. **a** Empirical analysis 0: systolic blood pressure (mmHg) and coronary heart disease (log odds). **b** Empirical analysis 0: urate (mg/dl) and coronary heart disease (log odds). **c** Empirical analysis 0: sleep duration (hour/night) and schizophrenia (log odds). **d** Empirical analysis 0: years of schooling (years) and body mass index (kg/m^0^). 