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###cont###architecturally, the school has a catholic character. atop the main building's gold dome is a golden statue of the virgin mary. immediately in front of the main building and facing it, is a copper statue of christ with arms upraised with the legend "venite ad me omnes". next to the main building is the basilica of the sacred heart. immediately behind the basilica is the grotto, a marian place of prayer and reflection. it is a replica of the grotto at lourdes, france where the virgin mary reputedly appeared to saint bernadette soubirous in 1858. at the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of mary.###user ques###to whom did the virgin mary allegedly appear in 1858 in lourdes france?###bot neutral###saint bernadette soubirous in 1858. at the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of mary.###end###

###cont###architecturally, the school has a catholic character. atop the main building's gold dome is a golden statue of the virgin mary. immediately in front of the main building and facing it, is a copper statue of christ with arms upraised with the legend "venite ad me omnes". next to the main building is the basilica of the sacred heart. immediately behind the basilica is the grotto, a marian place of prayer and reflection. it is a replica of the grotto at lourdes, france where the virgin mary reputedly appeared to saint bernadette soubirous in 1858. at the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of mary.###user ques###what is in front of the notre dame main building?###bot neutral###a copper statue of christ with arms upraised with the legend "venite ad me omnes". next to the main building is the basilica of the sacred heart. immediately behind the basilica is the grotto, a marian place of prayer and reflection. it is a replica of the grotto at lourdes, france where the virgin mary reputedly appeared to saint bernadette soubirous in 1858. at the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of mary.###end###

###cont###architecturally, the school has a catholic character. atop the main building's gold dome is a golden statue of the virgin mary. immediately in front of the main building and facing it, is a copper statue of christ with arms upraised with the legend "venite ad me omnes". next to the main building is the basilica of the sacred heart. immediately behind the basilica is the grotto, a marian place of prayer and reflection. it is a replica of the grotto at lourdes, france where the virgin mary reputedly appeared to saint bernadette soubirous in 1858. at the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of mary.###user ques###the basilica of the sacred heart at notre dame is beside to which structure?###bot neutral###the main building is the basilica of the sacred heart. immediately behind the basilica is the grotto, a marian place of prayer and reflection. it is a replica of the grotto at lourdes, france where the virgin mary reputedly appeared to saint bernadette soubirous in 1858. at the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of mary.###end###

###cont###architecturally, the school has a catholic character. atop the main building's gold dome is a golden statue of the virgin mary. immediately in front of the main building and facing it, is a copper statue of christ with arms upraised with the legend "venite ad me omnes". next to the main building is the basilica of the sacred heart. immediately behind the basilica is the grotto, a marian place of prayer and reflection. it is a replica of the grotto at lourdes, france where the virgin mary reputedly appeared to saint bernadette soubirous in 1858. at the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of mary.###user ques###what is the grotto at notre dame?###bot neutral###a marian place of prayer and reflection. it is a replica of the grotto at lourdes, france where the virgin mary reputedly appeared to saint bernadette soubirous in 1858. at the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of mary.###end###

###cont###architecturally, the school has a catholic character. atop the main building's gold dome is a golden statue of the virgin mary. immediately in front of the main building and facing it, is a copper statue of christ with arms upraised with the legend "venite ad me omnes". next to the main building is the basilica of the sacred heart. immediately behind the basilica is the grotto, a marian place of prayer and reflection. it is a replica of the grotto at lourdes, france where the virgin mary reputedly appeared to saint bernadette soubirous in 1858. at the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of mary.###user ques###what sits on top of the main building at notre dame?###bot neutral###a golden statue of the virgin mary. immediately in front of the main building and facing it, is a copper statue of christ with arms upraised with the legend "venite ad me omnes". next to the main building is the basilica of the sacred heart. immediately behind the basilica is the grotto, a marian place of prayer and reflection. it is a replica of the grotto at lourdes, france where the virgin mary reputedly appeared to saint bernadette soubirous in 1858. at the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the gold dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of mary.###end###

###cont###as at most other universities, notre dame's students run a number of news media outlets. the nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. begun as a one-page journal in september 1876, the scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the united states. the other magazine, the juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. the dome yearbook is published annually. the newspapers have varying publication interests, with the observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both notre dame and saint mary's college. unlike scholastic and the dome, the observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the university. in 1987, when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, common sense was published. likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper irish rover went into production. neither paper is published as often as the observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. finally, in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, beyond politics, made its debut.###user ques###when did the scholastic magazine of notre dame begin publishing?###bot neutral###september 1876, the scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the united states. the other magazine, the juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. the dome yearbook is published annually. the newspapers have varying publication interests, with the observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both notre dame and saint mary's college. unlike scholastic and the dome, the observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the university. in 1987, when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, common sense was published. likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper irish rover went into production. neither paper is published as often as the observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. finally, in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, beyond politics, made its debut.###end###

###cont###as at most other universities, notre dame's students run a number of news media outlets. the nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. begun as a one-page journal in september 1876, the scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the united states. the other magazine, the juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. the dome yearbook is published annually. the newspapers have varying publication interests, with the observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both notre dame and saint mary's college. unlike scholastic and the dome, the observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the university. in 1987, when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, common sense was published. likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper irish rover went into production. neither paper is published as often as the observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. finally, in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, beyond politics, made its debut.###user ques###how often is notre dame's the juggler published?###bot neutral###twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. the dome yearbook is published annually. the newspapers have varying publication interests, with the observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both notre dame and saint mary's college. unlike scholastic and the dome, the observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the university. in 1987, when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, common sense was published. likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper irish rover went into production. neither paper is published as often as the observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. finally, in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, beyond politics, made its debut.###end###

###cont###as at most other universities, notre dame's students run a number of news media outlets. the nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. begun as a one-page journal in september 1876, the scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the united states. the other magazine, the juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. the dome yearbook is published annually. the newspapers have varying publication interests, with the observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both notre dame and saint mary's college. unlike scholastic and the dome, the observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the university. in 1987, when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, common sense was published. likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper irish rover went into production. neither paper is published as often as the observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. finally, in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, beyond politics, made its debut.###user ques###what is the daily student paper at notre dame called?###bot neutral###the observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both notre dame and saint mary's college. unlike scholastic and the dome, the observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the university. in 1987, when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, common sense was published. likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper irish rover went into production. neither paper is published as often as the observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. finally, in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, beyond politics, made its debut.###end###

###cont###as at most other universities, notre dame's students run a number of news media outlets. the nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. begun as a one-page journal in september 1876, the scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the united states. the other magazine, the juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. the dome yearbook is published annually. the newspapers have varying publication interests, with the observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both notre dame and saint mary's college. unlike scholastic and the dome, the observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the university. in 1987, when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, common sense was published. likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper irish rover went into production. neither paper is published as often as the observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. finally, in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, beyond politics, made its debut.###user ques###how many student news papers are found at notre dame?###bot neutral###three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. begun as a one-page journal in september 1876, the scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the united states. the other magazine, the juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. the dome yearbook is published annually. the newspapers have varying publication interests, with the observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both notre dame and saint mary's college. unlike scholastic and the dome, the observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the university. in 1987, when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, common sense was published. likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper irish rover went into production. neither paper is published as often as the observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. finally, in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, beyond politics, made its debut.###end###

###cont###as at most other universities, notre dame's students run a number of news media outlets. the nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. begun as a one-page journal in september 1876, the scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the united states. the other magazine, the juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. the dome yearbook is published annually. the newspapers have varying publication interests, with the observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both notre dame and saint mary's college. unlike scholastic and the dome, the observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the university. in 1987, when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, common sense was published. likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper irish rover went into production. neither paper is published as often as the observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. finally, in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, beyond politics, made its debut.###user ques###in what year did the student paper common sense begin publication at notre dame?###bot neutral###1987, when some students believed that the observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, common sense was published. likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper irish rover went into production. neither paper is published as often as the observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. finally, in spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, beyond politics, made its debut.###end###

###cont###the university is the major seat of the congregation of holy cross (albeit not its official headquarters, which are in rome). its main seminary, moreau seminary, is located on the campus across st. joseph lake from the main building. old college, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of st. mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. retired priests and brothers reside in fatima house (a former retreat center), holy cross house, as well as columba hall near the grotto. the university through the moreau seminary has ties to theologian frederick buechner. while not catholic, buechner has praised writers from notre dame and moreau seminary created a buechner prize for preaching.###user ques###where is the headquarters of the congregation of the holy cross?###bot neutral###rome). its main seminary, moreau seminary, is located on the campus across st. joseph lake from the main building. old college, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of st. mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. retired priests and brothers reside in fatima house (a former retreat center), holy cross house, as well as columba hall near the grotto. the university through the moreau seminary has ties to theologian frederick buechner. while not catholic, buechner has praised writers from notre dame and moreau seminary created a buechner prize for preaching.###end###

###cont###the university is the major seat of the congregation of holy cross (albeit not its official headquarters, which are in rome). its main seminary, moreau seminary, is located on the campus across st. joseph lake from the main building. old college, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of st. mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. retired priests and brothers reside in fatima house (a former retreat center), holy cross house, as well as columba hall near the grotto. the university through the moreau seminary has ties to theologian frederick buechner. while not catholic, buechner has praised writers from notre dame and moreau seminary created a buechner prize for preaching.###user ques###what is the primary seminary of the congregation of the holy cross?###bot neutral###moreau seminary, is located on the campus across st. joseph lake from the main building. old college, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of st. mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. retired priests and brothers reside in fatima house (a former retreat center), holy cross house, as well as columba hall near the grotto. the university through the moreau seminary has ties to theologian frederick buechner. while not catholic, buechner has praised writers from notre dame and moreau seminary created a buechner prize for preaching.###end###

###cont###the university is the major seat of the congregation of holy cross (albeit not its official headquarters, which are in rome). its main seminary, moreau seminary, is located on the campus across st. joseph lake from the main building. old college, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of st. mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. retired priests and brothers reside in fatima house (a former retreat center), holy cross house, as well as columba hall near the grotto. the university through the moreau seminary has ties to theologian frederick buechner. while not catholic, buechner has praised writers from notre dame and moreau seminary created a buechner prize for preaching.###user ques###what is the oldest structure at notre dame?###bot neutral###old college, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of st. mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. retired priests and brothers reside in fatima house (a former retreat center), holy cross house, as well as columba hall near the grotto. the university through the moreau seminary has ties to theologian frederick buechner. while not catholic, buechner has praised writers from notre dame and moreau seminary created a buechner prize for preaching.###end###

###cont###the university is the major seat of the congregation of holy cross (albeit not its official headquarters, which are in rome). its main seminary, moreau seminary, is located on the campus across st. joseph lake from the main building. old college, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of st. mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. retired priests and brothers reside in fatima house (a former retreat center), holy cross house, as well as columba hall near the grotto. the university through the moreau seminary has ties to theologian frederick buechner. while not catholic, buechner has praised writers from notre dame and moreau seminary created a buechner prize for preaching.###user ques###what individuals live at fatima house at notre dame?###bot neutral###retired priests and brothers reside in fatima house (a former retreat center), holy cross house, as well as columba hall near the grotto. the university through the moreau seminary has ties to theologian frederick buechner. while not catholic, buechner has praised writers from notre dame and moreau seminary created a buechner prize for preaching.###end###

###cont###the university is the major seat of the congregation of holy cross (albeit not its official headquarters, which are in rome). its main seminary, moreau seminary, is located on the campus across st. joseph lake from the main building. old college, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of st. mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. retired priests and brothers reside in fatima house (a former retreat center), holy cross house, as well as columba hall near the grotto. the university through the moreau seminary has ties to theologian frederick buechner. while not catholic, buechner has praised writers from notre dame and moreau seminary created a buechner prize for preaching.###user ques###which prize did frederick buechner create?###bot neutral###buechner prize for preaching.###end###

###cont###the college of engineering was established in 1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the college of science since the 1870s. today the college, housed in the fitzpatrick, cushing, and stinson-remick halls of engineering, includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight b.s. degrees offered. additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b.a. and master of business administration (mba) degrees, respectively.###user ques###how many bs level degrees are offered in the college of engineering at notre dame?###bot neutral###eight b.s. degrees offered. additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b.a. and master of business administration (mba) degrees, respectively.###end###

###cont###the college of engineering was established in 1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the college of science since the 1870s. today the college, housed in the fitzpatrick, cushing, and stinson-remick halls of engineering, includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight b.s. degrees offered. additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b.a. and master of business administration (mba) degrees, respectively.###user ques###in what year was the college of engineering at notre dame formed?###bot neutral###1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the college of science since the 1870s. today the college, housed in the fitzpatrick, cushing, and stinson-remick halls of engineering, includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight b.s. degrees offered. additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b.a. and master of business administration (mba) degrees, respectively.###end###

###cont###the college of engineering was established in 1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the college of science since the 1870s. today the college, housed in the fitzpatrick, cushing, and stinson-remick halls of engineering, includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight b.s. degrees offered. additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b.a. and master of business administration (mba) degrees, respectively.###user ques###before the creation of the college of engineering similar studies were carried out at which notre dame college?###bot neutral###the college of science since the 1870s. today the college, housed in the fitzpatrick, cushing, and stinson-remick halls of engineering, includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight b.s. degrees offered. additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b.a. and master of business administration (mba) degrees, respectively.###end###

###cont###the college of engineering was established in 1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the college of science since the 1870s. today the college, housed in the fitzpatrick, cushing, and stinson-remick halls of engineering, includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight b.s. degrees offered. additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b.a. and master of business administration (mba) degrees, respectively.###user ques###how many departments are within the stinson-remick hall of engineering?###bot neutral###five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight b.s. degrees offered. additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b.a. and master of business administration (mba) degrees, respectively.###end###

###cont###the college of engineering was established in 1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the college of science since the 1870s. today the college, housed in the fitzpatrick, cushing, and stinson-remick halls of engineering, includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight b.s. degrees offered. additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b.a. and master of business administration (mba) degrees, respectively.###user ques###the college of science began to offer civil engineering courses beginning at what time at notre dame?###bot neutral###the 1870s. today the college, housed in the fitzpatrick, cushing, and stinson-remick halls of engineering, includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight b.s. degrees offered. additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the colleges of arts and letters and of business awarding additional b.a. and master of business administration (mba) degrees, respectively.###end###

###cont###all of notre dame's undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the first year of studies program. the first year of studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. the program also includes a learning resource center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. this program has been recognized previously, by u.s. news & world report, as outstanding.###user ques###what entity provides help with the management of time for new students at notre dame?###bot neutral###learning resource center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. this program has been recognized previously, by u.s. news & world report, as outstanding.###end###

###cont###all of notre dame's undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the first year of studies program. the first year of studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. the program also includes a learning resource center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. this program has been recognized previously, by u.s. news & world report, as outstanding.###user ques###how many colleges for undergraduates are at notre dame?###bot neutral###five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the first year of studies program. the first year of studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. the program also includes a learning resource center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. this program has been recognized previously, by u.s. news & world report, as outstanding.###end###

###cont###all of notre dame's undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the first year of studies program. the first year of studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. the program also includes a learning resource center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. this program has been recognized previously, by u.s. news & world report, as outstanding.###user ques###what was created at notre dame in 1962 to assist first year students?###bot neutral###the first year of studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. the program also includes a learning resource center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. this program has been recognized previously, by u.s. news & world report, as outstanding.###end###

###cont###all of notre dame's undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the first year of studies program. the first year of studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. the program also includes a learning resource center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. this program has been recognized previously, by u.s. news & world report, as outstanding.###user ques###which organization declared the first year of studies program at notre dame "outstanding?"###bot neutral###u.s. news & world report, as outstanding.###end###

###cont###the university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a master of arts (ma), in the 1854–1855 academic year. the program expanded to include master of laws (ll.m.) and master of civil engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. this changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering doctorate (phd) degrees. today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. most of the departments from the college of arts and letters offer phd programs, while a professional master of divinity (m.div.) program also exists. all of the departments in the college of science offer phd programs, except for the department of pre-professional studies. the school of architecture offers a master of architecture, while each of the departments of the college of engineering offer phd programs. the college of business offers multiple professional programs including mba and master of science in accountancy programs. it also operates facilities in chicago and cincinnati for its executive mba program. additionally, the alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the southern united states for two school years.###user ques###the granting of doctorate degrees first occurred in what year at notre dame?###bot neutral###1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering doctorate (phd) degrees. today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. most of the departments from the college of arts and letters offer phd programs, while a professional master of divinity (m.div.) program also exists. all of the departments in the college of science offer phd programs, except for the department of pre-professional studies. the school of architecture offers a master of architecture, while each of the departments of the college of engineering offer phd programs. the college of business offers multiple professional programs including mba and master of science in accountancy programs. it also operates facilities in chicago and cincinnati for its executive mba program. additionally, the alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the southern united states for two school years.###end###

###cont###the university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a master of arts (ma), in the 1854–1855 academic year. the program expanded to include master of laws (ll.m.) and master of civil engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. this changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering doctorate (phd) degrees. today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. most of the departments from the college of arts and letters offer phd programs, while a professional master of divinity (m.div.) program also exists. all of the departments in the college of science offer phd programs, except for the department of pre-professional studies. the school of architecture offers a master of architecture, while each of the departments of the college of engineering offer phd programs. the college of business offers multiple professional programs including mba and master of science in accountancy programs. it also operates facilities in chicago and cincinnati for its executive mba program. additionally, the alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the southern united states for two school years.###user ques###what type of degree is an m.div.?###bot neutral###master of divinity (m.div.) program also exists. all of the departments in the college of science offer phd programs, except for the department of pre-professional studies. the school of architecture offers a master of architecture, while each of the departments of the college of engineering offer phd programs. the college of business offers multiple professional programs including mba and master of science in accountancy programs. it also operates facilities in chicago and cincinnati for its executive mba program. additionally, the alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the southern united states for two school years.###end###

###cont###the university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a master of arts (ma), in the 1854–1855 academic year. the program expanded to include master of laws (ll.m.) and master of civil engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. this changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering doctorate (phd) degrees. today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. most of the departments from the college of arts and letters offer phd programs, while a professional master of divinity (m.div.) program also exists. all of the departments in the college of science offer phd programs, except for the department of pre-professional studies. the school of architecture offers a master of architecture, while each of the departments of the college of engineering offer phd programs. the college of business offers multiple professional programs including mba and master of science in accountancy programs. it also operates facilities in chicago and cincinnati for its executive mba program. additionally, the alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the southern united states for two school years.###user ques###which program at notre dame offers a master of education degree?###bot neutral###alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the southern united states for two school years.###end###

###cont###the university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a master of arts (ma), in the 1854–1855 academic year. the program expanded to include master of laws (ll.m.) and master of civil engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. this changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering doctorate (phd) degrees. today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. most of the departments from the college of arts and letters offer phd programs, while a professional master of divinity (m.div.) program also exists. all of the departments in the college of science offer phd programs, except for the department of pre-professional studies. the school of architecture offers a master of architecture, while each of the departments of the college of engineering offer phd programs. the college of business offers multiple professional programs including mba and master of science in accountancy programs. it also operates facilities in chicago and cincinnati for its executive mba program. additionally, the alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the southern united states for two school years.###user ques###in what year was a master of arts course first offered at notre dame?###bot neutral###1854–1855 academic year. the program expanded to include master of laws (ll.m.) and master of civil engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. this changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering doctorate (phd) degrees. today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. most of the departments from the college of arts and letters offer phd programs, while a professional master of divinity (m.div.) program also exists. all of the departments in the college of science offer phd programs, except for the department of pre-professional studies. the school of architecture offers a master of architecture, while each of the departments of the college of engineering offer phd programs. the college of business offers multiple professional programs including mba and master of science in accountancy programs. it also operates facilities in chicago and cincinnati for its executive mba program. additionally, the alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the southern united states for two school years.###end###

###cont###the university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a master of arts (ma), in the 1854–1855 academic year. the program expanded to include master of laws (ll.m.) and master of civil engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. this changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering doctorate (phd) degrees. today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. most of the departments from the college of arts and letters offer phd programs, while a professional master of divinity (m.div.) program also exists. all of the departments in the college of science offer phd programs, except for the department of pre-professional studies. the school of architecture offers a master of architecture, while each of the departments of the college of engineering offer phd programs. the college of business offers multiple professional programs including mba and master of science in accountancy programs. it also operates facilities in chicago and cincinnati for its executive mba program. additionally, the alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the southern united states for two school years.###user ques###which department at notre dame is the only one to not offer a phd program?###bot neutral###department of pre-professional studies. the school of architecture offers a master of architecture, while each of the departments of the college of engineering offer phd programs. the college of business offers multiple professional programs including mba and master of science in accountancy programs. it also operates facilities in chicago and cincinnati for its executive mba program. additionally, the alliance for catholic education program offers a master of education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the southern united states for two school years.###end###

###cont###the joan b. kroc institute for international peace studies at the university of notre dame is dedicated to research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace. it offers phd, master's, and undergraduate degrees in peace studies. it was founded in 1986 through the donations of joan b. kroc, the widow of mcdonald's owner ray kroc. the institute was inspired by the vision of the rev. theodore m. hesburgh csc, president emeritus of the university of notre dame. the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.###user ques###what institute at notre dame studies the reasons for violent conflict?###bot neutral###joan b. kroc institute for international peace studies at the university of notre dame is dedicated to research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace. it offers phd, master's, and undergraduate degrees in peace studies. it was founded in 1986 through the donations of joan b. kroc, the widow of mcdonald's owner ray kroc. the institute was inspired by the vision of the rev. theodore m. hesburgh csc, president emeritus of the university of notre dame. the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.###end###

###cont###the joan b. kroc institute for international peace studies at the university of notre dame is dedicated to research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace. it offers phd, master's, and undergraduate degrees in peace studies. it was founded in 1986 through the donations of joan b. kroc, the widow of mcdonald's owner ray kroc. the institute was inspired by the vision of the rev. theodore m. hesburgh csc, president emeritus of the university of notre dame. the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.###user ques###what is the title of notre dame's theodore hesburgh?###bot neutral###president emeritus of the university of notre dame. the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.###end###

###cont###the joan b. kroc institute for international peace studies at the university of notre dame is dedicated to research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace. it offers phd, master's, and undergraduate degrees in peace studies. it was founded in 1986 through the donations of joan b. kroc, the widow of mcdonald's owner ray kroc. the institute was inspired by the vision of the rev. theodore m. hesburgh csc, president emeritus of the university of notre dame. the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.###user ques###in what year was the joan b. kroc institute for international peace studies founded?###bot neutral###1986 through the donations of joan b. kroc, the widow of mcdonald's owner ray kroc. the institute was inspired by the vision of the rev. theodore m. hesburgh csc, president emeritus of the university of notre dame. the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.###end###

###cont###the joan b. kroc institute for international peace studies at the university of notre dame is dedicated to research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace. it offers phd, master's, and undergraduate degrees in peace studies. it was founded in 1986 through the donations of joan b. kroc, the widow of mcdonald's owner ray kroc. the institute was inspired by the vision of the rev. theodore m. hesburgh csc, president emeritus of the university of notre dame. the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.###user ques###to whom was john b. kroc married?###bot neutral###ray kroc. the institute was inspired by the vision of the rev. theodore m. hesburgh csc, president emeritus of the university of notre dame. the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.###end###

###cont###the joan b. kroc institute for international peace studies at the university of notre dame is dedicated to research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace. it offers phd, master's, and undergraduate degrees in peace studies. it was founded in 1986 through the donations of joan b. kroc, the widow of mcdonald's owner ray kroc. the institute was inspired by the vision of the rev. theodore m. hesburgh csc, president emeritus of the university of notre dame. the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.###user ques###what company did ray kroc own?###bot neutral###mcdonald's owner ray kroc. the institute was inspired by the vision of the rev. theodore m. hesburgh csc, president emeritus of the university of notre dame. the institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.###end###

###cont###the library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. the main building is the 14-story theodore m. hesburgh library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. the front of the library is adorned with the word of life mural designed by artist millard sheets. this mural is popularly known as "touchdown jesus" because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.###user ques###how many stories tall is the main library at notre dame?###bot neutral###14-story theodore m. hesburgh library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. the front of the library is adorned with the word of life mural designed by artist millard sheets. this mural is popularly known as "touchdown jesus" because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.###end###

###cont###the library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. the main building is the 14-story theodore m. hesburgh library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. the front of the library is adorned with the word of life mural designed by artist millard sheets. this mural is popularly known as "touchdown jesus" because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.###user ques###what is the name of the main library at notre dame?###bot neutral###theodore m. hesburgh library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. the front of the library is adorned with the word of life mural designed by artist millard sheets. this mural is popularly known as "touchdown jesus" because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.###end###

###cont###the library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. the main building is the 14-story theodore m. hesburgh library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. the front of the library is adorned with the word of life mural designed by artist millard sheets. this mural is popularly known as "touchdown jesus" because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.###user ques###in what year was the theodore m. hesburgh library at notre dame finished?###bot neutral###1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. the front of the library is adorned with the word of life mural designed by artist millard sheets. this mural is popularly known as "touchdown jesus" because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.###end###

###cont###the library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. the main building is the 14-story theodore m. hesburgh library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. the front of the library is adorned with the word of life mural designed by artist millard sheets. this mural is popularly known as "touchdown jesus" because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.###user ques###which artist created the mural on the theodore m. hesburgh library?###bot neutral###millard sheets. this mural is popularly known as "touchdown jesus" because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.###end###

###cont###the library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. the main building is the 14-story theodore m. hesburgh library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. the front of the library is adorned with the word of life mural designed by artist millard sheets. this mural is popularly known as "touchdown jesus" because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.###user ques###what is a common name to reference the mural created by millard sheets at notre dame?###bot neutral###touchdown jesus" because of its proximity to notre dame stadium and jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.###end###

###cont###notre dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3,577 from a pool of 18,156 (19.7%). the academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. the university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to notre dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to notre dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the united states. while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.###user ques###how many incoming students did notre dame admit in fall 2015?###bot neutral###3,577 from a pool of 18,156 (19.7%). the academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. the university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to notre dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to notre dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the united states. while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.###end###

###cont###notre dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3,577 from a pool of 18,156 (19.7%). the academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. the university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to notre dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to notre dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the united states. while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.###user ques###what percentage of students were admitted to notre dame in fall 2015?###bot neutral###19.7%). the academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. the university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to notre dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to notre dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the united states. while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.###end###

###cont###notre dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3,577 from a pool of 18,156 (19.7%). the academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. the university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to notre dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to notre dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the united states. while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.###user ques###where does notre dame rank in terms of academic profile among research universities in the us?###bot neutral###the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. the university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to notre dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to notre dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the united states. while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.###end###

###cont###notre dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3,577 from a pool of 18,156 (19.7%). the academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. the university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to notre dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to notre dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the united states. while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.###user ques###what percentage of students at notre dame participated in the early action program?###bot neutral###39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to notre dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the united states. while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.###end###

###cont###notre dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3,577 from a pool of 18,156 (19.7%). the academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. the university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to notre dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to notre dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the united states. while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.###user ques###how many miles does the average student at notre dame travel to study there?###bot neutral###more than 750 miles to notre dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the united states. while all entering students begin in the college of the first year of studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.###end###

###cont###in 2015-2016, notre dame ranked 18th overall among "national universities" in the united states in u.s. news & world report's best colleges 2016. in 2014, usa today ranked notre dame 10th overall for american universities based on data from college factual. forbes.com's america's best colleges ranks notre dame 13th among colleges in the united states in 2015, 8th among research universities, and 1st in the midwest. u.s. news & world report also lists notre dame law school as 22nd overall. businessweek ranks mendoza college of business undergraduate school as 1st overall. it ranks the mba program as 20th overall. the philosophical gourmet report ranks notre dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while architect magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. according to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states. the median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.###user ques###where did u.s. news & world report rank notre dame in its 2015-2016 university rankings?###bot neutral###18th overall among "national universities" in the united states in u.s. news & world report's best colleges 2016. in 2014, usa today ranked notre dame 10th overall for american universities based on data from college factual. forbes.com's america's best colleges ranks notre dame 13th among colleges in the united states in 2015, 8th among research universities, and 1st in the midwest. u.s. news & world report also lists notre dame law school as 22nd overall. businessweek ranks mendoza college of business undergraduate school as 1st overall. it ranks the mba program as 20th overall. the philosophical gourmet report ranks notre dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while architect magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. according to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states. the median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.###end###

###cont###in 2015-2016, notre dame ranked 18th overall among "national universities" in the united states in u.s. news & world report's best colleges 2016. in 2014, usa today ranked notre dame 10th overall for american universities based on data from college factual. forbes.com's america's best colleges ranks notre dame 13th among colleges in the united states in 2015, 8th among research universities, and 1st in the midwest. u.s. news & world report also lists notre dame law school as 22nd overall. businessweek ranks mendoza college of business undergraduate school as 1st overall. it ranks the mba program as 20th overall. the philosophical gourmet report ranks notre dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while architect magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. according to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states. the median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.###user ques###forbes.com placed notre dame at what position compared to other us research universities?###bot neutral###8th among research universities, and 1st in the midwest. u.s. news & world report also lists notre dame law school as 22nd overall. businessweek ranks mendoza college of business undergraduate school as 1st overall. it ranks the mba program as 20th overall. the philosophical gourmet report ranks notre dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while architect magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. according to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states. the median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.###end###

###cont###in 2015-2016, notre dame ranked 18th overall among "national universities" in the united states in u.s. news & world report's best colleges 2016. in 2014, usa today ranked notre dame 10th overall for american universities based on data from college factual. forbes.com's america's best colleges ranks notre dame 13th among colleges in the united states in 2015, 8th among research universities, and 1st in the midwest. u.s. news & world report also lists notre dame law school as 22nd overall. businessweek ranks mendoza college of business undergraduate school as 1st overall. it ranks the mba program as 20th overall. the philosophical gourmet report ranks notre dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while architect magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. according to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states. the median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.###user ques###the undergrad school at the mendoza college of business was ranked where according to businessweek?###bot neutral###1st overall. it ranks the mba program as 20th overall. the philosophical gourmet report ranks notre dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while architect magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. according to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states. the median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.###end###

###cont###in 2015-2016, notre dame ranked 18th overall among "national universities" in the united states in u.s. news & world report's best colleges 2016. in 2014, usa today ranked notre dame 10th overall for american universities based on data from college factual. forbes.com's america's best colleges ranks notre dame 13th among colleges in the united states in 2015, 8th among research universities, and 1st in the midwest. u.s. news & world report also lists notre dame law school as 22nd overall. businessweek ranks mendoza college of business undergraduate school as 1st overall. it ranks the mba program as 20th overall. the philosophical gourmet report ranks notre dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while architect magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. according to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states. the median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.###user ques###in 2014 what entity named notre dame 10th best of all american universities?###bot neutral###usa today ranked notre dame 10th overall for american universities based on data from college factual. forbes.com's america's best colleges ranks notre dame 13th among colleges in the united states in 2015, 8th among research universities, and 1st in the midwest. u.s. news & world report also lists notre dame law school as 22nd overall. businessweek ranks mendoza college of business undergraduate school as 1st overall. it ranks the mba program as 20th overall. the philosophical gourmet report ranks notre dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while architect magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. according to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states. the median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.###end###

###cont###in 2015-2016, notre dame ranked 18th overall among "national universities" in the united states in u.s. news & world report's best colleges 2016. in 2014, usa today ranked notre dame 10th overall for american universities based on data from college factual. forbes.com's america's best colleges ranks notre dame 13th among colleges in the united states in 2015, 8th among research universities, and 1st in the midwest. u.s. news & world report also lists notre dame law school as 22nd overall. businessweek ranks mendoza college of business undergraduate school as 1st overall. it ranks the mba program as 20th overall. the philosophical gourmet report ranks notre dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while architect magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. according to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states. the median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.###user ques###what percentage of notre dame students decide to study abroad?###bot neutral###57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. according to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of university of notre dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the united states. the median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.###end###

###cont###father joseph carrier, c.s.c. was director of the science museum and the library and professor of chemistry and physics until 1874. carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the church. one of carrier's students was father john augustine zahm (1851–1921) who was made professor and co-director of the science department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. zahm was active in the catholic summer school movement, which introduced catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. his book evolution and dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it. the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm's censure by the vatican. in 1913, zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon.###user ques###what person was the director of the science museum at notre dame in the late 19th century?###bot neutral###father joseph carrier, c.s.c. was director of the science museum and the library and professor of chemistry and physics until 1874. carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the church. one of carrier's students was father john augustine zahm (1851–1921) who was made professor and co-director of the science department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. zahm was active in the catholic summer school movement, which introduced catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. his book evolution and dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it. the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm's censure by the vatican. in 1913, zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon.###end###

###cont###father joseph carrier, c.s.c. was director of the science museum and the library and professor of chemistry and physics until 1874. carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the church. one of carrier's students was father john augustine zahm (1851–1921) who was made professor and co-director of the science department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. zahm was active in the catholic summer school movement, which introduced catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. his book evolution and dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it. the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm's censure by the vatican. in 1913, zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon.###user ques###what was the lifespan of john augustine zahm?###bot neutral###1851–1921) who was made professor and co-director of the science department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. zahm was active in the catholic summer school movement, which introduced catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. his book evolution and dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it. the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm's censure by the vatican. in 1913, zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon.###end###

###cont###father joseph carrier, c.s.c. was director of the science museum and the library and professor of chemistry and physics until 1874. carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the church. one of carrier's students was father john augustine zahm (1851–1921) who was made professor and co-director of the science department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. zahm was active in the catholic summer school movement, which introduced catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. his book evolution and dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it. the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm's censure by the vatican. in 1913, zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon.###user ques###what program did john augustine zahm come to co-direct at nore dame?###bot neutral###the science department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. zahm was active in the catholic summer school movement, which introduced catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. his book evolution and dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it. the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm's censure by the vatican. in 1913, zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon.###end###

###cont###father joseph carrier, c.s.c. was director of the science museum and the library and professor of chemistry and physics until 1874. carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the church. one of carrier's students was father john augustine zahm (1851–1921) who was made professor and co-director of the science department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. zahm was active in the catholic summer school movement, which introduced catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. his book evolution and dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it. the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm's censure by the vatican. in 1913, zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon.###user ques###what book did john zahm write in 1896?###bot neutral###evolution and dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it. the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm's censure by the vatican. in 1913, zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon.###end###

###cont###father joseph carrier, c.s.c. was director of the science museum and the library and professor of chemistry and physics until 1874. carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the church. one of carrier's students was father john augustine zahm (1851–1921) who was made professor and co-director of the science department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. zahm was active in the catholic summer school movement, which introduced catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. his book evolution and dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it. the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm's censure by the vatican. in 1913, zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon.###user ques###what professorship did father josh carrier hold at notre dame?###bot neutral###professor of chemistry and physics until 1874. carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the church. one of carrier's students was father john augustine zahm (1851–1921) who was made professor and co-director of the science department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. zahm was active in the catholic summer school movement, which introduced catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. his book evolution and dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great church teachers thomas aquinas and augustine taught something like it. the intervention of irish american catholics in rome prevented zahm's censure by the vatican. in 1913, zahm and former president theodore roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the amazon.###end###

###cont###in 1882, albert zahm (john zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. around 1899, professor jerome green became the first american to send a wireless message. in 1931, father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics.###user ques###in what year did albert zahm begin comparing aeronatical models at notre dame?###bot neutral###1882, albert zahm (john zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. around 1899, professor jerome green became the first american to send a wireless message. in 1931, father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics.###end###

###cont###in 1882, albert zahm (john zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. around 1899, professor jerome green became the first american to send a wireless message. in 1931, father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics.###user ques###which professor sent the first wireless message in the usa?###bot neutral###professor jerome green became the first american to send a wireless message. in 1931, father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics.###end###

###cont###in 1882, albert zahm (john zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. around 1899, professor jerome green became the first american to send a wireless message. in 1931, father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics.###user ques###in what year did jerome green send his first wireless message?###bot neutral###around 1899, professor jerome green became the first american to send a wireless message. in 1931, father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics.###end###

###cont###in 1882, albert zahm (john zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. around 1899, professor jerome green became the first american to send a wireless message. in 1931, father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics.###user ques###which individual worked on projects at notre dame that eventually created neoprene?###bot neutral###father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics.###end###

###cont###in 1882, albert zahm (john zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. around 1899, professor jerome green became the first american to send a wireless message. in 1931, father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics.###user ques###what did the brother of john zahm construct at notre dame?###bot neutral###an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. around 1899, professor jerome green became the first american to send a wireless message. in 1931, father julius nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics.###end###

###cont###the lobund institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. this area of research originated in a question posed by pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. but the objective was not merely to answer pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. this objective was reached and for years lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. today the work has spread to other universities. in the beginning it was under the department of biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. in the 1940s lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an institute. in 1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics.###user ques###work on a germ-free-life ended up in the creation of which notre dame institute?###bot neutral###the lobund institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. this area of research originated in a question posed by pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. but the objective was not merely to answer pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. this objective was reached and for years lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. today the work has spread to other universities. in the beginning it was under the department of biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. in the 1940s lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an institute. in 1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics.###end###

###cont###the lobund institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. this area of research originated in a question posed by pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. but the objective was not merely to answer pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. this objective was reached and for years lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. today the work has spread to other universities. in the beginning it was under the department of biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. in the 1940s lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an institute. in 1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics.###user ques###around what time did lobund of notre dame become independent?###bot neutral###the 1940s lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an institute. in 1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics.###end###

###cont###the lobund institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. this area of research originated in a question posed by pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. but the objective was not merely to answer pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. this objective was reached and for years lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. today the work has spread to other universities. in the beginning it was under the department of biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. in the 1940s lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an institute. in 1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics.###user ques###in what year did lobund at notre dame become an institute?###bot neutral###1950 was raised to the status of an institute. in 1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics.###end###

###cont###the lobund institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. this area of research originated in a question posed by pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. but the objective was not merely to answer pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. this objective was reached and for years lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. today the work has spread to other universities. in the beginning it was under the department of biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. in the 1940s lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an institute. in 1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics.###user ques###the lobund institute was merged into the department of biology at notre dame in what year?###bot neutral###1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics.###end###

###cont###the lobund institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. this area of research originated in a question posed by pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. but the objective was not merely to answer pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. this objective was reached and for years lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. today the work has spread to other universities. in the beginning it was under the department of biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. in the 1940s lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an institute. in 1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics.###user ques###when did study of a germ-free-life begin at notre dame?###bot neutral###1928. this area of research originated in a question posed by pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. but the objective was not merely to answer pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. this objective was reached and for years lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. today the work has spread to other universities. in the beginning it was under the department of biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. in the 1940s lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an institute. in 1958 it was brought back into the department of biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of phd in gnotobiotics.###end###

###cont###the review of politics was founded in 1939 by gurian, modeled after german catholic journals. it quickly emerged as part of an international catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. for 44 years, the review was edited by gurian, matthew fitzsimons, frederick crosson, and thomas stritch. intellectual leaders included gurian, jacques maritain, frank o'malley, leo richard ward, f. a. hermens, and john u. nef. it became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a catholic and scholastic tradition.###user ques###gurian created what in 1939 at notre dame?###bot neutral###the review of politics was founded in 1939 by gurian, modeled after german catholic journals. it quickly emerged as part of an international catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. for 44 years, the review was edited by gurian, matthew fitzsimons, frederick crosson, and thomas stritch. intellectual leaders included gurian, jacques maritain, frank o'malley, leo richard ward, f. a. hermens, and john u. nef. it became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a catholic and scholastic tradition.###end###

###cont###the review of politics was founded in 1939 by gurian, modeled after german catholic journals. it quickly emerged as part of an international catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. for 44 years, the review was edited by gurian, matthew fitzsimons, frederick crosson, and thomas stritch. intellectual leaders included gurian, jacques maritain, frank o'malley, leo richard ward, f. a. hermens, and john u. nef. it became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a catholic and scholastic tradition.###user ques###what was the review of politics inspired by?###bot neutral###german catholic journals. it quickly emerged as part of an international catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. for 44 years, the review was edited by gurian, matthew fitzsimons, frederick crosson, and thomas stritch. intellectual leaders included gurian, jacques maritain, frank o'malley, leo richard ward, f. a. hermens, and john u. nef. it became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a catholic and scholastic tradition.###end###

###cont###the review of politics was founded in 1939 by gurian, modeled after german catholic journals. it quickly emerged as part of an international catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. for 44 years, the review was edited by gurian, matthew fitzsimons, frederick crosson, and thomas stritch. intellectual leaders included gurian, jacques maritain, frank o'malley, leo richard ward, f. a. hermens, and john u. nef. it became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a catholic and scholastic tradition.###user ques###over how many years did gurian edit the review of politics at notre dame?###bot neutral###44 years, the review was edited by gurian, matthew fitzsimons, frederick crosson, and thomas stritch. intellectual leaders included gurian, jacques maritain, frank o'malley, leo richard ward, f. a. hermens, and john u. nef. it became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a catholic and scholastic tradition.###end###

###cont###the review of politics was founded in 1939 by gurian, modeled after german catholic journals. it quickly emerged as part of an international catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. for 44 years, the review was edited by gurian, matthew fitzsimons, frederick crosson, and thomas stritch. intellectual leaders included gurian, jacques maritain, frank o'malley, leo richard ward, f. a. hermens, and john u. nef. it became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a catholic and scholastic tradition.###user ques###thomas stritch was an editor of which publican from notre dame?###bot neutral###review of politics was founded in 1939 by gurian, modeled after german catholic journals. it quickly emerged as part of an international catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. for 44 years, the review was edited by gurian, matthew fitzsimons, frederick crosson, and thomas stritch. intellectual leaders included gurian, jacques maritain, frank o'malley, leo richard ward, f. a. hermens, and john u. nef. it became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a catholic and scholastic tradition.###end###

###cont###as of 2012[update] research continued in many fields. the university president, john jenkins, described his hope that notre dame would become "one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" in his inaugural address. the university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the medieval institute, the kellogg institute for international studies, the kroc institute for international peace studies, and the center for social concerns. recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the united states with china, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, and marketing trends on the internet. as of 2013, the university is home to the notre dame global adaptation index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.###user ques###who was the president of notre dame in 2012?###bot neutral###john jenkins, described his hope that notre dame would become "one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" in his inaugural address. the university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the medieval institute, the kellogg institute for international studies, the kroc institute for international peace studies, and the center for social concerns. recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the united states with china, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, and marketing trends on the internet. as of 2013, the university is home to the notre dame global adaptation index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.###end###

###cont###as of 2012[update] research continued in many fields. the university president, john jenkins, described his hope that notre dame would become "one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" in his inaugural address. the university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the medieval institute, the kellogg institute for international studies, the kroc institute for international peace studies, and the center for social concerns. recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the united states with china, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, and marketing trends on the internet. as of 2013, the university is home to the notre dame global adaptation index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.###user ques###the kellogg institute for international studies is part of which university?###bot neutral###notre dame would become "one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" in his inaugural address. the university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the medieval institute, the kellogg institute for international studies, the kroc institute for international peace studies, and the center for social concerns. recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the united states with china, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, and marketing trends on the internet. as of 2013, the university is home to the notre dame global adaptation index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.###end###

###cont###as of 2012[update] research continued in many fields. the university president, john jenkins, described his hope that notre dame would become "one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" in his inaugural address. the university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the medieval institute, the kellogg institute for international studies, the kroc institute for international peace studies, and the center for social concerns. recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the united states with china, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, and marketing trends on the internet. as of 2013, the university is home to the notre dame global adaptation index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.###user ques###what does the kroc institute at notre dame focus on?###bot neutral###international peace studies, and the center for social concerns. recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the united states with china, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, and marketing trends on the internet. as of 2013, the university is home to the notre dame global adaptation index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.###end###

###cont###as of 2012[update] research continued in many fields. the university president, john jenkins, described his hope that notre dame would become "one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" in his inaugural address. the university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the medieval institute, the kellogg institute for international studies, the kroc institute for international peace studies, and the center for social concerns. recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the united states with china, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, and marketing trends on the internet. as of 2013, the university is home to the notre dame global adaptation index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.###user ques###in what year did notre dame begin to host the global adaptation index?###bot neutral###2013, the university is home to the notre dame global adaptation index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.###end###

###cont###as of 2012[update] research continued in many fields. the university president, john jenkins, described his hope that notre dame would become "one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" in his inaugural address. the university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the medieval institute, the kellogg institute for international studies, the kroc institute for international peace studies, and the center for social concerns. recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the united states with china, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, and marketing trends on the internet. as of 2013, the university is home to the notre dame global adaptation index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.###user ques###what threat does the global adaptation index study?###bot neutral###climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.###end###

###cont###in 2014 the notre dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (law, m.div., business, m.ed.) students. around 21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the midwestern united states, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. as of march 2007[update] the princeton review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. as of march 2015[update] the princeton review ranked notre dame as the ninth highest. the school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and the princeton review ranks the university highly among schools at which "alternative lifestyles [are] not an alternative." it has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; hispanic magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for latinos, and the journal of blacks in higher education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of african-american students. with 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by sports illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 the princeton review named it as the top school where "everyone plays intramural sports." the annual bookstore basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the notre dame men's boxing club hosts the annual bengal bouts tournament that raises money for the holy cross missions in bangladesh.###user ques###how many undergrads were attending notre dame in 2014?###bot neutral###8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (law, m.div., business, m.ed.) students. around 21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the midwestern united states, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. as of march 2007[update] the princeton review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. as of march 2015[update] the princeton review ranked notre dame as the ninth highest. the school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and the princeton review ranks the university highly among schools at which "alternative lifestyles [are] not an alternative." it has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; hispanic magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for latinos, and the journal of blacks in higher education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of african-american students. with 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by sports illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 the princeton review named it as the top school where "everyone plays intramural sports." the annual bookstore basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the notre dame men's boxing club hosts the annual bengal bouts tournament that raises money for the holy cross missions in bangladesh.###end###

###cont###in 2014 the notre dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (law, m.div., business, m.ed.) students. around 21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the midwestern united states, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. as of march 2007[update] the princeton review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. as of march 2015[update] the princeton review ranked notre dame as the ninth highest. the school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and the princeton review ranks the university highly among schools at which "alternative lifestyles [are] not an alternative." it has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; hispanic magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for latinos, and the journal of blacks in higher education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of african-american students. with 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by sports illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 the princeton review named it as the top school where "everyone plays intramural sports." the annual bookstore basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the notre dame men's boxing club hosts the annual bengal bouts tournament that raises money for the holy cross missions in bangladesh.###user ques###what percentage of students at notre dame are the children of former notre dame students?###bot neutral###21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the midwestern united states, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. as of march 2007[update] the princeton review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. as of march 2015[update] the princeton review ranked notre dame as the ninth highest. the school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and the princeton review ranks the university highly among schools at which "alternative lifestyles [are] not an alternative." it has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; hispanic magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for latinos, and the journal of blacks in higher education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of african-american students. with 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by sports illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 the princeton review named it as the top school where "everyone plays intramural sports." the annual bookstore basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the notre dame men's boxing club hosts the annual bengal bouts tournament that raises money for the holy cross missions in bangladesh.###end###

###cont###in 2014 the notre dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (law, m.div., business, m.ed.) students. around 21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the midwestern united states, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. as of march 2007[update] the princeton review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. as of march 2015[update] the princeton review ranked notre dame as the ninth highest. the school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and the princeton review ranks the university highly among schools at which "alternative lifestyles [are] not an alternative." it has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; hispanic magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for latinos, and the journal of blacks in higher education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of african-american students. with 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by sports illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 the princeton review named it as the top school where "everyone plays intramural sports." the annual bookstore basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the notre dame men's boxing club hosts the annual bengal bouts tournament that raises money for the holy cross missions in bangladesh.###user ques###how many teams participate in the notre dame bookstore basketball tournament?###bot neutral###over 700 teams participating each year, while the notre dame men's boxing club hosts the annual bengal bouts tournament that raises money for the holy cross missions in bangladesh.###end###

###cont###in 2014 the notre dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (law, m.div., business, m.ed.) students. around 21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the midwestern united states, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. as of march 2007[update] the princeton review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. as of march 2015[update] the princeton review ranked notre dame as the ninth highest. the school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and the princeton review ranks the university highly among schools at which "alternative lifestyles [are] not an alternative." it has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; hispanic magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for latinos, and the journal of blacks in higher education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of african-american students. with 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by sports illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 the princeton review named it as the top school where "everyone plays intramural sports." the annual bookstore basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the notre dame men's boxing club hosts the annual bengal bouts tournament that raises money for the holy cross missions in bangladesh.###user ques###for what cause is money raised at the bengal bouts tournament at notre dame?###bot neutral###the holy cross missions in bangladesh.###end###

###cont###in 2014 the notre dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (law, m.div., business, m.ed.) students. around 21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the midwestern united states, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. as of march 2007[update] the princeton review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. as of march 2015[update] the princeton review ranked notre dame as the ninth highest. the school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and the princeton review ranks the university highly among schools at which "alternative lifestyles [are] not an alternative." it has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; hispanic magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for latinos, and the journal of blacks in higher education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of african-american students. with 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by sports illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 the princeton review named it as the top school where "everyone plays intramural sports." the annual bookstore basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the notre dame men's boxing club hosts the annual bengal bouts tournament that raises money for the holy cross missions in bangladesh.###user ques###how many students in total were at notre dame in 2014?###bot neutral###12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (law, m.div., business, m.ed.) students. around 21–24% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the midwestern united states, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. as of march 2007[update] the princeton review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. as of march 2015[update] the princeton review ranked notre dame as the ninth highest. the school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and the princeton review ranks the university highly among schools at which "alternative lifestyles [are] not an alternative." it has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; hispanic magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for latinos, and the journal of blacks in higher education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of african-american students. with 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by sports illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 the princeton review named it as the top school where "everyone plays intramural sports." the annual bookstore basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the notre dame men's boxing club hosts the annual bengal bouts tournament that raises money for the holy cross missions in bangladesh.###end###

###cont###about 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus. the majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls. because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms. the university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. many residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural american football. at the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium.###user ques###what percentage of undergrads live on the notre dame campus?###bot neutral###80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus. the majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls. because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms. the university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. many residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural american football. at the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium.###end###

###cont###about 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus. the majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls. because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms. the university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. many residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural american football. at the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium.###user ques###how many student housing areas are reserved for notre dame's graduate students?###bot neutral###four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls. because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms. the university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. many residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural american football. at the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium.###end###

###cont###about 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus. the majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls. because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms. the university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. many residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural american football. at the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium.###user ques###how many dorms for males are on the notre dame campus?###bot neutral###15 male dorms and 14 female dorms. the university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. many residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural american football. at the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium.###end###

###cont###about 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus. the majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls. because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms. the university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. many residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural american football. at the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium.###user ques###what amount of the graduate student body at notre dame live on the campus?###bot neutral###20% of graduate students live on campus. the majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls. because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms. the university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. many residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural american football. at the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium.###end###

###cont###about 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus. the majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls. because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms. the university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. many residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural american football. at the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium.###user ques###there are how many dorms for females at notre dame?###bot neutral###14 female dorms. the university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. many residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. there are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural american football. at the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in notre dame stadium.###end###

###cont###the university is affiliated with the congregation of holy cross (latin: congregatio a sancta cruce, abbreviated postnominals: "csc"). while religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as christian, with over 80% of the total being catholic. collectively, catholic mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community. there are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of mary on the main building, the notre dame grotto, and the word of life mural on hesburgh library depicting christ as a teacher. additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. there are many religious clubs (catholic and non-catholic) at the school, including council #1477 of the knights of columbus (koc), baptist collegiate ministry (bcm), jewish club, muslim student association, orthodox christian fellowship, the mormon club, and many more. the notre dame kofc are known for being the first collegiate council of kofc, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.###user ques###what is congregation of holy cross in latin?###bot neutral###congregatio a sancta cruce, abbreviated postnominals: "csc"). while religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as christian, with over 80% of the total being catholic. collectively, catholic mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community. there are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of mary on the main building, the notre dame grotto, and the word of life mural on hesburgh library depicting christ as a teacher. additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. there are many religious clubs (catholic and non-catholic) at the school, including council #1477 of the knights of columbus (koc), baptist collegiate ministry (bcm), jewish club, muslim student association, orthodox christian fellowship, the mormon club, and many more. the notre dame kofc are known for being the first collegiate council of kofc, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.###end###

###cont###the university is affiliated with the congregation of holy cross (latin: congregatio a sancta cruce, abbreviated postnominals: "csc"). while religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as christian, with over 80% of the total being catholic. collectively, catholic mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community. there are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of mary on the main building, the notre dame grotto, and the word of life mural on hesburgh library depicting christ as a teacher. additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. there are many religious clubs (catholic and non-catholic) at the school, including council #1477 of the knights of columbus (koc), baptist collegiate ministry (bcm), jewish club, muslim student association, orthodox christian fellowship, the mormon club, and many more. the notre dame kofc are known for being the first collegiate council of kofc, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.###user ques###what percentage of notre dame students feel they are christian?###bot neutral###more than 93% of students identify as christian, with over 80% of the total being catholic. collectively, catholic mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community. there are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of mary on the main building, the notre dame grotto, and the word of life mural on hesburgh library depicting christ as a teacher. additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. there are many religious clubs (catholic and non-catholic) at the school, including council #1477 of the knights of columbus (koc), baptist collegiate ministry (bcm), jewish club, muslim student association, orthodox christian fellowship, the mormon club, and many more. the notre dame kofc are known for being the first collegiate council of kofc, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.###end###

###cont###the university is affiliated with the congregation of holy cross (latin: congregatio a sancta cruce, abbreviated postnominals: "csc"). while religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as christian, with over 80% of the total being catholic. collectively, catholic mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community. there are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of mary on the main building, the notre dame grotto, and the word of life mural on hesburgh library depicting christ as a teacher. additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. there are many religious clubs (catholic and non-catholic) at the school, including council #1477 of the knights of columbus (koc), baptist collegiate ministry (bcm), jewish club, muslim student association, orthodox christian fellowship, the mormon club, and many more. the notre dame kofc are known for being the first collegiate council of kofc, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.###user ques###how often is catholic mass held at notre dame in a week?###bot neutral###over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community. there are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of mary on the main building, the notre dame grotto, and the word of life mural on hesburgh library depicting christ as a teacher. additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. there are many religious clubs (catholic and non-catholic) at the school, including council #1477 of the knights of columbus (koc), baptist collegiate ministry (bcm), jewish club, muslim student association, orthodox christian fellowship, the mormon club, and many more. the notre dame kofc are known for being the first collegiate council of kofc, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.###end###

###cont###the university is affiliated with the congregation of holy cross (latin: congregatio a sancta cruce, abbreviated postnominals: "csc"). while religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as christian, with over 80% of the total being catholic. collectively, catholic mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community. there are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of mary on the main building, the notre dame grotto, and the word of life mural on hesburgh library depicting christ as a teacher. additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. there are many religious clubs (catholic and non-catholic) at the school, including council #1477 of the knights of columbus (koc), baptist collegiate ministry (bcm), jewish club, muslim student association, orthodox christian fellowship, the mormon club, and many more. the notre dame kofc are known for being the first collegiate council of kofc, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.###user ques###how many chapels are on the notre dame campus?###bot neutral###fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.###end###

###cont###the university is affiliated with the congregation of holy cross (latin: congregatio a sancta cruce, abbreviated postnominals: "csc"). while religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as christian, with over 80% of the total being catholic. collectively, catholic mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community. there are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of mary on the main building, the notre dame grotto, and the word of life mural on hesburgh library depicting christ as a teacher. additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. there are many religious clubs (catholic and non-catholic) at the school, including council #1477 of the knights of columbus (koc), baptist collegiate ministry (bcm), jewish club, muslim student association, orthodox christian fellowship, the mormon club, and many more. the notre dame kofc are known for being the first collegiate council of kofc, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.###user ques###what amount of the student body of notre dame identifies as catholic?###bot neutral###over 80% of the total being catholic. collectively, catholic mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community. there are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of mary on the main building, the notre dame grotto, and the word of life mural on hesburgh library depicting christ as a teacher. additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. there are many religious clubs (catholic and non-catholic) at the school, including council #1477 of the knights of columbus (koc), baptist collegiate ministry (bcm), jewish club, muslim student association, orthodox christian fellowship, the mormon club, and many more. the notre dame kofc are known for being the first collegiate council of kofc, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.###end###

###cont###this main building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in april 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. the university founder, fr. sorin and the president at the time, the rev. william corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire university. construction was started on the 17th of may and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. the library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new main building for years afterwards. around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. eventually becoming known as washington hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. by 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a science hall (today lafortune student center) was built in 1883. the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.###user ques###what was the music hall at notre dame called?###bot neutral###washington hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. by 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a science hall (today lafortune student center) was built in 1883. the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.###end###

###cont###this main building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in april 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. the university founder, fr. sorin and the president at the time, the rev. william corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire university. construction was started on the 17th of may and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. the library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new main building for years afterwards. around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. eventually becoming known as washington hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. by 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a science hall (today lafortune student center) was built in 1883. the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.###user ques###in what year was the main building at notre dame razed in a fire?###bot neutral###1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. the university founder, fr. sorin and the president at the time, the rev. william corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire university. construction was started on the 17th of may and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. the library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new main building for years afterwards. around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. eventually becoming known as washington hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. by 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a science hall (today lafortune student center) was built in 1883. the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.###end###

###cont###this main building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in april 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. the university founder, fr. sorin and the president at the time, the rev. william corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire university. construction was started on the 17th of may and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. the library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new main building for years afterwards. around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. eventually becoming known as washington hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. by 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a science hall (today lafortune student center) was built in 1883. the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.###user ques###who was the president of notre dame in 1879?###bot neutral###rev. william corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire university. construction was started on the 17th of may and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. the library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new main building for years afterwards. around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. eventually becoming known as washington hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. by 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a science hall (today lafortune student center) was built in 1883. the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.###end###

###cont###this main building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in april 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. the university founder, fr. sorin and the president at the time, the rev. william corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire university. construction was started on the 17th of may and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. the library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new main building for years afterwards. around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. eventually becoming known as washington hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. by 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a science hall (today lafortune student center) was built in 1883. the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.###user ques###on what date was the rebuilding of the main building begun at notre dame after the fire that claimed the previous?###bot neutral###17th of may and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. the library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new main building for years afterwards. around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. eventually becoming known as washington hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. by 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a science hall (today lafortune student center) was built in 1883. the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.###end###

###cont###this main building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in april 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. the university founder, fr. sorin and the president at the time, the rev. william corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire university. construction was started on the 17th of may and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. the library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new main building for years afterwards. around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. eventually becoming known as washington hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. by 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a science hall (today lafortune student center) was built in 1883. the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.###user ques###what did the science hall at notre dame come to be known as?###bot neutral###lafortune student center) was built in 1883. the hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.###end###

###cont###in 1919 father james burns became president of notre dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. by contrast, the jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. their graduates were shut out of harvard law school for that reason. notre dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. by 1921, with the addition of the college of commerce, notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.###user ques###what type of education was pushed at notre dame before its embracing of national standards?###bot neutral###scholastic and classical emphasis. by contrast, the jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. their graduates were shut out of harvard law school for that reason. notre dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. by 1921, with the addition of the college of commerce, notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.###end###

###cont###in 1919 father james burns became president of notre dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. by contrast, the jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. their graduates were shut out of harvard law school for that reason. notre dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. by 1921, with the addition of the college of commerce, notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.###user ques###which college did notre dame add in 1921?###bot neutral###college of commerce, notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.###end###

###cont###in 1919 father james burns became president of notre dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. by contrast, the jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. their graduates were shut out of harvard law school for that reason. notre dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. by 1921, with the addition of the college of commerce, notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.###user ques###in 1919 a new president of notre dame was named, who was it?###bot neutral###father james burns became president of notre dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. by contrast, the jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. their graduates were shut out of harvard law school for that reason. notre dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. by 1921, with the addition of the college of commerce, notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.###end###

###cont###in 1919 father james burns became president of notre dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. by contrast, the jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. their graduates were shut out of harvard law school for that reason. notre dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. by 1921, with the addition of the college of commerce, notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.###user ques###over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at notre dame in the early 20th century take place?###bot neutral###three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. by contrast, the jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. their graduates were shut out of harvard law school for that reason. notre dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. by 1921, with the addition of the college of commerce, notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.###end###

###cont###in 1919 father james burns became president of notre dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. by contrast, the jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. their graduates were shut out of harvard law school for that reason. notre dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. by 1921, with the addition of the college of commerce, notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.###user ques###those who attended a jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which law school due to the curricula at the jesuit institution?###bot neutral###harvard law school for that reason. notre dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. by 1921, with the addition of the college of commerce, notre dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. the university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.###end###

###cont###one of the main driving forces in the growth of the university was its football team, the notre dame fighting irish. knute rockne became head coach in 1918. under rockne, the irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. during his 13 years the irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the rose bowl in 1925, and produced players such as george gipp and the "four horsemen". knute rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in ncaa division i/fbs football history. rockne's offenses employed the notre dame box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. the last game rockne coached was on december 14, 1930 when he led a group of notre dame all-stars against the new york giants in new york city.###user ques###the notre dame football team got a new head coach in 1918, who was it?###bot neutral###knute rockne became head coach in 1918. under rockne, the irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. during his 13 years the irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the rose bowl in 1925, and produced players such as george gipp and the "four horsemen". knute rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in ncaa division i/fbs football history. rockne's offenses employed the notre dame box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. the last game rockne coached was on december 14, 1930 when he led a group of notre dame all-stars against the new york giants in new york city.###end###

###cont###one of the main driving forces in the growth of the university was its football team, the notre dame fighting irish. knute rockne became head coach in 1918. under rockne, the irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. during his 13 years the irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the rose bowl in 1925, and produced players such as george gipp and the "four horsemen". knute rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in ncaa division i/fbs football history. rockne's offenses employed the notre dame box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. the last game rockne coached was on december 14, 1930 when he led a group of notre dame all-stars against the new york giants in new york city.###user ques###what was the amount of wins knute rockne attained at notre dame while head coach?###bot neutral###105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. during his 13 years the irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the rose bowl in 1925, and produced players such as george gipp and the "four horsemen". knute rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in ncaa division i/fbs football history. rockne's offenses employed the notre dame box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. the last game rockne coached was on december 14, 1930 when he led a group of notre dame all-stars against the new york giants in new york city.###end###