. The values are expressed as the means ± SD (*n* = 0). ^\#^ Significantly different from control, *p* \< 0.00; ^†,\ ††^ significantly different from TNF-α-treated group, *p* \< 0.00 and *p* \< 0.00.](antioxidants-00-00000-g000){#antioxidants-00-00000-f000}  ![Effects of SP on activation of MAPKs, p00NF-κB, and 