能找到伙伴和供应商来规避美国实施的严格封锁。", "古巴的呈件表示，根据保守估计，截止2009年12月，由于封锁给古巴造成的直接损失超过数十亿美元。尽管2010年10月28日，占绝对多数的成员国通过了大会批准的最新决议，呼吁解除对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁，尽管之前的18项决议，包括本决议都要求解除封锁，但美国政府仍继续对古巴实施封锁。", "古巴的呈件还表示，美国政府招募雇佣兵对古巴开展行动。2009年，外国资产管制处对违反古巴封锁禁令的7家实体处以315 503美元的罚款。对个人和实体处以的罚款总额为340 678美元。2010年上半年，对公司处以的罚款金额为2 221 671美元。外国资产管制处不仅对与古巴有贸易往来关系者处以其他百万美元罚款，还根据单方面胁迫性措施对与其他国家贸易往来者处以罚款。遭到罚款的第三国实体包括瑞士信贷银行、澳大利亚和新西兰银行集团有限公司以及位于德拉华的化学公司 Innospec Inc.在瑞典的子公司。2009年5月，外国资产管制处回绝了Banco Popular Español关于对一笔被封锁107 770.95欧元的资金解禁的请求，该笔资金是2008年12月古巴航空公司采取从马德里向墨西哥转账的方式操作的。", "呈件继而表示，自美资以色列跨国公司梯瓦制药工业有限公司收购墨西哥Lemery公司以来，古巴不能再购买治疗肉瘤(恶性肿瘤)最常用的药物细胞抑制剂更生霉素。使用这个产品将使所有病例中患者的生存率增加70%以上。敏感领域如食品、医疗、教育和文化是这项政策的主要目标，这项政策影响了生活质量。以下是2009年5月至2010年4月的例子：古巴得不到药物替莫唑胺(一种抗肿瘤药)，这是具体用于治疗中央神经系统肿瘤(神经胶质瘤和星细胞瘤)的细胞抑制剂。这种疾病每年影响约250名患者，其中大约有30名儿童。儿科心脏病中心“William Soler”不能再购买导尿管、盘管、导架和支架等利用治疗性导管术诊断和治疗患有复杂先天性心脏病的患儿。美国公司被禁止出售这些产品给古巴。古巴儿童不能使用特殊材料制成的美国Amplatzer设备来避免有机排斥。这种设备用于心脏直视手术，手术是介入措施，除了危险外，还要求重症监护并恢复三周。治疗视网膜肿瘤(长在视网膜上的先天性肿瘤)时必须使用放射性碘图板，但这些图板只在美国出售，古巴肿瘤学和放射生物学研究所买不到。缺少这项基本针对儿童的技术，唯一的办法是摘除眼睛，有时要摘除双眼，这个医疗办法的后果是寿命严重缩短。", "在食品工业，进口公司古巴粮食进口公司2009年5月至2010年4月因“风险国”概念受到的影响约为102 900 000美元，表现为银行和金融成本以及支付工具方式方面的成本。如果古巴自行处置这些资金，以2008年平均价格计算，古巴本可购买337 000吨小麦，451 000吨玉米以及109 000吨鸡肉。在教育领域，古巴不能购买60个肢体残疾儿童诊室所必需的设备，因为古巴不能进入美国市场，不得不求助于更远、更昂贵的市场。在欧洲市场上配备这些诊室的价格约为14 000 欧元，而在美国则不超过8 000美元。", "根据呈件，2008年5月至2010年5月，古巴在该领域的进口总额下降到18 200 000美元，其中10%花在了运费上。如果古巴进入美国市场，则仅需支付3.7%的运费，就能够购买胶版纸，用于打印教育(中小学等)所需的所有教材，小学和特殊教育教学法的所有跟踪工具，以及全国一个学年用于教育目的的150 000套丙烯酸马克笔。", "古巴指出，在文化领域，2002年与美国国家研究委员会签署了协定，该协定支持保护海明威室内博物馆的项目，并提供资料，从而浏览海明威收藏中的通信和文件。不过，财政部并未授权向古巴转入必要的资金以执行该项目。这些都是支持禁运的法律、法规和做法的实例，并且仍然有效，为了有效、切实地予以执行，美国加强了政治、行政和压制机制。", "对遵守国际法的要求平等适用于所有人。古巴表示，美国政府继续维持禁运是不可接受的，这使古巴人民的生活条件恶化，并且罔顾国际社会以联合国大会连续通过决议的方式一直呼吁结束对古巴长达19年的禁运，同时大会和若干附属机构谴责采取单方面胁迫性措施这一事实。", "美国奉行封锁政策仍是古巴经济和社会发展的主要障碍，它大规模、系统地侵犯了人权并践踏主权国家的和平、发展和安全权。国际社会一如既往的支持以及大力谴责采取这类措施是古巴人民的一个重要斗争工具。根据古巴呈件，国际社会有必要加大对美国政府的压力，呼吁其结束这个不人道、不合时宜的政策。", "多米尼加共和国", "[原文：西班牙语]", "[2011年6月27日]", "大会第65/217号决议力求重申《联合国宪章》所载的原则和规定、人权理事会和人权委员会过去的决议以及国际人道主义法的规范，该决议证实一个国家适用的单方面胁迫性措施和法律会造成负面影响，包括对社会和人道主义活动以及发展中国家的经济和社会发展造成的治外效果。该决议是对联合国会员国就一些国家对其他国家实施单方面胁迫性措施造成严重损害，特别是对拉丁美洲地区的儿童、妇女、老年人和残疾人造成的损害做出的多边呼吁的回应。古巴、墨西哥和委内瑞拉提交的报告特别具有相关性。", "自1945年10月24日生效的《联合国宪章》，特别是第10条，规定“大会可以讨论目前《宪章》范围内或与目前《宪章》规定的机构的职权相关的任何问题或任何事项，而且除第12条规定外，可以就任何此类问题或事项，向联合国会员国或安全理事会或二者提出建议。”多米尼加共和国作为联合国的一个会员国，并未低估联合国在国际法的形成和发展全过程中所起的作用。", "多米尼加共和国向国际社会所做的承诺载于其2010年1月26日《宪法》的第26条第3款和第4款，即：“肯定和促进国家价值观和利益以及尊重人权和国际法是多米尼加共和国国际关系的基石和指导。”“在与其他国家保持平等地位的基础上，多米尼加共和国接受确保尊重实现和平、正义以及各国政治、社会、经济和文化发展的基本权利的国际合法秩序。多米尼加共和国致力于在国际、区域和国家一级，根据国家利益，实现各民族间的和平共处，并履行团结所有国家的职责。”", "厄瓜多尔", "[原文：西班牙语]", "[2011年7月6日]", "作为一个主权国家，厄瓜多尔不会采取单方面胁迫性措施，因为这些措施违反国际法、《联合国宪章》以及影响国家间和平关系并阻碍全面实现人民的经济和社会发展，特别是儿童和妇女的发展的规则和原则。", "厄瓜多尔不实行损害其人民福祉并阻碍其享受人权的措施。相反，厄瓜多尔希望按照厄瓜多尔国家发展计划——国家福利计划的原则和目标采取措施提高人民的生活和安全水平。厄瓜多尔政府特别关注人人享受提供保健和教育的生活标准以及获取食物、保健、教育和社会服务的权利。获取食物和药物不应被用作政治工具。", "危地马拉", "[原文：西班牙语]", "[2011年6月8日]", "危地马拉人权领域协调执行政策总统委员会在回应中强调，危地马拉适当地遵守了第65/217号决议，并未采取任何单方面胁迫性措施，因为这违反国际人权法和《联合国宪章》以及危地马拉力求促进民主和尊重人权的原则。", "圭亚那", "[原文：英语]", "[2011年6月14日]", "圭亚那注意到并认同第65/217号决议所列一般审议，特别是大会在其1974年第3281(XXIX)号决议中宣布的《各国经济权利和义务宪章》第32条所载的规定，即任何国家不得使用或鼓励使用经济、政治或任何其他措施来胁迫另一国家，使其在行使主权权利时有所屈从，并自该国取得任何利益。圭亚那与大会持相同立场，认为这些单方面胁迫性措施和立法违反了国际法、国际人道主义法和《联合国宪章》，它们是一般国际习惯法以及管理国家间和平关系的标准和原则的一部分。圭亚那没有鼓励使用经济或政治压制的立法或其他形式的胁迫性措施。圭亚那也谴责诉诸这些措施的国家并敦促它们有效逆转这种行动。", "圭亚那重申致力于做出善意努力，以便根据其加入的国际文书履行其国际义务，包括《公民及政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》。在1992年10月进行第一次自由和公平的选举之后，经过为实现民主复兴的长期斗争，圭亚那一直注重改善其人民的福祉和生活质量，圭亚那议会制定了一系列明确促进和保护个人以及弱势群体人权的法规。圭亚那的行政、立法和司法机构开展合作以期促进人权条约的执行，并认识到所有人权都具有普遍、不可分割、相互依存和相互关联的特点。", "关于决议提及的“重申发展权作为所有人权不可分割的一部分”，《圭亚那宪法》第2部分的标题1“保护个人的基本权利和自由”和第149C条规定，“不得阻碍任何人通过合作社、工会、国有性质的公民或社会经济组织参与国家管理和国家决策。”《宪法》第14条规定，“经济发展的目标包括在全球竞争的环境下创造、促进和鼓励能实现和维护可持续竞争优势的经济体系，方法是培养创业精神、个人和团队创新性和创造性以及与国内和全球的商业合作伙伴建立战略联盟。”圭亚那同样担心单方面胁迫性措施对国际关系、贸易、投资于合作的负面影响。", "作为加勒比共同体的成员，圭亚那支持区域一体化，并因此支持建立加勒比单一市场和经济体。作为南美国家同盟和美洲国家组织的成员，圭亚那认真履行它对这些机构的义务和承诺。有两个邻国声称拥有圭亚那领土——苏里南和委内瑞拉。圭亚那选择通过利用《国际海洋法》和国际仲裁法庭的现有补救办法，而非通过胁迫性措施来解决同苏里南的海上边界问题。圭亚那同这两个国家保持着良好关系，并委托联合国就其同委内瑞拉的争议问题进行斡旋。尽管圭亚那是一个发展中小国，但它勇于向面临自然灾害的国家，如格林纳达、海地、日本、圣文森特、圣卢西亚和委内瑞拉伸出援手。", "圭亚那严重关切儿童的状况，因为他们是单方面胁迫性措施的主要受害者。圭亚那认识到，所有儿童都有权健康、平安和有尊严地长大成人，为此，它做出努力以便确保儿童享受健康、营养、教育以及社会和情感发展的权利。同样地，圭亚那在遵守《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》及其他国际标准方面，制定了全面的宪法和法律规定和政策，以便促进和保护妇女的权利。这些改革对防止持续实施单方面胁迫性措施至关重要，因为这些措施会对社会和人道主义行为以及圭亚那等发展中国家的经济和社会发展造成负面影响。圭亚那仍致力于消除一切形式的单方面胁迫性措施，因为这些措施会造成发展和人权方面的障碍。", "根据关于获得“食物、医疗保健和教育”权利的决议第2段，圭亚那强调获得食物的权利，并采取积极举措来消除饥饿，并促进粮食安全。圭亚那确保在公平和问责制的基础上提供医疗保健服务。圭亚那的教育政策确保，所有公民，无论种族、年龄、信仰如何，是否存在身体或精神残疾，都有机会在可用资源范围内，平等地获得优质教育，充分发挥潜力。提供食物、医疗保健、教育和社会安全网络等必要的社会服务“不能作为施加政治压力的工具”。", "圭亚那认识到并认同第65/217号决议第4段和第7段所载的自决原则，根据该原则，各国都有权在不受外来强迫或干涉的情况下自由选择其主权和国际政治地位。因此，圭亚那也谴责和反对任何国家、多边或国际发展机构采取单方面胁迫性措施。圭亚那重申，单方面胁迫性措施是阻碍全面实现人权、社会发展、安全以及在区域和国际一级和平解决冲突的主要障碍。", "伊拉克", "[原文：阿拉伯语]", "[2011年7月22日]", "伊拉克共和国充分支持大会第65/217号决议，并重申所有国家有必要遏制单方面胁迫性措施的实施。尽管若干决议述及该问题，但各国仍诉诸于使用此类任意措施。伊拉克谴责为向其他国家施加政治压力而使用任意、治外和单方面措施的行为。这些措施对人权，包括获得食物、健康和发展的基本权利造成了负面影响。伊拉克强调，面对单方面胁迫性措施，切实和预防性的措施至关重要。", "科威特", "[原文：阿拉伯语]", "[2011年6月24日]", "《世界人权宣言》和其他若干国际文书对人权做了规定，绝大多数国家宪法也涉及这一问题。人权适用于国家和个人之间的关系，也对国家间的关系至关重要。必须毫无例外或选择地维护一切人权。科威特支持联合国人权事务高级专员办事处为抑制和消除单方面胁迫性措施所做的一切努力。这些措施用于施加政治压力以及制造国际关系和贸易方面的障碍。科威特支持执行大会第65/217号决议，并在这方面提供支助并开展合作。务必不能将执行决议所涉的法律问题政治化。有必要研究人权问题和单方面胁迫性措施，以及就此问题对联合国决议做出综合和全面的评估，包括实现这些决议的目标所面临的障碍。", "科威特拒绝采取任何带有胁迫性质的立法、行政或经济措施或阻碍其他国家的经济和文化发展以强迫这些国家采取特定政策的措施。单方面胁迫性措施对发展中国家的人口和《发展权利宣言》述及的发展产生了负面影响。这些措施阻碍全面享有一切人权，包括获得食物和医疗保健的最基本权利。科威特支持大会就发展权所做的决定，并反对实施阻碍这项权利的单方面胁迫性措施。", "科威特继续向100多个发展中国家和最不发达国家提供国际发展援助和支助，例如通过科威特发展基金以及科威特为实现国家一级的可持续发展所做的工作。科威特认为发展以及发展同人权的关系至关重要，并视发展为连接个人和社会的领域。", "三. 分析和结论", "关于大会第65/217号决议，共有11个会员国提交了其对人权和单方面胁迫性措施的看法。总体来讲，做出回应的国家都明确反对使用单方面胁迫性措施。", "回应国反对任何国家、多边或国际发展机构使用单方面胁迫性措施。这些措施被视为对人权的违反和全面实现人权、社会发展、和平与安全以及解决争端和冲突的障碍。若干国家还声明，它们不采取这些措施，因为这是一个原则问题。", "多数回应国述及国际法原则，其中包括各国负有不采取或不适用违反《联合国宪章》和国际公法的单方面胁迫性措施的义务。据称，这些措施违反民主国家的理念以及国家主权、独立、主权平等、自决和不干涉内政的基本原则。单方面胁迫性措施涉及包括国际人道主义法在内的国际私法和公法，并因此违反了若干国际和区域文书。各国引述的相关文书包括《关于各国依联合国宪章建立友好关系和合作的国际法原则宣言》和《各国经济权利和义务宪章》，(据此，任何国家不得使用或鼓励使用经济、政治或任何其他措施来胁迫另一国家，使其在行使主权权利时有所屈从，并自该国取得任何利益)。", "各国回顾道，根据《公民及政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》，不能剥夺任何人的生存手段。若干国家还重申，它们支持执行《发展权利宣言》。有人指出，使用造成治外效果的单方面胁迫性措施对资本的自由流动和贸易自由产生了负面影响，因而影响了受害国家的人民实现发展权。", "回应国述及带有经济、商业和金融性质的不同形式的制裁。这些制裁包括贸易禁运；财务和资金、财产、知识产权、签证和旅行方面的限制；以及干涉带有科学、文化或旅游性质的交流。法律的域外适用以及妨碍第三国企业和公民的利益也包括在内，特别是在贸易和投资领域。", "各国注意到，立法、经济和政治的单方面胁迫性措施仍是重大的国际问题，对这些措施的目标国家产生了深远的负面影响，更加广泛而言是对发展中国家的人权和发展的影响。有人指出，被施加这些措施的国家的人民是主要受害者，特别是最弱势人群——儿童、妇女、老年人和残疾人。受害国家的实际情况包括极端困苦、救生药物、特别是儿科药物、基本食品、教育设施和文化设施遭到剥夺。这些胁迫性措施的实施直接影响了基本人权的享有。", "若干国家重申了一切人权不可分割、普遍、相互关联和相互依存的本质，以及认识到这一点同维护各国之间的和平关系的密切联系。各国重申，其认为发展同人权以及和平相互关联。为保持国际和平与安全，各国必须根据各国平等及其具备自决权利的原则，通过友好与合作关系促进以上联系。鉴于各国在目前的国际环境中存在利益分歧，以及多边框架和国家间多边主义对话的发展，所以必须在多边背景下应对国际关系中的挑战。有人指出，联合国，包括安全理事会以及其他国际和区域多边组织建立的机制是决定维护安全和鼓励某国遵守国际标准的适当措施的唯一合法机构。", "根据面对单方面胁迫性措施所制定的实际和预防措施，一些国家认为，有必要使公众更好地认识到单方面胁迫性措施的负面影响以及尊重国际公法和私法的标准和原则重要性，从而建立国家间的友好关系，以期促进和保护人权。各国援引国家宪法和法律的规定，包括维护各民族间和平共处的价值观和团结所有国家的职责的规定。", "一些国家颁布了立法，规定任何直接或间接限制或妨碍自由贸易以及资本、货物或人口自由流动，对任何国家或国家集团产生负面影响的外国法律都将不能适用，并在其领土内不具法律效力。各国还举例说明这些法律规定，规定旨在通过对另一国实施经济制裁或限制在其投资，以更换其政府为目的造成治外法律效果的外国法律在其领土内不具法律效力。", "有人述及为维护人权以及促进领土内外的社会和经济发展所采取的内部措施，并再次说明，其认为应使所有人获得基本必需品，并且在任何情况下都不应将获取食物、保健和教育作为政治工具，无论是在国家内部或是在更为广泛的国际社会中。各国举例说明了为促进其人民的人权和发展所采取的政策和行动，以及特别是为了发展中国家人民的惠益，参与国际援助与合作的情况。", "一个国家建议就单方面胁迫性措施及其对人权的影响建立人权事务委员会特别程序，并明确支持人权事务委员会第15/24号决议所载的要求，即要求联合国人权事务高级专员办事处编制一份关于人权和单方面胁迫性措施的专题研究，包括旨在终止这些措施的行动建议。一些国家欢迎大会和人权事务委员会不断关注人权问题和单方面胁迫性措施。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "人权与单方面胁迫性措施", "秘书长的年度报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第65/217号决议提交的,大会在该决议中请秘书长提请所有会员国注意该决议,继续收集它们关于单方面胁迫性措施对其人民产生的影响和不良后果的意见及资料,并就此向大会第六十六届会议提交一份分析报告。 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处收到了阿根廷、白俄罗斯、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、布基纳法索、古巴、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、圭亚那、伊拉克和科威特政府对办事处发出的普通照会的答复。 本报告概述所有收到的答复并分析其内容。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言 3\n国家\n阿根廷 3\n白俄罗斯 4\n波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 布基纳法索\n布基纳法索\n古巴 7 第11个\n共和国\n厄瓜多尔\n危地马拉\n圭亚那\n伊拉克 14\n科威特 14 三. 分析 15 和\n结论", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第65/217号决议第15段请秘书长提请所有会员国注意该决议,继续收集它们关于单方面胁迫性措施对其人民产生的影响和不良后果的意见及资料,并就此向大会第六十六届会议提交一份分析报告,同时重申需要着重指出这方面的实际和预防措施。", "2. 联合国 2011年5月5日,根据第65/217号决议第15段,联合国人权事务高级专员办事处向所有常驻联合国日内瓦办事处代表团发出索取资料的请求。 截至2011年7月25日,办事处收到了阿根廷、白俄罗斯、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、布基纳法索、古巴、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、圭亚那、伊拉克和科威特政府的答复。", "二. 从会员国收到的资料", "联合国", "[原件:西班牙", "[2011年7月1日]", "阿根廷共和国一贯支持大会和人权理事会关于人权和单方面胁迫性措施的决议。 它还投票赞成大会关于制止将单方面措施用作胁迫性政治和经济手段的第55/6号决议。", "阿根廷的立场基于所有国家都有义务不采取或适用反对国际法或《联合国宪章》的单方面措施。 本报告还以大会第2625(XXV)号决议附件和大会第3281(XXIX)号决议所载《各国经济权利和义务宪章》为基础。 使用具有域外影响的单方面胁迫性措施会严重影响贸易和经济合作,并会给资本自由流动和贸易自由带来负面影响。 阿根廷认为,采取强制措施剥夺人们获得基本保健和食物的机会,阻碍了基本人权的享受,而不能以国家安全利益为由侵犯基本人权。", "阿根廷第24.871号法规定,任何限制或阻止资本、货物或人员直接或间接地对任何国家或国家集团产生不利影响的自由贸易和自由流动的外国法律将不适用,在阿根廷境内不具有任何法律效力。 该法第一条规定,旨在通过实施经济制裁或限制在另一国的投资来产生域外法律效力的外国法律在共和国境内将没有任何法律效力。 阿根廷重申所有人权都是不可分割、普遍和相互依存的。", "白俄罗斯", "[原件:俄", "[2011年6月23日]", "白俄罗斯共和国的答复提到欧洲联盟和美利坚合众国继续对白俄罗斯采取政治和经济性质的限制性措施。 2011年,欧洲理事会以伪造2010年12月19日总统选举以及随后对民主反对派,民间社会和独立大众媒体成员的暴力迫害为由,对共和国多位官员实施签证和金融制裁. 截至2011年6月20日,因前往欧洲联盟成员国领土而受到制裁的白俄罗斯公民已达190人。 此外,欧洲联盟还对三个白俄罗斯企业,即Beltekexporta、BT-Telekommunikazi和Sport-pari实行经济制裁。 阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、克罗地亚、冰岛、列支敦士登、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、黑山、挪威和塞尔维亚也加入了欧洲联盟对白俄罗斯的制裁。", "自2006年6月以来,美国对贝洛鲁西亚官员实施制裁,影响他们在美国领土上的财产利益。 自2007年8月以来,美国对几类官员实施了签证限制。 2004-2011年期间,美利坚合众国对白俄罗斯主要企业,包括Belneftexim、BelTekExport、Belorusneft和Integral等,采取了若干具有经济性质的单方面限制性措施。 欧洲联盟和美利坚合众国的决定以及支持以制裁形式采取的单方面胁迫性措施的国家的决定直接影响到白俄罗斯普通公民的利益及其享有经济、社会和其他权利,包括发展权。 这些措施还影响到白俄罗斯民间社会,包括记者的活动。 法院受到制裁的压力,从维护司法独立和维护权利的角度来看,这是不能接受的。", "白俄罗斯有义务提请大会注意欧洲联盟、美利坚合众国和其他国家违反大会第65/217号决议和人权理事会关于“人权与单方面胁迫性措施”的第15/24号决议采取的单方面胁迫性措施。 它回顾,根据《关于各国依联合国宪章建立友好关系和合作的国际法原则宣言》以及大会1974年12月12日第3281(XXIX)号决议所宣布的《各国经济权利和义务宪章》所载的有关原则和规定,特别是其中第32条,任何国家均不得使用或鼓励使用经济、政治或任何其他措施来胁迫另一国家,使其在主权权利的行使上屈从,并自该国获得任何种类的利益。", "白俄罗斯共和国欢迎大会和人权理事会继续关注在单方面胁迫性措施背景下实现人权的问题,并深信有必要在理事会设立一个关于单方面胁迫性措施及其对人权影响的特别程序。 白俄罗斯支持人权理事会第15/24号决议所载的要求,即由联合国人权事务高级专员办事处编写一份关于单方面胁迫性措施对享受人权的影响的专题研究报告,包括就旨在终止此类措施的行动提出建议。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那", "[原件:英", "[2011年6月29日]", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那作为一个主权、独立和得到国际承认的国家,深信任何国家都不应使用或鼓励其他国际行为者使用经济、政治或任何其他类型的措施来胁迫其他国家,使其从属于国家或大国。 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那采取这一立场,是因为单方面胁迫性措施直接违背国际公法和人道主义法的标准,因此公然违反了得到国际承认的实体/联合国会员国、欧洲委员会、欧洲联盟等国际组织的家属所签署和批准的国际文书。", "人权是相互关联和相互依存的,这意味着它们通过支持自由贸易和人员、货物、资本和服务的流动,将发展权作为一项基本人权。 自由通行原则,即\"自由通行\"(laissez passer),是法国革命时期所构想的,并被建立在欧盟的基础之上. 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那认为,通过使用单方面胁迫性措施来限制发展权,首先会损害《欧洲人权和基本自由公约》、《世界人权宣言》和它所签署和批准的许多国际文书所庄严载入的人权。", "对自由贸易的干涉牺牲了发展中国家的弱势群体,包括儿童、青少年、妇女和老年人。 遗憾的是,立法、经济和政治单方面胁迫性措施继续在全世界盛行,严重影响了发展中国家的社会状况和充分行使人权。 鉴于上述情况,波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那认为,有必要提高公众对单方面胁迫性措施的负面影响以及尊重国际公法和国际私法标准和原则的重要性的认识,以建立国家间友好关系并促进和保护人权。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那坚决支持执行《发展权利宣言》并援引《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》规定的原则,即不得剥夺任何人自己的生存手段。 单方面胁迫性措施是单方面的政治武力手段,直接与民主国家的理想相冲突。", "布基纳法索", "[原件:法", "[2011年7月20日]", "布基纳法索支持大会关于“人权与单方面胁迫性措施”的第65/217号决议以及在其他国际机构框架内通过的其他文件,以禁止国家采取单方面胁迫性措施。 这包括人权理事会第15/24号决议以及大会和人权理事会以往关于“人权与单方面胁迫性措施”的各项决议;2006年9月在哈瓦那举行的不结盟运动第十四次国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》和1993年在维也纳举行的世界人权会议的建议,所有这些决议都要求各国不要采取违反国际法和《联合国宪章》的单方面措施。", "布基纳法索仍然相信,为了维护和平与安全,各国必须在各国平等的原则及其自决权的基础上,通过友好和合作关系寻求促进和平与安全。 这种关系的发展要求各国避免采取或执行违反国际法的单方面胁迫性措施,包括诉诸战争、军国主义和单方面实施的消极经济和贸易措施。 这些单方面胁迫性措施违反了《联合国宪章》、《非洲联盟宪章》和许多其他国际法律文书的基本原则。", "遵守国际法,包括人道主义法所制定的规则和原则,是建立和平和尊重人权的国际关系的唯一途径。 国家主权和不干涉他国内政是《联合国宪章》所体现的基本原则,应指导各国之间的关系。 布基纳法索认为,在当前国际形势下,各国利益相去甚远,同时发展了国家间对话的多边框架,因此必须在这些框架内处理国际关系中的挑战。 在联合国下建立的机制,包括安全理事会和其他国际和区域多边组织,是决定采取适当措施保障安全和鼓励各国遵守国际标准的唯一合法当局。 一国对另一国单方面采取的一切胁迫性措施,不论其目的为何,都违反国际法,因此应予禁止。", "一国对另一国采取直接或间接战争或武力,总是对人权和国家发展造成灾难性影响。 各国应不惜一切代价,通过国际法承认的和平解决争端机制来解决分歧。 作为一个爱好和平的国家,布基纳法索一直努力与其他国家促进健康的关系和友谊。 正是这种和平精神导致布基纳法索国家元首积极参与解决该次区域的冲突,包括科特迪瓦和多哥的冲突。", "布基纳法索作为联合国会员国、非洲联盟和许多其他国际和区域组织,非常重视国际关系中的多边主义,布基纳法索积极参与各种区域和国际框架就证明了这一点。 布基纳法索是人权理事会的成员。 多边框架对于解决国家间关系所遇到挑战和可能威胁国际和平与安全的问题是适当和合法的。 布基纳法索坚持法治,在国内和国际上都坚持平等原则。 按照国际法的标准和原则,布基纳法索没有对任何其他国家采取单方面胁迫性措施。", "从布基纳法索法律的角度来看,国际标准优先于国内立法和行政措施。 根据《布基纳法索宪法》第151条,它的国际义务,特别是在正式批准的协定方面,取代了国家法律。 因此,法律禁止违反《联合国宪章》和布基纳法索同意的国际标准和原则的措施。 布基纳法索当局致力于指导国际关系的核心价值观,愿意同其它国家和国际机构合作,促进世界友好关系与合作。", "古巴", "[原件:西班牙", "[2011年5月26日]", "古巴指出,大会、人权理事会和前人权委员会的许多决议以及联合国主要国际首脑会议和会议所核准的政治宣言都裁定,实施单方面胁迫性经济措施违反《联合国宪章》和国际法。 执行单方面胁迫性措施作为政治和经济胁迫的手段,威胁到所有人权的享受,首先是生命权以及人民的独立、主权和自决权。 这些措施的主要受害者是实施这些措施的国家的人民,特别是最脆弱的群体——儿童、妇女、老年人和残疾人。", "古巴回顾,大会在1970年决定,任何国家均不得使用或鼓励使用经济、政治或任何其他措施来胁迫另一国家,以取得该国主权权利行使上的屈从,或从该国获得任何利益。 《关于国家间友好关系和合作的国际法原则宣言》也赞同这一点。", "古巴指出,古巴50多年来一直是单方面胁迫性措施的受害者,因此古巴特别重视人权理事会和大会审议这一事项。 古巴认为,实施这些措施是美利坚合众国对古巴采取敌对和侵略政策的基本手段,旨在破坏古巴人民主权意志所建立的政治、经济和社会制度。 古巴认为,美国对古巴实施的经济、商业和金融封锁是“对任何国家实施或人类历史见证的最长期和最残酷的单方面制裁制度”。 经济、商业和金融封锁的目的是摧毁1960年4月6日规定的古巴革命。", "古巴认为,封锁是历届美国政府对古巴实行的国家恐怖主义政策的重要组成部分,这种政策以系统、累积和不人道的方式影响到所有古巴人民,而不论其年龄、性别、种族、宗教或社会地位如何。 古巴呈件称,根据1948年12月9日《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》第二条(c)分款,这项政策属于灭绝种族行为。", "古巴提到所谓的1992年《托里切利法》和1996年《赫尔姆斯-伯顿法》,其中指出,这两项法律载有违反国际法和世界贸易组织协定而违反《联合国宪章》的规定。 美国政府通过这些明显具有治外法权性质的法律,加强了对古巴实施50年的经济、商业和金融封锁,并扩大到第三国及其公司和公民。", "古巴指出,为了证明对古巴及其人民的封锁是正当的,美国国务院毫无理由地将古巴列入单方面拟定的据称侵犯人权、贩运人口、性旅游、恐怖主义行径、宗教不容忍等行为者名单。", "尽管美国政府进行了媒体和外交攻势并采取了一些化妆措施,但封锁今天仍然完好无损,并继续严格实施,其执行的政治、行政和镇压机制已得到加强。 没有采取行动来拆除构成封锁法律基础和规章的法律和行政条例/要求网。 2009年9月11日,根据“美国的国家利益”和1917年《与敌方贸易法》,延长了对古巴的封锁,该法仅适用于战争局势,仅适用于古巴。 制裁适用于与古巴做生意的北美和欧洲公司。 这项政策阻碍科学、文化或旅游性质的交流,助长盗取商标和冻结古巴在美国的数百万美元资金。 为了“政权改革”的目的,对古巴的附属关系施加了更大的压力,并为旨在推翻古巴宪法秩序的行动提供了财政支助。", "古巴指出,实施封锁不仅仅是古巴和美国之间的双边问题。 美国法律的域外适用和对第三国企业和公民的合法利益的迫害也严重影响了许多其他国家的主权。 单方面胁迫性措施的治外性质所造成的损害乘以美国及其企业对贸易和跨国投资的重要参与。 第三国公司在美国的投资和北美公司在国外的投资,主要表现为公司兼并和部分或全部收购,这加剧了这些措施的域外影响,缩小了古巴的外部经济空间,使寻找合作伙伴和供应商更难,有时甚至无法避免美国实施的严格封锁。", "根据保守的估计,截至2009年12月封锁对古巴造成的直接损失超过数百亿美元。 尽管大会最近通过2010年10月28日绝大多数会员国通过的呼吁解除对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁的决议,而且以前已有18项决议载有这一正当要求,但美国政府继续对古巴采取这一行动。", "古巴的呈文还称,美国政府招募了雇佣军来对古巴采取行动。 2009年,外国资产管制处对违反对古巴封锁的7个实体处以315 503美元的罚款。 对个人和实体的罚款总额为340 678美元。 2010年上半年,对公司的罚款为2 221 671美元。 外国资产管制处不仅对与古巴的贸易适用了另外一百万美元的罚款,而且对与因单方面胁迫措施而与他国的贸易也适用了罚款。 被罚款的第三国实体包括瑞士信用银行、澳大利亚和新西兰银行集团有限公司以及设在特拉华的化学公司Innosc Inc.在瑞典的子公司。 2009年5月,外国资产管制办公室拒绝了西班牙人民银行的请求,即通过古巴航空公司2008年12月实现的从马德里到莫斯科的转账发放被冻结的资金107 770.95欧元。", "呈件继续说,自从以色列跨国公司Teva以美国资本收购了墨西哥的Lemery公司后,古巴再也无法购买细胞静脉杆菌霉素,这是治疗沙子(恶性肿瘤)中最有用的药物。 这种产品的使用将使病人的存活率提高到所有病例的70%以上。 粮食、卫生、教育和文化等敏感部门一直是这项政策的主要目标之一,影响到生活质量。 以下是2009年5月至2010年4月期间的例子。 古巴无法获得用于中枢神经系统肿瘤(胶瘤和天体细胞瘤)的特莫佐拉米德(特莫达尔)特莫多克(Temodar)特有细胞静态药物。 这影响到每年约250名病人,其中约30名是儿童。 儿科心脏病中心“William Soler”无法获得用于诊断和治疗复杂的先天性心脏病儿童的导管、导管、导管和导管等装置。 禁止美国公司向古巴出售这些产品。 古巴儿童被拒绝使用由特殊材料制成的美国装置Amplatzer来避免有机排斥/拒绝。 这种装置用于心脏开放外科手术,除了风险外,还需要3周的重症护理和康复。 古巴肿瘤学和放射生物学研究所在治疗视网膜肿瘤(在视网膜上生长的同源肿瘤)时无法使用放射性碘板,因为无法获取这些板块,只能在美国购买。 在缺乏这种技术的情况下(这种技术基本上是针对儿童的),唯一的替代办法是取出眼睛,在某些情况下取出双眼,这是一种对生命造成严重限制的医疗方法。", "在食品行业,进口公司Alimport在2009年5月至2010年4月期间受到“风险国”概念的影响,影响金额约为102 900 000美元,其形式是银行和金融费用以及支付工具方式的费用。 如果古巴拥有这些资金,它可以按2008年平均价格购买337,000吨小麦、451,000吨玉米和109,000吨鸡肉。 在教育领域,由于古巴无法进入美国市场,不得不求助于距离更远、费用更高的市场,古巴无法为60所治疗性残疾儿童的教室购买必要的设备。 这些教室的费用在欧洲市场约为14000欧元,但在美国不超过8000美元.", "根据提交的材料,从2008年5月至2010年5月,古巴这一部门的进口总额已降至18 200 000美元,其中10%用于货运。 如果古巴能够进入美国市场,它只得用3.7%来支付运费,因此它本来可以购买抵消纸张来印刷教育所需的所有教科书(小学、中学等)、小学和特殊教育的数学教学工具包以及15万套用于全国教育目的的丙烯板标记。", "古巴注意到,在文化领域,2002年同美利坚合众国国家社会科学研究理事会签署了一项双边协定,该协定将支持保护欧内斯特·海明威住宅博物馆的项目,并提供材料来扫描海明威收藏的函件和文件。 但是,财政部没有授权向古巴转移执行该项目所需的资金。 这些是支持禁运并仍然有效的法律、条例和做法的例子,加强了有效、蓄意执行禁运的政治、行政和镇压机制。", "遵守国际法的要求同样适用于每个人。 古巴指出,美利坚合众国政府继续维持封锁是不可接受的,封锁使古巴人民的生活条件恶化,并无视国际社会连续19年在大会各项决议中呼吁终止对古巴的封锁,同时谴责在大会及其几个附属机构中实施单方面胁迫性措施。", "这种封锁政策的实施仍然是古巴经济和社会发展的主要障碍,是公然、大规模和有计划地侵犯人权并侵犯和平权利以及主权国家的发展和安全。 国际社会的持续支持和强烈反对实施这些措施是古巴人民斗争的一个重要工具。 根据古巴的意见,国际社会必须增加对美国政府的政治压力,要求停止这种不人道和过时的政策。", "多米尼加共和国", "[原件:西班牙 [2011年6月27日]", "大会第65/217号决议力求重申《联合国宪章》、人权理事会和人权委员会以往各项决议所揭示的原则和规定,以及国际人道主义法规范,其中规定,一国实施的单方面胁迫性措施和法律,包括治外法权影响社会和人道主义活动以及发展中国家的经济和社会发展。 这项决议是对联合国会员国多次发出的呼吁的回应,这些呼吁涉及各国对其他国家实施的单方面胁迫性措施对拉丁美洲区域人民,特别是儿童、妇女、老年人和残疾人造成的严重损害。 古巴、墨西哥和委内瑞拉提交的报告特别重要。", "自1945年10月24日起生效的《联合国宪章》,特别是第十条规定,“大会得讨论本宪章范围内之任何问题或任何事项,或与本宪章所规定之任何机关之权力与职能有关之任何问题或事项,并得就上述任何问题或事项向联合国会员国或安全理事会或两者提出建议,但第十二条所订者外,得不在此限”。 多米尼加共和国作为联合国会员国,并不低估该机构在国际法形成和发展的整个进程中所起的作用。", "多米尼加共和国对国际社会的承诺载于2010年1月26日的《宪法》第26条第3和4款,其中规定:“多米尼加共和国的国际关系建立在肯定和促进其国家价值和利益、尊重人权和国际法的基础上并受其制约”。 “在与其他国家平等的基础上,多米尼加共和国接受一种国际法律秩序,确保各国享有和平、正义和政治、社会、经济和文化发展的基本权利得到尊重。 它承诺在国际、区域和国家各级以符合国家利益、各国人民和平共处和声援所有国家的义务的方式采取行动。 “", "厄瓜多尔", "[原件:西班牙 [2011年7月6日]", "作为一个主权国家,厄瓜多尔不采取单方面胁迫性措施,这些措施违反国际法、《联合国宪章》和关于国家间和平关系的规则和原则,可能妨碍人民充分实现经济和社会发展,特别是儿童和妇女的发展。", "厄瓜多尔没有采取措施来损害其人民的福祉并阻止其享有人权。 相反,厄瓜多尔希望根据《厄瓜多尔国家发展计划》和《国家福祉计划》确定的原则和目标,采取措施提高人民的生活水平和安全水平。 厄瓜多尔政府特别重视人人享有提供保健和教育的生活水平的权利以及获得食物、保健、教育和社会服务的权利。 获取食物和药品不应被用作政治工具。", "危地马拉", "[原件:西班牙 [2011年6月8日]", "危地马拉协调人权领域行政政策总统委员会的答复强调,危地马拉国已适当遵守了第65/217号决议,没有采取任何单方面胁迫性措施,违反国际人权法和《联合国宪章》,以及国家为加强民主和尊重人权而奋斗的原则。", "圭亚那", "[原件:英 [2011年6月14日]", "圭亚那既铭记并同意第65/217号决议概述的一般性考虑,特别是大会1974年第3281(XXIX)号决议所宣布的《各国经济权利和义务宪章》第32条,因为圭亚那谴责一国使用经济、政治或任何其他措施来胁迫另一国,使其在主权权利的行使上屈从。 它赞同大会的立场,即这种单方面胁迫性措施和立法违反国际法、国际人道主义法和《联合国宪章》,它们构成一般习惯国际法和有关国家间和平关系的规范和原则的一部分。 圭亚那没有鼓励使用经济或政治胁迫的立法或其他形式的胁迫措施。 它同其他国家一道谴责采取这种措施的国家,并敦促它们有效地扭转这种行动。", "圭亚那重申,它致力于作出真诚努力,以履行它所加入的国际文书,包括《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》规定的国际义务。 在1992年10月第一次自由和公正的选举之后,圭亚那在为恢复民主而长期奋斗之后,把重点放在改善人民的福利和生活质量上,其议会颁布了一系列专门促进和保护个人和弱势群体人权的法规。 圭亚那通过其行政、立法和司法机构进行合作,加强人权条约的执行,并承认所有人权的普遍性、不可分割性、相互依存性和相互关联性。", "关于决议中提到 \" 重申发展权是所有人权的组成部分 \" 的问题,圭亚那《宪法》第2部分第1编 \" 保护个人的基本权利和自由 \" 第149 C条规定, \" 任何人不得阻碍通过全国性的合作社、工会、公民或社会经济组织,参与国家的管理和决策进程 \" 。 《宪法》第14条规定,“经济发展的目标包括通过培养企业家精神、个人和团体的主动精神和创造力以及与国内和全球商业伙伴的战略联盟,建立、促进和鼓励能够在全球竞争环境中实现并保持可持续竞争优势的经济体系”。 圭亚那同样关切单方面胁迫性措施对国际关系、贸易、投资与合作的负面影响。", "作为加勒比共同体(加共体)的成员,圭亚那支持区域一体化,从而支持建立一个加勒比单一市场和经济。 作为南美洲国家联盟和美洲国家组织的成员,圭亚那认真对待其对这些机构的义务和承诺。 两个相邻国家苏里南和委内瑞拉在圭亚那的领土上存在权利主张。 圭亚那选择利用国际海洋法和国际仲裁法庭的现有补救办法,而不是采取强制措施,来解决其与苏里南的海洋边界问题。 圭亚那同这两个国家保持良好关系,并致力于联合国就同委内瑞拉的争端进行斡旋。 圭亚那虽然是一个发展中小国,但已伸出援手,援助面临自然灾害的国家,如格林纳达、海地、日本、圣文森特、圣卢西亚和委内瑞拉。", "圭亚那严重关切儿童的处境,他们是单方面胁迫性措施的主要受害者。 它承认每个儿童都有权在健康、和平和尊严方面长大成人,并为此努力确保儿童的健康、营养、教育以及社会和情感发展的权利。 同样,根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》和其他国际标准,圭亚那制定了全面的宪法和立法规定和政策来促进和保护妇女权利。 这些改革对于禁止单方面胁迫性措施的持续存在十分重要,这些措施会给圭亚那等发展中国家的社会和人道主义活动以及经济和社会发展带来负面影响。 圭亚那仍然致力于消除为发展和人权制造障碍的一切形式的单方面胁迫性措施。", "关于“粮食、医疗和教育权”的决议的第2段,圭亚那强调食物权,并已采取积极措施消除饥饿和促进粮食安全。 圭亚那确保保健服务以公平和问责为基础。 其教育政策确保所有公民,不论种族、年龄、信仰、身体或精神残疾,都有机会在现有资源范围内平等获得优质教育,从而充分发挥其潜力。 提供必要的社会服务,如食品、医疗、教育和社会安全网,“不被用作施加政治压力的手段”。", "圭亚那既铭记并同意第65/217号决议第4和7段中提到的自决原则,根据这项原则,各国有权在没有外来胁迫或干涉的情况下自由选择其主权和国际政治地位。 因此,它同样谴责和反对任何国家、多边或国际发展机构采取的单方面胁迫性措施。 圭亚那重申,单方面胁迫性措施是区域和全球一级充分实现人权、社会发展、安全和和平解决冲突的主要障碍。", "伊拉克", "[原件:阿拉伯 [2011年7月22日]", "伊拉克共和国完全支持大会第65/217号决议,并重申需要所有国家避免采取单方面胁迫性措施。 尽管就此问题通过了若干决议,但各国仍然诉诸这种武断措施。 伊拉克谴责使用任意、域外、单方面措施对其他国家施加政治压力。 这种措施对人权,包括基本食物权、健康权和发展权产生消极影响。 伊拉克强调,面对单方面胁迫性措施,必须采取切实可行的预防措施。", "科威特", "[原件:阿拉伯 [2011年6月24日]", "人权庄严地载入了《世界人权宣言》和其他一些国际文书,并载入了大多数国家宪法。 它们适用于国家与个人之间的关系,对国家间关系也很重要。 必须毫无例外地或不加选择地维护所有人权。 科威特支持联合国人权事务高级专员办事处为反对和消除单方面胁迫性措施而作的一切努力。 这种措施被用来施加政治压力并给国际关系和贸易制造障碍。 科威特支持执行大会第65/217号决议,并在这方面提供支持与合作。 重要的是,不要将执行公约所涉及的法律问题政治化。 有必要研究人权和单方面胁迫性措施问题,并全面和全面地评估联合国关于这一问题的各项决议,包括实现这些决议的目标所遇到的障碍。", "科威特拒绝采取任何胁迫性的立法、行政或经济措施或阻碍其他国家经济和文化发展的措施,以迫使它们采取某些政策。 单方面胁迫性措施对发展中国家人民和《发展权利宣言》所阐明的发展产生不利影响。 它们妨碍充分享有所有人权,包括获得食物和医疗的最基本权利。 科威特支持大会关于发展权的决定,并反对采取有碍这项权利的单方面胁迫性措施。", "科威特继续采取国际发展援助办法,例如通过科威特发展基金,并通过在国家一级为可持续发展而作的工作,向100多个发展中国家和最不发达国家提供支助。 科威特相信发展的重要性及其与人权的关系,并认为这是一个连接个人和社区的领域。", "三. 分析和结论", "3个 关于大会第65/217号决议,共有11个会员国提交了它们对人权和单方面胁迫性措施的看法。 集体而言,所有作出答复的国家都明确反对使用单方面胁迫性措施。", " 4.四. 答复国反对任何国家、多边或国际发展机构使用单方面胁迫性措施。 这种措施被认为是对人权的侵犯,是充分实现人权、社会发展、和平与安全以及解决争端和冲突的障碍。 一些国家还表示,它们原则上不诉诸此类措施。", "5 (韩语). 大多数答复者提到国际法原则,其中包括各国有义务不采取或适用违反《联合国宪章》和国际公法的单方面措施。 据说,这些措施违背了民主国家的理想以及国家主权、独立、主权平等、自决和不干涉内政等基本原则。 单方面胁迫性措施涉及国际私法和国际公法,包括国际人道主义法,因此违反了若干国际和区域文书。 各国所引述的有关文书包括《关于各国依联合国宪章建立友好关系和合作的国际法原则宣言》和《各国经济权利和义务宪章》(根据该宪章,任何国家不得使用或鼓励使用经济、政治或任何其他类型的措施来胁迫另一国,以图使该国在行使主权权利时屈从,并从其获得任何种类的利益)。", "6. 国家 各国回顾,根据《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》,任何人不得被剥夺自己的生存手段。 一些国家还重申支持执行《发展权利宣言》。 有人指出,使用具有治外法权影响的单方面胁迫性措施会严重影响贸易和经济合作,并会给资本的自由流动和贸易自由带来负面影响,而这反过来又会给生活在受影响国家的人实现发展权带来障碍。", "7. 联合国 答复者提到不同形式的经济、商业和金融制裁。 这些措施包括:贸易禁运;限制金融和资金、财产、知识产权、签证和旅行;干扰科学、文化或旅游性质的交流。 域外适用法律和干涉第三国企业和公民的利益,特别是在贸易和投资领域。", "8. 联合国 各国指出,单方面立法、经济和政治单方面胁迫性措施在世界各地继续盛行,对采取这种措施所针对的国家产生深远的负面影响,并对发展中国家的人权和发展产生更广泛的负面影响。 据说,主要受害者是实施这些措施的国家的人民,特别是最脆弱的人——儿童、妇女、老年人和残疾人。 受影响国家的实际情况包括极度困难、无法获得救生药品,特别是儿科药品、基本食品、教育设施和文化设施。 采取这种胁迫性措施直接影响到基本人权的享受。", "9. 国家 若干国家重申所有人权的不可分割、普遍、相互关联和相互依存的性质,以及这种承认与维持国家间和平关系的密切关系。 各国重申,它们相信发展与人权以及和平之间的关系。 为了维护国际和平与安全,所有国家必须在国家平等和自决权的原则基础上,通过友好和合作关系来增进国际和平与安全。 鉴于目前国际形势的特征是各国利益相去甚远,也由于发展了国家间对话的多边框架和多边主义,国际关系中的挑战必须在多边框架内加以解决。 有人指出,在联合国之下建立的机制,包括安全理事会和其他国际和区域多边组织,是决定采取适当措施保障安全和鼓励各国遵守国际标准的唯一合法当局。", "10个 面对单方面胁迫性措施,一些国家表示,有必要提高公众对单方面胁迫性措施的消极影响以及尊重国际公法和国际私法的标准和原则的认识,以建立国家间的友好关系并促进和保护人权。 各国列举了国家宪法和立法条款,包括那些维护各国人民和平共处价值观和声援所有国家的义务的条款。", "11个 一些国家已颁布立法,规定限制或阻止资本、货物或人员直接或间接地对任何国家或国家集团产生不利影响的自由贸易和自由流动的任何外国法律将不适用,而且不会在其领土内产生任何法律效力。 各国还举例说明一些法律规定,指出外国法律意图通过实施经济制裁或限制在另一国的投资来产生域外法律效力,目的是改变其政府,因此在其领土内不会产生任何法律效力。", "12个 有人提到为在领土内外维护人权并推进社会和经济发展而采取的内部措施,并再次表示,人人都应有机会获得基本必需品,在任何情况下,无论是在国家内部还是更广泛的国际社会,都不得将获得粮食、保健和教育作为政治工具。 各国举例说明了为促进人权和发展而采取的政策和行动,这些政策和行动既是为了本国人民,也是为了国际援助和合作,特别是为了发展中国家人民的利益。", "13个 有一个国家建议设立人权理事会关于单方面胁迫性措施及其对人权的影响的特别程序,并明确支持人权理事会第15/24号决议所载的要求,即由联合国人权事务高级专员办事处编写一份关于人权与单方面胁迫性措施的专题研究报告,包括就旨在终止此类措施的行动提出建议。 一些国家欢迎大会和人权理事会继续关注人权和单方面胁迫性措施问题。" ]

[ "United Nations Children’s Fund", "Executive Board", "Second regular session 2011", "12-15 September 2011", "Item 8 of the provisional agenda[1]", "United Nations Children’s Fund", "UNICEF institutional budget for 2012-2013", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "I. Introduction", "1. The Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions has considered an advance version of the report of the Executive Director of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) on the proposed institutional budget for the 2012-2013 biennium (E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.2). During its consideration of the report, the Advisory Committee met with the Deputy Executive Director and other representatives, who provided additional information and clarifications.", "Format and presentation", "2. The Advisory Committee recalls that in 2010 the Executive Boards of UNICEF, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) approved the proposals that were presented in a joint report of the three organizations entitled, “Road map to an integrated budget: cost classification and results-based budgeting”. The report was the culmination of a review of existing cost definitions and classification of activities and associated costs, as well as results-based budgeting models and methodologies of selected United Nations organizations and bilateral donors, in order to identify best practices. The three organizations agreed to work together for greater harmonization and improvement in the presentation of the biennial support budget for 2012-2013, and also work towards the presentation of a single, integrated budget for each organization beginning in 2014. The Advisory Committee notes that in accordance with decision 2011/6 of the UNICEF Executive Board, the 2012-2013 institutional budget has been prepared following the results-based approach and is presented in the new cost classification format agreed upon by UNICEF, UNDP and UNFPA. The budget therefore represents an important milestone on the roadmap to the implementation of the fully integrated budget in 2014.", "Projected resources", "3. According to the resource plan summarized in annex I of the present document, the total projected resources from regular resources, other resources and trust funds for the biennium 2012-2013, including an opening balance of $2,816 million, amount to $11,700 million, reflecting an increase of $1,281 million, or 12.3 per cent, compared with the total planned resources of $10,419 million for 2010-2011. For 2012-2013, total regular resources are projected at $2,709 million, reflecting an increase of $105 million, or 4 per cent, compared with $2,604 million in 2010-2011. Other resources are projected at $6,150 million, reflecting an increase of $381 million, or 6.6 per cent, compared with $5,769 million in 2010-2011, and total trust funds are projected at $2,841 million, reflecting an increase of $795 million, or 38.9 per cent, compared with the total of $2,046 million for 2010-2011.", "4. Income from regular resources, mostly contributions, is estimated at $2,129 million for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting an increase of $138 million, or 6.9 per cent compared with $1,991 million for the biennium 2010-2011. Income from other resources is estimated at $4,362 million, reflecting an increase of $333 million, or 8.3 per cent compared with $4,029 million in 2010-2011. Trust fund receipts are projected at $2,393 million, reflecting an increase of $594.8 million, or 34 per cent compared with 2010-2011. As regards the use of resources, the total resources proposed for the 2012-2013 biennium is $9,407 million, of which $8,441 million will be used for programmes and $966 million for the institutional budget (see also paragraphs 24-26 below).", "II. Proposed institutional budget for 2012-2013", "5. The Advisory Committee notes that according to the new cost classification, the budget for development effectiveness, United Nations development coordination activities, management activities, and special purpose activities is now referred to as the institutional budget. It is based on the results-based budgeting approach and is presented in the new cost classification format as indicated in paragraph 2 above. The definitions for the terminology of the above cost categories are provided in annex 8 of the institutional budget report.", "6. The proposed institutional budget for the 2012-2013 biennium amounts to $966 million, which represents a decrease of $54.1 million, or 5.3 per cent, compared with the combined biennial support budget and security budget of $1,020.1 million for 2010-2011. The volume decreases amount to $43.4 million, which is partially offset by volume increases amounting to $33.1 million and an amount of $7 million due to adjustments for staff costs, exchange rates and inflation. The decrease is also due to one time costs for investment projects amounting to $36.9 million and one time security costs in the amount of $13.9 million, which were undertaken in 2010-2011 and will not be undertaken in 2012-2013.", "7. The volume decreases of $43.4 million mainly comprised the operational efficiencies, cost reductions and value-for-money measures resulting from a review of operational costs, particularly international travel, conferences and meetings, as well as the deferral of the purchase of transport equipment and a reduction in the use of consultants. Savings are also expected from the increased use of common premises and common administrative services. UNICEF expects that the above-mentioned initiatives will translate into decreases of $28.8 million at headquarters and $5 million in the field offices (ibid., paragraphs 46-47). Furthermore, the Advisory Committee was informed that UNICEF regional offices were being encouraged to look into the possibility of establishing or expanding multi-country service centres to generate economies of scale, reduce transactional costs and ensure consistent operations support to country offices (see also paragraph 20 below). The Advisory Committee welcomes the organization-wide efforts made by UNICEF to achieve cost reductions by re-examining existing operational activities and maximizing the use of new technologies. The Committee also encourages the use of common premises and common services, which should yield efficiencies and savings.", "8. The Advisory Committee was also informed that, in the preparation of the 2012-2013 budget, particular attention had been paid to the correct attribution of costs — the identification of costs for activities funded from other sources — and that was expected to generate decreases of $5.1 million (ibid., paragraph 51); while the scaling back on recruitment activities of the New and Emerging Talent Initiative, so as to assess its effectiveness, was expected to generate savings of $4.5 million (ibid., paragraph 52).", "9. The volume decreases are partially offset by increases of $33.1 million, mainly in the areas of global cluster coordination ($3 million); strengthening the presence of UNICEF in the newly independent Republic of South Sudan ($2.5 million); strengthening corporate oversight and assurance activities through the establishment of two additional posts in the Office of Internal Audit ($0.6 million); strengthening human resources management ($3.5 million); strengthening corporate and oversight assurance activities ($0.6 million); the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) ($3.2 million); and supporting talent management initiatives ($1 million). Additional increases are expected from the implementation of the VISION (Virtual Integrated System of Information) enterprise resource planning (ERP) system — further explained in paragraph 11 below ($10.2 million); and the cost of development of a single organizational technology platform for the organization ($9.1 million).", "10. Overall, the Advisory Committee welcomes the progress made by UNICEF to improve its budget presentation, including the results-based budgeting framework and incorporation of the new cost classifications. Within the context of the harmonized approach with UNDP and UNFPA, the Committee encourages further efforts to improve the presentation. In particular, while the Advisory Committee appreciates that the utilization of tables and other means of presentation renders the budget more succinct, it is of the opinion that additional information is required in the narrative. The Committee requests that future budget proposals should provide such detail. While supporting the overall proposals made by the Executive Director, in the paragraphs below, the Committee provides further comments on some specific initiatives.", "III. Specific comments and observations", "VISION enterprise resource planning (ERP) and performance management system", "11. The Advisory Committee was informed that UNICEF was on course to implement VISION at all its locations on 1 January 2012. According to the representatives of the Executive Director, VISION, which is a global SAP-based ERP system, is expected to have a major impact in the way UNICEF operates in all of its offices. Its main components are an SAP-based central application system and a performance management platform. These systems will support and facilitate implementation of organizational improvements in four results areas: improved accountability and effective risk management; programme excellence; operations performance; and effective resource planning and implementation. The systems — which will replace the existing headquarters-based SAP ERP system and the field-based Programme Manager System (ProMS) — will also deliver a web-based performance management information system for monitoring and reporting on core financial and results-based information across the worldwide operations of UNICEF both globally and in real-time.", "12. The Committee was also informed that significant investment had already gone into the preparation of the required system functionality for regional and country offices in addition to pilot phases being implemented in a small number of country offices. The preparations included design; guidance and training; communication and monitoring; as well as the improvement of bandwidth and communication capabilities. The Committee was further informed that the estimated cost from the biennium 2008-2009 to the end of 2010-2011 was $37.1 million. It was also explained that, after the implementation of the system in January 2012, significant challenges were anticipated as new users were introduced to the system and to the improved business processes. The system would therefore require technical and advisory support, hence the provision of $10.2 million for VISION implementation in the institutional budget for 2012-2013.", "13. The Advisory Committee commends UNICEF for the progress made towards the implementation of a fully integrated global resource management system with enhanced performance management capabilities. The Committee trusts that UNICEF’s experience in the implementation of this system will be shared with other organizations.", "IPSAS post-implementation strategy", "14. The Advisory Committee recalls that the adoption of IPSAS was approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 60/283 (2006) and by the UNICEF Executive Board in its decision 2007/10 in order to achieve the benefits of improved transparency and accountability. The Committee further recalls that, in order to achieve greater harmonization with other United Nations funds and programmes, an extensive review was undertaken in consultation with other agencies leading to the amendment of the Financial Regulations and Rules of UNICEF to accommodate full accrual based accounting as required by IPSAS. The Advisory Committee’s comments and recommendations on the proposed amendments are contained in its separate report, which will be before the Executive Board at its next session.", "15. During its consideration of the 2012-2013 budget, the Advisory Committee was informed that UNICEF was on track for the implementation of IPSAS in January 2012. The Committee was further informed that, as part of its post-implementation strategy, UNICEF planned to maintain a small unit in the Division of Financial Management and Administration (DFAM) to provide advice and assistance, particularly in the areas of training and capacity-building. The representatives of the Executive Director explained that UNICEF did not consider it necessary to set up additional support structures because there was sufficient operational capacity to handle the implementation in the majority of its country offices, and that the implementation in the smaller offices would be supported from the regional offices. It was further explained that the existing capacity would be further strengthened through training, hence the allocation of $3.2 million in the 2012-2013 institutional budget to cover the cost of staff and consultants dedicated to IPSAS capacity-building activities. The Committee was also informed that the benefits of IPSAS would be more discernible after the initial period of implementation, as well as following the external auditors’ review and opinion on UNICEF’s 2012 financial statements to be provided in mid-2013. In addition, the lessons learned from the implementation exercise would inform the post-implementation strategy to be reflected in the 2014-2015 budget. The Advisory Committee reiterates its opinion that the implementation of IPSAS should, to the extent possible, be harmonized with that of the other United Nations organizations and that the lessons learned by UNICEF should be documented and similarly shared. In this regard, the Committee draws attention to the IPSAS global shared service centre approach being considered by UNDP, which UNICEF should bear in mind if it considers changing its present strategy.", "Global cluster coordination", "16. During its consideration of the proposed budget, the Advisory Committee was informed that, a global cluster approach had been put in place to ensure predictable leadership and accountability in all the main sectors or areas of humanitarian response and to strengthen system-wide preparedness and technical capacity to respond to humanitarian emergencies. In that regard, cluster lead agencies had been designated for all key humanitarian response sectors, with UNICEF being assigned the global leadership role for the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and nutrition clusters; the global co-leadership role for the education cluster, with the International Save the Children Alliance; within the global protection cluster, the leadership role for the child protection area of responsibility, and, jointly with UNFPA, the co-leadership role for the gender-based violence area of responsibility.", "17. The Advisory Committee notes that, in 2010-2011, the funding and management of the cluster responsibilities of UNICEF was dispersed within UNICEF. In order to ensure better coordination and leadership, resources amounting to $3.5 million have now been allocated in the 2012-2013 institutional budget for the establishment of a global cluster coordination unit in Geneva, which is in close proximity to other humanitarian partners and the Inter-Agency Standing Committee secretariat. The allocation will cover the establishment of five posts (four Senior Coordinators and one Information Management post), in addition to other cluster coordination activities.", "18. The Advisory Committee welcomes the demonstrated commitment of UNICEF by allocating resources to cluster coordination, including the establishment of a cluster coordination unit. The Committee is of the view that, where feasible, the financial responsibilities should be shared equitably among the participating organizations.", "Proposed staffing changes", "19. The Advisory Committee notes that resources amounting to an estimated $729.7 million in the 2012-2013 institutional budget have been allocated to posts (ibid., annex 5). A total of 2,919 posts are proposed for the biennium, reflecting a net decrease of 38 posts compared with 2,957 in the 2010-2011 biennium (ibid., annex 6). The changes comprise a net decrease of 4 posts at D-1 level; net increases of 14 international Professional posts and 3 National Officer posts; and a net decrease of 51 General Service posts. The Advisory Committee welcomes the clarity provided by the detailed organigramme, which facilitates a better understanding of the organizational structure and the proposed staffing changes. The Committee requests that it be included in future budget submissions.", "20. The Advisory Committee notes that the above staffing changes will entail an overall reduction of 65 posts (1 D-1, 2 international Professional, and 62 other levels) at country office level. In addition, the Committee notes that 42 of the proposed post reductions in the other levels category are in the country offices of the Eastern and Southern Africa region. The significant decrease in posts in the support category is due in part to the strategic shift to strengthen the oversight and capacity of the regional offices, which has facilitated the simplification of business processes and the achievement of operational efficiencies in the country offices. As earlier explained in paragraph 11 above, the planned roll-out of VISION, as well as the enhancement of staff capacity through training, are key factors in the implementation of this strategy. The strategy will also include the establishment and expansion of multi-country operations service centres in the West and Central Africa region; and in the Latin America and the Caribbean region in order to achieve further efficiencies through the consolidation of operations. The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts made by UNICEF to harness the benefits of available information technology to achieve greater efficiencies in the management of its resources and strengthen the support to its field offices. While the Committee does not object to the proposed post changes, it trusts that care has been taken to ensure that the reduction in posts will not adversely impact programme delivery at country office level.", "21. The Advisory Committee notes the proposed establishment of 2 additional posts in the Office of Internal Audit to strengthen the audit and investigation function and to ensure that the requirements of the approved audit charter are met (see paragraph 9, above). It is the Committee’s view that the establishment of the posts should contribute to greater accountability and transparency.", "22. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed about the plans of UNICEF to allocate $1 million in the 2012-2013 institutional budget to support talent management initiatives, such as completing the transition to electronic performance management and recruitment through the use of e-PAS and e‑recruitment tools that were developed in 2010-2011. The Committee was informed that e-PAS, which currently serves only international staff, would be expanded to cover all staff. The Committee was further informed that UNICEF, rather than building its own system, has been using a system built by UNFPA for which it is contributing to the maintenance costs. It was indicated that the expansion of the system to cover all staff would entail an additional one-time cost for UNICEF to be met from within the above-mentioned allocation.", "23. The Committee was also informed that the talent management initiatives included the development of a new rotation policy for international Professional staff, according to which certain functional groups such as deputy representatives and health officers would be subject to a managed rotation. The Committee was informed that presently, managed rotation was being applied only to heads of office. The Committee was further informed that a pilot rotation exercise, which had been launched in 2010, was currently under review and would inform the new rotation policy. The resources proposed in the budget would cover its final design and implementation, along with the career development and talent management system of UNICEF, as part of a coherent human resources management system. The Advisory Committee notes the initiative taken by UNICEF to expand the scope of its existing staff rotation policy as an element in the development of a more coherent human resources management system. The Committee trusts that the experience of UNICEF in this regard will be shared with other agencies.", "Cost Recovery", "24. The Advisory Committee notes that actual cost recoveries in the 2008-2009 period amounted to $320.3 million, representing an average recovery rate of 6.7 per cent on total programme assistance funded by other resources. For the same period, the Committee notes that 36 per cent of the total institutional budget was funded from cost recoveries, which ensured that regular resources were not used to subsidize support costs for programme assistance funded by other resources. As indicated in annex II of the present report, $338 million, or 35 per cent of the total institutional budget for the 2012-2013 biennium, is projected to be funded through cost recoveries, an increase from the 24 per cent budgeted for 2010-2011.", "25. The Committee further notes that a review undertaken jointly by UNICEF, UNDP and UNFPA in response to the UNICEF Executive Board decision 2011/6 has confirmed that the revised cost definitions and classification of activities have no impact on cost recovery and thus necessitated no changes in the cost recovery methodology to be applied for the 2012-2013 biennium. It is indicated that the current rates and methodology will again be reviewed jointly with UNDP and UNFPA in 2013, within the context of the new integrated budget for 2014, at which time any changes, if necessary, would likely be made.", "26. The Advisory Committee welcomes the positive trend by which an increasing percentage of the institutional budget is being funded from cost recovery. The Committee encourages the joint efforts by UNICEF, UNDP and UNFPA to determine future cost recovery methodology and rates. It looks forward to receiving further information in this regard.", "Annex I", "Resource plan (In millions of United States dollars)", "2010-2011 2012-2013\n Regular Other Trust Total % Regular Other Trust Total % resources resources funds resources resources resources funds resources", "1. Resources available", "Opening balance 613.0 1 740.0 303.0 2 656.0 — 580.0 1 788.0 448.0 2 816.0 —", "Income", "Contributions 1 833.8 4 008.8 — 5 842.6 — 2 011.0 4 343.0 — 6 354.0 —", "Other income and 157.2 20.2 — 177.4 — 118.0 19.0 55.2 192.2 — reimbursements^(a)", "Total Income 1 991.0 4 029.0 6 020.0 — 2 129.0 4 362.0 55.2 6 546.2 —", "Trust funds — — 1 743.0 1 743.0 — 2 337.8 2 337.8 —", "Total available 2 604.0 5 769.0 2 046.0 10 419.0 — 2 709.0 6 150.0 2 841.0 11 700.0 —", "2. Use of resources", "A. Development activities", "A.1 Programmes 1 630.4 3 875.4 1 956.0 7 461.8 88.0 1 594.0 4 469.0 2 378.0 8 441.0 89.8", "A.2 Development 188.5 77.2 — 265.7 3.1 159.6 91.8 5.0 256.4 2.7 effectiveness", "Subtotal development 1 818.9 3 952.6 1 956.0 7 727.5 91.1 1 753.6 4 560.8 2 383.0 8 697.4 92.5 activities", "B. United Nations 0.6 — — 0.6 0.0 3.5 — — 3.5 0.0 development coordination activities", "C. Management activities", "C.1 Recurring costs 533.6 169.4 — 703.0 8.3 444.6 238.0 — 682.6 7.3", "C.2 Non-recurring costs 13.9 — — 13.9 0.2 1.0 3.2 — 4.2 0.0 b/", "Subtotal management 547.5 169.4 — 716.9 8.5 445.6 241.2 — 686.8 7.3 activities", "Total institutional 773.5 246.6 - 1 020.1 12.0 628.0 333.0 5.0 966.0 10.3 budget (A.2 + B + C + D)", "Total use of resources (A 2 403.9 4 122.0 1 956.0 8 481.9 100.0 2 222.0 4 802.0 2 383.0 9 407.0 100.0 + B + C + D)", "3. Projected balance of 200.1 1647.0 90.0 1937.1 - 487.0 1 348.0 458.0 2 293.0 - resources^(c)", "4. Updated balances of 580.0 1 788.0 448.0 2 816.0 — resources^(d)", "^(a) Includes interest, miscellaneous income and offset to the institutional budget.", "^(b) 2010-2011: Security allocation approved by the Executive Board in 2008.", "^(c) Projected balance of resources represents revised medium-term financial plan total cash balance before the funded reserves (for after-service health insurance, capital assets, separation fund and procurement services).", "^(d) Balance of resources for 2010-2011 has been updated to include actual and projected changes in income and expenditure.", "Annex II", "Analysis of Trends and Ratios of Support budget — 1998 to 2011", "(In millions of United States dollars)", "PLANNED 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07 08-09 10-11 1/ 12-13", "Biennial Support Budget   527.5 545.5 574.2 701.9 757.4 912.8 1,020.1 966.0 (BSB)", "BSB From Regular 493.6 477.7 485.9 545.5 567.4 689.8 773.5 628.0 resources", "94% 88% 85% 78% 75% 76% 76% 65%", "BSB From OR and other 33.9 67.8 88.3 156.4 190.0 223.0 246.6 338.0 Recoveries", "6% 12% 15% 22% 25% 24% 24% 35%", "Total Regular Resources   1122.5 1247.7 1147.9 1424.5 1658.6 2355.4 2403.9 2222.0", "% of total RR used for 56% 62% 58% 62% 66% 71% 68% 72% Programmes", "% of total RR used for   44% 38% 42% 38% 34% 29% 32% 28% BSB", "1/ Revised to include 2010-2011 Security allocation approved by the Executive Board approved in 2008.", "ACTUAL 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07 08-09", "Actual BSB Expenditures   507.5 521.9 568.9 682.2 739.0 892.5", "Actual BSB From Regular 465.0 437.6 466.1 481.3 468.3 572.2 resources", "92% 84% 82% 71% 62% 64%", "BSB From OR and other 42.5 84.3 102.7 200.9 270.7 320.3 Recoveries", "8% 16% 18% 29% 38% 36%", "Total Regular Resources   1065.1 1178.0 1206.0 1365.0 1745.0 2087.8", "% of total RR used for 56% 63% 61% 65% 73% 73% Programmes", "% of total RR used for   44% 37% 39% 35% 27% 27% BSB", "[1] * E/ICEF/2011/13." ]

[ "联合国儿童基金会", "执行局", "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月12日至15日", "临时议程[1] 项目8", "联合国儿童基金会", "儿基会2012-2013年拟议机构预算", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 行政和预算问题咨询委员会审议了联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)执行局2012-2013两年期拟议机构预算报告的预发版本(E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.2)。行预咨委会审议报告时会晤了副执行主任和其他代表，他们进一步提供了资料并作了说明。", "格式与列报", "2. 行预咨委会回顾，2010年儿基会、联合国开发计划署(开发署)和联合国人口基金会(人口基金)的执行局核准其题为“综合预算路线图：费用分类和成果预算编制”的联合报告中的各项建议。在审查选定的联合国组织和双边捐助者的现有费用定义、活动分类和相关费用及成果预算编制模式和方法之后编写了本报告，以便确定最佳做法。这三个组织同意共同努力加强协调，改进2012-2013两年期支助预算列报，并从2004年开始努力为每个组织编制单一的综合预算。行预咨委会注意到，根据儿基会执行局第2011/6号决定，2012-2013年机构预算按照成果制方法编制，并按照儿基会、开发署和人口基金商定的新费用分类格式列报。因此，该预算是2014年执行完全连成一体的预算路线图上的重要里程碑。", "预计资源", "3. 根据本文件附件一总结的资源计划，2012-2013两年期预计经常资源、其他资源和信托基金资源总额为117亿美元，其中包括期初余额28.16亿美元，与2010-2011年计划资源总额104.19亿美元相比，增加12.81亿美元或12.3%。2012-2013年预计经常资源总额为27.09亿美元，与2010-2011年26.04亿美元相比，增加1.05亿美元或4%。预计其他资源额为61.5亿美元，与2010-2011年57.69亿美元相比，增加3.81亿美元或6.6%。预计信托基金总额为28.41亿美元，与2010-2011年20.46亿美元相比，增加7.95亿美元或38.9%。", "4. 2012-2013两年期经常资源收入(主要是捐款)估计为21.29亿美元，与2010-2011两年期19.91亿美元相比，增加1.38亿美元或6.9%。其他资源收入估计为43.62亿美元，与2010-2011年40.29亿美元相比，增加3.33亿美元或8.3%。预计信托基金收入为23.93亿美元，比2010-2011年增加5.948亿美元或34%。关于资源的使用，2012-2013两年期拟议资源总额为94.07亿美元，其中84.41亿美元将用于各方案，9.66亿美元用于机构预算(另见下文第24段至26段)。", "二. 2012-2013年拟议机构预算", "5. 行预咨委会指出，根据新的费用分类，机构预算指用于发展效益及联合国发展协调活动、管理活动和特殊用途活动的预算。该预算按照成果制方法编制，并按照上文第2段所述的新费用分类格式列报。上述费用分类术语的定义见机构预算报告附件8。", "6. 2012-2013两年期拟议机构预算为9.66亿美元，与2010-2011年两年期支助预算和安保预算10.201亿美元相比，减少5 410万美元或5.3%。减少4 340万美元，被增加的3 310万美元及工作人员费用、汇率和通货膨胀调整数700万美元部分抵消。数额减少的原因是2012-2013年不会有2010-2011年的一次性投资项目费用3 690万美元和一次性安保费用1 390万美元。", "7. 减少4 340万美元，主要原因包括：由于审查业务费用，特别是国际差旅和各种会议费用，采取了业务增效、减少费用和资金效益措施；推迟购买交通设备；减少使用咨询人。此外，预期更多地使用共同房地和共同事务也会节省费用。儿基会期望上述举措将导致在总部减少2 880万美元，在外地办事处减少500万美元(同上，第46段至47段)。此外，行预咨委会得知，目前正鼓励儿基会各区域办事处研究是否有可能设立或扩大多国服务中心，以实现规模经济、降低交易费用并确保向各国家办事处提供持续的业务支持(另见下文第20段)。行预咨委会欢迎儿基会在全组织努力通过再次审查现有业务活动和尽量使用新技术减少费用。委员会还鼓励使用共同房地和共同事务，因为这将会提高效率和节省经费。", "8. 行预咨委会得知，在编制2012-2013年预算时，特别关注费用的正确划归——确定其他资金来源供资的活动费用——而且预期将会减少510万美元(同上，第51段)；为评估新兴人才倡议的效果，减少了其征聘活动，预期将节省450万美元(同上，第52段)。", "9. 减少额被增加额(3 310万美元)部分抵消，主要在全球组群协调领域(300万美元)；加强儿基会在新独立的南苏丹共和国的存在(250万美元)；通过在内部审计办公室增设2个员额加强机构监督和保障活动(60万美元)；加强人力资源管理(350万美元)；加强机构监督保障活动(60万美元)；通过《国际公共部门会计准则》(公共部门会计准则)(320万美元)；支持人才管理倡议(100万美元)。预期执行VISION(信息虚拟集成系统)企业资源规划系统将会增加费用，进一步解释见下文第11段(1 020万美元)；为本组织开发单一的组织技术平台费用(910万美元)。", "10. 总体而言，行预咨委会欢迎儿基会在改进预算列报方面取得的进展，包括成果预算框架及纳入新的费用分类。在与开发署和人口基金进行协调的情况下，委员会鼓励进一步努力改进列报。委员会特别赞赏使用表格和其他列报方式使预算更加简洁，认为应在陈述部分提供补充资料。委员会要求在今后拟议预算中提供此类细目。委员会支持执行主任的大部分提议，并在以下段落中就一些具体倡议作出进一步评论。", "三. 具体评论和意见", "VISION企业资源规划系统与业绩管理系统", "11. 行预咨委会得知，2012年1月1日儿基会在其所有地点执行VISION系统。执行主任的一些代表称，VISION是以SAP为基础的全球企业资源规划系统，预期将对儿基会所有办事处的运作方式产生重大影响。该系统主要部分是一个以SAP为基础的中央应用系统和一个业绩管理平台。这些系统将在四个成果领域支持和协助改进儿基会工作：已改进的问责制和有效风险管理；卓越方案；业务绩效；有效的资源规划和实施。这些系统将取代总部现有的SAP企业资源规划系统和外地的方案主管系统，并将提供网络业绩管理信息系统，用于在全球实时监测和报告儿基会全世界运作的核心财政和成果信息。", "12. 委员会得知，已进行大量投资，为各区域和国家办事处必要的系统功能做准备，并在少数国家办事处开始试行。准备工作包括设计、指导和培训、通信和监测及改进宽带和通信能力。委员会还得知，从2008-2009两年期至2010-2011年终了时费用估计为3 710万美元。据称，在2012年1月执行该系统之后，预期会出现许多挑战，因为新用户使用该系统和已改进的业务流程。因此，该系统需要技术和咨询支持，在2012-2013年机构预算中为执行VISION系统编列1 020万美元。", "13. 行预咨委会赞扬儿基会为执行性能管理能力更强、完全连成一体的全球资源管理系统取得的进展。委员会相信儿基会将与其他组织交流执行该系统的经验。", "实行公共部门会计准则后的战略", "14. 行预咨委会回顾，大会第60/283(2006)号决议和儿基会执行局第2007/10号决定核准通过《公共部门会计准则》，以实现提高透明度和改进问责制的利益。委员会还回顾，为加强与联合国其他基金和方案的协调，与其他机构协商进行广泛审查，最终修正儿基会《财务条例和细则》，以适应《公共部门会计准则》所要求的完全权责发生制会计。行预咨委会关于各项拟议修正的评论和建议载于其另一份报告，执行局下届会议将会收到该报告。", "15. 行预咨委会在审议2012-2013年预算期间得知，儿基会准备于2012年1月执行《公共部门会计标准》。委员会还得知，儿基会计划在财务和行政管理司(财行司)内保留一个小型部门，提供咨询和协助，特别是在培训和能力建设领域，这是儿基会执行后战略的一部分。执行主任的代表们解释说，儿基会认为不必建立更多支助机构，因为大多数国家办事处有足够的业务能力处理执行事宜，而且区域办事处会在执行方面向较小办事处提供支持。他们还解释说，现有能力将会通过培训得到进一步加强，因此在2012-2013年机构预算中分配320万美元，用于支付专门进行《公共部门会计准则》方面能力建设活动的工作人员和咨询人费用。委员会还得知，在执行《公共部门会计准则》一段时间之后，以及在外部审计员审查儿基会将于2013年中提交的2012年财务报表并就其发表意见之后，《公共部门会计准则》的好处将会更加明显。此外，执行后战略将借鉴从执行该准则中吸取的经验教训，并将反映在2014-2015年预算中。行预咨委会重申其意见，即应尽量与联合国其他组织协调执行《公共部门会计准则》，并应记录和分享儿基会的经验教训。在此方面，委员会提请注意开发署正在考虑的《公共部门会计准则》全球共享服务中心办法，如果儿基会考虑改变当前战略，应铭记这一办法。", "全球组群协调", "16. 在审议拟议预算期间，委员会得知已制定全球组群办法，以确保在所有主要部门或人道主义反应领域中可以预测的领导责任和问责制，加强全系统筹备工作和应对人道主义紧急情况的技术能力。在此方面，已为所有关键的人道主义反应部门指定分组牵头机构，儿基会被指定为饮水、环卫和讲卫生组和营养组的全球牵头机构；与国际拯救儿童联盟共同作为教育组的全球牵头机构；在全球保护组，作为儿童保护责任领域的牵头机构；与人口基金共同作为性别暴力责任领域的牵头机构。", "17. 行预咨委会注意到，2010-2011年在儿基会内部对儿基会组群责任的资助和管理进行了分配。为确保加强协调和领导作用，已在机构预算中分配350万美元，用于在日内瓦设立一个全球组群协调股，与其他人道主义伙伴和机构间常设委员会秘书处距离很近。这项拨款将用于支付设立5个员额(4个高级协调员和1个信息管理员额)及其他组群协调活动的费用。", "18. 行预咨委会欢迎儿基会作出承诺，为进行组群协调分配资源，包括设立一个组群协调股。委员会认为，如果可行，各参加组织应公平分担经济责任。", "拟议人员配置变动", "19. 委员会注意到，在2012-2013年机构预算中分配给员额的经费估计为7.297亿美元(同上，附件5)。该两年期拟议员额共2 919个，比2010-2011两年期(2 957个)净减38个(同上，附件6)。这些变动包括：净减4个D-1级员额；净增14个国际专业人员员额和3个本国干事员额；净减51个一般事务员额。行预咨委会欢迎详细的组织系统表一目了然，有助于更好地了解组织结构和拟议人员配置变动。委员会要求在今后预算报告中列入组织系统表。", "20. 行预咨委会指出，上述人员配置变动将导致在国家办事处一级总共裁减65个员额(1个D-1、2个国际专业人员和62个其他职等)。委员会还指出，拟裁减东非和南非区域国家办事处42个其他职类的员额。大幅裁减支助类员额的部分原因是战略转向加强各区域办事处的监督和能力，这有助于简化业务流程，提高国家办事处业务效率。正如上文第11段所述，计划推行VISION系统及通过培训加强工作人员能力是执行这一战略的关键因素。该战略还将包括在西非和中非及拉丁美洲和加勒比区域建立和扩大多国业务服务中心，以便通过合并业务提高效率。行预咨委会欢迎儿基会努力利用现有信息技术的好处，以提高资源管理效率，加强对各外地办事处的支持。虽然委员会不反对拟议员额变动，但认为已注意确保裁减员额不会对国家办事处交付方案造成不利影响。", "21. 行预咨委会注意到，拟在内部审计办公室增设2个员额，以加强审计和调查职能，确保达到核准的审计章程的要求(见上文第9段)。委员会认为，设立员额有助于加强问责制和提高透明度。", "22. 行预咨委会经询得知，儿基会计划在2012-2013年机构预算中分配100万美元，用于支持人才管理倡议，如完成向电子业绩管理的过渡及使用2010-2011年开发的电子考绩系统和电子征聘工具进行征聘。委员会得知，将扩大目前仅为国际工作人员服务的电子考绩系统，以便涵盖所有工作人员。委员会还得知，儿基会未建立自己的系统，一直使用人口基金建立的系统并分担维持费用。有人指出，扩大该系统以涵盖所有工作人员需要从上述拨款中另为儿基会支付一次性费用。", "23. 委员会还得知，人才管理倡议包括拟订新的国际专业人员轮调政策，根据该政策，副代表和卫生干事等职能群体将进行有管理的轮调。委员会得知，当前有管理的轮调只适用于办公室负责人。委员会还得知，目前正在审查2010年开始的试行轮调工作，并将为新的轮调政策提供相关信息。预算中的拟议资源将用于支付最后制定和执行该政策的费用，以及儿基会职业发展和人才管理系统费用，这是协调一致的人力资源管理系统的组成部分。行预咨委会注意到，儿基会已经采取多项举措扩大现有工作人员轮调政策的范围，这是开发更协调一致的人力资源管理系统的要素。委员会相信将与其他机构分享儿基会在此方面的经验。", "费用回收", "24. 行预咨委会注意到，2008-2009两年期实际费用回收总额为3.203亿美元，以其他资源供资的方案援助费用总额计算，平均回收率为6.7%。同期，委员会注意到机构总预算的36%来自回收费用，这确保了经常资源不被用于补贴其他资源供资的方案援助支助费用。如本报告附件二所述，预计2012-2013两年期机构总预算的35%将通过费用回收筹措资金，比2010-2011年增加24%。", "25. 委员会还注意到，儿基会、开发署和人口基金响应儿基会执行局第2011/6号决定共同进行审查，确认订正后的费用定义和活动分类对费用回收没有影响，因此2012-2013两年期无需改变费用回收办法。有人指出，2013年将再次与开发署和人口基金共同审查现时费率和方法，并在2004年新的综合预算框架内进行，届时可能视需要进行修改。", "26. 委员会欢迎目前机构预算中由费用回收供资的比例不断增加这一积极趋势。委员会鼓励儿基会、开发署和人口基金共同努力确定今后费用回收办法和费率，并期望得到进一步有关信息。", "附件一", "资源计划", "(百万美元)", "[TABLE]", "^(a) 包括利息、杂项收入和充抵机构预算的款项。", "^(b) 2010-2011年：执行局2008年核准的安保拨款。", "^(c) 预计资源结余是在计入基金储备金之前(用于离职后医疗保险、固定资产、离职金和采购事务)中期财务计划订正现金余额总数。", "^(d) 2010-2011年资源结余已更新，计入了实际和预计的收支变动。", "附件二", "1998年至2011年支助预算趋势和比率分析", "(百万美元)", "计划 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07 08-09 10-11¹ 12-13", "两年期支助预算 527.5 545.5 574.2 701.9 757.4 912.8 1 020.1 966.0", "由经常资源供资的两年期支助预算 493.6 477.7 485.9 545.5 567.4 689.8 773.5 628.0 94% 88% 85% 78% 75% 76% 76% 65%", "由其他资源和其他回收供资的两年期支助预算 33.9 67.8 88.3 156.4 190.0 223.0 246.6 338.0 6% 12% 15% 22% 25% 24% 24% 35%", "经常资源共计 1 122.5 1 247.7 1 147.9 1 424.5 1 658.6 2 355.4 2 403.9 2 222.0", "用于方案的经常资源总额所占百分比 56% 62% 58% 62% 66% 71% 68% 72%", "用于两年期支助预算的经常资源总额所占百分比 44% 38% 42% 38% 34% 29% 32% 28%", "¹ 订正后包括执行局2008年核准的2010-2011年安保拨款。", "实际 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07 08-09", "两年期支助预算实际支出 507.5 521.9 568.9 682.2 739.0 892.5", "由经常资源供资的实际两年期支助预算 465.0 437.6 466.1 481.3 468.3 572.2 92% 84% 82% 71% 62% 64%", "由其他资源和其他回收供资的两年期支助预算 42.5 84.3 102.7 200.9 270.7 320.3 8% 16% 18% 29% 38% 36%", "经常资源共计 1 065.1 1 178.0 1 206.0 1 365.0 1 745.0 2 087.8", "用于方案的经常资源总额所占百分比 56% 63% 61% 65% 73% 73%", "用于两年期支助预算的经常资源总额所占百分比 44% 37% 39% 35% 27% 27%", "[1] ^(*) E/ICEF/2005/10。" ]

[ "联合国儿童基金会", "执行局", "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月12日至15日,纽约", "临时议程项目8 [1]", "联合国儿童基金会", "儿童基金会2012-2013年机构预算", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 行政和预算问题咨询委员会审议了联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)执行主任关于2012-2013两年期拟议机构预算的报告预发本(E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.2)。 在审议该报告期间,咨询委员会会晤了副执行主任和其他代表,他们提供了补充资料并作了澄清。", "格式和列报方式", "2. 联合国 行预咨委会回顾,2010年,儿基会、联合国开发计划署(开发署)和联合国人口基金(人口基金)执行局核准了三个组织题为“综合预算路线图:费用分类和成果预算编制”的联合报告中提出的建议。 报告是对现有费用定义和活动及相关费用分类以及选定的联合国组织和双边捐助者的成果预算编制模式和方法进行审查的结果,以便确定最佳做法。 这三个组织商定共同努力,以进一步统一和改进2012-2013两年期支助预算的列报方式,并努力从2014年起为每个组织编制单一的综合预算。 咨询委员会注意到,根据儿基会执行局第2011/6号决定,2012-2013年机构预算是按照成果制方法编制的,并以儿基会、开发署和人口基金商定的新的费用分类格式列报。 因此,预算是2014年执行全面综合预算路线图的一个重要里程碑。", "预计资源", "3个 根据本文件附件一概述的资源计划,2012-2013两年期来自经常资源、其他资源和信托基金的预计资源总额,包括期初余额28.16亿美元,为11.7亿美元,比2010-2011年计划资源总额104.19亿美元增加12.81亿美元,即12.3%。 2012-2013年经常资源总额预计为27.09亿美元,比2010-2011年的26.04亿美元增加1.05亿美元,即4%。 预计其他资源为61.5亿美元,与2010-2011年的57.69亿美元相比,增加了3.81亿美元,即6.6%;信托基金总额预计为28.41亿美元,与2010-2011年的20.46亿美元相比,增加了7.95亿美元,即38.9%。", " 4.四. 2012-2013两年期经常资源收入(主要是捐款)估计为21.29亿美元,与2010-2011两年期的19.91亿美元相比,增加了1.38亿美元,即6.9%。 其他资源收入估计为43.62亿美元,比2010-2011年的40.29亿美元增加3.33亿美元,即增加8.3%。 预计信托基金收入为23.93亿美元,比2010-2011年增加5.948亿美元,即34%。 关于资源使用情况,2012-2013两年期拟议资源总额为94.07亿美元,其中84.41亿美元将用于方案,9.66亿美元用于机构预算(另见下文第24-26段)。", "二. 2012-2013年拟议机构预算", "5 (韩语). 咨询委员会注意到,根据新的费用分类,发展实效预算、联合国发展协调活动、管理活动和特别用途活动现在称为机构预算。 它基于成果预算编制方法,并按上文第2段所述新的费用分类格式列报。 上述费用类别术语的定义载于机构预算报告附件8。", "6. 国家 2012-2013两年期拟议机构预算为9.66亿美元,比2010-2011两年期合并支助预算和安保预算10.201亿美元减少5 410万美元,即5.3%。 数额减少为4 340万美元,由数额增加3 310万美元和因调整人事费、汇率和通货膨胀而增加的700万美元部分抵消。 减少的另一个原因是,投资项目一次性费用为3 690万美元,一次性安全费用为1 390万美元,2010-2011年进行,2012-2013年不进行。", "7. 联合国 数额减少4 340万美元,主要是由于审查业务费用,特别是国际旅费、会议费用,以及推迟采购运输设备和减少使用咨询人,导致业务效率、成本降低和物有所值措施。 预计将因更多使用共同房地和共同行政事务而节省经费。 儿童基金会预计,上述举措将使总部和外地办事处分别减少2 880万美元和500万美元(同上,第46至47段)。 此外,咨询委员会获悉,正在鼓励儿童基金会区域办事处研究建立或扩大多国服务中心的可能性,以产生规模经济,减少交易成本,并确保向国家办事处提供一致的业务支助(又见下文第20段)。 咨询委员会欢迎儿童基金会在全组织范围内通过重新审查现有业务活动并最大限度地利用新技术来降低费用。 委员会还鼓励使用共同房地和共同事务,这将提高效率并节省费用。", "8. 联合国 行预咨委会还获悉,在编制2012-2013年预算时,特别注意了费用的正确归属,即确定由其他来源供资的活动的费用,预计这将减少510万美元(同上,第51段);而减少新兴人才倡议的征聘活动,以评估其效力,预计将节省450万美元(同上,第52段)。", "9. 国家 数额减少额被增加的3 310万美元所部分抵消,主要是以下方面:全球群组协调(300万美元);加强儿童基金会在新独立的南苏丹共和国的存在(250万美元);通过在内部审计办公室增设两个员额加强整体监督和保证活动(60万美元);加强人力资源管理(350万美元);加强整体和监督保证活动(60万美元);采用国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)(320万美元);支持人才管理举措(100万美元)。 预计由于实施VISION(虚拟综合信息系统)企业资源规划系统(ERP)——下文第11段作了进一步解释(1 020万美元);以及开发本组织单一组织技术平台的费用(910万美元)而增加。", "10个 总的来说,咨询委员会欢迎儿童基金会在改进其预算列报方面取得的进展,包括成果预算编制框架和纳入新的费用分类。 在与开发署和人口基金采取统一办法的背景下,委员会鼓励进一步努力改进列报方式。 行预咨委会尤其赞赏使用表格和其他列报方式使预算更加简洁,但认为需要在说明中提供补充资料。 委员会要求今后的拟议预算应提供这些细节。 委员会支持执行主任在下文各段中提出的总体建议,同时就一些具体倡议提出进一步的评论。", "三. 具体评论和意见", "VISION 企业资源规划和业绩管理系统", "11个 行预咨委会获悉,儿基会正按计划于2012年1月1日在所有地点实施VISION。 执行主任的代表认为,VISION是一个以SAP为基础的全球企业资源规划系统,预计将对儿童基金会在所有办事处的运作方式产生重大影响。 其主要组成部分为基于SAP的中央应用系统和业绩管理平台. 这些系统将支持和促进在四个成果领域实施组织改进:改进问责制和有效风险管理;方案卓越;业务业绩;以及有效的资源规划和执行。 这些系统将取代现有的总部SAP企业资源规划系统和外地方案主管机构系统,还将提供网上业绩管理信息系统,用于监测和报告儿童基金会全球业务和实时的核心财务和成果信息。", "12个 行预咨委会还获悉,除了在少数国家办事处实施的试验阶段外,已经为区域和国家办事处所需的系统功能的准备工作进行了大量投资。 准备工作包括设计;指导和培训;通信和监测;以及提高带宽和通信能力。 行预咨委会还获悉,2008-2009两年期至2010-2011年底的估计费用为3 710万美元。 还解释说,在2012年1月实施该系统后,随着新的用户进入该系统并改进业务流程,预计将面临重大挑战。 因此,该系统将需要技术和咨询支助,因此在2012-2013年机构预算中为执行VISION编列了1 020万美元的经费。", "13个 咨询委员会赞扬儿童基金会在实施具有更强业绩管理能力的完全一体化的全球资源管理系统方面取得的进展。 委员会相信儿童基金会在实施这一系统方面的经验将同其他组织分享。", "公共部门会计准则实施后战略", "14个 咨询委员会回顾,大会第60/283(2006)号决议和儿基会执行局第2007/10号决定已核准采用公共部门会计准则,以便实现提高透明度和加强问责制的好处。 行预咨委会还回顾,为了实现与联合国其他基金和方案的进一步统一,经与其他机构协商,进行了广泛的审查,导致对《儿童基金会财务条例和细则》进行修订,以便按照公共部门会计准则的要求,实现完全的权责发生制会计。 咨询委员会关于拟议修正案的意见和建议载于其单独的报告,该报告将提交执行局下届会议。", "15个 行预咨委会在审议2012-2013年预算时获悉,儿基会正在按计划于2012年1月实施公共部门会计准则。 行预咨委会还获悉,作为其执行后战略的一部分,儿童基金会计划在财务管理和行政司(财务管理司)内维持一个小单位,提供咨询和援助,特别是在培训和能力建设领域。 执行主任的代表解释说,儿童基金会认为没有必要再设立支助结构,因为其大多数国家办事处都有足够的业务能力来处理执行工作,较小的办事处的执行工作将得到区域办事处的支助。 据进一步解释,将通过培训来进一步加强现有能力,因此,2012-2013年机构预算中拨款320万美元,用于支付专门从事公共部门会计准则能力建设活动的工作人员和咨询人的费用。 行预咨委会还获悉,在最初实施阶段之后,以及在2013年年中外聘审计员对儿童基金会2012年财务报表进行审查并提出意见之后,公共部门会计准则的益处将更加明显。 此外,从执行工作中吸取的经验教训将为2014-2015年预算所反映的执行后战略提供信息。 行预咨委会重申其意见,即公共部门会计准则的实施应尽可能与联合国其他组织的实施工作相协调,儿基会的经验教训应记录在案并进行类似分享。 在这方面,行预咨委会提请注意开发署正在考虑的公共部门会计准则全球共享服务中心办法,儿基会在考虑改变其现行战略时应当铭记这一办法。", "全球分组协调", "16号. 在审议拟议预算时,咨询委员会获悉,已经采用了全球分组办法,以确保在人道主义应急的所有主要部门或领域提供可预测的领导和问责,并加强全系统应对人道主义紧急情况的准备和技术能力。 在这方面,已指定了所有关键人道主义应急部门的分组牵头机构,指定儿童基金会在水、环境卫生和个人卫生及营养分组方面发挥全球领导作用;教育分组的全球共同领导作用,与国际拯救儿童联盟一道;在全球保护分组内,儿童保护责任领域的领导作用,以及与人口基金一道,在性别暴力责任领域的共同领导作用。", "17岁 咨询委员会注意到,在2010-2011年,儿童基金会集群责任的供资和管理分散在儿童基金会内部。 为了确保更好的协调和领导,2012-2013年机构预算中现已拨出350万美元,用于在日内瓦设立一个全球分组协调股,该股紧靠其他人道主义伙伴和机构间常设委员会秘书处。 拨款将用于支付设立5个员额(4个高级协调员和1个信息管理员额)的费用,以及用于其他分组协调活动的费用。", "18岁。 咨询委员会欢迎儿童基金会为分组协调分配资源,包括设立分组协调股,从而表现出了承诺。 委员会认为,在可行的情况下,各参加组织应公平分担财务责任。", "拟议人员配置变动", " 19. 19. 咨询委员会注意到,2012-2013年机构预算中估计有7.297亿美元分配给员额(同上,附件5)。 两年期拟议员额共计2 919个,与2010-2011两年期的2 957个相比,净减了38个(同上,附件6)。 这些变化包括净减4个D-1职等员额;净增14个国际专业人员员额和3个本国干事员额;净减51个一般事务员额。 咨询委员会欢迎详细的组织结构图所作的澄清,这有助于更好地了解组织结构和拟议的人员配置变动。 委员会要求列入今后提交的预算。", "20号. 咨询委员会注意到,上述人员配置变动将导致国家办事处一级总共减少65个员额(1个D-1、2个国际专业人员和62个其他职等)。 此外,委员会注意到,其他职类拟议裁减的员额中有42个在东部和南部非洲区域的国家办事处。 支助职类员额的大幅减少,部分原因是为加强区域办事处的监督和能力而进行了战略转变,这有助于简化业务程序并实现国家办事处的业务效率。 如上文第11段所述,计划推出VISION以及通过培训提高工作人员能力是执行这项战略的关键因素。 该战略还将包括在西非和中非区域以及拉丁美洲和加勒比区域设立和扩大多国业务服务中心,以通过合并业务进一步提高效率。 咨询委员会欢迎儿童基金会努力利用现有信息技术的好处来提高资源管理的效率并加强其对外地办事处的支助。 委员会不反对拟议的员额变动,但相信已注意确保员额裁减不会对国家办事处一级的方案交付产生不利影响。", "21岁 咨询委员会注意到,拟议在内部审计办公室增设2个员额,以加强审计和调查职能,并确保符合核定审计章程的要求(见上文第9段)。 委员会认为,设立这些员额应有助于加强问责制和透明度。", "22号. 行预咨委会询问后获悉,儿基会计划在2012-2013年机构预算中拨款100万美元,用于支持人才管理举措,如通过使用2010-2011年开发的电子考绩制度和电子征聘工具完成向电子业绩管理和征聘的过渡。 委员会获悉,目前仅服务于国际工作人员的电子考绩制度将扩大到所有工作人员。 行预咨委会还获悉,儿童基金会没有建立自己的系统,而是一直在使用由人口基金建造的系统,为此它正在为维持费用提供捐款。 有人表示,扩大该系统以涵盖所有工作人员,将使儿童基金会需要从上述拨款中支付额外的一次性费用。", "23. 联合国 行预咨委会还获悉,人才管理举措包括制定新的国际专业工作人员轮调政策,根据这项政策,副代表和卫生干事等某些职能组将实行有管理的轮调。 委员会获悉,目前仅对办事处负责人实行有管理的轮调。 行预咨委会还获悉,2010年启动的试点轮调工作目前正在审查之中,并将为新的轮调政策提供依据。 预算中提议的资源将用于支付其最后设计和执行费用,以及儿童基金会的职业发展和人才管理系统,作为协调一致的人力资源管理系统的一部分。 咨询委员会注意到儿童基金会主动扩大其现有工作人员轮调政策的范围,以此作为建立更协调一致的人力资源管理制度的一项内容。 委员会相信儿童基金会在这方面的经验将同其他机构分享。", "费用回收", "24 (韩语). 咨询委员会注意到,2008-2009年期间实际费用回收为3.203亿美元,占由其他资源供资的方案援助总额的6.7%。 在同一期间,委员会注意到,机构预算总额的36%由费用回收供资,确保经常资源不被用来补贴由其他资源供资的方案援助的支助费用。 如本报告附件二所指出,2012-2013两年期机构预算总额的35%,即3.38亿美元预计将由费用回收供资,比2010-2011年预算的24%有所增加。", "25岁 行预咨委会还注意到,儿基会、开发署和人口基金根据儿基会执行局第2011/6号决定联合开展的一项审查确认,经修订的费用定义和活动分类对费用回收没有影响,因此无需对2012-2013两年期适用的费用回收方法作任何修改。 报告指出,2013年将再次与开发署和人口基金在2014年新的综合预算范围内联合审查现行费率和方法,届时将在必要时作出任何改变。", "26. 联合国 咨询委员会欢迎一种积极的趋势,即越来越多的机构预算由费用回收供资。 委员会鼓励儿童基金会、开发计划署和人口基金共同努力,确定今后的费用回收方法和费率。 委员会期待收到这方面的进一步资料。", "页:1", "资源计划 (单位:百万美元)", "2012-2013两年期\n其他经常信托基金共计 资源资源资源资源资源资源", "1. 联合国 可用资源", "期初余额613.0 1 740.0 303.0 2 656.0 — 580.0 1 788.0 448.0 2 816.0 —", "收入", "捐款 1 833.8 4 008.8 - 5 842.6 - 2 011 0 4 343.0 - 6 354.0 -", "其他收入和157.2 20.2 - 177.4 - 118.0 19.0 55.2 19.2.2 - 偿还额^(a)", "总收入 1 991.0 4 029.0 6 020.0 - 2 129.0 4 362.0 55.2 6 546.2 -", "信托基金 - 1 743.0 1 743.0 - 2 337.8 2 337.8 -", "总计可用 2 604.0 5 769.0 2 046.0 10 419.0 - 2 709.0 6 150.0 2 841.0 11 700.0 -", "2. 联合国 资源使用", "A. 发展活动", "A.1 方案 1 630.4 3 875.4 1 956.0 7 461.8 88.0 1 594.0 4 469.0 2 378.0 8 441.0 89.8", "A.2 发展 188.5 77.2 - 265.7 3.1 159.6 91.8 5.0 256.4 2.7", "发展小计 1 818.9 3 952.6 1 956.0 7 727.5 91.1 1 753.6 4 560.8 2 383.0 8 697.4 92.5活动", "B. 联合国0.6——0.6 0.0 3.5——3.5 0.0发展协调活动", "C. 管理活动", "C.1 经常性费用 533.6 169.4 - 703.0 8.3 444.6 238.0 - 682.6 7.3", "C.2 非经常性费用 13.9 - - 13.9 0.2 1.0 3.2 - 4.2 0.0 b", "管理小计 547.5 169.4 — 716.9 8.5 445.6 24.1.2 — 686.8 7.3项活动", "机构预算总额 773.5 246.6 - 1 020.1 12.0 628.0 333.0 5.0 966.0 10.3 预算(A.2 + B + C + D)", "资源使用总额(A 2 403.9 4 122.0 1 956.0 8 481.9 100.0 2 222.0 4 802.0 2 383.0 9 407.0 100.0 + B + C + D)", "3个 预计余额200.1 1647.0 90.0 1937.1 - 487.0 1 348.0 458.0 2 293.0 - 资源^(c)", "4. 最新余额580.0 1 788.0 448.0 2 816.0 - 资源^(d)", "^(a) 包括利息、杂项收入和抵销机构预算。", "^(b) 2010-2011年:执行局2008年核准的安保拨款。", "^(c) 资源预计结余是订正的中期计划现金结余总额,在注资准备金(离职后健康保险、资本资产、离职基金和采购事务)之前。", "^(d) 2010-2011年资源余额已经更新,以列入收入和支出的实际和预计变化。", "页:1", "1998至2011年支助预算趋势和比率分析", "(单位:百万美元)", "PlanNED 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07 08-09 10-11 1/ 12-13 (英语).", "两年期支助预算 527.5 545.5 574.2 701.9 757.4 9.12.8 1,020.1 966.0 (两年期支助预算)", "两年期支助预算来自经常资源493.6 477.7 485.9 545.5 567.4 689.8 773.5 628.0资源", "94% 88% 85% 78% 75% 76% 76% 65%", "从其他资源和其他33.9 67.8 88.3 156.4 190.0 223.0 246.6 338.0回收", "6% 12% 15% 22% 25% 24% 24% 35%", "经常资源共计", "经常资源总额的%用于56% 62% 62% 66% 71% 72% 方案", "占总经常资源的44% 38% 42% 38% 34% 29% 32% 28% 两年期支助预算", "1 订正后,列入执行局于2008年核准的2010-2011年安保拨款。", "实际操作 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07 08-09", "两年期支助预算实际支出 507.5 521.9 568.9 682.2 739.0 892.5", "实际两年期支助预算来自经常资源465.0 437.6 466.1 481.3 468.3 572.2", "92% 84% 82% 71% 62% 64%", "其他资源和其他来源的两年期支助预算 恢复", "8% 16% 18% 29% 38% 36%", "经常资源共计", "经常资源总额的%用于56% 63% 61% 65% 73% 方案", "占总经常资源的44%、37%、39%、35%、27%、27%", "[1] (中文(简体) )." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 15 of the provisional agenda*", "Culture of Peace", "Implementation of the Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General hereby transmits the report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/11.", "Report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "Summary", "The present report, prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), presents a succinct summary of the activities carried out over the past year by UNESCO and other relevant United Nations entities to implement the Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace, as requested by the General Assembly in resolution 65/11. The report includes contributions received from the International Labour Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the International Telecommunication Union, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the University for Peace, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and the World Bank. It also includes a section on recommendations for future action.", "I. Implementation of the Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace", "1. The present report is submitted in accordance with resolution 65/11 and provides information on actions undertaken to implement the resolution and on activities undertaken by the United Nations system to implement the Programme of Action and to promote a culture of peace and non-violence. It provides information on how the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), for which the promotion of a culture of peace is the expression of its fundamental mandate, is strengthening further the global movement for a culture of peace following the observance of the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-violence for the Children of the World (2001-2010), at the national, regional and international levels. It also provides an overview of the activities carried out by the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the University for Peace, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and the World Bank to implement resolution 65/11 on the Implementation of the Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace. These activities are presented in eight sections, corresponding to the eight actions defined in the Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace.", "A. Actions to foster a culture of peace through education", "2. Within the framework of the 1974 Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Cooperation, Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, UNESCO continued to foster a culture of peace through education by supporting its member States in providing quality, inclusive education that promotes the values of peace, human rights, tolerance, intercultural understanding, democracy, non-violence and respect.", "3. In collaboration with relevant partners, UNESCO strengthened Member States’ capacities to integrate the human rights-based approach throughout their educational systems by developing practical guidelines on competencies related to core values, such as human rights, peace and tolerance, and education for sustainable development for its member States and disseminating good practices. This included the provision of support and policy advice for the promotion of culturally and linguistically appropriate learning materials. The organization also developed teaching and learning resources, manuals and guidelines on relevant topics, such as learning to live together, human rights and the rights of the child, peace and democracy, gender equality, and the prevention of violence in schools.", "4. UNESCO continued to advocate for peace, human rights, intercultural understanding and Holocaust remembrance education through high-level international and regional policy forums, building on its affiliated networks and institutes, including the UNESCO Associated Schools Network, UNESCO Chairs and University Twinning and Networking programme, and the Asia-Pacific Centre of Education for Intercultural Understanding in Seoul. Outstanding examples of activities designed to mobilize countries and peoples in favour of peace were also rewarded. The 2010 Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize was awarded to The Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, a non-governmental organization in Argentina, in recognition of its tireless battle for over 30 years in pursuit of human rights, justice and peace. Support was also provided for the 2011 Goi Peace Foundation International Essay Contest for Young People.", "5. A number of concrete results were delivered through the innovative modality of an organization-wide intersectoral platform on intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace. Important achievements included the digitization of the now completed general and regional histories and the adoption by representatives from 46 African countries of jointly agreed pedagogical content drawn from the general history of Africa. An interregional and interfaith study was undertaken with a view to analysing contemporary interreligious dialogue practices among youth worldwide, and the publication Stopping Violence in School — A Guide for Teachers was widely distributed in Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The Power of Peace Network provided support to a number of projects in different countries and regions, such as the youth broadcasting initiative “Connecting cultures”, the joint Palestine/United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland video production “Our everyday lives”, and the online debate programme and contest in Zambia, “This is my life …”. The Power of Peace Network also contributed to the curriculum on conflict-sensitive reporting and the related training workshop series in cooperation with Rhodes University in South Africa.", "6. Building on the opportunity of the observance of the International Year of Youth (2010), progress was made in raising awareness on youth development issues and on the role of youth in supporting national development and a culture of peace and non-violence. As the co-Chair of the Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development, UNESCO supported the adoption and implementation of a United Nations framework approach for the celebration of the International Year of Youth, the joint statement of the heads of United Nations entities on the International Year of Youth and the joint United Nations input to the World Youth Conference (Mexico City, August 2010). Through partnerships with the sports movement, UNESCO also raised awareness of the importance of sports in youth development and community action, as well as in building a culture of peace and non-violence. This included the organization with the International Olympic Committee of the 7th World Conference on Sport, Education and Culture: “Giving a Voice to Youth” (Durban, South Africa, December 2010). Research was supported in Latin American and the Caribbean and in the Commonwealth of Independent States to provide Member States with information to elaborate policies and programmes on youth, including on the prevention of youth violence. Policy advice for the development of realistic and achievable action-oriented policy documents on youth was also provided to small island developing States in the Pacific.", "7. To address the specific challenges faced by youth, FAO continued to support the Junior Farmer Field and Life Schools approach in several African countries, Asia and Middle East. The approach combines the provision of support for vocational educational training opportunities with the promotion of employment. Using the agricultural calendar as a model for life, youth learn agricultural skills while developing corresponding life lessons, such as setting goals, the importance of personal space for growth, and teamwork. There is also an employment-oriented component, which encourages and facilitates graduates’ inclusion in farmers’ federations and unions in order for them to access resources and place their produce in the markets.", "8. Together with other United Nations agencies, including UNESCO, UN‑Habitat, through its Safer Cities Programme, strengthened the focus of city development on the most vulnerable categories of young people, building on their social capital to enhance opportunities within disadvantaged communities and neighbourhoods, including schools and active citizenship. Through this programme, a global network on safer cities is being developed to strengthen the global movement for a culture of peace.", "9. UNHCR continued to deliver education and sport for refugee youth through its Nine million campaign, which reached 460,000 people in 2010, promoting a culture of peace and non-violence in 20 countries. All projects enhanced the coexistence between refugees and the host community, and several reduced the risk of military recruitment of out-of-school youth. Programme reports show that sport had a significant impact in combating, among other issues, destructive behaviour, HIV, drug abuse and sexual and gender-based violence. Seventy-five per cent of the projects particularly targeted out-of-school youth and girls, who could play key roles in a country’s peace, reconstruction and prosperity if given the opportunity.", "10. UNHCR worked in a number of countries to implement programmes that aim to roll back xenophobia by promoting tolerance towards and respect for foreigners, including refugees. It recently launched a campaign in Latin America on the theme “Let’s put ourselves in the shoes of refugees and displaced persons and take the first step to understand their situation” to promote tolerance and local integration of refugees and displaced persons.", "11. The University for Peace, mandated by the General Assembly in 1980 to offer education for peace to humanity, worked actively to build a culture of peace through its educational and capacity-building programmes. It reached out to a wider audience by arranging partnerships and exchange programmes with other universities and initiating online, distance-learning instruction programmes, including a unique, complete online MA programme in peace studies.", "12. UNICEF developed a framework for rights-based, child-friendly educational systems and schools that are characterized as “inclusive, healthy and protective for all children”. This child-friendly schooling approach was used by several countries to address violence against children and promote peace education. Schools as centres of care and support provide much-needed services for the most disadvantaged children, particularly orphans, and those who have suffered from violence. These services include water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), ChildLine, school feeding and school health, and are combined with the participation of parents, police and the children themselves in school governance. Agreements between UNICEF and Child Helpline International, approved in 2010, benefited 11 countries in the Eastern and Southern Africa regions. Results associated with these agreements include the setting up of toll-free ChildLine numbers, short messaging service/online counselling, and ongoing child protection mapping exercise.", "13. As the most marginalized, poor and disadvantaged people are also those at increased risk for drug use and dependence, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime helped to build a culture of peace and non-violence by reaching out to them through its demand reduction projects. These projects focused on promoting the understanding of drug use and dependence as a health disorder that can be addressed effectively within the health system, using evidence-based approaches to drug abuse prevention, treatment and care. Prevention programmes, such as life skill training, family skills training and workplace-related programmes, help to build healthier and safer communities that contribute to peaceful societies. Comprehensive drug dependence treatment and care services are powerful tools for the rehabilitation and reintegration into their societies of those affected by the use of and dependency on drugs so that they can contribute to building and sustaining peace.", "B. Actions to promote sustainable economic and social development", "14. As the lead agency for the 2005-2014 United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, UNESCO is supporting Member States in integrating the principles, values and practices of sustainable development into the design and development of inclusive education policies and plans, including climate change education, teacher development policies, textbook and curriculum revision and renewal of pedagogical approaches. It is also advocating for a strong commitment to cultural diversity. Since the last reporting period, a multiperspective learning tool in Education for Sustainable Development with a focus on water, was prepared in cooperation with the Islamic Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, and will soon be tested in the field. In addition, UNESCO also developed capacities on climate change education in several Member States (in particular the Maldives and Viet Nam), and contributed to the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Cancun, Mexico (COP 16). The International Year of Biodiversity and the Tenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP X) (Nagoya, Japan, 27-29 October 2010) provided many opportunities for further cooperation with the Associated Schools Network, the UNESCO Education for Sustainable Development Chairs network, the World Network of Biosphere Reserves and the Man and the Biosphere programme. UNESCO also supported the least developed countries in achieving their sustainable development goals and contributed to the Programme of Action adopted at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul, Turkey, from 9 to 13 May 2011.", "15. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime worked to reduce poverty as part of its alternative development activities and illicit crop reduction programmes through farm and off-farm activities that promote legitimate income-generating opportunities to farmers and is based on market-driven demand. The Office strove to promote food security by delivering technical assistance to help increase food productivity, in particular through the provision of high-yield, disease-resistant seeds as well as assistance in creating and managing food banks.", "16. FAO helped to empower the rural poor to become fully integrated in the development process and, consequently, less susceptible to be involved in conflicts through its Education for Rural People flagship partnership. Through this partnership, which includes 400 members (governments, intergovernmental organizations, civil society and academia), FAO helped mainstream Education for Rural People in national development plans and produced several publications and toolkits.", "17. FAO fielded operations in 28 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, touching the lives of more than 9 million people in rural areas. Projects were supported with funding of over $315 million that was received from the European Union Food Facility.", "18. UNRWA continued to implement a large-scale poverty relief programme, as well as emergency feeding programmes for the poorest of the poor. The Agency’s Social Safety Net Programme provided a measure of support to abject poor families through a small cash subsidy and food package distributed quarterly to nearly 300,000 refugees throughout the region. In addition, the Agency provided emergency support in the form of food, cash and emergency employment opportunities to those who were affected by conflict and natural disaster. These emergency interventions are ongoing in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and Lebanon, with hundreds of thousands of needy beneficiaries throughout the region receiving one or more of these interventions.", "19. UN-Habitat continued to ensure access to affordable and adequate housing for the poor and to help improve slums and prevent their formation in a systemic manner. Action taken was in implementation of a resolution by its Governing Council to formulate a new global housing strategy, which took into account the challenges of providing adequate and sustainable housing and basic infrastructure and the need to integrate housing policies into broader urban planning strategies and governmental actions, aligning them with other social, economic and environmental policies.", "C. Actions to promote respect for all human rights", "20. UNESCO continued to actively promote the right to education through its work to implement the World Programme for Human Rights Education, adopted by the General Assembly in 2004 (see General Assembly resolution 59/113 A). A series of materials was developed to assist Member States in integrating education for peace and human rights into school systems, including the publication Contemporary Issues in Human Rights Education. A short film entitled Education for human rights young people talking was also produced in cooperation with the national commissions for UNESCO and national coordinators of the UNESCO Associated Schools Project Network from 10 countries. The film showcases the concerns of and challenges facing young people in schools today related to gender equality, violence, peace and cultural diversity from a human rights education perspective.", "21. To reinforce advocacy, capacity-building and policy-oriented action in the area of human rights, UNESCO contributed to the collection and design of training materials in the framework of the new human rights mainstreaming mechanism of the United Nations Development Group. This mechanism aims to increase the effectiveness of the United Nations in applying a human rights-based approach to programming, especially at the country level, in the formulation of United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks.", "22. Other human rights training materials that were developed during the reporting period include the master of the manual entitled Empowering the Poor through human rights litigation, and the four volumes of the UNESCO pioneer collection on freedom from poverty as a human right, which offers a multidimensional analysis of poverty.", "23. As part of the efforts of UNESCO to raise awareness of human rights, the Director-General awarded on Human Rights Day (10 December) the UNESCO/ Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights to Asma Jahangir of Pakistan in recognition of her commitment and contribution to fostering interreligious and intercultural dialogue, tolerance, mutual understanding and cooperation for peace.", "24. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime addressed issues relating to human rights and gender equality through its HIV prevention, treatment, care and support programmes. In 2010, it provided support to some 40 countries to conduct legal and policy reviews as they relate to HIV and prison settings, HIV and injecting drug users, and people vulnerable to human trafficking. In at least 49 countries, the Office has provided technical support to develop human rights-based, gender-responsive and equitable AIDS policies and programmes for prison settings, injecting drug users and people vulnerable to human trafficking in line with human rights treaties and related international standards.", "25. Through UNRWA programmes in education, health and social services, and infrastructure and refugee camp improvement as well as microfinance, the Agency contributed to the realization of various socio-economic rights of Palestine refugees. Education services were the most prominent. Nearly 500,000 children continued their education in almost 700 UNRWA schools throughout the region, taught by nearly 20,000 teaching staff of the Agency.", "D. Action to ensure equality between women and men", "26. UNESCO worked to ensure equality between men and women by giving priority to the pursuit of gender equality through action in all its fields, having been designated as one of two global priorities in the medium-term strategy for 2008-2013. A results-based Priority Gender Equality Action Plan for 2008-2013, endorsed by its Executive Board, describes the actions that UNESCO programme sectors are to pursue for the empowerment of women and gender equality.", "27. To strengthen the efforts of UNESCO in empowering girls and women through quality education, the Director-General launched a new global partnership for girls’ and women’s education at a high-level forum on 26 May 2011, in the presence of United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, the Prime Ministers of Bangladesh and Mali and the United States Secretary of State, as well as representatives of non‑governmental organizations and business leaders. The UNESCO Global Partnership for Girls’ and Women’s Education, “Better life, better future”, supported by a high-level panel, focuses on reaching illiterate or semi-literate adolescent girls and scaling up women’s literacy programmes through partnerships with corporations such as Nokia, Procter and Gamble, GEMS education, Microsoft, Apple (Macintosh) and the Packard Foundation. Some of the projects have already been initiated in Africa and Asia.", "28. UNESCO developed initiatives to foster the participation of women in conflict resolution, peacebuilding and reconstruction, and to address gender-based violence, notably through the Palestinian Women’s Research and Documentation Centre in Ramallah, the category 2 Regional Research and Documentation Centre for Women, Gender and Peacebuilding for the Great Lakes Region in Kinshasa, and through its International Network of Women Philosophers.", "29. To support and encourage young women from all cultural backgrounds to go into jobs in scientific fields, the Organization provided capacity development and training opportunities in the sciences for women, namely through its UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education in Delft, the Netherlands, by providing fellowships for young women scientists through the UNESCO L’Oréal partnership and by establishing and reinforcing new associations and networks of women scientists.", "30. The political and social empowerment of women was also promoted through education and training programmes in the conservation and management of cultural, natural and intangible heritage. Priority was also given to women craft workers to assist them in developing their small enterprises so as to heighten the socio-economic benefits. In addition, culturally sensitive and gender-responsive policies and actions at the country level in HIV/AIDS prevention and care as well as in maternal health were developed at the country level in the context of “delivering as one”.", "31. Through its community-based information literacy campaigns, the Organization reinforced the capacities of women to access and use information and communications technologies for development and lifelong learning, in particular for sustainable livelihoods. An example is the pilot mobile literacy programme that UNESCO launched with the Bunyad Foundation and the mobile phone company Mobilink, through which 50 community-based learning centres were established in which 1,250 illiterate women acquired basic literacy skills.", "32. FAO continued to mainstream gender concerns in agriculture and rural development programmes by organizing gender training and awareness-raising events for policy- and decision makers and technical staff in order to support them with the formulation and implementation of gender-sensitive programmes and projects to address gender gaps in agriculture and food security, with special emphasis on access and control of productive resources and for institutional strengthening.", "33. UNRWA promoted gender equality by ensuring that girls and women have equal access to all of its services, by supporting vocational training centres for women, and by developing targeted programmes to further the rights of and opportunities for women. A number of women’s programme centres were established in camps throughout the region to provide services to women. Opportunities were also offered to women through the Equality in Action programme in Gaza, and specific loan schemes targeting female entrepreneurs were also developed through its Microfinance and Microenterprise Programme.", "34. UN-Women supported Member States and United Nations system entities in achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment through its activities in five thematic priorities, as reflected in its strategic plan, 2011-2013: (a) expanding women’s leadership and participation; (b) ending violence against women; (c) strengthening the implementation of the women and peace and security agenda; (d) enhancing women’s economic empowerment; and (e) making gender equality priorities central to national planning and budgeting at all levels.", "35. ILO promoted gender equality through the provision of advisory services, training, tools development, advocacy and support for the collection, production and dissemination of good practices on gender equality issues in the world of work. At the country level, it supervised gender-specific technical cooperation programmes to address the concerns of women and men in the world of work and promoted efforts to mainstream gender into technical areas of the work of ILO. It also piloted participatory gender audits among ILO constituents.", "E. Actions to foster democratic participation", "36. UNESCO fostered democratic participation through a number of initiatives, including the Arab and Asian philosophical dialogue on democracy and social justice, the dialogue on democracy and human rights between the Arab world and Africa, as well as through the research of the International Centre for Human Sciences in Byblos, Lebanon. In addition, it provided support for the establishment of media legislation conducive to free and independent media, the training of journalists and media professionals in non-partisan and independent reporting techniques, especially in conflict and post-conflict areas, and by assisting the media in covering elections.", "37. To accompany the transition to democracy in several countries of the Arab world, recent initiatives of UNESCO focused on fostering the civic engagement of youth in Egypt; strengthening freedom of the press, and training journalists and providing media professionals with pre-electoral assistance in Egypt and Tunisia, including an International Conference in support of Tunisian and Egyptian Broadcast Media co-organized with France télévisions and the European Broadcasting Union; and organizing capacity-building regional workshops in Beirut on designing, monitoring and evaluating social protection in the Arab world. In addition, an international round table was held on the theme “Democracy and renewal in the Arab world”, which brought together intellectuals and experts from the Arab world, to discuss how to make the transition to democracy. Based on the findings of this important round table, UNESCO developed a road map designed to accompany the transition to democracy in the Arab world.", "F. Actions to advance understanding, tolerance and solidarity", "38. In leading the 2010 International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, UNESCO capitalized on its experience of over 60 years to advance “the mutual knowledge and understanding of people”. The main objective of the Year was to help dissipate any confusion stemming from ignorance, prejudice and exclusion that create tension, insecurity, violence and conflict. The task was to demonstrate the benefits of cultural diversity by acknowledging the importance of exchanges between cultures and the ties forged between them. Its aim was to integrate the principles of dialogue into policies at all levels so as to foster an environment conducive to the rapprochement of cultures, thus enhancing harmonious relations among peoples.", "39. The process to launch the Year was facilitated by a number of complementary initiatives. The parallel celebrations of several international years (International Year of Biodiversity, International Year of Youth and International Year for People of African Descent) and of World Days (such as World Philosophy Day and World Day of Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development) enabled a deepening and convergence of the themes addressed.", "40. The action plan included four main themes, to facilitate the ownership of the Year by Member States, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations: (a) promoting reciprocal knowledge of cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity; (b) building a framework for commonly shared values; (c) strengthening quality education and the building of intercultural competence; and (d) fostering dialogue for sustainable development. These themes were based on the principles of the equal dignity of cultures, mutual respect, and the strengthening of international cooperation for lasting peace.", "41. The specific activities (almost 1,000 in all) organized by Member States and partners, including the Alliance of Civilizations and relevant stakeholders from civil society, to celebrate the Year can be found on the UNESCO website (http://www.unesco.org/en/2010-international-year-for-the-rapprochement-of-cultures).", "42. The Year was instrumental in building awareness within a wide, diverse and largely young audience of the wealth of cultural diversity and its corollary, intercultural dialogue, as part of rapprochement. One central idea emerged: in the new international landscape, greater account must be taken of the linkages among cultural diversity, dialogue, development, security and peace. These interdependent notions should inform a new approach to building a culture of peace and non‑violence. Dialogue can be effective only if the basic prerequisites, namely, equality, justice, poverty reduction and respect for human rights, are met.", "43. In order to foster a reflection on the new dimensions of peace in the twenty-first century, the Director-General of UNESCO established a High Panel on Peace and Dialogue among Cultures. The High Panel, comprised of decision makers, intellectuals and artists from all regions of the world, convenes to chart new avenues leading to peace. Its principal mission is to complement the work of UNESCO in this area and to bring to bear a diversity of perspectives from various regions and a wide range of stakeholders. The first meeting of the High Panel was held on 18 February 2010 in Paris to launch the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, 2010 (see A/65/299, annex). The High Panel met again in New York on 11 March 2011 and addressed the theme “Building peace: reconciliation through the power of education, the sciences, culture and communication”. The report on that meeting is available on the UNESCO website (http://www.unesco.org/ en/2011-international-year-for-the-rapprochement-of-cultures/high-panel-on-peace-and-dialogue-among-cultures/second-meeting-of-the-high-panel-11-march-2011/).", "44. UNESCO also contributed to peace, mutual understanding and social cohesion through the promotion of a dialogue among civilizations and cultures in accordance with the Global Agenda for Dialogue among Civilizations and its Programme of Action adopted by the General Assembly in 2001 (resolution 56/6), as well as with directions set by the governing organs of UNESCO.", "45. In the framework of the Memorandum of Understanding signed with the Alliance of Civilizations (Rio, May 2010), UNESCO implemented the Intercultural Vademecum Programme with funding from Spain. This programme focuses on five projects which aim to reinforce the links between Arab-Muslim and European societies in order to foster mutual understanding. These projects are:", "(a) A scientific, philosophical, literary and artistic anthology of Muslim/Arab civilization and its contribution to the revival of Western philosophy and culture. The anthology is designed as a tool for teachers, students and the general public to present an intercultural vision of history that unites the Muslim/Arab world and the West;", "(b) A philosophical look at Muslim/Arab civilization: accounts of routes, encounters, bridges and dialogues. This entails the production of educational tools that aim to illustrate instances of dialogue and exchanges within and through the Muslim/Arab civilization and are geared towards secondary schoolteachers;", "(c) Illuminating Interrelations and Engaging Dialogues: Museums as a Civic Space for Developing Intercultural Skills. This project is centred on developing museological approaches for communicating historical intercultural exchange;", "(d) Young artists for intercultural dialogue between the Arab and Western worlds. This project aims to give recognition to young artists for their creative achievements in favour of Arab/Western dialogue;", "(e) The Power of Peace Network: reporting for peace. The Network is an interactive platform that seeks to harness innovative mechanisms to promote peace through the media and information and communications technologies.", "46. Furthermore, in close cooperation with the Alliance of Civilizations, the UNESCO/University Twinning and Networking Programme established a network linking media and information literacy to intercultural dialogue at six universities in Brazil, China, Egypt, Spain, the United States of America and the Caribbean region. Activities will include the promotion of international and intercultural research, meetings, publications, training activities and content production relating to media and information literacy and its application to cross-cultural, interreligious dialogue and global cooperation.", "47. To promote the Dialogue in Civil Societies in the Horn of Africa, UNESCO collaborated with the Greater Horn Horizon Forum, an independent research policy forum with the participation of researchers from the region and from the diaspora, to organize a Conference of Youth Ministers (December 2010, Djibouti). The Conference examined available research and identified policy recommendations for each Member State.", "48. In addition, UNESCO also supported an Interregional Philosophical Dialogue between Africa and the Americas on “Africa and its Diaspora” in April 2011. The Conference, organized within the framework of the International Year for People of African Descent (2011), brought together philosophers from Africa, its Diaspora, and the Americas to address contemporary challenges. The Dialogue facilitated the creation of a network of philosophers from Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean and North America with the aim of enhancing academic cooperation and capacity-building, including through student exchange programmes.", "49. In Central Asia, intercultural dialogue was promoted through the creation of a Cultural Portal as a tool for cooperation and dialogue in the arts and culture with Europe, and through different activities (expeditions, conferences, scientific research and publications) that have been developed by the International Institute for Central Asian Studies and the International Institute for Nomadic Civilizations.", "50. In South-Eastern Europe, intercultural dialogue among heads of State was supported through the organization of a series of regional meetings in Ohrid, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2003), Tirana (2004), Varna, Bulgaria (2005), Opatija, Croatia (2006), Bucharest (June 2007), Athens (June 2008), Cetinje, Montenegro (2009), and Istanbul, Turkey (2010), which aimed to create a common vision of the future that is based on international cooperation. The 2011 Summit will be held in Serbia.", "51. For Israel and the Palestinian Territories, a gender-balanced Joint (Israeli-Palestinian) Academic Committee was set up, composed of members from different universities, research institutes and think tanks in Israel and Palestine. The Committee will work together towards the attainment and the promotion of dialogue and academic cooperation within and between Israelis and Palestinians.", "52. Peacebuilding and intercultural understanding in the Middle East was also promoted through the third edition of the Programme of University Cooperation “Masters on Social Sciences and Humanitarian Affairs” 2010-2011, launched in cooperation with the University of Rome. This Programme promotes academic exchanges and cooperation among faculty and students from Israeli and Palestinian universities.", "53. UNESCO promoted science for peace and non-violence as a vehicle for intercultural dialogue and cooperation to help prevent potential conflicts over natural resources, such as freshwater and arable land, and to address complex global environmental and development challenges. To that end, it provided technical support to the Israeli Palestinian Science Organization, which offers opportunities for Palestinian and Israeli scientists to work together on joint scientific projects. It has also provided support for the Malta Conferences series, which bring together scientists from the Middle East and neighbouring regions to discuss problems relating to chemical research and education in the region, and to jointly seek solutions that are satisfactory to all. The fifth conference in this series was organized at UNESCO headquarters (December 2011) on the theme “Frontiers of chemical sciences: research and education in the Middle East: a bridge to peace and international development.”", "54. Through its Man and the Biosphere Programme, UNESCO supported countries in establishing transboundary biosphere reserves to promote reconciliation, intercultural dialogue, peace and cooperation on issues related to adaptation to climate change, loss of biodiversity, sustainable development and ecotourism. There are 10 such reserves in 15 countries of Latin America, Europe and Africa. At its last International Coordinating Council meeting in June 2011, the programme approved the Trifinio Fraternidad Biosphere Reserve in El Salvador/Guatemala/Honduras, the first trinational biosphere reserve in Central America.", "55. Through its programme “From potential conflict to cooperation potential”, UNESCO facilitated multilevel and interdisciplinary dialogues to foster peace, cooperation and development related to the management of shared, transboundary water resources. The programme attempts to enhance water security by strengthening the capacity of stakeholders in the management of transboundary water resources to anticipate, prevent and resolve water conflicts.", "56. Awareness was also raised about the importance of promoting science for peace through activities that have been supported during the annual observance of World Science Day for Peace and Development on 10 November.", "G. Action to support participatory communication and the free flow of information", "57. UNESCO continued key capacity-building actions that underline the instrumental role that the media play in dialogue, democracy and development processes and for the protection of human rights. The capacities of media professionals were strengthened in journalism safety, conflict-sensitive reporting and reporting on elections.", "58. Awareness of freedom of expression and access to information was increased through several activities in 2010. World Press Freedom Day 2010 focused on the theme “Freedom of information: the right to know”. Participants at the World Press Freedom Day 2010 international conference in Australia adopted the Brisbane Declaration, calling on governments to adopt freedom of information laws and highlighting the importance of independent and pluralistic media as fundamental elements of good governance and development based on human rights. The World Press Freedom Day 2010 was celebrated in at least 100 countries. The UNESCO/Guillermo Cano Prize was presented to Mónica González Mujica in recognition of her investigative journalism during the dictatorship in Chile.", "59. Support was given to IGOs and NGOs working in the field of freedom of expression, in particular with regard to combating the impunity of crimes and violence against journalists. UNESCO continued to support the International Freedom of Expression Exchange network, in particular for groups in developing countries and countries in transition, to promote better protection of freedom of the press and the rights of journalists. The safety of media professionals was a critical concern in 2010, with the UNESCO Director-General condemning the killings of 62 journalists. The International Programme for the Development of Communication Council adopted a decision on the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity, calling on governments to report to UNESCO on their investigations into the killings of journalists.", "60. Member States were assisted in the development of free, independent and pluralistic media through support from the International Programme for the Development of Communication for the launch of 83 projects in 61 developing countries. The Mexican community radio station, La voz de los campesinos, and the Egyptian journalist, Amr Mamdouh Ellissy, were the joint laureates of the UNESCO-International Programme for the Development of Communication Prize for Rural Communication in 2010.", "61. UNESCO continued to promote community radio and community multimedia centres with the introduction of community radio projects in 19 countries. A total of 50 best community radio practices were identified in the areas of management, sustainability, programming and community involvement, and support was provided to the World Association of Community Broadcasters to develop a common code of practice for community radio operators. The community radio policy review in India, supported by UNESCO, resulted in a recommendation to create a national public fund to support community media development.", "62. The capacities of media training and journalism education institutions were strengthened according to the UNESCO criteria of excellence in journalism training, with 63 journalism training institutions in 51 countries adapting the UNESCO model curricula for journalism education.", "63. UNESCO also fostered universal access to information by assisting in the formulation of national information policy frameworks, in particular within the framework of the Information for All Programme.", "64. FAO supported the use of media such as rural radio, participatory video, print and audiovisual tools to increase the participation and ownership of rural people of development initiatives. Through its programme “Bridging the rural digital divide to reduce poverty and food insecurity”, FAO worked to strengthen human and institutional capacities in rural areas to harness and exchange information using a variety of media so as reduce poverty and ensure food security.", "65. ITU launched the Child Online Protection initiative in 2008 to raise awareness about the importance of protecting children online, educate the general public and develop guidelines, including for children themselves. The initiative is also developing interoperable technical standards to protect children online, helping countries to establish national hotlines and developing national strategy and legislative processes. ITU also promoted the role of information and communications technologies as catalysts for peace through a panel on the theme “Voices of technology: a focus on youth and access to the Internet” during the 2011 World Youth Peace Summit and the holding of an event on the theme “Information technology as a catalyst for peace, human rights and development” during the United Nations High-level Meeting on Youth.", "H. Actions to promote international peace and security", "66. UNESCO provided support to countries in post-conflict and post-disaster situations through a dedicated Intersectoral Platform. This Platform provided assistance to countries in reconstructing their educational systems with the goal of realizing education for all; providing policy advice and expertise on resolving conflicts that may arise over natural resources; revitalizing in-country research facilities; integrating disaster prevention and mitigation efforts, in particular early warning systems, into post-conflict and post-disaster responses; and protecting and rehabilitating damaged cultural and natural heritage.", "67. During the reporting period, support was provided to Member States affected by natural disasters, namely, the earthquake in Haiti, the floods in Benin and Pakistan, the tsunami and volcanic eruption in Indonesia, and the earthquake and tsunami in Japan. It also supported countries in post-conflict environments, such as Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, the Occupied Palestinian Territory and several countries in West Africa.", "68. The Organization participated in 16 of the 26 appeals launched by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, notably for the responses to the earthquake in Haiti and the floods in Pakistan. It also began implementation of 8 of 10 joint United Nations country team programmes with an expected allocation of $8.3 million, under the “Conflict resolution and peacebuilding” thematic window of the Spanish Millennium Development Goal Achievement Fund (Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guatemala, Haiti, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Mexico, Lebanon and Panama).", "69. Support was provided for joint activities with United Nations partners, notably UNHCR and African regional organizations, in all post-crisis African countries at their request, in particular through its Programme of Education for Emergencies and Reconstruction. A post-conflict overall support programme in UNESCO fields of competence for Côte d’Ivoire was launched in 2008, and antennas have been established in countries with specific needs (Djibouti, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Sudan). At the regional and subregional levels, UNESCO also provided support to the African Union and to regional organizations’ initiatives in line with the African Union framework of action for post-conflict reconstruction and development and as part of the United Nations Regional Coordination Mechanism.", "70. UNESCO also launched the Education for All Global Monitoring Report in 2011 on “The hidden crisis: armed conflict in education”, which examined the damaging consequences of conflict for the Education for All goals. It sets out an agenda to protect the right to education during conflict, strengthen the provision of assistance to children, youth and adults affected by conflict, and rebuild educational systems in countries emerging from conflict. Drawing on experiences from a range of countries, it identified problems and set forth solutions that can help make education a force for peace, social cohesion and human dignity.", "71. To promote international peace and security by furthering efforts to engage multi-stakeholders in the dialogue among cultures, UNESCO consulted with a broad range of partners and organizations to identify possibilities for joint action and partnerships.", "72. UNESCO also participated in the inter-agency United Nations Counter-Terrorism Task Force and recently submitted a funding proposal to develop and implement programmes to support conflict prevention, promote peace education and contribute to countering the appeal of violent extremism in Nigeria.", "73. UNHCR promoted education for reconstruction, peacebuilding and nation building through its Albert Einstein German Academic Refugee Initiative (DAFI) scholarship programme, through which 1,900 students in 37 countries advanced their university studies in 2010. By enhancing self-reliance and developing human capital, DAFI provided refugee role models, facilitated durable solutions and equipped students with skills important to reconstruction, and peacebuilding and nation building.", "74. FAO coordinated a number of plans of action in post-conflict countries to support agricultural development and food security in post-conflict situations, and it also participated in developing the agricultural aspects of the post-conflict needs assessments, coordinated through the United Nations Development Operations Coordination Office.", "75. UNICEF supported child friendly spaces, which combine learning with play, peer-to-peer socialization and expressive activities all within a protective space for children in Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Colombia, El Salvador, Haiti, Kosovo, Liberia, Timor-Leste and Turkey. UNICEF also supported the development of a sector-wide approach in Nepal to contribute towards a more equitable system and foster cohesion. The Education in Emergencies and Post-Crisis Transition programme, in operation since 2006, supports UNICEF education programming in 39 countries and territories. Conflict represents a characteristic in many of the countries that are funded by Education in Emergencies and Post-Crisis Transition Interventions. It worked together with the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict to document grave violations committed against children in 22 country situations through the monitoring and reporting mechanism on grave violations against children in armed conflicts, established in 2005 pursuant to Security Council resolution 1612 (2005). The information is included in an annual report of the Secretary-General that lists parties that have committed severe violations.", "76. UN-Habitat supported a total of 48 countries in implementing policies to improve access to land and housing, including in the area of post-crisis reconstruction. Of these, 15 countries have received support for post-crisis reconstruction, six in Africa and the Arab States region, eight in Asia and the Pacific, and one in Eastern and Central Europe.", "77. ILO provided technical assistance to countries in post-conflict situations with the aim of demonstrating the effectiveness of employment-focused responses to peacebuilding challenges. It also provided capacity-building for governments, employers’ organizations and workers’ organizations — the tripartite constituency of ILO — to promote decent work and social justice. It conducts capacity-building through training, the provision of advice (including labour data and statistics, labour codes and reconstruction), and the dissemination of relevant publications. This also includes advocating for the centrality of employment in peacebuilding with donors and partner agencies, and in the media.", "78. The World Bank recently released the World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security and Development, which emphasized the importance of institutional legitimacy to support the State-society compact and the need to invest in citizen security, justice and jobs in order to reduce violence. It is committed to the operationalization of key messages within the 2011 World Development Report, including strengthening its partnerships with key actors working in fragile situations, and in particular with the funds, programmes and agencies of the United Nations.", "II. Future action to promote a culture of peace and non‑violence", "79. Building on the lessons learned from the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World, 2001-2010, and the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures (2010), UNESCO is developing, in consultation with its Member States, a consolidated intersectoral and interdisciplinary Programme of Action for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence. This Programme of Action aims to strengthen further the global movement to promote a culture of peace and non-violence at national, regional and international levels.", "80. As per the May 2011 decision of the UNESCO Executive Board concerning the preparation of the Organization’s draft programme and budget for 2012-2013, it will be developed with a realistic number of targeted actions that will address the following areas:", "(a) Strengthening education for a culture of peace and non-violence to achieve intercultural solidarity and intergenerational dialogue and mutual understanding in favour of reconciliation and peacebuilding;", "(b) Promoting natural sciences as a universal language and a vehicle for intercultural dialogue and exchange as well as peace;", "(c) Underlining the role of social and human science in promoting universal values, democracy and human rights;", "(d) Highlighting the crucial roles of cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and heritage in all their forms for mutual understanding and reconciliation;", "(e) Exploring opportunities offered by the media as a vehicle for reconciliation, tolerance and intercultural understanding by highlighting the use of new media by youth.", "81. It will seek to mobilize all relevant stakeholders at the global, regional, subregional and national levels. It will also harness the multidisciplinary expertise of UNESCO in education, the sciences, culture and communications and information to develop innovative programmes that achieve high-impact results in promoting a culture of peace and non-violence.", "82. The Programme of Action will be implemented and managed by a dedicated Intersectoral Platform on a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence. This Platform will also be responsible for implementing the “Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz International Programme for a Culture of Peace and Dialogue,” an initiative of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which has contributed $5 million.", "III. Recommendations", "83. The General Assembly may wish to consider the following actions:", "(a) Explore the possibilities for harmonizing reporting to the General Assembly on all issues that deal with a culture of peace, cultural diversity, tolerance, mutual understanding, rapprochement and non-violence as well as intercultural dialogue, including interreligious dialogue, so as to strengthen policy coherence;", "(b) Call on the United Nations Development Group, including its regional teams and all United Nations country teams, to include in common country programming exercises and documents, mainly United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks, programme components focused on the promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, including, as appropriate, on conflict prevention and resolution as well as post-conflict reconciliation;", "(c) Invite the United Nations System Staff College to develop in that area training modules and learning materials and offer training workshops for United Nations country teams in order to build synergies, coherence and coordination, enabling the teams to better respond to country-specific needs;", "(d) Establish an inter-agency working group on a culture of peace and non‑violence to discuss common initiatives and to consider developing a road map with goals and measurable expected results and to monitor the implementation of such efforts;", "(e) Welcome the efforts of UNESCO to establish national and regional mechanisms, such as intercultural forums to highlight the benefits of intercultural dialogue and cultural diversity from a human rights-based perspective in order to fight violence and build peace in everyday life, and invite Member States to sustain those efforts in the context of their commitment to a culture of peace;", "(f) Encourage Member States to create links among organizations that are active in promoting intercultural dialogue and that are committed to fostering sustainable development and peace in order to create a new dynamic for living peacefully together." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目15", "和平文化", "《和平文化宣言》和《和平文化行动纲领》的执行情况", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨转递联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事根据大会第65/11号决议提交的报告。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事的报告", "摘要", "本报告由联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)编写，简要总结了教科文组织和其他有关联合国实体在过去一年按照大会第65/11号决议的要求，为执行《和平文化宣言》和《和平文化行动纲领》所开展的活动。本报告列入了从以下方面收到的资料：国际劳工组织、联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处、联合国人类住区规划署、国际电信联盟、联合国儿童基金会、和平大学、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室、联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署和世界银行。本报告还专门在一节中提出了关于将来行动的建议。", "一. 《和平文化行动纲领》的执行情况", "1. 本报告是根据第65/11号决议提交，说明了为执行该决议所采取的行动和联合国系统为执行《行动纲领》并促进和平与非暴力文化所开展的活动。促进和平文化表达了联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)的根本使命。本报告说明，在开展了“为世界儿童建设非暴力与和平文化国际十年”(2001-2010年)的活动后，教科文组织是如何在国家、区域和国际范围内促进全球和平文化运动。报告还概要介绍了以下方面为落实关于执行《和平文化宣言》和《和平文化行动纲领》的第65/11号决议所开展的活动：国际劳工组织(劳工组织)、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)、联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)、国际电信联盟(电信联盟)、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、和平大学、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室、联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)和世界银行。报告按照《和平文化行动纲领》所规定的八项行动，分八节介绍了这些活动。", "A. 通过教育促进和平文化的行动", "2. 在1974年《关于教育促进国际谅解、合作与和平及有关人权和基本自由教育的建议》的框架内，教科文组织继续通过教育促进和平文化，为此支持其成员国提供高质量和包容性的宣扬和平、人权、宽容、文化间相互理解、民主、非暴力和尊重价值观的教育。", "3. 教科文组织与有关伙伴合作，为其成员国制定实际可行的与人权、和平、宽容和教育促进可持续发展等核心价值观有关的资格准则，并传播良好做法，从而加强了会员国把基于人权的方法纳入整个教育系统的能力。这项工作包括为提倡文化上适宜和使用适当语言编制的学习材料提供支持和政策咨询。教科文组织还就相关主题，如学习如何共存、人权和儿童权利、和平与民主、性别平等和防止校园暴力等，编制了教学和学习参考材料、手册和准则。", "4. 教科文组织通过高级别国际和区域政策论坛，并利用其联系网络和机构，包括教科文组织联系学校网、教科文组织教席、大学结对和网络计划以及设在首尔的亚太促进文化间相互理解教育中心，继续倡导和平、人权、文化间相互理解和记住对犹太人的大屠杀。还对那些动员国家和人民支持和平的活动当中的优秀范例给予了奖励。2010年费利克斯·乌弗埃-博瓦尼和平奖颁发给了阿根廷的非政府组织——五月广场祖母协会，表彰该协会30多年来为争取人权、正义与和平进行不懈的斗争。教科文组织还为2011年的五井和平基金会国际青少年作文比赛提供了支助。", "5. 通过全教科文组织的文化间对话与和平文化跨部门平台这个创新模式，取得了若干具体成果。主要的成就包括把现已完成的通史和区域史数字化，以及由来自46个非洲国家的代表通过共同商定的非洲通史教学内容。进行了一次跨区域和跨信仰的研究，以分析当代全世界青年进行宗教间对话的做法，并用英文、法文、阿拉伯文和西班牙文广为散发题为“制止校园暴力：教师指南”的出版物。和平力量网络支助了不同国家和区域的一系列项目，例如青年广播举措“连接不同文化”、巴勒斯坦/大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国联合制作的视频“我们的日常生活”、赞比亚的在线辩论节目和比赛“我是这样生活的……”。和平力量网络还为编制关于在报道中注意冲突的课程提供了支助，并与南非的罗得大学合作举办了与此相关的系列培训班。", "6. 利用纪念国际青年年(2010年)的机会，在使人们更多地认识到青年成长问题，并更多认识到青年为支持国家发展、支持和平与非暴力文化所发挥的作用方面取得了进展。教科文组织作为机构间青年成长问题网络的共同主席之一，在以下方面提供了支持：采用和实施一项纪念国际青年年的联合国框架方法；联合国各实体首长关于国际青年年的联合声明；联合国对世界青年会议(2010年8月，墨西哥城)的联合投入。教科文组织通过与体育组织结成伙伴关系，还提高了关于体育在青年成长、社区行动以及建设和平与非暴力文化方面的重要性的认识。这包括与国际奥林匹克委员会一道组织第七次关于体育、教育与文化的世界会议，其主题是“给予青年发言权”(2010年12月，南非，德班)。为拉丁美洲和加勒比以及独立国家联合体的研究工作提供了支持，以便向会员国提供信息，供其制定青年政策和方案，包括防止青年暴力的政策和方案。还向太平洋的小岛屿发展中国家提供了政策咨询，供其制定现实和可以实现的注重行动的青年问题政策文件。", "7. 为了克服青年面临的具体挑战，粮农组织继续在若干非洲国家、亚洲和中东支持建立青少年农民耕作和生活技能学校的方法。这个方法既为职业教育培训机会提供支持，又促进就业，将二者结合起来。青年们把农历作为一种生活模式，学习农业技能，同时培养相应的生活经验，例如确定目标、重视个人成长空间和团队精神。这个方法还有一个以就业为导向的组成部分，鼓励和协助学校毕业生加入农民联合会和农会，以便得到资源并在市场上投放自己的产品。", "8. 人居署与包括教科文组织在内的其他联合国机构一道，通过其加强城市安全方案在城市发展中增强对最弱势青年的侧重，利用这些青年的社会资本来增加弱势社区和居民区内的机会，包括加强学校和积极的公民参与。正在通过这个方案建立全球加强城市安全网络，以增强全球和平文化运动。", "9. 难民署继续通过其“900万”运动向难民青年提供教育和体育服务，服务人数在2010年达到460 000人，在20个国家促进了和平和非暴力文化。所有项目均加强了难民与收容社区的共存，一些项目还减少了刚从学校毕业的青年被招募入伍的风险。方案报告显示，体育在克服破坏性行为、艾滋病毒、滥用毒品、性暴力和性别暴力等问题方面发挥了重大影响。75%的项目特别以刚从学校毕业的青年和女孩为对象，因为他们如果得到机会，可以在国家的和平、重建和繁荣方面发挥关键作用。", "10. 难民署在若干国家开展工作，执行通过促进对包括难民在内的外国人的宽容和尊重来抵制仇外心理的方案。该机构最近在拉丁美洲发起了一个主题为“设身处地为难民和流离失所者着想，并为理解其处境迈出第一步”的宣传运动，以促进对难民和流离失所者的宽容，帮助其融入本地社会。", "11. 和平大学于1960年由大会授权提供促进人类和平的教育，为通过其教育和能力建设方案建设和平文化进行了积极努力。该大学通过安排与其他大学之间的伙伴关系和交流方案，并举办在线远程学习方案，包括举办一个独特和完备的在线和平研究硕士方案，对更广泛的受众进行了宣传。", "12. 儿基会建立了一个基于权利、呵护儿童的教育系统和被形容为“包容所有儿童，使其享有健康和保护”的学校。这种呵护儿童的办学方针为若干国家所采用，以制止对儿童的暴力和促进和平教育。学校作为照顾和支持中心，向最弱势的儿童，特别是孤儿，以及那些遭受暴力侵害的儿童提供迫切必要的服务。这些服务包括供水、环境卫生和个人卫生、儿童热线、学校伙食和学校保健，并与父母、警察和儿童自己在学校治理方面的参与相结合。儿基会与国际儿童帮助热线之间的各项协议于2010年得到批准，使东非和南部非洲区域的11个国家受益。这些协议带来的成果包括设立免费儿童热线号码、在线咨询以及正在开展的儿童保护情况调查。", "13. 最边缘化、贫穷和弱势的人也是那些使用毒品成瘾的风险最高的人，因此，联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过其减少需求项目帮助这些人，以帮助形成一种和平与非暴力文化。这些项目侧重于促进对使用毒品成瘾的理解，将其视为一种可以在保健体系内有效治愈的健康失调，同时使用基于证据的方法来防止滥用毒品、进行治疗和提供照顾。预防方案，例如生活技能培训、家庭技能培训和工作场所方案，将帮助建立更为健康和更为安全的社区，为和平社会作出贡献。全面的赌瘾治疗和照顾服务是非常有效的工具，可使那些滥用毒品成瘾的人恢复健康和重返社会，以便能够为建设和维护和平作出贡献。", "B. 促进可持续的经济和社会发展的行动", "14. 教科文组织作为2005-2014年联合国教育促进可持续发展十年的牵头机构，正在支持会员国把可持续发展的原则、价值观和做法纳入包容性的教育政策和计划的设计和制定工作，包括纳入气候变化教育、教师培养政策、教科书和课程修订以及教学方法的更新。教科文组织还倡导对文化多样性作出坚定承诺。自上个报告期间以来，与伊斯兰教育、科学和文化组织合作制定了一个教育促进可持续发展方面的多视角学习工具，其中把水资源作为重点，不久将进行实地测试。此外，教科文组织还在若干会员国(特别是马尔代夫和越南)开展了关于气候变化教育的能力建设，并为在墨西哥坎昆举行的联合国气候变化问题会议(第十六次缔约国会议)提供了投入。国际生物多样性年和第十次生物多样性公约缔约方会议(2010年10月27日至29日，日本名古屋)为促进与联系学校网、教科文组织教育促进可持续发展教席网络、世界生物圈保护区网络和人与生物圈方案之间的合作提供了很多机会。教科文组织还支持最不发达国家实现其可持续发展目标，并为2011年5月9日至13日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议通过的行动纲领提供了投入。", "15. 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过农场上和农场外的活动努力减贫，将此作为其替代性发展活动以及减少非法作物方案的一部分，这些减贫活动向农民提倡合法创收机会，是以市场驱动的需求为基础。联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室努力促进粮食安全，为此提供技术援助，以帮助提高粮食生产率，特别是提供高产、抗病的种子以及协助建立和管理粮食银行。", "16. 粮农组织通过其“农村人口教育”这一龙头伙伴关系帮助增强农村穷人的权能，将他们充分纳入发展进程，从而使他们不那么易于卷入冲突。这个伙伴关系有400个成员(来自政府、政府间组织、民间社会和学术界)，粮农组织通过它帮助把农村人民教育纳入国家发展计划，并制作了一些出版物和工具包。", "17. 粮农组织在非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的28个国家开展实地活动，对农村地区900多万人的生活产生影响。欧洲联盟粮食融资机制提供了3.15亿美元，用于资助这些项目。", "18. 近东救济工程处继续执行一项大规模的扶贫方案以及一项为穷人当中的最贫穷者紧急提供食物的方案。近东救济工程处的社会安全网方案每季度向整个区域的近300 000难民提供小额现金补贴和食品包，以便为赤贫家庭提供一定的支持。此外，工程处以食品、现金和紧急就业机会的形式向那些受冲突和自然灾害影响的人提供了紧急支助。目前正在加沙、西岸和黎巴嫩采取这些紧急干预措施，整个区域有数十万需要帮助的人受益，从一项或多项干预措施中得到帮助。", "19. 人居署继续确保穷人能够得到支付得起和适当的住房，并帮助系统地改善贫民窟和防止其形成。为此采取的行动是执行人居署理事会的一项决议，制定一项新的全球住房战略，在其中考虑到提供适当的可持续住房和基本的基础设施的挑战，并考虑到需要把住房政策纳入更广泛的城市规划战略和政府行动，使其与其他社会、经济和环境政策相一致。", "C. 促使尊重所有人权的行动", "20. 教科文组织继续通过执行联合国大会于2004年通过的世界人权教育方案(见大会第59/113 A号决议)，积极促进受教育权利。编制了一系列材料，以协助会员国把促进和平与人权的教育纳入学校系统，包括发表题为《当代人权教育问题》的出版物。还与10个国家的教科文组织国家委员会和教科文组织联系学校项目网络的国家协调人合作，制作了一部短片，题为《青年谈人权教育》。这部影片从人权教育角度出发，展现了当今学校中的青少年在性别平等、暴力、和平与文化多样性方面关注的问题和面对的挑战。", "21. 为了加强人权领域的宣传倡导、能力建设和以政策为导向的行动，教科文组织以联合国发展集团新的人权主流化机制为框架，为收集和设计培训材料提供了帮助。该机制的目标是使联合国更有效地运用基于人权的方案规划方法，特别是在国家一级运用这个方法，来制定联合国发展援助框架。", "22. 本报告所述期间编制的其他人权培训材料包括题为《通过人权诉讼增强穷人权能》的范本手册，以及教科文组织试点收集的四卷关于把免于贫穷作为一项人权的资料，这些资料从多个方面分析了贫穷问题。", "23. 作为教科文组织的提高人权意识工作的一部分，总干事在人权日(12月10日)向巴基斯坦的阿斯玛·贾汉吉尔颁发了教科文组织/毕尔巴鄂促进人权文化奖，以表彰她为促进宗教间和文化间对话、宽容、相互理解与争取和平的合作所作出的承诺和贡献。", "24. 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过其艾滋病毒预防、治疗、护理和支持方案来处理与人权和性别平等有关的问题。2010年，联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室帮助大约40个国家对有关艾滋病毒和监狱环境、艾滋病毒与注射毒品者以及易受人口贩运之害的人的法律和政策进行了审查。联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室在至少49个国家提供了技术支持，以按照人权条约和相关国际标准制定针对监狱环境、注射毒品者以及易受人口贩运之害的人的基于人权、注重性别平等问题和公平的艾滋病政策和方案。", "25. 近东工程处通过在教育、保健和社会服务、改善基础设施和难民营以及小额融资方面举办的各种方案，为实现巴勒斯坦难民的各项社会经济权利作出贡献。教育方面的服务最为引人注目。几乎500 000个儿童在遍布该区域各地的几乎700所近东救济工程处学校中继续受教育，近东救济工程处为他们提供了将近20 000名教学人员。", "D. 保证男女平等的行动", "26. 教科文组织努力确保男女平等，把在其所有负责领域采取行动以争取性别平等作为优先事项，并将此定为2008-2013年中期战略的两个全球优先事项之一。教科文组织执行局批准的2008-2013年基于成果的两性平等优先事项行动计划阐明，该组织各方案领域将采取何种行动来增强妇女权能和实现性别平等。", "27. 为了加强教科文组织在通过优质教育增强女孩和妇女权能方面的努力，总干事于2011年5月26日在一个高级别论坛上发起了促进女孩和妇女教育的新全球伙伴关系，联合国秘书长潘基文、孟加拉国和马里的总理、美国国务卿、非政府组织的代表以及企业界领袖出席了该论坛。在高级别小组的支持下，教科文组织的“生活更美好，未来更美好”全球伙伴关系侧重于通过与企业，例如与诺基亚、宝洁、环球教育集团、微软、苹果和帕卡德基金会建成伙伴关系，帮助文盲或半文盲少女并扩大妇女扫盲方案。已经在非洲和亚洲发起一些项目。", "28. 教科文组织制定了各种倡议，以支持妇女参与解决冲突、建设和平和重建工作并解决性别暴力问题，特别是通过设在拉马拉的巴勒斯坦妇女问题研究和文献中心、设在金沙萨的大湖区妇女、性别平等和建设和平问题第二类区域研究和文献中心以及教科文组织的女哲学家国际网络开展这些工作。", "29. 为了支持和鼓励所有文化背景的青年妇女从事科学领域的工作，教科文组织为妇女提供了科学能力建设和培训机会，办法包括：利用设在荷兰代尔夫特的教科文组织国际水教育学院；通过教科文组织/莱莉雅公司伙伴关系为青年女科学家提供研究金；建立和加强新的女科学家协会和网络。", "30. 还通过保护和管理文化、自然和非物质遗产方面的教育和培训方案推动增强妇女的政治和社会权能。这项工作还把女手工艺者摆在优先地位，帮助她们建立自己的小企业，以增加社会经济效益。此外，结合“一体行动”原则，在国家一级制定了艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防和护理以及孕产妇保健方面的注重文化特点和性别平等的政策和行动。", "31. 教科文组织通过其基于社区的信息扫盲运动，加强妇女为发展和终生学习，特别是为实现可持续生计而获得和使用信息和通信技术的能力。这方面的例子之一，是教科文组织与布尼亚德基金会和移动电话公司Mobilink共同发起的作为试点的流动扫盲方案，通过这个方案建立了50个社区学习中心，1 250个文盲妇女在这些中心获得基本的识字技能。", "32. 粮农组织继续把性别平等方面的关注问题纳入农业和农村发展方案的主流，为此组织针对政策制定者、决策者和技术工作人员的性别平等培训和宣传活动，以支持他们制定和执行注重性别问题的方案和项目，来消除农业和粮食安全方面有关性别平等的缺陷，特别强调获得和控制生产资源以及体制建设。", "33. 近东救济工程处为促进性别平等所采用的办法是：确保女孩和妇女可以平等地获得其所有服务，支持妇女职业培训中心，以及制定有针对性的方案来促进妇女的权利和机会。在该区域各地的难民营内建立了一些妇女方案中心，用以向妇女提供服务。还通过加沙的行动平等方案向妇女提供机会，并通过小额金融和微型企业方案举办面向女企业家的特别贷款计划。", "34. 妇女署为会员国和联合国系统各实体实现性别平等和增强妇女权能提供了支持，为此开展的活动有以下五个专题领域，载于2011-2013年战略计划：(a) 扩大妇女的领导作用和参与；(b) 制止侵害妇女的暴力；(c) 加强妇女与和平与安全议程的执行工作；(d) 增强妇女的经济权能；(e) 使性别平等优先事项成为国家各级规划和预算编制工作的核心。", "35. 劳工组织通过就工作场所性别平等问题提供咨询服务、开展培训、制定方式方法、进行宣传以及支持收集、制作和分发良好做法来促进性别平等。在国家一级，劳工组织监督专门针对性别平等问题举办的技术合作方案，以解决妇女和男子在工作场所关注的问题，并促使开展努力，把性别平等问题纳入劳工组织工作的技术性领域。劳工组织在其成员之间试点进行了一次参与性的性别平等情况检查。", "E. 支持民主参与的行动", "36. 教科文组织通过一系列举措来支持民主参与，这些举措包括：阿拉伯与亚洲关于民主和社会正义的哲学对话；阿拉伯世界与非洲之间关于民主和人权的对话；在黎巴嫩比布鲁斯的国际人类科学中心进行研究。此外，教科文组织还支持了以下工作：制定有利于媒体自由和独立的立法；对新闻记者和媒体专业人员进行关于中立和独立的报道技巧，特别是在冲突和冲突后地区进行这种报道的培训；协助媒体报道选举活动。", "37. 为了配合阿拉伯世界若干国家向民主的过渡，教科文组织最近的举措集中于以下方面：支持埃及青年进行公民参与；在埃及和突尼斯培训新闻记者，并向媒体专业人员提供选举前支持，包括与法国电视台和欧洲广播联盟联合组织了一次支持突尼斯和埃及广播媒体国际会议；在贝鲁特组织了一次关于设计、监测和评价阿拉伯世界社会保护工作的区域能力建设讲习班。此外，举行了一次国际圆桌会议，主题是“阿拉伯世界的民主与复兴”，来自阿拉伯世界的知识分子和专家参加了这次会议，讨论如何向民主过渡。根据这个重要的圆桌会议的讨论结果，教科文组织制定了一份配合阿拉伯世界向民主过渡的路线图。", "F. 促进理解、宽容和团结的行动", "38. 在领导2010年国际文化和睦年活动时，教科文组织利用其超过60年的经验促进“人民相互了解和理解”。该国际年的主要目标是帮助消除造成紧张、不安全、暴力和冲突的无知、偏见和排斥所产生的任何混乱。任务是要通过确认不同文化间交流和建立关系的重要性，说明文化多样性的好处。目的是把对话原则纳入各级政策，以促成一个有利于文化和睦的环境，从而加强各国人民之间的和谐关系。", "39. 启动该国际年的进程得到了一些相得益彰举措的促进。对数个国际年(国际生物多样性年、国际青年年和非洲裔人国际年)和世界日(例如世界哲学日和世界文化多样性促进对话和发展日)的平行庆祝使处理的这些主题得以深化和交融。", "40. 为促进会员国、政府间组织和非政府组织对国际年的认同，行动计划包括四大主题：(a) 促进对文化、种族、语言和宗教多样性的相互了解；(b) 为共同价值观建立一个框架；(c) 加强优质教育和文化间能力建设；(d) 促进有利于可持续发展的对话。这些主题的基础是文化平等尊严、相互尊重和加强国际合作促进持久和平的原则。", "41. 会员国以及不同文明联盟和民间社会相关利益攸关方等合作伙伴为庆祝国际年而组织的具体活动(总共近1 000项)，可在教科文组织的网站上查阅(http://www.unesco.org/en/2010-international-year-for-the-rapprochement-of-cultures/)。", "42. 国际年为在一个广泛、多样和以年轻人为主的受众中建立对文化多样性财富及其必然结果——即文化间对话——的认识，将其作为和睦相处一部分，起到了推动作用。一个新出现的核心观点是：在新的国际格局中，必须更多地考虑到文化多样性、对话、发展、安全与和平之间的关联。这些相互依存的概念应成为建设一种和平与非暴力文化的新方法的内涵。若要对话产生效力，就必须满足一些基本前提，那就是：平等、公正、减贫和尊重人权。", "43. 为了促进对二十一世纪和平新层面的反思，教科文组织总干事设立了一个文化间和平与对话高级别小组。高级别小组由世界各区域的决策者、知识分子和艺术家组成，他们在一起共同规划通向和平的新途径。其主要使命是对教科文组织在这方面的工作进行补充，并使不同区域和范围广泛的利益攸关方的多种多样观点发挥影响。高级小组于2010年2月18日在巴黎举行了第一次会议，以启动2010年国际文化和睦年(见A/65/299，附件)。高级小组于2011年3月11日在纽约再次开会，讨论了“建设和平：通过教育、科学、文化和沟通的力量促进和解”这一专题。这次会议的报告可到教科文组织网站查阅(http://www.unesco. org/en/2010-international-year-for-the-rapprochement-of-cultures/high-panel-on-peace-and-dialogue-among-cultures/second-meeting-of-the-high-panel-11-march-2011/)。", "44. 教科文组织还按照大会2001年通过的“不同文明对话全球议程”(大会第56/6号决议)以及由教科文组织自身理事机构做出的指示推动不同文明和文化之间的对话，从而为加强和平、相互理解和社会凝聚作出了贡献。", "45. 在与不同文明联盟签署的谅解备忘录(2010年5月，里约)的框架内，教科文组织实施了由西班牙供资的文化间简报方案。该方案的重点是旨在加强阿拉伯-穆斯林与欧洲社会之间联系以增进相互了解的五个项目。这些项目是：", "(a) 一部穆斯林/阿拉伯文明及其为欧洲哲学和文化复兴所作贡献的科学、哲学、文学和艺术文集。文集是为教师、学生和普通公众设计的一个工具，目的是提供一种团结穆斯林/阿拉伯世界和西方的跨文化历史视野；", "(b) 从哲学角度看穆斯林/阿拉伯文明：关于路线、遭遇、桥梁和对话的故事。这需要制作一些面向中学教师的教育工具，以期说明穆斯林/阿拉伯文明内部和通过穆斯林/阿拉伯文明进行对话和交流的实例；", "(c) 说明相互关系和开展对话：博物馆作为开发跨文化技能的一种公民空间。该项目的核心是开发博物馆学方面的办法，以传播历史性文化间交流的信息；", "(d) 年轻艺术家促进阿拉伯世界和西方世界之间的跨文化对话。该项目旨在表彰年轻艺术家有利于阿拉伯/西方对话的创造性成就；", "(e) 和平力量网络：报道促进和平。该网络是一个互动平台，寻求通过媒体及信息和通信技术，利用创新机制促进和平。", "46. 此外，联合国教科文组织/姐妹学校方案与不同文明联盟密切合作，设立了一个网络，把巴西、中国、埃及、美利坚合众国、西班牙和加勒比区域6所大学中的媒体和信息教育与文化间对话相结合。活动将包括推动与媒体和信息教育有关的国际和文化间研究、会议、出版、培训活动和内容制作，并将其应用于跨文化、宗教间对话和全球合作。", "47. 为促进非洲之角民间社会对话，教科文组织与大非洲之角地平线论坛这一独立的研究政策论坛合作，在该区域研究人员和散居国外研究人员的参与下，组织了一次青年事务部长会议(2010年12月，吉布提)。会议审查了每一个成员国现有的研究并为其确定了政策建议。", "48. 此外，教科文组织还支持了2011年4月非洲与美洲之间关于“非洲及其散居国外人口”的区域间哲学对话会议。在非洲裔人国际年(2011年)框架之中组织的这次会议召集了非洲、散居国外群体和美洲的哲学家一道讨论当代各种挑战。对话推动设立了一个非洲、拉丁美洲、加勒比和北美哲学家组成的网络，以期通过学生交流方案等办法加强学术合作和能力建设。", "49. 在中亚，通过设立一个门户网站作为与欧洲开展艺术和文化合作及对话的工具，并通过中亚国际研究所和国际游牧文明研究所开发的各种活动(考察、会议、科研和出版)，文化间对话得到了推动。", "50. 在东南欧，国家元首之间的跨文化对话通过组织一系列区域会议得到了支持，举办这些会议的地点是：前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国奥赫里德(2003年)、地拉那(2004年)、保加利亚瓦尔纳(2005年)、克罗地亚奥帕蒂亚(2006年)、布加勒斯特(2007年6月)、雅典(2008年6月)、黑山采蒂涅(2009年)和土耳其伊斯坦布尔(2010年)，会议目标是为未来确立一个基于国际合作的共同愿景。2011年的首脑会议将在塞尔维亚举行。", "51. 在以色列和巴勒斯坦领土方面，已设立了一个男女人数平衡的联合(以色列-巴勒斯坦)学术委员会，由来自以色列和巴勒斯坦各大学、科研院所和智囊团的成员组成。该委员会将共同开展工作推动和争取实现以色列人和巴勒斯坦人内部和之间的对话与学术合作。", "52. 在中东，通过与罗马大学合作启动的第三版大学合作方案，即2010-2011年“社会科学与人道主义事务大师”，建设和平及文化间理解也得到了促进。该方案将推动以色列和巴勒斯坦大学的教师和学生之间的学术交流与合作。", "53. 教科文组织推动有利于和平与非暴力的科学，将其视为文化间对话与合作的一个媒介，以帮助预防潜在的争夺淡水和可耕地等自然资源的冲突，并解决复杂的全球环境与发展挑战。为此，它对以色列、巴勒斯坦科学组织予以了技术支持，该组织为巴勒斯坦和以色列科学家就联合科学项目开展合作提供了机会。教科文组织还为马耳他会议系列提供了支持，这些会议召集中东及邻近区域的科学家一道讨论与该区域化学研究和教育有关的问题并共同寻求令各方都满意的解决方案。这一系列中的第五次会议在教科文组织总部召开(2011年12月)，主题是“化学科学前沿：研究和教育在中东：通向和平及国际发展的桥梁”。", "54. 教科文组织通过其人与生物圈方案支持各国建立跨境生物圈保护区，以在与适应气候变化、生物多样性丧失、可持续发展和生态旅游有关的问题上促进和解、文化间对话、和平与合作。现有10个这种保护区分布在拉丁美洲、欧洲和非洲的15个国家。在国际协调理事会2011年6月的最近一次会议上，该方案核准了萨尔瓦多/危地马拉/洪都拉斯的特里芬尼奥兄弟友好(Trifinio Fraternidad)生物圈保护区，这是中美洲第一个三国生物圈保护区。", "55. 教科文组织通过其“从潜在冲突到合作潜力”方案为多层次、跨学科对话提供了便利，以促进与共有跨界水资源管理有关的和平、合作与发展。该方案力图强化各利益攸关方在共有跨界水资源管理方面预测、预防和解决水冲突的能力，从而加强用水保障。", "56. 通过支持每年11月10日庆祝争取和平与发展世界科学日的活动，也提高了对推动科学促进和平的重要性的认识。", "G. 支持参与式沟通和信息自由流动的行动", "57. 教科文组织继续开展关键的能力建设行动，重点是强调媒体在促进对话、民主和发展进程以及在保护人权方面的有益作用。媒体专业人员在新闻安全、冲突敏感报道和报道选举方面的能力得到了加强。", "58. 通过2010年的几项活动提高了对言论自由和获取信息的权利的认识。2010年世界新闻自由日的重点是“新闻自由：知情权”这一主题。在澳大利亚举行的世界新闻自由日国际会议上，与会者通过了《布里斯班宣言》，呼吁各国政府通过信息自由法，并强调了独立和多元化媒体的重要性，指出这是良政和以人权为基础的发展的基本要素。至少在100个国家中庆祝了世界新闻自由日。教科文组织/吉列尔莫•卡诺奖颁发给了 Mónica González Mujica，以表彰她在智利独裁期间进行的深入调查的新闻报道。", "59. 为在言论自由领域开展工作的政府间组织和非政府组织提供了支持，特别是在结束有罪不罚现象和暴力侵害记者问题方面。教科文组织继续支持国际言论自由交流网，特别是支持发展中国家和转型期国家的团体推动更好地保护新闻自由和新闻工作者的权利。2010年，媒体专业人员的安全特别令人关切，教科文组织总干事谴责了62名新闻工作者遭到杀害的事件。国际通信发展方案理事会通过了关于新闻工作者安全和有罪不罚问题的决定，呼吁各国向教科文组织报告它们调查杀害新闻工作者案件的情况。", "60. 通过国际通信发展方案为在61个发展中国家启动83个项目提供的支持，协助会员国发展免费、独立和多元化的媒体。墨西哥的“农民之声”社区无线电台和埃及记者Amr Mamdouh Ellissy共同获得2010年联合国教科文组织-国际通信发展方案农村通讯奖。", "61. 教科文组织继续推广社区电台和社区多媒体中心，在19个国家推出了社区电台项目。在管理、可持续性、节目编排和社区参与方面确定了总共50项社区电台最佳做法，并为世界社区广播协会提供了支持，以制订社区电台业者共同业务守则。由教科文组织支持的印度社区电台政策审查产生了一项建议，即创建一个国家公共基金，以支持社区媒体的发展。", "62. 媒体培训和新闻教育机构的能力也根据教科文组织的新闻培训优良标准得到加强，有51个国家的63个新闻培训机构采用了教科文组织的新闻教育示范课程。", "63. 教科文组织还为制订国家信息政策框架提供了协助，尤其是在全民信息方案的框架中提供了协助，从而推动了信息的普及。", "64. 粮农组织为利用农村广播、参与式视频、打印和视听工具等媒体提供了支持，以增强农村民众对发展举措的参与和拥有。粮农组织通过其“弥合农村数字鸿沟以减少贫穷和粮食不安全状况”方案开展工作，加强在农村地区利用和交流信息的人员和机构能力，同时利用各种媒体减少贫穷和确保粮食安全。", "65. 国际电联于2008年提出了儿童在线保护举措，以提高对儿童在线保护重要性的认识、对包括儿童自己在内的公众进行教育并为他们制订指导方针。这一举措还在制订可交互操作的技术标准以对在线儿童进行保护，并帮助各国建立国家热线和制订国家战略及开展立法进程。国际电联在2011年世界青年和平高峰会期间举行了一个关于“技术之声：聚焦于青年和上网”的专题小组讨论会，并在联合国青年问题高级别会议期间举办了一次以“信息技术作为和平、人权与发展的催化剂”为主题的大型活动，以推动信息和通信技术为促进和平发挥作用。", "H. 促进国际和平与安全的行动", "66. 教科文组织通过一个专门的跨部门平台为处于冲突后和灾害后局势的国家提供了支持，以协助这些国家：重建其教育体系以实现全民教育的目标；提供政策咨询和知识专长以化解可能出现的争夺自然资源冲突；振兴国内研究设施；将防灾和减灾工作、特别是早期预警系统纳入冲突后和灾害后对策；保护和修复受到破坏的文化和自然遗产。", "67. 在本报告所述期间，向遭受自然灾害影响的国家提供了支持，这些自然灾害是：海地地震、贝宁和巴基斯坦洪水、印度尼西亚海啸和火山爆发以及日本地震和海啸。它还支持了一批处于冲突后环境的国家，例如阿富汗、刚果民主共和国、伊拉克、巴勒斯坦被占领土以及数个西非国家。", "68. 教科文组织参加了由联合国人道主义事务协调厅发起的26次呼吁中的16次，特别是为应对海地地震和巴基斯坦洪灾发出的呼吁。它还开始执行联合国国家工作队10项联合方案中的8项，预计将在西班牙实现千年发展目标基金“解决冲突与建设和平”这一专题窗口下拨款830万美元(巴西、智利、哥斯达黎加、刚果民主共和国、危地马拉、海地、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、墨西哥、黎巴嫩和巴拿马)。", "69. 应危机后非洲国家的请求，向在它们境内与联合国合作伙伴、尤其是与难民署和非洲区域组织开展的联合活动提供了支持，特别是通过教科文组织的紧急状况和重建教育方案提供了支持。教科文组织在其主管领域为科特迪瓦制订的一个冲突后全面支持方案于2008年启动，并为有特殊需要的国家(吉布提、利比里亚、塞拉利昂和苏丹)架设了天线。在区域和次区域这两级，作为联合国区域协调机制的一部分，教科文组织还在非洲联盟冲突后重建与发展行动框架中向非洲联盟和向一批区域组织举措提供了支持。", "70. 教科文组织还推出了关于“隐藏的危机：教育中的武装冲突”的2011年《全民教育全球监测报告》，报告检讨了冲突对实现全民教育目标的破坏性后果。它制订了一项议程，以保护在冲突中受教育的权利，加强为受冲突影响的儿童、青年和成人提供的援助，以及在刚刚摆脱冲突的国家重建教育系统。它借鉴一系列国家的经验，找出了一批问题并提出了解决方案，以使教育可以成为促进和平、社会凝聚及人类尊严的力量。", "71. 为通过进一步努力争取多个利益攸关方参与不同文化的对话以促进国际和平与安全，教科文组织与范围广泛的合作伙伴和组织进行了协商，以确定联合行动和建立伙伴关系的可能。", "72. 教科文组织还参加了联合国机构间的反恐工作队，并于最近提交了供资提案，以制订和执行一批方案，在尼日利亚支持预防冲突、推动和平教育并协助抗御暴力极端主义的吸引力。", "73. 难民署通过其德国(艾伯特·爱因斯坦)难民学者倡议(难民学者倡议)奖学金方案推动教育促进重建、建设和平及国家建设。2010年，37个国家的1 900名学生通过这一方案推进了他们的大学学业。通过加强自力更生能力和开发人力资本，难民学者倡议树立了难民榜样、促进了持久解决办法并使学生具备有利于重建、建设和平及国家建设的重要技能。", "74. 粮农组织协调了冲突后国家中的一批行动计划以支持冲突后局势中的农业发展和粮食安全，并参加编写了冲突后需求评估中的农业各部分。这一评估工作由联合国发展业务协调办公室协调。", "75. 儿基会支持了儿童友好空间方案，在阿富汗、阿尔巴尼亚、安哥拉、哥伦比亚、萨尔瓦多、海地、科索沃、利比里亚、东帝汶和土耳其把寓教于乐、同伴交往和表达活动都结合到一个保护性空间中进行。儿童基金会还支持在尼泊尔发展一种全部门办法，以帮助建立一个更公平的制度和增进凝聚力。紧急情况中和危机后过渡期间教育方案自2006年运作以来，在39个国家和领土支持了儿基会的教育方案拟订工作。冲突是该方案供资的许多国家的一个特点。儿基会与负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室合作，通过2005年安全理事会第1612(2005)号决议所设关于在武装冲突中严重侵犯儿童问题的监察和报告机制，记录了在22个国家各种局势中犯下的严重侵犯儿童的行为。这些资料载于开列了犯有严重侵犯行为者名单的秘书长年度报告中。", "76. 人居署支持总共48个国家执行政策以增进使用土地和获得住房的机会，包括危机后重建方面的政策。其中15个国家已获得危机后重建支持，其中6个在非洲和阿拉伯国家区域、8个在亚洲和太平洋区域、1个在东欧和中欧区域。", "77. 国际劳工组织向处于冲突后局势中的国家提供了技术援助，展示以就业为重点应对建设和平挑战的效力。它还为政府、雇主组织和工人组织(即劳工组织所代表的三方)提供了促进体面劳动和社会正义方面的能力建设，执行方式是开展培训、提供咨询(包括劳工资料和统计数据、劳动法规和重建方面)和传播相关出版物。这也包括向捐助方和伙伴机构以及在媒体上倡导把就业置于建设和平工作的核心地位。", "78. 世界银行最近发布了《2011年世界发展报告：冲突、安全与发展》，其中强调了体制合法性在支持国家-社会契约方面的重要性以及为减少暴力而投资于公民安全、司法和就业的必要性。它致力于落实《2011年世界发展报告》所传递的关键信息，包括加强与在脆弱局势中开展工作的关键行为体的伙伴关系，特别是同联合国各基金、方案和机构的关系。", "二. 促进和平与非暴力文化的今后行动", "79. 教科文组织在为世界儿童建设非暴力与和平文化国际十年(2001-2010年)和2010国际文化和睦年所总结经验教训的基础上再接再厉，正在同会员国协商制订一个综合的、跨部门和跨学科的和平与非暴力文化行动纲领。这一行动纲领的目标是进一步加强在国家、区域和国际各级促进和平与非暴力文化的全球运动。", "80. 根据2011年5月教科文组织执行局关于编制其2012-2013年方案和预算草案的决定，在编制该预算时，将规定在以下方面开展数目现实的定向行动：", "(a) 加强促进和平与非暴力文化的教育，以实现文化间团结和代际对话以及有利于和解及建设和平的相互理解；", "(b) 宣扬自然科学，将其作为一种通用语言及文化间对话和交流以及促进和平的媒介；", "(c) 强调社会和人文科学在促进普世价值、民主和人权方面的作用；", "(d) 突出文化多样性、文化间对话和以及各种形式的遗产在促进相互理解与和解方面的重要作用；", "(e) 通过强调年轻人对新媒体的使用，探索作为和解、宽容和文化间理解的中介的媒体所提供的机会。", "81. 教科文组织将致力于在全球、区域、次区域和国家各级调动所有相关的利益攸关方。它还将利用其在教育、科学、文化、通信和信息方面的多学科知识专长，制订具有创意的方案，以在促进和平与非暴力文化方面取得影响力较大的成果。", "82. 行动纲领将由一个专门的和平与非暴力文化跨部门平台执行和管理。该平台还将负责执行沙特阿拉伯王国提出的一项举措，即“阿卜杜拉·本·阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹和平与对话文化国际方案”，该国为此已捐款500万美元。", "三. 建议", "83. 大会不妨考虑以下行动：", "(a) 为加强政策一致性，探讨是否可能就涉及以下方面的问题统一向大会作出报告：和平文化、文化多样性、宽容、相互理解、和睦、非暴力以及文化间对话，包括宗教间的对话；", "(b) 呼吁联合国发展集团，包括其区域团队和联合国所有国家工作队，把重点在于促进和平与非暴力文化的方案单元纳入共同国家方案拟订的工作和文件，主要是纳入联合国发展援助框架，包括酌情把以预防和化解冲突以及冲突后和解为重点的方案单元纳入其中；", "(c) 邀请联合国系统职员学院制订这方面的培训单元和学习材料，并为联合国国家工作队提供培训讲习班，以建立联合优势，加强一致性和协调，使这些工作队能更好地回应具体的国家需要；", "(d) 设立一个和平与非暴力文化问题机构间工作组，以讨论共同举措和考虑制订一个规定了目标和可衡量的预期成果的路线图，并监测这方面工作的落实情况；", "(e) 欢迎教科文组织努力建立国家和区域机制，例如文化间论坛，从基于人权的角度突出文化间对话和文化多样性的好处，以在日常生活中打击暴力和建设和平，并邀请会员国在它们为和平文化所作承诺的背景中维持这方面的努力；", "(f) 鼓励会员国在积极推动文化间对话和致力于促进可持续发展及和平的各组织之间建立联系，以期为和平相处创造新的动力。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目15", "和平文化", "《和平文化宣言和行动纲领》的执行情况", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨转递联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事根据大会第65/11号决议提交的报告。", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事的报告", "内容提要", "本报告由联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)编写,简明扼要地概述了教科文组织和联合国其他相关实体按照大会第65/11号决议的要求在过去一年为执行《和平文化宣言和行动纲领》而开展的活动。 本报告包括国际劳工组织、联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处、联合国人类住区规划署、国际电信联盟、联合国儿童基金会、和平大学、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处、联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署和世界银行提供的材料。 报告还有一节是关于未来行动的建议。", "一. 《和平文化行动纲领》的执行情况", "1. 联合国 本报告根据第65/11号决议提交,介绍了为执行该决议所采取行动以及联合国系统为执行《行动纲领》和促进和平与非暴力文化而开展的活动。 报告介绍了联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)如何在国家、区域和国际各级进一步加强为世界儿童建设和平与非暴力文化国际十年(2001-2010年)后的全球和平文化运动,该组织的基本任务就是促进和平文化。 报告还概述了国际劳工组织(劳工组织)、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)、联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)、国际电信联盟(国际电联)、联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)、和平大学、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(禁毒办)、联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)和世界银行为执行关于执行《和平文化宣言和行动纲领》的第65/11号决议而开展的活动。 这些活动分为八节,与《和平文化行动纲领》确定的八项行动相对应。", "A类. 通过教育促进和平文化的行动", "2. 联合国 在1974年《关于国际了解、合作、和平和与人权和基本自由有关的教育的建议》的框架内,教科文组织继续通过教育促进和平文化,支持其成员国提供高质量的包容性教育,以促进和平、人权、宽容、跨文化理解、民主、非暴力和尊重等价值观。", "3个 教科文组织同有关伙伴协作,加强会员国的能力,将基于人权的方法纳入其教育系统,办法是制订有关核心价值的能力的实用准则,如人权、和平与容忍、成员国的可持续发展教育,并传播良好做法。 这包括为推广适合文化和语言的学习材料提供支助和政策咨询。 本组织还开发了相关专题的教学和学习资源、手册和准则,如学习共同生活、人权和儿童权利、和平与民主、两性平等以及防止校园暴力等。", "4. 教科文组织继续通过其附属网络和研究所,包括教科文组织联系学校网络、教科文组织教席和大学结对和联网方案以及设在首尔的亚太文化间理解教育中心,通过高级别国际和区域政策论坛,倡导和平、人权、文化间理解和大屠杀纪念教育。 旨在动员国家和人民支持和平的活动的杰出例子也得到了奖励。 2010年菲利克斯·乌弗埃-博瓦尼和平奖颁给阿根廷非政府组织\"五月广场外祖母\",以表彰其30多年来为追求人权,正义与和平而作的不懈努力. 还为2011年Goi和平基金会青年国际论文比赛提供了支助。", "5 (韩语). 通过一个全组织的部门间文化间对话和和平文化平台的创新模式,取得了一些具体成果。 重要成就包括将现已完成的一般历史和区域历史数字化,46个非洲国家的代表采纳了从非洲一般历史中得出的共同商定的教学内容。 开展了一项区域间和不同信仰间研究,以分析全世界青年之间当代宗教间对话的做法,并用阿拉伯文、英文、法文和西班牙文广泛散发了出版物《制止校园暴力——教师指南》。 和平力量网络为不同国家和区域的一些项目提供了支助,例如青年广播倡议“连接文化”,巴勒斯坦/大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国联合制作的录像“我们的日常生活”,以及赞比亚的在线辩论节目和竞赛“这是我的生活......”。 和平力量网络还与南非罗得大学合作,为冲突敏感报告课程和相关培训讲习班系列做出了贡献。", "6. 国家 在纪念国际青年年(2010年)的机会基础上,在提高对青年发展问题以及青年在支持国家发展及和平与非暴力文化方面的作用的认识方面取得了进展。 作为机构间青年发展网络的共同主席,教科文组织支持通过并实施了联合国庆祝国际青年年的框架办法、联合国各实体主管关于国际青年年的联合声明以及联合国对世界青年会议(2010年8月,墨西哥城)的联合投入。 教科文组织还通过同体育运动建立伙伴关系,提高人们对体育在青年发展和社区行动以及在建设和平与非暴力文化方面的重要性的认识。 这包括与国际奥林匹克委员会一起组织了第七届体育、教育和文化世界会议:“为青年发声”(南非德班,2010年12月)。 拉丁美洲和加勒比以及独立国家联合体为研究提供了支助,以向会员国提供资料来拟订有关青年的政策和方案,包括预防青年暴力的政策和方案。 还向太平洋小岛屿发展中国家提供政策咨询,以制定现实和可实现的面向行动的青年政策文件。", "7. 联合国 为了应对青年面临的具体挑战,粮农组织继续支持几个非洲国家(亚洲和中东)的 \" 青年农民田地和生活学校 \" 办法。 这种办法将支持职业教育培训机会与促进就业结合起来。 以农业日历为生活模式,青年学习农业技能,同时学习相应的生活教训,如设定目标、个人成长空间的重要性以及团队精神。 还有一个面向就业的部分,鼓励和促进毕业生融入农民联合会和工会,以便他们获得资源并将其产品投放市场。", "8. 联合国 人居署与包括教科文组织在内的联合国其他机构一道,通过其加强城市安全方案,加强了城市发展对最易受伤害的青年群体的重点,利用他们的社会资本来增加处境不利社区和街区内的机会,包括学校和积极的公民意识。 通过这一方案,正在建立一个全球更安全城市网络,以加强全球和平文化运动。", "9. 国家 难民署继续通过难民署为难民青年提供教育和体育。 900万运动,2010年惠及46万人,在20个国家促进和平与非暴力文化。 所有项目都加强了难民和收容社区之间的共存,一些项目还减少了招募失学青年入伍的风险。 方案报告显示,体育在打击破坏性行为、艾滋病毒、药物滥用以及性暴力和基于性别的暴力等方面有重大影响。 75%的项目特别针对失学青年和女孩,如果有机会,他们可以在一个国家的和平、重建和繁荣中发挥关键作用。", "10个 难民署在一些国家开展工作,通过促进对外国人,包括难民的容忍和尊重,执行旨在减少仇外心理的方案。 它最近在拉丁美洲发起了一项运动,主题是 \" 让我们站在难民和流离失所者的一边,迈出第一步来了解他们的处境 \" ,以促进对难民和流离失所者的容忍和当地融合。", "11个 大会1980年授权和平大学向人类提供和平教育,该大学通过其教育和能力建设方案,积极努力建设和平文化。 它通过安排与其他大学的伙伴关系和交流方案以及启动在线远程学习教学方案,包括和平研究中独特的、完整的在线硕士课程,向更广泛的受众进行宣传。", "12个 儿童基金会为以权利为基础、有利于儿童的教育制度和学校制定了一个框架,其特点是“包容、健康和保护所有儿童”。 若干国家采用这种对儿童友好的学校教育办法来处理对儿童的暴力行为并促进和平教育。 学校作为照顾和支助中心,为处境最不利的儿童,特别是孤儿和受暴力侵害的儿童提供急需的服务。 这些服务包括水、环境卫生和个人卫生(WASH)、儿童热线、学校供餐和学校保健,并与父母、警察和儿童本身参与学校管理相结合。 2010年批准的儿童基金会与国际儿童帮助热线之间的协议使东部和南部非洲区域的11个国家受益。 与这些协定有关的成果包括设立免费儿童热线号码、短信息服务/在线咨询以及正在进行的儿童保护绘图工作。", "13个 由于最边缘化、贫穷和处境不利的人也是吸毒和吸毒成瘾的风险增加的人,联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处通过其减少需求项目帮助他们建设和平与非暴力文化。 这些项目的重点是利用循证方法预防、治疗和护理药物滥用,促进人们了解吸毒和吸毒成瘾是一种可在保健系统内有效解决的健康障碍。 预防方案,例如生活技能培训、家庭技能培训和与工作场所有关的方案,有助于建立更健康、更安全的社区,为和平社会作出贡献。 全面的药物依赖治疗和护理服务是受药物使用和依赖影响的人康复和重新融入社会的有力工具,使他们能够为建设和维持和平作出贡献。", "B. 促进可持续经济和社会发展的行动", "14个 作为2005-2014年联合国教育促进可持续发展十年的牵头机构,教科文组织正在支持会员国将可持续发展的原则、价值观和做法纳入包容性教育政策和计划的设计和制定,包括气候变化教育、教师发展政策、教科书和课程的修订以及教学方法的更新。 它还倡导对文化多样性的坚定承诺。 自上个报告期以来,与伊斯兰教育、科学和文化组织合作,开发了以水为重点的可持续发展教育多视角学习工具,不久将在实地进行测试。 此外,教科文组织还在一些会员国(特别是马尔代夫和越南)发展了气候变化教育能力,并为在墨西哥坎昆举行的联合国气候变化会议(COP16)作出了贡献。 国际生物多样性年和生物多样性公约缔约方第十届会议(2010年10月27日至29日,日本内戈亚)为进一步同联系学校网络、教科文组织可持续发展教育主席网络、世界生物圈保护区网络以及人与生物圈方案合作提供了许多机会。 教科文组织还支持最不发达国家实现可持续发展目标,并为2011年5月9日至13日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议通过的《行动纲领》作出了贡献。", "15个 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处努力减少贫穷,以此作为其替代发展活动和非法作物减少方案的一部分,办法是开展农场和非农场活动,为农民提供合法的创收机会并基于市场需求。 难民署努力通过提供技术援助来提高粮食生产力,特别是通过提供高产、抗病种子以及协助建立和管理粮食银行来促进粮食安全。", "16号. 粮农组织帮助增强农村穷人的能力,使其充分融入发展进程,因此,通过 \" 农村人民教育 \" 旗舰伙伴关系,他们更容易卷入冲突。 粮农组织通过这一包括400个成员(政府、政府间组织、民间社会和学术界)的伙伴关系,帮助将农村人口教育纳入国家发展计划的主流,并制作了若干出版物和工具包。", "17. 粮农组织在非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的28个国家开展了行动,触及了900多万人的生活。 项目得到了欧洲联盟粮食基金提供的3.15多亿美元的资助。", "18岁。 近东救济工程处继续执行大规模减贫方案,并为穷人中的最贫穷者执行紧急供餐方案。 工程处的社会安全网方案通过每季度向整个区域近300 000名难民发放小额现金补贴和食品包,向赤贫家庭提供了一定程度的支助。 此外,工程处还向受冲突和自然灾害影响的人提供粮食、现金和紧急就业机会等紧急支助。 这些紧急干预正在加沙地带、西岸和黎巴嫩进行,整个区域成千上万的有需要的受益者接受了其中一项或多项干预。", "19. 人居署继续确保穷人获得负担得起的适当住房,帮助改善贫民窟,并系统防止贫民窟的形成。 所采取的行动是执行理事会的一项决议,以制定一项新的全球住房战略,其中考虑到提供适当和可持续住房和基本基础设施的挑战,以及需要将住房政策纳入更广泛的城市规划战略和政府行动,并与其他社会、经济和环境政策相配合。", "C. 促进尊重所有人权的行动", "20号. 教科文组织继续通过努力执行大会2004年通过的《世界人权教育方案》(见大会第59/113 A号决议)来积极促进受教育权。 编写了一系列材料,以协助会员国将和平与人权教育纳入学校系统,包括出版《当代人权教育问题》。 还与教科文组织国家委员会和教科文组织联系学校项目网络10个国家的国家协调员合作,制作了一部题为 \" 人权教育青年谈话 \" 的短片。 影片从人权教育的角度展现了当今学校中年轻人所关注的与性别平等、暴力、和平和文化多样性相关的问题和挑战。", "21岁 为了加强人权领域的宣传、能力建设和以政策为导向的行动,教科文组织协助在联合国发展集团新的人权主流化机制的框架内收集和设计了培训材料。 该机制旨在提高联合国在制定联合国发展援助框架时,特别是在国家一级对方案拟订采取以人权为基础的办法的效力。", "22号. 在本报告所述期间编写的其他人权培训材料包括题为《通过人权诉讼赋予穷人权力》的手册主编;教科文组织关于将免于贫穷作为一项人权的先行文献集四卷,其中对贫穷问题进行了多层面分析。", "23. 联合国 作为教科文组织提高人权意识努力的一部分,总干事在人权日(12月10日)向巴基斯坦的阿斯玛·贾汉吉尔颁发了教科文组织/毕尔巴鄂促进人权文化奖,以表彰她为促进宗教间和文化间对话、宽容、相互理解与合作以促进和平所作出的承诺和贡献。", "24 (韩语). 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处通过其艾滋病毒预防、治疗、护理和支助方案处理与人权和两性平等有关的问题。 2010年,本组织向大约40个国家提供支助,以进行与艾滋病毒和监狱环境、艾滋病毒和注射毒品使用者以及易被贩运人口有关的法律和政策审查。 在至少49个国家,办事处提供了技术支持,以根据人权条约和相关国际标准,为监狱环境、注射毒品使用者和易被贩运人口制定基于人权的、促进两性平等和公平的艾滋病政策和方案。", "25岁 近东救济工程处通过教育、保健和社会服务、基础设施和难民营改善方案以及小额供资,为巴勒斯坦难民实现各种社会经济权利作出了贡献。 教育服务最为突出。 近500 000名儿童继续在近东救济工程处全区域近700所学校接受教育,由工程处近20 000名教职员工授课。", "D. 确保男女平等的行动", "26. 教科文组织致力于确保男女平等,通过在其所有领域采取行动,优先追求性别平等,在2008-2013年中期战略中被定为两个全球优先事项之一。 2008-2013年基于成果的性别平等优先行动计划得到了教科文组织执行局的认可,其中介绍了教科文组织各方案部门为赋予妇女权力和两性平等所要采取的行动。", "27个 为了加强教科文组织通过优质教育增强女童和妇女权能的努力,总干事于2011年5月26日在一个高级别论坛上发起了一个新的全球女童和妇女教育伙伴关系,联合国秘书长潘基文、孟加拉国总理和马里总理、美国国务卿以及非政府组织代表和商界领袖出席了会议。 教科文组织的 \" 女童和妇女教育全球伙伴关系 \" , \" 更美好的生活,更美好的未来 \" ,由一个高级别小组支持,重点是通过同诺基亚、宝洁和甘布尔、GEMS教育、微软、苹果(澳门)和帕卡德基金会等公司的伙伴关系,帮助文盲或半文盲少女,扩大妇女的扫盲方案。 有些项目已在非洲和亚洲启动。", "28岁 教科文组织制订了促进妇女参与解决冲突、建设和平与重建以及处理基于性别的暴力的倡议,特别是通过拉马拉的巴勒斯坦妇女研究和文献中心、金沙萨的2类妇女、两性平等和大湖区建设和平区域研究和文献中心及其国际妇女哲学家网络。", "29. 国家 为了支持和鼓励来自各种文化背景的年轻妇女从事科学领域的工作,本组织通过教科文组织荷兰德尔夫特水教育研究所为妇女提供科学方面的能力发展和培训机会,通过教科文组织欧莱雅伙伴关系为青年女科学家提供研究金,并建立和加强新的女科学家协会和网络。", "30岁。 还通过保存和管理文化、自然和无形遗产方面的教育和培训方案,促进妇女政治和社会赋权。 还优先考虑妇女手工业工人,协助她们发展小企业,以提高社会经济效益。 此外,在国家一级,在“一体行动,履行使命”的背景下,在艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防和护理以及产妇保健方面,制定了对文化敏感并促进两性平等的政策和行动。", "31岁 联合国通过其基于社区的信息扫盲运动,加强了妇女获得和使用信息和通信技术促进发展和终生学习,特别是可持续生计的能力。 例如,教科文组织与Bunyad基金会和移动电话公司Mobilink共同发起的流动扫盲试点方案,通过该方案建立了50个社区学习中心,1 250名文盲妇女获得了基本的扫盲技能。", "32. 联合国 粮农组织继续把性别问题纳入农业和农村发展方案的主流,为决策者和技术人员举办性别问题培训和提高认识活动,以支持他们制订和执行对性别问题敏感的方案和项目,解决农业和粮食安全方面的性别差距,并特别强调获得和控制生产资源以及加强体制。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 近东救济工程处促进两性平等,确保女孩和妇女平等获得其所有服务,支持妇女职业培训中心,并制订目标明确的方案来促进妇女的权利和机会。 在整个区域的难民营中设立了一些妇女方案中心,向妇女提供服务。 还通过加沙的 \" 行动平等 \" 方案向妇女提供机会,还通过小额供资和微型企业方案制定了针对女企业家的具体贷款计划。", "34. 妇女署通过其2011-2013年战略计划中反映的五个专题优先事项的活动,支持会员国和联合国系统各实体实现性别平等和增强妇女权能:(a) 扩大妇女领导和参与;(b) 终止暴力侵害妇女行为;(c) 加强执行妇女与和平与安全议程;(d) 加强赋予妇女经济权能;(e) 将性别平等优先事项作为国家各级规划和预算编制的核心。", "35. 联合国 劳工组织通过提供咨询服务、培训、工具开发、宣传和支持收集、制作和传播工作场所两性平等问题的良好做法来促进两性平等。 在国家一级,它监督针对不同性别的技术合作方案,以解决男女在工作领域所关切的问题,并努力把性别问题纳入劳工组织工作的技术领域。 它还在劳工组织成员中试行参与性性别审计。", "页:1 促进民主参与的行动", "36. (中文(简体) ). 教科文组织通过若干倡议促进民主参与,包括阿拉伯和亚洲关于民主和社会正义的哲学对话、阿拉伯世界和非洲关于民主和人权的对话,以及黎巴嫩比布鲁斯国际人类科学中心的研究。 此外,它还支持制定有利于自由和独立的媒体立法,对记者和媒体专业人员进行无党派和独立报道技巧的培训,特别是在冲突和冲突后地区,并协助媒体报道选举。", "37. 联合国 为了配合阿拉伯世界一些国家向民主的过渡,教科文组织最近的倡议侧重于促进埃及青年的公民参与;加强新闻自由,在埃及和突尼斯培训记者,向媒体专业人员提供选举前援助,包括与法国广播电视公司和欧洲广播联盟共同举办支持突尼斯和埃及广播媒体的国际会议;在贝鲁特举办关于设计、监测和评价阿拉伯世界社会保护的能力建设区域讲习班。 此外,还举行了一次主题为“阿拉伯世界的民主与复兴”的国际圆桌会议,来自阿拉伯世界的知识分子和专家聚集一堂,讨论如何向民主过渡。 根据这次重要圆桌会议的结论,教科文组织制定了路线图,旨在配合阿拉伯世界向民主过渡。", "F. 促进理解、容忍和团结的行动", "38. 国家 在领导2010年国际文化和睦年的过程中,教科文组织利用其60多来的经验,促进“人民的相互了解和理解”。 国际年的主要目标是帮助消除由于无知、偏见和排斥而造成的任何混乱,这些混乱造成紧张、不安全、暴力和冲突。 其任务是通过承认不同文化间交流的重要性以及不同文化间建立的联系来展示文化多样性的好处。 其目的是将对话原则纳入各级政策,以营造有利于文化和睦的环境,从而加强各国人民之间的和谐关系。", "39. 联合国 发起国际年的进程得到若干补充倡议的推动。 几个国际年(国际生物多样性年、国际青年年和非洲人后裔国际年)和世界日(如世界哲学日和世界文化多样性促进对话和发展日)的并行庆祝活动,使所讨论的主题得以深化和趋同。", " 40. 40. 该行动计划包括四个主题,以方便会员国、政府间组织和非政府组织对国际年的所有权:(a) 促进对文化、族裔、语言和宗教多样性的相互了解;(b) 为共同的价值观建立一个框架;(c) 加强优质教育并建设跨文化能力;(d) 促进促进可持续发展的对话。 这些主题的基础是文化平等尊严、相互尊重和加强国际合作以实现持久和平的原则。", "41. 国家 会员国和伙伴(包括不同文明联盟和民间社会的相关利益攸关方)为庆祝国际年而组织的具体活动(总共将近1 000个)见教科文组织网站(http://www.unesco.org/en/2010-international-year- for-the-rapprochement-of-cultures)。", "42. 国家 国际年有助于在广泛、多样和主要是年轻受众中提高对文化多样性财富及其必然产生的文化间对话的认识,以此作为和睦的一部分。 出现了一个中心思想:在新的国际格局中,必须更多地考虑到文化多样性、对话、发展、安全与和平之间的联系。 这些相互依存的概念应当为建设和平与非暴力文化的新办法提供参考。 只有满足基本先决条件,即平等、正义、减贫和尊重人权,对话才能有效。", "43. 东帝汶 为了促进对21世纪和平新层面的反思,教科文组织总干事设立了一个和平与文化间对话高级别小组。 高级别小组由来自世界各区域的决策者、知识分子和艺术家组成,开会规划通往和平的新途径。 其主要任务是补充教科文组织在这一领域的工作,并反映各区域和广大利益攸关方的各种观点。 高级别小组第一次会议于2010年2月18日在巴黎举行,以启动2010年国际文化和睦年(见A/65/299,附件)。 高级别小组于2011年3月11日在纽约再次举行会议,讨论“建设和平:通过教育、科学、文化和通信的力量实现和解”。 该次会议的报告可在教科文组织网站(http://www.unesco.org/en/2011-international-year- for-the-rapprochement-of-cultures/high-panel-on-peace-on-and-dialogue-among-cultures/second-meeting-of-the-high-panel-11-march-2011/)上查阅。", "44. 国家 教科文组织还根据大会2001年通过的《不同文明对话全球议程》及其《行动纲领》(第56/6号决议)以及教科文组织理事机构制定的方向,通过促进不同文明和文化之间的对话,为和平、相互理解和社会融合作出贡献。", "45. 国家 在与不同文明联盟签署的谅解备忘录(2010年5月,里约)框架内,教科文组织在西班牙的资助下,实施了跨文化 Vademecum方案。 该方案侧重于五个项目,旨在加强阿拉伯-穆斯林社会与欧洲社会之间的联系,以增进相互了解。 这些项目是:", "(a) 穆斯林/阿拉伯文明的科学、哲学、文学和艺术动画及其对西方哲学和文化复兴的贡献。 人类学是供教师、学生和一般公众用来展示不同文化间历史观的工具,将穆斯林/阿拉伯世界和西方团结起来;", "(b) 对穆斯林/阿拉伯文明的哲学研究:叙述路线、遭遇、桥梁和对话。 这需要制作教育工具,以说明穆斯林/阿拉伯文明内部和通过穆斯林/阿拉伯文明进行对话和交流的情况,并面向中学教师;", "(c) 阐明相互关系并开展对话:博物馆是发展跨文化技能的公民空间。 该项目的重点是制定交流历史文化间交流的博物馆学方法;", "(d) 青年艺术家促进阿拉伯和西方世界之间的文化间对话。 该项目旨在表彰青年艺术家在支持阿拉伯/西方对话方面取得的创造性成就;", "(e) 和平力量网络:和平报告。 该网络是一个互动平台,力求利用创新机制来通过媒体以及信息和通信技术来促进和平。", "46. 经常预算: 此外,教科文组织/大学结对和联网方案与不同文明联盟密切合作,在巴西、中国、埃及、西班牙、美利坚合众国和加勒比区域的六所大学建立了一个网络,将媒体和信息扫盲与文化间对话联系起来。 活动将包括促进有关媒体和信息知识的国际和跨文化研究、会议、出版物、培训活动和内容制作,以及将其应用于跨文化、宗教间对话和全球合作。", "47. 国家 为了促进非洲之角民间社会对话,教科文组织与大非洲之角地平线论坛合作,该论坛是一个独立的研究政策论坛,有来自该区域和散居国外的研究人员参加,组织了一个青年部长会议(2010年12月,吉布提)。 会议审查了现有的研究,并确定了每个成员国的政策建议。", " 48. 48. 此外,教科文组织还支持了2011年4月非洲和美洲关于“非洲及其散居地”的区域间哲学对话。 这次会议是在非洲裔人国际年(2011年)框架内举办的,来自非洲、非洲散居地和美洲的哲学家聚集一堂,应对当代的挑战。 对话促进了非洲、拉丁美洲、加勒比和北美哲学家网络的建立,目的是加强学术合作和能力建设,包括通过学生交流方案。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在中亚,通过建立一个文化门户,作为与欧洲在艺术和文化领域开展合作和对话的工具,并通过由国际中亚研究所和国际游牧文明研究所所开发的各种活动(推广、会议、科学研究和出版物),促进了文化间对话。", " 50. 50. 在东南欧,通过在前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国奥赫里德(2003年)、地拉那(2004年)、保加利亚瓦尔纳(2005年)、克罗地亚奥帕蒂哈(2006年)、布加勒斯特(2007年6月)、雅典(2008年6月)、黑山塞蒂涅(2009年)和土耳其伊斯坦布尔(2010年)组织一系列区域会议,支持了国家元首之间的文化间对话,这些会议旨在以国际合作为基础对未来形成共同愿景。 2011年首脑会议将在塞尔维亚举行。", "51. 联合国 就以色列和巴勒斯坦领土而言,成立了一个性别均衡的联合(以巴)学术委员会,由以色列和巴勒斯坦不同大学、研究机构和智囊团的成员组成。 委员会将共同努力,争取在以色列人和巴勒斯坦人内部和之间实现并增进对话和学术合作。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 还通过与罗马大学合作推出的2010-2011年大学合作方案“社会科学和人道主义事务硕士”第三版,促进了中东的建设和平和文化间理解。 该方案促进以色列和巴勒斯坦大学师生之间的学术交流与合作。", "53. 联合国 教科文组织提倡以科学促进和平和非暴力,作为文化间对话与合作的工具,帮助防止对自然资源如淡水和可耕地的潜在冲突,并应对复杂的全球环境和发展挑战。 为此,它向以色列巴勒斯坦科学组织提供了技术支持,该组织为巴勒斯坦和以色列科学家共同开展联合科学项目提供了机会。 它还向马耳他会议系列提供支助,使中东和相邻区域的科学家聚集一堂,讨论与该区域化学研究和教育有关的问题,并共同寻求大家都满意的解决办法。 该系列的第五次会议于2011年12月在教科文组织总部举行,主题是“化学科学前沿:中东的研究和教育:通向和平与国际发展的桥梁”。 “", "54. 联合国 教科文组织通过其人与生物圈方案,支持各国建立跨界生物圈保护区,以促进在与适应气候变化、生物多样性丧失、可持续发展和生态旅游有关的问题上的和解、文化间对话、和平与合作。 拉丁美洲、欧洲和非洲的15个国家有10个这种储备。 在2011年6月举行的国际协调理事会上次会议上,该方案批准了萨尔瓦多/危地马拉/洪都拉斯的 \" 三菲尼奥兄弟会 \" 生物圈保护区,这是中美洲第一个三国生物圈保护区。", "55. 国家 教科文组织通过其“从潜在冲突到合作潜力”方案,促进多层次和跨学科对话,以促进和平、合作和与管理共有跨界水资源有关的发展。 该方案试图通过加强利益攸关方管理跨界水资源的能力来提高水的安全性,以便预测、预防和解决水冲突。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 还提高了对通过每年11月10日世界和平与发展科学日纪念活动来推动科学促进和平重要性的认识。", "G. 支持参与性传播和信息自由流动的行动", "57. 萨尔瓦多 教科文组织继续开展关键的能力建设行动,强调媒体在对话、民主和发展进程以及在保护人权方面发挥的有益作用。 媒体专业人员在新闻安全、冲突敏感报道和选举报道方面的能力得到增强。", "58. 联合国 通过2010年的几项活动提高了对言论自由和获得信息的认识。 2010年世界新闻自由日的重点是“信息自由:知情权”。 2010年世界新闻自由日澳大利亚国际会议的与会者通过了《布里斯班宣言》,呼吁各国政府通过信息自由法,并着重指出独立和多元化媒体作为以人权为基础的善治和发展基本要素的重要性。 至少100个国家庆祝了2010年世界新闻自由日。 教科文组织/Guillermo Cano奖颁给Mónica González Mujica,以表彰她在智利独裁统治期间的调查性新闻工作。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 向从事言论自由领域工作的政府间组织和非政府组织提供了支助,特别是在打击针对记者的犯罪和暴力行为不受惩罚现象方面。 教科文组织继续支持国际言论自由交流网络,特别是为发展中国家和转型期国家的群体提供支持,以促进更好地保护新闻自由和记者权利。 2010年,媒体专业人员的安全是一个令人严重关切的问题,教科文组织总干事谴责杀害62名记者的行为。 国际通信发展方案理事会通过了一项关于记者安全和有罪不罚问题的决定,呼吁各国政府向教科文组织报告它们对杀害记者事件的调查。", "60. 联合国 通过国际通信发展方案的支助,在61个发展中国家启动了83个项目,协助会员国发展自由、独立和多元化的媒体。 2010年,墨西哥社区广播电台La voz de los campesinos和埃及记者Amr Mamdouh Ellisy共同获得教科文组织-国际农村通信发展方案奖。", "61. 国家 教科文组织继续通过在19个国家实施社区无线电项目来推广社区无线电和社区多媒体中心。 在管理、可持续性、节目编制和社区参与领域,共确定了50个最佳社区无线电做法,并向世界社区广播员协会提供支助,为社区无线电运营商制定共同业务守则。 在教科文组织的支持下,印度的社区无线电政策审查导致建议设立一个国家公共基金来支助社区媒体的发展。", "62. 联合国 根据教科文组织的卓越新闻培训标准,加强了媒体培训和新闻教育机构的能力,51个国家的63个新闻培训机构修改了教科文组织新闻教育示范课程。", "63. 国家 教科文组织还通过协助制定国家信息政策框架,特别是在人人享有信息方案的框架内,促进信息的普及。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 粮农组织支持利用农村电台、参与性录像、印刷和视听工具等媒体,使农村人民更多地参与和拥有发展举措。 粮农组织通过其“弥合农村数字鸿沟以减少贫穷和粮食不安全”方案,努力加强农村地区的人力和机构能力,利用各种媒体来利用和交流信息,以减少贫穷和确保粮食安全。", "65. 国家 国际电联于2008年启动了 \" 儿童在线保护 \" 倡议,以提高人们对在线保护儿童重要性的认识,教育公众并制订准则,包括儿童本身的准则。 该倡议还正在制定互操作性技术标准,以在线保护儿童,帮助各国设立国家热线并制定国家战略和立法程序。 国际电联还在2011年世界青年和平首脑会议期间,通过一个主题为“技术之声:以青年和上网为重点”的小组,并在联合国青年问题高级别会议期间举办了主题为“信息技术是和平、人权和发展的催化剂”的活动,促进信息和通信技术作为和平催化剂的作用。", "H. 促进国际和平与安全的行动", "66. (中文(简体) ). 教科文组织通过一个专门的部门间平台向处于冲突后和灾后局势中的国家提供支助。 该平台协助各国重建教育系统,目标是实现全民教育;提供政策咨询和专门知识,以化解因自然资源而可能产生的冲突;振兴国内研究设施;将防灾和减灾工作,特别是预警系统,纳入冲突后和灾后对策;并保护和修复被破坏的文化和自然遗产。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,向受自然灾害(即海地地震、贝宁和巴基斯坦水灾、印度尼西亚海啸和火山爆发、日本地震和海啸)影响的会员国提供了支助。 它还支持冲突后国家,如阿富汗、刚果民主共和国、伊拉克、巴勒斯坦被占领土和西非一些国家。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 本组织参加了人道主义事务协调厅发出的26项呼吁中的16项,特别是针对海地地震和巴基斯坦水灾的救灾行动。 它还开始执行联合国国家工作队10个联合方案中的8个方案,预计根据西班牙实现千年发展目标基金“解决冲突和建设和平”专题窗口拨款830万美元(巴西、智利、哥斯达黎加、刚果民主共和国、危地马拉、海地、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、墨西哥、黎巴嫩和巴拿马)。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 应所有危机后非洲国家的要求,特别是通过其紧急和重建教育方案,支助了与联合国伙伴,特别是难民署和非洲区域组织的联合活动。 2008年,在教科文组织主管的科特迪瓦领域启动了冲突后全面支助方案,在有具体需要的国家(吉布提、利比里亚、塞拉利昂和苏丹)建立了天线。 在区域和次区域一级,教科文组织还按照非洲联盟冲突后重建和发展框架,并作为联合国区域协调机制的一部分,向非洲联盟和区域组织的倡议提供支助。", "70. 联合国 教科文组织还于2011年发表了关于“隐藏的危机:教育中的武装冲突”的《全民教育全球监测报告》,其中审查了冲突对全民教育目标的破坏性后果。 它提出了在冲突期间保护教育权的议程,加强对受冲突影响的儿童、青年和成人的援助,并重建刚刚摆脱冲突国家的教育系统。 它借鉴了许多国家的经验,确定了各种问题并提出了解决办法,可以帮助教育成为促进和平、社会融合和人的尊严的力量。", "71. 联合国 为了通过进一步努力让多方利益有关者参与不同文化之间的对话来推动国际和平与安全,教科文组织同广泛的伙伴和组织进行了协商,以确定采取联合行动和建立伙伴关系的可能性。", "72. 教科文组织还参加了联合国机构间反恐怖主义工作队,并最近提交了一份供资提案,以制定和执行方案,支持预防冲突,促进和平教育,并为消除暴力极端主义在尼日利亚的吸引力作出贡献。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 难民署通过其阿尔贝特·爱因斯坦德国难民学术倡议奖学金方案,促进重建、建设和平和国家建设教育,2010年,37个国家的1 900名学生通过该方案推进了大学学业。 通过增强自力更生和发展人力资本,达福基金会为难民树立了榜样,为持久解决提供了便利,并为学生提供了对重建、建设和平和国家建设至关重要的技能。", "74. 国家 粮农组织在冲突后国家协调了若干行动计划,以支持冲突后局势中的农业发展和粮食安全,并参与制定冲突后需要评估的农业方面,由联合国发展业务协调办公室协调。", "75. 国家 儿童基金会支助了儿童友好空间,这些空间将学习与游戏、同伴社会化和表达活动结合起来,在阿富汗、阿尔巴尼亚、安哥拉、哥伦比亚、萨尔瓦多、海地、科索沃、利比里亚、东帝汶和土耳其的儿童保护空间内。 儿童基金会还支持在尼泊尔制定全部门办法,为建立更公平的制度和增强凝聚力作出贡献。 2006年开始实施的紧急情况下教育和危机后过渡方案支持儿童基金会在39个国家和地区的教育方案。 冲突是紧急情况下教育和危机后过渡干预措施资助的许多国家的一个特点。 它同负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室合作,通过根据安全理事会第1612(2005)号决议于2005年设立的武装冲突中严重侵犯儿童问题监测和报告机制,记录了22个国家局势中严重侵犯儿童的行为。 这些资料载于秘书长的年度报告,其中列出了犯下严重违法行为的各方。", "76. 人居署支持48个国家执行改善获得土地和住房的政策,包括在危机后重建领域。 其中15个国家获得了危机后重建的支助,6个在非洲和阿拉伯国家区域,8个在亚洲和太平洋,1个在东欧和中欧。", "77. 国家 劳工组织向处于冲突后局势的国家提供技术援助,以展示以就业为重点的应对建设和平挑战的实效。 它还为各国政府、雇主组织和工人组织(劳工组织的三方成员)提供能力建设,以促进体面工作和社会正义。 它通过培训、提供咨询(包括劳工数据和统计、劳工法和重建)并散发有关出版物来进行能力建设。 这还包括在捐助方和伙伴机构以及媒体中倡导就业在建设和平中的核心地位。", "78. 国家 世界银行最近发表了《2011年世界发展报告:冲突、安全与发展》,其中强调体制合法性对于支持国家-社会契约的重要性,以及投资于公民安全、司法和就业以减少暴力的必要性。 它致力于在2011年《世界发展报告》中落实关键信息,包括加强与在脆弱局势中工作的主要行为体,尤其是与联合国各基金、方案和机构的伙伴关系。", "二. 促进和平与非暴力文化的未来行动", "79. 联合国 在2001-2010世界儿童和平非暴力文化国际十年和国际文化和睦年(2010年)所汲取经验教训的基础上,教科文组织正同其会员国协商,制定综合的部门间和跨学科《和平文化与非暴力行动纲领》。 本《行动纲领》旨在进一步加强在国家、区域和国际各级促进和平与非暴力文化的全球运动。", "80个 根据教科文组织执行局2011年5月关于编制本组织2012-2013年方案和预算草案的决定,将针对以下领域采取现实的行动:", "(a) 加强和平与非暴力文化教育,以实现文化间团结、代际对话和相互理解,促进和解与建设和平;", "(b) 促进将自然科学作为一种通用语言和文化间对话、交流及和平的工具;", "(c) 强调社会和人文科学在促进普遍价值、民主和人权方面的作用;", "(d) 强调文化多样性、文化间对话和各种形式的遗产对相互理解与和解的关键作用;", "(e) 通过强调青年使用新媒体,探索媒体作为和解、容忍和文化间理解工具提供的机会。", "81个 它将设法在全球、区域、分区域和国家各级调动所有相关利益攸关方。 它还将利用教科文组织在教育、科学、文化和通信及信息方面的多学科专门知识,以制定创新方案,在促进和平与非暴力文化方面取得高成效。", "82. 《行动纲领》将由一个专门的和平与非暴力文化跨部门平台执行和管理。 该平台还将负责执行沙特阿拉伯王国发起的“阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹和平与对话文化国际方案”,该方案捐助了500万美元。", "三. 建议", "83个 大会不妨考虑采取下列行动:", "(a) 国家 探讨是否有可能协调就涉及和平文化、文化多样性、容忍、相互理解、和睦和非暴力以及文化间对话等所有问题向大会提出报告,包括宗教间对话,以加强政策一致性;", "(b) 呼吁联合国发展集团,包括其区域小组和所有联合国国家工作队,将侧重于促进和平与非暴力文化的方案构成部分,包括酌情包括预防和解决冲突以及冲突后和解的方案构成部分,纳入共同国家方案拟订工作和文件,主要是联合国发展援助框架;", "(c) 请联合国系统职员学院在这方面制定培训单元和学习材料,并为联合国国家工作队提供培训讲习班,以建立协同作用、一致性和协调,使国家工作队能够更好地应对具体国家的需求;", "(d) 设立一个和平与非暴力文化机构间工作组,以讨论共同倡议,并审议制定附有目标和可衡量预期成果的行进图,并监测这些努力的执行情况;", "(e) 欢迎教科文组织努力建立国家和区域机制,例如文化间论坛,从人权角度来强调文化间对话和文化多样性的好处,以打击暴力和在日常生活中建设和平,并请会员国在致力于和平文化的背景下继续这些努力;", "(f) 鼓励会员国在积极促进文化间对话并致力于促进可持续发展与和平的组织之间建立联系,为和平共处创造出新的动力。" ]

[ "Letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that, under the presidency of India, the Security Council is scheduled to hold an open debate on the subject of United Nations peacekeeping operations on Friday, 26 August 2011. In order to help steer the discussions on the subject, India has prepared the attached concept note, entitled “Peacekeeping: taking stock and preparing for the future” (see annex).", "I would be grateful if the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) H. S. Puri Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Indian presidency of the Security Council August 2011", "Peacekeeping: taking stock and preparing for the future A concept note", "Peacekeeping, a term that does not exist in the Charter of the United Nations, has become a central enterprise of the United Nations. It consumes more resources, employs more people and occupies a greater share of the Security Council’s time than any single other issue. No other Council instrument has had a greater impact on the provenance and application of international law and international humanitarian law as its peacekeeping mandates. Peacekeeping represents, better than any other collective endeavour, the concept of Member States cooperating in the maintenance of international peace and security.", "In the last two decades, peacekeeping budgets have increased approximately 27 times; the number of peacekeepers has grown about tenfold and the number of peacekeeping operations is at an all-time high. Despite serious shortcomings and abundant imperfections, it is evident that peacekeeping and peacekeepers have delivered results. The adoption of the mantle of peacekeeping by other international and regional security organizations, to describe out-of-area deployments, is another indicator of its success.", "There have been several generations of peacekeeping operations. In the first five decades of their existence, United Nations peacekeeping missions were largely truce supervision operations or involved the interposition of military peacekeepers between combatants. Thereafter, peacekeeping missions changed dramatically in size, scope and nature. They were often deployed in the context of conflict within States (as opposed to conflict between States). Mandates expanded to include enforcement of certain norms and the assumption of certain functions usually undertaken by State authorities (e.g. elections, administration of justice, law enforcement). The Council also began to generate mandates that invoked Chapter VI and Chapter VII of the Charter jointly. This meant that the number of situations where force could be used, or was required to be used, by peacekeepers grew significantly. In the process, these complex or multidimensional peacekeeping operations, launched over the last two decades, proceeded to acquire an added dimension of peacebuilding. A still newer generation of missions that have exclusive peacebuilding mandates has also appeared. It is now recognized that peacekeepers have been and are “early peacebuilders”.", "Peacekeeping operations have thus moved into newer territory. The change in the nature and scope of their mandates has involved important questions of international law in general, and issues of State sovereignty, international humanitarian law and international human rights law in particular. The extent to which peacekeeping missions can be used as instruments of innovation in the application of international law and norms is an area where a greater degree of common understanding is required among Member States. The relationship of these innovations to the guiding principles of peacekeeping, including consent of the parties, non-use of force except in self-defence or defence of the mandate and impartiality, will require clarification for United Nations peacekeeping to retain its credibility and universal acceptability. Peacekeepers are often asked to make life-and-death decisions in situations of legal ambiguity. They are also frequently asked to make tough moral choices. Effective peacekeeping requires that the men and women operate in an environment of legal certitude.", "The issue of consent, which has implications for the concept of State sovereignty that is the basis of the Charter, needs particular attention.", "The central challenge that peacekeeping missions now face is the resource gap. The current annual outlay for peacekeeping is under $8 billion. For purposes of comparison, it is interesting to note that while the number of United Nations peacekeepers is roughly the same as the number of soldiers in the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) deployed in Afghanistan, the total expenditure for United Nations peacekeeping in the last two decades (under $50 billion) is reportedly less than the annual expenditure on ISAF.", "There is a severe mismatch between the resources and the mandates of peacekeeping operations. The United Nations deployed just under 20,000 peacekeepers in the Congo in 1961 under the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC). Its mandate on the United Nations website is detailed in less than 300 words. About four decades later, the United Nations again deployed about 20,000 peacekeepers in the same country under the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC). The United Nations website takes about 3,000 words to describe their mandate.", "The paucity of resources is made evident in a number of ways. The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), for example, operates in an area that is almost continental in scale, but has to make do with a ratio of one peacekeeper for several hundred square kilometres in its area of responsibility. Enablers that would allow them to leverage their resources are not present in adequate quantity.", "This is an unsatisfactory situation and a serious discussion is required on the issue of resources. The inability of the Council to address this will lead to a performance deficit on the part of United Nations peacekeeping missions, which in turn could erode the legitimacy of this Council.", "Peacekeeping is partnership. It is a partnership between the Security Council, which represents the will of the international community, the General Assembly, which approves the budgets and the host country, which consents to a peacekeeping operation. Troop- and police-contributing countries are an integral part of this partnership and facilitate this cooperation. Their peacekeepers represent the Council on the ground and convert its word into deed. Troop- and police-contributing countries, in effect, are the vital intermediaries in this process.", "The requirement that the Security Council consult them is based not only in the explicit provisions of Article 44 of the Charter but is also in the interest of efficient and effective functioning. The direct knowledge that troop- and police-contributing countries obtain of ground realities and their considerable experience in peacekeeping needs to be factored into the decision-making process of the Security Council. It is also evident that the Council requires greater access to information in its vastly increased scope of functioning. Troop- and police-contributing countries, many of whom have not just troops but diplomatic presence, technical and economic cooperation activities and sometimes a civil society or commercial presence in the field, are uniquely suited to provide credible and relevant information.", "There has been progress in improving the consultations process but there is scope for forward movement in order to fully exploit the potential of this relationship. Consultative meetings should be structured and predictable, in terms of timing and agenda. This will enable troop- and police-contributing countries to optimize their substantive contributions.", "One of the reasons for which mandates are not aligned with resources is owing to insufficient consultations with troop- and police-contributing countries during the mandate generation process. The Brahimi report had recommended a two-stage mandate generation process wherein the Security Council can leave a resolution in draft form until such time as the Secretariat is able to confirm or deny that the required troops and critical support elements are available from contributing Member States. This has not so far been implemented, and it might be an opportune time to do so.", "As global power, resources and capabilities are becoming more dispersed, the need to consult, and benefits arising therefrom, will increase.", "Partnership has also meant innovations, such as the joint deployment of United Nations peacekeepers with regional and security organizations. About three-quarters of United Nations peacekeeping personnel and budgets are deployed in the African continent. The strengthening of African Union capacities in peacekeeping is a key requirement in improving security conditions in troubled parts of Africa.", "Partnership does not mean ceding ground. The number of actors in conflict situations is increasing and the international community needs to develop synergies between these actors while guarding against duplication and waste. Peacekeeping is a core competence of the United Nations. Crises will occur again and the unique legitimacy and credibility of United Nations peacekeeping means that there is likely to be a continued demand for the capacities of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and troop- and police-contributing countries. This expertise needs to be protected.", "Policing and rule of law capabilities are required to consolidate the peacekeeping capabilities of the United Nations. Member States need to deliberate on the types of capacities that are required, the mix of capacities and their sourcing. This exercise needs to be undertaken in accordance with the needs of national authorities and relevance to conditions of the host countries. A capability-driven approach to peacekeeping that is demand-driven and responsive to national priorities needs to be fostered." ]

[ "2011年8月5日印度常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨荣幸地告知你，在印度轮值主席的主持下，安全理事会定于2011年8月26日星期五进行主题为“联合国维持和平行动”的公开辩论。为了有助于引导关于这个主题的辩论，印度编写了随函所附概念说明，题为“联合国维持和平行动：总结过去，准备未来”(见附件)。", "请将此函及其附件作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "哈迪普·辛格·普里(签名)", "2011年8月5日印度常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信的附件", "安全理事会印度轮值主席", "2011年8月", "维持和平：总结过去，准备未来", "概念说明", "维持和平行动这个词组在《联合国宪章》中并不存在，但已成为联合国的一项中心任务。维和行动消耗的资源、雇用的人员以及占用的安全理事会的时间，超过任何一个其他问题。与此同时，维和行动对国际法和国际人道主义法的普及和适用的影响也超过安理会任何其他手段。维和行动比任何其他集体努力都更有力地体现了会员国共同合作维护国际和平与安全这一理念。", "过去二十年来，维和预算增加了大约27倍；维和人员数目增加大约10倍，维和行动数目之多前所未有。尽管存在严重缺欠和各种不足，维和行动和维和人员取得的成果是显而易见的。表明维和行动成功的另一个指标是，其他国际及区域安全组织也用维和行动这个词来形容他们在联合国维和任务区外的部署。", "维和行动可分为几代。前五十年，联合国维和特派团的任务主要是监督停火或者将军事维和人员部署在交战双方之间。后来，维和特派团的规模、任务范围和性质发生了很大变化。经常为了应对国内冲突(而不是国家之间冲突)而部署维和特派团。任务范围扩大了，将强制执行某些规范或者承担通常由国家当局履行的若干职能(例如选举、司法和执法)也包括在内。安理会还开始拟订一些同时援引宪章第六章和第七章的任务。这意味着可使用武力或需要使用武力的情况大大增加。在这个过程中，过去二十年来发起的复杂的或多层面的维和行动开始形成了一个新增层面，这就是“建设和平”。还出现了更新的一代特派团，专门执行“建设和平”任务。现在人们认识到，维和人员实际上一直是“早期建设和平人员”。", "维持和平行动从而迈入一个更新的领域。维和行动的性质和范围方面的变化涉及重要的国际法问题，特别是国家主权、国际人道主义法和国际人权法问题。至于可在多大程度上利用维和特派团促进具有新意地适用国际法和规范，尚需会员国之间就此达成进一步共识。为了保持联合国维和行动的公信力和普遍可接受性，需澄清各种具有新意的适用与维和行动指导原则之间的关系，包括征得各方同意；除自卫或任务规定所需情况下，不得使用武力；保持中立。维和特派团还经常被要求在法律规定不明确的情况下，作出艰难的道德抉择。为了开展有效的维和行动，必须使维和人员能够在具有法律确定性的环境中执行任务。", "对征得同意的问题，必须格外注意，因为这个问题涉及作为《联合国宪章》基础的国家主权概念。", "维和特派团现在面临的最大挑战是资源缺口。目前维和行动每年支出不足80亿美元。通过比较关切地注意到联合国维和特派团人员的数目与部署在阿富汗的国际安全援助部队士兵人数大致相同，而据报告联合国维和行动过去二十年的支出总额(不足500亿美元)赶不上国际安全援助部队一年的支出。", "维和行动的资源与任务极不匹配。1961年，联合国在刚果部署了由20 000名维和人员组成的联合国刚果行动(联刚行动)，联合国网站上关于其任务的描述不足300字。大约四十年后，联合国再次在刚果部署大约20 000名维和人员，组成联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团(联刚特派团)，联合国网站上关于其任务的描述用了近3 000字。", "资源短缺表现在各个方面。例如，联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)的任务区几乎遍及整个非洲大陆，却只能按照每数百平方公里一名维和人员的比例在责任区进行部署。缺乏足够的有助于维和人员充分利用资源的有利条件。", "这种情况差强人意，需就资源问题进行认真的讨论。如果安理会不能解决这个问题，将导致联合国维和特派团无法圆满完成任务，而这可能会削弱安理会的合法性。", "维持和平是一种合作，是代表国际社会意愿的安全理事会以及核准预算的大会与同意实施维和行动的东道国之间的合作。部队及警察派遣国是这种合作关系的必然组成部分，为合作提供便利。派遣国的维和人员在实地代表着安理会，将安理会的承诺变为实际行动。部队及警察派遣国实际上在这一进程中起到重要的中间人的作用。", "要求安全理事会与派遣国协商，不仅因为《宪章》第四十四条的有关明确规定，而且因为协商有利于提高运作的效率和有效性。安全理事会在决策时必须考虑到部队及警察派遣国关于现场实际情况的第一手材料以及他们在维和需要方面的丰富经验。另外，安理会职能范围大为扩展，显然需要更方便地获得有关信息。部队及警察派遣国具备提供可信的相关信息的得天独厚的条件，因为许多派遣国在实地不仅派有部队，还有外交官，并开展技术及经济合作活动，有时还派民间社会组织或商务机构到实地。", "在改进协商进程方面有所进展，但是还需要继续改进，以充分开发上述合作关系的潜力。应为协商会议确立结构合理且可预测的时间表和议程。这将有助于部队及警察派遣国优化实质性贡献。", "任务与资源不相匹配的原因之一是，在拟订任务进程中未与部队及警察派遣国进行充分协商。卜拉希米报告曾建议拟订任务进程分两个阶段进行，安全理事会可允许一项决议维持草案形式，直至秘书处确认派遣国能否提供所需部队以及重要的辅助要素。这项建议尚未实施，现在或许是将其付诸实施的良机。", "随着全球权力、资源和能力日趋分散，更有必要进行协商，协商带来的好处也将会越来越多。", "伙伴关系还意味着各种创新做法，例如联合国维和人员和区域组织及安全组织联合部署。大约四分之三的联合国维和人员和预算部署在非洲大陆。加强非洲联盟的维和能力是改善非洲动乱地区安全状况的一个重要条件。", "伙伴关系并不意味着放弃权利。卷入冲突的行为体数目不断增加，国际社会必须促成这些行为体之间的协同增效作用，同时防止重复和浪费。维持和平是联合国的核心能力。危机还会发生，鉴于联合国维和行动特有的合法性和公信力，对维持和平行动部和部队派遣国的能力的需求可能会持续不断。因此，必须保护这方面的专门知识。", "需要相关警务和法治能力，以巩固联合国的维和能力。会员国需要通过讨论确定所需能力的类型、不同能力的混合以及能力的来源。必须根据国家当局的需要和东道国具体情况进行这项工作。必须促进在维持和平问题上采取能力驱动的办法，这种方法应基于需求，并符合国家优先事项。" ]

[ "2011年8月5日印度常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨通知你,在印度担任主席期间,安全理事会定于2011年8月26日星期五就联合国维持和平行动问题举行公开辩论。 为了帮助指导关于这一主题的讨论,印度编写了所附的概念说明,题为“维持和平:总结情况和为未来作准备”(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会的文件分发为荷。 常驻代表", "普里(签名)", "2011年8月5日印度常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信的附件", "2011年8月印度出任安全理事会主席", "维持和平:总结情况和为今后做好准备", "维持和平这一《联合国宪章》中不存在的术语已成为联合国的一项核心事业。 它消耗的资源比任何其他问题都多,雇用了更多的人,在安全理事会的时间中占有更大的份额。 没有任何其他安理会文书对国际法和国际人道主义法作为安理会维持和平任务的来源和适用产生更大影响。 维持和平比任何其他集体努力更能代表会员国合作维持国际和平与安全的概念。", "在过去二十年中,维持和平预算增加了约27倍;维持和平人员人数增加了约10倍,维持和平行动的数目创历史新高。 尽管存在严重缺陷和大量不完善之处,但维持和平与维持和平人员显然取得了成果。 其他国际和区域安全组织采用了维持和平的地幔,以描述地区外的部署,这是维持和平成功的另一个标志。", "已有几代维持和平行动。 联合国维和特派团在其存在的前五十年,主要是停战监督行动,或涉及军事维和人员在战斗人员之间的干涉。 此后,维持和平特派团的规模、范围和性质发生了巨大变化。 它们常常是在国家内部冲突(而不是国家间冲突)的背景下部署的。 授权范围扩大,包括执行某些规范并承担通常由国家当局承担的某些职能(例如选举、司法和执法)。 安理会还开始产生共同援引《宪章》第六章和第七章的授权。 这意味着维和人员可以使用武力或需要使用武力的情况大量增加。 在此过程中,在过去20年中启动的这些复杂或多维的维持和平行动,开始增加了建设和平的一面。 还出现了新一代的特派团,这些特派团负有建设和平的专属任务。 现在人们认识到,维和人员过去和现在都是“早期建设和平者”。", "因此,维持和平行动进入了较新的领域。 其任务性质和范围的变化涉及国际法的重要问题,特别是国家主权、国际人道主义法和国际人权法问题。 在应用国际法和规范方面,维和特派团可在多大程度上被作为创新工具,这是会员国需要更深入地达成共识的一个领域。 这些创新措施与维持和平指导原则的关系,包括各方同意、除自卫或捍卫任务规定外不使用武力以及公正性,需要澄清,使联合国维持和平工作保持其公信力和普遍接受性。 维和人员往往被要求在法律模糊的情况下作出生死决定。 他们还经常被要求作出艰难的道德选择。 有效的维持和平需要男子和妇女在法律证明的环境中运作。", "同意问题对作为《宪章》基础的国家主权概念有影响,需要特别注意。", "维和特派团目前面临的中心挑战是资源缺口。 目前每年用于维持和平的开支不到80亿美元。 为了比较起见,值得注意的是,虽然联合国维持和平人员的人数与部署在阿富汗的国际安全援助部队(安援部队)的士兵人数大致相同,但据报告,过去20年联合国维持和平行动的总支出(不到500亿美元)低于安援部队的年度支出。", "维持和平行动的资源与任务规定严重不符。 1961年,联合国在联合国刚果行动(联刚行动)下,在刚果部署了将近20 000名维持和平人员。 它在联合国网站上的任务用不到300个字详细叙述。 大约40年后,联合国再次在联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团(联刚特派团)领导下,在同一国家部署了约20 000名维和人员。 联合国网站用约3 000个字来描述它们的任务。", "资源匮乏在若干方面显而易见。 例如,联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)在几乎是非洲大陆的一个地区开展行动,但必须在其责任区内按数百平方千米的比例派遣一名维和人员。 使这些国家能够利用其资源的手段数量不足。", "这种情况不能令人满意,需要认真讨论资源问题。 安理会不能解决这一问题,将导致联合国维持和平特派团出现业绩赤字,这反过来会削弱安理会的合法性。", "维持和平是伙伴关系。 这是安全理事会之间的伙伴关系,它代表着国际社会、批准预算的大会和同意维持和平行动的东道国的意愿。 部队和警察派遣国是这一伙伴关系的组成部分,并促进了这一合作。 他们的维和人员在当地代表了安理会,并将其言行化为行动。 部队和警察派遣国实际上是这一进程中的重要中介。", "安全理事会同它们协商的要求不仅基于《宪章》第四十四条的明确规定,而且有利于高效率和高效力地运作。 部队派遣国和警察派遣国对当地实际情况的直接了解及其在维持和平方面的丰富经验需要纳入安全理事会的决策进程。 同样明显的是,安理会需要在其广泛扩大的职能范围内获得更多的信息。 部队和警察派遣国,其中许多不仅有部队,而且有外交存在、技术和经济合作活动,有时在实地有民间社会或商业存在,都特别适合提供可信和相干的信息。", "在改进协商进程方面已经取得进展,但为了充分利用这种关系的潜力,仍有前进的余地。 在时间安排和议程方面,协商会议应安排有序和可预测。 这将使部队和警察派遣国能够优化其实质性贡献。", "任务与资源不一致的原因之一是在任务产生过程中与部队和警察派遣国的协商不够。 卜拉希米报告建议分两个阶段制定任务,安全理事会可在此阶段保留决议草案形式,直至秘书处能够确认或否认部队派遣国提供了所需的部队和关键支助。 迄今为止,这一点尚未落实,现在也许是这样做的时机。", "随着全球力量、资源和能力的日益分散,协商的必要性以及由此产生的利益将增加。", "伙伴关系还意味着创新,例如与区域组织和安全组织联合部署联合国维和人员。 联合国维和人员和预算约有四分之三部署在非洲大陆。 加强非洲联盟的维持和平能力是改善非洲动荡地区安全状况的关键要求。", "伙伴关系并不意味着放弃。 冲突局势中行为者的数目正在增加,国际社会必须在这些行为者之间发展协同作用,同时防止重复和浪费。 维持和平是联合国的一项核心职能。 危机将再次发生,而联合国维持和平的独特合法性和信誉意味着很可能继续需要维持和平行动部以及部队和警察派遣国的能力。 必须保护这种专门知识。", "需要维持治安和法治的能力来巩固联合国的维持和平能力。 会员国需要审议所需能力的类型、能力的组合及其来源。 这项工作需要根据国家当局的需要和与东道国条件的相关性来进行。 需要对维持和平采取由需求驱动并符合国家优先事项的能力驱动办法。" ]

[ "International Law Commission", "Sixty-third session", "Geneva, 26 April-3 June and 4 July-12 August 2011", "Responsibility of international organizations", "Comments and observations received from Governments", "Addendum", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Comments 3 and observations received from \nGovernments A.General 3 \ncomments \nChile B. 3 Specific commentson thedraft \narticles 1. Draft 3 article 1 — Scope of the present draft \narticles \nChile 2.Draft 4 article4— Elementsofan internationally wrongful actofaninternational \norganization \nChile 3.Draft 4 article8— Conduct acknowledged and adoptedbyaninternational organizationas its \n own \nChile 4.Draft 5 article21— \nCountermeasures \nChile 5. 5 General comments(part four— chapter \n II) \nChile 6.Draft 5 article50—Object andlimitsof \ncountermeasures \nChile 7.Draft 6 article51— Countermeasuresby membersofaninternational \norganization \nChile", "I. Introduction", "An additional written reply, containing comments and observations on the draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations, adopted on first reading by the International Law Commission at its sixty-first session, in 2009 (A/64/10, para. 50), was received from Chile (9 May 2011).", "II. Comments and observations received from Governments", "A. General comments", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "International organizations are a key component of the current system of international law, in that they contribute actively to the preservation of international peace and security and have a positive impact in the different spheres in which they operate. For this reason, a body of norms that suitably and coherently regulates their international responsibility seems both necessary and unavoidable.", "It is appropriate that the draft articles are based, in terms of structure and content, on the articles on the responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, and Chile concurs with the decision of the Commission that the distinctive nature of international organizations necessitates the drafting of a separate body of norms that is specific to them.", "B. Specific comments on the draft articles", "Part one", "Introduction", "1. Draft article 1", "Scope of the present draft articles", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "Chile agrees with the general concept expressed in paragraph (5) of the commentary, to the effect that responsibility is linked with a breach of an international obligation.", "Part two", "The internationally wrongful act of an international organization", "Chapter I", "General principles", "2. Draft article 4", "Elements of an internationally wrongful act of an international organization", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "The Government of Chile believes that the actions of international organizations in a territory subject to the jurisdiction of a given State might be characterized as lawful under the law of that territory. As a result, it is still useful to include a provision similar to article 3 of the articles on State responsibility.", "Chapter II", "Attribution of conduct to an international organization", "3. Draft article 8", "Conduct acknowledged and adopted by an international organization as its own", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "Paragraph (5) of the commentary states that the rules of the organization govern the issue of which organ would be competent to acknowledge and adopt a conduct as its own. It is very possible, however, that the rules of the organization will not help in all cases. The rules of the organization will probably identify the functions of each organ and which organs have the power to bind the organization in international instruments, but the organization’s constituent instrument probably will not specify which organ is to take responsibility for the conduct of third parties. The rules on the powers of the various organs to conclude agreements or otherwise bind the organization could not be applied by analogy to cases involving the assumption of responsibility for the conduct of third parties. The organ acknowledging such conduct may occupy a middle rank in the organization’s hierarchy, and a decision needs to be taken as to whether statements by such organs can bind the organization’s responsibility or whether only its management organs can do so.", "Chapter V", "Circumstances precluding wrongfulness", "4. Draft article 21", "Countermeasures", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "[See the comment under article 51, below].", "Part four", "The implementation of the international responsibility of an international organization", "Chapter II", "Countermeasures", "5. General comments", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "Chile is in favour of the inclusion of a chapter on countermeasures, since there is no reason why an international organization which breaches an international obligation should be exempted from the adoption of countermeasures by an injured State or international organization to induce it to comply with its obligations.", "6. Draft article 50", "Object and limits of countermeasures", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "Countermeasures need to be restricted so as not to prejudice the exercise by international organizations of their functional competence. This issue appears to be resolved by draft article 50, paragraph 4. However, defining the restrictions on countermeasures on the basis of such broad, imprecise wording may prove very difficult, rendering the application of countermeasures unworkable in practice.", "7. Draft article 51", "Countermeasures by members of an international organization", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "As to whether an injured member of a responsible international organization may take countermeasures against that organization, Chile believes that this should, in principle, be possible, without prejudice to the application of the rules of the organization as lex specialis. Accordingly, it is in agreement with this provision and with the requirements established in draft article 51.", "When the rules of the organization do not, explicitly or implicitly, regulate the question of countermeasures in relations between an international organization and its members, the general rule should be to permit the imposition of such measures. Accordingly, draft article 51 should be drafted positively in order to state more clearly the general rule applicable in cases where there are no rules of the organization that expressly decide the application of countermeasures. The same comment applies to article 21." ]

[ "国际法委员会", "第六十三届会议", "2011年4月26日至6月3日 和7月4日至8月12日，日内瓦", "国际组织的责任", "从各国政府收到的评论和意见", "增编", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.从各国政府收到的评论和意见 3\nA.一般评论 3 \n 智利 \nB.对条款草案的具体评论 3\n1.第1条草案——本条款草案的范围 3 \n 智利 \n2.第4条草案——一国际组织的国际不法行为的要素 4 \n 智利 \n3.第8条草案——被一国际组织承认并当作自身行为的行为 4 \n 智利 \n4.第21条草案——反措施 4 \n 智利 \n5.一般评论 5 \n 智利 \n6.第50条草案——反措施的目的和限制 5 \n 智利 \n7.第51条草案——国际组织成员采取的反措施 5 \n 智利", "一. 导言", "从智利收到了另外1份书面答复，内载关于国际法委员会在2009年第六十一届会议上一读通过的关于国际组织责任的条款草案(A/64/10，第50段)的评论和意见(2011年5月9日)。", "二. 从各国政府收到的评论和意见", "A. 一般评论", "智利", "[原件：西班牙文]", "国际组织是现行国际法体系的一个重要组成部分，这体现在他们积极帮助维护国际和平与安全，并在开展活动的不同领域产生积极影响。出于这个原因，制定一套规范来适当、连贯一致地调节其国际责任，看起来既必要，也不可避免。", "条款草案在结构和内容方面应该依据有关国家对国际不法行为的责任的条款。智利赞同委员会的决定，即根据国际组织的特殊性质，有必要起草一套具体针对他们的单独规范。", "B. 对条款草案的具体评论", "第一部分 导言", "1. 第1条草案 本条款草案的范围", "智利", "[原件：西班牙文]", "智利同意评注第(5)段表达的一般概念，即责任同违反一项国际责任挂钩。", "第二部分 一国际组织的国际不法行为", "第一章 一般原则", "2. 第4条草案", "一国际组织的国际不法行为的要素", "智利", "[原件：西班牙文]", "智利政府认为，国际组织在一个由某个国家管辖的领土内的行动，根据该领土的法律可能视为合法。因此，列入一个同关于国家责任的条款第3条类似的条款依然是有用的。", "第二章 将行为归于一国际组织", "3. 第8条草案 被一国际组织承认并当作自身行为的行为", "智利", "[原件：西班牙文]", "评注第(5)段指出，一个组织的规则决定哪个机关有权作出承认或将行为当作自身行为这一事项。不过，该组织的规则不会在所有情况下都有帮助。该组织的规则很可能将确定每个机关的职能以及哪些机关有权在国际文书中使本组织承担法律义务，但该组织的组成文书很可能不会明确规定哪些机关将对第三方的行为承担责任。关于不同机关缔结协定或者以其它方式使本组织承担法律义务的权力的规则，不能通过类比适用于涉及对第三方的行为承担责任的情形。承认此类行为的机关在该组织的结构中可能属于中层，因此需要做出决定，表明此类机关的声明是否能够使本组织承担法律义务，或者是否只有其管理机关才能够这样做。", "第五章 解除行为不法性的情况", "4. 第21条草案 反措施", "智利", "[原件：西班牙文]", "[见下文第51条项下的评论]。", "第四部分 国际组织的国际责任的履行", "第二章 反措施", "5. 一般评论", "智利", "[原件：西班牙文]", "智利赞成列入一个关于反措施的章节，因为没有理由证明违反一项国际义务的国际组织应该免受受害国或受害的国际组织为促使其履行义务而对该国际组织采取的反措施。", "6. 第50条草案 反措施的目的和限制", "智利", "[原件：西班牙文]", "需要对反措施加以限制，以便不影响国际组织行使其职能权力。第50条第4款似乎已解决这一问题。不过，根据这类宽泛、不精确的措辞界定对反措施的限制可能会证明非常困难，从而导致反措施在实践中无法实行。", "7. 第51条草案 国际组织成员采取的反措施", "智利", "[原件：西班牙文]", "关于一个责任国际组织的受害成员可对该组织采取反措施的问题，智利认为，这在原则上应该是可能的，同时不影响该组织的规则作为特别法实行。因此，智利同意这一条款以及第51条草案确立的规定。", "如果一个国际组织的规则没有对本组织同其成员关系中的反措施问题做出明示或默示规定，一般规则应该是允许实施此类措施。因此，应该明确起草第51条草案，以便更清楚地说明在组织规则没有就反措施的实行做出明确决定的情况下可适用的一般规则。同样的评论适用于第21条。" ]

[ "国际法委员会", "第六十三届会议", "2011年4月26日至6月3日和7月4日至8月12日,日内瓦", "国际组织的责任", "从各国政府收到的评论和意见", "增编", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 3\nA. 概况. 3\n评论\n智利 B. 3 对草案的具体评论\n条款 1. 第3条草案 1. 本草案的范围\n条款\n2. 第4条草案 4 - 国际不法行为\n组织\n3. 第4条草案 第8条 - 承认和采纳的国际组织行为\n拥有\n4. 第5条草案 第21条 -\n反措施\n5. 一般性意见(第四部分-章节)\n页:1\n智利 6. 第5条草案 第50条 - 目标和限制\n反措施\n7. 第6条草案 第51条 -- -- 国际成员采取的反措施\n组织\n邮件地址", "一. 导言", "智利(2011年5月9日)又提交了一份书面答复,其中载有对国际法委员会2009年第六十一届会议一读通过的关于国际组织的责任的条款草案的评论和意见(A/64/10, 第50段)。", "二. 从各国政府收到的评论和意见", "A. 一般评论", "邮件地址", "[原件:西班牙", "国际组织是现行国际法体系的关键组成部分,因为它们积极为维护国际和平与安全作出贡献,并在它们开展活动的不同领域产生积极影响。 因此,一套适当和连贯地规范其国际责任的规范似乎既有必要,又不可避免。", "条款草案在结构和内容上以国家对国际不法行为的责任条款为基础是适当的,智利同意委员会的决定,即国际组织的独特性质要求起草一套单独的规范。", "B. 对条款草案的具体评论", "第一编", "导言", "1. 联合国 第1条草案", "本条款草案的范围", "邮件地址", "[原件:西班牙", "智利同意评注第(5)段表达的一般概念,即责任与违反国际义务有关。", "第二编", "一国际组织的国际不法行为", "第一编", "一般原则", "2. 联合国 第4条草案", "一国际组织的国际不法行为的要素", "邮件地址", "[原件:西班牙", "智利政府认为,国际组织在受某一国家管辖的领土上的行为,根据该领土的法律,可以定性为合法行为。 因此,列入与国家责任条款第3条相类似的规定仍然有用。", "第二章 联合国", "将行为归于一国际组织", "3个 第8条草案", "被一国际组织承认并当作自身行为的行为", "邮件地址", "[原件:西班牙", "评注第(5)段指出,该组织的规则管辖哪一个机关有权承认和采取作为其本身行为的行为的问题。 然而,组织的规则不可能在所有情况下都有帮助。 该组织的规则可能确定每个机关的职能以及哪些机关有权在国际文书中约束该组织,但该组织的组成文书可能不会规定由哪个机关对第三方的行为负责。 关于各机关缔结协定或以其他方式约束该组织的权力的规则不能类比地适用于涉及承担第三方行为责任的情况。 承认这种行为的机关在该组织的等级中可能处于中层地位,需要决定这类机关的声明是否可约束该组织的责任,或者是否只有其管理机构才能这样做。", "第五章", "解除行为不法性的情况", " 4.四. 第21条草案", "反措施", "邮件地址", "[原件:西班牙", "[见下文第51条下的评论]。", "第四编", "国际组织国际责任的履行", "第二章 联合国", "反措施", "5 (韩语). 一般性评论", "邮件地址", "[原件:西班牙", "智利赞成列入关于反措施的一章,因为没有理由不让违反国际义务的国际组织采取受害国或受害国际组织促使其履行其义务的反措施。", "6. 国家 第50条草案", "反措施的目的和限制", "邮件地址", "[原件:西班牙", "反措施必须加以限制,以不妨碍国际组织行使其职能。 这个问题似乎由第50条草案第4款解决。 然而,根据如此广泛而不准确的措辞来界定对反措施的限制可能非常困难,使反措施的适用在实践中行不通。", "7. 联合国 第51条草案", "国际组织成员的反措施", "邮件地址", "[原件:西班牙", "关于责任国际组织的受害成员是否可以对该组织采取反措施的问题,智利认为,这原则上应当是可能的,但不妨碍该组织的规则作为特别法的适用。 因此,它赞同这一规定并赞同第51条草案所制定的要求。", "当该组织的规则没有明确或含蓄地规范国际组织与其成员关系中的反措施问题时,一般规则应当是允许采取这种措施。 因此,应积极起草第51条草案,以更明确地说明在没有组织规则明确决定适用反措施的情况下适用的一般规则。 同样的评论也适用于第21条。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "National institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights", "Report by the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, covering the period from September 2010 to September 2011, contains information on the activities undertaken by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to assist in establishing and strengthening national human rights institutions; measures taken by Governments and national human rights institutions in this regard; support provided to international and regional activities of national human rights institutions; technical assistance provided with regard to national human rights institutions, together with other United Nations system agencies, funds and programmes; and cooperation between national human rights institutions and international mechanisms to promote and protect human rights. Information regarding the work of national human rights institutions in respect of specific thematic issues is also included.", "The present report complements the report of the Secretary-General to the Human Rights Council of 7 February 2011 (A/HRC/16/76), which covers activities for the period from January to December 2010.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/161, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution. The report covers activities for the period from September 2010 to September 2011 and complements the report of the Secretary-General to the Human Rights Council of 7 February 2010 (A/HRC/16/76), which covers activities for the period from January to December 2010.", "2. By its resolution 64/161, the General Assembly recognized the multiplicity of actors engaged in the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions. It encouraged cooperation among national human rights institutions and the whole spectrum of actors, among which the United Nations, in particular the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (International Coordinating Committee), the regional networks of national human rights institutions,[1] as well as the regional and international associations of Ombudsman. In the same resolution, the Assembly also welcomed the efforts made by the High Commissioner to develop partnerships in support to national institutions and it encouraged all United Nations human rights mechanisms as well as agencies, funds and programmes to work within their respective mandates with Member States and national institutions. Among this multiplicity of actors, Member States have a prominent role to play when it comes to the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions. In that regard, also in its resolution 64/161, the Assembly encouraged Member States to establish effective, independent and pluralistic national institutions.", "3. The present report is aimed at providing a summary of the roles that the above-mentioned actors play in the establishment and strengthening of independent national human rights institutions. It also looks at the partnerships and other cooperation arrangements that have been developed so far at the national, regional and international levels.", "II. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and national human rights institutions", "4. Support and outreach to national human rights institutions is an integral part of the mandate of OHCHR. In her introductory statement at the twenty-fourth annual session of the International Coordinating Committee (Geneva, 17 May 2011), the High Commissioner reiterated that national human rights institutions are critical partners for OHCHR due to the central place they have in the national human rights protection system, particularly in addressing the most critical human rights issues at the national level.", "5. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, through the National Institutions and Regional Mechanisms Section, continued to provide legal and technical support for the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions. It has continued to develop its long-standing relationship with the International Coordinating Committee by means of providing secretariat support to both the Committee itself and its Subcommittee on Accreditation.", "6. The General Assembly has referred to the role of OHCHR in national human rights institutions as a work in progress. Consequently, it encouraged the High Commissioner to further extend activities in support of those institutions (see resolution 64/161, para. 13). In addition to the long-standing mandate of OHCHR to support national human rights institutions, in 2011 the Assembly requested OHCHR to develop and support activities related to two specific categories of institutions: Ombudsman institutions and mediators (see resolution 65/207, para. 5).", "A. Advisory services provided by the Office relating to national human rights institutions", "7. The activities of OHCHR to strengthen the role of national human rights institutions at the country, regional and international levels are carried out mainly through the National Institutions and Regional Mechanisms Section, which works in consultation with other parts of OHCHR, including field presences. The Office has continued to provide advice and assistance in the establishment and strengthening of institutions through its country and regional offices, human rights advisers and human rights components of United Nations peace missions, as well as through collaboration with other United Nations partners, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and regional coordinating bodies of national human rights institutions. OHCHR also works closely with intergovernmental organizations, academic institutions and civil society organizations.", "8. The Office provides legal and technical assistance to national human rights institutions and other national stakeholders. Advice is provided on constitutional and legislative provisions regarding national human rights institutions, as well as on their nature, functions, powers and responsibilities. Comparative analysis, technical cooperation needs assessments, project formulation and evaluation missions are also undertaken to assist the institutions’ compliance with the Principles relating to the status of national institutions (Paris Principles) (see General Assembly resolution 48/134, annex).", "9. The Office continued to host the fellowship programme for staff of A-status national human rights institutions. In the reporting period, staff from institutions in the following countries participated in the programme: Egypt, India, Qatar, Nicaragua, Peru, Uganda and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The aim of the fellowship programme is to give staff members of national human rights institutions from all over the world a better understanding and appreciation of the international human rights system. Through this experience, the fellows gain knowledge and working level experience with the United Nations human rights system, including the treaty body system, the Human Rights Council, the universal periodic review and the special procedures. They are also familiarized with OHCHR work with and for national human rights institutions, and technical and substantive issues relating to national human rights institutions. Both OHCHR and the national institutions stand to gain from the fellowship programme, in terms of both substantive expertise and experience working within a national human rights institution.", "1. The Americas and the Caribbean", "10. The OHCHR Office for South America organized two workshops to further develop the capacities of the Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos of Chile. The workshops focused on human rights indicators (11-12 April 2011) and on reporting to human rights treaty bodies (20 May 2011).", "11. On 18 and 19 April 2011, OHCHR, through its Regional Office for South America, organized trainings on human rights indicators for the national human rights institution of Peru (Defensoría del Pueblo). The training targeted more than 30 staff of the national human rights institution, and it focused particularly on economic, social and cultural rights. The workshop aimed at better integrating human rights indicators into the analysis and reports of the national human rights institution.", "12. On 20 April 2011, the OHCHR Regional Office for South America co‑organized with the national human rights institution of Peru a training session for indigenous peoples. The training aimed at increasing knowledge and awareness of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the international human rights machinery, including how indigenous peoples and civil society can successfully use United Nations mechanisms. The training session targeted members of 30 Peruvian indigenous and civil society organizations.", "13. In the context of the appointment process of the head of the national human rights institution of Ecuador (Defensor del Pueblo), OHCHR has provided support with a view to raising awareness on international standards. OHCHR support included a training session in June 2011 for members of the Council for Public Participation and Social Control, the body responsible for the selection of the Defensor.", "14. In the context of her visit to Mexico (3-9 July 2011), the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights held a meeting with the President of the National Human Rights Commission aimed at discussing further cooperation in areas such as human rights indicators, human rights defenders, migrant worker’s rights and the recent constitutional reform. During her visit, the High Commissioner also met with the Mexican Federation of Human Rights Public Institutions that encompasses 32 subnational human rights commissions.", "15. In September 2011, the OHCHR Regional Office for South America organized, jointly with the national human rights institution of Argentina (Defensoría del Pueblo de la Nación) a training session for members of civil society and indigenous organizations. It took place in two regions of the country and focused on presenting the rights of indigenous peoples and the international human rights mechanisms.", "16. During the reporting period, the OHCHR Regional Office for South America held meetings with parliamentarians and Government officials regarding the establishment of a national human rights institution in Uruguay. OHCHR highlighted the importance of ensuring the institution’s independence and autonomy, adequate funding and the commissioners’ selection process.", "17. During the reporting period, OHCHR continued to support the efforts aimed at establishing a Paris Principles-compliant national human rights institution in Chile. The OHCHR Regional Office for South America organized informational meetings with representatives of the Senate Chamber and distributed fact sheets on national human rights institutions and the Paris Principles. OHCHR addressed a letter to all members of the Parliament to draw their attention on the universal periodic review recommendation related to the establishment of a national human rights institution.", "18. During the reporting period, the OHCHR Regional Office for South America liaised with the national human rights institution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in order to increase its engagement on the protection of the rights of persons deprived of liberty and on the submission to the universal periodic review. OHCHR delivered training to staff of the Defensoría on the universal periodic review (see A/HRC/16/76, para. 14).", "19. The Office, UNDP, the Organisation International de la Francophonie and the Office de la Protection du Citoyen et de la Citoyenne developed a three-year joint global strategy for the strengthening of the Office de la Protection, which will be implemented from 2011 to 2013. As part of that project, a consultant was recruited to assist the Office de la Protection in discharging its mandate.", "2. Africa", "20. In March 2011, further to the adoption of the Act for the establishment of the Independent National Human Rights Commission in Burundi, on 5 January 2011, the United Nations Office in Burundi organized consultations in Rutana, Gitega and Bujumbura. Those consultations aimed at raising awareness of civil society organizations on the new law, as well as at ensuring the transparency of the selection and appointment process of the Commissioners. On 19 May 2011, the National Assembly appointed the seven commissioners, as well as the members of the Bureau.", "21. OHCHR, in cooperation with the United Nations country team, organized consultations to raise awareness of the establishment of a new national human rights institution in Niger. A consultation took place with various ministries, from 6 to 8 July 2011. A workshop addressed to civil society organizations was held in Tahoua from 4 to 6 July.", "22. In January 2011, the Independent National Commission on Human Rights of Liberia, which was formally established in October 2010, acquired its new office. The United Nations Mission in Liberia Human Rights and Protection Section engaged with the leadership of the Commission to advise on the 2011 workplan of the Commission, including a road map on national reconciliation that was submitted to the President, and the Palava Hut project. The Independent National Commission on Human Rights and the Human Rights and Protection Section agreed on the terms of reference for two national consultants to develop a strategic plan and internal rules of procedure. On 20 May 2011, the Human Rights and Protection Section convened a half-day workshop with the National Commission to discuss the mandates, the organizational charts and the action plans of both entities, and to discuss cooperation between the Commission and the Section.", "23. During the reporting period, the OHCHR Regional Office for East Africa supported the Commission on Human Rights and Good Governance of the United Republic of Tanzania in making a stakeholder submission to the universal period review, including through trainings and a validation exercise. OHCHR is also engaged in the process of developing a national human rights action plan for the United Republic of Tanzania, a process led, inter alia, by the Commission on Human Rights and Good Governance.", "24. OHCHR supported the attendance of the national human rights institutions from Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe to the subregional seminar organized by OHCHR on the follow-up of the concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, held in Pretoria, from 22 to 24 June 2011.", "25. The Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission, which is not yet fully operational, appointed its members in 2010. OHCHR provided substantive comments to the draft bill establishing the Human Rights Commission in Zimbabwe. A consultant was recruited for a period of six months by OHCHR and UNDP in order to provide technical and capacity support to the commissioners. OHCHR and UNDP also undertook capacity-building and awareness-raising meetings with various national stakeholders to promote the establishment and operationalization of the Commission in accordance with Paris Principles. The Deputy Chair of the Commission was invited to the above-mentioned regional seminar held in Pretoria.", "26. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights provided comments to various drafts of a regulation on the appointment of civil society members of the future national human rights institution in Mozambique. OHCHR has been working closely with the United Nations country team in extending technical and advisory services to the Government and the civil society in seeking to establish the national human rights institution in the country.", "27. In August 2011, OHCHR supported the recruitment of a consultant in South Sudan to provide technical expertise to the Human Rights Commission and build the capacities of the Commission’s staff.", "28. The Office continued to work closely with the South African Human Rights Commission through the Anti-Discrimination Initiative, a year-long project funded by OHCHR that started in November 2010. OHCHR held periodic consultations with the officials of the Commission in monitoring the implementation of the project, which is aimed at building the capacity of the Commission in addressing human rights concerns of non-nationals and in countering xenophobia and discrimination.", "29. The OHCHR Regional Office for Southern Africa worked closely with United Nations country teams in the region to promote the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions in the Comoros and Seychelles.", "30. During the reporting period, OHCHR supported the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission to prepare a national human rights action plan. The OHCHR Regional Office for East Africa provided advice to the Commission in order to promote interaction with the United Nations treaty bodies, namely, upcoming reviews of Ethiopia by the Human Rights Committee and Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. In August 2011, OHCHR, UNDP and the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions carried out a gap analysis of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission to assess its capacities. OHCHR also provided advice on the process of accreditation before the International Coordinating Committee, and provided training to staff and commissioners on the Paris Principles.", "31. During the reporting period, the OHCHR Regional Office for East Africa supported the National Human Rights Commission of Djibouti in ensuring its attendance of the review of the country by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women within the context of a three-year joint programme to implement the universal periodic review recommendations to Djibouti.", "32. In the last trimester of 2010, OHCHR carried out capacity-building activities on the establishment of national human rights institutions in the Central African Republic (see A/HRC/16/76, para. 26).", "3. Asia and the Pacific", "33. In the last trimester of 2010, OHCHR carried out, in cooperation with UNDP and Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions, capacity assessments of the national human rights institutions of Jordan and Thailand (ibid., para. 31).", "4. Europe and Central Asia", "34. Upon invitation from the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, OHCHR participated in a discussion entitled “The National Institution for Human Rights in Norway: Quo vadis?”, held in Oslo on 11 January 2011. The meeting was part of the national consultation process on the restructuring of the Centre and was attended by a number of representatives of civil society and staff members of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway. OHCHR delivered technical assistance and advice with regard to the restructuring of the Norwegian national human rights institution and its reaccreditation before the International Coordinating Committee.", "35. During her visit to the Russian Federation, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights addressed the Annual Meeting of the Coordination Council of Subnational Ombudsmen of the Russian Federation, held in St. Petersburg on 18 February 2011. She stated that OHCHR regarded the establishment and support of national human rights institutions and Ombudsman offices in compliance with the relevant international standards as a high priority. In particular, OHCHR could share expertise regarding the role of Ombudsman institutions in the rule of law, conditions of detention and security sector reform. The High Commissioner encouraged the participants to enhance their engagement with the United Nations treaty bodies and the special procedures mechanisms of the Human Rights Council. The High Commissioner appealed to the Federal Ombudsman to create space for the subnational institutions to interact with the Human Rights Council. She also called on them to get access to, and benefit from, the coordination and exchanges which took place at the international level through the International Coordinating Committee.", "36. In March 2011, OHCHR provided comments to the rules of procedure of the National Assembly of Serbia. The comments focused on provisions regulating the relationship between the Ombudsman and the Parliament, specifically on mechanisms of oversight and consideration of reports submitted by the national human rights institution to the National Assembly. The comments of OHCHR were considered by the National Assembly while amending the above-mentioned rules of procedure. OHCHR and the United Nations country team continue to work closely with the National Assembly and the Serbian Ombudsman in order to strengthen the relationship between these two national bodies.", "37. In June 2011, the United Nations joint technical assistance programme to strengthen the capacity of the national human rights institution in Tajikistan was officially launched. In addition to the Ombudsman institution, the following agencies are part of the programme: OHCHR, UNDP, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the International Organization for Migration, the United Nations Population Fund, the International Labour Organization, and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. The programme aims at strengthening the capacity of the national human rights institution of Tajikistan to handle complaints, to carry out education and public outreach activities and to improve its partnership with key State actors and civil society organizations with a view to promoting changes in human rights policies and legislation.", "38. In July 2011, upon request from the Ministry of Justice and the Seimas Ombudsman of Lithuania, OHCHR provided comments on the Law of the Seimas Ombudsman. Likewise, on 12 July 2011, OHCHR participated in Vilnius in a consultative meeting organized by the President of Lithuania and the Ministry of Justice on the establishment of a national human rights institution.", "39. OHCHR worked with Government officials of the Republic of Moldova on proposed amendments to the existing legislation of the Republic of Moldova’s B‑status national human rights institution, focusing, among other things, on the appointment procedures and the selection of the Ombudsman. The OHCHR Human Rights Adviser in the Republic of Moldova and the OHCHR Regional Representative for Europe engaged a range of officials, including officials in the Ministry of Justice and key parliamentarians. In addition, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights sent a communication to the Government urging swift action to improve the national human rights institution, with a view to an application for reaccreditation before the International Coordinating Committee.", "40. The OHCHR Human Rights Adviser in the Republic of Moldova provided support to the national human rights institution in a variety of ways, including a training on the universal periodic review and on monitoring institutions for the mentally disabled, strengthening the institution’s library and the development of strategic planning for the national human rights institution. The OHCHR Human Rights Adviser participated in the board of a UNDP-European Commission project focused on strengthening the national human rights institution.", "41. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights assisted in the strengthening of the national human rights infrastructures in Croatia, the Netherlands, Norway, Hungary, Lithuania and Slovakia. OHCHR provided advice, including comments on legislation, and drew the attention of Governments, national human rights institutions and other stakeholders involved in these processes to the importance of ensuring genuine dialogue through pluralistic and participatory consultation.", "42. The OHCHR Human Rights Adviser in Serbia worked closely with the Office of the Serbian Ombudsman with a view to strengthen the institution’s work in human rights protection and promotion. OHCHR support included the development of a comprehensive report on the human rights of Roma people and on effectiveness of the Roma inclusion measures applied in the country. The report, along with the recommendations to the Government of Serbia, is expected to be submitted to the National Parliament in early 2012.", "43. The OHCHR Human Rights Adviser in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia provided support to the Ombudsman’s Office in applying for accreditation to the International Coordinating Committee.", "44. During the last trimester of 2010, OHCHR supported the national human rights institutions of Serbia and the Netherlands in strengthening their capacities (ibid., paras. 39 and 40).", "5. Middle East and North Africa", "45. The Office, UNDP and the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions provided support to the capacity assessments of the national human rights institution of Palestine (6-8 February 2011 and 3-15 April 2011) and the national human rights institution of Afghanistan (13-26 May 2011). The capacity assessment included interviews with the staff of the institutions, as well with other stakeholders.", "46. During the reporting period, OHCHR provided legal advice on draft legislation on the establishment of national human rights institutions in Tunisia and Saudi Arabia.", "47. The Office organized a workshop on the Paris Principles in Oman (see A/HRC/16/76, para. 30).", "B. Support to regional initiatives related to national human rights institutions", "1. The Americas and the Caribbean", "48. The Office, in cooperation with the Commonwealth Secretariat, organized a regional workshop on the establishment of national human rights institutions in accordance with the Paris Principles for the Caribbean region. The workshop took place in Port of Spain from 21 to 23 March 2011. Building on recent developments relating to human rights in the Caribbean, including through the Human Rights Council universal periodic review process, the main objective of the workshop was to develop and strengthen the national human rights protection system in the Caribbean States with the short- and medium-term goal of developing the establishment of national human rights institutions. Parliamentarians, Ombudsman institutions and Government officials, including attorneys general, from 12 English-speaking Caribbean States, attended the workshop. Representatives from the United Nations country team in Barbados and from the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States also participated in this activity. The Port of Spain Declaration was adopted (see annex).", "49. At the margins of the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the International Coordinating Committee, the Network of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in the Americas held a meeting in order to discuss its work plan for 2011-2012. Participants discussed the creation of a permanent capacity-building programme for national human rights institution staff in the region, and setting up an advisory council to the Americas Network. Participants agreed to develop a website for the Americas Network and to hold their upcoming 2011 annual regional meeting in Guatemala.", "2. Africa", "50. The United Nations Development Programme, OHCHR and the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions held a meeting in Geneva on 21 May 2011, in order to discuss cooperation and support, including, inter alia, defining the methodology to carry out gaps analyses and the provision of assistance to develop and validate the Network’s strategic plan.", "51. The Office participated as a facilitator in a training programme for national human rights institutions in Africa (Accra, 30 May-8 June 2011). The workshop was organized by the Raoul Wallenberg Institute, the University of Lund and the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions. The main purpose of the training was to enhance the capacity and knowledge of national human rights institution staff on the Paris Principles. Participants, approximately 26 staff of national human rights institutions, included investigators, trainers, legal officers, administrators and managers from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia.", "3. Asia and the Pacific", "52. From 28 to 30 March 2011, a training workshop on capacity assessments of national human rights institutions in the Asia-Pacific region was held in Bangkok by the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions, UNDP and OHCHR. The OHCHR workshop supported the participation of one representative from the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions secretariat based in Kenya, in order to promote an effective exchange of experiences and good practices regarding national human rights institution capacity-assessment between the two national human rights institution networks in the Asia-Pacific region and Africa.", "4. Europe and Central Asia", "53. The Office provided support to the European Group of National Human Rights Institutions in its efforts to establish its permanent secretariat. OHCHR supported the organization of a meeting, held in Geneva on 21 February 2011, aimed at identifying concrete steps towards the establishment of the permanent secretariat. The meeting gathered together representatives from 13 European national human rights institutions, and the permanent secretariats of the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions and of the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions. The meeting was also attended by delegates from Permanent Missions in Geneva and from regional mechanisms such as the Fundamental Rights Agency, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and the Council of Europe. One of the main outcomes of the meeting was the unanimous support expressed by the participants for this initiative.", "54. The Office participated in the Workshop on the Role of National Human Rights Institutions in the Promotion and Protection of Women’s Rights and Gender Equality, held in Prague on 28 and 29 March 2011. The workshop was organized by OSCE and the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights for national human rights institutions from Eastern European countries.", "55. The Office attended the fourth annual meeting of the European Union Fundamental Rights Agency with national human rights institutions, held on 5 April 2011 in Vienna. OHCHR focused in its statement on the diverse national human rights institution landscape in Europe and the trend to merge human rights and equality institutions or to emphasize cooperation among various types of equality, human rights or Ombudsman institutions. It also underlined the importance of the establishment of a permanent secretariat of the European Group of National Human Rights Institutions.", "56. The Office attended the OSCE Supplementary Human Dimension Meeting on 14 and 15 April in Vienna. The Office shared its experience in assisting national human rights institutions to strengthen their role in the Human Rights Council, as a result of the recent review of its working methods, including speaking rights, distribution of written statements and participation in the universal periodic review.", "57. On 17 May 2011, at the margins of the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the International Coordinating Committee, the members of the European Group of National Human Rights Institutions held a meeting in order to discuss the following topics: establishment of a permanent secretariat within the European Group; engagement with the European Fundamental Rights Agency, with the Interlaken Process and with OSCE; the European Group Working Group on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; and the National Human Rights Institutions and Equality Bodies (Equinet). During the meeting, the European Group elected the Scottish Human Rights Commission as the Chair of the European Group. The national human rights institutions of France, Luxembourg and Denmark were elected as members of the European Coordinating Committee. The national human rights institution of Germany was elected as the European member of the Subcommittee on Accreditation of the International Coordinating Committee.", "58. OHCHR attended a conference on national human rights institutions in the OSCE area, held on 13 and 14 July 2011, in Vilnius. The conference was co‑organized by the OSCE/Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and the OSCE Chairmanship-in-Office (OSCE Chair). The conference aimed at facilitating the exchange of experiences by Ombudsman institutions, human rights commissions, institutes and other mechanisms working with the executive, the judiciary, parliaments and civil society.", "59. OHCHR attended an informal inter-institutional meeting with the Council of Europe and the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights on 4 and 5 October 2010 in Warsaw. The Office shared experiences in assisting national human rights institutions to build their legislative frameworks and capacity.", "60. On 20 and 21 October 2010, OHCHR participated in a Regional Round Table on National Preventive Mechanism under the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture in Zagreb, which was organized by UNDP and the Ombudsman of Croatia. The Round Table focused on the prevention of torture and the role of national human rights institutions.", "5. Middle East and North Africa", "61. On 27 and 28 April 2011, in Nouakchott, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights participated in the seventh Annual Meeting of National Human Rights Institutions in the Arab States on the theme of the role of national human rights institutions in following up on the recommendations of the United Nations treaty bodies. The meeting, hosted by the National Human Rights Commission of Mauritania, gathered together representatives from the national human rights institutions of Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Mauritania, Qatar and Tunisia. Participants adopted the Declaration of Nouakchott.", "C. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights support to international initiatives related to national human rights institutions", "1. International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights", "62. The Office provided support to the International Coordinating Committee in developing and administering its website (http://nhri.ohchr.org), which became operational in 2011 and replaced www.nhri.net.", "63. On 7 August 2011, OHCHR received a letter from the current and incoming Chairs of the International Coordinating Committee, calling upon the United Nations to hold an event in 2013 to mark the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the Paris Principles. The International Coordinating Committee expressed its belief that preparations for the event should begin in 2012, and that this issue should be placed on the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. Following the proposal contained in the letter, it is recommended that the General Assembly hold a special plenary meeting at its sixty-eighth regular session in 2013 to mark the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the Paris Principles and that the General Assembly include a provision to that effect in its regular biennial resolution on national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights.", "(a) Twenty-fourth annual meeting", "64. The twenty-fourth annual meeting of the International Coordinating Committee was held in Geneva from 17 to 19 May 2011. The agenda included best practices of national human rights institutions in following up on the recommendations of the universal periodic review; engagement of national human rights institutions with treaty bodies; national human rights institutions and the rights of indigenous peoples; the role of national human rights institutions in the protection of women’s rights; follow-up to the Durban Review Conference; human rights education; and business and human rights. The meeting was attended by members of national human rights institutions from more than 80 countries, as well as government officials, civil society organizations, scholars and intergovernmental organizations.", "(b) Bureau meeting", "65. The meeting of the Bureau of the International Coordinating Committee was held on 16 May 2011 in Geneva. The members of the Bureau discussed the statements of the International Coordinating Committee to the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council on the adoption of the draft Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and to the Conference of States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The Bureau also endorsed the proposal that the next biennial conference of the International Coordinating Committee should focus on gender equality and women and girls.", "66. The Bureau members decided to establish a Working Group, comprised of representatives from the four regions, to work on the participation of national human rights institutions in United Nations bodies. In addition, the Bureau members agreed to support the adoption of a General Assembly resolution with an emphasis on the Paris Principles and the participation of national human rights institutions in United Nations bodies, as well as to support the adoption of a resolution on national human rights institutions at the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council.", "2. Subcommittee on Accreditation", "67. The Office provided secretariat support to the session of the Subcommittee on Accreditation, which took place from 23 to 27 May 2011 in Geneva. The Subcommittee reviewed the following 20 national human rights institutions: new accreditation for Bangladesh, Hungary, Sierra Leone and Sweden; reaccreditation for Australia, Austria, Canada, El Salvador, India, Mauritania, Namibia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Romania, Senegal and United Kingdom (Northern Ireland); deferral for Azerbaijan, Nigeria and Slovakia.", "III. Cooperation between United Nations human rights mechanisms and national human rights institutions", "68. The cooperation of national human rights institutions with the international and regional human rights mechanisms is a key requirement of the Paris Principles. OHCHR continued to assist national human rights institutions to interact with the treaty bodies and the Human Rights Council, including the universal periodic review and the special procedures. The work of OHCHR in this regard is carried out in a coordinated fashion with the International Coordinating Committee Chair and the Geneva representative.", "69. During the reporting period, OHCHR continued to support and facilitate the engagement of the International Coordinating Committee in landmark processes aimed at strengthening the international human rights mechanisms, such as the Human Rights Council review and the treaty body reform.", "A. Human Rights Council", "70. The active engagement of the International Coordinating Committee in the Human Rights Council review resulted in greater participatory opportunities for A‑status national human rights institutions in the Council. On 25 March 2011, the Council adopted the outcome of the review of the work and functioning of the Human Rights Council (resolution 16/21, annex). The outcome includes provisions regarding the participation and interaction of A-status national human rights institutions with the universal periodic review and the special procedures (see respective sections below).", "71. In 2011, OHCHR, in cooperation with the Geneva representative of the International Coordinating Committee, continued to support the participation of national human rights institutions in the Human Rights Council. During the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council (28 February-25 March 2011), eight written contributions were submitted: six from A-status national human rights institutions (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Malaysia, Morocco, Nicaragua and Ukraine) and two from regional networks of national human rights institutions (Asia-Pacific Forum and Network of Africa National Human Rights Institutions). During the seventeenth session of the Council (30 May-17 June 2011), three written contributions were submitted: one from the International Coordinating Committee; one from the national human rights institution of the United Kingdom and one from the national human rights institution of the Republic of Korea.", "72. On 9 March 2011, at the margins of the sixteenth session of the Council, OHCHR organized, in cooperation with the National Human Rights Council of Morocco, a side event on the implementation of the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Geneva, 9 March 2011).", "73. On 16 June 2011, the Human Rights Council adopted by consensus resolution 17/9 on national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights.", "1. Universal periodic review", "74. The Office continued to provide support to national human rights institutions to interact with the universal periodic review mechanism. In 2011, during the tenth (February), eleventh (May) and twelfth (October) sessions of the universal periodic review, the following 19 national human rights institutions submitted contributions to the universal periodic review stakeholders’ reports: tenth session: Australia, Austria (A status), Georgia (A status), Namibia (A status), Nepal (A status), Niger and Paraguay (A status); eleventh session: Denmark (A status), Greece (A status), Sierra Leone, Somalia/Somaliland; and twelfth session: Haiti, Ireland (A status), the Republic of Moldova, Swaziland, Thailand (A status), Togo (A status), Uganda (A status) and United Republic of Tanzania (A status).", "75. In March 2011, the Human Rights Council stipulated the following participatory rights to A-status national human rights institutions: (a) a separate section with national human rights institution contributions from the State under review shall be included in the stakeholders’ report; and (b) the national human rights institution of the State under review shall be entitled to intervene immediately after the State under review during the adoption of the outcome of the review by the Council plenary (see resolution 16/21, annex, paras. 9 and 13).", "2. Special procedures", "76. In March 2011, the Human Rights Council granted to A-status national human rights institutions the right to nominate candidates as special procedures mandate holders and to intervene immediately after the country concerned during the interactive dialogue, following the presentation of a country mission report by a special procedure mandate holder (ibid., annex, paras. 22 (a) and 28).", "B. Treaty bodies", "77. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has continued to support the participation of national human rights institutions in treaty body sessions during the reporting period, by providing information and attending sessions. On 11 July 2011, the Chair of the International Coordinating Committee and the national human rights institutions of Denmark, Ethiopia, France and Germany participated in a session organized by the Human Rights Committee on improving cooperation with national human rights institutions.", "78. The Office has developed an information note, to provide practical information to national human rights institutions wishing to access the treaty body system, including various opportunities for national human rights institutions’ interaction with the treaty bodies and the working methods and rules of procedure of treaty bodies that are relevant to the participation of national human rights institutions.", "IV. Cooperation between the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations system agencies, funds and programmes and international and regional organizations on national human rights institutions", "79. The cooperation of national human rights institutions with the United Nations and United Nations system agencies, funds and programmes is a key requirement of the Paris Principles. In 2008, the General Assembly encouraged all United Nations human rights mechanisms as well as agencies, funds and programmes, to work within their respective mandates with Member States and national institutions in the promotion and protection of human rights. In this regard, the General Assembly welcomed the efforts made by OHCHR to develop partnerships in support of national institutions.", "80. During the reporting period, OHCHR has focused in developing United Nations assistance, including the formalization, by an exchange of letter in March 2011, of a tripartite collaboration between the International Coordinating Committee, OHCHR and UNDP. The areas of cooperation of this tripartite collaboration include, inter alia, strengthening the role of national human rights institutions and regional networks, as well as facilitating and supporting engagement of United Nations agencies, funds and programmes with national human rights institutions.", "81. The United Nations Development Programme, OHCHR and the International Coordinating Committee held a meeting in New York in February 2011, at which they decided to enter into a tripartite partnership through exchange of letters. Key elements of the partnership include: establishing an annual UNDP-OHCHR-International Coordinating Committee strategic review of the establishment, development and effectiveness of national human rights institutions; engagement with the United Nations human rights mechanisms; joint national human rights institution capacity-assessment and gap analysis projects; engagement on thematic issues; information and knowledge management. The first annual meeting of the strategic review is to take place at the end of August 2011.", "A. Arab-European Human Rights Dialogue on Torture and Rule of Law", "82. The Office participated in the sixth Arab-European Human Rights Dialogue on Torture and Rule of Law, held in Berlin from 11 to 13 May 2011.", "B. Association of Mediterranean Ombudsmen", "83. The Office attended the fifth meeting of the Association of Mediterranean Ombudsmen on the theme “The role of the Ombudsman in reinforcing good governance and democracy” in St. Julian, Malta, on 30 and 31 May 2011, as an observer. In its statement, OHCHR familiarized the participants with General Assembly resolution 65/207 on the role of the Ombudsman, mediator and other national human rights institutions in the promotion and protection of human rights, in which the Assembly welcomed the active participation of the Office in all international and regional meetings of the Ombudsman, mediator and other national human rights institutions and requested, in cooperation with OHCHR, their accreditation by the International Coordinating Committee, in order to enable them to interact effectively with the relevant United Nations human rights bodies.", "C. Ibero American Federation of the Ombudsman", "84. The Office participated in the annual meeting of the Ibero American Federation of the Ombudsman. National human rights institutions and Ombudsman institutions from Latin America, Portugal and Spain attended the meeting, held from 1 to 3 June 2011 in Alcala de Henares, Spain. Participants discussed, among other things, the current and future challenges for the Defensorias del Pueblo in promoting and protecting human rights, the Millennium Development Goals and national human rights institutions; the promotion of human rights and reports of national institutions; the role of national human rights institutions in the implementation of economic, social and cultural rights; national human rights institutions and international human rights mechanisms; and national human rights institutions and the protection of vulnerable groups.", "V. Cooperation with non-governmental organizations and academic institutions", "85. The Office worked in promoting the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the activities of the International Coordinating Committee and its Subcommittee on Accreditation. On 7 October 2010, a Forum of Non‑Governmental Organizations preceded the tenth International Conference of National Human Rights Institutions (Edinburgh, United Kingdom) (see A/HRC/16/76, para. 70). In May 2011, the annual meeting of the International Coordinating Committee (Geneva) was attended by 50 members of civil society organizations from around the world. The session of the Subcommittee on Accreditation held after the annual meeting, benefited from the inputs received by NGOs from Austria, India and Mauritania.", "VI. Thematic issues", "A. Indigenous peoples", "86. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions are developing a joint publication entitled “The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: an operational guide for national human rights institutions”, aimed at supporting and strengthening the work of national human rights institutions in the protection and promotion of indigenous peoples’ rights.", "87. On 11 July 2011, in conjunction with the fourth session of the United Nations Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, a national human rights institutions consultation took place in Geneva. The main objective of the consultation was to exchange good practices in advancing the rights of indigenous peoples which could be reflected in the guide.", "B. History, principles, roles and responsibilities of national human rights institutions", "88. During the reporting period, the Office launched an updated version of the OHCHR Professional Training Series No. 4 entitled National Human Rights Institutions: History, Principles, Roles and Responsibilities.[2] Based on the 1995 version, the publication provides an overview of the current key topics related to the establishment and strengthening of independent national human rights institutions, including the roles those institutions play within the national systems of promotion and protection of human rights as well as their interaction with the international human rights system. The publication also encompasses the latest international developments in this area, such as the most recent General Assembly resolutions and materials from the International Coordinating Committee.", "C. National human rights institutions in federal States", "89. At the margins of the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the International Coordinating Committee, OHCHR organized a side event on national human rights institutions in federal States. Participants discussed the particularities of those States (including decentralization and local self-governance), as well as the strengths and challenges of national human rights institutions in countries with federal systems of governance.", "VII. Conclusions", "90. Compliance with the Paris Principles is a key requirement for ensuring the effectiveness, independence, autonomy and pluralism of national human rights institutions. National institutions, as well as Governments, parliaments and other relevant stakeholders, shall take all the necessary measures to ensure the continuing operation of national human rights institutions, in accordance with the Paris Principles. Ombudsman institutions and mediators are also encouraged to act in accordance with these principles, and to seek accreditation before the International Coordinating Committee.", "91. The establishment of a Paris Principles-compliant national human rights institution in countries where it does not exist is welcomed. Observance of the Paris Principles in the pre-establishment phase is key to ensuring the independence and legitimacy of the new institution. It is recommended to carry out broad and participatory consultation processes with civil society organizations while drafting the enabling legislation for national human rights institutions.", "92. It is strongly recommended to pay particular attention to the Paris Principles while appointing the members of national human rights institutions. Members States and national human rights institutions are encouraged to promote a transparent appointment process and ensure the pluralistic representation of civil society organizations involved in the promotion and protection of human rights.", "93. As key parts of the national human rights system, national human rights institutions are encouraged to work cooperatively with other components of this system, namely, the executive, the judiciary, the parliament, civil society, the media and academia.", "94. United Nations country teams’ inter-agency joint programmes to support national human rights institutions and the engagement of national, regional and international partners in these programmes are encouraged. The establishment of the annual UNDP-OHCHR-International Coordinating Committee strategic review of activities related to national human rights institutions is welcomed.", "95. It is recommended that subnational human rights institutions work together with the federal national human rights institution to ensure that all human rights are equally protected across the country. Interaction by subnational human rights institutions with the international human rights system, including the universal periodic review, the treaty bodies and the special procedures, is strongly encouraged.", "96. By its resolution 16/21 on the review of the work and functioning of the Human Rights Council, the Council strengthens the role of A-status national human rights institutions in the universal periodic review and the special procedures.", "97. National human rights institutions are encouraged to play an active role during the second cycle of the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council (2012-2016). A-status national human rights institutions are encouraged to make use of their participatory rights as spelled out in Human Rights Council resolution 16/21.", "98. The adoption of the Port of Spain Declaration on the establishment of national human rights institutions in accordance with the Paris Principles in the Caribbean is welcome. Similar initiatives in other subregions are encouraged.", "99. The decision of the European Group of National Human Rights Institutions to establish a permanent secretariat is welcome. This secretariat will consolidate the regional architecture and it is expected to have a positive impact in the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions in accordance with the Paris Principles across Europe.", "Annex", "Regional Workshop on the Establishment of National Human Rights Institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles in the Caribbean", "Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, 21-23 March 2011", "Port of Spain Declaration", "In accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Commonwealth Secretariat, with the support of the United Nations country team in Trinidad and Tobago, organized a three-day Regional Workshop on the Establishment of National Human Rights Institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles in the Caribbean, held in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago from 21 to 23 March 2011.", "The Workshop participants from the English Caribbean States of Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and representatives of the United Nations country teams from Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago:", "• Express appreciation to the Government of Trinidad and Tobago for hosting this Regional Workshop on the Establishment of National Human Rights Institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles in the Caribbean and, in particular, to the Attorney General, the Hon. Anand Ramlogan, for officially opening the Workshop.", "• Express appreciation to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Commonwealth Secretariat for co-organizing this Regional Workshop.", "• Acknowledge the participation of the Acting United Nations Resident Coordinator’s Office in Trinidad and Tobago and, as resource persons, the representatives of the National Human Rights Institutions from the Philippines and Canada.", "• Emphasize the importance of sensitizing Governments, Parliaments, and other relevant national stakeholders on the values and benefits of establishing national human rights institutions.", "• Recognize the importance of building on existing human rights frameworks to create Caribbean models of national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles.", "• Emphasize the importance of national human rights institutions, including Ombudsman institutions, to making human rights values part of everyday life and language.", "• Emphasize the relevance of national human rights institutions, including Ombudsman institutions, as key actors in strengthening human rights promotion and protection.", "• Recognize the role and leadership that civil society actors bring to human rights protection and promotion.", "• Recognize the role of national human rights institutions, including Ombudsman institutions, in empowering all people to understand and exercise their human rights.", "• Acknowledge the comprehensive overview given and discussions held on the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions, their historical and legal background, the minimum standards national human rights institutions have to comply with, as well as the core functions, main features and methods of operation of national human rights institutions.", "• Recognize the importance of taking necessary measures in order to establish national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles and to seek accreditation to the International Coordinating Committee of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights.", "• Acknowledge the significant role that national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles can play at the international level by interacting with the international human rights mechanisms, including the Human Rights Council, treaty bodies and special procedures.", "• Welcome the practical focus of the Workshop in facilitating the sharing of expertise and experiences in connection with the establishment of Paris Principles-compliant national human rights institutions.", "• Recognize that, while Caribbean countries have unique challenges concerning the establishment of national human rights institutions, assistance and support from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Development Programme, other United Nations agencies, the International Coordinating Committee, as well as the Commonwealth Secretariat, in establishing national human rights institutions may be made available at the request of Members States.", "Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, 23 March 2011", "[1] The European Group of National Human Rights Institutions, the Network of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in the Americas, the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions and the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions.", "[2] United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.XIV.4." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "促进和保护人权国家机构", "秘书长的报告", "摘要 本报告涵盖2010年9月至2011年9月期间，内载联合国人权事务高级专员办事处为设立和加强国家人权机构所开展活动的资料；政府和国家人权机构在此方面采取的措施；向国家人权机构的国际和区域活动提供的支持；与联合国系统其他机构、基金和方案一道提供的与国家人权机构相关的技术援助；国家人权机构与国际机制之间促进和保护人权方面的合作。本报告还载有国家人权机构在特定专题方面所从事工作的相关资料。 \n本报告补充秘书长2011年2月7日向人权理事会提交的涵盖2010年1月至12月期间活动的报告(A/HRC/16/76)。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告根据大会第64/161号决议提交，大会在该决议中请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告该决议执行情况。本报告涵盖2010年9月至2011年9月期间的活动，并补充秘书长2011年2月7日向人权理事会提交的涵盖2010年1月至12月期间活动的报告(A/HRC/16/76)。", "2. 大会第64/161号决议确认，有众多行为方参与设立和加强国家人权机构。大会鼓励国家人权机构与各类行为方开展合作，这些行为方包括联合国，尤其包括人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)、促进和保护人权国家机构国际协调委员会(国际协调委员会)、区域国家人权机构网络[2] 以及区域和国际监察员协会。大会在同一决议中还欢迎高级专员努力发展伙伴关系以支持国家机构，并鼓励联合国所有人权机制以及各机构、基金和方案，在各自任务授权范围内与会员国和国家机构合作。在这众多行为方中，会员国在设立和加强国家人权机构方面应发挥突出作用。在这方面，大会第64/161号决议还鼓励会员国设立有效、独立和多元化的国家机构。", "3. 本报告旨在概述上列行为方在设立和加强独立的国家人权机构方面所发挥的作用。本报告还说明国家、区域和国际三级迄今为止已建立的伙伴关系和其他合作安排。", "二. 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处与国家人权机构", "4. 向国家人权机构提供支助并与其开展外联是人权高专办任务的组成部分。高级专员在国际协调委员会第二十四届年会(2011年5月17日,日内瓦)上的介绍性发言中重申，国家人权机构是人权高专办至关重要的伙伴，因为这些机构在国家人权保护系统中，尤其是在解决国家一级最紧迫人权问题方面，处于中心位置。", "5. 人权高专办通过国家机构和区域机制科继续为设立和加强国家人权机构提供法律和技术支助。人权高专办通过向国际协调委员会本身及其资格认证小组委员会提供秘书处服务，继续发展与该委员会的长期关系。", "6. 大会曾指出，人权高专办在国家人权机构方面的作用仍是一项进行中的工作。因此，大会鼓励高级专员进一步扩大支助这些机构的活动(第64/161号决议，第13段）。2011年，除人权高专办在支助国家人权机构方面的长期任务外，大会还请该办事处发展和支助与监察员和调解员这两个具体机构类别相关的活动(见第65/207号决议，第5段)。", "A. 人权高专办提供的有关国家人权机构的咨询服务", "7. 人权高专办主要通过国家机构和区域机制科在国家、区域和国际三级发挥加强国家人权机构的作用。该科协同包括实地人员在内的人权高专办其他部门开展工作。人权高专办继续在设立和加强机构方面提供咨询意见和援助，其途径包括其国家和区域办事处、人权咨询顾问和联合国和平特派团的人权部门，也包括与联合国开发计划署(开发署)和国家人权机构区域协调机构等其他联合国伙伴开展协作。人权高专办还与政府间组织、学术机构和民间社会组织密切合作。", "8. 人权高专办向国家人权机构和其他国家利益攸关方提供法律和技术援助。提供的咨询意见涉及国家人权机构及其性质、职能、权利和责任方面的宪法和法律规定。此外还派遣比较分析、技术合作需求评估、方案制定和评价等方面的工作团，协助机构遵守关于促进和保护人权国家机构的地位的原则(《巴黎原则》)(见大会第48/134号决议，附件)。", "9. 人权高专办继续举办“A级”国家人权机构工作人员助研金方案。在本报告所述期间，下列各国的机构工作人员参加了该方案：埃及、印度、卡塔尔、尼加拉瓜、秘鲁、乌干达和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。助研金方案的目标是使世界各国的国家人权机构工作人员更好地了解和领会国际人权系统。通过这种经历，研究员增加了有关联合国人权系统，包括条约机构系统、人权理事会、普遍定期审议和特别程序的知识和实际工作经验。他们还熟悉人权高专办与国家人权机构开展的和为这些机构开展的工作，并熟悉与国家人权机构相关的技术和实务问题。人权高专办和国家机构双方都从助研金方案中受益，包括获得实务知识以及在国家人权机构内工作的经验。", "1. 美洲和加勒比", "10. 人权高专办南美洲办事处举办了两次讲习班，以进一步建设智利国家人权研究所的能力。讲习班的主要内容是人权指标(2011年4月11日至12日)和如何向人权条约机构报告(2011年5月20日)。", "11. 2011年4月18日和19日，人权高专办通过其南美洲区域办事处为秘鲁的国家人权机构(人民监察员)组织了关于人权指标的培训活动。该培训活动的对象包括30多名国家人权机构工作人员，具体重点是经济、社会和文化权利。讲习班的目标是更好地将人权指标纳入国家人权机构的分析和报告。", "12. 2011年4月20日，人权高专办南美区域办事处与秘鲁的国家人权机构共同组织了一次土著居民培训活动。培训的目标是增加关于《联合国土著人民权利宣言》和国际人权机制的知识和认识，包括深入认知土著居民和民间社会如何才能成功运用联合国机制。这次培训活动的对象包括30个秘鲁土著和民间社会组织。", "13. 在厄瓜多尔任命国家人权机构(人民监察员机构)负责人的过程中，人权高专办为提高对国际标准的认识提供支助。人权高专办的支助包括2011年6月举办一次培训活动，对象是共同参与和社会控制理事会这个负责遴选监察员的机构的成员。", "14. 联合国人权事务高级专员在访问墨西哥期间(2011年7月3日至9日)会晤了国家人权委员会主席，以商讨人权指标、人权维护者、迁徙工人权利和最近的宪法改革等领域的进一步合作。访问期间，高级专员还与包含32个国家以下各级人权委员会的墨西哥人权公共机构联合会举行了会议。", "15. 2011年9月，人权高专办南美洲区域办事处与阿根廷的国家人权机构(国家人民监察员机构)共同举办了一次民间社会和土著组织成员培训活动。此活动在该国两个地区进行，重点是介绍土著人民权利和国际人权机制。", "16. 在本报告所述期间，人权高专办南美洲区域办事处与乌拉圭国会议员和政府官员就该国设立国家人权机构一事举行了会谈。人权高专办重点指出了确保机构独立性与自主性、充分供资和专员遴选过程的重要性。", "17. 在本报告所述期间，人权高专办继续支助智利努力设立符合《巴黎原则》的国家人权机构。人权高专办南美洲区域办事处为参议院代表举行了信息介绍会，散发了关于国家人权机构和《巴黎原则》的概况资料。人权高专办向议会全体成员发去一封信，提请其注意普遍定期审议关于设立国家人权机构的建议。", "18. 在本报告所述期间，人权高专办南美洲区域办事处与委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的国家人权机构进行联络活动，以使该机构更多参与保护权利和被剥夺自由的人士，并使其更多参与向普遍定期审议呈交报告。人权高专办为监察员机构工作人员提供了有关普遍定期审议的培训(A/HRC/16/76，第14段)。", "19. 人权高专办、开发署、法语国家国际组织和公民保护署(保护署)制订了加强保护署的三年联合全球战略。该战略将于2011年至2013年期间实施。作为该项目的一部分，为协助保护署执行其任务征聘了一名咨询顾问。", "2. 非洲", "20. 2011年1月5日布隆迪通过设立独立国家人权委员会的法案。此后，联合国布隆迪办事处于2011年3月在鲁塔纳、基特加和布琼布拉举行了磋商活动。该活动旨在提高民间社会组织对新法律的认识，并确保遴选和任命委员会成员的过程具有透明度。2011年5月19日，国民议会任命了七名委员会成员和主席团成员。", "21. 人权高专办与联合国国家工作队在尼日尔共同举行磋商活动，以提高对设立新国家人权机构一事的认识。2011年7月6日至8日，与政府各部举行了一次磋商活动。7月4日至6日，在塔瓦举办了一次民间社会组织讲习班。", "22. 2011年1月，利比里亚独立国家人权委员会获得新办公室。该委员会正式成立于2010年10月。联合国驻利比里亚特派团人权和保护科与该委员会领导层开展互动，就委员会2011年工作计划以及议事棚项目提供咨询意见。该工作计划包含提交给总统的全国和解路线图。委员会与人权和保护科商定了两名国家咨询顾问的工作任务，请他们编制一项战略计划和内部议事规则。2011年5月20日，人权和保护科与该国家委员会以半天时间举办一次讲习班，讨论了两个实体的任务、组织结构图和行动计划，并讨论了委员会与该科间的合作。", "23. 在本报告所述期间，人权高专办东非区域办事处向坦桑尼亚联合共和国人权和善治委员会提供支助，包括进行培训和论证活动，以向普遍定期审议提交利益攸关方呈件。人权高专办还参与坦桑尼亚联合共和国制定全国人权行动计划的工作。人权和善治委员会是该项工作的领导者之一。", "24. 2011年6月22日至24日，人权高专办支助纳米比亚、南非、赞比亚和津巴布韦的国家人权机构出席了人权高专办在比勒陀利亚举办的消除种族歧视委员会结论性意见后续行动次区域讨论会。", "25. 津巴布韦人权委员会于2010年任命其成员，目前尚未正式运作。人权高专办就设立津巴布韦人权委员会的法律提案提供了实质性意见。人权高专办和开发署征聘一名任期六个月的咨询顾问，负责向该委员会成员提供技术和能力支助。人权高专办和开发署还与国家各种利益攸关方举行建设能力和提高认识会议，以根据《巴黎原则》推动津巴布韦人权委员会的设立和运作。该委员会副主席应邀出席了人权高专办在比勒陀利亚举办的上述区域讨论会。", "26. 人权高专办就任命津巴布韦未来国家人权机构中民间社会成员规则的各种草案提供了意见。人权高专办与联合国国家工作队密切合作，向谋求设立国家人权机构的该国政府和民间社会提供了技术和咨询服务。", "27. 2011年8月，人权高专办支助在南苏丹征聘一名咨询顾问，负责向人权委员会提供技术知识和增强委员会工作人员的能力。", "28. 人权高专办继续通过反歧视举措与南非人权委员会密切合作。该举措于2010年11月启动，由人权高专办提供资金。人权高专办定期与南非人权委员会举行磋商，以监督该项目的执行情况。该项目旨在增强委员会处理非国民的人权问题和反对仇外心理及歧视的能力。", "29. 人权高专办南部非洲区域办事处与该区域的联合国国家工作队密切合作，推进设立和加强科摩罗和塞舌尔的国家人权机构。", "30. 在本报告所述期间，人权高专办支助埃塞俄比亚人权委员会编制了国家人权行动计划。人权高专办东非区域办事处向该委员会提供了咨询意见，以促进与联合国条约机构的互动，即人权事务委员会和消除对妇女歧视委员会即将对埃塞俄比亚进行的审查。2011年8月，人权高专办、开发署和非洲国家人权机构网络对埃塞俄比亚人权委员会进行差距分析以评估其能力。人权高专办还就国际协调委员会的资格认证程序提供咨询意见，并向工作人员和委员会成员提供关于《巴黎原则》的培训。", "31. 在本报告所述期间，人权高专办东非区域办事处向吉布提国家人权委员会提供支助，确保其参加消除对妇女歧视委员会对吉布提执行普遍定期审议建议三年联合方案的审查活动。", "32. 2010年最后三个月，人权高专办就中非共和国设立国家人权机构开展了能力建设活动(见A/HRC/16/76，第26段)。", "3. 亚洲和太平洋", "33. 2010年最后三个月，人权高专办与开发署和国家人权机构亚太论坛共同对约旦和泰国的国家人权机构进行了能力评估(同上，第31段)。", "4. 欧洲和中亚", "34. 人权高专办应挪威人权中心的邀请，参加了2011年1月11日在奥斯陆举行的一次讨论，题为“挪威国家人权机构：我们前进的方向?”，该会议是关于改组挪威人权中心的全国协商过程的组成部分，民间社会团体的代表和挪威外交部的工作人员出席了会议。人权高专办就挪威国家人权机构的改组，以及重新获取国际协调委员会资格认证的问题提供了技术援助和咨询。", "35. 在访问俄罗斯联邦期间，联合国人权事务高级专员于2011年2月18日在圣彼得堡举行的俄罗斯联邦国家以下各级监察员协调理事会年会上发言。她指出，人权高专办将高度优先重视按照有关的国际标准建立和支助国家人权机构和监察员办公室。特别是，人权高专办可以分享关于监察机构在法治、拘留条件和安全部门改革方面作用的专业知识。高级专员鼓励与会者加强与联合国条约机构和人权理事会特别程序机制的联络。高级专员呼吁联邦监察员为国家以下各级机构创建与人权理事会互动的空间。她还呼吁它们参与通过国际协调委员会进行的国际协调和交流，并从中受益。", "36． 2011年3月，人权高专办提供了关于塞尔维亚《国民议会议事规则》的评论意见。这些意见集中于规范监察员与议会之间关系的条款，尤其是关于国家人权机构向国民议会提交报告的监督和审议机制。国民议会在修订上述《议事规则》时，审议了人权高专办的意见。人权高专办和国家工作队继续与国民议会和塞尔维亚监察员密切合作，以加强这两个国家机构之间的关系。", "37． 2011年6月，在正式启动了加强塔吉克斯坦国家人权机构能力的联合国联合技术援助方案。除了监察机构之外，以下机构计划也参与了该方案：人权高专办、开发署、联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处、联合国儿童基金会、国际移民组织、联合国人口基金、国际劳工组织和联合国艾滋病规划署。该方案旨在加强塔吉克斯坦国家人权机构的能力，以便处理投诉，开展教育和公众宣传活动，并改善其与主要国家行为者和民间社会组织的伙伴关系，从而促进人权政策和法规的改革。", "38． 2011年7月，根据立陶宛司法部和共和国议会监察员的请求，人权高专办提供了关于《立陶宛议会监察员法》的意见。另外，2011年7月12日，人权高专办参加了在维尔纽斯由立陶宛总统和司法部组织的关于建立一个国家人权机构的协商会议。", "39． 人权高专办与摩尔多瓦共和国政府官员合作，讨论摩尔多瓦共和国B 级国家人权机构现行立法的修正提案，重点放在有关监察员的聘任程序和甄选等方面。人权高专办驻摩尔多瓦共和国的人权顾问和人权高专办的欧洲区域代表就该问题与一系列官员接触，包括司法部官员和主要议员。此外，联合国人权事务高级专员致函该国政府，敦促迅速采取行动，改善国家人权机构，以便申请国际协调委员会的资格再认证。", "40． 人权高专办驻摩尔多瓦共和国的人权顾问通过各种方式向国家人权机构提供支助，包括关于普遍定期审议和弱智人士的监督机构的训练，加强该机构的图书馆，制订国家人权机构的战略规划。人权高专办的人权顾问参加了一个由开发署与欧盟委员会组成的关于加强国家人权机构项目的理事会。", "41． 人权事务高级专员办事处协助加强克罗地亚、荷兰、挪威、匈牙利、立陶宛和斯洛伐克的国家人权基础设施。人权高专办提供了咨询意见，包括对立法的意见，并提请各国政府、国家人权机构和其他参与这些过程的利益攸关方注意确保通过多元和参与性协商开展真正对话的重要性。", "42． 人权高专办驻塞尔维亚的人权顾问与塞尔维亚监察员办公室密切合作，加强该机构在保护和促进人权方面的工作。人权高专办的支助包括编写一份全面报告，说明罗姆人的人权状况，以及该国为罗姆人融入社会采取的措施的有效性。该报告及其向塞尔维亚政府提出的建议预计将在2012年初提交国民议会。", "43． 人权高专办驻前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国的人权顾问协助监察员办公室申请国际协调委员会的资格认证。", "44． 人权高专办在2010年的最后三个月，协助塞尔维亚和荷兰的国家人权机构加强它们的能力(同上，第39和40段)。", "5． 中东和北非", "45． 人权高专办、开发署和国家人权机构亚太论坛向巴勒斯坦国家人权机构(2011年2月6日至8日和2011年4月3日至15日)和阿富汗国家人权机构(2011年5月13日至26日)的能力评估提供了支助。能力评估包括采访机构的工作人员以及其他利益攸关方。", "46． 在报告所述期间，人权高专办就在突尼斯和沙特阿拉伯设立国家人权机构的立法草案问题提供了法律意见。", "47． 人权高专办在阿曼组织了一个关于《巴黎原则》的研讨会(见A/HRC/16/76，第30段)。", "B. 支持与国家人权机构有关的区域举措", "1． 美洲和加勒比", "48． 人权高专办与英联邦秘书处合作，举办了关于如何按照《巴黎原则》为加勒比地区建立国家人权机构问题的一个区域讲习班。讲习班于2011年3月21日至23日在西班牙港举行。本次讲习班旨在根据最近在加勒比地区的人权发展情况，包括通过人权理事会的普遍定期审议过程，建立和加强加勒比国家的国家人权保护制度，以便在中短期内建立国家人权机构。来自12个加勒比英语国家的国会议员、监察机构和政府官员包括总检察长出席了研讨会。巴巴多斯的联合国国家工作队和东加勒比国家组织的代表也参加了这项活动。该讲习班通过了《西班牙港宣言》(见附件)。", "49． 在国际协调委员会第二十四届年度会议的间隙，美洲促进和保护人权国家机构网络举行了一次会议，讨论其2011年至2012年的工作计划。与会者讨论了为该区域国家人权机构的工作人员制订一个永久的能力建设方案，并成立一个美洲网络咨询委员会。与会者同意建立一个美洲网络的网站，并商定在危地马拉举行下一届2011年区域年度会议。", "2． 非洲", "50． 联合国开发计划署、人权高专办和非洲国家人权机构网络于2011年5月21日在日内瓦举行会议，讨论合作和支助问题，其中包括确定差距分析的方法，以及协助制订和验证该网络的战略计划。", "51． 人权高专办作为协助单位参加非洲国家人权机构的培训方案(2011年5月30日至6月8日，阿克拉)，该研讨会是由拉乌尔·沃伦贝格人权和人道主义法研究所、隆德大学和非洲国家人权机构网络举办。培训的主要目的是加强国家人权机构工作人员关于《巴黎原则》的能力和知识。参与者是来自大约26个国家人权机构的工作人员，包括调查人员、培训人员、法律人员、行政人员和管理人员，来自埃塞俄比亚、加纳、肯尼亚、马拉维、纳米比亚、尼日利亚、卢旺达、塞拉利昂、南非、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和赞比亚。", "3． 亚洲和太平洋", "52． 2011年3月28日至30日，国家人权机构亚太论坛、开发署和人权高专办在曼谷举办关于亚太地区国家人权机构的能力评估的培训讲习班。人权高专办支助设在肯尼亚的非洲国家人权机构网络秘书处的一名代表参加这次讲习班，以促进在亚太区域和非洲的两个国家人权机构网络有效交流能力评估的经验和良好做法。", "4． 欧洲和中亚", "53． 人权高专办协助国家人权机构欧洲集团建立其常设秘书处。人权高专办支持2011年2月21日在日内瓦举行一次会议，旨在确定设立常设秘书处的具体步骤。会议聚集了来自13个欧洲国家人权机构的代表，以及国家人权机构亚太论坛和非洲国家人权机构网络常设秘书处的代表。出席这次会议的还有常驻日内瓦代表团和区域机制，如基本权利机构、欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)、民主制度和人权办事处，以及欧洲委员会的代表。该会议的主要成果之一是与会者一致表示支持这项举措。", "54. 人权高专办参加了2011年3月28日和29日在布拉格举行的一次研讨会，讨论国家人权机构在促进和保护妇女权利和性别平等方面的作用。这次研讨会是由欧安组织和民主制度和人权办事处为来自东欧国家的国家人权机构举办的。", "55. 人权高专办参加了2011年4月5日在维也纳举行的欧盟基本权利机构与国家人权机构的第四次年度会议。人权高专办在发言中重点谈到国家人权机构在欧洲的各种不同状况，以及人权机构与平等机构合并，或强调各类平等机构、人权机构与监察机构之间合作的趋势。它还强调建立一个国家人权机构欧洲集团常设秘书处的重要性。", "56． 人权高专办出席于4月14日和15日在维也纳举行的欧安组织人的方面问题补充会议。人权高专办根据最近对人权理事会工作方法的审查，包括发言权利、书面发言的分发和参与普遍定期审议等情况，分享了协助国家人权机构加强它们在人权理事会的作用的经验。", "57． 2011年5月17日，在国际协调委员会第二十四届年度会议的间隙，国家人权机构欧洲集团的成员举行了一次会议，讨论以下问题：欧洲集团设立常设秘书处；与欧洲基本权利机构、因特拉肯进程和欧安组织的协作；欧洲集团残疾人权利公约工作组；以及国家人权机构与平等机构(欧洲平等机构网络)。会上，欧洲集团选举苏格兰人权委员会为欧洲集团主席。法国、卢森堡和丹麦的国家人权机构代表被选为欧洲协调委员会成员。德国国家人权机构当选为国际协调委员会资格认证小组委员会的欧洲成员。", "58． 人权高专办参加了2011年7月13日和14日在维尔纽斯举行的欧安组织地区国家人权机构会议。这次会议是由欧安组织/民主制度和人权办事处和欧安组织当值主席(欧安组织主席)共同举办的。本次会议旨在促进监察机构、人权委员会、研究机构和其他与行政机关、司法机关、议会和民间社会合作的机制之间交流经验。", "59． 人权高专办于2010年10月4日和5日参加了在华沙举行的一次与欧洲委员会和民主制度和人权办事处的非正式机构间会议。人权高专办分享了在协助国家人权机构建立自己的立法框架和能力方面的经验。", "60． 2010年10月20日和21日，人权高专办参加了在萨格勒布举行的一次关于根据《禁止酷刑公约任择议定书》建立的国家预防机制的区域圆桌会议，这次会议是由开发署和克罗地亚监察员举办的。圆桌会议的重点是预防酷刑和国家人权机构的作用。", "5． 中东和北非", "61． 2011年4月27日和28日，联合国人权事务高级专员参加了在努瓦克肖特举行的阿拉伯国家的国家人权机构第七届年会，讨论国家人权机构在执行联合国条约机构的建议方面的作用。该会议由毛里塔尼亚的国家人权委员会主办，来自阿尔及利亚、埃及、约旦、毛里塔尼亚、卡塔尔和突尼斯的国家人权机构代表出席了该会议。与会者通过了《努瓦克肖特宣言》。", "C. 人权事务高级专员办事处为与国家人权机构有关的国际举措提供的支持", "1． 促进和保护人权国家机构国际协调委员会", "62. 人权高专办协助国际协调委员会开发和管理其网站(http://nhri.ohchr. org)，该网站于2011年开始运作，取代www.nhri.net。", "63. 2011年8月7日，人权高专办收到现任和即将上任的国际协调委员会主席的一封信，呼吁联合国在2013年举办纪念通过《巴黎原则》二十周年的活动。国际协调委员会认为，该活动的筹备工作应在2012年开始，而且，这个问题应列入大会第六十六届会议议程。根据这封信所载的提议，建议大会第六十八届会议在2013年举行一次特别全体会议，纪念通过 《巴黎原则》二十周年，并建议大会在其关于促进和保护人权国家机构的两年度决议中包括这方面的规定。", "(a) 第二十四届年度会议", "64. 国际协调委员会第二十四届年度会议于2011年5月17日至19日在日内瓦举行。会议议程包括国家人权机构执行普遍定期审议的建议的最佳做法；国家人权机构与条约机构的协作；国家人权机构与土著人民的权利；国家人权机构在保护妇女权利方面的作用；德班审查会议的后续行动；人权教育；以及工商业与人权。出席会议的有来自80多个国家的国家人权机构的成员，以及政府官员、民间社会组织、学者和政府间组织。", "(b) 主席团会议", "65. 2011年5月16日,国际协调委员会主席团会议在日内瓦举行。主席团成员讨论了国际协调委员会在人权理事会第十七届会议上关于通过《儿童权利公约任择议定书草案》的发言稿，以及在残疾人权利公约缔约国会议上的发言稿。主席团还核可关于国际协调委员会下一次两年度会议应重点关心性别平等及妇女和女童的建议。", "66. 主席团成员决定设立一个工作组，由四个区域的代表组成，讨论国家人权机构参与联合国机构的工作问题。此外，主席团成员同意支持通过一项强调 《巴黎原则》以及国家人权机构参与联合国机构工作的大会决议，并支持在人权理事会第十七届会议上通过一项关于国家人权机构的决议。", "2． 资格认证小组委员会", "67. 人权高专办向2011年5月23日至27日在日内瓦举行的资格认证小组委员会会议提供秘书处支助。小组委员会审议了下列20个国家人权机构的新的资格认证：孟加拉国、匈牙利、塞拉利昂和瑞典； 重新认证：澳大利亚、奥地利、加拿大、萨尔瓦多、印度、毛里塔尼亚、纳米比亚、新西兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、塞内加尔、罗马尼亚和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国；延后：阿塞拜疆、尼日利亚和斯洛伐克。", "三. 联合国人权机制与国家人权机构之间的合作", "68． 国家人权机构与国际和区域人权机制合作是《巴黎原则》的一个关键要求。人权高专办继续协助国家人权机构与条约机构和人权理事会进行互动，包括普遍定期审议和特别程序。人权高专办在这方面的工作是与国际协调委员会主席和驻日内瓦代表协调开展的。", "69． 在报告所述期间，人权高专办继续支持和促进国际协调委员会参与旨在加强国际人权机制的具有里程碑意义的过程，如人权理事会审查和条约机构改革等。", "A. 人权理事会", "70. 国际协调委员会积极参与人权理事会审查，使得A级国家人权机构有更多机会参与人权理事会的工作。2011年3月25日，人权理事会通过关于人权理事会的工作和运作的审查结果(第16/21号决议，附件)，该结果包括A级国家人权机构参与普遍定期审议和特别程序的机制并与它们互动的规定(见下文各节)。", "71. 2011年，人权高专办与国际协调委员会驻日内瓦代表合作，继续支持国家人权机构参与人权理事会工作。在人权理事会第十六届会议期间(2011年2月28日至 3月25日)，提交了8份书面发言：6份来自A级国家人权机构(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、格鲁吉亚、马来西亚、摩洛哥、尼加拉瓜和乌克兰)，两份来自国家人权机构区域网络(非洲伙伴关系论坛和非洲国家人权机构网络)。在理事会第十七届会议(2011年5月30日 至 6月17日)上，提交了3份书面发言：1份来自国际协调委员会，1份来自联合王国国家人权机构，1份来自大韩民国国家人权机构。", "72. 2011年3月9日，在第十六届人权理事会会议的间隙，人权高专办与摩洛哥国家人权理事会合作，组织了一次会外活动，讨论真相与和解委员会的建议的执行情况(2011年3月9日，日内瓦)。", "73． 2011年6月16日，人权理事会协商一致通过关于促进和保护人权国家机构的第17/9号决议。", "1． 普遍定期审议", "74. 人权高专办继续协助国家人权机构与普遍定期审议机制进行互动。2011年，在普遍定期审议第10次(2月)、第11次(5月)和第12次(10月)会议期间，以下19个国家的国家人权机构向普遍定期审议机制的利益攸关方报告提供了资料：第10次会议：奥地利、澳大利亚(A级)、格鲁吉亚(A级)、纳米比亚(A级)、尼泊尔(A级)、尼日尔和巴拉圭(A级)；第11次会议：丹麦(A级)、希腊(A级)、塞拉利昂、索马里/索马里兰；第12次会议：海地、爱尔兰(A级)、摩尔多瓦共和国、斯威士兰、泰国(A级)、多哥(A级)、乌干达(A级)和坦桑尼亚联合共和国(A级)。", "75. 2011年3月，人权理事会规定了以下A级国家人权机构的参与权：(a) 受审议国的国家人权机构提交的资料应作为单独一节列入利益攸关方的报告；(b) 受审议国的国家人权机构有权在理事会全体会议通过审议结果时在受审议国发言之后立即发言(见第16/21号决议，附件，第9和第13段)。", "2． 特别程序", "76. 2011年3月，人权理事会规定A级国家人权机构有权提名特别程序任务执行人的候选人，并在互动对话期间有权在特别程序任务执行人介绍某个国别任务报告之后紧接着有关国家发言(同上，附件，第22(a)和第28段)。", "B. 条约机构", "77. 在报告所述期间，人权高专办继续协助国家人权机构通过提供资料和参加会议参与条约机构会议的工作。2011年7月11日，国际协调委员会主席和丹麦、埃塞俄比亚、法国以及德国的国家人权机构参加了由人权事务委员会举办的一次会议，讨论如何改善与国家人权机构的合作问题。", "78. 人权高专办编写了一份情况说明，向希望接触条约机构系统的国家人权机构提供实用资料，包括国家人权机构与条约机构互动的各种机会，以及各条约机构与国家人权机构的参与有关的工作方法和议事规则。", "四. 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、联合国系统各机构、基金和方案以及国家人权机构国际和区域组织之间的合作", "79. 国家人权机构与联合国和联合国系统各机构、基金和方案的合作是《巴黎原则》的一个关键要求。2008年，大会鼓励联合国所有人权机制以及各机构、基金和方案在各自任务授权范围内与会员国和国家机构合作促进和保护人权。在这方面，大会欢迎人权高专办为发展支持国家机构的伙伴关系作出的努力。", "80. 在报告所述期间，人权高专办侧重于发展联合国的援助，包括通过2011年3月的换文，使国际协调委员会、人权高专办和开发署之间的三方协作正规化。三方协作的合作领域除其他外，包括加强国家人权机构和区域网络的作用，以及便利和支持联合国各机构、基金和方案与国家人权机构接触。", "81. 联合国开发计划署、人权高专办和国际协调委员会于2011年2月在纽约举行了一次会议。它们在会上决定通过换文进入三方伙伴关系。这个伙伴关系的关键要素包括：就国家人权机构的建立、发展与效力建立开发署-人权高专办-国际协调委员会年度战略审查；与联合国各人权机制接触；国家人权机构联合能力评估和差距分析联合项目；就专题问题进行接触；信息和知识管理。首次战略审查年会将于2011年8月底举行。", "A. 阿拉伯-欧洲酷刑与法治问题人权对话", "82. 高专办参加了2011年5月11日至13日在柏林举行的第六届阿拉伯-欧洲酷刑与法治问题人权对话。", "B. 地中海监察员协会", "83. 高专办作为观察员出席了2011年5月30日和31日在马耳他圣朱利安举行的主题为“监察员加强善政和民主的作用”的地中海监察员协会第五届会议。在发言中，人权高专办向与会者介绍了大会关于监察员、调解员和其他国家人权机构在促进和保护人权方面的作用的第65/207号决议。大会在决议中欢迎高专办积极出席监察员，调解员和其他国家人权机构的所有国际和区域会议，并请国际协调委员会与人权高专办合作，给予他们资格认证，以便能够与联合国系统的相关人权机构有效互动。", "C. 伊比利亚-美洲监察员联合会", "84. 高专办参加了伊比利亚-美洲监察员联合会年会。来自拉丁美洲、葡萄牙和西班牙的国家人权机构和监察员机构出席了2011年6月1日至3日在西班牙阿尔卡拉德艾那雷斯举行的这次会议。与会者除其他外，讨论了监察员(Defensorias del Pueblo)在促进和保护人权、千年发展目标与国家人权机构方面的当前和未来挑战；促进人权与国家人权机构的报告；国家人权机构在实施经济、社会和文化权利中的作用；国家人权机构与国际人权机制；以及国家人权机构与弱势群体的保护。", "五. 与非政府组织和学术机构的合作", "85. 高专办努力促进非政府组织参与国际协调委员会及其各资格认证小组委员会的活动。2010年10月7日，在第十届国家人权机构国际会议(联合王国爱丁堡)之前举办了一个非政府组织论坛(见A/HRC/16/76，第70段)。2011年5月，来自世界各地民间社会组织的50名成员出席了国际协调委员会年会(日内瓦)。年会后举行的资格认证小组委员会会议得益于来自奥地利、印度和毛里塔尼亚的非政府组织收到的意见。", "六. 专题问题", "A. 土著人民", "86. 高专办和亚洲-太平洋国家人权机构论坛正在编制一本题为“联合国土著人民权利宣言：国家人权机构的业务指南”的联合出版物，旨在支持和加强国家人权机构保护和促进土著人民权利的工作。", "87. 2011年7月11日，与联合国土著人民权利专家机制第四次会议一道，在日内瓦举办了一次国家人权机构协商。这次协商的主要目的是交流可纳入指南的促进土著人民权利的良好做法。", "B. 国家人权机构的历史、原则、作用和职责", "88. 在报告所述期间，高专办推出题为“国家人权机构的历史、原则、作用和职责”的第4号人权高专办专业培训系列的最新版本。在1995年版本的基础上，这个出版物概述了与建立和加强独立的国家人权机构有关的当前主要议题，包括这些机构在国家促进和保护人权制度中扮演的角色及其与国际人权体系的互动。这个出版物还涵盖了这一领域的最新国际发展，如最近的大会决议和国际协调委员会提供的材料。", "C. 联邦国家内的国家人权机构", "89. 在国际协调委员会第二十四届年会的间隙，人权高专办举办了一次关于联邦国家内国家人权机构的会外活动。与会者讨论了这类国家的特殊性(包括权力下放和地方自治)以及联邦治理制度国家内国家人权机构的优势和挑战。", "七. 结论", "90. 遵守《巴黎原则》是确保国家人权机构的有效性、独立、自主性和多元化的一个关键要求。国家机构以及各国政府、议会及其他相关利益攸关方应采取一切必要措施，确保国家人权机构按照《巴黎原则》持续运作。还鼓励监察员机构和调解员按照这些原则行事，并争取国际协调委员会给予资格认证。", "91. 欢迎在没有这种机构的国家设立遵守《巴黎原则》国家人权机构。在成立前阶段遵守《巴黎原则》，是确保新机构的独立性和合法性的关键。建议在起草国家人权机构的授权立法时，与民间社会组织开展广泛和参与性的协商进程。", "92. 强烈建议在任命国家人权机构成员时特别注意《巴黎原则》。鼓励会员国和国家人权机构促进透明的任命过程，并确保参与促进和保护人权的民间社会组织的多元代表性。", "93. 作为国家人权系统的关键部分，鼓励国家人权机构与该系统其他部门，即行政部门、司法部门、议会、民间社会、媒体和学术界合作。", "94. 鼓励联合国国家工作队的机构间联合方案支持国家人权机构，并鼓励国家、区域和国际合作伙伴参加这些方案。欢迎建立开发署-人权高专办-国际协调委员会国家人权机构相关活动年度战略审查。", "95. 建议国家以下各级人权机构与联邦国家人权机构合作，以确保在全国各地平等保护所有人权。大力鼓励国家以下各级人权机构与国际人权体系，包括普遍定期审查、各条约机构和特别程序开展互动。", "96. 通过关于审查人权理事会的工作和运作的第16/21号决议，理事会加强了A级国家人权机构在普遍定期审议和特别程序中的作用。", "97. 鼓励国家人权机构在人权理事会普遍定期审查第二个周期中(2012-2016年)发挥积极的作用。 鼓励A级国家人权机构利用人权理事会第16/21号决议所阐明的参与权。", "98. 欢迎通过关于按照《巴黎原则》在加勒比设立国家人权机构的《西班牙港宣言》。鼓励其他次区域采取类似举措。", "99. 欢迎欧洲国家人权机构集团决定成立一个常设秘书处。该秘书处将合并区域构架，预计会对在欧洲各地按照《巴黎原则》设立和加强国家人权机构产生积极的影响。", "附件", "按照《巴黎原则》在加勒比设立国家人权机构区域讲习班", "2011年3月21日至23日，特立尼达和多巴哥西班牙港", "西班牙港宣言", "按照《联合国宪章》和《世界人权宣言》，联合国人权事务高级专员办事处和英联邦秘书处在联合国特立尼达和多巴哥国家工作队的支持下，于2011年3月21日至23日在特立尼达和多巴哥西班牙港举办了为期三天的按照《巴黎原则》在加勒比设立国家人权机构区域讲习班。", "与会者来自加勒比英语国家安提瓜和巴布达、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、百慕大、多米尼克、格林纳达、牙买加、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、苏里南、特里尼达和多巴哥。联合国巴巴多斯国家工作队和特立尼达和多巴哥国家工作队的代表出席了讲习班：", "• 表示赞赏特立尼达和多巴哥政府主办按照《巴黎原则》在加勒比设立国家人权机构区域讲习班，特别赞赏总检察长Anand Ramlogan阁下正式主持讲习班开幕仪式。", "• 表示赞赏联合国人权事务高级专员办事处和英联邦秘书处共同举办这次区域讲习班。", "• 确认联合国特立尼达和多巴哥代理驻地协调员办公室以及来自菲律宾和加拿大的国家人权机构代表作为专家参加讲习班。", "• 强调必须使各国政府、议会和其他相关国家利益攸关方敏锐认识到设立国家人权机构的价值和好处。", "• 认识到必须在现有人权框架的基础上，按照《巴黎原则》创建加勒比的国家人权机构模式。", "• 强调国家人权机构包括监察机构必须使人权价值观成为日常生活和语言的一部分。", "• 强调国家人权机构包括监察机构作为加强促进和保护人权的关键行为体的相关性。", "• 认识到民间社会行为体对保护和促进人权的作用和领导。", "• 认识到国家人权机构，包括监察员机构在使人人都了解和行使其人权方面的作用。", "• 确认对设立和加强国家人权机构、其历史和法律背景、国家人权机构必须遵守的最低标准以及国家人权机构的核心功能、主要特点和运作方法的全面概述和讨论。", "• 认识到必须采取必要的措施，以便按照《巴黎原则》设立国家人权机构，并争取促进和保护人权国家机构国际协调委员会给予资格认证。", "• 确认遵守《巴黎原则》的国家人权机构可以通过与包括人权理事会，条约机构和特别程序在内的国际人权机制开展互动，在国际上发挥重大作用。", "• 欢迎讲习班切实注重与设立符合《巴黎原则》的国家人权机构相关的专长和经验分享。", "• 认识到，虽然加勒比国家在设立国家人权机构方面有独特的挑战，但联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、联合国开发计划署、联合国其他机构、国际协调委员会以及英联邦秘书处可以应会员国的请求，在设立国家人权机构方面提供援助和支持。", "2011年3月23日，特立尼达和多巴哥西班牙港", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 欧洲国家人权机构小组、美洲促进和保护人权国家机构网络、亚洲太平洋国家人权机构论坛和非洲国家人权机构网络。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "增进和保护人权的国家机构", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告涵盖2010年9月至2011年9月期间,介绍联合国人权事务高级专员办事处为协助建立和加强国家人权机构而开展的活动;各国政府和国家人权机构在这方面采取的措施;为国家人权机构的国际和区域活动提供支助;与联合国系统其他机构、基金和方案一道为国家人权机构提供的技术援助;以及国家人权机构与增进和保护人权的国际机制之间的合作。 报告中还介绍了国家人权机构就具体专题开展的工作。", "本报告补充了秘书长2011年2月7日提交人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/16/76),其中述及2010年1月至12月期间的活动。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据大会第64/161号决议提交的,大会在该决议中请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告该决议的执行情况。 本报告涵盖2010年9月至2011年9月期间的活动,并补充了秘书长2010年2月7日提交人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/16/76),该报告涵盖2010年1月至12月期间的活动。", "2. 联合国 大会第64/161号决议确认参与建立和加强国家人权机构的行为体众多。 它鼓励国家人权机构和所有行为者之间的合作,其中包括联合国,特别是联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)、促进和保护人权国家机构国际协调委员会(国际协调委员会)、国家人权机构区域网络[1]以及区域和国际监察员协会。 在同一决议中,大会还欢迎高级专员为发展支持国家机构的伙伴关系而作的努力,并鼓励所有联合国人权机制以及各机构、基金和方案在各自任务范围内同会员国和国家机构合作。 在众多行为者中,会员国在建立和加强国家人权机构方面可以发挥突出作用。 在这方面,大会还在其第64/161号决议中鼓励会员国建立有效、独立和多元的国家机构。", "3个 本报告旨在概述上述行为者在建立和加强独立的国家人权机构方面发挥的作用。 报告还审查了迄今为止在国家、区域和国际各级所发展的伙伴关系和其他合作安排。", "二. 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处和国家人权机构", " 4.四. 对国家人权机构的支持和外联是人权高专办任务的一个组成部分。 高级专员在国际协调委员会第二十四届年度会议(2011年5月17日,日内瓦)上作介绍性发言时重申,国家人权机构是人权高专办的重要伙伴,因为它们在国家人权保护体系中占有核心地位,特别是在解决国家一级最关键的人权问题方面。", "5 (韩语). 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处通过国家机构和区域机制科继续为建立和加强国家人权机构提供法律和技术支持。 它通过向国际协调委员会及其资格认证小组委员会提供秘书处支助,继续发展与国际协调委员会的长期关系。", "6. 国家 大会提到人权高专办在国家人权机构中的作用是一项正在开展的工作。 因此,它鼓励高级专员进一步扩大支持这些机构的活动(见第64/161号决议,第13段)。 除了人权高专办支持国家人权机构的长期任务外,大会在2011年请人权高专办制定和支持与两类机构有关的活动: 监察员机构和调解员(见第65/207号决议,第2段)。 5 (韩语).", "A类. 办事处提供的与国家人权机构有关的咨询服务", "7. 联合国 人权高专办为加强国家人权机构在国家、区域和国际各级的作用而开展的活动主要是通过国家机构和区域机制科开展的,该科与人权高专办其他部门,包括实地机构进行协商。 办事处继续通过其国家和区域办事处、人权顾问和联合国和平特派团人权部门,并通过与其他联合国伙伴,包括联合国开发计划署(开发署)和国家人权机构的区域协调机构的协作,为建立和加强各机构提供咨询和援助。 人权高专办还同政府间组织、学术机构和民间社会组织密切合作。", "8. 联合国 办事处向国家人权机构和其他国家利益攸关方提供法律和技术援助。 就有关国家人权机构及其性质、职能、权力和责任的宪法和立法规定提供咨询。 还进行了比较分析、技术合作需要评估、项目拟订和评价访问,以协助各机构遵守关于国家机构地位的原则(巴黎原则)(见大会第48/134号决议,附件)。", "9. 国家 办事处继续为A级国家人权机构的工作人员举办研究金方案。 在本报告所述期间,下列国家的机构的工作人员参加了该方案:埃及、印度、卡塔尔、尼加拉瓜、秘鲁、乌干达和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 研究金方案的目的是使世界各地国家人权机构的工作人员更好地了解和理解国际人权制度。 通过这一经验,学员们获得了联合国人权系统,包括条约机构系统、人权理事会、普遍定期审议和特别程序方面的知识和工作经验。 他们还熟悉了人权高专办与国家人权机构的工作以及与国家人权机构有关的技术和实质性问题。 人权高专办和国家机构都可以从研究金方案中获得实质性的专门知识和在国家人权机构内工作的经验。", "1. 联合国 美洲和加勒比", "10个 人权高专办南美洲办事处举办了两次讲习班,以进一步发展智利国家人权机构的能力。 讲习班侧重于人权指标(2011年4月11日至12日)和向人权条约机构报告(2011年5月20日)。", "11个 2011年4月18日和19日,人权高专办通过其南美洲区域办事处为秘鲁国家人权机构举办了人权指标培训。 培训对象为国家人权机构的30多名工作人员,特别侧重于经济、社会和文化权利。 讲习班的目的是更好地将人权指标纳入国家人权机构的分析和报告。", "12. 2011年4月20日,人权高专办南美洲区域办事处与秘鲁国家人权机构共同举办了土著人民培训班。 培训的目的是增加对《联合国土著人民权利宣言》和国际人权机制的了解和认识,包括土著人民和民间社会如何能成功利用联合国机制。 培训班的对象是30个秘鲁土著和民间社会组织的成员。", "13个 在厄瓜多尔国家人权机构负责人的任命过程中,人权高专办为提高对国际标准的认识提供了支助。 人权高专办的支助包括2011年6月为公共参与和社会控制委员会成员举办的一次培训班,该委员会是负责甄选监察员的机构。", "14个 在访问墨西哥(2011年7月3日至9日)期间,联合国人权事务高级专员与国家人权委员会主席举行了一次会议,目的是讨论人权指标、人权维护者、移徙工人权利以及最近的宪法改革等领域的进一步合作。 高级专员在访问期间还会见了墨西哥人权公共机构联合会,该联合会包括32个国家以下一级的人权委员会。", "15个 2011年9月,人权高专办南美洲区域办事处与阿根廷国家人权机构(Defensoría del Pueblo de la Nación)联合为民间社会和土著组织成员举办了一次培训班。 研讨会在该国两个地区举行,重点是介绍土著人民和国际人权机制的权利。", "16号. 在本报告所述期间,人权高专办南美洲区域办事处就乌拉圭设立国家人权机构的问题同议员和政府官员举行了会议。 人权署强调了确保该机构的独立性和自主性、充足的资金和委员遴选程序的重要性。", "17岁 在本报告所述期间,人权高专办继续支持智利努力建立一个符合《巴黎原则》的国家人权机构。 人权高专办南美洲区域办事处与参议院代表举行了情况交流会并分发了关于国家人权机构和《巴黎原则》的概况介绍。 人权高专办致函议会所有成员,提请他们注意普遍定期审议有关设立国家人权机构的建议。", "18岁。 在本报告所述期间,人权高专办南美洲区域办事处与委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国国家人权机构进行了联络,以加强其在保护被剥夺自由者权利和提交普遍定期审议方面的参与。 人权高专办向监察员工作人员提供了关于普遍定期审议的培训(见A/HRC/16/76, 第14段)。", " 19. 19. 该办公室、开发署、法语国家国际组织和保护公民及公民事务办公室制定了为期三年的加强保护办公室的全球联合战略,该战略将于2011至2013年实施。 作为该项目的一部分,征聘了一名顾问,协助保护办公室执行任务。", "2. 非洲", "20号. 2011年3月,继2011年1月5日通过了在布隆迪设立独立国家人权委员会的法律后,联合国布隆迪办事处在鲁塔纳、基特加和布琼布拉组织了磋商会。 这些协商旨在提高民间社会组织对新法律的认识,并确保委员甄选和任命过程的透明度。 2011年5月19日,国民议会任命了7名委员以及主席团成员。", "21岁 人权高专办与联合国国家工作队合作,组织了磋商,以提高人们对在尼日尔设立新的国家人权机构的认识。 2011年7月6日至8日,与各部委进行了磋商。 7月4日至6日在塔胡瓦为民间社会组织举办了一次讲习班。", "22. 2011年1月,2010年10月正式成立的利比里亚国家人权问题独立委员会获得了新的办公室。 联合国利比里亚特派团人权和保护科与委员会领导层接触,就委员会2011年工作计划提供咨询,包括向总统提交的民族和解路线图和议事棚项目。 国家人权问题独立委员会和人权和保护科商定了两名国家顾问的职权范围,以制定战略计划和内部议事规则。 2011年5月20日,人权和保护科与国家委员会举行了一次为期半天的讲习班,讨论两个实体的任务、组织结构图和行动计划,并讨论委员会和该科之间的合作。", "23. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,人权高专办东非区域办事处支持坦桑尼亚联合共和国人权和善治委员会向普遍定期审议提交利益攸关方报告,包括通过培训和认证工作。 人权高专办还参与了坦桑尼亚联合共和国国家人权行动计划的制定进程,这一进程主要由人权和善政委员会牵头。", "24 (韩语). 人权高专办支持纳米比亚、南非、赞比亚和津巴布韦的国家人权机构参加人权高专办于2011年6月22日至24日在比勒陀利亚举行的关于消除种族歧视委员会结论性意见后续行动的次区域研讨会。", "25岁 津巴布韦人权委员会尚未全面运作,2010年任命了其成员。 人权高专办对津巴布韦设立人权委员会的法案草案提出了实质性意见。 人权高专办和开发署聘用了一名咨询人,为期六个月,以便向专员提供技术和能力支持。 人权高专办和开发署还与各种国家利益攸关方举行了能力建设和提高认识会议,以根据《巴黎原则》促进委员会的建立和运作。 委员会副主席被邀请参加在比勒陀利亚举行的上述区域研讨会。", "26. 联合国 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处就关于任命莫桑比克未来国家人权机构民间社会成员的条例草案提出了意见。 人权高专办一直同联合国国家工作队密切合作,向政府和民间社会提供技术和咨询服务,争取在该国建立国家人权机构。", "27个 2011年8月,人权高专办支持在南苏丹征聘一名顾问,向人权委员会提供技术专门知识并建设委员会工作人员的能力。", "28岁 办事处继续通过反歧视倡议同南非人权委员会密切合作,该倡议由人权高专办供资,为期一年,于2010年11月启动。 人权高专办与委员会官员定期磋商,以监测该项目的执行情况,该项目旨在建设委员会处理非国民所关切的人权问题以及打击仇外心理和歧视的能力。", "29. 国家 人权高专办南部非洲区域办事处与该区域的联合国国家工作队密切合作,促进建立和加强科摩罗和塞舌尔的国家人权机构。", "30岁。 在本报告所述期间,人权高专办支持埃塞俄比亚人权委员会制定国家人权行动计划。 人权高专办东非区域办事处向委员会提供了咨询意见,以促进与联合国条约机构的互动,即人权事务委员会和消除对妇女歧视委员会即将对埃塞俄比亚进行的审查。 2011年8月,人权高专办、开发署和非洲国家人权机构网络对埃塞俄比亚人权委员会进行了差距分析,以评估其能力。 人权高专办还就国际协调委员会的认证程序提供了咨询意见,并向工作人员和专员提供了关于《巴黎原则》的培训。", "31岁 在本报告所述期间,人权高专办东非区域办事处支持吉布提国家人权委员会确保参加消除对妇女歧视委员会在执行普遍定期审议向吉布提提出的建议的三年联合方案范围内对该国进行的审查。", "32. 联合国 2010年最后三个月,人权高专办在中非共和国开展了建立国家人权机构的能力建设活动(见A/HRC/16/76, 第26段)。", "3. 亚洲和太平洋", "33. (中文(简体) ). 2010年最后三个月,人权高专办与开发署和亚太国家人权机构论坛合作,对约旦和泰国的国家人权机构进行了能力评估(同上,第31段)。", "4. 欧洲和中亚", "34. 国家 应挪威人权中心的邀请,人权高专办参加了2011年1月11日在奥斯陆举行的题为“挪威国家人权机构:如何?” 的讨论。 这次会议是关于中心改组的全国协商进程的一部分,一些民间社会代表和挪威外交部工作人员出席了会议。 人权高专办就挪威国家人权机构的改组及其在国际协调委员会的重新认证提供了技术援助和咨询意见。", "35. 联合国 联合国人权事务高级专员在访问俄罗斯联邦期间,在2011年2月18日在圣彼得堡举行的俄罗斯联邦次国家监察员协调委员会年度会议上作了发言。 她说,人权高专办认为按照相关国际标准建立和支持国家人权机构和监察员办公室是一个高度优先事项。 特别是,人权高专办可以就监察员机构在法治、拘留条件和安全部门改革方面的作用分享专门知识。 高级专员鼓励与会者加强与联合国条约机构和人权理事会特别程序机制的接触。 高级专员呼吁联邦监察员为国家以下各级机构与人权理事会互动创造空间。 她还呼吁它们通过国际协调委员会在国际一级进行协调和交流,并从中受益。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 2011年3月,人权高专办对塞尔维亚国民议会的议事规则提出了评论意见。 评论的重点是关于监察员与议会之间关系的规定,特别是监督和审议国家人权机构向国民议会所提交报告的机制。 国民议会在修订上述议事规则时审议了人权高专办的意见。 人权高专办和联合国国家工作队继续与国民议会和塞尔维亚监察员密切合作,以加强这两个国家机构之间的关系。", "37. 联合国 2011年6月,正式启动了联合国联合技术援助方案,以加强塔吉克斯坦国家人权机构的能力。 除监察员机构外,下列机构也是该方案的一部分:人权高专办、开发署、联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处、联合国儿童基金会、国际移民组织、联合国人口基金、国际劳工组织和联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署。 该方案旨在加强塔吉克斯坦国家人权机构处理申诉、开展教育和公众外联活动的能力,并改进与国家主要行为者和民间社会组织的伙伴关系,以促进人权政策和立法的变革。", "38. 国家 2011年7月,应立陶宛司法部和议会监察员的请求,人权高专办就《议会监察员法》提出了评论意见。 同样,2011年7月12日,人权高专办在维尔纽斯参加了由立陶宛总统和司法部组织的关于设立国家人权机构的协商会议。", "39. 联合国 人权高专办与摩尔多瓦共和国政府官员合作,对摩尔多瓦共和国的B-‐地位国家人权机构现有立法进行拟议修正,除其他外,侧重于监察员的任命程序和甄选。 人权高专办驻摩尔多瓦共和国人权顾问和人权高专办欧洲区域代表与包括司法部官员和主要议员在内的一系列官员进行了接触。 此外,联合国人权事务高级专员致函该国政府,敦促迅速采取行动改善国家人权机构,以期向国际协调委员会申请重新认证。", " 40. 40. 人权署驻摩尔多瓦共和国人权顾问以各种方式向国家人权机构提供支助,包括进行关于普遍定期审议和监测精神病机构的培训,加强该机构的图书馆并制订国家人权机构的战略规划。 人权高专办人权顾问参加了开发计划署-欧洲委员会一个侧重于加强国家人权机构的项目的董事会。", "41. 国家 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处协助加强克罗地亚、荷兰、挪威、匈牙利、立陶宛和斯洛伐克的国家人权基础设施。 人权高专办提供了咨询意见,包括对立法的意见,并提请各国政府、国家人权机构和参与这些进程的其他利益攸关方注意通过多元和参与性协商确保真正对话的重要性。", "42. 国家 人权高专办驻塞尔维亚人权顾问同塞尔维亚监察员办公室密切合作,以加强该机构在保护和促进人权方面的工作。 人权高专办的支助包括编写一份全面报告,说明罗姆人的人权以及该国适用的罗姆人融入措施的有效性。 该报告以及向塞尔维亚政府提出的建议预计将于2012年初提交国民议会。", "43. 东帝汶 人权署驻前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国人权顾问协助监察员办公室申请国际协调委员会的资格认证。", "44. 国家 在2010年最后一个季度,人权高专办支持塞尔维亚和荷兰的国家人权机构加强其能力(同上,第39和40段)。", "5 (韩语). 中东和北非", "45. 国家 人权高专办、开发署和亚太国家人权机构论坛为巴勒斯坦国家人权机构(2011年2月6日至8日和2011年4月3日至15日)和阿富汗国家人权机构(2011年5月13日至26日)的能力评估提供了支助。 能力评估包括与各机构工作人员和其他利益攸关方的访谈。", "46. 经常预算: 在本报告所述期间,人权高专办就突尼斯和沙特阿拉伯设立国家人权机构的立法草案提供了法律咨询。", "47. 国家 人权高专办在阿曼举办了一次关于《巴黎原则》的讲习班(见A/HRC/16/76, 第30段)。", "B. 支持与国家人权机构有关的区域举措", "1. 联合国 美洲和加勒比", " 48. 48. 办事处同英联邦秘书处合作,举办了一次关于根据《加勒比区域巴黎原则》设立国家人权机构的区域讲习班。 讲习班于2011年3月21日至23日在西班牙港举行。 讲习班以加勒比人权方面的最新发展为基础,包括通过人权理事会普遍定期审议进程,其主要目的是发展和加强加勒比国家的国家人权保护制度,其短期和中期目标是建立国家人权机构。 来自12个讲英语的加勒比国家的议员、监察员机构和包括总检察长在内的政府官员出席了讲习班。 联合国驻巴巴多斯国家工作队和东加勒比国家组织的代表也参加了这项活动。 《西班牙港宣言》获得通过(见附件)。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在国际协调委员会第二十四届年度会议期间,美洲促进和保护人权国家机构网络举行了一次会议,以讨论其2011-2012年工作计划。 与会者讨论了为该区域国家人权机构工作人员设立一个常设能力建设方案并设立一个美洲网络咨询委员会的问题。 与会者同意为美洲网络建立一个网站,并将于2011年在危地马拉举行年度区域会议。", "2. 非洲", " 50. 50. 联合国开发计划署、人权高专办和非洲国家人权机构网络于2011年5月21日在日内瓦举行了一次会议,以讨论合作与支持问题,除其他外,包括确定进行差距分析的方法以及提供援助以制定和验证网络的战略计划。", "51. 联合国 人权高专办作为促进者参加了非洲国家人权机构培训方案(2011年5月30日至6月8日,阿克拉)。 讲习班由拉乌尔·沃伦贝格研究所、隆德大学和非洲国家人权机构网络组织。 培训的主要目的是提高国家人权机构工作人员对《巴黎原则》的能力和知识。 与会者约有26名国家人权机构工作人员,包括来自埃塞俄比亚、加纳、肯尼亚、马拉维、纳米比亚、尼日利亚、卢旺达、塞拉利昂、南非、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和赞比亚的调查员、培训员、法律干事、行政人员和管理人员。", "3. 亚洲和太平洋", "52. 2011年3月28日至30日,亚太国家人权机构论坛、开发署和人权高专办在曼谷举办了亚太地区国家人权机构能力评估培训讲习班。 人权高专办讲习班支持了设在肯尼亚的非洲国家人权机构网络秘书处的一位代表与会,以促进亚太地区和非洲两个国家人权机构网络之间在国家人权机构能力评估方面有效交流经验和良好做法。", "4. 欧洲和中亚", "53. 联合国 办事处支持欧洲国家人权机构小组努力设立常设秘书处。 人权高专办支持2011年2月21日在日内瓦举行了一次会议,目的是确定设立常设秘书处的具体步骤。 会议聚集了来自13个欧洲国家人权机构的代表以及亚太国家人权机构论坛和非洲国家人权机构网络的常设秘书处。 出席会议的还有常驻日内瓦代表团以及基本权利机构、欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)、民主制度和人权办公室和欧洲委员会等区域机制的代表。 会议的主要成果之一是与会者一致支持这一倡议。", "54. 联合国 人权高专办参加了2011年3月28日和29日在布拉格举行的关于国家人权机构在促进和保护妇女权利和两性平等方面的作用的讲习班。 该讲习班由欧安组织和民主制度和人权办公室为东欧国家的国家人权机构举办。", "55. 国家 人权高专办出席了2011年4月5日在维也纳举行的欧洲联盟基本权利机构与国家人权机构第四次年度会议。 人权高专办在发言中着重阐述了欧洲国家人权机构的多样性以及将人权和平等机构合并或强调各类平等、人权或监察员机构之间合作的趋势。 它还强调了设立欧洲国家人权机构小组常设秘书处的重要性。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 办事处出席了4月14日和15日在维也纳举行的欧安组织人的方面补充会议。 由于最近对其工作方法,包括发言权、分发书面声明和参加普遍定期审议,人权高专办分享了它在协助国家人权机构加强其在人权理事会的作用方面的经验。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 2011年5月17日,在国际协调委员会第二十四届年会间隙,欧洲国家人权机构小组成员举行了一次会议,以讨论以下专题:在欧洲集团内设立一个常设秘书处;与欧洲基本权利机构、因特拉肯进程和欧安组织接触;欧洲残疾人权利公约工作组;以及国家人权机构和平等机构(Equinet)。 会议期间,欧洲集团选举苏格兰人权委员会为欧洲集团主席. 法国、卢森堡和丹麦的国家人权机构当选为欧洲协调委员会成员。 德国国家人权机构被选为国际协调委员会资格认证小组委员会的欧洲成员。", "58. 联合国 人权高专办出席了2011年7月13日和14日在维尔纽斯举行的欧安组织地区国家人权机构会议。 会议由欧安组织/民主制度和人权办公室和欧安组织轮值主席(欧安组织主席)共同举办。 会议旨在促进监察员机构、人权委员会、研究所和其他与行政部门、司法机构、议会和民间社会合作的机制交流经验。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 人权高专办参加了2010年10月4日和5日在华沙与欧洲委员会和民主制度和人权办公室举行的非正式机构间会议。 人权高专办交流了协助国家人权机构建立立法框架和能力的经验。", "60. 2010年10月20日和21日,人权高专办参加了开发署和克罗地亚监察员在萨格勒布举行的关于《禁止酷刑公约任择议定书》下的国家防范机制的区域圆桌会议。 圆桌会议的重点是防止酷刑和国家人权机构的作用。", "5 (韩语). 中东和北非", "61. 国家 2011年4月27日和28日,联合国人权事务高级专员在努瓦克肖特参加了第七届阿拉伯国家国家人权机构年度会议,主题是国家人权机构在落实联合国条约机构建议方面的作用。 会议由毛里塔尼亚国家人权委员会主办,聚集了阿尔及利亚、埃及、约旦、毛里塔尼亚、卡塔尔和突尼斯国家人权机构的代表。 与会者通过了《努瓦克肖特宣言》。", "C. 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处支持与国家人权机构有关的国际举措", "1. 促进和保护人权国家机构国际协调委员会", "62. 联合国 该办公室支持国际协调委员会开发和管理其网站(http://nhri.ohchr.org),该网站于2011年开始运作并取代了www.nhri.net。", "63. 国家 2011年8月7日,人权高专办收到国际协调委员会现任主席和继任主席的一封信,呼吁联合国在2013年举行一次活动来纪念《巴黎原则》通过二十周年。 国际协调委员会认为,该活动的筹备工作应于2012年开始,这一问题应被列入大会第六十六届会议议程。 根据该信所载的建议,建议大会在2013年第六十八届常会上举行一次特别全体会议,以纪念《巴黎原则》通过二十周年,并建议大会在其关于促进和保护人权的国家机构的两年期定期决议中为此作出规定。", "(a) 第二十四届年度会议", "64. (中文(简体) ). 国际协调委员会第二十四届年度会议于2011年5月17日至19日在日内瓦举行。 议程包括国家人权机构在落实普遍定期审议建议方面的最佳做法;国家人权机构与条约机构的联系;国家人权机构与土著人民权利;国家人权机构在保护妇女权利方面的作用;德班审查会议的后续行动;人权教育;工商业与人权。 来自80多个国家的国家人权机构成员以及政府官员、民间社会组织、学者和政府间组织出席了会议。", "(b) 主席团会议", "65. 国家 国际协调委员会主席团会议于2011年5月16日在日内瓦举行。 主席团成员讨论了国际协调委员会在人权理事会第十七届会议上就通过《儿童权利公约任择议定书》草案和向《残疾人权利公约》缔约国会议所作的发言。 主席团还赞同关于国际协调委员会下届两年期会议应侧重于两性平等和妇女和女童的建议。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 主席团成员决定设立一个由四个区域的代表组成的工作组,就国家人权机构参与联合国机构的问题开展工作。 此外,主席团成员同意支持通过一项以《巴黎原则》和国家人权机构参与联合国机构为重点的大会决议,并支持人权理事会第十七届会议通过一项关于国家人权机构的决议。", "2. 资格认证小组委员会", "67. (中文(简体) ). 高专办为资格认证小组委员会2011年5月23日至27日在日内瓦举行的届会提供了秘书处支助。 小组委员会审查了下列20个国家人权机构:孟加拉国、匈牙利、塞拉利昂和瑞典的新认证;澳大利亚、奥地利、加拿大、萨尔瓦多、印度、毛里塔尼亚、纳米比亚、新西兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、罗马尼亚、塞内加尔和联合王国(北爱尔兰);阿塞拜疆、尼日利亚和斯洛伐克的重新认证。", "三. 联合国人权机制与国家人权机构的合作", "68. (中文(简体) ). 国家人权机构与国际和区域人权机制的合作是《巴黎原则》的一项关键要求。 人权高专办继续协助国家人权机构与条约机构和人权理事会互动,包括普遍定期审议和特别程序。 人权高专办在这方面的工作是与国际协调委员会主席和日内瓦代表协调进行的。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,人权高专办继续支持并便利国际协调委员会参与旨在加强国际人权机制的里程碑式进程,如人权理事会审查和条约机构改革。", "A. 人权理事会", "70. 联合国 国际协调委员会积极参与人权理事会的审查,使A-Q-地位国家人权机构有更多的机会参与理事会的工作。 2011年3月25日,理事会通过了人权理事会工作和运作情况审查结果(第16/21号决议,附件)。 结果包括关于A级国家人权机构与普遍定期审议和特别程序的参与和互动的规定(见下文各节)。", "71. 联合国 2011年,人权高专办与国际协调委员会日内瓦代表合作,继续支持国家人权机构参加人权理事会。 在人权理事会第十六届会议(2011年2月28日至3月25日)期间,提交了八份书面材料:六份来自A级国家人权机构(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、格鲁吉亚、马来西亚、摩洛哥、尼加拉瓜和乌克兰),两份来自国家人权机构区域网络(亚太论坛和非洲国家人权机构网络)。 在理事会第十七届会议(2011年5月30日至6月17日)期间,提交了三份书面材料:一份来自国际协调委员会;一份来自联合王国国家人权机构;一份来自大韩民国国家人权机构。", "72. 联合国 2011年3月9日,在人权理事会第十六届会议期间,人权高专办与摩洛哥国家人权理事会合作,组织了一次关于执行真相与和解委员会建议的会外活动(2011年3月9日,日内瓦)。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 2011年6月16日,人权理事会以协商一致方式通过了有关增进和保护人权的国家机构的第17/9号决议。", "1. 联合国 普遍定期审议", "74. 国家 人权高专办继续支持国家人权机构与普遍定期审议机制互动。 2011年,在普遍定期审议第十次(2月)、第十一次(5月)和第十二次(10月)会议期间,下列19个国家人权机构为普遍定期审议利益攸关方报告提供了资料:第十届会议:澳大利亚、奥地利(A级)、格鲁吉亚(A级)、纳米比亚(A级)、尼泊尔(A级)、尼日尔和巴拉圭(A级);第十一届会议:丹麦(A级)、希腊(A级)、塞拉利昂、索马里/索马里兰;第十二届会议:海地、爱尔兰(A级)、摩尔多瓦共和国、斯威士兰、泰国(A级)、多哥(A级)、乌干达(A级)和坦桑尼亚联合共和国(A级)。", "75. 国家 2011年3月,人权理事会规定了A级国家人权机构的下列参与权:(a) 受审议国对国家人权机构的贡献应单独列入利益攸关方报告;(b) 在理事会全体会议通过审议结果时,受审议国的国家人权机构应有权在受审议国之后立即进行干预(见第16/21号决议,附件,第9和13段)。", "2. 特别程序", "76. 联合国 2011年3月,人权理事会授予A级国家人权机构提名特别程序任务负责人候选人的权利,并在特别程序任务负责人提交国别访问报告后,在互动对话期间立即干预有关国家的情况(同上,附件,第22(a)和28段)。", "B. 条约机构", "77. 国家 在本报告所述期间,联合国人权事务高级专员办事处通过提供信息和出席会议,继续支持国家人权机构参加条约机构会议。 2011年7月11日,国际协调委员会主席和丹麦、埃塞俄比亚、法国和德国的国家人权机构参加了由人权事务委员会组织的关于改进与国家人权机构合作的会议。", "78. 国家 办事处编写了一份情况说明,向希望进入条约机构系统的国家人权机构提供实际资料,包括国家人权机构与条约机构互动的各种机会,以及条约机构与国家人权机构参与有关的工作方法和议事规则。", "四、结 论 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、联合国系统各机构、基金和方案以及国际和区域组织在国家人权机构方面的合作", "79. 联合国 国家人权机构与联合国和联合国系统各机构、基金和方案的合作是《巴黎原则》的关键要求。 2008年,大会鼓励所有联合国人权机制以及各机构、基金和方案在各自任务范围内同会员国和国家机构合作促进和保护人权。 在这方面,大会欢迎人权高专办为建立伙伴关系以支持国家机构而作的努力。", "80个 在本报告所述期间,人权高专办侧重于发展联合国的援助,包括2011年3月国际协调委员会、人权高专办和开发署之间的三方合作换文。 这一三方协作的合作领域除其他外包括加强国家人权机构和区域网络的作用,并便利和支持联合国各机构、基金和方案与国家人权机构的接触。", "81个 联合国开发计划署、人权高专办和国际协调委员会于2011年2月在纽约举行了一次会议,会上它们决定通过换文建立三方伙伴关系。 伙伴关系的关键要素包括:每年对国家人权机构的设立、发展和效力进行一次开发署-人权高专办-国际协调委员会战略审查;与联合国人权机制合作;国家人权机构联合能力评估和差距分析项目;参与专题问题;信息和知识管理。 战略审查的第一次年度会议将于2011年8月底举行。", "A. 关于酷刑和法治的阿拉伯-欧洲人权对话", "82. 人权高专办参加了2011年5月11日至13日在柏林举行的第六次阿拉伯-欧洲关于酷刑和法治的人权对话。", "B. 地中海监察员协会", "83个 2011年5月30日和31日,人权高专办作为观察员参加了地中海监察员协会在马耳他圣朱利安举行的主题为“监察员在加强善治和民主方面的作用”的第五次会议。 人权高专办在发言中向与会者介绍了大会关于监察员、调解员和其他国家人权机构在促进和保护人权方面的作用的第65/207号决议,其中大会欢迎人权高专办积极参加监察员、调解员和其他国家人权机构的所有国际和区域会议,并请求国际协调委员会与人权高专办合作,认可他们参加这些会议,以便他们能与联合国相关人权机构进行有效互动。", "C. 伊比利亚-美洲监察员联合会", "第八十四会. 该办公室参加了伊比利亚-美洲监察员联合会的年度会议。 来自拉丁美洲、葡萄牙和西班牙的国家人权机构和监察员机构出席了2011年6月1日至3日在西班牙阿尔卡拉德赫纳雷斯举行的会议。 除其他外,与会者讨论了人民监察员在促进和保护人权、千年发展目标和国家人权机构方面目前和未来的挑战;促进人权和国家机构的报告;国家人权机构在落实经济、社会和文化权利方面的作用;国家人权机构和国际人权机制;国家人权机构和保护弱势群体。", " V. 与非政府组织和学术机构的合作", "85. 人权高专办努力促进非政府组织参与国际协调委员会及其资格认证小组委员会的活动。 2010年10月7日,非政府组织论坛在第十届国家人权机构国际会议(联合王国爱丁堡)之前举行(见A/HRC/16/76, 第70段)。 2011年5月,来自世界各地的50名民间社会组织成员出席了国际协调委员会(日内瓦)年度会议。 年度会议后举行的资格认证小组委员会会议得益于奥地利、印度和毛里塔尼亚等国非政府组织提供的投入。", "六、结 论 专题问题", "A类. 土著人民", "86. 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处和亚太国家人权机构论坛正在编写一份题为 \" 联合国土著人民权利宣言:国家人权机构业务指南 \" 的联合出版物,目的是支持和加强国家人权机构保护和促进土著人民权利的工作。", "87个 2011年7月11日,结合联合国土著人民权利专家机制第四届会议,在日内瓦举行了一次国家人权机构磋商会。 协商的主要目的是交流促进土著人民权利的良好做法,这可以反映在指南中。", "B. 国家人权机构的历史、原则、作用和责任", "88个 在本报告所述期间,人权高专办推出了题为《国家人权机构:历史、原则、作用和责任》的人权高专办第4号专业培训系列增订本。 [2] 该出版物以1995年版本为基础,概述了目前与建立和加强独立的国家人权机构有关的主要专题,包括这些机构在国家增进和保护人权系统中的作用及其与国际人权系统的互动。 该出版物还收录了这一领域的最新国际动态,例如大会最近的决议和国际协调委员会提供的材料。", "C. 联邦各州的国家人权机构", "89. 国家 在国际协调委员会第二十四届年会的间隙,人权高专办组织了一次关于联邦国家国家人权机构的会外活动。 与会者讨论了这些国家的特殊性(包括权力下放和地方自治)以及具有联邦治理制度的国家的国家人权机构的优势和挑战。", "页:1 结论", "90. (中文(简体) ). 遵守《巴黎原则》是确保国家人权机构的有效性、独立性、自主性和多元化的一个关键要求。 国家机构以及各国政府、议会和其他相关利益攸关方应采取一切必要措施,确保国家人权机构根据《巴黎原则》继续运作。 还鼓励监察员机构和调解员按照这些原则行事并寻求国际协调委员会的认可。", "91. 联合国 在不存在《巴黎原则》的国家建立符合《巴黎原则》的国家人权机构受到欢迎。 在建立前阶段遵守《巴黎原则》是确保新机构的独立性和合法性的关键。 建议在为国家人权机构起草授权立法时,与民间社会组织开展广泛和参与性的协商进程。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 强烈建议在任命国家人权机构成员时特别注意《巴黎原则》。 鼓励成员国和国家人权机构促进透明的任命程序,确保参与增进和保护人权的民间社会组织具有多元化代表性。", "93. 国家 作为国家人权机构人权系统的关键部分,鼓励国家人权机构与该系统的其他组成部分合作,即行政、司法、议会、民间社会、媒体和学术界。", "94. 国家 鼓励联合国国家工作队支持国家人权机构的机构间联合方案以及国家、区域和国际伙伴参与这些方案。 欢迎开发署-人权高专办-国际协调委员会每年对与国家人权机构有关的活动进行战略审查。", "95号. 建议国家以下各级人权机构与联邦国家人权机构合作,确保全国各地的所有人权得到平等保护。 大力鼓励国家以下各级人权机构与国际人权系统,包括普遍定期审议、条约机构和特别程序的互动。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 理事会在关于审查人权理事会的工作和运作情况的第16/21号决议中,加强了A级国家人权机构在普遍定期审议和特别程序中的作用。", "97. 国家 鼓励国家人权机构在人权理事会第二轮普遍定期审议(2012-2016年)期间发挥积极作用。 鼓励具有A级地位的国家人权机构利用人权理事会第16/21号决议规定的参与权。", "98 (英语). 欢迎通过关于根据《巴黎原则》在加勒比建立国家人权机构的《西班牙港宣言》。 鼓励其他次区域采取类似举措。", "99号. 欢迎欧洲国家人权机构集团决定设立一个常设秘书处。 该秘书处将巩固区域结构,预计将对根据《巴黎原则》在欧洲各地建立和加强国家人权机构产生积极影响。", "页:1", "关于根据《巴黎原则》在加勒比设立国家人权机构的区域讲习班", "2011年3月21日至23日,特立尼达和多巴哥西班牙港", "西班牙港宣言", "根据《联合国宪章》和《世界人权宣言》,联合国人权事务高级专员办事处和英联邦秘书处在联合国驻特立尼达和多巴哥国家工作队的支持下,于2011年3月21日至23日在特立尼达和多巴哥西班牙港举办了为期三天的关于根据《巴黎原则》在加勒比设立国家人权机构的区域讲习班。", "讲习班参加者来自加勒比英语国家安提瓜和巴布达、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、百慕大、多米尼克、格林纳达、牙买加、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、苏里南、特立尼达和多巴哥,以及巴巴多斯和特立尼达和多巴哥的联合国国家工作队的代表:", "• 感谢特立尼达和多巴哥政府主办这次关于根据《巴黎原则》在加勒比设立国家人权机构的区域讲习班,并特别感谢总检察长Anand Ramlogan阁下正式宣布讲习班开幕。", "• 感谢联合国人权事务高级专员办事处和英联邦秘书处共同组织这次区域讲习班。", "二. 支助 确认联合国驻特立尼达和多巴哥代理驻地协调员办事处以及菲律宾和加拿大国家人权机构代表作为顾问与会。", "二. 支助 强调必须使各国政府、议会和其他相关的国家利益攸关方了解建立国家人权机构的价值和益处。", "二. 支助 认识到在现有人权框架的基础上按照《巴黎原则》创建加勒比国家人权机构模式的重要性。", "二. 支助 强调国家人权机构,包括监察员机构必须使人权价值观成为日常生活和语言的一部分。", "二. 支助 强调国家人权机构,包括监察员机构作为加强增进和保护人权的关键行为者所具有的相关性。", "二. 支助 承认民间社会行为者为保护和促进人权所起的作用和领导作用。", "二. 支助 承认国家人权机构,包括监察员机构在增强所有人了解和行使人权的能力方面的作用。", "二. 支助 承认就建立和加强国家人权机构所作的全面概述和讨论、其历史和法律背景、国家人权机构必须遵守的最低标准以及国家人权机构的核心职能、主要特点和运作方法。", "二. 支助 确认必须采取必要措施,按照《巴黎原则》建立国家人权机构,并争取获得增进和保护人权国家机构国际协调委员会的认证。", "二. 支助 承认符合《巴黎原则》的国家人权机构通过与包括人权理事会、条约机构和特别程序在内的国际人权机制的互动,可在国际一级发挥重要作用。", "二. 支助 5. 欢迎讲习班的实际重点是促进分享与建立符合《巴黎原则》的国家人权机构有关的专门知识和经验。", "二. 支助 承认虽然加勒比国家在建立国家人权机构方面面临独特的挑战,但可应成员国的请求提供联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、联合国开发计划署、联合国其他机构、国际协调委员会以及英联邦秘书处的援助和支持。", "2011年3月23日,特立尼达和多巴哥西班牙港", "[1] 欧洲国家人权机构集团、美洲促进和保护人权国家机构网络、亚太国家人权机构论坛和非洲国家人权机构网络。", "[2] 联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.09.XIV.4。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 114 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "* A/66/150.", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of the members of the International Law Commission", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 2II. Curricula 2 vitae of \ncandidates Carlos 2 Oswaldo Salgado \nEspinoza(Ecuador)", "I. Introduction", "The curriculum vitae of the candidate submitted by Ecuador, in accordance with article 5 of the statute of the International Law Commission, in substitution of its nomination of Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez (see document A/66/88/Add.3), is contained in section II below.", "II. Curricula vitae of candidates", "Carlos Oswaldo Salgado Espinoza (Ecuador)", "[Original: Spanish]", "Nationality: Ecuadorian", "City, province, state: Quito — Pichincha — Ecuador", "Background:", "Bachelor’s degree in political and social sciences.", "Attorney for the courts of justice of the Republic of Ecuador.", "Commercial engineer.", "Mediator for the Azuay Chamber of Commerce.", "Arbitrator for the Azuay Chamber of Commerce.", "Diploma in environmental management, with a minor in protection of the physical environment.", "Diploma in notary and public records law.", "Diploma in industrial property law.", "Master’s Degree in Administrative Law.", "Juris Doctor.", "Doctoral candidate (PhD) in law at the Simón Bolívar Andean University; doctoral thesis on “The jurisdictional organ applicable to the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)”.", "Other graduate studies in:", "Law:", "Administrative law at the University of Azuay;", "Notary and public records law at the University of Belgrano, Argentina and the University of Havana, Cuba;", "Industrial property law at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina;", "International law and foreign and international relations, Campus Stellae European Institute, Spain.", "Business administration:", "Master of Business Administration (MBA), National Polytechnic School.", "Economy:", "Master of Economics, University of Cuenca.", "Environment:", "Diploma in environmental management, University of Azuay and University of Alicante.", "Projects:", "International certificate in project development, evaluation and management, Inter‑American Development Bank and National Polytechnic School.", "Specialist, National Polytechnic School.", "Education:", "Master’s degree in eLearning Project Management (MDPeL), Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain.", "Summary of professional and academic experience:", "Founding member of the Latin American Judicial Academy (EJAL), 15 April 2011.", "Director-General of COSE & Associates, Salgado Espinoza & Associates, National and International Consulting Firm, since 15 January 2011.", "Judge for the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, from 2005 to 14 January 2011.", "President of the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, January 2008 to January 2009.", "Honorary Academician at the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Bolivia.", "Mediator and arbitrator for the Azuay Chamber of Commerce, from 2002 to 2005.", "Member of the Latin American e-Justice Commission.", "General Coordinator of the Ibero-American Intellectual Property Association (AIPI).", "Member of the Advisory and Budget Council of the Latin American Network of Judges (REDLAJ).", "Director General of the Latin American Centre for Social Research for the 21st Century (CELDIS 21).", "Professor of undergraduate and graduate studies in regional integration law at the following universities:", "• Private Technical University of Loja (UTPL), distance learning programme, 2008-March 2011; and", "• University of the Americas (UDLA), 2009-March 2011.", "Senior Lecturer at the University of Cuenca since 1989 in the areas of:", "• Labour law", "• Tax law", "• Corporate law", "• Trade law", "• Organic Law on Financial Administration and Control", "• Ecuadorian public sector regulations for managers and accountants", "• Economic law", "Member of “Reciclando Solidaridad, Proyecto Ambiental y Solidario” (“Recycling Solidarity, Project for the Environment and Solidarity”), which was developed by the administration of Mayor Fernando Cordero Cueva (also an architect).", "Member of the University Council, representing the Department of Economics, and of the Academic Planning Council, representing the Division of Social Science (Departments of Economics, Philosophy and Jurisprudence), of the University of Cuenca.", "Director-General of COSE & Associates, a legal, accounting, administrative, financial and economic consulting and advisory firm, 1989-2005.", "Trustee for the professional associations of civil engineers, business managers and economists of Cuenca and Azuay.", "Legal adviser to several businesses and communities in Azuay.", "First Manager of the Cuenca Municipal Waste Company (EMAC), which successfully implemented ISO 14000 and OHSAS 18000 regulations at the First Landfill of Ecuador. The Landfill was issued an environmental licence by the Ministry of the Environment, and is the only landfill in Latin America with ISO 14001 certification. From 1999 to 2005.", "General Manager of Constructora de Caminos S.A.", "Mathematics and physics teacher at the following high schools in Cuenca: Salesian Technical, Rosa de Jesús Cordero (Catalinas) and Manuela Garaicoa de Calderón.", "Author of 24 publications and conference papers:", "• “La responsabilidad en la Ley Orgánica de Administración Financiera y Control”, University of Cuenca, 1989.", "• “Normatividad del sector público ecuatoriano para el administrador y contador”, University of Cuenca, 1995.", "• “Ping-pong de una competencia jurisdiccional: la indefensión de ciertos actos administrativos emanados por la Administración Pública, de competencia del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo de Cuenca, en el periodo 1994-2000”, 2003.", "• “El Tribunal de Justicia, órgano jurisdiccional de la Comunidad Andina”, First International Law Conference, held in Asunción, September 2007.", "• “El derecho de integración: reflexiones en torno a su aplicación y seguimiento”, presented at the First World Conference of International and Regional Courts, held in Managua, Nicaragua, from 4 to 5 October 2007.", "• “Reflexiones en torno al 5° Encuentro de Cortes Supremas del MERCOSUR y Asociados”, Brasilia, 8 and 9 November 2007.", "• “Experiencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina”, presented at the High-Level Summit of Judicial Authorities of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), Santiago, 26 November 2007.", "• “La marca notoriamente conocida en el régimen de propiedad industrial de la Comunidad Andina”, presented at the First International Forum on Intellectual Property, held in Cancun, Mexico, from 26 to 29 February 2008.", "• “La justicia comunitaria andina: socialización de la Comunidad Andina a los sectores empresariales del Ecuador”, intensive training course, Guayaquil, 6 and 7 March 2008.", "• “La solución de controversias de la Comunidad Andina, como mecanismo de seguridad jurídica y tutela ciudadana”, presented at the Subregional Workshop on Access to Environmental Justice in Latin America, 13 and 14 March 2008, Lima, Peru.", "• “El Tribunal Andino, hacia una justicia efectiva comunitaria: gestión e indicadores de desempeño”, for the Annual Report on Activities of the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, 25 March 2008, Bogotá, Colombia.", "• “El marco jurídico constitucional del MERCOSUR y de la Comunidad Andina — desafíos actuales”, 5 and 6 May 2008, Montevideo, Uruguay.", "• “El rol de los jueces nacionales en la aplicación del derecho comunitario”, Summit of Law Schools and Faculties from the Andean Community — Drafting of a Curriculum on Andean Community Law, held in Lima, 9 and 10 June 2008.", "• “Derecho de integración”, course material for the Master of Business Law, published by the Private Technical University of Loja (UTPL), 2008.", "• “Visión de futuro de los sistemas de solución de controversias de la UNASUR, en una opción integradora de la Comunidad Andina y el MERCOSUR”, paper delivered via videoconference using the FlashMeeting system, by invitation from the Latin American Network of Judges (REDLAJ) for a conference for Ibero-American judges and magistrates, 12 December 2008.", "• Intensive training course on the Community legal system and Andean system for dispute settlement for public officials, managers and facilitators in the justice system, judges and magistrates, 9 February 2009, Quito.", "• “El derecho andino y la integración fronteriza y transporte”, presented at the Binational Forum, held in Tulcán, 13 and 14 April 2009.", "• “La sociedad del conocimiento y los derechos humanos: visión de futuro en los procesos de integración latinoamericana”, presented at the Third Ibero‑American Conference on Judicial Cooperation, 23 to 26 November 2009, Fortaleza, Brazil.", "• “Bases del derecho para la integración y comunitario”, undergraduate course material for the University of the Americas (UDLA), 2009.", "• Course material on regional integration law for the Master’s Programme in Intellectual Property at the University of the Americas (UDLA), 2010.", "• “La importación y exportación de servicios dentro del concepto de la integración andina y latinoamericana”, presented at the international seminar organized by the National Superintendency of Tax Administration (SUNAT) and the Institute for Tax and Customs Administration of Peru, held on 1 September 2010, at SUNAT Headquarters, Lima, Peru.", "• “Integración andina — importación y exportación de servicios”, presented at the Seventh National Juridical Conference, organized by the National Juridical Administration and the Institute for Tax and Customs and Administration and the National Superintendency of Tax Administration (SUNAT) of Peru, held at the Hotel Sol de Oro on 2 September in Lima, Peru.", "• “Visión de futuro de la integración latinoamericana”, presented at the Second Conference of Magistrates from the Andean Community and the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), held in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, from 6 to 8 September 2010.", "• Volume 1 of the series “Sendero suramericano del siglo 21”, “El ABC del derecho para la integración, el surco de la neo-integración”, 2010.", "Distinctions and important achievements", "• Graduated second in the class from primary school and received a full scholarship to study at the Salesian Technical High School.", "• Awarded scholarships for outstanding low-income students at the Cuenca Salesian Technical High School.", "• Graduated with a high school degree, with distinction.", "• At age 12, was selected to be a mathematics teacher, and starting at age 18, was a mathematics and physics teacher at the following high schools: Santo Tomás Apóstol (Riobamba), Rosa de Jesús Cordero (Catalinas-Cuenca), Salesian Technical (Cuenca) and Manuela Garaicoa de Calderón (Cuenca).", "• At age 18, spent a year as a Salesian Volunteer to build, along with other dreamers, like the late Father Antonio Amador (at the time an aspiring priest) and Pablo Ponce, the current councillor of Quito, among others, the Don Bosco Oratory in Riobamba, a youth help centre for low-income children, to provide a healthy weekend recreation facility. (In the Salesian Volunteer programme, young people devote a year of their lives to serving society.)", "• President of the Association of the School of Business Administration, University of Cuenca (without being affiliated with any political party or group).", "• Member of the Honourable Board of Directors of the Department of Economics of the University of Cuenca, for three sessions (without being affiliated with any political party or group).", "• Member of the Honourable University Council of the University of Cuenca, representing the Department of Economics (without being affiliated with any political party or group).", "• Graduated with a bachelor’s degree in political and social sciences, with distinction.", "• Undergraduate thesis recommended for publication by the University panel.", "• Passed the competitive examination for Senior Lecturer in the Department of Economics at the University of Cuenca, for all law courses offered by the Department (Organic Law on Financial Administration and Control and labour, corporate, trade and tax law).", "• Graduated with distinction as a commercial engineer.", "• Nominated by the People’s Assembly of Azuay to the Supreme Electoral Court after the fall of Abdalá Bucaram.", "• Graduation with distinction; earned a Master’s Degree in Administrative Law.", "• Managed the company that built the best landfill in Ecuador, which earned it international and national recognition for its environmental and financial sustainability. The company was awarded the first environmental licence and implemented ISO 14000 and OSHAS 18000 regulations at the landfill, the only one of its kind in Latin America.", "• Selected as a presenter and speaker on the successful experience of Cuenca for the International Conference of Public and Private Institutions for the exchange of best practices in solid waste treatment and disposal and recycling projects, San José, Costa Rica, 21 to 28 March 2004.", "• President of student candidates for the Masters of Business Administration (MBA) programme at the National Polytechnic School (EPN).", "• President of student candidates for the Master of Economics programme and student representative of the programme on the Academic Council of the University of Cuenca.", "• Promoter and founder of the “Recycling Solidarity Programme”, dedicated to helping the country’s neediest people.", "• On 31 August 2005, by unanimous decision of the member countries of the Andean Community (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela), appointed Chief Justice for Ecuador to the Court of Justice of the Andean Community.", "• Unanimously elected President of the Court of Justice of the Andean Community (January 2008 to January 2009).", "• Named Honorary Academician of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Bolivia, a title granted on an exceptional basis to foreigners who have distinguished themselves in certain branches of law, in recognition of expertise in the field of international law, Community law and regional integration law.", "• Unanimously elected General Coordinator of the Ibero-American Intellectual Property Association (AIPI), which is made up of 15 Ibero-American countries.", "• Appointed to serve on the Advisory and Budget Council of the Latin American Network of Judges (REDLAJ) (though not one of the founding members).", "• Merits-based appointment as Professor of Graduate Studies in Regional Integration Law for the Distance Learning Programme of the Private Technical University of Loja (UTPL).", "• Graduated with distinction (9.55/10) from Simón Bolivar Andean University doctoral programme in law (PhD)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目114(b)", "选举各附属机构成员以补空缺， 并进行其他选举", "选举国际法委员会成员", "秘书长的说明", "增编", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 2\t\n2.候选人卡洛斯·奥斯瓦尔多·萨尔加多·埃斯皮诺萨简历 2", "一. 导言", "厄瓜多尔按照国际法委员会规程第5条，提出候选人简历，替代马塞洛·巴斯克斯-贝穆德斯先生的提名。候选人简历载于下文第二节。", "二. 候选人简历", "卡洛斯·奥斯瓦尔多·萨尔加多·埃斯皮诺萨", "[原件：西班牙文]", "国籍：厄瓜多尔。", "国家、省、市：厄瓜多尔-皮钦查-基多。", "培训：", "政治社会科学学士。", "厄瓜多尔共和国法院律师。", "商业管理工程师。", "阿苏艾生产协会调解员。", "阿苏艾生产协会仲裁员。", "环境管理高级文凭，副修科目：自然环境保护。", "公证注册法文凭。", "工业产权文凭。", "行政法硕士。", "法学博士。", "安迪纳·西蒙·玻利瓦尔大学法律博士候选人，博士论文：“南美洲国家联盟可适用的司法机关”。", "其他研究院研究：", "法律：", "行政法，阿苏艾大学；公证注册法，阿根廷，贝尔格拉诺大学；古巴，哈瓦那大学；工业产权，阿根廷，布宜诺斯艾利斯大学；国际法与外交和国际关系，西班牙，欧洲研究所特雅校区。", "企业管理：", "国家理工学院企业管理硕士。", "经济：", "昆卡大学经济硕士。", "环境：", "阿苏艾大学和阿利坎特大学环境管理文凭。", "计划项目：", "美洲开发银行和国家理工学院，项目拟订、评价和管理国际证书；国家理工学院，专家证书。", "教育：", "西班牙，马德里理工大学，项目管理和研习硕士。", "专业和学术简历：", "拉丁美洲司法学校创始成员，2011年4月15日。", "科塞合伙公司经理，萨尔加多·埃斯皮诺萨合伙顾问公司，国家和国际顾问公司，2011年1月15日以来。", "安第斯共同体法院法官，2005年至2011年1月14日。", "安第斯共同体法院院长，2008年1月至2009年1月。", "玻利维亚国家法学科学院荣誉院士。", "阿苏艾生产协会调查员及仲裁员，2002年至2005年。", "拉丁美洲司法委员会成员。", "伊比利亚美洲知识产权协会总协调员。", "拉丁美洲法官网络咨询和财务理事会成员。", "21世纪拉丁美洲社会调查中心总干事。", "大学一体化法教授(大学和研究院)：", "• 洛哈特殊技术大学，远程教育(2008年至2011年3月)；", "• 美洲大学(2009年至2011年3月)。", "昆卡大学以下科目正教授(1989年以来)：", "• 劳工法；", "• 税法；", "• 公司法；", "• 商法；", "• 财政管理和控制组织法；", "• 厄瓜多尔公共部门经理和会计管理条例；", "• 经济法。", "环境团结项目回收团结方案成员，此一项目在建筑师费尔南多·科尔德罗·奎瓦任市长期间酝酿。", "昆卡大学理事会成员(代表经济学院)；学术规划理事会成员，代表社会领域(经济、哲学、法学学院)。", "科塞合伙公司经理、法律顾问、会计、行政人员、财务人员、经济人员，自1989年至2005年。", "昆卡和阿苏艾专业协会理事：土木工程师，企业经理，经济学家。", "阿苏艾社区多间企业法律顾问。", "昆卡都市清洁公司首任经理，在厄瓜多尔首次垃圾填埋中执行ISO 14000和OHSAS 18000，获得环境部发给环境执照，这是拉丁美洲唯一的ISO 14001执照，从1999年至2005年。", "道路建筑公司总经理。", "昆卡下列学校数学和物理教师：萨莱斯阿诺技术学校，罗萨·德赫苏斯·科尔德罗(卡塔利纳斯)学校和曼努埃拉·卡尔德龙·加赖科亚学校。", "著作：24本出版物和论文", "• “财政管理和控制组织法的责任”，昆卡大学，1995年。", "• “厄瓜多尔公共部门经理和会计管理条例”，昆卡大学，1995年。", "• “司法管辖权乒乓球”，公共行政当局1994年至2000年，2003年颁布的关于昆卡行政诉讼法院管辖权的某些行政法规不起作用。", "• “安第斯共同体法院、司法机关”，2007年9月在亚松森举行第一次国际法会议。", "• “一体化法：关于其执行和监测的一些思考”，2007年10月4日和5日在尼加拉瓜、马那瓜举行第一次世界国际和区域法院会议。", "• “关于南方共同市场和联系国最高法院第5次会议的一些思考”，会议于2007年11月8日和9日在巴西利亚举行。", "• “安第斯共同体法院的经验”，南美洲国家联盟司法系统高级当局会议(2007年11月26日在智利圣地亚哥举行)。", "• “安第斯共同体工业产权制度众所周知的商标”，2008年2月26日至29日在墨西哥坎昆举行第一次国际知识产权会议。", "• “安第斯共同体司法”，安第斯共同体与厄瓜多尔企业部门联系(2008年3月6日和7日在瓜亚基尔举行密集培训课程)。", "• “安第斯共同体解决争端，作为法律安全和保护公民的机制”，2008年3月13日和14日在秘鲁利马举行使用环境司法以改进使用拉丁美洲环境司法的条件次区域工作会议。", "• “安第斯法院，迈向共同体有效司法：管理和执行指标”，2008年3月25日在哥伦比亚波哥大举行安第斯共同体年度活动汇报会议。", "• “南方共同市场和安第斯共同体宪法框架——当前挑战”，2008年5月5日和6日，乌拉圭，蒙得维的亚。", "• “国家法官在执行共同体法律方面的作用”，安第斯共同体法学院校会议——建立安第斯共同体法律研究课程(2008年6月9日和10日在利马举行)。", "• “一体化法”，公司法硕士研究指南，洛哈特殊技术大学出版，2008年。", "• “南美洲国家联盟解决争端制度未来展望，安第斯共同体与南方共同市场一体化选择”，拉丁美洲法官网络在“合作与数字司法”范围内邀请伊比利亚美洲法官参加视频会议(2008年12月12日)。", "• “共同体法律和安第斯解决争端制度密集培训课程”，为政府官员、经理、司法促进者和法官举办(2009年2月9日，基多)。", "• “安第斯法律与边界一体化和运输”，2009年4月13日和14日在图尔坎举行两国论坛。", "• “知识社会与人权：拉丁美洲一体化进程未来展望”，2009年11月23日至28日在巴西福塔莱萨举行伊比利亚美洲司法合作第三次会议。", "• “一体化法和共同体法的基础”，美洲大学，大学本科生指南读本，2009年。", "• “一体化法”，美洲大学知识产权研究生指南读本，2010年。", "• “安第斯和拉丁美洲一体化概念范围内服务业的进口与出口”，国家税务主管和秘鲁关税管理研究所在秘鲁、利马SUNAT总部举办国际研讨会(2010年9月1日)。", "• “安第斯一体化-服务业的进口和出口”，国家法务局、关税管理研究所和秘鲁关税管理署-SUNAT举办第七次国家法律会议(2010年9月2日在秘鲁利马Hotal Sol de Oro举行)。.", "• “拉丁美洲一体化未来展望”，2010年9月6日至8日在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳德印第亚斯举行安第斯共同体和南方共同市场法官第二次会议。", "• 文集“21世纪南美洲路线”第1卷“一体化法入门，新一体化轨迹”，2010年。", "荣誉与重要成就：", "• 小学第二名毕业，获全额奖学金入读萨勒斯技术高中。", "• 可领昆卡萨勒斯技术高中优异学生奖学金，但将奖学金留给其他家境清贫同学。", "• 高中毕业(成绩优异)。", "• 12岁担任数学教师，18岁任下列高中数学和物理教师：圣托马斯教士(里奥班巴)，罗萨·德赫苏斯·科尔德罗(昆卡，卡塔利纳斯)，萨莱斯阿诺技术学校(昆卡)，曼努埃拉·加赖科亚·卡尔德龙(昆卡)。", "• 18岁参加萨勒斯志愿工作团(贡献一年青春给社会)，同其他梦想者一道(例如已逝的安东尼奥·阿马多尔神父，他当时是很有前途的神父)，促进现在的基多，巴勃罗·波诺尔理事会等等，以及在里奥班巴创办唐博斯科剧社(青年中心，帮助家境清贫儿童，提供周末健康的娱乐活动)。", "• 昆卡大学企业管理学院协会主席(不属任何政党或团体)。", "• 昆卡大学经济学院理事会成员，连任三届(不属任何政党或团体)。", "• 昆卡大学经济学院参加大学理事会成员(不属任何政党或团体)。", "• 政治和社会科学学士(毕业成绩优异)。", "• 大学议会建议将论文出版。", "• 经济学院正教授考试及格，可任教昆卡大学法学院科目(财政管理和控制组织法、劳工法、公司法、商法和税法)。", "• 商业管理工程师毕业(成绩优异)。", "• 阿夫达拉·布卡拉姆下台后，经阿苏艾人民大会推荐参加最高选举法院。", "• 行政法硕士(毕业成绩优异)。", "• 建造厄瓜多尔最佳垃圾填埋地公司经理，公司赢得国家和国际赞誉(环境与财政可持续性)，并获第一个执行ISO 14000和OSHAS 18000垃圾填埋地环境执照，这在拉丁美洲是唯一的。", "• 在2004年3月21日至28日在哥斯达黎加、圣何塞举行的国际公共机构和私营机构交流处理和处置固体废料和回收项目成功经验会议上，被推选讲述厄瓜多尔-昆卡的成功经验。", "• 国家理工学院企业管理硕士学生会主席。", "• 昆卡大学经济硕士学生会主席，并代表学生参加学术理事会为成员。", "• 促进和建立“回收团结”方案，帮助厄瓜多尔穷人。", "• 2005年8月31日获安第斯共同体成员国(玻利维亚、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁和委内瑞拉)全权代表一致任命为安第斯共同体法院厄瓜多尔首席法官。", "• 获一致推选担任安第斯共同体法院院长(2008年1月至2009年1月)。", "• 获提名玻利维亚国家法学科学院荣誉院士，该项荣誉是例外给予在法学某些领域卓有声誉的外国人，承认在国际法、共同体法和一体化法领域的学识。", "• 获选为伊比利亚美洲知识产权协会总协调员，协会包括伊比利亚美洲15个国家。", "• 获指派任拉丁美洲法官网络咨询和财务理事会成员，即便并非网络创始成员之一。", "• 凭个人成绩获任大学一体化法研究院教授：洛哈特殊技术大学，远程教育。", "• 安迪纳·西蒙·玻利瓦尔大学法学博士(毕业成绩优异，10分满分中得9.55分)。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目114(b)", "页:1", "选举各附属机构成员以补空缺,并进行其他选举", "选举国际法委员会成员", "秘书长的说明", "增编", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 2 简历2\n候选人卡洛斯 奥斯瓦尔多·萨尔加多\n埃斯皮诺萨(厄瓜多尔)", "一. 导言", "厄瓜多尔根据国际法委员会章程第5条提交的候选人简历(见A/66/88/Add.3号文件)载于下文第二节,以代替对Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez先生的提名。", "二. 候选人简历", "卡洛斯·奥斯瓦尔多·萨尔加多·埃斯皮诺萨(厄瓜多尔)", "[原件:西班牙", "国籍:厄瓜多尔", "省会城市:基多-皮钦查-厄瓜多尔", "背景情况:", "政治和社会科学学士学位。", "厄瓜多尔共和国法院律师。", "商务工程师.", "阿祖艾商会调解员.", "阿祖艾商会仲裁员.", "环境管理文凭,未成年人保护物质环境。", "公证人和公共记录法文凭。", "工业产权法文凭。", "行政法硕士学位。", "朱里斯医生。", "Simón Bolívar安第斯大学法学博士(博士);关于“适用于南美洲国家联盟的管辖机关”的博士论文。", "其他研究生课程:", "法律:", "Azuay大学行政法;", "阿根廷贝尔格拉诺大学和古巴哈瓦那大学的公证人和公共记录法;", "阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯大学工业产权法;", "西班牙Campus Stellae欧洲研究所国际法和对外关系及国际关系。", "工商行政管理:", "国立理工学院工商管理硕士(MBA).", "经济:", "昆卡大学经济学硕士。", "环境:", "阿祖艾大学和阿利坎特大学环境管理文凭。", "项目:", "美洲开发银行和国家理工学院项目开发、评价和管理国际证书。", "国家理工学院专家.", "学历:", "西班牙马德里理工大学电子学习项目管理硕士学位。", "专业和学术经验摘要:", "拉丁美洲司法学院创始成员,2011年4月15日。", "自2011年1月15日起,担任国家和国际咨询公司萨尔加多·埃斯皮诺萨和协会总干事。", "2005年至2011年1月14日,安第斯共同体法院法官。", "2008年1月至2009年1月出任安第斯共同体法院院长.", "玻利维亚国家法律科学院名誉学者.", "Azuay商会调解员和仲裁员,2002年至2005年。", "拉丁美洲电子司法委员会成员。", "伊比利亚-美洲知识产权协会总协调员。", "拉丁美洲法官网络咨询和预算理事会成员。", "21世纪拉丁美洲社会研究中心总干事。", "下列大学的区域一体化法本科和研究生教授:", "• 洛哈私立技术大学,远程学习方案,2008-2011年3月;", "• 美洲大学,2009-2011年3月。", "1989年起在昆卡大学担任以下领域的高级讲师:", "• 劳动法", "• 税法", "• 公司法", "二. 支助 贸易法", "• 《财务管理和控制组织法》", "• 厄瓜多尔公共部门管理人员和会计师条例", "• 经济法", "由Fernando Cordero Cueva市长(也是一名建筑师)政府开发的“康复团结、环境和团结项目”成员。", "大学理事会成员,代表经济系;学术规划委员会成员,代表昆卡大学社会科学司(经济系,哲学系和法学系).", "1989-2005年,法律、会计、行政、财政和经济咨询咨询和咨询公司COSE & Associates总干事。", "昆卡和阿祖艾土木工程师、企业经理和经济学家专业协会受托人。", "阿祖艾多家企业和社区的法律顾问。", "Cuenca城市垃圾公司(EMAC)的第一经理,该公司在厄瓜多尔第一填埋地成功实施了ISO 14000和OHSAS 18000法规。 填埋场是环境部颁发的环境许可证,是拉丁美洲唯一获得ISO 14001认证的填埋地。 从1999年到2005年.", "卡米诺斯公司总经理", "在昆卡的以下高中担任数学和物理教师:萨斯利安理工,罗莎·德·耶苏斯·科尔德罗(英语:Rosa de Jesús Cordero (Catalinas))和曼努埃拉·加拉伊科亚·德·卡尔德隆.", "24个出版物和会议文件的作者:", "• 昆卡大学,1989年。", "昆卡大学,1995年。", "· “司法界的争论:1994年至2000年在普布利卡行政裁判所的争论”,2003年。", "• 2007年9月在亚松森举行的第一次国际法会议“安第斯共同体司法法庭”。", "二. 支助 在2007年10月4日至5日在尼加拉瓜马那瓜举行的第一次国际和区域法院世界会议上,介绍了“El derecho de integración: reflectionions en troto a su aplicación y seguimiento”。", "• 2007年11月8日和9日,巴西利亚,“南锥体共同市场和协会环境参考”,巴西利亚。", "• 2007年11月26日在圣地亚哥举行的南美洲国家联盟高级司法当局首脑会议上提出的“安第斯共同体正义法庭经验”。", "二. 支助 在2008年2月26日至29日于墨西哥坎昆举行的第一次知识产权国际论坛上,介绍了“安第斯共同体工业发展论坛”。", "二. 支助 2008年3月6日和7日在瓜亚基尔举办的强化培训班,“厄瓜多尔社区与社区:安第斯社区的社会化”。", "• 在2008年3月13日和14日在秘鲁利马举行的拉丁美洲环境司法问题分区域讲习班上作了题为“安第斯社区问题辩论论坛,Juridica y tutela ciudadana”。", "• 《安第斯法院活动年度报告》,2008年3月25日,哥伦比亚波哥大。", "二. 支助 2008年5月5日和6日,乌拉圭蒙得维的亚。", "二. 支助 2008年6月9日和10日在利马举行的安第斯共同体法学院和学院高峰会议——安第斯共同体法律课程的起草。", "• “Derecho de integración”,商业法硕士课程材料,由洛哈私立技术大学出版,2008年。", "• 2008年12月12日,应拉丁美洲法官网络的邀请,利用闪电会议系统,通过视频会议提交了题为“南美洲国家共同体和南锥体共同市场问题综合协商机制”的文件。", "• 2009年2月9日在基多为司法系统的公职人员、管理人员和调解人、法官和治安法官举办共同体法律制度和安第斯争端解决制度强化培训班。", "二. 支助 “El derecho andino y la integración fronteriza y Transporte”,2009年4月13日和14日在图尔坎举行的两国论坛上介绍。", "• 2009年11月23日至26日在巴西福塔莱萨举行的第三届伊比利亚-美洲司法合作会议上提出的“人与人的联系与关系:促进美洲一体化的团结”", "• “Bases del derecho para la integración y comunitario”,美洲大学本科教材,2009年。", "二. 支助 2010年美洲大学知识产权硕士课程区域一体化法教材。", "二. 支助 2010年9月1日在秘鲁利马SUNAT总部由秘鲁国家税务管理局(SUNAT)和秘鲁税务和海关管理研究所举办的国际研讨会上,介绍了“国家税务局和拉丁美洲一体化和一体化概念服务进出口”。", "• 9月2日在秘鲁利马Sol de Oro旅馆举行的第七次全国法律会议,由秘鲁国家司法管理局、税务和海关管理研究所及国家税务管理局(SUNAT)举办,题为“进口和出口服务”。", "• 2010年9月6日至8日在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳德印地亚斯举行的安第斯共同体和南方共同市场(南共市)法官第二次会议上提出的“美洲一体化签证”。", "• 《21世纪南北合作》系列第一卷,“El ABC del derecho para la integración, el surco de la ne-integración”,2010年。", "区别和重要成就", "二. 支助 小学毕业于班上第二名,并获得全额奖学金入塞勒西亚技术高中学习.", "· 向昆卡 Salesian技术高中杰出的低收入学生提供奖学金。", "二. 支助 毕业后有高中学历,成绩优异.", "二. 支助 12岁时被选为数学教师,从18岁起在以下高中任数学和物理教师: 圣托马斯·阿波斯托尔(里奥班巴)、罗萨·德·耶苏斯·科尔德罗(卡塔利亚斯-昆卡)、塞勒斯技术(昆卡)和曼努埃拉·加拉伊科阿·德·卡尔德隆(昆卡)。", "二. 支助 18岁时,作为一名塞勒西亚志愿者,与其他梦想家一起建造了一年,如已故的Antonio Amador神父(当时是一位有抱负的牧师)和基多现任议员Pablo Ponce等,为低收入儿童提供健康的周末娱乐设施。 (在塞勒西安志愿者方案中,年轻人一生中都用一年时间为社会服务。 )", "• 昆卡大学工商管理学院协会会长(不附属于任何政党或团体)。", "• 昆卡大学经济系董事会成员,三届(不附属于任何政党或团体)。", "• 昆卡大学荣誉大学理事会成员,代表经济系(不附属于任何政党或团体)。", "二. 支助 毕业于政治社会科学学士学位,成绩优异.", "二. 支助 本科论文建议由大学小组出版.", "二. 支助 通过昆卡大学经济系高级讲师竞争性考试,参加本系提供的所有法律课程(《金融管理和管制组织法》和《劳动法》、《公司法》、《贸易和税法》)。", "• 以商业工程师身份毕业。", "· 阿祖艾人民议会在Abdalá Bucaram倒台后向最高选举法院提名。", "• 优异毕业;获行政法硕士学位。", "二. 支助 管理在厄瓜多尔建造了最佳垃圾填埋场的公司,这使其在环境和资金可持续性方面赢得了国际和国内的承认。 该公司获得了第一张环境许可证,并在填埋地执行了ISO 14000和OSHAS 18000规章,这是拉丁美洲唯一的此类规章。", "• 2004年3月21日至28日在哥斯达黎加圣何塞被选为关于昆卡在固体废物处理、处置和再循环项目方面交流最佳做法的公共和私人机构国际会议的成功经验的演讲人和演讲人。", "• 国家理工学院工商管理硕士课程学生候选人主席。", "• 经济硕士课程学生候选人主席,昆卡大学学术委员会课程学生代表。", "● \" 恢复团结方案 \" 的促进者和创始者,致力于帮助该国最需要帮助的人。", "二. 支助 2005年8月31日,安第斯共同体成员国(玻利维亚、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁和委内瑞拉)一致决定,任命厄瓜多尔首席法官为安第斯共同体法院法官。", "• 一致当选安第斯共同体法院院长(2008年1月至2009年1月)。", "• 提名玻利维亚国家法律科学院名誉学者,作为例外授予在某些法律分支中表现突出的外国人,以表彰国际法、共同体法和区域一体化法领域的专门知识。", "• 一致当选由15个伊比利亚-美洲国家组成的伊比利亚-美洲知识产权协会总协调员。", "• 被任命为拉丁美洲法官网络咨询和预算理事会成员(虽然不是创始成员之一)。", "• 根据成绩任命洛哈私立技术大学远程学习方案区域一体化法研究生教授。", "• Simón Bolivar安第斯大学法学博士课程(PhD)优异毕业(9.55/10)。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Items 134 and 143 of the provisional agenda[1]", "Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "Administration of justice at the United Nations", "Administration of justice at the United Nations", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The General Assembly, by its resolutions 61/261, 62/228 and 63/253, decided to establish an independent, transparent, professionalized, adequately resourced and decentralized system of administration of justice for the United Nations, which entered into operation on 1 July 2009.", "The Secretary-General is gratified by the General Assembly’s positive recognition of the implementation of the new system in its resolution 65/251, in which the Assembly noted the achievements of the new system since its inception, including improved disposition of old and new cases, and commended all those involved in managing the transition from the prior system or in the implementation of the present one.", "The General Assembly also acknowledged the evolving nature of the new system and indicated that its progress would need to be carefully monitored to ensure that the system remained consistent with the governing principles set down in the establishing resolutions, namely that the system must be independent, transparent, professionalized, adequately resourced and decentralized, and with the relevant rules of international law and the principles of the rule of law and due process to ensure respect for the rights and obligations of staff members and the accountability of managers and staff members alike.", "In the present report, the Secretary-General describes the accomplishments of the new system of administration of justice during the reporting period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011. The processing of cases through all phases of the formal system continues to demonstrate a marked improvement in efficiency. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the Management Evaluation Unit received 390 requests for review and closed or resolved 281 matters. The Office of Staff Legal Assistance resolved approximately one third of the more than 850 cases for which it was responsible during the same period. From 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the offices representing the Secretary-General before the United Nations Dispute Tribunal handled cases that resulted in 195 judgements, and the Office of Legal Affairs handled cases that resulted in 90 judgements of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal.", "However, the success of the system and the productivity of the offices that service it have resulted in serious strains upon the financial and human resources of those offices and units. As the Secretary-General indicated in his report on the administration of justice to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/373 and Corr.1), there is a need for significant strengthening in a number of key areas in order to maintain the current pace of work and continue to implement all of the Assembly’s mandates for the new system.", "In its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to provide data and information on the functioning of the new system and related matters. The present report provides a consolidated response to those requests.", "In addition, the present report contains a request for additional resources amounting to $8,657,900 (before recosting) under sections 1, 8, 19, 29A, 29C, 29D, 29E, 29G and 37 of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 in the light of the experience to date.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Overview 4II. Review 4 of the formal system of \njustice A.Management 4 Evaluation \n Unit B.United 8 Nations Dispute \nTribunal C.United 14 Nations Appeals \nTribunal D.Office 17 of Staff Legal \nAssistance E.Office 20 of the Executive \nDirector F. Legal 23 offices representing the Secretary-General as \nrespondent III. Responses 39 to questions relating to administration of \njustice \nA.Overview 39\nB. Responses 39IV. Issues 49 relevant to the review by the General Assembly of the statutes of the \nTribunals \nA.Introduction 49B. Rules 50 of Procedure of the \nTribunals C.Jurisdiction 54 of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal over acts and omissions by independent entities in connection with the performance of their operational \nmandates V.Resource 60 \nrequirements VI.Conclusions 62 and actions to be taken by the General \nAssembly \nAnnexes I. Proposals 63 for staff-funded mechanisms to fund the Office of Staff Legal \nAssistance II.Proposal 69 for recourse mechanisms for non-staff \npersonnel III.Compensation 79 awarded by the Management Evaluation Unit, the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and the United Nations Appeals \nTribunal", "I. Overview", "1. The General Assembly, by its resolutions 61/261, 62/228 and 63/253, established a new system of administration of justice. The system has two Tribunals, the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, which are staffed by professional judges and supported by Registries in Geneva, Nairobi and New York. In accordance with the General Assembly’s view that legal assistance should be provided to staff, the new system also includes the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, staffed by professional legal officers in Addis Ababa, Beirut, Geneva, Nairobi and New York. In order to ensure that the system is independent, the Office of Administration of Justice administers the elements of the formal system, providing administrative, operational and technical support to the Tribunals, the Registries and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, as well as to the Internal Justice Council.", "2. Management evaluation, which constitutes the mandatory first step of the formal system of administration of justice, is conducted within the Department of Management and the separately administered funds and programmes. The Management Evaluation Unit of the Department of Management, staffed by professional legal officers, conducts the first review of a contested decision. The Unit is designed to give management a chance to correct an improper decision or provide acceptable remedies in cases where the decision has been flawed, thereby reducing the number of cases that proceed to formal litigation. Similar mechanisms also exist in the funds and programmes.", "3. The enhancement and professionalization of the system, in addition to the increased number of cases, have required that the offices and units representing the Secretary-General as respondent provide significantly more services at a greatly increased pace.", "4. The system continues to make progress on processing the considerable number of cases that were transferred from the various organs of the old system. In order to prevent the backlog of cases from overwhelming the new system, the General Assembly appointed three ad litem judges for the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and judicial staff to support them.", "II. Review of the formal system of justice", "A. Management Evaluation Unit[2]", "5. The Management Evaluation Unit is located in the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management and is the first step in the formal system of administration of justice. The core functions of the Unit are: (a) to conduct prompt management evaluations of contested administrative decisions relating to contracts of employment or terms and conditions of appointment; (b) to assist the Under-Secretary-General for Management in providing staff members requesting management evaluation with a prompt and reasoned response regarding the outcome of the evaluation; and (c) to assist the Under-Secretary-General in ensuring managerial accountability by ensuring the compliance of managers with their responsibilities in the management of the human and financial resources of the Organization.", "6. From the time of its inception on 1 July 2009 to 31 May 2011, the Management Evaluation Unit received a total of 823 cases, including 184 cases in 2009, 427 cases in 2010 and 212 in 2011. Of the 823 cases received, the Unit completed and closed 665 cases. As at 31 May 2011, it had recommended compensation in 18 cases, which amounted to $183,339.44. A breakdown of this figure is contained in annex III to the present report.", "7. The management evaluation process provides the Administration with the opportunity to prevent unnecessary litigation before the Dispute Tribunal, resulting in significant cost savings to the Organization. Approximately 36 per cent of cases received and closed by the Unit in 2010 were settled through informal resolution efforts either by the Unit itself, by the Office of the Ombudsman or through bilateral negotiations between the Administration and the staff members.", "8. In approximately 84 per cent of the cases submitted to the Management Evaluation Unit that were not resolved informally, the contested decision was upheld by the Secretary-General following a determination by the Unit that the decision was consistent with the Organization’s rules and jurisprudence.", "9. In conformity with the decision of the General Assembly to establish, inter alia, a transparent system of administration of justice (resolution 61/261, para. 4), where the Management Evaluation Unit has recommended that a contested administrative decision be upheld, a written reasoned response is sent to the staff member concerned setting out the basis for the management evaluation, including the facts of the case, a summary of the comments on the case provided by the decision maker, the applicable rules and jurisprudence of the Organization, an explanation of the reasons why the Unit considered that the contested decision comported with the applicable rules and jurisprudence, and the final decision of the Secretary-General. The funds and programmes follow a similar methodology in their management evaluation process.", "10. Staff members have the statutory right to take their cases to the Dispute Tribunal for a trial of the matter following the conclusion of the management evaluation process (General Assembly resolution 62/228, para. 51). The Management Evaluation Unit considers that staff members who have sought recourse to the formal system owing to a perceived lack of transparency in the administrative decision-making process are more likely to decide not to pursue their statutory recourse to the Dispute Tribunal when they perceive the management evaluation process to be impartial, objective and accurate. The Unit also considers the written reasoned response provided to staff members at the conclusion of the management evaluation process to be an important means of establishing the credibility of the management evaluation process, in particular, and the new system of administration of justice in general. The funds and programmes share this view.", "11. In order to determine the number of staff members who seek recourse to the Dispute Tribunal following the receipt of a management evaluation upholding a contested administrative decision, the Management Evaluation Unit is working with the Office of Administration of Justice to implement a tracking mechanism.", "12. As at 31 December 2010, in 83 per cent of the cases considered by the Dispute Tribunal following management evaluation, the Tribunal’s disposition of the case was the same as that recommended by the Management Evaluation Unit. Although there are key issues of law that have yet to be determined by the Appeals Tribunal, and the Unit has limited fact-finding capability, this degree of similitude is instructive and can be construed as indicative of the impartiality, objectivity and accuracy of the Unit.", "13. In providing assistance to the Under-Secretary-General for Management to ensure managerial accountability, the Management Evaluation Unit regularly reviews its caseload to identify trends and systemic issues, which are set out in its reports. The Unit also provides secretariat support to the Under-Secretary-General in the compilation of the lessons-learned guide for managers and guidance notes that are circulated to all heads of offices and departments. The lessons-learned guide for managers includes a review of the jurisprudence of the Dispute and Appeals Tribunals and examines how they interpret and apply the internal rules of the Organization. In 2010, the Under-Secretary-General circulated two volumes of the lessons-learned guide for managers. In April 2011, he circulated a guidance note and is expected to circulate another volume of the lessons-learned guide in the latter part of 2011.", "Statutory time limits", "14. Management evaluations are required to be completed within a limit of 30 calendar days for Headquarters and 45 calendar days for offices away from Headquarters after the submission of such a request (General Assembly resolution 62/228, para. 54). Deadlines may be extended in cases where the matters have been referred to the Office of the Ombudsman under conditions specified by the Secretary-General.", "15. In the report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/557, para. 16), it was stated that every effort should be made to resolve cases before staff members resort to litigation and that the management evaluation function was an important opportunity to do so by allowing for faulty administrative decisions to be addressed.", "16. In conformity with the direction of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, in cases where the Management Evaluation Unit has concluded that the contested decision does not comport with the internal rules of the Organization, and the Under-Secretary-General for Management has endorsed an informal resolution, the Management Evaluation Unit will seek to facilitate the resolution directly between the parties. It has been the experience of the Unit that informal resolution involves extensive consultations between the parties and is often a lengthier process than is permitted by the statutory time frames provided for management evaluations. However, there are no statutory provisions that allow the Secretary-General to place the management evaluation process in abeyance with the consent of the parties involved in cases where the Management Evaluation Unit facilitates an informal resolution. The funds and programmes agree with this view but note that they have been successful in achieving this outcome with the consent of both parties.", "17. Similarly, there are no statutory provisions for extending the deadlines for completing management evaluations in cases where staff members make supplementary submissions after they file their requests for management evaluation, either on their own initiative or at the request of the Management Evaluation Unit.", "18. The Management Evaluation Unit considers that stringent adherence to statutory time frames could cause staff members to receive incomplete or inaccurate management evaluations and, as a result, to unnecessarily seek recourse to the Dispute Tribunal. To avoid this result, the current practice of the Unit is to seek an extension of the deadline from the staff member in order to facilitate informal resolution or where additional submissions from the staff member and/or the Administration are required to properly conclude the management evaluation process. The Unit considers cases to be concluded in a timely manner either when they have been concluded within the relevant statutory time frame or when they have been concluded within a time frame to which the staff member has consented for the purpose of facilitating informal resolution or obtaining additional information necessary to ensure a comprehensive management evaluation. The funds and programmes share this view and note that they have been successful in meeting the statutory deadline in all cases to date.", "19. The staffing complement of the Management Evaluation Unit comprises a Chief (P-5), who reports to the Director of the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management, two Legal Officers (P-4), one Legal Officer (P-4) (general temporary assistance) and three Legal Assistants (General Service (Other level)). However, the current staffing resources of the Unit are inadequate to meet its mandate, and it has been obliged to temporarily fill an additional legal officer post by way of limited budgetary discretionary funding since February 2010.", "20. The Management Evaluation Unit considers that the addition of a third legal officer post at the P-3 level is warranted based on the volume of cases received during the nearly two years of its operations. The figures demonstrate that the number of users of the new system of administration of justice is already greater than that of the previous system. Furthermore, on the basis of data gleaned from its caseload, the Unit expects to receive at least the same number of cases in 2011 as it did in 2010 (approximately 427).", "21. With regard to the 184 cases received in 2009, the Management Evaluation Unit observed that there was a 23 per cent decrease in the number of cases submitted in the fourth quarter of 2009 compared with the number of cases submitted in the third quarter of that year. With respect to the 427 cases submitted in 2010, the Unit observed a steady increase in the number of cases submitted in the first two quarters of 2010, followed by a decrease in cases submitted in the third and fourth quarters of 2010, respectively. In this regard, the Unit observed that 57 per cent of the cases submitted in 2010 were submitted between 1 January and 30 June 2010 and 43 per cent between 1 July and 31 December 2010, with the most significant decrease in cases submitted between 1 October and 31 December 2010. Finally, the Unit has noted an upswing in the number of cases submitted between 1 January and 31 May 2011 compared with the number of cases submitted between 1 July and 31 December 2010. While the Unit received 183 cases in the latter period of 2010, it had already received 212 cases in the first five months of 2011, which is the same number of cases received in the first five months of 2010.", "22. The Management Evaluation Unit considers that the decrease in the number of cases submitted in the final quarters of 2009 and 2010 and the increase in the number in the first two quarters in 2010 and 2011 could be indicative of an emerging cyclical pattern. However, the total number of cases received between 1 July 2009 and 30 June 2010 is expected to be the same as the number received between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011 (approximately 427).", "23. As noted above, timely, well-reasoned management evaluations are essential to the successful fulfilment of the Management Evaluation Unit’s mandate. The Unit has met its mandate as a result of the addition of a temporary Legal Officer post, funded through discretionary funds since February 2010. Furthermore, the figures show that the Unit has been able to meet its mandate with its current staffing arrangements because its staff members have consistently worked overtime and have deferred or have not taken annual leave.", "24. The Management Evaluation Unit considers that a request for one additional Legal Officer (P-3) post is therefore conservative in the circumstances, since an additional Legal Officer will not fully cover the shortfall between the number of person-hours required per year to fulfil the Unit’s mandate (1,828) and the number of person-hours per year that staff members working in the Secretariat are normally required to work (1,463).", "25. For the reasons set forth above, the Secretary-General recommends that the Management Evaluation Unit be strengthened with an additional Legal Officer at the P-3 level.", "B. United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "1. Composition of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "26. On 2 March 2009, the General Assembly elected three full-time judges and two half-time judges. Subsequently, the Assembly elected three ad litem judges for a period of one year to assist in handling the backlog of cases transferred from the old system. At the time of the preparation of the present report, the composition of the Tribunal was as follows:", "(a) Judge Vinod Boolell (Mauritius), full-time judge based in Nairobi;", "(b) Judge Memooda Ebrahim-Carstens (Botswana), full-time judge based in New York;", "(c) Judge Thomas Laker (Germany), full-time judge based in Geneva;", "(d) Judge Goolam Hoosen Kader Meeran (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), half-time judge;", "(e) Judge Coral Shaw (New Zealand), half-time judge;", "(f) Judge Jean-François Cousin (France), ad litem judge based in Geneva;", "(g) Judge Nkemdilim Amelia Izuako (Nigeria), ad litem judge based in Nairobi;", "(h) Judge Marilyn Kaman (United States of America), ad litem judge based in New York.[3]", "27. At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to extend the tenure of the three ad litem judges and their support staff for an additional six months until 31 December 2011 (see resolution 65/251).", "2. Election of the President", "28. At the plenary meeting held in Nairobi from 28 June to 2 July 2010, Judge Thomas Laker was elected President for one year, from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "3. Plenary meetings", "29. Since 1 July 2010, the judges of the Tribunal have held two plenary meetings (from 13 to 17 December 2010 in Geneva and from 27 June to 1 July 2011 in New York).", "4. General activity of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "30. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the Dispute Tribunal received 170 new cases. As at 31 May 2011, the Tribunal had 254 pending cases.", "31. Of the 170 cases received during the reporting period, 108 originated from the Secretariat (excluding peacekeeping and political missions), including the regional commissions, offices away from Headquarters, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and various departments and offices; 19 originated from peacekeeping and political missions; and 43 originated from agencies, including the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).", "5. Cases transferred to the United Nations Dispute Tribunal from the former system", "32. On 1 July 2009, following the abolition of the Joint Appeals Board and the Joint Disciplinary Committee in Geneva, Nairobi, New York and Vienna, 169 cases pending before those entities were transferred to the Dispute Tribunal. Sixty-one cases were transferred to the Registry in Geneva, 55 to the Registry in Nairobi and 53 to the Registry in New York. From 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, 29 of these cases were disposed of.", "33. On 1 January 2010, 143 cases were transferred from the United Nations Administrative Tribunal to the Dispute Tribunal. They were distributed among the branches of the Dispute Tribunal as follows: 51 cases to Geneva, 40 to Nairobi and 52 to New York. From 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, 76 of these cases were disposed of.", "34. As at 31 May 2011, 65 cases transferred from the former system were pending: 10 cases from the Joint Appeals Board or the Joint Disciplinary Committee and 55 from the United Nations Administrative Tribunal.", "6. Number of judgements, orders and hearings", "35. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the Dispute Tribunal issued 195 judgements and 638 orders, and held 229 hearings.", "7. Cases referred to the Mediation Division", "36. From 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the Dispute Tribunal identified 13 cases suitable for mediation and referred them to the Mediation Division of the Office of the Ombudsman. Of these, six cases were successfully mediated at the time of the preparation of the present report.", "8. Subject matter of cases before the United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "37. The nature of the cases before the Dispute Tribunal that were received during the reporting period may be divided into six main categories: (a) appointment-related matters; (b) benefits and entitlements; (c) classification; (d) disciplinary matters; (e) separation from service; and (g) other.", "38. Of the 170 cases received during the reporting period, 56 related to appointment; 19 to benefits and entitlements; 2 to classification; 33 to disciplinary matters; 28 to separation from service; and 32 to other matters.", "9. Issues relating to staffing of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and its Registries", "39. As detailed above, the volume of cases before the Dispute Tribunal is very heavy, and the requirement to work expeditiously has placed an enormous burden on the judges and staff of the Tribunal. The appointment and subsequent extension of three ad litem judges have allowed the Dispute Tribunal to make significant progress in addressing the backlog of cases inherited from the former system. However, in the light of the trend of new cases filed, it is apparent that if the judicial capacity of the Dispute Tribunal is almost halved by the elimination of the ad litem judge positions at the end of 2011, a new backlog will immediately start to emerge. This would result in one of the most strongly criticized shortcomings of the former system, delay, becoming a daily reality in the new one.", "40. The Tribunal is deliberately decentralized to ensure easier access to justice for the applicants. To maintain this access, it is essential that there continue to be two full-time judges at each location of the Dispute Tribunal. The whole point of having a decentralized Tribunal would be defeated if one location had to stop functioning owing to the absence of its sole judge, for example in cases of leave, sickness or resignation. Similarly, the recusal of a judge at one location would automatically entail the transfer of the case to another location farther away from the applicant. Three-judge panels can be established in an effective way only when at least two judges are present in each Tribunal location. Furthermore, there is a statutory requirement for applications for suspension of action to be disposed of in five days, which would be almost impossible for a single judge to achieve without compromising the disposal of substantive applications. Finally, the President of the Dispute Tribunal, who has to direct the work of the Tribunal and the Registries, is reliant on the presence and support of the other judge at his or her location during his or her term of office in order to maintain the flow of cases.", "41. The work of the judges of the Dispute Tribunal is not restricted to rendering judgements. The additional required functions, mentioned in the present section, mean that a second full-time judge per duty station is absolutely essential. Judges of the Dispute Tribunal closely monitor the progress of all cases from the receipt of an application to final judgement. This monitoring may include: (a) holding case management hearings; (b) ruling on pre-hearing motions; and (c) issuing pre‑hearing orders. In addition, judges are required to consider applications for suspension of action within a statutory five-day time limit. From an administrative standpoint, judges at each location (Geneva, Nairobi and New York) meet regularly with Registry staff to ensure the regular and timely processing of cases. They also hold biweekly meetings by means of videoconference in order to improve the communication among the judges and make important decisions with respect to the harmonization of practices among the three Registries. The judges are also responsible for drafting rules of procedure; the Tribunal has submitted proposals to the General Assembly for the amendment of the rules of procedure. Furthermore, the judges are committed to issuing practice directions so that the parties to a case are aware of the procedures expected by the Tribunal. As a judicial recess has not been implemented on the calendar of the Dispute Tribunal to date, all of the responsibilities above are in addition to the core judicial function of deciding the merits of a case and issuing a judgement.", "42. After two years, the Tribunal is still in its “start-up” phase. Given the different legal backgrounds of the judges, the Tribunal requires continuity of judges and supporting staff to ensure that it becomes a coherent judicial body with a consistent jurisprudence to the benefit of the Organization and its staff members.", "43. For that reason, it is recommended that the General Assembly appoint a second full-time judge to each of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal locations. It is also imperative that the judges receive the necessary support from legal officers and administrative staff. Therefore, the Secretary-General recommends that the P-3 Legal Officers (1 each in Geneva, Nairobi and New York) and the Legal Assistants (1 General Service (Other level) in Geneva, 1 General Service (Other level) in New York and 1 General Service (Local level) in Nairobi) be regularized.", "44. In addition, there is an anomaly in the staffing of the Registry in New York. While the Registries located in Geneva and Nairobi are staffed with a Registrar (P‑5) and Legal Officers at the P-4 and P-3 levels, the Registry in New York is staffed with a Registrar (P-5) and Legal Officers at the P-4 and P-2 levels. There is no operational basis for this discrepancy, and in fact, the Registry in New York would greatly benefit from having a second legal officer at the more senior level of P-3. For this reason, it is recommended that the P-2 Legal Officer post in New York be reclassified as a P-3 post.", "10. Non-staffing-related issues", "a. Courtrooms", "45. As the new system must be professional in nature, and given the mandate that the hearings of the Dispute Tribunal, in general, be open to the public, the Tribunal must have facilities adequate for a professional court, of sufficient size to permit public access, at each of its locations.", "46. Premises have been made available in all three locations of the Tribunal; however, issues relating to the construction of permanent courtrooms remain to be addressed.", "47. In New York, because of the capital master plan, a temporary courtroom space has been provided in the temporary premises of the Office of Administration of Justice. The courtroom is operational, but as a temporary space, it is ad hoc in nature and has no capacity for simultaneous interpretation. Due consideration in the planning phase was given to ensuring that as much of the equipment and furnishings of the temporary space would be able to be removed and installed in the Tribunal’s permanent premises upon completion of the capital master plan. No provision has been made, however, for the creation of a permanent courtroom for the Dispute Tribunal in New York after the capital master plan is completed. In Geneva, a permanent space has been provided, but the space does not permit interpretation without additional construction. In Nairobi, the construction of a permanent, dedicated courtroom is under way. However, the 2010-2011 budget of the Office of Administration of Justice provided for no resources for courtroom construction and outfitting. Accordingly, provisions for construction and outfitting have been included in section 34 of the 2012-2013 budget.", "b. Travel and communications", "48. Another critical mandate for the new system, reiterated by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/251, is that it be decentralized. The Dispute Tribunal and its Registries are located in Geneva, Nairobi and New York. The Tribunal serves staff located in duty stations around the world, with each location serving a substantial geographic region. The success of the Tribunal’s decentralization relies heavily on the ability of the Tribunal and its Registries to communicate among themselves and with the parties and witnesses in cases before the Tribunal.", "49. When the Dispute Tribunal holds hearings, it is critical that participants be able to fully engage in the proceedings and that the judges be able to assess the demeanour of witnesses appearing before them. Regular travel for either of those purposes would be prohibitively expensive; thus, it was envisaged that those activities would be accomplished primarily by means of videoconference. However, there are significant costs associated with videoconferencing. The current budget for costs associated with communications is inadequate to allow for the Tribunal’s effective use of videoconferencing. In addition, it is essential that oral hearings be recorded in a manner that reliably captures all of the input of all parties and the judiciary so that there is an accurate record of the proceedings that can be transcribed if there is a subsequent appeal. Therefore, the Secretary-General recommends increasing the budget of the Office of Administration of Justice by $25,000 under the line item for communications to cover the costs of videoconferencing for oral hearings and status conferences and biweekly meetings of the judges and registrars of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and to permit recording of oral hearings of sufficient quality and reliability to be transcribed if required for a subsequent appeal of the judgement.", "50. Under the statute, the Tribunal may order the physical presence of a party or witness when it deems his or her personal appearance to be essential to the proceedings. In addition, there are instances, particularly in cases arising in duty stations in Africa, where it is impossible to hold hearings in Nairobi because of the poor quality or unreliability of the videoconference connection and the fact that interpreters are not able to successfully interpret through telephonic connection. While such situations are expected to be limited in number, they have occurred in the first two years of operation and are expected to continue.", "51. Moreover, the judges and the registrars must meet in person periodically to discuss common problems and develop uniform responses to these problems. In addition, one critical aspect of maintaining a professional system is providing the judges and legal staff with training opportunities to enhance their legal skills and enable them to take part in intellectual discourse among their juristic peers. The present budget does not contemplate the Dispute Tribunal judges and registrars holding any plenary sessions. Furthermore, the judges and legal staff of the Registries are routinely invited to legal symposiums but are unable to attend them owing to severe budgetary restrictions on official travel. This greatly impedes their ability to enhance their skills, interact with their peers and exchange knowledge. For these reasons, the Secretary-General recommends an increase in the travel budget of the Office of Administration of Justice in the amount of $155,000.", "c. Mechanism for addressing complaints against judges", "52. An issue relating to the functioning of the Dispute Tribunal, which also has an impact on the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, is the absence of a mechanism for handling complaints made against judges of the Tribunals. Valid complaints against judges would directly affect the independence, professionalism and accountability of the new system of justice. However, at present, no entity or office has a mandate to engage in the requisite fact-finding, make a determination as to the validity of a claim, impose a sanction or propose one to the General Assembly.", "53. The Internal Justice Council reported its concerns regarding the absence of any mechanism for dealing with complaints against judges in its report to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session, indicating that it believed this to be a matter requiring urgent attention (see A/65/304, para. 40).", "54. The Secretary-General understands that the Internal Justice Council intends to present a proposal for handling complaints against judges of the Tribunals in its report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. As there is currently no mechanism in place, the Assembly may wish, as an interim measure pending its decision on a permanent mechanism, to authorize the Council to investigate complaints that arise against judges, including any complaints that have already arisen, and to provide its report and recommendations on those complaints to the Assembly for any action that it may deem appropriate.", "55. As for a possible permanent mechanism, building upon the preliminary observations on the subject made in his earlier report (A/63/314, paras. 73-79), the Secretary-General offers the following proposals for a mechanism to handle complaints against judges of the Tribunals.", "56. When an allegation regarding misconduct or incapacity of a judge is made, the allegation would be reported to the President of the Tribunal in question. The President would then undertake an appropriate investigation of the claim, first determining an appropriate investigative process and subsequently appointing a panel of specialists to conduct the investigation. The investigation would afford the judge against whom the allegations were made all requisite due process, for example, the opportunity to respond to the allegation and submit relevant evidence. If the allegation is made against the President of the relevant Tribunal, in the case of the Dispute Tribunal, the allegation would be directed to the most senior of the other judges of the Tribunal. In the case of an allegation against the President of the Appeals Tribunal, the allegation would be directed to its First Vice-President.", "57. Once an investigation has been conducted, the findings would be reviewed by the entire relevant Tribunal, with the exception of the judge under investigation. In cases where it is the unanimous opinion of the judges that the allegation of misconduct or incapacity is well founded, and where the matter is of sufficient severity to suggest that the removal of the judge would be warranted, the President of the Tribunal or his or her alternate would report the matter to the General Assembly and request the removal of the judge.", "58. In cases where the alleged conduct, even if determined to be well founded, does not rise to a level that would warrant the removal of the judge, the President or his or her alternate would be given the authority to take appropriate corrective action (for example, issuing a warning or reprimand) that he or she deems appropriate under the circumstances of the case. A report on the disposition of complaints would be submitted annually to the General Assembly. An alternative to this proposal would be that the terms of reference of the Internal Justice Council be amended to provide the Council with the responsibility to investigate and make recommendations regarding any complaint against a judge of the Tribunals. When an allegation regarding misconduct or incapacity of a judge is made, the allegation would be forwarded to the Chair of the Council. The Council would then undertake an appropriate investigation of the claim, first determining an appropriate investigative process that would afford the judge against whom the allegations were made all requisite due process, for example, the opportunity to respond to the allegation and submit relevant evidence.", "59. Once an investigation has been conducted, the findings would be reviewed by the Internal Justice Council. When the Council has determined that the allegations of misconduct or incapacity are well founded, the Chair would report the matter to the General Assembly and make a recommendation as to the appropriate sanction.", "60. For both options above, the types of misconduct that would warrant the sanctioning of a judge would be violations of the code of conduct for the judges, prepared by the Internal Justice Council and submitted in document A/65/86 for the General Assembly’s consideration, in accordance with resolution 62/228, or violations of the Regulations Governing the Status, Basic Rights and Duties of Officials other than Secretariat Officials, and Experts on Mission, as set out in Secretary-General’s bulletin ST/SGB/2002/9.", "C. United Nations Appeals Tribunal", "1. Composition of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal", "61. On 2 March 2009, the General Assembly elected the following seven judges:", "(a) Judge Inés Weinberg de Roca (Argentina);", "(b) Judge Jean Courtial (France);", "(c) Judge Sophia Adinyira (Ghana);", "(d) Judge Mark P. Painter (United States of America);", "(e) Judge Kamaljit Singh Garewal (India);", "(f) Judge Rose Boyko (Canada);", "(g) Judge Luis María Simón (Uruguay).", "62. On 11 October 2010, Judge Rose Boyko tendered her resignation from the Appeals Tribunal, for personal reasons, effective 15 January 2011. On 28 January 2011, the General Assembly appointed Judge Mary Faherty (Ireland) to replace Judge Boyko following an election process.", "2. Election of the President and Vice-Presidents", "63. On 30 June 2010, the Appeals Tribunal elected Judge Courtial as President and Judge Adinyira and Judge Garewal as First and Second Vice-Presidents, respectively, for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "64. The judges of the Appeals Tribunal have held plenary meetings to deal with administrative and operational questions at the beginning and at the end of each of its five sessions.", "3. Judicial statistics", "65. From 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, a total of 105 new appeals were filed with the Appeals Tribunal: 7 appeals against the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board, 5 against the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), 1 against the International Civil Aviation Organization and 92 cases appealing judgements and orders of the Dispute Tribunal (65 by staff members and 27 appeals on behalf of the Secretary-General against judgments and orders of the Dispute Tribunal).", "66. The Appeals Tribunal held two sessions in New York in 2010, from 21 June to 2 July and from 18 to 29 October, and its first session in 2011, also in New York, from 28 February to 11 March. During the reporting period, the Tribunal rendered 96 judgements. It held its second session in 2011 in Geneva, from 27 June to 8 July, at which it considered 34 cases.", "4. Outcome of disposed cases", "67. During the period covered by the present report, the Appeals Tribunal issued 96 judgements.[4] Of these, one related to an appeal against the Pension Board, in which the Tribunal upheld the Standing Committee’s decision. Four judgements upheld decisions taken by the Commissioner-General of UNRWA.", "68. Eighty-three judgements were rendered in appeals against Dispute Tribunal judgements. These judgements decided on 54 appeals filed by staff members and 29 appeals filed on behalf of the Secretary-General. The Appeals Tribunal rejected 46 of the 54 appeals filed by staff members, accepted 3 and remanded 5 to the Dispute Tribunal. Of the 29 appeals filed by the Secretary-General, 9 were dismissed, 19 were accepted, either in full or in part, and 1 was remanded to the Dispute Tribunal. In 12 cases, the Appeals Tribunal overturned or modified the Dispute Tribunal’s award of compensation.", "69. During the reporting period, 2 requests for interpretation, 2 requests for reconsideration, 2 requests for correction, 3 requests for revision and 1 request to set aside a judgement were filed with the Appeals Tribunal which rejected all 10 requests.", "70. As at 31 May 2011, 95 applications/appeals were pending before the Appeals Tribunal.", "5. Issues relating to the functioning of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal and its Registry", "71. The judges of the Appeals Tribunal meet in sessions, as required by its caseload, generally three times annually, to deliberate and render judgements. Critical to this process is substantial preparation of the cases by the legal and administrative staff of the Registry. While the funding structure and operating methods of the Appeals Tribunal are patterned after those of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization (ILO),[5] the ILO Administrative Tribunal has the same number of judges but functions with six full-time Professional legal staff, three General Service staff and other staff on an as-needed basis. In contrast, the Appeals Tribunal Registry has only two Professionals and three General Service staff to support the Tribunal.", "72. The Appeals Tribunal is a court of review that considers appeals from both staff and management. Pursuant to article 2.10 of the statute of the Appeals Tribunal, the Secretary-General has also concluded agreements with seven agencies providing them with access to the Tribunal as an administrative tribunal. As the system is new, there has been a high volume of appeals from both staff members and the Secretary-General. The number of cases filed with the Tribunal during the past year is comparable to the workload of the ILO Administrative Tribunal, which considers approximately 110 cases annually and does not accumulate a backlog.", "73. The Registry’s current staffing is inadequate to fully support the Tribunal and allow it to process cases in a timely way. Two legal officers are insufficient to prepare more than 100 cases annually. This situation will lead inevitably to the accumulation of a backlog and to ever-increasing delay, one of the most highly criticized aspects of the former system. To allow this to occur again would crucially undermine the reform of the system of administration of justice. It is particularly undesirable for lengthy delays to exist between the rendering of a judgement by the dispute tribunal and the final appellate decision, as the outcome of an appealed case may settle the law in a particular area, reducing the number of future cases.", "74. There is a need for an additional P-4 Legal Officer to guarantee the Registry’s ability to function effectively. There is a need for greater experience in the office, given the complexity of many of the cases and the speed with which they must be processed. A Legal Officer at the P-4 level could supervise the current staff on legal aspects of the work of the Registry, freeing the Registrar to focus on overall supervision, communications with the judges and other stakeholders, and the provision of technical and administrative support to the Tribunal.", "75. In addition, a more senior Legal Officer would be capable of providing more substantive legal support to the judges and responding to queries independently, which would increase efficiency and responsiveness. Such a Legal Officer would share administrative functions with the Registrar and act as Officer-in-Charge in his or her absence. In the light of the volume of cases and the importance of providing the United Nations Appeals Tribunal with sufficient legal support to permit it to function optimally, the Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly strengthen the Registry of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal with an additional Legal Officer at the P-4 level.", "76. In its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly approved, for one year, an additional General Service (Other level) position to support the Appeals Tribunal. The Secretary-General notes that the support provided by this position has been useful. However, there is an urgent need for an additional Legal Officer with adequate seniority to support the judges in their work. In the light of this fact and mindful of the prevailing budgetary constraints, the Secretary-General recommends that this position not be continued.", "77. Under article 4.2 of its statute, the Appeals Tribunal “shall hold ordinary sessions at dates to be fixed by its rules of procedure, subject to the determination of its President that there is a sufficient number of cases to justify holding the session.” Given the experience gained during the Tribunal’s first year of operations, and taking into account the number of cases filed with the Tribunal, it is envisioned that the Appeals Tribunal will have sufficient cases to justify meeting in three sessions annually. The Secretary-General notes, however, that the current budget for travel of the Tribunal is insufficient to accommodate a third session. Therefore, the Secretary-General recommends that additional funding in the amount of $230,000 be made available in the 2012-2013 budget for the Office of Administration of Justice to permit the United Nations Appeals Tribunal to hold a third session if required.", "78. In paragraphs 155 to 164 of his previous report (A/65/373), the Secretary-General reported on the status of the judges of the Appeals Tribunal and their entitlements. In that report, the Secretary-General recommended that the travel privileges and the level of daily subsistence allowance previously provided to the judges of the former United Nations Administrative Tribunal should also be accorded to the judges of the Appeals Tribunal. In paragraph 50 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly decided to revert to the issue of travel privileges and the level of daily subsistence allowance of the judges of the Appeals Tribunal in the context of the 2012‑2013 budget. The Secretary-General continues to believe that this course of action would be appropriate and therefore recommends that the travel budget of the Office of Administration of Justice be increased by $50,200 to reflect this.", "D. Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "79. The Office of Staff Legal Assistance continues to face many challenges. The Office consists of seven Legal Officers funded through the regular budget (three located in New York and one at each of four satellite offices, in Addis Ababa, Beirut, Geneva and Nairobi) and three General Service staff (all located in New York). As of 1 January 2011, the Office of Staff Legal Assistance was provided with an additional Professional staff member at the P-3 level in Nairobi to support cases involving staff in field missions. This position has been funded for one year through the peacekeeping support account.", "80. Despite the limited staffing spread over multiple duty stations, the Office of Staff Legal Assistance has made considerable accomplishments in its first two years of operation. It continues to successfully handle a high volume of requests for assistance from staff around the world with a small number of legal officers and limited administrative support.", "81. As at 1 July 2010, the Office of Staff Legal Assistance had 432 pending cases.[6] Between 1 July 2010 and 31 May 2011, 425 new cases were filed with the Office. Taking into account the number of cases pending with the office as at 1 July 2010, it was involved in 857 matters. The Office has been able to close or otherwise find solutions for 265 of these cases. As at 31 May 2011, the Office had close to 600 active cases. In the second year of its operation, the volume of matters brought to the Office by staff, especially requests from staff located away from the three branches of the Dispute Tribunal, increased, placing significant strains on its limited resources.", "82. The Office of Staff Legal Assistance provides many forms of legal assistance to staff, ranging from the provision of summary legal advice to the representation of the staff member before the Tribunals. Significant time may be expended in resolving a matter informally or helping the staff member understand that he or she is unlikely to succeed in a formal claim.", "83. The greatest challenge for the Office continues to be responding to the high volume of requests for assistance with a limited number of staff. This is particularly difficult for the legal officers away from New York who work in isolation and without local administrative support. Thus, these legal officers must manage a heavy caseload and the majority of the administration of the office alone.", "84. The Office of Staff Legal Assistance is assisted by affiliated volunteer counsel, legal interns and external pro bono counsel. Unfortunately, their numbers are insufficient to resolve the human resources deficit of the Office. It is difficult to identify qualified volunteer, intern and pro bono assistance in offices away from Headquarters, which contributes to the concern that its presence is substantially limited to New York.", "85. The General Assembly has reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to work with staff associations in developing incentives to enable and encourage staff to continue to participate in the work of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. This matter was considered at the session of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee in June 2011, and it was noted that there continue to be differences in opinion between management and staff representatives as to the approach to be taken. Accordingly, staff and management decided that consultations on the issue should continue.", "86. The Trust Fund for Staff Legal Assistance, established by the Office of Administration of Justice in January 2010, has not provided sufficient resources to meaningfully assist the Office in augmenting its human resources, even on a temporary basis.", "87. In the light of the experience gained during its first two years of operation, the Secretary-General believes that the present staffing of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance must be strengthened in order for it to fulfil its mandate. As the Secretary-General indicated in his report to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session, the Office suffers in particular from a lack of legal officers at a more senior level, as only one of its Professional staff members is above the P-3 level. For this reason, the Secretary-General recommends strengthening the Office of Staff Legal Assistance through the addition of two P-4 posts, to be located in Nairobi and New York.", "88. The ability of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance to function efficiently is impaired by the absence of administrative support outside New York. As all administrative support is located at Headquarters, staff members, regardless of their duty station, must initiate their cases through communication with the Office in New York. The clear message to staff is that despite the promise of a decentralized system, core business takes place at Headquarters. For this reason, the Secretary-General recommends strengthening the Office of Staff Legal Assistance through the addition of two General Service (Other level) posts to provide administrative support in Geneva and Nairobi.", "89. At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly agreed with the Secretary-General that the capacity of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance to serve field missions should be strengthened. Accordingly, the Assembly approved, on a temporary basis, an additional P-3 position located in Nairobi to support staff in field missions. This position, funded through the peacekeeping support account for one year, runs from 1 January to 31 December 2011. In the light of the continuing trend of a large number of cases involving staff from field missions, which demonstrates ongoing need, and further considering that the Department of Field Support and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations participate in the ongoing funding of the formal system on a cost-shared basis, the Secretary-General recommends that the P-3 position in Nairobi dedicated to supporting staff in field missions be continued for a period of one year and funded through the peacekeeping support account.", "90. The non-post resources allocated to the Office of Staff Legal Assistance are also insufficient to permit it to function properly. Despite the fact that, because it is a decentralized office, all its office coordination and a significant portion of client consultation must be conducted by e-mail, telephone and video link, the Office has a communications budget that is insufficient to permit even modest amounts of telephone and video-link communication. In addition, the staff of this decentralized office, which has locations around the globe, must be able to communicate with one another outside the office and outside normal business hours. While the use of smartphone devices such as BlackBerries facilitates this, the current budget is insufficient to fund their use. For this reason, the Secretary-General recommends that there be an increase of $11,200 in the communications line item in the 2012-2013 budget.", "91. Although they are rare, there are times when physical travel cannot be avoided. The legal officers serving in offices away from Headquarters serve a wide geographic area, including many field missions. If staff are to have meaningful access to the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, particularly in the field, its legal officers must periodically visit the duty stations that they serve in order to meet with clients and engage in face-to-face negotiations with local administration, facilitating informal dispute resolution. Legal officers of the Office in Addis Ababa and Beirut may be required to physically attend hearings of the Dispute Tribunal on behalf of clients, as ordered by the Tribunal. At present, there is no travel budget for the Office of Staff Legal Assistance to meet any of these critical requirements. Accordingly, the Secretary-General recommends that the Office’s travel line item be increased by $15,000 in the 2012-2013 budget.", "92. Finally, the current budget of the Office, particularly for those offices located away from New York, is insufficient to provide for basic office requirements, such as the rental or purchase of a photocopier and scanner, and the purchase of key office supplies such as paper, binders, paper clips and pens. The lack of these basic office necessities in the one-person offices away from Headquarters compounds the difficulties faced by these isolated legal officers. For this reason, the Secretary-General recommends that the line item for supplies and materials be increased by $9,000 in the 2012-2013 budget.", "E. Office of the Executive Director", "1. Review of the Office of the Executive Director", "93. The Office of the Executive Director is responsible for overseeing the administration of all of the elements of the formal system other than the representation of the Secretary-General as respondent. The Office, consisting of the Executive Director, the Special Assistant, two information technology specialists and one administrative support staff member, provides administrative, operational and technical support to the Tribunals, Registries and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. This operational support has included coordinating with other relevant offices to facilitate the creation of a temporary courtroom facility in New York and similar coordinating efforts to provide for permanent office and courtroom facilities for the Office of Administration of Justice upon the completion of the capital master plan.", "94. In addition to providing daily support to the above-mentioned units, the Office of the Executive Director is responsible for coordinating the preparation of the reports of the Secretary-General pursuant to relevant General Assembly resolutions. The Office also represents the formal system both within the United Nations and before external bodies, and in all matters requiring interdepartmental coordination and consultation.", "95. Among the other accomplishments of the Office is the establishment of the website of the Office of Administration of Justice, which was launched on 28 June 2010 and is available in all six official languages. The website (www.un.org/en/oaj) is easy to navigate and provides practical step-by-step information on all aspects of the formal system. In May 2011, there were 7,690 visits to the website, which represents a 13 per cent increase in visits compared with the previous month. Since the website was launched, the average number of visits per month has been approximately 7,000. Overall, there is a trend of increasing use of the website. The Office of Administration of Justice continues to improve the website, including by creating functionality for searching orders and judgements of the Tribunals, which has been requested by users.", "96. Another major milestone was the launching, on 6 July 2011, of the web-based electronic case management system, which includes the capacity to enable staff members from any duty station to file and monitor their cases electronically. The system is expected to increase efficiency, reduce delays and improve the functioning of the Registries. In addition, the implementation of the case management system provides an easy-to-access gateway to the elements of the formal system for staff members around the world.", "97. The Office has successfully negotiated agreements with all of the entities that had access to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal in the prior system, pursuant to article 2.10 of the statute of the Appeals Tribunal.[7] Those agreements, signed by the Secretary-General, provide those entities with access to the Appeals Tribunal as an administrative tribunal.", "98. In addition to its role in preparing and coordinating reports to the General Assembly on the administration of justice, the Office of the Executive Director provides substantial assistance in organizing the election of judges to the Tribunals when necessary.", "99. Another important function of the Office of the Executive Director is to provide support to the Internal Justice Council in its work, including in preparing its reports to the General Assembly, as requested in resolutions 62/228 and 65/251, and in transmitting its views on the implementation of the new system of administration of justice.", "100. The Office also provides significant administrative and technical support to the Internal Justice Council as it undertakes to assist the General Assembly in identifying candidates for judicial vacancies that will occur at the expiration of the three-year terms of judges in the Dispute and Appeals Tribunals on 30 June 2012.", "2. Issues relating to the functioning of the Office of the Executive Director", "101. The Office of the Executive Director is the focal point for organizing all of the technical, budgetary and logistical aspects of each of the substantive units within the Office of Administration of Justice. The role and functions of the Executive Director are substantial. The Executive Director plays a pivotal role in maintaining the independence of the formal system and is responsible for the coordination of the independent elements of the formal system, including oversight and coordination of the Registries and of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. The Executive Director also represents the formal system both within the United Nations and before external bodies, and liaises with the heads of other United Nations offices, including the Office of the Ombudsman and Mediation Services.", "102. In paragraph 34 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit proposals on the appropriate post level for the Executive Director of the Office of Administration of Justice. The Secretary-General considers that this issue should not be viewed in isolation from a corollary issue, which is the level of judges of the Dispute and Appeals Tribunals and the mechanisms for remunerating them. The judges of the Tribunals are non-staff officials. In the case of the judges of the Dispute Tribunal, they work on a full-time basis and are remunerated at the equivalent of the D-2, step IV, level. The judges of the Appeals Tribunal do not work full time, but meet in sessions every year to decide cases. Their remuneration does not reflect any specific post level, and they receive an honorarium per judgement rendered. The principal drafter of a judgement receives $2,400 and additional signatories $600 per judgement. It is apparent, after two years of experience gained, that this mechanism for remuneration raises some issues with respect to necessary intersessional functions of the Appeals Tribunal. Accordingly, the Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly request the Internal Justice Council to examine the issue of the level of remuneration and remuneration mechanisms with respect to the judges of both Tribunals, as appropriate, and to report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, when the Assembly will consider the report of the Council on this matter, in conjunction with the issue of the appropriate post level for the Executive Director of the Office of Administration of Justice.", "103. As described above, the tasks of the Office are very extensive. There is a need for an additional legal officer to assist with the high volume of work. The Professional staff of the Office of the Executive Director are legal, and information technology specialists and have only limited experience in key administrative areas, in particular United Nations budgeting.", "104. It is clear that the Office would benefit from the addition of a legal officer with experience in administration and budget and of an administrative support position. However, in the light of financial constraints, no additional resources are currently requested in this area.", "105. The Office of Administration of Justice facilitates the work of the Internal Justice Council. This independent body of senior jurists has a critical oversight function in the new system and has a substantial mandate. In paragraph 52 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly stressed that the Council could help to ensure independence, professionalism and accountability in the system of administration of justice and encouraged the Council to continue to provide its views on the implementation of the system of administration of justice and to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on ways in which its contributions might be enhanced.", "106. Despite this, no express provision has been made in the current or prior budgets of the Office of Administration of Justice for remuneration of the external members of the Council when they carry out their considerable functions. Nor does the budget of the Office of Administration of Justice contain funds for general temporary assistance to accommodate maternity leave or long-term sick leave of staff members. Furthermore, there are no funds to hire temporary staff on a project basis or to cover periods of peak workload. Accordingly, the Secretary-General recommends that funds for general temporary assistance in the amount of $130,000 be included in the 2012-2013 budget.", "107. The Executive Director and members of his staff must travel periodically to participate in meetings, both within the Office of Administration of Justice (for example, to the plenary sessions of the Dispute and Appeals Tribunals) and in the wider organizational context, such as the annual meeting of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee. There also continues to be a need for outreach to staff and managers located away from Headquarters, which necessitates travel by the Executive Director and his staff. The travel budget of the Office of Administration of Justice must accommodate all travel by the Executive Director and his staff and also accommodate the travel of staff relating to the plenary sessions of both Tribunals, the travel of staff of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance or other participants in the hearings when required by the Tribunals, and any other travel of staff of the Office of Administration of Justice. Because travel related to the judicial functions of the Tribunals must be prioritized, there is no meaningful travel budget for the Executive Director and his staff. The Office’s travel budget is also insufficient to permit the members of the Internal Justice Council, who are not co‑located, to travel to meet on an annual basis or to undertake any other travel to perform their essential task of evaluating the functioning of the system globally and reporting back to the General Assembly. For these reasons, the Secretary-General recommends that the travel budget of the Office of Administration of Justice be increased by $30,000 in the 2012-2013 budget.", "108. The mandate of the Office of Administration of Justice to be a decentralized office requires substantial dependence on technological solutions. Two of the Office’s accomplishments in this area over the past year have been the establishment of a comprehensive website in all official languages and the implementation of a case management system with the capacity to allow all staff members, regardless of location, to file cases with the Tribunals and monitor them. While these important accomplishments save time, resources and money, they must be maintained and improved to keep pace with requirements. In addition, as off-the-shelf solutions were utilized to avoid costly bespoke systems, these products involve the renewal of annual licences and maintenance contracts. Furthermore, there are operating costs associated with data storage, system updates and adjustments based on lessons learned. The budget of the Office of Administration of Justice does not currently cover all of the licence, maintenance and upgrade costs associated with the systems that have been put in place. For these reasons, the Secretary-General recommends an increase of $75,000 in the 2012-2013 budget of the Office of Administration of Justice in the areas of contractual services and acquisition of software packages.", "F. Legal offices representing the Secretary-General as respondent", "109. Several offices represent the Secretary-General as the respondent in cases brought by staff members. Owing to the continued high volume of cases filed by staff members and the complexity of many of them, the offices and units representing the Secretary-General as respondent are functioning at or beyond capacity, given their existing staff and resources.", "1. Legal offices representing the Secretary-General before the United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "110. In his role as respondent before the Dispute Tribunal, the Secretary-General is represented by staff located at Headquarters and in offices away from Headquarters located in Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna.", "111. In response to the needs of the new justice system, managers have redeployed staff within the Organization and recruited staff with the requisite skills to serve the system. As a result, the Organization has responded to the demands of the new system, which is being implemented throughout the Organization.", "112. In 2010, 218 judgements were issued. The judgements provide an analysis of the background of the dispute, a reasoned application of the relevant staff regulations and rules, and findings on the factual and legal issues before the Dispute Tribunal. The judgements reflect the extensive submissions on the facts and the law presented by the parties during the course of the proceedings.", "113. In order to fulfil the standards set by the new system, acute demands are placed on the offices representing the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal. This section details the roles of the respective offices, the resources dedicated to the system, the statistics reflecting the volume of cases handled by the representatives of the Secretary-General, information on the outcome of the proceedings, and the Administration’s response to the jurisprudence.", "114. The new justice system has brought with it new demands on the Administration. Together with the structural changes to the system, the Administration has been required to respond quickly and decisively to the resource and management challenges that it faces. In order to maintain the strength of the representation of the Secretary-General and enhance the capacity of the Secretary-General to respond to ongoing demands, it is important that the initiatives taken by management be preserved and consolidated. Furthermore, it is important that the global Secretariat continue to develop a fully integrated approach to the management of the representation of the Secretary-General before the Tribunals, which includes regular consultation and briefings among the staff of the offices representing the Secretary-General.", "Administrative Law Section, Office of Human Resources Management", "115. The Administrative Law Section, located in the Office of Human Resources Management, comprises an Appeals Unit and a Disciplinary Unit. The Section is responsible for representing the Secretary-General in his role as respondent before the Dispute Tribunal with respect to cases filed by staff serving across the global Secretariat, as well as cases from staff of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Cases brought by staff of the United Nations Offices at Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) are handled by officials at those duty stations. The Section also handles disciplinary matters referred to the Office of Human Resources Management relating to all Secretariat staff and staff of the International Tribunals, and provides advice to managers on the justice system in general, as well as on aspects of individual appeals and disciplinary cases.", "Appeals", "116. Upon the receipt of an application from the Dispute Tribunal, the Administrative Law Section is responsible for obtaining comments on the application from managers involved and for drafting a reply. The time limit for submitting a reply is 30 days, requiring prompt action from both the managers involved and the Section.", "117. During the course of the proceedings, the legal officers of the Administrative Law Section participate in directions hearings and hearings on the merits, and make further written submissions as ordered by the Tribunal. Attendance at hearings requires substantial time for preparation, which includes consulting with the offices concerned and with the Office of Legal Affairs, where appropriate; meeting with witnesses to be called by the respondent; and preparing for the cross-examination of witnesses called by the applicant or his or her counsel and/or by the Tribunal.", "118. The Administrative Law Section is also responsible for advising the Administration as to whether efforts towards informal resolution should be pursued or whether the litigation should be continued. The recommendations provide an analysis of the factual and legal issues arising in the case, and advice as to the most cost-effective way of resolving the dispute. If the recommendation to seek informal resolution is accepted, the Section is responsible for obtaining the necessary approvals, providing advice in the course of the negotiations with the applicant and/or his or her counsel, working with the Office of the Ombudsman to finalize the settlement agreement and following up on its implementation. The negotiations are frequently protracted and demanding; however, the potential benefit of resolving the dispute informally is substantial.", "119. When a final judgement is issued, the Administrative Law Section liaises with the Office of Legal Affairs, which determines whether to appeal the judgement to the Appeals Tribunal. The Section is also responsible for interpreting the final judgements of the Dispute Tribunal, obtaining information necessary for the implementation of the judgements and conveying the judgements to the relevant officials for implementation.", "120. The Section also represents the Secretary-General in suspension-of-action proceedings, in which a party seeks the urgent suspension of the implementation of an administrative decision. These applications must be resolved without delay. Within five days of the request, a response is filed, and an oral hearing is conducted. The Tribunal issues an order either accepting or rejecting the request within days of the hearing. These hearings require urgent attention and intensive preparation. It is particularly difficult to meet the deadlines when the office concerned and potential witnesses are located away from Headquarters and time differences are at issue.", "121. During the reporting period, the Administrative Law Section handled 318 appeals cases; at any given time, it has approximately 200 files pending before the Dispute Tribunal. Approximately 50 per cent of the files concern appointment-related issues; 20 per cent are disciplinary appeals; 15 per cent relate to benefits and entitlements; 5 per cent relate to separation from service; 1 per cent relate to classification; and 9 per cent relate to other matters.", "122. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, the Dispute Tribunal issued judgements in 114 cases handled by the Section. Sixty-four applications were decided on the merits; 17 were dismissed on grounds of receivability; 14 were informally settled and withdrawn; 5 were withdrawn by the staff member; 5 related solely to compensation; and 9 were abandoned by the applicant. In addition, 12 requests for suspension of action were determined by the Tribunal. Three were granted, four were dismissed and five were either settled or abandoned.", "123. Of the cases decided on the merits, 38 were decided in favour of the Secretary-General and 21 in favour of the staff member, and on 5 occasions the Administration successfully defended the staff member’s principal claim; however, a minor claim succeeded. Where the Applicant succeeded on the merits either fully or partially, compensation was awarded in 20 cases.", "124. The new working methods, the high number of appeals to be addressed, the shortened deadlines for the submission of the respondent’s replies (from two months to 30 days) and the time differences between New York and the other duty stations where client departments/offices, witnesses and the Tribunal branches are located have resulted in a heavy workload and increased pressure for staff of the Section.", "Disciplinary matters", "125. The Administrative Law Section is also responsible for handling disciplinary matters referred to the Office of Human Resources Management for action. During the reporting period, the Section was responsible for 391 disciplinary matters, including 121 new cases received during the reporting period. The Section’s role in processing disciplinary cases is set out in a separate report of the Secretary-General on his practice in disciplinary matters and possible criminal behaviour (see A/66/135).", "126. It is noted that the new justice system and the concomitant abolition of the Joint Disciplinary Committee have shifted the responsibility for conducting the factual and legal analysis of a case to the Office of Human Resources Management. In the former system, the Secretary-General referred disciplinary matters to the Joint Disciplinary Committee for the establishment of the facts and for advice as to what disciplinary measures, if any, should be imposed. With the abolition of the Joint Disciplinary Committee, the Office of Human Resources Management is required to perform increasingly detailed analyses of the cases before it. Consequently, substantial time is spent scrutinizing every aspect of a referral for disciplinary action, including obtaining clarifications and additional evidence from the investigating entity or the staff member concerned. Depending on the complexity of the matter, the disciplinary process can last from three months in a relatively straightforward case to up to two years in a more complex matter.", "Advice", "127. Finally, the Administrative Law Section provides ad hoc advice to offices throughout the Secretariat. Generally, one piece of advice requires one working day. Each year, the Section provides approximately 600 pieces of advice.", "Resources of the Administrative Law Section", "128. The transition to the new system has placed substantial additional demands on the Administrative Law Section. The procedures for both the appeals and disciplinary work are considerably more complex and demanding, resulting in a substantial increase in the volume of work. One fundamental change is the shift from document-based proceedings under the former system to oral hearings and the demand for numerous written submissions under the new system. The average number of working days required to process an appeal has tripled, from 5 days under the former system to 15 days under the new one. Under the former system, the respondent made, on average, two written submissions in each case. Hearings in appeals cases were held rarely, if at all. Under the new system, the Tribunal often requires numerous written submissions. In a significant number of the cases handled by the Section, between two and three oral hearings were held, in some cases even more. Preparation time for hearings can be substantial, requiring consultation with the offices concerned, and for merits hearings, preparation requires locating and speaking with witnesses in order to familiarize them with the process and to obtain statements.", "129. As at 30 June 2009, the Administrative Law Section comprised four posts: one P-5 (Chief) post funded from the regular budget; one P-4 post also funded from the regular budget; and two P-4 posts funded from the peacekeeping support account. In addition, there were ad hoc funds from the peacekeeping support account for general temporary assistance. Owing to the volume of work coming from the field and the demands placed on the Section by the new system, on 1 July 2009 the General Assembly authorized an additional three legal officer posts (2 P-3 and 1 P-2) and two temporary positions (1 P-3 and 1 P-2) financed from the peacekeeping support account. In January 2010, the Section was divided into an Appeals Unit and a Disciplinary Unit. A P-5 post was redeployed from another section within the Human Resources Policy Service to head the Appeals Unit. In view of the sustained workload from the field missions, in July 2010 two additional legal officer posts (1 P-4 and 1 P-3) located in Nairobi were approved by the General Assembly and financed from the peacekeeping support account. Also in July 2010, three additional temporary positions (1 P-4 and 2 P-3) were made available by the Secretary-General under his limited discretionary authority, for handling appeals and disciplinary cases from non-field-related organizational units.", "130. The Administrative Law Section has a staffing complement of 15 legal officers. At present, the Section comprises an Appeals Unit with one P-5 (Chief), three P-4 and two P-3 staff in New York and one P-4 and one P-3 in Nairobi; and a Disciplinary Unit with one P-5 (Chief), one P-4, three P-3 and two P-2 staff. Of those positions, three are financed from the regular budget (one of which was redeployed from within the Human Resources Policy Service), nine are financed from the peacekeeping support account and three are financed until 31 December 2011 by temporary resources provided by the Secretary-General under his limited budgetary discretion.", "131. An analysis of the Section’s caseload demonstrates the need for additional posts. With regard to appeals, over the past year approximately 115 appeals filed with the Dispute Tribunal were received and handled by the Appeals Unit. Each case before the Dispute Tribunal takes on average 15 working days to process. This requires 1,725 working days per year. In addition, the Appeals Unit provides approximately 400 pieces of advice per year, requiring 400 working days per year. In total, the Appeals Unit performs approximately 2,125 days of work per year. Based on 27 working days per month, that is, 78.7 work months per year, this translates to seven posts. The Appeals Unit currently has only five posts, one of which is the post of the Chief. The Chief oversees and directs the work of the Unit, and the four legal officers handle the caseload. Three additional legal officer posts are therefore required.", "132. Given that approximately 35 per cent of appeals are from peacekeeping missions and 65 per cent are from non-peacekeeping offices, six posts should be allocated from the regular budget and three from the peacekeeping support account. However, only one legal officer post in the Unit is currently funded from the regular budget. In order to ensure optimal functioning, three additional regular budget posts would need to be established in the Appeals Unit. However, in the light of the current financial constraints of Member States, it is proposed that two additional posts (1 P-4 and 1 P-3) be established in the Appeals Unit at this time.", "133. On the basis of the number of disciplinary cases received since 1 July 2009, it is expected that approximately 150 cases will be received by the Administrative Law Section for action each year. As a disciplinary file takes an average of 20 working days to process, the caseload requires 3,000 working days per year. In addition, the Disciplinary Unit provides approximately 200 pieces of advice per year, requiring 200 working days. In total, the Disciplinary Unit must perform approximately 3,200 days of work per year. Based on 27 working days per month, this translates to 118.5 work months, which is equivalent to 10 posts. The Disciplinary Unit currently has only six legal officer posts, comprising four established legal officer posts and two temporary positions. In addition, the Unit has a Chief (P-5) who oversees and directs the work. Therefore, there is a shortfall of four legal officer posts.", "134. Given that approximately 60 per cent of disciplinary cases handled are from peacekeeping missions and 40 per cent are from non-peacekeeping offices, four posts should be allocated from the regular budget and six from the peacekeeping support account. Currently, however, no legal officer post in the Disciplinary Unit is funded by the regular budget. It is proposed that the four established posts be maintained under the peacekeeping support account. The conversion of the two additional required posts from general temporary assistance to established posts will be proposed in the 2012-2013 budget of the peacekeeping support account. In order to handle the workload from non-peacekeeping offices, the Disciplinary Unit requires four regular budget legal officer posts. However, in the light of the current financial constraints of Member States, it is proposed that three additional posts (1 P-4 and 2 P-3) be established in the Disciplinary Unit at this time.", "135. In total, the Secretary-General seeks an additional five legal officer posts for the Administrative Law Section. Notably, in the assessment of the resources required for the Section, 27 working days per month were allowed for, rather than the standard 21.5 days. This further demonstrates the heavy workload that the Section is carrying and the need for a sustainable resource base.", "United Nations Office at Vienna", "136. At the United Nations Office at Vienna and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, overall responsibility for acting as representative of the Secretary-General in appeal and disciplinary matters has been delegated to the Director of the Division for Management. Day-to-day responsibility for handling disciplinary cases prior to their referral to the Office of Human Resources Management and requests for management evaluation, as well as for representing the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal, is assigned to the Human Resources Management Service and coordinated by the Human Resources Policy Officer within the Service.", "137. The United Nations Office at Vienna/United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime continues to observe an increase in requests for legal advice and for confirmation of compliance with the applicable law from managers, as well as an increase in the time required to prepare for each case before the Dispute Tribunal. To keep staff and management informed of the features of the new justice system, the United Nations Office at Vienna/United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime continues to hold briefings, lunchtime forums and town hall meetings and sends electronic messages to staff at large in Vienna and in the field, all of which requires additional time from the human resources team.", "138. The increasing number of appeals, coupled with the very short deadlines in the new system, continues to overstretch the legal support capacity available for United Nations Office at Vienna/United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime management. The United Nations Office at Vienna has deployed one Human Resources Policy Officer in the Human Resources Management Service on a full-time basis to respond to the increased demands of the new system. However, this is not viable in the long term, since the human resources team is stretching its limited resources to cover for the regular functions of this officer. Accordingly, the United Nations Office at Vienna requires the dedicated posts of a legal officer at the P-4 level and a General Service (Other level) legal assistant to ensure adequate coverage of the continuing demands of the system. Given the financial constraints, however, it is proposed that the United Nations Office at Vienna be supported by staff at the United Nations Office at Geneva.", "United Nations Office at Geneva", "139. At the United Nations Office at Geneva, a Human Resources Officer with a legal background acts as the representative of the Organization before the Dispute Tribunal in cases filed by staff members at the Office and in its client organizations (the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and other, smaller entities). In addition to the temporary P-4 resource, it became necessary to add a P-3 Legal Officer post, funded on a cost-shared basis by client organizations (OHCHR, UNCTAD and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) in order to cope with the increase in the workload, in particular from the client organizations. However, this arrangement will be in place only until the end of 2011.", "140. As noted above, owing to the establishment of the new justice system, staff members’ submissions are more detailed and require more analytical work and legal research, and there are more oral hearings than in the prior system, which are time-consuming. In addition, the Dispute Tribunal judges often request the respondent to provide detailed information on elements of a case, thus creating additional work and more consultation with managers involved. The overall result is that each case requires more staff time than a case would have taken in the former system.", "141. The legal officers are also requested to provide legal advice to managers regarding management evaluation requests or the preparation of decisions. Furthermore, the United Nations Office at Geneva continues to organize training for managers on the justice system and holds briefings for managers on management evaluation decisions and Tribunal jurisprudence. Finally, the legal officers provide support/input to the Office of Legal Affairs, which handles appeals for the Organization before the Appeals Tribunal.", "142. Despite the significant increase in work, no additional resources were allocated to the United Nations Office at Geneva in conjunction with the transition to the new system. While temporary staffing arrangements were made on an ad hoc basis to address the time-critical extra workload relating to the rendering of essential legal expertise to the Office, this was done at the expense of adequately managing the significant demands placed on other areas of human resources. Those arrangements were therefore determined to be unsustainable for the future.", "143. In order to effectively provide proper representation of the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal, it has become crucial to seek advice from Headquarters on the provision of additional dedicated legal resources. Specifically, given the current caseload, the United Nations Office at Geneva requires a P-4 post for a Legal Officer with litigation experience and a General Service (Other level) post for a Legal Assistant. The P-4 Legal Officer would also be required to provide services to the United Nations Office at Vienna/United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime as indicated in paragraph 138 above. The P-3 Legal Officer post, funded on a cost-shared basis by client organizations (OHCHR, UNCTAD and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), would need to be retained.", "United Nations Office at Nairobi", "144. During the reporting period, the position of Senior Legal Officer to the Director-General was filled, and for the latter half of the period the Senior Legal Officer represented the United Nations Office at Nairobi before the Dispute Tribunal. Early in the reporting period, the Office had been represented before the Dispute Tribunal by a Human Resources Officer with a legal background, assisted by colleagues from the Administrative Law Section. Furthermore, in the light of the limited experience in litigation of the Human Resources Section, the Office and UNEP engaged outside legal expertise on a consultant contract to assist with litigation matters before the Dispute Tribunal.", "145. Cases concerning the client offices of the United Nations Office at Nairobi were handled either by staff of UNEP or UN-Habitat who had a legal background or by the Office’s Senior Legal Officer.", "146. The reliance placed on the Senior Legal Officer before the justice system means that she is unable to attend to the core functions of her post as legal adviser to the Director-General. Accordingly, additional resources are requested. Specifically, the United Nations Office at Nairobi seeks a P-4 post for a Legal Officer with litigation experience and a post for a General Service (Other level) staff member to serve as a Legal Assistant. These posts would also serve the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), where the demands of the new system have been particularly acute.", "Regional commissions and the Tribunals", "147. The respective Human Resources Management Services of the regional commissions (ECE, the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), ECA and the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)) and the Tribunals (the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) are called upon to perform additional functions and provide additional services under the new system.", "148. The Human Resources Management Services are responsible for the day-to-day handling of disciplinary cases prior to their referral to the Office of Human Resources Management and requests for management evaluations. Furthermore, they are called on to give advice and guidance to managers on the jurisprudence emerging from the Dispute Tribunal. In addition, they liaise with the Administrative Law Section regarding ongoing cases; respond to requests for additional information sought by the Dispute Tribunal; establish contact with witnesses; and provide information required for the implementation of judgements. The judges of the Dispute Tribunal often request the parties to provide detailed information on elements of a case, thus creating additional work and more consultation with the managers involved. The overall result is that each case requires substantially more staff time than a case would have required in the former system.", "149. The original requests for resources to implement the new system did not include any provision for additional resources in the regional commissions. However, following the implementation of the system, it has become apparent that resources are needed.", "150. There is a need for a P-4 Human Resources Policy Officer with a legal background to give internal advice to management and Human Resources Services at ESCAP and ESCWA. The Officer would be based in ESCAP and would support both ESCAP and ESCWA. A General Service (Other level) post is also required in order to support the Officer.", "151. The legal officers at the United Nations Office at Geneva will support the work of ECE, while the legal officers based at Headquarters will be responsible for advising ECLAC.", "152. As indicated in paragraph 146 above, the proposed Legal Officer post in the United Nations Office at Nairobi would support the work of ECA.", "Outreach", "153. There is a need for outreach to the regional commissions. Training and the dissemination of relevant information to managers and human resource officers are crucial components in maintaining uniform standards across the Organization and addressing ongoing systemic issues. Managers require briefings on the key issues giving rise to appeals and advice on how they may minimize potential disputes. Human resources officers require training on the preparation and presentation of responses to requests for management evaluation and the provision of information and assistance to the Administrative Law Section during the course of proceedings. Finally, managers and human resources officers need to be aware of the overall system, with an emphasis on the possibility of pursuing the informal resolution of disputes. Training on the conduct of negotiations and on effective representation of the Secretary-General in mediations is required.", "154. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia are currently implementing their completion strategies. Experience demonstrates that the caseload increases when missions are downsizing. Accordingly, it is expected that there will be an increase in the number of cases brought by staff from the Tribunals over the next three years. In this context, it is important that outreach to the Tribunals be facilitated to ensure that managers and human resources officers have the opportunity to receive assistance with specific cases and briefings on the latest developments in the jurisprudence affecting the implementation of their completion strategies.", "155. It is proposed that outreach missions be conducted. The sum required to conduct these missions is $30,000. Specifically, it is proposed that a legal officer from Nairobi travel to ECA and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ($12,500 to the United Nations Office at Nairobi); a legal officer from Geneva travel to ESCWA, ESCAP and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ($17,500 to the United Nations Office at Geneva). Accordingly, the Secretary-General requests $30,000 for outreach missions.", "156. In addition, at times, the Dispute Tribunal conducts hearings in missions and other duty stations. The legal officer representing the Secretary-General is required to travel to the locations where the hearing is conducted. To date, there has been no specific allowance made for these travel costs. Accordingly, the Secretary-General requests $30,000 for travel to Tribunal hearings in mission locations.", "Summary of current resources and resource requirements", "157. The current resources and the resource requirements of the Administrative Law Section, offices away from headquarters and the regional commissions are set out in the table below.", "Current resources and resource requirements", "Office\tCurrent resources\tAdditional resourcessought \nAdministrativeLaw Section\tRegular budget2 P-51 P-42 General Service\tRegular budget2 P-43 P-3 Peacekeeping supportaccount3 P-43 P-31 P-21 P-3 (general temporaryassistance)^(a)1 P-2 (general temporaryassistance)^(a)1 General Service \n\tLimited budgetaryauthority^(b)1 P-42 P-3\t\nUnitedNationsOffice atGeneva\tP-4 Human ResourcesPolicy Officer\t1 P-41 General Service(Other level)\nUnitedNationsOffice atVienna\tNo resources(P-4 Human ResourcesPolicy Officerreassigned)\tUtilize services ofP-4 Legal Officerbased in UnitedNations Office atGeneva\nUnitedNationsOffice atNairobi\tNo resources(P-5 Senior LegalOfficer deployed)\t1 P-41 General Service(Other level)\nECA\tNo resources\tUtilize services ofP-4 Legal Officerbased in UnitedNations Office atNairobi\nESCAP\tNo resources\t1 P-41 General Service(Other level)\nESCWA\tNo resources\tUtilize services ofP-4 Legal Officerbased in ESCAP", "^(a) Conversion to established posts will be proposed in the support account budget for 2012-2013.", "^(b) Until 31 December 2011.", "United Nations Development Programme", "158. The UNDP Legal Support Office is an integrated legal office for UNDP and its affiliated funds whose legal work spans all aspects of corporate, institutional and administrative law, with an added focus on policy and training. In the light of the new system of justice, along with an increased demand for legal consultation and advice, the Office has had to adjust its staffing. The Administrative Law Practice Group of the Office is currently operating at full staffing capacity, with one Head of Practice (P-5) who carries her own workload and one P-5, two P-4 and two P-3 Legal Officers, totalling six Legal Officers, who are assisted by two General Service support staff. The Practice Group is responsible for handling all management evaluation requests, all cases before the Dispute Tribunal, all disciplinary cases, legal advice relating to policy work, legal training and all legal queries, on issues ranging from private legal obligations to advice on tax and pension matters.", "159. The Legal Support Office is engaged in all stages of both informal and formal resolution of staff grievances. At the informal stage, the Office provides advice and guidance to managers, including the Office of Human Resources, country offices and regional bureaux, on the resolution of differences prior to their maturing into a formal complaint. The Office may also seek the intervention of the Ombudsman for funds and programmes. This preventive work by the Office has increased significantly since 1 July 2009 as more managers seek legal guidance to ensure that their decisions are taken in compliance with the UNDP legal framework, resulting in greater expenditure of time and resources.", "160. Where issues are not resolved at the informal stage, the Legal Support Office makes recommendations to the Assistant Administrator and Director of the Bureau of Management on the disposition of requests for management evaluation; represents UNDP before the Dispute Tribunal; participates in mediation proceedings; and coordinates with the Office of Legal Affairs in respect of its representation of the Secretary-General concerning UNDP cases before the Appeals Tribunal. The Office also recommends action from an accountability perspective where warranted. On 1 August 2010, UNDP introduced a new procedure for handling requests for management evaluation. While the Office continues to review such requests and to make recommendations to the Assistant Administrator and Director of the Bureau of Management regarding their disposition, two additional senior managers, appointed by the Administrator and selected from a roster, are requested in order to provide their independent views from a management perspective directly to the Assistant Administrator and Director of the Bureau of Management. This system has worked well, although more managers need to be appointed in 2011 to cope with the increased number of requests for management evaluation. It is anticipated that the ongoing implementation of the one-time review linked to the granting of permanent appointments will generate more cases.", "161. The Legal Support Office has provided training courses, briefings and outreach activities on a regular basis and through all available media to raise awareness among UNDP staff members and managers of the new system. For example, the Office launched an online legal course, compulsory for all managers, which contains several chapters on legal issues related to the internal justice system. In addition, the Office has had to adjust to shorter deadlines for management evaluations and from the Dispute Tribunal, as well as to the increased number of hearings and written submissions required by the Tribunal. This has resulted in an overall increase in the workload of its staff. Moreover, in view of the increased focus on oral hearings and full trials at the Dispute Tribunal, specialized training for lawyers in the area of advocacy and litigation has been required.", "United Nations Children’s Fund", "162. The Office of the Principal Adviser to the Executive Director, within the Office of the Executive Director, has overall responsibility for legal support and advice within UNICEF. The Division of Human Resources handles requests for management evaluation and represents UNICEF before the Dispute Tribunal. UNICEF has adjusted staffing levels, competencies and standard operating procedures to accommodate the increased workload resulting from the new system, and special attention is paid to management evaluation requests and to mediation opportunities.", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "163. Prior to the reform of the system of administration of justice, the administrative review of decisions concerning the staff of UNHCR was carried out by the Administrative Law Unit of the Secretariat. At present, UNHCR conducts its own management evaluation, which is delegated to the Deputy High Commissioner. The Legal Affairs Service, reporting directly to the Deputy High Commissioner, provides advice on all management evaluations.", "164. UNHCR has had a very positive experience with the management evaluation process, which has enabled management to critically review its decisions, take remedial action before cases escalate to the Dispute Tribunal and review and improve its procedures. In many cases, the process has also re-established dialogue between UNHCR and the staff member.", "165. At the Dispute Tribunal, UNHCR is represented by the Director of the Division of Human Resources Management. The Legal Affairs Service advises the Director on all pending cases.", "166. At UNHCR, significant emphasis has been placed on the informal resolution of grievances at an early stage, and a number of cases have been resolved informally through the involvement of the UNHCR Ombudsman. Nevertheless, since the introduction of the new system, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of grievances that staff members seek to address through the formal system.", "167. UNHCR continues to support the work of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance with the non-reimbursable loan of a Legal Officer to its Geneva office.", "United Nations Office for Project Services", "168. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), being relatively small, has not received many cases. Although it has no legal unit working solely on such cases, it has a legal officer at its headquarters who is responsible, inter alia, for monitoring developments in the justice system (including the jurisprudence and practices of the Dispute and Appeals Tribunals). Each case filed with the Dispute Tribunal, as well as any issue that may lead to a case, including requests for management evaluations, is managed by the UNOPS legal officer in whose regional office the case or issue arose, supported by the above-mentioned legal officer at headquarters. This work is conducted under the overall supervision of the UNOPS General Counsel. In line with Secretary-General’s bulletin ST/SGB/2008/13, the Office of Legal Affairs manages all appeals concerning UNOPS to the Appeals Tribunal.", "169. Thus far, the new system seems to be much more formal and professional than the previous system. In the new system, cases are conducted in a manner similar to that employed by many national courts, the increased number of oral hearings being just one example of this.", "170. The time required of both lawyers and non-lawyers involved in a case has, accordingly, increased significantly. Furthermore, staff may make requests for the production of a large number of documents. The Dispute Tribunal has generally been inclined to grant such requests, the fulfilment of which requires considerable work on the part of the Organization.", "United Nations Population Fund", "171. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) employs two legal officers, who provide a range of legal support and advisory services to the Fund, including the representation of UNFPA before the Dispute Tribunal. UNFPA continues to pay special attention to management evaluation, as well as to options involving alternative dispute resolution, including mediation.", "2. Legal office representing the Secretary-General before the United Nations Appeals Tribunal", "Office of Legal Affairs", "172. As the central legal service of the Organization, the Office of Legal Affairs provides legal advice to the Secretary-General, Secretariat departments and offices and United Nations organs in a number of areas, including the new system of administration of justice. Within the Office of Legal Affairs, the organizational unit entrusted with this responsibility is the administration and management cluster in the General Legal Division. The functional responsibilities of the Division in this area are described below.", "173. The responsibilities of the General Legal Division in relation to the system of administration of justice pertain to both the informal and the formal stages of dispute resolution. The Division provides advice to offices and departments of the Secretariat and the funds and programmes during the early stages of a claim advanced by a staff member, well before such a claim has progressed to litigation. For example, the Division has been requested to provide input during the management evaluation stage and during settlement negotiations.", "174. Once a claim has advanced to the formal stage and a staff member has filed an application with the Dispute Tribunal, the General Legal Division regularly provides advice to the entity representing the Secretary-General at the first level of the judicial process. Such entities include the Administrative Law Section and its counterparts in Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi. Under the new system of administration of justice, entities within the funds and programmes (UNDP, UNOPS, UNICEF, UNFPA and UNHCR) represent the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal; the Division is available to advise the funds and programmes as requested. In addition, since the Division has a comprehensive view of the evolving jurisprudence of the new system, it briefs all entities representing the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal on legal developments in the new system and shares legal arguments for their guidance and use in relation to issues that arise before the Tribunal. Such advice ensures coordination and consistency in the legal strategies and arguments advanced by the Secretary-General on issues of policy and principle. In that context, the Division brings judgements of the Dispute Tribunal that have significant implications for the Organization to the attention of all the relevant offices.", "175. The General Legal Division also represents the Secretary-General before the Appeals Tribunal. This responsibility encompasses both the filing of appeals against judgements of the Dispute Tribunal and responding to appeals filed by staff members. The Division performs this function with respect to all offices and departments of the Secretariat, as well as the funds and programmes. In order to determine whether appealing a given judgement is in the interest of the Organization, the Division must review and analyse each and every Dispute Tribunal judgement and consult with the entities that represented the Secretary-General before the Tribunal. The process of handling an appeal requires research into and analysis of all necessary factual and legal issues raised by the Dispute Tribunal and the preparation of a written appeal or answer, as appropriate.", "176. In addition to providing advice on matters related to the system of administration of justice, the General Legal Division provides advice to offices and departments of the Secretariat and the funds and programmes concerning the interpretation or implementation of the Staff Regulations and Rules or other personnel policies and practices before an administrative decision is taken, such as in relation to recommendations for the dismissal of staff members. Although the majority of such requests originate from the Department of Management (including organizational entities such as the Office of Human Resources Management, the Advisory Board on Compensation Claims, the Medical Services Division or the Insurance Section), requests also come to the Division from the funds and programmes, UNHCR and offices away from Headquarters. Finally, the Division is responsible for reviewing, providing advice on and legally clearing every administrative issuance relating to human resources management policy prior to its promulgation.", "177. The responsibilities of the General Legal Division in connection with the new system of justice have greatly exceeded expectations and have resulted in an unexpected and substantial increase in the Division’s workload. When the Secretary-General submitted his report on the resource requirements for the new system before it became operational, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions declined to approve any of the posts that were requested for the Office of Legal Affairs on the assumption that the efforts for the early resolution of disputes through informal means might result in fewer cases being brought to the Tribunals (see A/62/7/Add.7, para. 50). In the light of that consideration, the Advisory Committee found that there was insufficient information to support the requested additional staff at that time, recommending against the approval of those posts until the real needs could be assessed. The Advisory Committee assumed that the substantial majority of cases would be resolved before they reached the Dispute Tribunal. Contrary to those assumptions, as discussed below, the real needs of the new system have required the provision of legal advice by the General Legal Division to a broader range of clients, on increasingly complex issues, that entail significant financial, legal and operational implications for the Organization, and on an even more urgent basis.", "178. Under the previous system, there was one tier of judicial review, the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. At present, there are two tiers of review. Under the previous system, the Administrative Tribunal operated on a part-time basis and met in two sessions per year, while under the new system, the Dispute Tribunal operates on a full-time, year-round basis and the Appeals Tribunal meets in three sessions per year.", "179. As a consequence of the fundamental institutional changes in the system, there has been a significant increase in the number of judgements that the General Legal Division must review and provide advice on. Under the previous system, the United Nations Administrative Tribunal issued 65 judgements in 2009. By contrast, under the new system, the Dispute Tribunal issued 218 judgements and the Appeals Tribunal issued 100 judgements in 2010. Thus, the total number of judgements under the new system is approximately five times the number under the previous system.", "180. There has also been a significant increase in the number of submissions filed by the General Legal Division under the new system. Under the previous system, the Division filed an average of 63 submissions with the United Nations Administrative Tribunal per year. By contrast, under the new system, it filed 150 submissions with the Appeals Tribunal in 2010 (114 in cases arising from the Secretariat, including peacekeeping missions, and 36 in cases arising from the funds and programmes and UNHCR). Thus, the number of submissions filed under the new system is approximately 140 per cent higher than the number filed under the previous system.", "181. The impact of the new system on the General Legal Division is not related solely to the number of appeals filed with the Appeals Tribunal; the nature of the work undertaken by the Division in this area has also substantially changed. Under the previous system, the Division had a generous time frame (six months) for drafting responses to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. Generally, those responses were based on the well-established jurisprudence of that Tribunal, and the Division’s work was thus simpler and more manageable. However, under the new system, the deadlines for filing and responding to appeals have been shortened to 45 days. Moreover, notwithstanding the 45-day deadline established in the statute of the Appeals Tribunal, the Tribunal has shortened the deadline for filing an interlocutory appeal to 15 days. In addition, the introduction of the new system of administration of justice has meant that past practices of the Organization and jurisprudence of the Administrative Tribunal are being re-examined by the new Tribunals. The resulting uncertainty regarding which legal norms and principles should be applied by managers has meant that the Division is now being requested on a more frequent basis to provide advice to other departments, including those entities representing the Organization before the Dispute Tribunal in advance of its regular hearings. This is in contrast to the previous system, in which submissions to the Joint Appeals Board and the Joint Disciplinary Committee were based on the well-established jurisprudence of the Administrative Tribunal, and it was only rarely that the Division was requested to provide advice in connection with those proceedings.", "182. All of these factors are compounded by the recent reforms in many areas of human resources management, such as contractual reform and the harmonization of conditions of service. These reform initiatives have also resulted in greater demands on the General Legal Division with respect to reviewing and providing legal clearance for administrative issuances and providing advice on the interpretation and implementation of the Staff Regulations and Rules.", "183. At present, the General Legal Division has two Professional posts (1 P-5 and 1 P‑3) and one General Service post funded under the regular budget for administration of justice and management issues. As at 1 July 2010, the Secretary-General had also provided, under his limited budgetary discretion, temporary resources in the form of six P-3/P-4 and two General Service (Other level) posts for a limited period that ends on 31 December 2011. The Division also has one P-4 post funded under the peacekeeping support account. In addition, the Division was recently informed that the General Assembly had approved, as at 1 July 2011, general temporary assistance in the form of one P-4 post and one P-3 post under the peacekeeping support account. In sum, unless additional resources are approved, as requested below, the Division will have a total of only five Professional posts and one General Service post to deal with administration of justice and management issues.", "184. Ultimately, the strains placed on the Division as a result of the unforeseen extent of the demand for its services will undermine its overall ability to provide legal advice on a timely basis and in a comprehensive manner not only in the area of administration of justice but also regarding other matters.", "185. Ensuring that the Division has the capacity to provide legal advice in the area of administration and management will ensure that there are no adverse long-term financial, legal and operational implications for the Organization as a whole. This is particularly the case during this critical stage of the development of the Tribunals’ jurisprudence. For example, the Division’s representation of the Organization before the Appeals Tribunal in 2010 contributed to the establishment of parameters for awarding compensation and clarifying the principles for reviewing the Secretary-General’s discretionary authority. Not only have those appeals resulted in substantial cost savings for the Organization, but the development of fundamental principles will have significant long-term benefits for the Organization.", "186. In order to meet the substantially increased demand for the services of the Office of Legal Affairs in the new system, the General Legal Division requires eight additional regular budget posts (6 P-3/P-4 and 2 General Service (Other level)) for administration of justice and management issues. However, the Secretary-General is mindful of the current financial constraints of Member States and is therefore seeking the General Assembly’s approval at this time of only three additional regular budget posts (2 P-4 and 1 P-3) for the General Legal Division. In this regard, it should be noted that the Division is the only office with a request that reflects a reduction of approximately two thirds compared with the previous report (from eight posts to three), while at the same time, it is the only office that has not received any long-term resources as a consequence of the establishment of the new system (other than the two posts under general temporary assistance approved as of 1 July 2011 under the peacekeeping support account).", "III. Responses to questions relating to administration of justice", "A. Overview", "187. The following section responds to the queries set out by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/251.", "B. Responses", "1. Staff-funded mechanism to support the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "188. The Secretary-General’s response to paragraphs 40 and 41 of resolution 65/251, setting out proposals for staff funding mechanisms to support the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, is set out in annex I to the present report.", "189. These proposals were the object of consultations with staff at a meeting of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee held in June 2011. At the meeting, staff reiterated their view that none of the options for the staff-funded scheme was acceptable, as the cost of the representation of staff rested with the employer. Staff noted that, as the General Assembly had established the Office of Staff Legal Assistance as part of the Organization’s internal system of administration of justice, expenses associated with the operation of the Office constituted an expense of the Organization, and called upon the General Assembly to provide the resources necessary to ensure that both sides (staff and management) were equally armed.", "2. Recourse mechanisms for non-staff personnel", "190. The Secretary-General’s response to the request, made by the General Assembly in paragraph 55 of resolution 65/251, for proposals for resource mechanisms for non-staff personnel is set out in annex II to the present report.", "3. Delegation of authority for disciplinary measures", "191. The Secretary-General responds below to the request, made by the General Assembly in paragraph 51 of resolution 65/251, for a detailed proposal for the delegation of authority for disciplinary measures.", "Background", "192. The possibility of delegating the authority to impose disciplinary measures to heads of missions and offices away from Headquarters was initially raised by the Secretary-General at the sixty-second session of the General Assembly. It was based on the recommendations contained in the report of the Redesign Panel, as well as on the results of the twenty-eighth session of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee, at which the issue was discussed and a proposal developed. The Assembly endorsed, in principle, the delegation of authority for disciplinary measures to heads of missions and offices away from Headquarters and requested the Secretary-General to submit a report containing possible options.", "193. Taking into account the recommendations of the Committee, the Secretary-General proposed a limited delegation of authority for disciplinary measures, whereby heads of missions and offices away from Headquarters would be given the authority to impose minor sanctions (i.e., censures and fines) once the capacity necessary to do so was in place. The General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a new proposal in that regard at its sixty-fifth session.", "194. Given that a number of prerequisites remained unfulfilled, the Secretary-General proposed to put on hold the previous recommendation for limited delegation of authority, pending further analysis. The General Assembly, however, reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to submit, at its sixty-sixth session, a report setting out possible options for the delegation of authority for disciplinary measures. The proposal summarized herein was prepared in connection with that request.", "Current status of the handling of disciplinary cases", "195. While no significant developments have occurred since the Secretary-General’s previous report on administration of justice, a number of observations may be made. The revision of the administrative instruction on revised disciplinary measures and procedures (ST/AI/371/Amend.1) has been initiated by the Office of Human Resources Management. The jurisprudence emerging from the Tribunals indicates that the Staff Regulations and Rules of the United Nations are being analysed and interpreted from a new perspective compared with the jurisprudence from the former United Nations Administrative Tribunal. In particular, the Tribunals are interpreting the procedural and substantive standards required by the Organization throughout the pre-disciplinary and disciplinary phases, for example, the assessment of the allegations and complaints, the quality of the investigation reports, the due-process rights of staff members during the process and the proportionality of measures imposed. It must be noted, however, that the disciplinary cases appealed to the Tribunals relate to cases reviewed by the Office of Human Resources Management on the basis of the jurisprudence and criteria set by the Administrative Tribunal. It therefore remains to be seen how many of the cases received and completed after 1 July 2009, under the new system, will be appealed and how they will be disposed of.", "196. From 1 July 2009 to the end of the reporting period, the Administrative Law Section of the Office of Human Resources Management closed 357 cases, of which 216 were mission cases. Of these, 71 were closed with disciplinary measures, as follows: 19 dismissals, 17 separations, 4 demotions, 5 censures with loss of step/grade or deferment, 14 censures with fines, 1 censure with counselling, and 11 censures.", "197. The disciplinary cases handled by the Administrative Law Section since 1 July 2009 involving staff members serving in field missions constituted 70 per cent of its caseload in 2009/10 and close to 60 per cent in 2011.", "198. The estimated time required by the Administrative Law Section to handle a disciplinary case, from the time of its referral, ranges from 3 to 11 months, depending on the facts and complexity of the case. However, this time estimate reflects optimum conditions and does not take into account the current backlog of older cases, including those that were not completed prior to the introduction of the new justice system, namely (a) 170 cases that were pending with the Office of Human Resources Management prior to the introduction of the new justice system and (b) 30 cases, referred back to the Section, on 1 July 2009, that were pending before the Joint Disciplinary Committee or pending a decision by the Deputy Secretary-General on a Committee report. It is anticipated that those cases will be completed by the end of 2011.", "199. Between 2006 and 2008, it took an average of 17 months to close a disciplinary case. The cases, handled during that period, with the exception of those in which dismissals were recommended, were considered by a Joint Disciplinary Committee panel. The Administrative Law Section took an average of eight months to refer cases to the Committee. Since the introduction of the new system, it has taken the Section an average of 11 months to close cases referred after 1 July 2009.", "200. The abolition of the Joint Disciplinary Committee effectively increased the responsibility of the Administrative Law Section for reviewing of the facts of and analysing each case in the light of chapter X of the Staff Rules, on disciplinary measures, which tasks had been formerly carried out in large part by the Committee. In view of the increased scrutiny by the Dispute Tribunal, the Section likewise increased the level of the detail of its analyses, as well as the related follow-up work with investigative entities at every stage of the process.", "Review of the range of options", "201. The introduction of the new justice system on 1 July 2009 significantly changed the procedures for handling disciplinary cases. Among other things, the abolition of the Joint Disciplinary Committee shifted the responsibility for conducting the factual assessment of a case to the Office of Human Resources Management.", "202. There are three critical bottlenecks in the current multistep process, each of which is related to ensuring that the factual analysis is robust and respects the due-process rights of staff members: (a) the length of the investigation process and the number of entities involved in investigations, as well as the quality of fact-finding and other inquiries conducted by non-professional investigators; (b) the time required to obtain comments from staff members charged with misconduct; and (c) the time taken to obtain additional information from the investigating entity.", "203. Simply delegating authority would not eliminate existing bottlenecks, as current procedures for handling disciplinary matters and the jurisprudence emerging from the Tribunals would continue to require high levels of scrutiny. Moreover, decentralization to the field might increase duplication of effort and the inconsistency of decisions.", "Partial delegation of authority", "204. Partial delegation of authority would involve the delegation of authority to impose less serious disciplinary measures (such as fines and censures) to heads of missions and offices away from Headquarters.", "205. However, only a limited number of cases result in fines and censures, so this option would not significantly reduce the timeline of the disciplinary process. Therefore, existing bottlenecks would remain unaddressed, while the resulting duplication of effort between the field and the Office of Human Resources Management would introduce inefficiencies. Given the cost increases resulting from the partial delegation of authority, including outposting of Department of Management legal officers to assist in the procedural aspects of the disciplinary process, the Administration does not consider it to be a viable option at this stage.", "Full delegation of authority", "206. With full delegation of authority, heads of missions and offices away from Headquarters could impose any disciplinary measure, following the disciplinary process currently employed at Headquarters. While full delegation would increase authority at the field level and reduce communication between the field and Headquarters, the major disadvantage would be the increased likelihood of inconsistent and unequal treatment of staff members across the Organization. Inconsistent decisions would, in turn, increase the number of appeals to the Dispute Tribunal and increase costs. Consequently, the Administration is of the view that it would not be advisable to implement full delegation of authority.", "No delegation of authority", "207. If the authority to impose disciplinary measures continues to rest exclusively with the Under-Secretary-General for Management, the current, centralized system would continue. Under this scenario, the Department of Management would continue to have a global view of disciplinary cases and would be optimally placed to ensure the most efficient and consistent analysis and disposition thereof.", "Proposed short-term measures", "208. While neither partial nor full delegation of authority would be optimal at present, it is clear that action is required to address the delays in handling disciplinary cases. Accordingly, the following measures are being proposed in order to expedite the investigation and processing of disciplinary cases:", "(a) A pilot project to test the feasibility of decentralizing critical elements of the administration of justice would be implemented, through the establishment of a service base that would cover a cluster of missions. Resources would include legal officers, conduct and discipline officers and access to resources available either at the service base or in the region, such as investigators, the Ombudsman and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. Each function would have clear terms of reference and reporting lines in order to preserve the independence of investigations, due process for staff members subject to disciplinary procedures and the integrity of the disciplinary process. While the authority to impose disciplinary measures would remain with the Under-Secretary-General for Management, it is expected that placing critical elements of the investigations and disciplinary process closer to the locations where the cases occur would help to shorten the time required to handle them. The pilot would cover certain field missions in Africa (to be identified), and it is proposed that the service base be located in Nairobi. That would allow for the building of an infrastructure that could be used in the future should the experience gained from the pilot support further decentralization, including with respect to offices away from Headquarters located in Nairobi (as well as other offices away from Headquarters);", "(b) High-priority cases would be handled through a “fast-track” approach that would involve the prioritization of the case by all offices involved (the Department of Field Support, the Office of Human Resources Management and the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS)). Taking into account requests from heads of mission and proper justifications, cases identified as high-priority would be processed on an expedited basis, according to guidelines to be developed acknowledging the operational independence of OIOS and its existing procedures, such as the Case Intake Committee, but would otherwise follow applicable procedures for the handling of disciplinary matters;", "(c) The authority to place staff on administrative leave with pay would be transferred from the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management to the Under-Secretary-General for Field Support. This would shorten the process of placing staff on administrative leave with pay. The placement of staff on administrative leave without pay would remain within the authority of the Department of Management;", "(d) The establishment of an interdepartmental working group on the delegation of authority with regard to disciplinary matters.", "209. The Secretary-General will submit a comprehensive report in this regard to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session.", "210. The proposed measures were discussed at the thirty-second session of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee. It was agreed that management would share progress reports with staff and would develop a mechanism whereby staff representatives could be briefed periodically on the progress of the project.", "Recommendation", "211. The General Assembly is requested to endorse the proposals of the Secretary-General detailed in paragraph 208 above.", "4. Impact of the new system of administration of justice on staff-management relations", "212. With regard to the request made by the General Assembly in paragraph 54 of resolution 65/251, the Secretariat, UNDP and UNICEF believe that it is too early to report on the impact that the new system is having on staff/management relations and on the performance of both staff and managers, and believe that more time is required in order to properly determine if there is any systemic impact. All have noted an evolution in the area of staff-management relations. In particular, managers are becoming increasingly aware of the consequences of their decisions and want to ensure that these are made in accordance with the applicable rules and policies. This has resulted in more queries, requests for advice and guidance from programme managers for the relevant legal offices prior to the taking of decisions. There is also a notable desire on the part of managers to learn more about the system and to generally be able to make the correct decisions in cases.", "213. Thus, on a preliminary basis, one may state that the new system of justice is creating an emphasis on the prevention of disputes and, where these cannot be avoided, programme managers are more routinely consulting with the lawyers in order to ensure that their decisions are well informed from a legal and policy standpoint. In the process of either avoiding or informally resolving disputes, extensive and collegial consultations sometimes take place with the representatives of the staff concerned, as well as with the United Nations Ombudsman or the Ombudsman for funds and programmes.", "214. While these emerging practices have been identified, it is also clear that not all managers have developed an acute awareness of the requirements of the new system. Thus, from a performance standpoint, more time is required in order to determine whether these emerging practices are coalescing into a trend.", "215. It is expected that managers will take staff performance assessment very seriously and provide regular feedback to supervisees in that context, thus ensuring that any decision flowing from an appraisal report is properly documented. However, it is too early to comment on whether this constitutes a trend. It is equally difficult to predict whether staff and managers will positively increase their own performance in the light of the new system.", "5. Cost-sharing arrangements", "216. With regard to the request made by the General Assembly in paragraph 57 of resolution 65/251, the Secretary-General responds as follows.", "217. Since the General Assembly decided, in its resolution 62/228, to establish the new system, the Secretariat has engaged in ongoing formal and informal discussions with representatives of the funds and programmes (UNDP, the United Nations Office for Project Services, UNICEF, UNFPA and UNHCR), with a view to concluding a cost-sharing arrangement based on headcount. Where costs are shared on a headcount basis, they are apportioned according to the number of staff members. On the basis of those discussions, an initial draft memorandum of understanding, prepared by the Secretariat, was circulated to the funds and programmes for their comments. Subsequently, a joint meeting was held among the parties to discuss the issues raised by the funds and programmes. Further to internal deliberations with key stakeholders in the Secretariat, a revised draft memorandum was circulated by the Secretariat to the funds and programmes for additional comments. The revised draft memorandum also included the new United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) as part of the arrangement. In early March 2011, an additional meeting with the parties was held to discuss the revised draft memorandum, pursuant to which, in May, the funds and programmes provided a formal coordinated communication containing a list of pending issues. In June, the Secretariat provided a formal response on all the pending issues, which led to further negotiation among the parties in July. To date, the parties have resolved most of the pending issues, although certain clarifications are still required regarding some elements of the integrated and decentralized Ombudsman function (given that the funds and programmes fund their own Ombudsmen in the integrated office, who report to their executive heads), including mediation services. For example, there are questions concerning structural issues (including accountability and referral mechanisms) between the Ombudsman for funds and programmes and the Regional Ombudsmen as well as the mediation services with regard to cases emanating from staff of the funds and programmes. The parties agreed that once communication lines between the mediation services and the Regional Ombudsmen, on the one hand, and the Ombudsman for funds and programmes, on the other, have been clarified, the discussion on cost-sharing with respect to these remaining, specific aspects can be concluded. The parties are cognizant of the urgency of concluding the cost-sharing arrangement and are committed to doing so as soon as possible.", "6. Training of actors in the system", "218. With respect to the request made by the General Assembly in paragraph 61 of resolution 65/251, the Secretary-General responds as follows.", "219. In June 2009, the incoming judges of the Tribunals participated in an induction course, organized by the Office of Administration of Justice, which provided them with an overview of the structures and regulatory framework of the Organization. Staff of the Registries participated in training courses on court management at the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal. Staff of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance participated in advocacy training courses conducted by staff of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and practitioners of the defence bar in The Hague.", "220. The Department of Management engaged a legal consultant who coached legal officers of the Administrative Law Section on drafting techniques. The legal officers also participated in an intensive week-long advocacy training course organized by a national legal training institute. In addition, they participated in a dispute resolution training course organized by UNDP and the Ombudsman.", "221. UNDP organized an advocacy training programme for its legal officers appearing before the Tribunals, conducted by very experienced staff of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and senior members of the United Kingdom bar. Because such training is of paramount importance for legal officers in the new, professionalized formal system, a similar training course is envisaged for later in 2011. UNDP and the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services jointly organized a workplace dispute resolution training programme, which was attended by more than 100 staff members, including senior officials.", "222. Regular participation in training programmes aimed at the enhancement of legal education is required for all participants in the system, including judges, their staff and the legal officers representing staff and management. Legal officers require periodic training in oral and written advocacy to maintain and enhance their skills. Staff of the Registries of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal would benefit from enhanced training on court management practices, including educational exchanges with staff of other international tribunals. Additionally, benefits are to be gained from joint training of the various actors in the system, both in terms of cost savings and because of the opportunity to share views and best practices.", "223. It would be beneficial for judges to attend legal conferences and colloquia at which the judges of other international tribunals, high-level scholars and other participants engage in discussions on law and judicial practice related to their professional activities. Currently, the budget of the Office of Administration of Justice is insufficient to permit this.", "224. The creation of a judicial library of reference books at each Tribunal location would enhance the education of judges and staff. Furthermore, it would be beneficial to provide for ongoing judicial education through an annual plenary education conference, which would include inputs from outside presenters and facilitators as appropriate. Topics to be explored could include cross-cultural communication skills, updates on the development of the law of the international civil service, the application of international norms, the application of ILO Conventions to the law of the international civil service, and comparative approaches to legal issues.", "225. Finally, it may be appropriate to consider additional judicial training for judges in the legal frameworks of the various United Nations agencies and bodies whose staff have access to the United Nations system of administration of justice. Furthermore, in order to ensure that there is dialogue among the judiciaries of international tribunals, it may be advisable to organize a United Nations joint judicial seminar for the judges of both the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal, as well as judges of other tribunals and, perhaps, legal academics, focusing on issues of international administrative law. In addition, the training of all participants is required in order to promote greater uniformity and consistency across the Tribunals in terms of the standards applied.", "226. After two years of operation of the current system, there continues to be a need to provide outreach to staff on the informal and formal means of dispute resolution and, in particular, on the interrelationship between the two. The Office of Administration of Justice has produced a user-friendly handbook, in all official United Nations languages, to assist staff. It has also set up a comprehensive website in all official languages that includes descriptions of all the elements of the formal system, including a dedicated web presence for the Office of Staff Legal Assistance and an up-to-date database of the jurisprudence of the Tribunals.", "227. Training requirements relating specifically to informal dispute resolution and mediation will be presented in the context of the report of the United Nations Ombudsman on the informal system of justice.", "7. The timeliness of the handling of disciplinary cases", "228. In resolution 65/251, the General Assembly endorsed the recommendations made by the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions in its report on the administration of justice at the United Nations (A/65/557), which included a request that the Secretary-General include information on the timeliness of the handling of disciplinary cases in his report on the administration of justice to be submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "229. The response to that request has been agglomerated with the response to the request for proposals on the delegation of disciplinary authority contained in paragraphs 191 to 210 above.", "8. Information requested by the General Assembly in paragraph 53 of resolution 65/251", "230. In paragraph 53 of resolution 65/251, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to include, in his report on the administration of justice to be submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, the following information:", "(a) Clear statistics on the cases received and disposed of during the period by both Tribunals, including information, by category, on whether the judgements rendered found for the applicant or for the respondent and on the administrative issues involved;", "(b) Analysis of trends over a number of reporting periods in order to identify systemic issues leading to usage of the system of justice and to monitor whether they are being effectively addressed over time;", "(c) Detailed information on monetary compensation awarded and indirect costs associated with an appeal, for example, in staff time, including identification of those aspects of staff administration that give rise to large numbers of appeals;", "(d) Detailed information on payments of compensation to staff equal to six months of salary or more, with an indication of the offices or departments concerned, the location of these offices or departments and some details of the facts of the case.", "231. With respect to paragraph 53 (a) of resolution 65/251, the Secretary-General has provided this information in paragraphs 30-41 and 65-72 above, relating to the work of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal. Additional information is provided in annex III to the present report.", "232. With respect to paragraph 53 (b) of resolution 65/251, the Secretary-General provides the following response.", "233. The statistics reveal that across the Organization, the most frequently disputed decisions are those on issues related to selections and appointments. Claims related to such decisions constitute around 40 per cent of all claims submitted. There are various reasons for this. First, there was ambiguity in the former administrative instruction on the staff selection system with regard to priority rights for internal candidates. Second, there are a number of procedures that, in accordance with the administrative issuances, need to be followed when a position is being filled: the recruitment/selection process provides scope for allegations of procedural error. Third, staff members who are not selected for positions frequently allege that this is due to extraneous considerations. Fourth, staff members have alleged that there is a conflict between their e‑PAS assessments and the evaluation of their candidacies for vacancies, and thus that the assessment of their candidacy was unfair. Finally, there is inconsistent jurisprudence from the Dispute Tribunal with regard to the breadth of the discretion vested in the Administration in selection exercises as well as the burden and standard of proof in challenges to such exercises.", "234. These issues have been addressed by the Administration as follows:", "(a) In September 2009, as soon as the ambiguity in the provisions regarding priority consideration had been identified, the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management sent a circular to all offices clarifying the procedure for the consideration of internal candidates;", "(b) In April 2010, the administrative instruction on the staff selection system was abolished and was replaced with a new administrative instruction (ST/AI/2010/3). The provisions on priority consideration are no longer part of the policy;", "(c) In October 2010, a “lessons-learned guide”, providing guidance on the staff selection process, was issued by the Under-Secretary-General for Management;", "(d) Inconsistent decisions of the Dispute Tribunal have been appealed by the Administration. Jurisprudence from the Appeals Tribunal handed down in March 2011 provides greater clarity with regard to the breadth of the discretion of the Secretary-General in selection decisions and the burden and standards of proof;", "(e) The jurisprudence of the Appeals Tribunal will assist in responding to factual arguments made by staff members concerning any perceived inconsistency between performance evaluations and candidacy evaluations; it will also assist in addressing allegations of bias. The Appeals Tribunal has found that when staff members make such allegations, the onus is on them to produce clear and convincing evidence to support their claims.", "235. As regards the other categories of cases, it has been recognized that non‑renewal decisions are frequently impugned on the basis that the procedures mandated under the performance management system have not been followed. The Under-Secretary-General for Management has addressed this issue in circulars to management detailing the jurisprudence of the Dispute Tribunal and impressing on managers the need to follow e-PAS procedures.", "236. A “lessons-learned guide” focusing on the non-renewal of fixed-term appointments was issued in August 2010. The guide instructs managers on strictly adhering to rules and procedures, documenting the decision-making process and adhering to performance management procedures.", "237. In addition, on 30 April 2010, an administrative instruction entitled “Performance Management and Development System” (ST/AI/2010/5) was issued. This issuance updates the policies and procedures for performance evaluation and addresses issues that have led to delay in the completion of e-PAS appraisals.", "238. Disciplinary measures are also frequently appealed. This is another area in which the jurisprudence arising from the Dispute Tribunal continues to evolve. Specifically, on a number of occasions the Dispute Tribunal has reconsidered the exercise of the Secretary-General’s discretion. The Administration has appealed those decisions. In early 2011, the Appeals Tribunal issued a judgement emphasizing that the Dispute Tribunal was not the decision maker and that its role was limited to the judicial review of the exercise by the Secretary-General of his broad administrative discretion.", "239. One measure that has been the subject of a number of judgements is the placement of staff members on special leave with full pay in the context of an ongoing investigation into allegations of misconduct. The Dispute Tribunal ruled that this measure was not suitable where disciplinary proceedings were pending. As a result, the Administration has revised the rule, enacting staff rule 10.4, which specifically provides for the placement of a staff member on administrative leave pending an investigation. Whereas the former staff rule required that a staff member be charged prior to being suspended from duty, the new staff rule provides that a staff member may be placed on administrative leave at any time pending an investigation until the completion of the disciplinary process.", "240. A significant subject matter of appeals of judgements to the Appeals Tribunal has been the awarding of compensation. A number of substantial awards have been overturned by the Appeals Tribunal, and principles to be applied by the Dispute Tribunal have been enunciated. Specifically, the Appeals Tribunal has found that successful claimants are entitled to be compensated in a sum that, as far as money can do so, places them in the same position as they would have been in had their terms of appointment been observed.", "241. With respect to paragraph 53 (c) of resolution 65/251, detailed information on monetary compensation awarded is provided in annex III to the present report. As regards the indirect costs associated with an appeal, such as staff time, including the identification of those aspects of staff administration that give rise to large numbers of appeals, the Secretary-General responds as follows.", "242. In order to calculate such indirect costs, it was agreed by all stakeholders of the system of administration of justice that the total number of hours spent by staff in relation to judgements rendered in 2010 by the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal would be added up. It was also agreed that the cost of a P-4 legal officer working 40 hours a week, 45 weeks per year, would be used as an average. An additional 20 per cent would be added to reflect the additional staff hours spent by management and senior management in reviewing cases, as well as administrative support.", "243. Submissions calculating the time spent on cases in which the Dispute Tribunal had rendered judgements were received from the Dispute Tribunal Registries, the Office of Legal Affairs, the Office of Human Resources Management, UNDP, UNICEF, the United Nations Office for Project Services, UNFPA, the Management Evaluation Unit and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. Submissions calculating the time spent on the Appeals Tribunal cases were provided by the Appeals Tribunal Registry, the Office of Legal Affairs and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. Averages for Dispute Tribunal and Appeals Tribunal cases are provided separately below. The methodology by which these figures were obtained can be made available upon request.", "244. It should be noted that the number of hours spent on individual cases may vary widely. In addition, the numbers provided by the Office of Staff Legal Assistance do not reflect time spent on cases by volunteers, nor do they reflect the large amount of time spent by the Office providing summary advice or working on cases that do not result in a formal appeal.", "245. Taking into account the information provided by each of the various offices and entities, the average staff time spent on a Dispute Tribunal case is 400.3 hours, and on an Appeals Tribunal case, 230.5 hours (calculated on the basis of a P-4 staff member working 40 hours a week, 45 weeks per year).", "246. With respect to paragraph 53 (d) of resolution 65/251, relating to payments of compensation of six months or more, the Secretary-General provides information on such payments in annex III to the present report.", "IV. Issues relevant to the review by the General Assembly of the statutes of the Tribunals", "A. Introduction", "247. In paragraph 46 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly decided to “defer until its sixty-sixth session a review of the statutes of the Tribunals, in the light of experience gained, including on the efficiency of the overall functioning of the Tribunals”. In order to assist the Assembly with its review of the statutes of the Tribunals, the Secretary-General raises the following issues for the consideration of the Assembly. In raising these issues, the Secretary-General emphasizes that the discussion of them is without prejudice to the principle of judicial independence. As the Assembly is the body that established the Tribunals, adopted their statutes and approved their rules of procedure, it is for the Assembly to determine what action, if any, should be taken in relation to these issues.", "B. Rules of procedure of the Tribunals", "248. Article 7 of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal provides that the Dispute Tribunal shall establish its own rules of procedure, which are subject to approval by the General Assembly. Similarly, article 6 of the statute of the Appeals Tribunal provides that the Appeals Tribunal shall establish its own rules of procedure, which are subject to approval by the Assembly. As the Assembly will be considering the report on amendments to the rules of procedure of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal (A/66/86), the Secretary-General submits to the Assembly for its consideration the following observations related to the rules of procedure.", "1. Consultation for the amendment of the rules of procedure", "249. The statutes of the Tribunals do not currently provide for the parties to recommend or to be consulted on amendments to the rules of procedure of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal. As the parties that appear before the Tribunals would provide an important perspective regarding the impact of the proposed amendments, prior consultation with the parties would benefit the process of amending the rules of procedure of the Tribunals. The absence of an express provision in their statutes or in the rules of procedure does not prevent the Tribunals from undertaking consultation with the parties prior to amending their rules of procedure. Notably, while the statute and the rules of procedure of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia do not provide for a consultative process for the amendment of the rules of procedure, in practice, representatives of the Registry, the Office of the Prosecutor and defence counsel participate in a “rules committee” that has been established to consider proposed amendments of the Tribunal’s rules of procedure before those amendments are adopted by the judges.", "250. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly encourage the Tribunals to consult with the parties appearing before them when making amendments to their rules of procedure.", "2. Dismissal of manifestly inadmissible or unfounded cases", "251. Article 9 of the rules of procedure of the Dispute Tribunal states, “A party may move for summary judgement when there is no dispute as to the material facts of the case and a party is entitled to judgement as a matter of law”. Under this provision, a non‑meritorious claim cannot be dismissed so long as there is a dispute as to the material facts. By contrast, the administrative tribunals of other intergovernmental organizations provide for mechanisms to address non-meritorious claims.[8] For example, article 76 of the rules of procedure of the European Union Civil Service Tribunal states that “where the action is, in whole or in part, manifestly inadmissible or manifestly lacking any foundation in law, the Tribunal may, without taking further steps in the proceedings, give a decision by way of reasoned order”. In 2010, 10 of the 129 cases before the European Union Civil Service Tribunal were resolved on the basis of that provision.", "252. Furthermore, the Secretary-General notes that the rules of procedure of the Appeals Tribunal do not provide for any mechanism to address non-meritorious appeals expeditiously. Of the other intergovernmental organizations with administrative tribunals, only the European Union provides for appellate review. Judgements of the European Union Civil Service Tribunal may be appealed to the General Court. Article 111 of the rules of procedure of the General Court states that where an action is “manifestly inadmissible or manifestly lacking any foundation in law”, the General Court may decide on an action “without taking further steps in the proceedings”.", "253. Regarding the types of cases that may be dismissed on the grounds that they are manifestly inadmissible or unfounded, the Secretary-General recalls that the Appeals Tribunal ruled as early as in July 2010 that the Dispute Tribunal did not have the authority to review or revise judgements of the former United Nations Administrative Tribunal.[9] Nevertheless, to date, the Appeals Tribunal has received at least five appeals seeking revision of judgements by the Administrative Tribunal. Although these submissions may be appropriately considered to be “manifestly lacking any foundation in law”, the Appeals Tribunal has no mechanism to dismiss such cases expeditiously. Consequently, the Organization bears the costs of issuing a full judgement for each of these cases ($3,600 per judgement), in addition to the costs incurred by the Organization in preparing the responses to such appeals.", "254. In order to ensure that frivolous cases can be dismissed expeditiously so that the resources of the system of administration of justice can be used more efficiently, the General Assembly may consider amending article 7.2 (h) of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal so that its rules of procedure will include a provision concerning “procedures for the summary dismissal of cases, including cases that are manifestly inadmissible or manifestly lacking any foundation in law”. The Assembly may also consider amending article 6 of the statute of the Appeals Tribunal so that its rules of procedure will include a similar provision.", "255. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 7.2 (h) of the statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and article 6 of the statute of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal to provide for a mechanism in their rules of procedure to dismiss expeditiously cases that are manifestly inadmissible or manifestly lacking any foundation in law.", "3. Audio recording of oral hearings", "256. As indicated in paragraph 49 above, the Secretary-General has requested budgetary resources to permit the audio recordings of oral hearings to be maintained. While the Appeals Tribunal has ruled in one case that a party is “entitled to the record of the testimonies made at those proceedings from the relevant Dispute Tribunal Registry”,[10] such records have not always been made available to the parties upon request. In June 2011, the parties were informed that the “Registries of the Dispute Tribunal are not required under the statute and rules of procedure to make audio recordings of oral proceedings”.", "257. The Secretary-General notes that, in cases where the Dispute Tribunal’s assessment of the facts is based extensively or exclusively on the oral evidence presented during the proceedings, and the Dispute Tribunal fails to provide the parties with a record of such oral evidence, the parties are unable to exercise their right to appeal in any meaningful manner. While the parties may rely on their own notes of the oral evidence, the Appeals Tribunal will be unable to make an assessment as to whether the Dispute Tribunal’s account of the oral evidence or the parties’ account is accurate if there is no objective record of that evidence.", "258. In order to ensure that audio recordings of oral hearings are maintained and made available to the parties upon request, the General Assembly may consider amending article 7.2 (e) of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal so that its rules of procedure will include a provision concerning “oral hearings, including the audio recordings of oral hearings, which shall be made available to the parties upon request”.", "259. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly revise article 7.2 (e) of the statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal to provide that audio recordings of oral hearings before the Tribunal are to be maintained and made available to the parties upon request.", "4. Redaction of names of staff members", "260. Article 11.6 of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal provides that the “judgements of the Dispute Tribunal shall be published, while protecting personal data, and made generally available by the Registry of the Tribunal”.", "261. The Secretary-General notes that in a number of cases, staff members either directly or indirectly involved in a contested decision have been identified by name by the Dispute Tribunal in the judgements. In some cases, in which the contested decision has been determined by the Dispute Tribunal to be vitiated, the actions and character of such staff members have been described by the Tribunal in intemperate terms. The identification of staff members by name and the description of their actions and characters in intemperate terms in Dispute Tribunal judgements have led some staff members to file complaints against the judges and raise concerns about defamation.", "262. In view of article 11.6 of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal and the need to ensure that the names and character of staff members are not unfairly impugned in Dispute Tribunal judgements, the General Assembly may consider amending article 7.2 (f) of the statute of the Tribunal so that its rules of procedure will include a provision concerning “publication of judgements, including a procedure for the redaction of names from judgements upon the request of the individuals concerned”.", "263. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 7.2 (f) of the statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal so that its rules of procedure will include a provision concerning “publication of judgements, including a procedure for the redaction of names from judgements upon the request of the individuals concerned”.", "5. Suspensory effect of appeals of interlocutory orders", "264. Pursuant to article 11.3 of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal, judgements are “executable following the expiry of the time provided for appeal”. Moreover, article 7.5 of the statute of the Appeals Tribunal provides that the “filing of appeals shall have the effect of suspending the execution of the judgement contested”. Although the statutes of the two Tribunals refer only to the appeal of judgements, the Appeals Tribunal has recognized that in limited circumstances, appeals of interlocutory orders are also permissible. Therefore, it would seem appropriate for article 11.3 of the Dispute Tribunal statute and article 7.5 of the Appeals Tribunal statute to apply to appeals of interlocutory orders.", "265. A lack of clarity regarding whether an appeal suspends the obligation to execute a contested interlocutory order has led the Dispute Tribunal to prohibit the appealing party from appearing before it, an outcome that was subsequently nullified by the Appeals Tribunal.[11] The authority to impose such a prohibition is now codified in the amended article 19 of the Dispute Tribunal’s rules of procedure, which allows the Tribunal to issue any order that it considers appropriate, “including a decision dismissing the application or response”, where a party fails to comply with an interlocutory order. The Secretary-General believes that the right of the Dispute Tribunal to enforce compliance with interlocutory orders must be balanced against the right of the parties to appeal interlocutory orders in good faith, particularly in cases in which the Secretary-General would otherwise be required to execute an interlocutory order issued by the Dispute Tribunal that contradicts the established jurisprudence of the Appeals Tribunal. The General Assembly may consider amending article 11.5 of the Dispute Tribunal statute and article 7.5 of the Appeals Tribunal statute to confirm that these provisions apply equally to all decisions issued by the Dispute Tribunal, whether in the form of judgements or orders.", "266. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 11.3 of the statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal to clarify that the interlocutory orders issued by the Tribunal may be subject to appeal. The Secretary-General also recommends that the Assembly amend article 7.5 of the statute of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal to clarify that appealing an interlocutory order issued by the Dispute Tribunal shall have the effect of suspending the execution of the contested order. The related provisions of the rules of procedure of the Tribunals would also need to be amended.", "6. Deadlines for filing appeals with the Appeals Tribunal", "267. Article 7.1 (c) of the statute of the Appeals Tribunal establishes a 45-day deadline for filing appeals.[12] There are currently no deadlines set out in the statute for appealing interlocutory orders, although in practice the Appeals Tribunal has imposed a 15-day deadline.[13]", "268. In view of the limited resources of the parties and the delays encountered in transferring relevant files between duty stations, the Secretary-General considers that extending the deadline for filing appeals by an additional 15 days would facilitate a fuller briefing on the legal issues to be examined by the Appeals Tribunal. The minimal delay occasioned by extending the deadline by an additional 15 days should be weighed against the significant gains that would result from allowing for a more thorough examination of the legal issues raised in the appeals, particularly during this initial period of the Appeals Tribunal, when many fundamental issues are being examined for the first time.", "269. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 7.1 (c) of the statute of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal to extend the deadline for filing appeals of United Nations Dispute Tribunal judgements from 45 days to 60 days and to establish a 30-day deadline for filing appeals of interlocutory orders. The related provisions of the rules of procedure of the Appeals Tribunal would also need to be amended.", "C. Jurisdiction of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal over acts and omissions by independent entities in connection with the performance of their operational mandates", "270. Article 2.1 (a) of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal establishes the Tribunal’s jurisdiction over an “administrative decision that is alleged to be in non-compliance with the terms of appointment or the contract of employment”. In interpreting the term “administrative decision”, the United Nations Administrative Tribunal held that “administrative decisions are characterized by the fact that they are taken by the Administration, they are unilateral and of individual application, and they carry direct legal consequences” for the terms and conditions of employment of the staff member.[14] Elaborating on the first criterion (that administrative decisions must be taken by the Administration), the Administrative Tribunal held, in its judgement No. 1359, Perez-Soto (2007), that a decision made by the Ombudsman not to investigate a harassment complaint did not constitute an administrative decision, since any acts or omissions on the part of the Ombudsman could not be attributed to the Administration in view of the Ombudsman’s independent status.", "271. The administrative tribunals of other international organizations have also recognized the basic principle that when an entity acts independently from management, the organization does not have effective control over the entity and therefore cannot be held liable for its acts or omissions. For example, there have been two separate cases in which staff members of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have alleged that the staff associations of their organizations were responsible for publishing confidential personnel information and filed claims against those organizations.[15] Both the IMF Administrative Tribunal and the World Bank Administrative Tribunal dismissed those claims, ruling that the organizations could not be held liable for actions of the staff associations, which did not act “at the instruction of management or under the effective control of management”.[16]", "272. The Secretary-General notes that a number of entities with an independent status have been established pursuant to General Assembly resolutions. These entities include the Ombudsman, OIOS, the Ethics Office and the Office of Administration of Justice, all of which enjoy operational independence.[17] The issue of the competence of the Dispute Tribunal over acts or omissions by these independent entities raises difficult questions, as does the possibility of holding the Secretary-General liable for acts and omissions by entities over which he has no effective control.", "273. To date, the independent entities whose acts and omissions have been challenged before the Dispute Tribunal include: (a) OIOS; (b) the Ethics Office; and (c) the Office of Staff Legal Assistance:", "(a) In a recent case examined by the Appeals Tribunal, a staff member challenged the content of an OIOS report and the procedures employed by the Office in conducting its audit. As at 15 August 2011, the judgement of the Appeals Tribunal in that case had not been issued. However, as indicated in a synopsis of the judgement (which was issued by the Appeals Tribunal Registry not as an official document, but for public information purposes), the Tribunal appears to recognize that, as the Secretary-General has no power to influence or interfere with OIOS, the United Nations Dispute Tribunal also has no jurisdiction to do so, as it can only review the Secretary-General’s administrative decisions;", "(b) In at least three cases, staff members have filed applications with the Dispute Tribunal challenging a determination made by the Ethics Office that they were not subject to retaliation. In rejecting the argument that the General Assembly’s request that the Secretary-General create an Ethics Office with an “independent status” required the Secretary-General to respect that status, the Dispute Tribunal opined that “recommendations of the General Assembly must be given serious consideration” but are not dispositive for assessing whether the Ethics Office enjoys an independent status.[18] As the Dispute Tribunal has not yet issued a final judgement addressing the issue of whether a determination made by the Ethics Office regarding retaliation constitutes an administrative decision, the Appeals Tribunal has not yet pronounced itself on that issue;", "(c) In a recent case examined by the Appeals Tribunal, a staff member challenged the alleged failure of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance to disclose a conflict of interest. The Secretary-General maintained that acts and omissions of the Office did not constitute decisions by the Administration and, as such, fell outside the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal, which was limited to reviewing “administrative decisions”. In that connection, the Secretary-General noted that the IMF Administrative Tribunal and the World Bank Administrative Tribunal had rejected the argument that the respective international organizations could be held liable for the contested acts by the staff associations, since the primary purpose of staff associations was to advocate on behalf of staff interests and to “express viewpoints independent from, and sometimes in opposition to … management”.[19] This reasoning would apply with even greater force to the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, given that the adversarial nature of litigation means that the Office often expresses viewpoints in opposition to management. As at 15 August 2011, the judgement of the Appeals Tribunal in that case had not been issued. However, as indicated in a synopsis of the judgement, the Appeals Tribunal appears to have ruled that acts and omissions of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance fall within the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal, as the services provided by the Office and the manner in which the representation is implemented can have an impact on the terms of appointment. The implication of holding the Secretary-General legally and financially liable for acts and omissions of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance would be that if staff members are unable to prevail in their challenges of administrative decisions taken by the Secretary-General, they may nevertheless claim compensation from the Organization if they are able to establish that the legal advice provided by the Office was somehow deficient.", "274. The jurisprudence emerging from the Appeals Tribunal appears to indicate that, while the acts and omissions of certain independent entities such as OIOS may fall outside the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal, the acts and omissions of other independent entities such as the Office of Staff Legal Assistance may be reviewed by the Dispute Tribunal. Furthermore, the Secretary-General notes that any guidance of the Appeals Tribunal on these issues may not necessarily be dispositive, as the Dispute Tribunal has emphasized that it will consider rules established by the Appeals Tribunal to be applicable only where they are “in conformity with general principles of law”.[20]", "275. Accordingly, the Secretary-General considers that it may be helpful for the General Assembly to clarify its intent regarding the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal. In that connection, the Secretary-General emphasizes that excluding the acts and omissions of independent entities from the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal would not mean that staff members would be deprived of recourse where they believed that their rights had been violated by such entities.", "276. First, in a situation in which the Secretary-General takes an administrative decision based on an impugned act or omission by an independent entity, the decision itself can be challenged before the Dispute Tribunal. For example, if the Ethics Office determines that a staff member engaged in retaliation and the Secretary-General decides to impose a disciplinary measure against the staff member on the basis of the determination made by the Ethics Office, the staff member could then file an application with the Dispute Tribunal challenging the Secretary-General’s imposition of the disciplinary measure and his reliance on an allegedly faulty determination by the Ethics Office. However, a determination by the Ethics Office regarding retaliation should not be subject to challenge before the Dispute Tribunal. As the independent status of the Ethics Office prevents the Secretary-General from instructing the Office how to make its determination of retaliation, the Secretary-General cannot be held liable for determinations made by the Office, even if they subsequently prove to be flawed.", "277. Secondly, where a staff member challenges an act or omission by an independent entity related to the performance of its managerial functions, the extension of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal over such matters would not raise any problems in terms of the entity’s independent status. For example, an application challenging the manner in which a selection process in OIOS had been conducted would clearly fall within the Dispute Tribunal’s jurisdiction.", "278. The exercise of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal over acts and omissions of independent entities is problematic only where a staff member’s claims relate to the manner in which such entities carry out their operational responsibilities. As the manner in which independent entities carry out their operational responsibilities lies outside the effective control of the Secretary-General, the Secretary-General is of the view that any acts and omissions by the independent entities in relation to their operational mandates cannot be attributed to him, and that he should not be held legally or financially liable for them. Indeed, the imposition of liability under these circumstances will not advance the goal of strengthening accountability, as the Secretary-General has no authority to influence or correct the acts and omissions by the independent entities challenged by the staff members. The General Assembly may wish to consider the appropriateness of imposing financial liability and expending the public funds of the Organization where no fault on the part of the Secretary-General has been established.", "279. Should the General Assembly wish to clarify that the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal over administrative decisions is limited to those decisions that have been taken by or on behalf of the Secretary-General, it may consider amending article 2.1 (a) of the Dispute Tribunal’s statute to refer to “an administrative decision unilaterally taken by or on behalf of the Secretary-General that is alleged to be in non-compliance with the terms of appointment or the contract of employment”.", "280. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 2.1 (a) of the statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal to refer to “an administrative decision unilaterally taken by or on behalf of the Secretary-General that is alleged to be in non-compliance with the terms of appointment or the contract of employment”.", "281. Another emerging issue is whether the Dispute Tribunal has jurisdiction over the implementation by the Secretary-General of decisions taken by governing bodies, such as the General Assembly or its subsidiary bodies. To date, staff members have filed applications with the Dispute Tribunal challenging actions taken by the Secretary-General to implement Assembly resolutions and decisions of the International Civil Service Commission (ICSC).", "1. General Assembly", "282. Under Article 101 of the Charter of the United Nations, “staff shall be appointed by the Secretary-General under regulations established by the General Assembly”. Pursuant to that provision, the Assembly promulgates the Staff Regulations and may modify the Staff Rules. Through its resolutions, the Assembly approves the Organization’s policies relating to human resources management.", "283. In 2010, the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/248, approved the recommendations of the International Civil Service Commission on the harmonization of the conditions of service of staff of the organizations of the United Nations common system serving in non-family duty stations. The consequence of that decision was that a particular benefit, called the “personal transitional allowance”, would be discontinued. In the same resolution, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to facilitate the immediate implementation of the recommendations of the Commission concerning the harmonization of the conditions of service in non-family duty stations. Accordingly, the Department of Field Support informed staff members serving in the field that the changes approved by the Assembly would become effective on 1 July 2011. In June 2011, the first application challenging the discontinuation of the personal transitional allowance was filed with the Dispute Tribunal. The application alleged that the discontinuation of the personal transitional allowance had an adverse impact on single women, suggesting that it constituted discrimination on the basis of gender or personal status.", "284. The Charter requires the Secretary-General to implement the regulations established by the General Assembly on the administration of staff, and, as a consequence, the Secretary-General is also required to implement policies on human resources management as set out in Assembly resolutions. The United Nations Administrative Tribunal had previously held that “the Tribunal is neither the General Assembly nor the Secretary-General, and therefore it is not in a position to substitute its judgement for policy decisions on personnel matters”.[21] The legal authority of the resolutions of the General Assembly was reaffirmed in paragraph 9 of resolution 65/251, in which the Assembly stressed that “all elements of the new system of administration of justice must work in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the legal and regulatory framework approved by the General Assembly”.", "285. However, the Dispute Tribunal has held that the Secretary-General’s obligation to comply with General Assembly resolutions cannot be invoked as a reason for declining to take a particular action when inaction would lead to a violation of human rights norms, such as the principle of equal pay for equal work. Such a ruling has been confirmed by the Appeals Tribunal.[22] In short, in cases where the Dispute Tribunal determines that the implementation of an Assembly resolution will lead to outcomes inconsistent with human rights norms, then the Secretary-General may be held legally and financially liable for complying with that resolution.", "2. International Civil Service Commission", "286. The International Civil Service Commission is a subsidiary body of the General Assembly, and its statute was approved by the Assembly in its resolution 3357 (XXIX). Article 6 of its statute expressly prohibits the Commission from taking any instructions from an organization that is participating in the common system and is therefore independent of the Secretary-General. Article 25 (3) of the statute provides that the decisions of the Commission “shall be applied by each organization with effect from a date to be determined by the Commission”.", "287. In December 2009, the Commission decided to change the duty-station classification of Nairobi from category “C” to category “B”. The duty-station classification of Addis Ababa was also changed from category “C” to category “B”. Both of these changes took effect on 1 January 2011. The Commission’s classifications of duty stations, ranging from category “A” to category “E”, reflect the difficulty of conditions of life and work, with category “E” reserved for the most difficult duty stations. As a consequence of the reclassification of the duty stations, in Nairobi and Addis Ababa, staff members serving there receive a lower amount of hardship allowance and are entitled to home leave only once every 24 months, as opposed to once every 12 months. Staff members at both duty stations have contested the Secretary-General’s implementation of the Commission’s decision.", "288. The Secretary-General is obliged to implement the Commission’s reclassification of Nairobi, in view of article 25 (3) of the Commission’s statute and staff rule 3.14, which requires the Secretary-General to determine the amount of the hardship allowance “taking into account the degree of difficulty of life and work at each duty station as per the classification of duty stations established by the International Civil Service Commission”. Moreover, the United Nations Administrative Tribunal emphasized that Commission decisions were binding on the Secretary-General. In Administrative Tribunal judgement No. 421 (Chatwani), the Tribunal ruled that “it is not for the United Nations Secretary-General or for the Secretaries-General or Directors-General of the other organizations in the common system to revise, modify or rescind a decision adopted by the Commission in accordance with its statute”.[23]", "3. Clarification of the scope of the jurisdiction of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "289. Challenges to the implementation by the Secretary-General of decisions by governing bodies, including General Assembly resolutions and decisions by the International Civil Service Commission, are still being reviewed by the Dispute Tribunal. Notably, the Appeals Tribunal has already rejected the argument, made by the Secretary-General in one case, that taking the action requested by the staff member would be contrary to a General Assembly resolution on a budgetary matter, holding that budgetary considerations “may not trump the requirement of equal treatment”.[24]", "290. Even after the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal rule on particular cases in which the Secretary-General’s implementation of General Assembly resolutions and International Civil Service Commission decisions has been challenged, such judgements will not necessarily be dispositive for other situations, as the decisions of those governing bodies cover a broad range of issues relating to human resources management. Moreover, the Dispute Tribunal has emphasized that it will consider rules established by the Appeals Tribunal to be applicable only where they are “in conformity with general principles of law”.[25]", "291. Accordingly, the Secretary-General considers that it may be helpful for the General Assembly to clarify its intent regarding the scope of the Dispute Tribunal’s jurisdiction. The Assembly may wish to consider the appropriateness of imposing financial liability and expending the public funds of the Organization where the Secretary-General has taken action to implement the decisions of governing bodies such as the Assembly and the International Civil Service Commission.", "292. Should the General Assembly wish to clarify that the scope of the Dispute Tribunal’s jurisdiction would not extend to the implementation by the Secretary-General of decisions of governing bodies such as the Assembly and the Commission, it may consider amending article 2.1 (a) of the Dispute Tribunal’s Statute to refer to “an administrative decision unilaterally taken by or on behalf of the Secretary-General that is alleged to be in non-compliance with the terms of appointment or the contract of employment”. An action taken by the Secretary-General to implement decisions of governing bodies would not constitute an administrative decision unilaterally taken by the Secretary-General, since he does not have the latitude to act in a manner contrary to decisions by those governing bodies.", "293. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 2.1 (a) of the statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal to refer to “an administrative decision unilaterally taken by or on behalf of the Secretary-General that is alleged to be in non-compliance with the terms of appointment or the contract of employment”.", "V. Resource requirements", "294. The Secretary-General has identified various areas in the formal justice system requiring strengthening in order to fulfil the mandate that the new system be “independent, transparent, professionalized, adequately resourced and decentralized”. The requirements for the informal system are presented separately in the report of the United Nations Ombudsman. For all of the reasons set out above, the Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly consider enhancing the formal justice system with the following post and non-post resources, besides those requested in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6):", "(a) With respect to the Management Evaluation Unit, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 19 and 20 above, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly establish an additional post of Legal Officer (P-3) to support the work of the Unit;", "(b) With respect to the Dispute Tribunal and its Registries, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 42-44 above, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly appoint three additional full-time judges (one each in Geneva, Nairobi and New York) to the Tribunal, reclassify one P-2 Legal Officer post in the Registry in New York as a P-3 post and establish six new posts (3 P-3, 2 General Service (Other level) and 1 General Service (Local level)) to support the additional full-time judges, effective 1 January 2012. The aforementioned capacity was initially approved by the Assembly in its resolution 63/253 for a period of one year effective 1 July 2009 and extended until 31 December 2011 by resolution 65/251, and funded through the use of the limited budgetary discretion granted to the Secretary-General in resolution 60/283 and extended in resolution 64/260. The present proposal is aimed at regularizing the temporary capacity available to the Dispute Tribunal, as set out above;", "(c) With respect to non-post resources for the Dispute Tribunal, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 49-51 above, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly approve the resources for communications ($25,000) and travel ($155,000);", "(d) With respect to the Registry of the Appeals Tribunal, the Secretary-General recommends, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 71-78 above, that it be strengthened with one Legal Officer (P-4), effective 1 January 2012, as well as additional resources for travel ($280,200) to facilitate a third annual session of the Tribunal and for increased travel privileges of the Tribunal’s judges;", "(e) With respect to the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 83-92 above, the Secretary-General recommends that it be strengthened with four posts (1 P-4 and 1 General Service (Local level) in Nairobi, 1 P-4 in New York and 1 General Service (Other level) in Geneva), effective 1 January 2012. The Secretary-General also recommends that the P-3 position established by resolution 65/251, effective 1 January 2011, currently funded from the support account for peacekeeping operations until 31 December 2011, be continued until 31 December 2012. In addition, the Secretary-General requests resources for communications ($11,200), travel ($15,000) and supplies ($9,000);", "(f) With respect to the Office of the Executive Director of the Office of Administration of Justice, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 101-108 above, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly authorize general temporary assistance ($130,000) for remuneration for the external members of the Internal Justice Council and to provide for the replacement of staff during extended sick and maternity leave. In addition, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly approve the resources for travel ($30,000), contractual services ($37,500) and the acquisition of software packages ($37,500);", "(g) With respect to Secretariat offices representing the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 115-156 above, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly approve 11 new posts (5 P-4, 3 P‑3, 1 General Service (Other level) and 2 General Service (Local Level)), effective 1 January 2012. These include five posts (2 P-4 and 3 P-3) in the Office of Human Resources Management, two posts (1 P-4 and 1 General Service (Other level)) in the United Nations Office at Geneva, two posts (1 P-4 and 1 General Service (Local level)) in the United Nations Office at Nairobi and two posts (1 P-4 and 1 General Service (Local level)) in the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. The Secretary-General, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 153-156 above, recommends that the Assembly approve the resources ($60,000) for travel to conduct outreach missions and for travel to Tribunal hearings at other duty stations;", "(h) With respect to the Office of Legal Affairs, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 172-186 above, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly establish three posts (2 P-4 and 1 P-3) in the General Legal Division, effective 1 January 2012.", "295. Accordingly, should the General Assembly agree with the above proposals, additional resource requirements in the amount of $8,657,900 (before recosting) would be considered in accordance with the provisions governing the contingency fund in accordance with the terms of Assembly resolutions 41/213 and 42/211. In this regard, it is recalled that the Assembly, in its resolution 65/262, approved a contingency fund for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of $40.5 million.", "296. All new posts reflected in the present report are proposed to be established as from 1 January 2012. Given that the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, in paragraph 20 of its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/62/7) recommended that information on the delayed impact of posts be reflected in any new proposals, the Assembly may wish to note that the additional requirements for the full costing of the proposed 26 new posts in the biennium 2014-2015 are currently estimated at $3,356,400 under section 1, Overall policymaking, direction and coordination, $1,072,200; section 8, Legal affairs, $432,200; section 19, Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific, $173,500; section 29A, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management, $126,200; section 29C, Office of Human Resources Management, $684,600; section 29E, Administration, Geneva, $234,500; section 29G, Administration, Nairobi, $168,300; and section 37, Staff assessment, $464,900, to be offset by an equivalent amount under income section 1, Income from staff assessment.", "VI. Conclusions and actions to be taken by the General Assembly", "297. The Secretary-General considers that the recommendations contained in the present report will provide necessary additional strength to the new internal justice system, which already enjoys the confidence of both staff and management. He requests the General Assembly to give due consideration to these proposals and to approve the resources necessary to strengthen its implementation.", "298. Accordingly, the General Assembly is requested to:", "(a) Approve the establishment of 26 new posts (10 P-4, 8 P-3, 4 General Service (Other level) and 4 General Service (Local level)), effective 1 January 2012, under the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(b) Approve the reclassification of one P-2 post as a P-3 post, effective 1 January 2012, under the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(c) Appropriate a total amount of $8,657,900 (before recosting) under the programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, comprising increases under section 1, Overall policymaking, direction and coordination ($3,889,700); section 8, Legal affairs ($559,700); section 19, Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific ($388,400); section 29A, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management ($164,300); section 29C, Office of Human Resources Management ($948,300); section 29D, Office of Central Support Services ($832,700); section 29E, Administration, Geneva ($636,600); and section 29G, Administration, Nairobi ($577,200), and an increase under section 37, Staff assessment ($661,000), to be offset by a corresponding amount under income section 1, Income from staff assessment. The provision would represent a charge against the contingency fund;", "(d) Approve the continuation of a P-3 position in Nairobi, effective 1 January 2012, for an additional one year, to be funded from the budget for the support account for peacekeeping operations, and the related costs to be reported in the context of the performance report relating to the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 and reflected in the budget proposals for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013.", "Annex I", "Proposals for staff-funded mechanisms to fund the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "Staff funding mechanism for the Office of Staff Legal Assistance: concept paper", "I. Introduction", "1. The present concept paper presents various staff funded mechanisms for supporting the Office of Staff Legal Assistance (OSLA) of the Office of Administration of Justice (OAJ), as requested by the General Assembly in paragraphs 40 and 41 of its resolution 65/251. The concept paper addresses the Assembly’s request for the submission of proposals based on both mandatory and voluntary contribution models.", "2. There are elements common to both the mandatory and the voluntary options presented in the present paper. Specifically, the General Assembly would continue to determine the staffing table of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance and its other financial needs upon the consideration of budgetary proposals by the Secretary-General. In addition, the Secretary-General notes that any decisions regarding the staffing requirements of the Office must take into account any decision taken by the Assembly regarding the mandate and functioning of the Office. The Office posts created pursuant to resolution 63/253 would continue to be funded through the regular budget. The staff funding mechanisms proposed would serve to offset some of the costs of enhancements to the Office’s current staffing table as proposed by the Secretary-General. The final common element is that the proposed contributions from staff, either mandatory or voluntary, would be deducted monthly through payroll.", "3. Specifically, regarding the mandatory option, it bears noting that, as the General Assembly established the Office of Staff Legal Assistance as part of the Organization’s internal system of administration of justice, the expenses associated with its operation constitute expenses of the Organization. Pursuant to Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations, “expenses of the Organization shall be borne by the Members as apportioned by the General Assembly”. The intention of this paragraph, to require the Member States to bear the expenses of the Organization, is clear from the legislative history of this provision.[26]", "4. Accordingly, requiring staff members to bear part of the costs of an “expense” of the Organization, which, under the Charter is to be borne by the Member States, raises legal concerns. Introducing staff-funded schemes for activities of the Organization mandated by the Assembly raises the possibility that in future, other “expenses” of the Organization that might be seen to benefit staff would be underwritten in whole or in part through a levy on staff members.", "II. Mandatory mechanisms for staff funding of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "5. There are three possible mandatory models for a staff funding mechanism for the Office of Staff Legal Assistance: (a) a universal model under which all staff members would contribute a percentage of salary; (b) a model under which only the staff actually using services of the Office would be charged a fee for their use; and (c) a model under which a percentage of dues collected by staff unions and associations would be used to fund activities of the Office. All three models are discussed below.", "6. As at 30 June 2010, the population of staff members of the Secretariat and the funds and programmes comprised approximately 45,000 General Service staff members, approximately 30,000 Professional and Field Service staff members, and approximately 1,525 staff members at the Director level and above who have access to the system of administration of justice (see A/65/350 and CEB/2010/HLCM/HR/24).", "A. Universal mandatory model", "7. Under a universal mandatory model, a fee would be assessed against each staff member. An important consideration for assessing any fee against staff is that salary scales, in particular local salary scales, differ greatly from duty station to duty station. Thus, any fee assessed would need to reflect the various salary scales to ensure that it was equitable and proportionate to the actual salary of each staff member. One possibility would be to assess a percentage of the salary of each staff member having access to the system of administration of justice (for example, .001 per cent). Alternatively, the amount of the fee could be fixed, but dependent upon a determination of the level, grade and duty station of the staff member. The fee would be deducted monthly by payroll.", "8. Staff contributions collected would be used to offset some of the expenses of posts other than those currently reflected in the Office of Staff Legal Assistance staffing table established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/253 (1 P-5, 5 P-3, 1 P-2 and 3 General Service posts).", "9. There are several benefits associated with this model. Principally, with a large staff population, even de minimus individual contributions would result in a significant amount of money to fund the Office. Equally, a universal and mandatory scheme would be the most consistent and stable source of revenue.", "10. However, there are also concerns with respect to a mandatory scheme. The first is that, generally, a very small percentage of staff members are expected to avail themselves of the services of the Office. Currently, the percentage of staff who are filing complaints in the formal system is less than 1 per cent. Therefore, approximately 99 per cent of staff would help to pay for services used by less than 1 per cent. This raises concerns as to the fairness of imposing a general levy in the form of a universal mandatory scheme.", "11. Another concern relates to the fact that, pursuant to jurisprudence of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal,[27] the Office may decline to provide assistance in a case when it determines that the case lacks legal merit or has sufficiently little possibility of success before the Tribunals. This jurisprudence accords with the generally accepted principle that an officer of the court may not bring before a court a case that he or she does not believe in good faith to have legal merit. Additionally, organizational resources should not be squandered on matters with little or no likelihood of having a positive outcome. However, if a mandatory levy is imposed on all staff, individual staff members may feel that they have a right to representation by the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, irrespective of whether their cases have legal merit or a reasonable likelihood of success. There is a risk, therefore, that if a staff member is denied services despite having paid a levy, he or she might make a complaint or even formally appeal the decision, with additional and possibly significant cost implications for the Organization.", "12. This scenario might occur under either a mandatory or a voluntary scheme, as, theoretically, any staff member making a contribution, either mandatory or voluntary, might argue that the payment creates an entitlement to services.", "13. Finally, staff members mandated to contribute to the services of an Office established by the General Assembly may consider this a violation of their terms of appointment and conditions of service and appeal it. If a staff member succeeds with such a claim, the Organization will be obliged to reimburse the staff contributions, possibly with additional compensatory payments, at a later stage, to all staff members, with interest.", "B. Mandatory assessment for users of services of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "14. A second possible mandatory staff-funding option would be to mandate that only those staff members who avail themselves of the services of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance would be required to make a contribution. This model would address the concern that staff members who do not avail themselves of the services of the Office would not be required to bear the costs of its funding.", "15. If this option is accepted, the required contribution would need to be determined. A fixed contribution would be, essentially, the assessment of a fee for the use of the Office. Other modalities could be contemplated, such as requiring successful applicants to donate a percentage of any compensation awarded.", "16. However, because the number of staff members making use of the services of the Office constitutes a very small percentage of the total staff population (approximately 1,000 staff members per year seek the services of the Office), the fee assessed against individual users would need to be higher than the de minimus contribution considered under the universal mandatory model. For example, the annual cost of a P-4 post in Geneva is $227,300. Thus, in order to fully fund a single P-4 post for the Office of Staff Legal Assistance in Geneva, the fee assessed against users of the Office would have to be $227.30 per user. If it were determined that the scheme should only offset a percentage of the costs associated with additional Office posts, the fixed fee would be larger or smaller, depending on the number of posts and the percentage to be offset.", "17. Notably, the concern that staff members who have made a mandatory contribution would demand continued legal services and complain or even appeal if the Office declined to represent them, as mentioned above in relation to the universal contribution model, would also apply to this model. However, it could be mitigated if the fee charged to the staff member varied according to the range of services provided to the staff member by the Office. For example, staff members could be charged a fee of $300 for the negotiation and settlement of their case by the Office, but incur a fee of only $50 for telephone advice from the Office.", "C. Mandatory assessment against dues collected by staff unions and associations", "18. A third possible mandatory model would be one under which staff associations and staff unions would be required to contribute a portion of the staff dues remitted to them to support the Office of Staff Legal Assistance.", "19. The remit of staff unions and associations is to promote and safeguard the rights and interests of staff. Thus, requiring a portion of the dues collected to be contributed to the Office would be analogous to imposing a mandate that staff unions and associations provide, at their expense, some form of legal insurance for the staff whom they represent.", "20. Concerns regarding the imposition of a mandatory deduction from unions’ financial resources would be similar to those regarding the imposition of a mandatory deduction on individual staff members.", "21. Currently, United Nations staff unions and associations may not impose a mandatory dues levy on the staff whom they represent. Accordingly, there are great disparities among individual unions and associations in terms of their financial resources. Several possibilities exist for determining the fee to be paid. One would be to assess a percentage of assessed dues against each staff union or association. Another would be to base the fee on the number of staff represented. A third option would be to assess a fixed amount against all unions and associations. The amount of funds that could be generated under the first two models to offset Office costs would depend on a number of factors (the amount of dues collected under the first model, and the number of staff represented and the amount assessed per person under the second). Under the third model, for example, an assessed contribution of $20,000 per staff union/association (there are 14 unions) would net $280,000 annually. There is a concern, however, that individual unions and associations, in particular those who are not well funded, might complain that the imposition of a levy would impede their ability to provide basic services to their members.", "III. Voluntary mechanisms for staff funding of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "22. There are two possible models for establishing a staff funding mechanism based on voluntary contributions. One would be a system under which a fixed percentage of a staff member’s salary would be automatically deducted to support the services provided by the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, but the staff member could elect to opt out of the system. The second would permit staff members to choose the option of contributing a fixed percentage of their salary.", "23. Both voluntary models offer the advantage that contributions are made at the consent (express or implied) of participating staff members. However, the amount of revenue that a voluntary model would generate would depend on the number of staff deciding to make contributions, and is therefore difficult to estimate without the actual experience of several annual cycles of contributions that can be assessed as a benchmark.", "24. Under both models, it would be necessary to provide staff members with some form of incentive to participate in the scheme. One possible means of encouraging participation would be for the Office to prioritize the cases of staff opting into the scheme and, should it have too many cases to handle effectively at any given time, to decline to provide assistance to a staff member opting out of the voluntary funding scheme.", "25. Another way to encourage participation would be to create two levels of Office of Staff Legal Assistance services. Staff participating in the voluntary staff funding mechanism would have access to all Office services. Staff not making voluntary contributions would have access to only basic Office services, namely, summary legal guidance/advice on the operative law and limited review of any document or pleading that the staff member has drafted in support of his or her case. In this connection, an additional incentive for participation in the voluntary scheme could be the addition of the user-pays concept under the mandatory scheme: staff members who did not opt into or have opted out of the voluntary scheme may be obliged to pay for the use of the Office.", "26. As with the mandatory model, there is a possibility that complaints and appeals could arise should the Office decline to take the case of a contributing staff member when it concludes that there is little or no chance of a successful outcome. However, these concerns can be mitigated by making it clear to staff members that the Office’s decision to provide legal assistance would take into account the merits of their claim.", "27. Furthermore, voluntary schemes raise additional questions about contribution thresholds required for the provision of enhanced services. For example, if staff members could opt into the payment of the fixed contribution immediately before they desired the services of the Office and could then opt out as soon as they had received those services, the revenues would be minimal. One solution to this problem would be to allow changes to a staff member’s opt-in/opt-out status only, for example, once a year.", "IV. Conclusions", "28. All models presented above require further consideration before implementation. As discussed above, there are legal concerns relating to the imposition of mandatory models.", "29. In addition, there are competing interests of fairness and revenue generation that must be addressed. Mandatory models, if determined to be acceptable, offer a greater likelihood of producing appreciable revenue with which to offset the costs of additional Office resources. However, the amount of revenue that would be generated, even under mandatory models, would depend on the number of paying individuals or entities and the amount or percentage assessed.", "30. “User-pays” and voluntary models are likely to be viewed as more fair, as they do not impose costs, even nominal ones, on those who do not use the services of the Office or see no value in contributing in the event that they might use them in the future. This concern is particularly salient, given that 99 per cent of staff members have not been making use, and are not expected to make use, of the Office’s services. However, it is more difficult to predict the amount of revenue that would be generated by any voluntary mechanism. Under a “user-pays” model, the issue would arise as to how to ensure that a contribution would be equitable yet sufficient without excessively decreasing the use of the Office. Therefore, further consideration would be required in order to strike an appropriate balance between making the services of the Office generally available and generating revenue.", "V. Recommendation", "31. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly take note of this presentation of proposals for mandatory or mixed-funding schemes, and indicate which specific model, if any, it considers to be suitable to serve as the basis for a more detailed proposal from the Secretariat to be submitted for its consideration.", "Annex II", "Proposal for recourse mechanisms for non-staff personnel", "Outline of Rules for Expedited Arbitration Procedures under United Nations contracts with consultants and individual contractors: concept paper", "I. Introduction", "1. The present concept paper[28] presents possible means of establishing expedited arbitration procedures for the resolution of disputes between the United Nations and certain categories of non-staff personnel, i.e., consultants and individual contractors, by incorporating streamlined elements into the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). This approach was generally alluded to in the report of the Secretary-General on administration of justice at the United Nations (A/65/373 and Corr.1, para. 171). The concept paper does not purport to address the other possible approaches to the resolution of disputes with non-staff personnel referred to in paragraph 9 of General Assembly resolution 64/233, or suggest means of resolving disputes with categories of non-staff personnel not covered by the procedures discussed herein (see General Assembly resolution 65/251, para. 55).", "2. The approach set out in paragraph 171 of the Secretary-General’s report was raised in the context of arbitrations under the auspices of local, national or regional arbitration associations for claims amounting to less than $25,000. However, the report concluded that “initiating a formal arbitration even under special procedures, for claims valued at $25,000 or less, would not necessarily be efficient or effective for the Organization” (A/65/373 and Corr.1, para. 172). Thus, the expedited procedures outlined below do not presuppose a financial limitation.", "3. The procedures set out in the present concept paper could be used for ad hoc arbitrations and for arbitrations under the auspices of an arbitration association, if the association agreed to administer arbitrations under the procedures.", "4. In simplifying arbitration procedures, it must be borne in mind that, pursuant to article VIII, section 29, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, the United Nations must provide an appropriate mode of settlement of disputes arising out of its contracts. Thus, procedures set out in the present concept paper seek to preserve essential features of due process.", "5. The following are the essential features of the procedures set out in the present concept paper:", "• A two-stage process, consisting of an informal dispute resolution phase and an expedited arbitral proceeding in case the informal dispute resolution phase fails", "• Non-waivable time limits for filing arbitration claims", "• Sole arbitrator", "• Arbitrator to be chosen from a roster of arbitrators agreed upon by the Organization and the individual contractors/consultants (see para. 7 (d) below)", "• Limitation of arbitrator’s fees", "• Elimination of an appointing authority, but exercise of certain functions of an appointing authority (e.g., selecting/appointing the arbitrator, deciding on a party’s challenge to an arbitrator) by a neutral entity", "– The neutral entity could be an international dispute settlement institution (in which case both the Organization and the claimants would have to bear their respective share of the institution’s administrative fees)", "• Transmittal of arbitration notices and other communications by electronic means, whenever feasible", "• Use of standard templates for the parties’ submissions", "• Simplification and limitation of the number of pleadings and other submissions", "• Restrictions on the amendment of pleadings and submissions", "• Testimony of witnesses to be by written affidavit, unless the arbitrator decides that the testimony of a witness should be given orally (e.g., to enable the opposing party to cross-examine the witness)", "• Conferences and consultations among the arbitrator and parties on preliminary administrative and other matters to be by teleconference or videoconference", "• Exceptionally, a party may request a hearing to cross-examine a witness, or the arbitrator may order a hearing if necessary to resolve a substantial issue of fact or law; such hearings normally to be by teleconference or videoconference, to be restricted in scope, and not to exceed two days", "• In most cases, arbitrator’s award to be based on the parties’ written pleadings and submissions (documents-only process)", "• Arbitrator to issue the award within a specified time frame, e.g., 30 days", "• Any compensation awarded to be limited to economic loss and subject to a cap", "• Depending on the number of arbitrations that will be initiated against the Organization under the proposed simplified arbitration procedures, additional resources may be required to defend the Organization and minimize its legal liability.", "II. Framework", "6. A new set of rules, called the Rules for Expedited Arbitration Procedures under United Nations Consultancy Contracts (hereinafter the “Expedited Rules”), would be prepared, using the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules as a framework. The Expedited Rules would be based on the provisions of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, modified as necessary to incorporate the expedited procedures discussed herein. The present concept paper indicates the substance (although not necessarily the wording or placement) of such modifications. It also indicates the provisions of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules that are relevant to or would be affected by the proposed procedures. It should be noted that, in addition to the points contained in this concept paper, various other consequential changes to the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules would be needed (for example, to account for the fact that there would be only one arbitrator).", "Overview of the dispute resolution process", "7. The Expedited Rules contemplate a two-stage process, consisting of an informal dispute resolution phase and an expedited arbitration proceeding. In the event that the informal dispute resolution phase fails, the parties could proceed to the formal dispute resolution phase, i.e., an expedited arbitration proceeding whose key features are discussed in the following sections.", "III. Scope of Expedited Rules (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 1)", "8. The Expedited Rules would apply to consultants and other individuals engaged by the United Nations under a contract for the services of a consultant or individual contractor (see ST/AI/1999/7/Amend.1, annex), or under analogous contract forms used by United Nations funds and programmes to contract with consultants and individual contractors (see, e.g., A/62/748 and Corr.1, para. 13 and A/65/373 and Corr.1, annex IV, para. 3). These categories of personnel are collectively referred to in the present concept paper as “individual contractors”.", "Comments", "(a) Under this approach, the Expedited Rules would apply to all individuals engaged pursuant to contracts for the services of a consultant or individual contractor, or analogous contracts. This includes, for example, those experts on mission and workers who are issued such contracts (see A/62/748 and Corr.1, paras. 33 and 40, and A/62/782, paras. 31-35 and 37-39), but not United Nations Volunteers (see A/62/748 and Corr.1, paras. 23 and 24, and A/62/782, paras. 22 and 23), officials other than Secretariat officials (see A/62/748 and Corr.1, paras. 29-31, and A/62/782, paras. 27-29) or other individuals who do not hold such contracts.", "(b) The dispute settlement clause in contracts with individual contractors would be changed to provide that disputes not resolved amicably at the informal dispute resolution phase shall be submitted to arbitration in accordance with the Expedited Rules.", "(c) The Expedited Rules would set out the specific types of contractual claims to which they would apply, e.g., claims alleging a breach of contract or the improper termination thereof. In addition, the Rules would expressly exclude certain categories of disputes from the scope of the subject-matter jurisdiction, such as claims that a contractor should be accorded the status of a staff member. With respect to the appendix D provision, the arbitrator’s role would be limited to verifying that the process accorded the claimant for determining his or her right to equivalent compensation was the one provided for under appendix D to the Staff Rules of the United Nations. In addition, the Expedited Rules would establish non-waivable time limits for filing claims.", "(d) Since, in contrast to the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, the Expedited Rules would not necessarily be familiar or readily available to individual contractors or consultants, the Expedited Rules should either be attached to each contract (including the name of the entity from which individual contractors or consultants can obtain the current list of arbitrators) or provided to each individual contractor or consultant prior to contract signature. The individual contractor or consultant must sign an acknowledgement that (i) he or she has been provided with the Expedited Rules, (ii) the Expedited Rules form an integral part of the contract and (iii) the list of arbitrators is acceptable to him or her.", "IV. Notices and other communications (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 2)", "9. The parties and the arbitrator shall transmit any notice, communication or proposal under the Expedited Rules by electronic means, unless such a mode of transmission is not available or possible for technical reasons. [Comment: These might include, for example, the non-availability or malfunctioning of electronic means of transmission, the bulkiness of a pleading or submission, etc.]", "V. Pleadings and other submissions (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 3, 4, 20, 21, 22, 23 (2), 24 and 25)", "Preliminary comment", "Under the following provisions, the respondent would not be required to submit its statement of defence until after the arbitrator had been appointed. The reason for this is that the respondent might wish to raise a plea as to the jurisdiction of the arbitrator (e.g., that the dispute is not arbitrable under the arbitration clause asserted by the claimant or that for some other reason the arbitrator lacks jurisdiction) or request an early dismissal of the claim because the claim is manifestly without legal merit. The respondent should not have to present its full statement of defence and accompanying documents until an arbitrator rules on the issue of jurisdiction or on the respondent’s challenge on the merits.", "10. The claimant initiates arbitration proceedings by issuing a request for arbitration and statement of claim. This pleading would contain information analogous to that provided under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules for the notice of arbitration and the statement of claim. In it, the claimant would describe the claim and summarize the grounds and arguments supporting it.", "11. Within 60 days after receiving the claimant’s request for arbitration and statement of claim, the respondent must issue a response to the request for arbitration. The response should include a plea as to jurisdiction and should address other matters, such as the identification of each respondent and a response to information set out in the claimant’s request for arbitration. Standard templates should be used for the parties’ submissions.", "12. If the respondent raises a plea as to jurisdiction, it shall include in its response to the request for arbitration all facts and arguments that it wishes to present in support of the plea and, as far as possible, attach to its response all documents relied upon or provide references to them.", "13. If the respondent raises a plea for early dismissal of the claim because the claim is manifestly without legal merit, it shall include in its response to the request for arbitration all facts and arguments that it wishes to present in support of the plea and, as far as possible, attach to its response all documents relied upon or provide references to them.", "14. After the appointment of the arbitrator:", "(a) If the respondent has raised a plea as to jurisdiction, the arbitrator shall, after consulting with the parties, establish a time limit within which the claimant must submit any response to the plea. The arbitrator then rules on the respondent’s plea as to jurisdiction [comment: there would be no hearing — see section XIII below] and, if the arbitrator rules that jurisdiction exists, establishes the time limit within which the respondent must issue a statement of defence;", "(b) If the respondent has raised a plea for early dismissal of the claim because the claim is manifestly without legal merit, the arbitrator shall, after consulting the parties, establish a time limit within which the claimant must submit any response to the plea. The arbitrator then rules on the respondent’s plea to dismiss the claim because it is manifestly without legal merit [comment: there would be no hearing — see section XIII below] and, if the arbitrator nevertheless upholds the claim, establishes the time limit within which the respondent must issue a statement of defence;", "(c) If the respondent has not raised a plea as to jurisdiction or for early dismissal of the claim because the claim is manifestly without legal merit, the arbitrator establishes the time limit within which the respondent must issue a statement of defence.", "15. The statement of defence would contain information analogous to that provided under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules for the statement of defence. In it, the respondent would reply to the particulars set out in the statement of claim, and may include a counterclaim or set-off and raise a plea as to jurisdiction, unless such a plea has previously been raised. The statement of defence should, as far as possible, be accompanied by all documents or other evidence relied upon by the respondent, or contain references to them.", "VI. Extensions or abridgements of time limits (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 17 (2))", "16. Any time limits established by the Expedited Rules or agreed by the parties may, at any time, be extended or abridged if the parties so agree, or if the arbitrator so decides after inviting the parties to express their views.", "VII. Amendment of a pleading (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 22)", "17. After an arbitrator has been selected and accepts appointment, a party may not amend its pleading unless the opposing party agrees or the arbitrator allows the party to amend its pleading. A request to the arbitrator to amend a pleading shall be accompanied by the text of the proposed amendment, and the reasons and justification for the amendment. In deciding whether to allow an amendment, the arbitrator shall consider whether the interests served by allowing it are outweighed by any delay in the proceedings, prejudice to the opposing party or any other circumstance. In allowing an amendment to a pleading, the arbitrator shall establish a deadline within which the opposing party may respond to the amendment. If a pleading is amended, the opposing party may respond solely to the amendment.", "VIII. Additional submissions (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 24)", "18. After consulting with the parties, the arbitrator shall establish a deadline within which each party may make one additional submission of facts, legal arguments or documents. Such submissions shall be in writing. After this deadline, no further submissions shall be permitted. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a party shall not be allowed to present in its additional submission a fact or document that was or should have been known to, or that was available to, the party seeking to submit it at the time of submission of its pleading or additional submission.", "IX. Discovery (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 27 (3))", "19. At the request of a party or upon the arbitrator’s own initiative, the arbitrator may order the production of evidence for either party at any time and may require any person to disclose any document or provide any information that appears to the arbitrator to be necessary for a fair and expeditious disposal of the proceedings. However, the arbitrator shall not order the production or disclosure of any evidence, document or information that is confidential or protected by privilege.", "20. A party wishing to submit non-privileged or non-confidential evidence that is in the possession of the opposing party or of any other entity may request the arbitrator to order the production of the evidence.", "21. The arbitrator may, at the request of either party, impose measures to preserve the confidentiality of evidence, where warranted by security interests or other exceptional circumstances.", "Comment", "These provisions are based on article 18 of the rules of procedure of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal.", "X. Witness testimony (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 27 (2))", "22. The statement or testimony of any witnesses, including any individual claimant or respondent, shall be made by the witness in a written and sworn affidavit, which shall be notarized or otherwise legally authenticated, unless the arbitrator decides that the interests of justice necessitate that the testimony be given at a hearing.", "Comment", "See section XIII below, regarding hearings. Subject to certain exceptions, the hearing would be by teleconference or videoconference. The written witness statement would have to be submitted as part of the party’s pleading or additional submission (see section VIII above).", "XI. Appointing authority (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 6)", "23. There would be no appointing authority.", "24. However, certain functions of the appointing authority would remain necessary, e.g., with regard to the selection or appointment of arbitrators, challenges of arbitrators, etc. These could be performed by a neutral entity.", "25. The neutral entity could be an international dispute settlement institution to be selected through a competitive procurement exercise.", "26. The benefits of having an international dispute settlement institution as the neutral entity are the following: (a) such an institution would provide access to existing expertise in administering all aspects of arbitration proceedings; (b) such an institution, selected through a competitive procurement exercise, would reflect the commercial nature of the underlying contract; and (c) having an outside institution administer the arbitration would de-link the neutral entity from the Organization and eliminate any perception of partiality. However, both the claimants and the respondent would have to bear their respective share of the institution’s administrative fees.", "XII. Arbitrator (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 7-15)", "27. Number and appointment (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 7-10):", "(a) There would be a sole arbitrator;", "(b) The neutral entity discussed in section XI above would establish and maintain a roster of potential arbitrators;", "(c) As a condition for being included in the roster, the arbitrator would be required to sign a document confirming that it agrees, if appointed as arbitrator in a case, to conduct the arbitration in accordance with the Expedited Rules, and agrees also to the limitation of the arbitrator’s fees (see section XVI below);", "(d) Appointment of the arbitrator: the neutral entity discussed in section XI above would select an arbitrator from the aforementioned roster of potential arbitrators. To make the process more predictable, a list procedure could be used, whereby the parties would pick their top choices from a list of several candidates, which would be communicated to each of them separately and in confidence by the neutral entity.", "28. Challenge to the arbitrator (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 11-15): the Expedited Rules would retain provisions in the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules regarding challenge of the arbitrator, but provide that, if the parties do not agree on the challenge or if the arbitrator does not withdraw voluntarily, a decision on the challenge shall be made by the neutral entity referred to in section XI above. The parties’ agreement on a challenge or the arbitrator’s decision to step down would be dispositive and would automatically trigger a new selection process.", "XIII. Arbitral proceedings (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 17, 27 (2), 28, 29 and 31)", "29. The proceedings shall be conducted on the basis of the written pleadings and submissions of the parties, except as provided below.", "30. All conferences and consultations among the arbitrator and parties on administrative and other matters preliminary to the proceedings on the merits of the case shall be generally conducted by e-mail or teleconference.", "31. There shall be no hearings on a plea as to jurisdiction or on a plea for early dismissal of a claim because the claim is manifestly without legal merit. The arbitrator shall decide such pleas on the basis of the written submissions of the parties.", "32. There shall be no hearings on the merits of the case for the presentation of evidence, testimony or oral argument, unless (a) a party requests a hearing in order to cross-examine a witness, or (b) the arbitrator decides that there is a substantial issue of fact or law that can be fairly and justly resolved only with a hearing. Any hearing shall be limited to the cross-examination of the witness or such issue of fact or law. Such hearings shall be by teleconference or videoconference, except where the arbitrator decides, in exceptional circumstances, that an issue of fact can be resolved only with an in-person hearing. Any such hearing(s) should not exceed two days.", "33. Article 29 of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (which provides for the arbitral tribunal to appoint its own independent experts) would be deleted.", "XIV. Applicable law (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 35 (1))", "34. The Expedited Rules would provide that, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the decisions of the arbitral tribunal shall be based on the express contractual terms, including any general terms and conditions referred to therein. Neither the Staff Regulations and Rules of the United Nations nor national laws will apply to the dispute.", "XV. The award (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 33 and 34)", "35. The arbitrator shall have no authority to award punitive damages, or to decide as amiable compositeur or ex aequo et bono. In addition, unless otherwise expressly provided in the contract, the arbitrator shall have no authority to award interest in excess of the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) then prevailing, and any such interest shall be simple interest only. The parties shall be bound by any arbitration award rendered as a result of such arbitration as the final adjudication of any such dispute, controversy or claim.", "Comment", "These provisions have been taken from the arbitration clause in the United Nations General Conditions of Contract.", "36. The arbitrator shall issue the award within 30 days after the closure of the proceedings. Any compensation to be awarded shall be limited to economic loss and shall be subject to a cap [to be determined].", "XVI. Costs and fees (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 40, 41 and 43)", "37. Arbitrator’s fee: the Expedited Rules would limit the fee of the arbitrator. The limitation on arbitrator’s fees should be set forth in both the Expedited Rules and the document to be signed by an arbitrator as a condition to being placed on the roster (see section XII above, para. 27 (c)).", "38. Determination and allocation of fees and costs: regardless of the outcome of the case, each party shall bear its own costs and fees, and the parties shall share the costs and fees of the arbitrator equally. However, in exceptional circumstances, the arbitrator may decide that a different allocation of the parties’ costs and fees or the costs and fees of the arbitrator would be just and equitable.", "XVII. Confidentiality (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 28 (3) and 34 (5))", "39. The entire arbitration proceedings, including all notices, communications, pleadings, documents, submissions, hearings and awards, shall be kept confidential, unless the parties otherwise agree in writing. However, the United Nations, or its fund or programme, may communicate to its governing bodies such information concerning the proceedings as the governing body may require.", "Other matters", "Privileges and immunities", "40. Since, unlike the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, these Expedited Rules would be established specifically for United Nations arbitration cases, it would be desirable for the Rules to contain a privileges and immunities clause:", "“Nothing in or related to these [use full name of Rules] shall be interpreted or applied in a manner inconsistent with the privileges and immunities of the United Nations, including its subsidiary organs, or be deemed a waiver of such privileges and immunities. For the avoidance of doubt, any arbitration conducted under these [use full name of Rules] shall not be subject to any local laws, and any reference to a ‘place of arbitration’ shall not be deemed or construed as a waiver of such privileges and immunities or an agreement of the United Nations to subject itself to any national jurisdiction.”", "Annex III", "Compensation awarded by the Management Evaluation Unit, the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and the United Nations Appeals Tribunal", "A. Monetary compensation awarded by the Management Evaluation Unit (1 July 2009-31 May 2011)", "Breakdown ofcompensation paid(from 1 July 2009to 31 May 2011) \nDepartment ofdecision maker\tAmount ofcompensation\tLevelofstaffmember\tReason forcompensation \nUnited Nations Officeat Geneva\t$500.00\tP-4\tFailure to notifystaff member ofoutcome ofselection process\nUnited Nations Officeat Geneva\t3 months’ netbase salary\tP-3\tBreach of 15-dayrule\nUnited Nations Officeat Geneva\t1 month’s netbase salary(SwF 7,040.50)\tG-5\tBreach of 15-dayrule\nOffice for theCoordination ofHumanitarian Affairs(Geneva)\t$2,127.00\tP-4\tReimbursement ofrecovered homeleave (lump-sumpayment)\nOffice of the UnitedNations HighCommissioner forHuman Rights (Geneva)\t3 months’ netbase salary($17,680)\tP-4\tBreach of 15-dayrule\nDepartment of FieldSupport\t3 months’ netbase salary\tFS-4\tMishandling ofrecruitment\nDepartment of FieldSupport-UnitedNations InterimAdministrationMission in Kosovo\t7 months’ netbase salary\tG-5\tAbolition of post\nDepartment of FieldSupport-UnitedNations InterimAdministrationMission in Kosovo\t$5,154.76\tFS-6\tReimbursement forrecovery oflump-sum payment\nDepartment of FieldSupport-UnitedNations ObserverMission in Georgia\t3 months’ netbase salary\tFS-4\tUnfair treatment\nDepartment of FieldSupport-UnitedNations InterimAdministrationMission in Kosovo\t2 months’ netbase salary\tP-3\tLack of due process\nUnited Nations Officeat Nairobi\t3 months’ netbase salary\tG-4\tLegitimateexpectation ofrenewal\nUnited NationsEnvironment Programme\t3 months’ netbase salary\tD-1\tInordinate delay\nUnited NationsEnvironment Programme\t3 months’ netbase salary\tG-7\tInordinate delay\nUnited NationsEnvironment Programme\t3 months’ netbase salary\tP-5\tInordinate delay\nDepartment ofManagement\t3 months’ netbase salary\tP-3\tWithdrawal ofaccepted offer ofappointment\nDepartment forGeneral Assembly andConference Management\t$5,473.09\tG-7\tMishandling ofselection process\nDepartment forGeneral Assembly andConference Management\t$12,891.00\tG-5\tMishandling ofselection process\nOffice of InternalOversight Services(Vienna)\t$1,044.89\tP-3\tNon-payment ofspecial postallowance", "B. Monetary compensation awarded by the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and United Nations Appeals Tribunal (1 July 2009-31 May 2011)", "[TABLE]", "Note: “N/A” indicates either that no action was taken following the United Nations Dispute Tribunal judgement or that the judgement is still under appeal.", "UnitedNationsAppealsTribunaljudgementNo.^(a)\tApplicant’slastname\tEntity\tAppealfrom\tCompensation\tNetamountpaid(UnitedStates\tDate \n dollars) \n2010-UNAT-021\tAsaad\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tCompensationequivalentto thedifferencebetweensalariesat grades8 and 14(periodfrom 1July 2003to20 January2004) andcompensationequivalentto onemonth’ssalary atgrade 14;inaddition,reinstatementor paymentof sixmonths’net basepay\t9000.00\tN/A\n2010-UNAT-022\tAbuHamda\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tRefund ofloss ofsalarysufferedas aresult ofdemotion\t7600.00\tN/A\n2010-UNAT-025\tDoleh\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tReinstatementor paymentof twoyears’ netbase pay\t19000.00\tN/A\n2010-UNAT-030\tTabari\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tRetroactivepayment ofspecialoccupationallowance\t22000.00\tN/A\n2010-UNAT-087\tLiyanarachchige\tUnitedNationsOperationin Côted’Ivoire/DepartmentofPeacekeepingOperations\tReversingjudgementNo. UNDT/2010/041\t12 months’net basesalary asat thedate ofseparation\t47440.00\t07/03/2011", "^(a) United Nations Appeals Tribunal judgements awarding compensation in cases not considered by the United Nations Dispute Tribunal or where the Dispute Tribunal made no award for compensation.", "C. United Nations Dispute Tribunal judgements with compensation equal to or more than six months’ net base salary (1 July 2009-31 May 2011)", "JudgementNo.\tApplicant\tRegistry\tBriefsynopsis\tEntity\tRescissionorspecificperformanceordered\tCompensationordered\tTotalamountpaidinUnitedStatesdollars\tAffirmedoroverturnedonappealasat31May2011 \nUNDT/2010/070\tFarraj\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthecontesteddecisiontoterminateappointmentoflimited\tUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\tRescissionofthecontesteddecision(alternatively,$45,000)\tN/A\t45,000\tN/A \n durationhad notbeen incompliancewithtermsofappointment UNDT/2010/106\tEid\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheAdministrationshouldhavepaidtheapplicantterminationindemnitiesas fromthedatethathisterminationbecame\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsInterimForceinLebanon)\tN/A\t$29,991.23andLL9,552.660(terminationindemnityandrelatedentitlements)\tN/A\tN/A \n effective \nUNDT/2010/120\tOstensson\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheselectionprocesshadbeentaintedbyseriousproceduralirregularity,violatingtheapplicant’srightto fullandfairconsiderationfor aD-1post\tUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment\tRescissionofthecontesteddecision(alternatively,$4,900)\t$48,000(emotionaldistress,harmtoprofessionalreputation)\t52,900\tN/A\nUNDT/2010/122\tZerezghi\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheimposeddisciplinarymeasureofdismissalhadbeendisproportionateto theestablishedmisconduct\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsInterimAdministrationMissioninKosovo)\t(1)Retroactivereinstatement(alternatively,eightmonths’netbasesalary);(2)writtencensure;(3)removalofmaterialrelatingtodismissalfromhisfile\t$60,000(moraldamage)\t99,936.18\tN/A\nUNDT/2010/128\tIkpa\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionofseparationfromservicehadbeen anunlawfuldisciplinarymeasure\tUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva\tSixweeks’netbasesalaryinlieuofnotice(lessoneweekalreadypaid)\tOneyear’snetbasesalary(lessanymoneyalreadypaid)\t59,592\tN/A\nUNDT/2010/129\tValleFischer\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionofseparationfromservicehadbeen anunlawfuldisciplinarymeasure\tUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva\tSixweeks’netbasesalaryinlieuofnotice(lessoneweekalreadypaid)\tOneyear’snetbasesalary(lesstwomonthsalreadypaid)\t54,697\tN/AUNDT/2010/130\tApplicant\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionstoterminatetheapplicant’sappointmentand toissue a\tInternationalCriminalTribunalfortheFormerYugoslavia\tRescissionofreprimand\t(1)Threemonths’netbasesalary(prejudiceresulting\t50,263.50\tN/A reprimandhadbeen inbreachof hisrights fromtheunlawful termination) (in additiontoeightmonthspreviouslypaid); (2)three months’ net \n basesalary(unlawfulreprimand) UNDT/2010/133\tEldam\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionsofnon-renewalofcontractforunsatisfactoryperformanceand toissue areprimandhadbeenflawedand\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsObserverMissioninGeorgia)\t(1)Rescissionofnon-renewalofappointment(alternatively,three months’netbasesalary);(2) withdrawalofreprimand\tThreemonths’netbasesalary(moraldamage)\t26,204.40\tN/A \n improper UNDT/2009/088\tNogueira\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfound thatthedecisionnot torenewappointmentongroundsofperformancehadbeenprocedurally\tUnitedNationsOfficeatNairobi/UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme\tN/A\t24months’netbasesalary\t210,794\tN/A defectiveandcouldnot be \n sustained UNDT/2010/002\tXu\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionnot toselecttheapplicantfor aP-4levelposthadbeenunlawful\tUnitedNationsSecretariat\tN/A\tSixmonths’netbasesalary(injurysuffered)\tN/A\tSetasidebyAppealsTribunalinXu2010-UNAT-053andremandedto Dispute \n Tribunal\nUNDT/2010/053\tMmata\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthechargeofseriousmisconductwas notwellfoundedandthatseparationfromservicehadbeendisproportionate\tUnitedNationsChildren’sFund\tRescissionofthecontesteddecisionandreinstatement\t(1)Lostearningsfromthedateofseparation;(2)2 years’netbasesalary\t222,453.57\tPrimerateinterestontheawardedcompensation(seeMmata2010-UNAT-092)\nUNDT/2010/056\tMasri\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedisciplinarymeasureofsummarydismissalhadbeendisproportionate\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsOrganizationMissionintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo)\t(1)Reinstatementwithpaymentoflost earnings(alternatively,twoyears’netbasesalary);(2)demotionbyfoursteps\tN/A\tN/A\tOverturnedbyAppealsTribunalinMasri2010-UNAT-098\nUNDT/2010/057\tIanelli\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheapplicantwasentitledtoassignmentgrantandotherentitlementsaffordedtointernationallyrecruitedstaff\tUnitedNationsOfficeforProject Services\tN/A\tPaymentofapplicableassignmentandrelocationgrantswithappropriateinterest\t51,395.35\tAppealsTribunalamendedtheordersonthepaymentofinterest(see2010-UNAT-093)UNDT/2010/061\tSanwidi\tNairobi\tJudgementoncompensationfollowingSanwidiUNDT/2010/036,inwhichtheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionofsummarydismissalhadbeendisproportionate\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsOrganizationMissionintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo)\t(1)Reinstatement(alternatively,twoyears’netbasesalary);(2)writtenreprimand\tLostearningsfromthedateofsummarydismissaltothedateofreinstatement,less$2,600\tN/A\tDisputeTribunaljudgementisvacatedinSanwidi2011-UNAT-104 \n permonth UNDT/2010/097\tLutta\tNairobi\tJudgementoncompensationfollowingLuttaUNDT/2010/052,in whichtheDisputeTribunalfound,interalia,thattheinvestigationof theapplicantand theactionstakenagainsthim hadbeenprocedurallyflawedandimproper\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsOperationinCôted’Ivoire)\tN/A\t(1)Threemonths’netbasesalary(lossofcareeradvancementopportunities);(2)$4,760(travelcosts);(3)\t46,339.86\tAffirmedbyAppealsTribunalinLutta2011-UNAT-117 six months’ net basesalary(moral \n damages) UNDT/2010/118\tCohen\tNairobi\tTheapplicantcontestedthesummarydismissal.TheDisputeTribunalfoundthatheractionshad notamountedtomisconductandthatherdue-processrightshadbeenviolated\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsOrganizationMissionintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo)\tRescissionofthecontesteddecisionandreinstatementoftheapplicant(alternatively,twoyears’netbasesalary)\t(1)Paymentofsalariesandentitlementsfromthedateofdismissaltothedateofjudgement;\t101,624\tN/A (2)two months’ net basesalary (breachof due-process \n rights) UNDT/2010/119\tGaskins\tNairobi\tTheapplicantcontestedthedecisiontoterminatehisappointment.TheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheapplicant’scontractofemploymenthadbeenbreached,whichhad\tUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\tN/A\tSixmonths’netbasesalary(violationofdue-processrights,humiliation,distressanddamageto\t40,420.98\tN/A \n resultedindamageto hisself-imageandreputation reputation) UNDT/2010/124\tFrechon\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheapplicant’semploymenthadbeenimproperlyterminatedformedicalreasons\tInternationalCriminalTribunalforRwanda\tRescissionofthedecisiontoterminatetheapplicant’semployment,reinstatement(alternatively,two\t(1)Paymentoflostearningsfromthedateofterminationto\tN/A\tN/A years’netbasesalary)\tthedateofreinstatement; (2) paymentof entitlements for theperiod fromMarch 2007to July \n 2007 \nUNDT/2010/153\tVerschuur\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheselectionprocesshadbeenimproperlyinterferedwithandthattheapplicanthadbeendeniedfullandfairconsiderationfor aP-5post\tUnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme\tN/A\tSixmonths’netbasesalary(detrimenttocareerprogression)\tN/A\tN/AUNDT/2010/154\tContreras\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheselectionprocesshadbeenimproperlyinterferedwithandthattheapplicanthadbeendeniedfullandfairconsiderationfor thepost\tUnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme\tN/A\t(1)Sixmonths’netbasesalary(detrimenttocareerprogression);(2) tokensumof$1(moral\tN/A\tN/A \n injury). \nUNDT/2010/173\tParkes\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthecontestedsummarydismissalhadbeendisproportionate\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsOrganizationMissionintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo)\tRescissionofthedecision(alternatively,compensationequivalentterminationbenefits)\tN/A\t57,503.39\tN/AUNDT/2010/175\tBekele\tNairobi\tTheapplicantcontestedthedecisionto\tEconomicCommissionforAfrica\tN/A\t(1)SalaryfromNovember\tN/A\tN/A separatehimfromservice,as wellasseveralrelateddecisions.TheDispute 2007toMarch2009;(2)sixmonths’ Tribunalfoundthattheapplicant’srightshadbeen netbasesalary(breachof violated. due-process \n rights) UNDT/2010/185\tM’Bra\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionofsummarydismissalhadbeenunlawful\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsOrganizationMissionintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo)\tReinstatement(alternatively,paymentoftwoyears’netbasesalary)\t(1)Salaryandentitlementsfromthedateofhissummarydismissaltothe\t377,257.92\tN/A dateofjudgement; (2)two months’ net basesalary (breachof due-process \n rights) UNDT/2010/197\tBowen\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheterminationbasedonunsatisfactoryperformancehadbeenunlawful\tUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\tRescissionofthecontesteddecision\t(1)Threemonths’netbasesalaryandbenefits(less\tN/A\tN/A any payments madein lieuof notice); (2) twoyears’ net \n basesalary \nUNDT/2010/214\tKamunyi\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthecontesteddecisionstosuspendtheapplicantfromservice,toplacehim onspecialleavewithfullpay andtoissue areprimandhadbeenunlawful\tUnitedNationsOfficeatNairobi\tRescissionofthreeunlawfuldecisions(unlawfulsuspension,placementonspecialleavewithfullpayforoneyear andeightmonths,andreprimand)\tTwoyearsandsixmonths’netbasesalary(emotionalandphysicalharmanddamagetoreputation)\tN/A\tN/AUNDT/2011/017\tHarding\tNairobi\tTheapplicantcontestedsummarydismissal.Liabilitybeingadmittedby therespondent,thiscaseconcernedonlywhethertheamountof twoyears’netbasesalarypaidwasadequate\tOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerfor Refugees\tRescissionofsummarydismissal(alternatively,twoyears’netbasesalary)\t(1)Sixmonths’netbasesalary(breachofdue-processrights);(2)specialpostallowance\tN/A\tSpecialpostallowancewithinteresthasbeenpaid;otheritemsarependingonappeal for four months; (3)six months’ net basesalary(emotional distress andhumiliation); (4)salaries and entitlementsat the G-6level from June 2005to December \n 2010 UNDT/2011/060\tFinniss\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheapplicant’srightshadbeen\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(OfficeofInternal\tN/A\t(1)18months’netbasesalary\tN/A\tN/A violatedwithrespectto twoP-5selectionexercises\tOversightServices) (failuretoaffordproperconsiderationinselection for thefirstpost); (2)six months’ net basesalary (failuretoaffordproperconsiderationinselection for \n thesecondpost) UNDT/2011/067\tBorhom\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisiontosummarilydismisshadbeenunlawful\tOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees\tRescissionofsummarydismissalandreinstatement(alternatively,twoyears’netbasesalary)\t(1)Sixmonths’netbasesalary(moraldamage);(2)six\t27,660\tN/A months’ net basesalary(violationof due-process \n rights) UNDT/2011/092\tXu\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheselectionexercisehadbeentaintedwithproceduralirregularitiesandthattheapplicanthadbeendeniedfullandfairconsiderationfor aP-4post\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(DepartmentforGeneralAssemblyandConferenceManagement)\tN/A\t(1)Twomonths’netbasesalary(proceduralviolations);(2)fourmonths’netbasesalary(failureto\tN/A\tN/A give full and fair consideration); (3) $500 \n (failuretoinformofnon-selection) \nUNDT/2010/026\tKasyanov\tNewYork\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheapplicanthad notbeenconsideredfor aP-4vacancyinaccordancewiththeapplicablerules\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(DepartmentforGeneralAssemblyandConferenceManagement)\tLateralmoverecordedashavingtakenplace(alternatively,$20,000)\t$59,932(actualeconomicloss,breachofrights,delayedprospectofpromotion,emotionaldistress)\t13,969.83(twomonths’salaryactuallypaid)\tAwardedcompensationwasamendedtotwomonths’netbasesalary(Kasyanov2010-UNAT-076)UNDT/2010/040andOrderNo.57(NY/2010)\tKoh\tNewYork\tJudgementandorderoncompensationfollowingKohUNDT/2009/078,inwhichtheDispute\tUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\tN/A\t(1)$2,000(lossoftherighttocandidacy);\t2,000and107,107.60\tN/A TribunalfoundthattheOrganizationhadbreachedtheapplicant’s (2)$107,107.60(economiccompensation) contractofemploymentby not assistinghim infinding \n suitableemployment UNDT/2010/055\tAbbasi\tNewYork\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheselectionprocesshadbeendiscriminatoryand inbreachof theapplicant’srights\tUnitedNationsChildren’sFund\tN/A\t(1)12months’netbasesalary(lossofopportunityofbeingappointed,\tN/A\tOverturnedbyAppealsTribunalinAbbasi2011-UNAT-112 lossofcareerdevelopment); (2) \n $30,000(emotionaldistress) UNDT/2010/068\tChen\tNewYork\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionnot toreclassifytheapplicant’spostfromthe P-3to theP-4levelhadbeen inbreachofStaffRegulationsand theprincipleofequalpay forwork ofequalvalue\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(DepartmentforGeneralAssemblyandConferenceManagement)\tN/A\t(1)Sixmonths’netbasesalary(non-materialdamages:frustration,humiliationanddelay);(2) differenceinsalary\t36,256.94\tUpheldbyAppealsTribunalinChen2011-UNAT-107 between the P-3 and the P-4levels fromAugust 2006untilretirement (actual \n economicloss) UNDT/2010/117\tBertucci\tNewYork\tJudgementoncompensationfollowingBertucciUNDT/2010/080,inwhichtheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionnot toappointthe\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs)\tN/A\t$655,000(economicandnon-economicdamages)\tN/A\tSetasidebyAppealsTribunalinBertucci2011-UNAT-121andremandedto applicantto thepost ofAssistant DisputeTribunal \n Secretary-Generalhadbeen inbreachof hisrights UNDT/2010/146\tBeaudry\tNewYork\tJudgementoncompensationfollowingBeaudryUNDT/2010/039,inwhichtheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionnot torenewtheapplicant’s\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsStabilizationMissioninHaiti)\tN/A\t$112,082(actualeconomicloss,distressandproceduralviolations)\tN/A\tVacatedbyAppealsTribunalasaresultofBeaudry2010-UNAT-085 contracthadbeen \n unlawful UNDT/2010/156\tShkurtaj\tNewYork\tTheapplicantcontested,interalia,thedecisionnot toimplementtherecommendationof theEthicsOfficeto payhimcompensationfor theviolationof hisrights.TheDisputeTribunalheldfor theapplicantinpart,findingthat,inrelationto someof hisclaims,hisrightshadbeenviolated\tUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\tN/A\t(1)14months’netbasesalary(due-processviolations,damagetocareerandreputation,andemotionaldistress);(2) $5,000(proceduraldelayinaddressing\tN/A\tN/A theEthics Office’s \n recommendation) UNDT/2010/200\tAlauddin\tNewYork\tJudgementoncompensationfollowingAlauddinUNDT/2010/114,inwhichtheDispute\tUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\tN/A\t(1)netbasepay,includingentitlements,\tN/A\tN/A Tribunalfoundthattheapplicant’srightshadbeen for11months,lessthe breachedwhentheOrganizationhadfailedtorenewhiscontract applicant’sincomeforthesameperiod (actual economicloss); (2) \n $30,000(emotionalharm) UNDT/2011/012\tTolstopiatov\tNewYork\tJudgementoncompensationfollowingTolstopiatovUNDT/2010/147,inwhichtheDispute\tUnitedNationsChildren’sFund\tN/A\t$97,324.04(lostincomeandentitlements)\t97,324\tN/A TribunaldeterminedthattheUnitedNationsChildren’sFundhad breacheditsobligationsto the applicant \n followingtheabolishmentof post UNDT/2011/032\tObdeijn\tNewYork\tRespondentrefusedtodisclosethereasonsfor thecontestednon-renewal.TheDispute\tUnitedNationsPopulationFund\tN/A\t(1)Sixmonths’netbasesalaryand\tN/A\tN/A Tribunalthereforefoundthatthe entitlements(actual \n contesteddecisionhadbeenunlawful economicloss);(2)$8,000(emotionaldistress) UNDT/2011/068\tGarcia\tNewYork\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammehadbreachedits\tUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\tRemovalofadversematerialfromtheapplicant’spersonnelfile\t(1)$89,128.48(lostsalaryandentitlements);(2)\t109,619.26\tN/A contractwiththeapplicantbyfailingtoexecutetheemploymentrelationship $241(compensationformedicalexamination); (3) \n $50,000(non-pecuniaryloss) UNDT/2011/081\tCabrera\tNewYork\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisiontoplacetheapplicantonspecialleavewithfullpay hadbeenunlawful\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(DepartmentofManagement)\tN/A\tTwoyears’netbasesalaryfordue-processviolations,humiliation\tN/A\tN/A andemotional \n distress", "Note: “N/A” indicates either that no action was taken following the United Nations Dispute Tribunal judgement or that the judgement is still under appeal.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] The separately administered funds and programmes handle management evaluations independently.", "[3] Judge Marilyn Kaman tendered her resignation from the Dispute Tribunal effective 30 June 2011.", "[4] The number of applications/appeals filed does not necessarily correspond to the number of judgements rendered. There may be occasions where several appeals are disposed of in one judgement or where a case is closed without the issuance of a judgement.", "[5] The honorarium for the principal drafter of a judgement is $2,400. Additional signatories receive $600 per judgement.", "[6] “Case” refers to any of the following: providing assistance or acting as counsel of record before bodies of the formal system (Management Evaluation Unit, Dispute Tribunal, Appeals Tribunal), providing legal guidance and summary legal advice, assisting a staff member in achieving the informal resolution of a dispute, which may involve consultations with the staff member and discussions and negotiations with third parties, or referral to other actors in the system, including the Office of the Ombudsman or staff unions.", "[7] These entities are: the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea; the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund; the International Civil Aviation Organization; the International Maritime Organization; the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East; the International Seabed Authority; and the International Court of Justice.", "[8] See rule 7 (11) of the rules of procedure of the Administrative Tribunal of the World Bank (providing for the summary dismissal of cases that are considered to be “clearly irreceivable or devoid of merit”) and article VIII of the statute of the Administrative Tribunal of the Organization of American States (allowing the dismissal of a claim “based on lack of jurisdiction …, failure to satisfy the requirements of admissibility, or failure to make a claim upon which relief can be granted”).", "[9] United Nations Appeals Tribunal judgement No. 2010-UNAT-57 (Fagundes).", "[10] United Nations Appeals Tribunal order No. 49 (2011) (Finniss).", "[11] United Nations Appeals Tribunal judgement No. 2011-UNAT-121 (Bertucci).", "[12] The Secretary-General notes that the deadline for appealing judgements of the European Union Civil Service Tribunal is two months (see statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union, annex I).", "[13] United Nations Appeals Tribunal judgement No. 2010-UNAT-62 (Bertucci).", "[14] United Nations Administrative Tribunal judgement No. 1157, Andronov (2003), para. V.", "[15] International Monetary Fund Administrative Tribunal judgement No. 1999-2 (Mr. “V” v. International Monetary Fund), paras. 104-114.", "[16] World Bank Administrative Tribunal decision No. 384, (AA v. IBRD) (2008), paras. 49-50.", "[17] General Assembly resolutions 48/218 B (on OIOS), 60/1 (on the Ethics Office) and 62/228 (on the Office of Staff Legal Assistance).", "[18] United Nations Dispute Tribunal order No. 19 (NY/2010), para. 23.", "[19] World Bank Administrative Tribunal decision No. 384 (AA v. IBRD) (2008), paras. 49-50.", "[20] United Nations Dispute Tribunal order No. 010 (NBI/2011) (Abosedra), para. 60.", "[21] United Nations Administrative Tribunal judgement No. 1396 (2008) (Wielechowski), para. VIII.", "[22] United Nations Dispute Tribunal judgement No. 2010/68 (Chen) and United Nations Appeals Tribunal judgment No. 2011-UNAT-107 (Chen).", "[23] United Nations Administrative Tribunal judgement No. 421 (Chatwani), para. VIII.", "[24] United Nations Appeals Tribunal judgement No. 2011-UNAT-107 (Chen), para. 1.", "[25] United Nations Dispute Tribunal Order No. 010 (NBI/2011) (Abosedra), para. 60.", "[26] The records of the San Francisco Conference indicate that “a clear statement of the obligation of Members to meet the expenses of the Organization should be found in the Charter”. United Nations Conference on International Organization, Documents, Vol. VIII, p. 487.", "[27] See, for example, UNDT/2010/025 (Kita).", "[28] The present concept paper was prepared by the General Legal Division of the Office of Legal Affairs, in consultation with the United Nations funds and programmes. It should be noted that the United Nations Children’s Fund has reserved its right to opt out of the proposed simplified arbitration procedures." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目134和143", "2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算", "联合国内部司法", "联合国内部司法", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "大会第61/261号、62/228号和63/253号决议决定建立一个独立、透明、专业化、资源充足、权力分散的联合国司法系统，该系统于2009年7月1日开始运作。", "秘书长对大会在第65/251号决议中积极肯定新系统的落实感到满意；大会在决议中注意到新系统自建立以来取得的成绩，包括处理新旧案件方面的改善，并赞扬所有参与管理先前的系统向新系统过渡或落实新系统的人的工作。", "大会还确认新的内部司法系统将不断演变，指出有必要认真监测其进展以确保该系统一直符合设立新内部司法系统的决议中规定的指导原则，即该系统必须独立、透明、专业化、资源充足、权力分散；确保该系统符合国际法有关规则及法治原则和正当程序，以便确保工作人员的权利和义务得到尊重，对管理人员和工作人员都实行问责制。", "秘书长在本报告中介绍了2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日本报告所述期间新内部司法系统取得的成绩。该正式系统各阶段的案件处理情况继续显示效率显著提高。2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间，管理评价股收到390起要求进行审查的申请，已了结或解决281起。同期，工作人员法律援助办公室负责的850多个案件中，将近三分之一得到解决。2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日，在联合国争议法庭代表秘书长的各办公室处理的案件中，195个案件已有判决；法律事务厅处理的案件中，90个案件已由联合国上诉法庭做出判决。", "但该系统的成功和服务于该系统的各办公室的效率导致这些办公室和部门的财务及人力资源极其紧张。正如秘书长在提交给大会第六十五届会议的关于内部司法的报告(A/65/373 和Corr.1)中指出，必须大力加强一些关键领域，以保持目前的工作节奏，继续落实大会赋予新司法系统的所有任务。", "大会第65/251号决议请秘书长提供关于新系统运作和相关事项的数据和信息。本报告对这些要求一并作出回应。", "此外，考虑到迄今取得的经验，本报告请求在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第1、8、19、29A、29C、29D、29E、29G和37款下增拨资源8 657 900美元(重计费用前)。", "目录", "页次\n1.概览 4\n2.正式内部司法系统回顾 4\nA.管理评价股 4\nB.联合国争议法庭 7\nC.联合国上诉法庭 13\nD.工作人员法律援助办公室 15\nE.执行主任办公室 18\nF.代表秘书长担任答辩人的法律办公室 20\n3.对与内部司法有关问题的回复 34\nA.概览 34\nB.回复 34\n4.与大会审查两法庭规约有关的问题 43\nA.导言 43\nB.两法庭的程序规则 43\nC.联合国争议法庭对独立实体与履行其任务有关的行为和不行为的管辖权 46\n5.所需资源 51\n6.结论以及有待大会采取的行动 53 \n 附件 \n1.为工作人员法律援助办公室供资的工作人员出资机制建议 54\n2.关于编外人员申诉机制的提案 59\n3.管理评价股、联合国争议法庭和联合国上诉法庭裁定的赔偿 67", "一. 概览", "1. 大会通过第61/261、62/228和63/253号决议设立了新的内部司法系统。该系统有两个法庭，即联合国争议法庭和联合国上诉法庭，配备专业法官，由日内瓦、内罗毕和纽约的书记官处提供支持。大会认为，应向工作人员提供法律援助。据此，新系统还包括工作人员法律援助办公室，在亚的斯亚贝巴、贝鲁特、日内瓦、内罗毕和纽约配备专业法律干事。为了确保该系统保持独立，由内部司法办公室负责管理正式系统的各部门，向两法庭、书记官处和工作人员法律援助办公室以及内部司法理事会提供行政、业务和技术支持。", "2. 管理评价是正式内部司法系统中强制性的第一步，由管理事务部和单独经管的基金和方案进行。管理事务部的管理评价股配备专业法律干事，首先对有争议的决定进行审查。设立该股，是为了给管理层一个纠正不当决定的机会，或者对于所做决定存在缺陷的情况采取可接受的补救办法，以减少进入正式诉讼的案件数目。各基金和方案也有类似机制。", "3. 除案件数目增加外，由于该系统的加强和专业化，代表答辩方秘书长的各办公室和各部门需要大大提高速度，大大增加服务。", "4. 新系统在处理旧系统各部门移交的大量案件方面继续取得进展。为防止积压的案件给新系统造成过大的压力，大会为联合国争议法庭任命了三位审案法官，并任命司法人员支持法官的工作。", "二. 正式内部司法系统回顾", "A. 管理评价股[2]", "5. 管理评价股设在主管管理事务副秘书长办公室内，是正式内部司法系统的第一步。该股的核心职能是：(a) 对与雇用合同或任用条件相关的有争议的行政决定快速进行管理评价；(b) 协助主管管理事务副秘书长就评价结果向请求进行管理评价的工作人员提供迅速、合理的答复；(c) 协助副秘书长通过确保管理人员履行管理本组织人力和财政资源的职责，确保管理人员的问责制。", "6. 管理评价股自2009年7月1日成立到2011年5月31日为止，受理了823个案件，其中2009年184个，2010年427个，2011年212个。在受理的823个案件中，该股完成并了结665个。截至2011年5月31日，该股在18个案件中提出赔偿建议，赔偿总金额为183 339.44美元。本报告附件三载有该项金额的细目。", "7. 管理评价程序使行政当局有机会防止在争议法庭进行不必要的诉讼，给本组织节省了大量费用。该股2010年受理并了结的案件中，约36%通过该股、监察员办公室以非正式方式解决或通过行政当局与工作人员之间的双边谈判解决。", "8. 在管理评价股确定所作决定符合本组织规则和判例后，秘书长在提交给该股但未以非正式方式解决的大约84%的案件中维持了有争议的决定。", "9. 遵照大会关于设立具有透明度等特点的司法系统(第61/261号决议第4段)的决定，在建议维持有争议的行政决定的情况下，管理评价股要向有关工作人员发出合理的书面答复，说明管理评价的依据，包括案件事实、决策者的案件评论摘要、适用的规则和本组织判例，并说明为什么该股认为有争议的决定符合适用的规则和判例以及秘书长的最终决定。各基金和方案在其管理评价程序中遵循类似的方法。", "10. 管理评价程序结束后，工作人员有将案件提交争议法庭审理的法定权利(大会第62/228号决议第51段)。管理评价股认为，如果工作人员发现管理评价程序公正、客观且准确，那些因认为行政决策程序缺乏透明度而诉诸正式系统的工作人员则更有可能决定不在争议法庭行使其法定申诉权。该股还认为，完成管理评价程序后给工作人员提供合理书面答复是建立新内部司法系统公信力，尤其是管理评价程序公信力的重要手段。各基金和方案也认同这一观点。", "11. 为确定收到维持有争议的行政决定的管理评价后有多少工作人员向争议法庭提起申诉，管理评价股正在与内部司法办公室合作，落实一个跟踪机制。", "12. 截至2010年12月31日，在管理评价程序后交由争议法庭审理的案件中，83%的案件的判决与管理评价股所提建议一致。一些有待上诉法庭裁决的关键法律问题尚存，而且管理评价股的实况调查能力有限。尽管如此，两者意见的相似度具有启发意义，可认为显示该股的公正性、客观性和准确性。", "13. 在协助主管管理事务副秘书长确保管理问责制的过程中，管理评价股定期审查案件数目以识别案件趋势和系统性问题，在其报告中予以说明。该股还在汇编分发给各办公室和部门负责人的《管理人员经验教训指南》和《指导说明》的工作中，为副秘书长提供文秘支持。《管理人员经验教训指南》回顾争议法庭和上诉法庭判例，审视两个法庭解释及适用本组织内部规则的方式。2010年，副秘书长分发了两卷《管理人员经验教训指南》。2011年4月，副秘书长分发了《指导说明》，预计2011年下半年将再分发一卷《管理人员经验教训指南》。", "法定时限", "14. 管理评价的请求提出后，总部的管理评价必须在30个历日内完成，总部以外办事处在45个历日内完成(大会第62/228 号决议，第54段)。依照秘书长所定条件，提交给监察员办公室的案件可延长截止日期。", "15. 行政和预算问题咨询委员会报告(A/65/557,第16段)指出，应该在工作人员诉诸司法程序前尽全力解决这些案件；管理评价职能是处理错误行政决定、避免诉诸司法的一个重要机会。", "16. 按照行政和预算问题咨询委员会的指示，如果管理评价股断定有争议的决定不符合本组织内部规则，而且主管管理事务副秘书长批准进行非正式解决，管理评价股将帮助双方之间直接解决。该股的经验是，非正式解决需要双方进行大量协商，所需时间通常比为管理评价规定的法定时限长。但是，规章中没有规定允许秘书长在案件所涉各方同意的情况下中止管理评价程序。各基金和方案认同这一观点，但指出它们已在双方同意的情况下成功做到这一点。", "17. 同样，有时工作人员提交要求进行管理评价的申请后，又主动或应管理评价股要求提交了补充材料。在这样的案件中，规章中也没有规定可延长管理评价完成时限。", "18. 管理评价股认为，严格遵守法定时限可使工作人员收到不全面或不准确的管理评价，从而导致不必要地诉诸争议法庭。为避免出现这种结果，该股的现行做法是：为促进案件的非正式解决，或在为妥善完成管理评价程序而需要工作人员和(或)行政当局提交补充资料的情况下，请工作人员同意延长时限。该股认为，在相关法定时限内了结案件或在工作人员同意的时限内了结案件都是及时审结案件；工作人员同意延长时限的目的是促进案件的非正式解决或获取必要的额外资料以确保管理评价全面。各基金和方案赞同这一观点，指出它们迄今为止成功地遵守了所有案件的法定期限。", "19. 管理评价股的人员编制中有1名对主管管理事务副秘书长办公室主任负责的股长(P-5)、2名法律干事(P-4)、1名法律干事(P-4)(一般临时人员)和3名法律助理(一般事务(其他职等))。但是，该股目前的人力资源不足以应付该股的任务，该股自2010年2月以来，不得不动用可酌情支配的有限预算资金来临时增补一个法律干事员额。", "20. 管理评价股认为，近两年运作期间受理的案件量证明有必要增加第三个P-3职等法律干事员额。这些数字表明新内部司法系统的用户量已超过先前系统。此外，依据案件量收集的数据，该股预计2011年受理的案件量至少等于2010年的数字(约427件)。", "21. 管理评价股注意到，在2009年受理的184个案件中，第四季度提交的案件数与第三季度相比下降了23%。该股注意到，在2010年提交的427个案件中，前两个季度提交的案件稳步增加，之后，第三和第四季度提交的案件都减少。该股注意到2010年提交的案件中，57%是2010年1月1日至6月30日期间提交的，43%是7月1日至12月31日提交的，2010年10月1日至12月31日期间的提交的案件大幅减少。最后，该股指出，与2010年7月1日至12月31日提交的案件数相比，2011年1月1日至5月31日期间提交的案件数增加。该股在2010年下半年受理了183个案件而2011年前五个月已受理212个案件，等于2010年前五个月受理的案件数。", "22. 管理评价股认为，2009年和2010年最后一个季度提交的案件数减少以及2010年和2011年前两个季度的案件数上升可能表明一种新的周期性变化。但预计2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日受理的案件总数等于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日受理的案件数(约427件)。", "23. 如上所述，及时、理由充分的管理评价对圆满完成管理评价股的任务至关重要。由于2010年2月以来利用可酌情支配的经费增加了一个临时法律干事员额，该股完成了其任务。此外，以上数字表明，该股之所以能够利用现有人员配置完成任务是因为工作人员一直在超时工作，推迟休年假或未休年假。", "24. 因此，管理评价股认为此种情况下增设一个法律干事(P-3)员额的请求是保守的，因为新增一个法律干事无法完全弥补完成该股任务每年所需人/时(1 828)与秘书处工作人员每年通常需要工作的人/时(1 463)之间的差距。", "25. 鉴于上述原因，秘书长建议增设一个P-3职等法律干事，以加强管理评价股。", "B. 联合国争议法庭", "1. 联合国争议法庭的组成", "26. 2009年3月2日，大会选出争议法庭的三名专职法官和两名半职法官。随后大会选出三名审案法官，任期一年，以协助处理旧系统移交的积压案件。编写本报告时，争议法庭的组成如下：", "(a) 维诺德·布莱尔法官(毛里求斯)，内罗毕专职法官；", "(b) 梅姆达·易卜拉欣-卡斯滕斯法官(博茨瓦纳)，纽约专职法官；", "(c) 托马斯·拉克法官(德国)，日内瓦专职法官；", "(d) 古拉姆·胡森·卡迪尔·米兰法官(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)，半职法官；", "(e) 科拉尔·肖法官(新西兰)，半职法官；", "(f) 让-弗朗索瓦·库桑法官(法国)，日内瓦审案法官；", "(g) 恩肯迪利姆·阿梅莉亚·伊祖阿科法官(尼日利亚)，内罗毕审案法官；", "(h) 玛里琳·卡曼法官(美利坚合众国)，纽约审案法官。[3]", "27. 大会第六十五届会议决定3名审案法官和其辅助人员的任期再延长6个月，直至2011年12月31日为止(见第 65/251号决议)。", "2. 选举庭长", "28. 2010年6月28日至7月2日在内罗毕举行的全会上，托马斯·拉克法官当选为庭长，2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日任期一年。", "3. 全体会议", "29. 自2010年7月1日起，法庭法官举行了两次全体会议(2010年12月13日至17日于日内瓦以及2011年6月27日至7月1日于纽约)。", "4. 联合国争议法庭的一般活动", "30. 2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间，争议法庭共受理了170个新案件。截至2011年5月31日，254个案件待决。", "31. 本报告所述期间受理的170个案件中，108个案件来自秘书处(维持和平特派团和政治特派团除外)，包括区域委员会、总部以外办事处、卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭、前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和各部及办公室；19个案件来自维持和平特派团和政治特派团；43个案件来自联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)、联合国开发计划署(开发署)、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)等机构。", "5. 先前系统移交给联合国争议法庭的案件", "32. 2009年7月1日，日内瓦、内罗毕、纽约和维也纳的联合申诉委员会和联合纪律委员会撤消后，这些实体待处理的169个案件移交给争议法庭：61个案件移交给日内瓦书记官处；55个案件移交给内罗毕书记官处；53个案件移交给纽约书记官处。2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日，其中29个案件已予处理。", "33. 2010年1月1日，联合国行政法庭将143个案件移交给争议法庭。这些案件在争议法庭书记官处的分配情况如下：日内瓦51个、内罗毕40个，纽约52个。2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日，其中76个案件已予处理。", "34. 截至2011年5月31日，65个从先前系统移交的案件待决：联合申诉委员会和联合纪律委员会的案件10个，联合国行政法庭案件55个。", "6. 判决、命令和听讯数目", "35. 2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间，争议法庭发布了195项判决、638项命令，举行了229次听讯。", "7. 提交调解司的案件", "36. 在2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间，争议法庭确定13个案件适合调解，将其提交监察员办公室调解司处理。编写本报告时，其中的6个案件已成功进行调解。", "8. 争议法庭所受理案件的标的物", "37. 本报告所述期间，争议法庭受理的案件的性质可分为六大类：(a) 与任用有关的事项；(b) 福利和应享权利；(c) 叙级；(d) 纪律事项；(e) 离职；(f) 其他。", "38. 在本报告所述期间受理的170个案件中，56个与任用有关；19个与福利和应享权利有关；2个与叙级有关；33个与纪律事项有关；28个与离职有关；32个与其他事项有关。", "9. 与争议法庭及其书记官处人员配置有关的问题", "39. 如上文详述，争议法庭的工作量很大，迅速完成工作的需要给法庭法官和工作人员造成极大负担。任命三名审案法官并延长其任期，使争议法庭在处理先前系统遗留的积压案件方面取得显著进展。但是，从提出的新案件情况看，如果到2011年底取消审案法官的职位，使司法能力接近减半，案件显然很快就会又积压起来。这将使先前系统中饱受批评的缺陷——延误，成为新系统每天要面对的事实。", "40. 法庭设置特意分散，确保申请人更易于利用司法手段。为维持这种便利性，争议法庭的每个地点都依旧保持两名专职法官至关重要。如果某地仅有一名法官，而该法官因休假、生病或辞职等缺席，导致该地点不得不停止运作，那么设置分散的法庭就完全失去了意义。同样，在某地法官须回避的情况下，案件自然需要被移交至远离申请人的另一地点。只有每一法庭地点至少有两名法官，才能有效设立法官三人合议庭。此外，规章中规定，暂停执行的申请须在5天内处理，而仅由一名法官来处理几乎是不可能的，这样做势必影响对实质性申请的处理工作。最后，指导法庭和书记官处工作的争议法庭庭长在其任职期间要依靠工作地点的其他法官及其支持来维持案件的审理速度。", "41. 争议法庭法官的工作不仅限于作出判决。本节中提及的其他必要职能表明每一工作地点的第二名专职法官是绝对必要的。争议法庭法官密切监察所有案件从接到申请到最终判决的进展情况。此种监察可包括：(a) 举行案件管理听讯会；(b) 就预审请求作出裁决；(c) 发布听讯前命令。此外，法官必须在5天的法定时限内审理暂停执行申请。为方便行政工作，每个地点(日内瓦、内罗毕和纽约)的法官定期与书记官处工作人员举行会议，以确保定期、及时地处理案件。他们还通过视频会议的方式举行双周会议，使法官之间可更好地沟通，并就统一三个书记官处的做法作出重要决定。法官还负责起草《程序规则》；法庭已向大会提交修正《程序规则》的建议。此外，法官还负责发布《程序指引》，以便案件当事方了解法庭希望其遵守的程序。鉴于迄今为止争议法庭日历中还没有司法休庭，法庭除履行裁定案情实质并发布判决等核心司法职能外还要额外履行上述所有职责。", "42. 在运转两年后，法庭仍处于“起步”阶段。鉴于法官的法律背景不同，为确保法庭成为一个有利于本组织及其工作人员的统一的司法机构，确保其判例连贯一致，法庭需有保持法官和辅助人员的连续性。", "43. 因此，建议大会为联合国争议法庭各地点任命第二名专职法官。这些法官还必须得到法律干事和行政人员的必要支持。所以，秘书长建议将P-3 级法律干事(日内瓦、内罗毕和纽约各1名)和法律助理(日内瓦1名，一般事务(其他职等)、纽约1名，一般事务(其他职等)和内罗毕1名，一般事务(当地雇员))员额正规化。", "44. 此外，纽约书记官处的人员配置不合常规。日内瓦和内罗毕书记官处的人员配置分别是一名书记官长(P-5)以及P-4和P-3职等法律干事，而纽约书记官处的人员配置是一名书记官长(P-5)以及P-4和P-2职等的法律干事。这种差异没有任何业务依据；事实上，如果纽约书记官处的第二名法律干事为更高的P-3级，纽约书记官处将大大受益。因此，建议将纽约的P-2职等法律干事员额改叙为P-3级员额。", "10. 人员配置以外的问题", "a. 审判室", "45. 由于新系统必须具备专业性，而且鉴于规定法庭的听讯一般来说将对公众开放，法庭在各地点必须具有专业法庭应有的设施，规模应足以容纳公众旁听。", "46. 法庭三个地点的房地已予提供，但建造永久性审判室方面的问题仍有待解决。", "47. 在纽约，由于实施基本建设总计划，临时审判室设在内部司法办公室的临时房地。该审判室已可使用，但作为特设的临时场地，无法进行同声传译。在规划阶段已适当考虑确保基本建设总计划完成后尽量拆除临时场地的设备和家具，将其安装在法庭的永久性房地。但基本建设总规划完成后为纽约争议法庭设一个永久性审判室的安排尚未作出。在日内瓦，审判室已有一个永久场地，但如不增建，无法在此提供口译服务。内罗毕正在建造一个专门的永久性审判室。但是，内部司法办公室2010-2011年的预算未安排审判室建造和配置的经费。审判室建造和配置的经费被列入2012-2013年预算第34款。", "b. 差旅和通信", "48. 大会第65/251号决议重申，新系统的另一重要任务是权力分散。争议法庭及其书记官处位于日内瓦、内罗毕和纽约。法庭为世界各地工作地点的工作人员服务，每个地点覆盖的地域很广。法庭这种分散化运作的方式能否成功，很大程度上取决于法庭及其各书记官处是否有能力彼此沟通并与法庭所审理案件的当事方和证人沟通。", "49. 争议法庭举行听讯时，参加者能够充分参与诉讼程序，法官能够评估出庭证人的举止十分重要。而为这两个目的经常旅行，费用会极为昂贵，因此设想这些活动主要将通过视频会议进行。但是，视频会议的相关费用也很高。目前为通信编列的经费不足，法庭无法有效利用视频会议。此外，必须确保以如实反映各方和司法机构意见的方式记录口头听讯，使诉讼程序得到准确记录，以便记录可被誊写，用于随后可能提起的上诉程序。因此，秘书长建议在通信这一细列项目下增加内部司法办公室经费25 000美元，用于支付利用视频举行口头听讯和情况会商以及联合国争议法庭法官和书记官长双周会议的费用，以便确保口头听讯的记录质量和可靠性，必要时可予誊写，用于随后对判决的上诉程序。", "50. 依照《规约》，争议法庭如认为当事方或证人的亲自出席对诉讼至关重要，可命令其亲自出庭。此外，有时由于视频连接质量不佳或不可靠以及口译员无法凭借电话连接有效进行口译，在内罗毕无法举行听讯。在非洲的工作地点发生的案件中这种情况尤其多。虽然预计此类情况不经常发生，但争议法庭运作的头两年出现了这种情况，而且预计仍将继续出现。", "51. 而且，法官和书记官长必须不时见面讨论共同的问题并对这些问题采取统一对策。此外，维持一个专业化系统一个至关重要的方面是，向法官和法律工作人员提供培训机会，以强化其法律技能并使其参加司法界同行间的学术讨论。目前的预算没有考虑到争议法庭法官和书记官长举行全体会议的问题。另外，法官和书记官处法律工作人员经常接到参加法律研讨会的邀请，但由于公务旅行方面的预算严重短缺而无法参加。这严重影响其强化技能、与同行互动和交流知识的能力。因此，秘书长建议内部司法办公室的差旅预算增加155 000美元。", "c. 处理对法官投诉的机制", "52. 与争议法庭运行有关的一个问题也会影响到上诉法庭，那就是缺少一个处理对两法庭法官提出投诉的机制。对法官的有效投诉将直接影响到新的内部司法系统的独立性、专业性和问责制。但是，目前没有任何一个实体或机构被授权进行必要的事实调查、就投诉的有效性作出裁定、施加处罚或向大会提出处罚建议。", "53. 内部司法理事会在向大会第六十五届会议提交的报告中对于没有处理对法官的投诉的任何机制表示关切，并表明它认为这是一个需要迫切关注的问题(见A/65/304，第40段)。", "54. 秘书长了解到，内部司法理事会打算在其向大会第六十六届会议提交的报告中提出一项关于处理对两法庭法官投诉的建议。由于目前没有实行任何机制，作为在就一个常设机制作出决定前的一项临时措施，大会不妨授权该理事会调查对法官提出的投诉，包括已提出的投诉，并就这些投诉向大会提出报告和建议，供大会采取它可能认为适当的任何行动。", "55. 关于一个可能的常设机制，秘书长在他先前报告(A/63/314，第73至第79段)就此问题所提初步意见的基础上，进一步就一个处理对两法庭法官投诉的机制提出了下述建议。", "56. 当关于一名法官行为失检或无能的指控被提出时，这种指控将报告给当事法庭庭长。该庭长随后将对指控进行妥善调查，首先确定一个适当的调查程序，然后任命一专家小组进行调查。调查将对被指控法官运用所有必要的适当程序，例如给予对指控作出回应和提出相关证据的机会。如果所提指控针对的是相关法庭的庭长，就争议法庭而言，指控提交该法庭其他法官中最资深者。如果被指控的是上诉法庭庭长，则指控提交该法庭第一副庭长。", "57. 一旦进行了调查，调查结果将由有关法庭全体复核，但被调查法官不得参加。如全体法官一致认为关于行为失检或无能的指控证据充分，且问题的严重程度足以说明应当将当事法官解职，则该法庭庭长或代理庭长将向大会报告此事并请求将该法官解职。", "58. 如被指控行为即使被认定证据充分，但却未达到应当解职的程度，则庭长或代理庭长将有权根据案情采取其认为适当的纠正措施(例如予以警告或申斥)。关于投诉的处置情况的报告每年向大会提交一次。除这一建议外，另一种办法就是修正内部司法理事会的职权范围，由该理事会负责就两法庭法官受到的任何投诉进行调查并提出建议。当一名法官受到行为失检或无能的指控时，指控将送交该理事会主席。理事会此后将对指控进行妥善调查，首先确定一个适当的调查程序，对被指控法官运用所有必要的适当程序，例如给予对指控作出回应和提出相关证据的机会。", "59. 一旦进行了调查，调查结果将由内部司法理事会复核。如果该理事会认定关于行为失检或无能的指控证据充分，主席就将向大会报告此事并就适当处罚提出建议。", "60. 对于上述两种可选办法而言，需要处罚法官的行为失检的类别将是违反由内部司法理事会根据第62/228号决议拟订并在A/65/86号文件中提交大会审议的法官行为守则的行为，或是违反ST/SGB/2002/9号秘书长公报规定的《关于非秘书处官员和特派专家的地位、基本权利和义务的条例》的行为。", "C. 联合国上诉法庭", "1. 联合国上诉法庭的组成", "61. 2009年3月2日，大会选出下列七名法官：", "(a) 伊内斯·温伯格·德罗加法官(阿根廷)；", "(b) 让·库蒂亚尔法官(法国)；", "(c) 索菲娅·阿丁伊拉法官(加纳)；", "(d) 马克·佩因特法官(美利坚合众国)；", "(e) 卡马尔吉特·辛格·加里瓦尔法官(印度)；", "(f) 罗丝·博伊科法官(加拿大)；", "(g) 路易斯·马里亚·西蒙法官(乌拉圭)。", "62. 2010年10月11日，罗丝·博伊科法官出于个人原因递交辞呈，辞去她在上诉法庭担任的职务，2011年1月15日生效。2011年1月28日，大会经选举程序任命玛丽·法赫蒂法官(爱尔兰)接替罗丝·博伊科法官。", "2. 选举庭长和副庭长", "63. 2010年6月30日，上诉法庭选出库蒂亚尔法官为庭长，阿丁伊拉法官和加里瓦尔法官分别为第一和第二副庭长，任期为2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日。", "64. 上诉法庭法官在五届开庭期每次开始和结束时都举行了处理行政和业务问题的全体会议。", "3. 司法统计数据", "65. 从2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日，上诉法庭共收到105项新提出的上诉：7项上诉针对联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会(养恤金联委会)，5项针对联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)，1项针对国际民用航空组织，还有92项针对争议法庭的判决和命令提出上诉(65项由工作人员提出，27项上诉是代表秘书长针对争议法庭的判决和命令提出)。", "66. 2010年，上诉法庭分别于6月21日至7月2日和10月18日至29日在纽约开庭两期，2011年第一期也在纽约，从2月28日至3月11日。在本报告所述期间，该法庭作出了96项判决。2011年第二次庭期开在日内瓦，从6月27日至7月8日，审理了34宗案件。", "4. 案件处置结果", "67. 在本报告所述期间，上诉法庭作出了96项判决。[4] 其中1项判决涉及针对养恤金联委会的上诉，上诉法庭在该案中维持了常设委员会的决定。有4项判决维持了近东救济工程处主任专员作出的决定。", "68. 就针对争议法庭判决的上诉作出了83项判决。这些判决就工作人员提出的54项上诉和就代表秘书长提出的29项上诉作出了决定。上诉法庭驳回了工作人员所提54项上诉中的46项，接受了3项，并将5项发回争议法庭重审。在代表秘书长提出的29项上诉中，9项被驳回，19项被全部或部分接受，1项被发回争议法庭重审。在12宗案件中，上诉法庭推翻或修改了争议法庭的赔偿裁决。", "69. 在本报告所述期间，上诉法庭收到了提出的2项解释请求、2项复议请求、2项改正请求、3项改判请求和1项搁置判决请求，并驳回了所有这10项请求。", "70. 截至2011年5月31日，上诉法庭有95项申请/上诉待决。", "5. 与联合国上诉法庭及其书记官处运作有关的问题", "71. 上诉法庭法官根据审案工作量的需要在庭期开会讨论和作出判决，一般是每年3次。书记官处法律和行政人员大量的案件准备工作对于这一进程至关重要。虽然上诉法庭的供资结构和运行方法以法官人数相同的国际劳工组织(劳工组织)行政法庭为模本，[5] 但劳工组织行政法庭的运行有6名全职专业法律人员和3名一般事务人员，并视需要使用其他工作人员。相比之下，上诉法庭书记官处只有2名专业人员和3名一般事务人员为该法庭提供协助。", "72. 上诉法庭是一个复核庭，要审议来自工作人员和管理当局两方面的上诉。依照《上诉法庭规约》第二条第十款，秘书长还与7个机构签订了协定，使它们能将该法庭用作一个行政法庭。由于这是一个新系统，来自工作人员和管理当局两方面的上诉量都很大。去年向上诉法庭提出的案件数目与劳工组织行政法庭的工作量相仿，该法庭每年审理约110宗案件且未出现案件积压。", "73. 书记官处目前的人员配置不足以充分支持该法庭的运转，无法使其及时处理案件。2名法律干事不足以每年准备100多宗案件。这种情况必将导致案件积压并不断增加拖延，而这正是以前的内部司法系统受到批评最多的方面之一。允许这种情况再次发生将使改革受到严重破坏。争议法庭作出判决与最终上诉决定之间存在漫长拖延的情况特别不可取，因为一宗上诉案的结果有可能解决某一特定方面的法律问题，从而减少今后的案件数目。", "74. 现在需要增设一个P-4法律干事，以保证书记官处有效运作的能力。鉴于许多案件的复杂性以及处理这些案件所必需的速度，书记官处需要更多有经验的人员。一个P-4职等法律干事可以督导现有工作人员处理书记官处工作中法律方面的问题，从而使书记官长得以腾出手来，专心进行全面监督、与法官和其他利益攸关方沟通以及为法庭提供技术和行政支持。", "75. 此外，一个较资深的法律干事将能为法官提供更实质的法律协助并独立回应查询，从而提高效率和反应能力。这样一名法律干事将同书记官长一道分担行政职能，并在书记官长缺席时担任代理主管。考虑到审案工作量，考虑到必须使上诉法庭得到足够法律协助，使其以最佳状态运作，秘书长建议大会增设一个P-4 职等法律干事加强联合国上诉法庭书记官处。", "76. 大会第65/251号决议核准增设1个一般事务(其他职等)职位一年，以支持上诉法庭工作。秘书长指出，这一职位所提供的支持是有益的。但现在迫切需要增设1个具适当资历的法律干事以支持上诉法庭法官的工作。考虑到这一情况，并注意到目前的预算限制，秘书长建议不续设这一职位。", "77. 根据《规约》第四条第二款，上诉法庭“应于其程序规则中规定的日期例行开庭，但以庭长认为有足够数目的案件可开庭审理为限”。根据该法庭最初几年运行获得的经验，并考虑到向该法庭提出上诉的案件数目，预计上诉法庭将有足够的案件可以每年开庭3次。不过，秘书长指出，该法庭目前的差旅费预算不足以支付第3个开庭期的费用。因此，秘书长建议在2012-2013年预算中为内部司法办公室追加资金230 000美元，使联合国上诉法庭能在需要时第3次开庭。", "78. 秘书长在其前次报告(A/65/373)第155至第164段中，就上诉法庭法官的地位及其应享权利的问题作了报告。在该报告中，秘书长建议上诉法庭法官亦应享受以往提供给原联合国行政法庭法官的旅行待遇和每日生活津贴额。大会在其第65/251号决议第50段决定，在2012-2013年预算中再次审议上诉法庭法官旅行待遇和每日生活津贴额的问题。秘书长仍然认为此举将是适当的，并因此建议将内部司法办公室的差旅费预算增加50 200美元，以反映这一情况。", "D. 工作人员法律援助办公室", "79. 工作人员法律援助办公室仍然面临着诸多挑战。该办公室由7名通过经常预算供资的法律干事(纽约3名，亚的斯亚贝巴、贝鲁特、日内瓦和内罗毕的4个卫星办公室各1名)和3名一般事务人员(都在纽约)组成。截至2011年1月1日，工作人员法律援助办公室获得在内罗毕增设1名P-3 职等专业工作人员，为涉及外地特派团人员的案件提供协助。这一职位通过维持和平行动支助账户供资一年。", "80. 尽管有限的人员分散在多个工作地点，工作人员法律援助办公室在其运行的头两年中还是取得了可观的成绩。该办公室继续以人数不多的法律干事和有限的行政协助成功地处理着世界各地工作人员提出的大量援助请求。", "81. 截至2010年7月1日，工作人员法律援助办公室尚待处理的案件有432宗。[6] 2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日，该办公室收到了新提出的425宗案件。加上截至2010年7月1日尚待处理案件的数目，该办公室参与处理的事项为857宗。其中，该办公室能结案或找到其他解决办法的案件为265宗。截至2011年5月31日，该办公室还有近600宗在办案件。在该办公室运行的第二年中，工作人员提交该办公室处理事项的数目，特别是争议法庭3个分庭所在地以外地点工作人员提出请求的数目，对其有限的资源构成了巨大压力。", "82. 工作人员法律援助办公室为工作人员提供形式多样的法律援助，援助范围包括提供简要法律咨询和代表工作人员在两法庭出庭。循非正式途径解决问题或帮助工作人员理解其正式申诉不大可能胜诉，都可能需要花费大量时间。", "83. 以有限的工作人员回应大量的援助请求，仍是该办公室的最大挑战。在纽约以外地点独立工作的法律干事这方面的情况特别困难而且没有本地的行政支持。这些法律干事因而必须独力应对沉重的工作量和处理办事处的大部分行政事务。", "84. 工作人员法律援助办公室得到了相关志愿律师、法律实习生和外部公益律师的协助。遗憾的是，他们的人数不足以解决该办公室人力资源短缺的问题。总部以外办事处现在很难找到合格的志愿人员、实习生和公益援助，从而令人担心该办公室的存在主要限制在纽约。", "85. 大会再次请秘书长同工作人员协会合作制订激励措施鼓励工作人员，使他们能继续参加工作人员法律援助办公室的工作。2011年6月，这一事项在工作人员和管理当局协调委员会届会上得到了审议。有关方面注意到，管理当局和工作人员代表在应当采取何种办法的问题上仍然意见分歧。因此，工作人员方面和管理当局决定应继续就此问题进行协商。", "86. 内部司法办公室于2010年1月设立的工作人员法律援助信托基金没有提供足够资源有效帮助工作人员法律援助办公室增加其人力资源，即便临时增加都没有。", "87. 根据工作人员法律援助办公室头两年运行取得的经验，秘书长认为该办公室目前的人员配置必须加强，以使它能够完成任务。正如秘书长在给大会第六十五届会议的报告中说明的那样，该办公室特别缺乏较高职等的法律干事，因为目前专业工作人员中仅有一人高于P-3职等。由于这一原因，秘书长建议增设2个P-4员额(设于内罗毕和纽约)，加强工作人员法律援助办公室。", "88. 工作人员法律援助办公室高效运作的能力还由于纽约以外行政支持的缺乏而受损。由于所有行政支持都由总部提供，工作人员无论在什么工作地点，都必须通过与在纽约的办公室联系启动他们的案件。这就向工作人员发出了一个明确的信息，即尽管承诺要实行权力下放制度，但核心业务仍在总部办理。由于这一原因，秘书长建议增设2个一般事务(其他职等)员额在日内瓦和内罗毕提供行政支持，加强工作人员法律援助办公室。", "89. 大会第六十五届会议同意秘书长的意见，即应当加强工作人员法律援助办公室为外地特派团服务的能力。因此，大会核准临时增设1个P-3职位，设在内罗毕，为外地特派团的工作人员提供协助。这一职位通过维持和平行动支助账户供资一年，从2011年1月1日起至12月31日止。鉴于大批案件涉及外地特派团工作人员的趋势还在继续，从而显示了持续的需求，并进一步考虑到外勤支助部和维持和平行动部按照分摊费用的办法参加了为正式系统的持续供资，秘书长建议内罗毕专门负责为外地特派团工作人员提供协助的1个P-3职位续设一年，由维持和平行动支助账户供资。", "90. 分配给工作人员法律援助办公室的非员额资源也不足以允许其正常运作。由于该办公室工作分散，所有公务协调和一大部分客户协商事实上都必须通过电子邮件、电话和视频连接进行。尽管如此，该办公室的通信预算却不足以允许它进行哪怕是少量的电话和视频连接通信。此外，这一工作分散的办公室的位于全球各地的工作人员也必须能在办公室以外和正常上班时间以外相互沟通。虽然使用黑莓设施等智能电话设备有助于通信，但目前的预算不足以支付使用这些设备的费用。由于这一原因，秘书长建议在2012-2013年预算通信细列项目中增加11 200美元。", "91. 虽然人员出差并不常见，但有时也无法避免。在总部以外办事处工作的法律干事要服务大范围的地理区域，其中包括许多外地特派团。如果要让工作人员能切实利用工作人员法律援助办公室的服务，特别是在外地，法律干事就必须定期访问工作人员所在的工作地点，会见客户和与当地行政部门进行面谈，以促进循非正式渠道解决纠纷。该办公室在亚的斯亚贝巴和贝鲁特的法律干事可能需要根据争议法庭的命令代表客户出席该法庭的听讯。目前，工作人员法律援助办公室没有差旅费预算满足任何这种至关重要的需求。因此，秘书长建议在2012-2013年预算中将该办公室的差旅费细列项目增加15 000美元。", "92. 最后，该办公室目前的预算，尤其是位于纽约以外办事处的预算，不足以满足基本的办公室需求，例如租用或购买一台影印及扫描机，以及购买纸张、装订文件夹、回形针和写字笔等必要的办公用品。在总部以外只有一人的办事处里缺少这些基本的办公必备品，使在那里孤立工作的法律干事所面临的困难变得更加复杂。由于这一原因，秘书长建议在2012-2013年预算中将用品和材料细列项目增加9 000美元。", "E. 执行主任办公室", "1. 对执行主任办公室的审查", "93. 除了代表秘书长进行答辩之外，执行主任办公室还负责监督正式系统所有要素的执行情况。该办公室由执行主任、特别助理、2名信息技术专家和1名行政辅助人员构成，负责为两法庭、书记官处和工作人员法律援助办公室提供行政、业务和技术支持。这种业务支持包括与其他相关办公室协调以促进在纽约设立一个临时的审判室设施，并开展类似努力以求在基本建设总计划完成之际，为内部司法办公室提供常设办公室和审判室设施。", "94. 除了为上述单位提供日常支持外，执行主任办公室还负责协调根据大会相关决议编写秘书长报告的工作。该办公室还在联合国内部和对外部机构以及在需要部门间协调和协商的所有事项中代表正式系统。", "95. 该办公室的成绩之一是设立了内部司法办公室网站，于2010年6月28日启用，使用了所有6种正式语文。该网站(www.un.org/en/oaj)易于浏览，并就正式系统的所有方面提供了实用的循序渐进信息。2011年5月，该网站的访问量为7 690人次，比前一个月的访问量增加了13%。自该网站启用以来，月均访问量为约7 000人次。总体而言，对该网站的使用呈增加趋势。内部司法办公室继续对该网站加以改进，包括根据使用者的要求设立搜索两法庭命令和判决的功能。", "96. 另一个重要的里程碑是在2011年7月6日启用了基于网络的案件管理电子系统，使工作人员能够从任何工作地点以电子方式提出和监测他们的案件。该系统预计将提高效率，减少拖延，改进两个书记官处的运作。此外，案件管理系统的实施为世界各地工作人员使用正式系统的各个要素打开了方便之门。", "97. 该办公室还依照《上诉法庭规约》第二条第十款通过谈判成功地与在先前系统中使用联合国行政法庭的所有实体达成了协定。[7] 由秘书长签署的这些协定使这些实体可将上诉法庭用作一个行政法庭。", "98. 除了在编写和协调给大会的关于内部司法问题的报告中发挥作用之外，执行主任办公室还在必要时为组织两法庭法官的选举提供实质性协助。", "99. 执行主任办公室的另一项重要职能是为内部司法理事会的工作提供支持，包括根据第62/228 号和第65/251号决议的要求编写给大会的报告，并就新的内部司法系统的实施情况传递其意见。", "100. 该办公室还为负责协助大会确定司法空缺职位候选人的内部司法理事会提供大量行政和技术支持。2012年6月30日，当争议法庭法官和上诉法庭法官的三年任期届满时，这些职位就会出现空缺。", "2. 与执行主任办公室运作有关的问题", "101. 执行主任办公室是内部司法办公室内每一个实务单位所有技术、预算和后勤方面工作安排的协调中心。执行主任的作用很大，职能很多。执行主任在保持正式系统的独立方面发挥着举足轻重的作用，并要负责协调正式系统的各个独立要素，包括监督和协调各个书记官处及工作人员法律援助办公室的工作。执行主任还在联合国内部和对外部机构代表正式系统并与联合国各部门首长联络，这些部门包括监察员和调解事务办公室。", "102. 大会第65/251号决议第34段请秘书长就内部司法办公室执行主任员额的适当员额职等提出建议。秘书长认为，这个问题不应与一个必然问题分开考虑，那就是争议和上诉两法庭法官的薪酬水平及薪酬机制。两法庭法官为非工作人员官员。就争议法庭法官而言，他们全职工作，比照D-2职等第四职档领取薪酬。上诉法庭法官不是全职工作，而是每年开庭数次就案件作出决定。他们的薪酬不比照任何具体的员额职等，而是按作出的每项判决领取酬金。一项判决的主要起草人领取2 400美元，其他签署人每项判决领取600美元。两年来获得的经验显示，这种薪酬机制引起了一些与上诉法庭必要的休庭期间职能有关的问题。因此，秘书长建议大会请内部司法理事会酌情审查两法庭法官薪酬水平及薪酬机制的问题，并就此向大会第六十七届会议提出报告，届时大会将结合内部司法办公室执行主任适当员额职等的问题一并审议该理事会关于这一事项的报告。", "103. 如上所述，该办公室的任务非常广泛，需要增设1名法律干事协助开展大量工作。执行主任办公室的专业工作人员均为法律和信息技术专家，在关键的行政领域中经验有限，在联合国预算编制方面尤其如此。", "104. 增设1名具有行政和预算经验的法律干事和1个行政辅助职位显然有利于该办公室。不过，考虑到财政拮据，这方面目前不要求追加资源。", "105. 内部司法办公室负责促进内部司法理事会的工作。这一由资深法学家组成的独立机构在新系统中要发挥关键的监督职能并获得了很大授权。大会第65/251号决议第52段强调指出，该理事会可以帮助确保内部司法系统的独立性、专业性和问责制，鼓励该理事会继续就内部司法系统的落实情况提出意见，并就如何加强其贡献向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "106. 尽管如此，内部司法办公室当前或以往的预算中都没有为该理事会外部成员在执行其重要职能时的薪酬明确划拨任何经费。内部司法办公室预算也不含有应付工作人员产假或长期病假的一般临时人员经费。此外，也没有为以项目为基础雇用临时人员或支付工作量高峰期的费用而划拨经费。因此，秘书长建议在2012-2013年预算中列入一般临时人员经费130 000美元。", "107. 执行主任及其工作人员必须定期出差参加会议，包括内部司法办公室的内部会议(例如，争议法庭和上诉法庭的全体会议)和更广泛组织范围内的会议，例如工作人员-管理当局协调委员会年会。执行主任及其工作人员也继续需要对位于总部以外的工作人员和管理人员开展外联活动，从而需要出差。内部司法办公室的差旅费预算必须支付执行主任及其工作人员的所有差旅费，以及支付与两法庭全体会议有关的工作人员差旅费、工作人员法律援助办公室工作人员或按照两法庭要求参加听讯的其他人员以及内部司法办公室任何其他工作人员的差旅费。由于与两法庭司法职能有关的差旅费必须优先保证，执行主任及其工作人员实际上并没有可用的差旅费预算。该办公室的差旅费预算也不足以允许内部司法理事会中不在同一地点办公的成员每年出差碰头或为执行他们评价该系统在全球的运行情况并向大会提出报告的基本任务而进行任何其他旅行。由于这些原因，秘书长建议在2012-2013年预算中将内部司法办公室的差旅费预算增加30 000美元。", "108. 内部司法办公室因工作分散而需要大量依靠技术解决方案。该办公室过去一年在这方面的两项成绩是设立了一个使用所有正式语文的综合网站和落实了一个使所有工作人员无论在什么地点都可向两法庭提出案件并对所提案件进行监测的案件管理系统。这些重要成绩尽管能够节省时间、资源和金钱，但必须得到维持和改进以与需求保持同步。此外，由于采用了现成解决方案以避免昂贵的定制系统，这些产品涉及每年延续许可证和维持合同的问题。此外，还有与数据存放、系统更新和根据经验教训进行调整的运行费用。内部司法办公室的预算目前未涵盖与已实施系统的所有许可证、维护和升级有关的费用。由于这些原因，秘书长建议在内部司法办公室2012-2013年预算中把订约承办事务和购置软件包方面的经费增加75 000美元。", "F. 代表秘书长担任答辩人的法律办公室", "109.　有几个法律办公室代表秘书长对工作人员提出的案件进行答辩。由于工作人员提出的案件仍然很多，而且许多案件的案情复杂，代表秘书长担任答辩人的办公室和单位因现有人员和资源有限，均满负荷和超负荷运作。", "1. 代表秘书长在联合国争议法庭出庭的法律办公室", "110.　总部和总部之外的日内瓦、内罗毕和维也纳办事处的工作人员代表秘书长，在争议法庭发挥答辩人的作用。", "111.　为满足新司法系统的需求，管理人员重新部署了本组织内的工作人员并征聘了具有专门技能的工作人员，为司法系统服务。因此，本组织对在整个组织内实施的新系统的需求作出了反应。", "112.　2010年争议法庭发布了218份判决书。这些判决书分析了争议的背景、相关工作人员条例和细则的应用的理由以及对争议法庭审理的事实问题和法律问题的结论。这些判决书反映了当事方在诉讼程序中对事实和法律问题提出的广泛意见。", "113.　为了达到新司法系统规定的标准，对在争议法庭代表秘书长答辩的办公室的要求很高。本节详述各办公室的作用、专用于司法系统的资源、秘书长代表处理的案件统计数据、诉讼程序的结果和行政当局对判决的回应。", "114.　新的司法系统给行政部门带来了新的需求。在对司法系统作结构调整外的同时，行政部门还需要迅速而果断地应对所面临的资源和管理方面的挑战。为了保持秘书长代表的力量和增强秘书长应对持续需求的能力，管理部门必须保留和巩固已采取的举措。此外，全球秘书处必须继续以全面综合的方式管理秘书长在各法庭的代表事务，包括代表秘书长的各办公室工作人员之间定期协商和通报情况。", "人力资源管理厅行政法科", "115.　人力资源管理厅下属行政法科由上诉股和纪律股组成。争议法庭审理全球秘书处现职工作人员提出的案件以及卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭的工作人员提出的案件时，该科负责代表秘书长发挥答辩人的作用。联合国日内瓦、内罗毕和维也纳办事处、联合国环境规划署(环境署)和联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)的工作人员提出的案件由所在工作地点的官员处理。该科还处理提交人力资源管理厅的全秘书处和国际法庭工作人员的纪律问题并向管理人员提供关于一般司法制度以及个人上诉和纪律案件各个方面的咨询意见。", "上诉", "116.　收到争议法庭转发的上诉申请书后，行政法科负责收集管理人员对申请书的意见并起草答复材料。提交答复的时限为30天，这需要管理人员和行政法科迅速采取行动。", "117.　在诉讼过程中，行政法科法律干事参加定向听讯和案情实质听讯，按照法庭的命令进一步提供书面材料。参加听讯需要大量时间准备，其中包括：酌情与有关办公室和法律事务厅协商；与答辩人将传唤的证人会面；准备对申请人或其律师传唤的证人和(或)法庭传唤的证人进行交叉询问。", "118.　行政法科还负责向行政部门提供咨询意见，说明应努力采用非正式解决办法，还是继续诉讼程序。该科的建议分析案件的事实和法律问题并提出以最具成本效益的方式解决争议的咨询意见。如果寻求非正式解决的建议得到接受，行政法科负责获得有关方面必要的核准，在与申请人和(或)其律师谈判的过程中提供咨询意见，与监察员办公室协作完成和解协议，并跟踪其执行情况。谈判经常需要很长时间，而且往往很艰巨；但是，非正式解决争议的潜在惠益很大。", "119.　在法庭发出最后判决后，行政法科与法律事务厅联系，由法律事务厅决定是否向上诉法庭对判决提起上诉。行政法科还负责解释争议法庭的最终判决，获得执行判决所需的信息，把判决书转交有关官员执行。", "120.　在一当事方请求紧急中止执行行政决定时，行政法科还在中止执行程序中代表秘书长视事。这些申请必须毫不拖延地加以处理，在提出请求的5天内要作出答复并举行口头听讯。法庭在听讯后数天内发出接受或不接受请求的命令。对这些听讯，行政法科需要予以紧急关注和精心准备。如果有关办公室和可能的证人不在总部，时差成了问题，那就特别难以在最后期限内做好准备。", "121.　在本报告所述期间，行政法科处理了318宗上诉案件；在任何一刻，行政法科都需处理在争议法庭待决的约200宗案件。这些案件中有大约50%涉及任用问题；20%涉及纪律惩戒方面上诉；15%涉及福利和应享待遇；5%涉及离职；1%涉及叙级；9%涉及其他事项。", "122.　在2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间，争议法庭对行政法科处理的114宗案件作出了判决。法庭根据案情实质对64份申请作出裁定；有17份以不可受理为由被驳回；有14份获得非正式解决，被撤回；有5份由工作人员撤回；有5份仅涉及赔偿问题；有9份被申请人放弃。此外，争议法庭裁定了12项中止诉讼行动的请求，同意中止其中3项，驳回4项，5项获解决或被放弃。", "123.　在根据案情实质裁决的案件中，有38宗案件秘书长胜诉，21宗案件工作人员胜诉，行政部门5次对工作人员的主诉进行了成功辩护，但工作人员的次要诉求取胜。在根据案情实质判决申请人完全或部分胜诉的20宗案件中，均裁定了赔偿金。", "124.　由于采用新的工作方法，要处理的上诉案很多，答辩人提交答复答辩的时间缩短(从两个月缩短到30天)以及纽约与用户部门/办事处、证人和法庭分部所在的其他工作地点存在时差，行政法科工作人员工作量繁重，压力增大。", "纪律问题", "125.　行政法科还负责处理提交人力资源管理厅采取行动的纪律问题。在本报告所述期间，行政法科负责处理了391个纪律问题，包括在本报告所述期间收到的121个新案件。秘书长在另一份关于处理纪律问题和可能犯罪行为的做法的报告(见A/66/135)中说明了行政法科在处理纪律案件中的作用。", "126.　有人指出，随着新司法系统的设立和联合纪律委员会的撤销，对案件进行事实和法律分析的责任已转交给人力资源管理厅。在原司法系统下，秘书长将纪律问题提交联合纪律委员会，由该委员会确定事实并提出采取何种纪律措施的咨询意见。在联合纪律委员会撤销后，人力资源管理厅必须对收到的案件进行越来越详细的分析。因此，该厅花大量时间仔细审查采取纪律行动的各方面问题，包括要求调查单位或者有关工作人员澄清事实和提供补充证据。根据问题的复杂程度，纪律处分程序对于相对简单的案件可能持续3个月，对于较复杂的问题可能持续两年。", "咨询", "127.　最后，行政法科向整个秘书处各个办公室提供专案咨询意见。一般来说，1项咨询意见需要1个工作日。行政法科每年提供约600项咨询意见。", "行政法科的资源", "128.　向新司法系统的过渡大量增加了对行政法科的需求。有关上诉和纪律惩处工作的程序要复杂得多，要求要高得多，从而造成工作量大幅度增加。一个根本的变化是，原司法系统的程序一般仅需文件传送，而在新司法系统下，需举行口头听讯，需要大量书面呈件。处理一宗上诉案所需的工作日平均增加了两倍，从原系统的5天增加到新系统的15天。根据原司法系统，答辩人对每宗案件平均提出两份书面文件，对上诉案件很少或根本不举行听讯。在新系统下，法庭往往要求大量书面呈件。从行政法科处理的许多案件来看，每宗案件要举行两到三次口头听讯，有些案件甚至更多。听讯要花大量时间准备，需要与有关办公室协商，而案情实质听讯的准备工作需要找到证人并与他们交谈，让他们熟悉听证过程，并获取证词。", "129.　截至2009年6月30日，行政法科有四个员额：1个由经常预算供资的P-5员额(科长)；1个也由经常预算供资的P-4员额；2个由维持和平支助账户供资的P-4员额。此外，还有维持和平支助账户提供的一般临时人员资金。由于来自外地的工作量大和新司法制度对行政法科的要求高，2009年7月1日大会授权增设由维持和平支助账户供资的3个法律干事员额(2个P-3，1个P-2)和两个临时职位(1个P-3，1个P-2)。2010年1月行政法科分为上诉股和纪律股。从人力资源政策处另一个科调入1个P-5员额领导上诉股。鉴于来自外地特派团的工作量持高不下，2010年7月大会核准在内罗毕增设2个由维持和平支助账户供资的法律干事员额(1个P-4，1个P-3)。2010年7月秘书长还动用有限的酌处权，增设3个临时职位(1个P-4，2个P-3)，处理非外地组织单位的上诉和纪律案件。", "130.　行政法科的人员编制为15名法律干事。目前，行政法科下设上诉股和纪律股。上诉股在纽约有1个P-5(股长)、3个P-4和2个P-3工作人员，在内罗毕有1个P-4和1个P-3工作人员；纪律股有1个P-5(股长)、1个P-4、3个P-3和2个P-2工作人员。在这些职位中，3个由经常预算供资(1个在人力资源政策处内调动)、9个由维持和平支助账户供资，3个由秘书长动用有限的预算酌处权提供截至2011年12月31日为止的临时资源供资。", "131.　对行政法科案件量的分析表明该科需要增加员额。关于上诉案，去年上诉股收到和处理了向争议法庭提交的约115宗上诉案。提交争议法庭的每宗案件平均要花15个工作日处理，每年需要1 725个工作日。此外，上诉股每年提供约400项咨询意见，每年需要400个工作日。上诉股每年共需要约2 125个工作日。按照每月27个工作日计算，每年需要78.7个工作月，即7个员额的工作日。上诉股目前只有5个员额，其中一个是股长员额。股长监督和指导该股的工作，4名法律干事处理案件。因此，需要增设3个法律干事员额。", "132.　鉴于大约35%的上诉案来自维持和平特派团，65%来自非维持和平办公室，6个员额应由经常预算供资，3个员额由维持和平支助账户供资。不过，目前该股只有1个法律干事员额由经常预算供资。要确保上诉股的优化运作，上诉股就需要增设3个经常预算员额。但是考虑到会员国目前财政拮据的情况，建议上诉股此时增设2个员额(1个P-4，1个P-3)。", "133.　根据自2009年7月1日以来收到的纪律案件数目，预计行政法科每年收到约150宗要采取行动的案件。由于处理纪律案卷平均需要20个工作日，这些工作量每年需要3 000个工作日。此外，纪律股每年提供约200项咨询意见，需要200个工作日。纪律股每年共需要工作3 200天左右。按每月工作27天计算，这等于118.5个工作月，相当于10个员额的工作量。纪律股目前只有6个法律干事员额，即4个常设法律干事员额和2个临时职位。此外，该股有1名监督和指导工作的股长(P-5)。因此，该股短缺4个法律干事员额。", "134.　考虑到处理的纪律案件中有大约60%来自维持和平特派团，40%来自非维持和平办公室，4个员额应由经常预算供资，6个员额由维持和平支助账户供资。然而，纪律股目前没有1个法律干事员额由经常预算供资。建议保持由维持和平支助账户供资的4个常设员额。拟议在2012-2013年维持和平支助账户预算中把另外2个所需员额从一般临时人员改划为常设员额。为了处理非维持和平办公室的工作量，纪律股需要增设4个经常预算法律干事员额。但是，考虑到会员国目前财政拮据的情况，建议纪律股此时增设3个员额(1个P-4，2个P-3)。", "135.　秘书长设法为行政法科共增设5个法律干事员额。值得注意的是，在评估行政法科所需的资源时，采用每月27个工作日，而不是标准的21.5个工作日。这进一步表明了行政法科工作量繁重，需要可持续的资源基础。", "联合国维也纳办事处", "136.　联合国维也纳办事处和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室已经把在上诉和纪律问题上代表秘书长视事的全部职责下放给管理事务司司长。在纪律案件转交人力资源管理厅前处理这些案件和管理评价请求以及在争议法庭代表秘书长出庭的日常职责分配给人力资源管理处，由该处的人力资源政策干事进行协调。", "137.　联合国维也纳办事处和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续注意到，管理人员请求提供法律咨询意见和请求确认适用法律得到遵守的数量增多，为争议法庭每个案件作准备所需的时间也增加。为了让工作人员和管理人员都了解新司法制度的特色，联合国维也纳办事处和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续举行情况通报会、午餐论坛和公开会议，向维也纳和外地的广大工作人员发送电子信息，所有这些都要增加人力资源团队的工作时间。", "138.　上诉案件越来越多，加上新的司法系统答复期限很短，继续过度分散了向联合国维也纳办事处和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室管理部门提供法律支持的能力。联合国维也纳办事处已在人力资源管理处配备了1名全职人力资源政策干事，以应对新系统增加的需求。然而，这不是长期可行的办法，因为人力资源团队得凑合使用有限的资源，才能替这名干事履行其经常职能。因此，联合国维也纳办事处需要1名专门的P-4职等法律干事员额和1名一般事务(其他职等)的法律助理员额，以确保司法系统的持续需求得到充分满足。然而，由于财政拮据的情况，建议由联合国日内瓦办事处的工作人员向联合国维也纳办事处提供支持。", "联合国日内瓦办事处", "139.　在联合国日内瓦办事处，由具有法律背景的一名人力资源干事代表本组织在争议法庭处理日内瓦办事处及其用户组织(联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)、联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)、人道主义事务协调厅、欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)和其他较小实体)的工作人员提出的案件。除了临时的P-4资源外，有必要增设1个由用户组织(人权高专办、贸发会议和人道协调厅)以分担费用方式供资的P-3法律干事员额，以应付工作量的增加,特别是用户组织工作量的增加。然而，这种安排只能到2011年年底才能作出。", "140.　如上所述，由于新司法系统的建立，工作人员呈交的文件更加详细，需要更多的分析工作和法律研究,口头听讯比原系统更多，而口头听讯十分耗时。此外，争议法庭的法官往往要求答辩人提供案件要素的详细信息，从而增加了工作量,需要与有关管理人员进行更多的协商。总体结果是，工作人员处理每宗案件的时间都比原系统下要花费的时间更多。", "141.　管理人员还请法律干事就管理评价请求或决定的编写工作提供法律咨询意见。此外，联合国日内瓦办事处继续为管理人员举办关于司法系统的培训并向管理人员通报管理评价决定和法庭判例。最后，法律干事向法律事务厅提供支持和意见，帮助该厅代表本组织处理向上诉法庭提出的上诉案件。", "142.　尽管工作量大增，但是联合国日内瓦办事处并没有获得向新司法系统过渡的额外资源。联合国日内瓦办事处专门安排了临时工作人员负责处理时间紧迫的额外工作，以便向办事处提供重要法律专门知识，不过，这样做是以放弃充分满足人力资源其他领域的大量需求为代价的。因此，这些安排被认为将来无法持续。", "143.　为了在争议法庭有效、适当地代表秘书长，联合国日内瓦办事处必须就增拨专用法律资源的问题征求总部的意见。具体来说，鉴于目前的工作量，联合国日内瓦办事处需要1名具有诉讼经验的P-4法律干事员额和1名一般事务(其它职等)法律助理员额。如上文第138段所述，这名P-4法律干事还需要向联合国维也纳办事处和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供服务。由用户组织(人权高专办、贸发会议和人道协调厅)以分担费用方式供资的P-3法律干事员额需予保留。", "联合国内罗毕办事处", "144.　在本报告所述期间，联合国内罗毕办事处填补了总干事的高级法律干事职位。在该期间下半期，高级法律干事代表联合国内罗毕办事处在争议法庭出庭。在本报告所述期间初期，由具有法律背景的人力资源干事在行政法科同事协助下，代表内罗毕办事处在争议法庭出庭。此外，鉴于人力资源科的诉讼经验有限，内罗毕办事处和环境署通过顾问合同使用外部的法律人才在争议法庭协助处理诉讼事项。", "145.　在联合国内罗毕办事处，涉及用户办事处的案件由具有法律背景的环境署或人居署工作人员或内罗毕办事处高级法律干事处理。", "146.　在司法事项方面对高级法律干事的依赖，意味着她无法履行作为总干事法律顾问的核心职能。因此，内罗毕办事处请求增拨资源。具体来说，内罗毕办事处需要增设1名具有诉讼经验的P-4法律干事员额和1名一般事务(其它职等)法律助理员额。这些员额还向对新司法系统的需求量特别大的非洲经济委员会(非洲经委会)提供服务。", "区域委员会和国际法庭", "147.　在新系统下，各区域委员会(欧洲经委会、亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)、拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)、非洲经委会和西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会)和国际法庭(前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭)的人力资源管理处都需要履行额外职能，提供额外服务。", "148.　把纪律案件转交人力资源管理厅前，人力资源管理处负责日常处理这些案件和管理评价请求。人力资源管理处还需要向管理人员提供关于争议法庭新判例的咨询和指导。此外，人力资源管理处需要就正在审理的案件与行政法科联系，对争议法庭关于提供补充信息的要求作出回应，与证人联系，并提供执行判决所需的信息。争议法庭法官往往要求当事方提供案件要素的详细信息，从而增加了工作量和与有关管理人员协商的次数。总体结果是，工作人员处理每宗案件的时间都比原系统下花费的时间多得多。", "149.　原先为实施新司法系统增拨资源的请求中没有列出区域委员会需要的额外经费。然而，随着新系统的实施，显然需要增拨资源。", "150.　亚太经社会和西亚经社会需要1名具有法律背景的P-4人力资源政策干事，负责向管理部门和人力资源处提供内部咨询意见。这名干事将在亚太经社会，同时向亚太经社会和西亚经社会提供支持。另需要1名一般事务(其它职等)员额支持该干事的工作。", "151.　联合国日内瓦办事处的法律干事将支持欧洲经委会的工作，而总部的法律干事负责向拉加经委会提供咨询。", "152.　如上文第146段所述，拟议在联合国内罗毕办事处增设的法律干事员额将支持非洲经委会的工作。", "外联", "153.　需要与各区域委员会进行联系。培训管理人员和人力资源干事，向他们传播相关信息，对于维护整个组织的统一标准和处理目前系统性问题至关重要。管理人员需要听取造成上诉的关键问题的情况通报和如何能够尽量减少潜在争议的咨询意见。人力资源干事需要接受培训，了解如何编写和提出对管理评价请求的答复，如何在诉讼程序中向行政法科提供信息和援助。最后，管理人员和人力资源干事需要了解整个系统，重点了解非正式解决争议的可能性。他们也需要关于开展谈判和在调解中有效代表秘书长的培训。", "154.　卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭目前正在实施《完成工作战略》。经验表明，特派团缩编时工作量都要增加。因此，预计未来三年国际法庭工作人员提出的案件数将增加。在这种情况下，必须促进与国际法庭的联系，确保管理人员和人力资源干事有机会获得对具体案件的援助和关于影响《完成工作战略》实施的判例的最新情况通报。", "155.　外联任务拟予执行。执行这些任务所需的资金共为30 000美元。具体来说，内罗毕的1名法律干事拟前往非洲经委会和卢旺达问题国际法庭(内罗毕办事处供资12 500美元)，日内瓦的1名法律干事拟前往西亚经社会、亚太经社会和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭(日内瓦办事处供资17 500美元)。因此，秘书长请求为外联任务增拨30 000美元。", "156.　此外，争议法庭有时在特派团和其他工作地点举行听讯。代表秘书长的法律干事必须前往举行听讯的地点。但到目前为止，预算中没有为这些差旅费编列具体经费。因此，秘书长请求拨款30 000美元，用作前往特派团所在地参加法庭听讯的差旅费。", "现有资源和所需资源汇总表", "157.　下表载列行政法科、总部以外办事处和区域委员会的现有资源和所需资源。", "现有资源和所需资源", "办公室\t经常预算现有资源\t请求增拨的经常预算资源 \n 行政法科 2个P-5 2个P-4 1个P-4 3个P-3 3个一般事务 维持和平支助账户 3个P-4 3个P-3 1个P-2 1个P-3(一般临时人员)^(a) 1个P-2(一般临时人员)^(a) 1个一般事务 秘书长有限的预算酌处权^(b) 1个P-4 \n 2个P-3 联合国日内瓦办事处 P-4人力资源政策干事 1个P-4 \n 1个一般事务(其它职等)\n联合国维也纳办事处\t无资源(P-4人力资源政策干事已调任)\t利用联合国日内瓦办事处的P-4法律干事的服务联合国内罗毕办事处\t无资源(P-5高级法律干事已部署)\t1个P-4 \n 1个一般事务(其它职等)\n非洲经济委员会\t无资源\t利用联合国内罗毕办事处的P-4法律干事的服务亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会\t无资源\t1个P-4 \n 1个一般事务(其它职等)\n西亚经济社会委员会\t无资源\t利用亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会的P-4法律干事的服务", "^(a) 拟议在2012-2013年支助账户预算中将其改划为常设员额。", "^(b) 到2011年12月31日为止。", "联合国开发署", "158.　联合国开发署法律支援办公室是开发署及其附属基金的综合法律办公室，其法律工作涉及公司法、机构法和行政法的各个方面，同时注重政策和培训工作。考虑到新的司法系统的要求，随着对法律磋商和咨询的需求的增加，法律支援办公室不得不调整其人员配置。该办公室行政法实践小组目前已满员运作，其中有1名实践小组组长(P-5)(有自己的工作量)、1个P-5、2个P-4和2个P-3法律干事，共有6名法律干事，由2名一般事务辅助人员协助工作。实践小组负责处理所有的管理评价请求、提交争议法庭的所有案件、所有纪律案件、政策工作法律咨询、法律培训以及从个人法律义务到税收和养恤金问题的各种法律询问。", "159.　法律支援办公室参与以非正式和正式方式解决工作人员的申诉问题的所有阶段的工作。在非正式阶段，法律支援办公室向包括人力资源办公室、国家办事处和区域局人员在内的管理人员提供关于正式投诉前消除分歧的咨询和指导意见。该办公室也可以寻求各基金和方案监察员的干预。自2009年7月1日以来，该办公室这类预防性工作大幅度增加，因为有更多的管理人员寻求法律指导，以确保他们的决定符合开发署的法律框架规定，从而增加了时间和资源的支出。", "160.　如果问题没有在非正式阶段解决，法律支援办公室向助理署长兼管理局局长提出处理管理评价请求的建议，在争议法庭代表开发署出庭，参与调解程序，与法律事务厅协调，在上诉法庭代表秘书长处理与开发署有关的案件。如有正当理由，法律支援办公室还建议从问责角度采取行动。2010年8月1日开发署启用了处理管理评价请求的新程序。虽然该办公室继续审查这些请求并向助理署长兼管理局局长提出处理建议，但是由署长任命、从名册中挑选的另两名高级管理人员需要从管理角度直接向助理署长兼管理局局长提出自己的独立见解。这项制度一直运作良好，不过，2011年需要任命更多的管理人员来应付管理评价请求数量增加的局面。预计目前给予长期任用的一次性审查将产生更多的案件。", "161.　法律支援办公室通过现有各种媒体定期开设培训班，举行简报会，开展外联活动，以提高开发署工作人员和管理人员对新系统的认识。例如，该办公室推出所有管理人员必修的在线法律课程，其中有几个章节涉及内部司法制度的法律问题。此外，该办公室不得不作出调整，以适应管理评价期限和争议法庭时限缩短以及法庭要求的听讯次数和书面呈件增加的情况。这一切都造成了其工作人员的工作量全面增加。此外，鉴于争议法庭日益注重口头听讯和正式审判，律师需要接受辩护和诉讼的专门培训。", "联合国儿童基金会", "162.　隶属执行主任办公室的执行主任首席顾问办公室全面负责儿童基金会的法律支援和咨询工作。人力资源司处理管理评价的请求，并代表儿童基金会在争议法庭出庭。为适应新系统启用后造成工作量增加的情况，儿童基金会调整了人员配置、能力和标准业务程序并特别注意管理评价的请求和调解的机会。", "联合国难民事务高级专员办事处", "163.　在内部司法系统改革前，由秘书处行政法股对有关难民署工作人员的决定进行行政复议。现在难民署自己进行管理评价，已把评价权力下放给副高级专员。直接向副高级专员报告工作的法律事务处为所有的管理评价提供咨询意见。", "164.　难民署对管理评价过程拥有非常积极的经验，这就使管理人员能够认真检讨其决定，在案件升级到争议法庭之前采取补救行动并审查及改善其工作程序。在许多情况下，管理评价过程也重新启动了难民署与工作人员的对话。", "165.　人力资源管理司司长代表难民署在争议法庭出庭。法律事务处就所有未决案件向司长提供咨询意见。", "166.　难民署非常注重早期非正式处理冤情，难民署监察员参与非正式地了结了许多案件。不过，自从采用新司法系统以来，工作人员试图通过正式系统处理冤情的情况明显增加。", "167.　难民署继续支持工作人员法律援助办公室的工作，向该办公室设在日内瓦的办事处无偿借调了1名法律干事。", "联合国项目事务厅", "168.　联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)规模较小，没有收到很多案件。项目厅虽然没有专门处理这类案件的法律部门，但是在总部有1名负责监察司法系统发展情况(包括争议法庭和上诉法庭的判例和实践)等事务的法律干事。每宗提交争议法庭的案件以及可能成为案件的任何问题，包括管理评价的请求，均由案件或问题所在区域办事处的项目厅法律干事处理，由上文提及的总部法律干事提供支持。这项工作在项目厅总法律顾问的全面监督下进行。根据ST/SGB/2008/13号秘书长公报，法律事务厅管理向上诉法庭提出的与项目厅有关的所有上诉案件。", "169.　到目前为止，新的司法系统似乎比原系统正规得多，专业得多。在新系统中，审理案件的方式与许多国家法院采用的方式相类似，口头听讯次数的增加只是其中一个例子。", "170.　因此，律师和非律师处理案件所需要的时间大幅度增加。此外，工作人员可能请求出示许多文件。争议法庭一般倾向于准许这些请求，而满足这些请求需要本组织进行大量的工作。", "联合国人口基金", "171.　联合国人口基金(人口基金)聘用了两名法律干事，他们向人口基金提供一系列法律支持和咨询服务，包括代表人口基金在争议法庭出庭。人口基金继续特别关注管理评价问题，特别关注解决争议的替代选择办法，包括调解。", "2. 代表秘书长在联合国上诉法庭出庭的法律部门", "法律事务厅", "172.　作为本组织的中央法律服务部门，法律事务厅在包括新的内部司法系统领域在内的若干领域向秘书长、秘书处各部厅和联合国各机构提供法律咨询。在法律事务厅内部，承担这一职责的组织单位是一般法律事务司行政和管理组。下文列述该司在这一领域的职责。", "173.　一般法律事务司在内部司法系统方面的责任涉及争端解决的非正式和正式这两个阶段。该司在工作人员提出申诉的最初阶段，即远未在申诉发展成为诉讼之前，向秘书处各部厅、各基金和方案提供咨询意见。例如，曾要求该司在管理评价阶段和解决的谈判期间提供意见。", "174.　一旦申诉发展到正式阶段，且工作人员向争议法庭提出申请，一般法律事务司就经常在司法进程的第一级向代表秘书长的实体提供咨询意见。这些实体包括行政法科以及日内瓦、维也纳和内罗毕的对应部门。在新的行政司法系统下，各基金和方案(开发署、项目厅、儿基会、人口基金和难民署)内的实体代表秘书长在争议法庭出庭；该司可应要求向各基金和方案提供咨询意见。此外，该司由于对新系统判例不断演变有着全面的了解，因此向代表秘书长在争议法庭出庭的所有实体介绍新系统的法律发展情况，分享法律论点，以便就在出庭时面临的各种问题提供指导，并供其使用。此类咨询意见确保秘书长就政策和原则问题提出的法律战略和论点协调一致。在这一背景下，该司提请各相关单位注意争议法庭作出的对本组织具有重大影响的判决。", "175.　一般法律事务司还代表秘书长在上诉法庭出庭。这项责任既包括对争议法庭的判决提出上诉，也包括对工作人员提出的上诉作出答辩。该司为秘书处各部厅以及各基金和方案履行这一职能。为了确定对某一判决提出上诉是否符合本组织利益，该司必须审查和分析争议法庭的每一项判决，并与代表秘书长在法庭出庭的实体协商。因此，在处理上诉的过程中需要研究和分析争议法庭提出的所有必要的事实和法律问题，并酌情起草书面上诉或答辩。", "176.　除了就与内部司法系统有关的事项提供咨询意见外，一般法律事务司还在秘书处各部厅以及各基金和方案作出行政决定之前，比如针对开除工作人员的建议作出决定之前，就《工作人员条例和细则》或其他人事政策和惯例的解释和执行向它们提供咨询意见。这类咨询请求大多来自管理事务部(包括人力资源管理厅、索偿事项咨询委员会、医务司或保险科等组织实体)，但也有一些请求来自各基金和方案、难民署以及总部以外各办事处。最后，该司还负责在颁布每一项与人力资源管理政策有关的行政通知之前对其进行审查、提供咨询意见并确认其合法性。", "177.　一般法律事务司在新的司法系统方面承担的责任大大超出了预估，造成该司工作量出现了未曾预期的大量增加。在新系统开始运作之前，秘书长曾提出该系统所需资源的报告，当时行政和预算问题咨询委员会没有核准为法律事务厅请批的任何员额，认为“通过非正式途径尽早解决争端，可能会使诉诸法庭的案件减少”(见A/62/7/Add.7，第50段)。出于这一考虑，咨询委员会认为，要求增加工作人员的理由尚不充分，因此建议在可以对实际需求进行评估之前不核准这些员额。咨询委员会推定，绝大多数案件在诉诸争议法庭之前就会得到解决。但与这一推定相反的是，如下文所述，由于新系统的实际需求，一般法律事务司需要就日益复杂的问题向更广泛的客户提供法律咨询，这些问题在财务、法律和业务上对本组织有重大影响，对咨询意见的需求也更为迫切。", "178.　在原系统下，只有一级司法审查，也就是联合国行政法庭。目前则有两级审查。在原系统下，行政法庭非全时运作，每年有两个开庭期，而在新系统下，争议法庭一年到头全时运作，上诉法庭则每年有三个开庭期。", "179.　由于系统中的这些重大的体制变化，一般法律事务司必须审查并提供有关咨询意见的判决数大大增加。在原系统下，联合国行政法庭于2009年作出了65项判决。与此相对比，在新系统下，争议法庭在2010年作出了218项判决，上诉法庭作出了100项判决。因此，新系统下的判决总数约为原系统下判决数的五倍。", "180.　在新系统下，一般法律事务司的呈件也大量增加。在原系统下，该司每年平均向联合国行政法庭呈件63份。与此相对比，该司2010年在新系统下呈件150份 (114份为源自秘书处、包括维持和平特派团的案件中的呈件，36份为源自各基金和方案及难民署的案件中的呈件)。因此，在新系统下呈件数目比在原系统下呈件数目增加了约140%。", "181.　新系统对一般法律事务司的影响不只是向上诉法庭提出上诉的数目增多；该司在这方面开展的工作性质也发生了重大变化。在原系统下，该司起草给联合国行政法庭的答辩的时间框架(六个月)比较宽松。这些答辩通常参照行政法庭既定判例，因此该司的工作较为简单，也易于管理。但是，在新系统下，提出上诉和对上诉作出答辩的时限缩短为45天。而且，尽管上诉法庭规约规定了45天的时限，上诉法庭又将提交中间上诉的时限缩短为15天。此外，新的内部司法系统的实行，意味着本组织以往的做法和行政法庭的判例正得到新法庭的重新审查。随之在管理人员应适用哪些法律规范和原则方面产生的不确定性，意味着该司现更经常地被要求向其他部门提供咨询意见，包括在争议法庭正常的听讯之前向代表本组织在争议法庭出庭的实体提供咨询意见。这与原系统形成对比，在原系统下，给联合申诉委员会和联合纪律委员会的呈件基于行政法庭既定判例，要求该司就这些程序提出咨询意见的情况很少。", "182.　所有这些因素因诸如合同改革、服务条件的统一等人力资源管理许多领域、最近的改革而更为复杂。这些改革工作也对一般法律事务司提出了更多要求，要求它审查行政通知，确认其合法性，并就《工作人员条例和细则》的解释和施行提供咨询意见。", "183.　目前，一般法律事务司由经常预算供资来负责内部司法和管理问题的员额有2个专业员额(1个P-5和1个P-3)和1个一般事务员额。截至2010年7月1日，秘书长已利用其有限的预算酌处权，为2011年12月31日截止的有限期提供了6个P-3/P-4员额和2个一般事务(其他职等)员额的临时资源。该司另外还有1个由维持和平支助账户供资的P-4员额。此外，该司最近获悉，大会于2011年7月1日批准了由维持和平支助账户供资的1个P-4和1个P-3临时人员员额。总之，除非核准下文请批的额外资源，该司将总共只有5个专业员额和1个一般事务员额负责处理内部司法和管理问题。", "184.　最后，由于对该司服务的需求超出预料，使该司承受了压力，这将削弱该司不仅在内部司法领域、而且在其他问题上及时全面地提供法律咨询的能力。", "185.　确保该司拥有在行政和管理领域提供法律咨询的能力，将会避免对本组织整体上产生长期不利的财务、法律和业务影响，在法庭判例发展的至关重要阶段尤其如此。例如，2010年该司代表本组织在上诉法庭出庭，有助于赔款裁决参数的确定，有助于澄清审查秘书长酌处权的原则。这些上诉为本组织节省了大量费用，而且基本原则的发展将使本组织长期大大受益。", "186.　为了满足新系统下对法律事务厅大量增加的服务需求，一般法律事务司需要增设8个经常预算员额(6个P-3/P-4，2个一般事务(其他职等))来处理内部司法和管理问题。不过，秘书长考虑到会员国当前的财政限制，因此目前只请大会核准一般法律事务司增设3个经常预算员额(2个P-4，1个P-3)。在这方面应当指出，该司是与上次报告相比请设员额减少了约三分之二(从8个员额减至3个员额)的唯一单位，同时它也是唯一没有因建立新系统而得到长期资源的单位(核准自2011年7月1日起设立由维持和平支助账户供资的2个一般临时人员员额除外)。", "三. 对与内部司法有关问题的回复", "A. 概览", "187.　本节对大会第65/251号决议所列问题作了回复。", "B. 回复", "1. 工作人员出资的工作人员法律援助办公室支持机制", "188.　第65/251号决议第40和第41段中请求就工作人员出资的工作人员法律援助办公室支持机制提出提议，秘书长对这项请求的回复列于本报告附件一。", "189.　在2011年6月举行的工作人员和管理当局协调委员会会议上就这些提议与工作人员进行了协商。在这次会议上，工作人员重申，由工作人员出资设立一个机制的各种选择没有一项能够接受，因为代表工作人员的费用应由雇主承担。工作人员指出，大会设立工作人员法律援助办公室是将其作为本组织内的内部司法系统的一部分，与该办公室的运作相关的费用构成为本组织的费用。他们吁请大会提供所需的资源，确保双方(工作人员和管理层)得到“平等的武装”。", "2. 编外人员的申诉机制", "190.　大会在第65/251号决议第55段中要求就有关编外人员申诉机制提出提议，秘书长对这项要求的回复列于本报告附件二。", "3. 纪律措施权力的下放", "191.　大会第65/251号决议第51段中要求就下放采取纪律措施的权力提出详细提议，秘书长在下文对这项要求作了回复。", "背景情况", "192.　将采取纪律措施的权力下放给特派团团长和总部以外办事处主管的可能性最初是秘书长在大会第六十二届会议上提出来的。这样做是基于重新设计小组报告的建议以及工作人员和管理当局协调委员会第二十八届会议的结果。该届会议对这一问题进行了讨论，并提出了一项提议。大会原则上同意将采取纪律措施的权力下放给特派团团长和总部以外办事处主管，并请秘书长就此提出一份报告，其中载述各种可能的备选方案。", "193.　秘书长考虑到协调委员会的建议，提出了将采取纪律措施权力有限下放。据此，如具备所需的有关能力，特派团团长和总部以外办事处主管就被赋予实施较轻微处罚(警告和罚款)的权力。大会请秘书长就此在第六十五届会议上提出新的提议。", "194.　鉴于若干前提条件尚未得到满足，秘书长提议在进一步分析之前暂不执行以前提出的有限权力下放的建议。不过大会再次请秘书长在大会第六十六届会议上提出一份报告，载列下放采取纪律措施的权力的各种可能备选方案。本文摘述的提议就是应这项要求编制的。", "纪律案件的处理现状", "195.　自秘书长提交关于内部司法的上次报告以来没有出现任何重大发展，但也有若干新的情况。人力资源管理厅着手对关于经订正的纪律措施和程序的行政指示(ST/AI/2007/1/Amend.1)进行修订。法庭的新判例表明，与以前的行政法庭判例相比，法庭正从一个新的角度来分析和解释《联合国工作人员条例和细则》。具体而言，两个法庭在采取纪律措施之前的阶段和纪律处分阶段的整个期间，都在对本组织要求的程序性和实质性标准进行解释；这些标准包括对指控和投诉的评估、调查报告的质量、工作人员在程序期间应享有的适当程序权利、以及所采取措施的相称性。但是必须指出，向法庭提出上诉的纪律案件涉及人力资源管理厅根据行政法庭的判例和标准审查的案子。因此，2009年7月1日后在新系统下收到并结案的案子有多少将遭到上诉以及将如何对其处置还有待观察。", "196.　从2009年7月1日到本报告所述期间结束，人力资源管理厅行政法科将357个案子结案，其中216个案子为特派团的案子。在当中的71个案子中采取了纪律措施，情况如下：19个案子中采取了开除措施，17个案子中采取了离职措施，4个案子中采取了降职措施，5个案子中采取了训斥并降低职档/职等或推迟提高职档/职等措施，14个案子中采取了训斥并罚款措施，1个案子中采取了训斥和心理咨询措施，11个案子中采取了训斥措施。", "197.　行政法科自2009年7月1日处理的涉及在外地特派团服务的工作人员的纪律案件占2009/10年案件数的70%，占2011年案件数的近60%。", "198.　行政法科处理一个纪律案子大约所需的时间从交给它处理时算起，视案情和复杂程度而定，为3至11个月不等。不过，这一约略的时间是在最佳条件下所需的时间，没有计及目前积压的旧的案子，包括在采用新的司法系统前没有结案的案子，即：(a) 在采用新的司法系统之前人力资源管理厅待处理的170个案子；(b) 30个于2009年7月1日发还行政法科的在联合纪律委员会待处理或等常务副秘书长根据委员会的报告作出决定的案子。预期这些案子将在2011年底之前结案。", "199.　在2006年至2008年间，一个纪律案子结案平均要花17个月。在这一期间处理的案子，除了建议开除的案子外，均由联合纪律委员会设立的一个小组审议。行政法科把案子提交该委员会审理平均要花8个月时间。自采用新系统后，该科平均需要11个月时间将2009年7月1日以后提交给它的案子结案。", "200.　联合纪律委员会的撤消，切实增加了行政法科根据《工作人员条例》关于纪律措施的第十章审查每个案子的实情并对这些案子加以分析的责任，而这些任务以前大部分是由委员会承担的。鉴于争议法庭加大了审查力度，该科同样进行更为详尽的分析，并在程序的每一阶段与调查实体开展相应的后续工作。", "对各种备选方案的审查", "201.　2009年7月1日采用新的司法系统，大大改变了处理纪律案件的程序。除其他外，联合纪律委员会的撤消将案子的实情评估责任转给了人力资源管理厅。", "202.　当前的多步骤程序存在着三个重大瓶颈，其中每一个都涉及确保对实情进行仔细分析和尊重工作人员的适当程序权利：(a) 调查进程的长短和参与调查的实体数目、以及实情调查和非专业的调查人员进行的其他调查的质量；(b) 让被控行为失当的工作人员作出评论所需的时间；(c) 从调查实体获得其他资料花费的时间。", "203.　简单地下放权力不会消除现有的瓶颈，因为处理纪律事项的现有程序和法庭的新判例将继续需要予以非常仔细的审视。此外，将权力下放给外地可能使工作更加重复，使作出的决定更不一致。", "部分下放权力", "204.　部分下放权力是指将采取不太严厉的纪律措施(如罚款和训斥)的权力下放给特派团团长和总部以外办事处主管。", "205.　不过，由于只有在数目有限的案子中采取了罚款和训斥，这一选择办法不会大大缩短纪律程序的时间。因此，现有的瓶颈将依旧没有得到处理，而由此在外地和人力资源管理厅之间造成的工作重复将导致低效。鉴于部分下放权力造成费用增加，包括管理事务部要外派法律干事协助从事纪律进程的程序工作，行政当局在现阶段认为这不是一个可行的选择办法。", "完全下放权力", "206.　如果完全下放权力，各特派团团长和总部以外办事处主管可依循目前总部采用的纪律程序，采取任何纪律措施。完全下放权力可增加外地的权力，减少外地与总部间的通信联系，但主要的不利之处是本组织不同单位的工作人员得到不一致、不平等待遇的可能性增加。不一致的决定又会使向争议法庭提出上诉的数目增多，造成费用增加。因此，行政当局认为，不宜采取完全下放权力的办法。", "不下放权力", "207.　如果采取纪律措施的权力仍完全归主管管理事务副秘书长所有，则现行的中央化系统将继续下去。在这种情况下，管理事务部将继续全盘看待纪律案件，而且最适于确保以最高效率、最一致的方式分析和处理此类案件。", "拟议的短期措施", "208.　部分下放权力或完全下放权力目前都不是最佳办法，但显然也需要采取行动来解决纪律案件处理拖延的问题。为此，现提出下列措施，以求加快纪律案件的调查和处理：", "(a) 通过设立一个涵盖一组特派团的服务基地，办一个试点项目，测试将内部司法至关重要的部分下放的可行性。有关资源将包括法律干事、行为和纪律干事以及可利用在服务基地或所在区已有的资源，如调查人员、监察员和工作人员法律援助办公室。每项职能均订有明确的任务规定和报告关系，以维护调查的独立性、面临纪律程序的工作人员的适当程序权利以及纪律程序的完整性。虽然采取纪律措施的权力仍归主管管理事务副秘书长所有，预期使调查和纪律程序的要素更接近案发地将有助于缩短处理案件所需的时间。这一试点项目将涵盖在非洲的一些实地特派团(待确定)，拟将服务基地设在内罗毕。这样如果从试点项目取得的经验支持进一步下放权力，包括向设在内罗毕的总部以外办事处(以及其他总部以外办事处)下放权力，则便于建立一个今后可以利用的基础设施；", "(b) 高度优先案件将通过“快车道”方式处理，据此由所有相关单位(外勤支助部、人力资源管理厅和内部监督事务厅(监督厅))将案件列为优先事项。考虑到各特派团团长的请求以及适当理由，列为高度优先的案件将得到加快处理，处理时将遵照待拟订的准则，其中确认监督厅及其案件接收委员会等现有程序的业务独立性，但除此之外将沿用处理纪律事项的适用程序；", "(c) 让工作人员休带薪行政假的权力将由主管人力资源管理助理秘书长转给主管外勤支助事务副秘书长。这将缩短让工作人员休带薪行政假的进程。而让工作人员休无薪行政假的权力仍归管理事务部所有；", "(d) 设立一个就纪律事项下放权力问题部门间工作组。", "209.　秘书长将就此向大会第六十八届会议提交一份全面报告。", "210.　工作人员和管理当局协调委员会第三十二届会议对拟议措施进行了讨论。会议商定管理当局将与工作人员分享进展情况报告，并将设立一个机制，定期向工作人员代表通报这一项目的进展情况。", "建议", "211.　请大会核准秘书长在上文第208段所详述的提议。", "4. 新的内部司法系统对工作人员-管理层关系的影响", "212.　关于大会第65/251号决议第54段的要求，秘书处、开发署和儿基会都认为，就新系统对工作人员/管理层关系以及对工作人员和管理人员业绩的影响提出报告为时过早，并认为需要更多时间才能恰当地评定是否有系统性影响。三个机构均指出工作人员-管理当局的关系出现了变化。具体而言，管理人员日益明确认识到其决定的影响，希望确保这些决定符合相关规则和政策。其结果是，方案管理人员在做决定之前向法律干事提出更多问询，更多地请他们提供咨询意见和指导。管理人员还明显地希望更多地了解这一系统，而且总的来说能在案件中作出正确决定。", "213.　因此，人们可以初步认为，新的司法系统正造成强调预防发生争端的风气，而在无法避免发生争端时，方案管理人员更常与律师咨商，以确保他们的决定符合法律和政策规定。在避免争端或非正式地解决争端过程中，有时与有关的工作人员代表以及联合国监察员或基金和方案监察员进行广泛的共同协商。", "214.　虽然已确定了这些新出现的做法，但并非所有管理人员都清楚地了解新系统的要求，这一点也是很明显的。因此，从业绩的角度来说，需要更多的时间才能确定这些新出现的做法是否正在合成一种趋势。", "215.　预期管理人员将非常认真地对待工作人员的业绩评估，并就此定期向下属提供反馈意见，这样确保根据评估报告作出的决定有适当的纪录。不过，要评论这是否已成为趋势尚为时过早。而同样难以预测的是，工作人员和管理人员在新系统下是否将积极地提高业绩。", "5. 分担费用安排", "216.　关于大会第65/251号决议第57段中的要求，秘书长作了下列回复。", "217.　自大会在第62/228号决议中决定设立新系统以来，秘书处一直持续与各基金和方案(开发署、联合国项目事务厅、儿基会、人口基金和难民署)的代表进行正式和非正式讨论，以订立按人头分担费用的安排。在按人头分担费用时，费用是依据工作人员的人数分配的。基于上述讨论，秘书处编制了一份初步的谅解备忘录草稿，并将之分发给了各基金和方案，供其评论。其后，各方举行了一次联席会议，讨论各基金和方案提出的问题。与秘书处的主要利益攸关者进行讨论之后，秘书处向各基金和方案分发了一份经修订的备忘录草稿，供各基金和方案提出进一步评论意见。经修订的备忘录草稿还作为安排的一部分，包含联合国新的性别平等与增强妇女权能实体(联合国妇女署)。2011年3月初，与有关方面又举行了一次会议，讨论经修订的备忘录草稿，而各基金和方案据此于5月提出了一份正式的协调文函，其中列有各项待解决的问题。6月，秘书处针对各项待解决的问题提出了一份正式回复，各方由此于7月举行了进一步磋商。迄今为止，各方已解决了待决问题中的大部分问题，但仍需要对包括调解事务在内的下放权力的监察员综合职能的某些方面(因各基金和方案为综合办公室中的各自监察员提供经费，而且这些监察员向各自的行政首长报告工作)作出一定澄清。例如，针对各基金和方案监察员与区域监察员之间的结构问题(包括问责和移案机制)提出了问题，并针对各基金和方案工作人员所涉案件方面的调解事务提出了问题。各方商定，调解事务和区域监察员与各基金和方案监察员之间的联系线一旦得到澄清，就可以结束关于剩下的这些特别方面的费用分担讨论。各方认识到缔结一项费用分担安排非常紧迫并承诺尽快加以缔结。", "6. 对系统中行为方的培训", "218.　关于大会在第65/251号决议第61段中提出的要求，秘书处作了下列回复。", "219.　2009年6月，法庭的新任法官参加了内部司法办公室举办的就职培训，培训课程简要介绍了本组织的机构和管理框架。书记官处的工作人员参加了关于前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭、卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和欧洲联盟公务员法庭法庭管理的培训课程。工作人员法律援助办公室工作人员参加了前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭工作人员和海牙辩护律师界从业人员举办的争端解决培训课程。", "220.　管理事务部聘任了一名法律咨询人，这名咨询人为行政法科的法律干事进行了起草技巧的辅导。法律干事还参加了由国家法律培训机构组织的为期一周的密集辩护培训课程。此外，他们还参加了开发署和监察员举办的争端解决培训课程。", "221.　开发署为在两个法庭出庭的法律干事举办了一次辩护培训课程，课程由前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭经验丰富的工作人员和英国律师界的资深律师主持。鉴于这种培训对新的专业化的正规系统中的法律干事具有重大意义，设想在2011年后期再举办一次类似的培训课程。开发署及联合国监察员和调解事务办公室联合组织了一次工作场所争端解决培训课程，包括一些高级官员在内的100多名工作人员参加了这一课程。", "222.　系统中包括法官、其工作人员和代表工作人员和管理当局的法律干事在内的所有参与者都需要经常参加旨在加强法律教育的培训。法律干事须定期参加口头和书面辩护方面的培训，以维持和增强其技能。在法庭管理做法方面加强培训，包括与其他国际法庭工作人员进行教育交流，将使争议法庭和上诉法庭书记官处的工作人员受益。此外，对系统中各行为方的联合培训也会产生种种益处，不仅可节省费用，而且还有机会交流意见和最佳做法。", "223.　法官参加法律会议和法律讨论会，同其他国际法庭法官、高级学者和其他参加者参与讨论与其专业活动有关的法律和司法做法，也是有裨益的。目前，内部司法办公室的预算不足，难以让法官参加。", "224.　在每个法庭所在地建立一个收藏参考书籍的司法图书馆将有助于法官和工作人员水平的提高。此外，通过举行年度全体教育会议而持续开展司法教育也有益处，这包括酌情由外部演讲人和主持人提出见解。有待探讨的专题包括跨文化交流技巧、有关国际公务员制度法的最新发展情况、国际规范的适用、劳工组织各项公约对国际公务员制度法的适用以及对法律问题采取的比较方法。", "225.　最后，也许拟考虑在工作人员可以利用联合国内部司法系统的联合国各机构和机关的法律框架方面，对法官进行进一步的司法培训。为确保不同国际法庭的司法人员之间的对话，或许应举办一次联合国联合司法研讨会，出席者包括争议法庭和上诉法庭的法官、其他法庭的法官、以及在可能情况下的法律学者，重点探讨国际行政法问题。此外，所有参加者都需培训，以便使不同法庭在适用标准时更加统一和一致。", "226.　现系统在运作两年之后，仍需要向工作人员开展宣传工作，向他们说明争端解决的非正式和正式办法，尤其是说明两者之间的关系。为协助工作人员，内部司法办公室用联合国所有正式语文编制了一份便于用户使用的手册。该办公室还设立了一个有所有正式语文版本的内容全面的网站，其中介绍了正规系统各个要素，包括专门为工作人员法律援助办公室编写的网页内容，以及关于两个法庭判例的最新数据库。", "227.　与非正式争端解决和调解具体相关的所需培训资源将列于联合国监察员关于非正式司法系统的报告。", "7. 处理纪律案件的及时性", "228.　大会在第65/251号决议中批准了行政和预算问题咨询委员会在其关于联合国内部司法的报告(A/65/557)中提出的建议，其中包括要求秘书长将关于处理纪律案件的及时性资料列入拟提交大会第六十六届会议的关于内部司法的报告。", "229.　对这一要求的回复已经与对关于下放纪律权力提议的要求的回复合在一起，载于上文第191至210段。", "8. 大会第65/251号决议第53段要求提供的资料", "230.　大会在第65/251号决议第53段中请秘书长在向大会第六十六届会议提交的关于内部司法的报告中列入以下资料：", "(a) 关于两法庭在该期间所收到和已处理案件的明确统计资料，包括提供分类资料，说明判决中申诉人或被告人何者胜诉，以及所涉及的行政问题；", "(b) 对若干个报告所述期间的趋势进行分析，以便查明哪些系统性的问题导致动用内部司法系统，并监测这些问题已否有效解决；", "(c) 关于所提供的补偿金的详细资料，以及上诉相关间接费用(如工作人员工时)，包括查明人事管理中那些方面的问题导致产生大量上诉的情况；", "(d) 关于向工作人员赔付相当于6个月薪金甚至更多赔偿的详细资料，同时列明所涉部厅、这些部厅的所在地以及案情细节。", "231.　就大会第65/251号决议第53段(a)而言，秘书长在上文第30至41段和第65至72段中提供了有关争议法庭和上诉法庭的资料。本报告附件三载有更多资料。", "232.　就大会第65/251号决议第53段(b)而言，秘书处作出以下回应。", "233.　统计数据显示，整个组织最常引起争议的决定涉及与遴选和任用有关的问题。这种决定相关索赔占所有提出索赔的40%左右。这种情况有各种原因。第一，以往关于遴选工作人员的行政指示在内部候选人优先权上含糊不清。第二，根据行政通知，填补一个职位时须遵循若干项程序；针对遴选和任用过程，有人可能会提出程序错误的指控。第三，未被选用的工作人员常常指称，未选用是因为外来因素。第四，工作人员指称，其电子考绩制度评估与其空缺候选资格评价相矛盾，因此对其候选资格的评估不公正。最后，争议法庭关于行政部门在遴选工作中的酌处权范围以及质疑遴选工作的举证责任和标准方面的判例不一致。", "234.　行政部门已经处理了以下问题：", "(a) 2009年9月，主管人力资源管理事务助理秘书长一查明关于优先考虑的规定含糊不清，便向所有办公室发出一项通知，澄清了审议内部候选人的程序；", "(b) 2010年4月废除了关于工作人员遴选制度的行政指示，由一项新的行政指示(ST/AI/2010/3)取代。关于优先考虑的规定不再是政策的一部分；", "(c) 2010年10月，主管管理事务副秘书长发布了“经验教训指南”，提供工作人员甄选程序指导；", "(d) 行政部门对争议法庭不一致的裁决提出了上诉。上诉法庭2010年3月的判例进一步澄清了秘书长在甄选决定上的酌处权范围以及举证的责任和标准；", "(e) 上诉法庭的判例将有助于回应工作人员就感知的考绩评价与候选资格评价不一致提出的事实论据，也将有助于处理偏见指控。上诉法庭认定，当工作人员提出这种指控时，他们有责任出具清楚、令人信服的证据来支持其主张。", "235.　至于其他类别案件，大家认识到不续约决定常常由于没有遵守考绩管理制度规定的程序而受到指责。主管管理事务副秘书长在给管理部门的通知中谈到这个问题，详述了争议法庭的判例，并让管理人员明白必须遵守电子考绩制度程序。", "236.　重点涉及定期任用不续约问题的“经验教训指南”于2010年8月发布。指南指示管理人员严格遵守规则和程序，记录决策过程，并遵守考绩管理程序。", "237.　此外，2010年4月30日发布了题为“考绩管理和发展制度”的行政指示(ST/AI/2010/5)。该指示更新了考绩评价政策和程序，并处理了导致延误完成电子考绩制度评估的问题。", "238.　纪律措施也常常导致上诉。这是争议法庭产生的判例继续演变的另一个领域。具体地说，争议法庭多次重新审议了秘书长行使斟处权的问题。行政部门对这些裁决提起过上诉。2011年年初，上诉法庭作出一项判决，强调争议法庭不是决策者，其作用仅限于对秘书长行使其广泛的行政管理酌处权进行有限的司法审查。", "239.　作为几项判决的议题的一项措施，是在调查不当行为指控的过程中让工作人员休全薪特别假。争议法庭裁定，在纪律程序未结束的情况下采取这样的措施不适合。结果，行政部门修订了规则，颁布了工作人员细则10.4。该条特别规定，在调查结束前让工作人员休行政假。以前的工作人员细则要求，对工作人员停职前须提出指控。而新的工作人员细则规定，在调查直至纪律程序结束期间的任何时候，可让工作人员休行政假。", "240.　对上诉法庭判决提起上诉的一个重要议题是给予补偿的问题。上诉法庭推翻了一些大数额赔偿的裁决，争议法庭应采用的原则已得到阐明。具体地说，上诉法庭认定，成功的索赔人有权获得补偿金——只要金钱可以办到——使之处于其任用条件得到遵守的情况下本应处于的状况。", "241.　就大会第65/251号决议第53段(c)而言，关于已给予补偿金的详细资料载于本报告附件三。至于与上诉有关的间接费用，如工作人员时间，包括查明引起大量上诉的工作人员行政管理的各方面问题，秘书长作出如下回应。", "242.　为了计算这种间接费用，内部司法系统的所有利益攸关方都同意，工作人员在2010年花费的与争议法庭和上诉法庭的判决有关的小时总数应予相加。他们还同意，一名P-4法律干事每周40个小时、每年45周工作的费用可用作平均数。此外再加上20%，以反映管理层和高级管理层审查案件和行政支持的额外工作时数。", "243.　争议法庭书记官处、法律事务厅、人力资源管理厅、开发署、儿童基金会、联合国项目事务厅、人口基金、管理评价股和工作人员法律援助办公室提交的计算花费在争议法庭作出判决的案件所用时间的文件已收到。上诉法庭书记官处、法律事务厅和工作人员法律援助办公室提供了计算上诉法庭案件所用时间的文件。下面分别列出争议法庭和上诉法庭案件用时平均数。得出这些数字的方法说明可应要求提供。", "244.　应指出，各个案件所用时数可能相差很大。此外，工作人员法律援助办公室提供的数字不反映志愿人员在案件上花费的时间，也不反映该办公室为提供简要咨询意见或处理不导致正式上诉的案件而花费的大量时间。", "245.　考虑到每个单位和实体提供的资料，争议法庭一起案件所用平均工作人员时间是400.3个小时，上诉法庭一起案件是230.5个小时(按一名P-4工作人员每周40个小时、每年45周工作计算)。", "246.　就大会第65/251号决议关于赔付六个月或以上薪金的第53段(d)而言，秘书长在本报告附件三中提供了这类赔付的资料。", "四. 与大会审查两法庭规约有关的问题", "A. 导言", "247.　大会在第65/251号决议第46段中决定，“推延到大会第六十六届会议再参照所获得的经验审查法庭规约，包括法庭总体运转效率”。为了协助大会审查两法庭的规约，秘书长提出了以下问题供大会考虑。在提出这些问题时，秘书长强调，这些问题的讨论不应妨碍司法独立原则。由于大会是设立两法庭、通过其规约、批准其程序规则的机构，应由大会断定对这些问题采取什么行动，或是否采取行动。", "B. 两法庭的程序规则", "248.　争议法庭规约第7条规定，争议法庭应自订程序规则，但须得到大会核准。同样，上诉法庭规约第6条规定，上诉法庭应自订程序规则，但须得到大会核准。由于大会将审议关于争议法庭和上诉法庭程序规则修正案的报告(A/66/86)，秘书长向大会提出了以下有关程序规则的意见供其审议。", "1. 程序规则修正案协商", "249.　两法庭的规约目前没有规定由各当事方就争议法庭和上诉法庭程序规则修正案提出建议，或参与协商。由于各出庭当事方会对拟议修正案的影响提出重要看法，事先与他们协商有利于修正两法庭程序规则的过程。两法庭规约或程序规则中没有明确规定，并不妨碍两法庭在修正程序规则之前，与当事方进行协商。值得注意的是，虽然前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭规约和程序规则没有为修正程序规则规定协商进程，但在实践中，书记官处、检察官办公室和辩护律师的代表参加一个“规则委员会”的工作，而设立该委员会是为了在法官通过法庭程序规则拟议修正案之前审议这些修正案。", "250.　秘书长建议大会鼓励两法庭在对程序规则进行修正之前，与出庭当事方协商。", "2. 驳回明显不可受理或毫无根据的案件", "251.　争议法庭程序规则第9条指出，“在对案件的重大事实没有争议的情况下，当事方如依法有权得到判决，可正式请求当即判决”。根据这一规定，只要对重大事实存在争议，则无法驳回非实质性申诉。相比之下，其他政府间组织的行政法庭规定了处理非实质性申诉的机制。[8] 例如，欧洲联盟公务员法庭程序规则第76条指出，“若一诉讼全部或部分明显不可受理或明显缺乏任何法律依据，则法庭可不进一步进行诉讼，通过附有理由的命令做出决定”。2010年，在欧洲联盟公务员法庭审理的129个案件中，有10个案件是依照这一规定处理的。", "252.　此外，秘书长指出，上诉法庭的程序规则没有规定快速处理非实质性上诉的机制。在其他政府间组织的行政法庭中，只有欧洲联盟规定了上诉审查。针对欧盟公务员法庭的判决，可上诉到普通法院。普通法院程序规则第111条规定，如果一项诉讼“明显不可受理或者明显缺乏任何法律依据”，普通法院可以就一项诉讼做出“在诉讼中不采取进一步措施”的决定。", "253.　至于何种案件可以明显不可受理或毫无根据为由驳回，秘书长回顾说，上诉法庭早在2010年7月便裁定，争议法庭无权审查或修改前联合国行政法庭的判决。[9] 尽管如此，上诉法庭迄今接到至少五项上诉，谋求修改行政法庭的判决。虽然这些上诉可被视为“明显缺乏任何法律依据”，但上诉法庭没有机制快速驳回这些案件。因此，本组织除了准备回应这类上诉发生的费用外，还承担为每个这类案件作出全面判决的费用(每项判决3 600美元)。", "254.　为了确保无聊案件可以快速驳回，以便以更效率使用内部司法系统的资源，大会不妨考虑修正争议法庭规约第七条第二款第㈧项，使其程序规则包含一项关于“即决驳回案件，包括明显不可受理或明显缺乏任何法律依据的案件的程序”的规定。大会还不妨修正上诉法庭规约第六条，使其程序规则包括一项类似的规定。", "255.　秘书长建议大会修正联合国争议法庭规约第七条第二款第㈧项和联合国上诉法庭规约第六条，规定在程序规则中要有一个机制快速驳回显然不可受理或显然缺乏任何法律依据的案件。", "3. 口头听讯录音", "256.　如上文第49段所述，秘书长已请拨预算资源，用于保留口头听讯录音。虽然上诉法庭在一个案件中裁定，一当事方“有权获得争议法庭有关书记官处在诉讼程序中的证词录音，”[10] 但这些纪录并非总是应当事方的要求提供。201年6月，当事方获悉，“规约和程序规则不要求争议法庭书记官处制作口诉程序的录音”。", "257.　秘书长指出，在争议法庭的事实评估广泛或完全依据诉讼中的口头证据，争议法庭没有向当事方提供这种口头证据纪录的案件中，当事方不能以任何有意义的方式行使上诉权利。虽然各当事方可依靠自己的口头证据笔记，但如果没有客观的证据纪录，上诉法庭将无法评估争议法庭的口头证据说明或当事方的说明是否准确。", "258.　为了确保保留口头听讯录音，并应当事方的要求提供这些录音，大会不妨考虑修正争议法庭规约第七条第二款第㈤项，使程序规则包含一项关于“口头听讯，包括应当事方要求提供的口头听讯录音的规定”。", "259.　秘书长建议大会修订联合国争议法庭规约第七条第二款第㈤项，规定保留该法庭口头听讯录音，并应当事方的要求提供这些录音。", "4. 工作人员姓名编辑", "260.　争议法庭规约第十一条第六款规定，“争议法庭书记官处应在注意保护个人资料的同时公布法庭判决，供公众查阅”。", "261.　秘书长指出，在若干案件中，争议法庭在判决书中列出有争议决定直接或间接涉及的工作人员的姓名。在一些争议法庭判定有争议决定无效的案件中，法庭以无节制的措辞形容工作人员的行为和品性。列出工作人员的姓名，以无节制的措辞形容工作人员的行为和性格，已经导致一些工作人员对法官提出申诉，并引起有关诽谤的关切。", "262.　考虑到争议法庭规约第十一条第六款的规定，并考虑到有必要确保工作人员的姓名和品性不在争议法庭判决书中受到不公正的指责，大会不妨考虑修正该法庭规约第七条第二款第㈥项，使其程序规则包含一项关于“公布判决，包括应有关个人的要求编辑判决书中姓名的程序”的规定。", "263.　秘书长建议大会修正联合国争议法庭规约第七条第二款第㈥项，使其程序规则包含一项关于“公布判决，包括应有关个人的要求编辑判决书中姓名的程序”的规定。", "5. 对中间命令提出上诉的暂缓执行效力", "264.　依照争议法庭规约第十一条第三款，“在规定的上诉时限到期后，判决应予执行。”此外，上诉法庭规约第七条第五款规定，“提起上诉具有暂停执行有争议判决的效力”。虽然两法庭的规约只提到判决上诉，但上诉法庭认识到，在有限的情况下，对中间命令提出上诉也是允许的。因此，争议法庭规约第十一条第三款和上诉法庭规约第七条第五款适用于对中间命令的上诉，看来是合适的。", "265.　由于不清楚上诉是否暂停执行有争议的中间命令的义务，争议法庭禁止上诉当事方在争议法庭出庭。后来上诉法庭宣布这一结论无效。[11] 目前经修正的争议法庭程序规则第19条对实行这种禁止的权力作出了规定，允许该法庭在一当事方未遵守一项中间命令的情况下，下达其认为适当的任何命令，包括，“驳回申诉或答辩的裁决”。秘书长认为，争议法庭强制遵守中间命令的权利必须与各当事方本着诚意对中间命令提出上诉的权利相平衡，在秘书长否则必须执行争议法庭下达的、与上诉法庭既定判例相矛盾的中间命令的情况下特别如此。大会不妨考虑修正争议法庭规约第十一条第五款和上诉法庭规约第七条第五款，以确认这些规定同样适用于争议法庭的所有裁决，无论其形式是判决还是命令。", "266.　秘书长建议大会修正联合国争议法庭规约第十一条第三款，说明可对争议法庭下达的中间命令提出上诉。秘书长还建议大会修正联合国上诉法庭规约第七条第五款，说明对争议法庭下达的中间命令提起上诉具有暂停执行有争议的命令的效力。两法庭程序规则的相关规定也需要修正。", "6. 在上诉法庭提起上诉的时限", "267.　上诉法庭规约第七条第一款第㈢项规定了45天提起上诉的时限。[12] 目前规约没有为对中间命令的上诉设定时限，虽然在实践中，上诉法庭实行了15天的时限。[13]", "268.　鉴于当事方资源有限以及工作地点之间转交相关档案遇到的延误，秘书长认为，把提起上诉的时限再延长15天，有助于更充分地介绍上诉法庭应审查的法律问题。时限延长15天造成的推迟极其有限，而允许更彻底审查上诉中提出的法律问题的收益重大，两者应予权衡，在上诉法庭初始阶段第一次审查许多根本性问题时特别如此。", "269.　秘书长建议大会修正联合国上诉法庭规约第七条第一款第㈢项，把对联合国争议法庭判决提起上诉的时限从45天延长到60天，并为对中间命令的上诉设定30天的时限。上诉法庭程序规则的相关规定也需要修正。", "C. 联合国争议法庭对独立实体与履行其任务有关的行为和不行为的 管辖权", "270.　争议法庭规约第二条第一款第㈠项确定该法庭对“被指称为不遵守任用条件或雇用合同的行政决定”具有管辖权。在解释“行政决定”一词时，联合国行政法庭认定，“行政决定的特点是，由行政部门作出，单方面的，针对具体情况”，对工作人员雇用条件和待遇“产生直接法律后果”。[14] 在说明第一项标准(行政决定必须由行政部门作出)时，行政法庭在其第1359号判决(Perez-Soto案(2007年))中裁定，监察员所作的不调查骚扰投诉的决定不构成行政决定，因为鉴于监察员的独立身份，其所有行为或不行为不属于行政当局的决定。", "271.　其他国际组织的行政法庭也确认以下基本原则：当一实体独立于管理部门行事时，该组织对此实体没有有效控制，因此不能为其行为或不行为负责。例如，在两个不同的案件中，国际货币基金组织(货币基金组织)和世界银行的工作人员指控其组织的职工会对发表个人保密资料负有责任，并对这些组织提出申诉。[15] 货币基金组织行政法庭和世界银行行政法庭都驳回了这些申诉，裁定这些组织不能对职工会的行动负责任，因为职工会没有“按照管理层的指示或在管理层的有效控制下”行事。[16]", "272.　秘书长指出，若干具有独立地位的实体是依照大会决议建立的。这些实体包括监察员、监督厅、道德操守办公室和内部司法办公室。这些实体都享有业务独立性。[17] 争议法庭是否有权管辖这些独立实体的行为或不行为的问题引发了难题，秘书长因其无有效控制的实体的行为和不行而被追究责任的可能性也提出了难题。", "273.　迄今为止，行为和不行为在争议法庭上受到质疑的独立实体包括：(a) 监督厅；(b) 道德操守办公室；(c) 工作人员法律援助办公室：", "(a) 在上诉法庭最近审理的一个案件中，一名工作人员对一份监督厅报告的内容以及监督厅的审计程序提出异议。截至2011年8月15日，上诉法庭尚未发布该案件的判决书。不过，正如判决提要所示(判决提要是上诉法庭书记官处为发布新闻而不是作为正式文件分发的)，上诉法庭似乎承认，由于秘书长无权影响或干涉监督厅，联合国争议法庭也没有管辖权这样做，因为它只审查秘书长的行政决定；", "(b) 在至少三个案件中，工作人员向争议法庭提出申诉，质疑道德操守办公室断定他们没有受到报复的意见。他们称，大会请秘书长设立一个具有“独立地位”的道德操守办公室，便要求秘书长遵守这种地位。争议法庭在反驳这一论点时认为“大会的建议必须得到认真考虑”，但不对评估道德操守办公室是否享有独立地位具有决定性作用。[18] 由于争议法庭尚未发布一项处理道德操守办公室有关报复的裁断是否构成行政决定的问题的最后判决书，上诉法庭尚未就此问题发表意见；", "(c) 在上诉法庭最近审查的一个案件中，一名工作人员对工作人员法律援助办公室据称未披露利益冲突提出异议。秘书长认为，该办公室的行为和不行为不构成行政部门的决定，因此，不属于争议法庭的管辖范围。争议法庭仅限于审查“行政决定”。在这方面，秘书长指出，货币基金行政法庭和世界银行行政法庭都拒绝接受这两个国际组织可因其职工会有争议的行动而被追究责任的论点，因为职工会的主要目的是为工作人员利益代言，“表达独立于、有时对立于……管理层的看法”。[19] 这种推理甚至更适用于工作人员法律援助办公室，因为诉讼的对抗性质意味着该办公室常常表达与管理层相反的看法。截至2011年8月15日，上诉法庭尚未发布此案件判决书。不过，正如判决摘要所示，上诉法庭似乎裁定，工作人员法律援助办公室的行为和不行为属于争议法庭的管辖范围，因为该办公室提供的服务以及实施代理的方式可对任用条件产生影响。因工作人员法律援助办公室行为和不行为而追究秘书长的法律和财务责任的含义是，工作人员如果不能成功挑战秘书长的行政决定，只要能够确定该办公室提供的法律咨询有某些缺陷，就仍可对本组织提出赔偿要求。", "274.　上诉法庭新出现的案例似乎表明，虽然诸如监督厅等某些独立实体的行为和不行为可能不属于争议法庭的管辖范围，但诸如工作人员法律援助办公室等其他独立实体的行为和不行为可以由争议法庭审查。此外，秘书长指出，上诉法庭有关这些问题的指导不一定是决定性的，因为争议法庭强调，只有在上诉法庭确立的规则“符合一般法律原则”时，争议法庭才会认为这些规则是适用的。[20]", "275.　因此，秘书长认为，大会澄清其在争议法庭管辖范围上的意向可能是有益的。在这方面，秘书长强调，将独立实体的行为和不行为排除在争议法庭管辖之外，并不意味着工作人员在认为其权利遭到这类实体侵犯的情况下被剥夺申诉权。", "276.　第一，在秘书长根据独立实体受指责行为或不行为作出行政决定的情况下，可以在争议法庭对该决定本身提出异议。例如，道德操守办公室断定，一名工作人员实施了报复，秘书长根据道德操守办公室这一裁断决定对该工作人员采取纪律措施，该工作人员可以向争议法庭提出申诉，对秘书长采取的纪律措施以及他对道德操守办公室据称错误的裁断的依赖提出异议。不过，道德操守办公室有关报复的裁断不应在争议法庭受到质疑。由于道德操守办公室的独立地位不允许秘书长指示该办公室如何作出报复裁断，不能因该办公室作出的裁断而追究秘书长的责任，即使后来这些裁断被证明是错误的。", "277.　第二，如果工作人员质疑独立实体与履行管理职能有关的行为或不行为，争议法庭管辖范围扩大到这些事项不会在该实体的独立地位方面引起任何问题。例如，质疑监督厅内甄选方式的申诉显然属于争议法庭的管辖范围。", "278.　只有在一工作人员的申诉涉及独立实体履行其业务职责的方式时，争议法庭对独立实体的行为和不行为行事行使管辖权才有问题。秘书长认为，由于各独立实体履行其业务职责的方式不在秘书长的有效控制之下，这些实体与执行业务任务有关的任何行为和不行为也不能归于秘书长，不应追究秘书长的法律或财务责任。的确，在这种情况下追究责任，不会推进加强问责制的目标，因为秘书长没有权力影响或纠正工作人员所质疑的独立实体的行为和不行为。大会不妨考虑在没有确定秘书长有错的情况下，追究财务责任和花费本组织的公共资金的做法是否合适。", "279.　如果大会要说明争议法庭对行政决定的管辖范围仅限于那些秘书长作出或以秘书长名义作出的决定，大会不妨考虑修正争议法庭规约第二条第一款第㈠项，提及“秘书长单方面作出或以秘书长名义作出的据称不遵守任用条件或雇佣合同的行政决定”。", "280.　秘书长建议大会修正联合国争议法庭规约第二条第一款第㈠项，提及“秘书长单方面作出或以秘书长名义作出的据称不遵守任用条件或雇佣合同的行政决定”。", "281.　另一个新出现的问题是争议法庭是否对秘书长执行大会或其附属机构等理事机构作出的决定具有管辖权。迄今为止，工作人员向争议法庭提出了申诉，质疑秘书长为执行大会决议和国际公务员制度委员会(公务员制度委员会)的决定而采取的行动。", "1. 大会", "282.　《联合国宪章》第一百零一条规定，“办事人员由秘书长依大会所定章程委派之”。根据该规定，大会颁布《工作人员条例》并可修改《工作人员细则》。大会以决议形式核准本组织关于人力资源管理的政策。", "283.　2010年，大会第65/248号决议核准国际公务员制度委员会关于统一联合国共同制度各组织不带家属工作地点工作人员服务条件的建议。该决定的后果是取消了一项称为“个人过渡津贴”的福利。大会同一决议还请秘书长促进“立即执行委员会关于统一不带家属工作地点服务条件的建议”。因此，外勤支助部告诉外勤工作人员，大会核准的更改将于2011年7月1日生效。2011年6月，首次有人向争议法庭提出对取消个人过渡津贴一事的申诉。该申诉指称，取消个人过渡津贴对单身女性造成不利影响，提出此举是基于性别或个人状况的歧视。", "284.　《宪章》要求秘书长执行大会确立的工作人员管理条例，其结果是还要求秘书长执行大会决议所制定的人力资源管理政策。联合国行政法庭以前曾认为，该法庭“既非大会也非秘书长，因此没有资格以其判决代替关于人事问题的政策决定”。[21] 第65/251号决议重申了大会决议的法律权威，强调指出“新的内部司法系统的所有部分都必须符合《联合国宪章》以及大会核准的法律和规章框架”。", "285.　然而，争议法庭认为，如果不采取某行动将导致违反人权准则如同工同酬原则，不能以秘书长有义务遵守大会决议为由而拒绝采取该行动。该裁决已获得上诉法庭确认。[22] 简言之，当争议法庭确定执行大会决议将导致不符合人权准则的结果时，则可因秘书长执行该决议而追究其法律和经济责任。", "2. 国际公务员制度委员会", "286.　国际公务员制度委员会是大会的附属机构，其章程由大会第3357(XXIX)号决议核准。委员会章程第6条明文禁止委员会接受参与共同制度的任何组织的指令，因此委员会独立于秘书长。该章程第25(3)条规定，委员会的决定“应由各组织从委员会确定的日期起执行”。", "287.　2009年12月，国际公务员制度委员会决定将内罗毕的工作地点分类从“C”类改为“B”类。亚的斯亚贝巴的工作地点分类也从“C”类改为“B”类。这两项更改均于2011年1月1日生效。委员会的工作地点分类分“A”类到“E”类，表示生活和工作条件的困难度，其中“E”类为条件最困难的工作地点。由于内罗毕和亚的斯亚贝巴工作地点的重新分类，在两地工作的人员获得的艰苦条件津贴随之减少，而且每隔24个月而非每隔12个月才有权享受一次回籍假。这两个工作地点的工作人员均对秘书长执行委员会的决定提出异议。", "288.　秘书长有义务落实委员会对内罗毕工作地点的重新分类，因为委员会章程第25(3)条和工作人员条例3.14要求秘书长“参考根据国家公务员制度委员会确立的工作地点分类确定的每个工作地点生活或工作的困难度”制定艰苦条件津贴数额。此外，联合国行政法庭还强调，委员会决定对秘书长有约束力。行政法庭第421号判决(Chatwani)裁定，“联合国秘书长或共同制度内其他组织的总干事均无权修订、更改或撤消委员会根据其章程通过的决定”。[23]", "3. 联合国争议法庭管辖范围的说明", "289.　争议法庭仍在审查对秘书长执行包括大会决议和国际公务员制度委员会决定在内的理事机构决定所提出的异议。值得注意的是，上诉法庭已驳回秘书长在一个案件中提出的采取工作人员所要求行动会违反大会一项关于预算问题的决议这一论点，认为预算因素“不能压倒公平待遇的要求”。[24]", "290.　即使在争议法庭和上诉法庭裁决质疑秘书长执行大会决议和委员会决定的具体案件后，此类判决仍不一定能用于其他情况，因为这些理事机构的决定涵盖范围广大的、与人力资源管理相关的问题。此外争议法庭还强调，它认为上诉法庭所定规则仅在“符合普遍法律原则”时才适用。[25]", "291.　因此，秘书长认为大会澄清其有关争议法庭管辖范围的意图也许是有益的。在秘书长采取行动执行大会和国际公务员制度委员会等理事机构决定的情况下，大会不妨审议强加财政责任和消耗本组织公共资金的做法是否合适。", "292.　如果大会说明争议法庭的管辖范围不包括秘书长执行大会和委员会等理事机构的决定一事，则大会可考虑修正争议法庭规约第2.1(a)条，将提法改为“秘书长单方面作出或代表秘书长作出的、据称不符合任用条件或雇用合同的行政决定”。秘书长采取行动执行理事机构决定并非秘书长单方面作出的行政决定，因为他无权以违反理事机构决定的方式行事。", "293.　秘书长建议大会修正联合国争议法庭规约第2.1(a)条，将提法改为“秘书长单方面作出或代表秘书长作出的、据称不符合任用条件或雇用合同的行政决定”。", "五. 所需资源", "294.　秘书长确定了为建立一个“独立、透明、专业化、资源充足和权力分散的”新系统在正式司法系统内需要加强的一些领域。非正式系统所需资源在联合国监察员的报告中另行说明。鉴于上述所有原因，除2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算(A/66/6)中请求的资源外，秘书长建议大会考虑以下列员额和非员额资源来加强正式司法系统：", "(a) 关于管理评价股，鉴于上文第19和20段所述原因，秘书长建议大会再设立一个法律干事(P-3)员额以协助该股工作；", "(b) 关于争议法庭及其书记官处，鉴于上文第42至44段所述原因，秘书长建议大会为该法庭再任命三名专职法官(日内瓦、内罗毕和纽约各一名)，将纽约书记官处的一个P-2法律干事员额改叙为P-3，并设立六个新员额(3个P-3、2个一般事务和1个一般事务(当地雇员))来协助新增专职法官的工作，自2012年1月1日起生效。上述职位最初由大会第63/253号决议批准，任期为自2009年7月1日起一年，然后由大会第65/251号决议延长至2011年12月31日，经费系运用由大会第60/283号决议授予秘书长并由第64/260号决议延长的有限预算酌处权提供。此项提议是为了使上述争议法庭现有的临时职位正规化；", "(c) 关于争议法庭的非员额资源，鉴于上文第49至51段所述原因，秘书长建议大会核准通信费(25 000美元)和差旅费(155 000美元)；", "(d) 关于上诉法庭书记官处，鉴于上文第71至78段所述原因，秘书长建议设立一个法律干事(P-4)以增强书记官处，自2012年1月1日起生效，并增加差旅费280 200美元，以利于该法庭每年可第三次开庭，并用于提高该法庭法官的差旅待遇；", "(e) 关于工作人员法律援助办公室，鉴于上文第83至92段所述原因，秘书长建议设立四个员额(内罗毕一个P-4和一个一般事务、纽约一个P-4、日内瓦一个一般事务)以增强该办公室，自2012年1月1日起生效。秘书长还建议把第65/251号决议自2011年1月1日设立的、目前由维持和平行动支助账户提供经费至2011年1月1日的P-3职位续设至2012年12月31日。此外，秘书长还请求提供通信费(11 200美元)、差旅费(15 000美元)和用品费(9 000美元)；", "(f) 关于内部司法办公室执行主任办公室，鉴于上文第101至108段所述原因，秘书长建议大会授权提供一般临时人员经费(130 000美元)，用作内部司法理事会外部人员的报酬，并用作替补请长期病假和产假工作人员的费用。此外，秘书长还建议大会核准差旅费(30 000美元)、订约承办事务费(37 500美元)和成套软件购买费(37 500美元)；", "(g) 关于在争议法庭代表秘书长的秘书处部门，鉴于上文第115和116段所述原因，秘书长建议大会核准11个新员额(5个P-4、3个P-3、1个一般事务和2个一般事务(当地雇员))，自2012年1月1日起生效。这其中包括人力资源管理办公室五个员额(2个P-4和3个P-3)、联合国日内瓦办事处两个员额(1个P-4和1个一般事务)、联合国内罗毕办事处两个员额(1个P-4和1个一般事务(当地雇员))以及亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会两个员额(1个P-4和1个一般事务(当地雇员))。鉴于上文第157至161段所述原因，秘书长建议大会核准差旅费(60 000美元)，用于执行外联任务和前往其他工作地点参加法庭听讯；", "(h) 关于法律事务厅，鉴于上文第172至186段所述原因，秘书长建议在一般法律事务司设立三个员额(2个P-4和1个P-3)，自2012年1月1日起生效。", "295.　因此，如果大会同意上述提议，则将按照根据大会第41/213和42/211号决议设立的应急基金的规定，考虑提供所需追加资源8 657 900美元(重计费用前)。在这方面，应记得大会第65/262号决议核准2012-2013两年期应急基金数额为4 050万美元。", "296.　本报告所列的全部新员额拟于2012年1月1日起设立。行政和预算问题咨询委员会在关于2008-2009两年期拟议方案预算第一次报告(A/62/7)第20段中建议，凡是提出新的提议，均应说明员额的滞后影响。有鉴于此，大会不妨注意到，拟议的26个新员额在2014-2015两年期按全额费用计算的所需增加经费目前估计为3 356 400美元，包括第1款(通盘决策、领导和协调)下1 072 200美元、第8款(法律事务)下432 200美元、第19款(亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展)下173 500美元、第29A款(主管管理事务副秘书长)下126 200美元、第29C款(人力资源管理办公室)下684 600美元、第29E款(行政，日内瓦)下234 500美元、第29G款(行政，内罗毕)下168 300美元以及第37款(工作人员薪金税)下464 900美元，最后一笔由收入第1款(工作人员薪金税收入)下的同等数额抵销。", "六. 结论以及有待大会采取的行动", "297.　秘书长认为，报告所载建议将为已经赢得工作人员和管理当局信任的新内部司法系统提供所需的额外力量。他请大会给予这些提议适当的考虑，并核准确保其落实工作所需的资源。", "298.　因此，请大会：", "(a) 核准在2012-2013年两年期方案预算内从2012年1月1日起设立26个新员额(10个P-4、8个P-3、4个一般事务(其他职等)和4个当地雇员)；", "(b) 核准在2012-2013年两年期方案预算内从2012年1月1日起将1个P-2员额改叙为P-3员额；", "(c) 在2012-2013年两年期方案预算内共批款8 657 900美元(重计费用前)，包括下列增加批款：第1款(通盘决策、领导和协调)下3 889 700美元；第8款(法律事务)下559 700美元；第19款(亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展)下388 400美元；第29A款(主管管理事务副秘书长)下164 300美元；第29C款(人力资源管理办公室)下948 300美元；第29D款(中央支助事务厅)下832 700美元；第29E款(行政，日内瓦)下636 600美元；第29G款(行政，内罗毕)下577 200美元以及第37款(工作人员薪金税)下增加661 000美元，最后一笔由收入第1款(工作人员薪金税收入)下相应数额抵销。这些经费将从应急基金列支；", "(d) 核准自2012年1月1日起将内罗毕一个P-3员额再续设一年，由维持和平行动支助账户预算供资，相关费用将在与2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日维持和平行动支助账户有关的执行情况报告中报告，并反映于2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日的拟议预算中。", "附件一", "为工作人员法律援助办公室供资的工作人员出资机制建议", "工作人员法律援助办公室的工作人员出资机制：概念文件", "一. 导言", "1. 本概念文件根据大会第65/251号决议第40和41段的要求，介绍了由工作人员出资的各种机制，用以支持内部司法办公室的工作人员法律援助办公室的工作。大会要求提交基于法定缴款和自愿缴款两种模式的建议，本概念文件对此要求作了回应。", "2. 本文件列出了法定缴款和自愿缴款方案的共同点。具体而言，大会将继续在考虑到秘书长拟议预算的基础上，确定工作人员法律援助办公室的工作人员配置表和其他财务需要。此外，秘书长还注意到，任何关于该办公室人员配置需求的决定都必须考虑到大会就办公室任务和职能所作的任何决定。根据第63/253号决议设立的办公室员额将继续由经常预算供资。拟议的工作人员出资机制将抵销根据秘书长的提议增强办公室目前工作人员配置的部分费用。最后一个共同点是，拟议的工作人员缴款，不论法定缴款还是自愿缴款，均将从每月工资中扣除。", "3. 具体而言，关于法定缴款方案，值得注意的是，大会设立工作人员法律援助办公室是将其作为本组织内部司法系统的一部分，与其业务活动相关的费用构成本组织的费用。根据《联合国宪章》第十七条第二项，“本组织之经费应由会员国依照大会分配限额担负之”。该项的意图是要求会员国承担本组织的费用，这一点是该项规定的立法历史所明确显示的。[26]", "4. 因此，要求工作人员部分承担《宪章》规定会员国承担的本组织经费会引起法律上的问题。如果引入以工作人员出资机制协助大会授权本组织进行的活动这种做法，将产生一种可能性，即未来本组织的其他“费用”可能被视为有利于工作人员，将通过向工作人员征税来全额承担或部分承担。", "二. 为工作人员法律援助办公室供资的工作人员法定缴款机制", "5. 工作人员为工作人员法律援助办公室供资机制有三种可能的法定缴款模式：(a) 普遍模式，即所有工作人员缴纳工资的一定百分比；(b) 仅向实际使用该办公室服务的工作人员收费的模式；(c) 用工作人员工会和协会所收会费的一定百分比为办公室活动供资的模式。以下论述这三种模式。", "6. 截至2010年6月30日，秘书处和各基金及方案的工作人员包含约45 000名一般事务工作人员、约30 000名专业和外勤工作人员以及约1 525名司级及司级以上工作人员。这些人可使用内部司法系统(见A/65/350和CEB/2010/HLCM/ HR/24)。", "A. 普遍法定缴款模式", "7. 根据普遍法定缴款模式，将对每位工作人员收费。对工作人员的任何收费都有一项重要考虑，即各工作地点的薪金表，尤其是本地薪金表，有很大差异。因此，任何收费都需要反映薪金表的差异，以确保收费公平并与每位工作人员的实际工资比例相称。一种可能是收取每位可使用内部司法系统的工作人员工资的某个百分比(例如，001%)。另一种可能是收费额固定，但以确定的工作人员的职等、职级和工作地点为准。收费将从每月工资中扣除。", "8. 收取的工作人员缴款将用以抵销根据大会第63/253号决议确立的工作人员法律援助办公室目前人员配置表(1个P-5、5个P-3、1个P-2和3个一般事务员额)以外员额的部分费用。", "9. 此模式有几个好处。主要的好处是，由于工作人员人数众多，即便个人缴款数额很少，仍可收取很大一笔资金来为办公室供资。同样，普遍法定缴款机制将是最始终如一和稳定的收入来源。", "10. 然而，法定缴款机制也有一些值得担心的问题。第一个问题是，一般而言，使用办公室服务的工作人员预计会占很小的百分比。目前，正在向正式系统投诉的工作人员不到1%。因此，约99%的工作人员将为不到1%工作人员所使用的服务支付部分费用。这种情况令人担心以普遍法定缴款机制广泛收费的做法是否公平。", "11. 另一个担心的问题是，按照争议法庭判例，[27] 办公室如确定某案件在法律上站不住脚或在法庭胜诉的机会小到一定程度，则可拒绝提供援助。此判例符合普遍接受的原则，即法院人员不得在法庭上提出其真诚认为在法律上站不住脚的案件。此外，组织的资源不应浪费在几乎不可能或完全不可能取得有利结果的事项上。然而，如果对所有工作人员实行法定收费，则不论案件在法律上是否站得住脚或有无合理的成功把握，工作人员个人均可能感到有权让工作人员法律援助办公室代表其提出案件。因此会有一种风险：工作人员如果尽管付了费，却得不到服务，则可能提出申诉，甚至正式对该决定提出上诉，从而给本组织带来更多、可能重大的费用问题。", "12. 此情况在法定缴款和自愿缴款机制下都可能出现，因为在理论上，不论法定缴款还是自愿缴款的工作人员，均可能辩称缴款使其有权获得服务。", "13. 最后，如果规定工作人员要为大会设立的办公室所提供的服务缴款，工作人员可能认为此规定违反任用条件和服务条件，并对此提出上诉。如工作人员申诉成功，则本组织在后期阶段将被迫退还所有工作人员的缴款加利息，还可能要支付其他补偿金。", "B. 对使用工作人员法律援助办公室服务者实行法定收费", "14. 第二个可能的法定工作人员出资方案是，规定只有使用工作人员法律援助办公室服务的工作人员才须缴款。此模式可解决不使用办公室服务的工作人员被要求承担办公室供资费用的问题。", "15. 如果同意此方案，则需要确定要求缴多少款。固定缴款等于为使用办公室的服务收费。也可考虑其他模式，例如要求申诉成功者捐出任何判定赔偿金的某个百分比。", "16. 然而，由于使用办公室服务的工作人员数在工作人员总数中占很小的百分比(每年约有1 000名工作人员寻求办公室的服务)，对使用者个人的收费必然多于普遍法定缴款模式下设想的小额缴款。例如，日内瓦P-4员额的年费用为227 300美元。因此，为提供日内瓦工作人员法律援助办公室一个P-4员额的全部经费，对每名办公室使用者的平均收费将为227.30美元。如确定此机制仅应抵消办公室其他员额相关费用的某个百分比，则依员额数和应抵销百分比而定，固定收费可能更多，也可能更少。", "17. 值得注意的是，以上说明普遍缴款模式时谈到的一种令人担心的情况也适用于此模式，即：如果办公室拒绝代表已支付法定缴款的工作人员，该工作人员可能要求继续对其提供法律服务并提出投诉，甚至提出上诉。不过减轻这种担心的一个方法是，视办公室向该工作人员提供服务的范围大小，向其收取的费用可多可少。例如，如办公室协助工作人员谈判与和解其案件，可向其收费300美元，但如办公室向其提供电话咨询服务，则仅收费50美元。", "C. 对工作人员工会和协会所收会费实行法定收费", "18. 第三个可能的法定缴款模式是，要求工作人员协会和工作人员工会捐出一部分向其缴纳的会费，用于支持工作人员法律援助办公室的工作。", "19. 工作人员工会和协会会费的用途是增进和保障工作人员的权利和利益。因此，要求将所收的一部分会费捐给办公室相当于规定工作人员工会和协会自费为其所代表的工作人员提供某种形式的法律保险。", "20. 对工会财政资源实行法定扣费这一做法所引起的担心，类似于对工作人员个人实行法定扣费的做法所引起的担心。", "21. 目前，联合国工作人员工会和协会不得对所代表的工作人员实行法定会费收费。因此，各工会和协会在财政资源方面存在巨大差异。确定收费的可能方式有几种。一种是对每个工作人员工会或协会所收会费收取某个百分比。另一种是按工会所代表工作人员数收费。第三种是对所有工会和协会收取固定数额。前两种模式下，可收取和用于抵消办公室费用的资金数取决于几个因素(第一种模式下为所收会费数，第二个模式下为所代表工作人员数和向每人收取的会费数)。在第三种模式下，举例而言，如向每个工作人员工会/协会收费20 000美元(有14个工会)，则每年将净得280 000美元。然而担心的是，各个工会和协会，尤其是资金不足的工会和协会，可能抱怨实行收费会削弱其向会员提供基本服务的能力。", "三. 为工作人员法律援助办公室供资的工作人员自愿缴款机制", "22. 有两种可能的模式可用以设立基于自愿缴款的工作人员供资机制。一种制度是，自动扣减工作人员工资的固定百分比以协助工作人员法律援助办公室提供服务，但工作人员可选择退出该制度。第二种是允许工作人员选择缴纳工资的固定百分比这一方式。", "23. 两种自愿缴款模式都有一个好处：缴款是经参加的工作人员同意(明示同意或默示同意)而作出的。但是，自愿缴款模式收取的资金数将取决于有多少工作人员决定缴款，因此如没有几个年度缴款周期的实际情况可作评估基准，就难以估计缴款数。", "24. 在这两种模式下，均需为工作人员参加机制实行某种激励措施。一种鼓励参加的可能方式是办公室优先处理选择参加机制的工作人员的案件。如办公室在某一时间案件太多而无法一一有效处理，可拒绝向退出自愿出资机制的工作人员提供援助。", "25. 另一个鼓励参加的方式是将工作人员法律援助办公室的服务设为两个级别。参加自愿工作人员出资机制的工作人员将可使用办公室的所有服务。不提供自愿缴款的工作人员只能使用该办公室的基本服务，即提供关于现行法律的简要法律指导/咨询，以及对工作人员为自己案件起草的任何文件或诉状给予有限审阅。在这方面，另一个鼓励参加自愿缴款机制的激励措施是在法定缴款机制下增加使用者付费概念，即：不选择加入或选择退出自愿机制的工作人员需为使用办公室的服务付费。", "26. 如在法定缴款模式下一样，若办公室认为缴费工作人员的案件几乎无可能或完全无可能胜诉而拒绝接受该案件，可能会发生申诉和上诉。不过，减轻此类担心的一个方法是向工作人员明确宣布，办公室在决定是否提供法律援助时会考虑到其投诉理由是否站得住脚。", "27. 此外，自愿机制的另一问题是，达到何种最低缴费限度才会提供增强型服务。例如，若工作人员可在希望获得办公室服务前一刻选择参加固定缴款模式，并可在获得这些服务后立即退出，则缴款收入会非常少。解决此问题的一个办法是限制工作人员改变参加/退出状态，例如限制为一年一次。", "四. 结论", "28. 上述所有模式均需进一步审议后才能实施。如上所述，实行法定缴款模式涉及到法律问题。", "29. 此外，公平性和获得缴款收入两者间的利弊冲突也必须加以解决。法定缴款模式如被确定为可接受，更有可能获得较多缴款收入以抵消更多办公室资源的费用。然而，获得的缴款收入数也将取决于有多少个人或实体缴款，并取决于收取的数额或百分比，即使在法定缴款模式下也是如此。", "30. “使用者付费”和自愿模式可能被视为比较公平，因为这些方式不会对不使用办公室服务或不认为值得为将来可能使用服务而缴款的人收取费用，哪怕是收取极少费用。这个问题之所以尤其突出，是因为99%的工作人员未曾使用且预计不会使用办公室服务。但是，比较难以预测任何自愿机制会获得多少缴款收入。在“使用者付费”模式下，可能产生的问题是如何确保缴款公平而充足，同时避免导致办公室服务的使用量过度减少。因此需要进一步审议，以在广泛提供办公室服务与获得缴款收入两者间达至恰当平衡。", "五. 建议", "31. 秘书长建议大会注意到本文说明的法定出资和混合出资机制建议，并建议大会指出其认为是否有一个模式以及哪一个模式适于作为秘书处拟定更详细建议以提交大会审议的基础。", "附件二", "关于编外人员申诉机制的提案", "联合国与咨询人和个体订约人的合同快速仲裁程序规则概要：概念文件", "一. 导言", "1. 本概念文件[28] 提出通过在联合国贸易法委员会(贸易法委员会)《仲裁规则》中加入一些简化内容来制订快速仲裁程序的可能办法，用于解决联合国与某些类别的编外人员(即咨询人和个体订约人)之间的争议。秘书长关于联合国内部司法的报告(A/65/373和Corr.1，第171段)概括地提到了这种办法。本概念文件无意讨论大会第64/233号决议第9段提及的解决联合国与编外人员争议的可能办法，也无意针对不适用本概念文件所讨论程序的某些类别的编外人员，就其与联合国之间的争议提出解决方式(见大会第65/251号决议，第55段)。", "2. 秘书长报告第171段提到的办法，针对的是在地方、国家或区域仲裁协会主持下处理数额在25 000美元以下诉求的仲裁。但是，该报告又做出结论，认为“对于数额在25 000美元或以下的诉求启动正式仲裁，即便是根据特别程序进行仲裁，对本组织而言不一定有效率和实效”(A/65/373和Corr.1，第172段)。因此，下文概述的快速程序未将财政上的限制作为先决条件。", "3. 本概念文件中的程序既可用于专项仲裁，也可用于仲裁协会主持下的仲裁，只要相关协会同意按照这些程序来进行仲裁。", "4. 在简化仲裁程序时，必须铭记，根据《联合国特权和豁免公约》第八条第二十九节的规定，联合国应规定适当办法，解决其订立的合同所发生的纠纷。因此，本概念文件载列的程序力图保留正当程序的基本特点。", "5. 本概念文件载列的程序具有下列基本特点：", "• 是一个两阶段进程，由一个非正式的争议解决阶段以及在非正式争议解决不成功时的快速仲裁程序组成", "• 提交仲裁申请的时限不能被放弃", "• 独任仲裁员", "• 仲裁员选自本组织与个体订约人/咨询人同意的仲裁员名单(见下文第8段(d)项)", "• 限定仲裁员的收费", "• 消指定机构，由一个中立的实体行使指定机构的某些职能，例如选择/任命仲裁员以及就一方当事人对仲裁员提出的异议做出决定", "中立实体可以是一个国际争议解决机构(在此情况下，本组织和申请人需要按各自的份额分担该机构的管理费)", "• 只要有可能，均使用电子方式发送仲裁通知和其他函件", "• 各方当事人提交文件时使用标准样板", "• 简化书状和提交的其他文件并限制其数量", "• 限制对书状和提交的文件的修正", "• 证人以书面宣誓书的方式作证，除非仲裁员决定证人应口头作证(例如为了让对方当事人能对证人进行交叉质证)", "• 仲裁员与各方当事人之间关于初步行政事宜和其他事项的会议和协商采用电话会议或视频会议方式进行", "• 作为特例，一方当事人可以请求举行听讯，以便交叉质证，或者仲裁员在必要时也可以下令举行听讯，以解决事实或法律方面的实质性问题；此类听讯通常通过电话会议或视频会议进行，须限制范围，时间不得超过两天", "• 多数情况下，仲裁员根据各方当事人的书面诉答状和提交的文件做出裁决(完全的书面审理程序)", "• 仲裁员在规定的时限内，例如30天内，做出裁决", "• 裁决支付的任何补偿仅限于弥补经济损失，并且设定上限", "• 取决于针对本组织提起的按照拟议简化仲裁程序进行仲裁的数量，可能需要更多资源来为本组织辩护并尽可能降低其法律责任。", "二. 框架", "6. 一套新规则，称为《联合国咨询合同快速仲裁程序规则》(以下称为“《快速规则》”)，将以《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》为框架编制。《快速规则》将以《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》为基础，对其做出必要修改，以纳入上文提到的快速程序。本概念文件将介绍这些修改的内容，但不一定确定措辞或位置。本概念文件还将指明《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》中有哪些条款与拟议程序有关或受其影响。应注意到，除了本概念文件中载列的各要点之外，还需要对《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》做许多其他的相应修改(例如，为适应仅有一名仲裁员所需的修改)。", "争议解决程序概要", "7. 《快速规则》规定一个两阶段进程，由一个非正式争议解决阶段和一个快速仲裁程序组成。在非正式争议解决阶段不成功的情况下，各方当事人将进入正式的争议解决阶段，即快速仲裁程序，其特点将在以下各节中讨论。", "三． 《快速规则》的范围(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第1条)", "8. 《快速规则》适用于联合国使用咨询人和个体订约人服务合同雇用咨询人和其他人(见ST/AI/1999/7/Amend.1，附件)或者联合国各基金和方案使用类似合同格式与咨询人和个体订约人签订合同(例如，见A/62/748和Corr.1，第13段；以及A/65/373和Corr.1，附件四，第3段)的情形。上述类别的人员在本概念文件中合称为“个体订约人”。", "评论", "(a) 按这种办法，《快速规则》适用于依照咨询人和个体订约人服务合同或类似合同雇用的所有人。例如，这包括持有此类合同的特派专家和工人(见A/62/748和Corr.1，第33和40段；以及A/62/782，第31-35和37-39段)，但不包括联合国志愿人员(见A/62/748和Corr.1，第23和24段；以及A/62/782，第22和23段)、秘书处官员以外的其他官员(见A/62/748和Corr.1，第29-31段；以及A/62/782，第27-29段)和未持有此类合同的其他人。", "(b) 与个体订约人签订的合同中的争议解决条款将予更改，规定未能在非正式争议解决阶段友好解决的争议应按照《快速规则》提交仲裁。", "(c) 《快速规则》将规定其所适用的具体类型的合同诉求，例如声称对方违约或不当终止合同的诉求。此外，《快速规则》还明确地将某些类别的争议排除在属事管辖范围之外，例如由应具有工作人员地位的订约人提出的诉求等。就《工作人员细则》附录D的规定而言，仲裁员的职责仅限于核实供申请人确定其是否有权获得相同赔偿的程序就是《联合国工作人员细则》附录D规定的程序。此外，《快速规则》还确定提出仲裁申请的时限，并规定该时限不得被放弃。", "(d) 与《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》不同，个体订约人或咨询人不一定熟悉或能即时查阅《快速规则》，因此，应当在每份合同后面附上《快速规则》(包括个体订约人或咨询人可以索要现有仲裁员名单的实体的名称)，或者应当在签署合同之前将该规则提供给每位个体订约人或咨询人。个体订约人或咨询人必须签署一份确认函，表明㈠ 本组织已向其提供了《快速规则》，㈡ 《快速规则》构成合同不可分割的组成部分，㈢ 其接受仲裁员名单。", "四. 通知和其他函件(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第2条)", "9. 各方当事人和仲裁员应通过电子方式按《快速规则》发送通知、函件或提议，除非这种发送方式因技术原因而不可获得或不可能实现。[评论：例如，这可能包括电子传送方式无法获得或出现故障，书状或提交的文件过于庞大等。]", "五. 书状和提交的其他文件(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第3、4、20、21、22、23⑵、24和25条)", "初步评论", "根据以下规定，被申请人在仲裁员得到指定之前无须提交答辩书。这样规定的理由是：被申请人可能希望提出对仲裁员管辖权的抗辩(例如，相关争议不能根据申请人申明的仲裁条款提交仲裁，或者由于其他某种原因，仲裁员没有管辖权)；或可能希望以仲裁申请明显缺乏法律依据为由，请求提前驳回该申请。在仲裁员就管辖权问题或被申请人针对实质依据提出的质疑进行裁决之前，被申请人无须提交完整的答辩书及附带文件。", "10. 申请人通过提交仲裁请求和仲裁申请书的方式启动仲裁程序。该书状载列的信息应类似于《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所规定的仲裁通知和仲裁申请书的内容。申请人应在其中说明其诉求并概述诉求的依据和支持性论点。", "11. 收到申请人的仲裁请求和仲裁申请书之后的60日内，被申请人必须发出对仲裁请求的答复。答复应包含对管辖权的抗辩并说明其他事项，例如每位被申请人的身份以及对申请人仲裁请求中所载信息的答复。各方当事人提交文件时均应使用标准样板。", "12. 被申请人如果提出对管辖权的抗辩，则应在对仲裁请求的答复中载明其希望为支持该抗辩而陈述的全部事实和辩论，并尽可能在答复中附带作为依据的全部文件或注明这些文件的出处。", "13. 被申请人如果以仲裁申请明显缺乏法律依据为由提出提前驳回该申请的答辩，则应在对仲裁请求的答复中载明其希望为支持该答辩而陈述的全部事实和辩论，并尽可能在答复中附带作为依据的全部文件或注明这些文件的出处。", "14. 在指定仲裁员之后：", "(a) 如果被申请人提出对管辖权的抗辩，则仲裁员应在与各方当事人协商之后，设定申请人针对该抗辩作出答复的时限。然后，仲裁员就被申请人对管辖权的抗辩进行裁决[评论：不举行听讯，见下文第十三节]，仲裁员如果裁定有管辖权，则应设定被申请人提交答辩书的时限；", "(b) 如果被申请人以仲裁申请明显缺乏法律依据为由提出提前驳回该申请的答辩，则仲裁员应在与各方当事人协商之后，设定申请人针对该答辩作出答复的时限。然后，仲裁员就被申请人以仲裁申请明显缺乏法律依据为由提出的提前驳回该申请的答辩进行裁决[评论：不举行听讯，见下文第十三节]，仲裁员如果仍然维持仲裁申请，则应设定被申请人提交答辩书的时限；", "(c) 如果被申请人没有提出对管辖权的抗辩，也没有以仲裁申请明显缺乏法律依据为由提出提前驳回该申请的答辩，则仲裁员应设定被申请人提交答辩书的时限。", "15. 答辩书载列的信息应类似于《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》为答辩书规定的内容。被申请人应在答辩书中回应仲裁申请书中的具体内容，可以提出反诉或抵销请求，并且还可以提出对管辖权的抗辩，除非之前已经提出过。答辩书应当尽可能附带被申请人作为依据的全部文件或其他证据，或者注明这些文件的出处。", "六. 延长或缩短时限(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第17⑵条)", "16. 如果各方当事人同意或仲裁员在请各方当事人发表意见之后做出决定，《快速规则》确立的或各方当事人商定的时限可在任何时候予以延长或缩短。", "七. 书状的修正(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第22条)", "17. 仲裁员被选定并接受任命之后，一方当事人不得修正其书状，除非取得对方当事人的同意或者仲裁员的允许。向仲裁员提交的修正书状的请求应附带拟修正的文本，并说明修正的原因和理由。为决定是否允许修正书状，仲裁员应考虑因允许修正而造成的仲裁程序的延迟、给对方当事人造成的不利以及其他情形是否大于其带来的益处。如允许修正书状，仲裁员应设定对方当事人就修正做出答复的截止时间。如果书状被修正，对方当事人可以仅针对修正的内容做出答复。", "八. 补充提交的文件(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第24条)", "18. 与各方当事人协商之后，仲裁员应设定每一方当事人可以提交其他事实、法律辩论或文件的截止时间。上述材料应以书面形式提交。截止时间过后，不得再允许进一步提交任何材料。尽管有上述规定，不得允许一方当事人在补充提交文件时陈述其在提交书状或补充提交文件时已经或应当知道或者能够获得的事实或文件。", "九. 披露(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第27⑶条)", "19. 仲裁员可以应一方当事人的请求或自己主动下令任何一方当事人在任何时候出示证据或要求任何人披露或提供仲裁员认为公平、快速了结仲裁程序所需的文件或信息。但是，仲裁员不得命令任何人出示或披露保密或受特权保护的证据、文件或信息。", "20. 一方当事人如果希望提交由对方当事人或任何其他实体持有的非特权或不保密证据，可以请求仲裁员命令持有人出示证据。", "21. 如果出于安全或其他特殊情况的需要，仲裁员可应任何一方当事人的请求，采取措施为证据保密。", "评论", "这些规定根据《联合国争议法庭程序规则》第18条做出。", "十. 证人证词(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第27⑵条)", "22. 任何证人(包括作为申请人或被申请人的任何个人)的陈述或证词均应由证人以书面宣誓书的形式做出，应予公证或以其他方式予以法律认证，除非仲裁员决定出于公正的需要，应在听讯时作证。", "评论", "见下文第十三节关于听讯的规定。除某些例外情况之外，听讯将采取电话会议或视频会议方式。证人的书面陈述应作为一方当事人的书状或补充文件提交(见上文第八节)。", "十一. 指定机构(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第6条)", "23. 不设指定机构。", "24. 但是，仍有必要保留指定机构的某些职能，例如选择或指定仲裁员、对仲裁员提出异议等相关职能。这些职能可以由一个中立的实体履行。", "25. 中立实体可以是一个国际争议解决机构，通过竞争性征聘方式选定。", "26. 由一个国际争议解决机构担任中立实体的好处如下：(a) 这样的机构能提供管理仲裁程序各方面的现有专长；(b) 通过竞争性征聘方式选择这样的机构，能体现存在争议的合同的商业性质；(c) 由一个外部机构来管理仲裁可以确保中立实体与本组织无关，避免产生偏袒的看法。但是，申请人和被申请人需要按各自的份额承担该机构收取的管理费。", "十二. 仲裁员(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第7至15条)", "27. 仲裁员人数和指定(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第7至第10条)：", "(a) 只有一名独任仲裁员；", "(b) 上文第十一节提到的中立实体将编制并维持一份可能担任仲裁员的人员名单；", "(c) 列入名单的一项条件是，要求仲裁员签署文件确认其同意，如被指定担任一个案件的仲裁员，则依照《快速规则》进行仲裁，并且接受对仲裁员费所设的上限(见下文第十七节)；", "(d) 仲裁员的指定：上文第十一节提到的中立实体将从上述可能担任仲裁员的人员名单中选择一名仲裁员。为了让这个过程更具有可预测性，将采用一个清单程序，即各方当事人将从一个载有几名候选人的清单中挑选其最优先人选，由中立实体保密地分别通知每位人选。", "28. 对仲裁员的异议(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第11至15条)：《快速规则》将保留《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》关于对仲裁员的异议的条款，但会规定，如果各方当事人不能就此异议达成一致，或者仲裁员不自愿辞职，则上文第十一节所述的中立实体将就此异议做出决定。各方当事人就某项异议达成一致意见或仲裁员决定辞职，都具有决定性作用，将自动启动新的仲裁员遴选程序。", "十三. 仲裁程序(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第17、27⑵、28、29和31条)", "29. 程序应以各方当事人的书状和提交的文件为基础展开，但下文规定的情况除外。", "30. 在审理案情实质之前，仲裁员与各方当事人之间关于行政和其他事项的所有会议和协商一般都通过电子邮件或电话会议方式进行。", "31. 关于对管辖权的抗辩或以仲裁申请明显缺乏法律依据为由提出的提前驳回申请的抗辩，将不举行听讯。仲裁员应根据各方当事人提交的书面文件就这些抗辩做出决定。", "32. 关于案情实质，将不以听讯方式呈递证据、证词或口头辩论，除非：(a) 一方当事人请求举行听讯，以便对证人进行交叉质证，或者(b) 仲裁员决定，有些实质性的事实或法律问题只能通过听讯才能得到公平公正的解决。听讯仅限于对证人进行交叉质证或审理事实或法律问题。听讯应采用电话会议或视频会议的方式，除非仲裁员在特殊情况下决定，某一事实问题只能通过亲自出席听讯才能解决。任何此类听讯均不得超过两天。", "33. 《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》第29条(规定仲裁庭可以指定自己的独立专家)将予删除。", "十四. 适用法律(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第35⑴条)", "34. 《快速规则》将规定，除非各方当事人另行商定，否则仲裁员将根据包括合同述及的一般性条款和条件在内的明示的合同条款做出决定。联合国工作人员条例和细则以及国内法均不适用于相关争议。", "十五. 裁决(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第33和34条)", "35. 仲裁员无权裁决支付惩罚性赔偿，也无权作为友好调解人或根据公正和善良的原则做出决定。此外，除非合同中另有明确约定，仲裁员无权裁决支付高于当时实行的伦敦银行同业拆放利率的利息，并且任何此种利息应只是单利。各方当事人应受此种仲裁所做裁决的约束，将其作为对任何此等争议、纠纷或诉求的终局裁决。", "评论", "这些规定来自《联合国合同总则》中的仲裁条款。", "36. 仲裁员应在仲裁程序结束后的30日内做出裁决。仅应针对经济损失裁决给予补偿，并且设定上限[待定]。", "十六. 费用(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第40、41和43条)", "37. 仲裁员费：《快速规则》将限定仲裁员费。对仲裁员费的限定应载于《快速规则》以及作为将仲裁员列入名单的前提条件而由其签署的文件中(见上文第十二节，第27(c)段)。", "38. 费用的确定和分配：无论案件结果如何，每一方当事人都应承担其自身的费用，各方当事人应平均分担仲裁员的费用。 但是，在特殊情况下，仲裁员也可以决定，出于公正和公平的需要，采取与此不同的方式来分摊各方当事人的费用以及仲裁员的成本和费用。", "十七. 保密(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款：第28(3)和34(5)条)", "39. 整个仲裁程序，包括所有的通知、函件、书状、文件、提交的材料、听讯和裁决，均应保密，除非各方当事人以书面方式另行商定。但是，联合国或其基金或方案可以按其理事机构的要求，将仲裁程序的相关信息告知其理事机构。", "其他事项", "特权和豁免", "40. 与《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》不同，《快速规则》是专门针对联合国仲裁案件制订的，因此，在该规则中载列特权和豁免条款是可取的：", "“[使用《规则》的全名]所载列或与之有关的任何内容，均不得以不符合联合国(包括其附属机构)的特权和豁免的方式加以解释或适用，也不得被视为对此等特权和豁免的放弃。为避免产生疑问，根据[使用《规则》的全名]进行的仲裁不应遵从任何当地法律，凡提及‘仲裁地点’之处，均不得被视为或被解释为放弃此等特权和豁免或联合国同意接受任何国家的管辖。”", "附件三", "管理评价股、联合国争议法庭和联合国上诉法庭裁定的赔偿", "A. 管理评价股裁定支付的赔偿金(2009年7月1日至2011年5月31日)", "已支付的赔偿金明细表", "(2009年7月1日至2011年5月31日)", "决策人所属部门\t赔偿金额\t工作人员职等\t赔偿原因 \n联合国日内瓦办事处\t500.00美元\tP-4\t未将甄选进程的结果通知工作人员\n联合国日内瓦办事处\t3个月净基薪\tP-3\t违反15天规则\n联合国日内瓦办事处\t1个月净基薪(7040.50瑞士法郎)\tG-5\t违反15天规则\n人道主义事务协调厅——日内瓦\t2 127.00美元\tP-4\t偿还被收回的回籍假(包干费用)\n人道主义事务协调厅——日内瓦\t3个月净基薪(17 680美元)\tP-4\t违反15天规则\n 外勤支助部 3个月净基薪 FS-4 征聘工作处理不当\n外勤支助部——联合国科索沃特派团\t7个月净基薪\tG-5\t裁撤员额\n外勤支助部——联合国科索沃特派团\t5 154.76美元\tFS-6\t偿还被收回的回籍假(包干费用)\n外勤支助部——联合国格鲁吉亚观察团\t3个月净基薪\tFS-4\t不公平待遇\n外勤支助部——联合国科索沃特派团\t2个月净基薪\tP-3\t缺乏正当程序\n联合国内罗毕办事处\t3个月净基薪\tG-4\t对续签合同的合理预期\n联合国环境规划署\t3个月净基薪\tD-1\t过度拖延\n联合国环境规划署\t3个月净基薪\tG-7\t过度拖延\n联合国环境规划署\t3个月净基薪\tP-5\t过度拖延\n管理事务部\t3个月净基薪\tP-3\t收回已被接受的任命\n大会和会议管理部\t5 473.09美元\tG-7\t甄选进程处理不当\n大会和会议管理部\t12891.00美元\tG-5\t甄选进程处理不当\n内部监督事务厅(维也纳)\t1 044.89美元\tP-3\t未支付特别职位津贴", "B. 联合国争议法庭和联合国上诉法庭裁定支付的赔偿金 (2009年7月1日至2011年5月31日)", "[TABLE]", "注：“不适用”指在联合国争议法庭判决后没有采取行动，或指对判决仍在上诉中。", "联合国上诉法庭判决书编号^(a)\t申请人姓\t实体\t上诉方\t赔偿\t付款净额(美元)\t日期 \n2010-UNAT-021\tAsaad\t联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处\t联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处\t赔偿相当于自2003年7月1日至2004年1月20日期间8级和14级之间的薪金差额，赔偿相当于14级的1个月薪金。此外，或者复职，或者支付6个月净基薪\t9000.00美元\t不适用\n2010-UNAT-022\tAbuHamda\t联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处\t联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处\t返还申请人因降职造成的薪金损失\t7600.00美元\t不适用\n2010-UNAT-025\tDoleh\t联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处\t联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处\t复职或支付2年净基薪\t19000.00美元\t不适用\n2010-UNAT-030\tTabari\t联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处\t联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处\t追加支付特别职业津贴\t22000.00美元\t不适用\n2010-UNAT-087\tLiyanarachchige\t联合国科特迪瓦行动/维持和平行动部\t推翻第UNDT/2010/041号判决\t12个月离职时净基薪\t47440.00美元\t2011年3月7日", "^(a) 联合国上诉法庭就联合国争议法庭未审理或未裁定支付赔偿金的案件所作的裁定支付赔偿金的判决。", "C. 联合国争议法庭裁定支付赔偿金等于或高于六个月净基薪的判决 (2009年7月1日至2011年5月31日)", "判决书编号\t申请人\t书记官处\t摘要简述\t实体\t撤销行政决定或具体履行的命令\t赔偿的命令\t以美元支付的总金额\t截至2011年5月31日，在上诉程序中维持或推翻原判 \nUNDT/2010/070\tFarraj\t日内瓦\t争议法庭认定，终止申请人限期任用的争议决定不符合任用条件\t联合国开发计划署\t撤销有争议的决定(作为替代办法，支付45000美元)\t不适用\t45000美元\t不适用\nUNDT/2010/106\tEid\t日内瓦\t争议法庭认定，行政当局应当从申请人的解雇生效之日开始，向申请人支付解雇偿金\t联合国秘书处(联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队)\t不适用\t29991.23美元和9552660黎巴嫩镑(解雇偿金和相关的应享待遇)\t不适用\t不适用\nUNDT/2010/120\tOstensson\t日内瓦\t争议法庭认定，甄选过程存在严重的程序违规行为，侵犯了申请人为竞聘D-1职位而得到全面和公平考虑的权利\t联合国贸易和发展会议\t撤销有争议的决定(作为替代办法，支付4900美元)\t48000美元(精神痛苦，对专业声誉的损害)\t52900美元\t不适用UNDT/2010/122\tZerezghi\t日内瓦\t争议法庭认定，采取开除的纪律处分措施与已认定的不当行为不匹配\t联合国秘书处(科索沃特派团)\t(1)追溯性地复职(作为替代办法，支付8个月净基薪)；(2)\t60000美元(精神损害)\t99936.18美元\t不适用 \n 书面诉斥申请人；(3)从申请人档案中取出与开除有关的材料 \nUNDT/2010/128\tIkpa\t日内瓦\t争议法庭认定，离职不是合法的纪律处分措施\t联合国日内瓦办事处\t以支付6周净基薪代替通知，减去已经得到通知的1周\t1年净基薪，减去已经支付的金额\t59592美元\t不适用\nUNDT/2010/129\tValleFischer\t日内瓦\t争议法庭认定，离职不是合法的纪律处分措施\t联合国日内瓦办事处\t以支付6周净基薪代替通知，减去已经得到通知的1周\t1年净基薪，减去已经支付的金额\t54697美元\t不适用UNDT/2010/130\t申请人\t日内瓦\t争议法庭认定，终止任用申请人并予以斥责的决定侵犯了申请人的权利\t前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭\t撤销斥责\t(1)在之前已经支付的8个月净基薪之外，额外支付3个月净基薪(非法解雇造成的损害)；(2)\t50263.50美元\t不适用 \n 3个月净基薪(非法斥责) UNDT/2010/133\tEldam\t日内瓦\t争议法庭认定，因为业绩不佳而不续签合同并予以斥责的决定有瑕疵且不适当\t联合国秘书处(联合国格鲁吉亚观察团)\t(1)撤销不继续任用的决定(作为替代办法，支付3个月净基薪)；(2)\t3个月净基薪(精神损害)\t26204.40美元\t不适用 \n 收回斥责 \nUNDT/2009/088\tNogueira\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认定，以业绩为由不予继续任用的决定在程序上有缺陷，不能成立\t联合国内罗毕办事处/联合国环境规划署\t不适用\t24个月的净基薪\t210794美元\t不适用\nUNDT/2010/002\tXu\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认为，不选择申请人担任P-4职等职位的决定不合法\t联合国秘书处\t不适用\t6个月净基薪(申请人遭受的伤害)\t不适用\t上诉法庭在Xu案2010-UNAT-053号判决中撤销原判并发回争议法庭重审UNDT/2010/053\tMmata\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认定，严重不当行为的指控没有充分依据，离职的处分过重\t联合国儿童基金会\t撤销有争议的决定并予以复职\t(1)从离职之日起损失的收入；(2)2年净基薪\t222453.57美元\t按基本利率计算赔偿金利息(见Mmata案2010- \n UNAT-092号判决书)\nUNDT/2010/056\tMasri\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认定，立即开除的纪律处分措施过重\t联合国秘书处(联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团)\t(1)复职，并支付损失的收入(作为替代办法，支付2年净基薪)；(2)降职4级\t不适用\t不适用\t上诉法庭在Masri案2010-UNAT-098号判决书中推翻原判UNDT/2010/057\tIanelli\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认定，申请人有权取得给予国际征聘工作人员的派任津贴和其他应享待遇\t联合国项目事务厅\t不适用\t支付适用的派任和搬迁津贴，加上适当利息\t51395.35美元\t上诉法庭修改了关于支付利息的命令(见2010- \n UNAT-093号判决书)\nUNDT/2010/061\tSanwidi\t内罗毕\t在Sanwidi案UNDT/2010/036号判决之后，争议法庭做出关于赔偿金的判决，认为立即开除的决定过重\t联合国秘书处(联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团)\t(1)复职(作为替代办法，支付2年净基薪)；(2)书面斥责\t支付从立即开除之日到复职之日损失的收入，减去每月2600美元\t不适用\t上诉法庭在Sanwidi案2011-UNAT-104号判决书中撤销争议法庭的判决 \nUNDT/2010/097\tLutta\t内罗毕\t在Lutta案UNDT/2010/052号判决之后，争议法庭做出关于赔偿金的判决。法庭认定，除其他外，对申请人进行的调查和采取的其他行动在程序上有瑕疵，并且不适当\t联合国秘书处(联合国科特迪瓦行动)\t不适用\t(1)3个月净基薪(丧失职业提示机会)；(2)4760美元(旅行费用)；(3)6个月净基薪(精神损害)\t46339.86美元\t上诉法庭在Lutta案2011-UNAT-117号判决书中维持原判\nUNDT/2010/118\tCohen\t内罗毕\t申请人对立即开除的决定提出异议。争议法庭认定，申请人的行为不构成不当行为，其正当程序权受到侵犯\t联合国秘书处(联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团)\t撤销有争议的决定，申请人复职(作为替代办法，支付2年净基薪)\t(1)支付自开除之日至判决之日的薪金和应享待遇；(2)2个月净基薪(侵害正当程序权)\t101624美元\t不适用\nUNDT/2010/119\tGaskins\t内罗毕\t申请人对终止其任用的决定提出异议。争议法庭认定，申请人的雇用合同遭到违约，导致其自身形象和名誉受损\t联合国开发计划署\t不适用\t6个月净基薪(侵犯正当程序权，侮辱、痛苦和名誉损害)\t40420.98美元\t不适用\nUNDT/2010/124\tFrechon\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认定，申请人因为医疗原因被不当解雇\t卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭\t撤销有争议的解雇申请人的决定，复职(作为替代办法，支付2年净基薪)\t(1)支付从解雇之日至复职之日损失的收入；(2)支付2007年3月至2007年7月期间的应享待遇\t不适用\t不适用\nUNDT/2010/153\tVerschuur\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认定，有人不当干预甄选过程，没有对申请人竞聘P-5职位给予充分、公平的考虑\t联合国人类住区规划署\t不适用\t6个月净基薪(不利于职业发展)\t不适用\t不适用\nUNDT/2010/154\tContreras\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认定，有人不当干预甄选过程，没有对申请人竞聘有关职位给予充分、公平的考虑\t联合国人类住区规划署\t不适用\t(1)6个月净基薪(不利于职业发展)；(2)1美元的象征性数额(精神伤害)\t不适用\t不适用\nUNDT/2010/173\tParkes\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认定，立即开除的有争议决定过重\t联合国秘书处(联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团)\t撤销该决定(作为替代办法，支付相当于解雇补助金的赔偿金)\t不适用\t57503.39美元\t不适用UNDT/2010/175\tBekele\t内罗毕\t申请人对要求其离职的决定以及几项相关决定提出异议。争议法庭认定，申请人的权利受到侵犯。\t非洲经济委员会\t不适用\t(1)支付从2007年11月至2009年3月的薪金；(2)\t不适用\t不适用 \n 6个月净基薪(侵害正当程序权) \nUNDT/2010/185\tM'Bra\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认定，立即开除的决定不合法\t联合国秘书处(联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团)\t复职(作为替代办法，支付2年净基薪)\t(1)支付自立即开除之日至判决之日的薪金和应享待遇；(2)2个月净基薪(侵害正当程序权)\t377257.92美元\t不适用\nUNDT/2010/197\tBowen\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认定，因业绩欠佳而解雇的决定不合法\t联合国开发计划署\t撤销有争议的决定\t(1)3个月净基薪和福利，减去为代替通知而支付的金额；(2)2年净基薪\t不适用\t不适用\nUNDT/2010/214\tKamunyi\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认定，让申请人暂时离职，安排其休全薪特别假，以及对申请人作出斥责，这些有争议的决定不合法\t联合国内罗毕办事处\t撤销3项非法决定(非法中止职务、安排一年八个月的全薪特别假以及斥责)\t2年6个月的净基薪(精神和身体伤害，名誉损害)\t不适用\t不适用\nUNDT/2011/017\tHarding\t内罗毕\t申请人对立即开除的决定提出异议。鉴于答辩人承认负有责任，该案仅涉及支付2年净基薪的赔偿金额是否适当的问题\t联合国难民事务高级专员办事处\t撤销立即开除的决定(作为替代办法，支付2年净基薪)\t(1)6个月净基薪(侵害正当程序权)；(2)4个月的特别职位津贴；(3)6个月净基薪(精神痛苦和侮辱)；(4)支付自2005年6月至2010年12月的G-6职等薪金和应享待遇\t不适用\t已支付特别职位津贴以及利息。其他各项有待上诉。\nUNDT/2011/060\tFinniss\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认定，在P-5甄选工作中，申请人的权利受到侵犯。\t联合国秘书处(内部监督事务厅)\t不适用\t(1)18个月净基薪(在为第一个职位进行甄选时，没有适当考虑申请人)；(2)6个月净基薪(在为第二个职位进行甄选时，没有适当考虑申请人)\t不适用\t不适用\nUNDT/2011/067\tBorhom\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认定，立即开除的决定不合法\t联合国难民事务高级专员办事处\t撤销立即开除的决定，复职(作为替代办法，支付2年净基薪)\t(1)6个月净基薪(精神损害)；(2)6个月净基薪(侵犯正当程序权)\t27660美元\t不适用\nUNDT/2011/092\tXu\t内罗毕\t争议法庭认定，甄选程序存在程序违规行为，并且，没有对申请人竞聘P-4职位给予充分、公平的考虑\t联合国秘书处(大会和会议管理部)\t不适用\t(1)2个月净基薪(违反程序)；(2)4个月净基薪(未给予充分、公平考虑)；(3)500美元(未将不予选用的结果通知申请人)\t不适用\t不适用UNDT/2010/026\tKasyanov\t纽约\t争议法庭认定，没有依照适用规则审议申请人竞聘P-4空缺的申请\t联合国秘书处(大会和会议管理部)\t根据记录，已经进行平行调动(作为替代办法，支付20000美元)\t59932美元(实际经济损失，侵害权利，晋升的可能性推迟、精神痛苦)\t13969.83美元(已经实际支付2个月薪金)\t将裁定的赔偿金修改为2个月净基薪(Kasyanov案2010- \n UNAT-076号判决书)\nUNDT/2010/040及第57号令(纽约/2010)\tKoh\t纽约\t在Koh案UNDT/2009/078号判决之后，争议法庭做出关于赔偿的判决和命令。争议法庭认定，本组织没有协助申请人找到合适的工作，从而违反了与申请人的雇用合同\t联合国开发计划署\t不适用\t(1)2000美元(丧失候选权)；(2)107107.60美元(经济赔偿)\t2000美元和107107.60美元\t不适用\nUNDT/2010/055\tAbbasi\t纽约\t争议法庭认定，甄选程序存在歧视，侵害了申请人的权利\t联合国儿童基金会\t不适用\t(1)12个月净基薪(失去得到任命的机会，职业发展损失)；(2)3000美元(精神痛苦)\t不适用\t上诉法庭在Abbasi案2011-UNAT-112号判决书中推翻原判\nUNDT/2010/068\tChen\t纽约\t争议法庭认定，不将申请人的职位从P-3职等改叙为P-4职等的决定违反了《工作人员条例》和同值工作同等报酬的原则。\t联合国秘书处(大会和会议管理部)\t不适用\t(1)6个月净基薪(非物质损害：挫折、侮辱和拖延)；(2)从2006年8月至退休之日P-3职等与P-4职等之间的薪金差额\t36256.94美元\t上诉法庭在Chen案2011-UNAT-107号判决书中维持原判\nUNDT/2010/117\tBertucci\t纽约\t在Bertucci案UNDT/2010/080号判决之后，争议法庭做出关于赔偿的判决。法庭认定，不任命申请人担任助理秘书长的决定侵害了其权利\t联合国秘书处(经济和社会事务部)\t不适用\t655000美元(经济和非经济损害)\t不适用\t上诉法庭在Bertucci案2011-UNAT-121号判决中撤销原判并发回争议法庭重审\nUNDT/2010/146\tBeaudry\t纽约\t在Beaudry案UNDT/2010/039号判决之后，争议法庭做出关于赔偿的判决。法庭认定，对申请人的雇用合同不予续期的决定不合法\t联合国秘书处(联合国海地稳定特派团)\t不适用\t112082美元(实际经济损失、痛苦和违反程序)\t不适用\t上诉法庭在Beaudry案2010-UNAT-085号判决中予以取消\nUNDT/2010/156\tShkurtaj\t纽约\t除其他外，申请人还针对关于不执行道德操守办公室所建议的为侵犯申请人权利而向其支付赔偿金的决定提出异议。争议法庭在部分事项上支持申请人，认定在申请人申诉的某些事项上，其权利受到侵犯。\t联合国开发计划署\t不适用\t(1)14个月净基薪(违反正当程序，职业和名誉遭受损害，精神痛苦)；(2)5000美元(在对待道德操守办公室的建议方面存在程序性延误)\t不适用\t不适用\nUNDT/2010/200\tAlauddin\t纽约\t在Alauddin案UNDT/2010/114号判决之后，争议法庭做出关于赔偿的判决。法庭认定，本组织对申请人的雇用合同不予续期，侵害了申请人的权利\t联合国开发计划署\t不适用\t(1)11个月净基薪，包括应享待遇，减去申请人在同一期间内的收入(实际经济损失)；(2)30000美元(精神伤害)\t不适用\t不适用\nUNDT/2011/012\tTolstopiatov\t纽约\t在Tolstopiatov案UNDT/2010/147号判决之后，争议法庭做出关于赔偿的判决，认定联合国儿童基金会取消员额是违反了对申请人的义务\t联合国儿童基金会\t不适用\t97324.04美元(损失的收入和应享待遇)\t97324美元\t不适用\nUNDT/2011/032\tObdeijn\t纽约\t答辩人拒绝披露做出不予续期的有争议决定的原因。争议法庭因此认定，有争议的决定不合法\t联合国人口基金\t不适用\t(1)6个月净基薪和应享待遇(实际经济损失)；(2)8000美元(精神痛苦)\t不适用\t不适用UNDT/2011/068\tGarcia\t纽约\t争议法庭认定，联合国开发计划署未能执行雇用关系，违反了其与申请人之间的合同\t联合国开发计划署\t从申请人的个人档案中取出不利材料\t(1)89128.48美元(损失的薪金和应享待遇)；(2)\t109619.26美元\t不适用 \n 241美元(体格检查补偿款)；(3)50000美元(非金钱损失) \nUNDT/2011/081\tCabrera\t纽约\t争议法庭认定，安排申请人休全薪特别假的决定不合法\t联合国秘书处(管理事务部)\t不适用\t2年净基薪(违反正当程序、侮辱和精神痛苦)\t不适用\t不适用", "说明：“不适用”表示或者在联合国争议法庭作出判决之后未采取行动，或者该判决仍在上诉阶段。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 单独经管的基金和方案独立处理管理评价问题。", "[3] 玛里琳·卡曼法官提出自2011年6月30日起从争议法庭辞职。", "[4] 提出申请/上诉的数目不一定对应于作出判决的数目。有时候可能在一项判决中处置了数项上诉，也可能有不作判决而结案的情况。", "[5] 一项判决的主要起草人酬金为2 400美元。其他签署人每项判决获600美元。", "[6] “案件”是指下面任何一种情况：提供援助或在正式系统的机构(管理评价股、争议法庭、上诉法庭)中担任正式指定律师；提供法律指导和简要法律咨询，协助工作人员循非正式途径解决纠纷，其间可能涉及到与工作人员协商、同第三方讨论和谈判或转介给系统中的其他行为体，包括转介给监察员办公室或工作人员工会。", "[7] 这些实体是：国际海洋法法庭、联合国合办工作人员养恤基金、国际民用航空组织、国际海事组织、联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处、国际海底管理局和国际法院。", "[8] 见世界银行行政法庭程序规则第7(11)条(规定即时驳回被认为“明显无法接受或没有理由”的案件)和美洲国家间组织行政法庭规约第八条(允许驳回“基于没有管辖权……未达到可受理性要求，或未提出可给予补救的申诉”的主张)。", "[9] 联合国上诉法庭第2010-UNAT-57号判决(Fagundes)。", "[10] 联合国上诉法庭第49(2011)号命令(Finniss)。", "[11] 联合国上诉法庭第2011-UNAT-121号判决(Bertucci)。", "[12] 秘书长指出，欧洲联盟公务员法庭判决的上诉时限是两个月(见《欧洲联盟法院规约》，附件一)。", "[13] 联合国上诉法庭第2010-UNAT-62号判决(Bertucci)。", "[14] 联合国行政法庭第1157号判决，Andronov(2003),第五段。", "[15] 货币基金组织行政法庭第1999-2号判决(“V”先生诉货币基金组织，第104-114段)。", "[16] 世界银行行政法庭第384号判决(AA诉IBRD)(2008年)，第49-50段。", "[17] 大会关于监督厅的第48/218 B号决议、关于道德操守办公室的第60/1号决议和关于工作人员法律援助办公室的第62/228号决议。", "[18] 联合国争议法庭第19(NY/2010)号命令，第23段。", "[19] 世界银行行政法庭第384号裁决(AA诉世界银行)（2008），第49-50段。", "[20] 联合国争议法庭第010(I/2011)号命令，(Abosedra),第60段。", "[21] 联合国行政法庭第1396号判决(2008)，Wielechowski，第八段。", "[22] 联合国争议法庭第2010/68号判决(Chen)和联合国上诉法庭第2011号判决-上诉法庭-107 (Chen)。", "[23] 联合国行政法庭第421号判决(Chatwani)，第八段。", "[24] 联合国上诉法庭第2011号判决-上诉法庭-107(Chen)，第1段。", "[25] 联合国争议法庭第010号指令(NBI/2011)(Abosedra)，第60段。", "[26] 旧金山会议的记录指出，“《宪章》应明确规定会员国有责任担负本组织之费用”。联合国国际组织会议，文件，第八卷，第487页。", "[27] 例见UNDT/2010/025(Kita)。", "[28] 本概念文件由法律事务厅一般法律事务司与联合国各基金和方案协商后编写。应注意，联合国儿童基金会保留其选择退出拟议简化仲裁程序的权利。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程项目134和143[1]", "2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算", "联合国内部司法", "联合国内部司法", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "大会第61/261、62/228和63/253号决议决定为联合国建立一个独立、透明、专业化、资源充足和权力分散的内部司法系统,该系统于2009年7月1日开始运作。", "秘书长对大会在第65/251号决议中积极确认新系统的实施感到满意,大会在该决议中注意到新系统自建立以来所取得的成就,包括新旧案件的处理有所改善,并称赞所有参与管理从先前系统过渡或实施目前系统的人。", "大会还确认新系统不断演变的性质,并表明需要认真监测其进展情况,以确保该系统始终符合既定决议中确定的指导原则,即该系统必须独立、透明、专业化、资源充足和权力分散,并符合国际法相关规则以及法治和适当程序原则,以确保工作人员的权利和义务得到尊重,管理人员和工作人员都接受问责。", "在本报告中,秘书长介绍了新的内部司法系统在2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间取得的成就。 正式系统各阶段的案件处理情况继续显示效率明显提高。 2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间,管理评价股收到390项审查请求并结案或解决了281个事项。 工作人员法律援助办公室在同一时期处理了850多起案件中的大约三分之一。 2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日,在联合国争议法庭代表秘书长的办公室处理了导致195起判决的案件,法律事务厅处理了导致联合国上诉法庭作出90起判决的案件。", "但是,该系统的成功及其服务的办事处的生产率使这些办事处和单位的财政和人力资源受到严重压力。 正如秘书长在给大会第六十五届会议的关于内部司法的报告(A/65/373和Corr.1)中所指出的,需要在一些关键领域大力加强,以保持目前的工作速度并继续执行大会为新系统规定的所有任务。", "大会第65/251号决议请秘书长提供新系统运作的数据和资料以及相关事项。 本报告综合回应了这些要求。", "此外,本报告还请求根据迄今的经验,在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第1、8、19、29A、29C、29D、29E、29G和37款下追加资源8 657 900美元(重计费用前)。", "目录", "页次\n一. 概览 4 二. 正式制度审查4\nA. 管理 评价\nB. 联合国 8 个联合国争议法庭\nC. 联合国14起上诉\nD. 法律厅17\nE. 行政办公室20\nF. 代表秘书长的23个办事处\n答复三。 对与行政有关的问题的答复 39\n司法\nA. 概览. 39\nB. 答复. 39 - 39 4 与大会审查《规约》有关的问题49\n法庭\nA. 导言 49 - B. 《大会议事规则》第50条\nC. 联合国争议法庭对独立实体在开展业务方面的作为或不作为的管辖权 54\n五. 资源 60\n六、结论和有待大会采取的行动 62\n大会\n关于工作人员出资机制为工作人员法律办公室供资的提议63\n二. 关于编外人员申诉机制的建议 69\n三. 管理评价股、联合国争议法庭和联合国上诉裁定的赔偿 79\n法庭", "一. 概览", "1. 联合国 大会第61/261、62/228和63/253号决议建立了一个新的内部司法系统。 该系统有两个法庭,即联合国争议法庭和联合国上诉法庭,由专业法官组成,并由日内瓦、内罗毕和纽约的书记官处提供支助。 根据大会关于应向工作人员提供法律协助的意见,新系统还包括工作人员法律协助办公室,其工作人员是在亚的斯亚贝巴、贝鲁特、日内瓦、内罗毕和纽约的专业法律干事。 为确保该系统独立,内部司法办公室管理正式系统的各个部分,向法庭、书记官处和工作人员法律援助办公室以及内部司法理事会提供行政、业务和技术支助。", "2. 管理评价是正式内部司法系统的强制性第一步,在管理事务部以及单独管理的基金和方案内进行。 管理事务部管理评价股配备了专业法律干事,对有争议的决定进行第一次审查。 该股旨在让管理层有机会纠正不当决定,或在决定有缺陷的情况下提供可接受的补救办法,从而减少进入正式诉讼的案件数量。 各基金和方案也有类似的机制。", "3个 该系统的加强和专业化,以及案件数量的增加,要求代表秘书长作为答辩人的办公室和单位以大大加快的速度提供更多的服务。", " 4.四. 该系统继续处理从旧系统各机关移交的大量案件。 为了防止积压案件使新系统不堪重负,大会为联合国争议法庭任命了三名审案法官并任命了司法人员支持他们。", "二. 正式司法系统的审查", "A. 管理评价股[2]", "5 (韩语). 管理评价股设在主管管理事务副秘书长办公室,是正式内部司法系统的第一步。 该股的核心职能是:(a) 对与雇用合同或任用条款和条件有关的有争议的行政决定进行迅速管理评价;(b) 协助主管管理事务副秘书长向要求管理评价的工作人员提供对评价结果的迅速和合理答复;(c) 协助副秘书长确保管理问责制,确保管理人员履行管理本组织人力和财政资源的责任。", "6. 国家 从2009年7月1日设立到2011年5月31日,管理评价股共收到823起案件,其中2009年184起,2010年427起,2011年212起。 在收到的823个案件中,该股完成了665个案件并结案。 截至2011年5月31日,它已建议赔偿18起,共计183,339.44美元。 这一数字的细目载于本报告附件三。", "7. 联合国 管理评价程序使行政当局有机会防止向争议法庭提起不必要的诉讼,从而大大地节省了本组织的费用。 该股2010年收到并结案的案件约有36%是通过该股本身、监察员办公室或行政当局与工作人员之间的双边谈判通过非正式解决努力解决的。", "8. 联合国 在提交给管理评价股的未以非正式方式解决的案件中,约有84%的案件,在管理评价股认定该决定符合本组织的规则和判例之后,秘书长维持了有争议的决定。", "9. 国家 根据大会关于设立透明内部司法系统的决定(第61/261号决议,第4段),在管理评价股建议维持有争议的行政决定的情况下,向有关工作人员发出书面说明理由的答复,说明管理评价的依据,包括案件事实、决策者对案件的评论摘要、本组织的适用规则和判例、解释联检组为何认为有争议的决定符合适用的规则和判例以及秘书长的最后决定。 各基金和方案在管理评价过程中采用类似方法。", "10个 工作人员有法定权利在管理评价程序结束后将其案件提交争议法庭审理(大会第62/228号决议,第51段)。 管理评价 联检组认为,工作人员如果认为管理评价程序公正、客观和准确,就更有可能决定不诉诸争议法庭的法定申诉。 该股还认为,在管理评价进程结束时向工作人员提供的书面合理答复,是确立管理评价进程特别是整个新的内部司法系统的公信力的重要手段。 各基金和方案也持这种看法。", "11个 为了确定在收到维持有争议行政决定的管理评价后向争议法庭求助的工作人员人数,管理评价股正与内部司法办公室合作实施跟踪机制。", "12个 截至2010年12月31日,在争议法庭经管理评价后审理的案件中,83%的案件的审结与管理评价股的建议相同。 虽然有一些关键的法律问题尚待上诉法庭确定,而且该股的实况调查能力有限,但这种程度的比喻很有启发性,可被解释为表明了该股的公正性、客观性和准确性。", "13个 在协助主管管理事务副秘书长确保管理问责制方面,管理评价股定期审查其案件数量,以查明趋势和系统性问题,这些都载于其报告。 该股还向副秘书长提供秘书处支助,为管理人员汇编经验教训指南和指导说明,并分发给各部厅主管。 管理人员经验教训指南包括审查争议法庭和上诉法庭的判例并审查它们如何解释和适用本组织的内部规则。 2010年,副秘书长向管理人员分发了两卷经验教训指南。 2011年4月,他分发了一份指导说明,预计将于2011年下半年再分发一卷经验教训指南。", "法定时限", "14个 管理评价必须在提出此种要求后总部30个日历日内完成,总部以外办事处45个日历日内完成(大会第62/228号决议,第54段)。 如果按照秘书长规定的条件将事项提交监察员办公室,则限期可以延长。", "15个 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/557,第16段)指出,应尽一切努力在工作人员诉诸诉讼之前解决案件,管理评价职能是解决错误行政决定的一个重要机会。", "16号. 根据行政和预算问题咨询委员会的指示,如果管理评价股断定有争议的决定不符合本组织的内部规则,而且主管管理事务副秘书长已核准一项非正式决议,管理评价股将设法促进双方直接通过该决议。 联检组的经验是,非正式解决办法涉及各方之间的广泛协商,而且往往比为管理评价规定的法定时限所允许的时间更长。 然而,在管理评价股协助非正式解决的情况下,没有任何法律规定允许秘书长经有关各方同意而暂停管理评价进程。 各基金和方案同意这一观点,但指出,在双方同意下,它们已成功地取得了这一成果。", "17岁 同样,在工作人员主动或应管理评价股的请求在提出管理评价请求后提交补充材料的情况下,也没有关于延长完成管理评价的最后期限的法律规定。", "18岁。 管理评价 联检组认为,严格遵守法定时限可能会使工作人员收到不完整或不准确的管理评价,从而不必要地向争议法庭求助。 为了避免这一结果,该股的现行做法是要求工作人员延长最后期限,以便于非正式解决,或要求工作人员和(或)行政当局提交更多材料,以适当完成管理评价进程。 联检组认为,如果案件是在有关法定时限内结案的,或是在工作人员同意的时限内结案的,应及时结案,以便利非正式解决,或获得确保全面管理评价所需的补充资料。 各基金和方案都同意这一观点,并注意到它们迄今在所有案件中都成功地遵守了法定时限。", " 19. 19. 管理评价股的人员编制包括1名股长(P-5),向主管管理事务副秘书长办公室主任报告工作;2名法律干事(P-4);1名法律干事(P-4)(一般临时人员)和3名法律助理(一般事务(其他职等))。 然而,该股目前的人力资源不足以完成任务,自2010年2月以来,该股不得不通过有限的预算酌处权,临时填补一个增设的法律干事员额。", "20号. 管理评价 该股认为,根据该股业务近两年收到的案件数量,有必要增设第三个P-3职等法律干事员额。 这些数字表明,新的内部司法系统的用户人数已经超过以前的系统。 此外,根据从案件数量中收集的数据,该股预计2011年收到的案件数量至少与2010年相同(约427起)。", "21岁 关于2009年收到的184个案件,管理评价股注意到,2009年第四季度提交的案件数同同年第三季度提交的案件数相比减少了23%。 关于2010年提交的427个案件,联检组注意到,2010年头两个季度提交的案件数量稳步增加,2010年第三和第四季度提交的案件数量也相应减少。 在这方面,联检组注意到,2010年提交的案件中有57%是在2010年1月1日至6月30日期间提交,43%是在2010年7月1日至12月31日期间提交,2010年10月1日至12月31日期间提交的案件减少最多。 最后,该股注意到,2011年1月1日至5月31日期间提交的案件数量与2010年7月1日至12月31日期间提交的案件数量相比有所增加。 该股在2010年下半年收到183个案件,但在2011年前5个月已收到212个案件,这与2010年前5个月收到的案件数目相同。", "22号. 管理评价 该股认为,2009年和2010年最后一个季度提交的案件数量减少,2010年和2011年头两个季度的案件数量增加,可能表明出现了一种周期性模式。 然而,2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间收到的案件总数预计与2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间收到的案件总数相同(约合427起)。", "23. 联合国 如上所述,及时进行合理管理评价对成功完成管理评价股的任务至关重要。 由于自2010年2月以来增设了1个临时法律干事员额,由酌处权供资,该股已完成任务。 此外,这些数字表明,该股能够按照目前的人员配置安排完成任务,因为其工作人员一直加班,推迟或没有请年假。", "24 (韩语). 管理评价 因此,该股认为,在这种情况下,请求增设1个法律干事(P-3)员额是保守的,因为增设1个法律干事将无法完全填补每年完成该股任务所需的人-时数(1 828人)与每年在秘书处工作的工作人员通常需要工作的人-时数(1 463人)之间的短缺。", "25岁 由于上述原因,秘书长建议加强管理评价股,增设一名P-3职等的法律干事。", "B. 联合国争议法庭", "1. 联合国 联合国争议法庭的组成", "26. 联合国 2009年3月2日,大会选出了三名专职法官和两名半职法官。 随后,大会选出了三名审案法官,任期一年,协助处理从旧系统移交的积压案件。 在编写本报告时,法庭的组成如下:", "(a) Vinod Boolell法官(毛里求斯),全时法官,驻内罗毕;", "(b) 梅穆达·易卜拉欣-卡斯滕斯法官(博茨瓦纳),纽约全职法官;", "(c) 托马斯·莱克法官(德国),日内瓦全职法官;", "(d) Goolam Hoosen Kader Meeran法官(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国),半职法官;", "(e) Coral Shaw法官(新西兰),半职法官;", "(f) 让-弗朗索瓦·库桑法官(法国),日内瓦审案法官;", "(g) Nkemdilim Amelia Izuako法官(尼日利亚),内罗毕审案法官;", "(h) Marilyn Kaman法官(美利坚合众国),纽约审案法官。 [3]", "27个 大会第六十五届会议决定将三名审案法官及其辅助人员的任期再延长六个月,至2011年12月31日(见第65/251号决议)。", "2. 选举主席", "28岁 2010年6月28日至7月2日在内罗毕举行的全体会议上,托马斯·莱克法官当选为庭长,任期一年,从2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日。", "3个 全体会议", "29. 国家 自2010年7月1日以来,法庭法官举行了两次全体会议(2010年12月13日至17日在日内瓦和2011年6月27日至7月1日在纽约)。", "4. 联合国争议法庭的一般活动", "30岁。 2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间,争议法庭收到170个新案件。 截至2011年5月31日,法庭共有254起未决案件。", "31岁 在本报告所述期间收到的170个案件中,108个来自秘书处(不包括维持和平特派团和政治特派团),包括各区域委员会、总部以外办事处、卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭、前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭以及各部厅;19个来自维持和平特派团和政治特派团;43个来自各机构,包括联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民专员办事处)、联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)和联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)。", "5 (韩语). 从前系统移交联合国争议法庭的案件", "32. 联合国 2009年7月1日,在日内瓦、内罗毕、纽约和维也纳的联合申诉委员会和联合纪律委员会被撤销后,这些实体待决的169个案件被移交争议法庭。 61个案件移交给日内瓦书记官处,55个移交给内罗毕书记官处,53个移交给纽约书记官处。 2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日,其中29起已处理完毕。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 2010年1月1日,联合国行政法庭向争议法庭移交了143个案件。 2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日,其中76个案件得到处理。", "34. 国家 截至2011年5月31日,从前系统移交的65个案件待决:10个案件来自联合申诉委员会或联合纪律委员会,55个来自联合国行政法庭。", "6. 国家 判决、命令和听讯数目", "35. 联合国 2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间,争议法庭发布了195项判决和638项命令,并举行了229次听讯。", "7. 联合国 提交调解司的案件", "36. 2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日,争议法庭查明了13个适合调解的案件,并将其移交监察员办公室调解司。 在编写本报告时,其中6起已成功调解。", "8. 联合国 联合国争议法庭审理的案件事由", "37. 联合国 2. 在本报告所述期间收到的争议法庭案件的性质可分为六大类:(a) 与任用有关的事项;(b) 福利和应享权利;(c) 叙级;(d) 纪律事项;(e) 离职;(g) 其他。", "38. 国家 在本报告所述期间收到的170个案件中,56个涉及任用;19个涉及福利和应享权利;2个涉及叙级;33个涉及纪律事项;28个涉及离职;32个涉及其他事项。", "9. 国家 与联合国争议法庭及其书记官处人员配置有关的问题", "39. 联合国 如上所详述,争议法庭审理的案件数量非常之多,迅速开展工作的要求给法庭的法官和工作人员带来了巨大的负担。 三名审案法官的任命和随后的延长,使争议法庭能够在处理从前制度继承的积压案件方面取得了重大进展。 然而,鉴于提交新案件的趋势,如果2011年底取消审案法官职位,争议法庭的司法能力几乎减半,显然将立即出现新的积压。 这将造成前制度最受批评的缺点之一,拖延,成为新制度每天的现实.", " 40. 40. 法庭有意下放权力,以确保申请人更容易诉诸司法。 为了保持这种接触,争议法庭每个地点必须继续有两名全职法官。 如果某一地点因独任法官缺席而不得不停止运作,例如在请假、生病或辞职的情况下,那么将无法完全实现将法庭下放的权力。 同样地,法官在一个地点的回避将自动导致案件转移到离申请人更远的另一地点。 只有每个法庭地点至少有两名法官,才能有效地设立由三名法官组成的分庭。 此外,有法定要求在五天内处理中止行动的申请,而一名法官几乎不可能在不损害实质性申请处理的情况下做到这一点。 最后,争议法庭庭长必须指导法庭和书记官处的工作,在任职期间,他/她要依赖他/她所在地的另一名法官的出席和支持,以维持案件的流动。", "41. 国家 争议法庭法官的工作不限于作出判决。 本节提到的所需额外职能意味着每个工作地点有第二名全职法官绝对必要。 争议法庭法官密切监测从收到申请到最后判决的所有案件的进展情况。 这种监测可包括:(a) 举行案件管理听讯;(b) 对预审动议作出裁决;(c) 发出预审命令。 此外,法官必须在法定的五天时限内审议中止执行的申请。 从行政角度看,每个地点(日内瓦、内罗毕和纽约)的法官定期同书记官处工作人员会晤,以确保案件得到定期及时处理。 他们还每两周通过视频会议举行会议,以改善法官之间的沟通,并就统一三个书记官处的做法作出重要决定。 法官还负责起草程序规则;法庭已向大会提出修正程序规则的建议。 此外,法官们还致力于发布程序指示,使案件当事方了解法庭所期望的程序。 由于争议法庭的日历上迄今尚未规定休庭,上述所有责任都属于裁定案件案情实质和作出判决的核心司法职能之外。", "42. 国家 两年之后,法庭仍处于“开办”阶段。 鉴于法官的法律背景不同,法庭要求法官和辅助工作人员保持连续性,以确保法庭成为一个具有一致判例的司法机构,有利于本组织及其工作人员。", "43. 东帝汶 为此,建议大会为联合国争议法庭每个地点任命第二名全职法官。 法官还必须得到法律干事和行政人员的必要支持。 因此,秘书长建议P-3法律干事(日内瓦、内罗毕和纽约各1名)和法律助理(日内瓦1名一般事务人员(其他职等)、纽约1名一般事务人员(其他职等)和内罗毕1名一般事务人员(当地雇员))正规化。", "44. 国家 此外,书记官处在纽约的人员配备也存在异常现象。 设在日内瓦和内罗毕的书记官处有1名书记官长(P-5)和P-4和P-3职等的法律干事,而设在纽约的书记官处有1名书记官长(P-5)和P-4和P-2职等的法律干事。 这种差异没有业务依据,事实上,纽约书记官处将大大受益于第二名P-3职等更高级别的法律干事。 为此,建议将纽约的P-2法律干事员额改叙为P-3员额。", "10个 与人员配置无关的问题", "(单位:千美元) 审判室", "45. 国家 由于新系统必须具有专业性,而且鉴于争议法庭的听讯一般向公众开放,法庭必须拥有足够规模的专业法庭设施,以便每个地点都能进入。", "46. 经常预算: 法庭所有三个地点都有房地可供使用,但有关建造永久审判室的问题仍有待解决。", "47. 国家 在纽约,由于基本建设总计划,在内部司法办公室的临时房地内提供了临时审判室空间。 审判室已经开始运作,但作为一个临时空间,审判室是临时性的,没有同声传译能力。 在规划阶段,已适当考虑确保临时房地的设备和家具在基本建设总计划完成后能够搬走并安装在法庭永久房地。 但是,没有为在基本建设总计划完成后在纽约为争议法庭设立一个常设审判室编列经费。 在日内瓦,提供了永久空间,但该空间不允许在没有增建的情况下进行口译。 在内罗毕,正在建造一个永久性的专门审判室。 然而,内部司法办公室2010-2011年预算没有为审判室的建造和装配编列经费。 因此,2012-2013年预算第34款列入了建筑和装配经费。", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 差旅和通信", " 48. 48. 大会第65/251号决议重申,新系统的另一个关键任务是下放权力。 争议法庭及其书记官处设在日内瓦、内罗毕和纽约。 法庭为世界各地工作地点的工作人员服务,每个工作地点都服务着一个很大的地理区域。 法庭权力下放的成功在很大程度上取决于法庭及其书记官处在法庭审理的案件中相互之间以及与当事方和证人进行沟通的能力。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在争议法庭举行听讯时,关键是参与者能够充分参与诉讼程序,法官能够评估出庭证人的品行。 用于其中任一目的的定期旅行费用高昂,因此,预计这些活动将主要通过视频会议方式来完成。 然而,视频会议费用很高。 目前用于通信费用的预算不足以使法庭能够有效利用视像会议。 此外,口头听讯必须以一种可靠地掌握所有当事方和司法机构的所有投入的方式进行记录,以便有准确的诉讼程序记录,如果随后有上诉,可以转录。 因此,秘书长建议将内部司法办公室在通信项目下的预算增加25 000美元,以支付联合国争议法庭法官和书记官长举行口头听讯、情况会商和双周会的视频会议费用,并允许在以后对判决提出上诉时,记录质量和可靠性都相当高的口头听讯。", " 50. 50. 根据规约,如果法庭认为当事方或证人亲自出庭对诉讼程序至关重要,法庭可命令其亲自出庭。 此外,还有一些情况,特别是在非洲各工作地点出现的情况,由于电视会议连接质量差或不可靠,而且口译员无法通过电话连接成功口译,因此无法在内罗毕举行听证。 虽然预计这种情况数量有限,但发生在行动的头两年,预计还会继续下去。", "51. 联合国 此外,法官和书记官长必须定期亲自会晤,讨论共同的问题并制订解决这些问题的统一对策。 此外,维持专业系统的一个重要方面是向法官和法律工作人员提供培训机会,以提高他们的法律技能并使他们能够参加其法律同行之间的知识讨论。 本预算不考虑争议法庭法官和书记官长举行全体会议。 此外,书记官处的法官和法律工作人员经常应邀参加法律专题讨论会,但由于公务旅行受到严重的预算限制而不能出席。 这严重阻碍了她们提高技能、与同伴互动和交流知识的能力。 因此,秘书长建议将内部司法办公室的差旅费预算增加155 000美元。", "C. 结 论 处理针对法官的投诉的机制", "52. (中文(简体) ). 争议法庭的运作也对联合国上诉法庭产生影响,与此有关的一个问题是缺乏处理针对两法庭法官的投诉的机制。 对法官的有效投诉将直接影响新的司法系统的独立性、专业性和问责制。 但是,目前没有任何实体或办事处有权进行必要的实况调查,确定索赔要求的有效性,施加制裁或向大会提出制裁。", "53. 联合国 内部司法理事会在向大会第六十五届会议提交的报告中报告,它关切没有任何机制处理对法官的投诉,并表示它认为这是一个需要紧急注意的事项(见A/65/304,第40段)。", "54. 联合国 秘书长的理解是,内部司法理事会打算在向大会第六十六届会议提交的报告中提出处理对两法庭法官的投诉的建议。 由于目前没有机制,大会不妨在就常设机制作出决定之前,作为一项临时措施,授权理事会调查针对法官的投诉,包括已经出现的任何投诉,并向大会提供其关于这些投诉的报告和建议,供其采取其认为适当的任何行动。", "55. 国家 关于可能设立的常设机制,秘书长在他先前的报告(A/63/314,第73-79段)中就此问题提出初步意见后,就处理针对两法庭法官的投诉的机制提出以下建议。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 如果有人指控法官行为不当或无行为能力,将向有关法庭庭长报告指控。 然后,庭长将对指控进行适当调查,首先确定适当的调查程序,然后任命一个专家小组进行调查。 调查将使被指控的法官有机会对指控作出答复并提交相关证据。 如果对争议法庭的相关法庭庭长提出指控,则指控将提交给法庭其他法官中最资深的法官。 在对上诉法庭庭长提出指控的情况下,指控将提交第一副庭长。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 调查完成后,除正在接受调查的法官外,调查结果将由所有相关法庭审查。 如果法官一致认为不当行为或无行为能力的指控有充分根据,而且案件的严重程度足以表明有必要撤换法官,法庭庭长或其候补将向大会报告此事并请求撤换法官。", "58. 联合国 如果所指控的行为即使确定为有充分理由,也不足以导致法官被撤职,则庭长或其候补法官将有权采取他或她认为适合案件情况的适当纠正行动(例如发出警告或训斥)。 每年将向大会提交关于申诉处理情况的报告。 这项建议的替代办法是,修改内部司法理事会的职权范围,规定理事会有责任调查针对两法庭法官的任何投诉并提出建议。 如果对法官的不当行为或无行为能力提出指控,将把指控转交理事会主席。 理事会随后将对指控进行适当调查,首先确定适当的调查程序,使指控所针对的法官有机会对指控作出答复并提交相关证据。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 一旦进行调查,内部司法理事会将审查调查结果。 当安理会确定不当行为或丧失行为能力的指控有充分根据时,主席将向大会报告此事并就如何给予适当制裁提出建议。", "60. 联合国 就上述两种备选方案而言,需要制裁法官的不当行为类型是违反由内部司法理事会编写并载于A/65/86号文件并根据第62/228号决议提交大会审议的《法官行为守则》,或违反ST/SGB/2002/9号秘书长公报所载的《关于非秘书处官员和特派专家的地位、基本权利和义务的条例》。", "C. 联合国上诉法庭", "1. 联合国 联合国上诉法庭的组成", "61. 国家 2009年3月2日,大会选出了下列七名法官:", "(a) 伊内斯·温伯格·德罗卡法官(阿根廷);", "(b) 让·库蒂亚尔法官(法国);", "(c) 索菲亚·阿丁伊拉法官(加纳);", "(d) 法官 Mark P. Painter(美利坚合众国);", "(e) 卡迈勒吉特·辛格·加雷瓦尔法官(印度);", "(f) Rose Boyko法官(加拿大);", "(g) 路易斯·玛丽亚·西蒙法官(乌拉圭)。", "62. 2010年10月11日,罗斯·博伊科法官以个人理由提出辞去上诉法庭的职务,自2011年1月15日起生效。 2011年1月28日,大会任命玛丽·法赫蒂法官(爱尔兰)在选举进程后接替博伊科法官。", "2. 选举主席和副主席", "63. 2010年6月30日,上诉法庭选举库蒂亚尔法官为庭长,阿丁伊拉法官和加雷瓦尔法官为第一和第二副庭长,任期分别为2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 上诉法庭法官举行了全体会议,在其五届会议的开始和结束时处理行政和业务问题。", "3. 司法统计", "65. 从2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日,向上诉法庭提出了105起新上诉:7起对联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会的上诉,5起对联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)的上诉,1起对国际民用航空组织的上诉,92起对争议法庭的判决和命令提出上诉(65起是工作人员提出的,27起是代表秘书长对争议法庭的判决和命令提出上诉)。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 上诉法庭分别于2010年6月21日至7月2日和10月18日至29日在纽约举行了两届会议,并于2011年2月28日至3月11日在纽约举行了第一届会议。 在本报告所述期间,法庭作出了96起判决。 委员会于2011年6月27日至7月8日在日内瓦举行了第二届会议,审议了34个案件。", " 4.四. 审结案件的结果", "67. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,上诉法庭作出了96项判决。 [4] 其中一项涉及对养恤金联委会的上诉,法庭在上诉中维持了常设委员会的决定。 四项判决维持了近东救济工程处主任专员的决定。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 对争议法庭判决的上诉作出了83项判决。 这些判决就工作人员提出的54起上诉和代表秘书长的29起上诉作出了裁决。 上诉法庭驳回了工作人员提出的54起上诉中的46起,受理了3起,并发回争议法庭还押了5起。 在秘书长提出的29起上诉中,9起被驳回,19起被全部或部分接受,1起被发回争议法庭。 在12个案件中,上诉法庭推翻或修改了争议法庭的赔偿金裁定。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,向上诉法庭提出了2项口译请求、2项复议请求、2项更正请求、3项复核请求和1项撤销判决请求,上诉法庭驳回了所有10项请求。", "70. 联合国 截至2011年5月31日,上诉法庭有95份申请/上诉待决。", "5 (韩语). 与联合国上诉法庭及其书记官处运作有关的问题", "71. 联合国 上诉法庭法官根据案件数量的需要开庭审理案件,通常每年开庭三次,以进行评议并作出判决。 书记官处法律和行政工作人员为案件作好大量准备,对这一进程至关重要。 上诉法庭的供资结构和运作方法与国际劳工组织(劳工组织)行政法庭的相同,[5] 劳工组织行政法庭的法官人数相同,但根据需要有6名专职专业法律工作人员、3名一般事务人员和其他工作人员。 相比之下,上诉法庭书记官处只有两名专业人员和三名一般事务人员为法庭提供支助。", "72. 联合国 上诉法庭是一个审查来自工作人员和管理层的上诉的法院。 根据《上诉法庭规约》第2.10条,秘书长还同七个机构缔结了协定,允许它们作为行政法庭诉诸法庭。 由于该制度是新的,工作人员和秘书长都提出了大量申诉。 去年向法庭提交的案件数目与劳工组织行政法庭的工作量相当,行政法庭每年审理大约110个案件,没有积压。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 书记官处目前的人员编制不足以充分支持法庭并使其能够及时处理案件。 两名法律干事不足以每年准备100多起案件。 这种情况将不可避免地导致积压的积压和不断增加的拖延,这是前制度最受批评的方面之一。 允许这种情况再次发生将严重地破坏内部司法系统的改革。 特别不可取的是,从争议法庭作出判决到作出最后上诉决定之间长期拖延,因为上诉案件的结果可能会在特定领域解决法律问题,从而减少今后案件的数量。", "74. 国家 需要增加一名P-4法律干事,以保证书记官处有效运作的能力。 鉴于许多案件的复杂性和必须迅速处理这些案件,办事处需要更多的经验。 一名P-4职等的法律干事可以监督目前工作人员处理书记官处工作的法律方面问题,使书记官长能够专注于全面监督、与法官和其他利益攸关方的沟通以及向法庭提供技术和行政支助。", "75. 国家 此外,一个更高级的法律干事将能够向法官提供更实质性的法律支助并独立答复询问,这将提高效率和反应能力。 该法律干事将与书记官长分担行政职能,并在书记官长不在时担任代理主管。 鉴于案件数量之多并鉴于必须向联合国上诉法庭提供足够的法律支助,使其能够最佳运作,秘书长建议大会增加一名P-4职等的法律干事,以加强联合国上诉法庭书记官处。", "76. 联合国 大会第65/251号决议核准增设一个一般事务(其他职等)职位,为期一年,为上诉法庭提供支助。 秘书长指出,该职位提供的支持是有益的。 然而,迫切需要增加一名具备适当资历的法律干事,以支持法官的工作。 鉴于这一事实,并鉴于目前预算拮据,秘书长建议不再保留这一职位。", "77. 国家 根据其《规约》第4.2条,上诉法庭“应在其议事规则所确定日期举行常会,但须经庭长确定有足够多的案件为开庭理由。” 鉴于法庭第一年运作期间取得的经验,并考虑到向法庭提交的案件数量,预计上诉法庭将有足够的案件,有理由每年举行三次会议。 然而,秘书长指出,法庭目前的差旅费预算不足以支付第三届会议的费用。 因此,秘书长建议在2012-2013年预算中为内部司法办公室提供230 000美元的额外经费,以便联合国上诉法庭在需要时能举行第三届会议。", "78. 国家 秘书长在上次报告(A/65/373)第155至164段中报告了上诉法庭法官的地位及其应享权利。 秘书长在该报告中建议,以前给予前联合国行政法庭法官的旅行特权和每日生活津贴数额也应给予上诉法庭法官。 大会第65/251号决议第50段决定在2012-2013年预算中再次审议上诉法庭法官的旅行特权和每日生活津贴数额问题。 秘书长仍然认为这一行动方针是适当的,因此建议将内部司法办公室的旅费预算增加50 200美元,以反映这一点。", "D. 工作人员法律援助办公室", "79. 联合国 工作人员法律援助办公室继续面临许多挑战。 该办公室由7名由经常预算供资的法律干事(3名在纽约,4个卫星办事处各1名在亚的斯亚贝巴、贝鲁特、日内瓦和内罗毕)和3名一般事务工作人员(均在纽约)。 截至2011年1月1日,工作人员法律援助办公室在内罗毕增设了一名P-3职等专业工作人员,以支持涉及外地特派团工作人员的案件。 这一职位已经通过维持和平支助账户供资一年。", "80个 尽管工作人员法律援助办公室在多个工作地点的人员配置有限,但该办公室在运作的头两年取得了相当大的成就。 它继续成功地处理世界各地工作人员提出的大量援助请求,只有少量法律干事和有限的行政支助。", "81个 截至2010年7月1日,工作人员法律援助办公室有432起未决案件。 [6] 2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间,向该办公室提交了425起新案件。 考虑到截至2010年7月1日该办公室待决案件的数目,该办公室涉及857个事项。 该办公室已就其中265个案件结案或找到解决办法。 截至2011年5月31日,该办公室有近600起在审案件。 在该办公室运作的第二年,工作人员向该办公室提出的事项,特别是争议法庭三个分支机构以外的工作人员提出的请求数量有所增加,对其有限的资源造成了很大压力。", "82. 工作人员法律援助办公室向工作人员提供多种形式的法律援助,从提供简要法律咨询到代表工作人员出庭。 在非正式解决某一事项或帮助工作人员了解他或她不大可能在正式索赔中胜诉方面可能需要花大量时间。", "83个 该办公室面临的最大挑战仍然是应对为数有限的工作人员提出的大量援助请求。 这对远离纽约的法律干事来说尤其困难,因为他们孤立工作,没有当地行政支助。 因此,这些法律干事必须独自管理大量案件,并管理办事处的大多数行政部门。", "第八十四会. 工作人员法律援助办公室得到相关志愿律师、法律实习生和外部公益律师的协助。 不幸的是,他们的人数不足以解决该厅人力资源短缺的问题。 很难在总部以外的办事处找到合格的志愿人员、实习生和无偿援助,这使人们担心其存在严重限于纽约。", "85. 大会再次请秘书长同工作人员协会合作制定奖励办法,使工作人员能够并鼓励他们继续参加工作人员法律援助办公室的工作。 2011年6月,工作人员和管理当局协调委员会会议审议了这一事项,并指出,管理层和工作人员代表对拟采取的办法仍有不同意见。 因此,工作人员和管理当局决定应继续就该问题进行协商。", "86. 内部司法办公室于2010年1月设立的工作人员法律援助信托基金没有提供足够的资源来切实协助该办公室增加人力资源,即使是临时性的。", "87个 根据在其头两年运作期间取得的经验,秘书长认为,必须增强工作人员法律援助办公室目前的人员编制,以完成其任务。 正如秘书长向大会第六十五届会议提交的报告所指出,该办公室尤其缺乏更高级别的法律干事,因为只有一名专业工作人员在P-3职等以上。 为此,秘书长建议增设两个P-4员额,设在内罗毕和纽约,以加强工作人员法律援助办公室。", "88个 纽约以外地区缺乏行政支助,使工作人员法律援助办公室无法有效运作。 由于所有行政支助都设在总部,工作人员,不论其工作地点为何,都必须通过同纽约办事处的沟通开始办理案件。 向工作人员发出的明确信息是,尽管有可能实行权力下放制度,但核心业务仍在总部进行。 为此,秘书长建议加强工作人员法律援助办公室,增设两个一般事务(其他职等)员额,在日内瓦和内罗毕提供行政支助。", "89. 国家 大会第六十五届会议同意秘书长的意见,认为应加强工作人员法律援助办公室为外地特派团服务的能力。 因此,大会临时核准在内罗毕增设一个P-3职位,为外地特派团的工作人员提供支助。 这一职位由维持和平支助账户供资,为期一年,从2011年1月1日至12月31日。 鉴于大量案件涉及外地特派团工作人员的趋势继续存在,这表明目前的需求,并鉴于外勤支助部和维持和平行动部在分摊费用的基础上参与为正式系统持续供资,秘书长建议内罗毕专门支助外地特派团工作人员的P-3职位续设一年,由维持和平支助账户供资。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 分配给工作人员法律援助办公室的非员额资源也不足以使其正常运作。 尽管由于该办公室是一个权力下放的办事处,其所有办公室协调和相当一部分的客户咨询必须通过电子邮件、电话和视频链接进行,但该办公室的通信预算不足,甚至无法进行数量有限的电话和视频链接通信。 此外,这个分散办公地点遍布全球的办公室的工作人员必须能够在办公室外和正常工作时间之外相互沟通。 虽然使用诸如BlackBerries等智能手机设备有助于做到这一点,但目前的预算不足以为其使用提供资金。 为此,秘书长建议2012-2013年预算通信项目增加11 200美元。", "91. 联合国 虽然它们很少,但有时无法避免身体出行。 总部以外办事处的法律干事服务于广泛的地理区域,包括许多外地特派团。 工作人员若要有意义地诉诸工作人员法律援助办公室,特别是外地法律援助办公室,其法律干事必须定期访问他们所服务的工作地点,以便会见客户并与当地行政部门进行面对面谈判,为非正式解决争端提供便利。 亚的斯亚贝巴和贝鲁特办事处的法律干事可按争议法庭的命令代表客户亲自出席争议法庭的听讯。 目前,工作人员法律援助办公室没有用于满足这些关键需要的旅行预算。 因此,秘书长建议在2012-2013年预算中将该办事处的旅行细列项目增加15 000美元。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 最后,该厅目前的预算,特别是纽约以外办事处的预算,不足以满足基本的办公需要,例如租用或购买复印机和扫描机,以及购买纸、装订器、纸夹和笔等关键办公用品。 总部以外的单人办事处缺乏这些基本办公必需品,使这些孤立的法律干事面临更多的困难。 为此,秘书长建议在2012-2013年预算中将用品和材料细列项目增加9 000美元。", "E. 执行主任办公室", "1. 联合国 对执行主任办公室的审查", "93. 国家 执行主任办公室负责监督正式系统所有组成部分的行政管理,而不是代表秘书长作为答辩人。 该办公室由执行主任、特别助理、2名信息技术专家和1名行政支助人员组成,为法庭、书记官处和工作人员法律援助办公室提供行政、业务和技术支助。 这项业务支助包括同其他相关办事处协调,以促进在纽约建立一个临时审判室设施,以及类似的协调努力,以便在基本建设总计划完成后为内部司法办公室提供永久的办公室和审判室设施。", "94. 国家 除了向上述单位提供日常支助外,执行主任办公室还负责协调秘书长根据大会有关决议所编写报告的工作。 该办公室还代表联合国内部和外部机构以及需要部门间协调和协商的所有事务的正式系统。", "95号. 该办公室的其他成就包括设立了内部司法办公室网站,该网站于2010年6月28日启用,以所有六种正式语文提供。 该网站(www.un.org/en/oaj)易于浏览,提供关于正式系统各个方面的实际逐步信息。 2011年5月,该网站的访问量为7 690次,比上月增加了13%。 自网站启动以来,每月平均访问次数约为7 000次。 总体而言,该网站的使用有增加的趋势。 内部司法办公室继续改进网站,包括根据用户的要求,建立搜索法庭命令和判决的功能。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 另一个重大里程碑是2011年7月6日启用了网上电子案件管理系统,其中包括使任何工作地点的工作人员能够以电子方式归档并监测其案件。 预计该系统将提高效率,减少延误并改进书记官处的运作。 此外,案件管理系统的实施为世界各地工作人员提供了一个方便进入正式系统内容的网关。", "97. 国家 根据《上诉法庭规约》第2.10条,该办公室已成功地与先前系统内可诉诸联合国行政法庭的所有实体谈判达成协议。 [7] 秘书长签署的这些协定为这些实体提供了作为行政法庭诉诸上诉法庭的机会。", "98 (英语). 执行主任办公室除了在编制和协调提交大会的关于司法行政的报告方面发挥作用外,还在必要时为组织法庭法官的选举提供大量协助。", "99号. 执行主任办公室的另一项重要职能是支持内部司法理事会的工作,包括按照第62/228和65/251号决议的要求编写提交大会的报告,并转达其对实施新的内部司法系统的意见。", "一百个 该办公室还向内部司法理事会提供重要的行政和技术支助,因为理事会承诺协助大会确定2012年6月30日争议法庭和上诉法庭法官三年任期届满时出现的司法空缺候选人。", "2. 联合国 与执行主任办公室运作有关的问题", "101. (中文(简体) ). 执行主任办公室是内部司法办公室每个实务单位组织所有技术、预算和后勤方面的协调中心。 执行主任的作用和职能是实质性的。 执行主任在维持正式系统的独立性方面发挥关键作用,并负责协调正式系统的独立部分,包括监督和协调书记官处和工作人员法律援助办公室。 执行主任还代表联合国内部和外部机构的正式系统,并与联合国其他办事处,包括监察员和调解事务办公室的负责人联络。", "102. 国家 大会第65/251号决议第34段请秘书长就内部司法办公室执行主任的适当员额职等提出建议。 秘书长认为,不应将这个问题与必然产生的问题分开来看待,后者是争议法庭和上诉法庭法官的级别及其薪酬机制。 两法庭的法官是编外人员。 就争议法庭法官而言,他们全时工作,薪酬相当于D-2第四级。 上诉法庭法官不全时工作,但每年开庭审理案件。 他们的薪酬并不反映任何具体员额职等,他们每个判决都获得酬金。 判决书的主要起草人每份判决书领取2 400美元,另外签字人600美元。 经过两年的经验,这种薪酬机制显然对上诉法庭必要的闭会期间职能提出了一些问题。 因此,秘书长建议大会请内部司法理事会酌情审查两个法庭法官的薪酬水平和薪酬机制问题,并就此问题向大会第六十七届会议提出报告,届时大会将结合内部司法办公室执行主任的适当员额级别问题,审议理事会关于这一问题的报告。", "第103页。 如上所述,该办公室的任务非常广泛。 需要增加一名法律干事,协助处理大量工作。 执行主任办公室的专业工作人员是法律和信息技术专家,在主要行政领域,特别是在联合国预算编制方面经验有限。", "104 (韩语). 显然,该办公室将受益于增设一名具有行政和预算经验的法律干事和一个行政支助职位。 然而,鉴于财政拮据,目前没有要求增加这方面的资源。", "105. (中文(简体) ). 内部司法办公室为内部司法理事会的工作提供便利。 这个由资深法学家组成的独立机构在新系统中具有重要的监督职能,并负有重大任务。 大会第65/251号决议第52段强调,理事会可帮助确保内部司法系统的独立性、专业性和问责制,并鼓励理事会继续就内部司法系统的执行情况提供意见,并就如何加强其贡献向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "106. (中文(简体) ). 尽管如此,内部司法办公室目前或以前的预算中都没有明确规定理事会外部成员在履行相当大职能时的薪酬。 内部司法办公室的预算也没有为一般临时助理人员提供经费,以支付工作人员的产假或长期病假的费用。 此外,没有资金在项目基础上雇用临时工作人员或支付工作最忙期间的费用。 因此,秘书长建议将130 000美元的一般临时人员经费列入2012-2013年预算。", "107 (韩语). 执行主任及其工作人员必须定期出行,参加内部司法办公室(例如,参加争议法庭和上诉法庭全体会议)和更广泛的组织范围内的会议,如工作人员和管理当局协调委员会年度会议。 还需要与总部以外的工作人员和管理人员进行外联,因此执行主任及其工作人员必须旅行。 内部司法办公室的旅费预算必须支付执行主任及其工作人员的所有旅费,并支付工作人员参加两个法庭的全体会议的旅费、工作人员法律援助办公室工作人员或法庭要求的其他与会者的旅费以及内部司法办公室工作人员的任何其他旅费。 由于与两法庭司法职能有关的差旅必须列为优先事项,因此执行主任及其工作人员没有有意义的差旅预算。 该办公室的旅费预算也不足以让不在同一地点的内部司法理事会成员每年出差旅费开会,或进行任何其他出差旅费,以履行其评价该系统全球运作并向大会报告的重要任务。 因此,秘书长建议在2012-2013年预算中将内部司法办公室的差旅费增加30 000美元。", "108. (中文(简体) ). 内部司法办公室的任务是一个权力下放的办事处,这就需要高度依赖技术解决办法。 在过去一年中,监督厅在这方面的两项成就是建立了一个以所有正式语文提供的综合网站并实施了案件管理系统,该系统能够使所有工作人员,不论地点为何,都能向法庭提交案件并进行监测。 虽然这些重大成就节省了时间、资源和资金,但必须加以维持和改进,以跟上需要。 此外,由于使用了现成的解决方案来避免昂贵的点名系统,这些产品涉及续签年度许可证和维护合同。 此外,还有与数据储存、系统更新和根据所吸取的经验教训进行调整有关的业务费用。 内部司法办公室的预算目前没有支付所有与已安装的系统有关的许可证、维护和升级费用。 基于这些原因,秘书长建议在内部司法办公室2012-2013年预算的订约承办事务和软件包采购方面增加75 000美元。", "F. 代表秘书长担任答辩人的法律办公室", "第109页. 有几个办事处在工作人员提起的案件中代表秘书长作为答辩人。 由于工作人员提交的案件数量仍然很多,而且其中许多案件十分复杂,鉴于其现有工作人员和资源,代表秘书长作为答辩人的办公室和单位正在以能力或能力之外运作。", "1. 联合国 在联合国争议法庭代表秘书长的法律办公室", "110. 国家 秘书长作为争议法庭的答辩人,由总部以及日内瓦、内罗毕和维也纳总部以外各办事处的工作人员代表。", "111. 为了满足新的司法系统的需要,管理人员在本组织内部调动了工作人员,并征聘了具备为该系统服务的必要技能的工作人员。 因此,本组织已对新系统的要求作出反应,该系统正在全组织实施。", "112号 2010年,作出了218起判决。 这些判决分析了争端的背景,合理适用了相关的工作人员条例和细则,并就争议法庭审理的事实和法律问题作出裁定。 判决反映了当事人在诉讼过程中就事实和法律提出的大量意见.", "113号. 为了达到新系统规定的标准,对在争议法庭代表秘书长的办公室提出了紧急要求。 本节详细列出各办公室的作用、专用于该系统的资源、反映秘书长代表所处理案件数量的统计数字、诉讼结果的资料以及行政当局对判例的反应。", "114 (韩语). 新的司法系统对行政当局提出了新的要求。 行政当局在对系统进行结构改革的同时,必须迅速果断地应对其面临的资源和管理挑战。 为了保持秘书长的代表性,并增强秘书长应对当前需要的能力,必须维护和巩固管理层采取的举措。 此外,全球秘书处必须继续制定管理秘书长在两法庭任职情况的全面综合方法,包括定期同代表秘书长的办公室的工作人员进行协商并进行情况介绍。", "人力资源管理厅行政法科", "115. (中文(简体) ). 行政法科设在人力资源管理厅,由上诉股和纪律股组成。 该科负责代表秘书长在争议法庭就全球秘书处工作人员提出的案件以及卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭工作人员提出的案件担任答辩人。 联合国日内瓦、内罗毕和维也纳办事处、联合国环境规划署(环境署)和联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)工作人员提起的案件由这些工作地点的官员处理。 该科还处理提交给人力资源管理厅的涉及秘书处所有工作人员和国际法庭工作人员的纪律事项,并就整个司法系统以及个人上诉和纪律案件的各个方面向管理人员提供意见。", "上诉", "116 (英语). 行政法科在收到争议法庭的申请后,负责征求有关管理人员对申请的意见并起草答复。 提交答复的时限为30天,需要有关管理人员和该科迅速采取行动。", "117号 在诉讼过程中,行政法科的法律干事参加关于案情实质的指示听讯和听讯,并按法庭的命令提出进一步的书面意见。 出席听讯需要相当长的准备时间,包括酌情同有关办公室和法律事务厅协商;会见被告传唤的证人;以及准备对申请人或其律师和(或)法庭传唤的证人进行交叉询问。", "118. 行政法科还负责向行政当局提供意见,说明是否应当为非正式解决作出努力,还是应当继续诉讼。 这些建议分析了案件中出现的事实和法律问题,并就如何以最具成本效益的方式解决争端提出了建议。 如果寻求非正式解决办法的建议被接受,该科负责获得必要的批准,在与申请人和(或)其律师谈判的过程中提供咨询意见,同监察员办公室合作,以最后敲定解决协议并跟踪其执行情况。 谈判往往旷日持久,要求很高;然而,非正式解决争端的潜在好处是巨大的。", "119. 在作出最后判决后,行政法科与法律事务厅联络,由法律事务厅决定是否向上诉法庭就判决提出上诉。 该科还负责解释争议法庭的最后判决,获取执行判决所必要的信息,并将判决转交有关官员执行。", "120号. 该科还代表秘书长进行暂停行动诉讼,其中一方要求紧急暂停执行行政决定。 必须毫不拖延地解决这些申请。 在请求提出后5日内提出答辩,并进行口头听证. 法庭在听讯后几天内发出命令,接受或驳回请求。 这些听证会需要紧急关注和密集筹备。 如果有关办事处和可能的证人不在总部以外,而且存在时间上的差异,就特别难以遵守最后期限。", "121. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,行政法科处理了318起上诉案件;在任何特定时间,它都有大约200起有待争议法庭处理的档案。 大约50%的档案涉及任用问题;20%涉及纪律申诉;15%涉及福利和应享权利;5%涉及离职;1%涉及叙级;9%涉及其他事项。", "122. (中文(简体) ). 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间,争议法庭对该科处理的114个案件作出判决。 64份申请是根据案情实质裁定的;17份以可受理性为由被驳回;14份非正式解决并撤回;5份由工作人员撤回;5份仅涉及赔偿;9份被申请人放弃。 此外,法庭还确定了12项暂停行动的请求。 3人获准,4人被开除,5人被安置或遗弃。", "123. 国家 在根据案情实质裁定的案件中,38起有利于秘书长,21起有利于工作人员,行政当局5次成功地为工作人员的主要索赔辩护;但一项次要索赔成功。 如果申请人根据案情全部或部分胜诉,则在20个案件中给予赔偿。", "124. (中文(简体) ). 新的工作方法、需要处理的申诉数量多、答辩人提交答复的最后期限缩短(从两个月缩短为30天)以及纽约与客户部门/办事处、证人和法庭分支机构所在的其他工作地点之间的时间差异,都导致工作量沉重并增加了该科工作人员的压力。", "纪律事项", "125. (中文(简体) ). 行政法科还负责处理提交人力资源管理厅采取行动的纪律事项。 在本报告所述期间,该科负责391起纪律事项,包括本报告所述期间收到的121起新案件。 该科在处理纪律案件方面的作用载于秘书长关于纪律事项和可能犯罪行为的单独报告(见A/66/135)。", "126. (中文(简体) ). 有人指出,新的司法系统和联合纪律委员会随之被撤销,把对案件进行事实和法律分析的责任移交给了人力资源管理厅。 在前一种制度中,秘书长将纪律事项提交联合纪律委员会,以便查明事实,并就应采取哪些纪律措施(如有的话)提供咨询意见。 随着联合纪律委员会的撤销,人力资源管理厅必须对其面前的案件进行更详尽的分析。 因此,要花大量时间审查移交纪律行动的每一方面,包括从调查实体或有关工作人员那里获得澄清和补充证据。 根据问题的复杂性,纪律程序可以持续三个月,在一个比较直接的案件中,可以持续两年,在一个比较复杂的问题上。", "咨询", "127 (韩语). 最后,行政法科向秘书处各部门提供特别咨询意见。 一般来说,一项建议需要一天时间。 该科每年提供约600项咨询意见。", "行政法科的资源", "128. (英语). 向新系统的过渡对行政法科提出了大量额外要求。 上诉和纪律工作的程序要复杂得多,要求更高,导致工作量大幅增加。 一个根本性的变化是,从原制度下的基于文件的程序转向口头听证,并要求根据新系统提交大量书面材料。 处理上诉所需的平均工作日增加了两倍,从原制度下的5天增加到新制度下的15天。 在前一种制度下,被申请人平均就每个案件提交了两份书面意见。 上诉案件的听证很少举行,甚至根本没有举行。 在新系统下,法庭往往需要许多书面呈件。 在该科处理的大量案件中,举行了两至三次口头听讯,有些甚至更多。 听讯的准备时间可能相当长,需要同有关办公室协商,而就案情实质听讯而言,准备工作需要找到证人并与证人交谈,以便他们熟悉程序并获得证词。", "129. 国家 截至2009年6月30日,行政法科由四个员额组成:1个由经常预算供资的P-5(主任)员额;1个由经常预算供资的P-4员额;2个由维持和平支助账户供资的P-4员额。 此外,维持和平支助帐户还提供了一般临时助理人员的临时资金。 由于来自外地的工作量和新系统对该科的需求,大会于2009年7月1日核准增设由维持和平支助账户供资的3个法律干事员额(2个P-3和1个P-2)和2个临时职位(1个P-3和1个P-2)。 2010年1月,该科分为上诉股和纪律股。 从人力资源政策处另一科调出一个P-5员额来领导上诉股。 鉴于外地特派团持续的工作量,2010年7月,大会核准在内罗毕增设2个法律干事员额(1个P-4和1个P-3),由维持和平支助账户供资。 同样在2010年7月,秘书长根据有限的酌处权,增设了3个临时职位(1个P-4和2个P-3),以处理来自非外地组织单位的申诉和纪律案件。", "130. (中文(简体) ). 行政法科人员编制为15名法律干事。 目前,该科包括一个上诉股,纽约有1名P-5(科长)、3名P-4和2名P-3工作人员,内罗毕有1名P-4和1名P-3;纪律股有1名P-5(科长)、1名P-4、3名P-3和2名P-2工作人员。 在这些职位中,有3个由经常预算供资(其中1个由人力资源政策处内部调动),9个由维持和平支助账户供资,3个由秘书长根据其有限预算酌处权提供的临时资源供资至2011年12月31日。", "131. 国家 对该科工作量的分析表明,需要增设员额。 关于上诉,过去一年,上诉股收到并处理了向争议法庭提出的大约115起上诉。 争议法庭处理的每个案件平均需要15个工作日。 这需要每年1 725个工作日。 此外,上诉股每年提供约400份咨询意见,每年需要400个工作日。 上诉股每年总共工作约2 125天。 按每月27个工作日计算,即每年78.7个工作月,即7个员额。 上诉股目前只有五个员额,其中一个是股长员额。 股长负责监督和指导该股的工作,四名法律干事处理案件。 因此,需要增设3个法律干事员额。", "132. (中文(简体) ). 鉴于大约35%的申诉来自维持和平特派团,65%来自非维持和平的办事处,应从经常预算中拨出6个员额,从维持和平支助账户拨出3个员额。 然而,目前该股只有一个法律干事员额由经常预算供资。 为了确保最佳运作,上诉股需要增设三个经常预算员额。 然而,鉴于会员国目前财政拮据,目前拟在上诉股增设两个员额(1个P-4和1个P-3)。", "133. (中文(简体) ). 根据2009年7月1日以来收到的纪律案件数量,预计行政法科每年将收到约150起案件供采取行动。 由于纪律档案平均需要20个工作日处理,案件数量每年需要3 000个工作日。 此外,纪律股每年大约提供200个咨询,需要200个工作日。 纪律股每年总共必须进行大约3 200天的工作。 按每月27个工作日计算,相当于118.5个工作月,相当于10个员额。 纪律 该股目前只有6个法律干事员额,包括4个常设法律干事员额和2个临时职位。 此外,该股有一名股长(P-5)负责监督和指导工作。 因此,缺少四个法律干事员额。", "134. 鉴于所处理的纪律案件约有60%来自维持和平特派团,40%来自非维持和平的办事处,4个员额应从经常预算分配,6个员额从维持和平支助账户分配。 然而,目前纪律股没有法律干事员额由经常预算供资。 拟议在维持和平支助账户下保留这4个常设员额。 拟议在2012-2013年维持和平支助账户预算中将所需增设的两个员额从一般临时人员改划为常设员额。 为了处理非维和办公室的工作量,纪律股需要4个经常预算法律干事员额。 然而,鉴于会员国目前的财政拮据,目前拟在纪律股增设3个员额(1个P-4和2个P-3)。", "135. (中文(简体) ). 秘书长总共为行政法科增设5个法律干事员额。 值得注意的是,在评估该科所需资源时,允许每月27个工作日,而不是标准21.5天。 这进一步表明该科的工作量很大,需要有一个可持续的资源基础。", "联合国维也纳办事处", "136. (中文(简体) ). 在联合国维也纳办事处和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处,在申诉和纪律事项上担任秘书长代表的全面责任已下放给管理司司长。 在纪律案件提交人力资源管理厅之前处理这些案件的日常职责、管理评价请求以及在争议法庭代表秘书长的职责由人力资源管理处承担,并由该处人力资源政策干事协调。", "137号. 联合国维也纳办事处/联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续注意到,管理人员提出的法律咨询和确认遵守适用法律的请求有所增加,为争议法庭审理的每个案件做准备所需的时间也有所增加。 为了让工作人员和管理人员了解新的司法系统的特点,联合国维也纳办事处/联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续举行简报会、午餐会和全体会议,并向维也纳和外地的全体工作人员发送电子信息,所有这些都需要人力资源小组给予更多的时间。", "138. 上诉案件日益增多,加上新系统的最后期限很短,继续使联合国维也纳办事处/联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室管理的法律支助能力不堪重负。 联合国维也纳办事处在人力资源管理处部署了一名全职人力资源政策干事,以应对新系统日益增加的需求。 然而,从长远来看,这不可行,因为人力资源小组正在耗尽有限的资源来履行该干事的正常职能。 因此,联合国维也纳办事处需要1个P-4职等法律干事和1个一般事务(其他职等)法律助理的专门员额,以确保充分满足系统的持续需要。 然而,鉴于财政拮据,建议联合国维也纳办事处由联合国日内瓦办事处的工作人员提供支助。", "联合国日内瓦办事处", "139. (中文(简体) ). 在联合国日内瓦办事处,一名具有法律背景的人力资源干事在该办公室及其客户组织(联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)、联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)、人道主义事务协调厅(人道协调厅)、欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)和其他较小实体)的工作人员提交的案件中担任本组织在争议法庭的代表。 除了临时P-4资源外,还有必要增设一个P-3法律干事员额,由客户组织(人权高专办、贸发会议和人道主义事务协调厅)在分摊费用的基础上供资,以应付工作量的增加,特别是客户组织的工作量。 然而,这一安排将一直持续到2011年底。", " 140.: 140. 如上所述,由于建立了新的司法系统,工作人员的意见比较详细,需要进行更多的分析工作和法律研究,口头听证也比以前的系统多,这耗费时间。 此外,争议法庭法官经常要求答辩人提供关于案件要素的详细资料,从而创造了更多的工作,并与所涉管理人员进行了更多的协商。 总的结果是,每个案件都需要比前一个系统需要更多的工作人员时间。", "141 (英语). 还要求法律干事就管理评价请求或决定的编写向管理人员提供法律咨询。 此外,联合国日内瓦办事处继续为管理人员组织关于司法系统的培训,并为管理人员举行关于管理评价决定和法庭判例的简报会。 最后,法律干事向法律事务厅提供支助/投入,该厅负责处理本组织向上诉法庭提出的上诉。", "142. (中文(简体) ). 尽管工作量大幅增加,但在向新系统过渡时没有向联合国日内瓦办事处增拨资源。 虽然临时作出了临时人员配置安排,以解决与向该办公室提供基本法律专门知识有关的时间紧迫的额外工作量,但这样做牺牲了适当管理人力资源其他领域的重大需要。 因此,这些安排对未来来说是不可持续的。", "143. (中文(简体) ). 为了在争议法庭有效地为秘书长提供适当的代表,必须就提供额外的专门法律资源征求总部的意见。 具体而言,鉴于目前的工作量,联合国日内瓦办事处需要1个具有诉讼经验的P-4法律干事员额和1个一般事务(其他职等)法律助理员额。 如上文第138段所述,还需要P-4法律干事向联合国维也纳办事处/联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供服务。 需要保留由客户组织(人权高专办、贸发会议和人道主义事务协调厅)按费用分摊方式供资的P-3法律干事员额。", "联合国内罗毕办事处", "144. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,主任高级法律干事的职位得到填补,该期间后半期,高级法律干事在争议法庭代表联合国内罗毕办事处。 在本报告所述期间早期,该办公室由一名具有法律背景的人力资源干事在行政法科同事的协助下在争议法庭代表。 此外,鉴于人力资源科在诉讼方面的经验有限,该办公室和环境署就咨询人合同聘请了外部法律专家,协助争议法庭处理诉讼事项。", "145 (英语). 涉及联合国内罗毕办事处客户办事处的案件由具有法律背景的环境规划署或人居署工作人员或内罗毕办事处高级法律干事处理。", "146. 国家 司法系统依赖高级法律干事,这意味着她无法履行总干事法律顾问一职的核心职能。 因此,要求追加资源。 具体而言,联合国内罗毕办事处寻求一个P-4员额,一个有诉讼经验的法律干事和一个一般事务人员(其他职等)员额,担任法律助理。 这些员额还将为非洲经济委员会(非洲经委会)服务,因为新的制度的要求特别迫切。", "区域委员会和法庭", "147页. 各区域委员会(欧洲经委会、亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)、拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)、非洲经委会和西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会))和两个法庭(前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭)的人力资源管理处需要根据新系统履行额外职能并提供更多的服务。", " 148. 148. 人力资源管理处负责在纪律案件提交人力资源管理厅前进行日常处理,并要求进行管理评价。 此外,还要求他们就争议法庭的判例向管理人员提供建议和指导。 此外,他们还就正在审理的案件与行政法科联络;回应争议法庭要求提供补充资料的请求;与证人建立联系;提供执行判决所需的信息。 争议法庭的法官经常要求当事方提供案件要素的详细资料,从而开展更多的工作并更多地同有关管理人员协商。 总体结果是,每个案件所需工作人员时间大大超过前一个系统所需的时间。", "149 (英语). 最初为执行新系统而请拨的资源不包括为各区域委员会增拨资源的任何经费。 然而,在实施该系统之后,显然需要资源。", "150 (英语). 需要一名具有法律背景的P-4级人力资源政策干事,向亚太经社会和西亚经社会的管理和人力资源处提供内部咨询。 该干事将设在亚太经社会并支助亚太经社会和西亚经社会。 还需要一个一般事务(其他职等)员额来支助该干事。", "151 (英语). 联合国日内瓦办事处法律干事将支助欧洲经委会的工作,总部法律干事将负责向拉加经委会提供建议。", "152. (中文(简体) ). 如上文第146段所述,拟在联合国内罗毕办事处设立的法律干事员额将支助非洲经委会的工作。", "外联", "153 (英语). 有必要与各区域委员会进行外联。 培训管理人员和人力资源干事并向其散发相关信息是在整个组织内维持统一标准和解决当前系统性问题的关键组成部分。 管理人员要求就引起上诉的关键问题作简报,并就如何尽量减少潜在的争端提供意见。 人力资源干事需要培训,以准备和提出对管理评价要求的答复,并在诉讼过程中向行政法科提供信息和协助。 最后,管理人员和人力资源干事需要了解整个系统,并注重以非正式方式解决争端的可能性。 需要进行关于进行谈判和关于秘书长在调解中的有效代表权的培训。", "154 (英语). 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭目前正在执行其完成工作战略。 经验表明,特派团缩编后,工作量会增加。 因此,预计在今后三年内,两法庭工作人员提出的案件会增加。 在这方面,必须便利与两法庭的外联工作,以确保管理人员和人力资源干事有机会在具体案件方面得到协助,并获得关于影响其完成工作战略执行工作的判例的最新发展的简报。", "155 (英语). 建议开展外联工作。 执行这些任务所需的数额为30 000美元。 具体而言,拟从内罗毕派一名法律干事前往非洲经委会和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭(12 500美元前往联合国内罗毕办事处);从日内瓦派一名法律干事前往西亚经社会、亚太经社会和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭(17 500美元前往联合国日内瓦办事处)。 因此,秘书长请求为外联任务提供30 000美元。", "156 (英语). 此外,争议法庭有时在特派团和其他工作地点举行听讯。 代表秘书长的法律干事需要前往举行听讯的地点。 迄今为止,尚未为这些旅费提供具体津贴。 因此,秘书长请批30 000美元差旅费,用于出席在特派团地点举行的法庭听讯。", "现有资源和所需资源汇总表", "157. (中文(简体) ). 行政法科、总部以外办事处和区域委员会的现有资源和所需资源见下表。", "现有资源和所需资源", "现有资源 所寻求的额外资源\n行政法科 经常预算2 P-51 P-42 一般事务 经常预算2 P-43 P-3 维持和平支助帐户3 P-43 P-31 P-21 P-3(一般临时人员) ^(a)1 P-2(一般临时人员) ^(a)1 一般事务\n有限预算授权 ^(b)1 P-42 P-3\nP-4 人力资源政策干事 1名P-41名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n维也纳联合国办事处 无资源(P-4人力资源政策干事)\n联合国内罗毕办事处 无资源(部署了P-5高级法律干事) 1名P-41名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n非洲经委会 利用内罗毕联合国办事处P-4法律干事的服务\n亚太经社会 1个P-41个一般事务(其他职等)\n西亚经社会 利用亚太经社会P-4法律干事的服务", "^(a) 拟议在2012-2013年支助账户预算中将员额改划为常设员额。", "^(b) 至2011年12月31日。", "联合国开发计划署", "158 (英语). 开发署法律支助办公室是开发署及其附属基金的综合法律办公室,其法律工作涵盖公司法、机构法和行政法的所有方面,并更加注重政策和培训。 鉴于新的司法系统,加上对法律咨询和咨询的需求增加,该办公室不得不调整其人员配置。 该办公室行政法实践小组目前全员工作,1名业务主管(P-5)承担自己的工作量;1名P-5、2名P-4和2名P-3法律干事,共计6名法律干事,由2名一般事务支助人员协助工作。 业务组负责处理所有管理评价请求、争议法庭受理的所有案件、所有纪律案件、与政策工作有关的法律咨询、法律培训和所有法律查询,涉及的问题从私人法律义务到税务和养恤金事项咨询。", "159 (英语). 法律支助办公室参与非正式和正式解决工作人员冤情的所有阶段。 在非正式阶段,该办公室向包括人力资源厅、国家办事处和区域局在内的管理人员提供意见和指导,指导他们在形成正式投诉之前如何解决分歧。 该办公室还可寻求各基金和方案监察员的干预。 自2009年7月1日以来,该办公室的预防工作大幅增加,因为有更多的管理人员寻求法律指导,以确保他们的决定符合开发署的法律框架,从而导致更多的时间和资源支出。", "160 (英语). 如果问题未在非正式阶段得到解决,法律支助办公室就管理评价请求的处理向助理署长兼管理局局长提出建议;代表开发署在争议法庭出庭;参与调解程序;就代表秘书长处理开发署在上诉法庭的案件与法律事务厅进行协调。 监督厅还在必要时建议从问责制的角度采取行动。 2010年8月1日,开发署推出了处理管理评价请求的新程序。 虽然该厅继续审查这些请求,并就处理这些请求的问题向助理署长兼管理局局长提出建议,但要求增加两名高级管理人员,由署长任命,从名册上挑选,以便从管理角度直接向助理署长兼管理局局长提供独立的意见。 这一系统运作良好,不过2011年需要任命更多的管理人员,以应对越来越多的管理评价请求。 预计目前进行的与给予长期任用有关的一次性审查将产生更多的案件。", "161 (英语). 法律支助办公室定期并通过所有现有媒体提供培训课程、简报和外联活动,以提高开发署工作人员和管理人员对新系统的认识。 例如,该办公室开办了一个在线法律课程,所有管理人员都必须参加,其中几章涉及与内部司法系统有关的法律问题。 此外,该办公室不得不作出调整,以适应管理评价的更短期限和争议法庭的最后期限,并适应法庭要求听证和提交书面材料的次数的增加。 这导致其工作人员的工作量全面增加。 此外,鉴于争议法庭日益注重口头听讯和全面审判,需要对律师进行辩护和诉讼领域的专门培训。", "联合国儿童基金会", "162 (英语). 执行主任首席顾问办公室在执行主任办公室内全面负责儿童基金会内部的法律支助和咨询意见。 人力资源司处理管理评价请求,并在争议法庭代表儿基会出庭。 儿童基金会已调整了人员编制、能力和标准作业程序,以适应新系统增加的工作量,并特别注意管理评价请求和调解机会。", "联合国难民事务高级专员办事处", "163 (英语). 在内部司法系统改革之前,秘书处行政法股对有关难民署工作人员的决定进行了行政审查。 目前,难民署自行进行管理评价,评价委托给副高级专员。 法律事务处直接向副高级专员报告,就所有管理评价提供咨询。", "164. (中文(简体) ). 难民署在管理评价程序方面有非常积极的经验,这使管理层能够严格地审查其决定,在案件升级为争议法庭之前采取补救行动并审查和改进其程序。 在许多情况下,这一进程还恢复了难民署与工作人员之间的对话。", "165 (英语). 在争议法庭,难民署由人力资源管理司司长代表。 法律事务处就所有未决案件向司长提供意见。", "166 (英语). 难民署十分重视在早期阶段非正式解决冤情,一些案件通过难民署监察员的参与非正式地解决了。 尽管如此,自采用新系统以来,工作人员试图通过正式系统处理的冤情明显增加。", "167. (中文(简体) ). 难民署继续支持工作人员法律援助办公室的工作,向日内瓦办事处无偿借调一名法律干事。", "联合国项目事务厅", "168 (英语). 联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)相对较小,没有收到许多案件。 虽然它没有专门处理这类案件的法律单位,但在总部有一个法律干事,除其他外,负责监测司法系统的发展(包括争议法庭和上诉法庭的判例和惯例)。 提交争议法庭的每个案件,以及可能导致案件的任何问题,包括管理评价请求,均由案件或问题发生所在区域办事处的项目厅法律干事管理,并由总部上述法律干事提供支持。 这项工作由项目厅总法律顾问全面监督。 根据ST/SGB/2008/13号秘书长公报,法律事务厅管理与项目厅有关的所有上诉。", "169 (英语). 迄今为止,新系统似乎比以前的系统更正式、更专业。 在新系统中,案件的审理方式与许多国家法院采用的方式相类似,口头审讯次数的增加只是这方面的一个例子。", "170 (英语). 因此,案件所涉律师和非律师所需时间大大增加。 此外,工作人员可要求印制大量文件。 争议法庭一般倾向于批准此类请求,而满足这些请求需要本组织开展大量工作。", "联合国人口基金", "171 (英语). 联合国人口基金(人口基金)雇用了两名法律干事,他们向人口基金提供各种法律支助和咨询服务,包括在争议法庭代表人口基金。 人口基金继续特别关注管理评价,以及包括调解在内的其他争议解决办法。", "2. 在联合国上诉法庭代表秘书长的法律办公室", "法律事务厅", "172 (英语). 法律事务厅作为本组织的中央法律事务处,在若干领域,包括新的内部司法系统,向秘书长、秘书处各部厅和联合国各机构提供法律咨询。 在法律事务厅内,负责这一职责的组织单位是一般法律事务司的行政和管理组。 该司在这方面的职责如下:", "173 (英语). 一般法律事务司在内部司法系统方面的责任涉及解决争端的非正式和正式阶段。 该司在工作人员提出索偿要求的早期阶段,即在索偿要求进入诉讼之前,就向秘书处各部厅以及各基金和方案提供建议。 例如,已请该司在管理评价阶段和解决谈判期间提供投入。", "174 (英语). 一旦索偿要求进入正式阶段并有工作人员向争议法庭提出申请,一般法律事务司定期向在司法程序一级代表秘书长的实体提供咨询意见。 这些实体包括行政法科及其在日内瓦、维也纳和内罗毕的对口单位。 根据新的内部司法系统,各基金和方案内的实体(开发署、项目厅、儿童基金会、人口基金和难民署)在争议法庭代表秘书长;该司可应要求向各基金和方案提供意见。 此外,由于该司对新系统不断演变的判例有全面的看法,该司向在争议法庭代表秘书长的所有实体介绍新系统的法律发展情况,并分享法律论据,说明它们在法庭所处理问题上的指导和使用。 这种咨询意见确保了秘书长关于政策和原则问题的法律战略和论点的协调和一致性。 在这方面,该司提请所有相关办公室注意争议法庭对本组织有重大影响的判决。", "175 (英语). 一般法律事务司还代表秘书长在上诉法庭出庭。 这项责任既包括对争议法庭判决提出上诉,又包括回应工作人员提出的上诉。 该司对秘书处所有部厅以及各基金和方案履行这一职能。 为了确定对某项判决提出上诉是否符合本组织的利益,该司必须审查和分析争议法庭的每一项判决并同在法庭代表秘书长的各实体协商。 处理上诉的过程需要研究和分析争议法庭提出的所有必要事实和法律问题,并酌情准备书面上诉或答复。", "176 (英语). 除了就有关内部司法系统的事项提供意见外,一般法律事务司还在作出行政决定之前,就解释或执行《工作人员条例和细则》或其他人事政策和做法,例如就解雇工作人员的建议,向秘书处提供咨询意见。 虽然大多数此类请求来自管理事务部(包括人力资源管理厅、索偿事项咨询委员会、医务司或保险科等组织实体),但各基金和方案、难民署和总部以外办事处也向该司提出请求。 最后,该司负责在人力资源管理政策颁布前审查、提供建议并依法清理每项行政通知。", "177 (英语). 一般法律事务司在新的司法制度方面的责任大大超过预期,导致该司的工作量意外地大幅度增加。 当秘书长在新系统开始运作前提交关于所需资源的报告时,行政和预算问题咨询委员会拒绝核准为法律事务厅请设的任何员额,因为假定通过非正式手段早日解决争端的努力可能导致提交法庭的案件减少(见A/62/7/Add.7,第50段)。 鉴于这一考虑,咨询委员会发现当时没有足够的资料支持要求增加的工作人员,建议在评估实际需要之前不要核准这些员额。 行预咨委会认为,绝大多数案件将在提交争议法庭之前得到解决。 如下文所讨论,与这些假设相反,新系统的实际需要要求一般法律事务司就日益复杂的问题向更广泛的客户提供法律咨询意见,这些问题给本组织带来重大的财务、法律和业务影响,而且更为紧迫。", "178 (英语). 根据以前的制度,有一层司法审查,即联合国行政法庭。 目前,有两级审查。 在以前的制度下,行政法庭以兼职方式运作,每年开庭两次,而在新的制度下,争议法庭全年全职运作,上诉法庭每年开庭三次。", "179 (英语). 由于该系统发生了根本性的机构变化,一般法律事务司必须审查的判决数量大幅增加,并就之提供咨询意见。 根据以前的制度,联合国行政法庭在2009年作出了65项判决。 相比之下,根据新系统,争议法庭在2010年发布了218项判决,上诉法庭发布了100项判决。 因此,新制度下的判决总数大约是旧制度下的5倍。", "180 (英语). 一般法律事务司根据新系统提交的划界案数量也大幅增加。 按照以前的制度,该司平均每年向联合国行政法庭提交63份呈件。 相反地,根据新系统,2010年它向上诉法庭提交了150份呈件(其中114份涉及秘书处、包括维持和平特派团的案件,36份涉及各基金和方案以及难民署的案件)。 因此,根据新系统提交的划界案数目比根据前一个系统提交的划界案数目高出约140%。", "181 (英语). 新系统对一般法律事务司的影响不仅仅与向上诉法庭提出的上诉数目有关;该司在这一领域所开展工作的性质也发生了重大变化。 在以前的制度下,该司起草对联合国行政法庭的答复的时间范围很宽(六个月)。 一般而言,这些答复是以该法庭既定判例为依据的,因此该司的工作比较简单,比较容易管理。 然而,在新系统下,提交和答复申诉的最后期限被缩短为45天。 此外,尽管《上诉法庭规约》规定了45天的期限,但法庭将提出中间上诉的最后期限缩短为15天。 此外,采用新的内部司法系统意味着新的法庭正在重新审查本组织以往的做法和行政法庭的判例。 由此产生的管理人员应适用哪些法律规范和原则的不确定性意味着,现在要求该司更经常地向其他部门提供咨询,包括在争议法庭举行定期听讯之前代表本组织的实体。 这与以前的制度形成对照,以前的制度规定,向联合申诉委员会和联合纪律委员会提交的呈件以行政法庭既定判例为依据,要求该司就这些程序提供咨询意见的情况很少。", "182 (英语). 最近人力资源管理许多领域的改革,如合同改革和统一服务条件,使所有这些因素更加复杂。 这些改革举措还导致对一般法律事务司提出更多的要求,要求该司审查行政通知并提供法律许可,并就《工作人员条例和细则》的解释和执行提供咨询。", "183 (英语). 目前,一般法律事务司有2个专业人员员额(1个P-5和1个P-3)和由经常预算供资的1个关于司法和管理问题的一般事务员额。 截至2010年7月1日,秘书长还根据其有限预算酌处权,以6个P-3/P-4和2个一般事务(其他职等)员额的形式提供临时资源,限期至2011年12月31日。 该司还有一个由维持和平支助账户供资的P-4员额。 此外,该司最近获悉,截至2011年7月1日,大会已核准在维持和平支助账户下设立1个P-4和1个P-3等一般临时人员。 总之,除非按以下要求核准额外资源,否则该司将总共只有5个专业人员员额和1个一般事务人员员额,处理司法和管理问题。", "184 (英语). 归根结底,由于对该司服务的需求无法预见,给该司带来的压力将损害该司不仅在司法行政领域,而且在其他事项上及时、全面地提供法律咨询的总体能力。", "185 (英语). 确保该司有能力提供行政和管理领域的法律咨询,将确保不会给整个联合国带来不利的长期财政、法律和业务影响。 在法庭判例发展的这一关键阶段尤其如此。 例如,该司2010年在上诉法庭代表本组织,有助于确定裁定赔偿的参数,并澄清审查秘书长酌处权的原则。 这些呼吁不仅为本组织节省了大量费用,而且制定基本原则将给本组织带来重大长期利益。", "186 (英语). 为了满足新系统对法律事务厅服务的大幅增加的需求,一般法律事务司需要增设8个经常预算员额(6个P-3/P-4和2个一般事务(其他职等)),以处理司法和管理问题。 但是,秘书长注意到会员国目前的财政拮据,因此目前只请求大会核准为一般法律事务司增设三个经常预算员额(2个P-4和1个P-3)。 在这方面,应当指出,该司是唯一提出与上次报告相比减少约三分之二的请求的办事处(从8个员额减至3个员额),同时,该司也是因新系统的建立而未获得任何长期资源的唯一办事处(截至2011年7月1日在维持和平支助账户下核准的一般临时人员项下的两个员额除外)。", "三. 对与内部司法有关的问题的答复", "A类. 概览", "187 (英语). 下一节答复了大会第65/251号决议提出的问题。", "B. 回应", "1. 联合国 工作人员供资的支助工作人员法律援助办公室的机制", "188 (英语). 秘书长对第65/251号决议第40和41段的答复(其中规定了工作人员供资机制支助工作人员法律援助办公室的建议)载于本报告附件一。", "189 (英语). 2011年6月举行的工作人员和管理当局协调委员会会议就这些建议与工作人员进行了协商。 工作人员在会上重申,他们认为,工作人员供资的计划的任何选择都是不可接受的,因为工作人员代表的费用由雇主承担。 工作人员指出,由于大会设立了工作人员法律援助办公室,作为本组织内部内部司法系统的一部分,与该办公室运作有关的费用是本组织的开支,他们呼吁大会提供必要资源,确保双方(工作人员和管理人员)都有同等的武装。", "2. 联合国 编外人员的申诉机制", "190 (英语). 秘书长对大会第65/251号决议第55段所提关于编外人员资源机制建议的回应载于本报告附件二。", "3个 纪律措施权力下放", "191 (英语). 秘书长对大会第65/251号决议第51段中关于纪律措施权力下放的详细提议作出如下答复。", "背景情况", "192 (英语). 秘书长最初在大会第六十二届会议上提出,可将采取纪律措施的权力下放给特派团和总部以外办事处的主管。 报告是根据重新设计小组报告中的建议以及工作人员和管理当局协调委员会第二十八届会议的结果编写的,会上讨论了这一问题并拟订了一项提案。 大会原则上赞同将采取纪律措施的权力下放给特派团和总部以外各办事处的主管,并请秘书长提交一份报告,载列可能的备选方案。", "193 (英语). 考虑到委员会的建议,秘书长提议对纪律措施进行有限的授权,即一旦具备采取纪律措施所需的能力,特派团和总部以外办事处的主管将有权实施轻微制裁(即训斥和罚款)。 大会请秘书长向大会第六十五届会议提出这方面的新提议。", "194 (英语). 鉴于一些先决条件仍未得到满足,秘书长提议暂停执行先前关于有限权力下放的建议,以待进一步分析。 然而,大会再次请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告,说明纪律措施权力下放的可能备选方案。 本文概述的建议是针对这一要求而编写的。", "纪律案件处理现状", "195 (英语). 虽然自秘书长上次关于司法行政的报告以来没有出现任何重大发展,但可以提出一些意见。 人力资源管理厅已开始修订关于订正纪律措施和程序的行政指示(ST/AI/371/Amend.1)。 两法庭的判例表明,与前联合国行政法庭的判例相比,正在从新的角度来分析和解释《联合国工作人员条例和细则》。 特别是,两法庭正在解释本组织在整个纪律前和纪律阶段所要求的程序和实质性标准,例如,对指控和投诉的评估、调查报告的质量、工作人员在程序期间的适当程序权利和所采取措施的相称性。 然而,必须指出,向法庭上诉的纪律案件涉及人力资源管理厅根据行政法庭所制定的判例和标准所审查的案件。 因此,在2009年7月1日以后根据新系统收到并完成的案件中,有多少案件将提出上诉,以及如何处理,尚有待观察。", "196 (英语). 从2009年7月1日至本报告所述期间结束时,人力资源管理厅行政法科已结案357个案件,其中216个是特派团案件。 其中71起以纪律措施结束,具体如下:19起开除、17起离职、4起降级、5起降级或降级的训斥、14起罚款训斥、1起辅导训斥和11起训斥。", "197 (英语). 行政法科自2009年7月1日以来处理的涉及外地特派团工作人员的纪律案件占2009/10年度案件量的70%,2011年接近60%。", "198 (英语). 行政法科处理纪律案件所需的估计时间从移交案件之时起为3至11个月,视案件的事实和复杂性而定。 不过,这一时间估计数反映了最佳条件,没有考虑到目前积压的旧案件,包括在采用新司法系统之前未结案的案件,即:(a) 170起在采用新司法系统之前由人力资源管理厅处理的案件;(b) 30起于2009年7月1日交回该科的案件,这些案件正由联合纪律委员会处理,或有待常务副秘书长就委员会报告作出决定。 预计这些案件将于2011年底结案。", "199 (英语). 2006年至2008年,平均需要17个月才能结案。 在此期间处理的案件,除建议开除的案件外,均由联合纪律委员会审议。 行政法科平均需要8个月的时间将案件提交委员会。 自采用新系统以来,该科在2009年7月1日之后平均需要11个月才能结案。", "200块 联合纪律委员会被撤销,实际上增加了行政法科根据《工作人员细则》关于纪律措施的第十章审查每个案件的事实并进行分析的责任,而该委员会以前大部分是执行这些任务。 鉴于争议法庭加强了审查,该科同样增加了其分析的详细程度以及与调查实体在程序各阶段的相关后续工作。", "审查备选方案的范围", "201 (英语). 2009年7月1日引入了新的司法系统,大大改变了处理纪律案件的程序。 除其他外,联合纪律委员会的撤销把对案件进行事实评估的责任移交给了人力资源管理厅。", "202 (英语). 目前的多步骤程序有三个关键瓶颈,每个瓶颈都涉及确保事实分析有力并尊重工作人员的适当程序权利:(a) 调查过程的长度和参与调查的实体数目,以及非专业调查员进行的事实调查和其他调查的质量;(b) 获得被控不当行为的工作人员的评论所需的时间;(c) 从调查实体获得补充资料所需的时间。", "203 (英语). 仅仅下放权力不会消除现有的瓶颈,因为目前处理纪律事项的程序和法庭的判例将继续需要高度审查。 此外,将权力下放到外地可能增加工作重复和决定不一致。", "部分权力下放", "204 (英语). 部分权力下放将涉及授权特派团和总部以外办事处的负责人采取不太严厉的纪律措施(例如罚款和训斥)。", "205 (英语). 然而,只有有限数目的案件导致罚款和训斥,因此这一办法不会大大缩短纪律程序的时限。 因此,现有的瓶颈问题仍然得不到解决,而外地和人力资源管理厅之间由此而来的工作重复将造成效率低下。 鉴于部分权力下放导致费用增加,包括将管理事务部法律干事外派,以协助纪律程序的程序方面,行政当局认为现阶段不可行。", "全面授权", "206 (英语). 如果充分下放权力,特派团和总部以外各办事处的主管可以在总部目前采用的纪律程序之后采取任何纪律措施。 虽然充分下放权力将增加外地一级的权力并减少外地同总部之间的沟通,但主要不利之处是整个组织工作人员受到不连贯和不平等待遇的可能性增加。 不一致的裁决反过来会增加向争议法庭提出上诉的数量并增加费用。 因此,行政当局认为,不宜全面下放权力。", "无授权", "2017 (英语). 如果采取纪律措施的权力继续完全由主管管理事务副秘书长掌握,目前的中央系统将继续下去。 根据这一设想,管理事务部将继续全面看待纪律案件,并处于最佳地位,以确保最有效和一致地分析和处理纪律案件。", "拟议短期措施", "2018 (英语). 虽然目前没有完全或部分下放权力的最佳办法,但显然需要采取行动解决处理纪律案件方面的拖延。 因此,为了加快调查和处理纪律案件,建议采取以下措施:", "(a) 通过建立一个涵盖一组特派团的服务基地,实施一个试点项目,以测试将司法行政关键部分下放的可行性。 资源将包括法律干事、行为和纪律干事以及利用服务基地或该区域的现有资源,如调查员、监察员和工作人员法律援助办公室。 每项职能都有明确的职权范围和报告关系,以维护调查的独立性、遵守纪律程序的工作人员的适当程序以及纪律程序的完整性。 虽然采取纪律措施的权力仍由主管管理事务副秘书长承担,但预计将调查和纪律程序的关键内容放在案件发生地更相近的地方将有助于缩短处理案件所需的时间。 试点将涵盖非洲的某些外地特派团(待定),拟议将服务基地设在内罗毕。 这将使能建立一个基础设施,如果从试点支助中取得的经验进一步下放权力,包括在内罗毕总部以外的办事处(以及总部以外的其他办事处),将来可以使用;", "(b) 高度优先案件将通过“快速轨道”办法处理,涉及所有有关办事处(外勤支助部、人力资源管理厅和内部监督事务厅(监督厅))对案件进行优先排序。 考虑到特派团团长的要求和适当的理由,确定为高度优先的案件将按照即将制定的准则快速处理,这些准则承认监督厅的业务独立性及其现有程序,如案件受理委员会,但否则将遵循适用的纪律事项处理程序;", "(c)) 给予工作人员带薪行政假的权力将从主管人力资源管理助理秘书长转到主管外勤支助事务副秘书长。 这将缩短工作人员休带薪行政假的程序。 将工作人员安置在休无薪行政假上的工作仍由管理事务部负责;", "(d) 国家 设立部门间纪律事项授权工作组.", "209 (英语). 秘书长将就此向大会第六十八届会议提交一份全面报告。", "210 (英语). 工作人员和管理当局协调委员会第三十二届会议讨论了拟议措施。 会议商定,管理层将与工作人员分享进度报告,并建立一个机制,定期向工作人员代表介绍项目的进展情况。", "3. 建 议", "211 (英语). 请大会核准上文第208段详述的秘书长的提议。", " 4.四. 新的内部司法系统对工作人员和管理当局关系的影响", "212 (英语). 关于大会在第65/251号决议第54段中提出的要求,秘书处、开发署和儿基会认为,报告新系统对工作人员和管理当局关系以及对工作人员和管理人员业绩的影响为时尚早,并认为需要更多时间才能适当确定是否存在系统性影响。 所有人都注意到工作人员和管理当局关系领域的演变。 特别是,管理人员越来越意识到其决定的后果,并想确保这些决定是根据适用的规则和政策作出的。 这导致在作出决定之前向有关法律办公室的方案主管提出更多的询问、咨询和指导要求。 管理人员也明显希望更多地了解该制度,并普遍能够作出正确的决定。", "213 (英语). 因此,可以初步地说,新的司法制度正在强调预防争端,在无法避免争端的情况下,方案管理人员更经常地同律师协商,以确保其决定从法律和政策角度充分知情。 在避免或非正式解决争端的过程中,有时与有关工作人员的代表以及各基金和方案的联合国监察员或监察员进行广泛和集体协商。", "214 (英语). 虽然这些新出现的做法已经确定,但显然并非所有管理人员都对新系统的要求有了深刻的认识。 因此,从业绩的角度来看,需要更多的时间来确定这些新出现的做法是否正在形成一种趋势。", "215 (英语). 预计管理人员将非常认真地对待工作人员考绩,并定期向主管提供反馈,从而确保从评价报告中作出的任何决定都有适当的记录。 然而,现在评论这是否构成一种趋势还为时尚早。 同样难以预测工作人员和管理人员是否会根据新系统积极提高自己的业绩。", "5 (韩语). 费用分摊安排", "216 (英语). 关于大会在第65/251号决议第57段中提出的要求,秘书长答复如下。", "217 (英语). 自大会第62/228号决议决定建立新系统以来,秘书处一直同各基金和方案(开发署、联合国项目事务厅、儿基会、人口基金和难民署)的代表进行正式和非正式讨论,以期达成基于人头计算的费用分摊安排。 费用按人头计算分担的,按工作人员人数分摊。 根据这些讨论,秘书处拟订的谅解备忘录初稿已分发给各基金和方案征求意见。 随后,双方举行了一次联席会议来讨论各基金和方案提出的问题。 继与秘书处主要利益攸关方进行内部审议后,秘书处向各基金和方案分发了订正备忘录草案,以征求其他意见。 订正备忘录草案还包括新的联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署),作为安排的一部分。 2011年3月初,与双方又举行了一次会议来讨论订正备忘录草案,据此,各基金和方案于5月提供了一份正式的协调函件,其中载有待决问题清单。 6月,秘书处就所有未决问题作出了正式答复,导致缔约方在7月进行了进一步谈判。 迄今为止,各方已解决了大多数未决问题,但仍需要就综合和分权监察员职能的某些要素作出某些澄清(因为各基金和方案为综合办公室内的监察员提供经费,监察员向其行政首长报告),包括调解事务。 例如,各基金和方案监察员与区域监察员以及各基金和方案工作人员案件调解部门之间存在结构性问题(包括问责制和移交机制)。 双方同意,一旦调解部门和区域监察员与各基金和方案监察员之间的沟通渠道得到澄清,就可以结束关于分担其余费用的讨论。 双方认识到缔结费用分摊安排的紧迫性,并决心尽快这样做。", "6. 国家 培训系统内的行为者", "218 (英语). 关于大会在第65/251号决议第61段中提出的要求,秘书长答复如下。", "219 (英语). 2009年6月,两法庭的新任法官参加了内部司法办公室举办的上岗培训班,该培训班向他们提供了本组织结构和监管框架的概况。 书记官处工作人员参加了前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭、卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和欧洲联盟公务员法庭的法庭管理培训班。 工作人员法律援助办公室工作人员参加了由前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭工作人员和海牙辩护律师所举办的宣传培训课程。", "220 (英语). 管理事务部聘请了一名法律顾问,指导行政法科的法律干事掌握起草技术。 法律干事还参加了由国家法律培训机构组织的为期一周的强化宣传培训课程。 此外,他们参加了由开发署和监察员举办的争端解决培训班。", "221 (英语). 开发计划署为在法庭出庭的法律干事举办了一个宣传培训方案,由前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭经验丰富的工作人员和联合王国律师协会的高级成员举办。 由于这种培训对新的专业化正规系统中的法律干事至关重要,预计将在2011年下半年举办类似的培训班。 开发署和联合国监察员和调解事务办公室联合组织了工作场所争议解决培训方案,100多工作人员,包括高级官员参加了该方案。", "222 (英语). 该系统的所有参与者,包括法官、其工作人员和代表工作人员和管理层的法律干事,必须定期参加旨在加强法律教育的培训方案。 法律干事需要定期接受口头和书面宣传培训,以保持和提高技能。 争议法庭和上诉法庭书记官处的工作人员将受益于关于法院管理做法的强化培训,包括与其他国际法庭工作人员的教育交流。 此外,从节约成本和分享观点和最佳做法的机会方面,对系统内各行动者进行联合培训,也将产生效益。", "223 (英语). 法官参加其他国际法庭的法官、高级学者和其他参与者讨论与其专业活动有关的法律和司法实践的法律会议和座谈会将是有益的。 目前,内部司法办公室的预算不足以做到这一点。", "224 (英语). 在每个法庭地点建立参考书司法图书馆将加强法官和工作人员的教育。 此外,通过年度全体教育会议提供持续的司法教育将是有益的,该会议将酌情包括外部介绍者和调解人的投入。 需要探讨的专题可包括跨文化交流技能、关于制定国际公务员法的最新情况、国际规范的适用、劳工组织公约对国际公务员法的适用以及处理法律问题的比较办法。", "225 (英语). 最后,不妨考虑在工作人员可诉诸联合国内部司法系统的联合国各机构和机关的法律框架中为法官提供更多的司法培训。 此外,为了确保国际法庭的司法机构之间进行对话,不妨为争议法庭和上诉法庭的法官以及其他法庭的法官和也许法律学者组织一次联合国联合司法研讨会,重点讨论国际行政法问题。 此外,还需要对所有参与者进行培训,以促使法庭在适用的标准方面更加统一和一致。", "226 (英语). 在现行制度运作了两年之后,仍需要就解决争端的非正式和正式手段,特别是就两者之间的相互关系向工作人员提供外联服务。 内部司法办公室用联合国所有正式语文编制了一本方便用户的手册,以协助工作人员。 它还以所有正式语文建立了一个综合网站,其中包括对正式系统所有要素的说明,包括工作人员法律援助办公室的专门网站存在和两法庭判例的最新数据库。", "227 (英语). 将在联合国监察员关于非正式司法系统的报告中提出具体与非正式解决争端和调解有关的培训要求。", "7. 联合国 及时处理纪律案件", "228 (英语). 大会在第65/251号决议中认可了行政和预算问题咨询委员会在其关于联合国内部司法的报告(A/65/557)中提出的建议,其中请秘书长在提交大会第六十六届会议的关于内部司法的报告中列入关于及时处理纪律案件的资料。", "229 (英语). 上文第191至210段所载关于下放纪律权力的征求建议书,对此要求作出了大量答复。", "8. 大会第65/251号决议第53段要求提供的资料", "230 (英语). 大会第65/251号决议第53段请秘书长在向大会第六十六届会议提交的关于内部司法的报告中提供以下资料:", "(a) 清晰统计两法庭在此期间收到和处理的案件,包括按类别分列的资料,说明对申请人或被告作出的判决以及所涉行政问题;", "(b) 分析若干报告期间的趋势,以查明导致使用司法系统的系统性问题并监测这些问题是否在一段时间内得到有效解决;", "(c) 关于裁定的金钱赔偿以及与上诉有关的间接费用的详细资料,例如在工作人员时间方面,包括查明引起大量申诉的人事行政方面;", "(d) 关于付给工作人员相当于六个月或六个月以上薪金报酬的详细资料,并注明有关部厅、这些部厅的地点以及案件事实的一些细节。", "231 (英语). 关于第65/251号决议第53(a)段,秘书长在上文第30至41段和第65至72段提供了关于争议法庭和上诉法庭工作的这一信息。 补充资料载于本报告附件三。", "232 (英语). 关于第65/251号决议第53(b)段,秘书长提出以下答复。", "233 (英语). 统计数字显示,在整个组织内,最经常有争议的决定是关于甄选和任用问题的决定。 与这些决定有关的索赔约占所提交索赔总数的40%。 这有各种原因。 第一,关于工作人员甄选制度的前行政指示在内部候选人的优先权利方面含糊不清。 第二,根据行政通知,在填补职位时需要遵循一些程序:征聘/甄选程序为指控程序错误提供了余地。 第三,未被选入职位的工作人员经常声称,这是出于无关的考虑。 第四,工作人员声称,他们的电子考绩制度评估与候选人空缺评估之间存在冲突,因此对其候选人的评估不公平。 最后,争议法庭关于行政当局在甄选工作中所拥有酌处权的广度以及质疑此类酌处权的举证责任和标准的判例不一致。", "234 (英语). 行政当局已处理这些问题如下:", "(a) 2009年9月,一旦确定关于优先考虑的规定含糊不清,主管人力资源管理助理秘书长就向所有办公室发出通知,澄清内部候选人的审议程序;", "(b) 2010年4月,关于工作人员甄选制度的行政指示被废除,取而代之的是新的行政指示(ST/AI/2010/3)。 关于优先考虑的规定已不再是政策的一部分;", "(c) 2010年10月,主管管理事务副秘书长发布了“经验教训指南”,为工作人员甄选程序提供指导;", "(d) 行政当局已对争议法庭不一致的裁决提出上诉。 上诉法庭2011年3月作出的判例进一步澄清了秘书长在甄选决定中的酌处权范围以及举证责任和标准;", "(e) 协助 上诉法庭的判例将有助于回应工作人员关于考绩和候选人评价之间任何明显不一致的事实论点;还将有助于处理关于偏见的指控。 上诉法庭认定,当工作人员提出此类指控时,他们有责任拿出明确和令人信服的证据来支持其申诉。", "235 (英语). 关于其他类别的案件,人们认识到,不延长决定常常受到指责,因为业绩管理制度所规定的程序没有得到遵守。 主管管理事务副秘书长在给管理层的通告中阐述了这一问题,其中详细说明了争议法庭的判例并提醒管理人员需要遵循电子考绩制度程序。", "236 (英语). 2010年8月发布了“经验教训指南”,重点是不延长定期任用。 该指南指示管理人员严格遵守规则和程序,记录决策过程并遵守业绩管理程序。", "237 (英语). 此外,2010年4月30日发布了题为“业绩管理和发展系统”的行政指示(ST/AI/2010/5)。 该出版物更新了业绩评价政策和程序,并解决了导致电子考绩制度评价延迟完成的问题。", "238 (英语). 对纪律措施也经常提出上诉。 这是争议法庭的判例继续演变的另一个领域。 具体而言,争议法庭曾多次重新考虑秘书长行使酌处权的问题。 行政当局已对这些决定提出上诉。 2011年初,上诉法庭发布判决,强调争议法庭不是决策者,其作用仅限于对秘书长行使其广泛的行政酌处权进行司法审查。", "239 (英语). 一些判决针对的一项措施是,在对不当行为指控进行持续调查时,将工作人员安排在全薪特别假。 争议法庭裁定,在纪律程序未决时,这一措施是不适当的。 因此,行政当局修订了该细则,颁布了工作人员细则10.4,具体规定在调查前将工作人员安排在行政上休假。 前工作人员细则规定,工作人员必须在停职前受到指控,而新的工作人员细则规定,在调查结束前,工作人员可随时休行政假,直至纪律程序结束。", "240 (英语). 向上诉法庭上诉判决的一个重要事项是裁定赔偿。 上诉法庭推翻了若干重大裁决,并阐明了争议法庭适用的原则。 具体地说,上诉法庭认为,胜诉的申诉人有权得到一笔金额的赔偿,只要金钱能够支付,就使他们处于与遵守任用条件时相同的地位。", "241 (英语). 关于第65/251号决议第53(c)段,关于裁定金钱赔偿的详细资料载于本报告附件三。 关于与申诉有关的间接费用,例如工作人员时间,包括查明引起大量申诉的人事行政方面,秘书长答复如下。", "242 (英语). 为了计算这种间接费用,内部司法系统的所有利益攸关方商定,将把工作人员与争议法庭和上诉法庭2010年所作判决有关的总时数相加。 还商定,一名P-4法律干事每周工作40小时,每年45周,作为平均费用使用。 将增加20%,以反映管理层和高级管理层在审查案件以及行政支助方面花费的额外工作人员小时。", "243 (英语). 争议法庭书记官处、法律事务厅、人力资源管理厅、开发署、儿基会、联合国项目事务厅、人口基金、管理评价股和工作人员法律援助办公室提交了材料,计算争议法庭作出判决的案件所用时间。 上诉法庭书记官处、法律事务厅和工作人员法律援助办公室提供了计算上诉法庭案件所用时间的材料。 下文单独列出争议法庭和上诉法庭案件的平均数。 获取这些数字的方法可应要求提供。", "244 (英语). 应当指出,在个别案件中所花的时间可能差别很大。 此外,工作人员法律援助办公室提供的数字并不反映志愿人员花费在案件上的时间,也不反映该办公室花费大量时间提供简要咨询意见或处理不导致正式上诉的案件。", "245 (英语). 考虑到每个办事处和实体提供的资料,工作人员在争议法庭案件中的平均时间为400.3小时,在上诉法庭案件中的平均时间为230.5小时(按每周工作40小时45周的P-4工作人员计算)。", "246 (英语). 关于第65/251号决议第53(d)段,即支付六个月或六个月以上的赔偿金,秘书长在本报告附件三中提供此类付款的资料。", "四、结 论 与大会审查法庭规约有关的问题", "A. 导言", "247 (英语). 大会第65/251号决议第46段决定“根据所取得的经验,包括两法庭总体运作的效率,推迟到第六十六届会议再审查两法庭的规约”。 为了协助大会审查两个法庭的规约,秘书长提出下列问题供大会审议。 秘书长在提出这些问题时强调,讨论这些问题并不妨碍司法独立的原则。 由于大会是设立法庭、通过法庭规约并核准程序规则的机构,应由大会决定就这些问题应采取何种行动。", "B. 法庭程序规则", "248 (英语). 争议法庭规约第7条规定,争议法庭应制定自己的程序规则,但须经大会核准。 同样,《上诉法庭规约》第六条规定,上诉法庭应制定自己的程序规则,但须经大会核准。 由于大会将审议关于争议法庭和上诉法庭程序规则修正案的报告(A/66/86),秘书长向大会提出与程序规则有关的下列意见供其审议。", "1. 联合国 为修正议事规则而进行协商", "249 (英语). 两法庭的规约目前没有规定各方可就争议法庭和上诉法庭程序规则修正案提出建议或征求其意见。 由于出庭的各方将就拟议修正案的影响提供重要视角,事先同各方协商将有助于修订两法庭程序规则的进程。 其规约或程序规则没有明文规定,并不妨碍法庭在修订程序规则之前同当事方进行协商。 值得注意的是,虽然前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭的规约和程序规则没有规定修订程序规则的协商进程,但在实践中,书记官处、检察官办公室和辩护律师的代表参加了一个 \" 规则委员会 \" ,该委员会是为在法官通过这些修正案之前审议法庭程序规则的拟议修正案而成立的。", "250块. 秘书长建议大会鼓励两法庭在修订程序规则时同出庭各方协商。", "2. 解散显然不可受理或没有根据的案件", "251 (英语). 争议法庭《程序规则》第9条规定,“当对案件的重大事实没有争议,且当事一方有权依法作出判决时,当事一方可申请即决判决”。 根据这项规定,只要对实质性事实存在争议,就不能驳回一项非实质性要求。 相反,其他政府间组织的行政法庭规定了处理非实质索赔的机制。 [8] 例如,欧洲联盟公务员法庭《程序规则》第76条规定,“如果诉讼全部或部分明显不可受理或明显缺乏任何法律依据,法庭可以在诉讼中不采取进一步措施的情况下,以合理命令的方式作出裁决”。 2010年,欧洲联盟公务员法庭审理的129个案件中,有10个是根据该规定解决的。", "252 (英语). 此外,秘书长指出,上诉法庭程序规则没有规定任何机制来迅速处理非实质上诉。 在设有行政法庭的其他政府间组织中,只有欧洲联盟规定了上诉复审。 可对欧洲联盟公务员法庭的判决向普通法院提出上诉。 普通法院程序规则第111条规定,如果一项诉讼“显然不可受理或明显缺乏任何法律依据”,普通法院可以“在诉讼中不采取进一步措施”就一项诉讼作出决定。", "253 (英语). 关于以明显不可受理或没有根据为由可驳回的案件类型,秘书长回顾,上诉法庭早在2010年7月就裁定,争议法庭无权审查或修订前联合国行政法庭的判决。 [9] 尽管如此,上诉法庭迄今至少收到5起要求行政法庭修订判决的上诉。 虽然可以适当地认为这些呈件“明显缺乏任何法律依据”,但上诉法庭没有迅速驳回这些案件的机制。 因此,本组织承担对每个案件作出全面判决的费用(每次判决3 600美元),此外还承担本组织准备对此类申诉作出答复的费用。", "254 (英语). 为了确保轻率案件能够迅速驳回,使内部司法系统的资源得到更有效的利用,大会可考虑修正争议法庭规约第7条第2款(h)项,以便其程序规则包括一项关于“立即驳回案件的程序,包括明显不可受理或明显缺乏任何法律依据的案件”。 大会还可考虑修正《上诉法庭规约》第6条,使其程序规则包括类似规定。", "255 (英语). 秘书长建议大会修正《联合国争议法庭规约》第7.2(h)条和《联合国上诉法庭规约》第6条,以在其程序规则中规定一个机制,迅速驳回明显不可受理或明显缺乏任何法律依据的案件。", "3个 口头听证录音", "256 (英语). 如上文第49段所述,秘书长已请求提供预算资源,以便保留口头听证的录音。 虽然上诉法庭在一个案件中裁定,当事方“有权查阅争议法庭有关书记官处在这些诉讼中所作证词的记录”,[10] 但这些记录并非总是应要求提供给当事方。 2011年6月,双方获悉,“《规约》和程序规则不要求争议法庭书记官处对口头程序进行录音”。", "257 (英语). 秘书长指出,如果争议法庭对事实的评估广泛或完全基于诉讼期间提出的口头证据,而争议法庭未能向当事方提供这种口头证据的记录,则当事方无法以任何有意义的方式行使其上诉权。 虽然当事方可以依靠他们自己的口头证据笔记,但如果没有客观证据记录,上诉法庭将无法评估争议法庭对口头证据的陈述或当事方的陈述是否准确。", "258 (英语). 为确保口头听讯的录音记录得到保存并按请求提供给各当事方,大会可考虑修正争议法庭规约第7条第2款(e)项,以便其程序规则将列入关于“口头听讯,包括口头听讯的录音记录,应请求提供给各当事方”。", "259 (英语). 秘书长建议大会修订《联合国争议法庭规约》第七条第2款(e)项,规定法庭口头听讯的录音应保留,并应请求提供给当事各方。", " 4.四. 编辑工作人员姓名", "260 (英语). 《争议法庭规约》第11.6条规定,“争议法庭的判决应在保护个人资料的同时予以公布,并一般由法庭书记官处提供”。", "261 (英语). 秘书长指出,在一些案件中,争议法庭在判决中指认了直接或间接参与有争议决定的工作人员的姓名。 在争议法庭裁定有争议的决定无效的有些案件中,法庭以不节制的方式描述了这些工作人员的行动和性质。 在争议法庭判决中,以姓名识别工作人员并描述其行动和人物,导致一些工作人员对法官提出投诉并引起对诽谤的关切。", "262 (英语). 鉴于《争议法庭规约》第11.6条,并鉴于需要确保在争议法庭判决中不不公平地指责工作人员的姓名和性质,大会可考虑修正《法庭规约》第7.2(f)条,以便其程序规则将列入关于“公布判决,包括应有关个人请求编辑判决姓名的程序”的规定。", "263 (英语). 秘书长建议大会修正《联合国争议法庭规约》第7.2(f)条,以便其程序规则列入关于“公布判决,包括应有关个人请求编辑判决书姓名的程序”的规定。", "5 (韩语). 中间命令上诉的暂停效力", "264 (英语). 根据争议法庭规约第11.3条,判决“可在规定的上诉时限后执行”。 此外,《上诉法庭规约》第7.5条规定,“提出上诉应具有暂停执行有争议的判决的效力”。 虽然两个法庭的规约只提及对判决的上诉,但上诉法庭承认,在有限的情况下,对中间命令的上诉也是允许的。 因此,争议法庭规约第11.3条和上诉法庭规约第7.5条似乎适宜适用于中间命令的上诉。", "265 (英语). 由于对上诉是否中止执行有争议的中间命令的义务缺乏明确性,导致争议法庭禁止上诉方出庭,上诉法庭随后取消了这一结果。 [11] 争议法庭《程序规则》修正后的第19条现已将实施这种禁止的权力编纂为法律,该条允许法庭在当事方不遵守中间命令的情况下,发出它认为适当的任何命令, \" 包括驳回申请或答复的决定 \" 。 秘书长认为,争议法庭强制遵守中间命令的权利必须与当事方善意地对中间命令提出上诉的权利相平衡,特别是在否则将要求秘书长执行争议法庭发布的违反上诉法庭既定判例的中间命令的情况下。 大会可考虑修正《争议法庭规约》第11.5条和《上诉法庭规约》第7.5条,以确认这些规定同样适用于争议法庭作出的所有决定,无论是判决还是命令。", "266 (英语). 秘书长建议大会修订《联合国争议法庭规约》第11.3条,以澄清可以对法庭发布的中间命令提出上诉。 秘书长还建议大会修订《联合国上诉法庭规约》第7.5条,以澄清对争议法庭发布的中间命令提出上诉具有暂停执行有争议命令的效力。 两个法庭的程序规则的有关规定也需要修正。", "6. 国家 向上诉法庭提出上诉的截止日期", "267. 《上诉法庭规约》第7条第1款(c)项规定了提出上诉的45天期限。 [12] 规约目前没有规定对中间命令提出上诉的最后期限,尽管实际上上诉法庭规定了15天的期限。 [13]", "268 (英语). 鉴于当事方资源有限,各工作地点之间移交相关档案的工作出现延误,秘书长认为,将提出上诉的最后期限再延长15天,将有助于更全面地通报上诉法庭要审查的法律问题。 将最后期限再延长15天造成的最短的拖延,应当与允许更彻底地审查上诉中提出的法律问题所产生的重大收益加以权衡,特别是在上诉法庭这一初始阶段,当时许多基本问题正在首次得到审查。", "269 (英语). 秘书长建议大会修订《联合国上诉法庭规约》第7.1(c)条,将联合国争议法庭判决的上诉期限从45天延长至60天,并设定对中间命令的上诉期限为30天。 上诉法庭程序规则的有关规定也需要修正。", "C. 联合国争议法庭对独立实体在执行业务任务方面的作为或不作为的管辖权", "270. 《争议法庭规约》第2.1(a)条规定了法庭对 \" 据称不符合任用条件或雇用合同的行政决定 \" 的管辖权。 在解释“行政决定”一词时,联合国行政法庭认为,“行政决定的特点是,这些决定是行政部门作出的,是单方面的,是个别适用的,对工作人员的雇用条款和条件具有直接的法律后果”。 [14] 在阐述第一项标准(行政决定必须由行政当局作出)时,行政法庭在其第1359号判决Perez-Soto(2007年)中裁定,监察员作出的不调查骚扰申诉的决定不构成行政决定,因为鉴于监察员的独立地位,监察员的任何作为或不作为不能归咎于行政当局。", "271 (英语). 其他国际组织的行政法庭也承认一项基本原则,即当一个实体独立于管理层行事时,该组织对该实体没有有效的控制,因此不能对其作为或不作为承担责任。 例如,国际货币基金组织(货币基金组织)和世界银行的工作人员分别指控其组织的工作人员协会负责公布机密人事资料并针对这些组织提出索赔。 [15] 货币基金组织行政法庭和世界银行行政法庭都驳回了这些要求,裁定各组织不能对工作人员协会的行动负责,因为这些组织没有“按照管理层的指示或在管理层的有效控制下”采取行动。", "272 (英语). 秘书长指出,一些具有独立地位的实体已根据大会各项决议设立。 这些实体包括监察员、监督厅、道德操守办公室和内部司法办公室,它们都享有业务独立性。 [17] 争议法庭对这些独立实体的行为或不行为的管辖权问题提出了困难的问题,以及追究秘书长对其无法有效控制的实体的行为或不行为的责任的可能性。", "273 (英语). 迄今为止,其作为和不作为在争议法庭受到质疑的独立实体包括:(a) 监督厅;(b) 道德操守办公室;(c) 工作人员法律援助办公室:", "(a) 国家 在上诉法庭最近审查的一起案件中,一名工作人员对监督厅报告的内容以及监督厅在进行审计时采用的程序提出质疑。 截至2011年8月15日,上诉法庭尚未就该案作出判决。 然而,正如判决书摘要(上诉法庭书记官处不是作为正式文件,而是为新闻目的发布的)所指出,法庭似乎认识到,由于秘书长无权影响或干预监督厅,联合国争议法庭也无权这样做,因为它只能审查秘书长的行政决定;", "(b) 国家 在至少3个案件中,工作人员向争议法庭提出申请,对道德操守办公室关于他们不受报复的决定提出质疑。 争议法庭拒绝接受大会要求秘书长设立一个具有 \" 独立地位 \" 的道德操守办公室,要求秘书长尊重这一地位的论点,认为 \" 必须认真考虑大会的建议 \" ,但对评估道德操守办公室是否享有独立地位没有决定性作用。 [18] 由于争议法庭尚未作出最后判决,解决道德操守办公室作出的关于报复的决定是否构成行政决定的问题,上诉法庭尚未就此问题作出表态;", "(c)) 在上诉法庭最近审查的一个案件中,一名工作人员对工作人员法律援助办公室未披露利益冲突的指控提出质疑。 秘书长认为,该办公室的行为和不行为不构成行政部门的决定,因此不属于争议法庭的管辖权范围,争议法庭仅限于审查“行政决定”。 在这方面,秘书长指出,货币基金组织行政法庭和世界银行行政法庭拒绝了以下论点,即可以要求有关国际组织对工作人员协会的有争议行为承担责任,因为工作人员协会的主要目的是代表工作人员的利益和“表达独立于、有时甚至反对......管理层的观点”。 截至2011年8月15日,上诉法庭尚未就该案作出判决。 然而,如判决摘要所指出,上诉法庭似乎裁定,工作人员法律援助办公室的行为和不行为属于争议法庭的管辖范围,因为该办公室提供的服务以及代表方式可能对任用条件产生影响。 要求秘书长对工作人员法律援助办公室的作为和不作为承担法律和财务责任意味着,如果工作人员不能对秘书长作出的行政决定提出质疑,如果他们能够证明该办公室提供的法律咨询有某种缺陷,他们仍可向本组织索赔。", "274 (英语). 上诉法庭的判例似乎表明,虽然监督厅等某些独立实体的行为和不行为可能不属于争议法庭的管辖权范围,但争议法庭可以审查工作人员法律援助办公室等其他独立实体的行为和不行为。 此外,秘书长指出,上诉法庭关于这些问题的任何指导不一定是决定性的,因为争议法庭已强调,它将认为上诉法庭所制定的规则只有在“符合一般法律原则”时才适用。", "275 (英语). 因此,秘书长认为,大会不妨澄清其关于争议法庭管辖权范围的意向。 在这方面,秘书长强调,将独立实体的行为和不行为排除在争议法庭管辖权之外并不意味着工作人员在认为自己的权利被这些实体所侵犯时将被剥夺追索权。", "276 (英语). 第一,在秘书长根据独立实体受到指责的作为或不作为作出行政决定的情况下,可以对该决定本身向争议法庭提出质疑。 例如,如果道德操守办公室确定一名工作人员从事报复,而秘书长根据道德操守办公室的决定决定对该工作人员采取纪律措施,该工作人员可随后向争议法庭提出申请,对秘书长采取的纪律措施以及他依赖道德操守办公室的所谓错误裁定提出质疑。 但是,道德操守办公室关于报复的决定不应向争议法庭提出质疑。 由于道德操守办公室的独立地位使秘书长无法指示该办公室如何决定报复,秘书长不能对该办公室所作的决定负责,即使这些决定后来证明有缺陷。", "277 (英语). 第二,如果工作人员对独立实体与履行其管理职能有关的作为或不作为提出质疑,争议法庭扩大对此类事项的管辖权不会对该实体的独立地位产生任何问题。 例如,质疑监督厅甄选程序的方式的申请显然属于争议法庭的管辖范围。", "278 (英语). 只有在工作人员的申诉涉及独立实体履行其业务责任的方式时,争议法庭对独立实体的作为或不作为行使管辖权才成问题。 由于独立实体履行其业务责任的方式不在秘书长的有效控制范围之内,秘书长认为,独立实体与其业务任务有关的任何行为和不行为不能归咎于他,因此不应追究他的法律或财务责任。 实际上,在这种情况下规定责任不会推进加强问责制的目标,因为秘书长无权影响或纠正工作人员质疑的独立实体的行为和不行为。 大会不妨考虑在秘书长没有提出过任何过错的情况下规定财务责任和支用联合国公共资金是否适当。", "279 (英语). 如果大会希望澄清,争议法庭对行政决定的管辖权范围仅限于由秘书长或代表秘书长作出的决定,则大会可考虑修正争议法庭规约第2.1(a)条,以提及 \" 秘书长单方面作出或代表秘书长作出的据称不遵守任用条件或雇用合同的行政决定 \" 。", "280 (英语). 秘书长建议大会修订《联合国争议法庭规约》第2.1(a)条,以提及“秘书长单方面作出或代表秘书长作出的据称不遵守任用条件或雇用合同的行政决定”。", "281 (英语). 另一个新出现的问题是,争议法庭是否对秘书长执行大会或其附属机构等理事机构所作出的决定拥有管辖权。 迄今为止,工作人员已向争议法庭提出申请,质疑秘书长为执行大会各项决议和决定而采取的行动。", "1. 联合国 大 会", "282. 《联合国宪章》第一百零一条规定: \" 工作人员由秘书长依大会所定章程委派之 \" 。 根据这项规定,大会可颁布《工作人员条例》并修改《工作人员细则》。 大会以决议方式核准本组织有关人力资源管理的政策。", "283 (英语). 2010年,大会第65/248号决议核准了国际公务员制度委员会关于统一联合国共同制度各组织在不带家属工作地点服务的工作人员服务条件的建议。 这一决定的后果是,一项称为“个人过渡津贴”的特别福利将停止。 在同一决议中,大会请秘书长为立即执行委员会关于统一不带家属工作地点服务条件的建议提供便利。 因此,外勤支助部告知外地工作人员,大会核准的变动将于2011年7月1日生效。 2011年6月,向争议法庭提交了第一份对中止个人过渡津贴提出质疑的申请。 申请称,停止发放个人过渡津贴对单身妇女产生了不利影响,表明这构成基于性别或个人身份的歧视。", "284 (英语). 《宪章》要求秘书长执行大会所制定的关于工作人员行政的条例,因此,还要求秘书长执行大会决议规定的人力资源管理政策。 联合国行政法庭先前曾裁定,“法庭既不是大会,也不是秘书长,因此不能用其判决来取代关于人事事项的政策决定”。 [21] 大会第65/251号决议第9段重申了大会决议的法律权威,其中大会强调,“新的内部司法系统的所有要素都必须符合《联合国宪章》和大会核准的法律和监管框架”。", "285 (英语). 然而,争议法庭认为,在不采取行动会导致违反人权准则,如同工同酬原则时,不能援引秘书长遵守大会决议的义务作为拒绝采取某项行动的理由。 上诉法庭确认了这项裁决。 [22] 简而言之,如果争议法庭认定执行大会决议将导致不符合人权规范的结果,则秘书长可因遵守该决议而承担法律和财务责任。", "2. 国际公务员制度委员会", "286 (英语). 国际公务员制度委员会是大会的一个附属机构,其章程由大会第3357(XXIX)号决议核准。 其章程第6条明确禁止委员会接受参与共同制度因而独立于秘书长的组织的任何指示。 《章程》第25条第3款规定,委员会的决定“由每一组织适用,自委员会所确定之日起生效”。", "287 (英语). 2009年12月,委员会决定将内罗毕的工作地点分类从“C”类改为“B”类。 亚的斯亚贝巴的工作地点分类也从“C”类改为“B”类。 上述两项修改均于2011年1月1日生效。 委员会从 \" A \" 类到 \" E \" 类的工作地点分类反映了生活和工作条件的困难, \" E \" 类保留给最困难的工作地点。 由于内罗毕和亚的斯亚贝巴工作地点的改叙,在那里工作的工作人员领取的艰苦条件津贴较低,每24个月只有一次回籍假,而不是每12个月一次。 这两个工作地点的工作人员都对秘书长执行委员会的决定提出质疑。", "288 (英语). 根据委员会章程第25条第3款和工作人员细则3.14,秘书长有义务执行委员会对内罗毕的改叙,该条要求秘书长 \" 考虑到根据国际公务员制度委员会确定的工作地点的分类,每个工作地点的生活和工作困难程度 \" 确定艰苦条件津贴的数额。 此外,联合国行政法庭强调,委员会的决定对秘书长具有约束力。 在行政法庭第421号判决(Chatwani)中,法庭裁定“不应由联合国秘书长或共同制度中其他组织的秘书长或总干事修改、修改或撤销委员会根据其规约所通过的决定”。", "3个 联合国争议法庭管辖权范围的澄清", "289 (英语). 争议法庭仍在审查秘书长执行理事机构决定,包括大会决议和决定以及国际公务员制度委员会决定所面临的挑战。 特别是,上诉法庭已经驳回了秘书长在一宗案件中的论点,即采取该工作人员要求的行动将违反大会关于预算事项的决议,认为预算考虑“可能不会超越平等待遇的要求”。", "290 (英语). 即使在争议法庭和上诉法庭就秘书长执行大会决议和国际公务员制度委员会决定受到质疑的特定案件作出裁决之后,这些判决不一定对其他情况具有决定性作用,因为这些理事机构的决定涉及与人力资源管理有关的广泛问题。 此外,争议法庭已强调,它将认为上诉法庭所制定的规则只有在“符合一般法律原则”的情况下才适用。", "291 (英语). 因此,秘书长认为,大会不妨澄清其关于争议法庭管辖权范围的意向。 如果秘书长已采取行动执行大会和国际公务员制度委员会等理事机构的决定,大会不妨考虑规定本组织财务责任和支用公共资金是否适当。", "292 (英语). 如果大会想澄清争议法庭的管辖权范围不延及秘书长执行大会和委员会等理事机构的决定,大会可考虑修正争议法庭《规约》第2.1(a)条,以提及 \" 秘书长单方面作出或代表秘书长作出的据称不遵守任用条件或雇用合同的行政决定 \" 。 秘书长为执行理事机构的决定而采取的行动不构成秘书长单方面作出的行政决定,因为他没有权力采取违背这些理事机构决定的行动。", "293 (英语). 秘书长建议大会修订《联合国争议法庭规约》第2.1(a)条,以提及“秘书长单方面作出或代表秘书长作出的据称不遵守任用条件或雇用合同的行政决定”。", " V. 所需资源", "294 (英语). 秘书长确定了正式司法系统需要加强的各个领域,以履行新系统“独立、透明、专业化、资源充足和权力下放”的任务。 非正式系统所需经费在联合国监察员的报告中另行列出。 基于上述所有原因,秘书长建议大会考虑除2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算(A/66/6)所请求的资源外,再用下列员额和非员额资源加强正式司法系统:", "(a) 关于管理评价股,出于上文第19和20段所述的理由,秘书长建议大会增设一个法律干事员额(P-3),以支持该股的工作;", "(b) 关于争议法庭及其书记官处,鉴于上文第42至44段所述理由,秘书长建议大会为法庭再任命三名全职法官(日内瓦、内罗毕和纽约各一名),将纽约书记官处1个P-2级法律干事员额改叙为P-3级员额,并自2012年1月1日起设立6个新员额(3个P-3、2个一般事务(其他职等)和1个一般事务(当地雇员))。 上述能力最初由大会第63/253号决议核准,自2009年7月1日起,为期一年,由第65/251号决议延长至2011年12月31日,经费由大会第60/283号决议授予秘书长并经第64/260号决议延长的有限预算酌处权提供。 本提议的目的是使争议法庭现有的上述临时能力正规化;", "(c) 关于争议法庭的非员额资源,出于上文第49至51段所述理由,秘书长建议大会批准通信(25 000美元)和差旅(155 000美元);", "(d) 关于上诉法庭书记官处,秘书长建议,出于上文第71至78段所述的理由,自2012年1月1日起,加强书记官处,增加一名法律干事(P-4),并增加差旅费(280 200美元),为法庭第三次年度会议提供便利并增加法庭法官的旅行特权;", "(e) 关于工作人员法律援助办公室,出于上文第83-92段所述理由,秘书长建议自2012年1月1日起加强该办公室,增设4个员额(1个P-4和1个一般事务员额(当地雇员)、1个P-4员额(纽约)和1个一般事务(其他职等)员额(日内瓦)。 秘书长还建议,第65/251号决议设立的P-3职位自2011年1月1日起,目前由维持和平行动支助账户供资,一直到2011年12月31日。 此外,秘书长请求提供通信(11 200美元)、差旅(15 000美元)和用品(9 000美元);", "(f) 关于内部司法办公室执行主任办公室,出于上文第101至108段所述的理由,秘书长建议大会授权一般临时助理人员(130 000美元)支付内部司法理事会外部成员的薪酬,并支付在长期病假和产假期间替换工作人员的费用。 此外,秘书长还建议大会批准旅费(30 000美元)、订约承办事务(37 500美元)和购置软件包(37 500美元);", "(g) 关于在争议法庭代表秘书长的秘书处办公室,出于上文第115至156段所述理由,秘书长建议大会自2012年1月1日起核准11个新员额(5个P-4、3个P-3、1个一般事务(其他职等)和2个一般事务(当地雇员))。 其中包括人力资源管理厅的5个员额(2个P-4和3个P-3)、联合国日内瓦办事处的2个员额(1个P-4和1个一般事务(其他职等))、联合国内罗毕办事处的2个员额(1个P-4和1个一般事务(当地雇员))以及亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会的2个员额(1个P-4和1个一般事务(当地雇员))。 由于上文第153至156段所述理由,秘书长建议大会批准用于开展外联任务的旅费和参加法庭在其他工作地点的听讯的旅费(60 000美元);", "(h) 关于法律事务厅,出于上文第172至186段所述的理由,秘书长建议大会自2012年1月1日起在一般法律事务司设立3个员额(2个P-4和1个P-3)。", "295 (英语). 因此,如果大会同意上述提议,将按照大会第41/213号和第42/211号决议的规定,按照应急基金的规定,审议所需追加资源8 657 900美元(重计费用前)。 在这方面,回顾大会第65/262号决议为2012-2013两年期核定了数额为4 050万美元的应急基金。", "296 (英语). 本报告中反映的所有新员额拟议自2012年1月1日起设立。 鉴于行政和预算问题咨询委员会在其关于2008-2009两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告(A/62/7)第20段中建议在任何新提案中反映员额延迟影响的信息,大会不妨注意到,2014-2015两年期拟议26个新员额全额费用计算的所需追加经费目前估计为3 356 400美元,第1款(通盘决策、领导和协调)下1 072 200美元;第8款(法律事务)下432 200美元;第19款(亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展)下173 500美元;第29A款(主管管理事务副秘书长办公室)下126 200美元;第29C款(人力资源管理厅)下684 600美元;第29E款(行政,日内瓦)下234 500美元;第29G款(行政,内罗毕)下168 300美元;第37款(工作人员薪金税)下464 900美元,由收入第1款(工作人员薪金税收入)下同等数额抵消。", "六、结 论 结论和有待大会采取的行动", "297 (英语). 秘书长认为,本报告所提出的建议将为新的内部司法系统提供必要的额外力量,该系统已经获得工作人员和管理层的信任。 他请大会适当考虑这些建议并核准加强执行这些建议所需的资源。", "298 (英语). 因此,请大会:", "(a) 国家 核准从2012年1月1日起在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算下设立26个新员额(10个P-4、8个P-3、4个一般事务(其他职等)和4个一般事务(当地雇员));", "(b) 国家 核准从2012年1月1日起在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算下将1个P-2员额改叙为P-3;", "(c) 在2012-2013两年期方案预算第1款(通盘决策、领导和协调)(3 889 700美元)、第8款(法律事务)(559 700美元)、第19款(亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展)(388 400美元)、第29 A款(主管管理事务副秘书长办公室)(164 300美元)、第29 C款(人力资源管理厅)(948 300美元)、第29 D款(中央支助事务厅)(832 700美元)、第29 E款(行政,日内瓦)(636 600美元)和第29 G款(行政,内罗毕)(577 200美元)下增加的数额,以及第37款(工作人员薪金税)(661 000美元)下增加的数额由收入第1款(工作人员薪金税收入)下的相应数额所抵消。 这笔经费将由应急基金支付;", "(d) 国家 核准从2012年1月1日起,在内罗毕再续设一个P-3职位,为期一年,由维持和平行动支助账户预算供资,并核准将在2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户执行情况报告中报告的相关费用,这些费用反映在2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间的拟议预算中。", "页:1", "工作人员法律援助办公室供资机制提案", "工作人员法律援助办公室工作人员筹资机制:概念文件", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本概念文件根据大会第65/251号决议第40和41段的要求,介绍了由工作人员供资的支助内部司法办公室工作人员法律援助办公室的各种机制。 概念文件涉及大会要求根据强制性和自愿捐助模式提交提案。", "2. 联合国 本文件提出的强制性备选方案和自愿备选方案都有共同的要素。 具体而言,大会将在秘书长审议拟议预算后,继续确定工作人员法律援助办公室的员额配置表和其他财政需要。 此外,秘书长指出,关于该办公室所需员额的任何决定都必须考虑到大会就该办公室的任务和运作所作的任何决定。 根据第63/253号决议设立的办公室员额将继续由经常预算供资。 拟议的工作人员供资机制将可抵消秘书长建议的改进办事处现有员额配置表的部分费用。 最后一个共同要素是,工作人员的拟议缴款,无论是强制性的还是自愿的,将通过薪金每月扣除。", "3个 具体地说,关于强制性办法,应当指出,由于大会设立了工作人员法律援助办公室,作为本组织内部内部司法系统的一部分,其运作所涉费用构成本组织的费用。 根据《联合国宪章》第十七条第二项,“本组织之费用由各会员国按大会所分摊之数额负担”。 该段要求会员国承担本组织费用的意图从这一规定的立法史上可以清楚地看出。 [26]", " 4.四. 因此,要求工作人员承担本组织“费用”的部分费用,根据《宪章》应由会员国承担,引起法律关切。 为大会授权的本组织活动采用由工作人员供资的计划,有可能在今后通过向工作人员征税,全部或部分弥补本组织可能使工作人员受益的其他“费用”。", "二. 工作人员法律援助办公室工作人员经费的强制性机制", "5 (韩语). 工作人员法律援助办公室工作人员供资机制有三种可能的强制性模式:(a) 所有工作人员都分担一定比例薪金的通用模式;(b) 只有实际使用法律援助办公室服务的工作人员才收取使用费的模式;(c) 工作人员工会和协会收取的会费一定比例用于为法律援助办公室活动供资的模式。 下文将讨论这三种模式。", "6. 国家 截至2010年6月30日,秘书处及各基金和方案的工作人员约有45 000名一般事务工作人员、约30 000名专业人员和外勤事务工作人员以及约1 525名主任及以上职等工作人员,他们可以利用内部司法系统(见A/65/350和CEB/2010/HLCM/HR/24)。", "A. 普遍强制性模式", "7. 联合国 按照普遍强制性模式,对每个工作人员收取费用。 评估对工作人员收取的任何费用的一个重要考虑是,各个工作地点的薪金表,特别是当地薪金表有很大差异。 因此,分摊的任何费用都必须反映各种薪金表,以确保与每个工作人员的实际薪金公平和相称。 一种可能性是评估每个工作人员可诉诸内部司法系统的薪金百分比(例如:001%)。 或者,费用数额可以固定,但取决于确定工作人员的职等、职等和工作地点。 这笔费用按月按工资扣除。", "8. 联合国 所收工作人员捐款将用于抵消目前根据大会第63/253号决议设立的工作人员法律援助办公室员额配置表所列员额(1个P-5、5个P-3、1个P-2和3个一般事务员额)以外的一些费用。", "9. 国家 这一模式有若干好处。 主要是,由于工作人员众多,即使个人捐款很少,也会导致为办事处提供大量资金。 同样,普遍和强制性计划将是最一致和最稳定的收入来源。", "10个 然而,对强制性计划也存在关切。 第一种情况是,一般说来,只有极少数的工作人员会利用监督厅的服务。 目前,在正式系统中提出申诉的工作人员比例不到1%。 因此,大约99%的工作人员将帮助支付不到1%的服务费用。 这引起了对以普遍强制计划的形式征收一般税是否公平的关切。", "11个 另一项关切涉及这样一个事实,即根据联合国争议法庭的判例,[27] 当该办公室确定案件缺乏法律价值或法庭成功的可能性极小时,可拒绝提供协助。 这一判例符合普遍接受的原则,即法院官员不得向法院提出他或她认为没有诚意具有法律价值的案件。 此外,不应将组织资源浪费在几乎或不可能取得积极成果的事项上。 然而,如果对所有工作人员强制征税,工作人员个人可能认为他们有权由工作人员法律援助办公室代理,而不论其案件是否具有法律价值或合理的成功可能性。 因此,如果工作人员虽缴了税却被拒绝服务,他或她可能会提出申诉,甚至正式对这一决定提出上诉,给本组织带来额外和可能的重大费用影响。", "12个 这种情形可能在强制性或自愿计划下发生,因为从理论上讲,任何缴款的工作人员,无论是强制性还是自愿的,都可能认为这种付款产生了享受服务的权利。", "13个 最后,受权为大会所设办公室服务的工作人员可认为这违反了其任用条件和服务条件,并对此提出申诉。 如果工作人员成功提出索偿要求,本组织将有义务在稍后阶段向所有工作人员偿还工作人员缴款,并可能支付额外的赔偿金,同时支付利息。", "B. 对工作人员法律援助办公室服务用户的强制性摊款", "14个 第二个可能的强制性工作人员供资备选办法是规定,只有那些利用了工作人员法律援助办公室服务的工作人员才能缴款。 这一模式将解决一种关切,即不利用该办公室服务的工作人员不需要承担其经费。", "15个 如果这一办法被接受,将需要确定所需的捐款。 固定缴款基本上是分摊使用该办事处的费用。 还可以考虑采取其他方式,例如要求成功的申请人捐赠所判赔偿金的一定比例。", "16号. 然而,由于利用该办公室服务的工作人员人数在工作人员总数中只占很小的百分比(每年约有1 000名工作人员寻求该办公室的服务),因此,对个别用户收取的费用必须高于根据普遍强制性模式考虑的小额缴款。 例如,日内瓦一个P-4员额的年度费用为227 300美元。 因此,为了为日内瓦工作人员法律援助办公室的1个P-4员额提供全额经费,向该办公室用户摊派的费用必须为每个用户227.30美元。 如果确定该计划只应抵消与新增办公室员额有关的费用的一个百分比,则固定费用将视员额数目和拟抵消的百分比而增加或减少。", "17岁 值得注意的是,如上文就普遍缴款模式所提及,如果该办公室拒绝代表他们,那么做出强制性缴款的工作人员要求继续提供法律服务、投诉甚至上诉,这种关切也将适用于这一模式。 然而,如果向工作人员收取的费用因该办公室向工作人员提供的服务范围而异,则可以减少费用。 例如,工作人员可收取300美元的费用,由该办公室谈判和解决其案件,但仅需办公室提供电话咨询50美元。", "C. 工作人员工会和协会收取的会费的强制性摊款", "18岁。 第三个可能的强制性模式是要求工作人员协会和工作人员工会缴纳一部分工作人员应缴的款项,以支持工作人员法律援助办公室。", " 19. 19. 职工会和协会的职责是促进和保障职工权益. 因此,要求向该办公室缴纳一部分应缴会费将类似于规定一项任务,即工作人员工会和协会为他们所代表的工作人员提供某种形式的法律保险,费用由他们承担。", "20号. 对强制从工会财政资源中扣除的担心与对个别工作人员强制扣除的担心类似。", "21岁 目前,联合国工作人员工会和协会不得对其所代表的工作人员征收强制性会费。 因此,各工会和协会在资金方面存在巨大差距。 确定应支付的费用有几种可能性。 一是评估每个工作人员工会或协会应缴摊款的百分比。 另一种办法是根据代表的人数计算费用。 第三个选择是对所有工会和协会分摊固定数额。 在前两种模式下可以产生的抵消办公室费用的资金数额将取决于若干因素(第一种模式下收取的应付款数额、工作人员人数和第二种模式下每人分摊的数额)。 例如,在第三个模式下,每个工作人员工会/协会(有14个工会)每年的分摊会费为20 000美元,净额为280 000美元。 然而,人们担心个别的工会和协会,特别是那些资金不足的工会和协会,可能会抱怨说征收税会妨碍他们向其成员提供基本服务的能力。", "三. 工作人员法律援助办公室工作人员经费自愿机制", "22号. 建立基于自愿捐款的工作人员筹资机制有两种可能的模式。 一种制度是自动扣除工作人员薪金的固定百分比,以支持工作人员法律援助办公室提供的服务,但工作人员可以选择退出该制度。 第二种做法是允许工作人员选择缴纳薪金的固定百分比。", "23. 联合国 这两种自愿模式的优点是,捐款是经参与工作人员同意(明示或默示)作出的。 但是,自愿模式产生的收入数额将取决于决定缴款的工作人员人数,因此,如果没有几个年度缴款周期的实际经验,就难以估算,这些周期可以作为基准进行评估。", "24 (韩语). 在这两种模式下,有必要向工作人员提供某种形式的奖励,鼓励他们参加该计划。 鼓励参与的一个可能途径是,该办公室优先处理工作人员选择加入该计划的案件,如果在任何特定时间无法有效处理太多案件,则拒绝向选择退出自愿供资计划的工作人员提供援助。", "25岁 鼓励参与的另一种方式是设立两级工作人员法律援助办公室。 参加自愿工作人员供资机制的工作人员可以利用该办公室的所有服务。 不提供自愿捐助的工作人员只能获得办公室的基本服务,即关于执行法的简要法律指导/咨询意见,以及对工作人员为支持其案件而起草的任何文件或辩护书进行有限的审查。 在这方面,参加自愿办法的另一个奖励办法可能是在强制性办法下增加用户付费概念:没有选择加入或选择退出自愿办法的工作人员可能必须支付使用该厅的费用。", "26. 联合国 与强制性模式一样,如果监督厅断定几乎没有或根本没有成功的机会,却拒绝受理派遣工作人员的案件,则有可能出现投诉和上诉。 但是,通过向工作人员表明办事处提供法律援助的决定将考虑到他们申诉的案情,可以减轻这些关切。", "27个 此外,自愿计划对提供强化服务所需的缴款门槛提出了更多问题。 例如,如果工作人员可以在他们希望该办公室提供服务之前立即选择支付固定缴款,然后在他们得到这些服务后立即选择退出,那么收入将是最低的。 解决这一问题的一个办法是只允许改变工作人员选择进入/选择离开的情况,例如每年一次。", "四、结 论 结论", "28岁 上述所有模式在实施前都需要进一步审议。 如上所述,对强制模式的实行存在法律上的关切。", "29. 国家 此外,还必须解决公平和创收方面的相互竞争的利益。 强制性模式如果确定为可接受,则更有可能产生可观的收入来抵消办公室额外资源的费用。 然而,即使根据强制性模式,也会产生的收入数额将取决于支付个人或实体的数目以及分摊的数额或百分比。", "30. \" 用户付费 \" 和自愿模式可能被视为更为公平,因为它们不给那些不使用办公室服务的人带来成本,甚至没有名义成本,或者在将来可能使用这些成本时认为没有贡献价值。 这一关切尤其突出,因为99%的工作人员没有利用、预期也不会利用监督厅的服务。 然而,更难预测任何自愿机制产生的收入数额。 在“用户付费”模式下,将出现一个问题,即如何确保捐助是公平的,同时又足够,同时又不过分地减少办事处的使用。 因此,需要作进一步的审议,以便在普遍提供该厅的服务与创收之间取得适当的平衡。", " V. 建议", "31岁 秘书长建议大会注意到关于强制性或混合供资办法的提案的这一列报,并指明它认为适合作为秘书处提出更详细提案供审议的任何具体模式。", "页:1", "关于编外人员申诉机制的建议", "联合国与咨询人和个体订约人合同规定的快速仲裁程序规则概要:概念文件", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本概念文件[28]介绍了通过将精简内容纳入《联合国国际贸易法委员会(贸易法委员会)仲裁规则》,建立快速仲裁程序以解决联合国与某些类别编外人员(即咨询人和个体订约人)之间的纠纷的可能手段。 秘书长关于联合国内部司法的报告(A/65/373和Corr.1,第171段)普遍提到这种做法。 概念文件无意讨论大会第64/233号决议第9段所述解决与编外人员争端的其他可能办法,也无意提出解决与不属于本文所讨论程序范围的各类编外人员争端的办法(见大会第65/251号决议,第55段)。", "2. 联合国 秘书长报告第171段阐述的办法是在当地、国家或区域仲裁协会主持下对不到25 000美元的索赔进行仲裁时提出的。 但是,报告的结论是,“即使根据特别程序,对价值25 000美元或更低的索赔提起正式仲裁,对本组织来说不一定有效率或有成效”(A/65/373和Corr.1,第172段)。 因此,下文概述的快速程序并不预设财务限制。", "3个 本概念文件所载列的程序可用于临时仲裁和仲裁协会主持下的仲裁,如果该协会同意根据这些程序管理仲裁。", " 4.四. 在简化仲裁程序时,必须铭记,根据《联合国特权和豁免公约》第八条第29节,联合国必须提供解决其合同所引起争端的适当方式。 因此,本概念文件中规定的程序力求保持正当程序的基本特征。", "5 (韩语). 以下是本概念文件所阐明的程序的基本特点:", "二. 支助 由非正式争议解决阶段和在非正式争议解决阶段失败情况下快速仲裁程序组成的两阶段程序", "二. 支助 提交仲裁索赔的不可放弃时限", "二. 支助 独任仲裁员", "• 从本组织和个体订约人/顾问商定的仲裁员名册中挑选仲裁员(见下文第7(d)段)", "• 限制仲裁员的费用", "· 中立实体取消指定机构,但行使指定机构的某些职能(例如选择/指定仲裁员,决定一方当事人对仲裁员的异议)", "– 说吧 – 中立实体可以是国际争端解决机构(在这种情况下,本组织和索赔者必须承担各自在该机构行政费用中的份额)", "• 在可行的情况下通过电子手段传送仲裁通知和其他通信", "二. 支助 使用标准模板提交当事方的意见", "• 简化和限制诉状和其他呈件的数目", "• 对修改诉状和呈件的限制", "二. 支助 证人以书面宣誓书作证,除非仲裁员决定证人的证言应当口头(例如,使对方能够盘问证人).", "二. 支助 仲裁员和当事方之间就初步行政和其他事项通过电话会议或视频会议举行的会议和协商", "二. 支助 在特殊情况下,一方当事人可以要求开庭盘问证人,或者仲裁员可以在必要时命令开庭解决实质性的事实问题或法律问题;这种开庭通常通过电话会议或视频会议进行,范围有限,不超过两天。", "二. 支助 在多数情况下,仲裁员的裁决须以当事人的书面诉状和提交书为依据(只采用文件程序)", "• 仲裁员在规定时限内签发裁决书,例如30天", "二. 支助 裁定的赔偿限于经济损失和限额", "二. 支助 根据拟议简化仲裁程序对本组织提起的仲裁数目,可能需要额外资源来维护本组织并尽量减少其法律责任。", "二. 框架", "6. 国家 将以《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》为框架,拟订一套新的规则,称为《联合国咨询合同下快速仲裁程序规则》(下称“快速规则”)。 《快速规则》将以《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》的规定为基础,必要时加以修改,以纳入本文所讨论快速程序。 本概念文件指出了这种修改的实质内容(虽然不一定是措辞或位置)。 它还指明了《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》中与拟议程序有关或受其影响的规定。 应当指出,除了本概念文件所载的要点外,还需要对《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》作其他各种相应的修改(例如,考虑到只有一名仲裁员)。", "争端解决程序概述", "7. 联合国 《快速规则》设想了一个分为两个阶段的进程,包括非正式争议解决阶段和快速仲裁程序。 如果非正式的争议解决阶段失败,当事人可以进入正式的争议解决阶段,即快速仲裁程序,其关键特征将在以下各节中讨论。", "三. 快速规则的范围(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第1条)", "8. 联合国 《快速规则》将适用于联合国根据咨询人或个体订约人服务合同(见ST/AI/1999/7/Amend.1,附件)或联合国各基金和方案与咨询人和个体订约人订立合同的类似合同表格聘用的咨询人和其他个人(例如见A/62/748和Corr.1,第13段和A/65/373和Corr.1,附件四,第2段)。 本概念文件统称为“个人承包商”。", "评论", "(a) 国家 根据这一办法,《快速规则》将适用于根据咨询人或个体订约人服务合同或类似合同雇用的所有个人。 例如,这包括签发此类合同的特派专家和工人(见A/62/748和Corr.1, 第33和40段;A/62/782, 第31-35和37-39段),但不包括联合国志愿人员(见A/62/748和Corr.1, 第23和24段;A/62/782, 第22和23段)、秘书处官员以外的官员(见A/62/748和Corr.1, 第29-31段;A/62/782, 第27-29段)。", "(b) 国家 将修改与个体订约人签订的合同中的争议解决条款,规定非正式争议解决阶段未友好解决的争议应按照《快速规则》提交仲裁。", "(c) 《快速规则》将规定它们将适用的合同债权的具体类型,例如指控违反合同或不当终止合同的债权。 此外,《规则》将明确将某些类别的争端排除在主题事项管辖权范围之外,例如要求给予承包商工作人员地位。 关于附录D的规定,仲裁员的作用将限于核实给予申请人确定他或她获得同等赔偿的权利的程序是《联合国工作人员细则》附录D所规定的程序。 此外,《快速规则》将规定提交索赔的时限。", "(d) 由于与《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》不同,《快速规则》不一定为个体订约人或咨询人所熟悉或随时提供,因此,《快速规则》要么应附在每项合同上(包括个体订约人或咨询人可从中获取现有仲裁员名单的实体名称),要么在合同签署前提供给每个个体订约人或咨询人。 个体订约人或咨询人必须签署一份确认书,确认:(一) 已向其提供了《快速规则》,(二) 《快速规则》是合同的组成部分,(三) 仲裁员名单为其所接受。", "四、结 论 通知和其他通信(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第2条)", "9. 国家 各方当事人和仲裁员应当以电子手段传送《快速规则》下的任何通知、通信或建议,除非由于技术原因无法或不可能提供这种传送方式。 [评论:这些可能包括,例如,电子传送手段不可用或发生故障,抗辩或提交书的份量等。 ]", " V. 书状和其他呈件(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第3、4、20、21、22、23(2)、24和25条)", "初步评论", "根据下列规定,在指定仲裁员之前,被告无须提交答辩书。 其原因是,被申请人可能希望对仲裁员的管辖权提出抗辩(例如,根据申请人声称的仲裁条款,该争议不可仲裁,或者由于其他原因,仲裁员缺乏管辖权),或者请求提前驳回该请求,因为该请求显然没有法律依据。 在仲裁员就管辖权问题或就被申请人对案情提出的质疑作出裁决之前,被申请人不必提出其全面的答辩书和所附文件。", "10个 申请人通过发出仲裁请求和申请书启动仲裁程序。 这种申辩将包含类似于《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》为仲裁通知和申请书所提供的信息。 其中,索赔人将叙述索赔并概述支持索赔的理由和论点。", "11个 在收到申请人的仲裁请求和申请书后60天内,被申请人必须发出对仲裁请求的答复。 答复应包括对管辖权的抗辩,并应当涉及其他事项,例如确定每个被申请人的身份和对申请人仲裁请求所提供信息的答复。 当事方的呈件应使用标准模板。", "12个 被申请人对管辖权提出抗辩的,应当在其对仲裁请求的答复中载列其为支持抗辩而希望提供的所有事实和论点,并尽可能在其答复中附上所依赖的所有文件或提供参考。", "13个 被申请人因诉讼请求明显无法律依据而请求提前驳回诉讼请求的,应当在对仲裁请求的答复中载明其希望为支持诉讼请求而提交的所有事实和论点,并尽可能在答复中附上所依赖的所有文件或提供参考。", "14个 指定仲裁员后:", "(a) 国家 如果被申请人对管辖权提出抗辩,仲裁员应与各方当事人协商,确定申请人必须提交对抗辩的任何答复的时限。 然后,仲裁员对被申请人关于管辖权的抗辩作出裁决[意见:不举行听讯 -- -- 见下文第十三节],如果仲裁员裁定存在管辖权,则确定被申请人必须出具答辩书的时限;", "(b) 国家 被申请人因诉讼请求明显无法律依据而请求提前驳回诉讼请求的,仲裁员在同当事人协商后,应当确定申请人对诉讼请求做出答复的期限. 然后,仲裁员裁定被申请人请求驳回诉讼请求,因为诉讼请求显然没有法律依据[评论:将不进行审理——见下文第十三节],如果仲裁员仍然支持诉讼请求,则规定被申请人必须出具答辩书的时限;", "(c) 如果被申请人未对管辖权提出抗辩,或因该请求明显无法律根据而要求提前驳回该请求,仲裁员确定被申请人必须出具答辩书的时限。", "15个 答辩书将载有与《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》规定的答辩书类似的资料。 在该案中,被申请人将对申请书中载明的细节作出答复,并可能包括反诉或抵消,并就管辖权提出抗辩,除非以前曾提出过这种抗辩。 答辩书应当尽可能附有被申请人所依据的一切文件或其他证据,或者提供参考材料.", "六、结 论 延长或缩短时限(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第17(2)条)", "16号. 如果当事各方同意,或者如果仲裁员在邀请当事各方发表意见后决定延长或缩短《快速规则》所确定或当事各方所商定的任何时限。", "页:1 修改抗辩(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第22条)", "17岁 在选定并接受指定仲裁员之后,一方当事人不得修改其抗辩,除非对方当事人同意或仲裁员允许当事人修改其抗辩。 请求仲裁员修改答辩状时,应当附具提出的修正案文以及修改的理由和理由. 在决定是否允许修改时,仲裁员应考虑允许修改所达到的利益是否被程序的任何延误所压倒,从而损害对方当事人或任何其他情况。 仲裁员在允许对答辩作出修正时,应规定对方当事人可以对该修正作出答复的最后期限。 如果一项抗辩被修正,对立方可以只对该修正作出答复。", "第八编. 其他呈件(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第24条)", "18岁。 仲裁员同当事各方协商后,应规定每一当事方可在此期限内再提交一份事实、法律论据或文件。 此种呈件应以书面形式提出。 在此期限后,不得再提交进一步材料。 虽有上述规定,但不得允许一当事方在其补充提交材料中陈述在提交答辩书或补充提交材料时寻求提交材料的当事方已经知道或应当知道的事实或文件。", "第九编. 发现(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第27(3)条)", " 19. 19. 应当事一方的请求或仲裁员自己主动,仲裁员可随时命令任何一方出示证据,并可以要求任何人披露任何文件或提供仲裁员认为对公平而迅速地处理程序所必要的任何资料。 但仲裁员不得命令出示或披露任何保密或受特权保护的证据、文件或资料。", "20号. 2. 希望提交对方当事人或任何其他实体所持有的非特权证据或非机密证据的一方当事人可要求仲裁员命令出示证据。", "21岁 仲裁员可应任何一方的请求,根据担保权益或其他特殊情况采取保全证据机密的措施。", "注释", "这些规定以联合国争议法庭程序规则第18条为基础。", " . 证人证言(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第27(2)条)", "22号. 2. 任何证人,包括任何申请人或被申请人的证言或证言,由证人以书面宣誓宣誓书作成,宣誓书应予公证或以其他方式经法律认证,除非仲裁员决定为了司法公正,必须在听讯时作证。", "注释", "见下文关于听讯的第十三节。 除某些例外情况外,听证会将通过电话会议或视频会议进行。 书面证人陈述必须作为当事方的诉状或补充陈述的一部分提交(见上文第八节)。", "十一会. 指定当局(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第6条)", "23. 联合国 将没有指定机构。", "24 (韩语). 然而,指派当局的某些职能仍有必要,例如在挑选或任命仲裁员、对仲裁员提出质疑等方面。 这些可由中立实体执行。", "25岁 中立实体可以是国际争端解决机构,通过竞争性采购活动加以选择。", "26. 联合国 设立国际争端解决机构作为中立实体的好处如下:(a)这种机构将提供获得现有专门知识的机会来管理仲裁程序的所有方面;(b)这种机构通过竞争性采购活动选定,将反映基本合同的商业性质;(c)由外部机构管理仲裁将使中立实体与本组织脱钩并消除任何不公正的看法。 但是,索赔人和被告都必须承担各自在该机构行政费用中的份额。", "第十二编. 仲裁员(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款: 第7-15条)", "27个 数目和任命(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第7-10条):", "(a) 国家 将有一名独任仲裁员;", "(b) 国家 上文第十一节所讨论中立实体将建立并保持一份潜在仲裁员名册;", "(c) 作为列入名册的一个条件,仲裁员必须签署一份文件,确认如果被任命为案件仲裁员,仲裁员同意按照《快速规则》进行仲裁,并同意限制仲裁员的费用(见下文第十六节);", "(d) 指定仲裁员:上文第十一节所讨论中立实体将从上述潜在仲裁员名册中挑选一名仲裁员。 为使这一过程更可预测,可以采用名单程序,由当事方从若干候选人的名单中作出最高选择,由中立实体单独和秘密地通知每个候选人。", "28岁 对仲裁员的质疑(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第11至15条):《快速规则》将保留《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》中关于对仲裁员的质疑的规定,但规定,如果当事人不同意质疑或仲裁员没有自愿退出,则应由上文第十一节提及的中立实体就质疑作出决定。 当事人就异议达成协议或仲裁员决定下台将具有决定性作用,并将自动启动新的甄选程序。", "第十三编 仲裁程序(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第17、27(2)、28、29和31条)", "29. 国家 诉讼程序应根据当事方的书状和呈件进行,除非下文规定。", "30岁。 仲裁员和当事方之间就关于案件实质的诉讼程序所开始的行政和其他事项而举行的所有会议和协商一般应通过电子邮件或电话会议进行。", "31岁 不得因请求明显无法律根据而就管辖权的抗辩或关于早日驳回请求的抗辩举行听讯。 仲裁员应根据各方当事人的书面陈述裁定此种抗辩。", "32. 联合国 不得就案情实质举行听讯,以便提出证据、证词或口头辩论,除非:(a) 一方当事人请求举行听讯以盘问证人,或(b) 仲裁员决定存在一个实质性的事实或法律问题,只有通过听讯才能公正公正地解决。 任何听讯应限于对证人的反诘问或这种事实或法律问题。 此类听讯应通过电话会议或视频会议进行,除非仲裁员在特殊情况下决定,事实问题只能通过亲自听讯解决。 任何此类听讯不应超过两天。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 将删除《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》第29条(其中规定由仲裁庭指定自己的独立专家)。", "十四. 结 论 适用的法律(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第35(1)条)", "34. 国家 《快速规则》将规定,除非各方当事人另有约定,仲裁庭的裁决应以明确的合同条款为基础,包括其中提及的任何一般条款和条件。 《联合国工作人员条例和细则》和国家法律均不适用于该争端。", "第十五届 裁决(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款: 第33和34条)", "35. 联合国 仲裁员无权判给惩罚性损害赔偿,也无权作为友好和解者或公正与善良地裁决。 此外,除非合同中另有明文规定,仲裁员无权判给超过当时通行的伦敦银行同业拆放利率(LIBOR)的利息,任何此种利息应仅为简单利息。 当事各方受因此种仲裁而作出的任何仲裁裁决的约束,如对任何此种争端、争议或要求的最后裁决。", "注释", "这些规定取自《联合国合同总则》中的仲裁条款。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 仲裁员应在程序结束后30天内作出裁决。 裁定的任何赔偿应限于经济损失并受[待定]上限的限制。", "十六会. 费用和收费(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第40、41和43条)", "37. 联合国 仲裁员费:《快速规则》将限制仲裁员费。 对仲裁员费用的限制应在《快速规则》和将由仲裁员签署的文件中规定,作为列入名册的条件(见上文第十二节,第27(c)段)。", "38. 国家 收费和费用的确定和分配:不论案件结果如何,由每一方自行承担费用,由各方平均分担仲裁员的费用. 然而,在特殊情况下,仲裁员可以决定,对各方当事人的费用和收费或仲裁员的费用和收费作不同的分配是公正和公平的。", "第十七会. 保密(《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》所涉条款:第28(3)和34(5)条)", "39. 联合国 除非各方当事人另有书面协议,整个仲裁程序,包括所有通知、函件、书状、文件、呈件、听讯和裁决均应保密。 但是,联合国或其基金或方案可按理事机构的要求向其理事机构提供与程序有关的资料。", "其他事项", "特权和豁免", " 40. 40. 由于与《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》不同的是,这些快速规则将专门为联合国仲裁案件而制定,因此《规则》最好载有特权和豁免条款:", "“对这些[《规则》全名]的解释或适用不得违背联合国及其附属机构的特权和豁免,也不得视为放弃这些特权和豁免。 为避免产生疑问,根据这些[使用《规则》全名]进行的任何仲裁不应受任何当地法律的管辖,任何提及 \" 仲裁地 \" 之处不得视为或解释为放弃这种特权和豁免或联合国同意接受任何国家管辖。 “", "联合国", "管理评价股、联合国争议法庭和联合国上诉法庭裁定的赔偿", "A类. 管理评价股裁定的货币补偿(2009年7月1日至2011年5月31日)", "已支付赔偿细目(2009年7月1日至2011年5月31日)\n工作人员级别\n联合国日内瓦办事处 P-4 未将选举结果通知工作人员\nP-3 违反15天规则\nG-5 违反15天细则\n人道主义事务协调办公室(日内瓦)\n联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(日内瓦)3个月净基薪(17 680美元) P-4 违反15天规则\nFS-4 征聘处理不当\nG-5 裁撤员额\n外勤支助部-联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团\n外勤支助部-联合国格鲁吉亚观察团3个月净基薪\n外勤支助部-联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团两个月净基薪\n联合国内罗毕办事处3个月净基薪\n联合国环境规划署3个月净基薪\n联合国环境规划署3个月净基薪\n联合国环境规划署3个月净基薪\n管理事务部3个月净基薪\n大会和会议管理部 5 473.09美元 处理错误的选取程序\n大会和会议管理部(大会部)\n内部监督事务办公室(维也纳) 1 044.89美元 P-3级 未支付特别邮政费", "B. 联合国争议法庭和联合国上诉法庭裁定的货币赔偿(2009年7月1日至2011年5月31日)", "[表", "注:“不适用”表示联合国争议法庭判决后没有采取任何行动,或该判决仍在被上诉。", "上诉法庭判决书No. ^ (a) 申请人最后的名字实体从Netamond公司获得赔偿的上诉(美国日期)\n(单位:美元)\n2010-UNAT-021 阿萨德联合国 近东联合救济和工作社 近地巴勒斯坦难民机构 东方补偿等同 8至14年级(2003年7月1日至2004年1月20日)和相当于14年级一个月工资的补偿;\n2010-UNAT-022 阿布 Hamda United Nations Relief and Works公司(哈姆达联合国协会) 近东联合救济和工作社 近东巴勒斯坦难民机构\n2010-UNAT-025 多莱联合国 近东联合救济和工作社 近东复兴社支付两年净基薪1900.00 N/A\n2010-UNAT-030 塔巴里联合国 近东联合救济和工作社 近东巴勒斯坦难民机构\n2010-UNAT-087 Liyanarachchige 联合国 运行 科特迪瓦/维持和平行动部 推翻判决 截至分离之日的12个月净基数 2011年03月7日 (中文(简体) ).", "^(a) 联合国上诉法庭对联合国争议法庭未审理的案件或争议法庭未作出赔偿判决的案件作出赔偿判决。", "C. 补偿等于或超过六个月基薪净额的联合国争议法庭判决(2009年7月1日至2011年5月31日)", "判决 申请人登记简况 具体执行命令 总计 2011年5月31日\n争议法庭/2010/070 法拉吉,日内瓦 争议法庭发现,有争议的决定 终止有限任命 撤销有争议的决定(另选45 000美元)\n期限没有遵守任期规定 争议法庭/2010/106 日内瓦开斋节 争议法庭发现,政府应该支付 应用终止赔偿金 自其终止成为联合秘书处(黎巴嫩联合临时部队)之日起,编号为29,991.23和LL9,552.660(终止赔偿和有关应享权利)\n有效\nUNDT/2010/120 奥斯陆 争议法庭发现,选举过程受到严重程序不规范的影响,使申请者无权充分、公正地考虑D-1后联合国贸易和发展会议的决定(另选4 900美元)\n争议法庭/2010/122 日内瓦 争议法庭发现,对解雇采取的纪律措施与 既定行为 (1) 追溯性说明(替代的8个月净基数);(2) 书面审查;(3) 从档案中清除与物质有关的6万美元(精神损害)\n争议法庭/2010/128 爱克帕 日内瓦 争议法庭发现 与服务分离的决定 非法纪律措施 联合国日内瓦办事处 六个星期的网基asalaryinlieuof通知(不到一周已付) 一年净基数(已支付的款项少)\nUNDT/2010/129 瓦莱菲舍尔 日内瓦 争议法庭发现 与服务分离的决定 非法纪律措施 联合国日内瓦办事处 六个星期的网基asalaryinlieuof通知(不到一周已付) 一年净基数(已少付两个月) 争议法庭发现,决定终止申请人的任命,并为前南斯拉夫签发国际刑事法庭 (1) 3个月净基数(偏见导致50 263.50 N/A 申斥因非法解雇而侵犯了他的权利)(此前已支付8个月外);(2) 3个月净数\n基地(非法还押) 争议法庭/2010/133 埃尔达姆 日内瓦 争议法庭发现,关于不延长合同的决定不令人满意 发行的报纸 联合秘书处(驻格鲁吉亚观察团)(1) 撤销不续聘(替代的三个月净基薪);(2) 撤销续聘 3个月净基数(精神损害)\n不当 争议法庭/2009/088 诺盖拉·内罗毕 争议法庭发现,决定不重新任命 业绩的理由 内罗毕联合国办事处/联合国环境方案\nUNDT/2010/002号文件 徐内罗毕争议法庭发现,决定不选择申请人 a P-4级后卫不合法 联合国秘书处 6个月净基数(受伤) 不详 由上诉人Tribunalin Xu2010-UNAT-053andremanedto代理 争端\n法庭\n争议法庭/2010/053 内罗毕 争议法庭认定 严重不当行为的责任 没有根据,而且与服务分离是不成比例的 取消有争议的决定和复述(1) 从分离之日起的学习损失;(2)2年净基数222 453.57\n争议法庭/2010/056 马斯里内罗毕 争议法庭认定,对短期解雇的纪律性措施是不相称的 联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团(联刚特派团)(1) 重新申报支付损失的收入(替代的两年净基数);(2) 四步递减 上诉推翻\n争议法庭/2010/057 内罗毕 争议法庭发现,申请人有权转让 和其他应享权利 支付国际招聘的工作人员 联合国办事处 项目服务N/A 支付可适用的派任和搬迁赠款,并有适当利息 51 395.35 上诉法庭对支付利息的命令进行了修订(见2010-UNAT-093) 在SanwidiUNDT/2010/036之后,Sanwidi Neirobi判决作出赔偿。 (1) 重述(替代的两年净基数);(2) 书面重述 从摘要日期到复述日期的亏损收入,无2 600美元 桑维迪2011-UNAT-104争议法庭判决\n每月 吕塔 内罗毕判决根据LuttaUNDT/2010/052作出赔偿,其中争议法庭特别认定,对申请人的调查和针对他的行动不当 联合秘书处(联合国科特迪瓦行动)(1) 3个月净基数(丧失谨慎度的机会)(2) 4 760美元(旅费)(3) 46 339.86美元\n损害赔偿) 争议法庭/2010/118 考恩·奈洛比(Cohen Nebora) 申请方对摘要回避表示质疑。 不挂载导体 和她的正确过程 被违反 联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团(联刚特派团) 撤销有争议的决定和申请人的复述(替代的两年净基数) (1) 从解雇之日起至判决之日止的薪金和应享权利的支付;101 624 N/A(2) 两个月的净基数(违反正当程序)\n权利) DT/2010/119 Gaskins Nairobi 申请人质疑终止其任命的决定。 已经 联 合 国 发展方案 N/A 6个月净基数(违反应处理权、辱骂、侮辱和损坏40 420.98\n使他的自我形象和声誉受损) 争议法庭/2010/124 内罗毕 争议法庭发现,申请人的就业已因医学原因被适当终止 卢旺达国际刑事法庭 撤销终止申请人就业的决定,复述(另选二) (1) 从结束之日到N/A N/A年净基数的学习损失付款;\n联合国\n争议法庭/2010/153 弗舒尔内罗毕 争议法庭发现,选举过程经过了适当的干预,而申请者对一名P-5员额后的联合国人类住区方案(N/A 6个月净基数(职业进展))进行了公平的考虑(N/A N/AUNDT/2010/154) 内罗毕 争议法庭发现,选举过程 得到了适当的干预 与申请人 得到了优异的 土地公平考虑 员额 人类住区方案(N/A (1) 六个月净基数(减除工作进度);(2) 1美元(道德N/A N/A)\n伤害)。\n争议法庭/2010/173 内罗毕 争议法庭发现 质疑的 总结解职是不成比例的 联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团(联刚特派团) N/A 57,503.39 N/AUNDT/2010/175 撤销决定(备选,补偿等同终止福利) Bkele 内罗毕申请人对决定提出质疑 (1) 从11月的N/A N/A薪工期起,将他从服务中分离出来,并很好地作出了几项相关的决定。 2007年至2009年3月的争议;(2) 六个月的法庭发现,申请人的权利影子净基数(违反)受到侵犯。 适当程序\n权利) UNDT/2010/185 M-布拉内罗毕 争议法庭发现,决定 即时解散 已经不合法 联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团(联刚特派团) (1) 从解雇之日起至377 257.92 N/A判决日期的薪金和应享权利;(2) 两个月的净基数(违反正当程序)\n权利) 争议法庭/2010/197 Bowen 内罗毕 争议法庭发现,结束 以不满意 业绩不合法 联合国非洲发展方案 撤销有争议的决定(1) 三个月的净基数和效益(不包括以任何付款代替通知);(2) 两年净额\n基数\n争议法庭/2010/214 卡蒙义 内罗毕 争议法庭发现,有争议的决定 停止应用 服务,安置他 特别假期,全薪 和发行 内罗毕联合国办事处 撤销三项不合法决定(不合法暂停、安排特别假并全额支付一年零八个月的工资,以及退休) 两年零六个月的净基数(emotionaland 物理伤害和损害) 回应者承认, 本案只涉及两年净工资是否足够, 联合国 (b) 撤销总裁(替代的两年净基数)(1) 六个月净基数(违反应处理的权利);(2) 特殊离职 不详 特别离职偿金已支付;其他项目有待上诉4个月;(3) 6个月净基薪(精神压力和名誉);(4) 2005年6月至12月G-6职等的薪金和应享权利\n2010年 内罗毕 争议法庭发现申请人的正确影子 联合国秘书处(内部N/A (1)18个月净基数N/A N/A尊重地侵犯两个P-5选任权) (f) 6个月的净基数(未能支付\n(第二页) 争议法庭/2011/067 Borhom 内罗毕 争议法庭发现,决定 最终解散是违法的 联合国难民事务高级专员办公室 (1) 6个月净基数(精神损害);(2) 6个27 660 N/A个月净基数(违反正当程序)\n权利) 争议法庭/2011/092 徐内罗毕争议法庭发现,选举期间出现了程序不正常的情况,而且申请人员对P-4员额后的联合国秘书处(大会和会议管理部)进行了公平的土地审议。 (3) 500美元\n(未通知无选)\nUNDT/2010/026 卡西亚诺夫·纽约克 争议法庭发现申请者 未考虑 a P-4 空缺符合适用规则 联合国秘书处(大会和会议管理部) 横向移动记录(另作20 000美元) 59 932美元(实际经济损失、侵犯权利、拖延促进、情感压力) 13,969.83 (两个月的实际工资) 获赔金额改为两个月净基数(Kasyanov 2010-UNAT-076) Koh NewYork判决和命令赔偿,遵循KohUNDT/2009/078,其中争议联合国发展方案N/A (1)2,000美元(丧失竞争权利);2,000和107,107.60 N/A法庭发现,该组织违反了申请人(2)107,107.60美元(经济补偿)的雇用合同,不协助他调查\n适当就业 争议法庭/2010/055 阿巴西·纽约克 争议法庭认定,选举过程是歧视性的,侵犯了申请人的权利 儿童基金 N/A (1)12个月净基数(指定的机会损失) Appeals Tribunalin Abbasi 2011-UNAT-112 失去职业发展 (2)\n30 000美元(情绪压力) 陈纽约克 争议法庭发现,决定不将P-3级职位改叙为P-4级职位,违反了《工作人员条例》和《同等价值的联合国秘书处(大会和会议管理部)工作同等报酬原则》(N/A(1))\n经济损失) 争议法庭/2010/117 贝尔图奇·纽约克 在BertucciUNDT/2010/080之后作出的赔偿判决。 联合国秘书处(经济和社会事务部) 不详 申请担任助理职务 争端法庭\n秘书长侵犯他的权利 争议法庭/2010/146 Beaudry New York判决后的赔偿 BeaudryUNDT/2010/039 争议法庭认定 续订申请人的 (联海稳定团) 不详 2010-UNAT-085年合同\nUNDT/2010/156号文件 Shkurtaj NewYork 申请者质疑, 特别是,决定不执行 道德办公室的建议 赔偿他的权利被侵犯。 争议法庭为应用部分, 调查, 与他的一些说法有关, 他的权利影子被侵犯 联合发展方案N/A (1) 14个月净基数(应处理违规、损害职业和名誉以及精神压力); (2) 5 000美元(程序延迟处理N/A N/A道德办公室)\n建议) 争议法庭/2010/200 Alauddin New York 判决赔偿 追随AlauddinUNDT/2010/114, 其中争议 联 合 国 发展 方案N/A (1)净基薪,包括应享权利,N/A N/A法庭发现,申请人的右侧阴影长达11个月,但当本组织未能续签申请人同期收入(实际经济损失)时,则被违反; (2)\n30 000美元(情绪伤害) 97 324美元) 法庭裁定,儿童基金对申请人负有违反义务\n裁撤员额后 Obdeijn New York 答复者指出, 争议联合国人口基金(N/A)\n(二) 8 000美元(精神压力) 加西亚·纽约克 争端法庭发现,联合国发展方案已违反 取消申请人人事档案中的不利材料(1)89,128.48美元(丧失工资和资格);(2)109,619.26 N/A合同,申请执行雇用关系 241 (医疗检查补偿); (3)\n50 000美元(非金钱损失) 争议法庭/2011/081 卡布雷拉·纽约克 争议法庭发现,决定给申请人安排全薪特别假是不合法的 联合国秘书处(管理事务部) N/A 两年净碱性应处理违约、休眠\n危难", "注:“不适用”表示联合国争议法庭判决后没有采取任何行动,或该判决仍在被上诉。", "[1] (中文(简体) ).", "[2] 单独管理的基金和方案独立处理管理评价。", "[3] Marilyn Kaman法官自2011年6月30日起辞去争议法庭的职务。", "[4] 提出的申请/上诉数目不一定与作出的判决数目相同。 在某些情况下,有几项上诉在一项判决中得到解决,或案件未经判决而结案。", "[5] 判决主要起草人的酬金为2 400美元。 其他签字人每次判决获得600美元。", "[6] “案件”是指下列任何一种情况:在正式系统机构(管理评价股、争议法庭和上诉法庭)提供协助或担任记录律师,提供法律指导和简要法律咨询,协助工作人员以非正式方式解决争端,这可能需要与工作人员协商并与第三方进行讨论和谈判,或将案件移交系统内的其他行为者,包括监察员办公室或工作人员工会。", "[7] 这些实体是:国际海洋法法庭;联合国合办工作人员养恤基金;国际民用航空组织;国际海事组织;联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处;国际海底管理局;国际法院。", "[8] 见世界银行行政法庭《程序规则》第7(11)条(规定立即驳回被认为“显然不可受理或没有法律依据”的案件)和美洲国家组织行政法庭《规约》第八条(允许驳回一项“基于......缺乏管辖权、未能满足受理要求或未能提出可以给予补救的要求”的索赔)。", "[9] 联合国上诉法庭第2010-UNAT-57号判决(法贡德)。", "[10] 联合国上诉法庭第49(2011)号命令(芬尼斯)。", "[11] 联合国上诉法庭第2011-UNAT-121号判决(Bertucci)。", "[12] 秘书长指出,对欧洲联盟公务员法庭的判决提出上诉的最后期限为两个月(见《欧洲联盟法院规约》,附件一)。", "[13] 联合国上诉法庭第2010-UNAT-62号判决(贝尔图奇)。", "[14] 联合国行政法庭第1157号判决,Andronov(2003年),第18段。 V.", "[15] 国际货币基金组织行政法庭第1999-2号判决(“V先生诉国际货币基金组织”,第104-114段。", "[16] 世界银行行政法庭第384号决定(AA诉国际复兴开发银行)(2008年),第49-50段。", "[17] 大会第48/218 B号决议(关于监督厅)、第60/1号决议(关于道德操守办公室)和第62/228号决议(关于工作人员法律援助办公室)。", "[18] 联合国争议法庭第19号命令(NY/2010),第23段。", "[19] 世界银行行政法庭第384号决定(AA诉国际复兴开发银行)(2008年),第49-50段。", "[20] 联合国争议法庭第010号命令(NBI/2011)(阿博塞德拉),第60段。", "[21] 联合国行政法庭第1396(2008)号判决(Wielechowski),第24段。 第八编.", "[22] 联合国争议法庭第2010/68号判决(Chen)和联合国上诉法庭第2011-UNAT-107号判决(Chen)。", "[23] 联合国行政法庭第421号判决(查特瓦尼),第20段。 第八编.", "[24] 联合国上诉法庭第2011-UNAT-107 (Chen)号判决,第24段。 1. 联合国", "[25] 联合国争议法庭第010号命令(NBI/2011)(阿博塞德拉),第60段。", "[26] 旧金山会议的记录表明,“《宪章》应明确规定会员国有义务支付本组织的费用”。 联合国国际组织会议,文件,第八卷,第487页。", "[27] 例如,见UNDT/2010/025 (Kita)。", "[28] 本概念文件由法律事务厅一般法律事务司同联合国各基金和方案协商编写。 应当指出,联合国儿童基金会保留选择不采用拟议的简化仲裁程序的权利。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 114 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of the members of the International Law Commission", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "1. In a note verbale dated 29 July 2011, the Permanent Mission of Ecuador to the United Nations informed the Secretary-General that, owing to exceptional circumstances, it has decided, in accordance with article 5 of the statute of the International Law Commission, to substitute its nomination of Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez with that of Carlos Oswaldo Salgado Espinoza.", "2. The statement of qualifications of Mr. Salgado Espinoza is to be found in document A/66/90/Add.2." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "暂定项目表^(*) 项目114(b)", "选举各附属机构成员以补空缺， 并进行其他选举", "选举国际法委员会成员", "秘书长的说明", "增编", "1. 2011年7月29日，厄瓜多尔常驻联合国代表团通知秘书长，由于特殊情况，厄瓜多尔常驻团决定按照国际法委员会章程第5条的规定，以Carlos Oswaldo Salgado Espinoza的提名替代Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez的提名。", "2. 关于Carlos Oswaldo Salgado Espinoza先生资格的说明，见A/66/90/Add.2号文件。", "^(*) A/66/150。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目114(b)", "选举各附属机构成员以补空缺,并进行其他选举", "选举国际法委员会成员", "秘书长的说明", "增编", "1. 联合国 在2011年7月29日的普通照会中,厄瓜多尔常驻联合国代表团通知秘书长,由于特殊情况,它决定根据《国际法委员会章程》第5条,以卡洛斯·奥斯瓦尔多·萨尔加多·埃斯皮诺萨的提名取而代之。", "2. 联合国 萨尔加多·埃斯皮诺萨先生的资历说明载于A/66/90/Add.2号文件。" ]

[ "Assessment report of the Secretary-General on the status of the negotiations in Cyprus", "I. Introduction", "1. This report provides an updated assessment of the state of the negotiations in Cyprus since my last report of 4 March 2011 (S/2011/112).", "2. This is my third assessment report to the Security Council since I met with the leaders of the Greek Cypriot community and the Turkish Cypriot community in New York in November 2010, when they committed themselves to increase the tempo of negotiations and to focus their efforts on identifying and reaching convergence on the core issues. This report also comes after my latest meeting with the two leaders in Geneva on 7 July.", "3. I have been concerned that the talks were beginning to drift and that little tangible progress was being made. In April, it was decided to postpone our follow‑up meeting until more progress could be achieved. At the meeting on 7 July in Geneva, I reiterated my concern that progress was sluggish and discussed with the two leaders ways in which the situation could be addressed. The leaders agreed to intensify the pace of negotiations, improve the methodology of the talks, and push for a conclusion as soon as possible. They also agreed to meet me again in October in New York, by which time I expect that they will be able to report convergence on all core issues.", "4. These talks are taking longer than we had hoped. Almost three years have elapsed since the start of the full-fledged negotiations in September 2008. Since then, the leaders have met well over 100 times and, still, many of the core issues remain unresolved. After I met with the leaders in November 2010, the sides initially gave focused and productive attention to the core issues, which resulted in convergences on the economy and European Union-related chapters. Both sides have presented bridging proposals on various occasions on a number of issues under negotiation. They have also increased the frequency of their meetings in recent months, but unfortunately with limited results. Progress continues to be far too slow. At the current pace, it is not likely that an agreement can be reached for quite some time. It is clear that all the elements of a bi-zonal, bi-communal federation in Cyprus are known to the sides in this negotiation, yet a comprehensive solution has so far eluded the parties, as it has for decades.", "5. We have clearly reached a defining moment in the talks, when all efforts must be employed to keep the process viable and capable of delivering a mutually beneficial solution. I expect the two leaders to reach such a solution as soon as possible.", "II. Background", "6. This assessment report follows my fourth meeting with the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot leaders. When I visited the island in January 2010, Dimitris Christofias, the Greek Cypriot leader, and the then Turkish Cypriot leader, Mehmet Ali Talat, issued a joint statement expressing confidence that they could achieve a solution in the shortest possible time. Following the change of leadership on the Turkish Cypriot side and a several-week hiatus in negotiations, I was able to announce in May 2010 that the talks would continue on the same basis and from where they had left off. Mr. Christofias and the new Turkish Cypriot leader, Dervis Eroglu, also made statements at that juncture, recognizing that time was not on the side of a settlement and committing themselves to the process of negotiating a mutually beneficial settlement. Six months later, in November 2010, I met with the two leaders in New York and asked them to concentrate their efforts on the core issues. Our next meeting was held on 26 January 2011 in Geneva, where we again focused on the goal of reaching convergence on the core issues, and the leaders agreed to intensify the negotiations. After the January meeting, I indicated that I would call another meeting soon to review developments. In April, I spoke with both the leaders and informed them of my decision that more progress should be made before we met again. I stressed the need to accelerate the process. In May, I invited the leaders to meet with me in Geneva in July to identify the difficulties standing in the way of reaching a comprehensive agreement and to discuss strategies for significantly picking up the pace of the negotiations.", "7. When I met Mr. Christofias and Mr. Eroglu in Geneva on 7 July, I reiterated to them my continuing belief that, with enough political will, a deal should be possible. I pointed out that several decades had been spent by their predecessors and mine exploring ways of uniting the island, and that both sides knew where the compromises needed to be made.", "8. I have repeatedly pointed out to the leaders, as I did in my last report, that the United Nations expects the two sides to assume primary responsibility for driving the process forward. The Cypriot-led and Cypriot-owned process has the full support of the United Nations, but it is the two leaders who must take the necessary actions to reconcile the differences between their two communities.", "9. In support of the process, I have used the period since my last report to keep the solution of the Cyprus question high on the agenda of the United Nations, as well as on the agenda of key regional and international leaders. This has become particularly important as a number of other pressing issues in the region have taken on greater immediacy. I continued to discuss the Cyprus question with various Heads of State and senior officials, including the President of Turkey, Abdullah Gül; the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, David Cameron, and the Deputy Prime Minister, Nick Clegg; as well as the President of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso. My Special Adviser continued to engage with senior officials who are pivotal to the process, particularly those of the three guarantor Powers, namely Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom.", "III. Status of the process", "10. In the five months since my last report, the rate of progress in the talks has slowed, despite the regularity of the meetings between the leaders and their representatives. The leaders met 17 times and their representatives met 28 times during this period. Both sides continue to make efforts at putting forward bridging proposals, but the approach to achieving compromise has not always been productive or yielded results. A considerable amount of time has been spent in clarifying positions instead of moving towards convergences.", "11. Late in March, the sides began discussing the internal aspects of security. The discussions focused on policing and law enforcement arrangements in a united Cyprus at both the federal level and that of the federated units or constituent States. The sides have come close to agreement on the details of this issue, although several important outstanding aspects remain to be resolved.", "12. On property, I am pleased that both sides made use of the international technical experts whose services I offered when I met with the leaders in Geneva in January. This has enabled each side to explore a range of technical issues and to further develop proposals in this area. However, the return to formal negotiations on property is long overdue. There remains fundamental disagreement on the issue of conditions for restitution and the mode for exchange. Negotiations on the matter of territory should also be initiated as it remains one of the chapters least explored to date. This can be done without prejudice to the fact that both sides have agreed that the issue of maps and figures related to this chapter should be discussed only during the last phase of the process prior to a multilateral meeting.", "13. Since my last report, the discussions on governance have focused on the capacity to conclude international treaties and the procedure for doing so, and the federal-level decision-making procedure with regard to foreign affairs, and have led to convergence on the principle of representation abroad. Importantly, the sides reached agreement on international treaties binding on the united Cyprus. As a result, the Subcommittee on International Treaties has resumed its work and has met twice.", "14. The important agreements on the economy that were reached before the issuance of my last report remain in place. Nothing further was discussed in relation to the European Union in this period. The primary remaining divergence concerns how the settlement agreement will be incorporated into European Union law in order to ensure its legal certainty. The issue of citizenship has not been discussed substantively since I met with the leaders in January. In response to the Greek Cypriot call for a demographic census, I made available the expertise of the United Nations in this area. The census process is only a related matter, however. While the census process is being carried out, the sides must resolve the core issue of who should be considered citizens of the united Cyprus.", "15. The technical committees, established in 2008, continued to meet on the implementation of confidence-building measures intended to improve the daily lives of Cypriots. Three of the seven technical committees, which were dormant since July 2008, have now resumed their work.", "16. According to the latest polls, while both communities are losing confidence in the possibility of a united Cyprus, their desire for a solution has not faltered. United Nations agencies and programmes in Cyprus are working closely with local partners in support of the peace process. With the collaboration of Cyprus 2015 and ENGAGE, a group of Cypriot non-governmental organizations supported by the United Nations Development Programme, various events were organized to facilitate public dialogue on issues related to the talks. The opening in the buffer zone of the “Home for Cooperation” by the Association for Historical Dialogue and Research was a landmark event; the facility will provide a space for inter-communal education, dialogue and research. Under the Economic Interdependence project, the Cyprus Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce launched the first joint report on current levels of economic interdependence between the two communities. Their findings confirmed that a settlement would be economically beneficial to both communities. The Gender Advisory Team provided the leaders with recommendations on gender issues relating to property and citizenship, in addition to a previous submission on governance. The youth groups of the two leading political parties on either side sent me a joint letter, asking me to encourage the leaders to reach a solution now. I reiterate my call to Mr. Christofias and Mr. Eroglu to engage civil society in the task of reaching a comprehensive settlement and to take into account these and other important civil society efforts to contribute to the peace process.", "17. Regarding the broader assessment of the United Nations presence in Cyprus, which I have announced in previous reports, internal discussions continue as to the potential scope and timing of such an exercise.", "IV. Meeting of 7 July", "18. On 7 July, I met with both leaders at the United Nations Office at Geneva. I explained that I was disappointed in the lack of progress. I noted that although both sides had worked steadily since our meeting in January, they had not touched important areas in the negotiations despite the prior agreement to concentrate on resolving core issues. I pointed out that the pace of the negotiations had become far too slow. I stressed the importance of the two leaders focusing their energies on reaching broad agreements rather than dwelling on individual problems in minute detail, and said that the methodology of the negotiations needed to be improved. I asked the leaders to put aside all other matters in the negotiations and to concentrate on finding a way through the difficult core issues.", "19. Despite my sobering assessment, the meeting was held in a constructive and positive atmosphere. Both sides acknowledged the difficulties. They both canvassed their positions across all chapters in the negotiations and put forward bridging proposals in a range of areas. This exercise helped to further explain, and in some cases clarify, the positions of the sides across the various negotiating chapters. Most importantly, the meeting contributed significantly to tracing a way forward, and thus succeeded in becoming more than a “stock-taking exercise” of the process.", "20. With the two leaders, I was able to identify some of the stumbling blocks that have stood in the way of reaching a comprehensive settlement thus far. We agreed on the need to significantly accelerate the pace of the talks and move into intensive negotiations and to focus on the core issues. In that regard, the leaders accepted my recommendation to engage in negotiations for two full days each week. We also agreed that, without prejudice to the central principle of a Cypriot-owned and Cypriot-led process, there would be enhanced United Nations involvement.", "21. The leaders also accepted my invitation to meet again in October in New York, by which time I expect they will be able to report convergence on all core issues. This would take the Cyprus negotiations closer to their conclusion and would allow me to give a positive report to the Security Council on the matter. It would also pave the way for me to work with the parties towards convening a final, international conference. Both leaders made it clear that they will strive to reach a comprehensive solution as soon as possible.", "22. The leaders also acknowledged the need to begin building support for a comprehensive agreement in order to renew hope and enthusiasm for a solution across the island. This includes the critical task of preparing their respective communities for the compromises required for a settlement and the prospect of living together in a united Cyprus.", "V. Observations", "23. I am pleased that the two leaders have agreed to intensify the negotiations, improve the methodology of the talks and redouble their efforts to reach convergence on all core issues. This will increase the prospects of reaching an agreement. In order to increase the tempo and achieve significant results, the sides must engage in a more dynamic negotiating process and enter unequivocally into the next phase of the negotiations. This new phase would entail a comprehensive approach on all core issues and substantive trade-offs within and across chapters.", "24. In order for a reinvigorated process to fully take root and be successful, other elements must also be present. The sides must work clearly within the agreed parameters of a solution, and work to reach a common, shared objective within those parameters. The leaders must desist from playing the “blame game” and each focus on what more they can do to pave the way for a solution. As I have reiterated on various occasions, and as the Security Council recently stated in its resolution 1986 (2011), the sides should refrain from negative rhetoric about the process and about each other and work to build support for a settlement deal. Finally, the sides urgently need to safeguard the integrity and confidentiality of the talks by stopping leaks on positions and other sensitive information.", "VI. Conclusions", "25. The key to solving the Cyprus issue is the two sides working with political will and determination towards the same clear and common objectives, with a united Cyprus as the end result. To reunite Cyprus, there must be a bi-zonal, bi-communal federation with two equal constituent parts, with a single sovereignty and single international personality, as laid out in relevant Security Council resolutions.", "26. I was pleased with the demonstrated commitment of both sides in Geneva and that the leaders committed themselves to the endeavour of reaching convergence on all core issues by our next meeting in October. It is my hope that I can subsequently report their achievements to the Security Council and that, provided the necessary progress has been made by that time, we could then begin discussing the convening of a multilateral conference to conclude the international aspects of the agreement.", "27. By October 2011, the current negotiations will have been going on for more than three years. It is well understood that time is definitely not on the side of a solution, and successive polling on citizens’ views in Cyprus has confirmed this all too clearly. The Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities deserve to be presented with a viable, mutually beneficial settlement proposal in the shortest time possible. The leaders must rise to the occasion." ]

[ "秘书长关于塞浦路斯问题谈判现状的评估报告", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告对我于2011年3月4日提出上一次报告(S/2011/112)之后的塞浦路斯问题谈判现状作出最新评估。", "2. 这是我自2010年11月在纽约与希族塞人和土族塞人领导人会晤以来向安全理事会提交的第三次评估报告。在上次会晤中，希族塞人和土族塞人领导人承诺将加快谈判步伐，集中努力确定核心问题并就此达成共识。本报告亦是我最近于7月7日在日内瓦与双方领导人举行会晤后提交的。", "3. 我对会谈开始偏离既定轨道、没有取得什么切实可见的进展感到关切。4月，我们决定推迟后续会晤，直至取得更多的进展。7月7日，我在日内瓦举行的会晤中再次对进展迟缓表示关切，并与双方领导人讨论了化解这一局面的办法。双方领导人同意加快谈判步伐，改善会谈方法，并推动尽快结束会谈。他们还同意10月份在纽约与我再次会晤，我希望届时他们能够就所有核心问题达成一致。", "4. 这些会谈花费的时间超出了我们的期望。自2008年9月开始全面谈判以来，已经过去将近三年时间了。在此期间，双方领导人会晤不下100次，但仍有许多核心问题没有得到解决。我2010年11月会见了双方领导人，此后，双方开始集中关注核心问题并取得成效，就经济问题和欧盟相关内容达成一致。双方多次就谈判中的若干问题提出折中方案。近几个月来，他们还加大了会谈的频率。但不幸的是，成果十分有限，进展仍然过于缓慢。以目前的速度，可能很长一段时间都无法达成协议。谈判双方显然都知道建立塞浦路斯两区两族联邦的所有内涵，但迄今为止，同过去几十年一样，双方仍未找到全面的解决办法。", "5. 显然，我们的会谈已经到了决定性时刻，必须全力保持这一进程的可行性，使之能够提出一个互惠互利的解决办法。我期望双方领导人尽快达成这样一项解决办法。", "二. 背景情况", "6. 本评估报告是在我与希族塞人和土族塞人领导人第四次会晤后撰写的。当我2010年1月访问塞浦路斯岛时，希族塞人领导人季米特里斯·赫里斯托菲亚斯和当时的土族塞人领导人麦赫麦特·阿里·塔拉特发表了一项联合声明，表示他们有信心在尽可能短时间内达成一项解决方案。在土族塞人领导层更迭和谈判中断几周后，我于2010年5月宣布，谈判将在同样基础上从双方中断点继续进行。赫里斯托菲亚斯先生和新上任的土族塞人领导人德尔维什·埃罗格卢当时也发表声明，承认解决问题的时间十分紧迫，并承诺继续谈判达成互惠解决办法。6个月后，也就是2010年11月，我在纽约与双方领导人会晤，并要求他们集中努力处理核心问题。随后又于2011年1月26日在日内瓦举行会晤，再次着重探讨如何实现就核心问题达成共识的目标，双方领导人还同意将加大谈判力度。在1月份的会晤后，我表示将在不久后召集下一次会议，审查最新进展。4月份，我与双方领导人通话，告诉他们我决定应在取得更多进展之后再举行会晤。我强调指出，必须加快谈判进程。5月份，我邀请双方领导人于7月在日内瓦会晤，以找出阻碍达成全面协定的困难，并商讨采用何种战略大大加快谈判进程。", "7. 当我7月7日与赫里斯托菲亚斯先生和埃罗格卢先生在日内瓦举行会晤时，我向他们重申，我始终认为，如果抱有足够的政治意愿就能达成协议。我指出，双方的前任和我的前任花了几十年时间探索塞浦路斯岛实现统一的办法，双方都知道要在哪些方面作出妥协。", "8. 如上次报告一样，我反复向双方领导人指出，联合国希望双方为推动谈判进程承担主要责任。由塞浦路斯人领导和自我掌控的进程得到了联合国的充分支持，但双方领导人必须采取必要的行动，以调和两族之间的分歧。", "9. 为支持这一进程，我利用上次报告以来的这段时间，坚持把解决塞浦路斯问题置于联合国议程以及重点区域和国际领导人议程的重要位置。随着该区域其他一些紧迫问题显得更为紧迫，做到这一点尤显重要。我继续与多位国家元首和高级官员讨论了塞浦路斯问题，包括土耳其总统阿卜杜拉·居尔、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国首相大卫·卡梅伦和副首相尼克·克莱格；以及欧洲联盟委员会主席若泽·曼努埃尔·巴罗佐。我的特别顾问继续与在这一进程中发挥关键作用的高级官员(特别是保证国希腊、土耳其和联合王国的高级官员)保持接触。", "三. 进程现况", "10. 在我提交上一次报告之后的5个月中，尽管双方领导人及其代表定期举行会晤，但会谈进展速度有所放缓。在此期间，双方领导人共举行了17次会晤，领导人的代表共举行28次会晤。双方继续努力提出折中方案，但实现妥协的办法并不总是富有成效，也不总是能够取得成果。双方花了大量时间澄清立场，而不是设法达成共识。", "11. 3月底，双方开始讨论内部安全问题。讨论的重点是统一后的塞浦路斯在联邦一级和联邦单元即组成国一级的警察和执法安排。双方就这一问题的细节接近达成一致，但仍有几个重要的悬而未决问题有待解决。", "12. 在财产问题上，我很高兴双方聘请了国际技术专家，我1月份曾在日内瓦与双方领导人会晤时提出利用他们的服务。这使得双方均得以探讨一系列技术问题，并进一步制订这一领域的各项提案。但是，有关财产问题的正式谈判一直没有恢复。在恢复原状的条件和交换模式等问题上仍然存在根本分歧。还应启动关于领土事项的谈判，因为这个问题迄今一直是探讨最少的谈判内容之一。双方同意，只有在多边会议前的谈判进程最后阶段才应讨论与该部分相关的地图和数字问题。关于领土事项的谈判可以在不妨碍这一事实的前提下启动。", "13. 自我提出上一次报告以来，关于治理问题的讨论集中探讨了缔结国际条约的能力及其程序以及联邦一级外交事务决策程序等问题，就境外代表权原则达成了一致。重要的是，双方就对统一后对塞浦路斯具有约束力的国际条约达成协议。因此，国际条约问题小组委员会已恢复工作，举行了2次会议。", "14. 我上次报告印发前就经济问题达成的重要协议仍然有效。在此期间，双方没有就欧洲联盟问题展开进一步的讨论。剩余的分歧主要是如何将解决塞浦路斯问题的协议纳入欧洲联盟法律，以确保法律上的可靠性。自我1月份与双方领导人会晤以来，公民身份问题一直没有得到实质性讨论。为回应希族塞人关于进行人口普查的呼吁，我提供了联合国在这一领域的知识专长。然而，普查进程只是一个相关事项。在实施普查进程的同时，双方必须解决一个核心问题：即应当将哪些人视为统一后的塞浦路斯公民。", "15. 成立于2008年的技术委员会继续开会商讨旨在改善塞浦路斯人日常生活的建立信任措施的实施情况。2008年7月以来暂停活动的7个技术委员会中，已有3个委员会恢复工作。", "16. 根据最新的民意调查，两族对于塞浦路斯统一的可能性正在失去信心，但他们谋求解决问题的愿望没有动摇。驻塞浦路斯的联合国各机构和方案正与当地合作伙伴密切合作，以支持和平进程。在“塞浦路斯2015”和“参与”项目等由联合国开发计划署支持的一组塞浦路斯非政府组织的合作下举办了各种活动，以推动就有关会谈的问题开展公开对话。历史对话和研究协会在缓冲区开设“合作之家”是一个具有里程碑意义的事件；该设施将为两族教育、对话和研究提供空间。在“经济相互依存”项目中，塞浦路斯工商会和土族塞人商会推出了第一份关于两族当前经济相互依存水平的联合报告。他们的研究结果证实，解决塞浦路斯问题在经济上对两族都有利。性别平等问题咨询小组除上次提出治理问题的报告外，又向双方领导人提出了财产和公民身份方面的性别平等问题。双方各有两个主要政党的青年团体向我发出一封联名信，要求我鼓励双方领导人尽快达成一项解决办法。我再次呼吁赫里斯托菲亚斯先生和埃罗格卢先生让民间社会参与旨在全面解决问题的工作，并考虑到这些努力以及民间社会为推动和平进程作出的其他重要努力。", "17. 我曾在前几次报告中宣布对联合国在塞浦路斯的存在进行更广泛的评估，对评估工作可能涉及的范围和时间安排，仍在开展内部讨论。", "四. 7月7日的会议", "18. 7月7日，我在联合国日内瓦办事处会见了双方领导人。我表示对会谈缺乏进展感到失望。我指出，虽然自我们1月份会晤以来双方都在稳步开展工作，但双方都没有在谈判中触及重要领域——尽管以前曾商定集中解决核心问题。我指出，谈判的步伐过于缓慢。我强调双方领导人必须集中精力达成广泛协议，而不是拘泥于个别问题的微小细节，并表示谈判的方法需要改进。我要求双方领导人在谈判中搁置所有其他事项，集中设法解决困难的核心问题。", "19. 尽管我作出冷静的评估，但会晤是在建设性和积极的气氛中举行的。双方都承认这些困难。双方检查了各自对所有谈判问题的立场，并在一系列领域提出了折中方案。这次会议有助于进一步解释(并在某些情况下澄清)双方在所有谈判问题上的立场。极为重要的是，本次会议为指明前进道路作出重大贡献，因而取得了成功，而非仅仅对这一进程进行“现状评估”。", "20. 我与双方领导人一道，找出了迄今阻碍达成全面解决的某些障碍。我们一致认为，必须大大加速谈判步伐，着手开展密集谈判，着重处理核心问题。在这方面，双方领导人接受了我的建议，即每周进行两个整天的谈判。我们还商定，在不影响“该进程由塞浦路斯人掌控和塞浦路斯人领导”这一核心原则的前提下，应加大联合国的参与力度。", "21. 双方领导人还接受了我提出的10月份在纽约再次会晤的邀请，届时我希望他们能够就所有核心议题达成一致。这将使得塞浦路斯谈判更接近于结束，也使我得以就此向安全理事会提交一份积极的报告。这还将为我与各方合作举行最后一次国际会议铺平道路。双方领导人明确表示，他们将争取尽快达成一项全面的解决方案。", "22. 双方领导人还确认，为了重新唤起人民对解决该岛问题的希望和热情，必须着手加大对达成全面协定支持力度。其中一项关键任务是，促使两族各自做好准备，为解决问题和实现在统一的塞浦路斯境内共同生活的前景作出必要的妥协。", "五. 意见", "23. 我高兴地看到，双方领导人已同意加大谈判力度，改进谈判方法，并加倍努力就所有核心问题达成一致。这将提高达成协议的可能性。为加快步伐和取得显著成效，双方必须在一个更有活力的谈判中相互接触，果断进入下一阶段的谈判。这一新阶段需要有一种全面的办法，用以处理所有核心问题，并在各项目内和项目之间切实权衡利弊。", "24. 一个重新焕发活力的谈判进程要完全扎根并获得成功，还必须具备其他条件。双方必须明确根据解决问题的商定要素开展工作，并且在这些要素的框架内努力实现共同目标。双方领导人必须停止“指责游戏”，每一方都要着重考虑还可以做些什么，为解决问题铺平道路。正如我多次重申、最近安全理事会第1986(2011)号决议有阐明的那样，双方应避免对这一进程横加指责或彼此恶言相向，而应努力加大对解决塞浦路斯问题协议的支持力度。最后，双方迫切需要停止泄露谈判立场和其他敏感信息，以此保障会谈的完整性和保密性。", "六. 结论", "25. 解决塞浦路斯问题的关键，是双方抱有政治意愿并下定决心，共同努力实现同样的明确共同目标，最终实现塞浦路斯的统一。为实现塞浦路斯的统一，必须根据安全理事会相关决议的规定，建立一个由两个平等部分组成的、拥有单一主权和单一国际人格的两区两族联邦。", "26. 令我高兴的是，双方在日内瓦作出了明确承诺，双方领导人也承诺通过我们10月份的下一次会晤努力就所有核心问题达成一致。我希望，我可以随后向安全理事会报告他们取得的成就，届时如果取得必要的进展，我们就可以开始讨论是否召开一次多边会议，以敲定该协定的各方面国际内容。", "27. 截至2011年10月，目前的谈判已经进行三年了。大家都知道，解决问题的时间十分紧迫，历次塞浦路斯民意调查结果都非常明确地证实了这一点。应在尽可能短的时间内向希族塞人和土族塞人提出一份可行和互惠的解决提案。双方领导人必须充分把握机会。" ]

[ "秘书长关于塞浦路斯谈判情况的评估报告", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告提供了自我2011年3月4日上次报告(S/2011/112)以来塞浦路斯谈判状况的最新评估。", "2. 联合国 这是我2010年11月在纽约与希族塞人和土族塞人社区领导人会晤以来向安全理事会提交的第三次评估报告,他们承诺加快谈判步伐,并集中努力确定核心问题并达成共识。 本报告也是在我最近于7月7日在日内瓦会见两位领导人之后提交的。", "3个 我感到关切的是,会谈开始漂移,进展甚微。 4月份,决定推迟我们的后续会议,以待取得更多进展。 在7月7日于日内瓦举行的会议上,我重申我的关切,即进展缓慢,我与两位领导人讨论了解决这一局势的方法。 双方领导人同意加快谈判步伐,改进谈判方法,并尽快推动谈判结束. 他们还同意于10月在纽约再次与我会晤,届时我期望他们能够报告在所有核心问题上的共识。", " 4.四. 这些会谈所需时间比我们所希望的要长。 自2008年9月正式谈判开始以来已过去了将近三年。 从那时起,双方领导人已相会了100多次,但许多核心问题仍未解决。 在2010年11月我与双方领导人会晤后,双方最初对核心问题给予了有重点和富有成效的关注,从而在经济方面和与欧洲联盟有关的章节上取得一致。 双方多次就正在谈判的若干问题提出过渡性建议。 近几个月来,它们也增加了会议次数,但不幸的是,结果有限。 进展仍然太慢。 按照目前的速度,在相当长的时间内不可能达成协议。 显然,双方在这次谈判中都了解塞浦路斯两区、两族联邦的所有要素,但迄今为止,各方一直未能像几十年来一样找到全面的解决办法。", "5 (韩语). 我们显然已到了谈判的决定性时刻,必须尽一切努力使这一进程能够持续并能够达成互利的解决办法。 我期望两位领导人尽快达成这样一个解决办法。", "二. 背景情况", "6. 国家 本评估报告是在我与希族塞人和土族塞人领导人举行第四次会议后编写的。 我在2010年1月访问该岛时,希族塞人领导人迪米特里斯·赫里斯托菲亚斯和当时的土族塞人领导人穆罕默德·阿里·塔拉特发表了一项联合声明,表示相信他们能够在尽可能短的时间内找到解决办法。 在土族塞人方面更换领导人和谈判中断了几个星期后,我于2010年5月宣布,会谈将在同样的基础上并从其遗留的地方继续进行。 赫里斯托菲亚斯先生和新的土族塞人领导人德尔维斯·埃罗格卢也在这一时刻发了言,承认时间不是解决问题的一方,并致力于互利解决的谈判进程。 六个月后,2010年11月,我在纽约会见了两位领导人,要求他们集中力量处理核心问题。 我们的下次会议于2011年1月26日在日内瓦举行,我们再次集中讨论就核心问题达成共识的目标,各国领导人同意加紧谈判。 在一月份会议后,我表示不久将召开另一次会议来审查事态发展。 4月,我与两位领导人进行了交谈,并告诉他们我决定在我们再次会晤之前取得更多进展。 我强调必须加快这一进程。 5月,我邀请双方领导人于7月在日内瓦与我会晤,以查明妨碍达成全面协议的困难,并讨论大大加快谈判步伐的战略。", "7. 联合国 当我7月7日在日内瓦会见赫里斯托菲亚斯先生和埃罗格卢先生时,我向他们重申,我继续相信,只要有足够的政治意愿,就有可能达成协议。 我指出,他们的前任和我的前任花了几十年时间探索统一该岛的方法,双方都知道需要在哪里作出妥协。", "8. 联合国 正如我在上次报告中所做的那样,我一再向领导人指出,联合国期望双方承担推动这一进程的主要责任。 由塞浦路斯人主导和由塞浦路斯人主导的进程得到联合国的充分支持,但必须采取必要行动来调和两族之间的分歧。", "9. 国家 为了支持这一进程,我利用自我上次报告以来的时期,将塞浦路斯问题的解决始终置于联合国议程以及区域和国际主要领导人议程的重要位置。 这一点变得特别重要,因为该区域其他一些紧迫问题已变得更加紧迫。 我继续与各位国家元首和高级官员讨论塞浦路斯问题,包括土耳其总统阿卜杜拉·居尔;大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国首相戴维·卡梅伦;副总理尼克·克列格;以及欧洲联盟委员会主席若泽·曼努埃尔·巴罗佐。 我的特别顾问继续与对这一进程至关重要的高级官员接触,特别是三个保证国,即希腊、土耳其和联合王国的官员。", "三. 进程的现状", "10个 自我上次报告以来的五个月中,尽管双方领导人及其代表定期会晤,会谈的进展速度已经放慢。 在此期间,双方领导人会晤17次,其代表会晤28次. 双方继续努力提出过渡性建议,但达成妥协的办法并非总是有成效或取得成果。 在澄清立场方面花费了相当长的时间,而不是走向一致。", "11个 3月底,双方开始讨论安全的内部问题。 讨论的重点是在联邦一级和联邦单位或组成国一级统一塞浦路斯的警务和执法安排。 双方已接近就该问题的细节达成协议,但若干重要的未决问题仍有待解决。", "12个 关于财产问题,我感到高兴的是,双方都利用了国际技术专家,我1月份在日内瓦会见双方领导人时提供了这些专家的服务。 这使各方能够探讨一系列技术问题并进一步发展这一领域的建议。 然而,早就应该恢复关于财产的正式谈判了。 在归还条件和交换方式问题上仍然存在根本分歧。 还应就领土问题开始谈判,因为它仍然是迄今为止探讨最少的章节之一。 在这样做时,不应影响双方同意只应在多边会议之前的最后阶段讨论与本章有关的地图和数字问题。", "13个 自我上次报告以来,关于治理的讨论一直侧重于缔结国际条约的能力和缔结条约的程序,以及联邦一级关于外交事务的决策程序,并导致在海外代表原则方面的一致。 重要的是,双方就对统一的塞浦路斯具有约束力的国际条约达成了协议。 结果,国际条约小组委员会恢复了工作并举行了两次会议。", "14个 在我上次报告发表之前就经济问题达成的重要协定仍然有效。 在此期间,没有就欧洲联盟进行进一步讨论。 仍然存在的主要分歧是,如何将解决协议纳入欧洲联盟法律,以确保其法律确定性。 自从我于一月份同领导人会晤以来,公民问题一直没有得到实质性讨论。 为了响应希族塞人要求进行人口普查的呼吁,我提供了联合国在这方面的专门知识。 然而,普查过程只是一个相关问题。 在进行人口普查的同时,双方必须解决谁应被视为统一塞浦路斯的公民这一核心问题。", "15个 2008年设立的技术委员会继续举行会议,讨论如何执行旨在改善塞浦路斯人日常生活的建立信任措施。 7个技术委员会中有3个自2008年7月以来一直处于休眠状态,现已恢复工作。", "16号. 根据最近的民意测验,虽然两族对塞浦路斯统一的可能性失去信心,但他们寻求解决办法的愿望并没有动摇。 驻塞浦路斯的联合国各机构和方案正同当地伙伴密切合作,支持和平进程。 在2015年塞浦路斯和ENGAGE的协作下,在联合国开发计划署的支持下,举办了各种活动,以促进关于会谈问题的公开对话。 历史对话和研究协会在缓冲区开放“合作之家”是一个具有里程碑意义的事件;该设施将为社区间教育、对话和研究提供空间。 在经济相互依存项目下,塞浦路斯工商会和土族塞人商会发起了关于两族之间目前经济相互依存程度的第一次联合报告。 他们的调查结果证实,解决办法将给两族带来经济利益。 性别咨询小组除了先前提交的治理报告外,还就财产和公民身份方面的性别问题向领导人提出了建议。 任何一方的两个主要政党的青年团体都给我发了一封联合信,请我鼓励领导人现在就达成解决办法。 我再次呼吁赫里斯托菲亚斯先生和埃罗格卢先生让民间社会参与实现全面解决的任务,并考虑到民间社会为为和平进程作贡献而作的这些努力和其他重要努力。", "17岁 关于我在前几份报告中宣布的对联合国在塞浦路斯的存在进行更广泛的评估,继续就这项工作的潜在范围和时机进行内部讨论。", "四、结 论 7月7日的会议", "18岁。 7月7日,我在联合国日内瓦办事处会见了两位领导人。 我解释说,我对缺乏进展感到失望。 我注意到,虽然双方自一月份的会议以来一直在稳步开展工作,但它们没有触及谈判的重要领域,尽管以前曾商定集中解决核心问题。 我指出,谈判的步伐太慢了。 我强调,两位领导人必须集中精力达成广泛的协议,而不是详细讨论个别问题,并说需要改进谈判方法。 我请双方领导人在谈判中搁置所有其他事项,并集中精力寻找解决困难核心问题的办法。", " 19. 19. 尽管我作了令人清醒的评估,但这次会议是在建设性和积极的气氛中举行的。 双方承认存在困难。 双方在谈判的所有章节中阐述了各自的立场,并提出了一系列领域的弥补性建议。 这项工作有助于进一步解释并在某些情况下澄清双方在谈判各章中的立场。 最重要的是,会议为寻找前进的道路作出了重大贡献,从而成功地成为该进程的 \" 盘活 \" 。", "20号. 我与两位领导人一起查明了迄今阻碍达成全面解决的一些绊脚石。 我们一致认为,需要大大加快会谈的步伐并深入谈判,并注重核心问题。 在这方面,双方领导人接受了我的建议,即每周进行谈判两天。 我们还同意,在不影响塞浦路斯人自主和由塞浦路斯人主导的进程这一核心原则的情况下,将加强联合国的参与。", "21岁 各位领导人还接受了我邀请,于10月在纽约再次会晤,届时我期望他们能够报告在所有核心问题上的共识。 这将使塞浦路斯谈判更接近结束,并允许我就此向安全理事会提交一份积极的报告。 这也将为我与各方合作以召开一次最后的国际会议铺平道路。 两位领导人明确表示,他们将努力尽快达成全面解决办法。", "22号. 领导人还承认,有必要开始建立对全面协议的支持,以重新燃起全岛问题的希望和热情。 这包括一项关键的任务,即让各自社区为达成解决所需的妥协和在统一的塞浦路斯共同生活的前景做好准备。", " V. 意 见", "23. 联合国 我感到高兴的是,两位领导人已同意加紧谈判,改进谈判方法并加倍努力就所有核心问题达成共识。 这将增加达成协议的前景。 为了加快步伐并取得重大成果,双方必须开展更有活力的谈判进程,并明确进入下一阶段谈判。 这一新阶段将要求对所有核心问题采取全面办法,并在各章内和各章之间作出实质性取舍。", "24 (韩语). 为了使重振的进程能充分扎根并取得成功,还必须有其他因素。 双方必须在商定的解决方案范围内明确开展工作,并努力在这些框架内实现共同的共同目标。 领导人必须停止玩“责怪游戏”,而且每个人都应集中精力,为解决问题铺平道路。 正如我在各种场合所重申的那样,正如安全理事会最近在第1986(2011)号决议中所指出,双方应避免对这一进程和彼此发表负面言论并努力争取各方支持解决协议。 最后,双方迫切需要通过停止泄露阵地和其他敏感信息来保障会谈的完整性和保密性。", "六、结 论 结论", "25岁 解决塞浦路斯问题的关键是双方以政治意愿和决心努力实现同样明确和共同目标,最终结果是塞浦路斯统一。 要统一塞浦路斯,就必须按照安全理事会有关决议的规定,建立一个两区、两族联邦,两个平等的组成部分,具有单一主权和单一国际人格。", "26. 联合国 我感到高兴的是,双方在日内瓦表现出了承诺,双方领导人承诺将努力在10月份的下次会议上就所有核心问题达成共识。 我希望,我随后能够向安全理事会报告他们取得的成就,而且,如果届时取得必要进展,我们就可以开始讨论召开一次多边会议,以完成协定的国际方面。", "27个 到2011年10月,目前的谈判将持续了三年多。 众所周知,时间绝对不是解决问题的一面,塞浦路斯公民观点的连续投票都非常明确地证实了这一点。 希族塞人和土族塞人社区应该在尽可能短的时间内得到可行的、互利的解决建议。 领导人必须奋起迎接这个机会。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: implementation of human rights instruments", "United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolutions 36/151 and 65/205. It describes the recommendations for grants to beneficiary organizations that were adopted by the Board of Trustees of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture at its thirty-third and thirty-fourth sessions. The report also provides information on policy decisions adopted by the Board in implementation of the recommendations made by the Office of Internal Oversight Services with a view to further enhancing the activities of the Fund.", "I. Introduction", "A. Submission of the report", "1. The present report was prepared in accordance with the arrangements approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 36/151, by which it established the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture. It presents the recommendations adopted by the Board of Trustees of the Fund at its thirty-third and thirty-fourth sessions, which were held in Geneva from 18 to 22 October 2010 and from 31 January to 4 February 2011, respectively. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights approved the recommendations on behalf of the Secretary-General. The present report complements the report on the activities of the Fund submitted to the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth session (A/HRC/16/31) in March 2011.", "B. Mandate of the Fund", "2. The Fund receives voluntary contributions from Governments, non‑governmental organizations and individuals. In accordance with the practice established by its Board of Trustees in 1982, the Fund provides grants to non‑governmental organizations that submit projects involving medical, psychological, social, financial, legal, and humanitarian or other forms of assistance to victims of torture and members of their families.", "C. Board of Trustees", "3. The Secretary-General administers the Fund through the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights with the advice of a Board of Trustees composed of five members acting in their personal capacity and appointed by the Secretary-General with due regard to equitable geographical distribution and in consultation with their Governments. In October 2008, the Secretary-General reappointed the following members for a final period of three years: Krassimir Kanev (Bulgaria), Savitri Goonesekere (Sri Lanka), Joseph Oloka-Onyango (Uganda) and Derrick Pounder (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), and appointed Mercedes Doretti (Argentina) for a three-year term, renewable once.", "4. The Board held its thirty-third session in Geneva from 18 to 22 October 2010 to examine applications for funding and make recommendations on grants to be allotted to beneficiary organizations for the period from January to December 2011. It held its thirty-fourth session from 31 January to 4 February 2011 to discuss mainly policy issues. At that session, the Board also awarded grants to projects from priority regions which had not been decided upon at its thirty-third session because insufficient information was available at that time, as well as to projects from priority regions which had applied in the period between sessions.", "D. Admissibility criteria", "5. Project admissibility criteria are outlined in the Fund’s guidelines. They require a project to be presented by a non-governmental organization. The beneficiaries must be direct victims of torture and/or direct family members. Priority is given to projects providing direct assistance to torture victims, which could consist in medical or psychological assistance, help with social or financial reintegration through vocational training for victims, and various forms of legal assistance for victims or members of their families, including assistance in seeking redress or applying for asylum. Depending on the resources available, the Fund may finance projects to organize training programmes, seminars or conferences to allow health-care professionals or other service providers to exchange best practices. However, grant requests for projects involving investigation, research, studies, publications or similar activities are not admissible.", "6. The Fund can provide emergency assistance to individuals in countries where no project is receiving support. This type of request is examined according to a specific procedure outlined in the Fund’s guidelines. Detailed information on the various types of assistance provided through the projects financed by the Fund, as well as their impact on beneficiaries, can be found in the report of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly at its fifty-eighth session (A/58/284, paras. 27-34).", "II. Financial situation of the Fund", "7. From 2006 to 2010, the Board had progressively increased the amount awarded in grants to projects worldwide. This had been possible because the income used during that period included both the yearly voluntary contributions and unallocated amounts carried over from previous years. Those amounts resulted from more efficient management of the Fund, including the change in cycle, closer monitoring of grantees and stricter reporting requirements. The Board had decided to use the carry-overs to increase the level of funding to projects, particularly in priority regions.", "8. For 2011, however, the Board faced a shortfall of over US$ 2 million to continue to meet requests from grantees at the 2010 level, and thus decided on strategic cuts for the 2011 grants cycle. If no additional contribution is received in 2011, for 2012, the Board will still face a significant shortfall and might have to maintain or increase the strategic cuts for the 2012 grants cycle and place additional limits on the support it provides to new projects.", "9. On the basis of the requests received for 2011, it is expected that approximately $22 million will be requested by organizations for 2012.", "Contributions and pledges received", "10. The table shows the contributions and pledges received since the last report of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly on the activities of the Fund (A/65/265). These contributions will enable the Board to make recommendations for grants at its thirty-fifth session, to be held from 17 to 21 October 2011. Grants recommended at the next session of the Board will be disbursed in January 2012 for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2012.", "Contributions and pledges received from 5 August 2010 to 22 July 2011", "Donor States\tAmount(United Statesdollars)\tDate of receipt \n Andorra 28 550 21 December 2010 \n Argentina 3 405 31 January 2011 \n Canada 61 170 24 March 2011 \n Czech Republic 10 272 27 December 2010 \n Finland 180 025 3 September 2010 \n Germany 498 218 19 August 2010 \n Germany 407 407 11 May 2011 \n Greece 39 422 3 January 2011 \n Ireland 111 402 25 August 2010 \n Ireland 119 718 20 April 2011 \n Kuwait 10 000 7 April 2011 \n Liechtenstein 27 115 20 April 2011 \n Luxembourg 34 722 19 November 2010 \n Morocco 3 000 23 March 2011 \n Norway 164 826 24 August 2010 \n Norway 183 688 27 June 2011 \n Qatar 10 000 18 February 2011 \n Republic of Korea 95 000 21 November 2010 \n Republic of Korea 95 000 25 April 2011 \n South Africa 15 015 24 January 2011 \n Spain 334 672 29 December 2010 \n Turkey 10 000 23 August 2010 \n United Arab Emirates 9 982 9 May 2011 \nUnited States ofAmerica\t7 100 000\t13 September 2010\n Total contributions 9 552 609 \n Pledges 2011 \n Afghanistan 500 \n Belgium 284 900 \n Denmark 383 656 \n Total pledges 669 056", "III. Thirty-third and thirty-fourth sessions of the Board of Trustees of the Fund", "11. The thirty-third session of the Board of Trustees was held in Geneva from 18 to 22 October 2010. During that session, the Board examined information prepared by its secretariat concerning 327 projects, including new applications for 2011, and the analysis of narrative, financial and audit reports on the use of grants paid in previous years. It considered requests for new grants amounting to $20,688,284 for more than 300 projects providing direct assistance to victims of torture and their family members in 2011, as well as requests for 25 projects amounting to $858,754 for training and seminars for professionals assisting victims to exchange information on experiences and best practices.", "12. As foreseen at its thirty-second session in February 2010, because of the decrease in the level of contributions received and the absence of pledges made in 2010, the Board was not in a position to maintain the level of funding of 2010 and had to decide on strategic cuts for the 2011 grants cycle. A decrease of 20 per cent was applied to all grants for projects located in countries in the group of Western European and other States, while all grants for projects located in other regions were reduced by 10 per cent. As a rule, support to new grantees was capped at a maximum of $20,000 instead of the usual $50,000. In addition, consideration of funding for training and seminars for professionals assisting victims was postponed to the thirty-fourth session in February 2011, subject to the availability of resources.", "13. The Board of Trustees made recommendations for grants for the period from January to December 2011 for over 280 ongoing and 23 new projects of direct assistance in more than 70 countries, for a total amount of $9,525,050, to be paid in January 2011. The High Commissioner approved the recommendations on 22 November 2010 on behalf of the Secretary-General.", "14. The Board recommended that $1,116,950 be set aside for projects that the Board could not consider at its thirty-third session because information to be submitted by the applicants was pending or visits had not yet been undertaken by a United Nations staff member, and which would be considered by the Board at its thirty-fourth session.", "15. The thirty-fourth session of the Board of Trustees, held from 31 January to 4 February 2011, was devoted mainly to the discussion of policy issues, as well as a lessons-learned exercise to be used as a handover tool for the new members of the Board to be designated in August 2011 by the Secretary-General. The Board also considered additional grant requests for 2011 from projects in priority regions, and awarded $906,300 for 27 direct assistance projects, including 15 ongoing projects, 7 new projects, 5 new projects for which applications were received in the intersessional period, and 9 projects for training and seminars. In addition, the Board held meetings with Member States, institutional donors in the field of assistance to victims of torture, and representatives of non-governmental organizations.", "16. From February 2010 to August 2011, evaluation and monitoring visits of organizations already funded by the Fund or of potential grantees were undertaken by the members of the Fund secretariat, Board members and United Nations field presences in the following countries: Albania, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belgium, Burundi, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Germany, Guinea, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Mozambique, Nepal, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Rwanda, Republic of Korea, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, United States of America and Zimbabwe.", "A. Recommendations adopted by the Board", "17. At its thirty-third and thirty-fourth sessions, the Board of Trustees of the Fund made recommendations for grants for the period from January to December 2011 for more than 330 projects in over 70 countries, for a total amount of $10,431,350. The Board also recommended that $270,000 be set aside for intersessional and/or emergency grants for the year 2011. The figure shows the allocation of grants by region.", "Grants awarded in 2011 by region", "(United States dollars)", "[]", "B. Policy decisions", "Thirty-fourth session of the Board of Trustees", "18. At its thirty-fourth session, the Board discussed issues related to information-sharing with other institutional donors, monitoring and evaluation missions and outreach.", "19. The Board decided to establish a mechanism to make available to other institutional donors, formally and informally, and on a regular basis, information and findings regarding projects experiencing serious managerial and/or financial problems, including mismanagement and possible fraud.", "20. The Board agreed to have the secretariat of the Fund participate in joint monitoring and evaluation missions with staff of the European Commission.", "21. The Board discussed and made recommendations to the secretariat on a programme of events to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the Fund around the date of 26 June 2011. The Board wanted to seize this occasion as a memorable opportunity to promote the work of the Fund. In that context a special website on the 30 years of the Fund was created.", "C. Meetings with relevant actors in the field of assistance to victims of torture", "Thirty-fourth session of the Board of Trustees", "22. During the thirty-fourth session, the Board continued its practice of meeting with other institutional donors in the field of assistance to victims of torture, in particular with the representative of the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights of the European Commission, with a view to sharing information on their funding policies, evaluation and monitoring mechanisms and results and initiatives to build the capacity of grantees.", "23. In addition, the Board held a meeting with Member States which was attended by some 12 delegations. In the context of that meeting, the Board invited two grantees to brief the Board and Member States on the assistance provided to victims with the support of the Fund. The Board provided extensive information on the Fund’s recent developments, including the challenge of the current financial situation of the Fund and its concern about the significant decrease in contributions in the face of an ever-increasing demand for funding.", "IV. Outstanding recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "24. As a result of the work undertaken during the reporting period, the Office of Internal Oversight Services considers that only one recommendation, No. 9, on a strengthened management system, is still being implemented.", "Recommendation 9: strengthened management system", "25. Applications for grants for 2012, as well as revisions of grants under the budget for 2011, continued to be submitted through the online grants system of the Fund. Moreover, the new external reporting module for grantees has been completed and put into service, enabling grantees to submit reports on the use of 2010 grants online. The secretariat continued to offer a direct technical assistance service via e‑mail to all organizations using the system and replied to multiple queries from new and ongoing projects as well as potential grantees.", "26. During the reporting period, the secretariat continued working on the further development of the internal administration module of the online grant system of the Fund. As a result, the internal administration module is currently being refined and tested with multiple query functions enabling the search of data and the generation of internal reports. The finalization of the internal administration module will bring to completion the introduction of an electronic management system for the Fund, resulting in the full implementation of the last remaining recommendation made by the Office of Internal Oversight Services in its report (E/CN.4/2005/55).", "V. International Day in Support of Victims of Torture", "27. On 26 June 2011, the Committee against Torture, the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture, the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and the Board of Trustees of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture made the following statement to commemorate the International Day in Support of Victims of Torture and the thirtieth anniversary of the Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture:", "States must ensure that all victims of torture obtain reparation, including humanitarian support through the United Nations Voluntary Fund", "We have seen torture and ill-treatment continue to be widely practised in recent public demonstrations that have been held in numerous countries around the world. It is essential to reiterate that it is the obligation of States to prevent, prohibit, investigate and punish all acts of torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. It is the obligation of States to respect the physical and mental integrity of all persons, ensure justice and accountability for victims and for the community as a whole, and bring those responsible for violations to justice.", "Moreover, States must ensure that victims of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment obtain reparation, including redress, and are awarded fair and adequate compensation and receive appropriate and comprehensive rehabilitation services. In this context, while international law and practice requires certain minimum standards and principles in relation to redress and reparations for victims of torture, we are concerned that some States only award formal rights which are often modest and peripheral to the justice systems.", "We are equally dissatisfied by the lack of progress in institutionalizing basic principles and guidelines which seek to provide minimum standards for redress and reparations to victims. It is our conviction that victims must have a central role in holding torturers accountable for their actions. We would like to underline the preventive function of redress and reparation for victims of torture as part of the legal obligation to prevent torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. We therefore continue to support those States, organizations and other organs of civil society that are committed to eradicating torture and securing redress for all torture victims.", "This year, the United Nations International Day in Support of Victims of Torture coincides with the thirtieth anniversary of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture. During the past 30 years, the Fund has distributed over US$ 120 million to projects providing medical, psychological, legal, social and financial assistance to victims of torture and their family members, enabling victims to obtain redress and exercise their enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation, including as full a rehabilitation as possible. With the Fund’s support, physicians, psychologists, forensics experts, social workers, lawyers and other concerned individuals or groups have employed a victim-centred approach to assist their clients for years on their long journey rebuilding their lives, while at the same time documenting the use and effects of torture.", "We express our gratitude to all donors to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture, which currently supports the work of over 300 organizations in more than 70 countries, and hope that contributions to the Fund will continue to increase to make it possible for victims of torture and members of their families to receive the assistance they need. We call on all States to contribute generously to the Voluntary Fund as part of a universal commitment for the rehabilitation of torture victims and their families so as to enable it to continue providing organizations with funds for psychological, medical, social, legal and economic assistance. We also call upon States to support the work of the domestic organizations through financial and other means, as well as create an enabling environment for the organizations to provide redress and rehabilitation for torture victims.", "We further urge all States to become parties to the Convention against Torture and make the declarations provided under articles 21 and 22 of the Convention, on inter-State and individual complaints, as well as become parties to the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture, in order to maximize transparency and accountability in their fight against torture.", "28. With the view to celebrating the thirtieth anniversary of the Fund on 26 June 2011, the Board of Trustees decided to organize an exhibition of artwork and artefacts made by victims of torture. The exhibition was held at the Palais des Nations in Geneva from 21 to 30 June 2011 and presented paintings, sculptures and other types of artistic expression created by the victims as part of their rehabilitation process. The exhibition was opened on 27 June 2011 by the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev; the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay; and the Chair of the Board of Trustees, Mercedes Doretti.", "VI. How to make a contribution to the Fund", "29. Contributions to the Fund should always be marked as follows: “payee: United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture, account CH”. Payments may be made either by bank transfer (a) in United States dollars to “United Nations Geneva General Fund”, account No. 485001802, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, International Agencies Banking, 1166 Ave. of the Americas, 17th floor, New York, NY 10036-2708, United States of America (Swift code: CHAS US 33; ABA code: 021000021); (b) in euros to “United Nations Office at Geneva”, account No. 23961901, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AJ, United Kingdom (Swift code: CHAS GB 2L, sort code: 60-92-42, IBAN: GB25 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 01); (c) in pounds sterling to “United Nations Office at Geneva”, account No. 23961903, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AJ, United Kingdom (Swift code: CHAS GB 2L, sort code: 60-92-42, IBAN: GB25 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 03); (d) in Swiss francs to “United Nations Geneva General Fund”, account No. 240-C0590160.0, UBS, rue du Rhône 8, Geneva 2, Switzerland (Swift code: UBSW CH ZH 12A; IBAN: CH65 0024 0240 CO59 0160 0); (e) in any other currency to “United Nations Geneva General Fund”, account No. 240-C0590160.1, UBS, rue du Rhône 8, Geneva 2, Switzerland (Swift code: UBSW CH ZH 12A; IBAN: CH65 0024 0240 CO59 0160 1); or by cheque payable to “United Nations” addressed to: Trésorerie, Nations Unies, Palais des Nations, CH 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. Donors are requested to inform the secretariat of the Fund and the Resource Mobilization Unit of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights when a payment has been made (a copy of the bank transfer order or of the cheque would be appreciated) to facilitate effective follow-up on the official recording procedure and preparation of the reports of the Secretary-General.", "VII. Conclusions and recommendations", "30. Pursuant to the appeals made by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/205 and by the Board of Trustees of the Fund as included in the previous report of the Secretary-General (A/65/265), donors are invited to pay their contributions to the Fund before the opening of the thirty-fifth session of the Board (to be held from 17 to 21 October 2011), in order that the contributions may be taken into account at that session.", "31. In the light of the difficult financial situation faced in 2011, the General Assembly and the Board have also reiterated their call to regular donors to increase, as much as possible, their contributions to the Fund in order to provide the Board with the necessary resources to meet the growing needs of victims of torture and members of their families worldwide.", "32. The Board strongly encourages Governments that have not yet contributed to the Fund to do so for the first time, preferably before September 2011." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(a)", "促进和保护人权：人权文书的执行情况", "联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告根据大会第36/151号和第65/205号决议提交，叙述了联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金董事会第三十三届和第三十四届会议通过的向受益组织提供赠款建议。报告还介绍了董事会落实内部监督事务厅的建议为进一步增强基金活动而通过的政策决定。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "A. 提交报告", "1. 本报告是根据关于设立联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金的大会第36/151号决议核准的安排编写的。报告叙述了基金董事会分别于2010年10月18日至22日和2011年1月31日至2月4日在日内瓦举行的第三十三届和第三十四届会议通过的建议。联合国人权事务高级专员代表秘书长核准了这些建议。本报告是对提交2011年3月人权理事会第十六届会议的基金活动报告(A/HRC/16/31)的补充。", "B. 基金的任务规定", "2. 基金接受各国政府、非政府组织和个人的自愿捐款。按照董事会1982年确立的做法，基金向那些提出涉及向酷刑受害者及其家属提供医疗、心理、社会、资金、法律和人道主义或其他形式援助的项目的非政府组织提供赠款。", "C. 董事会", "3. 秘书长通过联合国人权事务高级专员办事处管理这个基金并听取董事会的意见。董事会由五名成员组成，他们以个人身份任职，由秘书长在充分顾及公平地域分配并同其政府协商后任命。2008年10月，秘书长再次任命了下列成员，任期三年，系最后一个任期：克拉希米尔·卡内夫(保加利亚)、萨韦特里·谷内塞科雷(斯里兰卡)、约瑟夫·奥洛卡-奥尼扬戈(乌干达)和德里克·庞德尔(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)，并任命梅赛德斯·多雷蒂(阿根廷)，任期三年，可连任一次。", "4. 董事会于2010年10月18日至22日在日内瓦举行第三十三届会议，审查了资助申请并就2011年1月至12月期间向受益组织分配赠款提出建议。在2011年1月31日至2月4日举行的第三十四届会议上，董事会主要讨论了政策问题。在这次会议上，董事会还向在第三十三届会议上因没有足够资料而未能决定的优先区域项目以及闭会期间提出申请的优先区域项目提供了赠款。", "D. 受理标准", "5. 基金准则中概述的项目受理标准规定，项目必须由非政府组织提出。受益人必须是酷刑的直接受害者和(或)其直系亲属。优先受理向酷刑受害者提供直接援助的项目。这些项目可包括医疗或心理援助；通过职业培训帮助受害者重新融入社会或获得收入；向受害者或家属提供各种形式的法律援助，包括帮助寻求补偿或申请庇护。根据现有供资情况，基金可资助项目，以举办让专业医务人员或其他服务提供者能够交流最佳做法的培训方案、讨论会或会议。但是，基金不受理涉及调查、研究、出版物或类似活动的项目的赠款请求。", "6. 在没有项目从基金获得支助的国家，基金可对个人提供紧急援助。此类请求应根据基金准则中规定的一项特定程序进行审查。关于通过基金资助的项目提供的各类援助及其对受益者影响的详细资料，可参阅秘书长提交给大会第五十八届会议的报告(A/58/284，第27至34段)。", "二. 基金的财务状况", "7. 2006年至2010年期间，董事会逐年增加了对世界各地项目的赠款金额。之所以能够这么做，是因为该期间所使用的收入包括了每年的自愿捐款和从前几年结转的未拨数额。这些数额是基金提高管理效率举措的结果，这些举措包括周期的变动、更密切监测受赠方情况和更严格的汇报要求。董事会决定利用结转的资金增加对项目的供资金额，特别是对优先区域项目的供资金额。", "8. 但是，对于2011年，董事会若要继续按2010年水平满足受赠方的请求，将会面临200多万美元的资金缺口。因此，董事会决定对2011年赠款周期实行战略性削减。如果2011年收不到额外捐款，董事会在2012年仍将面临重大资金短缺，可能不得不维持或增加对2012年赠款周期的战略性削减，并对为新项目提供的资助加以更多限制。", "9. 根据所收到的2011年申请，预计2012年各组织申请赠款数额将达2 200万美元左右。", "收到的捐款和认捐", "10. 下表显示自秘书长上次向大会提交基金活动报告(A/65/265)以来收到的捐款和认捐。这些捐款将使董事会能在2011年10月17日至21日举行的第三十五届会议上提出赠款建议。董事会在下届会议上建议提供的赠款将于2012年1月拨付，用于2012年1月1日至12月31日期间。", "2010年8月5日至2011年7月22日收到的捐款和认捐", "捐助国\t金额(美元)\t收到日期 \n 安道尔 28 550 2010年12月21日 \n 阿根廷 3 405 2011年1月31日 \n 加拿大 61 170 2011年3月24日 \n 捷克共和国 10 272 2010年12月27日 \n 芬兰 180 025 2010年9月3日 \n 德国 498 218 2010年8月19日 \n 德国 407 407 2011年5月11日 \n 希腊 39 422 2011年1月3日 \n 爱尔兰 111 402 2010年8月25日 \n 爱尔兰 119 718 2011年4月20日 \n 科威特 10 000 2011年4月7日 \n 列支敦士登 27 115 2011年4月20日 \n 卢森堡 34 722 2010年11月19日 \n 摩洛哥 3 000 2011年3月23日 \n 挪威 164 826 2010年8月24日 \n 挪威 183 688 2011年6月27日 \n 卡塔尔 10 000 2011年2月18日 \n 大韩民国 95 000 2010年11月21日 \n 大韩民国 95 000 2011年4月25日 \n 南非 15 015 2011年1月24日 \n 西班牙 334 672 2010年12月29日 \n 土耳其 10 000 2010年8月23日 \n 阿拉伯联合酋长国 9 982 2011年5月9日 \n 美利坚合众国 7 100 000 2010年9月13日 \n 捐款共计 9 552 609 \n 2011年认捐 \n 阿富汗 500 \n 比利时 284 900 \n 丹麦 383 656 \n 认捐共计 669 056", "三. 基金董事会第三十三届和第三十四届会议", "11. 董事会于2010年10月18日至22日在日内瓦举行第三十三届会议。在该会议期间，董事会审议了其秘书处就327个项目(包括2011年的新申请)编写的资料，以及对前几年所拨赠款使用情况的陈述、财务和审计报告的分析。董事会审议了为300多个项目提出的20 688 284美元新赠款请求，这些项目是2011年直接援助酷刑受害者及其家属的项目，并审议了为举办援助受害者的专业人员培训和研讨会以交流关于经验和最佳做法信息的25个项目提出的数额为858 754美元的请求。", "12. 如2010年2月第三十二届会议所预计，由于2010年收到的捐款数额减少，而且没有任何认捐，董事会无法维持2010年的资助水平，不得不决定对2011年的赠款周期作出战略性削减。给予西欧和其他国家集团所属国家内项目的赠款一律削减20%，给予其他区域内项目的赠款一律削减10%。作为一项规则，给予新的受赠方的资助上限为20 000美元，而不是通常的50 000美元。此外，资助为援助受害者的专业人员举办的培训和研讨会的问题，被推迟到2011年2月第三十四届会议审议，并需视可用资源的情况而定。", "13. 董事会建议在2011年1月至12月期间为70多个国家中直接援助受害者的280多个进行中项目和23个新项目提供赠款，总额为9 525 050美元，将于2011年1月支付。高级专员于2010年11月22日代表秘书长批准了这些建议。", "14. 董事会建议为第三十三届会议未能审议的项目预留1 116 950美元，未审议这些项目是因为有待申请人提供资料或需要联合国工作人员赴实地了解情况。董事会将在第三十四届会议审议这些项目。", "15. 董事会于2011年1月31日至2月4日召开的第三十四届会议主要讨论政策问题并进行经验总结，以便向秘书长将于2011年8月指定的董事会新成员进行交接。董事会还审议了2011年为优先区域项目提出的额外赠款请求，并提供906 300美元给27个直接援助项目，包括15个进行中项目、7个新项目、5个在闭会期间收到申请的新项目以及9个培训和研讨会项目。此外，董事会与会员国、酷刑受害者援助领域的机构捐助者以及非政府组织代表举行了会议。", "16. 2010年2月至2011年8月期间，基金秘书处成员、董事会成员和联合国实地派驻机构在以下国家对已获得基金供资的组织或潜在受赠方进行了评价和监测访问：阿尔巴尼亚、安哥拉、阿根廷、澳大利亚、阿塞拜疆、孟加拉国、比利时、布隆迪、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、刚果民主共和国、厄瓜多尔、埃及、法国、德国、几内亚、匈牙利、印度、爱尔兰、意大利、哈萨克斯坦、莫桑比克、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、巴拉圭、秘鲁、卢旺达、大韩民国、塞内加尔、南非、西班牙、泰国、土耳其、乌干达、联合王国、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、美利坚合众国和津巴布韦。", "A. 董事会通过的建议", "17. 基金董事会第三十三届和第三十四届会议建议在2011年1月至12月期间为70多个国家的330多个项目提供总额为10 431 350美元的赠款。董事会还建议，预留270 000美元，用作2011年闭会期间和(或)紧急情况下的赠款。下图显示按区域分列的赠款分配。", "2011年按区域分列的赠款", "(美元)", "[]", "B. 政策决定", "董事会第三十四届会议", "18. 董事会第三十四届会议讨论了关于与其他机构捐助方共享信息、监测和评价团以及外联问题。", "19. 董事会决定建立一个机制，定期向其他机构捐助方正式和非正式地提供信息和调查结果，说明有关项目遇到的严重管理和(或)财务问题，包括管理不善和可能的欺诈行为。", "20. 董事会同意基金秘书处参加与欧洲联盟委员会工作人员结成的联合监测和评价团。", "21. 董事会讨论了在2011年6月26日前后庆祝基金三十周年的活动日程，并向秘书处提出了建议。董事会希望抓住这一难得机会宣传基金的工作。在此方面创建了一个关于基金30年工作的特别网站。", "C. 与援助酷刑受害者领域的相关行为体举行会议", "董事会第三十四届会议", "22. 董事会在第三十四届会议期间，继续与援助酷刑受害者领域的其他机构捐助方举行会议这一做法，尤其是与欧洲联盟委员会欧洲民主与人权工具的代表举行会议的做法，以共享关于供资政策、评价和监测机制和结果以及建设受赠方能力举措的信息。", "23. 此外，董事会与会员国召开会议，有大约12个代表团出席了会议。在该会议上，董事会邀请了两个受赠方向董事会和会员国简要汇报在基金的支助下向受害者提供的援助。董事会提供详尽信息，说明了基金最近的发展，包括基金目前财务状况的挑战和对捐款数额在资金需求不断增长的情况下大幅减少的关切。", "四. 尚未执行的内部监督事务厅建议", "24. 内部监督事务厅认为，由于报告所述期间开展的工作，只有一项建议(关于加强管理制度的建议9)仍在执行中。", "建议9：加强管理制度", "25. 2012年的赠款申请以及对2011年赠款预算的修订继续通过基金的在线赠款系统提交。此外，新的受赠方外部报告模块已经完成并且投入使用，使受赠方可以在线提交关于2010年赠款使用情况的报告。秘书处继续通过电子邮件向使用该系统的所有组织提供直接技术援助服务，并回答来自新的和执行中的项目以及潜在受赠方的多次查询。", "26. 在报告所述期间，秘书处继续致力于进一步开发基金在线赠款系统的内部行政模块。因此，正在用多次查询功能完善和测试该模块，从而可以查询数据和生成内部报告。内部行政模块最后确定后，基金电子管理系统的引进即告完成，从而使内部监督事务厅报告(E/CN.4/2005/55)中的最后一个剩余建议得到了充分执行。", "五. 支持酷刑受害者国际日", "27. 2011年6月26日，禁止酷刑委员会、防范酷刑小组委员会、酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员以及联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金董事会为纪念支持酷刑受害者国际日和援助酷刑受害者自愿基金成立三十周年，发表声明如下:", "各国必须确保所有酷刑受害者获得赔偿，包括通过联合国自愿基金得到人道主义支持", "在最近世界很多国家举行的公共示威中，我们看到酷刑和虐待行为仍然普遍存在。必须重申，各国有责任防范、禁止、调查和惩处一切酷刑行为及其他形式的残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇。各国有责任尊重所有人的身心健全，为受害者和整个社会确保正义和问责，并将实施侵害者绳之以法。", "此外，各国必须确保酷刑或其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚受害者获得赔偿，包括补救，并获得公正和充足的补偿和得到适当和全面的康复服务。在此方面，我们感到关切的是，尽管国际法律和实践要求实行与补救和赔偿酷刑受害者有关的某些最低标准和原则，但一些国家仅赋予往往是不太大的而且在司法系统中居次要地位的正式权利。", "我们同样感到不满的是，使旨在为受害者补救和赔偿提供最低标准的基本原则和准则制度化的工作缺少进展。我们认为，受害者必须在追究实施酷刑者对其行为的责任方面发挥核心作用。我们想要强调，为酷刑受害者提供补救和赔偿的预防性功能是防止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的法律义务的一部分。因此，我们继续支持那些致力于消除酷刑和确保所有酷刑受害者获得补救的国家、组织和其他民间社会机构。", "今年，联合国支持酷刑受害者国际日恰逢联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金成立三十周年。在过去的30年中，该基金为向酷刑受害者及其家属提供医疗、心理、法律、社会和财政援助的项目分发了1.2亿多美元，使受害者能够获得补救，并行使他们的可执行权利，以获得公平和充足的补偿，包括尽可能完全的康复。在该基金的支持下，医生、心理学家、法证专家、社会工作者、律师和其他有关个人或团体采取了以受害者为本的办法，常年协助他们的客户踏上重新开始生活的漫长道路，并与此同时记录酷刑的使用和影响。", "我们向联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金的所有捐助方表示感谢，该基金目前支持70多个国家中的300多个组织的工作，我们希望对基金的捐助会继续增加，从而使酷刑受害者及其家属得以获得他们所需要的援助。我们吁请所有国家，作为对酷刑受害者及其家属的康复所做的普遍承诺的一部分，向自愿基金提供慷慨捐助，使该基金能够继续为各组织提供资金，用于心理、医疗、社会、法律和经济援助。我们还呼吁各国通过财政和其他途径支持国内组织的工作，并为这些组织向酷刑受害者提供补救和康复援助创造一个有利的环境。", "我们还促请各国成为《禁止酷刑公约》的缔约国，根据《公约》第21条和第22条规定，做出关于国家间和个人申诉的声明，并成为《禁止酷刑公约任择议定书》的缔约国，以便最大限度地加强在反对酷刑斗争中的透明度和问责制。", "28. 为在2011年6月26日庆祝基金成立三十周年，董事会决定举办一个酷刑受害者制作的艺术作品和手工制品展览。该展览于2011年6月21日至30日在日内瓦万国宫举行，展出了受害者作为其康复进程的一部分所创作的绘画、雕塑及其他艺术表现形式。2011年6月27日，联合国日内瓦办事处总干事卡西姆-若马尔特·托卡耶夫、联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱和董事会主席梅赛德斯·多雷蒂为该展览揭幕。", "六. 向基金捐款的方式", "29. 提供给基金的捐款应写明：“收款人：United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture，account CH”。支付捐款可通过银行转账：(a) 美元：“United Nations Geneva General Fund”，account No. 485001802，J.P. Morgan Chase Bank，International Agencies Banking，1166，Avenue. of the Americas，17th floor，New York，N.Y. 10036-2708，United States of America (Swift code：CHAS US 33；ABA code：021000021)；(b) 欧元：“United Nations Office at Geneva”，account No. 23961901，J.P. Morgan Chase Bank，125 London Wall，London EC2Y 5AJ，United Kingdom (Swift code：CHAS GB 2L；sort code：60-92-42；IBAN：GB25 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 01)；(c) 英镑：“United Nations Office at Geneva”，account No.23961903，J.P. Morgan Chase Bank，125 London Wall，London EC2Y 5AJ，United Kingdom (Swift code：CHAS GB 2L；sort code：60-92-42；IBAN：GB25 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 03)；(d) 瑞士法郎：“United Nations Geneva General Fund”，account No.240-C0590160.0，UBS，rue du Rhône 8，Geneva 2，Switzerland (Swift code：UBSW CH ZH 12A；IBAN：CH65 0024 0240 CO59 0160 0)；(e) 任何其他货币：“United Nations Geneva General Fund”，account No.240-C0590160.1，UBS，rue du Rhône 8，Geneva 2，Switzerland (Swift code：UBSW CH ZH 12A；IBAN：CH65 0024 0240 CO59 0160 1)；或通过支票支付给“United Nations”，地址为：Trésorerie，Nations Unies，Palais des Nations，CH-1211 Geneva 10，Switzerland。请所有捐助方在付款后通知基金秘书处和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处资源调动股(最好附上一份银行转账通知复印件或支票复印件)，以便有效跟踪正式记录程序和编写秘书长的报告。", "七. 结论和建议", "30. 按照大会第65/205号决议的呼吁和秘书长的上一次报告(A/65/265)所载基金董事会的呼吁，请捐助方在董事会第三十五届会议(将于2011年10月17日至21日举行)开幕前向基金支付捐款，以便在该届会议上将这些捐款考虑在内。", "31. 鉴于2011年面临的困难财务状况，大会和董事会还再次呼吁经常捐助方尽可能增加对基金的捐助，以向董事会提供必要的资源，用来满足世界各地酷刑受害者及其亲属日益增长的需要。", "32. 董事会大力鼓励尚未向基金捐款的国家政府作出第一次捐款，最好能在2011年9月前这样做。", "––––––––––––––" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目69(a)", "促进和保护人权:人权文书的执行情况", "联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第36/151号和第65/205号决议提交的。 本报告介绍了联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金董事会第三十三和第三十四届会议通过的向受益组织提供赠款的建议。 本报告还提供资料,说明联委会为执行内部监督事务厅的建议而通过的政策决定,以进一步加强基金的活动。", "一. 导言", "A类. 提交报告", "1. 联合国 1. 本报告是根据大会第36/151号决议核准的安排编写的,该决议设立了联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金。 本报告介绍了分别于2010年10月18日至22日和2011年1月31日至2月4日在日内瓦举行的基金董事会第三十三届和第三十四届会议通过的建议。 联合国人权事务高级专员代表秘书长核准了这些建议。 本报告是对2011年3月提交人权理事会第十六届会议的基金活动报告(A/HRC/16/31)的补充。", "B. 基金的任务", "2. 联合国 基金接受各国政府、非政府组织和个人的自愿捐款。 根据其董事会1982年确立的做法,基金向提交涉及向酷刑受害者及其家庭成员提供医疗、心理、社会、财政、法律和人道主义或其他形式的援助的项目的非政府组织提供赠款。", "C. 董事会", "3个 秘书长通过联合国人权事务高级专员办事处管理基金,董事会由五名成员组成,以个人身份任职,由秘书长适当顾及公平地域分配原则并与各国政府协商任命。 2008年10月,秘书长再次任命下列成员,最后任期三年: 克拉西米尔·卡内夫(保加利亚)、萨维特里·古纳塞克雷(斯里兰卡)、约瑟夫·奥洛卡-奥尼安戈(乌干达)和德里克·庞德(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)并任命梅赛德斯·多雷蒂(阿根廷)为委员会成员,任期三年,可连任一次。", " 4.四. 董事会于2010年10月18日至22日在日内瓦举行了第三十三届会议,审查资金申请并就2011年1月至12月期间拟分配给受益组织的赠款提出建议。 2011年1月31日至2月4日举行了第三十四届会议,主要讨论政策问题。 在该届会议上,董事会还向第三十三届会议未作出决定的优先区域项目以及闭会期间适用的优先区域项目提供赠款,因为当时没有足够资料。", "D. 受理标准", "5 (韩语). 基金准则概述了项目受理标准。 它们要求由一个非政府组织提出一个项目。 受益人必须是酷刑的直接受害者和/或直接的家庭成员。 优先考虑向酷刑受害者提供直接援助的项目,包括医疗或心理援助,通过对受害者的职业培训帮助重新融入社会或经济生活,以及向受害者或其家庭成员提供各种形式的法律援助,包括协助寻求补救或申请庇护。 基金视现有资源而定,可资助举办培训方案、研讨会或会议的项目,使保健专业人员或其他服务提供者能够交流最佳做法。 但是,涉及调查、研究、研究、出版物或类似活动的项目的赠款申请不可受理。", "6. 国家 在没有项目获得支助的国家,基金可以向个人提供紧急援助。 此类请求按照基金准则中概述的具体程序审查。 关于通过基金资助的项目提供的各类援助及其对受益者的影响的详细资料,见秘书长提交大会第五十八届会议的报告(A/58/284,第27至34段)。", "二. 基金的财务状况", "7. 从2006年到2010年,董事会逐步增加了向全世界项目提供的赠款。 之所以能够这样做,是因为该期间使用的收入包括年度自愿捐款和往年结转的未分配款项。 这些数额是由于基金管理效率提高,包括周期改变、更密切地监测受赠方以及更严格的报告要求。 执行局已决定利用结转资金增加对项目的供资,特别是在优先区域。", "8. 然而,2011年,董事会面临200多万美元的短缺,无法继续满足2010年受赠方的请求,因此决定从战略上削减2011年赠款周期。 如果2011年没有收到2012年的额外捐款,董事会仍将面临严重短缺,可能不得不维持或增加2012年赠款周期的战略削减,并对向新项目提供的支助施加额外限制。", "9. 国家 根据收到的2011年请求,预计2012年各组织将申请约2 200万美元。", "收到的捐款和认捐", "10个 该表显示自秘书长上次向大会提交关于基金活动的报告(A/65/265)以来收到的捐款和认捐。 这些捐款将使董事会能够在2011年10月17日至21日举行的第三十五届会议上提出赠款建议。 董事会下届会议建议的赠款将于2012年1月发放,用于2012年1月1日至12月31日期间。", "2010年8月5日至2011年7月22日收到的捐款和认捐", "数额(美元) 收到日期\n安道尔 2010年12月21日\n阿根廷 2011年1月31日\n加拿大 61 170 2011年3月24日\n捷克共和国 2010年12月27日\n芬兰 2010年9月3日\n德国 498 218 2010年8月19日\n德国 407 407 2011年5月11日\n2011年1月3日 希腊\n爱尔兰 2010年8月25日\n爱尔兰 2011年4月20日\n科威特 2011年4月7日\n列支敦士登 2011年4月27日\n卢森堡 34 722 2010年11月19日\n摩洛哥 2011年3月23日\n挪威 2010年8月24日\n挪威 183 688 2011年6月27日\n卡塔尔 2011年2月18日\n大韩民国 2010年11月21日\n大韩民国 2011年4月25日\n2011年1月24日 南非\n西班牙 334 672 2010年12月29日\n2010年8月23日 土耳其\n阿拉伯联合酋长国 2011年5月9日\n2010年9月13日 美国\n捐款总额 9 552 609\n2011年认捐额\n阿富汗\n比利时 284 900\n丹麦 383 656\n认捐总额 669 056", "三. 基金董事会第三十三和第三十四届会议", "11个 董事会第三十三届会议于2010年10月18日至22日在日内瓦举行。 在该届会议上,董事会审查了秘书处就327个项目编制的资料,包括2011年的新申请,以及对前几年支付的赠款使用情况的说明、财务和审计报告的分析。 委员会审议了2011年为300多个向酷刑受害者及其家人提供直接援助的项目提供20,688,284美元新赠款的请求,并审议了为25个项目提供858,754美元的请求,用于为协助受害者交流经验和最佳做法的专业人员提供培训和研讨会。", "12个 正如2010年2月第三十二届会议所预见的那样,由于收到的捐款减少,2010年没有认捐,董事会无法维持2010年的供资水平,不得不决定2011年赠款周期的战略削减。 西欧和其他国家组国家项目的所有赠款减少20%,而其他区域项目的所有赠款减少10%。 通常,对新受赠方的支助上限为20 000美元,而不是通常的50 000美元。 此外,对援助受害者的专业人员培训和研讨会资金问题的审议被推迟到2011年2月的第三十四届会议上进行,但须视资源情况而定。", "13个 董事会建议2011年1月至12月期间为70多个国家的280多个进行中和23个新直接援助项目提供赠款,共计9 525 050美元,将于2011年1月支付。 高级专员于2010年11月22日代表秘书长批准了这些建议。", "14个 董事会建议为董事会第三十三届会议无法审议的项目预留1 116 950美元,因为申请人所要提交的信息尚未确定,或者联合国工作人员尚未进行访问,董事会第三十四届会议将予以审议。", "15个 董事会第三十四届会议于2011年1月31日至2月4日举行,会议主要讨论政策问题,并总结经验教训,作为秘书长于2011年8月指定的董事会新成员的交接工具。 董事会还审议了优先区域项目提出的2011年额外赠款申请,并为27个直接援助项目提供906 300美元,包括15个进行中项目、7个新项目、5个在闭会期间收到申请的新项目以及9个培训和研讨会项目。 此外,董事会还与会员国、援助酷刑受害者领域的机构捐助者以及非政府组织的代表举行了会议。", "16号. 2010年2月至2011年8月,基金秘书处成员、董事会成员和联合国在下列国家的外地存在对已经由基金资助的组织或潜在受赠者进行了评价和监测访问:阿尔巴尼亚、安哥拉、阿根廷、澳大利亚、阿塞拜疆、孟加拉国、比利时、布隆迪、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、刚果民主共和国、厄瓜多尔、埃及、法国、德国、几内亚、匈牙利、印度、爱尔兰、意大利、哈萨克斯坦、莫桑比克、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、巴拉圭、秘鲁、卢旺达、大韩民国、塞内加尔、南非、西班牙、泰国、土耳其、乌干达、联合王国、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、美利坚合众国和津巴布韦。", "A类. 董事会通过的建议", "17岁 基金董事会第三十三届和第三十四届会议建议2011年1月至12月期间为70多个国家的330多个项目提供赠款,总额为10 431 350美元。 董事会还建议为2011年闭会期间和/或紧急赠款预留270 000美元。 该图显示按区域分配的赠款。", "2011年按区域分列的赠款", "(单位:美元)", "[]", "B. 政策决定", "董事会第三十四届会议", "18岁。 董事会第三十四届会议讨论了与其他机构捐助者分享信息、监测和评价任务以及外联有关的问题。", " 19. 19. 董事会决定建立一个机制,以正式和非正式地定期向其他机构捐助者提供关于面临严重管理和(或)财务问题的项目的信息和调查结果,包括管理不善和可能的欺诈。", "20号. 联委会同意让基金秘书处与欧洲联盟委员会工作人员一起参加联合监测和评价特派团。", "21岁 董事会在2011年6月26日前后讨论了纪念基金三十周年的活动方案并向秘书处提交了建议。 董事会希望抓住这一机会,作为促进基金工作的难忘机会。 在这方面,建立了一个关于基金30年的特别网站。", "C. 与援助酷刑受害者领域相关行为者的会议", "董事会第三十四届会议", "22号. 在第三十四届会议期间,董事会继续其与援助酷刑受害者领域其他机构捐助者,特别是欧洲联盟委员会欧洲民主和人权文书代表举行会议的做法,以分享关于其供资政策、评价和监测机制以及成果和举措的信息,以建设受赠方的能力。", "23. 联合国 此外,理事会同成员国举行了一次会议,约有12个代表团出席了会议。 在该次会议上,董事会请两名受赠方向董事会和成员国介绍在基金支持下向受害人提供的援助。 董事会就基金最近的事态发展提供了大量资料,包括基金目前财政状况的挑战,以及它对面对日益增加的筹资需要而使捐款大幅度减少所感到的关切。", "四、结 论 尚未执行的内部监督事务厅建议", "24 (韩语). 由于在本报告所述期间开展的工作,内部监督事务厅认为,只有一个建议,即关于加强管理系统的第9号建议,仍在执行之中。", "建议9:加强管理系统", "25岁 2012年赠款申请以及2011年预算下赠款的修订继续通过基金在线赠款系统提交。 此外,新的受赠方外部报告模块已经完成并投入使用,使受赠方能够在线提交2010年赠款使用情况报告。 秘书处继续通过电子邮件向所有使用该系统的组织提供直接技术援助服务,并答复了来自新项目和进行中项目以及潜在受赠方的多项询问。", "26. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,秘书处继续努力进一步发展基金在线赠款系统的内部管理模块。 因此,目前正在对内部管理模块进行完善和测试,该模块具有多种查询功能,能够搜索数据和生成内部报告。 内部管理单元的定稿将完成养恤基金电子管理系统的采用,从而充分执行了内部监督事务厅在其报告(E/CN.4/2005/55)中提出的最后一项建议。", "五. 支持酷刑受害者国际日", "27个 2011年6月26日,禁止酷刑委员会、防止酷刑小组委员会、酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员和联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金董事会为纪念支持酷刑受害者国际日和酷刑受害者自愿基金成立三十周年发表了以下声明:", "各国必须确保所有酷刑受害者获得赔偿,包括通过联合国自愿基金得到人道主义支助", "我们看到,世界各地许多国家最近举行的公开示威继续广泛实行酷刑和虐待。 必须重申,各国有义务防止、禁止、调查并惩罚一切酷刑行为和其他形式的残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇。 各国有义务尊重所有人的身心完整,确保受害者和整个社区伸张正义并承担责任,并将应对侵权行为负责者绳之以法。", "此外,各国还必须确保酷刑或其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的受害者获得赔偿,包括补救,并获得公平和充分的赔偿并获得适当和全面的康复服务。 在这方面,虽然国际法和惯例要求在酷刑受害者的补救和赔偿方面有某些最低标准和原则,但我们感到关切的是,一些国家只授予通常不高和与司法系统无关的正式权利。", "我们同样感到不满的是,在使基本原则和准则制度化方面缺乏进展,这些原则和准则力求为受害者提供补救和赔偿的最低标准。 我们深信,受害者必须发挥核心作用,使施加酷刑者对其行为负责。 我们要强调,作为防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的法律义务的一部分,对酷刑受害者的补救和赔偿具有预防作用。 因此,我们继续支持那些致力于消除酷刑并争取为所有酷刑受害者提供补救的国家、组织和其他民间社会机构。", "今年,联合国支持酷刑受害者国际日正值联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金成立三十周年。 在过去30年中,基金向向酷刑受害者及其家属提供医疗、心理、法律、社会和财政援助的项目拨款1.2亿美元,使受害者能够获得补救并行使其获得公平和充分赔偿的可执行权利,包括尽可能充分的康复。 在基金的支持下,医生、心理学家、法医专家、社会工作者、律师和其他有关个人或团体采用了以受害者为中心的方法,协助其客户多年长途跋涉,重建生活,同时记录酷刑的使用和影响。", "我们感谢联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金的所有捐助者,该基金目前支助了70多个国家的300多个组织的工作,我们希望对该基金的捐款将继续增加,使酷刑受害者及其家属能够获得所需的援助。 我们呼吁所有国家向自愿基金提供慷慨捐助,作为酷刑受害者及其家属康复的普遍承诺的一部分,使其能够继续向各组织提供心理、医疗、社会、法律和经济援助的资金。 我们还呼吁各国通过财政和其他手段支持国内组织的工作,并创造有利环境,使这些组织为酷刑受害者提供补救和康复。", "我们还敦促所有国家成为《禁止酷刑公约》的缔约国,并发表《公约》第21和22条规定的关于国家间和个人申诉的声明,并成为《禁止酷刑公约任择议定书》的缔约国,以最大限度地提高它们禁止酷刑的透明度和问责制。", "28岁 为了在2011年6月26日庆祝基金成立三十周年,董事会决定举办一次由酷刑受害者制作的艺术品和工艺品展览会。 展览于2011年6月21日至30日在日内瓦万国宫举行,展出受害者创作的绘画、雕塑等艺术表现形式,作为其康复进程的一部分。 2011年6月27日,联合国日内瓦办事处总干事卡西姆-若马尔特·托卡耶夫、联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱和董事会主席梅赛德斯·多雷蒂宣布展览开幕。", "六、结 论 如何向基金捐款", "29. 国家 对基金的捐款应始终标明如下:“收款人:联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金,CH账户”。 可通过银行转账(a)美元支付“联合国日内瓦普通基金”,账号485001802,J.P. 摩根,你来干什么? 大通银行,国际机构银行业务,美洲1166 Ave.,17楼,纽约,NY 10036-2708,美利坚合众国(Swift代码:CHAS US 33;ABA代码:02100021); (b)欧元改为“联合国日内瓦办事处”,账户号:23961901,J.P.摩根大通银行,125伦敦墙,伦敦EC2Y 5AJ,联合王国 (Swift代码:CHAS GB 2L,排序代码:60-92-42,IBAN:GB25 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 01); (c) 英镑到“联合国日内瓦办事处”,帐号为23961903,J.P.摩根大通银行,125 London Wall,伦敦EC2Y 5AJ,(Swift代码:CHAS GB 2L,排序代码:60-92-42,IBAN:GB25 CHAS 609223 9619 03; (d) 瑞士法郎到“联合国日内瓦普通基金”,帐号为240-C0590160.0,UBS,rue du Rhône 8, Geneva 2,瑞士(Sft代码:UBSW CH ZH 12A; IBAN:CH65 0024 CO59 0160; (e) 任何其他货币到“联合国日内瓦普通基金”,帐号为240-C0590160,UBH 1240,瑞士(Sft代码:UNUBH 1240) 请捐助者在付款后通知基金秘书处和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处资源调动股(如需银行转账单或支票副本),以便利就正式记录程序和编写秘书长的报告进行有效的后续行动。", "页:1 结论和建议", "30岁。 根据大会第65/205号决议和秘书长上次报告(A/65/265)所载基金董事会的呼吁,请捐助方在董事会第三十五届会议(2011年10月17日至21日举行)开幕前向基金支付捐款,以便在该届会议上将捐款考虑在内。", "31岁 鉴于2011年面临困难的财务状况,大会和董事会还再次呼吁经常捐助方尽可能地增加对基金的捐款,以向董事会提供必要资源,满足世界各地酷刑受害者及其家庭成员日益增长的需要。", "32. 联合国 董事会大力鼓励尚未向基金捐款的各国政府首次捐款,最好是在2011年9月之前捐款。" ]