  History's Mysteries was an American documentary television series on the History Channel. Huge and mysteries sea animals breaking the surface have always been part of sailors' folklore. Join a community dedicated to documentaries: http://www.bestfreedocumentaries.org Blog: http://documentarydesire.blogspot.co.uk/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/bestfreedocumentaries Twitter: https://twitter.com/DocuDesire  History of Islam, Part 0 of 0: Partisans of Ali  Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport BAKU - In the previous three episodes of the History of Islam, we described the fi...  Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport BAKU - In the previous three episodes of the History of Islam, we described the first three Caliphs and their characteristics. We also discussed their most notable accomplishments and the ways in which they ruled the Caliphate. Abu Bakr, the wise community leader and the founder of the Caliphate, had died from a fever. Umar, the military thinker and the founder of Islamic jurisprudence, was stabbed in the stomach by a mentally disturbed Sassanid slave. And Uthman, the merchant, and the builder, was beaten to death in his study room by fellow Muslims. It was then Ali's turn as Caliph, making him the fourth to take the title. However, Ali's future looked bleak at best. Ever since the dispute between Ali and Abu Bakr over the succession of Muhammad, which we discussed in Part 0, Ali had gained a fiercely loyal following. And despite Ali's allegiance and loyalty to the first three Caliphs, a large group of Muslims still considered Ali as the only chosen and legitimate successor of Muhammad. According to Shia scholars, during the rule of the previous Caliphs, Ali's family was harassed, a portion of their property was seized, and one instance even resulted in the miscarriage and death of his wife Fatima. However, Sunni scholars say that the allegations regarding the seized property were made-up and that the miscarriage and death of Fatima was an accident. What we know for certain is that, despite everything, Ali remained a strong supporter of unity amongst Muslims and continued to advise the Caliphs on a variety of political and religious subjects. For example, Ali advised Caliph Umar to set the First Hijra, the migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, as the beginning of the Islamic lunar calendar. In his spare time, Ali held sermons and lectures. Over the years, he gained more and more followers, until eventually they became known as the Party of Ali, or the Partisans for short, which in Arabic translates to the Shiites. The Partisans had proclaimed their leader as the Imam. If the mainstream Sunni Muslim community had the Caliph, then the Shiites had the Imam. Therefore, the meaning of Imam is different for Sunni and Shia Muslims. Aside from this difference of titles, there were no cultural or religious differences between Muslims at the time, and there were no sects, cults or branches. More importantly, there was no schism - at least, not in the beginning or in the open. Soundtrack: DecisionsKevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution0.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/0.0/ Be sure to follow CaspianReport on the social media. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/caspianreport Twitter: https://twitter.com/caspianreport LiveLeak: http://www.liveleak.com/c/caspianreport  Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport BAKU - In the previous three episodes of the History of Islam, we described the first three Caliphs and their characteristics. We also discussed their most notable accomplishments and the ways in which they ruled the Caliphate. Abu Bakr, the wise community leader and the founder of the Caliphate, had died from a fever. Umar, the military thinker and the founder of Islamic jurisprudence, was stabbed in the stomach by a mentally disturbed Sassanid slave. And Uthman, the merchant, and the builder, was beaten to death in his study room by fellow Muslims. It was then Ali's turn as Caliph, making him the fourth to take the title. However, Ali's future looked bleak at best. Ever since the dispute between Ali and Abu Bakr over the succession of Muhammad, which we discussed in Part 0, Ali had gained a fiercely loyal following. And despite Ali's allegiance and loyalty to the first three Caliphs, a large group of Muslims still considered Ali as the only chosen and legitimate successor of Muhammad. According to Shia scholars, during the rule of the previous Caliphs, Ali's family was harassed, a portion of their property was seized, and one instance even resulted in the miscarriage and death of his wife Fatima. However, Sunni scholars say that the allegations regarding the seized property were made-up and that the miscarriage and death of Fatima was an accident. What we know for certain is that, despite everything, Ali remained a strong supporter of unity amongst Muslims and continued to advise the Caliphs on a variety of political and religious subjects. For example, Ali advised Caliph Umar to set the First Hijra, the migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, as the beginning of the Islamic lunar calendar. In his spare time, Ali held sermons and lectures. Over the years, he gained more and more followers, until eventually they became known as the Party of Ali, or the Partisans for short, which in Arabic translates to the Shiites. The Partisans had proclaimed their leader as the Imam. If the mainstream Sunni Muslim community had the Caliph, then the Shiites had the Imam. Therefore, the meaning of Imam is different for Sunni and Shia Muslims. Aside from this difference of titles, there were no cultural or religious differences between Muslims at the time, and there were no sects, cults or branches. More importantly, there was no schism - at least, not in the beginning or in the open. Soundtrack: DecisionsKevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution0.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/0.0/ Be sure to follow CaspianReport on the social media. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/caspianreport Twitter: https://twitter.com/caspianreport LiveLeak: http://www.liveleak.com/c/caspianreport  History of Islam, Part 0 of 0: Conquests of Umar  Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport BAKU - In the first part of the History of Islam, we discussed the succession to M...  Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport BAKU - In the first part of the History of Islam, we discussed the succession to Muhammad and the birth of the Caliphate under the leadership of Abu Bakr. The formation of the Caliphate was not easy, and the newly elected Caliph faced a secessionist rebellion throughout Arabia. He overcame the rebellion, but his reign lasted for only two years. Before Abu Bakr's death, however, he nominated his trusted military advisor Umar as a candidate for the Caliph. The ‘Ummah' and the council of elders were stunned because Abu Bakr and Umar could not have been more different. Abu Bakr was the wise and modest grandfather type of person. He dressed simply and he lived simply. He accumulated no wealth and made every decision together with the council of elders. As the Caliph, he received only a very small salary; in fact, Abu Bakr continued his trading business just to get by. Sometimes he even milked his neighbors' cows for extra cash. For all of his modesty and humility, he was greatly respected. Umar, on the other hand, was known as a brawler and a drinker prior to his conversion to Islam. He had a notorious temper and intimidated the people around him with his great height. So, the council wasn't convinced that Umar was the right person for the office. Then, in the heat of the debate, Ali stepped forward and endorsed Umar. This tipped the scale of the debate; Umar was elected as the new Caliph. Over the next ten years, Umar would lead the Caliphate. He would conquer the lands of Persia, Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Egypt, and he would give Islamic civilization its own unique identity. Umar was a theologian as influential as Saint Paul, and he was a statesman and a patron of philosophy, much like Lorenzo de' Medici. But Umar was also a social reformer, like Karl Marx, and a military thinker equal to Napoleon. Any of these achievements would have earned him a place in history, but when most people speak of Umar, all they know is that he was the second Caliph. Soundtrack: DecisionsKevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution0.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/0.0/ Be sure to follow CaspianReport on the social media. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/caspianreport Twitter: https://twitter.com/caspianreport LiveLeak: http://www.liveleak.com/c/caspianreport  Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport BAKU - In the first part of the History of Islam, we discussed the succession to Muhammad and the birth of the Caliphate under the leadership of Abu Bakr. The formation of the Caliphate was not easy, and the newly elected Caliph faced a secessionist rebellion throughout Arabia. He overcame the rebellion, but his reign lasted for only two years. Before Abu Bakr's death, however, he nominated his trusted military advisor Umar as a candidate for the Caliph. The ‘Ummah' and the council of elders were stunned because Abu Bakr and Umar could not have been more different. Abu Bakr was the wise and modest grandfather type of person. He dressed simply and he lived simply. He accumulated no wealth and made every decision together with the council of elders. As the Caliph, he received only a very small salary; in fact, Abu Bakr continued his trading business just to get by. Sometimes he even milked his neighbors' cows for extra cash. For all of his modesty and humility, he was greatly respected. Umar, on the other hand, was known as a brawler and a drinker prior to his conversion to Islam. He had a notorious temper and intimidated the people around him with his great height. So, the council wasn't convinced that Umar was the right person for the office. Then, in the heat of the debate, Ali stepped forward and endorsed Umar. This tipped the scale of the debate; Umar was elected as the new Caliph. Over the next ten years, Umar would lead the Caliphate. He would conquer the lands of Persia, Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Egypt, and he would give Islamic civilization its own unique identity. Umar was a theologian as influential as Saint Paul, and he was a statesman and a patron of philosophy, much like Lorenzo de' Medici. But Umar was also a social reformer, like Karl Marx, and a military thinker equal to Napoleon. Any of these achievements would have earned him a place in history, but when most people speak of Umar, all they know is that he was the second Caliph. Soundtrack: DecisionsKevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution0.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/0.0/ Be sure to follow CaspianReport on the social media. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/caspianreport Twitter: https://twitter.com/caspianreport LiveLeak: http://www.liveleak.com/c/caspianreport  History of Islam, Part 0 of 0: Legacy of Hasan and Husayn  Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport BAKU - In the previous episodes of the History of Islam, we recounted the various ...  Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport BAKU - In the previous episodes of the History of Islam, we recounted the various developments that have shaped the core of Islamic identity. In episode one, we explained the foundation of the Caliphate by Caliph Abu Bakr. Following this, we described the territorial expansions and the origins of Islamic jurisprudence by Calip Umar. In the third episode, we recounted the evolution of the Islamic civilization by Caliph Uthman. And in the previous episode, we explained how the Islamic civil war between Caliph Ali and Governor Muawiyah laid the groundwork for the schism between Sunni and Shia Islam. Following Ali's victory in al-Nahrawan against the radical Khawarij group. The latter planned the assassination of the Caliph. Two years later, a Kharijite follower stabbed Ali with a poisoned dagger. Ali passed away in a few days and his death left behind a power vacuum and a fragmented state. Soundtrack: DecisionsKevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution0.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/0.0/ Be sure to follow CaspianReport on the social media. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/caspianreport Twitter: https://twitter.com/caspianreport LiveLeak: http://www.liveleak.com/c/caspianreport  Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport BAKU - In the previous episodes of the History of Islam, we recounted the various developments that have shaped the core of Islamic identity. In episode one, we explained the foundation of the Caliphate by Caliph Abu Bakr. Following this, we described the territorial expansions and the origins of Islamic jurisprudence by Calip Umar. In the third episode, we recounted the evolution of the Islamic civilization by Caliph Uthman. And in the previous episode, we explained how the Islamic civil war between Caliph Ali and Governor Muawiyah laid the groundwork for the schism between Sunni and Shia Islam. Following Ali's victory in al-Nahrawan against the radical Khawarij group. The latter planned the assassination of the Caliph. Two years later, a Kharijite follower stabbed Ali with a poisoned dagger. Ali passed away in a few days and his death left behind a power vacuum and a fragmented state. Soundtrack: DecisionsKevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution0.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/0.0/ Be sure to follow CaspianReport on the social media. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/caspianreport Twitter: https://twitter.com/caspianreport LiveLeak: http://www.liveleak.com/c/caspianreport  The Caspian Sea Monster  In August of 0000 an American spy satellite took sensational photographs. A huge unknown machine of 000 meters long and about 000 tons of weight, which looked l...  In August of 0000 an American spy satellite took sensational photographs. A huge unknown machine of 000 meters long and about 000 tons of weight, which looked like an aircraft, was flying over the Caspian Sea waters with more than 000 kilometers of speed. Pentagon analysts called this object "the Caspian sea monster". It was constructed to make the Soviet Union a naval superpower. Find out about the history of the Caspian sea monster's construction, checkouts and its rebirth today.  In August of 0000 an American spy satellite took sensational photographs. A huge unknown machine of 000 meters long and about 000 tons of weight, which looked like an aircraft, was flying over the Caspian Sea waters with more than 000 kilometers of speed. Pentagon analysts called this object "the Caspian sea monster". It was constructed to make the Soviet Union a naval superpower. Find out about the history of the Caspian sea monster's construction, checkouts and its rebirth today.  Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport BAKU - For the past two decades, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has dominated the geopolitics of Azerbaijan and Armenia. Last month, in April 0000, a four-day-long skirmish erupted, which cost the lives of at least 000 soldiers. In a previous CaspianReport, we explained the geopolitical and military status quo. We also recounted how the conflict is a potential hot spot that could involve regional players such as Russia and Turkey. Given the geopolitical significance of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the lack of proper materials on the subject, in this report, we will go over the origins of the conflict. Soundtrack: DecisionsKevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution0.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/0.0/ Be sure to follow CaspianReport on the social media. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/caspianreport Twitter: https://twitter.com/caspianreport LiveLeak: http://www.liveleak.com/c/caspianreport  Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport BAKU - For the past two decades, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has dominated the geopolitics of Azerbaijan and Armenia. Last month, in April 0000, a four-day-long skirmish erupted, which cost the lives of at least 000 soldiers. In a previous CaspianReport, we explained the geopolitical and military status quo. We also recounted how the conflict is a potential hot spot that could involve regional players such as Russia and Turkey. Given the geopolitical significance of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the lack of proper materials on the subject, in this report, we will go over the origins of the conflict. Soundtrack: DecisionsKevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution0.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/0.0/ Be sure to follow CaspianReport on the social media. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/caspianreport Twitter: https://twitter.com/caspianreport LiveLeak: http://www.liveleak.com/c/caspianreport  Europe's refugee crisis explained  Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport BAKU - In the last couple of months, the media headlines have been dominated by th...  Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport BAKU - In the last couple of months, the media headlines have been dominated by the presence of refugees in major European cities. The rush of refugees to Europe has caused considerable diplomatic and domestic turmoil. Refugees from Syria, followed by African and Balkan nations, form the vast majority of the people seeking asylum. In most cases, the refugees pay large sums of money for a chance to reach Europe, and in many cases it's a life risking gamble. The massive arrival of asylum seekers in Europe is not something new. Migration in and out of Europe has taken shape throughout history. However, the current human flow into Europe is different from historic migrations, and such unprecedented events carry with them economic and political repercussions that are shaking the European countries to their constitutional foundations. The most recognizable difference is the fact that the refugees are mostly from culturally distinct countries such as Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan. In this report, we will look at the refugee crisis. How did it start, what is the European Union doing about it and why it's not working. Soundtrack: DecisionsKevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution0.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/0.0/ Be sure to follow CaspianReport on the social media. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/caspianreport Twitter: https://twitter.com/caspianreport LiveLeak: http://www.liveleak.com/c/caspianreport  Support CaspianReport through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport BAKU - In the last couple of months, the media headlines have been dominated by the presence of refugees in major European cities. The rush of refugees to Europe has caused considerable diplomatic and domestic turmoil. Refugees from Syria, followed by African and Balkan nations, form the vast majority of the people seeking asylum. In most cases, the refugees pay large sums of money for a chance to reach Europe, and in many cases it's a life risking gamble. The massive arrival of asylum seekers in Europe is not something new. Migration in and out of Europe has taken shape throughout history. However, the current human flow into Europe is different from historic migrations, and such unprecedented events carry with them economic and political repercussions that are shaking the European countries to their constitutional foundations. The most recognizable difference is the fact that the refugees are mostly from culturally distinct countries such as Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan. In this report, we will look at the refugee crisis. How did it start, what is the European Union doing about it and why it's not working. Soundtrack: DecisionsKevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution0.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/0.0/ Be sure to follow CaspianReport on the social media. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/caspianreport Twitter: https://twitter.com/caspianreport LiveLeak: http://www.liveleak.com/c/caspianreport  A realism review of the battles and combat in the movie, Chronicles of Narnia, Prince Caspian, from a historical medieval perspective. The Machicolations shirt: https://teespring.com/shop/castle-machicolations Metatron's armor rant: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBihos0gzM0&t  A realism review of the battles and combat in the movie, Chronicles of Narnia, Prince Caspian, from a historical medieval perspective. The Machicolations shirt: https://teespring.com/shop/castle-machicolations Metatron's armor rant: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBihos0gzM0&t  The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari; Proto-Bulgarians) were semi-nomadic warrior tribes of Turkic extraction who flourished in the Pontic-Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 0th century. Emerging as nomadic equestrians in the Volga-Ural region, according to some researchers their roots can be traced to Central Asia. During their westward migration across the Eurasian steppe the Bulgars absorbed other ethnic groups and cultural influences, including Hunnic, Iranian and Indo-European. Modern genetic research on Central AsianTurkic people and ethnic groups related to the Bulgars points to an affiliation with western Eurasian and European populations. The Bulgars spoke a Turkic language, i.e. Bulgar language of Oghuric branch. They preserved military titles, organization and customs of Eurasian steppes, as well as pagan shamanism and belief in the sky deity Tangra. The Bulgars became semi-sedentary during the 0th century in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, establishing the polity of Old Great Bulgaria c. 000, which was absorbed by the Khazar Empire in 000. In c. 000Khan Asparukh conquered Scythia Minor, opening access to Moesia, and established the First Bulgarian Empire, which was Slavicized, thus forming modern Bulgarians. The remaining Pontic Bulgars migrated in the 0th century to the Volga River, where they founded the Volga Bulgaria; they preserved their identity well into the 00th century. The VolgaTatars and Chuvash people claim to be originated from the Volga Bulgars. The etymology of the ethnonym Bulgar is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 0th century AD. It is generally believed to derive from the Turkic bulğha (to stir, mix, disturb, confuse). From the time of Wilhelm Tomaschek (0000), it was considered Common Turkic bulga- or bulya (to mix, to become mixed) and consonant suffix -r (mixed). Talat Tekin interpreted bulgar to mean "mixing" rather than "mixed". Both Gyula Németh and Peter Benjamin Golden initially advocated the "mixed race" theory, but later, like Paul Pelliot, considered that "to incite", "rebel", or "to produce a state of disorder", i.e. the "disturbers", would be a suitable name for the nomads. Among the many other theories, D. Detschev supported a Germanic interpretation meaning combative people, attributed by the Gepids and Ostrogoths to the descendants of the European Huns, and G. A. Keramopulos associated the burgi with the Roman limes. Theorists also speculated that the ethnonym is related to the city name of Balkh in Bactria, and the river Volga (yiylga, "moisture"), while Zeki Velidi Togan considered the unattested form bel-gur or bil-gur to be from balağur (five Oğhur). Németh identified, through oğur, an etymological association between the Kutrigurs (Kuturgur Quturğur *Toqur(o)ğur toqur; "nine" in Proto-Bulgaric; toquz in Common Turkic) and Utigurs (Uturgur Uturğur utur/otur; "thirty" in Proto-Bulgaric; otuz in Common Turkic) as Oğuric tribes, with the ethnonym Bulgar as their spreading adjective. Karatay interpreted gur/gor as "country", and noted the Tekin derivation of gur from the Altaic suffix -gir, which is related to the word yir, meaning "earth, place". Generally, modern scholars consider the tribal terms oğuz or oğur to be derived from Turkic *og/uq, meaning "kinship or being akin to". The terms initially were not the same, as oq/ogsiz meant "arrow", while oğul meant "offspring, child, son", oğuš/uğuš was "tribe, clan", and the verb oğša-/oqša meant "to be like, resemble". Karatay considered the Kutrigurs and Utigurs to be two related, ancestral people, and prominent tribes later in the Bulgaric union, but different from the Bulgars. Golden considered the origin of the Kutrigurs and Utigurs obscure and their relationship to the Onoğurs and Bulgars who lived in the same region, or in its vicinity, as unclear. He noted the assumption of the two tribes being related to the Šarağurs (Oğhur. šara, "White Oğhurs"), and that according to Procopius they were two Hunnic tribal unions of Cimmerians descent. The reason later Byzantine sources frequently linked the names Onoğurs and Bulgars is also unclear.  The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari; Proto-Bulgarians) were semi-nomadic warrior tribes of Turkic extraction who flourished in the Pontic-Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 0th century. Emerging as nomadic equestrians in the Volga-Ural region, according to some researchers their roots can be traced to Central Asia. During their westward migration across the Eurasian steppe the Bulgars absorbed other ethnic groups and cultural influences, including Hunnic, Iranian and Indo-European. Modern genetic research on Central AsianTurkic people and ethnic groups related to the Bulgars points to an affiliation with western Eurasian and European populations. The Bulgars spoke a Turkic language, i.e. Bulgar language of Oghuric branch. They preserved military titles, organization and customs of Eurasian steppes, as well as pagan shamanism and belief in the sky deity Tangra. The Bulgars became semi-sedentary during the 0th century in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, establishing the polity of Old Great Bulgaria c. 000, which was absorbed by the Khazar Empire in 000. In c. 000Khan Asparukh conquered Scythia Minor, opening access to Moesia, and established the First Bulgarian Empire, which was Slavicized, thus forming modern Bulgarians. The remaining Pontic Bulgars migrated in the 0th century to the Volga River, where they founded the Volga Bulgaria; they preserved their identity well into the 00th century. The VolgaTatars and Chuvash people claim to be originated from the Volga Bulgars. The etymology of the ethnonym Bulgar is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 0th century AD. It is generally believed to derive from the Turkic bulğha (to stir, mix, disturb, confuse). From the time of Wilhelm Tomaschek (0000), it was considered Common Turkic bulga- or bulya (to mix, to become mixed) and consonant suffix -r (mixed). Talat Tekin interpreted bulgar to mean "mixing" rather than "mixed". Both Gyula Németh and Peter Benjamin Golden initially advocated the "mixed race" theory, but later, like Paul Pelliot, considered that "to incite", "rebel", or "to produce a state of disorder", i.e. the "disturbers", would be a suitable name for the nomads. Among the many other theories, D. Detschev supported a Germanic interpretation meaning combative people, attributed by the Gepids and Ostrogoths to the descendants of the European Huns, and G. A. Keramopulos associated the burgi with the Roman limes. Theorists also speculated that the ethnonym is related to the city name of Balkh in Bactria, and the river Volga (yiylga, "moisture"), while Zeki Velidi Togan considered the unattested form bel-gur or bil-gur to be from balağur (five Oğhur). Németh identified, through oğur, an etymological association between the Kutrigurs (Kuturgur Quturğur *Toqur(o)ğur toqur; "nine" in Proto-Bulgaric; toquz in Common Turkic) and Utigurs (Uturgur Uturğur utur/otur; "thirty" in Proto-Bulgaric; otuz in Common Turkic) as Oğuric tribes, with the ethnonym Bulgar as their spreading adjective. Karatay interpreted gur/gor as "country", and noted the Tekin derivation of gur from the Altaic suffix -gir, which is related to the word yir, meaning "earth, place". Generally, modern scholars consider the tribal terms oğuz or oğur to be derived from Turkic *og/uq, meaning "kinship or being akin to". The terms initially were not the same, as oq/ogsiz meant "arrow", while oğul meant "offspring, child, son", oğuš/uğuš was "tribe, clan", and the verb oğša-/oqša meant "to be like, resemble". Karatay considered the Kutrigurs and Utigurs to be two related, ancestral people, and prominent tribes later in the Bulgaric union, but different from the Bulgars. Golden considered the origin of the Kutrigurs and Utigurs obscure and their relationship to the Onoğurs and Bulgars who lived in the same region, or in its vicinity, as unclear. He noted the assumption of the two tribes being related to the Šarağurs (Oğhur. šara, "White Oğhurs"), and that according to Procopius they were two Hunnic tribal unions of Cimmerians descent. The reason later Byzantine sources frequently linked the names Onoğurs and Bulgars is also unclear.  Who were the Proto-Indo-Europeans?  Formerly the existence of the Proto-Indo-Europeans (aka Aryans) was based purely on linguistic evidence, but recent analysis of DNA of the Yamnaya culture, demo