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4221256

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eakin%20Creek%20Floodplain%20Provincial%20Park

Eakin Creek Floodplain Provincial Park

Eakin Creek Floodplain Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada located on the North Thompson River near the community of Little Fort. See also Eakin Creek Canyon Provincial Park References Eakin Creek Floodplain Park Provincial parks of British Columbia Thompson Country Year of establishment missing

4285637

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Flood

Michael Flood

Michael G. Flood is an Australian sociologist and a professor at the Queensland University of Technology School of Justice. Flood gained his doctorate in gender and sexuality studies from the Australian National University. His areas of research are on violence against women, fathering, pro-feminism, domestic violence, the effects of pornography on young people, safe sex among heterosexual men, men's movements as a backlash to the feminist movement, men's relationships with each other and with women, homophobia, men's health, and gender justice. He is a regular contributor to and is regularly quoted in the media on these and other issues. Flood is a co-editor of the International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities, and the author of numerous academic papers on issues related to men and gender. Flood has also worked as a pro-feminist educator and activist, addressing men's violence against women. He coordinates, edits and contributes to XY, a pro-feminist website providing a range of commentary and research on men and masculinities, male sexuality, feminism, the men's movement and male violence from a feminist perspective. He also coordinates The Men's Bibliography, an online collection of over 22,000 works on men, masculinities, and gender. Selected bibliography Books Book chapters Pdf. Preview. Details. Preview. Journal articles Pdf. Pdf. Pdf. Pdf. Pdf. Pdf. Pdf. Pdf. Pdf. Pdf. References External links A number of papers by Flood are available on his staff page, at the Queensland University of Technology. Copies of articles and papers by Flood are available at the XYonline site. Australian sociologists Australian feminist writers Living people Male feminists Men's movement Year of birth missing (living people) Feminist studies scholars Men and masculinities scholars Academic staff of the University of Wollongong Australian National University alumni Postmodern feminists

4311910

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial%20lake%20outburst%20flood

Glacial lake outburst flood

A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a type of outburst flood caused by the failure of a dam containing a glacial lake. An event similar to a GLOF, where a body of water contained by a glacier melts or overflows the glacier, is called a jökulhlaup. The dam can consist of glacier ice or a terminal moraine. Failure can happen due to erosion, a buildup of water pressure, an avalanche of rock or heavy snow, an earthquake or cryoseism, volcanic eruptions under the ice, or massive displacement of water in a glacial lake when a large portion of an adjacent glacier collapses into it. Increasing glacial melting because of climate change, alongside other environmental effects of climate change (i.e. permafrost melting) mean that regions with glaciers are likely to see increased flooding risks from GLOFs. This is especially true in the Himalayas where geologies are more active. A 2023 study found 15 million people at risk from this hazard, mostly in China, India, Pakistan, and Peru. Definition A glacial lake outburst flood is a type of outburst flood occurring when water dammed by a glacier or a moraine is released. A water body that is dammed by the front of a glacier is called a marginal lake, and a water body that is capped by the glacier is called a sub-glacial lake. When a marginal lake bursts, it may also be called a marginal lake drainage. When a sub-glacial lake bursts, it may be called a jökulhlaup. A jökulhlaup is thus a sub-glacial outburst flood. Jökulhlaup is an Icelandic term that has been adopted into the English language, originally referring only to glacial outburst floods from Vatnajökull, which are triggered by volcanic eruptions, but now is accepted to describe any abrupt and large release of sub-glacial water. Glacial lake volumes vary, but may hold millions to hundreds of millions of cubic metres of water. Catastrophic failure of the containing ice or glacial sediment can release this water over periods of minutes to days. Peak flows as high as 15,000 cubic metres per second have been recorded in such events, suggesting that the v-shaped canyon of a normally small mountain stream could suddenly develop an extremely turbulent and fast-moving torrent some deep. Glacial Lake Outburst Floods are often compounded by a massive river bed erosion in the steep moraine valleys, as a result, the flood peaks increase as they flow downstream until the river reaches, where the sediment deposits. On a downstream floodplain, it suggests a somewhat slower inundation spreading as much as wide. Both scenarios are significant threats to life, property and infrastructure. Monitoring The United Nations has a series of monitoring efforts to help prevent death and destruction in regions that are likely to experience these events. The importance of this situation has magnified over the past century due to increased populations, and the increasing number of glacial lakes that have developed due to glacier retreat. While all countries with glaciers are susceptible to this problem, central Asia, the Andes regions of South America and those countries in Europe that have glaciers in the Alps, have been identified as the regions at greatest risk. There are a number of imminent deadly GLOF situations that have been identified worldwide. The Tsho Rolpa glacier lake is located in the Rolwaling Valley, about northeast of Kathmandu, Nepal, at an altitude of . The lake is dammed by a high unconsolidated terminal moraine dam. The lake is growing larger every year due to the melting and retreat of the Trakarding Glacier, and has become the largest and most dangerous glacier lake in Nepal, with approximately of water stored. Examples Asia India In June 2013, Kedarnath in Uttarakhand witnessed flash floods along with a GLOF caused by Chorabari Tal, killing thousands of pilgrims, tourists and residents who came to visit the place. Pakistan Pakistan has more than 7000 glaciers, which is more than anywhere else in the world, except for the polar regions. As of 2018, more than 3,000 glacial lakes had formed in Gilgit-Baltistan, with 30 identified by the UNDP as posing an imminent threat of glacial lake outburst flooding. In 2017, a "Scaling up of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Risk Reduction in Northern Pakistan Project" was continued. In 1929, a GLOF from the Chong Khumdan Glacier in the Karakoram caused flooding on the Indus River 1,200 km downstream (a maximum flood rise of 8.1 m at Attock). Bhutan GLOFs occur with regularity in the valleys and low lying river plains of Bhutan. In the recent past, flash floods have occurred in the Thimphu, Paro and Punankha-Wangdue valleys. Of the 2674 glacial lakes in Bhutan, 24 have been identified by a recent study as candidates for GLOFs in the near future. In October 1994, a GLOF upstream from Punakha Dzong caused massive flooding on the Pho Chhu River, damaging the dzong and causing casualties. In 2001, scientists identified Lake Thorthormi as one that threatened imminent and catastrophic collapse. The situation was eventually relieved by carving a water channel from the lip of the lake to relieve water pressure. Nepal Even though GLOF events have been occurring in Nepal for many decades, the 1985 Dig Cho glacial lake outburst has triggered detailed study of this phenomenon. In 1996, the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) of Nepal reported that five lakes were potentially dangerous, namely, Dig Tsho, Imja, Lower Barun, Tsho Rolpa, and Thulagi, all lying above 4100 m. A 2001 study done by ICIMOD and UNEP reported 20 potentially dangerous lakes in Nepal. In ten of them GLOF events have occurred in the past few years and some have been regenerating after the event. Additional dangerous glacial lakes may exist in parts of Tibet that are drained by streams crossing into Nepal, raising the possibility of outburst incidents in Tibet causing downstream damage in Nepal. The Gandaki River basin is reported to contain 1025 glaciers and 338 lakes. The Thulagi glacier located in the Upper Marsyangdi River basin, is one out of the two moraine-dammed lakes (supra-glacial lakes), identified as a potentially dangerous lake. The Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau, Frankfurt am Main, the BGR (Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Germany), in cooperation with the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology in Kathmandu, have carried out studies on the Thulagi Glacier and have concluded in 2011 that even assuming the worst case, a disastrous outburst of the lake can be excluded in the near future. Tibet Longbasaba and Pida lakes are two moraine-dammed lakes at an altitude of about 5700 m in the Eastern Himalayas. Due to the rise of temperature, the areas of the Longbasaba and Kaer glaciers decreased by 8.7% and 16.6% from 1978 to 2005. Water from glaciers directly flowed into Longbasaba and Pida lakes, and the area of the two lakes increased by 140% and 194%. According to the report of the Hydrological Department of Tibet in 2006, if a GLOF had occurred at the two lakes, 23 towns and villages, where more than 12,500 people live, would have been endangered. In Tibet, one of the major barley producing areas of the Tibetan Plateau was destroyed by GLOFs in August 2000. More than 10,000 homes, 98 bridges and dykes were destroyed and its estimated cost was about $75 million. The farming communities faced food shortages that year by losing their grain and livestock. A major GLOF was reported in 1978 in the valley of the Shaksgam River in the Karakoram, a part of historic Kashmir, ceded by Pakistan to China. Europe Iceland The most famous are the immense jökulhlaup released from the Vatnajökull Ice Cap in Iceland. It is not by chance that the term jökulhlaup (jökull = glacier, hlaup = run (n.)/running) comes from Icelandic, as the south of Iceland has very often been the victim of such catastrophes. This was the case in 1996, when a volcano north of the Grímsvötn lake belonging to the Vatnajökull glacier erupted, filling Grímsvötn, and then the river Skeiðará flooded the land in front of Skaftafell, now part of Vatnajökull National Park. The jökulhlaup reached a flow rate of 50,000 cubic metres per second, and destroyed parts of the Hringvegur (Ring Road or Iceland Road #1). The flood carried ice floes that weighed up to 5000 tons with icebergs between 100 and 200 tons striking the Gigjukvisl Bridge of the Ring Road (the ruins are well marked with explanatory signs today as a popular tourist stop). The tsunami released was up to high and wide. The flood carried with it 185 million tons of silt. The jökulhlaup flow made it for several days the second largest river (in terms of water flow) after the Amazon. After the flooding, some icebergs high could be seen on the banks of the river where the glacier run had left them behind (see also Mýrdalsjökull). The peak water release from a lake that develops around the Grímsvötn Volcanic Crater in the center of the Vatnajökull ice cap generates flows that exceed the volume of the Mississippi River. The outbursts have occurred in 1954, 1960, 1965, 1972, 1976, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1991 and 1996. In 1996, the eruption melted of ice and yielded an outburst of per second at peak flow. Strait of Dover The Strait of Dover is thought to have been created around 200,000 years ago by a catastrophic GLOF caused by the breaching of the Weald-Artois Anticline, which acted as a natural dam that held back a large lake in the Doggerland region, now submerged under the North Sea. The flood would have lasted several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second. The cause of the breach is not known but may have been caused by an earthquake or simply the build-up of water pressure in the lake. As well as destroying the isthmus that connected Britain to continental Europe, the flood carved a large bedrock-floored valley down the length of the English Channel, leaving behind streamlined islands and longitudinal erosional grooves characteristic of catastrophic megaflood events. Swiss Alps The 1818 Giétro Glacier catastrophe, killing 44 people, originated in a 4-km long valley located in south-western Switzerland. Fatal flooding was known during historical times with 140 deaths first recorded in 1595. After an increase of the glacier during the "Year Without a Summer", an ice cone started to form from the accumulation of falling seracs. During 1816, the valley filled into a lake which emptied during the spring of 1817. In spring of 1818, the lake measured about 2 km in length. To stop the rapid rise of waters, the canton engineer Ignaz Venetz decided to drill a sluice hole through the ice, tunneling from both upstream and downstream sides of the ice dam at an elevation of about 20 metres above the lake surface. An avalanche interrupted work, so a secondary tunnel was then drilled for safety reasons as the waters rose to 10 metres below. Dangerous sloughing of ice delayed the work until finally a 198-metre-long hole was completed on 4 June, days before lake began to escape via the manmade waterfall on 13 June. Venetz warned the inhabitants of the valley of the danger as water was also escaping from the base of the cone. However, the cone began to crack on the morning of 16 June and at 16:30 the ice dam broke sending 18 million m3 of flood waters into the valley below. Americas Alaska During the late Quaternary, ancient Lake Atna in the Copper River Basin may have generated a number of glacial outburst floods. Some jökulhlaups release annually. Lake George near the Knik River had large annual outbreaks from 1918 to 1966. Since 1966 the Knik Glacier has retreated and an ice-dam is no longer created. Lake George might resume annual floods if the glacier thickens again and blocks the valley (Post and Mayo, 1971). Almost every year, GLOFs occur in two locations in southeastern Alaska, one of which is Abyss Lake. The releases associated with the Tulsequah Glacier near Juneau often inundate a nearby airstrip. About 40 cabins could potentially be affected and a few have been damaged by the larger floods. Events from Salmon Glacier near Hyder have damaged roads near the Salmon River. Contiguous United States Immense prehistoric GLOFs, known as the Missoula Floods or Spokane Floods, occurred in North America's Columbia River watershed toward the end of the last ice age. They were the result of periodic breaches of ice dams in present-day Montana, resulting in the draining of a body of water now known as Glacial Lake Missoula. The immense floods scoured the Columbia Plateau as the water raced toward the ocean, resulting in the Channeled Scablands topography that exists today across Central and Eastern Washington. Glacial River Warren drained Glacial Lake Agassiz during the Wisconsinian glaciation; the now mild Minnesota River flows through its bed. This river seasonally drained glacial meltwater into what is now the Upper Mississippi River. The region now termed the Driftless Area of North America was contemporaneously also subject to glacial outburst floods from Glacial Lake Grantsburg, and Glacial Lake Duluth during all three phases of the last ice age. Between 6 and 10 September 2003, a GLOF occurred from Grasshopper Glacier in the Wind River Mountains, Wyoming. A proglacial lake at the head of the glacier burst through a glacial dam, and water from the lake carved a trench down the center of the glacier for more than . An estimated of water were released in four days, raising the flow level of Dinwoody Creek from per second to per second, as recorded at a gauging station downstream. Debris from the flood was deposited more than along the creek. The GLOF has been attributed to the rapid retreat of the glacier, which has been ongoing since the glacier was first accurately measured in the 1960s. Peru A flood caused by a glacial lake outburst flood on 13 December 1941 killed an estimated 1,800 people along its path in Peru, including many in the town of Huaraz. The cause was a block of ice that fell from a glacier in the Cordillera Blanca mountains into Lake Palcacocha. This event has been described as a historic inspiration for research into glacial lake outburst floods. Numerous Peruvian geologists and engineers created techniques for avoiding such floods and exported the techniques worldwide. Canada In 1978, debris flows triggered by a jökulhlaup from Cathedral Glacier destroyed part of the Canadian Pacific railway track, derailed a freight train and buried parts of the Trans Canada Highway. In 1994, a jökulhlaup occurred at Farrow Creek, British Columbia. In 2003, a jökulhlaup drained into Lake Tuborg on Ellesmere Island, and the events and its aftermath were monitored. The ice-dammed lake drained catastrophically by floating its ice dam. This is an extremely rare occurrence in the Canadian High Arctic, where most glaciers are cold based, and ice-dammed lakes typically drain slowly by overtopping their dams. It has been suggested that the Heinrich events during the last glaciation could have been caused by gigantic jökulhlaups from a Hudson Bay lake dammed by ice at the mouth of Hudson Strait. See also Footnotes References Post, A. & Mayo, L.R. Glacier Dammed Lakes and Outburst Floods in Alaska. HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS ATLAS HA-455. Anchorage, Alaska (1971) U.S. Geological Survey, Denver CO. Rudoy, A.N. (1998) Mountain Ice-Dammed Lakes of Southern Siberia and their Influence on the Development and Regime of the Runoff Systems of North Asia in the Late Pleistocene. Chapter 16, pp. 215–234. – Palaeohydrology and Environmental Change / Eds: G. Benito, V.R. Baker, K.J. Gregory. – Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 353 p. Rudoy A.N. & Baker, V.R. Sedimentary Effects of cataclysmic late Pleistocene glacial Flooding, Altai Mountains, Siberia // Sedimentary Geology , (1993) Vol. 85. N 1–4. pp. 53–62. External links The channeled scabland: a guide to the geomorphology of the Columbia Basin, Washington: prepared for the Comparative Planetary Geology Field Conference held in the Columbia Basin, 5–8 June 1978 / sponsored by Planetary Geology Program, Office of Space Science, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; edited by Victor R. Baker and Dag Nummedal. Рудой А. Н. Giant current ripples: A Review. Гигантская рябь течения: обзор новейших данных. Рудой А. Н. Scablands. Скэбленд: экзотические ландшафты. Chuya Flood Video Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Nepal. – International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, March 2011 Lasafam Iturrizaga. GLACIER LAKE OUTBURST FLOODS / "Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers" Springer, 2011/Eds. Vijay P. Singh, Pratap Singh and Umesh K. Haritashya Volcanology + Flood

4331439

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox%20Confessor%20Brings%20the%20Flood

Fox Confessor Brings the Flood

Fox Confessor Brings the Flood is the fourth solo album by American alt-country musician Neko Case, released March 7, 2006 by ANTI- Records. The album was found on many “Best of” lists that year and had a bonus disc released by ANTI- in November of the following year. Recording and production The album was recorded at Wave Lab Studios in Tucson, Arizona except the beginning of "John Saw That Number", recorded in a stairwell at Toronto's Horseshoe Tavern; and "At Last", which was tracked at Toronto's Iguana studio. Case is backed by several collaborators, including bandmates Jon Rauhouse and Tom V. Ray, as well as frequent collaborators The Sadies, Giant Sand's leader Howe Gelb, vocalist Kelly Hogan, Calexico's Joey Burns and John Convertino, and Canadian cohorts Brian Connelly and Paul Rigby. Rachel Flotard of Seattle punk-pop combo Visqueen also guests, as does multi-instrumentalist Garth Hudson of The Band. The album was engineered by Craig Schumacher and Chris Schultz, and produced and mixed by Neko Case and Darryl Neudorf. It sold 194,000 copies in the United States through December 2008. Fox Confessor Brings the Flood (Bonus Disc Version) was released November 6, 2007, which includes five additional songs. The original track listing was used for the Record Store Day 2015 re-release on red colored vinyl. Fox Confessor Brings the Flood was produced by Darryl Neudorf and co-produced by Case. Neudorf helped mix, produce and engineer other Case albums including The Virginian (1997), Furnace Room Lullaby (2000), Blacklisted (2002), The Tigers Have Spoken (2005), Fox Confessor Brings the Flood (Bonus Disc Version) (2007) and Middle Cyclone (2009). He helped produce and engineer for other artists such as Sarah McLachlan, The Sadies and The Mohawk Lodge. Regarding a cover of "Star Witness" by Canadian students Kate Macdonald and Janelle Blanchard, Case wrote via Twitter "Wow. That just made me bawl my eyes out. What beautiful singers. I'm not worthy...Holy god. They broke the shit out of my heart!!" Musical style, writing, and composition Upon its release, Fox Confessor was praised as Case’s most stunning album. The album covers a wide range of emotions in a variety of styles. Case blends gospel and early rock influences, and Case classified her style as “country-noir”. Much of the album is praised for masterful weaving of emotion and suggestive description. Case offers that the songs on this album were created by writing a lot of words and paring them back so that it is not “overly literal”. She gives hints and helps her listeners to use their imagination to fill in the gaps. “That Teenage Feeling” is praised as a 1950s-style pop ballad that suggests a memory of intense and passionate love, while “Hold On, Hold On” tells the story of the artist leaving a wedding reception, relieved to be alone, with drugs from the bride. In “John Saw That Number”, Case mixes words of “an old American spiritual with a musical idea from India” and “Widow’s Toast” is an example of the artist creating “more space on the record” in order to make what is there stand out. Case began recording the track with a full band, but the removed all components for the final product. This track also deviates from the standard verse-chorus-verse structure of many contemporary songs. Inspiration Most of the songs in this album are based on her life experiences. Case said on one of her interviews "I've always been fascinated by fairy tales, But we really don't have fairy tales anymore. Movies have taken their place, and modern fiction seems to be in this rut of the coming-of-age story, which is getting really boring. I'm trying to find things on the outer limits of experience. I really love the Eastern European fairy tales because they're not only dark but they're also funny and not overly moral." Reception and legacy Upon release, Fox Confessor was greeted with universal acclaim from music critics. Awarding it 4-and-a-half stars, AllMusic's Mark Deming lauded it as "rich, mature, and deeply satisfying". Entertainment Weeklys Marc Weingarten praised the "beguiling spell" Case's "death-haunted folk". Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork applauded the "natural grandeur" of Case's "peerless cries". In 2013, Treble dubbed Fox "[Case's] most haunting, lonely and dazzling work to date." They placed the album on their list of alt-country's essential records, praising its songs as "magnificent". The site also recognized Foxs third track "Hold On, Hold On" in the genre's history, dubbing it "a haunted surf-twang barnburner". Looking back on Fox for its 10th anniversary, Billboards Kenneth Partridge named it "an indie-rock landmark" and "an album of ugly truths beautifully rendered." Accolades Track listing All songs written by Neko Case, except where noted. "Margaret vs. Pauline" – 2:52 "Star Witness" – 5:16 "Hold On, Hold On" (Case, The Sadies) – 2:46 "A Widow's Toast" – 1:36 "That Teenage Feeling" – 2:42 "Fox Confessor Brings the Flood" (Case, Paul Rigby) – 2:42 "John Saw That Number" (traditional, Case) – 4:06 "Dirty Knife" – 3:18 "Lion's Jaws" (Case, The Sadies) – 2:28 "Maybe Sparrow" – 2:37 "At Last" – 1:35 "The Needle Has Landed" (Case, The Sadies) – 3:45 Personnel Neko Case – vocals, acoustic & electric tenor guitars, acoustic & electric guitars, tambourine, whirly bird, piano, hammered dulcimer Garth Hudson – piano, organ Mike Belitsky – drums Paul Rigby – electric guitar, 12-string electric guitar, guitar loop Joey Burns – acoustic guitar, upright bass, cello, nylon acoustic guitar John Convertino – drums Anne de Wolff – violin Tom V. Ray – upright bass, bass Travis Good – acoustic & electric guitars Kelly Hogan – vocals Dallas Good – electric & 12-string guitars Sean Dean – upright bass Rachel Flotard – backing vocals Dexter Romweber – electric guitar Howe Gelb – electric guitar, piano Willie B – drums James SK Wān - viola Jon Rauhouse – banjo, Hawaiian guitar Brian Connelly – acoustic guitar Julie Morstad – artwork Charts As of 2013, sales in the United States have exceeded 233,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan. References 2006 albums Neko Case albums Anti- (record label) albums Albums produced by Darryl Neudorf

4472435

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Flood%20%28politician%29

Mike Flood (politician)

Michael John Flood (born February 23, 1975) is an American attorney, businessman, and politician serving as the U.S. representative for Nebraska's 1st congressional district since July 2022. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served two stints as a member of the Nebraska Legislature from the 19th district, from 2005 to 2013 and 2021 to 2022. He served as speaker of the Legislature from 2007 to 2013. Early life and education Born in Omaha, Flood was raised in Norfolk, Nebraska. In 1993, he graduated from Norfolk Catholic High School in Norfolk, Nebraska. He received a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Notre Dame in 1997 and a Juris Doctor from the University of Nebraska College of Law in 2001. Career Flood worked at a Norfolk radio station in high school. At the University of Notre Dame, he operated and hosted a show on the campus's radio station. After graduation, he worked as "Sideshow Mike" on WBYT's morning show for a year. Upon his return to Nebraska, he worked as a radio personality at Lincoln-based country station KFGE. In 1999, during his second year of law school, he launched KUSO as the first station in what would become Flood Communications. As of 2023, he owned 15 radio stations and seven television stations in Nebraska. In 2015, Flood founded the News Channel Nebraska network, in which all television and radio stations participate. NCN is Nebraska's only 24-hour news channel. Flood no longer solely owns the stations, having sold parts of the company to in-state investors. In addition to being the operator of News Channel Nebraska, he was on-air talent, acting as a news reporter and hosting the variety show Quarantine Tonight during the COVID-19 pandemic. Flood is also a named partner in Norfolk-based law firm, Jewell Collins & Flood. Nebraska Legislature In 2004, Flood ran for a seat in the Nebraska Legislature, representing the 19th legislative district, which was coterminous with Madison County and included Norfolk. The incumbent, Gene Tyson, was retiring; Flood ran unopposed for the seat. In 2010, he was named to Time's "40 Under 40" list as one of the rising stars in American politics. During his first stint in the Nebraska Legislature, Flood introduced and successfully passed the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act, the nation's first 20-week abortion ban. During a special legislative session in 2011, he successfully brokered a compromise that rerouted the Keystone XL pipeline. Flood left the Nebraska Legislature in 2013 due to term limits. He initially announced that he would run for governor in 2014, but withdrew from the race in December 2012 after his wife was diagnosed with breast cancer. In August 2019, Flood announced he would run for office for the 2020 cycle in the 19th district, replacing Jim Scheer, who was termed out. Nebraska term limits only restrict consecutive terms. He was unopposed in the 2020 election, and returned to the Legislature for the 2021 legislative session. U.S. House of Representatives Elections 2022 special election On January 16, 2022, Flood announced his candidacy in the 2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Nebraska, challenging the incumbent Republican Jeff Fortenberry to represent Nebraska's 1st congressional district. Fortenberry resigned from office on March 31, 2022, following a felony conviction. His resignation necessitated a special election, for which the Nebraska Republican Party nominated Flood. He defeated Democratic nominee Patty Pansing Brooks by a narrower than expected margin. 2022 Flood was reelected in November, defeating Brooks in a rematch, 58% to 42%. Tenure Flood was sworn into office by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi on July 12, 2022. On August 12, 2022, Flood voted against the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. Caucus memberships Republican Study Committee Republican Main Street Partnership Political positions Flood voted to provide Israel with support following 2023 Hamas attack on Israel. References External links House website Campaign website |- |- 1975 births Living people 21st-century American politicians Republican Party Nebraska state senators Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska Speakers of the Nebraska Legislature University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni University of Notre Dame alumni People from Norfolk, Nebraska Politicians from Omaha, Nebraska

4513800

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods%20in%20Bangladesh

Floods in Bangladesh

Bangladesh, being situated on the Brahmaputra River Delta (also known as the Ganges Delta) is a land of many rivers, and as a result is very prone to flooding. Due to being part of such a basin and being less than 5 meters above mean sea level, Bangladesh faces the cumulative effects of floods due to water flashing from nearby hills, the accumulation of the inflow of water from upstream catchments, and locally heavy rainfall enhanced by drainage congestion. Bangladesh faces this problem almost every year. Coastal flooding, combined with the bursting of river banks is common, and severely affects the landscape and society of Bangladesh. 80% of Bangladesh is floodplain, and it has an extensive sea coastline, rendering the nation very much at risk of periodic widespread damage. Whilst more permanent defenses, strengthened with reinforced concrete, are being built, many embankments are composed purely of soil and turf and made by local farmers. Flooding normally occurs during the monsoon season from June to September. The convectional rainfall of the monsoon is added to by relief rainfall caused by the Himalayas. Meltwater from the Himalayas is also a significant input. Each year, on average, (around 21% of the country) is flooded. During severe floods the affected area may exceed two-thirds of the country, as was seen in 1998. Only about 20% of streamflow is generated by rainfall within Bangladesh. The other 80% flows in from catchment areas outside the country, overwhelmingly via three main rivers: the Ganges, the Brahmaputra-Jamuna and the Meghna. The floods have caused devastation in Bangladesh throughout history, especially in 1951, 1987, 1988 and 1998. The (2007 South Asian floods) also affected a large portion of Bangladesh. Benefits of flooding Small scale flooding in Bangladesh is required to sustain the agricultural industry, as sediment deposited by floodwaters fertilises fields. The water is required to grow rice, so natural flooding replaces artificial irrigation, which is time-consuming and costly to build. Salt deposited on fields from high rates of evaporation is removed during floods, preventing the land from becoming infertile. The benefits of flooding are clear in El Niño years when the monsoon is interrupted. As El Niño becomes increasingly frequent, and flood events appear to become more extreme, the previously reliable monsoon may be succeeded by years of drought or devastating floods. Despite all of this, floodings also have very positive effects and it is that corn grows on the water, with the floodings corn can grow benefiting agriculture and the economy in the area. Types of floods While the issue of flooding and the ongoing efforts to limit its damages are prevalent throughout the entire country, several types of floods have recently occurred regularly, affecting different areas in their own distinct way. These flood types include: flash floods in hilly areas monsoon floods during monsoon season normal bank floods from the major rivers, Brahmaputra, Ganges and Meghna rain-fed floods Historic floods The country has a long history of destructive flooding that has had very adverse impacts on lives and property. In the 19th century, six major floods were recorded: 1842, 1858, 1871, 1875, 1885 and 1892. Eighteen major floods occurred in the 20th century. Those of 1951, 1987, 1988 and 1998 were of catastrophic consequence. More recent floods include 2004 and 2010. The catastrophic floods of 1987 occurred throughout July and August and affected of land, (about 40% of the total area of the country) and was estimated as a once in 30-70 year event. The seriously affected regions were on the western side of the Brahmaputra, the area below the confluence of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra and considerable areas north of Khulna. The flood of 1988, which was also of catastrophic consequence, occurred throughout August and September. The waters inundated about of land, (about 60% of the area) and its return period was estimated at 50–100 years. Rainfall together with synchronisation of very high flows of the three major rivers of the country in only three days aggravated the flood. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, was severely affected. The flood lasted 15 to 20 days. In 1998, over 75% of the total area of the country was flooded, including half of Dhaka. It was similar to the catastrophic flood of 1988, in terms of the extent of the flooding. A combination of heavy rainfall within and outside the country and synchronisation of peak flows of the major rivers contributed to the flood. 30 million people were made homeless and the death toll reached over a thousand. The flooding caused contamination of crops and animals and unclean water resulted in cholera and typhoid outbreaks. Few hospitals were functional because of damage from the flooding, and those that were open had too many patients, resulting in everyday injuries becoming fatal due to lack of treatment. 700,000 hectares of crops were destroyed, 400 factories were forced to close, and there was a 20% decrease in economic production. Communication within the country also became difficult. The 1999 floods, although not as serious as the 1998 floods, were still very dangerous and costly. The floods occurred between July and September, causing many deaths, and leaving many people homeless. The extensive damage had to be paid for with foreign assistance. The entire flood lasted approximately 65 days. The 2004 flood was very similar to the 1988 and 1998 floods with two thirds of the country under water. In early October 2005, dozens of villages were inundated when rain caused the rivers of northwestern Bangladesh to burst their banks.The floods that hit Bangladesh in 2007 affected 252 villages in 40 districts causing millions of people became homeless. Floods also occurred in 2015 and 2017. Details of the 2017 flood(s) in Bangladesh In 2017, unpredicted early heavy rain caused flooding in several parts of Bangladesh and damaged pre-harvested crops in April. The April flood continued until the last week of August and caused substantial damage to housing, property, and infrastructure. Inundation maps of Bangladesh for March, April, June, and August 2017, based on Sentinel-1 images, show that in March 2017 perennial waterbodies covered 5.03% of Bangladesh. In April, a total flood-inundated area was 2.01%, most inundation occurring in cropland (1.51%), followed by rural settlement and homestead orchard areas (0.21%) and other areas (0.29%). Similarly, more area was inundated during the catastrophic June and August months, with inundation covering 4.53% and 7.01%, respectively. Climate variability From March to September in a typical year, the citizens of Bangladesh are the most susceptible to major flooding, as a mixture of the monsoon seasons and the rising of major rivers and their tributaries reach their peak as the snow starts to melt and the rain starts to pour. the rivers flow from India into Bangladesh also sometimes the Himalayas. Widespread flooding in Bangladesh, as seen in 1988, 1998 and 1991 has caused widespread destruction in one of the least developed countries in the world. With three of the world's mightiest river systems and being situated in the world's largest delta, riverbank erosion is taking away precious land from the small nation with a growing population every year. The economic development of the rural sphere is largely intertwined, as every year the populace loses property and livelihood. South Asian people, 70 percent of whom lives in rural areas also account for 75 percent of the poor, most of whom rely on agriculture for their livelihood. Each year they are disproportionately affected by the effects of climate change. Three catastrophes—the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone, the May 1997 Bangladesh cyclone and Cyclone Sidr in 2007—cost the nation around a quarter of a million of its residents. There needs to be serious considerations to mitigate the effects of climate change and invest in capacity building of each system component to secure the future of this country. This global change is likely to have a more dramatic effect on the global agriculture than previously predicted meaning that the world hunger situation and Bangladesh's food security issues will only get worse. The difference between historical and projected average temperatures each season throughout the world has revealed that harvests from major staple crops could drop by 40 percent by the end of the 21st century due to high temperatures in the growing seasons. A research study predicted this by using the patterns and characteristics of 23 global climate models. Not only are the harvests affected, the grain yield is also predicted to decrease anywhere from 3 to 15 percent. The overall damage: Half of the districts were affected (66%) of the country was overwhelmed 1,050 deaths reported 30 million people affected 25 million people left homeless 26,000 livestock lost 20,000 education facilities damaged 300,000 wells damaged of roads flooded of river embankments destroyed 32 percent of the total population affected Flood preparation Yearly flooding during monsoon season and other forms of inclement weather have forced the people of Bangladesh to adjust their lifestyle in order to prepare for the worst. One thing that people are doing to avoid the effects of the flooding is building elevated houses and roads. The raised houses are built on platforms raised above the typical water level a flood can reach. In many cases, neighbourhoods of people build these raised homes and roads, creating a "cluster village" which is essentially a village that is raised above flood level. This has proven to be very effective at avoiding the immediate effects of flooding. Additionally, organisations such as the Global Fund for Children and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation have taken the initiative of helping kids rebuild their lives after natural disasters by building schools that function on boats themselves. "Floating schools", as these classrooms are known, help provide an education for children whose lives were drastically affected by the effects of constant flooding. Furthermore, children who even prior to a natural disaster did not receive proper schooling benefited from the opening of floating schools, making these communities into beneficial learning spots. However, there are effects from flooding that cannot be avoided simply by raising houses above flood level. Water contamination, for example, is very difficult to cope with during floods. Because of this, many people in Bangladesh use a tube well, which is a well with a top that is raised high enough that contaminated flood water from a flood cannot enter it. Many cities also have flood shelters, which are large raised platforms where people can find refuge from the effects of the on-rushing flood. As a result of several demanding summer floods, in 2004, the government of Bangladesh made the step of seeking foreign aid rather than try to assist the millions of homeless people on their own. Nearly all the 147 million people living in Bangladesh at the time (crammed into a space the size of Iowa) were forced to adapt to intense rainfall and water-borne disease exposed conditions. An increase of salinity, a lack of food distributors, and the effects of seeing slum dwellers survive on flood water were just the initial blows to a monumental flood season that summer, extending beyond Bangladesh's borders and affecting India, China, Nepal, and Vietnam as well. These may be great solutions to the problem of flooding, but some cities do not have raised houses or flood shelters. These cities typically have rescue boats that can search for people who were unable to get above flood level and help them get out of the water. These boats are very important; they rescue over a thousand people over the course of multiple years. Flood shelter suitability areas in Bangladesh To mitigate flood disasters impact, it is crucial to understand the areas that are flooded by water. At the same time, flood-affected families also can get a safe location to shelter. In Bangladesh, most rural homes are situated in low-lying floodplain regions, which are highly vulnerable to flooding. Many of these residences inundate during flooding and come to be unsuitable for habitation. In this case, emergency lodging in temporary flood shelters is necessary for the affected families. The place of the flood shelter concerning the distance from the community and accessibility is crucial for useful evacuation and relocation. The flood shelter must be accessible and close to a settlement to ensure efficient evacuation and relocation. On the other hand, the shelters should be built in an area free from the risk of flooding. Over time, a good number of safe cyclone shelters have been established in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. However, in the flood-prone northern and central regions and the flood-prone area near the major rivers, a small number of designated flood emergency shelters exist other than a few elevated homesteads. In most cases, these small figures of flood shelters are not located in flood-prone areas to evacuate most people. Therefore, many factors related to flood pronouns, protection, and convenience, should be considered when identifying suitable sites for flood shelters. In this case, remote sensing and geographic information system can play a vitally important role in finding suitable locations for flood shelters. Coverage of inundation and deaths in major floods, 1954-1998 Table of flood damage in Bangladesh (1953-1998) See also 2007 Chittagong mudslides References Further reading Jha, Abhas Kumar, Robin Bloch, and Jessica Lamond. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2012. Academia. Web. 29 Apr. 2014. Hofer, Thomas, and Bruno Messerli. Floods in Bangladesh: History, Dynamics and Rethinking the Role of the Himalayas. Tokyo: United Nations UP, 2006. Academia. Web. 29 Apr. 2014. External links

4593006

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Flood%20%28band%29

The Flood (band)

The Flood are an Australian roots music band formed by Kevin Bennett and James Gillard, with Mark Collins and Doug Bligh. The group won the Tamworth 2006 Golden Guitar Award for Vocal Group or Duo of the Year with their track, "Hello Blue Sky". In 2008 the line-up was Bennett and Gillard with Tim Wedde on keyboards, accordion, vibraphone and talent manager; and Scott Hills on drums (replaced Steve Fearnley). History 1995-1998: Founding years The Flood's founders Kevin Bennett and James Gillard had performed as an acoustic duo and issued two albums on ABC Records, Two of Everything in the Carpark and Two. Soon after they formed the Flood in Sydney with Bennett on lead vocals and electric guitar; Gillard on bass guitar and vocals, Mark Collins on guitar, banjo and vocals with Doug Bligh on drums and percussion. This line-up recorded The Ballad Of KB in 1998, which was included in Iain Sheddon's Top Twenty Australian Country/Roots Albums. The subsequent line-up included Steve Fearnley on drums and percussion; Gillard on guitar and vocals, Wayne 'Killer' Kellett on bass and vocals and Tim Wedde on keyboards, accordion vocals, and vibraphone (later he was also their manager). 1999-present: Recording years The Flood's debut album, The Ballad of K.B. appeared in 1999. Tim Badrick of Lost Treasures felt that it was "jammed packed full of The Flood's unique amalgam of country, rock, blues and even a dash of boogie piano, be that unintentional or not." The tracks were mostly written by Bennett with some co-written by Bennett, Gillard, Bligh and Collins. The lead track was released as the title track on an extended play, Don't Look Back at Me (1999). During 2002 the Flood had also supported a tour by United States alternative country music artist, Kevin Welch, with a performance at Sydney's Basement recorded for a joint-release live album, Live Down Here on Earth (22 September 2003), and a DVD, Plenty of Time (2004). According to Amazon.com's editor the CD is an "Aussie exclusive album from one of Nashville's most acclaimed songwriter's & Australia's greatest country/roots outfit." Dave Dawson of Nu Country caught a gig by Welch and the Flood on a subsequent tour at the Corner Hotel in Richmond, in November 2003, "The Flood proved a perfect pairing with Welch on an energetic show that belied the late nights and gruelling road miles of their east coast foray. It was a credit that both acts remained energised... The Welch-Flood double bill was good in theory but an imbalance in practice with Welch having less stage time than The Flood." In 2003 the Flood issued their self-titled second album, which includes the track, "Paul Kelly's Blues" – written by Bennett. The track was nominated for APRA Song of the Year at the Country Music Awards of Australia in 2004. During that year they issued another EP, Australian for Broken Heart, and promoted it with an east coast tour from October to December. According to Christie Eliezer of In Music & Media they provide "strong narratives, backwater blues and meandering ballads." The EP's title track was nominated for APRA-AMCOS Independent Country Music Single of the Year. The group's next album, The Late Late Show (16 January 2006), was nominated for the Best Blues and Roots Album category at the ARIA Music Awards of 2006. Later albums included Everybody's Favourite (2008) and Skin (by Kevin Bennett and the Flood, 2015). Bennett teamed with fellow country musicians, Lyn Bowtell and Felicity Urquhart and formed Bennett Bowtell Urquhart. They released Bennett Bowtell Urquhart on 16 January 2016. Discography Albums Awards and nominations ARIA Music Awards The ARIA Music Awards are presented annually from 1987 by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). |- | 2006 | The Late Late Show | Best Blues & Roots Album | Country Music Awards of Australia The Country Music Awards of Australia (CMAA) (also known as the Golden Guitar Awards) is an annual awards night held in January during the Tamworth Country Music Festival, celebrating recording excellence in the Australian country music industry. They have been held annually since 1973. |- | 2006 | "Hello Blue Sky" by The Flood | Vocal Group or Duo of the Year | |- | 2020 | Blood Red Ties by Kevin Bennett & The Flood | Group or Duo of the Year | Mo Awards The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. The Flood won one award in that time. (wins only) |- | 2004 | The Flood | Country Group of the Year | |- References General Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality. Specific Australian country music groups

4617458

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette%20Valley%20flood%20of%201996

Willamette Valley flood of 1996

The Willamette Valley flood of 1996 was part of a larger series of floods in the Pacific Northwest of the United States which took place between late January and mid-February 1996. It was Oregon's largest flood event in terms of fatalities and monetary damage during the 1990s. The floods spread beyond Oregon's Willamette Valley, extending west to the Oregon Coast and east toward the Cascade Mountains. Significant flood damage also impacted the American states of Washington, Idaho (particularly the north of the state) and California. The floods were directly responsible for eight deaths in Oregon, as well as over US$500 million in property damage throughout the Pacific Northwest. Three thousand residents were displaced from their homes. Causes An unusual confluence of weather events made the floods particularly severe. The winter preceding the floods had produced abnormally high rainfall and relatively low snowfall. The heavy rains saturated ground soil and raised river levels throughout January 1996. In late January, a heavy snowstorm padded snow packs throughout the region. This was followed by a deep freeze that lasted for six to ten days. The new layer of snow was quickly melted by a warm subtropical jetstream which arrived on February 6. The jetstream brought along further rains. The combination of the additional rain, the saturated ground, and the melting snow packs engorged dozens of streams and tributaries, which in turn flooded into the region's major rivers. Impacts The Willamette River, which flows through downtown Portland, crested at , some above flood stage. The river came within inches of flowing over its seawall and flooding a large portion of Portland's downtown Tom McCall Waterfront Park. A major sandbagging effort involving civilians as well as the Oregon National Guard was launched throughout downtown Portland and was maintained until the floodwaters began to recede on February 9. At least five rivers in Oregon crested at all-time highs during the floods. The downtown areas of Oregon City and Tillamook suffered particularly heavy damage from the floods, and both were submerged for several days. Several houses in SW Portland were also damaged by the heavy rainfall and a landslide caused one stretch of SW Fairmount Boulevard to be closed for several weeks. References External links 1996 meteorology 1990s floods in the United States 1996 floods 1996 natural disasters in the United States Floods in the United States Willamette River Natural disasters in Oregon Pacific Northwest storms 1996 in Oregon

4757128

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20European%20floods

2006 European floods

From February to April 2006 many rivers across Europe, especially the Elbe and Danube, swelled due to heavy rain and melting snow and rose to record levels. These are the longest rivers in Central Europe. Southeastern Europe High Danube levels caused significant flooding in parts of Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania, with damage to property and infrastructure in localities near the shores of the river. The effects of high water across Southeastern Europe were blamed on the poor levee systems in the affected countries. Bulgaria In Vidin an industrial district was flooded and over 300 people were evacuated to a tent city about 20 kilometers from the town. In Lom, Bulgaria 25 houses, a hotel, the port (which is the second biggest Bulgarian port on the River Danube), and the Danube Park were flooded. Boruna quarter in the north-western part of the city has declared a state of emergency. Of the 30,000 people who live in Lom, 6,000 people are in danger due to the flooding. The two schools are prepared to accommodate any people if found necessary. A few blocks along the water's edge in the city of Nikopol were flooded. 60 people were evacuated and 57 buildings have been flooded so far as well as the main road from Nikopol west towards Pleven. In Rousse the Danube reached 9 meters, beating the previous record at 8,88 from 1970. In total at least 400 buildings on Bulgaria's northern border have been flooded and several have been completely destroyed. Romania The 2006 European floods were one of the most devastating natural disaster from the History of Romania. Although there were no human victims, the estimated damage is thought to surpass the floods of 1970. By April 16 over 848 houses were reportedly flooded, with 221 destroyed. The height of the Danube at the beginning of the flood was still below the record level registered in 1895. Romanian officials ordered the controlled flooding of thousands of hectares of unused agricultural spaces to prevent further damage in cities across Romania. On April 16, in the localities of Rast and Negoi, Dolj County, more than 800 residents were evacuated, as a dam collapsed due to the rising waters of the Danube. Hundreds of houses were flooded and more than 100 of them collapsed. By April 22, the number of people evacuated from the locality reached 4,000. In the port city of Călărași, a recently opened hotel was flooded on Monday, April 17, causing significant damage to the building and leading to the evacuation of tens of tourists. By this date, the floods had swamped of land, of roads and destroyed 20 bridges, while also causing agricultural damage amounting to 4.6 million lei (US$1.5 million). Additionally, five of Romania's nine Danube ports were closed during the flooding period. However, Romanian authorities said on April 22 that the worst of the flooding had passed. Elena Anghel, hydrologist at Romania's National Hydrology Institute stated that, "The forecasts are optimistic. The river will probably remain stable for another two days and then start to fall." However, by April 28, after several weeks of pressure, key levées along the Danube began collapsing in the counties of Dolj, Călărași, Constanța, Tulcea and Galați. The authorities carried out further evacuations in these regions, the number of evacuated people rising to 16,000. By this date, over 300 houses were completely destroyed with more than 150 villages and towns being directly affected by the floods. Serbia On April 16, 2006, a state of emergency was declared in 10 regions of Serbia. The areas around Serbia's second largest city Novi Sad were particularly vulnerable. A dozen cities were damaged and hundreds of people were evacuated. Near Veliko Gradište, the Danube reached heights as high as 9.65 meters (over 30 ft). Many people left the regions because water could not be purified. Other countries Floods were also reported in the North Macedonia, where several villages were flooded in North Macedonia's Pelagonija Valley. Germany and Czech Republic The Elbe River also rose 13 centimeters higher than in 2002 in some areas, creating 150-year-record-highs. In Germany, the medieval town of Hitzacker had water levels of 7.63 meters, destroying many buildings and causing considerable damage to other private property. Also affected was the town of Lauenburg. The German federal state of Saxony and the Czech Republic were not as affected, because in the four years after the record floodings of 2002, the two partners built a stronger levee system along the Elbe. On April 17, all states of emergencies in all counties of the German federal states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg were rescinded. Hungary The Danube river was at its peak 865 cm (28 ft 4 in) high in Budapest, Hungary, higher than the previous record of 848 cm in 2002. During the floods, approximately 11,000 buildings were in danger of flood damage, 32,000 people were threatened by the water, and 1.72 square kilometres (475 acres) of land were actually under water. Officials also placed most of the area near the Danube under a Level 3 Alert (on a 3-level scale). The flood was so severe that it threatened to spill into the underground in Budapest, through the Batthyány tér station — this, however, did not occur. The underground train stations Batthyány tér and Margit híd (HÉV) were closed out of precaution. The timing of the flood, incidentally, coincided with the Hungarian general elections. Causes Many dikes and levees breached because of a poor construction by local and national officials and of an unusual long and hard winter in Central Europe. The snowfall lasted well into April and many areas were frozen, so frost emerged, soaking the earth full of water. Humanitarian aid The Red Cross sent humanitarian aid in the form of blankets and mattresses to affected areas. See also 2005 European floods 2002 European floods References External links Balkans in race to stem flooding BBC News Massive German floods monitored from space Flood claim first victim in Austria 32,000 people in danger of floods 2000s floods in Europe 2006 floods Floods Floods in Bulgaria Floods in Romania Floods in Serbia

4830857

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%20Red%20River%20flood

1950 Red River flood

The 1950 Red River flood was a devastating flood that took place along the Red River in The Dakotas and Manitoba from April 15 to June 12, 1950. Damage was particularly severe in the city of Winnipeg and its environs, which were inundated on May 5, also known as Black Friday to some residents. An estimated 70,000–100,000 residents had to be evacuated, and four of eleven bridges were destroyed. In that year, the Red River reached its highest level since 1861 and flooded most of the Red River Valley, more than . One man died, and property losses due to the flood were estimated at more than $600 million to one billion. To prevent and reduce future damage, the government constructed the Red River Floodway, which was completed in 1968. It has been estimated to have prevented more than $100 billion (CAD) in cumulative flood damage. Winnipeg Although seasonal flooding was common, this flood surpassed the others. The north-flowing Red River was fed by flows resulting from melting of heavy snows in the winter and runoff from heavy rains in the spring. Eight dikes gave way and flooded much of Winnipeg, turning an estimated of farmland in the area into an enormous lake. A total of more than in the Red River Valley were flooded, from Emerson to north to Greater Winnipeg. The depth of the flood waters on the farmland was between . The city turned to the Canadian Army and the Red Cross for help. Four of eleven bridges in the city were destroyed and approximately 100,000 people had to be evacuated from their homes and businesses. This was the largest evacuation in Canadian history until the 1979 Mississauga train derailment. In Winnipeg there was one fatality; property damage was severe, with losses estimated at between $600 million and more than a billion dollars. The flood postponed opening day for baseball in the Mandak League due to inundation of Osborne Stadium. The league and president Jimmy Dunn arranged benefit games to raise money for Winnipeg's Flood Fund. As a result of the damage, the government built the Red River Floodway, to divert flood waters from Winnipeg to more distant portions of the river. The project was completed in 1968 and has been used 20 times. From 1950 to about 1997, it was derogatorily referred to as "Duff's Ditch", after the premier (Dufferin Roblin) that built the floodway. It is estimated to have prevented more than $100 billion (CAD) in cumulative flood damage. The Floodway was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2000, and is considered an outstanding engineering achievement both in terms of function and effects. United States Flooding in the Red River Valley of the United States resulted in five deaths. See also Red River floods References External links SOS! Canadian Disasters, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada. Photos and newspapers from the 1950 flood in Manitoba Red_River_flood, 1950 Red River Red_River_flood, 1950 Red_River_flood, 1950 1950 natural disasters in the United States 1950s floods in the United States Floods in Canada History of Winnipeg Natural disasters in Manitoba Red River floods

4865141

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood%20control%20in%20the%20Netherlands

Flood control in the Netherlands

Flood control is an important issue for the Netherlands, as due to its low elevation, approximately two thirds of its area is vulnerable to flooding, while the country is densely populated. Natural sand dunes and constructed dikes, dams, and floodgates provide defense against storm surges from the sea. River dikes prevent flooding from water flowing into the country by the major rivers Rhine and Meuse, while a complicated system of drainage ditches, canals, and pumping stations (historically: windmills) keep the low-lying parts dry for habitation and agriculture. Water control boards are the independent local government bodies responsible for maintaining this system. In modern times, flood disasters coupled with technological developments have led to large construction works to reduce the influence of the sea and prevent future floods. These have proved essential over the course of Dutch history, both geographically and militarily, and has greatly impacted the lives of many living in the cities affected, stimulating their economies through constant infrastructural improvement. History The Greek geographer Pytheas noted of the Low Countries, as he passed them on his way to Heligoland around BCE, that "more people died in the struggle against water than in the struggle against men". Roman author Pliny, of the 1st century, wrote something similar in his Natural History: There, twice in every twenty-four hours, the ocean's vast tide sweeps in a flood over a large stretch of land and hides Nature's everlasting controversy about whether this region belongs to the land or to the sea. There these wretched peoples occupy high ground, or manmade platforms constructed above the level of the highest tide they experience; they live in huts built on the site so chosen and are like sailors in ships when the waters cover the surrounding land, but when the tide has receded they are like shipwrecked victims. Around their huts they catch fish as they try to escape with the ebbing tide. It does not fall to their lot to keep herds and live on milk, like neighboring tribes, nor even to fight with wild animals, since all undergrowth has been pushed far back. The flood-threatened area of the Netherlands is essentially an alluvial plain, built up from sediment left by thousands of years of flooding by rivers and the sea. About 2,000 years ago most of the Netherlands was covered by extensive peat swamps. The coast consisted of a row of coastal dunes and natural embankments which kept the swamps from draining but also from being washed away by the sea. The only areas suitable for habitation were on the higher grounds in the east and south and on the dunes and natural embankments along the coast and the rivers. In several places the sea had broken through these natural defenses and created extensive floodplains in the north. The first permanent inhabitants of this area were probably attracted by the sea-deposited clay soil which was much more fertile than the peat and sandy soil further inland. To protect themselves against floods they built their homes on artificial dwelling hills called terpen or wierden (known as Warften or Halligen in Germany). Between 500 BC and AD 700 there were probably several periods of habitation and abandonment as the sea level periodically rose and fell. The first dikes were low embankments of only a meter or so in height surrounding fields to protect the crops against occasional flooding. Around the 9th century the sea was on the advance again and many terps had to be raised to keep them safe. Many single terps had by this time grown together as villages. These were now connected by the first dikes. After about AD 1000 the population grew, which meant there was a greater demand for arable land but also that there was a greater workforce available and dike construction was taken up more seriously. The major contributors in later dike building were the monasteries. As the largest landowners they had the organization, resources and manpower to undertake the large construction. By 1250 most dikes had been connected into a continuous sea defense. The next step was to move the dikes ever-more seawards. Every cycle of high and low tide left a small layer of sediment. Over the years these layers had built up to such a height that they were rarely flooded. It was then considered safe to build a new dike around this area. The old dike was often kept as a secondary defense, called a sleeper dike. A dike could not always be moved seawards. Especially in the southwest river delta it was often the case that the primary sea dike was undermined by a tidal channel. A secondary dike was then built, called an inlaagdijk. With an inland dike, when the seaward dike collapses the secondary inland dike becomes the primary. Although the redundancy provides security, the land from the first to second dike is lost; over the years the loss can become significant. Taking land from the cycle of flooding by putting a dike around it prevents it from being raised by silt left behind after a flooding. At the same time the drained soil consolidates and peat decomposes leading to land subsidence. In this way the difference between the water level on one side and land level on the other side of the dike grew. While floods became more rare, if the dike did overflow or was breached the destruction was much larger. The construction method of dikes has changed over the centuries. Popular in the Middle Ages were wierdijken, earth dikes with a protective layer of seaweed. An earth embankment was cut vertically on the sea-facing side. Seaweed was then stacked against this edge, held into place with poles. Compression and rotting processes resulted in a solid residue that proved very effective against wave action and they needed very little maintenance. In places where seaweed was unavailable, other materials, such as reeds or wicker mats, were used. Another system used much and for a long time was that of a vertical screen of timbers backed by an earth bank. Technically these vertical constructions were less successful as vibration from crashing waves and washing out of the dike foundations weakened the dike. Much damage was done to these wood constructions with the arrival of the shipworm (Teredo navalis), a bivalve thought to have been brought to the Netherlands by VOC trading ships, that ate its way through Dutch sea defenses around 1730. The change was made from wood to using stone for reinforcement. This was a great financial setback as there is no natural occurring rock in the Netherlands and it all had to be imported from abroad. Current dikes are made with a core of sand, covered by a thick layer of clay to provide waterproofing and resistance against erosion. Dikes without a foreland have a layer of crushed rock below the waterline to slow wave action. Up to the high waterline the dike is often covered with carefully laid basalt stones or a layer of tarmac. The remainder is covered by grass and maintained by grazing sheep. Sheep keep the grass dense and compact the soil, in contrast to cattle. Developing the peat swamps At about the same time as the building of dikes the first swamps were made suitable for agriculture by colonists. By digging a system of parallel drainage ditches water was drained from the land to be able to grow grain. However, the peat settled much more than other soil types when drained and land subsidence resulted in developed areas becoming wet again. Cultivated lands which were at first primarily used for growing grain thus became too wet and the switch was made to dairy farming. A new area behind the existing field was then cultivated, heading deeper into the wild. This cycle repeated itself several times until the different developments met each other and no further undeveloped land was available. All land was then used for grazing cattle. Because of the continuous land subsidence it became ever more difficult to remove excess water. The mouths of streams and rivers were dammed to prevent high water levels flowing back upstream and overflowing cultivated lands. These dams had a wooden culvert equipped with a valve, allowing drainage but preventing water from flowing upstream. These dams, however, blocked shipping and the economic activity caused by the need to transship goods caused villages to grow up near the dam, some famous examples are Amsterdam (dam in the river Amstel) and Rotterdam (dam in the Rotte). Only in later centuries were locks developed to allow ships to pass. Further drainage could only be accomplished after the development of the polder windmill in the 15th century. The wind-driven water pump has become one of the trademark tourist attractions of the Netherlands. The first drainage mills using a scoop wheel could raise water at most 1.5 m. By combining mills the pumping height could be increased. Later mills were equipped with an Archimedes' screw which could raise water much higher. The polders, now often below sea level, were kept dry with mills pumping water from the polder ditches and canals to the boezem ("bosom"), a system of canals and lakes connecting the different polders and acting as a storage basin until the water could be let out to river or sea, either by a sluice gate at low tide or using further pumps. This system is still in use today, though drainage mills have been replaced by first steam and later diesel and electric pumping stations. The growth of towns and industry in the Middle Ages resulted in an increased demand for dried peat as fuel. First all the peat down to the groundwater table was dug away. In the 16th century a method was developed to dig peat below water, using a dredging net on a long pole. Large scale peat dredging was taken up by companies, supported by investors from the cities. These undertakings often devastated the landscape as agricultural land was dug away and the leftover ridges, used for drying the peat, collapsed under the action of waves. Small lakes were created which quickly grew in area, every increase in surface water leading to more leverage of the wind on the water to attack more land. It even led to villages being lost to the waves of human-made lakes. The development of the polder mill gave the option of draining the lakes. In the 16th century this work was started on small, shallow lakes, continuing with ever-larger and deeper lakes, though it was not until in the 19th century that the most dangerous of lakes, the Haarlemmermeer near Amsterdam, was drained using steam power. Drained lakes and new polders can often be easily distinguished on topographic maps by their different regular division pattern as compared to their older surroundings. Millwright and hydraulic engineer Jan Leeghwater has become famous for his involvement in these works. Control of river floods Three major European rivers, the Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt, flow through the Netherlands, of which the Rhine and Meuse cross the country from east to west. The first large construction works on the rivers were conducted by the Romans. Nero Claudius Drusus was responsible for building a dam in the Rhine to divert water from the river branches Waal to the Nederrijn and possibly for connecting the river IJssel, previously only a small stream, to the Rhine. Whether these were intended as flood control measures or just for military defense and transport purposes is unclear. The first river dikes appeared near the river mouths in the 11th century, where incursions from the sea added to the danger from high water levels on the river. Local rulers dammed branches of rivers to prevent flooding on their lands (Graaf van Holland, c. 1160, Kromme Rijn; Floris V, 1285, Hollandse IJssel), only to cause problems to others living further upstream. Large scale deforestation upstream caused the river levels to become ever more extreme while the demand for arable land led to more land being protected by dikes, giving less space to the river stream bed and so causing even higher water levels. Local dikes to protect villages were connected to create a ban dike to contain the river at all times. These developments meant that while the regular floods for the first inhabitants of the river valleys were just a nuisance, in contrast the later incidental floods when dikes burst were much more destructive. The 17th and 18th centuries were a period of many infamous river floods resulting in much loss of life. They were often caused by ice dams blocking the river. Land reclamation works, large willow plantations and building in the winter bed of the river all worsened the problem. Next to the obvious clearing of the winter bed, overflows (overlaten) were created. These were intentionally low dikes where the excess water could be diverted downstream. The land in such a diversion channel was kept clear of buildings and obstructions. As this so-called green river could therefore essentially only be used for grazing cattle it was in later centuries seen as a wasteful use of land. Most overflows have now been removed, focusing instead on stronger dikes and more control over the distribution of water across the river branches. To achieve this canals such as the Pannerdens Kanaal and Nieuwe Merwede were dug. A committee reported in 1977 about the weakness of the river dikes, but there was too much resistance from the local population against demolishing houses and straightening and strengthening the old meandering dikes. It took the flood threats in 1993 and again in 1995, when over people had to be evacuated and the dikes only just held, to put plans into action. Now the risk of a river flooding has been reduced from once every 100 years to once every years. Further works in the Room for the River project are being carried out to give the rivers more space to flood and in this way reducing the flood height. Water control boards The first dikes and water control structures were built and maintained by those directly benefiting from them, mostly farmers. As the structures got more extensive and complex councils were formed from people with a common interest in the control of water levels on their land and so the first water boards began to emerge. These often controlled only a small area, a single polder or dike. Later they merged or an overall organization was formed when different water boards had conflicting interests. The original water boards differed much from each other in the organisation, power, and area that they managed. The differences were often regional and were dictated by differing circumstances, whether they had to defend a sea dike against a storm surge or keep the water level in a polder within bounds. In the middle of the 20th century there were about 2,700 water control boards. After many mergers there are currently 21 water boards left. Water boards hold separate elections, levy taxes, and function independently from other government bodies. The dikes were maintained by the individuals who benefited from their existence, every farmer having been designated part of the dike to maintain, with a three-yearly viewing by the water board directors. The old rule "Whom the water hurts, he the water stops" (Wie het water deert, die het water keert) meant that those living at the dike had to pay and care for it. This led to haphazard maintenance and it is believed that many floods would not have happened or would not have been as severe if the dikes had been in better condition. Those living further inland often refused to pay or help in the upkeep of the dikes though they were just as much affected by floods, while those living at the dike itself could go bankrupt from having to repair a breached dike. Rijkswaterstaat (Directorate General for Public Works and Water Management) was set up in 1798 under French rule to put water control in the Netherlands under a central government. Local waterboards however were too attached to their autonomy and for most of the time Rijkswaterstaat worked alongside the local waterboards. Rijkswaterstaat has been responsible for many major water control structures and was later and still is also involved in building railroads and highways. Water boards may try new experiments like the sand engine off the coast of South Holland. Notorious floods Over the years there have been many storm surges and floods in the Netherlands. Some deserve special mention as they particularly have changed the contours of the Netherlands. A series of devastating storm surges, more or less starting with the First All Saints' flood (Allerheiligenvloed) in 1170 washed away a large area of peat marshes, enlarging the Wadden Sea and connecting the previously existing Lake Almere in the middle of the country to the North Sea, thereby creating the Zuiderzee. It in itself would cause much trouble until the building of the Afsluitdijk in 1933. Several storms starting in 1219 created the Dollart from the mouth of the river Ems. By 1520 the Dollart had reached its largest area. Reiderland, containing several towns and villages, was lost. Much of this land was later reclaimed. In 1421 the St. Elizabeth's flood caused the loss of De Grote Waard in the southwest of the country. Particularly the digging of peat near the dike for salt production and neglect because of a civil war caused dikes to fail, which created the Biesbosch, now a valued nature reserve. The more recent floodings of 1916 and 1953 gave rise to building the Afsluitdijk and Deltaworks respectively. Flooding as military defense The deliberate inundating of certain areas can allow a military defensive line to be created. In case of an advancing enemy army, the area was to be inundated with about 30 cm (1 ft) of water, too shallow for boats but deep enough to make advance on foot difficult by hiding underwater obstacles such as canals, ditches, and purpose-built traps. Dikes crossing the flooded area and other strategic points were to be protected by fortifications. The system proved successful on the Hollandic Water Line in rampjaar 1672 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War but was overcome in 1795 because of heavy frost. It was also used with the Stelling van Amsterdam, the Grebbe line and the IJssel Line. The advent of heavier artillery and especially airplanes have made that strategy largely obsolete. Modern developments Technological development in the 20th century meant that larger projects could be undertaken to further improve the safety against flooding and to reclaim large areas of land. The most important are the Zuiderzee Works and the Delta Works. By the end of the 20th century all sea inlets have been closed off from the sea by dams and barriers. Only the Westerschelde needs to remain open for shipping access to the port of Antwerp. Plans to reclaim parts of the Wadden Sea and the Markermeer were eventually called off because of the ecological and recreational values of these waters. Zuiderzee Works The Zuiderzee Works (Zuiderzeewerken) are a system of dams, land reclamation, and water drainage works. The basis of the project was the damming off of the Zuiderzee, a large shallow inlet of the North Sea. This dam, called the Afsluitdijk, was built in 1932–33, separating the Zuiderzee from the North Sea. As result, the Zuider sea became the IJsselmeer—IJssel lake. Following the damming, large areas of land were reclaimed in the newly freshwater lake body by means of polders. The works were performed in several steps from 1920 to 1975. Engineer Cornelis Lely played a major part in its design and as statesman in the authorization of its construction. Delta Works A study done by Rijkswaterstaat in 1937 showed that the sea defenses in the southwest river delta were inadequate to withstand a major storm surge. The proposed solution was to dam all the river mouths and sea inlets thereby shortening the coast. However, because of the scale of this project and the intervention of the Second World War its construction was delayed and the first works were only completed in 1950. The North Sea flood of 1953 gave a major impulse to speed up the project. In the following years a number of dams were built to close off the estuary mouths. In 1976, under pressures from environmental groups and the fishing industry, it was decided not to close off the Oosterschelde estuary by a solid dam but instead to build the Oosterscheldekering, a storm surge barrier which is only closed during storms. It is the most well-known (and most expensive) dam of the project. A second major hurdle for the works was in the Rijnmond area. A storm surge through the Nieuwe Waterweg would threaten about 1.5 million people around Rotterdam. However, closing off this river mouth would be very detrimental for the Dutch economy, as the Port of Rotterdam—one of the biggest sea ports in the world—uses this river mouth. Eventually, the Maeslantkering was built in 1997, keeping economical factors in mind: the Maeslantkering is a set of two swinging doors that can shut off the river mouth when necessary, but which are usually open. The Maeslantkering is forecast to close about once per decade. Up until January 2012, it has closed only once, in 2007. Current situation and future The current sea defenses are stronger than ever, but experts warn that complacency would be a mistake. New calculation methods revealed numerous weak spots. Sea level rise could increase the mean sea level by one to two meters by the end of this century, with even more following. This, land subsidence, and increased storms make further upgrades to the flood control and water management infrastructure necessary. The sea defenses are continuously being strengthened and raised to meet the safety norm of a flood chance of once every 10,000 years for the west, which is the economic heart and most densely populated part of the Netherlands, and once every 4,000 years for less densely populated areas. The primary flood defenses are tested against this norm every five years. In 2010 about 800 km of dikes out of a total of 3,500 km failed to meet the norm. This does not mean there is an immediate flooding risk; it is the result of the norm's becoming more strict from the results of scientific research on, for example, wave action and sea level rise. The amount of coastal erosion is compared against the so-called "reference coastline" (Dutch: ), the average coastline in 1990. Sand replenishment is used where beaches have retreated too far. About 12 million m3 of sand are deposited yearly on the beaches and below the waterline in front of the coast. The Stormvloedwaarschuwingsdienst (SVSD; Storm Surge Warning Service) makes a water level forecast in case of a storm surge and warns the responsible parties in the affected coastal districts. These can then take appropriate measures depending on the expected water levels, such as evacuating areas outside the dikes, closing barriers and in extreme cases patrolling the dikes during the storm. The Second Delta Committee, or Veerman Committee, officially Staatscommissie voor Duurzame Kustontwikkeling (State Committee for Durable Coast Development) gave its advice in 2008. It expects a sea level rise of 65 to 130 cm by the year 2100. Among its suggestions are: to increase the safety norms tenfold and strengthen dikes accordingly, to use sand replenishment to broaden the North Sea coast and allow it to grow naturally, to use the lakes in the southwest river delta as river water retention basins, to raise the water level in the IJsselmeer to provide freshwater. These measures would cost approximately 1 billion euros/year. Room for the River Global warming in the 21st century might result in a rise in sea level which could overwhelm the measures the Netherlands has taken to control floods. The Room for the River project allows for periodic flooding of indefensible lands. In such regions residents have been removed to higher ground, some of which has been raised above anticipated flood levels. References Vergemissen, H (1998). "Het woelige water; Watermanagment in Nederland", Teleac/NOT, Ten Brinke, W (2007). "Land in Zee; De watergeschiedenis van Nederland", Veen Magazines, Stol, T (1993). "Wassend water, dalend land; Geschiedenis van Nederland en het water", Kosmos, External links DeltaWorks.org – website about the flood of 1953 and the construction of the Delta Works Water Management in the Netherlands – 2009 publication by Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment: Rijkswaterstaat FloodControl2015.com – 2008–2012 research program for flood control in the Netherlands History of science and technology in the Netherlands Water management authorities in the Netherlands

5025588

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast%20Louisiana%20Flood%20Protection%20Authority

Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority

The Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority (SLFPA) was established by Louisiana state law Revised Statute §38:330.1 in September 2006. Its operation began in January 2007. The Authority consists of two regional levee boards which oversee flood protection in the Greater New Orleans area on the east and west banks of the Mississippi River. Commissioners of both Authorities have clearly defined term limits. The Authority also has a Nominating Committee. At that time, levee boards still existing were: Algiers), the East Jefferson (Parish) Levee District, the Lake Borgne Basin Levee District (St. Bernard Parish), the St. Tammany (Parish) Levee District, the Tangipihoa (Parish) Levee District, and levee boards for the east banks of St. John the Baptist and St. Charles Parishes. The several pre-existing boards, while subservient to the SLFPA, remained in operation until existing projects, bonds, and tax millage rates either are consolidated under the new board or expire. SLFPA-East The SLFPA-East consists of nine members, all of whom are appointed by the Governor of Louisiana from nominations provided by a blue-ribbon nominating committee. The nominating committee by statute consists of representatives of universities, national professional associations, and local civic groups. At least five members of the board are required to be engineers in geologically-relevant fields, such as hydrology. One member must be a civil engineer, and another member must be a geologist. The enabling statute stipulates that the SLFPA-East Board be composed of eleven members, one from each parish within the territorial jurisdiction of the authority. In February 2014, State Senators Donahue and Nevers, together with State Representatives Cromer, Burns, Hollis, Pearson, Ritchie, and Simon, pre-filed Senate Bill # 342 to make St Tammany Parish independent of SLFPA-East. SLFPA-West The SLFPA-West board is composed of seven members, two from each parish within the territorial jurisdiction of the authority. Members are appointed by the governor from nominations submitted by the nominating committee. Three members are engineers or professionals in related fields such as geotechnical, hydrological, or environmental science. Of those three members, one is a civil engineer and one a geologist or hydrologist. Two members are professionals in other disciplines with at least ten years of professional experience. One member of these must reside in Orleans Parish on the west side of the Mississippi River. There are two members-at-large, one of whom must reside on the west side of the Mississippi River. SLFPA Nominating Committee The SLFPA Nominating Committee consists of eleven members. Four are deans of various universities and the remainder is members of various engineering and good government organizations. This committee nominates individuals to the SLFPA East and West when there are vacancies. Members of the Nominating Committee have no defined term limits. In the spring of 2017, state representative Patrick Connick agreed to file a bill requiring term limits for the nominating committee at the urging of Sandy Rosenthal founder of Levees.org. The rationale was that this relatively small group of people decides who will spend upward of $60 million of taxpayer money annually and provided an opportunity for corruption. The state legislature agreed and passed HB266 by a vote of 37-0 in the Senate and 93-0 in the House requiring term limits. Rosenthal and the bills's sponsor were invited by Governor John Bel Edwards to the Capitol Press Room for a special signing on June 16, 2017. Inspections, Analysis and Public Reporting The current chair of the SLFPA nominating committee stated in an email communication on Nov 17, 2015 that "...the Louisiana legislature created SLFPAE to focus on flood protection across parish boundaries, including the oversight of the Corps of Engineers that OLD claimed to provide. Note that "oversight" includes independent inspection, analysis, and public reporting...." Despite this focus, the corps gave all parts of the system a ranking of "minimally acceptable" and repeatedly warned the Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority-East and -West and the state's Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority that maintenance issues pose a continuing threat to individual pieces of the levee system. And despite the focus on public reporting, there is no record that the SLFPA alerted the public of the low ranking. See also Hurricane Katrina Orleans Levee Board Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority References Louisiana Revised Statute §38:330.1 External links Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority - East, official website Board Members for East and West State agencies of Louisiana 2006 establishments in Louisiana Government agencies established in 2006

5046779

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watershed%20Protection%20and%20Flood%20Prevention%20Act%20of%201954

Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954

The United States Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954 () is a United States statute. It has been amended several times. Under this Act, the Soil Conservation Service at the Department of Agriculture provides planning assistance and construction funding for projects constructed by local sponsors, often in the form of flood control districts. Restrictions on projects include: the size of the watershed must be 250,000 acres (1011 km²) or less; no single structure may provide more than of flood water retention; no single dam may provide more than of total capacity; and projects with costs greater than $5 million or with structures with total capacities greater than must be approved by Congress. The original 1954 statute sought cooperation between the federal government and states and localities to prevent flood damage. The Secretary of Agriculture was authorized to construct flood protection measures below a certain volume limit. Such initiatives were to be cost-shared and localities were required to contribute rights-of-way. The law also required that the Secretary of the Interior be consulted regarding plans which affect reclamation, irrigation or public lands under the Secretary of the Interior. Related views were to be submitted with project plans to the Congress. Amendments enacted in 1956 imposed volume limits on projects authorized to be undertaken by the Secretary of Agriculture without Congressional approval. Projects for which the federal contribution was estimated to exceed $250,000 or which exceeded were to be submitted to the Secretary of the Interior for review if they involved reclamation or irrigation lands, or public lands or wildlife under the Secretary's jurisdiction. The views of the Department of the Interior were required to accompany the report to Congress and regulations to coordinate activities of the Department of Agriculture and Interior were mandated. In addition, loans to localities were authorized and the provisions of the Act were extended to apply to Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Amendments to the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act in 1958 () also amended this statute to require the Secretary of Agriculture to notify the Secretary of the Interior regarding projects in order that the Secretary of the Interior could prepare a fish and wildlife report to be incorporated in project plans. "Full consideration" was to be given to such reports by the Secretary of Agriculture; however, the Secretary of Agriculture retained the discretion to adopt fish and wildlife recommendations which are "technically and economically feasible." Costs for related surveys and reports are to be borne by the Secretary of the Interior. Amendments adopted later that year () added fish and wildlife development as an aspect of flood control projects to be constructed. References Description of Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act at the United States Fish and Wildlife Service website External links The Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act page from the Natural Resources Conservation Service of the USDA 1954 in the environment United States federal environmental legislation United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes Watersheds of the United States

5052140

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Flood%20Insurance%20Act%20of%201968

National Flood Insurance Act of 1968

The National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 is a federal law in the United States that was enacted as Title XIII of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson that led to the creation of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Origin of the act The act was motivated by a long history of property damage and loss of life due to flooding. The legislation was finally promulgated because of the recent flood loss sustained in Florida and Louisiana following the destruction caused by the Hurricane Betsy flood surge in 1965. National Flood Insurance Program The NFIP goals are two-fold: • To provide flood insurance for structures and contents in communities that adopt and enforce an ordinance outlining minimal floodplain management standards. • To identify areas of high and low flood hazard and establish flood insurance rates for structures inside each flood hazard area. Amendments The program was first amended by the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973, which made the purchase of flood insurance mandatory for the protection of property within SFHAs. In 1982, the Act was amended by the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA). The CBRA enacted a set of maps depicting the John H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System (CBRS) in which federal flood insurance is unavailable for new or significantly improved structures. The National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994 codified the Community Rating System (an incentive program that encourages communities to exceed the minimal federal requirements for development within floodplains) within the NFIP. The program was further amended by the Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004, with the goal of reducing "losses to properties for which repetitive flood insurance claim payments have been made." More specifically, FIRA authorized FEMA to offer assistance in the buyout of Severe Repetitive Loss Properties to willing sellers and impose premium hikes on those that refused. Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 The Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 was "designed to allow premiums to rise to reflect the true risk of living in high-flood areas." The bill was supposed to deal with the increasing debt of the National Flood Insurance Program by requiring the premiums to reflect real flood risks. The result was a 10 fold increase in premiums. At present, $527 billion worth of property is in the coastal floodplain. The federal government heavily underwrites the flood insurance rates for these areas. The law "ordered FEMA to stop subsidizing flood insurance for second homes and businesses, and for properties that had been swamped multiple times." These changes were to occur gradually over the course of five years. FEMA was also instructed to do a study on the affordability of this process, a study which it has failed to complete. Proposed In January 2014, the United States Senate passed the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 (S. 1926; 113th Congress). That bill would delay the increases in flood insurance premiums that were part of the Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012. The reforms from that law were meant to require flood insurance premiums to actually reflect the real risk of flooding, which led to an increase in premiums. The National Flood Insurance Program is currently $24 billion in debt and taxpayers will be forced to pay for any additional payouts until that situation is solved. In March 2014, the United States House of Representatives passed the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2013 (H.R. 3370; 113th Congress), a similar but not identical bill to the Senate version (S. 1926). The bill would amend the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 to prohibit the Federal Emergency Management Agency from providing flood insurance to prospective insureds at rates less than those estimated for any property purchased after the expiration of such six-month period (currently, any property purchased after July 6, 2012). It would also make additional reforms to the National Flood Insurance Program and delay some of the provisions of the Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012. Criticism According to critics of the program, the government's subsidized insurance plan "encouraged building, and rebuilding, in vulnerable coastal areas and floodplains." Stephen Ellis, of the group Taxpayers for Common Sense, points to "properties that flooded 17 or 18 times that were still covered under the federal insurance program" without premiums going up. See also Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 (S. 1926; 113th Congress) References 1968 in the environment 1968 in American law Flood Insurance United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes Flood insurance Flood control acts in the United States

5155235

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20New%20England%20flood

2006 New England flood

The New England Flood of May 2006, often locally referred to as the Mother's Day Flood, was a flood event that occurred in New England, especially in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, during the month of May, 2006. It started on May 11, 2006 as a result of an unusually strong low pressure system that stalled over the central United States, drawing copious amounts of moisture from the Atlantic Ocean. Most of this moisture was drawn directly over New England, producing continuous heavy rain that led to record flooding near several rivers. It was described as the worst flooding since the New England Hurricane of 1938. There were at least two fatalities, both in Topsfield, Massachusetts. Some called it the Mother's Day Flood, since it occurred on that holiday. Impact Hundreds of residents were evacuated from their homes as the waters rose. Several communities saw extensive flooding, particularly along the Merrimack River. Much of New England was under a flood warning or flash flood warning at some point in time. The governors of Maine, Massachusetts and New Hampshire each declared a state of emergency for all or part of their respective states as a result of the flooding. Connecticut Compared to farther north and east, the flooding was relatively minor in Connecticut. It was most notable in low-lying areas along the Connecticut River. Maine Extreme southern Maine saw significant flooding, especially around the Mousam River, where evacuations were underway as the river rose quickly. Downtown York Beach was underwater, and severe flooding was also reported in the Kennebunk area. The Spaulding Dam along the lower Salmon Falls River near Lebanon was also in danger of bursting, which led to the evacuation of portions of the community. Massachusetts Numerous rivers overflowed in northeastern Massachusetts, and urban flooding also occurred. Thousands of people were evacuated and water was reported to be up to the rooftops of several homes. Several rivers, including the Merrimack and Charles rivers, threatened several communities. The Merrimack in Lowell was expected to reach more than 8 feet (2.4 m) above flood stage combined with 15 inches (380 mm) of rain. The flooding also led to drowned waste water treatment plants, which overwhelmed sewage systems. Burst pipes in Haverhill dumped 35 million gallons (132,000 m³) of waste a day into the Merrimack River. In addition, the flooding at another regional treatment plant in Lawrence was also very close to shutting down the power there, which would have sent sewage into the Merrimack at a rate of 115 million gallons (435,000 m³) a day. For only the third time in a 150-year history, Lowell dropped its flood-controlling Francis Gate. Also, most notably in downtown Peabody, people could even be seen sailing in boats atop flooded areas. Governor Mitt Romney toured the hard-hit community of Peabody on May 15 and described the situation as historic. "This is a level of crisis which is beyond anything these communities have ever experienced from water in their history". On Good Morning America the next day, Romney described the flooding as "almost Biblical" and said "We're sort of making jokes about Noah and taking two of each kind of animal because we haven't ever seen rain like this." Numerous roads, including a busy section of US 1, were closed due to flooding. The Route 495 exit at Route 114 was also closed, the entire area under several feet of water. At that area, several businesses were damaged, including a Friendlys, a 7–11 and the first floor of a hotel. New Hampshire The most serious flooding in New Hampshire was along the Merrimack River. Dozens of homes were flooded, especially in Manchester where the Merrimack was 10 feet (3 m) above flood stage. Electricity was cut along several sections of the river, and flooding was reported in Concord, Merrimack, Hooksett, Fremont and Raymond among other communities. At least 600 roads were closed due to flooding. Flooding of the Turkey River also caused St. Paul's School in Concord to be closed. There were serious concerns along the Salmon Falls River in Milton, where a dam was dangerously close to failing and causing extreme flooding downstream. Several other dams, including the Newmarket Dam on the Lamprey River, were also being watched, with local residents being evacuated downstream. The Suncook River, responding to the highest rainfall amounts in at least 70 years (more than dropped by the system in three days on Concord), rose to flood level and backed up behind an old mill dam, which produced a shallowly-sloping pool that overtopped a sand and gravel quarry, connected with a downstream section of channel, and cut a new shorter channel at 25–50 meters per hour in the town of Epsom. Two previous channels, around Bear Island, were left dry. The new river course, approximately a mile long, is the largest channel change in a river in New Hampshire since systematic topographic mapping began in the state in the early 20th century. In addition, at least 550 National Guard troops were deployed in the state. Damage in New Hampshire was estimated to be well into the tens of millions of dollars. References External links Hydrometeorological Prediction Center archive on this event. 2006 meteorology Natural disasters in Massachusetts Natural disasters in New Hampshire 2000s floods in the United States 2006 floods 2006 natural disasters in the United States

5228816

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood%20tide%20%28disambiguation%29

Flood tide (disambiguation)

Flood tide is the rising tide of an ocean, the opposite of ebb tide It may also refer to: Flood Tide (novel), a novel by Clive Cussler Flood Tide (1934 film), a British drama film Flood Tide (1958 film), an American drama romance film Flood Tide, an anthology of short fiction in the Merovingen Nights science fiction series See also Floodtide, a 1948 British romantic drama

5260354

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Flood

Daniel Flood

Daniel John Flood (November 26, 1903 – May 28, 1994) was an American attorney and politician, a flamboyant and long-serving Democratic United States Representative from Pennsylvania. First elected to the US House in 1944, he served continuously from 1955 to 1980. Flood was credited with leading the effort to help the Wilkes-Barre area recover after the 1972 effects of the Agnes Flood. A trial on bribery charges that Flood had accepted more than $50,000 in payoffs ended with a hung jury. A retrial, was repeatedly delayed because of treatment for several ailments, federal prosecutors suggested that treatments were being postponed as a stalling measure. In February 1980, Flood pleaded guilty to a single count of payoffs, and placed on probation for one year. He was censured for bribery in 1980 and resigned from the House. Early life and career Flood was born into an ethnic Irish family in Hazleton in Northeastern Pennsylvania, the son of Sarah (McCarthy) and Patrick Flood. He attended the public schools of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and St. Augustine, Florida. He graduated from Syracuse University in 1924. He attended Harvard Law School and was graduated from Dickinson School of Law in Carlisle in 1929. He was admitted to the bar in 1930 and opened a practice in Wilkes-Barre. He was an attorney for the federal Home Owners' Loan Corporation in 1934 and 1935, during the Great Depression. He joined the Democratic Party, inspired by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Flood studied acting in his early school days, a skill he fancied and often used while serving as a member of Congress. Flood sported a signature waxed moustache from that time throughout his career, and had a penchant for wearing white suits. His flamboyant style, dress and speech were often compared to that of a Shakespearean actor. He persuaded his friend James Karen to begin his acting career, recruiting him into a production at the Little Theatre of Wilkes-Barre. He met his wife Catherine Swank when they were both cast in a production at the same theatre. Political career Flood was appointed as the deputy attorney general for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and counsel for the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board from 1935 to 1939. In 1941, he was appointed director of the State Bureau of Public Assistance Disbursements by State Treasurer G. Harold Wagner, and executive assistant to the State Treasurer from 1941 to 1944. United States House of Representatives Flood made his first run for office in 1942, when he was the Democratic candidate in a special election to replace Congressman J. Harold Flannery in what was then Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district, based in Wilkes-Barre. He narrowly lost to Republican Thomas B. Miller. Flood ran against Miller again in the general election later that year and lost by a wider margin. However, he ran against Miller in 1944, in what had been renumbered as the 11th District and won. He was defeated for reelection in 1946 due to a nationwide Republican landslide, but regained his seat in 1948. He was reelected in 1950, only to be swept out in 1952, losing to Republican Edward J. Bonin in former General Dwight Eisenhower's massive landslide for presidency. Eisenhower had commanded the Allied Forces in Europe during World War II and led them to defeat Germany. Flood was reelected in 1954 in a re-match against Congressman Bonin. After a close reelection bid in 1956, he was reelected for 11 more terms without serious opposition. The seniority he established led him to being a member of the important House Appropriations Committee. In that position, he contributed strongly to passage of Medicare, economic development initiatives for Appalachia, and the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969. Flood persuaded Senator John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts to campaign in his home district. He strongly supported Kennedy's later campaign and presidency. Flood used his considerable influence in Congress to develop ways to transition the economy of his district, which was devastated when the anthracite coal mining industry took a severe downturn. While in Congress, Flood was credited with sponsoring the Area Redevelopment Act in 1961 and the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969. Flood worked hard to rebuild his district in the aftermath of the devastating flooding from Hurricane Agnes. When the tropical storm remnants of Hurricane Agnes overwhelmed the Susquehanna River watershed in 1972, causing major flooding all along the river, one of the hardest-hit locations was Wilkes-Barre's business and residential areas. Flood, subcommittee chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, with years of clout accumulated while in office, was credited with limiting federal red tape to repair damage from what was then the most-damaging hurricane ever recorded in the U.S. Mustering air and boat rescue, bringing President Richard M. Nixon in to survey flood damage, and establishing a federal response - all were credited to Flood. "It took a Flood to tame a flood" was his catchphrase. In the 1972 presidential election he supported Republican Richard Nixon over Democrat George McGovern. He refused to accompany McGovern during his visit to Wilkes-Barre after the 1972 flood. McGovern held a press conference at the Hotel Sterling. In the neighboring city of Scranton, Flood was occasionally accused of favoring Wilkes-Barre. (Scranton was not in the 11th Congressional District during the time Flood served in Congress.) Flood also is purported to have said "No self respecting man from Wilkes-Barre would ever date the best looking blonde from Scranton." He is often cited as the source of the naming of the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport (with Wilkes-Barre first, despite being the smaller of the two cities and being second alphabetically). Controversies, censure, and resignation Flood was investigated by at least eight separate U.S. Attorney's offices and had 175 possible cases pending against him. The Washington Post reported in February 1978 that Flood was accused of helping steer federal grant money to the B'nai Torah Institute, a community service organization in New York from which Flood reported receipt of campaign funds totaling nearly $1,000 plus an undisclosed honorarium. Flood's former aide, Stephen Elko, testified that Flood was a 'muscler' who used his influence to direct federal contracts to people and corporations in exchange for cash kickbacks. The 'Flood-Medico-Bufalino Triangle' was one such instance. Medico Industries of Plains Township received, with Flood's help, a $3,900,000 Department of Defense contract to produce 600,000 warheads for use in the Vietnam War. Mafia crime boss Russell Bufalino, who frequented Medico offices, was an associate of general manager William 'Billy' Medico and president Philip Medico. The latter was known to be a caporegime in the Bufalino crime family. The FBI discovered that Flood would often travel in the Medico Industries jet. As a result of Elko's testimony, the United States Department of Justice and House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct (now the United States House Committee on Ethics) began investigations of Flood in early 1978. On September 5, 1978, a federal grand jury indicted Flood on three counts of perjury on charges that he lied about payoffs. During the 96th United States Congress in 1979, Flood was censured for bribery. The allegations led to his resignation from Congress on January 31, 1980. Death Flood died in Wilkes-Barre on May 28, 1994. His funeral was held on May 30 in St. John's Church in Wilkes-Barre, with eulogies given by then-Governor Bob Casey and Representatives Paul Kanjorski and Joseph McDade. He was interred in the family plot at St. Mary's Cemetery in Hanover Township, Pennsylvania. Legacy With the nickname "Dapper Dan" for what Time called his "villainous-looking waxed mustache" and "eccentric clothes," Flood is regarded as a folk hero in northeastern Pennsylvania, where he worked for economic development initiatives in the Appalachian region. He also had worked to pass legislation to improve conditions for miners and protect their health. He is remembered by his constituency for his weekly televised messages from Washington, which were a staple of Sunday morning television for years. He was known to attend virtually any public event that took place in his district. Daniel J. Flood Elementary School in the Wilkes-Barre Area School District is named in his honor, as are many other places in Northeastern Pennsylvania. On Saturday, October 2, 2010, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission honored Flood with a plaque as part of the Historical Marker Program. Located on Wilkes-Barre's Public Square in the center of the city, it reads: See also List of American federal politicians convicted of crimes List of federal political scandals in the United States References Further reading William C. Kashatus. Dapper Dan Flood: The Controversial Life of a Congressional Power Broker (Penn State University Press; 2010) 350 pages; scholarly biography External links Birthday Greetings to Daniel J. Flood, Signed by JFK, but Dated Four Days after Assassination, Shapell Manuscript Foundation Interview in the National Archives Great Character Actors / James Karen |- |- 1903 births 1994 deaths 20th-century American lawyers 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American politicians Actors from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania American male stage actors Censured or reprimanded members of the United States House of Representatives Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania Dickinson School of Law alumni Harvard Law School alumni Pennsylvania lawyers Pennsylvania politicians convicted of crimes Politicians from Hazleton, Pennsylvania Politicians from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania Syracuse University alumni

5322090

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Flood%20Davin

Nicholas Flood Davin

Nicholas Flood Davin, KC (January 13, 1840 – October 18, 1901) was a lawyer, journalist and politician, born at Kilfinane, Ireland (then part of the United Kingdom). The first MP for Assiniboia West (1887–1900), Davin was known as the voice of the North-West. Davin founded and edited the Regina Leader, the first newspaper in Assiniboia. He tried to gain provincial status for the territory. Davin is considered one of the architects of the Canadian Indian residential school system. In 1879 he wrote the Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds, otherwise known as The Davin Report, in which he advised the federal government to institute residential schools for Indigenous children. In 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission concluded that the assimilation amounted to cultural genocide. Early life in Ireland and England He was the only son of Nicholas Davin, doctor, and Eliza Davin (née Lane). Davin's own telling of his early life is the subject to doubt. It is thought he falsified his middle name, the year of his birth, his father’s occupation, and a claimed Catholic background. It is believed that his father died young and he was raised as a Protestant by his uncle, an apothecary. He was briefly apprenticed to a ironmonger before being admitted to Queen's College Cork, where he attended for only a year before moving to London. He claimed to have studied at the University of London but there is no record to support this. Davin entered the Middle Temple in London to study law and was called to the bar on January 27, 1868. Despite being trained in law, while in England he mostly work in journalism, as editor of the Monthly Journal, parliamentary reporter for The Star, and war correspondent for the Standard and the Irish Times during the Franco-Prussian War. In 1872 he returned to Ireland to edit the Belfast Times, but was dismissed after five months amid lawsuits and allegations of drunkeness. Toronto years He then move to in Toronto in 1872, where he wrote for The Globe as the literary critic until 1875 when he switched to freelance work, especially for the Mail. He was again called to the bar of Ontario in 1876, but concentrated on his literary career and not the law. He made his reputation in politics by delivering a speech against republicanism and materialism and in defence of order upheld by monarchy; this was later published in book form as British versus American civilization (1873). He then help to found the Toronto branch of the youth section of the Liberal-Conservative Party in 1876. He found government work in 1873 as secretary to the Royal Commission investigating the Pacific Scandal chaired by Charles Dewey Day and again in 1885 as secretary to the Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration. Davin's major early non-fiction work was The Irishman in Canada (1877) a history of the Irish diaspora (mainly, but not only, in Canada) which focused on famous personalities rather than social trends. He asserted that in the New World the division between Catholics and Protestants was irrelevant and the communities would merge into a pan-denominational "Irish" identity. He also wrote poetry and an unpublished novel. The highlight of his legal career was his 1880 defence of George Bennett, who murdered George Brown. Move to West A chance visit to the West in 1882 determined his future. In 1883, he founded and edited the Regina Leader, the first newspaper in Assiniboia, which carried his detailed reports of the 1885 trial of Louis Riel. A spellbinding speaker and Conservative MP for Assiniboia West from 1887 to 1900, Davin tried to gain provincial status for the territory, economic, and property advantages for the new settlers, even the franchise for women, but he never achieved his ambition to be a Cabinet minister. A mercurial personality, he became depressed by the decline of his political and personal fortunes, and he shot himself during a visit to Winnipeg on October 18, 1901. He had an interesting, often-illustrious career and upon his death, he was so well-thought of that his colleagues in Ottawa had his body sent from Winnipeg to Ottawa to be buried in Beechwood National Cemetery. The epitaph, carved in stone beneath a plinth upon which his bust in bronze is ensconced, reads: "This monument has been erected by his former parliamentary associates and other people as a lasting proof of the esteem and affection which they entertained (sic) on one whose character was strongly marked by sincerity and fearlessness, whose mind by vivacity and clearness of comprehension and whose classical scholarship and wide culture united to his brilliant oration and singular wit made him intent in debate and delightful in society." The Davin Report Davin is considered one of the architects of the Canadian Indian residential school system. In 1879, he was sent by the Canadian government to investigate Indian Education in the US. In his report, Davin applauded US efforts to concentrate Indigenous peoples on reservations, divide the communal territory into individually owned parcels of land, and prepare Indigenous children for citizenship through industrial education. Davin believed industrial boarding schools were superior to day schools, where children returned to their homes after a day’s education and were still under the ‘influence of the wigwam’. The industrial boarding school was in his view the best option for Indians ‘to be merged and lost’ within the nation. But Davin also felt that the migratory nature of Indigenous groups in the northwest made the extensive establishment of industrial boarding schools expensive and inefficient; he argued Canada should use its already existing network of denominational missions for the residential schooling system. Soon after his report, several government-sponsored boarding schools opened. Authorship Davin used, among others, the literary device of inter-textuality to draw upon British canonical writers including Tennyson, Byron, and Shakespeare to connect the associations of empire with his 19th-century audience. In 1876, Davin wrote an adaptation of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet entitled The Fair Grit; or The Advantages of Coalition. A Farce. The play is a farce on governmental coalitions and the corrupted role of media in Canadian politics – a power fully realized by Davin as a writer and founder of the Regina Leader newspaper located in Canada’s North-West. Three years later, Davin produced the Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds, otherwise known as The Davin Report (1879), in which he advised John A. Macdonald’s federal government to institute residential schools for Indigenous youth; the recommendation led, in part, to the establishment of the Canadian Indian residential school system that decimated Canadian Aboriginal families. In 1884, while visiting Ottawa, Davin wrote Eos – A Prairie Dream (1884), a collection of poems that, in his own words, "strike a true and high note in Canadian politics and literature" while he represents, through his poetry, the destruction of Aboriginal culture. Gunhilda Letters Nicholas Flood Davin complimented the 'Gunhilda letters' "for felicity of expression, cogency of reasoning, fierceness of invective, keenness of satire and piquancy of style" and "Nothing equal to them has appeared in the Canadian press for years." In 1881, Susan Anna Wiggins used the nom de plume 'Gunhilda' to write the Gunhilda Letters--Marriage with a Deceased Husband's Sister: Letters of a Lady to [John Travers Lewis], the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Ontario, which consisted of letters of support for Mr. Girouard's bill regarding the legalization of marriage with a deceased wife's sister, long-time prohibited by British law at home and overseas. The Gunhilda Letters were dedicated to the members of the Senate of Canada and of the House of Commons of Canada who supported Mr. Girouard's Bill. References External links Canadian Shakespeares 1840 births 1901 deaths 19th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights 19th-century Canadian essayists 19th-century Canadian historians 19th-century Canadian journalists 19th-century Canadian lawyers 19th-century Canadian poets 19th-century Canadian male writers 19th-century Canadian newspaper publishers (people) 19th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights Canadian historians Canadian imperialists Canadian literary critics Canadian King's Counsel Canadian male dramatists and playwrights Canadian male non-fiction writers Canadian male poets Canadian mass murderers Canadian newspaper founders Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs Genocide perpetrators Irish-Canadian culture Irish diaspora in England Irish emigrants to Canada Irish male dramatists and playwrights Irish mass murderers Irish newspaper editors Irish newspaper founders Irish political journalists Irish war correspondents Members of the House of Commons of Canada from the Northwest Territories People associated with Shakespeare People from County Limerick Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) Public historians Residential schools in Canada Suicides by firearm in Manitoba Writers from the Northwest Territories Writers of government reports Writers of the Irish diaspora

5526821

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodwood

Floodwood

Floodwood may refer to a location in the United States: Floodwood, Michigan, a community in Sagola Townsnship, Dickinson County Floodwood, Minnesota, a city in St. Louis County Floodwood Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota Floodwood Mountain Reservation, a Boy Scouts of America site in Saranac Lake, New York Floodwood River (Michigan), in Ontonagon County Floodwood River (Minnesota)

5528133

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20Canberra%20flood

1971 Canberra flood

The 1971 Canberra flood was a flash flood that occurred on 26 January 1971, in the Woden Valley district of Canberra, Australia. Canberra flood The flood killed seven people including four children, injured 15 and affected 500 people. The insurance damage was estimated at A$ 9 million. It was estimated that around 95 mm of rain fell in one hour during this event. The Yarralumla Creek drainage channel peak rate of flow measured 186,891 litres per second at the Carruthers Street pluviograph near Yarra Glen at around 8:50pm. The force of the water was strong enough to turn a bus 180 degrees on Melrose Drive south east of the intersection with Yarra Glen. The intersection was covered to a depth of an estimated 1.83m and the floodwaters spread an estimated 183m wide, east to west across the intersection of Yamba Drive, Melrose Drive and Yarra Glen. A number of people and cars were swept into the Yarralumla Creek drainage channel from a low level crossing at the junction of Yamba Drive, Melrose Drive and Yarra Glen. Yamba Drive was covered in fast flowing water to at least 275m south of the Hindmarsh Drive intersection where a white car and the driver were swept into the Long Gully drainage channel. Victims The 1971 Canberra flood victims names and ages: Carmel Anne Smith (19) Margaret Mary Smith (15) Michael John Smith (6) Jennifer Ann Seymour (12) Dianne Elizabeth Seymour (8) Lon Victor Cumberland (18) Roderick Dumaresq Simon (20) Aftermath One Australian Police Officer, Constable Jeff Brown, was six months later awarded the British Empire Medal for Gallantry for rescue efforts during the event. Four Australian Police Officers were later awarded the Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct for rescue efforts during the event. Following the flood seven crosses were erected near the side of the road to mark the victims. A permanent memorial was officially dedicated on 26 January 2010. See also Severe storms in Australia List of disasters in Australia by death toll Notes References Archives ACT file 71/266 parts 1-6 National Capital Development Commission. Woden Valley floods 26 January 1971. Archives ACT file 71/344 Department of the Interior. Land Administration Branch. Yarralumla Creek flood complaints and eye witness accounts. Archives ACT file 71/924 Department of the Interior. Woden Valley flood reports. The Canberra Times (26 January 1991), The Tuesday it rained heartbreak. The Canberra Times (27 January 1971), 1 Dead, 4 Missing in Storm Flash flood in Woden Valley. The Canberra Times (28 January 1971), Search for further victims of disaster continues 4 bodies found, three people missing. The Canberra Times (28 January 1971), Tragedy in Woden. The Canberra Times (28 January 1971), Canberra flood. The Canberra Times (25 February 1971), Woden flood inquiry. The Canberra Times (16 March 1971), Coroner's verdict. External links BOM Pluvial period of the 1970s BOM Summary of Significant Severe Thunderstorm Events in the ACT and NSW - 1970/1979 BOM Impact of Severe Thunderstorms in Australia (see #19) The Canberra Times (26 January 2010), Finding peace at last after floods ABC News story (26 January 2010) 1971 20th-century floods in Oceania 1970s floods 1971 natural disasters Disasters in the Australian Capital Territory 1970s in Canberra 1971 disasters in Australia January 1971 events in Oceania Weather events in Australia

5533503

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20H.%20Grattan%20Flood

W. H. Grattan Flood

Chevalier William Henry Grattan Flood (baptised 1 November 1857 – 6 August 1928) was a noted Irish author, composer, musicologist and historian. As a writer and ecclesiastical composer, his personal contributions to Irish music produced enduring works, although he is regarded today as controversial due to the inaccuracy of some of his work. As a historian, his output was prolific on topics of local and national historical or biographical interest. In 1917, Flood was awarded the papal cross Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice by Pope Benedict XV and in 1922 was elevated by Pope Leo XIII to the Order of St Gregory with the title Chevalier, thereafter he was often called "Chevalier Flood". He is not to be confused with the unrelated Irish statesmen Henry Flood or Henry Grattan. Biography Flood was born in Lismore, County Waterford, Ireland. His family had a great influence on his education. He was born to William and Catherine (FitzSimon) Flood, the Master and Matron of the Lismore Union Workhouse. He had one older sister (Maria), and five brothers (Francis (his twin brother), Patrick, Frederick, George and James (who died in infancy). Flood received his elementary education at his grandfather's (Andrew FitzSimon) boys academy in Lismore, and was given music lessons by his aunt, Elizabeth FitzSimon. He quickly became an accomplished pianist and, at the age of nine, was invited to give a recital for the Duke of Devonshire at Lismore Castle. He entered Mount Melleray in 1872 and graduated in 1876. During this time, he received private tuition in music from Sir Robert Prescott Stewart (1825–1894) and developed proficiency on other musical instruments. He was organist of St. Peter's Pro-Cathedral in Belfast (1878–82), the Cathedral of the Assumption in Thurles, County Tipperary (1882–8), Monaghan Cathedral (1888–94) and St. Aidan's Cathedral, Enniscorthy (from September 1895). A devout Catholic, Flood entered St. Patrick's in Carlow, County Carlow and spent several years studying for the priesthood. He taught music at the Jesuit Colleges of Tullabeg, County Offaly (1882–4), Clongowes Wood College (from 1884), St MacCartan's College, Monaghan (from 1888), and St. Kieran's College in Kilkenny. During his long residency at Enniscorthy (1895–1928) Flood authored the majority of his musical compositions and historical publications. Flood was awarded an honorary Doctor of Music (DMus) from the Royal University of Ireland in 1907. While he was organist and musical director at St. Aidan's Cathedral in Enniscorthy. He transcribed the Wexford Carol from a local singer and had it published in The Oxford Book of Carols, putting Enniscorthy into most carol books around the world. In December 1898, he married Margaret Delaney and, over the next 12 years, the couple had six children, including Catherine (Kathleen), Mollie, Agnes, William, Patrick and Margaret (Rita). Following his death, his daughter, Kathleen, assumed the position of organist at St. Aidan's until her death in 1956. Flood is a highly controversial figure in Irish musicology. He has undoubtedly inspired a lot of more recent research, but "his appreciation of detail was enthusiastic rather than thorough, and the contents of his books were often distorted by his national and religious commitment". Although he is known to have had access to sources in the Public Record Office which burnt down in the Irish Civil War in 1922, "he renders himself untrustworthy by the fact that, where his sources can be checked, he sometimes misquotes or misinterprets them; and he is too ready to jump to conclusions which are presented as if they were facts." On the other hand, he wrote "at a time when it [i.e. Irish music] was either scorned or ignored, except by a few enthusiasts." Flood's most adventurous claims included an "Irish Ancestry of Garland, Dowland, Campion and Purcell". Therefore, his writings on musical history may need to be met with some caution. Selected publications Musicology A History of Irish Music (Dublin: Browne and Nolan, 1905; 2/1906, 3/1913; Repr. Shannon: Irish University Press, 1970) The Story of the Harp (London: Walter Scott & New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1905; Repr. Boston, 1977) The Story of the Bagpipe (London: Walter Scott & New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1911) William Vincent Wallace. A Memoir (Waterford: At the offices of the Waterford News, 1912) John Field, Inventor of the Nocturne (Dublin: Martin Lester, 1921) Introductory Sketch of Irish Musical History (London: William Reeves, n.d. [1922]) Early Tudor Composers (Oxford: Oxford University Press & London: Humphrey Milford, 1925) John and William Neale, Music Printers, 1721–1741 (Wexford: Bibliographical Society of Ireland, 1928) Articles in Dictionary of National Biography, Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians (5 vols., London, 1904–1910), Music and Letters, Musical Herald, Musical Opinion, Musical Quarterly, The Musical Times. General and local history History of Enniscorthy (Enniscorthy: Flood, 1898) Memoir of Father James Dixon (Melbourne: The Australian Catholic Truth Society, 1912) History of the Diocese of Ferns (Waterford: Downey, 1916) Articles in Archivium Hibernicum (1912–5), The Athenaeum Saturday Review, Ave Maria, The Catholic Encyclopedia, Cork Archaeological Journal, Cork Historical Journal, Ecclesiastical Review, English Historical Review, Irish Theological Quarterly, Irish Ecclesiastical Record, The Irish Monthly, The Irish Rosary, Journal of the County Louth Archaeological Society, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, The Month, The Past, The Review of English Studies, Studies, Waterford Archaeological Journal, etc. Compositions Worklist from Boydell (2013), p. 395; with additions taken from the online catalogues of the National Library of Ireland and the British Library. Church music O salutaris hostia, London, 1882 Benediction Service: In honorem Sancti Stanislai, London, 1882 Benediction Service: In honorem Sancti Cuthberti, Newbury: A. Cary, 1889 Mass in Honour of Saint Aidan op. 32, Leipzig: C.G. Röder, 1889 Mass in Honour of Saint Carthage, unpublished, n.d. Mass in Honour of Saint Wilfred, unpublished, n.d. Clongowes Wood College Song (1914) Praised Be Jesus Christ Our King (Patrick Brennann), London: Novello and Co., 1927 Consider Well (date?), carol for unaccompanied male voice choir with optional soprano solo, Wendover: Roberton Publications, 1976 Many madrigals, hymns, organ transcriptions etc. Songs Evening Shades (Frederick H. Houston), London, 1882 The Mississippi River (L.M. Mills), Dublin: Cramer, Wood & Co., 1910 The Boys of Kerry (J.F. Fuller), Dublin: Pigott & Co., c.1915 Irishmen All Our Loved Ones Far Away (T.D. Sullivan) Editions Moore's Irish Melodies (Dublin, 1910) The Spirit of the Nation (Dublin, 1911) Songs and Airs of O'Carolan (Dublin, 1913) The Armagh Hymnal (Dublin: Catholic Truth Society of Ireland, 1915) Ireland's Own Song Book (Dublin, 1917) Memorial A memorial in the form of a limestone Celtic Cross, with a Celtic Harp carved on it was raised in Enniscorthy shortly after Chevalier Flood's death. It bears the inscription: ERECTED TO THE MEMORY OF CHEVALIER WILLIAM HENRY GRATTAN FLOOD, ENNISCORTHY, IN RECOGNITION OF HIS INVALUABLE SERVICES TO IRISH MUSIC AND LITERATURE. DIED AUGUST 6TH 1928. ”Irish orators of rival fame – Combine to mould his memorable name; – But music was his first love and his last – And links in him our present with our past." — Epitaph by Alfred Perceval Graves. Bibliography Obituaries in The Irish Times, 7 August 1928; Irish Independent, 7 August 1928; The Irish Book Lover 17 (1928), 26. Flood, William Grattan: "William Henry Grattan Flood: Renowned Irish Musicologist", in: The Capuchin Annual (Dublin, 1974), pp. 56–62. Boydell, Barra: "Flood, W(illiam) H(enry) Grattan", in: The Encyclopaedia of Music in Ireland, ed. H. White & B. Boydell (Dublin: UCD Press, 2013), p. 394–8. References External links 1857 births 1928 deaths 19th-century classical composers 19th-century Irish historians 19th-century musicologists 20th-century classical composers 20th-century Irish historians Alumni of Carlow College Classical composers of church music Contributors to the Catholic Encyclopedia Irish classical composers Irish musicologists Knights of St. Gregory the Great Musicians from County Waterford People from Enniscorthy People from Lismore, County Waterford

5543601

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood%20the%20Tanks

Flood the Tanks

Flood the Tanks is an album by the Northern Irish singer songwriter, Iain Archer. The album was originally released in 2004, but was later re-packaged and re-released on a different label in 2005. The songs "Running in Dreams " and "Boy Boy Boy" were released as singles. Track listing In the 2005 version of the album, Mirrorball Moon is not hidden. Instead, I Wasn't Drinkin' But You Got Me Drunk is hidden. References 2004 albums Iain Archer albums

5561097

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood%20bypass

Flood bypass

A flood bypass is a region of land or a large man-made structure that is designed to convey excess flood waters from a river or stream in order to reduce the risk of flooding on the natural river or stream near a key point of interest, such as a city. Flood bypasses, sometimes called floodways, often have man-made diversion works, such as diversion weirs and spillways, at their head or point of origin. The main body of a flood bypass is often a natural flood plain. Many flood bypasses are designed to carry enough water such that combined flows down the original river or stream and flood bypass will not exceed the expected maximum flood flow of the river or stream. Flood bypasses are typically used only during major floods and act in a similar nature to a detention basin. Since the area of a flood bypass is significantly larger than the cross-sectional area of the original river or stream channel from which water is diverted, the velocity of water in a flood bypass will be significantly lower than the velocity of the flood water in the original system. These low velocities often cause increased sediment deposition in the flood bypass, thus it is important to incorporate a maintenance program for the entire flood bypass system when it is not being actively used during a flood operation. When not being used to convey water, flood bypasses are sometimes used for agricultural or environmental purposes. The land is often owned by a public authority and then rented to farmers or ranchers, who in turn plant crops or herd livestock that feed off the flood plain. Since the flood bypass is subjected to sedimentation during flood events, the land is often very productive and even a loss of crops due to flooding can sometimes be recovered due to the high yield of the land during the non-flood periods. Examples Bonnet Carré Spillway Eastside Bypass Fargo-Moorhead Area Diversion Project Yolo Bypass Hydraulic engineering Hydrology Flood control

5652979

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash%20flood%20warning

Flash flood warning

A flash flood warning (SAME code: FFW) is a severe weather warning product of the National Weather Service that is issued by national weather forecasting agencies throughout the world to alert the public that a flash flood is imminent or occurring in the warned area. A flash flood is a sudden, violent flood after a heavy rain, or occasionally after a dam break. Rainfall intensity and duration, topography, soil conditions, and ground cover contribute to flash flooding. Most flash floods occur when there is a heavy amount of precipitation falling in an area and that water is then channeled through streams or narrow gullies. Flash floods may take minutes or hours to develop. It is possible to experience a flash flood without witnessing any rain. Flash flood alerts There are two types of alerts for flash floods which are issued by the National Weather Service. One is a flash flood watch, which means that conditions are favorable for flash flooding, and the other is a flash flood warning, meaning that a flash flood is occurring or one will occur imminently and is usually issued when there are strong weather radar echoes for an area that is prone to flash flooding. Flash floods can also occur because of a dam or levee failure, or because of a sudden release of water held by an ice jam. Residents are usually urged to do the following when flash flooding is imminent: Be aware of any signs of heavy rain Move to higher ground if rapidly rising water is seen or heard Not attempt to cross the flowing water In addition, some NWS Weather Forecast Offices have instituted an enhanced flash flood warning, referred to as a flash flood emergency (or as termed by the Albany, New York office as a flash flood warning emergency), which indicates a severe flooding situation in densely populated areas, similar to the procedure for declaring a tornado emergency. On August 27, 2017, as Hurricane Harvey brought torrential rain to southeast Texas, the NWS issued a "Flash Flood Emergency for Catastrophic Life Threatening Flooding." On September 10, 2017, the NWS issued a Flash Flood Emergency for life-threatening storm surge because of Hurricane Irma in southwestern Florida at the eye landfall. On February 6, 2020, the NWS issued a Flash Flood Emergency for Tazewell County, Virginia due to a major storm moving through the area which caused the Clinch River to rise to its highest crest in 40 years. On May 20, 2020, the NWS issued a Flash Flood Emergency for the Tittabawassee River in Midland County, Michigan due to multiple dam failures causing the river to overflow and reach its highest crest since 1986. On July 6, 2020, the NWS issued a Flash Flood Emergency for Tacony Creek and Frankford Creek, the former situated along Montgomery County and North Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the latter along Philadelphia's Frankford neighborhood. On September 2, 2021, the NWS issued a first ever Flash Flood Emergency for New York City, Philadelphia, Fairfield and New Haven Counties in Connecticut, and most of Central New Jersey a region that stretches over 200 miles, as the remnants of Hurricane Ida transitioned and intensified into a post tropical cyclone causing torrential rains. Some areas reported up to 10 inches of rain in less than an hour. Although the region was forecasted to experience heavy rains, this event is considered unprecedented as such a warning has never been issued to the area. The region had already experienced above average precipitation for most of the Summer due to previous storm systems and tropical storms affecting the area. On March 27, 2023, the NWS issued a Flash Flood Emergency for a dam break on the Head's Creek Reservoir in Spaulding County, Georgia. A statement was later posted on Twitter. Example of a flash flood warning and emergency Warning This warning was issued following a dam failure along the Minnesota-Wisconsin border. Flash Flood Warning MNC115-WIC013-031-192330- /O.NEW.KDLH.FF.W.0012.180618T2329Z-180619T2330Z/ /00000.U.DM.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.OO/ BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED Flash Flood Warning National Weather Service Duluth MN 1203 PM CDT SUN JUN 18 2018 The National Weather Service in Eastern Duluth MN has issued a * Flash Flood Warning for... A Dam Failure in... East central Pine County in east central Minnesota... Northwestern Douglas County in northwestern Wisconsin... North central Burnett County in northwestern Wisconsin... * Until 543 PM CDT * At 1201 PM CDT, local law enforcement reported the Radigan Flowage Dam west of Dairyland has failed, causing flash flooding downstream on the Tamarack River south of the Dam as it flows towards the Saint Croix River. * Locations impacted include... Town Rd T west of Dairyland. Swedish Highway at the Tamarack River. Highway T west of Cozy Corner. Markville Road east of Markville. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Turn around, don`t drown when encountering flooded roads. Most flood deaths occur in vehicles. Move to higher ground now. Act quickly to protect your life. Please report flooding to your local law enforcement agency when you can do so safely. && LAT...LON 4623 9218 4616 9226 4611 9228 4607 9229 4605 9234 4612 9234 4617 9230 4622 9225 $$ LEThis warning was issued for heavy rainfall.PAC051-102345- /O.NEW.KPBZ.FF.W.0017.200710T2142Z-200710T2345Z/ /00000.0.ER.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.OO/ BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED Flash Flood Warning National Weather Service Pittsburgh PA 542 PM EDT Fri Jul 10 2020 The National Weather Service in Northern Pittsburgh has issued a * Flash Flood Warning for... Central Fayette County in southwestern Pennsylvania... * Until 745 PM EDT. * At 542 PM EDT, Doppler radar indicated thunderstorms producing heavy rain across the warned area. Between 1 and 2.5 inches of rain have fallen. Flash flooding is ongoing or expected to begin shortly. HAZARD...Flash flooding caused by thunderstorms. SOURCE...Doppler radar. IMPACT...Flooding of small creeks and streams, urban areas, highways, streets and underpasses as well as other drainage and low lying areas. * Some locations that will experience flash flooding include... Uniontown, South Connellsville, Dunbar, Vanderbilt and Dawson. Additional rainfall amounts up to 1 inch are possible in the warned area. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Turn around, don't drown when encountering flooded roads. Most flood deaths occur in vehicles. && LAT...LON 4006 7967 3997 7982 3986 7972 3995 7955 FLASH FLOOD...RADAR INDICATED $$ Emergency Flash Flood Emergency In Initial Bulletin Note that this warning contains the enhanced wording Particularly Dangerous Situation. These types are extremely dangerous, and should be treated as such. '''...FLASH FLOOD EMERGENCY FOR KERNVILLE... The National Weather Service in Hanford has issued a * Flash Flood Warning for... Rain and Snowmelt in... Northeastern Kern County in central California... Southeastern Tulare County in central California... * Until 145 PM PST. * At 1044 AM PST, trained weather spotters reported heavy rain across the warned area. Flash flooding is ongoing or expected to begin shortly. Rapid snowmelt is also occurring and will add to the flooding. This is a FLASH FLOOD EMERGENCY for Kernville. This is a PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS SITUATION. SEEK HIGHER GROUND NOW! HAZARD...Life threatening flash flooding. Heavy rain producing flash flooding. SOURCE...Trained spotters reported. IMPACT...This is a PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS SITUATION. SEEK HIGHER GROUND NOW! Life threatening flash flooding of low water crossings, small creeks and streams, urban areas, highways, streets and underpasses. * Some locations that will experience flash flooding include... Bodfish, Lake Isabella, Riverkern, Kernville and Wofford Heights. Move to higher ground now! This is an extremely dangerous and life-threatening situation. Do not attempt to travel unless you are fleeing an area subject to flooding or under an evacuation order. Turn around, don't drown when encountering flooded roads. Most flood deaths occur in vehicles. Be aware of your surroundings and do not drive on flooded roads. Stay away or be swept away. River banks and culverts can become unstable and unsafe. Flash Flood Emergency In Follow-Up Statement This particular Flash Flood Emergency also includes the enhanced wording "Particularly Dangerous Situation". 844 WGUS71 KBOX 282143 FFSBOX Flash Flood Statement National Weather Service Boston/Norton MA 543 PM EDT Sun Jun 28 2020 MAC005-017-021-023-027-282300- /O.CON.KBOX.FF.W.0003.000000T0000Z-200628T2300Z/ /00000.0.ER.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.OO/ Norfolk MA-Worcester MA-Middlesex MA-Plymouth MA-Bristol MA- 543 PM EDT Sun Jun 28 2020 ...THIS IS A FLASH FLOOD EMERGENCY FOR THE TOWN OF NORWOOD AND SURROUNDING TOWNS... ...THE FLASH FLOOD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 700 PM EDT FOR NORFOLK...EASTERN WORCESTER...SOUTH CENTRAL MIDDLESEX...WEST CENTRAL PLYMOUTH AND NORTH CENTRAL BRISTOL COUNTIES... At 537 PM EDT, law enforcement reported heavy rain falling including the towns of Norwood and Dedham where up to 3.5 inches have already fallen. Flash flooding is already occurring. Some evacuations may be necessary. Listen to local officials. THIS IS A FLASH FLOOD EMERGENCY FOR NORWOOD AND SURROUNDING TOWNS! This is a PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS SITUATION. SEEK HIGHER GROUND NOW! HAZARD...Life threatening flash flooding. Heavy rain producing flash flooding. SOURCE...Law enforcement. IMPACT...This is a PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS SITUATION. SEEK HIGHER GROUND NOW! Life threatening flash flooding of low water crossings, small creeks and streams, urban areas, highways, streets and underpasses. Some locations that will experience flooding include... Brockton, Quincy, Randolph, Franklin, Norwood, Milford, Milton, Stoughton, Dedham, Walpole, Mansfield, Easton, Canton, Sharon, Foxborough, Bellingham, Abington, Westwood, Holliston and Medway. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Move to higher ground now. This is an extremely dangerous and life-threatening situation. Do not attempt to travel unless you are fleeing an area subject to flooding or under an evacuation order. && LAT...LON 4210 7096 4204 7114 4203 7151 4219 7152 4223 7114 4223 7113 4224 7108 FLASH FLOOD...OBSERVED FLASH FLOOD DAMAGE THREAT...CATASTROPHIC EXPECTED RAINFALL...1-2 INCHES IN 1 HOUR $$ NOCERA See also Flash flood guidance system Severe weather terminology (United States) References Weather warnings and advisories Flood control

5748996

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Mid-Atlantic%20United%20States%20flood

2006 Mid-Atlantic United States flood

The Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006 was a significant flood that affected much of the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States. The flooding was very widespread, affecting numerous rivers, lakes and communities from Upstate New York to North Carolina. It was widely considered to be the worst flooding in the region since Hurricane David in 1979. It was also one of the worst floodings in the United States since Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. At least 16 deaths were related to the flooding. Meteorological history The flooding was attributed to several weather factors that all came together over the region. The primary factor was the stalling of the jet stream just to the west of the Appalachian Mountains. That, combined with the Bermuda High over the Atlantic Ocean, blocked any systems from moving inland or offshore. The influence of a tropical low (which nearly became a tropical storm but did not attain a full surface circulation) off the North Carolina coast allowed a constant stream of tropical moisture to enter the Mid-Atlantic region. The resulting heavy and prolonged rains overflowed the banks of many rivers, lakes, and streams, leading to the flooding. A senior National Weather Service meteorologist declared that rain events of this size take place in the region only every 200 years. Impact Delaware Considerable flooding occurred in much of Delaware, particularly in Sussex County, where Governor Ruth Ann Minner declared a state of emergency. The hardest hit community was Seaford, where 40 families were temporarily homeless and many homes and businesses were damaged. District of Columbia Significant street and river flooding was reported in Washington, D.C. Several important federal buildings, including the National Archives and Records Administration, the Internal Revenue Service, the United States Department of Justice and some of the Smithsonian Institution, were closed. Mayor Anthony A. Williams declared a state of emergency as a result of the flooding and the threat of power outages and other problems. Sections of Beach Drive in Rock Creek Park were washed out. The road was closed for several months for repair and reinforcing. Beach Drive is the main north–south road through the park and is a major commuter artery. Maryland The most severe flooding took place in and around Montgomery County. Over 2,200 people had to be evacuated from the area south of Lake Needwood in Rockville due to concerns of a dam break there (the earthen dam was leaking). If the dam were to break, communities downstream could be under as much as of flood water. The dam did not break, however, and the evacuations ended on the evening of June 29. US 29 (Colesville Road) in Silver Spring and MD 198 near Fort Meade were among the dozens of roadways closed due to high water. Parts of Laurel in Prince George's County were also evacuated after floodgates were opened to relieve pressure on a nearby dam. In Frederick County, three people were killed when they attempted to cross the flood waters from Middle Creek. Also in Frederick County, a 14-year-old boy and a 16-year-old boy drowned while swimming in a swollen creek that feeds into the Monocacy River. On July 4 in Prince George's County, the body of a 22-year-old man was recovered. It was determined that his car was swept off US 29 by the floodwaters nearly two weeks prior. In Harford County, several inches of rain fell for several days. Parts of the Susquehanna River and Deer Creek flooded, and several rescues were performed. Damage to roads and agriculture in the Eastern Shore region alone was estimated to be around $12 million. On Friday, June 30, Maryland Governor Robert Ehrlich requested federal disaster aid for five Maryland counties: Caroline, Cecil, Dorchester, Harford, and Montgomery. However, Ehrlich stated in a letter requesting the aid to President George W. Bush that more counties could be included after damage assessments. Governor Ehrlich stated that damages in Maryland could exceed $10 million. Ehrlich also requested, in addition to federal disaster aid, funds for "hazard mitigation assistance", which is federal money used to help governments rebuild antiquated structures with modern structures. Ehrlich also obtained loans from the federal Small Business Administration to help private property owners, both residential and business, to rebuild or repair damaged buildings. New Jersey The heaviest flooding in New Jersey was along and near the Delaware River, on the border with Pennsylvania. Over 1,000 people were evacuated from low-lying areas of Trenton, and some state government buildings were closed. In addition, Trenton's water filtration system was shut down because of debris floating down the Delaware, and Mayor Douglas Palmer called for conservation, saying the city had only about two days of drinkable water. The river was expected to crest Friday at nearly over flood stage, the fourth-highest level on record for Trenton. Governor Jon Corzine had declared a state of emergency for the entire state as a result of the flooding. New York Significant flooding took place in the Southern Tier region, particularly around Binghamton and Waverly/Sayre (on the New York-Pennsylvania border). Riverside communities were severely flooded, and many evacuations took place in the region which stretched along the Susquehanna, Chenango, Delaware and Unadilla rivers. The Susquehanna River in Bainbridge crested at , over the flood stage. This was the highest the river had ever reached in the Bainbridge area. In Broome County alone, over 5,000 people were forced to evacuate, particularly in the submerged town of Conklin. Two people were killed when a section of I-88 washed away and two trucks drove into the chasm created. The Mohawk River valley also experienced significant flooding, with damage occurring to Lock 10 on the Erie Canal. In Port Jervis, the Delaware River flooded low areas of the city that had barely recovered from the record flooding of April 2005. The Neversink River also swelled, prompting officials to close the Neversink bridge. The Mid-Delaware Bridge (carrying US 6/US 209) was also closed. Governor George Pataki estimated that damage in the state could exceed $100 million. Many of the records levels during this flood would be topped five years later in 2011 when the remnants of Tropical Storm Lee struck the area. Pennsylvania The worst flooding in the state took place in the Susquehanna River valley and its tributaries. Over 200,000 residents in northeastern Pennsylvania had to be evacuated due to the rising floodwaters. Damage in Susquehanna County alone totaled over $100 million (2006 USD). Extensive river flooding was reported in dozens of communities in eastern Pennsylvania. Over 70 people had to be rescued from rooftops by U.S. Coast Guard helicopters after being stranded by the floodwaters. At the Wilkes-Barre flood protection levee, the river was at , which was about the record level reached in Hurricane Agnes and at which point catastrophic flooding takes place. Forecasts predicted that the river would crest at above , exceeding any other event other than Agnes and leading to significant flooding in other communities with less protection. Luzerne County officials said the large evacuations were precautionary, as there was a potential for the area to be isolated if the most severe predictions took hold. In Reading, the Schuylkill River's flood stage is , and the river was projected to crest at about , resulting in the worst flooding in the area since Hurricane Agnes. In Easton, the Delaware River crested at above flood stage. At Riegelsville, the river was at above flood level, and at New Hope it crested at above flood level. In Harrisburg, a festival's start in the city was pushed back and cut down, due to the potential for the flood, and the Harrisburg Senators were forced to play two "home games" in Bowie, Maryland, due to flooding in Commerce Bank Park. Philadelphia's Kelly Drive and West River Drive were closed. The Knoebels amusement park in Elysburg was closed due to the flooding of local creeks and did not reopen until Friday afternoon. The Manayunk neighborhood in Philadelphia issued a mandatory evacuation for the area between Main Street and Ridge and Levering. Severe flooding of Swatara Creek near Hershey and Hummelstown closed many roads in the area and damaged a number of homes. The creek crested at around 7 am on June 29, breaking the previous official record of , which was set September 27, 1975. However, this did not come close to the flooding after Hurricane Agnes, which caused the creek to crest at approximately on June 23, 1972. Hummelstown was flooded briefly (3–4 days), mainly across Duke and Water streets, as well as the railroad tracks. In Pike County, the Delaware River caused extensive damage to Matamoras Borough and Westfall Township. The Delaware crested in the early hours of June 29 at at Milford (as per NOAA hydrograph ) The record level of the river at Milford is , and flood stage is . On Friday, June 30, US 209 between Milford and the Monroe County line at Lehman Township was closed. In Wayne County, the opening of the Lake Wallenpaupack spillway caused damage downstream. The Delaware River also caused damage on the eastern border of the county. Damage in Wayne County totaled about $50 million (2006 USD). In Lackawaxen, the Zane Grey museum, part of the Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River, sustained significant damage. Of the 67 counties in Pennsylvania, 46 were under a state of emergency as declared by Governor Ed Rendell. Four deaths were confirmed in Pennsylvania; two in Luzerne County, one near Gettysburg, and one in rural Wayne County. Virginia Flooding occurred in many areas in Virginia, particularly in the north. A mudslide closed the Capital Beltway (I-495) in Alexandria for several hours on Monday, June 26. Mudslides were also witnessed in the mountainous regions. Governor Tim Kaine declared a state of emergency for the entire Commonwealth of Virginia. See also Floods in the United States References Flood, 06-25, United States 06-25 Mid-Atlantic Flood, 2006-06-25 Flood, 2006-06-25 Flood, 2006-06-25 Flood, 2006-06-25 Flood, 2006-06-25 2000s floods in the United States United States, 06-25 Flood, 06-25 Flood, 25

5752955

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20floods

2006 floods

2006 floods could refer to a number of flooding incidents in 2006: Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006 2006 European floods 2006-07 Southeast Asian floods 2006-2007 Malaysian floods 2006 North Korea flooding Southwest floods of 2006 See also Weather in 2006 for an overview List of notable floods Floods in the United States: 2001-present

5802126

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods%20%28Pantera%20song%29

Floods (Pantera song)

"Floods" is a song by American heavy metal band Pantera from their 1996 album The Great Southern Trendkill. A ballad, it is the longest song on the album and the third-longest song the band has recorded, after "Cemetery Gates" (7:03) and "Hard Lines, Sunken Cheeks" (7:01). An early mix of the song was released on the 20th anniversary edition of The Great Southern Trendkill. Background Pantera bassist Rex Brown said about "Floods": That was one of my favorite bass lines on that song. We'd rehearsed it a couple of times and Dime and I sat down for quite a while with that. It was more of trying to get yourself in a mellow mood. It's a blazing solo with a really cool rhythm section underneath it - I'm really proud of the bass line. I think that was Dime's favorite solo on that song. The lyrics of the song tell about atrocious acts committed by mankind such as rape, murder, and war, and contain a plea to God to flood the earth in a fashion like that described in the biblical Book of Genesis. Guitar solo The song features one of Dimebag Darrell's most popular guitar solos. The solo was originally a riff written by Darrell in the mid-1980s, and footage exists of him performing these licks as early as 1986. Guitar World magazine voted his solo as the 32nd-greatest of all time. Darrell built the solo from his improvised solos he played in concerts, before the band was signed. Darrell on the solo: Darrell also said: I picked up the idea of doubling from Randy Rhoads. It seemed appropriate to start off in a slow, melodic fashion and then build and build and build to the climax with the big harmonic squeals at the end. For that last big note I think there's four guitars going on. There's a squeal at the second fret of the G string, a squeal at the fifth fret of the G and then I used a DigiTech Whammy pedal on two-string squeals at the harmonics at the fourth and 12th frets of the G and B strings, I believe. That was one of those deals where I didn't plan it out. I just sat there and fucked with it until it sounded right. Reception Classic Rock writer Stephen Dalton described "Floods" as "Pantera's 'Bohemian Rhapsody'". Dalton also described it as "a seven-minute, shape-shifting, post-apocalyptic epic featuring one of Dimebag Darrell's finest solos, an octave-vaulting baroque ejaculation that sounds like Brian May on steroids". Metal Hammer ranked "Floods" 9th on their list of the 50 best Pantera songs. They described it as an all-time classic. Guitar World ranked the song 20th on their list of the 25 greatest Pantera songs. References Songs about floods 1996 singles Pantera songs 1990s ballads Heavy metal ballads Song recordings produced by Terry Date Songs written by Dimebag Darrell Songs written by Vinnie Paul Songs written by Phil Anselmo Songs written by Rex Brown 1996 songs East West Records singles

5828552

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodlight

Floodlight

A floodlight is a broad-beamed, high-intensity artificial light. They are often used to illuminate outdoor playing fields while an outdoor sports event is being held during low-light conditions. More focused kinds are often used as a stage lighting instrument in live performances such as concerts and plays. In the top tiers of many professional sports, it is a requirement for stadiums to have floodlights to allow games to be scheduled outside daylight hours. Evening or night matches may suit spectators who have work or other commitments earlier in the day, and enable television broadcasts during lucrative primetime hours. Some sports grounds which do not have permanent floodlights installed may make use of portable temporary ones instead. Many larger floodlights (see bottom picture) will have gantries for bulb changing and maintenance. These will usually be able to accommodate one or two maintenance workers. Floodlights may also be used to add effects to buildings at night, called architectural illumination. Types The most common type of floodlight is the metal-halide lamp, which emits a bright white light (typically 75–100 lumens/Watt). Sodium-vapor lamps are also commonly used for sporting events, as they have a very high lumen to watt ratio (typically 80–140 lumens/Watt), making them a cost-effective choice when certain lux levels must be provided. LED floodlights are bright enough to be used for illumination purposes on large sport fields. The main advantages of LEDs in this application are their lower power consumption, longer life, and instant start-up (the lack of a "warm-up" period reduces game delays after power outages). They have replaced many metal halide floodlights. Halogen and electrodeless induction floodlights also exist. The first LED lit sports field in the United Kingdom was switched on at Taunton Vale Sports Club on 6 September 2014. Sports played under floodlights Polo The first sport to play under floodlights was polo, on 18 July 1878. Ranelagh Club hosted a match in Fulham, London, England against the Hurlingham Club. Australian rules football In August 1879, two matches of Australian rules football were staged at the Melbourne Cricket Ground under electric lights. The first was between two "scratch" teams composed of military personnel. The following week, two of the city's leading football clubs, rivals Carlton and Melbourne, played another night match. On both occasions, the lights failed to illuminate the whole ground, and the spectators struggled to make sense of the action in the murky conditions. Cricket Cricket was first played under floodlights on 11 August 1952, during an exhibition game at Highbury stadium in England. International day/night cricket, played under floodlights, began in 1979. Since then, many cricket stadiums have installed floodlights and use them for both domestic and international matches. Traditional cricket floodlights are mounted at the top of a tall pole, to elevate them out of the fielder's eyeline when the ball is hit high into the air. However, some cricket stadiums have lower-mounted floodlights, particularly if the stadium is shared with other sports. Gaelic games Noel Walsh's advocacy was pivotal in the spread of floodlights in Gaelic games. When chairman of the Munster Council, Walsh had a pilot project for floodlights at Austin Stack Park in Tralee which "became a template for every county and club ground in the country". Association football Bramall Lane was the first stadium to host floodlit association football matches, dating as far back as 1878, when there were experimental matches at the Sheffield stadium during the dark winter afternoons. With no national grid, lights were powered by batteries and dynamoes, and were unreliable. Blackburn and Darwen also hosted floodlit matches in 1878, and in October of the same year 3rd Lanark RV played an exhibition match against Scottish Cup holders Vale of Leven at the first Cathkin Park, with press reports suggesting the lighting from a Gramme machine was not successful in illuminating the whole field. Subsequent tests over the next month using three Siemens dynamos at the first Hampden Park, Rugby Park in Kilmarnock and at Powderhall Stadium in Edinburgh produced mixed results, in part due to technical issues and weather conditions. Nottingham Forest played a floodlit match against Notts Rangers at the Gregory Ground, Lenton, Nottingham on 25 March 1889. This match was illuminated by 14 Wells Lights which was a portable illumation system powered by paraffin Each light had 4,000 candlepower. These lights were placed around the ground and 'illuminated the playing arena well enough for the spectators to follow most, if not all, the points of play' according to the Nottingham Evening Post on 26 March 1889. However the same article also reported on 26 March 1889 that 'a strong wind was blowing from the Radford goal, and this caused the lights on the town side to shed a considerable portion of their radiance on the adjoining fields, so that dark shadows were often thrown upon the playing ground and it was almost impossible to see a case of handling unless the officials were close to'. The match was played at 7:45pm and Forest lost 2-0 watched by 5000 spectators. Thames Ironworks (who would later be re-formed as West Ham United) played a number of friendly matches under artificial light at their Hermit Road ground during their inaugural season of 1895–96. These experiments, which included high-profile fixtures against Arsenal and West Bromwich Albion, were set up using engineers and equipment from the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company. In 1929 the Providence Clamdiggers football club hosted the Bethlehem Steel "under the rays of powerful flood lights, an innovation in soccer" at their Providence, Rhode Island stadium. On 10 May 1933, Sunderland A.F.C. played a friendly match in Paris against RC Paris under floodlights. The floodlights were fixed to overhead wires strung above and across the pitch. A fresh white coloured ball was introduced after about every 20 minutes and the goalposts were painted yellow. In the 1930s, Herbert Chapman installed lights into the new West Stand at Highbury but the Football League refused to sanction their use. This situation lasted until the 1950s, when the popularity of floodlit friendlies became such that the League relented. In September 1949, South Liverpool's Holly Park ground hosted the first game in England under "permanent" floodlights: a friendly against a Nigerian XI. In 1950, Southampton's stadium, The Dell, became the first ground in England to have permanent floodlighting installed. The first game played under the lights there was on 31 October 1950, in a friendly against Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic, followed a year later by the first "official" match under floodlights, a Football Combination (reserve team) match against Tottenham Hotspur on 1 October 1951. Swindon Town became the first League side to install floodlights at The County Ground. Their first match being a friendly against Bristol City on Monday 2 April 1951. Arsenal followed five months later with the first match under the Highbury lights taking place on Wednesday 19 September 1951. The first international game under floodlights of an England game at Wembley was 30 November 1955 against Spain, England winning 4–1. The first floodlit Football League match took place at Fratton Park, Portsmouth on 22 February 1956 between Portsmouth and Newcastle United. Many clubs have taken their floodlights down and replaced them with new ones along the roof line of the stands. This previously had not been possible as many grounds comprised open terraces and roof lines on covered stands were too low. Elland Road, Old Trafford and Anfield were the first major grounds to do this in the early 1990s. Deepdale, The Galpharm Stadium and the JJB Stadium have since been built with traditional floodlights on pylons. Rugby league The first rugby league match to be played under floodlights was on 14 December 1932 when Wigan met Leeds in an exhibition match played at White City Stadium in London (8pm kick off). Leeds won 18–9 in front of a crowd of over 10,000 spectators. The venture was such a success that the owners of the White City Ground took over the "Wigan Highfield" club and moved them to play Rugby League games at the ground under floodlights the following season, with most of their matches kicking off on Wednesday Nights at 8pm. That venture only lasted one season before the club moved back up north. The first floodlit match for rugby league played in the heartlands was on 31 October 1951 at Odsal Stadium, Bradford when Bradford Northern played New Zealand in front of 29,072. For a club to play in the Super League they must have a ground with floodlights adequate for playing a professional game. Winter sports Winter sports, such as skiing and snowboarding, can be held under a floodlit piste. Motorsports A number of permanent motor racing circuits are floodlit to allow night races to be held. These include Yas Marina Circuit, Losail International Circuit, and Bahrain International Circuit. See also Light pollution References Light fixtures Stadiums

5839243

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooding%20of%20the%20Nile

Flooding of the Nile

The flooding of the Nile has been an important natural cycle in Nubia and Egypt since ancient times. It is celebrated by Egyptians as an annual holiday for two weeks starting August 15, known as Wafaa El-Nil. It is also celebrated in the Coptic Church by ceremonially throwing a martyr's relic into the river, hence the name, The Martyr's Finger (, ). The flooding of the Nile was poetically described in myth as Isis's tears of sorrow for Osiris when killed by his brother Set. Flooding cycle The flooding of the Nile is the result of the yearly monsoon between May and August causing enormous precipitations on the Ethiopian Highlands whose summits reach heights of up to . Most of this rainwater is taken by the Blue Nile and by the Atbarah River into the Nile, while a less important amount flows through the Sobat and the White Nile into the Nile. During this short period, those rivers contribute up to ninety percent of the water of the Nile and most of the sedimentation carried by it, but after the rainy season, dwindle to minor rivers. The flooding as such was foreseeable, although its exact dates and levels could be forecast only on a short-term basis, by transmitting the gauge readings at Aswan to the lower parts of the kingdom where the data had to be converted to the local circumstances. What was not foreseeable, of course, was the extent of flooding and its total discharge. The Egyptian year was divided into the three seasons of Akhet (Inundation), Peret (Growth), and Shemu (Harvest). Akhet covered the Egyptian flood cycle. This cycle was so consistent that the Egyptians timed its onset using the heliacal rising of Sirius, the key event used to set their calendar. The first indications of the rise of the river could be seen at the first of the cataracts of the Nile (at Aswan) as early as the beginning of June, and a steady increase went on until the middle of July, when the increase of water became very great. The Nile continued to rise until the beginning of September, when the level remained stationary for a period of about three weeks, sometimes a little less. In October, it often rose again and reached its highest level. From this period, it began to subside and usually sank steadily until the month of June, when it reached its lowest level again. Flooding reached Aswan about a week earlier than Cairo, and Luxor five to six days earlier than Cairo. Typical heights of flood were at Aswan, at Luxor (and Thebes) and at Cairo. Agriculture Basin irrigation Whilst the earliest Egyptians simply laboured those areas which were inundated by the floods, some 7000 years ago, they started to develop the basin irrigation method. Agricultural land was divided into large fields surrounded by dams and dykes and equipped with intake and exit canals. The basins were flooded and then closed for about 45 days to saturate the soil with moisture and allow the silt to deposit. Then the water was discharged to lower fields or back into the Nile. Immediately thereafter, sowing started, and harvesting followed some three or four months later. In the dry season thereafter, farming was not possible. Thus, all crops had to fit into this tight scheme of irrigation and timing. In case of a small flood, the upper basins could not be filled with water which would mean famine. If a flood was too large, it would damage villages, dykes and canals. The basin irrigation method did not exact too much of the soils, and their fertility was sustained by the annual silt deposit. Salinisation did not occur, since, in summer, the groundwater level was well below the surface, and any salinity which might have accrued was washed away by the next flood. It is estimated that by this method, in ancient Egypt, some 2 million up to a maximum of 12 million inhabitants could be nourished. By the end of Late Antiquity, the methods and infrastructure slowly decayed, and the population diminished accordingly; by 1800, Egypt had a population of some 2.5 million inhabitants. Perennial irrigation Muhammad Ali Pasha, Khedive of Egypt (r. 1805–1848), attempted to modernize various aspects of Egypt. He endeavoured to extend arable land and achieve additional revenue by introducing cotton cultivation, a crop with a longer growing season and requiring sufficient water at all times. To this end, the Delta Barrages and wide systems of new canals were built, changing the irrigation system from the traditional basin irrigation to perennial irrigation whereby farmland could by irrigated throughout the year. Thereby, many crops could be harvested twice or even three times a year and agricultural output was increased dramatically. In 1873, Isma'il Pasha commissioned the construction of the Ibrahimiya Canal, thereby greatly extending perennial irrigation. End of flooding Although the British, during their first period in Egypt, improved and extended this system, it was not able to store large amounts of water and to fully retain the annual flooding. In order to further improve irrigation, Sir William Willcocks, in his role as director general of reservoirs for Egypt, planned and supervised the construction of the Aswan Low Dam, the first true storage reservoir, and the Assiut Barrage, both completed in 1902. However, they were still not able to retain sufficient water to cope with the driest summers, despite the Aswan Low Dam being raised twice, in 1907–1912 and in 1929–1933. During the 1920s, the Sennar Dam was constructed on the Blue Nile as a reservoir in order to supply water to the huge Gezira Scheme on a regular basis. It was the first dam on the Nile to retain large amounts of sedimentation (and to divert a large quantity of it into the irrigation canals) and in spite of opening the sluice gates during the flooding in order to flush the sediments, the reservoir is assumed to have lost about a third of its storage capacity. In 1966, the Roseires Dam was added to help irrigating the Gezira Scheme. The Jebel Aulia Dam on the White Nile south of Khartoum was completed in 1937 in order to compensate for the Blue Nile's low waters in winter, but it was still not possible to overcome a period of very low waters in the Nile and thus avoid occasional drought, which had plagued Egypt since ancient times. In order to overcome these problems, Harold Edwin Hurst, a British hydrologist in the Egyptian Public Works from 1906 until many years after his retirement age, studied the fluctuations of the water levels in the Nile, and already in 1946 submitted an elaborate plan for how a "century storage" could be achieved to cope with exceptional dry seasons occurring statistically once in a hundred years. His ideas of further reservoirs using Lake Victoria, Lake Albert and Lake Tana and of reducing the evaporation in the Sudd by digging the Jonglei Canal were opposed by the states concerned. Eventually, Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970, opted for the idea of the Aswan High Dam at Aswan in Egypt instead of having to deal with many foreign countries. The required size of the reservoir was calculated using Hurst's figures and mathematical methods. In 1970, with the completion of the Aswan High Dam which was able to store the highest floods, the annual flooding cycle in Egypt came to an end in Lake Nasser. Egypt's population rose to 92.5 million (2016 estimate). Religious beliefs The Nile was also an important part of ancient Egyptian spiritual life. In the Ancient Egyptian religion, Hapi was the god of the Nile and the annual flooding of it. Both he and the pharaoh were thought to control the flooding. The annual flooding of the Nile occasionally was said to be the Arrival of Hapi. Since this flooding provided fertile soil in an area that was otherwise desert, Hapi symbolised fertility. The god Osiris was also closely associated with the Nile and the fertility of the land. During inundation festivals, mud figures of Osiris were planted with barley. See also Nilometer Egyptian Public Works Aswan Dam#Irrigation scheme Water supply and sanitation in Egypt Water resources management in modern Egypt The National Water Research Center (Egypt) References Citations Bibliography William Willcocks, James Ireland Craig: Egyptian Irrigation. Volume I; Egyptian Irrigation. Volume II. 3rd edition. Spon, London/ New York 1913. Greg Shapland: Rivers of Discord: International Water Disputes in the Middle East. C. Hurst & Co., London 1997, , p. 57. (preview on Google books). John V. Sutcliffe, Yvonne P. Parks: The Hydrology of the Nile. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Wallingford 1999, , p. 151. (PDF ). Egyptian culture Egyptian mythology Coptic Orthodox Church Nile

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Angeles%20flood%20of%201938

Los Angeles flood of 1938

The Los Angeles flood of 1938 was one of the largest floods in the history of Los Angeles, Orange, and Riverside Counties in southern California. The flood was caused by two Pacific storms that swept across the Los Angeles Basin in February-March 1938 and generated almost one year's worth of precipitation in just a few days. Between 113–115 people were killed by the flooding. The Los Angeles, San Gabriel, and Santa Ana Rivers burst their banks, inundating much of the coastal plain, the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys, and the Inland Empire. Flood control structures spared parts of Los Angeles County from destruction, while Orange and Riverside Counties experienced more damage. The flood of 1938 is considered a 50-year flood. It caused $78 million of damage ($ in dollars), making it one of the costliest natural disasters in Los Angeles' history. In response to the floods, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and other agencies began to channelize local streams in concrete, and built many new flood control dams and debris basins. These works have been instrumental in protecting Southern California from subsequent flooding events, such as in 1969 and 2005, which both had a larger volume than the 1938 flood. Background Due to its location between the Pacific Ocean and the high San Gabriel Mountains, the Los Angeles Basin is subject to flash floods caused by heavy orographic precipitation from Pacific storms hitting the mountains. Due to the arid climate, soils are too hard to absorb water quickly during storm events, resulting in large amounts of surface runoff. The steep, rocky terrain of the San Gabriel Mountains further contributes to the rapid runoff and resultant flooding hazard. Between February 27 and 28, 1938, a storm from the Pacific Ocean moved inland into the Los Angeles Basin, running eastward into the San Gabriel Mountains. The area received almost constant rain totaling from February 27-March 1. This caused minor flooding that affected only a few buildings in isolated canyons and some low-lying areas along rivers. Fifteen hours later on March 1, at approximately 8:45 PM, a second storm hit the area, creating gale-force winds along the coast and pouring down even more rain. The storm brought rainfall totals to in the lowlands and upwards of in the mountains. When the storm ended on March 3, the resulting damage was horrific. Effects The 1938 flood destroyed 5,601 homes and businesses and damaged a further 1,500 properties. The flooding was accompanied by massive debris flows of mud, boulders, and downed trees, which surged out of the foothill canyons. Transport and communication were cut off for many days as roads and railroads were buried, and power, gas, and communication lines were cut. Dozens of bridges were destroyed by the sheer erosive force of floodwaters or by the collision of floating buildings and other wreckage. Some communities were buried as much as deep in sand and sediment, requiring a massive cleanup effort afterward. It took from two days to a week to restore highway service to most impacted areas. The Pacific Electric rail system, serving Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, and Riverside Counties, was out of service for three weeks. Although the 1938 flood caused the most damage of any flood in the history of Los Angeles, the rainfall and river peaks were not even close to the Great Flood of 1862, the largest known flood by total volume of water. However, during the 1862 flood, the region was much less populated than it was in 1938. Los Angeles area About were flooded in Los Angeles County, with the worst hit area being the San Fernando Valley, where many communities had been built during the economic boom of the 1920s in low-lying areas once used for agriculture. In fact, many properties were located in old river beds that had not seen flooding in some years. Swollen by its flooded tributaries, the Los Angeles River reached a maximum flood stage of about . The water surged south, inundating Compton before reaching Long Beach, where a bridge at the mouth of the river collapsed killing ten people. To the west, Venice and other coastal communities were flooded with the overflow of Ballona Creek. The Los Angeles Times chartered a United Air Lines Mainliner to provide them an aerial view of flooding damage. The reporter remarked: "Disaster, gutted farmlands, ruined roads, shattered communications, wrecked railroad lines—all leap into sharp-etched reality from that altitude." Communities and mining operations in the San Gabriel Mountains such as Camp Baldy were destroyed, stranding hundreds of people for days. As many as 25 buildings were destroyed in the Arroyo Seco canyon, although due to a successful evacuation, no one was killed. Two Civilian Conservation Corps camps, three guard stations and a ranger station were destroyed, along with 60 campgrounds. Almost every road and trail leading into the Angeles National Forest was damaged or destroyed by erosion and landslides. About 190 men had to be evacuated from one of the CCC camps, near Vogel Flats, using a cable strung across Big Tujunga Canyon. The Tujunga Wash reached its peak flow on March 3, with a water flow of an estimated . Upper Big Tujunga Canyon was "all but swept clean of structures that were not up above the flood line". In the San Fernando Valley, the floodwaters swept through many areas after escaping the normal channels of Tujunga Creek and its tributaries. Waters reached deep into the valley, the Pacoima Wash flooded Van Nuys. Five people died when the Lankershim Boulevard bridge collapsed at Universal City, just below the confluence of Tujunga Wash and the LA River. The flooding would have been much worse had a large debris flow not been halted at Big Tujunga Dam. Sam Browne, dam keeper during the 1938 flood, wrote that "Large oak trees several hundred years old rushed down the canyon like kindling... If this dam had never been built, there is no telling what would have happened to Sunland, and the city of Tujunga and the northern end of Glendale." San Gabriel Valley On the San Gabriel River, dams built prior to 1938 greatly reduced the magnitude of flooding. Along the West Fork the floodwaters first hit Cogswell Dam, which had been completed just four years earlier in 1934. Cogswell moderately reduced the flood crest on the West Fork, which further downstream joined with the undammed East Fork to peak at more than . The floodwaters poured into the reservoir of the still incomplete San Gabriel Dam, filling it over the night of March 2-3 and overtopping the emergency spillway. The maximum release from San Gabriel was held at , while the downstream Morris Dam further reduced the peak, to about . As a result, much of the San Gabriel Valley were spared from flooding, although heavy damage still occurred in some areas. In Azusa, four spans of the 1907 "Great Bridge" along the Monrovia–Glendora Pacific Electric line, which had survived the San Gabriel's seasonal flooding for over 30 years, were swept away in the torrent. Along the East Fork of the San Gabriel River, flooding obliterated much of a new highway that was intended to connect the San Gabriel Valley to Wrightwood. The southern stub of the highway has been rebuilt as today's East Fork Road, but north of Heaton Flat little remains except for the Bridge to Nowhere, a tall arch bridge that was saved due to its height above the floodwaters. Located about from the nearest road, the bridge is now a popular destination for hikers and bungee jumpers. Riverside and Orange Counties In Riverside and Orange Counties, the Santa Ana River reached a peak flow of about , completely overwhelming the surrounding dikes and transforming low-lying parts of Riverside County and Orange County into huge, shallow lakes. A reporter for the Los Angeles Times described the river as "swollen crazy-mad". Forty-three people were killed in Atwood and La Jolla in Placentia. Flooding in the city of Riverside took another 15 lives. The cities of Anaheim and Santa Ana in Orange County, were flooded up to deep for several weeks. High Desert Although most of the damage occurred on the windward (southwestern) side of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, large amounts of rain also fell on the northeast side which drains to the Mojave Desert. The Little Rock Dam on Little Rock Creek overtopped during the flood due to a damaged spillway siphon that had been plugged by debris; hundreds of people in downstream Palmdale were evacuated. Further east, the Mojave River burst its banks, damaging long stretches of the ATSF railroad and causing damage in Victorville and Barstow. The main line between Barstow and Los Angeles was closed for a week. The Southern Pacific Railroad main line over Tehachapi Pass was closed for two weeks, requiring emergency service via buses and trucks. Aftermath Dams such as those at San Gabriel and Big Tujunga greatly reduced downstream damage in the 1938 flood. Many even larger dams were built after the flood to provide a greater degree of protection to downstream communities. Hansen Dam had already begun construction but stood incomplete during the 1938 flood and was unable to prevent the devastating flooding along Tujunga Wash. The dam was completed two years later, in 1940. The Sepulveda Dam was built in 1941 to prevent the Los Angeles River from flooding the lower San Fernando Valley, Burbank and Glendale. Along the San Gabriel River, the Santa Fe Dam and Whittier Narrows Dam had both been proposed prior to 1938, but had little political support until the devastation of the 1938 flood, after which federal funds were made available for both dams. Santa Fe was completed in 1949, and Whittier Narrows in 1956. Construction was also expedited at Prado Dam, which had been planned in 1936 but work had not yet started at the time of the 1938 flood. Had Prado Dam been operational in 1938 it would likely have prevented the severe flooding in Orange County. Although some river channel work was already in place at the time, the 1938 flood was the main impetus for channelizing the Los Angeles River in concrete, speeding the flow of floodwaters to the sea. The channelization project, authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1941, was undertaken by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers starting just a few years after the 1938 flood, with emergency funding from the federal government. About of streams in the Los Angeles River system were encased in concrete, a huge undertaking that took twenty years to complete. The system successfully protected Los Angeles from massive flooding in 1969. The San Gabriel and Santa Ana Rivers were also ultimately channelized to protect against future floods, although it took much longer for those projects to be completed. In response to the large debris flows generated by the 1938 flood, the U.S. Forest Service was tasked with fire suppression in the Angeles Forest to reduce the risk of erosion in burned areas. Appearances in media California Floods - Pathé News See also List of floods References External links Image Gallery of 1962, 1941, 1938 Los Angeles floods 1938 Flood photos by Herman J. Schultheis at the Los Angeles Public Library 1930s floods in the United States 1930s floods 1938 in Los Angeles 1938 natural disasters in the United States February 1938 events March 1938 events Disasters in Los Angeles 1938 Flood History of Los Angeles History of Los Angeles County, California History of Orange County, California History of Riverside County, California Articles containing video clips

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Flood

Lisa Flood

Lisa Anne Flood (born August 1, 1971) is a Canadian former competitive swimmer and breaststroke specialist. Flood competed at two consecutive Summer Olympics, starting at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. There she finished in fourteenth position in the women's 200-metre breaststroke. Four years later at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, Flood came in tenth place in the women's 100-metre breaststroke. In other international competition, she won bronze medals in the 100- and 200-metre breaststroke at the 1991 Pan American Games in Havana, Cuba, and another pair of bronze medals in the 200-metre breaststroke and 4×100-metre medley relay at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria, British Columbia. At the 1995 FINA Short Course World Championships in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, she won a silver medal as a member of the second-place Canadian team in the women's 4×100-metre medley relay, alongside Julie Howard, Jessica Amey and Shannon Shakespeare. She won three medals at the 1995 Pan American Games in Mar del Plata, Argentina, including two golds in her signature 100- and 200-metre breaststroke events, and a silver in the 4×100-metre medley relay with Joanne Malar, Shannon Shakespeare and Marianne Limpert. Flood attended Villanova University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she swam for the Villanova Wildcats swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Big East Conference competition from 1991 to 1994. She won an NCAA national championship in the women's 200-yard breaststroke in 1992, becoming the first Wildcats women's swimmer to win an NCAA title. During her college swimming career, she received eight All-American honors, was recognized as Big East Outstanding Female Swimmer in 1991 and 1992, and won 10 conference championships. Flood was honored by the NCAA with its Top 8 Award for athletic and academic accomplishments in 1995, and graduated from Villanova in 1995. References External links Canadian Olympic Committee 1971 births Living people Canadian female breaststroke swimmers Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) Olympic swimmers for Canada Sportspeople from Scarborough, Toronto Swimmers from Toronto Swimmers at the 1991 Pan American Games Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics Swimmers at the 1995 Pan American Games Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Canada Pan American Games medalists in swimming Swimmers at the 1994 Commonwealth Games Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games 20th-century Canadian women 21st-century Canadian women Medallists at the 1994 Commonwealth Games

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods%20in%20the%20United%20States%20%281900%E2%80%931999%29

Floods in the United States (1900–1999)

Floods in the United States are generally caused by excessive rainfall, excessive snowmelt, and dam failure. Below is a list of flood events that were of significant impact to the country during the 20th century, from 1900 through 1999, inclusive. Decade of the 1900s Kansas River – May 1903 The greatest flood of the Kansas River on record of in the memory of the oldest inhabitants living along the stream occurred May 23 to June 13, 1903. Pacolet River (South Carolina) – June 1903 On June 6, 1903, after heavy rain, the Pacolet River destroyed or heavily damaged six large cotton mills, their associated dams, and 70 houses in the mill villages of Converse, Clifton, and Pacolet, South Carolina. Approximately 100 people were killed. Heppner flood – June 1903 The third deadliest flash flood in US history, the normally placid Willow Creek burst its banks during an intense rain and hail storm. The city of Heppner, at the foothills of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon, was almost completely destroyed. 220 of Heppner's 1,400 residents died in the flood. Sacramento River Flood – February 1904 From February 15 to the end of March 1904 occurred the most destructive flood as far as property was concerned in the recorded history of Sacramento. The greatest known flood occurred forty-odd years before, In January, 1862 and was due to rainfall, the precipitation in December, 1861 and January, 1962 just prior to it having been 23.62 inches. This flood filled the entire flood plain, and was not limited, as was the later one, by the reclamation of large tracts of bottom land, nor was the channel below the mouth of the Feather River then filled with mining debris as it is now. Susquehanna River – March 1904 Due mainly to ice gorges. Mohawk River – March 1904 From March 25 to 31, 1904, there occurred a flood on Mohawk River, in New York State, which, while not the largest and most destructive in the recorded history of this stream, attained a maximum discharge on March 26 of 20.84 cubic feet per second per square mile. Grand River – March 1904 Due mainly to the rapid melting of snow, flooding was more significant along the Grand, Saginaw, Kalamazoo, and River Raisin river basins than the St. Joseph and Huron River basins. In Lansing, it was the worst flood in the previous 135 years of its history. Many dams were either undermined or swept away. Kalamazoo saw two square miles of flooding during this event. It was also considered the most destructive flood in Grand Rapids history. The Grand River went above bankfull on the night of March 24, rising slowly for the next four days. It broke the previous high-water mark by over , and was considered a once in 100 year flood. Over one-half of the population on the west side of the river was inundated. On the east bank of the river, numerous factories went underwater. There was one casualty. Damages totaled US$1.8 million (1904 dollars). To the left is an image showing the flooding in Battle Creek. Wabash River – March 1904 Due mainly to rainfall. Cache la Poudre River and Crow Creek – May 1904 In May, very heavy rains in northern Colorado and southern Wyoming caused a flood on the Cache la Poudre and Crow Creek which resulted in the loss of considerable property along them. Belle Fourche and Red Rivers, Spearfish and Whitewood Creeks – June 1904 In the early part of June the Belle Fourche and other streams on the northern slope of the Black Hills were in destructive flood attaining on June 6 a gage height of about 10.9 feet and a corresponding discharge of 5,931 second-feet. The absolute maximum gage height during this flood was 11.25 feet and the corresponding discharge was 6,270 second-feet. Arkansas, Kansas, Neosho, Verdigris and Osage Rivers in Southeastern Kansas – June and July 1904 In the latter part of June and the early part of July continued heavy rain caused the rivers in southeastern Kansas to be higher than ever known before and to cause much damage. Robinson Run Flood – June 28, 1904 Scottdale Valley Flood – July 7, 1904 Dam Failure. Johnstown Pennsylvania – July 8 and 9, 1904 Cloudburst Troxton Canyon Arizona – July 30, 1904 Flash flood from Cloudburst, 30 feet high in canyon for 30 minutes. Pinal Creek, Globe Arizona Flood – August 17, 1904 Las Animas, Purgatory, Arkansas Rivers Flood October 1904 Canadian, Cimarron and Mora River Flood – October 1904 From September 26 to 30 the precipitation over the greater portion of the drainage basin of the Canadian in New Mexico varied from 5 to 7 inches. This excess of monthly rainfall varied from 2.75 to about 6.5 inches in depth. The greatest precipitation in 24 consecutive hourse was about 4 inches. Such a downpour of rain on a basin of steep nonabsorbent surface with little or no storage resulted in a sudden and very large, though local, flood. The gage at the gaging station at Logan was destroyed on October 2, 1904. Mr. W. G. Russell measured the cross section and slop of bed of the Canadian as short distance below the railway bridge at Logan on October 27, 1904, and found the cross section area to be about 13,500 square feet, the mean velocity 11.05 feet, the maximum discharge 149,396 cubic feet per second and the maximum stage above low water 31.3 feet. Pecos River Flood – October 1904 La Plata River Flood – October 6, 1904 A storm caused the greatest flood along the middle and lower part of the La Plata velley since 1882. It reached its maximum stage at 4pm at Pendleton, passing over the floor of the highway bridge at a depth of 2 feet. Sacramento Valley Flood – 1906 A tropical storm in late 1906 reported highest ever rainfalls in a southeast to northwest direction from Monterey to Ione in the Sierra Nevada foothills. An area of was flooded in the Sacramento Valley. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania flood – March 1907 Snowmelt combined with heavy rains by March 16 allowed the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio rivers to swell out of their banks, leading to a flood of record in Pittsburgh. Damage to the city was estimated at US$5 million (1907 dollars). The death toll was low, with 6–12 perishing during the inundation. Michigan flood – March 1908 In February, snowstorms had deposited a significant snowpack across the region. Then, in early March, heavy rains and warmer conditions set in, setting the stage for a flood. After the Homer Dam broke around 3 p.m. on March 7, the Kalamazoo River flooded Albion. By midnight, the bridges surrounding town were underwater. Six buildings in downtown Albion collapsed, which caused over US$125,000 in damage (1908 dollars). California flood – 1909 The storm extended from Fort Ross on the coast to the Feather River basin. LaPorte, in the Feather River basin, had of rain in 20 days, an event with a return period of 12,000 years. The flood episodes of 1907 and 1909 in California resulted in an overhaul of planned statewide flood control designs. Decade of the 1910s Austin, Pennsylvania, dam failure – September 30, 1911 Heavy rains filling the Bayless reservoir cracked the concrete dam, sending an estimated 450,000,000 gallons downstream, and destroying most of the boroughs of Austin and Costello. A total of 78 people from Austin and 2 from Costello died during the inundation. Great Flood – March 1913 Significant flooding occurred between March 23 and 26 after major rivers in the central and eastern United States flooded from runoff and several days of record-breaking rain. In Ohio nearly of rain during a series of three winter storms led to this flood event, which affected southwest, central, and eastern Ohio, especially cities and towns along the Great Miami River and Olentangy River valleys. It remains Ohio's "largest weather disaster" and Indiana's worst flood on record. Fires and tornadoes also wrought destruction. Storm-related flooding affected more than a dozen states: Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, and Virginia. Dayton area Dayton was totally devastated, being inundated for three days in late March 1913. The floods ended operations on the Ohio and Erie Canal, as they destroyed most of the locks and many miles of embankments. The death toll from this flood was 361, with total damages of US$100 million. Columbus area On the Olentangy River, this flood broke the previous record for river stage by over . In the city of Delaware, 50–75 persons died after a break in the levee allowed a wall of water to sweep through downtown. Five of the city's bridges washed away. The state capital, Columbus, suffered its worst ever flooding from the Olentangy and Scioto rivers. The Franklinton area on the west side was inundated after a levee broke on March 25. Four thousand houses were damaged or destroyed, between 90 and 100 lives were lost, and three of four Scioto River bridges downtown were destroyed (only the Rich Street bridge survived – Town, State and Broad street bridges were destroyed). The owner of The Columbus Dispatch, Robert F. Wolfe, chartered interurban trains to Buckeye Lake some east of Columbus to retrieve boats to rescue survivors. Flooding also occurred along Alum Creek on the city's east side. Southern Ohio In Chillicothe, Scioto River flooding carved out a deep channel on Hickory Street. 18 lost their lives in the city. The Ohio River reached a level of near Higginsport. Texas flood – 1913 The Guadalupe and Trinity Rivers left their banks, and the Brazos River and the Colorado River joined to flood more than 3,000 square miles of land and cause the deaths of at least 177 people and massive property damage ($3,436,144 in the Brazos Valley alone). The flood caused the Brazos river to change course. It now entered the Gulf of Mexico at Freeport, Texas. Major flooding brought death and destruction of greater magnitude than previously experienced. The floods of 1913 and again in 1921 were the catalyst that would cause the state of Texas to attempt to tame the Brazos River. Southern California floods - January 1916 During early 1916, heavy rains caused floods throughout Southern California, virtually cutting off San Diego County from the rest of the state for the greater part of a month. Due to the floods 28 people died and about ten million dollars in damages were caused, with the greatest losses occurring in San Diego County, where twenty-two people died mostly in Otay River valley when the Lower Otay Dam failed, releasing the contents of the Lower Otay Reservoir. Another estimate, was that fifty lives were lost in San Diego County. Among the dead was an early Japanese American colony. San Diego residents blamed the floods on Charles Hatfield who was hired by the city of San Diego to create rain. Southeast floods – July 1916 On July 5–6, 1916, a tropical cyclone swept across the Mississippi coast, which caused torrential rains across it and adjacent states; rains from this storm affected Southern states as far north as North Carolina and Tennessee. Another tropical storm passed over Charleston, South Carolina, during the morning of July 14, 1916, and passed to the northwest. It hit the Carolinas hard, especially western North Carolina (July 15) and northwestern South Carolina. All previous records for 24-hour rainfalls were exceeded, and rivers and streams throughout the area rose past all previously recorded levels. The resulting flooding was disastrous, and approximately 80 people were killed and property damage was estimated at 25 million dollars. Ohio River flood – February 1918 Ice jams due to a quick thaw led to this flood. The river stage at Cincinnati climbed to near during the event. Ice blocks in the river destroyed steamboats on the river, ending the era of steamboat commerce on the Ohio River. Decade of the 1920s Thrall flood – September 1921 This storm caused the most deadly floods in Texas, with a total of 215 fatalities. On September 9 and 10, 1921, the remnants of a hurricane moved over Williamson County. The center of the storm became stationary over Thrall, dropping a storm total of of rain in 36 hours. The 24-hour rainfall total ending 7 AM on September 10, 1921 (38.2 inches) at a U.S. Weather Bureau station in Thrall remains the national official 24-hour rainfall record. Eighty-seven people drowned in and near Taylor, and 93 in Williamson County. Thrall rainfall was during 6 hours, during 12 hours, and during 18 hours. Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 From the summer of 1926 into the spring of 1927, heavy rains much greater than normal saturated the ground throughout eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and the Ohio Valley. The White and Little Red rivers broke through the levees in Arkansas in February, flooding over with of water. The first levee break along the Mississippi River occurred a few miles south of Elaine, Arkansas on March 29. Over the next six weeks, numerous levees broke along the Mississippi River from Illinois to Louisiana, which inundated numerous towns in the Mississippi Valley. The break at Mounds Landing near Greenville, Mississippi, was the single greatest crevasse to ever occur along the Mississippi River. It single-handedly flooded an area wide and long with up to of water. Heavy spring rains caused a second major flood in the same region that June. In all, which were home to more than 931,000 people were inundated. The flood finally subsided in August. The massive Red Cross relief effort was directed by then Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, which later catapulted him into the presidency and made the New Deal a reality within the next decade. In order to avoid flooding the city of New Orleans, the governor of Louisiana allowed engineers to create the Poydras cut, which saved the city but led to the flooding of St. Bernard and Plaquemines parishes instead. Millions of acres across seven states were flooded. Evacuees totaled 500,000. Economic losses were estimated at US$1 billion (1927 dollars), which was equivalent to almost one-third of the federal budget at that time. New England flood – November 1927 A late-season tropical cyclone moved through the region on November 3–4, dropping substantial rains across central New England. Vermont was where most of the death and damage was seen during this flood; local rainfall totals reached upwards of near . In New Hampshire, the Pemigewasset, Baker, Ammonoosuc, Merrimack and Connecticut rivers went into flood. Along the Androscoggin River in Maine, floods destroyed the covered bridge in Bethel, and a steel bridge replaced the old bridge to accommodate truck traffic across the river. Life was also disrupted in Rumford from this flood. Damages from the flood totaled US$40 million (in 1927 dollars). Eighty-five people lost their lives in the flood, including Vermont's Lt. Gov. Hollister Jackson. St. Francis Dam failure - March 1928 Around midnight on March 12, 1928, the 195 foot St. Francis Dam in the San Francisquito Canyon above what is now the city of Santa Clarita in California failed catastrophically. At least 431 people were killed as the 47,000,000 m3 reservoir emptied into the Pacific Ocean near Oxnard, nearly 50 miles away. The dam and reservoir were designed by William Mulholland as additions to the first Los Angeles Aqueduct system that conveyed water from the Owens to the city of Los Angeles. The dam's failure was attributed to design errors that did not take into account the poor foundation rock in the canyon and the resulting hydraulic uplift due to overfilling the reservoir. Decade of the 1930s Northeast flood – spring 1936 Rain concurrent with snowmelt set the stage for this flood. It affected the entire state of New Hampshire. In Maine, a major flood washed out railroad tracks along the Androscoggin River east of Bethel and the industrial section of Rumford. Jay saw its mills and factories along the river damaged. The East Turner bridge was again destroyed. The iron bridge between Lisbon Falls and Durham washed away. Along the Kennebec River, the Ticonic bridge was washed downstream at Waterville, Maine. In all, damage totaled US$113 million (1936 dollars), and 24 people were killed. Damage was significant along the C&O Canal during the greatest of all Potomac River floods. The flood carried off many of the bridges along the Potomac from Harpers Ferry, West Virginia to Hancock, Maryland. Pittsburgh suffered the worst floods in its history. Lowell, Massachusetts In Lowell, Massachusetts, during the 1936 spring floods, the Merrimack River exceeded its banks, causing havoc in most of the city's northern banks. The Francis Gate saved the downtown area, but other sections of the city were not so lucky. Lowell had a second, lesser flood in 1938. This flood prompted the federal government to assume responsibility for flood control throughout the country. Great Plains 1935 Republican River flood. Heavy rains on the parched lands of the Great Plains came on Memorial Day week-end, causing flooding on the Republican River and other rivers. It has been called "Nebraska's deadliest flood". Ohio River flood of 1937 – January 1937 A significant flood struck the region. At Cincinnati, the flood peaked twice within three months, first on January 14. The river stage nearly reached . Cincinnati experienced a double disaster as 10 or more gas tanks exploded on "Black Sunday", January 24, which led to oil fires on the Ohio and in Mill Creek Valley. Two days later, the Ohio River crested in Cincinnati at a record . flooding in the city lasted 19 days. In Kentucky, one-third of Kenton and Campbell counties were submerged. The cities of Louisville, Owensboro, Paducah, and others were disastrously inundated. In Indiana, Aurora was inundated. In Ohio, Higginsport was almost completely submerged during the flood, along with Columbus, Dayton, Hamilton, and Middletown. Damages totaled US$20 million (1937 dollars). Santa Ana, California, flood – February 1937 The storm of February 4–7, 1937, resulted in the highest four-day rainfall totals at several stations in the Santa Ana River basin. The Riverside north station had over of rain in that four days, which equaled a 450-year event. Northeast California flood – December 1937 The storm of December 1937 was a high elevation event in the northeast corner of the state. Los Angeles flood of 1938 Two significant cyclones moved through the region; one between February 27 and March 1 and the second between March 1 and 3. Over of rain had fallen during the five-day period. Massive debris flows moved out from the San Gabriel Mountains into the Los Angeles Basin. Although Los Angeles County experienced damage, Riverside and Orange counties bore the brunt of the flooding. A total of 5601 homes were destroyed, and an additional 1500 homes were left uninhabitable. The three transcontinental railroads connecting Los Angeles to the outside world experienced washed out bridges and flooded lines, isolating the city. Mail service after the flood was conducted by the U.S. Coast Guard. The death toll was 115. It was the region's worst flood since New Year's Day of 1934. The result of this flood was the flood Control Act of 1936, which authorized the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to build a series of concrete sewers. Battle Creek, Michigan, flood – June 1938 Battle Creek, Michigan flood Decade of the 1940s Oklahoma/Arkansas flood – 1945 Floods of record occurred on the Sulphur, Sabine, Red, Ouachita, and Little rivers during this event. It helped spur reservoir construction on these rivers in the 1950s and 1960s. Ohio River flood of 1945 The 1945 flood of the Ohio River was the second-worst in Louisville, Kentucky, history after the one in 1937 and caused the razing of the entire waterfront district of the neighborhood of Portland. Afterwards, flood walls were erected around the city to above the highest level of the '37 flood. Michigan flood – April 1947 Snow fell the previous month across Michigan. A pair of frontal zones brought heavy rains to the lower peninsula of Michigan during the first several days of the month. Rainfall amounts of were measured at Jackson with a larger area of falling between Benton Harbor and Detroit. The heavy rain melting the existent snowpack increased runoff, and frozen ground across the region did not help matters. flooding was witnessed from April 4 to 11 and it was considered the worst flood since 1904 for the region. The Kalamazoo, Grand, Saginaw, St. Clair, Clinton, and River Rouge river basins were impacted by this inundation, which was generally considered a once in 50 year event. Damage totaled US$4 million (1947 dollars). Decade of the 1950s Great Flood of 1951 in Kansas This event was the worst in Kansas since June 1903. Small rivers and creeks were running at bankfull over eastern Kansas when rainfall up to in 12 hours the last few days of June and the first few days of July caused rivers in Kansas to flood. After a break in the rainfall on July 4, heavy rains returned on July 5. At Manhattan, Kansas, at the intersection of the Big Blue River and Kansas River, flooding inundated 70 city blocks with water up to the second floor of stores along the main commercial street. The high waters moved downstream to Topeka, forcing 20,000 persons to evacuate, then on to Lawrence, causing their worst flood up to that time. The industrial districts which border the Kansas River in Kansas City were protected by a dike which was equipped with floodgates at each tributary and topped by an wall, which was designed to manage a flood higher than the June 1903 flood. The onset of floodwaters reached Kansas City, Kansas on July 12, and the Kansas River rose rapidly, reaching its peak stage on July 14. Water rose an hour until within a meter (3 ft) of the top of the dike. The piers of bridges were battered by debris and whole farmhouses which had been swept downstream. Weak areas of the levee were reinforced with the help of hundreds of workers sandbagging. Shortly before midnight July 13, the Kansas River broke the levee protecting the Argentine district, and residents were forced to flee to nearby bluffs. Early that morning, after the Armourdale district had been evacuated, a long wave of water began to cascade over the levee and inundated the district with of water. Many people were rescued by boats, out of trees, ledges and rooftops. Later that morning, the Central Industrial District was flooded even while Mayor Roe Bartle of Kansas City, Missouri was on an aerial inspection of the flood scene. The livestock industry was paralyzed as packing plants were flooded and thousands of hogs and cattle were swept away. floodwaters made a canal out of Southwest Boulevard. A 23,000-liter (6,000-gallon) oil tank, caught in the current, struck a high tension wire and exploded, causing additional mayhem. The burning oil ignited the Phillips Petroleum Company oil tanks, which went up with a roar that rocked downtown Kansas City. Soon, eight city blocks were aflame as dozens of oil tanks exploded in a chain reaction that lasted five days. The Hannibal Bridge and A.S.B. Bridge were the only two highway bridges still operating. Several barges were torn loose and caught in the current about a kilometer (0.5 mi) upstream from the Hannibal Bridge. These barges threatened to destroy the remaining bridges but, fortunately, two of the barges arrived at the Hannibal Bridge at the same time and wedged against the bridge. The barges were quickly secured to the bridge with chains. The Missouri River and the Kansas River threatened to spill into the Municipal (now Downtown) Airport, the Fairfax District, and North Kansas City that Friday night. Planes were evacuated, and North Kansas City residents were ordered to leave immediately. Thousands of men, with the help of trucks and bulldozers, worked through the night to support the dike, but the collapse of the Jersey dike early July 15 was the last straw as water began to pour into the Fairfax District. In anticipation of such a break, a second levee had been started in order to protect the Quindaro Utility Plant in the northwest corner of the district. The plant supplied water and electricity to more than 130,000 customers in Kansas City, Kansas. Shutting down the plant would have been disastrous as water hitting the boilers would lead to a devastating explosion. Workers virtually removed a nearby clay hill in their efforts to build up and support the dike. By 4 AM Saturday, the dike was within of being topped as the flood had crested. By Monday, waters were receding as fast as they had come up. The flood caused more than one billion dollars (1951 dollars) and claimed 41 lives in the Midwest. In Kansas City only three persons drowned, but property damage was $870 million. Of the five industrial districts only North Kansas City was completely saved. The airport and the Quindaro plants were also spared from the worst. California flood – 1955 The storm affected the Central Sierra and South Bay areas. The Eel River on the North Coast saw the greatest flow of record to that time, while Central Valley rivers saw near-record flows. A statewide disaster was declared, and the storm resulted in 74 deaths and $200 million in economic losses. The heaviest 24-hour rainfall was recorded on December 20 when fell in Shasta County. New England floods – 1955 Flooding of the Connecticut River and Westfield River in August 1955 killed at least 87 people. The flood produced $8 million in damages, or over $100 million by today's standards. Decade of the 1960s Michigan flood – April/May 1960 Widespread heavy rains fell across the upper peninsula of Michigan in two time periods; April 24 to 26 and May 7 until 12. The two rain events led to of rain falling across northern Michigan over this three-week period. Residual snowpack in forested areas added to its effects. It was considered a once in 25–50 year event for much of the area, although many of the records set during this event stand today. Damage totaled US$575,000 (1960 dollars). New Hampshire flood – April 1960 This flood struck the Merrimack and Piscataquog rivers. It was the third highest flood on record in these areas. California flood – 1962 The Columbus Day storm brought high winds and record breaking rains. Rains fell from Oakland to Alturas with record-setting three-day rainfall for Lake Spaulding of . One hundred seventy-four gage stations recorded their highest three-day rainfall totals to that time. The storm caused $4 million in damages. West Coast tsunami – March 1964 The Good Friday earthquake caused a tsunami in March 1964, which completely devastated the downtown district of Crescent City on the North Coast, resulting in 11 deaths and an economic loss of $14 million in Del Norte County alone. It was by far the worst damage done to any town in the contiguous United States by a tsunami. Substantial damage and numerous deaths also occurred in the towns of Valdez, Whittier, Chenega, Seward, Kodiak, Kalsin Bay and Kaguyak, Alaska, and Port Albini, British Columbia. Four children were swept to their deaths from a beach near Newport, Oregon, and lesser damage occurred all along the coast as far south as San Diego. December 1964 flood in the Pacific Northwest Significant snowfall preceded the event in early December. On December 18, dramatically warmer conditions coupled with nearly a of rain led to excessive snow melt in the western Cascades. Downtown Salem was submerged under of flood waters during the event. This flooding prompted flood control measures to be built along the Willamette River. This major flood between December 18, 1964, and January 7, 1965, also impacted portions of southwest Washington, Idaho, Nevada, and especially northern California. In Oregon seventeen people died as a result of the disaster, and it caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage. The flooding covered . The National Weather Service rated the flood as the 5th most destructive weather event in Oregon in the 20th century. April 1965 flood of the Upper Mississippi River The 1965 flood caused over five million dollars of damage in Clinton, Iowa, alone. The US Coast Guard sent Goldenrod to Niota, Illinois, due to flooding and cresting of levees. June 14–20, 1965 flood in Colorado "The 1965 flood that devastated Denver remains the most costly natural disaster in terms of property loss in state history. It also prompted the building of Chatfield Reservoir and Dam and changed the face of the city." - The Denver Post. July 4, 1969, flood in Ohio The Independence Day flood of 1969 was one of the worst in Ohio history, caused by of rain in 12 hours. This caused three large dams to fail, much property damage, and loss of life. Wayne County was one of the worst-affected areas. Hurricane Camille flood in Virginia 1969 On the night of August 19 into August 20, the remains of Hurricane Camille stalled due to high pressure in central Virginia. Within eight hours, at least of rain fell. This resulted in one of the worst natural disasters for Virginia in its 400 years of history. Debris flows and severe flooding claimed 150 lives, mainly from Nelson County. Decade of the 1970s Southeast Oklahoma flood – December 1971 Rainfall up to fell across the Little River basin. The Glover River rose high enough to deposit area cattle in trees. The Little River flooded tens of thousands of acres. This flood occurred after major reservoirs were built on these basins. Buffalo Creek flood – February 1972 The Buffalo Creek flood was a disaster that occurred on February 26, 1972, when the Pittston Coal Company's coal slurry impoundment dam #3, located on a hillside in Logan County, West Virginia, USA, burst four days after having been declared 'satisfactory' by a federal mine inspector. Out of a population of 5,000 people, 125 were killed, 1,121 were injured, and over 4,000 were left homeless. New Braunfels–Seguin, Texas, flood – May 1972 Heavy rain began falling in Comal County around 8 pm on May 11. At midnight, sixteen plus inches poured upon the Guadalupe River midway between New Braunfels and the Canyon Lake Dam. The first flood waters rushed into New Braunfels from Blieders Creek and flowed into the Comal River at Landa Park. The flood waters filled the Comal and overflowed into the Guadalupe River, where they roared towards Seguin. Recent construction of Canyon Dam located twenty five miles upstream gave residents a false impression that they would be secure from any flooding. However, the storm waters fell almost perfectly into the Guadalupe River watershed just below the Canyon Dam. Homes were uprooted by the rushing waters and washed downstream at New Braunfels towards Seguin. Nighttime mass evacuations were initiated, as families scrambled to shelters in the area. Many homes and vehicles were seriously damaged and destroyed in the floodplains along Lake Dunlap, Geronimo Creek, and Lake McQueeney. All the homes on Treasure Island and in Glen Cove basin were underwater. The river finally crested near 33 feet at Seguin. Fifteen persons were found to have drowned during this event. ∉∀∈∘∀ Rapid City, South Dakota, flood – June 1972 A frontal zone was banked up against the Black Hills of South Dakota on the morning of June 9. Heavy rainfall, with amounts of nearly near Keystone, mainly between 6 pm and midnight. Rapid Creek overflowed at 10:15 pm. Canyon Lake Dam failed at 10:45 pm, adding to the flood's magnitude. The flood crest, reached around 12:15 am, ravaged Rapid City and surrounding canyons. The death toll was 238. The Rapid City Public Library hosts a more comprehensive digital archive of flood-related stories, photos and news accounts on their 1972 flood page. Hurricane Agnes flood – June 1972 Hurricane Agnes moved into the coast of the Florida panhandle as a weak hurricane. Weakening into a tropical depression over Georgia, a major trough in the Westerlies approached the cyclone, which subsequently strengthened Agnes over land back into a tropical storm in North Carolina, although it also developed a more western cyclone. The two moved in tandem, with Agnes moving offshore Norfolk, Virginia and becoming a strong tropical storm. Eventually, the western nontropical low wrapped Agnes inland, which was then absorbed over Connecticut. These cyclones led to of rain over North Carolina, with falling across the remainder of the Mid-Atlantic states. The flood unleashed by the system was the greatest natural disaster in damages for the United States up until that time. Michigan floods – April 1975 A major flood struck the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. In early April, a foot/30 cm of snow fell across the region. Intense rainfall on April 18 and 19 of fell over a short time frame into the residual snowpack, increasing the magnitude of the flood. The flood peaked between April 19 and 22, primarily in the Kalamazoo, Grand, Flint, and Shiawassee River basins. The recurrence interval for this kind of flood is 50–100 years. Lansing and Flint saw the most damage, which overall totaled US$50 million (1975 dollars). Big Thompson Canyon flood in Colorado (July 1976) Moist easterly flow went up the terrain of the Big Thompson River, forming thunderstorms beginning at 6 pm and lasting to 9 pm on July 31. of rain fell in one hour, with over falling during the event. A high fall of water swept down the canyon, taking everything in its path downstream. It was one of the deadliest natural freshwater floods in U.S. history, as 143 people perished during the flash flood. Houses destroyed totaled 418. Overall damage was US$40 million (1976 dollars). In the aftermath of the storm, regulations were passed to limit development in similar canyons. Kansas City Flash flood of 1977 – September 1977 An estimated of rain caused the banks of Brush Creek to overflow into the Country Club Plaza area on the night of September 12, 1977. The flood caused 25 deaths and between $80 and $100 million in damages. New England flood – 1978 Flooding throughout the region caused millions of dollars in damage. Tropical Storm Amelia floods of August 1978 Tropical Storm Amelia skirted the lower Texas coast and went ashore south of Corpus Christi during the night of the July 30/July 31. The circulation was followed inland west of San Antonio on August 1 before becoming diffuse. Rainfall increased despite the lack of a surface circulation, and disastrous flooding occurred in many south Texas river basins, including the Guadalupe River and its tributaries. Extensive damage occurred, and 30 people lost their lives in the flood. The maximum rainfall total in Texas occurred in Medina, where of rain was deposited due to mesoscale convective systems firing along a frontal boundary induced by Amelia's remnant circulation aloft. Decade of the 1980s Lower Mississippi flood of 1983 This was the second most severe flood in the lower Mississippi Basin since 1927. Red River Landing, Louisiana, was flooded for 115 days. Damages totaled US$15.7 million (1983 dollars). Tropical Storm Octave (1983) flooding in Arizona Tropical Storm Octave is considered the worst tropical cyclone in the history of Arizona. In Arizona, the highest rainfall total was at Mount Graham. In Tucson, flood waters were reportedly 8 ft (2.4 m) high. Throughout the state, excessive rainfall caused many rivers to overflow. After the rain event ended, the Santa Cruz, Rillito, and Gila rivers experienced their highest crests on record. Five towns – Clifton, Duncan, Winkelman, Hayden, and Marana – were almost completely flooded. In Marana, many homes were submerged, forcing residents to be evacuated. Over 700 homes were destroyed in Clifton. In addition, 86 of the town's 126 business were heavily damaged due to the flooding. Around 3,000 buildings were destroyed due to Octave. A total of 853 houses, mobile homes, and apartments were destroyed while 2,052 others were damaged. About 10,000 people were temporarily left homeless. Damage in Arizona totaled $500 million (1983 USD), which was above the preliminary estimate of $300 million. Fourteen people drowned and 975 persons were injured. Elsewhere, Octave was responsible for $12.5 million in damage in New Mexico. Following the storm, governor Bruce Babbitt declared a state of emergency. President Ronald Reagan declared Cochise, Gila, Graham, Greenlee, Pima, Pinal, Santa Cruz and Yavapai counties a "major disaster area". Western floods of 1983 The year from July 1982 to June 1983 was the wettest on record both over the contiguous US as a whole and over the Western States. El Niño conditions brought consistently above-average precipitation to the West from August 1982 until April 1983 and led to the Pacific Coast mountains, the Sierra Nevada and most of the Intermountain West receiving record snowpack. A big snowmelt in the Rocky Mountains led to record flooding on the Colorado River in 1983 (and again in 1984). Heavy and unseasonably late snows in May were followed rapidly by warm temperatures and record rainfall in early June. The resulting huge surge of water was not forecasted and not enough water was dumped from Colorado River reservoirs in time to compensate. High inflows forced opening of the emergency spillways at Glen Canyon and Hoover Dams for the first time since their construction except for brief tests. Releases from Hoover Dam reached a record high of (much higher than the maximum allowed flood release of ), which damaged levees and riverside property along the Lower Colorado River Valley, resulting in seven deaths. However, this was still much lower than the peak inflow above Lake Powell, which was recorded at on July 1. The Colorado, which is usually dry at the mouth due to extensive diversions, reached the Gulf of California for the first time since the 1960s. Due to a spillway design error at Glen Canyon coupled with the relentless flooding, the dam at Glen Canyon very nearly failed, which would have emptied Lake Powell (the second-largest man-made lake in the US) and flooded out the entire lower valley of the Colorado River, cutting off water supplies to millions of people. By August as the water finally began to recede, the dam held, though only barely. Damages along the Colorado River amounted to about $80 million ($182 million in 2012 dollars). In most of north and central California, the 1982–1983 "rain year" was the wettest on record, and was the wettest since 1937–1938 in the few areas where previous records were not surpassed. Levees burst along the Sacramento River and Feather River, flooding farmland in the Central Valley and several communities including Tehama, and high water also threatened the dikes in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. Significant flooding also occurred on the usually dry Tulare basin north of Bakersfield, where over were inundated. As much as $850 million of damages were recorded in California, amounting to more than $1.93 billion in 2012 dollars. Central Utah was heavily affected. The flooding swelled City Creek, which normally flows through Salt Lake City via underground conduits. On May 28, debris clogged the conduits, causing the creek to overflow on State Street, one of the main thoroughfares of the city. Aggressive sandbagging managed to divert the flood waters to other underground rivers via State Street, but temporary pedestrian bridges were needed for several weeks. The Great Salt Lake in succeeding years reached a record high water level, flooding Saltair and other areas and causing traffic problems on I-80. The heavy rains also loosened soils in the Wasatch Range, causing a massive landslide which temporarily dammed the Spanish Fork (river), drowning the town of Thistle (which was never rebuilt following the floods). Flooding in the central Appalachians – November 1985 The antecedent event to this flood was the passage of Hurricane Juan to the west of the area, which led to over of rain in the Blue Ridge Mountains, though less than to the Mountain State. After Juan passed by, an occluded system moved slowly northward from the Gulf of Mexico through the Mid-Atlantic States during the first days of November, leading to significant rainfall for the central Appalachians. Local amounts of of rain were reported from West Virginia, worse than the flooding the state witnessed in 1888. This led to debris flows and widespread damage in the Upper Potomac River basin and Cheat River Basin in West Virginia and Virginia. Damage was severe where the South Branch joins the North Branch of the Potomac. The Paw Paw Tunnel was flooded. The death toll was 50 from West Virginia. Northern California and Western Nevada floods of February 1986 On February 11, a vigorous low pressure system drifted east out of the Pacific, creating a pineapple express that lasted through February 24 unleashing unprecedented amounts of rain on northern California and western Nevada. The nine-day storm over California constituted half of the average annual rainfall for the year. Record flooding occurred in three streams that drain to the southern part of the San Francisco Bay area. Extensive flooding occurred along the Napa and Russian rivers. Napa, north of San Francisco, recorded their worst flood to this time while nearby Calistoga recorded of rain in 10 days, creating a once-in-a-thousand-year rainfall event. Records for 24 hour rain events were reported in the Central Valley and in the Sierra Nevada. One thousand-year rainfalls were recorded in the Sierras. The heaviest 24-hour rainfall ever recorded in the Central Valley at occurred on February 17 at Four Trees in the Feather River basin. In Sacramento, nearly of rain fell in an 11-day period. System breaks in the Sacramento River basin included disastrous levee breaks in the Olivehurst and Linda area on the Feather River. Linda, about north of Sacramento, was devastated after the levee broke on the Yuba River's south fork, forcing thousands of residents to evacuate. In the San Joaquin River basin and the Delta, levees breaking along the Mokelumne River caused flooding in the community of Thornton and the inundation of four Delta islands. Lake Tahoe rose as a result of high inflow. The California flood resulted in 13 deaths, 50,000 people were evacuated and over $400 million in property damage. Three thousand residents of Linda joined in a class action lawsuit, Paterno v. State of California , which eventually reached the California Supreme Court in 2004. The California high court affirmed the District Court of Appeal's decision that said California was liable for millions of dollars in damages. Michigan floods – September 1986 A slow-moving storm system moved from the central Plains into the Great Lakes. Rainfall amounts by September 10 were over a two-day period. Damage was unprecedented. Dam failure abounded with a total of 14 dams undermined and an addition 19 dams at risk during the event. Four major bridges failed. Thousands of acres of sugar beets, beans, potatoes, corn, and other vegetables were in ruin. A total of six people perished during the flood. Damage totaled US$500 million (1986 dollars), and 30 counties were declared Federal disaster areas. Androscoggin River flood – April 1987 The largest and most destructive flood in the history of the Androscoggin River in Maine occurred due to four days of rain combined with melting snow and ice flows. Hardest hit areas included Lewiston, Rumford, and Mexico. Jay's industrial section was inundated. Decade of the 1990s May to September 1992 Alaska floods From May to September 1992 in Alaska a combination of ice jams, snow melt, and heavy rains caused the worst flooding in this area. It is said to be one of the worst disasters recorded here. Rivers reached record stages during this flood. January 1993 Arizona floods An unusual series of storms from the Pacific Ocean starting on January 6, 1993, and continuing through January 19, 1993, caused heavy and prolonged precipitation across the State of Arizona. These heavy rains caused the most widespread and severe flooding in Arizona since the turn of the century. Great Flood of 1993 along Mississippi River Soils became saturated in the fall of 1992 across the Midwest. Numerous rounds of showers and thunderstorms from mid-June into August led to significant flooding. Over of rainfall fell in isolated spots. Some areas of the Mississippi Valley were flooded for over 200 days, leading to destruction spread across nine states. This was the flood of record along many of the streams and rivers that feed the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Around 60,000 homes were damaged or destroyed. The death toll was 50 and damage totaled US$800 million. The result of this flood was an aggressive campaign by the federal government to buy out flooded agricultural land from willing sellers. Tropical Storm Alberto floods in the Southeast 1994 Tropical Storm Alberto made landfall in the Florida Panhandle before stalling south of Atlanta, Georgia. Flooding was near or at record levels for the Flint, Ocmulgee, Chattahoochee, Choctawhatchee, and Apalachicola rivers. Americus, Georgia saw the heaviest rain in a 24-hour period, when was recorded. The death toll was 33, with two-thirds coming from people driving into flooded areas. Thousands of homes were destroyed. Damage totaled US$750 million (1994 dollars). California flood – January and March 1995 During the events of January and March 1995, over 100 stations recorded their greatest 1-day rainfalls in that station's history. The major brunt of the January storms hit the Sacramento River basin and resulted in small stream flooding primarily due to storm drainage system failures, though flooding affected nearly every part of the state. The Salinas River exceeded its previous measured record crest by more than , which was within of the reputed crest of the legendary 1862 flood. The Napa River set a new peak record, and the Russian and Pajaro rivers approached their record peaks. More than thirty people were killed and 5 were missing. The flood cost $1.8 billion. May 8, 1995, Louisiana flood A stalled front led to excessive rains across southeast Louisiana. Rainfall up to fell across New Orleans, with falling within a six-hour period. Seven lives were lost, 35,000 homes were flooded along with thousands of businesses across southeast Louisiana. Damage estimates were around US$1 billion (1995 dollars). Northeast United States flood of January 1996 Significant snowfall during the first 20 days of January led to a snowpack across the region. Some areas of the Northeast had received two to three times their average precipitation since December 1. Significant snowpack was in place on January 18. Then, a period significant warming took place across the East, mainly during a 30-hour period, which led to ice jam floods across western Pennsylvania and New York. Surface dew points rose into the 50s and 60s Fahrenheit/teens Celsius, which rapidly melted the snowpack. Then, a heavy rain event occurred along a frontal zone moving in from the west, which led to of rainfall between January 18 and 19. Some areas lost of snow in only 12 hours, which led to the bulk of the flooding. The Ohio and Susquehanna rivers experienced their highest river crests since Hurricane Agnes and Hurricane Eloise. The Delaware River at Trenton, New Jersey saw its highest crest since Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane moved by in 1955. The South Branch of the Potomac, as well as the Cheat and Monongahela rivers in West Virginia and Pennsylvania experienced their highest levels since early November 1985, which was the flood of record for the region. A total of 33 people died during the event, with 18 from Pennsylvania and 9 from New York. It was the worst flood event for the Mid-Atlantic states as a whole since 1985. Willamette Valley flood of 1996 This was the biggest flood for the region since December 1964. Above normal rainfall had been occurring since November 1, 1995, which led to significant snowpack in the mountains by late January. Western Oregon then experienced a of rainfall on February 5 to 7, which in combination with temperatures rising into the 60s Fahrenheit/upper teens Celsius led to the flood. New England flood – October 1996 A stationary front across the region drawing moisture from Hurricane Lili led to extreme rains across New England. Factories and mills in Lawrence, Haverhill, and Lowell, Massachusetts were severely impaired during the event. A total of 81 bridges needed to be rebuilt after the flood. A large portion of Hartford, Connecticut was submerged. Northern California flood of New Year's Day 1997 A series of tropical storms collectively called a pineapple connection, hit northern California from late December 1996 to early January 1997. December 1996 was one of the wettest Decembers on record. The Klamath River on California's North Coast experienced significant flooding which led to the river permanently changing course in some areas. The Klamath National Forest experienced its worst flood since 1974. Unprecedented flows from rain surged into the Feather River basin while melted snow surged into the San Joaquin River basin. Rain fell at elevations up to , prompting snow melt. With these warm weather storms generally comes large amounts of snow melt. The Cosumnes River, a tributary to the San Joaquin River, bore the brunt of the flooding. Sacramento was spared, though levee failures flooded Olivehurst, Arboga, Wilton, Manteca, and Modesto. Massive landslides in the Eldorado National Forest east of Sacramento closed U.S. Route 50. Damages totaled US$35 million (1997 dollars). Watersheds in the Sierra Nevada were already saturated by the time three subtropical storms added more than of rain in late December 1996 and early January 1997. Levee failures due to breaks or overtopping in the Sacramento River basin resulted in extensive damages. In the San Joaquin River basin, dozens of levees failed throughout the river system and produced widespread flooding. The Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta also experienced several levee breaks and levee overtopping. 48 counties were declared disaster areas, including all 46 counties in northern California. Over 23,000 homes and businesses, agricultural lands, bridges, roads and flood management infrastructures – valued at about $2 billion – were damaged. Nine people were killed and 120,000 people were evacuated from their homes. Three hundred square miles were flooded, including the Yosemite Valley, which flooded for the first time since 1861–1962. Ohio River Valley flood of March 1997 of rain fell upon northern Kentucky and southern Ohio between March 1 and 3. A total of six states were impacted by the event. Record flooding was witnessed along most rivers in northern Kentucky, surpassing that of 1937. Near-record flooding was recorded in Ohio, mainly along Brush Creek and the Scioto and Great Miami rivers. Eastern sections of Higginsport went underwater, leaving only one route in and out of town. It was Ohio's worst flood in 30 years. The death toll from the event was 33, with 21 lives lost in Kentucky and 5 lost in Ohio. Hundreds were injured. Much of the devastated Kentucky city of Falmouth moved to higher ground after the flood. 1997 Red River flood The prior winter was one of the snowiest on record for the northern Plains, with falling at Fargo, North Dakota. During the spring thaw, this creates problems as it is usually colder in southern Canada, which makes ice jam flooding a major concern for this river basin. Starting in early February, a major flood was anticipated, over two months before the flood. This gave the region plenty of time to sandbag the nearby dikes. The river began rising on April 4, and flooding the area on April 18 as the flood waters rose up to above the long term prediction. Dikes gave way, and Grand Forks was inundated. Between 75 and 90% of the residents had been evacuated prior to this time. Fires began to break out on the 19th as electric lines shorted out, which destroyed 11 buildings in downtown. The river and associated flood waters began to recede on April 23. Fort Collins, Colorado, flood of July 1997 On July 27, upslope flow into the Front Range of the Rockies forced dewpoint temperatures to around . By 5 pm local time, thunderstorms began to erupt. Within 30 minutes, local amounts of had fallen near Laporte and Livermore, with more falling near Loveland before the storm weakened around 8 pm. South of Fort Collins, new thunderstorm development began around 10 pm, which spread north through the city, dumping another of rain before dissipating. Around midnight on July 28, upslope flow increased behind a cold front that triggered the initial thunderstorms. Steady rains began around 1 am, ending for the most part around 4 am for much of the region except for a narrow swath including Fort Collins, where rains continued towards 7 am. However, rains renewed across the region between 8 am and noon. An additional of rain had fallen near Laporte. By that evening, thunderstorms redeveloped. Starting at 7 pm, heavy rains fell at Colorado State University. Between 8:30 and 10 pm, very heavy rains struck Fort Collins again. A total of over fell during this time frame, which brought storm totals to in southwest Fort Collins. The ensuing flooding of Spring Creek caused a freight train to derail and completely destroyed two mobile home parks. Damage totaled in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Five people died. This flood event helped spawn a developing rainfall mesonet for the United States, known as CoCoRAHS, which was anticipated to help detect ongoing flash flood events in real-time. Texas 1998 floods In 1998, Tropical Storm Charley affected the Lower Brazos River watershed. Most of the flooding occurred in the Rio Grande River basin causing 13 deaths and $50 million in damages. A major flood event occurred in Central Texas after 30 inches of rainfall in a few hours. The Little River experienced the fifth largest discharge in its history. Flooding also occurred in the South Fork San Gabriel watershed and the Mill Creek watershed. Property damage of $750 million and 29 deaths were reported primarily in the Colorado and Guadalupe river basins. Central and South Texas flood of October 1998 A tropical connection of moisture from Hurricane Madeline intercepted a stationary frontal zone, leading to extreme rainfall. Between October 17 and 18, rain totals of up to were recorded across central and southern Texas, which led to the flood of record in southern Texas. A total of 31 perished during the event, 17 of which were found in flooded vehicles. Damage approached US$750 million (1998 dollars). Hurricane Floyd floods in East – September 1999 The antecedent conditions to Hurricane Floyd included the passage of Tropical Storm Dennis through the Mid-Atlantic states during the first week of September. Only 10 days later, the combination of a stalled frontal zone, strong dynamics aloft, and a hurricane moving up the East Coast led to excessive rainfall from North Carolina northward up the Eastern Seaboard between September 14 and 17, with amounts of near being reported near Wilmington, North Carolina, and falling farther up the coast. It was the most damaging flood in the history of North Carolina. In New Jersey, the Raritan River and other rivers went over their banks, causing flooding in Bound Brook and New Brunswick, among other places. In New Hampshire, the storm flooded Belknap, Cheshire, and Grafton counties. Of the 57 deaths attributed to Floyd, 46 were due to drowning in the flood; 35 from North Carolina alone. Damage estimates were near US$5 billion (1999 dollars). See also Floods in the United States before 1900 Floods in the United States (2000–present) Great Flood of 1993 Hurricane Agnes Hurricane Camille Hurricane Floyd May 8, 1995 Louisiana flood Napa River flood of 1986 Red River flood, 1997 Tropical Storm Alberto (1994) Tropical Storm Allison (1989) United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology Willamette Valley flood of 1996 References Related links California's Historic floods Dates in Nashville USACE History Environmental History of Androscoggin River Historic Flooding in Fort Collins, Colorado Names of Persons Killed by Big Thompson Flood NWS Service Assessments of Significant Weather Events New Hampshire Floods North-Central Pennsylvania Floods The Flood of 1951 in Northeast Kansas (NWS Topeka, KS) Panoramic Photographs from the Library of Congress The Black Hills Flood of 1972 (NWS Rapid City, SD) Teton Flood Museum Upper Texas Coast Tropical Cyclones in the 2000s (NWS Houston/Galveston, TX) 20th 20th-century disasters in the United States

6095325

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh%20flood%20myth

Gilgamesh flood myth

The Gilgamesh flood myth is a flood myth in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Many scholars believe that the flood myth was added to Tablet XI in the "standard version" of the Gilgamesh Epic by an editor who used the flood story from the Epic of Atrahasis. A short reference to the flood myth is also present in the much older Sumerian Gilgamesh poems, from which the later Babylonian versions drew much of their inspiration and subject matter. History Gilgamesh's supposed historical reign is believed to have been approximately 2700 BC, shortly before the earliest known written stories. The discovery of artifacts associated with Aga and Enmebaragesi of Kish, two other kings named in the stories, has lent credibility to the historical existence of Gilgamesh. The earliest Sumerian Gilgamesh poems date from as early as the Third dynasty of Ur (2100–2000 BC). One of these poems mentions Gilgamesh’s journey to meet the flood hero, as well as a short version of the flood story. The earliest Akkadian versions of the unified epic are dated to ca. 2000–1500 BC. Due to the fragmentary nature of these Old Babylonian versions, it is unclear whether they included an expanded account of the flood myth; although one fragment definitely includes the story of Gilgamesh's journey to meet Utnapishtim. The "standard" Akkadian version included a long version of the story and was edited by Sin-liqe-unninni, who lived sometime between 1300 and 1000 BC. Tablets The first Gilgamesh flood tablet was discovered by Hormuzd Rassam in Nineveh and was in the collection of the British Museum but had not been translated. In 1872, George Smith, an assistant at the British Museum, translated the tablet from the seventh-century B.C Akkadian. Reportedly, he exclaimed, "I am the first man to read that after more than two thousand years of oblivion". While on a subsequent archeological expedition to Nineveh in Iraq, Smith found on May 7, 1873 a portion of a tablet containing the missing part of the flood story, describing the provisioning of the ark: "Into the midst of it thy grain, thy furniture, and thy goods, thy wealth, thy woman servants, thy female slaves...the animals of the field all, I will gather and I will send to thee, and they shall be enclosed in thy door." A much older Cuneiform tablet dating to 1646-1626 B.C., about one-thousand years before the Book of Genesis is believed to have been written, and known as the Epic of Atra-Hasis describing a great flood was discovered in 1898. This tablet was created about one-thousand years before the Book of Genesis is believed to have been written. J. P. Morgan acquired it and today it is in the Morgan Library & Museum. In 2007, Andrew George translated a 3,200 year old tablet dating to around 1200 B.C. found during excavations at Ugarit. The tablet contains a fragment of the Epic of Gilgamesh, including parts of the story of Utnapishtim and the flood. Tablet 11 The Gilgamesh flood tablet 11 (XI) contains additional story material besides the flood. The flood story was included because in it, the flood hero Utnapishtim is granted immortality by the gods and that fits the immortality theme of the epic. The main point seems to be that Utnapishtim was granted eternal life in unique, never-to-be-repeated circumstances. As if to demonstrate this point, Utnapishtim challenges Gilgamesh to stay awake for six days and seven nights. However, as soon as Utnapishtim finishes speaking Gilgamesh falls asleep. Utnapishtim instructs his wife to bake a loaf of bread for every day he is asleep so that Gilgamesh cannot deny his failure. Gilgamesh, who wants to overcome death, cannot even conquer sleep. As Gilgamesh is leaving, Utnapishtim's wife asks her husband to offer a parting gift. Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh of a boxthorn-like plant at the very bottom of the ocean that will make him young again. Gilgamesh obtains the plant by binding stones to his feet so he can walk on the bottom of the sea. He recovers the plant and plans to test it on an old man when he returns to Uruk. Unfortunately, when Gilgamesh stops to bathe it is stolen by a serpent that sheds its skin as it departs, apparently reborn. Gilgamesh, having failed both chances, returns to Uruk, where the sight of its massive walls provokes him to praise this enduring work of mortal men. The implication may be that mortals can achieve immortality through lasting works of civilization and culture. Flood myth section Lines 1-203, Tablet XI (note: with supplemental sub-titles and line numbers added for clarity) Ea leaks the secret plan Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh a secret story that begins in the old city of Shuruppak on the banks of the Euphrates River. The "great gods" Anu, Enlil, Ninurta, Ennugi, and Ea were sworn to secrecy about their plan to cause the flood. But the god Ea (Sumerian god Enki) repeated the plan to Utnapishtim through a reed wall in a reed house. Ea commanded Utnapishtim to demolish his house and build a boat, regardless of the cost, to keep living beings alive. The boat must have equal dimensions with corresponding width and length and be covered over like Apsu boats. Utnapishtim promised to do what Ea commanded. He asked Ea what he should say to the city elders and the population. Ea tells him to say that Enlil has rejected him and he can no longer reside in the city or set foot in Enlil's territory. He should also say that he will go down to the Apsu "to live with my lord Ea". Note: 'Apsu' can refer to a freshwater marsh near the temple of Ea/Enki at the city of Eridu. Building and launching the boat Carpenters, reed workers, and other people assembled one morning. [missing lines] Five days later, Utnapishtim laid out the exterior walls of the boat of 120 cubits. The sides of the superstructure had equal lengths of 120 cubits. He also made a drawing of the interior structure. The boat had six decks [?] divided into seven and nine compartments. Water plugs were driven into the middle part. Punting poles and other necessary things were laid in. Three times 3,600 units of raw bitumen were melted in a kiln and three times 3,600 units of oil were used in addition to two times 3,600 units of oil that were stored in the boat. Oxen and sheep were slaughtered and ale, beer, oil, and wine were distributed to the workmen, like at a new year's festival. When the boat was finished, the launch was very difficult. A runway of poles was used to slide the boat into the water. Two-thirds of the boat was in the water. Utnapishtim loaded his silver and gold into the boat. He loaded "all the living beings that I had." His relatives and craftsmen, and "all the beasts and animals of the field" boarded the boat. The time arrived, as stated by the god Shamash, to seal the entry door. The storm Early in the morning at dawn a black cloud arose from the horizon. The weather was frightful. Utnapishtim boarded the boat and entrusted the boat and its contents to his boat master Puzurammurri who sealed the entry. The thunder god Adad rumbled in the cloud and storm gods Shullat and Hanish went over mountains and land. Erragal pulled out the mooring poles and the dikes overflowed. The Anunnaki gods lit up the land with their lightning. There was stunned shock at Adad's deeds which turned everything to blackness. The land was shattered like a pot. All day long the south wind blew rapidly and the water overwhelmed the people like an attack. No one could see his fellows. They could not recognize each other in the torrent. The gods were frightened by the flood and retreated up to the Anu heaven. They cowered like dogs lying by the outer wall. Ishtar shrieked like a woman in childbirth. The Mistress of the gods wailed that the old days had turned to clay because "I said evil things in the Assembly of the Gods, ordering a catastrophe to destroy my people who fill the sea like fish." The other gods were weeping with her and sat sobbing with grief, their lips burning, parched with thirst. The flood and wind lasted six days and six nights, flattening the land. On the seventh day, the storm was pounding [intermittently?] like a woman in labour. Calm after the storm The sea calmed and the whirlwind and flood stopped. All-day long there was quiet. All humans had turned to clay. The terrain was as flat as a rooftop. Utnapishtim opened a window and felt fresh air on his face. He fell to his knees and sat weeping, tears streaming down his face. He looked for coastlines on the horizon and saw a region of land. The boat lodged firmly on mount Nimush which held the boat for several days, allowing no swaying. On the seventh day he released a dove that flew away but came back to him. He released a swallow, but it also came back to him. He released a raven that was able to eat and scratch, and did not circle back to the boat. He then sent his livestock out in various directions. The sacrifice He sacrificed a sheep and offered incense at a mountainous ziggurat where he placed 14 sacrificial vessels and poured reeds, cedar, and myrtle into the fire. The gods smelled the sweet odour of the sacrificial animal and gathered like flies over the sacrifice. Then the great goddess arrived, lifted up her flies (beads), and said "Ye gods, as surely as I shall not forget this lapis lazuli [amulet] around my neck, I shall be mindful of these days and never forget them! The gods may come to the sacrificial offering. But Enlil may not come, because he brought about the flood and annihilated my people without considering [the consequences]." When Enlil arrived, he saw the boat and became furious at the Igigi gods. He said "Where did a living being escape? No man was to survive the annihilation!" Ninurta spoke to Enlil saying "Who else but Ea could do such a thing? It is Ea who knew all of our plans." Ea spoke to Enlil saying "It was you, the Sage of the Gods. How could you bring about a flood without consideration?" Ea then accuses Enlil of sending a disproportionate punishment and reminds him of the need for compassion. Ea denies leaking the god's secret plan to Atrahasis (= Utnapishtim), admitting only sending him a dream and deflecting Enlil's attention to the flood hero. The flood hero and his wife are granted immortality and transported far away Enlil then boards a boat and grasping Utnapishtim's hand, helps him and his wife aboard where they kneel. Standing between Utnapishtim and his wife, he touches their foreheads and blesses them. "Formerly Utnapishtim was a human being, but now he and his wife have become gods like us. Let Utnapishtim reside far away, at the mouth of the rivers." Utnapishtim and his wife are transported and settled at the "mouth of the rivers". Last third of Tablet XI-Outline In addition to the flood story material, (lines 1–203), tablet XI contains the following flood story elements: List of titled subparts, Tablet XI-(by Kovacs): The Story of the Flood–(1-203) A Chance at Immortality–(204-240) Home Empty-Handed–(241-265) A Second Chance at Life–(266-309) Comparison between Atrahasis and Gilgamesh These are some of the sentences copied more or less directly from the Atrahasis version to the Gilgamesh epic: Material altered or omitted The Epic of Atrahasis provides additional information on the flood and flood hero that is omitted in Gilgamesh XI and other versions of the Ancient Near East flood myth. According to Atrahasis III ii, lines 40–47 the flood hero was at a banquet when the storm and flood began: "He invited his people ... to a banquet ... He sent his family on board. They ate and they drank. But he (Atrahasis) was in and out. He could not sit, could not crouch, for his heart was broken and he was vomiting gall." According to Tigay, Atrahasis tablet III iv, lines 6–9 clearly identify the flood as a local river flood: "Like dragonflies they [dead bodies] have filled the river. Like a raft they have moved in to the edge [of the boat]. Like a raft they have moved in to the riverbank." The sentence "Like dragonflies they have filled the river." was changed in Gilgamesh XI line 123 to "Like the spawn of fishes, they fill the sea." Tigay holds that we can see the mythmaker's hand at work here, changing a local river flood into an ocean deluge. Most other authorities interpret the Atrahasis flood as universal. A. R. George, and Lambert and Millard make it clear that the gods' intention in Atrahasis is to "wipe out mankind". The flood destroys "all of the earth". The use of a comparable metaphor in the Gilgamesh epic suggests that the reference to "dragonflies [filling] the river" is simply an evocative image of death rather than a literal description of the flood Other editorial changes were made to the Atrahasis text in Gilgamesh to lessen the suggestion that the gods may have experienced human needs. For example, Atrahasis OB III, 30–31 "The Anunnaki, the great gods [were sitt]ing in thirst and hunger" was changed in Gilgamesh XI, line 113 to "The gods feared the deluge." Sentences in Atrahasis III iv were omitted in Gilgamesh, e.g. "She was surfeited with grief and thirsted for beer" and "From hunger they were suffering cramp." These and other editorial changes to Atrahasis are documented and described in the book by Prof. Tigay (see below) who is associate professor of Hebrew and Semitic languages and literature in the University of Pennsylvania. Prof. Tigay comments: "The dropping of individual lines between others which are preserved, but are not synonymous with them, appears to be a more deliberate editorial act. These lines share a common theme, the hunger and thirst of the gods during the flood." Although the 18th century BC copy of the Atrahasis (Atra-Hasis) epic post-dates the early Gilgamesh epic, we do not know whether the Old-Akkadian Gilgamesh tablets included the flood story, because of the fragmentary nature of surviving tablets. Some scholars argue that they did not. Tigay, for example, maintains that three major additions to the Gilgamesh epic, namely the prologue, the flood story (tablet XI), and tablet XII, were added by an editor or editors, possibly by Sin-leqi-unninni, to whom the entire epic was later attributed. According to this view, the flood story in tablet XI was based on a late version of the Atrahasis story. Alternative translations As with most translations, especially from an ancient, dead language, scholars differ on the meaning of ambiguous sentences. For example, line 57 in Gilgamesh XI is usually translated (with reference to the boat) "ten rods the height of her sides", or "its walls were each 10 times 12 cubits in height". A rod was a dozen cubits, and a Sumerian cubit was about 20 inches. Hence these translations imply that the boat was about 200 feet high, which would be impractical with the technology in Gilgamesh's time (about 2700 BC). There is no Akkadian word for "height" in line 57. The sentence literally reads "Ten dozen-cubits each I-raised its-walls." A similar example from an unrelated house building tablet reads: "he shall build the wall [of the house] and raise it four ninda and two cubits." This measurement (about 83 feet) means wall length not height. Line 142 in Gilgamesh XI is usually translated "Mount Niṣir held the boat, allowing no motion." Niṣir is often spelled Nimush, which is described as the newer reading. The Akkadian words translated "Mount Niṣir" are "KUR-ú KUR ni-ṣir". The word KUR could mean hill or country; it is capitalized because it is a Sumerian word. The first KUR is followed by a phonetic complement -ú which indicates that KUR-ú is to be read in Akkadian as šadú (hill) and not as mātu (country). Since šadú (hill) could also mean mountain in Akkadian, and scholars knew the Biblical expression Mount Ararat, it has become customary to translate šadú as mountain or mount. The flood hero was Sumerian, according to the WB-62 Sumerian King List,.<ref>S. Langdon, "The Chaldean Kings Before the Flood", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1923, pages 251–259.</ref> In Sumerian the word KUR's primary meaning is "mountain" as attested by the sign used for it. From the word mountain, the meaning "foreign country" is developed due to mountainous countries bordering Sumer. KUR in Sumerian also means "land" in general. The second KUR lacks a phonetic complement and is therefore read in Akkadian as mātu (country). Hence, the entire clause reads "The hill/mound country niṣir held the boat". Lines 146-147 in Gilgamesh XI are usually translated "I ... made sacrifice, incense I placed on the peak of the mountain." Similarly "I poured out a libation on the peak of the mountain." But Kovacs provides this translation of line 156: "I offered incense in front of the mountain-ziggurat." Parpola provides the original Akkadian for this sentence: "áš-kun sur-qin-nu ina UGU ziq-qur-rat KUR-i" Áš-kun means I-placed; sur-qin-nu means offering; ina-(the preposition) means on-(upon); UGU means top-of; ziq-qur-rat means temple tower; and KUR-i means hilly. Parpola's glossary (page 145) defines ziq-qur-rat as "temple tower, ziggurat" and refers to line 157 so he translates ziq-qur-rat as temple tower in this context. The sentence literally reads "I placed an offering on top of a hilly ziggurat." A ziggurat was an elevated platform or temple tower where priests made offerings to the temple god. Most translators of line 157 disregard ziq-qur-rat as a redundant metaphor for peak. There is no authority for this other than previous translations of line 157. Kovacs' translation retains the word ziggurat on page 102. One of the Sumerian cities with a ziggurat was Eridu located on the southern branch of the Euphrates River next to a large swampy low-lying depression known as the apsû. The only ziggurat at Eridu was at the temple of the god Ea (Enki), known as the apsû-house. In Gilgamesh XI, line 42 the flood hero said "I will go down [the river] to the apsû to live with Ea, my Lord." Lines 189–192 (lines 198–201) in Gilgamesh XI are usually translated "Then godEnlil came aboard the boat. He took hold of my hand and brought me on board. He brought aboard my wife and made her kneel at my side. Standing between us, he touched our foreheads to bless us." In the first sentence "Then dingir-kabtu came aboard the boat" the Akkadian determinative dingir is usually translated as "god", but can also mean "priest" Dingir-kabtu literally means "divine important-person". Translating this as Enlil is the translator's conjecture. See also Atrahasis Babylonian and Assyrian religion Deluge Enûma Eliš Epic of Gilgamesh Noah's Ark Panbabylonism Ziusudra References Bibliography W. G. Lambert and A. R. Millard, Atrahasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood'', Eisenbrauns, 1999, . Glossary, Appendices, Appendix (Chapter XII=Tablet XII). A line-by-line translation (Chapters I-XI). (Volume 1) in the original Akkadian cuneiform and transliteration. Commentary and glossary are in English External links Comparison of equivalent lines in six ancient versions of the flood story Ancient Near East flood myths All texts: (Ziusudra, Atrahasis, Gilgamesh, Genesis, Berossus), commentary, and a table with parallels Gilgamesh Tablet XI (The Flood Chapter) Epic of Gilgamesh Flood myths

6115523

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonicflood%20%28album%29

Sonicflood (album)

Sonicflood is the debut album by the Christian rock band Sonicflood, released in 1999. The album features modern pop and rock renditions of praise and worship songs. Musically, the release was likened to a combination of Third Eye Blind and Radiohead, or PFR. Track listing Personnel Sonicflood Jeff Deyo – lead vocals, guitars, tambourine Jason Halbert – Hammond B3 organ, keyboards, programming, backing vocals Dwayne Larring – guitars, Ebow, noises, backing vocals Aaron Blanton – drums, percussion Additional Musicians Bryan Lenox Mark Lee Townsend George Cocchini Barry Graul Micah Wilshire John McKinzie Otto Price Greg Herrington Ric Robbins John Catchings – cello Kristin Wilkinson – viola David Davidson – violin, string arrangements Lisa Kimmey-Bragg – vocals (6) Wilshire – vocals (7) Kevin Max – vocals (9) Production The Gotee Brothers – executive producers Sonicflood – producers, art direction Otto Price – additional production, additional programming, additional arrangements, engineer Bryan Lenox – vocal producer, engineer, mixing, vocal recording Jim McCastlin – engineer Todd Robbins – additional engineer Eric Wolf – mastering Mike McGlaflin – A&R direction Kerri McKeehan-Stuart – art direction, album design, underwater photography Reid Waltz – graphic imaging Tony Stone Images – cover photography Ron Keith – underwater photography Focus Right Management – management Studios Recorded at The Border and The Playground (Franklin, Tennessee). Mixed at The Playground Mastered at Wolf Mastering (Nashville, Tennessee). References Sonicflood albums 1999 albums

6133165

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six%20Days%20Before%20the%20Flood

Six Days Before the Flood

Six Days Before the Flood is the title of the third live album by singer-songwriter Judie Tzuke, released in 2000. Track listing "Welcome to the Cruise" (Tzuke, Mike Paxman) (from Welcome to the Cruise) "Living on the Coast" (Tzuke, Paxman) (from Sports Car) "On Days Like These" (Tzuke, David P. Goodes) (later released in 2001 on Queen Secret Keeper) "The One That Got Away" (Tzuke, Goodes, Peter Cox) (later released in 2001 on Queen Secret Keeper) "Secret Agent" (Tzuke, Bob Noble) (from Secret Agent) "That's Where My Heart Used To Be" (Tzuke, Peter Gordeno) (from Secret Agent) "I Don't Believe in Miracles" (Russ Ballard) "All of Me" (Tzuke, Goodes, Cox, Paul Muggleton) (later released in 2001 on Queen Secret Keeper) "Bully" (Tzuke, Goodes) (from Secret Agent) "Understanding" (Tzuke, Paxman) (from Sports Car) "Sports Car" (Tzuke, Paxman) (from Sports Car) "One Minute" (Tzuke, Brandon Fownes) (later released in 2001 on Queen Secret Keeper) Personnel Judie Tzuke - vocals David P. Goodes - guitar Dale Davis - bass Ali Kane - keyboards, backing vocals Stephen Darrell Smith - keyboards, backing vocals. Paul Beavis - drums Mia Silverman - percussion, backing vocals Jamie Muggleton - backing vocals on "Bully" References Official website Judie Tzuke albums 1999 live albums

6148328

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Flood

Anthony Flood

Anthony "Bisto" Flood (born 31 December 1984) is a retired Irish footballer who played as a striker. Career St. Patrick's Athletic After raising eyebrows at youth level, Anto began his top-flight career by signing for St. Patrick's Athletic in 2005. With regular first team opportunities limited at the Inchicore side, Flood was imminently loaned out for the majority of the 2005 season to First Division Athlone Town in order to gain valuable experience. Flood returned to the Saints at the beginning of the 2006 season but found himself back in a similar situation. First team opportunities were again limited and he was eventually loaned out by Pats again, this time to Dublin rivals Shamrock Rovers in July 2006. Anto scored 3 league goals in 9 league appearances in the 2006 season including the opening goal in Rovers 1000th League win. Dundalk After spending effectively two seasons on loan from St. Patrick's Athletic, Anto departed the Saints in December 2006 to sign for First Division Dundalk. Flood made a bright start to his Dundalk career becoming a regular in the side and scored his first Dundalk goal in 6–2 victory against Athlone Town on 29 March 2007 at Oriel Park. Things took a sharp turn for the worse for Flood's Dundalk career in May 2007 when his contract was terminated by the club due to a "breach of discipline". Shelbourne As a free agent, Flood remained out of the game for two months until the next transfer window in July 2007 when he was snapped up by First Division side, Shelbourne, in order to boost their attacking options. He made his Shelbourne debut against Wexford Youths at Tolka Park on 6 July 2007. Anto ironically scored his first goal for Shelbourne against the club that had dismissed him a few short months previously, scoring the winner in a 1–0 victory over Dundalk at Tolka Park on 27 July 2007. He ended up scoring 11 goals for the Reds during the 2007 season, and the 2 goals he scored earlier in the season with Dundalk ensured he was tied with Davin O'Neill of Cobh Ramblers for the second top scorer in the First Division. Flood was one of just four Shelbourne first-team players who played in 2007 to be retained for the following season. A prolific start to the 2008 season saw Flood hit the top of the goal-scoring charts, while Shels reached the top of the First Division table. Both Shels and Flood could not maintain this form consistently over the course of the season as Shels were pipped to the title in the dying seconds of the season by Dundalk. Flood finished 2nd in the 2008 First Division goal-scoring charts with 14 goals. He returned to Shelbourne for their latest assault on the First Division title in 2009 where he scored 12 goals that season. After Shelbourne failed to achieve promotion with a second-place finish in 2009, Flood parted ways with the club after three seasons where he scored 38 goals in 83 competitive appearances. Galway United Galway United announced on 18 March 2010 that they had signed Flood. On 8 July 2010, Flood was offered a contract at St Mirren on trial with a view to signing along with teammate Stephen O'Donnell but turned it down to join Örebro SK. Örebro SK With not joining St Mirren, Flood was told that there was a club in the Swedish top division of Allsvenskan that wanted him for a trial. On 28 July 2010, Flood joined Örebro SK on trial. The club were searching for a new center forward since the departure of the Danish striker Kim Olsen. On 30 July, the club announced that they had signed Flood on a short-term contract until the end of the year. Bohemians Flood signed for Bohs in February 2011 just in time for the new season. He scored his first goal for the club on his League debut against Bray Wanderers on 4 March 2011 in the Carlisle Grounds. Flood followed this good start by scoring the winner the following week against Drogheda United Flood was a free agent at the end of the season. Southend United On 13 January, Flood signed a contract with Southend United until the end of the season, having impressed manager Paul Sturrock in a trial game earlier in the month. He was selected as a substitute for the game against Morcambe and made his first and only appearance for Southend as a 90th-minute substitute against Burton Albion. On 18 May 2012, Flood was one of 11 players to be released at the end of their contract. Return to St. Patrick's Athletic Flood announced that he had rejoined his first professional club, St Patrick's Athletic, via his Twitter account. He was included in the Saints squad for the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League campaign, with the first round tie against Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja from Iceland. Flood made his debut in the 86th minute in the home leg and did well, holding up the ball to run down the clock to secure the 1–0 win. Flood's league debut for the club came against arch rivals Shamrock Rovers in a Dublin derby that ended all square (1–1). Move to Australia Flood joined ESFA Premier League side, Dunbar Rovers in March 2014 to play alongside former League of Ireland players, Clive Delaney (Derry City), Thomas Crawley (Derry City) and Craig Mooney (Shelbourne). He made his debut in the Waratah Cup where he scored a hat-trick against Parramatta City in a 5–1 win. Flood signed for the Marconi Stallions in 2015. Bray Wanderers Flood returned to Ireland from Australia in December 2016, and on 7 January 2017 it was announced that he had signed for Bray Wanderers for the 2017 season. Honours Club League of Ireland (1): St Patrick's Athletic – 2013 Individual League of Ireland Player of the Month (1): St Patrick's Athletic – September 2013 References External links Anto Flood's profile at www.shelbournefc.com 1984 births Allsvenskan players Men's association football forwards Association footballers from County Dublin Athlone Town A.F.C. players Bohemian F.C. players Bray Wanderers F.C. players Dundalk F.C. players English Football League players Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden Galway United F.C. (1937–2011) players League of Ireland players Living people Marconi Stallions FC players Örebro SK players Republic of Ireland men's association footballers Republic of Ireland expatriate men's association footballers Shamrock Rovers F.C. players Shelbourne F.C. players Southend United F.C. players St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players

6166155

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe%20Flood%20Network

Tribe Flood Network

The Tribe Flood Network or TFN is a set of computer programs to conduct various DDoS attacks such as ICMP flood, SYN flood, UDP flood and Smurf attack. First TFN initiated attacks are described in CERT Incident Note 99-04. TFN2K was written by Mixter, a security professional and hacker based in Germany. See also External links Tribe Flood Network TFN2K - An Analysis by Jason Barlow and Woody Thrower of AXENT Security Team TFN2K source code Botnets Denial-of-service attacks

6408613

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie%20Flood

Debbie Flood

Deborah Kirsty Bruwer (née Flood; born 27 February 1980) is an English rower, noteworthy for winning silver medals in the quadruple sculls at both the 2004 and 2008 Olympic Games. Biography Flood was born in Harrogate, Yorkshire, and was a Great Britain junior judo international and a county level 1500m and cross–country runner and shot–putter before she took up rowing. She won a bronze medal at the 1998 World Junior championships in the double sculls along with partner Frances Houghton. The following year they both won gold in the double sculls at the World Under 23 Championships. In 2000 Flood won gold in the single sculls at the World Under 23 Championships and the single sculls national title rowing for the Tideway Scullers School at the 2000 National Championships. At the 2006 World Championships, Flood originally finished in the silver medal position in the quadruple sculls, but was elevated to gold after one of the Russian crew failed a drugs test. Having taken a year off in 2009, Flood returned to take World Championships gold again in 2010, in the quad sculls with Beth Rodford, Frances Houghton, and Annabel Vernon. At the 2012 Summer Olympics Flood competed in the GB quad scull with Beth Rodford, Frances Houghton, and Melanie Wilson and finished in fifth place. In December 2012 Flood was elected captain of Leander Club, the first time a woman had been appointed to this role in almost 200 years. Debbie is a Christian and works for Christians in Sport. References External links Profile at Team GB (2008 Beijing Olympic Games) 1980 births English female rowers Living people Olympic rowers for Great Britain Sportspeople from Harrogate Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Rowers at the 2008 Summer Olympics Rowers at the 2012 Summer Olympics Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain Olympic medalists in rowing Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics Members of Leander Club World Rowing Championships medalists for Great Britain Stewards of Henley Royal Regatta

6501103

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20North%20Korean%20floods

2006 North Korean floods

Flooding in North Korea in July 2006 caused extensive damage and loss of life, although reports differ about its extent. Death toll estimates Hundreds killed and missing (government figures) 151 killed, 29 missing (International Federation of Red Cross) 154 killed, 127 missing (United Nations) 549 people killed, 295 missing and 3,043 injured (Choson Shinbo) 54,700 killed or missing (South Korean aid group Good Friends) Overview A statement by the official Korean Central News Agency on August 3 described the events as "claiming huge human and material losses." Chosŏn Shinbo, a newspaper published by a pro-North Korean association linked to the North, said in early August that the floods killed at least 549 people, left 295 others missing, and left 60,000 homeless. The South Korean aid group Good Friends estimates that the flooding left 58,000 people dead or missing and that some 1.5 million people may have been made homeless and in a rare move North Korea asked for aid from South Korea. South Korea pledged $20 million to North Korea to help with the flooding. There has been no statement from the North Korean government on whether the reports from the South Korean aid group are true. According to cattlenetwork.com, the greatest flooding was experienced in the Kangwon, Kaesong, South Pyongan, South Hamgyong and South Hwanghae provinces, with substantial damage to agricultural land. The U.S. based Radio Free Asia reported the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies as saying that in some locations "whole villages have been swept away and essential public facilities (such as clinics) destroyed, while widespread damage to roads and bridges has displaced and stranded many people", that over 7,000 homes were completely destroyed, with almost 13,000 families left homeless, and that South Pyongan, North Hwanghae, Kangwon, and South Hamgyong were the worst-affected provinces. North Korea cancelled its gymnastics show Arirang Festival in order to recover from the flooding. Both the United Nations and the South Korean Red Cross offered food aid to the affected regions, though according to a report by Associated Press, Pyŏngyang turned these offers down. See also North Korean famine 2007 North Korean floods 2011 Seoul floods 2012 North Korean floods 2018 North Korean floods References Sources DPRK floods Information Bulletin, Red Cross, July 26, 2006 Radio Free Asia story: U.N. Offers Food Aid to Flood-Hit North Korea , July 26, 2006 ABC News story: N Korean flood toll thought to be 10,000, August 2, 2006 N.Korea rejects flood aid offer, Associated Press, August 2, 2006 Korean Central News Agency (official North Korean government news agency) Kim Jong Il Receives Message of Sympathy from Indonesian President, August 3, 2006 BBC News story: North Korea flooding 'kills 549', August 7, 2006; reporting the Chosŏn Shinbo story cattlenetwork.com story: Flooding Reduces Rice Crop in North Korea, August 14, 2006 China Post story (crediting Reuters): S. Korea Red Cross plans rice aid for North, August 15, 2006 ABC News story (crediting Associated Press) Group: 54,700 Dead, Missing in N. Korea, August 16, 2006 2000s floods in Asia 2006 floods Flooding Floods in North Korea 2006 disasters in North Korea

6505966

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennet%20and%20Lambourn%20Floodplain

Kennet and Lambourn Floodplain

Kennet and Lambourn Floodplain is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in six widely separated areas in the floodplains of the River Lambourn in Berkshire and the River Kennet in Wiltshire, England. It is a Nature Conservation Review site and part of the Kennet and Lambourn Floodplain Special Area of Conservation. One of the areas, Rack Marsh, is managed by the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust. These six areas all have fen or swamp with large numbers of Desmoulin's whorl snail, which is listed in the British Red Data Book as it is a nationally rare and declining species. One of the areas, Eddington Marsh, also has unimproved species-rich grassland with several nationally scarce invertebrates, such as the flies Pherbellia griseola, Psacadina verbekei, Platypalpus niger and ''Oxycera morrisi. Locations Location is shown as a seventh area in the citation, but the citation also says that there are only six areas in the site and it is not shown on the Natural England map. References Kennet and Avon Canal Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Berkshire Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire Special Areas of Conservation in England Floodplains of Europe Nature Conservation Review sites

6638510

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill%20M.%20Flood

Merrill M. Flood

Merrill Meeks Flood (1908 – 1991) was an American mathematician, notable for developing, with Melvin Dresher, the basis of the game theoretical Prisoner's dilemma model of cooperation and conflict while being at RAND in 1950 (Albert W. Tucker gave the game its prison-sentence interpretation, and thus the name by which it is known today). Biography Flood received an MA in mathematics at the University of Nebraska, and a PhD at Princeton University in 1935 under the supervision of Joseph Wedderburn, for the dissertation Division by Non-singular Matric Polynomials. In the 1930s he started working at Princeton University, and after the War he worked at the Rand Corporation, Columbia University, the University of Michigan and the University of California. In the 1950s Flood was one of the founding members of TIMS and its second President in 1955. End 1950s he was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. In 1961, he was elected President of the Operations Research Society of America (ORSA), and from 1962 to 1965 he served as Vice President of the Institute of Industrial Engineers. In 1983 he was awarded ORSA's George E. Kimball Medal. He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences. Work Flood is considered a pioneer in the field of management science and operations research, who has been able to apply their techniques to problems on many levels of society. According to Xu (2001) "as early as 1936–1946, he applied innovative systems analysis to public problems and developed cost-benefit analysis in the civilian sector and cost effectiveness analysis in the military sector". Traveling salesman problem In the 1940s Flood publicized the name Traveling salesman problem (TSP) within the mathematical community at mass. Flood publicized the traveling salesman problem in 1948 by presenting it at the RAND Corporation. According to Flood "when I was struggling with the problem in connecting with a school-bus routing study in New Jersey". Even more important, as far as common usage goes, Dr. Flood himself claimed to have coined the term "software" in the late 1940s. Hitchcock transportation problem Equally at home in his original field of the mathematics of matrices and in the pragmatic trenches of the industrial engineer, his research addressed an impressive array of operations research problems. His 1953 paper on the Hitchcock transportation problem is often cited, but he also published work on the traveling salesman problem, and an algorithm for solving the von Neumann hide and seek problem. Publications 1948, A Game Theoretic Study of the Tactics of Area Defense, RAND Research Memorandum 1949, Illustrative example of application of Koopmans' transportation theory to scheduling military tanker fleet, RAND Research Memorandum. 1951, A Preference Experiment. RAND Research Paper 1951, A Preference Experiment (Series 2, Trial 1).RAND Research Paper 1952, A Preference Experiment (Series 2, Trials 2, 3, 4). RAND Research Paper 1952, Aerial Bombing Tactics : General Considerations (A World War II Study), RAND Research Memorandum. 1952, On Game-Learning Theory and Some Decision-Making Experiments. RAND Research Paper 1952, Preference Experiment. RAND Research Memorandum 1952, Some Group Interaction Models. RAND Research Memorandum References External links Biography of Merrill Flood from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) An interview by Albert Tucker (San Francisco on May 14, 1984). 1908 births 1991 deaths 20th-century American mathematicians Game theorists American operations researchers Princeton University alumni RAND Corporation people University of Michigan staff University of Michigan faculty Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences

6682597

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods%20in%20Malaysia

Floods in Malaysia

Floods in Malaysia are one of the most regular natural disasters affecting the country, which occurs nearly every year especially during the monsoon season. The coasts of peninsular Malaysia are the most prone to flooding especially during the northeast monsoon season from October to March. Notable floods 10 December 1969 – Kluang flood. January 1971 – Kuala Lumpur hit by flash floods. 2 March 2006 – Shah Alam hit by flash floods. 19 December 2006 – Several parts of Johor state including Muar, Johor Bahru, Skudai and Segamat were hit by flash floods. 10 January 2007 – Several parts of Johor were hit by flash floods again. 10 June 2007 – Kuala Lumpur hit by flash floods, worst since 10 June 2003. December 2007 – Several parts of East Coast of Peninsula including Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang and Johor were hit by flash floods. November 2010 – Kedah and Perlis flooded due to heavy rainfall after a tropical depression. December 2014 – Northern and Eastern states of Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Perak and Perlis in Malay Peninsula were hit by flash floods including some areas in Sabah. 4 & 5 November 2017 – Northern state of Penang in Malay Peninsula were hit by flash floods caused unusually heavy rains in Tropical Depression 29W, Typhoon Damrey. Flood waters in parts of the city reached 3.7 m (12 ft), submerging entire homes. 2020–2021 Malaysian floods – In late 2020 and early 2021, Terengganu, Pahang and Johor were more particularly affected by flash floods. 2021–2022 Malaysian floods – In late 2021 and early 2022, Klang Valley (Port Klang, Klang, Setia Alam, Puncak Alam, Kota Kemuning, Shah Alam, Kuala Lumpur, Ampang, Cheras, Hulu Langat, Puchong, Dengkil) hit by a worst flash floods ever seen in 50 years due to Tropical Depression 29W. Other reports include Lubok Cina, Kuantan, Bentong, Gua Musang, Kuala Linggi, Seremban and Teluk Intan experienced the flash flood as well. Causes Given Malaysia's geographical location, most floods that occur are a natural result of cyclical monsoons during the local tropical wet season that are characterised by heavy and regular rainfall from roughly October to March. Inadequate drainage in many urban areas also enhance the effects of heavy rain, though efforts are underway to resolve this. Climate change in Malaysia is expected to impact flooding in the country, with the frequency of extreme weather increasing. List of flash floods areas in Malaysia Klang Valley and Selangor Along Klang River in Klang Valley Kuala Lumpur city centre near Masjid Jamek Dang Wangi, Kuala Lumpur Along Gombak River in Klang Valley Along Kerayong River in Kuala Lumpur Sungai Besi near Razak Mansion Along Damansara River in Shah Alam From Taman TTDI Jaya, Giant Hypermarket, Shah Alam Stadium until Batu Tiga. Perak Along Kuala Kangsar highway Penang Seberang Jaya Interchange underpass on Butterworth-Kulim Expressway near Aeon Big Seberang Jaya Kedah Along Muda River Kepala Batas near Sultan Abdul Halim Airport, Alor Star Perlis Kelantan Along Kelantan River in Kelantan Tambatan Diraja, Kuala Krai Tangga Krai, Kuala Krai Golok River, Tumpat Terengganu Dungun River Terengganu River near Kuala Berang Besut River Pahang Pahang River from Temerloh to Pekan town Kuantan River in Kuantan Negeri Sembilan Gemas Malacca Kesang River Johor Along Sungai Air Molek in Johor Bahru From Johor Bahru Prison, Federal Building (Wisma Persekutuan), Tabung Haji Building, JOTIC, Dewan Jubli Intan, until Court Building near Istana Besar. Skudai River in Johor Bahru Along Tebrau River in Johor Bahru Kampung Kangkar Tebrau Johor River near Kota Tinggi Along Sungai Benut from Simpang Renggam to Benut Sungai Simpang Kiri and Sungai Simpang Kanan in Batu Pahat Along Semberong River in Batu Pahat Segamat River near Segamat Along Muar River from Segamat to Muar district Sabah Along the Penampang Road Padas River Sandakan areas of Sim-Sim Road, BDC Road at Mile 1 (Batu Satu), Sepilok Road at Mile 14 (Batu 14) and Gum-Gum Road at Mile 16 (Batu 16) Tawau areas of Sin On Road, Chong Thien Vun Road, Pasadena Park, Aman Ria 5, LCN Park, Villa Park, Green Park, Eastern Plaza, Takada Commercial Square, Apas Batu Road 1 ½, Kampung Saadani Apas Batu Road 2, Kampung Pasir Puteh, Kampung Tanjung Batu, Leeka Park, Kampung Batu Dua, Pasadena Park and Setia Park Sarawak Kuching areas References External links Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Malaysia Malaysian Meteorological Services Infobanjir @ DID Malaysia Latest Malaysian flood info

6742648

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Flood%20of%201844

Great Flood of 1844

The Great Flood of 1844 is the biggest flood ever recorded on the Missouri River and Upper Mississippi River, in North America, in terms of discharge. The adjusted economic impact was not as great as subsequent floods because of the small population in the region at the time. The flood devastation was particularly widespread since the region had few levees at the time, so the waters were able to spread far from the normal banks. Among the hardest hit in terms of mortality were the Wyandot Indians, who lost 100 people in the diseases that occurred after the flood in the vicinity of today's Kansas City, Kansas. The flood formed a large sandbar in front of the Wayne City Landing at Independence, Missouri, which caused settlers to go further west to Westport Landing in Kansas City, which resulted in significant local economic and cultural impact. Independence had been the trailhead for several key emigrant trails, prior to 1846 notably both the Santa Fe Trail and one alternative eastern starting branch of the Oregon Trail. After the Mexican–American War treaty of 1848, the Oregon Trail's trailhead became a trailhead of the California Trail and an alternative beginning for the Mormon Trail. In 1850, the United States Congress passed the Swamp Land Act providing land grants to build stronger levees. The flood is the highest recorded for the Mississippi River at St. Louis. The discharge was in 1844, while in 1951 and in 1993. Comparison to other big floods in Kansas City Over time, channeling and levee construction have altered how floods affect various areas along the Missouri River. For example, here is a comparison of flood data atand associated impacts onKansas City for three big floods since the early 19th century. Flood of 1851 — While the Great Flood of 1851 was most severe in Iowa, it also affected the Missouri and Mississippi river basins. In St. Louis, Missouri, on June 11, 1851, floodwaters rose to within of the 1844 flood, while at Cape Girardeau, Missouri, the flooding was worse than in 1844. Great Flood of 1951 — The 1951 flood was the second biggest in terms of discharge at . The 1951 crest on July 14, 1951, was almost lower than the 1844 flood and three feet lower than the 1993 flood. However, the flood was the most devastating of all modern floods for Kansas City since its levee system was not built to withstand it. It destroyed the city's stockyards and forced the building of an airport away from the Missouri River bottoms. Great Flood of 1993 — The 1993 flood was the highest recorded but had a lower rate of discharge at . While the 1993 flood had devastating impacts elsewhere, Kansas City survived it relatively well because of levee improvements after the 1951 flood. See also Floods in the United States References UMKC history Wyandot history Coopers Landing history USGS History Natural disasters in Missouri Missouri River floods Kansas City metropolitan area 19th-century floods in the United States 1840s floods 1844 natural disasters 1844 in North America 1844 in the United States 1844 natural disasters in the United States 1844 in Missouri

6800128

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%20Singapore%20flood

1978 Singapore flood

The 1978 Singapore flood was one of the worst floods in Singapore's history. As much as of rain fell in just 24 hours from 2 to 3 December 1978. Incidents Casualties Seven people were killed and more than a thousand residents were evacuated from their homes by the army and police boats from five affected areas. The youngest death was a 10-year-old primary school boy who had fallen into a flooded drain. Damage Total damage reached S$10 million, the worst flood since the Hari Raya floods that hit the island in December 1969. 43 buses were badly damaged by the flood. There were reportedly 200 pig carcasses located in the Kallang River. References National Library Board, Singapore's worst floods, 1999. MINDEF, The Flood of 1978, 7 December 1998. 1978 Singapore 1970s floods 20th-century floods in Asia 1978 natural disasters December 1978 events in Asia 1978 disasters in Singapore

6858515

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Elizabeth%27s%20flood

St. Elizabeth's flood

St. Elizabeth's flood (Sint Elisabethsvloed) may refer to floods that struck Europe's Low Countries on or around November 19, the name day of St. Elizabeth: St. Elizabeth's flood (1404) St. Elizabeth's flood (1421)

6876377

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%20River%20flood%20of%201937

Ohio River flood of 1937

The Ohio River flood of 1937 took place in late January and February 1937. With damage stretching from Pittsburgh to Cairo, Illinois, 385 people died, one million people were left homeless and property losses reached $500 million ($10.2 billion when adjusted for inflation as of September 2022). Federal and state resources were strained to aid recovery as the disaster occurred during the depths of the Great Depression and a few years after the beginning of the Dust Bowl. Event timeline January 5: Water levels began to rise. January 10–18: Numerous flood warnings were issued across much of the region. January 13–24: Near record rainfalls were recorded. January 18: Numerous homes were flooded as the Ohio River started to overflow its banks due to the heavy rains. January 23–24: Martial law was declared in Evansville, Indiana, where the water level was at . January 26: River gauge levels reached in Cincinnati, the highest level in the city's history. January 27: River gauge reached in the Louisville area, setting a new record. Seventy percent of the city was under water at that time. February 2: River gauge surpassed in Paducah, Kentucky. February 5: Water levels fell below the flood stage for the first time in nearly three weeks in several regions. Aftermath and reconstruction Media response A handful of powerhouse radio stations, including WLW Cincinnati and WHAS Louisville, quickly switched to non-stop news coverage, transmitting commercial-free for weeks. These broadcasts consisted mostly of messages being relayed to rescue crews, as many civil agencies had no other means of communication. The Regionalist painter Thomas Hart Benton was commissioned by The Kansas City Star and St. Louis Post-Dispatch newspapers to provide sketches depicting the miserable conditions of the flooded areas in the Missouri Bootheel region. When it became obvious that the river would cut the electric power to radio station WHAS—thus cutting the last radio voice in Louisville—the rival clear channel station in Nashville, WSM, picked up WHAS's broadcast via telephone and broadcast emergency flood reports for three days for the lower Ohio River. Other stations across the country did much the same. Around January 18, Huntington, WV radio station WSAZ (1190 AM) began hourly broadcasts of flood related news. On January 22, the station received permission from the Federal Communications Committee to broadcast around the clock. The studios and offices in the downtown Keith-Albee Theatre Building became a regional communications center. They established direct telephonic communication with the city's general relief headquarters in City Hall with Red Cross, the Naval Reserve, the American Legion, the police and fire departments, and the Coast Guard. Messages of inquiry concerning the safety of friends and relatives, warnings of rising gasoline-covered waters, appeals for help from marooned victims, orders to relief agencies and workers poured into the cramped studios and quickly broadcast. Staff and local volunteers stayed on the air and provided information and support for nine days until 8:00 o'clock the following Sunday night, Jan. 31, when the station's regular schedule was resumed. Government response In January 1937, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, District Engineer, MAJ Bernard Smith dispatched an entire fleet down the Cumberland River for rescue and relief work in response to the severe flooding. The bridges were too low to allow the vessels to pass under, so the vessels were forced to steam across farmland and bridge approaches, dodging telephone and power lines. The federal government under President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent thousands of area WPA workers to the affected cities to aid in rescue and recovery. It also sent supplies for food and temporary housing, and millions of dollars in aid after the floodwaters receded. The scale of the 1937 flood was so unprecedented that civic and industrial groups lobbied national authorities to create a comprehensive plan for flood control. The plan involved creating more than seventy storage reservoirs to reduce Ohio River flood heights. Not fully completed by the Army Corps of Engineers until the early 1940s, the new facilities have drastically reduced flood damages since. In the 1930s, the Tennessee Valley Authority sought to create a continuous minimum 9-foot (2.7 m) channel along the entirety of the Tennessee River from Paducah to Knoxville. The Authority also sought to help control flooding on the lower Mississippi River, especially in the aftermath of the Ohio River flood of 1937, as research had shown that 4% of the water in the lower Mississippi River originates in the Tennessee River watershed. TVA surveyed the lower part of the river and considered the Aurora Landing site, but eventually settled on the present site at river mile 22.4. The Kentucky Dam project was authorized on May 23, 1938, and construction began July 1, 1938. Much of the work of the Tennessee Valley Authority in the Tennessee River basin was strongly supported by the majority of the citizens in western Kentucky and their representatives in the United States Congress. U.S. Sen. Alben W. Barkley of Paducah and U.S. Rep. William Gregory from Mayfield and his brother U.S. Rep. Noble Gregory from Mayfield who succeeded him in office strongly supported the funding of TVA and its role in addressing flood control, soil conservation, family relocation, recreation, production of electricity, and economic development. States seriously affected Ohio Six to of rain fell in Ohio during January 13–25, 1937, totals never before or since equaled over such a large area of Ohio. January 1937 remains as the wettest month ever recorded in Cincinnati. One hundred thousand people in Cincinnati were left homeless, as the flood affected the city from January 18 to February 5. The river reached its peak on January 26, at , more than higher than flood stage. Ohio River levels on January 26–27 were the highest known from Gallipolis downstream past Cincinnati. Crests were 20 to above flood stage and 4 to above the previous record of 1884. of the city's area was flooded, the water supply was cut, and streetcar service was curtailed. Among the flooded structures was Crosley Field, home field of the Cincinnati Reds baseball team. Additionally, the amusement park Coney Island was submerged, causing pieces of carousel horses to float away, which were recovered as far downriver as Paducah. According the several local historians, the town of Gallipolis was completely submerged as high as the mound hill cemetery overlook, and many rumors regarding the curse of Lafayette's Gold Treasure buried by slaves on Gallipolis Island began to surface around the town.This flood was very severe. In Portsmouth, the rising river threatened to top the flood wall, erected above flood stage. City officials deliberately opened the flood gates and allowed river water to flood the business district 8 to deep, thus preventing a catastrophic breaching of the flood wall. The Ohio River eventually crested over the top of the flood wall. Ten people died, many fewer than the 467 killed in the floods of March 1913. Indiana The river rose to a record , which was above flood stage, and sent water over the six-month-old riverfront plaza in Evansville. After January 19, the conditions in New Albany, Indiana were deteriorating at a rapid pace. By January 21, all roads leading to Jeffersonville were completely covered in water making it near impossible to travel. On January 23, a levee located on the intersection of two main streets failed. This caused for water to start rushing into the city; by midday, the water had risen to a total of 9 feet. The city and state declared martial law on January 24 and the federal government sent 4,000 WPA workers to the city to assist rescue operations. Residents were rapidly evacuated from river town by train and bus in the early stages of the flood, making Indiana the only state to avoid drowning fatalities. According to some residents of the area, the sound of the rushing water was equivalent to that of the Niagara Falls. More than 100,000 persons were left homeless by the disaster. The WPA workers led the cleanup of the city. The Evansville Merchants Retail Bureau took out newspaper ads to praise their work: Before and during the flood these men of WPA were active in salvaging property and saving lives, and immediately afterward they handled the cleanup job with such efficiency that many visitors were amazed that there was practically no evidence of the flood left throughout our entire city. All honor and gratitude is due to the rank and file of the WPA for their often almost super-human efforts, always giving their best in the interest of humanity. The Red Cross and federal government spent the equivalent of $11 million in today's money in aid to the city. The Indiana State Flood Commission was created in response, and it established the Evansville-Vanderburgh Levee Authority District, which built a system of earth levees, concrete walls, and pumping stations to protect the city. Jeffersonville welcomed the 1,000 WPA workers who came to rescue that city's residents. The federal government spent $500,000 in aid there, and $70,000 in New Albany. The Pennsylvania Railroad evacuated many area residents by train from its depot in Jeffersonville. Several small riverside towns, such as Mauckport and New Amsterdam, were so devastated that they never recovered. Illinois Harrisburg suffered flooding from the Ohio River in 1883–1884 and again in 1913. Much of the city, except "Crusoes' Island", a downtown orbit that encircled the town square, was underwater. High water had reached from the river, and the city was flooded in its position among tributary lowlands of the Saline River. Floodwaters reached nearly inland and Harrisburg was nearly destroyed. 4,000 within Harrisburg were left homeless and 80% of the city was inundated. Many flooded mines were deemed condemned which left the local economy crippled. In 1938, the state of Illinois had completed one of the largest operations of its kind ever attempted in the United States, the removal of more than two and a half billion gallons of flood water from Sahara mine No. 3 near downtown Harrisburg. By the time the flood waters had receded, 4000 were left homeless. Between Gallatin County and Harrisburg, about of Illinois Route 13 was covered by of water; motorboats navigated the entire distance to rescue marooned families. National guard boats were the means of transportation in the city, and several thousand people were transported daily from temporary island to island. According to the Sanborn Map Company, Harrisburg in October 1925 had a population of 15,000, and in a revised version by January 1937 the population had fallen to 13,000. Afterwards, the Army Corps of Engineers erected a levee north and east of the city to protect it from future floods. The levee has become the official northern and eastern border of the town. Rural Pulaski County was functionally left an island by the rising portions of the Cache River, which near its mouth flowed in reverse as the Ohio floodwaters forced their way along the Cache to the Mississippi River above Cairo. The majority of county residents were driven from their homes, while the riverside county seat, Mound City, was entirely flooded, with the shallowest locations still lying under of water. Cairo itself was saved only by low water levels on the Mississippi River, which rose only to the highest spots on the levees without surmounting them. The historic city of Shawneetown was completely inundated and the residents were forced to move to a tent city on the outskirts. Property damages in the southern Illinois region amounted to more than $75 million ($1.2 billion in 2015). Over three hundred bridges were smashed, six schools were ruined, and twelve hundred submerged homes. Flood waters were recorded at . Damage in Shawneetown was so cataclysmic the town relocated three miles inland to higher ground. Kentucky In Louisville, the water reached a height of 40 feet, which resulted in almost 70 percent of the entire city being underwater. 175,000 people were forced to leave their homes and relocate due to the flood. The reported damage of the flood in the state resulted in about $250 million worth of damage. This flood outdoes the second highest water level in the city of Louisville by an astonishing 10 feet, showing how large the flood really was. Several businesses in the Louisville area were devastated, especially the famed Rose Island amusement park (on the Indiana side of the river near Charlestown), which never rebuilt. As a result of the flood, newer development in Louisville was directed to the east out of the flood plain. The east end has since benefited by a long-term concentration of wealth among residents and businesses which located away from the older central and western areas of the city. At Paducah, in January 1937, there was a two-week period of rain followed by a sleet storm. Initially, there were only a few individuals that were skeptical of the risen water level. At the time, most residents were accustomed to it and thought absolutely nothing of it. By January 19, it became clear that the water was reaching a very high level. The Ohio River rose above its flood stage on January 21, cresting at on February 2 and receding again to on February 15. For nearly three weeks, 27,000 residents were forced to flee to stay with friends and relatives in higher ground in McCracken County or in other counties. Some shelters were provided by the American Red Cross and local churches. Buildings in downtown Paducah bear historic plaques that note the high-water marks, and at least one historic marker indicates the farthest inland extent of flood waters in the city. With of rainfall in 16 days, along with sheets of swiftly moving ice, the '37 flood was the worst natural disaster in Paducah's history. Because Paducah's earthen levee was ineffective against this flood, the United States Army Corps of Engineers was commissioned to build the flood wall that now protects the city. West Virginia Huntington, WV, a city in the tri-state area that was built as a link between steamboat and railway commerce, experienced some of the worst flooding, with a crest of 69.45 ft (19 feet above flood stage). First responders, volunteers, and the Army Corps of Engineers navigated the city via rowboats and helped citizens to reach the relief shelters set up in undamaged churches and schools. Like other communities in the Ohio River Valley, Huntington was regularly visited by damaging floods, and business owners and community members were typically self-reliant in the aftermath. After the unprecedented damage of the 1937 flood, however, community and business leaders decided that more substantive preventative measures were necessary. Immediately following the flood, the Chamber of Commerce pushed for the construction of a floodwall that would protect Huntington and the surrounding areas. After a prolonged fight and a legal battle that made it to the West Virginia Supreme Court, the flood wall was approved, and the project was taken on by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Since its completion in 1943, the Huntington floodwall it is estimated that it has prevented an estimated $238.8 million in flood damage. Other areas of West Virginia were devastated by the flood as well. The Wheeling island had to be evacuated, as it was completely submerged when the flood crested at 47 feet. In Parkersburg, the river reached a crest of 55 feet. References Further reading Welky, David. The Thousand-Year Flood: The Ohio-Mississippi Disaster of 1937 (University of Chicago Press; 2011) Read the introduction to the book. External links "Pictures of Cincinnati during the 1937 flood", The Enquirer Images of the Public Library of Cincinnati wiki 1937 Flood images from University of Louisville Libraries' Digital Collections A personal account of the 1937 flood, Woodspoint "Portsmouth, Ohio", The Ackerman Collection of Historic Photographs, Southern Ohio Museum 1937 "Flood pictures of Posey County", Mt. Vernon, Indiana, Website Man Against the River YouTube video (9.55 min.). Describes the work of the Works Projects Administration in helping victims of 1937 flood of the Ohio River. Survivors remember 1937 flood on 80th anniversary | News | herald-dispatch.com. Describes a first hand account of a survivor of the flood. 1930s floods in the United States 1930s floods Floods, 01-18 Floods, 01-18 Floods, 01-18 Floods, 01-18 Floods, 01-18 Floods, 01-18 Floods, 01-18 01-18 History of Cincinnati History of Louisville, Kentucky History of Pittsburgh Floods, 1937-01-18 Floods, 1937-01-18 Floods, 1937-01-18 Floods, 1937-01-18 Floods, 1937-01-18 Floods, 1937-01-18 Ohio River Ohio River floods Cairo, Illinois

6921667

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa%20River%20flood%20of%201986

Napa River flood of 1986

The Napa River flood of 1986 is considered by many to be the worst flood experienced by Napa, California, during the 20th century. Twenty inches of rain fell in a 48-hour period; 7,000 people were evacuated, 250 homes were destroyed and another 2,500 damaged. Three people died, and estimated damages reached $100 million. Following the flood, residents expressed a renewed urgency to mitigate flooding caused by winter storms, creating obstacles that slowed the flow of the river on its course to the San Francisco Bay. Since the flood, the Napa County Flood Control and Water Conservation District has worked to control the floods by way of the Napa River Flood Project. Another flood of lesser proportions occurred on December 31, 2005, after over a week of rain. Smaller floods occurred in 1995 and 1997. References External links The Napa County Flood Control Official Site 1986 1986 in California 1980s floods in the United States 1980s floods 1986 natural disasters 1986 natural disasters in the United States

6934153

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood%20Tide%20%28novel%29

Flood Tide (novel)

Flood Tide is an adventure novel by Clive Cussler. This is the 14th book featuring the author's primary protagonist, Dirk Pitt. Plot Summary While recovering from his injuries suffered a month earlier as told in Shock Wave, Dirk stumbles upon mysterious activities around a peaceful lake in Washington state. The coin of the realm for the wealthy, insatiably greedy Chinese smuggler is human lives: much of his vast fortune has been made smuggling Chinese immigrants into countries around the globe, including the United States. Tracking the smuggler's activities leads Pitt from Washington State to Louisiana, where his quarry is constructing a huge shipping port in the middle of nowhere. Why has he chosen this unlikely location? The trail then leads to the race to find the site of the mysterious sinking of the ship that Chiang Kai-shek filled with treasure when he fled China in 1949, including the legendary boxes containing the bones of Peking Man that had vanished at the beginning of World War II. As Pitt prepares for a final showdown, he is faced with the most formidable foe he has ever encountered. Characters in Flood Tide Dirk Pitt – Director, Special Projects for the National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA) Admiral James Sandecker – Chief Director of NUMA Al Giordino – Assistant Director, Special Projects for NUMA. Rudi Gunn – Director of Logistics for NUMA. Julia Marie Lee - Undercover agent with the International Affairs Division of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. Born in San Francisco. Has dove-gray eyes, blue-black hair, and Asian features. She is tortured and abused by Shang's henchmen after being found out as a government agent, but Pitt saves her after being thrown into Orion Lake to die. Qin Shang - The greedy, evil, Chinese shipping magnate who smuggles illegal Chinese immigrants into countries around the world; including the United States. Bannon Trivia In July 2005, Major Casey Scharven, a U.S. Air Force officer stationed in Iraq, got his picture taken while sitting on Saddam Hussein's throne and holding a copy of Flood Tide. Release details 1997, United States, Simon & Schuster , 1997, Hardcover. 2002, United States, Pocket Books New ED Edition, , September 2, 2002, Paperback. 2003, United States, Pocket Books, , January 1, 2003, Paperback. 2010, United States, Pocket Star Books, , January 1, 2010 Paperback. References 1997 American novels American thriller novels Novels about smugglers Dirk Pitt novels Simon & Schuster books Books with cover art by Paul Bacon

6982394

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After%20the%20Flood%3A%20Live%20from%20the%20Grand%20Forks%20Prom%2C%20June%2028%2C%201997

After the Flood: Live from the Grand Forks Prom, June 28, 1997

After the Flood: Live from the Grand Forks Prom, June 28, 1997 is the second live album released by Soul Asylum. It was recorded on June 28, 1997, about two months after the Red River Flood of 1997 hit the city of Grand Forks, North Dakota. Soul Asylum played the concert for the joint prom of the local high schools. The event took place in one of the hangars at nearby Grand Forks Air Force Base. The image of the burnt out downtown Security Building taken by Eric Hylden for the Grand Forks Herald is shown on the back cover of the album. Track listing "School's Out" (Bruce, Buxton, Cooper, Dunaway, Smith) – 3:54 "Misery" (Pirner) – 3:45 "Black Gold" (Pirner) – 3:36 "See You Later" (Pirner) – 4:38 "Without a Trace" (Pirner) – 3:19 "Losin' it" (Pirner) – 3:02 "Somebody to Shove" (Pirner) – 3:25 "Just Like Anyone" (Pirner) – 2:47 "The Tracks of My Tears" (Moore, Robinson, Tarplin) – 3:02 "Runaway Train" (Pirner) – 4:34 "We 3" (Pirner) – 4:03 "I Know" (Farris) – 3:22 "Sexual Healing" (Brown, Gaye, Ritz) – 4:43 "The Game" (Pirner) – 4:35 "I Can See Clearly Now" (Nash) – 2:53 "Black Star" (Pirner) – 3:20 "To Sir, with Love" (Black, London) – 2:48 "Rhinestone Cowboy" (Weiss) – 4:53 References Soul Asylum albums Grand Forks, North Dakota 2004 live albums 1997 in North Dakota 1997 Red River flood

7069893

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa%20River%20Flood%20Project

Napa River Flood Project

The Napa River-Napa Creek Flood Protection Project is a Civil Works project of the US Army Corps of Engineers in the city of Napa, California. The Project area includes some 6 miles (10 km) of the Napa River from the Butler Bridge on State Route 29 on the south to Trancas Street on the north. This section is the upper reach of the estuary portion of the Napa River and as such is tidally influenced. The Project also includes improvements to 1 mile (1.6 km) of Napa Creek, the primary tributary to the Napa River. The project is cited as a new way of thinking about flood control due to its "living river" principles. History of Napa River flooding The Napa River runs some 55 miles (89 km) from Mt. St. Helena to San Pablo Bay and drains a watershed of about 426 square miles (1100 km²). The river is prone to seasonal flooding from November through April each year. Flooding that threatens lives and property occurs from the city of St. Helena south through the City of Napa. Recorded history indicates there have been at least 22 serious floods on the Napa River since 1865. The most serious recent floods occurred in 2005, 1997, 1995, and 1986. Process of project approval The US Congress authorized a flood protection project in the City of Napa in 1965 but no funding was provided. Needing matching funds at the local level to gain federal funding, local officials attempted to gain voter support twice in the 1970s but tax measures failed. A severe flood in 1986 regenerated interest and the Army Corps of Engineers was petitioned to reactivate the project. Nine years later, they presented a plan design to the local sponsor, the Napa County Flood Control and Water Conservation District. This design was not well received, as it relied on traditional flood control measures including straightening the main channel and constructing high floodwalls. Napa City Councilmember Cindy Watter described the COE design as a "gulag." Environmental organizations and regulatory agencies were concerned that the proposed project would increase sediment transport and negatively impact native species, including the anadromous steelhead trout. Locals were concerned that the project would reduce access to the river for recreation and inhibit economic development. The Community Coalition Local politicians and interest groups could not support the COE design as presented. Rather than submit it to voters for certain defeat, an ad hoc Community Coalition formed with the intent of re-working the design into a project with a chance of success. With the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Napa County Flood Control and Water Conservation District hoping to find a workable solution, a series of meetings involving some 25 agencies and 400 individuals took place over a two-year span. Groups taking key roles in the Community Coalition included Friends of the Napa River, Napa Valley Economic Development Corporation, Napa County Resource Conservation District, Napa Chamber of Commerce, San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board, California Department of Fish and Game, Sierra Club, Napa Downtown Merchants, and the Flood Plain Business Coalition (also known as the "Red Zone Rangers"). After a prolonged period of design and redesign, a proposition called to fund the plan with a one half cent sales tax called Measure A was placed on the ballot for the county's voters in March 1998. Needing two-thirds support, the measure passed by a margin of 308 votes out of more than 27,000 ballots cast. Yountville was the only city to vote above the 66 2/3%. Their voting carried the passage of the proposition. Living river principles Major objectives of the living river design include reconnecting the river to its historic flood plain, maintaining the natural slope and width of the river, allowing the river to meander as much as possible, retaining natural channel features like mud flats, shallows and sandbars, and supporting a continuous fish and riparian corridor along the river. How it works The average annual flow of the Napa River is about through the populated center of the City of Napa. During a 100-year flood, the flow increases to an estimated to . The Napa River-Napa Creek Flood Protection Project employs a combination of traditional and innovative approaches to reduce the flooding threat. In the downstream project area, dikes have been removed and tidal marshalands have been restored; bridges have been replaced to remove obstacles to water flow; riverbank terracing has been done to provide more room for large volumes of water; a dry bypass channel will be excavated to create a shortcut for fast moving floodwaters to pass through the Oxbow area; new dikes, levees and floodwalls will be built; bank stabilization will be used in specific areas; and detention basins and pump stations will accommodate runoff behind the floodwalls. After much lobbying, work on the Napa Creek portion on the project started in November 2010. This portion of the project was undertaken to control potential flooding in an area along Napa Creek between Jefferson Street and the Napa River in downtown Napa. This area is even more prone to flooding than the river itself. Work in this portion of the project included removal and replacement of existing vehicle bridges, installation of new culvert and reshaping of the creek's bank. Much of this portion of the project was completed in 2013. The project has also funded other river related projects up valley from the work being done in the City of Napa. The remaining work on the project included construction of a flood bypass channel which was finished in 2015. Funding and Controversy Revenues from the 1998 voter approved Measure A half cent sales tax have exceeded expectations and the United States Congress and the California State Legislature have supplemented funding on an intermittent basis with appropriations during the life of the project. In December 2009, United States Senators John McCain and Tom Coburn criticized a $54 million appropriation for replacing two existing railroad trestle bridges over the river with higher ones. The money in the appropriation was part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Replacement of these bridges were part of the project's original plan and the $85 million contract for the work was awarded to the Alaska native corporation Suulutaaq Inc. McCain and Coburn included the appropriation on a list of 100 “wasteful or silly" projects in their 2009 “Stimulus Checkup” report. The bridges are utilized by the privately owned Napa Valley Wine Train. An official spokesman for the City of Napa along with several elected officials accused McCain and Coburn of political grandstanding for including the funding in their report. In 2011, the price of the project was projected to reach $440 million by completion. The half cent sales tax is due to expire in 2018. In early 2012, the Army Corps of Engineers announced that it was allocating $1.3 million to continue federal supervision of the work currently funded on the project which is scheduled for completion in 2013. The project will need additional federal funding of $20 million in order to proceed with construction of a flood control channel that will carry 50% of river flow during potential flooding conditions. Lack of funding could potentially delay completion of the project until 2018. The Obama Administration's proposed 2012 -2013 proposed budget released on February 13. 2012 included no funding allocation for the project. While the Army Corps of Engineers considered their work on the project complete in 2015 following the building of the bypass channel between Veteran's Park and the Oxbow district, Napa County Flood Control and Water Conservation District officials have asked them to continue with other work along the river in order to protect 2000 additional parcels from flooding. This work consists of additional flood walls in the Oxbow district along with other flood walls north and south of downtown Napa and building a pump station at the bypass. The measure A half cent sales tax expired on June 30, 2018. While much of the project's original objectives have been completed, others still remain. Awards The Napa River-Napa Creek Flood Protection Project has received numerous awards including: 1998 American Institute of Architects Award 1998 American Institute of Landscape Architects Award 1998 California League of Cities Helen Putnam Award 1999 Outstanding Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan Implementation Project Award from the San Francisco Bay State Estuary Conference 1999 Governor's Environmental and Economic Leadership Award from the California EPA 2004 Proclamation of Appreciation from the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Francisco Bay Region References External links Information about the Railroad Relocation portion of the project Napa County Flood Control and Water Conservation District Friends of the Napa River Napa, California Buildings and structures in Napa County, California Flood control in the United States Flood control projects History of Napa County, California Napa Valley Rivers of Napa County, California

7242143

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20Boscastle%20flood

2004 Boscastle flood

The 2004 Boscastle flood () occurred on Monday, 16 August 2004 in the two villages of Boscastle and Crackington Haven in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The villages suffered extensive damage after flash floods caused by an exceptional amount of rain that fell over eight hours that afternoon. The flood in Boscastle was filmed and extensively reported but the floods in Crackington Haven and Rocky Valley were not mentioned beyond the local news. The floods were the worst in local memory. A study commissioned by the Environment Agency from hydraulics consulting firm HR Wallingford concluded that it was among the most extreme ever experienced in Britain. The peak flow was about 140 m3/s, between 5:00 pm and 6:00 pm BST. The annual chance of this (or a greater) flood in any one year is about 1 in 400. The probability each year of the heaviest three-hour rainfall is about 1 in 1300 (although rainfall probability is not the same as flood probability). At midday on 16 August 2004, heavy thundery showers had developed across the South West due to a weak disturbance to the northeast of the United Kingdom. The last time Boscastle had suffered notable flooding was in 1996 as a result of Hurricane Lili, but floods are recorded in 1847, 1957, on 3 June 1958 (one man drowned) and on 6 February during the Winter of 1962–63 in the United Kingdom. On 16 August 1952 the small town of Lynmouth, north-east along the north coast in Devon near Exmoor, suffered extensive damage in a catastrophic flood, in which 34 people lost their lives. Coincidentally, this was 52 years to the day before Boscastle's 2004 flood. Causes of the flood On the 16th, warm air picking up moisture – due to residual heat from the Atlantic Ocean – travelled towards the South West Cornish coast as prevailing winds. Upon contact with the topographically vertical coast, these winds experienced a strong up-drafting force thus causing internal moisture to reach the atmosphere, and consequently cool as a string of storm clouds. With convergence and coalescence, enhanced moisture levels resulted in heavy rainfall on the afternoon of 16 August 2004. 185 mm (7 inches) of rain fell over the high ground just inland of Boscastle. At the peak of the downpour, at about 15:40 GMT, 24.1mm of rain (almost one inch) was recorded as falling in just 15 minutes at Lesnewth, up the valley from Boscastle. In Boscastle, of rain was recorded in 60 minutes. The rain was very localised: Otterham and Lesnewth, both a few miles inland from Boscastle, recorded 24 hour totals of 200 mm and 185 mm respectively on the day, whereas four of the nearest 10 rain gauges showed less than 3 mm of rain in the same period. The cause of the very heavy localised rain is thought to be an extreme example of what has become known as the Brown Willy effect. The torrential rain led to a rise in river levels in one hour. A wave, believed to have been triggered by water pooling behind debris caught under a bridge and then being suddenly released as the bridge collapsed, surged down the main road. Water speed was over , more than enough to cause structural damage. It is estimated that of water flowed through Boscastle that day alone. The steep valley sides, and the saturated surface ensured a high amount of surface run-off. Changes in farming practice in the area also possibly contributed, sewage could have been a cause as well, with a reduction of trees and hedges higher up the valley causing water to flow through more quickly than would have been the case in the past. No one died in the flood. Impact of the flood 75 cars, 5 caravans, 6 buildings and several boats were washed into the sea ; approximately 100 homes and businesses were destroyed, and some had to be demolished; trees were uprooted and debris were scattered over a large area. In an operation lasting from mid-afternoon until 2:30 am, a fleet of 7 Westland Sea King helicopters rescued about 150 people clinging to trees and the roofs of buildings and cars. No major injuries or loss of life were reported. It was widely reported by newspapers at the time that the only (and worst) injury was a broken thumb. The estimated cost of damage was £15 million. Work since the flood Most work took place in the winter season (October–May), during the off-season. The carpark was reduced to half capacity (120 spaces) in winter, for works to take place, and then back to 240 spaces in summer. 2004 August: Buildings searched, buried cars removed from harbour, trees removed, roads cleared, B3263 bridge temporary concrete parapets installed. 20 August: Boscastle Coast Path closed 14 September: Work started on the overflow culvert for the Valency River. December: Overflow culvert work completed. Also many hard sticks were inserted into the ground so it would create a barrier against the flood. 2005 Early 2005: Most shops and restaurants re-open Boscastle power system renewed Water supply restored Food supply restored The flood defences were increased Defences improved strongly Rebuilding and repairs are mostly finished 2006 30 October: Work on two underground pumping stations for the sewage treatment scheme began. 1 November: Work started to widen and lower the river channel to increase capacity. December: A new visitor centre opened, in the former Harbour Restaurant, bought by the National Trust. December: The car park level was raised, and extended, reducing the risk of cars being washed away . 2007 January: Work started on the 'gateway building' next to the car park, to contain toilets, a bus shelter, and information boards. April: Work stopped on gateway building due to problems with planning permission, and the building being built taller than expected. 21 June: Boscastle reflooded, although it was not nearly as bad as during the 2004 floods. September: Work restarted on Gateway Building, after planning permission is approved to lower the height of the building October: Work started on rebuilding an old culvert at the top of the village, to allow more water to flow through in periods of heavy rain. October: Work started on installing the pipes for the new sewage treatments works, in the harbour area (between the Lower and Upper bridges). 12 November: The main road in the harbour area was closed, from the bridge to the car park, while Cormac started work on new wider pavements, and Carillion installed pipes under the road for the new sewage treatment works. 14 December: The main road in the harbour area was reopened and temporary traffic lights put in place. 18 December: The new lower bridge was installed. 2008 January: Work on improving the harbour pavements completed. Work on rebuilding the culvert next to the petrol station completed. February: Work began on renewing the culvert in Dunn Street, to allow more water through in times of heavy rain. March: The Harbour area road was resurfaced. Work on rebuilding the culvert in Dunn Street completed. April: Old Lower Bridge was demolished, and the new Lower Bridge was brought into use. The lower bridge The main structure of the former lower bridge survived the flood, however the stone walls did not, and were washed away. On 1 May 2005, the official reopening of the village, wooden fences were used on the bridge to temporarily replace the stone walls. The bridge used to have a concrete plaque on it saying "This bridge is the private property of the lord of the manor, August 1887". This was lost during the flood, but then recovered from the harbour in good condition. This bridge has now been replaced with a new one. During the flood of 2004, 14 cars became lodged beneath it, this had caused a huge backlog of flood water and debris, adding to the damage caused in the surrounding area. The original proposal was for a stone bridge, this was rejected. The second proposal is for a modern concrete bridge, with steel railings. Public consultations were held and villagers were asked to select their preference from four designs; most did not choose the one which has been proposed. This plan was rejected. The new bridge is a few metres further down the river than the old bridge. The bridge was installed on 18 December 2007, and was made by Cornish Concrete, a company based near Truro. The main arch is made from reinforced concrete, with metal railings. The old stone bridge, which was over 100 years old, was demolished in early April 2008. Mini flood – 21 June 2007 Boscastle flooded again, although not nearly as badly as the 2004 floods. After an afternoon of intense localised rainfall, and a week of steady rain everyday, a small flood happened on 21 June 2007. 30 mm fell on the area in one hour. Roads had become flooded in the area and in the village, most water came from the saturated fields around the village. Many drains had become blocked. Roads around the Tintagel, Camelford and Davidstow area were closed off to stop people visiting the village. River levels were alarmingly high, but the banks contained the water. However the many culverts of the River Jordan had overflowed onto the villages roads, adding to the amount of water on the roads. The new storm culvert joining the River Jordan to the River Valency was at full capacity, but did not flood. Services and organisations called in included: Fire crews from Bude, Delabole and Launceston to pump out the water from properties Crews to unblock the blocked up drains in the village The Environment Agency The Police and Council Helicopters from RNAS Culdrose and RMB Chivenor were on stand-by Boscastle Coast Guard The Environment Agency's flood defences installed after the 2004 flood worked and kept the water in the river channel. A few properties in the village were flooded by from water flowing down the streets, rather than from the river flooding, although the damage was not nearly as bad as the 2004 flood. The two main roads (B3266, B3263) were blocked with flood waste and debris, although this was cleared and the roads reopened the following morning. The Environment Agency looked at the culverts around the village and will change them all to modern drainage See also List of natural disasters in the United Kingdom References Weather statistics for Boscastle area (Met Office, 16 August 2004) Prince sees Boscastle devastation (BBC News, 18 August 2004) 'Boscastle Flood' (BBC News, 23 August 2004) Boscastle gets rebuild go-ahead (BBC News, 12 January 2005) Boscastle's mixed recovery (BBC News, 15 August 2005) 'Ghost town' fears over Boscastle (BBC News, 16 August 2005) 'Boscastle, Flash Flood' (YouTube, added 30 April 2009) Boscastle flood study findings(Environment Agency, 12 January 2005) Boscastle Flood Rescue operation helis.com database operations page UK Floods-Case studies of causes and effects and flooding policies, Boscastle Flood- 16th August 2004 Geography of Cornwall Disasters in Cornwall 2004 in England 2004 natural disasters 2000s floods in the United Kingdom 2004 disasters in the United Kingdom 2004 floods Boscastle 2000s in Cornwall August 2004 events in the United Kingdom Boscastle

7397481

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20dioxide%20flooding

Carbon dioxide flooding

Carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding is a process in which carbon dioxide is injected into an oil reservoir to increase the output when extracting oil. This is most often used in reservoirs where production rates have declined due to depletion. Overview When the amount of recoverable oil in an oil reservoir is depleted through primary and secondary production, around 60 to 70% of oil that was originally in the reservoir may still remain. In some cases, carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding may be an ideal tertiary recovery method to recover more of the recoverable oil than could be produced using secondary oil recovery methods. Because of its special properties, CO2 improves oil recovery by lowering interfacial tension, swelling the oil, reducing viscosity of the oil, and by mobilizing the lighter components of the oil. When the injected CO2 and residual oil are miscible, the physical forces holding the two fluids apart effectively disappears. This results in a viscosity reduction of the hydrocarbon and makes it easier to displace the crude oil from the rock pores and sweep it to the production well. In other cases where the CO2 and residual oil are immiscible, the injected CO2 may still be used to drive the crude oil through the formation to be produced. One reason this occurs is because the injected CO2 can flow into the minute pores that are unavailable to oil and water. Process As an oil field matures and production rates decline, there is a growing incentive to intervene and attempt to increase oil output utilizing tertiary recovery techniques (also termed improved or enhanced oil recovery). Petroleum engineers assess available options for increasing reservoir productivity. The options include chemical flooding, thermal/steam injection, and CO2 injection. One of the criteria for determining if CO2 flooding is a candidate for the recovery of oil from the formation is the pressure of the formation. The miscibility of the CO2 and the crude oil is dependent upon the pressure and the temperature. However, since it is difficult to change the temperature of the reservoir, the pressure of the reservoir may be adjusted, to an extent, to bring the reservoir to a pressure that keeps the CO2 in a supercritical state. If a miscible flood is found to be feasible, the pressure is kept above the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP). The pressure may be below the MMP if an immiscible flood is desired. A petroleum engineer will then determine a method of using CO2 flooding to recover petroleum from the reservoir. This may be a continuous injection method, a water alternating gas (WAG) method, or some combination. The amount, or amounts of CO2 will be determined by the amount of the pore volume of the formation that is filled with oil. This is known as the hydrocarbon pore volume (HCPV). The petroleum engineer will also decide if the flood will be a pattern flood or a line drive flood. In a pattern flood, CO2 is usually injected into a number of injection wells surrounding a producing well. Alternatively, CO2 may be injected into injector wells surrounded by producing wells. This is called an inverted pattern. In a line drive, the injection wells are located in a straight line parallel to the production wells. Optimally, a slug of CO2 will mobilize a flood front where the mixture of oil and CO2 will mobilize more oil. This flood front will radiate from each injection well towards the surrounding producing wells where the oil will be produced. The formation of a front is dependent upon the rate that the CO2 is injected, how fast it mobilizes the oil, and the porosity of the formation. Injecting the CO2 too fast will allow the CO2 to channel from the injector directly to a producing well without mobilizing any oil. Injecting CO2 too quickly may fracture the formation, which may again allow channeling from the injector to any or all of the producing wells. Also, injecting CO2 may migrate fines, which are small particles of clay and minerals, may plug the pores and prevent the mobilization of oil through the formation. In a continuous flood, a slug of CO2 will be continuously injected and not followed by any other fluid. The amount of CO2 is usually calculated to be around 100% of the HCPV of the field or pattern. In a water alternating gas (WAG) process, slugs of CO2 are followed by slugs of water. The overall amount of CO2 may be between 40% and 50% of the HCPV. The WAG process is known to reduce channeling of the CO2. Formations and Oil Sandstone and carbonate reservoirs (such as limestone or dolomite) are preferred for this method over reservoirs with ultra-low permeability such as shale due to the risk of CO2 channeling through hydraulic or natural fractures in the rock. CO2 flooding is still sometimes used in these instances, but usually using the "huff and puff" CO2 injection method, which allows the CO2 to soak in a reservoir after being pumped in through the injection well for a period of time before the production well is opened and put back into functionality. This method reduces the chances of unwanted channeling, and increases the amounts of oil that may be recovered as opposed to the more common CO2 injection water alternating gas process (WAG) or by following a soak of CO2 with steam. Miscible CO2 flooding is a method preferred for medium to light oils due to the mobility ratio between the CO2 and the oil. The mobility ratio refers to the ratio of the mobility of the CO2 fluid injected into a reservoir for secondary or tertiary production versus the mobility of the oil. For medium or light oils with a high API gravity, fluids or gases that are less viscous themselves can be used. However, if an injection fluid or gas that had lower viscosity was used on a heavy crude oil or bitumen, the injection fluid or gas would bypass the oil and result in a poorly swept reservoir. In cases where the reservoir is filled with extremely heavy oil or bitumen, steam injection, or other methods that employ heat, are much more commonly favored so that the mobility or viscosity of the oil can be lowered and the extraction will become easier. Generally, reservoirs with lighter oils will have higher recovery percentages with primary and secondary recovery methods, but reservoirs with heavier oils or bitumen will have much lower recovery with primary and secondary recovery methods and the transition from secondary to tertiary methods will have to occur much earlier in the reservoir's lifespan. History Using CO2 for enhanced oil recovery was first investigated and patented in 1952. In 1964, a field test was conducted at the Mead Strawn Field, which involved the injection of a large slug of CO2 (25% of the hydrocarbon pore volume or HCPV) followed by carbonated water at reservoir conditions. Results indicated that 53 to 82 percent more oil was produced by the CO2 flood than was produced by water in the best areas of the waterflood. The process was first commercially attempted in 1977 in Scurry County, Texas. Since then, the process has become extensively used in the Permian basin region of the US and is now more recently is being pursued in many different states. It is now being more actively pursued in China and throughout the rest of the world. Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide In connection with greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, CO2 flooding may be used to sequester CO2 underground and therefore offset CO2 emissions elsewhere. See also Petroleum Industry Supercritical carbon dioxide References External links PetroWiki - Miscible flooding PetroWiki - Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Petroleum production

7675001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods%20in%20Saint%20Petersburg

Floods in Saint Petersburg

Floods in Saint Petersburg refer to a rise of water on the territory of St. Petersburg, a major city in Russia and its former capital. They are usually caused by the overflow of the delta of Neva River and surging water in the eastern part of Neva Bay but sometimes caused by melting snow. Floods are registered when the water rises above 160 cm with respect to a gauge at the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute. More than 300 floods have occurred since the city was founded in 1703. The construction of Saint Petersburg Dam, started in 1978 and completed in 2011, is expected to protect the city from devastating floods. The dam is the last completed part of the Saint Petersburg Ring Road. Its first use to hold back the incoming Baltic water into Neva bay took place 28 November 2011 and had resulted in decrease of water rise to 1.3 MASL, that is below flood level equal to 1.6 masl, which prevented the 309th flood in the history of the city and saved some 1.3 billion roubles of possible damage. Causes Floods in St. Petersburg are caused by several factors. Cyclones, originating in the Baltic Sea with a prevalence of west winds, induce a "slow" matched Kelvin wave to rise and move towards the delta of Neva River where it meets the natural river flow moving in the opposite direction. The water level rises because of the shallowness of Neva Bay, flatness of its bottom and the narrowing of the Gulf of Finland near the delta. Seiches, onsets and another factors also contribute to the floods. Besides flooding as a result of storm surges, in 1903, 1921 and 1956 floods were caused by the melting of snow. History Prior to the founding of St. Petersburg in 1703, the largest flood occurred in 1691. Swedish annals report that the water covered the entire area of the present St. Petersburg by . Knowing about frequent floods from the locals, the Swedes laid the fortress Nyenschantz and the city of Nyen away from the delta upstream of the Neva River, at the confluence of the river Ohta to Neva. The first flood in St. Petersburg city occurred 3 months after its founding, on the night of 19 to 20 August 1703. The water rose more than 2 meters. The water rose much higher on 20 September 1706, which in his letter to Alexander Menshikov, Peter I described as "the west-south-west wind brought the flood undescribed before. In my offices, it stood 21 inches above the floor, and people traveled by boats through the city streets. Yet it did not last long, less than 3 hours. And it was amusing to see people on the roofs and trees... Water was high, but didn't cause much harm ". Engineering measures were instituted in the early 18th century, and the central part of the city was flooded by only 130–150 cm. Floods are registered in St. Petersburg when water rises above 160 cm at the level gauge at the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute; floods up to 210 cm are considered dangerous, up to 299 cm very dangerous and above 300 cm catastrophic. Of the 324 floods in the history of St. Petersburg, three were catastrophic. Most floods occur in between September and December. Between 1703 and 2003, 324 floods were recorded with the height above 160 cm, of which 210 were higher than 210 cm. Some years have had several floods (five in 1752), and there are periods in which no flooding occurred (e.g. 1744–1752). Largest floods The following table lists the 50 largest floods since 1703. The largest flood occurred in 1824 and killed several hundred people. This flood inspired the poem The Bronze Horseman by Alexander Pushkin. A recent large flood (239 cm) occurred on 8–9 January 2005 caused by the cyclone Erwin. Six metro stations were closed. There were three floods in 2008, all below 200 centimeters. Protective dam Construction of a complex of dams protecting St. Petersburg from the floods began in 1979 but was halted in the 1990s when 60% was completed. The construction was resumed in 2005 and the completed dam was inaugurated on 12 August 2011. The dam is also the last completed part of the Saint Petersburg Ring Road, providing direct roadway access from mainland to the Kotlin Island and Kronshtadt. The first use of the dam to hold back the incoming Baltic water into Neva bay took place 28 November 2011, when a major storm came from Scandinavia and caused a surge wave. Closing the dam had resulted in decrease of water rise to 1.3 masl, that is below flood level equal to 1.6 masl, which prevented the flood and saved some 1.3 billion roubles of possible damage. Though the 309th flood in the history of the city happened a month later at 27—28 December 2011, when despite closing the dam gates heavy cyclone forced the water to rise up to 1.7 masl which couldn't make serious damage to the city. Specialists suppose that if there were no dam, there could have been level up to 2.3 masl with serious consequences. See also Geography of Saint Petersburg History of Saint Petersburg References Saint Petersburg History of Saint Petersburg

7806078

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%20Thames%20flood

1928 Thames flood

The 1928 Thames flood was a disastrous flood of the River Thames that affected much of riverside London on 7 January 1928, as well as places further downriver. Fourteen people died and thousands were made homeless when floodwaters poured over the top of the Thames Embankment and part of the Chelsea Embankment collapsed. It was the last major flood to affect central London, and, along with the disastrous North Sea flood of 1953, helped lead to the implementation of new flood control measures that culminated in the construction of the Thames Barrier in the 1970s. Causes of the flood During Christmas 1927, heavy snow fell in the Cotswolds in west-central England, where the Thames has its source. A sudden thaw occurred over New Year's Eve, followed by unusually heavy rain, doubling the volume of water coming down the river. The sudden rise in water level coincided with a high spring tide and a storm surge caused by a major extra-tropical cyclone in the North Sea. The storm surge raised the water levels in the Thames Estuary, measured at Southend, to above normal. The funnelling of the water further up the river caused its level to rise even higher. The situation was worsened by capital dredging that had been carried out between 1909 and 1928, deepening the river channel by about to allow access for deeper-draughted vessels to the Port of London. This had the side-effect of making it easier for seawater to flow up the Thames on a high tide, increasing the flow on a mean tide by about 4% and raising the tidal range by about . This produced the highest water levels ever recorded in the Thames in London. The flood peaked at about 1:30 am on 7 January when a level of above the datum line was recorded, nearly a foot higher than the previous record. Extensive flooding resulted as the river overflowed the Embankments from the City of London and Southwark up to Putney and Hammersmith. Serious flooding was also reported in Greenwich, Woolwich and other locations further downriver, causing major property damage. Consequences The damage caused by the flood took several years to repair. Millbank, the most seriously affected area, was largely rebuilt from scratch; many of the run-down dwellings and warehouses that had characterised the area were so badly damaged that they had to be demolished, while the rest were torn down as part of the area's post-flood regeneration. They were replaced with modern office blocks and apartment buildings. Imperial Chemical House (designed by Sir Frank Baines, the Principal Architect of the Government's Office of Works) was one of the new buildings constructed in the area in 1927–29. The current headquarters of MI5, Thames House, was built to a very similar (though not identical) design in 1929–1930 on the other side of Horseferry Road, with the two buildings forming a landmark pair of office blocks facing the river. A new Lambeth Bridge was constructed to replace its dilapidated predecessor, and Horseferry Road was widened to afford access to the bridge. The height of the Embankments was raised and the river wall was strengthened along substantial parts of the river. Proposals were made for the construction of a Thames flood barrier, but these came to nothing, due to concerns that such a barrier would impede shipping access to the London docks. The flood of January 1928 was the last major flood in the city centre, although the North Sea flood of 1953 came within millimetres of overtopping the Embankment, and did flood Bermondsey and some other low-lying parts of the city. Another flood affected the lower Thames in 1959. In response to the threat of such floods happening again, plans were made in the mid-1960s to build a flood barrier on the Thames to guard against the threat of storm surges. By then, much of London's shipping had moved to Tilbury Docks further downriver, greatly reducing the navigational difficulties that a barrier would present. The Thames Barrier project finally got under way in 1974, with the barrier officially opening in 1984. Damage resulting from the flood A considerable area of the city centre was flooded by this unprecedented combination of events. The first section of the riverbank to give way was opposite the Tate Gallery at Millbank, where a section of the Chelsea Embankment collapsed. The gallery was flooded almost to the tops of the doors on the ground floor (a depth of between five and eight feet 1.5 to 2.4 m), which caused damage to many paintings in the gallery's collections, most notably those of J. M. W. Turner. Near Lambeth Bridge the embankment gave way, sending a wall of water through a generally poor and run-down area; there, nine people drowned (and one died of a heart attack brought on by shock) in their basement apartments, unable to escape from where they were living. Another two people died in Hammersmith, and two more in Fulham. Another 4,000 Londoners were made homeless as water filled the streets to a depth of . Westminster Hall and the House of Commons were also flooded, as were the London Underground stations and lines along the riverside. The moat at the Tower of London, which had been empty for over 80 years, was refilled by the river, and the Blackwall and Rotherhithe Tunnels were submerged. Other buildings that flooded were Lots Road Power Station and Wandsworth Gas Works. The Manchester Guardian described the scene on the morning of 7 January: The flood was short-lived, and the waters subsided by the end of the day. However, it took considerably longer to drain the many roads, tunnels, basements and cellars that had been flooded. References Disasters in London 1928 Thames 1928 natural disasters 20th-century floods in the United Kingdom 1920s floods 1928 in England 1928 in London 1928 Thames flood 1928 Storm tides of the North Sea 1928 disasters in the United Kingdom January 1928 events

8013413

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby%20Flood

Toby Flood

Tobias Gerald Albert Cecil Lieven Flood (born 8 August 1985) is an English rugby union coach and former player. He is currently kicking and skills coach at Newcastle Falcons in Premiership Rugby. During his playing career his position was fly half or inside centre. He played over 300 games in his club career across his three professional clubs, Newcastle Falcons, Toulouse and Leicester Tigers. He played 60 international matches for England between 2006 and 2014. Early life Toby Flood was born on 8 August 1985 at Frimley Park Hospital in Frimley, Surrey. Both of his grandfathers were actors. His paternal grandfather, Gerald Flood, voiced the robot companion Kamelion in Doctor Who. His maternal grandfather was German actor Albert Lieven, who appeared in The Guns of Navarone, and his maternal grandmother was English actress Susan Shaw. Flood's father (Tim) was Theatre Manager of the National Theatre, London, General Manager at the Redgrave Theatre, Farnham and (2013) the Programme and Marketing manager of the Customs House Theatre, South Shields. Flood was brought up in Morpeth, Northumberland where he attended Chantry School. He also went to the Kings School in Tynemouth. Flood graduated from Northumbria University in 2007 with a degree in business management, and has also undertaken a Graduate Diploma in Law, in preparation for his planned post-rugby career as a lawyer. Club career Newcastle Falcons A product of the Falcons academy, his third year at the university was completed on a part-time basis due to his rugby commitments. Jonny Wilkinson trained the Kings School first team while Flood was a student there. Leicester Tigers On 3 May 2008, it was announced that Flood was set to leave Newcastle Falcons for Leicester Tigers. He was officially confirmed as a Leicester player on 11 June 2008. As a Tigers player, he settled at fly-half, having been switched between centre and fly-half in his career up until then. He was the first to top their points scoring list in a debut season since Dusty Hare in 1976–77. His debut game was in the first game of the season, against Gloucester, in which he managed to score a try. The shine came off his season, however, when he injured his Achilles tendon in the 2008–09 Heineken Cup semi-final game against Cardiff Blues – right before professional rugby's first ever sudden-death kicking competition. He was unable to take part in either of the Tigers' finals that year. The injury ruled Flood out of the first two months of the 2009–10 season as well, and he returned in November, in a 2009–10 LV= Cup win against Newport Gwent Dragons. He stayed relatively injury-free for the rest of the season, however, and his good form helped the Tigers to top the table. They went on to win the 2009–10 Guinness Premiership final 33–27 against Saracens. Flood captained the Tigers to victory over fierce rivals Northampton Saints in the 2013 Premiership Rugby final. On 21 December 2013, it was announced that Flood would leave the Tigers. Toulouse The Daily Telegraph reported that Flood had signed for Toulouse. Return to Newcastle Falcons and retirement On 9 May 2017, it was announced that Flood would return to Newcastle Falcons for the 2017–18 season, signalling a return to his first top-flight club more than 9 years after he left them for Tigers. On 6 September 2021 Flood announced his retirement from playing and his new role as kicking and skills coach for Newcastle. International career In the autumn of 2006, he came on twice as a fly-half replacement for England, his first cap coming in the defeat to Argentina. With Brian Ashton installed as the new England head coach, Flood was selected in the Elite squad for England's 2007 Six Nations campaign. Flood came on as a replacement in the game against to win his fourth England cap. He started his first game for England against at Twickenham and went on to score a try, helping England to a 26–18 victory. His personal points tally in the match was 16 points. Flood also started in the defeat to . Ashton included Flood in the Elite squad for 2007 Rugby World Cup campaign of France, as a replacement for then Newcastle teammate Jamie Noon. He came on as a substitute in the quarter-final against Australia, which England won 12–10. Flood also came off the bench in the semi-final win over France and in the loss in the World Cup final to South Africa. He scored England's opening try in the 2008 Six Nations game against Wales, and managed another the following game against . After acting as a substitute in the first two games of the 2009 Six Nations, Flood started the away game against , and held onto the fly-half jersey for the remaining two wins against France and Scotland. His achilles injury saw him lose it to former clubmate Jonny Wilkinson for the 2009 autumn internationals, but he started the first 2010 Six Nations game against Wales at inside centre, due to an injury to Riki Flutey. He finished the Six Nations once more in possession of the England 10 shirt during the game against France, and retained it for the summer tour. Although England lost the first game, Flood was able to link up with his club colleague Ben Youngs in a strong half-back pairing in the second. A much improved performance saw England beat Australia 20–21. Flood's link with Youngs developed over the autumn internationals, starting with a good display in a loss to New Zealand. The team peaked in the Test against Australia, in which Flood had an immaculate game with the boot. He scored 25 points, which is the most points recorded by an Englishman against the Wallabies. He also helped England to a victory over Samoa, but was injured early into the last game with South Africa, and later revealed he couldn't remember anything after the incident. In the 2011 Six Nations, Flood and Youngs again combined to great success, Flood gaining man of the match for a strong display against Wales at the Millennium Stadium. He was also a key component in several of the tries scored against Italy, developing a key relationship with wing Chris Ashton. Despite Flood's good form for England during their championship winning 2011 six nations he had been dropped for Jonny Wilkinson by the start of the Rugby World Cup 2011. He did however start the quarter-final defeat to France at no.12. Flood was a hot favourite for the England captaincy when Stuart Lancaster took over from Martin Johnson after the 2011 world cup. However he was not available for much of the 2012 six nations and Owen Farrell seized his chance at fly half. Although Flood did regain the number 10 shirt on the tour to South Africa and in the autumn internationals of that year. A combination of injuries and Lancaster's preference for Owen Farrell's pragmatic approach- as well as Farrell's key role in England's shock win over New Zealand- limited his game time after this. Flood's final start for England was against Italy in the 2013 Six Nations tournament. He effectively ended his England career by signing for Top 14 club Toulouse. In an interview with The Times on 21 August 2017, Flood revealed that he would consider resurrecting his Test career by playing rugby for Germany. Changes to the World Rugby eligibility regulations introduced in 2017 allow a player to make a one-time switch of nationality by playing in an Olympic event for the player's new country, provided that said player has not represented his or her first country for three years and holds nationality in the second country. Flood applied for a German passport following the 2016 Brexit vote, and has already satisfied the three-year stand-down period. Flood can qualify for Germany if he plays for the country in the 2020 Olympics sevens qualifiers, to be held in 2019. References External links Leicester Tigers profile England profile 1985 births Living people British people of Prussian descent England international rugby union players English people of German descent English rugby union players Leicester Tigers players Newcastle Falcons players People educated at The King's School, Tynemouth Rugby union centres Rugby union fly-halves Rugby union players from Frimley Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge Cambridge University R.U.F.C. players 2007 Rugby World Cup players 2011 Rugby World Cup players

8039625

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Flood

Tom Flood

Tom Flood is an Australian novelist, editor, manuscript assessor, songwriter and musician. Early life Tom Flood was born in Sydney in New South Wales, and grew up in Western Australia. He is the son of Dorothy Hewett and Les Flood. He is the brother of Joe Flood, Michael Flood, Kate Lilley and Rozanna Lilley. Literature His first novel Oceana Fine won the 1988 Australian/Vogel Literary Award, the 1990 Miles Franklin Award and the 1990 Vance Palmer Prize for Fiction. He has had a handful of short stories published in newspapers and journals, both Australian and international. Assessment In 2005 he started Flood Manuscripts, an assessment and editing service for writers. In 2015 he became an editor and assessor with the international writing and publishing services aggregator, reedsy, concluded 2017. Music In 2010 Flood formed the acoustic blues and roots band BluesAngels. They released a limited edition EP on CD in 2013, 'Best Be Blue', an album on CD and digitally in 2014, Devil Don't Believe and a music video Needle Never Caught in 2018. A pre-release 4-track EP, Rough Halos, was available in 2019. Awards Australian/Vogel Literary Award, Oceana Fine, 1988 Miles Franklin Award, Oceana Fine, 1990 Victorian Premier's Literary Award Vance Palmer Prize for Fiction, Oceana Fine, 1990 Works Novels Oceana Fine (1989) Drama Model Citizen (1993) Reviews Oceana Fine Westerly, Sept. 1990, p. 93-94 West Australian, 22 October 1988, Weekend p. XI Sydney Morning Herald, 20 December 1990, p. 50 1955 births Living people Australian dramatists and playwrights Australian male short story writers Miles Franklin Award winners Writers from Sydney Writers from Western Australia 20th-century Australian novelists 20th-century Australian male writers 20th-century Australian short story writers Australian male novelists

8052244

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic%20River%20Flood%20Tunnel

Passaic River Flood Tunnel

The Passaic River Flood Tunnel is a proposal for a flood relief tunnel from the central portion of the Passaic River basin in Passaic County, New Jersey in an area where a number of large tributary rivers join the Passaic River and severe flooding occasionally occurs. The tunnel would provide relief to an area that experiences severe flooding events which cause tens of millions in property damage and disruption to lives. The tunnel would stretch from the Wayne, New Jersey area to Newark Bay, a distance of approximately twenty miles. Origin of tunnel The Passaic River Flood Tunnel idea has its origins in the federally appointed Flood District Commission that existed from 1902 through 1936, and was assigned the task of formulating plans to alleviate persistent flooding in the Passaic River Basin. Proposed tunnel plan After several failed proposals over the decades, the modern vision of the Passaic River Flood Tunnel took shape in the mid 1980s as the State of New Jersey selected a modified Army Corps of Engineers preferred alternative: The Pompton/Passaic Dual Inlet Tunnel Diversion Plan. The major elements of the proposed project were a , tunnel and a , spur tunnel, two inlets, one outlet, at least four workshafts along the tunnel pathway, "natural" storage areas, channel modifications, ponding areas, levees, and flood walls. The outlet of the tunnel would be located in Newark Bay, 1,500 feet south of Kearny Point. The main tunnel would carry flood waters from the primary inlet at the confluence of the Pequannock, Wanaque, Ramapo, and Pompton Rivers just above the junction with the Passaic River; an area that is most prone to severe flooding in the Passaic River basin. A spur would carry floodwaters from an inlet along the Passaic River, downstream from Two Bridges, to a connection with the main tunnel beneath the borough of Totowa, New Jersey. A Floodwarning and Forecasting System would be pressed into service to establish operating signals for the tunnel. Most of the major channel modifications would be built near the two tunnel inlets. The modifications would modify several portions of the Passaic, Pompton, Ramapo, Wanaque, and Pequannock Rivers. There are also two interim projects that would be constructed prior to the construction of the flood tunnel. These two projects include major stream alterations, including channelization to the Saddle River and Ramapo River. The cost estimate for the tunnel in the late 1990s was $1.8 billion. Current status The State and Federal governments prefer to buy out properties in the Passaic River Basin that are prone to flooding, rather than embarking on a large-scale engineering and construction project such as the proposed flood-control. Source: Passaic River Info Passaic River Flood control projects Flood control in the United States

8414323

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood%20stage

Flood stage

Flood stage is the water level or stage at which the surface of a body of water has risen to a sufficient level to cause sufficient inundation of areas that are not normally covered by water, causing an inconvenience or a threat to life and property. When a body of water rises to this level, it is considered a flood event. Flood stage does not apply to areal flooding. As areal flooding occurs, by definition, over areas not normally covered by water, the presence of any water at all constitutes a flood. Usually, moderate and major stages are not defined for areal floodplains. Definition Flood stage is the water level, as read by a stream gauge or tide gauge, for a body of water at a particular location, measured from the level at which a body of water threatens lives, property, commerce, or travel. The term "at flood stage" is commonly used to describe the point at which this occurs. "Gauge height" (also referred to as "stream stage", "stage of the [body of water]", or simply "stage") is the level of the water surface above an established zero datum at a given location. The zero level can be arbitrary, but it is usually close to the bottom of the stream or river or at the average level of standing bodies of water. Stage was traditionally measured visually using a staff gauge, which is a fixed ruler marked in 1/100 and 1/10 foot intervals, however electronic sensors that transmit real-time information to the Internet are now used for many of these kinds of measurements. The flood stage measurements are given as a height above or below the zero level. Levels below zero are reported as a negative value. While usually the flood stage is set at the elevation of the floodplain, it can be higher (if there are no structures, roads, or farming areas immediately on the floodplain) or lower (if there are structures such as marinas, lake houses, or docks low on the banks or shores of the body of water) depending on the location. Because flood stage is defined by impacts to people, as opposed to the natural topography of the area, flood stages are usually only calculated for bodies of water near communities. The flood stage can be listed for an entire community, in which case it is often set to the lowest man-made structure or road in the area, the lowest farming field in the area, or the floodplain. It can also be set for a specific location ("flood stage is 12 feet on Maple Street at First Avenue" means that the specified intersection will begin to flood when the stage reaches ). In the United States during flood events, the National Weather Service will issue flood warnings that list the current and predicted stages for affected communities as well as the local flood stage. Current stage data is collected by the USGS using a network of gauges, over 9000 of which transmit real time data via satellite, radio, or telephone. Many communities have inundation maps that provide information on which areas will flood at which stages. Flood categories In the United States, there are five levels of flooding. Action Stage Rivers: typically at this level, the water surface is generally near or slightly above the top of its banks, but no man-made structures are flooded; typically any water overflowing is limited to small areas of parkland or marshland. Coastlines: at action stage, usually elevated tides and minor inundation of low-lying beach areas occurs. Minor Flood Stage Rivers: minor flooding is expected at this level, slightly above flood stage. Few, if any, buildings are expected to be inundated, however, roads may be covered with water, parklands, and lawns may be inundated and water may go under buildings on stilts or higher elevations. Coastlines: water will usually run all the way up to the dune in waves during a minor flood. Overwash may occur on shoreline roads. Lifeguard structures and beach concession stands will usually be flooded and may be damaged by surf. Moderate Flood Stage Rivers: inundation of buildings usually begins at this stage. Roads are likely to be closed and some areas cut off. Some evacuations may be necessary. Coastlines: at moderate flood stage, usually water overtops the natural dune and begins flooding coastal areas. Shoreline roadways and beaches will often be completely flooded out. High surf usually associated with this level of flooding may pound some oceanside structures like piers, boardwalks, docks, and lifeguard stations apart. Beach houses may be damaged by water and surf, especially if lacking stilts. Major Flood Stage Rivers: significant to catastrophic, life-threatening flooding is usually expected at this stage. Extensive flooding with some low-lying areas completely inundated is likely. Structures may be completely submerged. Large-scale evacuations may be necessary. Coastlines: Water surges over not only the dune, but also man-made walls and roads. Large and destructive waves pound weak structures and severely damage well-built homes and businesses. Overwash occurs on high-level seawalls. If major flooding occurs at high tide, impacts may be felt well inland. If cities are at or below sea level, catastrophic flooding can inundate the entire city and cause millions or billions of dollars in damage (as occurred in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina). Record Flood Stage Rivers: at this level, the river is at its highest that it has been since records began for the area where the stream gauge is located. This does not necessarily imply a major flood. Some areas may have never experienced major flooding, and thus record stage is in the moderate category. Coastlines: Usually, record flooding at the coast is associated with tropical cyclones, but it may be associated with coastal storms, Nor'easters, seiches caused by earthquakes, strong thunderstorms, or tsunamis. Destruction is often extensive and may extend a far distance inland. References External links Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service U.S. National Streamflow Information Program Hydrology

8461991

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg%20Flood

Winnipeg Flood

Winnipeg Flood may refer to: 1950 Red River flood 1997 Red River flood

8499860

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Moomins%20and%20the%20Great%20Flood

The Moomins and the Great Flood

The Moomins and the Great Flood (Swedish: , literally The Little Trolls and the Great Flood) is a book written by Finnish author Tove Jansson in 1945, during the last months of World War II. It was the first book to star the Moomins, but is often seen as a prelude to the main Moomin books, as most of the main characters are introduced in the next book. Plot Moominmamma and Moomintroll are travelling through a dark and scary forest looking for Moominpappa, who has gone off adventuring with the Hattifatteners. They meet a little creature, who joins them (in later books he is named Sniff). They use a glowing tulip to light their way, and are attacked by a giant serpent whilst crossing a swamp. They are saved when a beautiful young girl with shining blue hair called Tulippa emerges from the tulip and scares the serpent away. They later arrive at a mountain and find the home of an old man, who invites them to live in his garden, which is made entirely of sweets. However, when they find out that the sun is really a giant lamp and there's no real food, they leave and continue their journey, travelling through the mountain to the beach on the other side. On the beach, Moominmamma gets attacked by an ant-lion, but Moomintroll and the others manage to save her. Deciding to move on, they come across a group of Hattifatteners about to set sail on a boat, and join them. A storm strikes, but a sea-troll helps them out and navigates the boat to a large harbour where they go ashore. Parting ways with the Hattifatteners, they travel inland and meet a boy with red hair who lives in a lighthouse. Tulippa decides to stay with him, but the others set out after Moominpappa when they learn from the boy that he had passed through recently. Soon a rainstorm that lasts for several days causes a flood, and Moominmamma saves a family of cats. When the rain stops, they sail across the flooded landscape on an armchair and find a message in a bottle from Moominpappa, saying he has escaped the flood by climbing up a tree. As the water starts going down, they finally reach dry land and start searching for Moominpappa. Unsuccessful at first, they finally find him with the help of a marabou stork who flies them up into the air. Reunited, the Moomin family and the little creature travel on until they find the house Moominpappa had built, carried into a small valley by the flood, and decide to live there. English translation This was the last Moomin book to be translated into English, in 2005, to celebrate 60 years of the Moomins. It was published by Schildts Förlags Ab publishing house in a limited hardback version. This book is still published by Schildts and could be bought on their website as of February 2011. The book gained a good reception from The Guardian. References External links The Moomin Trove 1945 children's books 1945 fantasy novels Debut fantasy novels 20th-century Finnish novels Moomin books Novels about floods Swedish-language novels 1945 debut novels 1945 Finnish novels Children's books about floods

8585407

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood-meadow

Flood-meadow

A flood-meadow (or floodmeadow) is an area of grassland or pasture beside a river, subject to seasonal flooding. Flood-meadows are distinct from water-meadows in that the latter are artificially created and maintained, with flooding controlled on a seasonal and even daily basis. Examples Austria: Hohenau an der March Bosnia and Herzegovina: List of karst polje in Bosnia and Herzegovina Estonia: Emajõe flood-meadow Kasari, Matsalu National Park Finland: Mattholmsfladan, Pargas Levänluhta, Isokyrö Ireland: Shannon Callows United Kingdom: Angel & Greyhound Meadow, Oxford Christchurch Meadows, Reading Christ Church Meadow, Oxford Mill Meadows, Henley-on-Thames Port Meadow, Oxford Mottey Meadows, Staffordshire Riverside Park, St Neots, Cambridgeshire References See also Coastal plain Field Flooded grasslands and savannas Plain Prairie Riparian zone Wet meadow Floodplain Berm Riparian zone Meadows Rivers Environmental terminology Water and the environment

8645441

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%3A%20Implication%20Flooding

Black: Implication Flooding

Black: Implication Flooding is a collaborative album between Japanese experimental artist Keiji Haino and Japanese experimental band Boris, released on Inoxia Records in 1998. The album was recorded live at Koenji 20000V on August 31, 1997, and features edited cuts from that concert. Track listing Personnel Takeshi Ohtani - Bass, Vocals Atsuo Mizuno - Drums, Vocals Wata - Guitar, Vocals External links A flyer of the show Unofficial Keiji Haino Homepage (English) Haino's Official page (Japanese) Boris (band) live albums 1998 live albums Inoxia Records live albums

8705186

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood%20%28Boris%20album%29

Flood (Boris album)

Flood is the third album by Japanese experimental band Boris, released on December 15, 2000. It consists of a single 70-minute title-track that is broken into four movements. While Flood did not receive many reviews upon release, it has become a cult classic among fans, prompting the band to play it in its entirety every night of their 2013 US-based "Residency Tour". Musical style The album marked a change in musical direction; it features less of the abrasive sound heard on Absolutego and Amplifier Worship, and incorporated minimalism and progressive rock elements. Track listing Credits Line-up Atsuo – drums, percussion, gong, vocals Takeshi – vocals, bass, guitar, words Wata – guitar, effects Additional personnel Boris – producer Hiroshi Okura – executive producer Tetsuya "Cherry" Tochigi – engineer Hiroyasu Tahira – engineer assistant Miyuki Kobayashi – engineer assistant Masashi Tsukahara – album coordination Toshiaki Shimizu – A&R Fangs Anal Satan – artwork Eri Shabata – photography Shuji Kitamura – mastering Pressing information References External links Inoxia Records Boris Homepage 2000 albums Boris (band) albums Drone metal albums Post-rock albums

8801665

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Enchaf%C3%A8d%20Flood

The Enchafèd Flood

The Enchafèd Flood: or, The Romantic Iconography of the Sea is a book of three lectures by W. H. Auden, first published in 1950. The book contains Auden's 1949 Page-Barbour Lectures at the University of Virginia. The three lectures are titled "The Sea and the Desert", "The Stone and the Shell", and "Ishmael–Don Quixote". The theme of the book is the sensibility of romanticism, especially in its search for escape from responsibility and community. It deals with poems by Coleridge, Byron, Hopkins, Blake, but above all with Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, which is analysed with psychoanalytical tools (especially used to interpret the main characters of the novel) and with an analogical interpretation of such symbols as the sea, the ship, the stone, and the shell. The book is dedicated to Alan Ansen. The title comes from a line in Act 2, Scene 1 of Shakespeare's Othello. References Edward Mendelson, Later Auden (1999) External links The W. H. Auden Society 1950 non-fiction books Enchafed Flood, The (1950) Random House books Books of lectures

8840191

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood%20gun

Flood gun

A flood gun is an electromechanical device that provides a steady flow of low-energy electrons to a desired target or "flood area." Typically, the target is an area on an insulator or semiconductor where another "writing gun" has just left a net positive charge. If the energy of a flood gun's electrons is properly balanced, each impinging flood gun electron knocks out one secondary electron from the target, thus preserving the net charge in the target area. This is called "charge neutralization." Flood guns are typically used in photoelectron spectroscopy, oscilloscopes and ion beam implanters as their secondary electron gun. References Barnard, B. R. "Flood Gun for Charge Neutralization", 2005 Vacuum tube displays

8921315

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbrian%20flood

Cymbrian flood

The Cymbrian flood (or Cimbrian flood) was, according to certain Roman accounts, a large-scale incursion of the sea in the region of the Jutland peninsula in the period 120 to 114 BCE, resulting in a permanent alteration of the coastline with much land lost. Supposedly as a result of this flood, the Cimbri migrated south and, together with the Ambrones and Teutons, came into conflict with the Romans, precipitating the Cimbrian War (113 to 101 BCE). The contemporary Greek geographer Strabo, though sceptical, describes the flood and its consequences thus: Researchers such as Jürgen Spanuth (1907–1998) have sought to push back the date of the Cymbrian flood by more than a millennium, severing its historical links with the wanderings of the Cimbri and Teutons and linking it instead with the Invasions of the Sea Peoples of the late 13th and early 12th centuries BCE, driven from their northern homelands to attack the settled kingdoms of the Mediterranean. References Floods in Europe 2nd century BC Storm tides of the North Sea Ancient natural disasters 1st-millennium BC natural disasters 110s BC Natural disasters in Denmark Jutland

8930245

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20Kuala%20Lumpur%20floods

1971 Kuala Lumpur floods

The 1971 Kuala Lumpur floods was a major flash flood disaster in Malaysia that occurred in January 1971. The flooding was the result of heavy monsoon rains, which swelled the Klang, Batu, and Gombak rivers. 32 people were killed and 180,000 people were affected. The Malaysian Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak declared a state of national disaster in Western Malaysia. The floods were the worst in the country since 1926. As a result of the flooding, the Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation Programme was set up. References Further reading Chronicles of Malaysia (1957-2007) 1971 Kuala 1970s in Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Floods, 1971 20th-century floods in Asia 1970s floods 1971 natural disasters Kuala Lumpur floods

8940262

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Dayton%20Flood

Great Dayton Flood

The Great Dayton Flood of 1913 resulted from flooding by the Great Miami River reaching Dayton, Ohio, and the surrounding area, causing the greatest natural disaster in Ohio history. In response, the General Assembly passed the Vonderheide Act to enable the formation of conservancy districts. The Miami Conservancy District, which included Dayton and the surrounding area, became one of the first major flood control districts in Ohio and the United States. The Dayton flood of March 1913 was caused by a series of severe winter rainstorms that hit the Midwest in late March. Within three days, of rain fell throughout the Great Miami River watershed on already saturated soil, resulting in more than 90 percent runoff. The river and its tributaries overflowed. The existing levees failed, and downtown Dayton was flooded up to deep. This flood is still the flood of record for the Great Miami River watershed. The volume of water that passed through the river channel during this storm equaled the monthly flow over Niagara Falls. The Great Miami River watershed covers nearly and of channel that feeds into the Ohio River. Other Ohio cities also had flooding from these storms but none as extensive as the cities of Dayton, Piqua, Troy, and Hamilton, along the Great Miami River. Background conditions Dayton was founded along the Great Miami River at the convergence of its three tributaries: the Stillwater River, the Mad River, and Wolf Creek. The city's central business district developed within of the confluence of these waterways. When Israel Ludlow laid out Dayton in 1795, the local Indigenous Peoples warned him about the recurring flooding . Prior to the 1913 flood, the Dayton area had suffered major floods nearly every other decade, with major water flows in 1805, 1828, 1847, 1866, and 1898. Most of downtown Dayton was built in the Great Miami River's natural flood plain, which seemed advantageous in the early years when cities depended on rivers for transportation needs. The storms that caused the flood at Dayton continued over several days, and affected an area across all or parts of more than a dozen states, most notably states in the Midwest and along the Mississippi River. Heavy rain and snow saturated the soil and produced widespread flooding, known as the Great Flood of 1913, across Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, New York, and Pennsylvania. Timeline The following events took place in Dayton between March 21 and March 26, 1913. Friday, March 21, 1913 The first storm arrives with strong winds and temperatures around . Saturday, March 22, 1913 The area experiences a sunny day until the second storm arrives, dropping temperatures to the 20s, which causes the ground to briefly freeze on the surface during the morning, and thaw by late afternoon. Sunday, March 23, 1913 (Easter Sunday) The third storm brings rain to the entire Ohio River valley. The soil was saturated and nearly all the rain becomes runoff, flowing into the Great Miami River and its tributaries. Monday, March 24, 1913 7:00 am—After a day and night of heavy rains, with precipitation between , the river reaches its high stage for the year at , and continues to rise. Tuesday, March 25, 1913 Midnight—The Dayton police are warned that the Herman Street levee was weakening, and they start the warning sirens and alarms. 5:30 am—City engineer Gaylord Cummin reports that water is at the top of the levees and is flowing at , an unprecedented rate. 6:00 am—Water overflowing the levees begins to stream along the city streets. 8:00 am—Levees on the south side of the downtown business district fail, and flooding begins downtown. Water levels continue to rise throughout the day. Wednesday, March 26, 1913 1:30 am—The waters crest, reaching up to in the downtown area. Later that morning, a gas explosion occurs downtown, near the intersection of 5th Street and Wilkinson. The explosion starts a fire that destroys most of a city block. The open gas lines results in several fires throughout the city. The fire department is unable to reach the fires due to flooding, and many additional buildings are lost. Relief efforts Ohio governor James M. Cox sent the Ohio National Guard to protect property and life and to support the city's recovery efforts. The Guard was not able to reach the city for several days because of the high water conditions throughout the state. They built refugee camps, sheltering people in tents who had been permanently or temporarily displaced from their homes. Initial access was provided by the Dayton, Lebanon and Cincinnati Railroad and Terminal Company, the only line not affected by the flood. Governor Cox called on the state legislature to appropriate $250,000 ($ in dollars) for emergency aid and declared a 10-day bank holiday. When newly elected President Woodrow Wilson sent telegrams to the governors of Ohio and Indiana asking how the federal government might help, Cox replied with a request for tents, rations, supplies, and physicians. Governor Cox sent a telegram to the American Red Cross headquarters in Washington D.C. requesting their assistance in Dayton and surrounding communities. Its agents and nurses focused their efforts in 112 of Ohio's hardest-hit communities, which included Dayton and others located primarily along Ohio's major rivers. Some of the Dayton flood victims made their way to National Cash Register's factory and headquarters, where John H. Patterson, the company's president, and his factory workers assisted flood victims and relief workers. NCR employees built nearly 300 flat-bottomed rescue boats. Patterson organized rescue teams to save the thousands of people stranded on roofs and the upper stories of buildings. He turned the NCR factory on Stewart Street into an emergency shelter, providing food and lodging. He organized local doctors and nurses to provide medical care. NCR facilities served as the Dayton headquarters for the American Red Cross and Ohio National Guard relief and rescue efforts and provided food and shelter, a hospital and medical personnel, and a makeshift morgue. The company's grounds became a temporary campground for the city's homeless. Patterson also provided news reporters and photographers with food and lodging and access to equipment and communications to file their stories. When the presses of the Dayton Daily News became inoperable due to the floodwaters, the newspaper used NCR's in-house printing press, providing Dayton and NCR with press coverage on AP and UPI newswires. Casualties and property damage As the water receded, damages were assessed in the Dayton area: More than 360 people died. Nearly 65,000 people were displaced. Approximately 20,000 homes were destroyed. Buildings were moved off their foundations, and debris in the moving water damaged other structures. Property damage to homes, businesses, factories, and railroads were estimated at more than $100 million in 1913 dollars ($ in dollars). Nearly 1,400 horses and 2,000 other domestic animals died. Cleanup and rebuilding efforts took approximately one year to repair the flood damage. The economic impacts of the flood took most of a decade to recover. Destruction from the flood is also responsible for the dearth of old and historical buildings in the urban core of Dayton. Its center city resembles that of newer cities established in the western United States. One of the victims was former Marquette University president Joseph F. Rigge. Flood control The people of the Dayton area were determined to prevent another flood disaster of the same magnitude. Led by Patterson's vision for a managed watershed district, on March 27, 1913, Governor Cox appointed people to the Dayton Citizens Relief Commission. In May, the commission conducted a 10-day fundraiser, which collected more than $2 million ($ in dollars) to fund the flood control effort. The commission hired hydrological engineer Arthur E. Morgan and his Morgan Engineering Company from Tennessee to design an extensive plan based on levees and dams to protect Dayton from future floods. Morgan later worked on flood plain projects in Pueblo, Colorado, and the Tennessee Valley Authority. Morgan hired nearly 50 engineers to analyze the Miami Valley watershed and precipitation patterns and to determine the flood volume. They analyzed European flood data for information about general flooding patterns. Based on this analysis, Morgan presented eight different flood control plans to the City of Dayton officials in October 1913. The city selected a plan based on the flood control system in the Loire Valley in France. It consisted of five earthen dams and modifications to the river channel through Dayton. The dams would have conduits to release a limited amount of water, and a wider river channel would use larger levees supported by a series of training levees. Flood storage areas behind the dams would be used as farmland between floods. Morgan's goal was to develop a flood plan that would handle 140 percent of the water from the 1913 flood. The analysis had determined the river channel boundaries for the expected 1,000-year major floods, and all businesses located in that area were to be relocated. With the support of Governor Cox, Dayton attorney John McMahon worked on drafting the Vonderheide Act, Ohio's conservancy law, in 1914. The Act allowed local governments to define conservancy districts for flood control. Controversial elements of the Act gave local governments the right to raise funds for the civil engineering efforts through taxes and granted eminent domain to support the purchase or condemnation of the necessary lands for dams, basins, and flood plains. On March 17, 1914, the governor signed the Ohio Conservancy Act, which allowed for the establishment of conservancy districts with the authority to implement flood control projects. The Act became the model for other states, such as Indiana, New Mexico, and Colorado. Ohio's Upper Scioto Conservancy District was the first to form in February 1915. The Miami Conservancy District, which includes Dayton and surrounding communities, was the second, formed in June 1915. Morgan was appointed as the Miami Conservancy District's first chief engineer. The constitutionality of the Act was challenged in Orr v. Allen, a lawsuit brought by a landowner affected by the exercise of eminent domain, and attempts were made to amend it through the Garver-Quinlisk bills. Legal battles continued from 1915 to 1919 and reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which upheld the law. Miami Conservancy District's flood project The Miami Conservancy District began construction of its flood control system in 1918. Since 1922, when the project was completed at a cost in excess of $32 million, it has prevented Dayton from any flood as severe as that of 1913. Since its completion, the Miami Conservancy District has protected the Dayton area from flooding more than 1,500 times. Ongoing expenses for maintaining the district comes from property tax assessments collected annually from all property holders in the district. Properties closer to the river channel and the natural flood plain pay more than properties further away. Osborn, Ohio The small village of Osborn, Ohio, which had little damage from the flood, was affected by the flood's aftermath. The village lay in the area designated to become part of the Huffman flood plain. The mainline tracks of the Erie Railroad, the New York Central Railroad, and the Ohio Electric Railway all ran through Osborn. As a result of establishing the conservancy area, the rail lines were moved several miles south out of the floodplain to run through Fairfield, Ohio. The citizens of Osborn decided to move their homes instead of abandoning them. Nearly 400 homes were moved three miles (5 km) to new foundations along Hebble Creek next to Fairfield. Some years later, the two towns merged to create Fairborn, Ohio, with the name selected to reflect the merging of the two villages. Other losses Orville and Wilbur Wright, who made their home in Dayton, had flown for the first time a decade earlier. They were developing aviation in their workshop and the area around Huffman Prairie adjacent to the planned Huffman Dam. They had meticulously documented the flight efforts by using a camera and had an extensive collection of photographic plates. The flood caused water damage in their workshop, creating cracks and blemishes on these photographic plates. Prints made from the plates prior to the flood were better quality than the prints made after the flood. But they made few prints from the glass negatives before 1913 because the Wrights kept evidence of their pioneering work a secret from the public. Those images lost to flood damage were irreplaceable. By 1913, the Miami and Erie Canal was still intact, but barely used. To alleviate flooding conditions, local government leaders used dynamite to remove locks in the canal to allow the water to flow unimpeded. Sections of canal were also inundated and destroyed by nearby river flooding. Since they were no longer economically viable, Ohio's canals were simply abandoned except for limited sections that supplied water to industry. See also 1913 Omaha Easter Sunday tornado Disaster Books – The Great Dayton Flood Great Flood of 1913 References Primary sources 1913 Flood Collection (MS-016). Dayton Metro Library, Dayton, Ohio. 1913 Dayton Flood Collection. University of Dayton University Archives and Special Collections, Dayton, Ohio. Original film footage of 1913 Flood, part of the Glenn R. Walters Collection. University of Dayton University Archives and Special Collections, Dayton, Ohio. External links Dayton and the 1913 Flood Miami Conservancy District 1913 Flood History Ohio History Central:Vonderheide Act FindLaw: Orr v. Allen The 1913 Flood (Archived version of defunct 1913flood.com website) Disasters in Ohio Montgomery County, Ohio Greene County, Ohio Miami County, Ohio Clark County, Ohio Natural disasters in Ohio 20th-century floods in the United States 1910s floods History of Dayton, Ohio NCR Corporation 1913 in Ohio March 1913 events in the United States 1913 natural disasters in the United States

8945585

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staci%20Flood

Staci Flood

Staci Beth Codorniz Lavine Costa de Souza Flood (born December 10, 1974) is an American singer, dancer, and model best known for her lead dance roles in the music videos "Bailamos" by Enrique Iglesias (1999) and "Rock Your Body" by Justin Timberlake (2003). Career She was once a member of the burlesque troupe The Pussycat Dolls and appeared with them in the film Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle, credited as a "Treasure Chest Dancer" (2003) and the music video for "Trouble" by Pink. She was also a part of a dance troupe, the "Bombshells" in a show called Happy Hour (USA Network, 1999) hosted by Dweezil Zappa and Ahmet Zappa. After the Dolls were recast in 2003, Flood and ex-Dolls Carmen Electra and Nadine Ellis formed a similar burlesque troupe called "The Bombshell Babies". She has also gone on tour with Latin pop singer Paulina Rubio. Flood modelled for the magazine Maxim (2005), Lowrider (2004) and was Ms. February in the 2007 Maxim calendar. In 2007, Flood appeared on the MTV's reality TV series DanceLife with Jennifer Lopez. Her appearance on DanceLife saw her involvement in various jobs, including a GAP commercial and creating a song ("B Ur Lover") and a music video. Her 2007 single release was called "Do You Want It Right Now". She was reported to be working on a debut album called FLOOD, and saw a single called "Higher Frequency" released to iTunes in August 2010. She married Travis Case in 2017. Discography Singles 2007 "Do You Want It Right Now" 2010 "Higher Frequency" Promo singles 2007 "B Ur Lover" Other songs "Arriba" "Do You Want It Right Now (Remix) Music videos Staci has been active on several music videos during the '90s and until now. Her notable music videos appearances are listed as follows: "Come On Over (All I Want Is You)" by Christina Aguilera "We Fit Together" by O-Town "Bailamos" by Enrique Iglesias "Rock Your Body" by Justin Timberlake "Country Girl (Shake It for Me)" by Luke Bryan References External links Staci Flood Catalog on iTunes Staci Flood Catalog on Amazon 1974 births Living people American female dancers American dancers Participants in American reality television series 21st-century American women

8963904

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny%20Flood

Sonny Flood

Sonny Flood (born 18 November 1989) is an English actor. Background Born in Blackpool, Lancashire, Flood was educated at Rossall School, near Fleetwood. In 2006 Flood passed ten GCSE exams all at either A or A*. In 2007, he achieved 4 'A's at AS level, in English Literature, History, Media Studies and Philosophy, and in 2008 he achieved a grade 'A' in English Literature and a grade 'B' in History at A2 level. He decided to take just two subjects, at A2 level, allowing him to concentrate on working for Hollyoaks. Career In 2001 Flood had a minor part in an episode of Cold Feet as David. He had another minor role in 2003 in an episode of Heartbeat, playing the character Dean Farley. Hollyoaks His first major role came in 2005 when he was cast as Josh Ashworth in Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks. In 2009 he appeared for the first time in the annual Hollyoaks Hunks calendar. He also appeared in the 2010 calendar. In February 2010 he was removed from the series along with 15 existing cast members by incoming producer Paul Marquess. However he managed to get an agreement that his character would depart some time after his on-screen family. Sonny returned to Hollyoaks in May 2012 for 2 episodes. After Hollyoaks He appeared as a young cyclist whose leg was broken in an attack by local yobs in an episode of Casualty which first aired on BBC1 on 4 December 2010. Feb 28th 2011 he appeared as Jez Field in BBC1 daytime drama Doctors. He is currently starring at The Camberley Theatre in their Panto this year, Aladdin. Personal life Flood is a fan of his hometown football club Blackpool and in September 2009 appeared, alongside seven other Blackpool supporters, on Sky Sports Saturday-morning football show Soccer AM as part of the "Fans of the week". References External links 1989 births English male television actors Living people People educated at Rossall School Actors from Blackpool Male actors from Lancashire English Christians

10691770

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20floods

List of floods

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture, civil engineering and public health. List of notable floods 20th century BC Jishi Gorge outburst flood about 1920 BC 14th century Saint Marcellus's flood a storm tide is also called the "Second St. Marcellus flood". St. Mary Magdalene's flood occurred on and around the feast day of St. Mary Magdalene, 25 July; the passage of a Genoa low the rivers Rhine, Moselle, Main, Danube, Weser, Werra, Unstrut, Elbe, Vltava and their tributaries inundated large areas. Even the river Eider north of Hamburg flooded the surrounding land. Many towns such as Cologne, Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Würzburg, Regensburg, Passau and Vienna were seriously damaged. The affected area extended to Carinthia and northern Italy. The overall number of casualties is not known, but it is believed that in the Danube area alone 6000 people were killed. 15th century The All Saints Day Flood of 1436 () on All Saints' Day (1 November) 1436 was a storm tide that hit the entire North Sea coast of the German Bight. In the North Frisian village of Tetenbüll alone 173 people died. Eidum on the island of Sylt was destroyed; its inhabitants left and founded the village of Westerland as a result. List on Sylt was also abandoned after the floods and rebuilt further west. Dykes burst along the river Oste and in Kehdingen. The island of Pellworm was separated from neighbouring Nordstrand, Germany and only diked again in 1550. 16th century 1530 St. Felix's flood Mississippi River Flood of March 1543. The flooding reportedly lasted for 40 days. 17th century The California Flood of 1605 was caused by heavy rains and covered many parts of California in water. The Burchardi Flood was a storm tide that struck the North Sea coast of North Frisia and Dithmarschen on the night between 11 and 12 October 1634. Overrunning dikes, it shattered the coastline and caused thousands of deaths (8,000 to 15,000 people drowned). 18th century Christmas Flood of 1717. Flood in Netherlands, Germany, and Scandinavia. 14,000 drowned. Mississippi River Flood of December 1734 to June 1735. New Orleans was inundated by the flooding. New Hampshire Flood of 1740. The Merrimack River flooded in December. It is the first recorded flood in New Hampshire history. New Hampshire/Maine Flood of October 1785. In New Hampshire, a significant flood struck the Cocheco, Baker, Pemigewasset, Contoocook and Merrimack rivers on 23 October which established records at Lowell which held until 1902. The Androscoggin River flooded significantly, which destroyed many homesteads in what would become Bethel, Maine. Those that survived the flood moved uphill into less valuable, plots. Turner's first mill was destroyed during this inundation. Great Pumpkin Flood of October 1786. Central Pennsylvania flood. Received its name due to the pumpkins that were washed away in the flood on 5 October. It was a major flood in the Susquehanna River basin. Mississippi River Flood of July 1788. Severe flooding of the Mississippi River resulted from a hurricane landfall Storofsen, Norway, flood of July 1789 Red River of the South flood of 1800. According to the Caddo tribe, a "great flood" moved down the river and reinforced the "Great Log Raft" on the river. This raft was a natural dam that increased water levels on some of the Red River tributaries. This process formed Caddo Lake. 19th century Mississippi River Flood of 1809. All of the lower Mississippi River was inundated by flooding. Mississippi River Flood of 1825. The flood of 1825 is the last known inundation of New Orleans due to spring flooding Great Mississippi River Flood of 1844. The largest flood ever recorded on the Missouri River and Upper Mississippi River in terms of discharge. This flood was particularly devastating since the region had few if any levees at the time. Among the hardest hit were the Wyandot who lost 100 people in the diseases that occurred after the flood. The flood also is the highest recorded for the Mississippi River at St. Louis. After the flood, Congress in 1849 passed the Swamp Act providing land grants to build stronger levees. Great Mississippi River Flood of 1851. The flood occurred after record-setting rainfalls across the U.S. Midwest and Plains from May to August 1851. The State of Iowa experienced significant flooding extending to the Lower Mississippi River basin. Historical evidence suggest flooding occurred in the eastern Plains, from Nebraska to the Red River basin, but these areas were sparsely settled in 1851. Heavy rainfall also occurred in the Ohio River basin. In June, major flooding on the Mississippi River was experienced. The Great Flood of 1862. Struck the west coast of North America in December 1861 and January 1862. An atmospheric river from the tropics brought 43 days of rain to the U.S. states of California, Utah and Oregon as well as the Mexican state of Sonora. It was the worst disaster ever to strike California; the state's Central Valley was effectively an inland sea for months afterwards. State government temporarily moved to San Francisco because the capital, Sacramento, was under 10 feet (3.3 m) of water; the damage and the ensuing shortfall in tax revenues nearly bankrupted the state. The 1872 Baltic Sea flood. Storm surge that affected the Baltic Sea coast from Denmark to Pomerania on the night of 12–13 November 1872. The flood cost the lives of at least 271 people on the Baltic Sea coast; 2,850 houses were destroyed or at least badly damaged and 15,160 people left homeless as a result. Great Mississippi River Flood of 1874. Heavy spring rains caused the Mississippi River to overflow, breaching levees and flooding enormous swathes of the Lower Mississippi Valley. The flooding began in February and only began to recede on 20 May. According to the New Orleans Daily Picayune of 3 May, thirty-one of Louisiana's fifty-three parishes (home to some 375,000 people) were entirely or partially underwater. The Picayune also reported that breaches at Hushpakana[sic.] and Bolivar, Mississippi, had "transformed the Yazoo Valley into an inland lake." Mayor Louis A. Wiltz of New Orleans published a circular on 30 May addressed to "the Mayors of thirty-four large American cities" seeking contributions of cash and provisions for relief efforts. In the circular, the Flood of 1874 was described as the highest on record. It also included the observations of former U.S. Surveyor General for Louisiana William J. McCulloh, who estimated that a total of 12,565,060 acres had been flooded across Louisiana (8,065,000), Mississippi (2,500,000), and Arkansas (2,000,000). Mississippi River Flood of 1882. Intense spring rain storms, beginning on 19 February 1882, led to a rapid rise of the Ohio River and flooding along the river from Cincinnati to St. Louis. The effects were much more devastating in the Lower Mississippi Valley, with an estimated 20,000 people made homeless in Arkansas alone. Such was the devastation that, in its wake, Southern Democrats and Midwestern Republicans in Congress hailing from those states afflicted by the flooding made common cause to increase appropriations for the Rivers and Harbor Act to $19 million, $5.4 million of which was earmarked for internal improvements and federal aid to the flooded areas. While not opposed to internal improvements on principle, President Chester A. Arthur nonetheless vetoed the Act on 1 August 1882. Congress overrode his veto the following day. In 1889, the South Fork Dam broke, causing the massive Johnstown Flood of 1889 that took 2,209 lives in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. On 8 September 1900, in Galveston, Texas, a storm made landfall, leaving about 7,000 to 12,000 dead. It remains to the present day the deadliest single-day event in US history. 20th Century 1910s In January 1910, large areas of Paris were flooded when the river burst its banks. In June 1910 heavy rains caused extreme flooding throughout central Europe killing more than 1200 people. The Great Flood of 1913, which included the Great Dayton Flood, killed 650 people and destroyed 20,000 homes in the United States. It also damaged historic photographic plates belonging to Wilbur and Orville Wright. It ended canal transportation in Ohio. The 1916 Clermont, Queensland flood was the worst flood in Clermont history. The Hatfield Flood of San Diego, United States, of 1916 destroyed the Lower Otay Dam, damaged the Sweetwater Dam, and caused 22 deaths and $4.5 million in damages. 1920s In 1920, The Great Flood of Tokyo, when 37 houses were swept away, 2200 were partially destroyed, and nearly 400,000 were damaged. The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 was one of the most destructive floods in United States history and the impetus for many later Flood Control Acts. The Great Vermont Flood of 1927 which destroyed over 1200 bridges in Vermont, and one of the biggest floods in its history. The 1929 New Zealand cyclone caused the deepest flood ever to hit the city of Dunedin. 1930s The 1931 Yellow River flood caused between 800,000 and 4,000,000 deaths in China, one of a series of disastrous floods on the Yellow River. It was one of the worst floods in history. The Ohio River flood of 1937 occurred in late January and February 1937, causing damage along the Ohio River and several smaller tributaries from Pittsburgh, Illinois, to Cairo, Illinois. This flood left close to one million people homeless, 385 dead, and $50,000,000 worth of damage. The Los Angeles flood of 1938 occurred from late February to early March 1938, causing the Los Angeles River and the Santa Ana River to overflow, causing $40,000,000 worth of damage and causing 115 lives to be lost. The 1938 Hanshin flood occurred in July 1938 in Kobe area in Japan, causing 925 lost lives as exceptionally heavy seasonal raining caused landsides at Rokko mountains. 1940s 1948 Columbia River flood The 1948 Berwickshire flood occurred on 12 August, when extremely heavy rain for the preceding six days caused the rivers Tweed, Blackadder, Whiteadder, Till and Eye Water in southern Scotland to rise more than 10 feet and wash away 20 bridges. Railway service was interrupted for months. 1950s The Lynmouth flood of 1952 killed 34 people, more than any other British flood up to then, it was also very destructive and destroyed over 80 buildings in the town of Lynmouth, Devon, United Kingdom. The North Sea Flood of 1953 caused over 2,000 deaths in the Dutch province of Zeeland and the about 50 in the United Kingdom (the coastlines of East Anglia and Lincolnshire were worst hit) and led to the construction of the Delta Works in the Netherlands and the Thames Barrier in London. 1953 North Kyushu Flood killed at least 890 and the killed and missing amounted to 1,001 in the northern Kyushu area of Japan. On 15 October 1954, Hurricane Hazel struck Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The resulting rainfall flooded the city, killing 81 people, destroying 20 bridges, and leaving over 2000 people homeless. The Hunter Valley floods of 1955 in New South Wales (Australia) destroyed over 100 homes and caused 45,000 to be evacuated. 1957 Isahaya flood, due heavy torrential massive rain, maximum 1,108 mm (43.62 inches) in single day on July 24, 1957, following debris flow hit in Honmyō River and flash flood hit in Isahaya, Kyushu Island, Japan. 586 persons were perished in Isahaya, and overall death toll was 992, with 3,860 persons were hurt, according to Japan Fire and Disaster Management Agency official confirmed report. In 1957, the storm surge from Hurricane Audrey flooded southwest Louisiana, killing about 400 people. In 1957, the Great flood of Valencia in Spain. In 1959, the Río Negro flooded the central region of Uruguay, with disastrous consequences. 1960s In the year 1960, flooding from a deadly tsunami caused by the Great Chilean earthquake affected the towns of Riñihue, Riñihuazo, Los Lagos, Antilhue, Pishuinco, and Valdivia (all in Chile). The North Sea flood of 1962 killed almost 330 people along the coasts of southeastern England, Germany, and southern Denmark. 318 of the deaths occurred in Hamburg, Germany, and many millions of pounds' worth of damage was done. The Vallés floods on September 25, 1962, affected several towns and cities of Catalonia and resulted in 617 deaths and extensive material damage. On 25 October 1964, high water due to heavy rains upstream caused the River Sava to overflow its embankments in Zagreb, Croatia, killing 17 people, flooding much of the city, and causing devastating material damage. An earthquake in 1965 triggered the failure of six dams, two of which released millions of tonnes of water and debris that wiped away the town of El Cobre in the Valparaiso Region of Chile. In 1965, Hurricane Betsy flooded large areas of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, for up to 10 days, drowning around 40 people. In 1966, the flood of the Arno River killed dozens of people and damaged or destroyed millions of masterpieces of art and rare books in Florence, Italy. 1967 Uetsu flood, a 200 to 700 mm (7.87 to 27.56 inches) of precipiotation observed in Murakami, Shibata and Oguni area, Niigata and Yamagata Prefecture, for four days, affective an autumn rain front line from Noto Peninsula to Iwaki, for these period on Honshu, Japan, where damaged multiple dams and river embankment collapse, and flood swept and debris flow on these area, total 146 persons were human fatalities, according to Japan Fire and Disaster Management Agency official confirmed report, 1970s On the night of 9 June 1972 the people of Rapid City, South Dakota in the United States were struck by a deadly flood that lasted two days. It took 238 lives and caused millions of dollars in damage. In 1974, the dying cyclone Wanda triggered major flooding in Brisbane, Australia killing 6 people and leaving hundreds homeless. On 2 July 1975, many areas of Romanian Cuverture Charpatinas (e.g. Buzau, Prahova County), were struck by major flooding. In August 1975, the Banqiao Dam in China breaks apart under excess rainfall and damage from Typhoon Nina, drowning about 26,000 and caused the lives of another 140,000 in resulting epidemics. On July 31, 1976, a nearly stationary thunderstorm caused a major flash flood in the infamous Big Thompson River Canyon, claiming 139 lives. This occurred on the eve of Colorado's centennial. 1980s During the 1980s, the Great Salt Lake reached record high water levels due to a large amount of rain and its lack of an outlet. Places such as Saltair were inundated. The South African town of Laingsburg was basically destroyed on 25 January 1981, when 104 of its 900 inhabitants died during a flood that swept through the town and left only about 25 houses standing On August of 1982, Ulaanbaatar experienced a major flood that swept most of the houses for a few hours due to heavy rain, leaving 187 citizens dying. In 1982, the river Jucar in Spain breaks the Tous Reservoir, flooding the surrounding land in a deluge of 16,000 m3/s of water, and killing 30 people. In the winter of 1983, the Pacific Northwest of the United States saw one of the worst floods on record for that region, and some states recorded their wettest winter ever. Damage estimates are as high as $1.1 billion. Bangladesh floods 1990–2000 January 1992 saw severe floods in South America, most notably Brazil. In Alaska, United States, from May to September 1992 it was unusually wet, causing the 100 year flood. Snow melt only made the floods worse. The Great Flood of 1993 was one of the most destructive floods in United States history. March 1993 the "No Name" storm, silently brought major flooding to Citrus County, Florida. The summer of 1993 was unusually wet for the United States, causing flooding in the southwest. The 1993 India floods was one of the deadliest floods in the history of India. 1994 South Georgina floods On 8 May 1995, severe floods caused extensive damage in Louisiana, United States. 1994-August, Massive Flood in Surat and burst of pneumonic plague 1996 Pacific Northwest floods A dying typhoon hit Kyushu, Japan, in September 1996, causing severe floods in that region. July 1996 saw severe floods in Central Honshū, Japan. In August 1996, 86 people died due to a flood in Las Nieves camping, in Biescas, Spain. 1997 Central European flood, the worst flood in Polish history hits the country in July 1997, killing 65 and causing extensive damage to Wroclaw and Opole. The Red River Flood of 1997 (also called the Red River of the North Flood of 1997 in the United States) occurred in April and May 1997 along the Red River of the North in North Dakota, Minnesota (United States) and Manitoba. It was the most severe flooding of the river since 1826, with floodwaters peaking at 54 feet in Grand Forks, and reaching as far as 3 miles from the river in Southern Manitoba. Bangladesh was flooded in 1998, with millions of people affected and hundreds killed. The 1999 Pentecost flood () was a 100-year flood around the Pentecost season in 1999 that mostly affected Bavaria, Vorarlberg and Tirol. It was caused by heavy rainfall coinciding with the regular Alpine meltwater. These were caused because of the low-lying area and they are replacing concrete with soil which affects the flow of water and can cause flash flooding. The 2000 Mozambique flood, caused by heavy rains followed by a cyclone, covered much of the country for three weeks, killing thousands, leaving the country devastated for years afterwards. 21st century 2000s 2001 In June 2001, floods from Tropical Storm Allison killed over 30 people in the Houston, Texas, area. 2002–2003 The 2002 Northern Chile floods and mudflow, hit Coquimbo and Valparaíso regions in Chile in June 2002 causing the deaths of 17 people. In 2002, the 2002 Glasgow floods hit Glasgow, Scotland, causing severe damage. In 2002, the 2002 European floods hit Central Europe, causing major damage. On October 22, 2003, a large part of Western Sahara was hit by torrential rains, causing flooding. 2004–2005 The 2004 Boscastle flood on 16 August in the village of Boscastle, Cornwall, United Kingdom, caused much damage to buildings in the Valency River valley. Further flooding took place in surrounding valleys, and in the town of Camelford. In January 2005, flooding on the rivers Eden, Kent, Derwent, Greta and Cocker as well as others in Cumbria, England, flooded around 2,000 properties and caused in excess of £250 million of damage. At the time, it was the worst flood in Cumbrian history, but has since been overtaken by the Cumbria flooding of November 2009. One of Canada's most devastating floods occurred in southern Alberta in June 2005. The flooding affected many major metropolitan areas including Calgary. 4 deaths resulted from the three-week flood. Flooding in Mumbai, India, in July 2005 left over 700 dead. Some areas went under 5 m of water. Eighty percent of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, was flooded due to the failure of several levees on 29 August 2005 during Hurricane Katrina. 1,833 people also died because of the hurricane. Record rain across eastern Europe in August 2005 caused very severe flooding. In November 2005, in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, many villages were isolated due to heavy rains caused by low-pressure areas in the Bay of Bengal. 2006–2007 From April 19 to 21 of 2006, a large part of Namibia's coast was hit by floods. Korea (both North Korea and South Korea) saw one of its worst floods ever in May 2006. The Mid-Atlantic States flood of 2006 in the eastern United States is considered to be the worst in that region since the flooding caused by Hurricane David in 1979. Ethiopia saw one of its worst floods ever in August 2006. Surat, a city of 5 million people in India, witnessed the largest flood in its history during 4 to 10 August 2006. Water discharged for 30 hours from Ukai dam, which flooded the city. Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Sabah suffered floods between December 2006 and January 2007. It killed hundreds and forced 100,000 people to be evacuated in Johor alone. Floods hit the country's capital Kuala Lumpur in January 2007, killing 80. It was the worst flood in Malaysia for over 100 years. The 2007 Hunter Floods inundated large areas of the cities of Maitland and Newcastle in Australia in June 2007, claimed 11 lives and forced the evacuation of 4,000 people in Central Maitland. Between late May 2007 and early August 2007, severe flash floods hit most of the United Kingdom, with the most affected area in the country being Yorkshire. The city of Sheffield (in Yorkshire) was the worst affected city in the country, a month's worth of rain fell on the city in just 18 hours on 25 June 2007, bursting the banks of the River Don in that city. There were also fears that the Ulley Reservoir in Sheffield would fail, if it did it would have killed hundreds. 6 people were killed across the country. The 2007 Africa Floods was one of the worst and most destructive floods in recorded history on the continent of Africa with 14 countries affected. In November 2007, Cyclone Guba, a slow moving storm caused deadly flooding in Papua New Guinea. The 2008 Indian floods affected several states in India between July 2008 and September 2008 during an unusually wet monsoon season. The floods caused severe damage, and killed an estimated 2404 people. 2008–2009 2008 Santa Catarina floods 2009 Brazilian floods and mudslides In June 2009, minor flooding hit parts of Sheffield City Centre in Sheffield, England. Waters reached only about half a foot deep as the River Don broke its banks, but considerable damage was still caused. In November 2009, record-breaking amounts of rain were dumped on Cumbria, England and Cork, Ireland, causing minor floods in Cork and major floods in Cumbria. During the floods, waters reached a UK record 8 ft deep in Cockermouth, Cumbria. 2010 January 2010 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides Rio de Janeiro had its worst ever flood that killed over 250 people in April 2010. 2010 Northeastern Brazil floods Between June 2010 and August 2010, flooding in China affected more than 230 million people – with 15.2 million people evacuated and thousands dead. On 26 July 2010, heavy monsoon rains flooded most of Pakistan in the 2010 Pakistan floods. On 4 August 2010, at 9:25 am EST a major thunderstorm producing large hail and winds in excess of 60 mph (97 km/h) advanced at the leading edge of a cold front moving across the American Midwest, causing a flash flood that struck Louisville, Kentucky, and portions of the surrounding Kentuckiana region. In November 2010, many areas of Cornwall, UK, were struck by floods. The worst hit area was the town of Par. The November 2010 Colombia floods and associated landslides killed 138 people. 1.3 million were left homeless. The November 2010 Thailand floods and 2010 north Malaysian floods. The 2010–2011 Queensland floods are some of the worst the country of Australia has ever seen. 2010s 2011 The January 2011 Brazil floods are considered the worst in the country's history. As of 18 January 2011, the floods had taken about 700 lives and 14,000 people were homeless mainly due to landslides. The Mississippi River floods in April and May 2011 were among the largest and most damaging recorded along the U.S. waterway. In June 2011, flooding in China affected more than 4.8 million people, with 100,000 evacuated and 54 reported dead. In late July, the 2011 Thailand floods spread through the provinces of Northern, Northeastern and Central Thailand along the Mekong and Chao Phraya river basins and persisted in some areas until mid-January 2012. In August–September 2011, there was floods in Khammouane Province in Laos, and then in northeastern Thailand, then came to Cambodia, and was drained via Mekong river to Vietnam then South China Sea. On 18 October 2011, Pulau Tioman of Malaysia was flooded in Kampung Tekek, and the jungle near the village, then came up to Salang on 23 October 2011, the drain was started in November. Around November 2011, northern part of Malaysia was flooded, and then to Narathiwat Province in Thailand. 2012 In July 2012, heavy torrential rains caused floods in Kyushu, Japan, leaving 32 people dead or missing. In 2012 Great Britain and Ireland floods caused many floods in the United Kingdom, in April floods and gales hit most of England causing flooding and power outages, on 28 June 2012 there were two severe supercell thunderstorms which traveled across the West Midlands causing flash flooding, on 6 July 2012 heavy rainfall brought floods to the South West of England with the Met Office issuing red rain warnings, flooding later returned to the UK on 23 November 2012, as heavy persistent rainfall fell in South West England which caused rivers to burst their banks, the rain later pushed into the Midlands overnight causing more flooding, on 26 November 2012 another band of rain pushed into South West England, The Environment Agency issued three severe flood warnings for the South West England and 90 flood warnings, the following day the Environment Agency issued 110 flood warning for the Midlands, most of which were for the River Avon and the River Severn. 2013 The 2013 North India floods and landslides caused by heavy rainfall. The floods struck the state of Uttarakhand. These floods killed 5,700 people. The 2013 European floods. 2013 Alberta flood — On 20 June 2013, widespread flooding in southern Alberta caused major damage in Canmore, Calgary and High River when the Cougar Creek, Highwood River, and other rivers and creeks overflowed caused by extensive rainfall. Other communities in the area were also affected, or were expected to be, by floods. Flooding also caused power outages and the closure of the Trans-Canada Highway and Highway 1A, as well as many other highways and roads. A man and a woman were reported missing after a mobile home was swept into the Highwood River near the town of Black Diamond; the man was later rescued, but the woman remained missing. The 2013 Southwest China floods. The 2013 Afghanistan–Pakistan floods. 2013 Colorado floods. At least four dead after floods in Colorado. On 18 November 2013 the heavy flood caused by Cyclone Cleopatra killed 18 people in the Italian island of Sardinia. 2014 Many parts of the United Kingdom experienced flooding at the start of this year. In January and then again in February the River Thames breached its banks resulting in severe flooding to many homes and properties in heavily populated parts of the Thames Valley area. In early April 2014, Cyclone Ita caused disastrous flooding across the Solomon Islands, killing at least 21 people. Between 2 and 30 April 2014, flood events in the United-States, caused by an important tornado outbreak. In May 2014, multiple floods affected a large area of Southeastern Europe. A low-pressure area named "Yvette" brought flooding from 14 to 16 May. Bosnia, Serbia and Romania were hit by the biggest flood in their modern history. Several cities were left behind without fresh water or food. In June 2014, a flash flood in the Baghlan province of Afghanistan killed at least 73. 2014 Alberta floods — On 18 June 2014 the city of Claresholm, Alberta awoke to find its city streets flooded, and states of emergency were declared for many areas in southern Alberta including the Blood Reserve, Cardston, Claresholm, Coaldale, Crowsnest Pass, Lethbridge County, Medicine Hat, and Willow Creek. 2014 India–Pakistan floods- In September 2014, an estimated 557 people died in India and Pakistan as a result of flooding, which was caused by intense rainfall in the area. 2014 New York flood — Record setting rainfall creating 60 days of precipitation fell near New York, New York. At the end of November 2014, a large part of Morocco was hit by floods 2015 2015 Northern Chile floods and mudflow 2015 Tbilisi flood 2015 Missouri floods 2015 Houston – Memorial Day Flood 2015 South Indian floods 2015 Poland Flood 2015 Myanmar Flood 2016 2016 São Paulo flood and mudslide 2016 Houston Tax Day floods 2016 Ethiopia flood 2016 European floods 2016 Oklahoma floods 2016 Maryland flood 2016 Niger flood 2016 Louisiana floods 2016 Johannesburg flood 2017 2017 Benue State flooding 2017 China floods 2017 Southern Thailand floods a 2017 Peru flood 2017 Payson flash floods 2017 Quebec floods 2017 West Attica floods 2017 Hurricane Harvey 2017 Hurricane Irma 2017 Flood of Chennai in Tamil Nadu 2018 2018 East Africa floods 2018 Japan floods 2018 Kerala floods 2018 Vietnam floods 2018 North Korean floods 2018 European floods 2018 Maryland flood 2018 Punjab flood 2019 2019 Iran floods March 2019 north Iran floods 2019 Midwestern U.S. floods 2019 South Sulawesi floods 2019 Townsville flood 2019 Pakistan floods and storms May 2019 Houston Flash Flooding June 2019 Southern and Southeastern U.S. flooding 2019 Indian floods Venice floods 2019 Israeli flash flood 2019 Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand flood 2019 England floods 2019 Quebec, Ontario and New Brunswick floods 2019–2020 Congo River floods 2020 2019–2020 Congo River floods 2020 Jakarta floods 2020 China floods 2020 Kyushu floods 2020 Nepal floods 2020 Brazilian floods and mudslides 2019–2020 United Kingdom floods Storm Gloria (Spain and France) Southeast Kentucky floods of 2020 2020 East Africa floods 2020 Assam floods 2020 Korean floods 2020 Afghanistan flood 2020 Kerala floods 2020 Karachi floods 2020 Vidarbha floods 2020 African Sahel floods 2020 Yemen flood 2020 Central Vietnam floods 2020 Hyderabad floods 2020 Zagreb flash flood 2021 2021 Evros floods 2021 Uttarakhand floods 2021 eastern Australia floods 2021 central New Zealand floods 2021 European floods 2021 Henan floods 2021 Oman floods 2021 Yalta floods 2021 Arizona floods 2021 Mumbai floods 2021 Lagos floods 2021 Hulunbuir dam collapse 2021 Maharashtra floods 2021 China floods 2021 Turkey floods 2021 August Japan floods 2021 Nuristan floods 2021 Afghanistan flood 2021 Tennessee floods 2021 Niger floods 2021 Bosnia and Herzegovina floods November 2021 Pacific Northwest floods 2022 2022 Petrópolis floods 2022 eastern Australia floods 2022 Assam floods 2022 Bukavu floods March 2022 Suriname flooding 2022 Montana floods 2022 Missouri floods 2022 Nigeria floods 2022 Kentucky floods 2022 Iranian floods 2022 China floods 2022 Texas floods 2022 Mississippi floods 2022 Pakistan floods January 2022 Montevideo Flood 2022 Florida floods 2022 South Carolina floods 2022 Saudi Arabia floods 2023 2022–2023 California floods 2023 North India floods 2023 South Korea floods 2023 Slovenia floods Floods by region Africa The 2000 Mozambique flood, caused by heavy rains followed by a cyclone, covered much of the country for three weeks, killing thousands, leaving the country devastated for years afterwards. Ethiopia saw one of its worst floods in August 2006. The 2005 African floods hit over 14 countries in Africa, affecting 2.5 million people and 250 deaths. The 2007 Mozambican flood affected 121,000 people and resulted in between 29 and 40 deaths. The 2008 Namibia floods affected 250,000 people, killing 42. The 2008 Benin floods affected 150,000 people in Benin. The 2009 Angola, Namibia and Zambia floods affected some 445,000 people across three countries and resulted in the deaths of at least 131 people. The 2009 West Africa floods affected close to one million people across twelve countries, and caused the deaths of at least 193 people. The 2011 in Rwanda of the Nyabugogo River causing 5 death and five million Rwandan francs The 2010 Rwandan flood of the Mwogo River affected two hundred people across Nyanza district, and causing the loss of six million of Rwandan francs. The 2015 Southeast Africa Floods The 2015 Accra floods in Ghana affected thousands of people in the city, killing about 200. The 2016–2017 Zimbabwe floods The 2018 East Africa floods The 2018 Eastern Africa floods The 2019–2020 Congo River floods The 2022 Nigeria floods Asia East Asia China The 1887 Yellow River Flood caused between 900,000 and 2,0000,000 deaths in China. One of the deadliest floods ever. The 1911 Yangtze river flood. Killed up to 100,000 in China The 1931 Yellow River flood caused between 800,000 and 4,000,000 deaths in China, one of a series of disastrous floods on the Yellow River. The 1935 Yangtze river flood killed 145,000 The 1939 Tianjin River flood 1948 Fuzhou River flood 1951 Manchuria River flood The 1954 Yangtze River Floods The 1983 Yellow River Flood left 900,000~2 million people dead and more than 2 million people homeless. The 1998 Yangtze River Floods left 14 million people homeless. The 2010 China Floods affected more than 230 million people – with 15.2 million people evacuated and thousands dead. 2011 China floods The 2013 Southwest China floods. On 23 May 2015, at least 57 people were killed in floods in six provinces. Among the dead were two schoolchildren on an overloaded bus that plunged into a pond. 2016 China floods 2017 China floods 2020 China floods 2021 China floods 2022 China floods Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Typhoon of 1906 Great Hong Kong Typhoon of 1937 Japan 2021 August Japan floods In July 2012, heavy torrential rains caused floods in Kyushu, Japan, leaving 32 people dead or missing. Later in August incessant rains and storm caused floods in Kinki region, causing one casualty. In July 1996 a flood hit Central Honshū and 48 people died. On 21 September 1996, a typhoon hit Kyushu causing flooding along the coasts as huge waves crashed onshore and flooding onshore when the typhoon dumped much rain on the area. In 1953, the 1953 North Kyushu Flood killed 759 people and the killed and missing amounted to 1,001 in the northern area of Kyushu of Japan. The 1938 Hanshin flood occurred in July 1938 in Kobe area in Japan, causing 925 lost lives as exceptionally heavy torrential raining caused landslides at Rokko mountain. 2018 Japan floods North Korea North Korea saw one of its worst floods ever in May 2006. South Korea South Korea was also flooded at the same time but its floods continued through to the end of June 2006. 2023 South Korea floods South Asia Bangladesh Bangladesh has been victim of numerous floods throughout the years, the major ones being in 1954, 1955, 1970, 1985, 1988, 1998, 2004, 2007 and 2012. India Assam has been suffering floods regularly since 1998. Flooding in Mumbai in July 2005 left over 700 dead. Some areas went under 5 m of water. The 2008 Indian floods affected most of India throughout 2008. In October 2009, flooding occurred across many parts of South India. It was one of the worst floods in the area in the last 100 years, killing at least 299 people and making 500,000 homeless. The Leh floods occurred on 6 August 2010 in Leh, the largest town in Ladakh, a region of the northernmost Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. At least 193 people are reported to have died, five of whom were foreign tourists, after a cloudburst and heavy overnight rains triggered flash floods and mudslides. A further 200 people were reported missing and thousands more were rendered homeless after the flooding caused extensive damage to property and infrastructure. The 2013 North India floods in Uttarakhand which destroyed many things and landslides caused by heavy rainfall. The 2014 South India floods in Visakhapatnam which destroyed many things and landslides caused by heavy rainfall and thousands more were rendered homeless after the flooding caused extensive damage to property and infrastructure. The 2015 South India Floods in Chennai due to the heavy rain fall of northeast monsoons in 2015 is considered one of the major disasters in the state of Tamil Nadu. It occurred from November end till the mid of second week of December. 2017 Gujarat flood 2017 South Asian floods 2018 Kerala floods 2020 South Asian floods 2021 Uttarakhand flood 2021 Maharashtra floods 2022 India–Bangladesh floods 2022 Balrampur floods 2023 North India floods Pakistan In 2003, Sindh province was badly affected due to monsoon rains causing damages in billions of places. In 2007, Cyclone Yemyin submerged lower part of Balochistan Province in sea water killing 380 people. Before that it killed 213 people in Karachi on its way to Balochistan. In 2009, Karachi was flooded. (see 2009 Karachi floods) In 2010, from mid-July till mid-August – Pakistan's four provinces (Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Southern Punjab and Sindh) were badly affected during the monsoon rains when dams, rivers and lakes overflowed, killing at least 1,750 people, injuring 2,500 and affecting 23 million people. The flood is considered the worst in Pakistan's history, affecting people of all four provinces and Asad Jamu and Kashmir Region of Pakistan. (see 2010 Pakistan floods) The 2013 Afghanistan–Pakistan floods. In 2022 Pakistan suffered the worst flood in the country's history. Southeast Asia 2014 Southeast Asian floods. Indonesia 2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods Jakarta suffered floods that killed 80 people on February 2, 2007. The Situ Gintung dam in South Tangerang, Banten, failed on 28 March 2009, draining the lake, with resulting floods killing at least 100 people. 2010 West Papua floods 2013 Jakarta flood 2014–2015 floods in Southeast Asia and South Asia 2019 South Sulawesi floods 2019 Jayapura flood and landslide Floods in Greater Jakarta (Jabodetabek) on 1–3 January 2020 killed at least 30 people, and more than 31,000 people were evacuated. Floods occur because of rain that occurred from 31 December 2019 to 1 January 2020. Malaysia Floods in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sumatra in December 2006 and January 2007 were considered to be the worst in the area for 100 years, resulting in evacuation of over 100,000 people in the worst-hit state of Johor at its peak. The 2010 north Malaysian floods. The 2014–2015 Malaysia floods. The 2015 East Malaysian floods. Philippines 1991 Ormoc flood 2009 Philippine flood 2010–2011 Philippine floods 2012 Luzon southwest monsoon floods 2016 Philippine southwest monsoon floods 2017 Visayas and Mindanao floods Singapore Thailand The 2010 Thailand floods. 2011 Thailand floods started from July 2011 until January 2012 resulted in a total of 815 deaths, 13.6 million people affected, 65 provinces were declared flood disaster zones, over 20,000 square kilometers of farmland was damaged and 7 industrial estates was temporarily shut down causing over US$45.7 billion (1.4 trillion Baht) of over all damage. Europe The North Sea Flood of 1953 caused over 2,000 deaths in the Dutch province of Zeeland and the United Kingdom and led to the construction of the Delta Works and the Thames Barrier. The North Sea flood of 1962 killed 318 people and damaged parts of the Netherlands, United Kingdom and Germany, but mainly Hamburg, Germany. Record rain across central Europe in August 2005 caused very severe flooding. A series of floods in Ireland, Italy and France in 2011 causes several deaths across all three countries. Czech Republic The 1997 Central European flood affected the Czech Republic, resulting in 50 deaths there and damage estimated at 63 billion CZK. The 2002 European floods affected the Czech Republic, where 17 people died and an estimated 73 billion CZK of damage was caused. The 2009 European floods affected the Czech Republic, where 13 people died and more than 5.6 billion CZK of damage was caused. The 2010 Central European floods caused a state of emergency to be called in the Zlín Region and Moravian-Silesian Region. France One of France's worst floods of the 20th century occurred in 1910. The end of 1909 and early 1910 saw a period of heavy rain and snow fall over a period of 3 months. The level of the Seine began to rise rapidly from 18 to 20 January, rising to a maximum of 8.62 meters above normal on the 28th. Some 4 billion cubic meters of river water, contaminated with river sediment and municipal sewage, flooded over 5 square kilometers of Paris. There were over 150,000 casualties and over 20,000 buildings flooded. Germany All Saints' Flood (1304) Greece 2017 Attica floods 2021 Evros floods Italy On 3 November 1844, the Arno river flooded Florence, Tuscany, and the Mugello region, Tuscany. On 22 October 1951, there were numerous casualties due to floods in the neighbourhoods of Benevento, Campania. On 14 November 1951, the Po river delta was hit by floods; there were 84 casualties and 180,000 people lost their homes. From 24 to 28 November 1959, rivers flooded under excess of rainfall causing hundreds people homeless and storm tide destroyed houses in Metaponto. One person death drowned in Policoro. Heavy rainfall caused also landslides in Pisticci. On 9 October 1963, the Vajont Dam, near Longarone, Veneto, experienced a landslide into an artificial lake, triggering a seiche wave and a megatsunami; 1,917 people were killed and many towns in the Piave river valley were obliterated. On 4 November 1966, the 1966 Flood of the Arno River in Florence, Tuscany, killed 34 people and damaged or destroyed millions of masterpieces of art and rare books in Florence. On 18 July 1985, near Tesero, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, the Val di Stava dam collapsed; an artificial reservoir breached the dam, killing 286 people. In the summer 1987, heavy precipitation caused the Valtellina disaster in the Valtellina valley in Lombardy, killing 53 people and inflicting serious damage to infrastructures, landscape, towns and economy. On 6 November 1994, the southern part of Piedmont was hit by floods from the Po and Tanaro rivers; there were 70 casualties and 2,226 people lost their homes. On 19 June 1996, the areas of Versilia and Garfagnana in Tuscany were hit by flash floods; there were 14 casualties. On 5 May 1998, Sarno, Campania, was hit by a flash flood that triggered a mudslide; there were 160 casualties. On 9 September 2000, a camping place near Soverato, Calabria, was wiped out by a flash flood; there were twelve casualties and one missing person. From 13 to 16 September 2001, there were floods in most of the Po river basin; there were 23 casualties, 11 missing people and 40,000 evacuees. On 18 November 2013 the heavey flood caused by Cyclone Cleopatra killed 18 people in Sardinia. Poland The 1934 flood in Poland was the biggest flood in the history in Poland (then the Second Polish Republic) with 55 people killed. Portugal In February 2010, severe floods and mudslides hit the Portuguese island of Madeira, killing at least 50. Spain 13–14 October 1957, in Valencia, torrential rain results in a devastating flood, at least 81 people lose their lives. In 1982, the river Jucar (Valencia, Spain) broke the Tous Reservoir causing a flood that killed 30 people. United Kingdom The North Sea flood of 1953 was one of the most devastating natural disasters ever recorded in the UK. The 2015 Great Britain and Ireland floods England Great Sheffield Flood – Deadliest flood in the history of the UK, caused by the failure of the Dale Dike Reservoir. Affected Sheffield in 1864, 270 dead 1928 Thames flood Lynmouth flood of 1952 34 people were killed, with a further 420 made homeless. Over 100 buildings were destroyed. Flooding from snowmelt March 1947 in England including the 1947 Thames flood Floods in July and September 1968 in England Autumn 2000 flooding in England Boscastle flood of 2004 Boscastle in Cornwall was heavily damaged due to flash floods. Eden, Kent, Derwent, Greta and Cocker as well as other Cumbrian Rivers flooded in January 2005 damaging around 2000 properties and causing over £250 million of damage. 2007 United Kingdom floods – 6 people killed. Whole country affected, with Yorkshire the worst hit county. Yorkshire suffers many road and rail closures, power cuts and evacuations with Sheffield the worst hit place in the country. November 2009 Great Britain and Ireland floods heavy rain falls on much of the British Isles, but Cumbria worst affected. 2 people killed by the flood 2012 Great Britain and Ireland floods North Sea flood of 2013 Winter storms of 2013–2014 in the United Kingdom A continuous stream of major storms and heavy rain falls primarily on the southern British Isles, Somerset Devon and Cornwall worst affected. Loss of large areas of agricultural land, many flood records broken. Main Railway line to Cornwall severed at Dawlish. Scotland 2002 Glasgow floods 200 people immediately evacuated, but the water supply of 140 thousand people was affected. Wales December 2015 Flooding of Conwy River. North America Canada In May 1950, the Red River, also known as Red River of the North, reached its highest level since 1861 and flooded most of the Red River Valley. Winnipeg, Manitoba, was inundated on 5 May, also known as Good Friday to some residents, and had to be partially evacuated. On 15 October 1954, Hurricane Hazel struck Toronto, Ontario, killing 81 people, destroying 20 bridges, and leaving over 2,000 people homeless. On 14 July 1987, a series of strong thunderstorms crossed the Island of Montreal, between the noon hour and 2:30 p.m. causing the Montreal Flood of 1987. Over of rain fell during this very short period of time. The sewer systems were overwhelmed by the deluge and the city was paralyzed by the flooded roads. Autoroute 15, a sunken highway also known as the Decarie Expressway, soon filled with water trapping motorists. Some 350,000 houses lost electricity, and tens of thousands had flooded basements. Two people died, one in a submerged car and another who was electrocuted. On 19 July 1996 The worst flood in the Quebec province, in Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean One of Canada's most devastating floods occurred in southern Alberta in June 2005. The flooding affected many major metropolitan areas including Calgary. Four deaths resulted from the three-week flood. 2013 Alberta floods — On 20 June 2013, widespread flooding in southern Alberta caused major damage in Canmore, Calgary and High River when the Cougar Creek, Highwood River, and other rivers and creeks overflowed caused by extensive rainfall. Other communities in the area were also affected, or were expected to be, by floods. Flooding also caused power outages and the closure of the Trans-Canada Highway and Highway 1A, as well as many other highways and roads. A man and a woman were reported missing after a mobile home was swept into the Highwood River near the town of Black Diamond; the man was later rescued, but the woman remained missing. 2014 Alberta floods — On 18 June 2014 the city of Claresholm, Alberta awoke to find its city streets flooded, and states of emergency were declared for many areas in southern Alberta including the Blood Reserve, Cardston, Claresholm, Coaldale, Crowsnest Pass, Lethbridge County, Medicine Hat, and Willow Creek. United States In 1889, the South Fork Dam broke, causing the massive Johnstown Flood that took 2,209 lives in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The Great Dayton Flood of 1913 killed 360 people and destroyed 20,000 homes in the United States. It also damaged historic photographic plates belonging to Wilbur and Orville Wright. It caused the end of canal transportation in Ohio. The 1916 Hatfield Flood of San Diego, California, destroyed the Sweetwater and Lower Otay Dams, and caused 22 deaths and $4.5 million in damages. The Vermont flood of 1927 is probably the worst flood in Vermont history doing $30 million in damages, which would be $270 million today, killed over 83 people and left 9,000 homeless. The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 was one of the most destructive floods in United States history. The Ohio River flood of 1937 took place in late January and February 1937. With damage stretching from Pittsburgh to Cairo, Illinois, one million were left homeless, with 385 dead and property losses reaching $500 million. In 1957, storm surge flooding from Hurricane Audrey killed about 400 people in southwest Louisiana. In 1965, Hurricane Betsy flooded large areas of New Orleans, Louisiana, for up to 10 days, drowning around 40 people. In 1972, the Black Hills flood killed 238 people and caused $160 million of damage in western South Dakota. In 1983, the Pacific Northwest saw one of their worst winter floods, And some of the Northwest states saw their wettest winter yet. The damage was estimated at $1.1 billion. In Alaska from May to September 1992 unusually wet conditions, plus snow melt, caused the 100 year flood in areas of Alaska. The Great Flood of 1993 was one of the most destructive floods in United States history. On 8 May 1995, a flood hit Louisiana and caused extensive damage. The Truckee River overflowed on January 1, 1997, causing extensive flooding in Reno, Nevada. The Red River Flood of 1997 occurred in April and May 1997 along the Red River of the North in North Dakota, Minnesota, and Manitoba (Canada). It was the most severe flooding of the river since 1826. In October 1998, San Marcos, Texas, experienced flooding that had rain totals of 15 to 30 inches in a short period of time. In June 2001, floods from Tropical Storm Allison killed over 30 people in the Houston, Texas, area. Eighty percent of New Orleans, Louisiana, was flooded due to the failure of several floodwalls on 29 August 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. 1,833 people also died because of the hurricane. The Mid-Atlantic States flood of 2006 in the eastern United States is considered to be the worst in that region since the flooding caused by Hurricane David in 1979. The May 2010 Tennessee floods were 1,000-year floods in Middle Tennessee, West Tennessee, South Central and Western Kentucky and northern Mississippi as the result of torrential rains on 1 and 2 May 2010. The Cumberland River crested at 51.86 feet in Nashville, a level not seen since 1937. 2013 Colorado floods Between 27 and 30 April 2014, flood events in Arkansas/Missouri and Mobile–Pensacola, caused by an important tornado outbreak. 2014 New York flood — Record setting rainfall creating 60 days of precipitation fell near New York, New York. 2015 Missouri flood 2016 Oklahoma floods 2016 Louisiana floods 2017 Texas floods 2018 Ohio river floods voluntary evacuations were issued from Pittsburgh, PA to Wheeling, WV Oceania Australia 1893 Brisbane flood 1940 saw severe floods in Queensland, Australia. The Hunter Valley floods of 1955 in New South Wales (Australia) destroyed over 100 homes and caused 45,000 to be evacuated. Floods hit Victoria in 1998 causing considerable damage and flooding in the Australian capital, Canberra. The 2007 Hunter Floods inundated large areas of the cities of Maitland and Newcastle, in June 2007 claimed 11 lives and forced the evacuation of 4,000 people in Central Maitland alone. The Gulf floods caused by Cyclone Charlotte isolated Karumba and Normanton with flood waters in January 2009. Flooding in Queensland in 2010 and 2011 was one of the worst flood events in Australia's history, 38 people were killed and entire towns, such as Grantham were severely damaged. Severe floods also occurred in Victoria in the years of 2010–2011. In January 2013, areas hit by flooding just a few years before were inundated again due to rain caused by Cyclone Oswald. Fiji The January 2009 Fiji floods are responsible for at least 16 deaths in the islands New Zealand The 1858 Hutt River flood kills 14 people The 1878 of the Clutha River The 1897 flooding at Clive in Hawke's Bay kills 12 people The 1929 New Zealand cyclone caused severe flooding in the city of Dunedin In 1938, a flash-flood at a railway workers' camp at Kopuawhara kills 21 people The 1978 flood of the Clutha River, known as the "Hundred years flood" hit one day before the 100th anniversary of the great flood of 1878 The 1984 Southland flood In 1988, extensive flooding is caused in several parts of the North Island due to Cyclone Bola The 2004 Manawatu flood inundated the town of Feilding Solomon Islands On early April 2014, the Cyclone Ita caused disastrous flooding across the Solomon Islands, killing at least 21 people. Papua New Guinea In November 2007, Cyclone Guba, a slow moving storm caused deadly flooding in Papua New Guinea. South America Brazil In January 1992, Brazil saw severe floods. 2008 Santa Catarina floods 2009 Brazilian floods and mudslides January 2010 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides Rio de Janeiro had its worst ever flood that killed over 250 people in April 2010. 2010 Northeastern Brazil floods The floods of January 2011 in Brazil were considered the worst in the country's history. As of 18 January, the floods had taken about 700 lives and 14,000 people were homeless mainly due to landslides. 2016 São Paulo flood and mudslide Chile The Great Chilean earthquake was followed by a tsunami that flooded the settlements of Riñihue, Los Lagos, Antilhue, Pishuinco and Valdivia The 2015 Northern Chile floods and mudflow Peru The 2017 Peru flood was a natural disaster in Peru in which more than 100 000 homes were demolished, over 100 bridges washed out, and multiple roadways rendered inoperable. Over 70 people have lost their lives as a result of the flooding. Uruguay The 1959 flood in Uruguay was provoked by an overflow in the Río Negro. The consequences were disastrous for an already stagnant economy. Deadliest floods by year 21st century 2001 - 2001 Southeastern United States floods - 55 dead 2002 - 2002 European floods - 232 dead 2003 - 2003 Santa Fe flood - 154 dead 2004 - May 2004 Caribbean floods - 2,000 dead 2005 - 2005 Maharashtra floods - 1,094 dead 2006 - 2006 North Korean floods - 54,700 dead 2007 - 2007 South Asian floods - 2,000 dead 2008 - 2008 Indian floods - 2,400+ dead 2009 - 2009 Indian floods - 299 dead 2010 - 2010 China floods - 4,245 dead or missing 2011 - 2011 Southeast Asian floods - 2,828 dead 2012 - 2012 Pakistan floods - 455 dead 2013 - 2013 North India floods - 6,054 dead 2014 - 2014 Baghlan floods - 400 dead or missing 2015 - 2015 South India floods - 506 dead 2016 - 2016 North Korean floods - 525 dead 2017 - 2017 South Asian floods - 1,300 dead 2018 - 2018 Laos floods - 1,171 dead or missing. 2019 - 2019 Indian floods - 1,600 dead 2020 - 2020 South Asian floods - 6,511 dead 2021 - 2021 South Asian floods - 1,107 dead 2022 - 2022 South Asian floods - 4,422 dead 2023 - 2023 Derna flood - At least 6000 dead See also Floods by country Yellow River floods & Flooding of the Pearl River Floods in the United States before 1901 Floods in the United States: 1901–2000 Floods in the United States: 2001–present List of droughts List of flash floods References External links Flood news Lists of disasters Articles containing video clips

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmet%20Flood

Emmet Flood

Emmet Thomas Flood IV is an American attorney who served as the interim White House Counsel to U.S. President Donald Trump from October 17, 2018, to December 10, 2018, following the resignation of Don McGahn. He also served as a Special Counsel during the George W. Bush Administration. Early life and education Flood attended Fenwick High School in Oak Park, Illinois, graduating in 1974. Flood obtained a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Dallas in 1978. He received a Master of Arts and a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Texas at Austin in 1981 and 1986, respectively. His doctoral thesis was entitled Philosophy and narrative form. He went on to earn a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1991. He was an Andrew W. Mellon Foundation fellow at Wesleyan University from 1987 to 1988, where he delivered a colloquium entitled: "Some Uses of Narrative in the History of Philosophy: Synoptic Judgment and Philosophical Plot". Career Flood was a law clerk for Judge Ralph K. Winter of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and for Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Antonin Scalia. Flood advised President Bill Clinton during his impeachment process. Flood's law firm also represented Hillary Clinton on matters relating to the Clinton email controversy. Flood represented Dick Cheney in response to Wilson v. Cheney, a civil lawsuit filed by Valerie Plame for his alleged role in the Plame affair. Flood advised Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell on his response to the corruption investigation into his activities. Flood was retained by Cameron International to defend them after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. In 2017, Flood was offered a job in the Trump Administration, though he declined. In March, 2018, Flood met with President Donald Trump in the Oval Office to discuss the White House's response to the Special Counsel investigation. On May 2, 2018, it was reported that Flood would be replacing Ty Cobb as the White House attorney dealing with the investigation of President Donald Trump by Special Counsel Robert Mueller. On October 18, 2018, Flood was appointed Assistant to the President and Counsel to the President, replacing Don McGahn, to temporarily hold the position until the hiring of Pat Cipollone is complete. He demitted office on December 10, 2018. Private sector He is a partner at Williams & Connolly. He wrote a response in late April 2019 to Attorney General William Barr concerning the Mueller Report. Personal He served on the Advisory Council of the Catholic Charities Legal Network. Publications See also List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9) References 20th-century American lawyers 21st-century American lawyers Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Lawyers from Washington, D.C. Lawyers who have represented the United States government Living people Place of birth missing (living people) Texas Republicans University of Dallas alumni University of Texas at Austin alumni Wesleyan University alumni White House Counsels Yale Law School alumni 1956 births Williams & Connolly people Donald Trump attorneys

11073589

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods%20in%20the%20United%20States%20before%201900

Floods in the United States before 1900

Floods in the United States before 1900 is a list of flood events that were of significant impact to the country, before 1900. Floods are generally caused by excessive rainfall, excessive snowmelt, and dam failure. Prehistoric events Kankakee Torrent The Kankakee Torrent was a catastrophic flood that occurred between 14,000 and 18,000 years ago, resulting from the breach of a large glacial lake formed by the melting of the Wisconsin Glacier. The origin of the flood may have been prehistoric Lake Chicago, it may have come from further east, near what is today the center of the Lower Peninsula of the state of Michigan. The torrent carved out a channel that is currently followed by the Kankakee River and Illinois River. It also appears to have pushed the course of the Ohio River further south and the Mississippi River further west. The bluffs carved by the torrent can be seen at Starved Rock State Park and Kankakee River State Park. In both parks, smaller streams flow over waterfalls before they join the main river, a phenomenon known as hanging tributaries. Glacial River Warren Glacial River Warren drained Lake Agassiz in central North America through a series of floods about 9,700 years ago. The enormous outflow from this lake carved a broad valley now occupied by the much smaller Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi River. Agassiz was a huge body of water, up to 600–700 feet (~200 m) deep, and at various times covering areas totaling over 110,000 square miles (~300,000 km2). Blocked by an ice sheet to the north, the lake water rose until about 9,700 years ago, when it overtopped the Big Stone Moraine, a ridge of glacial drift left by the receding glacier, at the location of Browns Valley, Minnesota. The lake's outflow was catastrophic at times, and carved a gorge through the moraine a mile (1.6 km) wide and 130 feet (~40 m) deep, which is now known as the Traverse Gap. While active, Glacial River Warren cut and eroded a bed up to five miles (8 km) wide and 250 feet (80 m) deep. This has left a valley which starts at Traverse Gap near Browns Valley, Minnesota, goes southeast to Mankato, then turns northeast to the Twin Cities. Maumee Torrent The Maumee Torrent was caused by the draining of glacial Lake Maumee, the ancestor of present-day Lake Erie. The flood carved a channel up to 2 miles wide, which today is the site of the Little River in Allen County, Indiana. Missoula floods The Missoula floods are a series of flood outbursts that took place near the end of the last ice age. Much of the unique geography of eastern Washington, named the Channeled Scablands, is thought to have been carved during this period. A glacial lake, located on the Clark Fork River in western Montana is thought to have been the source. The glacial lake outburst floods are thought to have been the result of periodic sudden ruptures of the ice dam on the Clark Fork River that created Glacial Lake Missoula. After each ice dam rupture, the waters of the lake would rush down the Clark Fork and the Columbia River, inundating much of eastern Washington and the Willamette Valley in western Oregon. After the rupture, the ice would reform, recreating Glacial Lake Missoula once again. Bonneville flood The Bonneville flood was a catastrophic flood 14,000 years ago, which involved massive amounts of water inundating parts of southern Idaho and Eastern Washington along the course of the Snake River. Unlike the Missoula Floods, which occurred during the same period, the Bonneville Flood happened only once. The flood is believed to be the second largest flood in known geologic history. Sixteenth century Flood of March 1543 Hernando DeSoto's party was passing through a village at the confluence of the Mississippi River and Arkansas River on March 18 when the rivers flooded. The high water only allowed passage by canoe and inundated fields surrounding the town. The flooding reportedly lasted for 40 days. Seventeenth century California Flood of 1605 The California Flood of 1605 was a flood that covered much of California. Eighteenth century New Hampshire flood – 1740 The Merrimack River flooded in December. It is the first recorded flood in New Hampshire history. New Hampshire/Maine flood – October 1785 In New Hampshire, a significant flood struck the Cocheco, Baker, Pemigewasset, Contoocook and Merrimack rivers on October 23 which established records at Lowell which held until 1902. The Androscoggin River flooded significantly, which destroyed many homesteads in what would become Bethel, Maine. Those that survived the flood moved uphill into less valuable, plots. Turner's first mill was destroyed during this inundation. Great Pumpkin flood – October 1786 Received its name due to the pumpkins that were washed away in the flood on October 5. It was a major flood in the Susquehanna River basin. Red River of the South flood – 1800 According to the Caddo tribe, a "great flood" moved down the river and reinforced the "Great Log Raft" on the river. This raft was a natural dam that increased water levels on some of the Red River tributaries. This process formed Caddo Lake. Early Nineteenth century Androscoggin flood – 1806 A significant flood along the Androscoggin River destroyed the first dam built in the town of Turner, Maine. Androscoggin flood – 1811 River flood carries away the toll bridge in Durham, Maine. Androscoggin flood – 1814 A large flood of the river destroyed all the mills in Turner, Maine. Waterville, Maine Freshet – May 1832 This flood washed away a portion of the Ticonic bridge and the Redington saw mill in Waterville, Maine. Androscoggin Freshet – 1843 A flood along the Androscoggin swept the town of Jay's sawmill downstream. Great Flood of 1844 The Great Flood of 1844 is the biggest flood ever recorded on the Missouri River and Upper Mississippi River in terms of discharge. This flood was particularly devastating since the region had little or no levees at the time. Among the hardest hit were the Wyandot who lost 100 people in the diseases that occurred after the flood. The flood also is the highest recorded for the Mississippi River at St. Louis. After the flood, Congress in 1849 passed the Swamp Act providing land grants to build stronger levees. Androscoggin flood – 1846 A flood along the Androscoggin River carried away the bridge in Durham, Maine. This reinstituted ferry service across the river. Potomac flood of October 1847 A significant flood struck the Potomac basin, part of a major flood event which encompassed Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, and Virginia. Damage along the C&O Canal was worst between lock #7 and Widewater, from Great Falls to Pennyfield Lock, Point of Rocks to Dam #4, and surrounding Dam #5. Damages to the canal for the year, which included another flood that November, totaled US$48,000 (1847 dollars). Sauvé's Crevasse – 1849 This was the last of the annual spring Mississippi River floods to swamp New Orleans. Red River of the South flood – August 1849 A flood that appears to have been caused by a tropical cyclone led to the flood of record on the Red River of the South. This flood shifted the river to its present course, moving out of Natchitoches. A remnant of the river known as Cane River extends from Grand Ecore to Colfax. Late Nineteenth century Midwest and Plains U.S. – 1851 The Flood of 1851 occurred after record-setting rainfalls across the U.S. Midwest and Plains from May to August, 1851. Hardest hit was the State of Iowa, where the city of Des Moines was virtually destroyed, with significant flooding extending to the Lower Mississippi River basin. Historical evidence suggest flooding occurred in the eastern Plains, from Nebraska to the Red River basin, but these areas were sparsely settled in 1851. Heavy rainfall also occurred in the Ohio River basin. Northeast flood – April 1852 In New Hampshire, the Winnipesaukee, Pemigewasset, Contoocook, Blackwater and Ashuelot Rivers went into flood. The Merrimack River at Concord reached its highest levels in nearly 70 years. A flood with higher waters than 1847 surged down the Potomac River. The worst damage was witnessed between Georgetown and Seneca, with breaches at the abutments of Dams 3 and 4 in Maryland, and Dam 6 in Virginia. Damage was estimated at US$80,000 (1852 dollars). Susquehanna River flood – September 1861 Torrential rain and a logjam initiated the flood at the Susquehanna on September 28. Debris in the flood waters swept the Keating railroad bridge away. Sinnemahoning cemeteries were flooded, and some of its bodies moved downstream. The Great Flood of 1862 The largest flood in the recorded history of Oregon, Nevada and California. It began in Oregon in November 1861 after weeks of continuous precipitation, flooding the communities on the Willamette River. California Beginning on December 24, 1861, it rained for almost four weeks. The largest flood in California's recorded history occurred from January 9–12, 1862. The entire Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys were inundated for an extent of 400–480 km (250–300 mi), averaging in breadth. The rain created an inland sea in Orange County, lasting about three weeks with water standing deep up to from the river. Nevada Flooding began in December, 1861 in Carson Valley from a series of storms in the upper Carson River basin. By January 2, 1862, the town of Dayton and the area surrounding it had been flooded. Samuel Young of Aurora recorded in his diary that the snow and rain had fallen for twenty six days out of thirty since December 24, 1861. Androscoggin River flood – 1863 A large flood along the river destroys the bridge in East Turner, Maine. Saxby Gale flooding – 1869 The combination of the extreme high tide and a hurricane on October 4–5 was dubbed the Saxby Gale. The resultant flooding set records on the East Coast of the United States. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) named it a 100-year flood for the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, cresting higher than Hurricane Agnes in 1972. Washington, DC, was also hit hard. Mill River flood – May 1874 It rained significantly on May 16, 1874, in western Massachusetts. The earthen dam suddenly gave way. A large section of the east bank of the Mill River slid away and was sent downstream. The dam's gatekeeper mounted a horse and rushed down the valley to warn Williamsburg of what was to come. The gatekeeper's wife watched from their cabin as the dam exploded upward. Four riders galloped down the valley as fast as possible to warn people of the oncoming flood. Some residents fled to higher ground, while others refused to believe the awful news. Many never heard the warning. A tall flood swept everything away. Damage totaled US$1 million and 144 people died. Mill towns petitioned Boston for assistance. The legislators eventually granted $120,000 to rebuild bridges and roads, which set a precedent for a state government to provide direct assistance after a natural disaster. The disaster led to improvements in public safety. The Massachusetts legislature imposed standards for the construction, maintenance, and inspection of dams. Engineering of large-scale public projects had to meet state mandates. Engineers became academically trained professionals. Four-fifths of the businesses in the Mill Valley were eventually rebuilt on their original locations. The mill owners gradually regained their financial standing and their place as pillars of society. Factories powered by the rushing Mill River continued to dominate life in the valley for another quarter century, until steam, and then electricity, replaced water power. Potomac flood of November 1877 Higher than the event in 1852 by several feet, this flood affected the whole length of the C&O Canal. Since Conococheague and Antietam Creeks were flooding as well, the worst damage was done to the middle of the canal. Damage totaled US$200,000 (1877 dollars). Navigation could not resume until the following April. A result of this flood was a telephone network being installed along the canal, which was, at the time, the longest telephone circuit in the world. The Great Flood of April 1881 The Great Flood of 1881 struck Omaha, Nebraska and Council Bluffs, Iowa between April 6 and 27, when waters began to recede. Causing millions of dollars in damage, it crested two feet higher than ever-before measured on the Missouri River. Ohio River flood – February 1884 The level of the Ohio River in Parkersburg, West Virginia reached , about above its normal stage. The Ohio River crested in Cincinnati at on February 14. East Texas flood – May 1884 This significant flood affected the Neches, Angelina, and lower Sabine River basins. Record stages were set during this event, roughly 2–3 feet (or almost a meter) higher than records from the 1900s. Canadian River Basin Flood - 1885 There are no available records of the flood of 1885, but old settlers say it was greater than any for many years prior to that date. An estimate made by Mr. F. Dobson. From cross sections and slope of bed of stream, using Kutter's formula, the maximum discharge is placed at 70,000 cubic feet per second for about one hour. Johnstown – 1889 In the nineteenth century, dams were maintained privately. The Conemaugh Dam was maintained by the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, and had been recently rebuilt in 1881. However, on May 31, 1889, after a night of heavy rain, the Conemaugh Dam broke and flooded the surrounding valley. Damage was extraordinary, and the dam was never rebuilt. Also known as the Conemaugh Calamity, after the name of the dam, this flood claimed 2,209 lives. Five days after the event, Clara Barton and her doctors and nurses arrived in Johnstown to tend to the survivors. It took 5 years for the town to recover. To the east, it was also a major flood for the Susquehanna and its tributaries. The towns of Renovo, Lock Haven, Williamsport, and Sunbury were severely damaged. Damage was not limited to Pennsylvania, however. The flood eclipsed all previous records for water levels on the Potomac, which caused US$300,000 (1889 dollars) to the C&O Canal. The canal would not recover from this flood until 1891. Oil Creek Flood – 1892 Heavy rains resulted in dam failures, causing rapid flooding in the Oil Creek area of Pennsylvania, primarily affecting Titusville and Oil City. Tankers holding highly flammable benzeine were located along the banks of the creek. The tankers were uprooted and emptied as a result of the flooding, and their contents ignited, flooding the impacted areas with fire as well as water. 54 Oil City residents and 72 Titusville residents died either from the fire or the flood waters. Androscoggin flood – March 1896 A spring flood removed the East Turner bridge. See also Floods in the United States (1900–1999) Floods in the United States (2000–present) Great Flood of 1844 References 19th United States 18th century in the United States United States

11073641

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists%20of%20floods%20in%20the%20United%20States

Lists of floods in the United States

Lists of floods in the United States provide overviews of major floods in the United States. They are organized by time period: before 1901, from 1901 to 2000, and from 2001 to the present. Lists Floods in the United States before 1901 Floods in the United States: 1901–2000 Floods in the United States: 2001–present

11119312

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Flood

Brian Flood

Brian Flood (born 22 June 1971 in Dublin) is a former Irish footballer who played as a defender and midfielder for Shelbourne in the League of Ireland. Flood made his League of Ireland debut for Shelbourne on 3 September 1989 and scored the goal that wrapped up Shels first league title for thirty years when the title was secured in Dundalk in 1992. In the 1996 FAI Cup Final against St. Patrick's Athletic he took over as goalkeeper after Alan Gough was sent off after just twenty minutes. At the time only three subs were allowed and manager Damien Richardson chose not to put a goalkeeper on the bench. Flood performed heroically and helped Shels secure a 1-1 draw and returned to his usual outfield role for the replay which Shels won 2-1. He played for Shamrock Rovers in a youth tournament in the Netherlands in 1990. Honours League of Ireland: 1 Shelbourne - 1991/92 FAI Cup: 3 Shelbourne - 1993, 1996, 1997 League of Ireland Cup: 1 Shelbourne - 1995/96 References Republic of Ireland men's association footballers Living people Shelbourne F.C. players Shamrock Rovers F.C. players League of Ireland players 1971 births Men's association football midfielders

11186158

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooded%20gum

Flooded gum

Flooded gum may refer to the following tree species: Eucalyptus grandis, from eastern Australia Eucalyptus rudis, from Western Australia Eucalyptus tereticornis, from eastern Australia and southern New Guinea

11188503

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%202007%20floods%20in%20Argentina%27s%20Litoral%20region

March 2007 floods in Argentina's Litoral region

The Litoral region of Argentina underwent heavy rainstorms in the early autumn season of 2007. Starting in late March and ending in mid-April, the rains caused several major rivers to rise and/or overflow their banks, partly or completely flooded many towns and large cities, ruined a significant part of the crops in a wide region, and severely damaged the physical infrastructure. At least 15 people were killed as a result of the flooding. Affected area The area hit by the main storm was the central and southern Argentine Litoral region, comprising the south-center of Santa Fe Province (west of the Paraná River) and the south of Entre Ríos Province (east of the Paraná River). The latter is part of the southern Mesopotamia (lit. "between rivers", thus called because it lies within the drainage basin of the Paraná and the Uruguay River). Increased rainfall also hit locations in the northeast of Buenos Aires Province, along the course of the Paraná, before it empties into the Río de la Plata (beside which Buenos Aires is located). Associated storms hit the southeast of Córdoba Province, immediately west of Santa Fe. The largest metropolitan areas in the affected area were Santa Fe (pop. 460,000) and Rosario (pop. 1.2 million). Tens of other cities and towns were also affected, including Rafaela (pop. 84,000) in central Santa Fe and Gualeguay (pop. 39,000) in southern Entre Ríos. The southern Argentine littoral is the heart of the Humid Pampa and the most productive farming region in the country, producing a large portion of the beef, cereals and dairy commodities consumed or exported. Only in Santa Fe Province, the storms ruined 30,000 km² of crops and rendered important regions of pasture land unusable. Watercourses The main river in the affected area is the Paraná River, which is the second longest in South America after the Amazon. It forms the natural limit between the provinces of Santa Fe and Entre Ríos, and empties into the Río de la Plata. The Paraná–Plata system thus passes by Argentina's most densely populated area. Other affected watercourses were: In Santa Fe, the right-hand-side (western) tributaries of the Paraná: near Santa Fe City, the Salado River; farther south, the Carcarañá River; and in Rosario, the Ludueña Stream and the Saladillo Stream. In Entre Ríos: the Gualeguay River, which divides the province in two. Development On 26 March 2007 a rainstorm started in the area around Rosario. With few interruptions, the rain continued for about a week. Rosario is traversed by the Ludueña Stream in the north; its southern border is partly defined by the Saladillo Stream. The Ludueña has historically been prone to overflowing, which has prompted the construction of works (canals and piping) to contain and derive its waters. Soon after the beginning of the rain, the Ibarlucea Canal (which empties into the main course of the Ludueña, overflowed and flooded several neighbourhoods in the northwest of Rosario. At the peak of the crisis, on 31 March, about 4,000 people were evacuated in several emergency centers throughout the city. As the strong rain started to subside in Rosario, the storms were moving north towards the area of Santa Fe, the provincial capital. Santa Fe is built on low-lying terrain at the junction of the Salado and Paraná rivers, and is still recovering from a flood caused by the Salado in 2003. This time, however, both rivers were rising. At some point, the physical barriers that had been set in place against the rise of the Paraná River prevented the natural drainage of the flood waters brought by the Salado. The existing pumps were not enough, and there was a delay bringing extra ones. As the neighbouring areas were flooded and the incoming roads submerged or damaged, Santa Fe became practically isolated with the exception of the Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel. About 20,000 people were displaced or evacuated. The provincial government decreed a state of hydrical emergency on 29 March. Evacuees were sent to military and private facilities (such as sports clubs and schools), where they were given food and shelter, and the risk population (mainly children) was vaccinated. After the end of the emergency, as the first estimates of the damages were released, the provincial government set aside funds (620 million Argentine pesos, about 200 million USD) to assist the affected towns and cities; of these, AR$30 million were assigned to each of Santa Fe City and Rosario. References Climate of Argentina 2007 2000s floods in South America 2007 floods Floods

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%20Flood

1955 Flood

Various floods occurred in 1955: 1955 Hunter Valley floods in New South Wales, Australia 1955 Connecticut floods in the United States Floods caused by cyclones in the: 1955 Atlantic hurricane season (eastern Americas) 1955 Pacific hurricane season (western American) 1955 Pacific typhoon season (eastern Asia) 1950s South Pacific cyclone seasons 1950s Australian region cyclone seasons

11364301

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods%20in%20the%20United%20States%20%282000%E2%80%93present%29

Floods in the United States (2000–present)

Floods in the United States (2000–present) is a list of flood events which were of significant impact to the country during the 21st century, since 2000. Floods are generally caused by excessive rainfall, excessive snowmelt, storm surge from hurricanes, and dam failure. Decade of the 2000s November 2000 Hawaii floods Tropical Storm Paul formed on October 25 from the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) to the southwest of Mexico, and it dissipated four days later without becoming a significant tropical cyclone. The remnants of Paul reached the Hawaiian Islands in early November 2000, and interacted with an upper-level low, dropping very heavy rains from November 1 to 3. Tropical Storm Allison floods in Louisiana and Texas – June 2001 The remains of the tropical cyclone sat and spun over eastern Texas for several days before moving eastward just inland of the Gulf coast. Heavy rains fell along the western Gulf coast that week, with storm totals of nearly 940 mm (37 in) near Houston and 1041 mm (41 in) west of Beaumont. Damage from the storm was estimated near US$6  billion (2001 dollars), and 41 perished from the flood. Los Angeles County Flood of 2005 Hurricane Katrina (2005) storm surge – Louisiana and Mississippi A large Category 3 hurricane at landfall along the southeast tip of Louisiana, the strong northerly flow behind Katrina caused breaks and failures in the levees that protected the lower Ninth Ward and along other canals in New Orleans, flooding 80 percent of the city for nearly a month. The mouth of the Mississippi River saw breaks in its levee system due to storm surge. In Mississippi, a massive storm surge destroyed most structures along the coast including floating casinos, and preliminary figures show that the storm surge was higher than in Hurricane Camille of 1969. There were 1,836 fatalities, mostly from flooding. Mid-Atlantic and New England Flood – October 2005 The combination of a moisture fetch set up by Subtropical Depression 22 and Tropical Storm Tammy, as well as an additional tropical disturbance that rode up a stationary frontal zone, set up excessive rains from coastal sections of the Mid-Atlantic states through southern New England. In New Hampshire, the Monadnock region was affected, with Alstead among the hardest hit as 300 mm (12 in) of rain fell within 30 hours, allowing this month to be the wettest in the history of the Granite State. It was considered a once-in-500-year flood event. Ka Loko Reservoir – March 2006 Prolonged rainfall fell across Hawaii between February 19 and April 2, 2006, as upper-level cyclones kept closing off northwest of the archipelago, virtually eliminating their normal trade winds, and bringing some of the wettest conditions seen in the state since March 1951. Four of the cyclones were kona lows. The heavy rain event of March 1 to 3 brought severe flooding to the east-facing slopes of the Koolau Range in Oahu, with 571 mm (22.47 in) falling in two days at Punalu'u. During the next rain event from March 8 to 11, many of the larger islands received significant amounts of rainfall. Flash flooding occurred in Maakua Stream, and severe inundation affected communities from Laie to Kahana. As much as 356 mm (14 in) of rain fell over north Kauai, forcing the closure of Kuhio Highway at the Hanalei Bridge for the second time in 24 hours. 150–255 mm (6–10 in)of rain fell upon the southeast-facing slopes of the Big Island causing numerous road closures in Hilo. North and east Kauai received 200–300 mm (8–12 in) of rain over a 3-day period. Mount Waialeale recorded over 711 mm (28 in) during this 4-day period. The Kauai Marriott Resort suffered significant damage due to the overflow of Keonaawanui Stream during the early morning hours of March 11. The third significant rain event between March 13 and 18 was too much for Ka Loko Dam in northeast Kauai, which failed in the early morning of March 14. The wall of water swept away homes and structures and resulted in 3 confirmed deaths and 4 persons missing. Repeated thunderstorms and heavy rains produced numerous road closures from flooding and inundated many properties. Mid-Atlantic Flood – June 2006 A stalled frontal boundary, a tropical connection, and a developing tropical disturbance led to heavy rains across the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast, particularly in central Maryland and Pennsylvania during late June. Rainfall amounts ranged up to 430 mm (17 in) during the several days of heavy rain. There was the threat of dam failure around an earthen dam around Lake Needwood in eastern Montgomery County, Maryland, due to the deluge. Western Gulf Coast flood – October 2006 A trio of heavy rainfall events, on October 14–17, October 18–19, and again from October 26–27 set the stage for moderate to significant flooding across portions of eastern Texas, Louisiana, as well as portions of Arkansas and Mississippi. This was the wettest spell for the region since T.S. Allison of the 1989 Atlantic hurricane season. Two of these events were fed by tropical cyclones from the 2006 Pacific Hurricane Season, Norman and Paul, which affected western Mexico. Each rainfall event led to localized maxima in excess of 250 mm (10 in), and helped break a dry spell across the region. Localized totals ranged up to 711 mm (28 in) near Kountze, Texas during the 13-day period from October 14 through October 27. Washington State Flood – November 2006 Severe flooding in Washington state closed Mount Rainier National Park and damaged several mountain towns, including North Bend. 2007 Midwest flooding – August 2007 A stalled frontal boundary stretching from Iowa to Ohio was the focus for several rounds of heavy rainfall resulting in flash flooding the week of August 18 – August 25, 2007. Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio were the states hardest hit. Across the six states, 18 counties were declared federal disaster areas. Numerous rainfall records, both for most rain in the month of August as well as 24-hour rainfall totals were recorded. Over 457 mm (18 in) of rain was recorded in some locations during this week. At least $100 million in damages has been reported in Minnesota and Wisconsin alone, and 18 people were killed. 2007 Oregon and Washington floods – December 2007 Flooding occurred in Oregon and Washington along with high winds. Interstate 5 was both closed and damaged. 2008 Midwest flooding – Spring 2008 Flooding occurred in the midwest part of the United States. June 2008 Midwest Flood Extensive flooding is occurring or has occurred on the Wabash, White, Zumbro, Kickapoo, Wisconsin, Baraboo, Cedar, Crawfish, Fox, Iowa, Rock, and Des Moines rivers, as well as the upper Mississippi River, leading to extensive flooding in Iowa, Wisconsin, Indiana, Minnesota, Michigan, and Missouri. July–August 2008 Alaska Flood Spring 2009 Red River Flood In 2009, a record flood caused extensive damages along the Red River of the North, affecting the areas of Fargo-Moorhead, Wahpeton-Breckenridge, and Grand Forks between the Minnesota–North Dakota border, as well as Winnipeg and its surroundings in Manitoba, Canada. September 2009 Southern Flood A major rain event from September 16 through 22, which brought over ten inches of rain to the Atlanta, Birmingham, Chattanooga, Athens areas as well as other parts of the states of Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee and North Carolina. As of September 22, 2009, in Atlanta, 9 people had been killed due to the floods. Decade of the 2010s March 2010 Southern New England Flood A major rainfall event which lasted from March 1–30 which brought twelve inches of rain and flooded the Pawtuxet River, Blackstone River and numerous other ocean , lakes, ponds and streams in Rhode Island. The flooding was the worst in Rhode Island history, as the Pawtuxet River crested over 69 feet—12 feet above flood stage, shattering the previous record by several feet. The rainstorm, which occurred during the cool, dry season, added 8.79" to an already rainy March. At 16.34" of rain, it was the wettest month on record for Rhode Island. A seasonal high tide led to severe coastal flooding in Bristol, Rhode Island; four of Rhode Island's counties were declared emergency disaster zones. The Warwick Mall in Warwick was flooded with 20 inches of water, leaving hundreds of employees out of work. A sewage treatment plant in the area failed, contaminating the rainwater with raw sewage. Hundreds of homes in Warwick, Cranston and Johnston were flooded with over a foot of contaminated water. Many towns in Southeastern Massachusetts were also affected by the flood. May 2010 Tennessee floods The May 2010 Tennessee floods were 1000-year floods in Middle Tennessee, West Tennessee, south-central and western Kentucky and northern Mississippi as the result of torrential rains on May 1–2, 2010. Floods from these rains affected the area for several days afterwards, resulting in thirty-one deaths and widespread property damage totaling $2.3 billion. September 2010 Minnesota/Wisconsin Flood Flash floods put towns underwater and forced evacuations in Minnesota and Wisconsin. A strong system caused the heavy rain and flash flooding in the Upper Midwest. Some of the worse flooding came a week after the flood. Near record stage on the Minnesota river in New Ulm, Mankato, St Peter, Jordan, Shakopee, Savage, and breaking records in Henderson. Records were also broken on the Cannon River and the Zumbro River. 2011 Missouri River Flood The 2011 Missouri River floods was a flooding event on the Missouri River in the United States, in May and June that year. The flooding was triggered by record snowfall in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming along with near-record spring rainfall in central and eastern Montana. All six major dams along the Missouri River released record amounts of water to prevent overflow which led to flooding threatening several towns and cities along the river from Montana to Missouri; in particular Bismarck, North Dakota; Pierre, South Dakota; Dakota Dunes, South Dakota; South Sioux City, Nebraska, Sioux City, Iowa; Omaha, Nebraska; Council Bluffs, Iowa; Kansas City, Missouri; Jefferson City, Missouri, as well as putting many smaller towns at risk. According to the National Weather Service, in the second half of the month of May 2011, almost a year's worth of rain fell over the upper Missouri River basin. Extremely heavy rainfall in conjunction with an estimated 212 percent of normal snowpack in the Rocky Mountains contributed to this flooding event. Spring 2011 Mississippi River Floods Two of the most deadly tornado outbreaks in U.S. history combined with spring snowmelt cause the Mississippi to swell to record levels. Missouri, Illinois, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana were affected, and the western counties of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi were declared federal disaster areas. The Birds Point-New Madrid Floodway was put into use for the first time since 1937. Nine floodgates of the Morganza Spillway were opened, marking the first use of the gates since the 1973 flood. 330 of the Bonnet Carré Spillway's gates were opened to save the levees protecting New Orleans. There was concern that if the Old River Control Structure, the Morganza Spillway, or the Bonnet Carré Spillway failed, the Mississippi River could change its course, flowing either into the Atchafalaya Basin or Lake Pontchartrain. September 2011 Mid-Atlantic Flooding US Midwest floods 2013 Heavy rainfall, severe thunderstorms, and flash flooding occurred across several Midwest states in April 2013. Heavy rain fell after moist air surged ahead of a strong cold front and low-pressure system, leaving many rivers swollen. As much as 8 inches of rainfall fell in some places. Flood warnings were in effect from Michigan to northern Arkansas and Tennessee. As of April 22, more than 200 gauges were in flood stage along rivers in the upper Midwest, including 43 in "major" flood stage. The floods have been responsible for five fatalities. By May 29, the statewide average rainfall in Iowa had reached 16.4 inches, making it the wettest spring in the 141 years of recorded climate data for the state. On the same day, the University of Iowa began installing Hesco bastions around low-lying campus buildings, in anticipation of flooding on the Iowa River. On May 30, because of continued rain, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers increased the outflow from the Coralville Reservoir to 14,000 cubic feet per second, leading Iowa City to declare a civil emergency and forcing the closure of low-lying portions of North Dubuque Street, a major route for commuter traffic into Iowa City. By June 1, the outflow from Coralville Reservoir had been increased to 18,000 cubic feet per second with the control gates fully opened, putting an estimated 50–60 structures at risk of inundation. The Cedar River crested in Cedar Rapids, Iowa early on June 2, reaching the 10th highest level ever recorded. The river briefly forced the closure of the Edgewood Road Bridge, but the city's flood defences prevented additional damage. On June 13, water levels of the Coralville reservoir had finally fallen to the point where the Corps of Engineers was able to reduce the outflow to 14,000 cubic feet per second, and Iowa City was able to reopen North Dubuque Street on Sunday, June 16. September 2013 Colorado floods During the week starting September 9, a slow moving cold front stalled over Colorado, clashing with warm humid monsoonal air from the south. This resulted in rain and flooding along Colorado's Front Range from Colorado Springs north to Fort Collins. The situation intensified on September 11 and 12. Worst hit was Boulder County, with up to 21 inches of rain recorded. At least 6 deaths along the Front Range have been attributed to the flooding, and evacuations took place in many low-lying areas. The town of Lyons in Boulder County was isolated by the flooding of the St. Vrain River, and several earth dams along the Front Range burst or were overtopped. As of late September 13, according to the Office of Emergency Management, there were 172 people unaccounted for and at least 3 dead in flood area of Boulder County. 2013 Texas flood In a two-day period on October 30–31 a flood event occurred in Texas. The floods prompted evacuations and water rescues across the Austin area, and the National Weather Service in Austin issued a rare flash flood emergency for the city of Austin and areas in Travis County. 81 flood-related incidents were also reported, and 7 fatalities occurred. 2014 Gulf Coast Flood On April 29–30, 2014, a slow-moving cold front associated with a tornado outbreak in the Deep South dumped a record setting amount of rainfall, inundating the western Florida Panhandle and Southwest Alabama. Pensacola was estimated to have received as much as 26 inches of rain in only 25 hours, with 5.68 inches of it falling in only an hour at Pensacola International Airport. A landslide caused a major portion of Scenic Highway in Pensacola to collapse into the bay it overlooks. Areas east of Pensacola received as much as 15–20 inches of rain, peaking at 20.39 inches in Milton and 14.15 inches at Mary Esther. The majority of this rainfall occurred in a time period of about 9 hours on the morning of April 30. In Alabama, rainfall amounts peaked at 23.67 inches in Orange Beach, and 17.20 inches in Mobile. 2014 Southeastern Michigan flood On August 11, 2014, historic flooding occurred in and around Detroit after a storm brought about of rain in a period of several hours. Many freeways across the area were heavily flooded, especially the Interstate 75/Interstate 696 interchange in Madison Heights, Michigan. Damage from the storm totaled $1.8 billion. In addition, two people were killed. 2014 New York flood Record setting rainfall presenting 60 days of precipitation fell from the same system that precipitated the 2014 Southeastern Michigan flood two days earlier on suburbs of New York City. A 24 hour state record for precipitation was set at . In a single hour between 5am and 6am in Islip, over fell, including in 9 minutes. One person was killed. Portions of Interstate 495, New York State Route 27, New York State Route 110, New York State Route 135, the Northern State Parkway, the Southern State Parkway and the Sagtikos Parkway closed. A baseball game at Yankee Stadium between the New York Yankees and Baltimore Orioles was postponed. Damage was at least $35.2 million. Further south, flash flood emergencies were issued in the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area, with the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel and parts of the Baltimore Beltway closed due to flooding. 2014 Arizona flood A record setting rainfall event deposited close to 3 inches of precipitation on the area, breaking the old record set in 1933. 2015 Texas-Oklahoma flood Weeks of heavy rain caused by a slow-moving front resulted in devastating floods across much of Texas and Oklahoma during the week of May 24, 2015. Most notably, the town of Wimberley, Texas, along with a significant portion of Hays County was devastated when the Blanco River rose to almost 30 feet above flood stage overnight. Later that week, Houston also experienced widespread flash flooding in highly populated portions of the city as well. 2015 Louisiana flood The 2015 Louisiana floods took place during June 2015. The Red River of the South flooded parts of northern Louisiana. The Red River reached its highest level in over 70 years during the floods. 2015 Utah floods Heavy rain from the remnants of Hurricane Linda fell over southern Utah, causing flash floods in Zion National Park and the town of Hildale. The floods killed between 16 and 20 people. 2015 Missouri floods in December 2015, major floods occurred in Missouri. March 2016 Southern and Midwestern floods In early March 2016, a dip in the jet stream and collection of moisture from the gulf caused a large, slow-moving weather system that produced torrential rains and severe weather as it made its way from Texas into the Mississippi Valley. On March 8, the storm hit northwest Louisiana, where it proceeded to create huge flood events in the area near Shreveport. Many neighborhoods around Red Chute Bayou and Flat River in Bossier Parish were quickly inundated and evacuated. In the neighborhood of Golden Meadows in Bossier City, the rapid rainfall overwhelmed storm drains and left people stranded in their homes with up to four feet of water in some areas. As the storm later moved east, the rest of North Louisiana was heavily impacted with up to twenty five inches of rain recorded in some areas such as Monroe. There were also many areas in other states such as Illinois, Texas, Oklahoma, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee severely affected by this storm. Five deaths are directly attributed to this storm, and over 3500 people have been displaced. April 2016 Houston floods In April 2016, Houston, Texas was flooded with over one foot of rain in 24 hours. May 2016 Oklahoma floods The 2016 Oklahoma floods set precipitation records in both Texas and Oklahoma. June 2016 West Virginia floods One of the deadliest floods in state history, and deadliest flash flood in U.S. history since the 2010 Tennessee Floods was caused by 8 to 10 inches of rainfall in over a 12-hour period. 23 people perished from the floods, and hardest hit counties include Greenbrier, Kanawha, Jackson, and Ohio. July 2016 Maryland floods Significant flash flooding affected the Baltimore Metropolitan Area, and especially hard hit was Ellicott City where up to six inches of rain fell within two hours. Two people were killed and significant damage was wrought to the historic downtown district of Ellicott City. 2016 Louisiana floods In August 2016, prolonged rainfall from an unpredictable storm resulted in catastrophic flooding in Louisiana. Louisiana governor John Bel Edwards called the disaster a "historic, unprecedented flooding event" and declared a state of emergency. Many rivers and waterways, particularly the Amite and Comite rivers, reached record levels, and rainfall exceeded 20 inches (510 mm) in multiple parishes. At least 60 people were killed and total damages exceeded $10 billion. 2017 California floods The 2017 California floods were a series of floods that affected parts of California in the first half of 2017. Northern California saw its wettest winter in almost a century, breaking the previous record set in the winter of 1982–83. Flooding related to the same storm systems also impacted parts of western Nevada and southern Oregon. Damage to California roads and highways alone was estimated at over $1.05 billion and at least 5 people were killed as a result of the floods. 2017 Florida floods From August 23–28, 2017, Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten's precursor stalled over Florida, causing the worst flooding the state had seen in at least 20 years. Fort Myers and other areas in southwestern Florida were the hardest-hit, forcing the evacuation of more than 200 people. The disturbance dropped a maximum total of rainfall in excess of of rain in Ten Mile Canal and Six Mile Cypress Slough Preserve, in southwestern Florida, in addition to of rain in the western parts of Fort Myers. The system killed two people in Florida and caused more than $1.923 million (2017 USD) in damages. Less than two weeks later, Hurricane Irma made landfall in southwestern Florida on September 10, bringing additional flooding to the region, causing significantly more damage in the state. July 2017 Payson floods One of the deadliest floods to ever hit Gila County, Arizona. The floods hit a popular hiking trail near the town of Payson which killed 10 people, including 5 children. 2017 Southeastern Texas and Southern Louisiana floods Hurricane Harvey stalled over southeastern Texas, dropping over five feet of rain in some places, causing major flooding, especially in the Houston metropolitan area and the Beaumont–Port Arthur metropolitan area. 2018 Ohio River floods After a tornado outbreak in late February, flooding occurred along the Ohio River, which crested at , the 22nd highest in recorded history and highest since 1997. This flooding caused six people to die. Damage totalled $500 million. In September 2018, record rainfalls caused extensive flash flooding, with one casualty reported. April 2018 Hawaii floods In April 2018, a series of thunderstorms produced record-breaking rainfall on the Hawaiian Islands of Kauaʻi and Oahu. An upper-level low moved across the area on April 13, generating a mesoscale convective system that moved over eastern Oahu, producing localized heavy rainfall that reached . August 2018 Hawaii floods Hurricane Lane produced record-breaking rain across the Hawaiian Islands. The resulting floods and landslides caused extensive damage and one fatality. More than 3,000 insurance claims for damage were made statewide and total economic losses exceeded $250 million. Accumulations were greatest along the eastern slopes of Mauna Loa with a maximum of at Kahūnā Falls in Akaka Falls State Park, as measured by a private weather station. This made Lane the wettest tropical cyclone on record in the state of Hawaii, surpassing the previous peak of during Hurricane Hiki in 1950. Lane's peak rainfall total was also the second-highest recorded from a tropical cyclone within the United States, surpassed only by Hurricane Harvey in the preceding year. September 2018 Carolinas floods A combination of storm surge flooding and rainfall, over two and a half feet in some parts of North Carolina, when Hurricane Florence stalled over southeastern North Carolina led to severe flooding, with some rivers cresting almost two weeks after Florence's landfall. Mississippi River Floods of 2019 The conterminous United States recorded the wettest meteorological winter (December 2018 – February 2019) during the 1895–2019 period of record. Most portions of the Mississippi River experienced significant, prolonged flooding during the winter, spring, and summer of 2019. The duration of flooding exceeded records set by the Great Mississippi River Flood of 1927 at some locations along the Lower Mississippi River. The Bonnet Carre' Spillway was operated for the first time in two consecutive years and operated twice in the same year for the first time. March 2019 Nebraska floods 64 of 93 counties in Nebraska declared a state of emergency and at least three people died. 14 bridges needed replacing or major work. Decade of the 2020s 2020 Southeast Alaska floods According to National Weather Service in Juneau, December 1, 2020, was a recording-breaking day. A single-day rainfall caused flooding and landslides in the region. Around 2,000 people lived in the area. Four houses were destroyed, and two people died. The U.S. Coast Guard sent a helicopter and boat to the location for avoiding further damages. Damage amounted to nearly $30 million from the storm. March 2021 Nashville floods In Nashville, heavy rainfall caused a flash-flood, killing 6 men in their sixties and seventies and 1 woman in her forties. It was reported that most of the fatalities occurred while the victims were in their cars. March 2021 Hawaii floods In March 2021, a cut off upper-level low brought torrential rainfall to Hawaii, triggering severe flooding across the islands of Oahu, Maui, and Kauai. May 2021 Alabama floods In early May 2021, in Alabama and the Southeastern United States, a deluge caused moderate flooding and spawned at least three tornadoes. After the deluge had passed, it was reported that there had been no fatalities, but that damage occurred in Georgia, Texas, Alabama, Mississippi and Virginia, and that debris must be cleaned up when it is safe to do so, and the waterline has receded to manageable levels. It was reported that Alabama received as much rain as they normally would in one month, during the span of a single day. May 2021 Louisiana floods Rainfall in the areas around Lake Charles, Louisiana caused severe flooding, and killed four people. 3 people were found to have drowned in their cars, and another person drowned after crashing their car into a ditch. A flood warning was issued by Baton Rouge authorities. Torrential rains were recorded to have been at three times the normal level, and water levels in the region are the third highest they've been since flood records started in the area in 1895. The water levels are seconded only by the effects of Hurricane Delta in 2020. June 2021 Southeastern Michigan flood Late on June 25 into early June 26 an rainband set up across Washtenaw County and Wayne County, the local weather radar estimated that some areas in Detroit received of rain. Local highways like Interstate 75, Interstate 94, and Interstate 96 were flooded, and hundreds of cars were left stranded, also some basements of people's homes in the area flooded. July 2021 Bucks County flood On July 12, heavy rainfall across southeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, mainly Bucks County. Cities including Bensalem, Croydon, and Bristol Township experienced flash flooding, caused by many inches of rain. The residents at Lafayette Condos in Bensalem had to be evacuated from their homes. July 2021 Arizona flood On July 14, flash flooding occurred in Flagstaff, Coconino County, Arizona. The flooding was worsened by ground softening caused by recent and ongoing wildfires in Arizona, and in the United States, which in turn, were sparked by a heatwave and drought. One woman was killed after she was swept up in a current, as she was rafting in the Grand Canyon. Flagstaff declared a state of emergency due to the unexpected amount of flooding. August 2021 Tennessee floods On the morning of August 21, storms riding along a stationary front in western Middle Tennessee produced widespread flash flooding across the counties of Stewart, Houston, Dickson, Humphreys, and Hickman. Especially hard hit were the towns of McEwen and Waverly in Humphreys County, where many homes and businesses were destroyed by floodwaters along Trace Creek. Twenty people were killed throughout Humphreys County from the flooding. September 2021 Northeastern United States floods Hurricane Ida's extratropical remnants triggered severe flooding across the Northeastern United States from September 1 to 2. The flooding killed 54 people and caused between $16 billion and $24 billion in damage. June 2022 Montana floods Large areas of Montana, including Yellowstone National Park, were affected by heavy flooding in June 2022. The flooding resulted in $29 million in damage, and killed one person. July–August 2022 nationwide floods Beginning on July 24, 2022, and lasting for a week, many flash flooding events hit several areas of the United States. These areas included parts of Missouri and Illinois, especially Greater St. Louis, Eastern Kentucky, Southwest Virginia, parts of West Virginia, and the Las Vegas Valley. Several rounds of severe thunderstorms began in Missouri on July 24, culminating during July 25 and 26, when St. Louis broke its previous 1915 record for the most rainfall in a span of 24 hours. Governor Mike Parson declared a state of emergency on July 26. Over one hundred people were rescued from floods, and two people were killed. Late on July 27 and into July 28, historic flooding began in central Appalachia, particularly in Kentucky, where a state of emergency was declared. A total of 38 people were killed in Kentucky as a direct result of flooding, with a 39th fatality occurring days later during cleanup efforts and a 40th coming in September during cleanup efforts in Pike County. Late July 28, another unprecedented flash flooding event occurred in Las Vegas after parts of the city saw over an inch of rainfall. Much of the Las Vegas Strip became inundated, with roads, casinos, and parking garages being affected and flights being delayed or cancelled. More flooding continued from July 30 to August 1 in Arizona, including Phoenix and Flagstaff, California, including Death Valley National Park, and again in the same areas of Eastern Kentucky. In all, 41 people were killed during the flooding events: 39 in Kentucky on July 28 and 2 in Missouri on July 26. More flooding events continued throughout August, impacting areas such as Death Valley, the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, and central Mississippi. A flash flood in Zion National Park in Utah led to one fatality. The Dallas flooding on August 22 led to an additional fatality and four injuries. December 2022-March 2023 California floods Periods of heavy rainfall caused by multiple atmospheric rivers in California between December 31, 2022 and March 25, 2023 resulted in floods that affected parts of Southern California, the California Central Coast, Northern California and Nevada. The flooding resulted in property damage and at least 22 fatalities. At least 200,000 homes and business lost power during the December–January storms and 6,000 individuals were ordered to evacuate. The floods were widely reported by media as an example of how climate change is increasing extreme changes in weather, especially cycles of precipitation and drought. Scientists interviewed by Los Angeles Times said that further study is needed to determine the connection and California has recorded similar events almost every decade since records started in the 19th century. Other scientists have emphasized that floods were caused by ocean warming, directly related to climate change. Scientist Kevin Trenberth declared that "the interaction between the warming ocean and the overlying atmosphere (...) is producing these prodigious rainfalls that have occurred in so many places around the world recently". Climate change is intensifying the water cycle. This brings more intense rainfall and associated flooding, as well as more intense drought in many regions. It has been both predicted by scientists and observed in the last years and documented by the IPCC (International Panel for Climate Change 6th assessment report). Before the rains started, California had been in an extreme drought. Due to the storms, Governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency on January 4, 2023. President Joe Biden then declared a state of emergency in 17 California counties on January 9, 2023. That same day, two lawmakers sent a letter urging President Biden to declare a state of emergency for San Luis Obispo County and Santa Barbara County. Biden approved a major disaster declaration for Santa Cruz, Sacramento and Merced counties on January 14. Monterey, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties were added a few days later to the declaration. Later, Ventura County was approved disaster relief. Biden surveyed the damage with Newsom on January 19. 2023 Desert Southwest floods Between May 27 to June 7, numerous days of heavy rain led to extreme flooding across the Southwestern United States, which would later be classified as a “historic” flooding event by the National Weather Service. In the Amarillo metropolitan area, over of rain fell. Over 200 people had to be evacuated in the city of Amarillo. Several homes were completely destroyed by the floods. The Canadian River reached moderate level flood stage, peaking at , over above flood stage. July 2023 Northeast floods On the evening of July 9, 2023, heavy rain caused flooding in multiple parts of New York State, resulting in at least one death and dozens of rescues. The Hudson Valley was hit hardest, with sections receiving up to eight inches of rain. Mid-September 2023 Northeast floods Late September 2023 New York floods See also Floods in the United States before 1900 Floods in the United States (1900–1999) United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology References 21st 2000s floods 2010s floods 2020s floods 2000s floods in the United States 2010s floods in the United States 2020s floods in the United States 2001 beginnings

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sundering%20Flood

The Sundering Flood

The Sundering Flood is a fantasy novel by British writer William Morris, perhaps the first modern fantasy writer to unite an imaginary world with the element of the supernatural, and thus the precursor of much of present-day fantasy literature. The Sundering Flood was Morris' last work of fiction, completed only in rough draft, with the ending dictated from his deathbed. It was edited posthumously by his daughter May into finished form for publication and published in 1897. Morris considered his fantasies a revival of the medieval tradition of chivalrous romances, and was accordingly willing to use archaic-sounding language. However, in editor and critic Lin Carter's estimation, "Morris' imitation of medieval prose was not overdone: clarity and simplicity and a certain haunting and lyrical music makes it very readable." Plot summary Osberne Wulfgrimsson and Elfhild are lovers who live on opposite sides of the Sundering Flood, an immense river, which they cannot cross. When Elfhild disappears during an invasion by the Red Skinners, the heartbroken Osberne takes up his magical sword Boardcleaver and joins the army of Sir Godrick of Longshaw, in whose service he helps dethrone the tyrannical king and plutocracy of merchants ruling the city at the mouth of the river. Afterwards he locates Elfhild, who had fled with a relative, a wise woman skilled in the magical arts, and taken refuge in the Wood Masterless. Elfhild tells Osberne of their adventures en route to safety. Afterwards they return together to Wethermel, Osberne's home, and all ends happily. History and influence The novel was first published posthumously in hardcover by Morris' Kelmscott Press in 1897. Its importance in the history of fantasy literature was recognized by its republication by Ballantine Books as the fifty-seventh volume of the celebrated Ballantine Adult Fantasy series in May, 1973. The Ballantine edition includes an introduction by Lin Carter. The book appears to be the first fantasy novel to include what has become conventional in the genre, a fantasy map that defines a wholly imagined world. References External links The Sundering Flood in The Collected Works of William Morris Volume XXI, Longmans Green & Co, 1914, at Project Gutenberg The Sundering Flood on Google Books (free access) 1897 British novels Novels by William Morris British fantasy novels 1897 fantasy novels Novels published posthumously

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood%20Control%20Act%20of%201965

Flood Control Act of 1965

The Flood Control Act of 1965, Title II of , was enacted on October 27, 1965, by the 89th Congress and authorized the United States Army Corps of Engineers to design and construct numerous flood control projects including the Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity, Louisiana Hurricane Protection Project in the New Orleans region of south Louisiana. The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1965 was also part of (Title III). Basic provisions Sec 201 of the Act authorized the Secretary of the Army, acting through the Chief of Engineers (of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) to design and construct any water resource development project, including navigation, flood control, and shore protection if the cost of any single project did not exceed $10 million. Any such project was subject to local cost sharing in the same manner as larger projects. Surveys Sec 208 of the Act authorized the Corps of Engineers to conduct surveys for flood control and allied purposes, to include drainage and channel improvements. Impact on New Orleans The pre-Katrina Orleans Levee District (OLD), governed by the Orleans Levee Board (OLB), owned considerable assets, mainly real estate, a peculiarity that stems from its history. In the early twentieth century, the OLD reclaimed a portion of Lake Pontchartrain, a 24-mile wide lake north of New Orleans. The OLD developed the land and sold it to raise money to build and improve levees. The Lake Vista, Lake Oaks, Lake Terrace, East and West Lakeshore subdivisions and other property between Robert E. Lee Blvd and Lake Pontchartrain are all examples of these developed properties. The OLD also owned a marina and a small commercial airport on a man-made peninsula created from dredged material in the early 1930s. In the Flood Control Act of 1965––legislation enacted in response to losses exceeding $1 billion (including multiple levee failures) during Hurricane Betsy––Congress directed the Corps, from then forward, to be responsible for design and construction of the hurricane flood protection system enveloping New Orleans. It was called the Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Hurricane Protection Project. The Orleans Levee District retained the role of maintenance and operations once the projects were complete. Congress directed the Corps build a flood protection system to protect south Louisiana from the worst storms characteristic of the region. The Corps began developing the storm model in 1959, called the Standard Project Hurricane (SPH). This model was not subsequently adjusted, despite the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (the successor agency to the Weather Bureau) recommending increasing the strength of the model: the Corps did not change its construction plans. When authorized, this mandate was projected to take 13 years to complete. The initial scope of the project was to provide hurricane protection to areas around the lake in the parishes of Orleans, Jefferson, St. Bernard, and St. Charles with the federal government paying 70 percent of the costs and the state and local interests paying 30 percent, the typical cost-share arrangement. When Katrina struck in 2005, the project was between 60-90% complete and the projected date of completion was estimated to be 2015. Details of the congressional mandate are defined in the Government Accountability Office's testimony before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works on September 28, 2005. The opening paragraph of the twelve page report reads: "Congress first authorized the Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity, Louisiana Hurricane Protection Project in the Flood Control Act of 1965. The project was to construct a series of control structures, concrete floodwalls, and levees to provide hurricane protection to areas around Lake Pontchartrain. The project, when designed, was expected to take about 13 years to complete and cost about $85 million." By 2005, the estimated cost of construction for the completed project had risen $738 million with the federal share being $528 million and the local share $210 million. After Hurricane Katrina, six major investigations were conducted by civil engineers and other experts in an attempt to identify the underlying reasons for the failure of the federal flood protection system. All concurred that the primary cause of the flooding was inadequate design and construction by the Army Corps of Engineers. On January 4, 2023, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) updated the Katrina fatality data based on Rappaport (2014). The new toll reduced the number by about one quarter from an estimated 1,833 to 1,392. The Rappaport analysis wrote that the 2005 storm “…stands apart not just for the enormity of the losses, but for the ways in which most of the deaths occurred.” The same NHC report also revised the total damage estimate keeping Hurricane Katrina as the costliest storm ever––$190 billion according to NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information. In September 2022, the Associated Press issued a style guide change to Katrina stating that reporters when writing about the storm in New Orleans should note that “…levee failures played a major role in the devastation in New Orleans. In some stories, that can be as simple as including a phrase about Hurricane Katrina’s catastrophic levee failures and flooding….” Specific projects Sec 204 of the Act authorized projects in the following locations: St John River Basin, Maine Housatonic River Basin, Connecticut New England - Atlantic Coastal Area Long Island Sound New York - Atlantic Coastal Area Elizabeth River Basin, New Jersey Rahway River Basin, New Jersey Neuse River Basin, North Carolina Middle Atlantic Coastal Area Flint River Basin, Georgia Central and Southern Florida Basin South Atlantic Coastal Area Phillippi Creek Basin, Florida Lower Mississippi River Basin, adapting the Birds Point - New Madrid project enacted by 45 Stat. 34 at an estimated cost of $189,109,000 General Projects - Grand Isle, Morgan City, and Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana (Lake Pontchartrain at a cost of $56,235,000) Ouachita River Basin, Louisiana Red River Basin, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas Gulf of Mexico - various bayous in Texas Rio Grande Basin, Texas at a cost of $12,493,000 Arkansas River Basin, as authorized by the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1946 - various creeks and rivers in Colorado, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas Missouri River Basin - various creeks and rivers in Kansas, Iowa, South Dakota, North Dakota, Missouri, and Montana Ohio River Basin - various creeks and rivers in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia Red River of the North Basin Upper Mississippi River Basin - various projects in Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Minnesota and South Dakota Great Lakes Basin Little Colorado River Basin Gila River Basin, Arizona Eel River, Whitewater River, Santa Ana River, Sacramento River, San Diego River Basins, California San Francisco Bay Area Columbia River Basin, Oregon and Washington Sec 201 of the Act authorized: Kahoma Stream Flood Control Project, Hawaii at a cost of $18,500,000 San Francisco Bay water quality Sec 216 of the Act authorized the Corps of Engineers to study the water and wastewater quality of various bodies of water in the San Francisco Bay area. Modification of other Flood Control Acts Flood Control Act of 1944, with respect to roads impacted by Whitney Dam, Texas Flood Control Act of 1958, with respect to the Minnesota River Flood Control Act of 1960, with respect to funding limitations Flood Control Act of 1962, with respect to the Scioto River, Ohio See also 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans IHNC Lake Borgne Surge Barrier Rivers and Harbors Act for related legislation which sometime also implement flood control provisions. Standard Project Hurricane Water Resources Development Act References External links Levees.Org (non-profit flood protection group in New Orleans) 1965 in the environment 1965 in American law 1965

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20S.%20Flood%20%28politician%29

Thomas S. Flood (politician)

Thomas Schmeck Flood (April 12, 1844 – October 28, 1908) was a United States Representative from New York. Born in Lodi, New York, Flood attended the common schools and Elmira Free Academy. He studied medicine but did not practice, instead engaging in the drug business. He moved to Pennsylvania and founded the town of DuBois, then served as the town's first postmaster. After returning to New York, he settled in Elmira and served on the city's Board of Aldermen in 1882 and 1883. He engaged in agricultural pursuits and lumbering and was president of the Chemung County Agricultural Society in 1884 and 1885. Flood was elected as a Republican to the Fiftieth and Fifty-first Congresses (March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1891). He served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures on Public Buildings during the Fifty-first Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1890. Following his time as a Representative, Flood worked in the real estate business. He died on October 28, 1908, while visiting Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and was interred in Elmira's Woodlawn Cemetery. References 1844 births 1908 deaths People from Lodi, New York Politicians from Elmira, New York People from Chemung County, New York Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state) 19th-century American politicians

11633995

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20flooding%20in%20Canada

History of flooding in Canada

The history of flooding in Canada includes floods caused by snowmelt runoff or freshet flooding, storm-rainfall and "flash flooding", ice jams during ice formation and spring break-up, natural dams, coastal flooding on ocean or lake coasts from storm surges, hurricanes and tsunamis. Urban flooding can be caused by stormwater runoff, riverine flooding and structural failure when engineered flood management structures, including dams and levees, prove inadequate to manage the quantities and force of flood waters. Floods can also occur when groundwater levels rise entering buildings cracks in foundation, floors and basements. Flooding is part of the natural environmental process. Flooding along large river systems is more frequent in spring where peak flows are often governed by runoff volume due to rainfall and snowmelt, but can take place in summer with flash floods in urban systems that respond to short-duration, heavy rainfall. Flooding due to hurricanes, or downgraded severe storms, is a concern from August to October when tropical storms can affect Eastern North America. Flood events have had a significant effect on various regions of the country. Flooding is the costliest natural disaster for Canadians. Most home insurance claims in Canada deal with water damage due to sewer back-up, not fire. Floods occur five times as often as wildfires, the second most frequent natural hazard in Canada. Between 1900 and 2005 there were 241 flood disasters in Canada. The 1894 Fraser River flood had a return period of slightly more than 500 years and the 1948 flood was close to a 200-year event. The 1997 Red River flood was named the 'flood of the century'. The International Joint Commission (IJC)'s 1998 report warned that although the 1997 Red River flood had a "return interval ranging from 100 to 500 years, depending on the location", there was a "statistical probability of a similar flood each year." The 2011 Assiniboine River Flood was estimated to have a return interval of 300 years. The Calgary flood had a return interval ranging from 70 to 100 years. A 100-year flood has a 1-percent annual exceedance probability (AEP) flood. with a flow of the Bow River in Calgary measured at c. when the flood reached its peak level on June 21, 2013. Large flood disasters in Canada and estimated total costs List of floods 1879 Fort Calgary flood The flood of 1879 had an estimated peak rate of based on high-water marks. 1894 Fraser River flood The largest flood of British Columbia's Fraser River on record occurred in May 1894, when rapid snow melt caused river levels to rise dramatically, triggering flooding from Agassiz to Richmond. The flood was significant in both height and breadth. In 2008, Northwest Hydraulic Consultants (NHC) recommended the adoption of the following flood frequency estimates at the Hope gauge on the Fraser River: 100 year daily maximum flow ; 200 year daily maximum flow ; 500 year daily maximum flow . The Fraser's highest recorded flow, in June 1894, is estimated to have been or within a range of about at Hope. Based on these flows, the 1894 flood had a return period of slightly more than 500 years and the 1948 flood was close to a 200-year event. Of the two catastrophic floods on the Lower Fraser River since European settlement in the Fraser Valley, the flood of 1894 is considered to be the "flood of record", but the flood of 1948 caused greater damage because of "intensive development" on the flood plain. 1897 Fort Calgary flood The flood of 1897 had an estimated peak rate of based on high-water marks. In comparison, 116 years later, in June 2013, the Bow River in Calgary peaked at c.. 1902 Saint John River flood In March 1902, fifteen ice jams in the Saint John River basin resulted in some of the worst floods on that river in the 20th century with two deaths, and extensive damage to bridges, roads, railways, and lumber mills. The Saint John River has a long history of flooding from 1696. Major reported flood events took place in 1887, 1902, 1923, 1936, 1970, 1973, 1976, 1979, and 1987, 2018. 1915 Calgary flood The 1915 Bow River flood in Calgary in June washed away the MacArthur Bridge, drowning city employee Edwin Tambling, and nearly drowning Calgary Commissioner for Public Works Jim Garden, and Aldermen Samuel Hunter Adams. Three people would die as a result of the flood. The Bow River rose above normal, a record height. The MacArthur Bridge was replaced by the Centre Street Bridge in 1916. The Sheep Creek floods in Okotoks cut gas mains left Calgarians without cooking fuel. 1929 Calgary and southern Alberta flood In June 1929, widespread flooding in southern Alberta caused major damage in Calgary and High River when the Bow River, Highwood River, and other rivers and creeks overflowed caused by extensive rainfall. Among some of the damage caused was extensive damage to the Calgary Zoo where several animals were killed, roads washed out at Banff, and homes flooded in Mission. In June 1923, the Elbow River broke the 1915 record by when it rises to . The Bow River, though it rises above normal, is still about under the 1915 record height. 1929 Tsunami Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland flood On November 18, 1929, a tsunami stuck Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland, after a large-scale Grand Banks earthquake. Sometime after the quake, many people noticed the water draining out of the coves and harbours. In St. Lawrence, "the harbour bottom, which on average is deep, was visible in places." "As the water receded, it exposed portions of the ocean floor that were normally submerged and caused boats docked at various harbours to tumble over onto their sides. Minutes later, three successive waves hit the shore and water levels rose dramatically." Three waves hit the coast at about three hours after the earthquake occurred. "In most places, the sea level swelled three to seven metres above normal, but in some of the peninsula's long narrow bays, such as at Port au Bras, St. Lawrence, and Taylor's Bay, the water rose by between to ." The waves travelled at speeds up to at the epicentre; they were recorded as far away as Portugal. The tsunami destroyed many south coastal communities on the Burin Peninsula, killing 27 or 28 people, sweeping away homes, businesses, wharves, and fishing boats, and leaving 10,000 more homeless. 1948 Fraser River flood In 1948, the second largest Fraser River flood of record occurred. By this time, the Lower Fraser Valley was a highly developed agricultural area, with commercial and industrial development and the beginnings of residential development. As well, two transcontinental rail lines and the Trans-Canada Highway had been built through the valley, and the province's major airport had been established in Richmond. Personal and financial impact was much greater than in 1894. Thousands of people were displaced and infrastructure, including bridges and roads, was significantly damaged. Based on the 2008 NHC estimates of a 200-year daily maximum flow of , the 1948 flood was close to a 200-year event. The flood of 1948 caused greater damage than the 1894 flood because of "intensive development" on the flood plain. At the height of the 1948 flood, stood under water. Dykes broke at Agassiz, Chiliwack, Nicomen Island, Glen Valley, and Matsqui. By the time the flood waters receded a month later, 16,000 people had been evacuated, and damages totalled $20,000,000. 1950 Red River flood During the 1950 Red River flood the Red River reached its highest level since 1861 resulting in a major flood from April to June turning of Manitoba farmland into a vast inland sea. On May 18, the Red River reached 30.3 feet above normal. Approximately 107,000 people were evacuated from the area. Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent called it the "most catastrophic flood ever seen in Canada". Only one person, Lawson Ogg, lost his life to the flood. Estimated costs were from $600,000,000 to over $1,000,000,000 . The province of Manitoba completed the Red River Floodway in 1968 after six years of excavation, put up permanent dikes in eight towns south of Winnipeg, and built clay dikes and diversion dams in the Winnipeg area. Other flood control structures completed later were the Portage Diversion and the Shellmouth Dam on the Assiniboine. 1954 Toronto region flood: Hurricane Hazel The most famous hurricane in Canadian history struck on October 15, 1954, causing catastrophic flooding. Hurricane Hazel submerged low-lying land from Etobicoke to the Holland Marsh and left 81 people dead. No natural disaster since has led to such a high death toll in Canada. Over 4,000 families were left homeless. Sandink argued that there are major discrepancies in cost estimates for flood damage in general and for Hurricane Hazel in particular. Neither insurance companies nor governments cover the full damage. The Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada estimates the total cost of Hurricane Hazel for Canada, taking into account long-term effects such as economic disruption, the cost of lost property, and recovery costs, as being $137,552,400 . University of Western Ontario Geography professor Dan Shrubsole estimated the costs at about $2,000,000,000 (2008). Environment Canada estimated the flood damages at $25,000,000 (1954) or $205 million (in 2008 dollars) In the Toronto area, winds reached per hour and there was of rain in 48 hours. The Humber River, located in the west end of the city, caused the most destruction, as a result of an intense flash flood. Toronto's infrastructure took a heavy hit. Not built to withstand serious flooding, as it is in a climate area that does not see exceptionally prolonged or heavy rainfall, over 50 bridges, many part of important highways, were heavily damaged or put out of commission, when high water itself washed them out or debris in the water smashed them. Numerous roads and railways were also washed out. At the peak of the flooding, the Don River's flow rate was . Normally the Don River flow is rising to during the spring. By 1959, as a result of Hurricane Hazel, a regional approach to flood control and water management was adopted in Ontario and by 1959 the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (MTRCA) finalized a comprehensive Plan for Flood Control and Water Conservation, which included the proposed development of large dams and major flood control channels, with future plans for an erosion control program and the acquisition of 7,300 acres of land. 1973 Saint John River flood Known as the Great Flood of 1973, this flood in late April 1973 was driven by a combination of snow melt and heavy rain. Flooding occurred almost the entire length of the river, with the worst damage in the Fredericton area. At the time it was the most serious flood on the Saint John River in historic times. 1974 Grand River flood In May 1974, several communities along the Grand River were flooded as a result of 50 mm of rain falling in the upper part of the watershed, quickly overflowing reservoirs which had been filled to capacity in anticipation of the dry summers months. The flooding caused almost $7 million (unadjusted) in damage, with more the $5 million of that coming from Galt, Ontario. Significant improvements were made to the dike system along the river which could withstand a flow rate of 2,352 m3/s in Cambridge and 3,400 m3/s in Brantford, significantly above the 1,800 m3/s peak during the flood. 1979 Tropical Storm David hit Moncton In September 1979, Tropical Storm David caused an estimated $881,600 (1998) in flood damages in the area around Moncton, New Brunswick. 1984 Pemberton Valley flooding In October 1984, a large rain system held its ground over Howe Sound and the Fraser Valley regions, leading to unprecedented rains on alpine snowpacks in the area of the Pemberton Valley. Waters backed up from Lillooet Lake to the Village of Pemberton overnight. North of that, the valley was flooded for upstream past Pemberton Meadows, caused by the dual "dams" created by the causeways used to cross the valley between Pemberton and Mount Currie, with the deepest waters reaching 10 feet above normal. 100 families were evacuated. 1986 Winisk flood On May 16, 1986, the Northern Ontario community of Winisk was completely washed away. A spring ice jam on the Winisk River caused flood waters to reach as far as inland, sending every structure but two into the Hudson Bay. 1987 Montreal flood The Montreal Flood of 1987 happened on July 14 of that year when a series of strong thunderstorms crossed the island of Montreal, Canada, between the noon hour and 2:30 p.m. Over of rain fell during this very short period of time. The sewer systems were overwhelmed by the deluge and the city was paralyzed by the flooded roads. Autoroute 15, a sunken highway also known as the Decarie Expressway, soon filled with water trapping motorists. Some 350,000 houses lost electricity, and tens of thousands had flooded basements. Two people died, one in a submerged car and another who was electrocuted. 1996 Saguenay flood The Saguenay Flood () was a series of flash floods that hit the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada on July 19, 20 and 21 1996. Problems started after two weeks of constant rain, which severely engorged soils, rivers and reservoirs. The Saguenay region is a geological graben, which increased the effect of the sudden massive rains of July 19, 1996. In the span of a few hours, fell on the region, the equivalent to the amount of rain usually received in a month. The 1996 Saguenay Flood resulted in large Disaster Financial Assistance Arrangements (DFAA) payments. 1997 Red River flood, 'flood of the century': a return interval ranging from 100 to 500 years According to the Red River Basin Task Force News, the Red River Flood of 1997 "deserved the superlative, the 'flood of the century'." The flood along the Red River of the North in North Dakota, Minnesota, and Southern Manitoba, in April and May 1997 was the most severe Red River flood since 1826. The International Joint Commission (IJC)'s 1998 report warned that although the 1997 Red River flood had a "return interval ranging from 100 to 500 years, depending on the location", there was a "statistical probability of a similar flood each year." It was the most severe flood of the river since 1826. Flooding in Manitoba resulted in over $500 million in damages, although the Red River Floodway, an artificial waterway affectionately known as "Duff's Ditch" saved Winnipeg from flooding. This flood stimulated improvements to the flood protection system. In Manitoba flood waters reached , which caused 28,000 people to be evacuated and $500 million CAD in damage to property and infrastructure. The 1997 Red River Flood resulted in large DFAA payments. The flood came close to overcoming Winnipeg's existing flood protection system. At the time, the Winnipeg Floodway was designed to protect against a flow , but the 1997 flow was . To compensate, the province broke operational rules for the floodway, as defined in legislation, during the night of April 30 / May 1, preventing waters in Winnipeg from rising above the designed limit of above the "James Avenue datum", but causing additional flooding upriver. The mayor of Winnipeg, announcing what should have been the bad news that the design limit had been reached, misinterpreted this as good news that the flooding had peaked. City sand-bagging stopped, and national reporters left the city, but the water continued to rise inside and outside of the city until the actual peak late on May 3 / early on May 4. The city sometimes claims the peak occurred on May 1, while more scientific reports record a peak on May 3/4. 2003 Pemberton / Sea to Sky flood In the fall of 2003, a Pineapple Express system delivered more rain than ever in recorded history to the Sea to Sky region, and was compounded by the freezing line in the mountains being above the elevation of the many icefields in the region, causing immense amounts of meltwater on creeks coming out of them. Highway and rail bridges at Rutherford Creek were washed out by the torrent coming down that watercourse from the Pemberton Icecap, wrecking three vehicles and taking five lives. Meteorologists said that a storm such as this one happens only once a century. 200-350 millimetres of rain fell on the Village of Pemberton, while Squamish received , 15% of the town's annual total. In addition to the Rutherford Creek bridges, another was washed out in the Cheakamus Canyon area of Highway 99, with the resort municipality of Whistler being cut off from the outside world during this storm. 2004 A "severe storm in Edmonton, Alberta in 2004 resulted in approximately $166,000,000 in insured damages, $143,000,000 of which were associated with sewer backup." 2005 In 2005, "heavy rainfall and associated flooding resulted in $300,000,000 in insured damages in southern Alberta." "Newfoundland and Labrador experienced a severe spring storm on March 31, 2005 with record-setting snow and rain that resulted in flood damage to homes and provincial and local government infrastructure, primarily in the Burin Peninsula. The payment of $388,288 announced on June 8, 2010 represents the total federal share for this event." An "extreme rainfall event that affected a large region of southern Ontario from Hamilton to Durham Region in August 2005 resulted in over $500,000,000 in insured damages, $247,000,000 of which was associated with sewer backup." 2007 The Saskatchewan 2007 Spring Summer Flood DFAA payments are estimated at $138,000,000 . 2008 Saint John River flood During the month of April and May a rapid melt of snow set by an unusually severe winter caused the Saint John River to reach a height off matching and in some places surpassing the flood of the river in 1973, which caused $11,900,000 in damages. It is the highest level of the Saint John river recorded. 2009 Red River flood The 2009 Red River flood was a major flood in March and April 2009 along the Red River of the North in North Dakota, Minnesota, and Southern Manitoba. The flood crested at on March 28, 2009, for Fargo, North Dakota. "Southern Manitoba experienced the most widespread flooding along the Assiniboine River on record. Environment Canada said the flooding lasted for 120 days. Water levels rose so high in Lake Manitoba that some beach front homes ended up into the lake. The Manitoba government estimated 7,100 residents were displaced from their homes. Flood-fighting and compensation cost causing $1 billion." The 60 million Red River Floodway was built to mitigate flood damage on the Red River. Since its completion in the 1960s, it has saved an estimated 30 billion in damages in 20 flooding events. 2010 Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan flood The total cost of the June 17, 2010 Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan flood was 956,350,000 (2010). DFAA payments are estimated at 90 million. 2,065 people were evacuated. 2010 Hurricane Igor in Newfoundland The 2010 Hurricane Igor that affected Newfoundland DFAA payments are estimated at 82 million. 2011 Assiniboine River flood The 2011 Assiniboine River flood is a major flood in May 2011 along the Assiniboine River south of Portage la Prairie in Manitoba. The flood is expected in impact an area along the River south of Portage la Prairie. About 100 Canadian Forces personnel were in the region helping out in controlling the flooding. Damages totalled 1 billion The river peaked at about ,60% higher than the previous highest recorded peak of in 1923. The 2011 event is estimated to be a 1 in 300-year flood. The 2011 Manitoba Floods DFAA payments are estimated at 347 million. 2012 Thunder Bay to Montreal In May 2012, a "storm system that affected Thunder Bay and moved through to Montreal resulted in 260 million in insured damages." In July, 2012, a "storm moved through southern Ontario affecting several neighbourhoods in Hamilton and Ottawa, resulting in 90 million in insured damages." 2013 Calgary and Southern Alberta Flood The 2013 Calgary and Southern Alberta Flood started on June 20, 2013, and was focused in communities in and around Calgary. Waters rose quickly and by June 21, 100,000 had been evacuated. Government officials co-ordinated information on social media, and the City of Calgary's official website was replaced with its blog with up-to-the-minute information on the emergency. On June 20, 2013, widespread flooding in southern Alberta caused major damage in Canmore, Calgary and High River when the Cougar Creek, Highwood River, and other rivers and creeks overflowed caused by extensive rainfall. Other communities in the area were also affected, or were expected to be, by floods. Flooding also caused power outages and the closure of the Trans-Canada Highway and Highway 1A, as well as many other highways and roads. A man and a woman were reported missing after a mobile home was swept into the Highwood River near the town of Black Diamond; the man was later rescued, but the woman remained missing. In a 1973 City of Calgary flood plain management report by Montreal Engineering Co. Ltd., estimates of flood-frequency of the Bow River upstream of the Elbow River in Calgary provided the following results: There is a 10-percent annual exceedance probability (AEP) flood or a 10-year flood return period with a peak flow or flood discharge reaching ; there is a 4.5-percent annual exceedance probability (AEP) flood or 22-year flood return period with a peak flow or flood discharge reaching ; there is a 1.4-percent annual exceedance probability (AEP) flood or 70-year flood return period with a peak flow or flood discharge reaching ; there is a 0.7-percent annual exceedance probability (AEP) flood or 150-year flood return period with a peak flow or flood discharge reaching . At c. 7 am on 21 June 2013 the Bow River at the Calgary station, upstream of the Elbow, peaked at c.. In 2005 the peak flow was and in 1932 the peak flow was . Only the floods of 1879 and 1897 in then Fort Calgary has higher peak rates, estimated at based on high-water marks. This is a 100 Year Flood Map for Calgary, Alberta similar to the one produced in 1973 by Montreal Engineering Co. Ltd. 2013 Southern Ontario Flash Flood On July 8, 2013, Southern Ontario experienced a flash flood, with 10 cm (4") of rain falling over Toronto in just two hours. 2017 Quebec floods On May 3, 2017, Eastern Canada experienced flooding after excessive rainfall, with Quebec flooded the most. Montreal and Laval then declared a state of emergency over the flooding. 2019 spring floods in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick The 2019 spring floods in Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick were exceptional floods in eastern Ontario, southern Quebec and from the St. John River region to New Brunswick, Canada. In fact, flooding along the Ottawa River has been recognized as the most important weather event of the year 2019 in Canada, and the one along the Saint John River as the ninth, by Environment and Climate Change Canada. The flooding caused by the rapid spring snow melt, coupled with frozen ground, and several heavy rain events that resulted in abnormally high cumulative rainfall for April and May. 2021 British Columbia floods On November 14, 2021, an atmospheric river brought heavy rains to parts of British Columbia, Canada, and neighbouring Washington, United States, causing flooding and mudslides. Quantity and force of flooding events increasing Between 2003 and 2013 Canada had nine disasters with damages surpassing 500 million each. Prior to that only three Canadian disasters exceeded 500 million in damages. The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) reports that the cost of natural disasters rose 14-fold since the 1950s. Meteorology On average, although regions differ markedly, Canada has become wetter since the 1950s. Mean precipitation across Canada increasing by about 12%. the high Arctic received the largest percentage increase in precipitation. From the 1950s through 2002, the Prairies experienced little change or a decline. Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC)'s Climate Research Division summarized annual precipitation changes, evaluating records up to 2007. They observed: "Precipitation has generally increased over Canada since 1950 with the majority of stations with significant trends showing increases. The increasing trend is most coherent over northern Canada where many stations show significant increases. There is not much evidence of clear regional patterns in stations showing significant changes in seasonal precipitation except for significant decreases which tend to be concentrated in the winter season over southwestern and southeastern Canada. Also, increasing precipitation over the Arctic appears to be occurring in all seasons except summer." Changing annual precipitation patterns can affect spring flood conditions on large river systems but would generally not affect flash flooding in urban systems. ECCC climate specialists have also assessed trends in short-duration rainfall patterns affecting flash flooding. Data include annual maximum observations at climate stations, documented in Engineering Climate Datasets. ECCC notes: "Short-duration (5 minutes to 24 hours) rainfall extremes are important for a number of purposes, including engineering infrastructure design, because they represent the different meteorological scales of extreme rainfall events." A "general lack of a detectable trend signal", meaning no overall change in extreme, short-duration rainfall patterns, was observed. In relation to design criteria used for urban drainage design (e.g., Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) statistics), the evaluation "shows that fewer than 5.6% and 3.4% of the stations have significant increasing and decreasing trends, respectively, in extreme annual maximum single location observation amounts." On a regional basis, southwest and the east (Newfoundland) coastal regions generally showed significant increasing regional trends for 1 and 2 hour extreme rainfall durations. Decreasing regional trends for 5 to 15 minute rainfall amounts were observed in the St. Lawrence region of southern Quebec and in the Atlantic provinces. In some instances, future predicted changes in short term rainfall extremes have been misreported as historical changes. A theoretical one-standard deviation shift in mean extreme rainfall intensity has been misreported as Environment Canada data, suggesting that storms occurring every 40 years are occurring every 6 years", based on a standard, normal probability density function (see presentation 13:10). It has also been reported that 20 times more storms are occurring than 20 years ago, and that this is affecting urban flood water damages and insurance premiums - ECCC has commented that there are no such significant changes in storm patterns. Hydrology Changes in precipitation impacted on stream flows which decreased in "southern Canada by about 8%" during the period covered in the study. Trends in Canadian streamflow have also been reported by Zhang et al. for a 30-50 year period using the Canadian Reference Hydrometric Basin Network database. It was reported that annual mean streamflow has generally decreased, with significant decreases detected in the southern Canada. Also monthly mean streamflow decreased for most months with greatest decreases in August and September. In March and April, significant increases in streamflow were observed suggesting the potential for greater spring flooding in large, gauged river systems. Daily streamflow frequency increased significantly over northern British Columbia and the Yukon Territory, and decreased significantly in southern Canada, in all percentiles of the daily streamflow distribution. Significantly earlier breakup of river ice and resulting spring freshet occur in British Columbia consistent due to spring warming trends. There was no evidence to suggest changes in the frequency of heavy precipitation events (daily rainfall/snowfall larger than a threshold value which is exceeded by an average of three events per year) across Canada. Flow rates and flood risks in small un-gauged drainage systems throughout urban areas can follow a different trend than large river systems in the Canadian Reference Hydrometric Basin Network database. Hydrology in smaller drainage basins is governed by the degree of urbanization and impermeable, high-runoff surfaces. In the Don River Watershed in the Lake Ontario basin, urbanization of 15 percent of in 1950 is predicted to become 91 percent in 2021. Average annual flows in the Don River have increased by 0.44% per year since the early 1960s. Geography From 1975 to 1990 Canada's Flood Damage Reduction Program was part of a more active federal flood reduction approach. Through the Flood Damage Reduction Program, the federal and provincial governments shared costs of "mapping all the floodplains" and "creating standard flood risk evaluations." Most provinces and territories joined the Program. Economic implications Before 1990, only three Canadian disasters exceeded 500 million in damages. In the past decade alone, nine surpassed that amount. In his 2013 publication, Slobodan P. Simonovic, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, called for an investment in the reduction or minimization of future flooding instead of going from disaster to disaster, reacting after the fact. In 2013 an Insurance Bureau of Canada commissioned report noted that, "On average, Canada now experiences 20 more days of rain compared with the 1950s." In the same report McBean noted that "the recent spike in extreme weather-related events" in Canada "resulted in social and economic consequences for individuals, governments, and home and business insurers around the country." During a presentation of the report to the Empire Club of Canada, McBean associated flooding of Toronto's Union Station on June 1, 2012, with "unthinkable" severe weather and other historic floods in Canada (see presentation 3:14), while it was later revealed the flooding was caused by construction contractors actions and the removal of an adjacent sewer. This highlights the need to critically evaluate causes of flooding including those related to hydrology of watersheds and increased runoff rates from drainage catchments, and related to hydraulic capacity of infrastructure systems including temporary construction conditions or other operational constraints. Compensation Federal government Disaster Financial Assistance Arrangements (DFAA), a Canadian Public Safety federal program, established in 1970, "allows provinces to request federal assistance when the cost of dealing with a disaster is more than 1 per capita, based on the province’s population. Eligible expenses include the cost of evacuating residents, restoring infrastructure and public works, and fixing basic and essential personal property. DFAA "support the provinces in providing or reinstating the necessities of life to individuals, including help to repair and restore damaged homes; re-establishing or maintaining the viability of small businesses and working farms; repairing, rebuilding and restoring public works and the essential community services specified in these Guidelines to their pre-disaster capabilities; and funding limited mitigation measures to reduce the future vulnerability of repaired or replaced infrastructure." The "1996 Saguenay Flood, the 1997 Red River Flood and the 1998 Ice Storm resulted in large DFAA payments to affected provinces. DFAA payments of over $1.1 billion were made for these three events. Since 1996, DFAA payments have averaged $110 million per year." The "four most significant events, which represents over 50% of Public Safety’s liabilities, are the 2011 Manitoba Floods estimated at 347 million, the Saskatchewan 2007 Spring Summer Flood at 138 million, the 2010 Alberta June Rainstorm at 90 million and the 2010 Hurricane Igor that affected Newfoundland at 82 million." Private insurance: Overland flooding insurance not available in Canada Canada, the provincial and federal government via the Canadian taxpayer, cover the cost of large-scale floods, as private insurers will not cover the cost of homeowners' overland flooding damage. Canada is in a unique situation as the only G8 country where individuals cannot purchase this insurance. According to the IBC 2012 report, "Commercial insurance policies may provide coverage for damage due to overland flooding either as part of the commercial property policy or as a separate policy endorsement. "Private insurers cover sewage backup but won't offer flood protection because the small population base of Canada means it's difficult for the companies to cover the cost of their risk." In the 1980s local governments typically proceeded from flooding to panic planning, and then to procrastination and the next flood. Environment Canada had a flood damage reduction program from 1975 to 1998. In 2013 mitigation at the federal level was funded through the Disaster Financial Assistance Arrangements, the Building Canada Fund and Public-Private Partnership Canada. 2011 had a serious flood season. The 2012 "federal budget set aside almost 100 million to help the provinces and territories with the cost of permanent flood mitigation projects." George Groeneveld, MLA for Highwood, headed a flood mitigation committee consisting of representatives from Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation (INFTRA), Alberta Environment (AENV) and Alberta Municipal Affairs (MA). In their report they described how, "In Alberta, major floods along rivers and streams have resulted in loss of lives and hundreds of millions of dollars in damages. Major recent flood events occurred in 1995, 1997 and 2005. River floods can occur throughout the year with precipitation leading to summer floods (1995 and 2005 floods) and river ice creating a potential for flooding in the winter (1997 floods). River flooding in Southern Alberta during the spring of 2005 tragically resulted in the loss of 3 lives and an economic loss of hundreds of millions of dollars."> They noted that, "All levels of government have a role to play in a provincial flood mitigation strategy for Alberta. For a large flood event, the federal government pays up to 90% of the disaster assistance funds and, therefore, should have an interest in a strategy to reduce economic losses. The province has responsibility for managing natural resources that includes regulating activities in the waterways, flood risk identification and flood forecasting. As well the province is responsible for a portion of disaster assistance funding. The municipal government is responsible for considering flood protection in land use bylaws and emergency management within their community if a flood event were to occur." One of their most important recommendations was the "cessation of the sale of Crown lands in known flood risk areas." The report noted that "Undeveloped flood plains are the natural and most effective form of flood mitigation, and this recommendation will protect those areas." The 2006 Provincial Flood Mitigation Report "recommended the completion of flood risk maps for urban areas in the province; a program to ensure those maps are updated; the identification of priority rural flood risk areas that require flood risk mapping; and making historic flood information available to the public on a website." The Highwood River at High River is "located at a change in slope of the channel on a basin in an area of high runoff potential, resulting in frequent flooding." The Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction (ICLR) ’s mission "is to reduce the loss of life and property caused by severe weather and earthquakes through the identification and support of sustained actions that improve society’s capacity to adapt to, anticipate, mitigate, withstand and recover from natural disasters. ICLR is achieving its mission through the development and implementation of its programs Open for business, to increase the disaster resilience of small businesses, Designed for safer living, which increases the disaster resilience of homes, and RSVP cities, to increase the disaster resilience of communities." In their February 2013 report, ICLR offered a number of adaptive proactive measures that municipalities could undertake to mitigate damage from sewer backup, which is a serious problem across Canada, for homeowners, municipalities and insurers. During regional sewer backup events, at the lot-side, foundation drainage could be disconnected and eavestrough downspouts angled, to limit inflow of excess water into municipal sanitary sewer systems. Backwater valves reduce the "risk of sewer backup through isolation of homes from underground municipal sewers systems during sewer system surcharge." Soft and hard engineering: landscape-based integration Landscape-based solutions to water management are offered as an "alternative to traditional infrastructure (pumping stations, levees, etc.)." Municipalities in Canada are encouraging soft engineering practices. After the 1954 flood in Toronto caused by Hurricane Hazel, Ontario "responded with strict floodplain protection legislation." By June 2013 Toronto has seen the completion of the Lower Don River West Remedial Flood Control Project, based on the approved federal EA and provincial Class EA by Toronto and Region Conservation and Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation. The approved flood control strategy included construction of a -high berm designed to protect the eastern downtown from a major flood, even a 500-year storm, by directing potential flood waters south toward the lake, and the construction of additional rail bridge capacity to compensate for lost floodplain flow capacity. The berm is finished as a hilly park with pathways and prairie grasses overlooking the mouth of the Don River, demonstrating the integration of soft and hard engineering practices. Ageing infrastructure and water damage Most of the damage to homes and businesses in Canada during severe weather events like floods is linked to infrastructure failure with a large part of that resulting from water damage due to sewer backup. In many parts of Canada water systems are vulnerable, as ageing storm and sanitary sewer infrastructure, stemming from a "significant long-term deficit in infrastructure improvement" often results in infrastructure incapacities to handle the "new, higher levels of precipitation." Gail Krantzberg, Professor and Director, Dofasco Centre for Engineering and Public Policy, McMaster University and United Nations University (UNU), argued that, "Our water infrastructure is becoming crippled, some would argue is severely crippled, and our institutions are not making the investments that we need in the face of demographic growth and the projections of climate change impacts on the hydrologic cycle." She explains that soft engineering, like reducing the amount of paving is not enough given the fundamental problem of old infrastructure inadequate in the face of storms that caused flooding in Calgary and Toronto in June and July 2013. See also List of floods Notes Further reading References External links Flooding events in Canada: British Columbia - Environment Canada site. Retrieved on June 6, 2007. Threats to Water Availability in Canada: 4. Floods - Environment Canada. Canadian flood history Canada

9322485

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1642%20Yellow%20River%20flood

1642 Yellow River flood

The 1642 Yellow River flood or Kaifeng flood was a man-made disaster in October, 1642, that principally affected Kaifeng and Xuzhou. Kaifeng is located on the south bank of the Yellow River, prone to violent flooding throughout its history. During the early Ming dynasty, the town was the site of major floods in 1375, 1384, 1390, 1410, and 1416. By the mid-15th century, the Ming had completed restoration of the area's flood-control system and operated it with general success for over a century. The 1642 flood, however, was not natural, but directed by the Ming governor of the city in the hopes of using the floodwaters to break the six-month siege the city had endured from the peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng. The dikes were burst in an attempt to flood the rebels, but the water destroyed Kaifeng. According to another account, the rebels under Li Zicheng intended to use the river to flood the imperial forces. "Both the defenders and Li then tried using the Yellow River against each other," John W. Dardess of the University of Kansas wrote, "the defenders attempted to breach the dikes and wash away Li's army, while Li did the same to flood the city and destroy it. Li won. On October 8, 1642, Li's men cut the dikes, and a rain-swollen Yellow River burst through with a tremendous war, flooding Kaifeng..." Harry Miller of the University of South Alabama wrote that "Both sides tried to puncture the dikes on the Yellow River, in order to enlist flood as an ally. Finally, on October 7, the rain-swelled river burst through the weakened dikes in two places." In any event, 300,000 of the 378,000 residents were killed by the flood and ensuing peripheral disasters such as famine and plague. If treated as a natural disaster, it would be one of the deadliest floods in history. After this disaster the city was abandoned until 1662 when it was rebuilt under the rule of the Kangxi Emperor in the Qing dynasty. Archaeological research in the city has provided evidence for the 1642 flood and subsequent occupation in 1662. It remained a rural backwater city of diminished importance and experienced several other less devastating floods. The flood also brought an end to the "golden age" of the Jewish settlement of China, said to span about 1300–1642. China's small Jewish population, estimated at around 5,000 people, was centered at Kaifeng. Furthermore, the flood destroyed the synagogue and most of the community's irreplaceable Torah. See also Floods in Xuzhou's history 1938 Yellow River flood, a similar tactic of environmental warfare References History of Kaifeng Disasters in Ming dynasty Kaifeng Flood, 1642 Yellow River floods 17th-century floods Man-made disasters in China Shun dynasty Jewish Chinese history

9327662

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally%20Floody

Wally Floody

Clarke Wallace Chant Floody, (April 28, 1918 – September 25, 1989) was a Canadian fighter pilot and prisoner of war in the Second World War. He was instrumental in organizing and implementing the "Great Escape" from the German prisoner of war camp Stalag Luft III. Early life Floody was born in Chatham, Ontario, and attended Northern Vocational School. In 1936 he headed north to work at the Preston East Dome Mines in Timmins, Ontario, as a mucker—shoveling the rock and mud into carts to be hauled up to the surface. At the onset of the Second World War, Floody was working on a ranch in Alberta when he decided to return home to enlist in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). He financed his trip back east by shovelling coal into the boiler of the locomotive for the entire trip back to Toronto. After learning that the RCAF was not quite ready for the huge influx of personnel, Floody and Betty married on May 24, 1940, and moved to Kirkland Lake, where Floody could go back to work in the mines. Second World War In 1940, Floody and his wife were back in Toronto visiting family. Anxious to find out what was happening to his enlistment application, Floody checked with the recruiting office only to find his application was at the bottom of the pile. The reason: he was now married. After convincing the recruiting officer that "My wife backs me in this 100%", he was advised that the train was leaving for the BCATP air station in Brandon, Manitoba that evening. After a quick goodbye to his family Floody was on his way to becoming an operational pilot and flying with No. 401 Squadron. Operating from RAF Biggin Hill in England, his Spitfire was shot down on 27 October 1941 over Saint-Omer, France, where he was met by two German soldiers. He was imprisoned at the prisoner of war camp Stalag Luft III at Sagan (now Żagań, Poland). There, he joined the "X-Organization", headed by Roger Bushell (codenamed "Big-X"), who put Floody in charge of digging tunnels and their camouflage, for the upcoming escape attempts by Commonwealth and European prisoners. However, in March 1944, the German guards, always suspicious of escapes, caught the telltale sign of sand being dropped by one of the 'penguins' out of the bottom of his pant legs and immediately rounded up Floody and 19 others and transferred them to another camp in Belaria. The escape of 76 men went ahead on the moonless night of March 24, 1944. Eventually the Germans caught all but three prisoners, and to make an example of them to all the other prisoners, Hitler ordered the execution of 50 of the recaptured Allied officers under the pretext that they were shot while attempting escape. At the end of the war Floody gave evidence about conditions in prisoner of war camps at the Nuremberg trials. On September 22, 1946, two days after Betty's and Floody's first son Brian was born, they received news that Floody had been made a Member of the Order of the British Empire by King George VI; the citation reading, in part: Later life Returning to civilian life, Floody became a businessman and co-founder of the Royal Canadian Air Force Prisoners of War Association. He died on September 25, 1989. He is buried in Park Lawn Cemetery. Feature film involvement In early 1962, Floody received a phone call from director John Sturges. He told Floody he was planning to make a film based on the book by Paul Brickhill, an Australian flyer and writer who, like Floody, had spent time at Stalag Luft III. After Sturges's assurance that the film was to be as accurate as theatrically possible but true to the efforts of those prisoners and the atmosphere of the camps, Floody agreed to be technical adviser on the 1963 feature film The Great Escape which was filmed on locations in Germany during the summer of 1962. He is popularly considered the real-life counterpart to that film's fictional "Tunnel King", Danny Velinski, played by Charles Bronson. References External links RCAF No. 401 Squadron 1918 births 1989 deaths Canadian escapees Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II Canadian prisoners of war in World War II Canadian World War II pilots Officers of the Order of the British Empire Participants in the Great Escape from Stalag Luft III People from Chatham-Kent Canadian military personnel from Ontario Royal Canadian Air Force officers Shot-down aviators World War II prisoners of war held by Germany

9468199

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodland%20%28novel%29

Floodland (novel)

Floodland is a children's fantasy novel by Marcus Sedgwick, published on 2 March 2000 by Orion Children's Books. Floodland won the Branford Boase Award in 2001 for an outstanding first published novel. Plot Floodland is set in the near future where most of the United Kingdom is covered by water. She is left alone in the ruins of Norwich but escapes to Eels Island (Ely Cathedral) where she discovers a sinister society run by a strange boy named Dooby. Will she ever find her parents? His first book, Floodland, was published in 2000, and it received the Branford-Boase award for the best debut children's novel of that year. Publishers Weekly said that "Despite some page-turning chapters, Zoe and her story lack the credibility to sustain readers through the contradictory themes and sometimes unimaginative prose." References External links Marcus Sedgwick's homepage Fantasticfiction entry for Floodland 2000 British novels British young adult novels Novels set in Norfolk Novels set in Cambridgeshire Norwich Ely Cathedral British novellas British post-apocalyptic novels Climate change novels 2000 debut novels Children's books set in Norfolk Children's books set in Cambridgeshire

9510705

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Mozambican%20flood

2007 Mozambican flood

The 2007 Mozambican flood began in late December 2006 when the Cahora Bassa Dam overflowed from heavy rains on Southern Africa. It worsened on February 22, 2007, when the Category 4 Cyclone Favio made landfall on the central province of Inhambane; experts tracking the cyclone predicted that it would worsen flooding in the Zambezi River valley. The Zambezi River broke its banks, flooding the surrounding areas in Mozambique. The Chire and Rivubue rivers also flooded. 80,600 people had been evacuated from their homes in the Tete, Manica, Sofala and Zambezia provinces by February 14. By February 22, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported that approximately 121,000 people had been displaced by the flooding. Some people refused to leave their homes and livestock. There were 29 confirmed casualties and a further 10 unconfirmed deaths. In early February, the Mozambican authorities did not think the flooding would be as devastating as the 2000 and 2001 floods. Paulo Zucula, head of Mozambique's national relief agency, said "We expect more water than we had in 2001. The situation is deteriorating and it will get worse but this time we are better prepared than in 2001". The World Food Program (WFP) estimated that up to 285,000 people may require food aid. Delivery of food aid by the WFP began on February 15. A single UN helicopter was made available for the delivery of aid to evacuation centres. However, thousands of people had not yet received food or drinking water, and the threat of disease outbreaks had also increased; Paulo Zucula retracted his earlier comments about readiness, saying "We were not prepared... it's another disaster". Notes Floods in Mozambique Flood Zambezi River December 2006 events in Africa January 2007 events in Africa March 2007 events in Africa 2007 floods 2000s floods in Africa 2006 floods 2006 in Mozambique 2006 disasters in Mozambique 2007 disasters in Mozambique

9564341

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20Vietnamese%20floods

1999 Vietnamese floods

The 1999 Vietnamese floods affected Vietnam in late 1999 and were the worst floods the country had experienced in a century. The floods were caused by a series of storms that brought heavy rain to the central part of the country in October and November. The first storm to hit was Tropical Storm Eve on October 19 and the main event occurred from November 1-November 6. In total, 595 people lost their lives and 55,000 were made homeless. The floods caused $290 million of damage to the region and caused a further $490 million of economic losses. It is estimated that 1.7 million people in the central Provinces of Vietnam were affected by the floods. See also Friends of Hue Foundation References External links The role of local institutions in reducing vulnerability to recurrent natural disasters and in sustainable livelihoods development. Case Study: Vietnam (FAO) World Disaster Reports 2001 (ICRC) 1999 1990s floods in Asia 1999 floods Floods 1999 disasters in Vietnam

9577541

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Flood%20Swallet

Upper Flood Swallet

Upper Flood Swallet which was originally known as Blackmoor Flood Swallet, is an exceptionally well-decorated cave near Charterhouse, in the carboniferous limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England. The cave is part of the Cheddar Complex SSSI. The entrance was revealed in the Great Flood of 1968, giving the cave its name. It was dug consistently since then with breakthroughs occurring in 1971, 1972, 1985 and 2006. As of September 2008 it is over 3.5 km in length and around 125 m deep. The 2006 breakthrough In September 2006 cavers squeezed through an excavated boulder choke into new passage. In a series of three digging trips they discovered 1.2 km of well decorated cave. See also Caves of the Mendip Hills References External links YouTube video showing pictures of the discoveries made by the Mendip Caving Group in Upper Flood Swallet in 2006. Caves of the Mendip Hills Limestone caves Wild caves

9593187

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmfirth%20floods

Holmfirth floods

The Holmfirth floods were a number of instances when severe flooding had occurred in the Holme Valley, West Yorkshire, England affecting Holmfirth and other settlements in the valley. The earliest record dates from 1738 and the latest from 1944. The most severe flood occurred early on the morning of 5 February 1852, when the embankment of the Bilberry reservoir collapsed causing the deaths of 81 people. It is recorded as the 23rd most serious, worldwide, in terms of loss of life from floods and landslides in human history. 1738 Rainstorms caused the River Holme to burst its banks and flood the valley. Though there was damage to farmland there was no loss of life. 1777 Following a severe storm on Wednesday 21 July 1777 the River Holme burst its banks and flooded the valley. Three people were drowned and a stone church built in 1476 was swept away. It was rebuilt the following year with funding from local clothiers. 1821 The River Holme again flooded the valley around Holmfirth, following rainstorms on 21 September 1821, with no loss of life. 1852 The 1852 flood occurred when the embankment of the Bilberry reservoir collapsed, releasing 86 million gallons of water down the River Holme. It caused 81 deaths and a large amount of damage to property in the valley leaving many homeless and without work. The buildings and structures destroyed included four mills, ten dye houses, three drying stoves, 27 cottages, seven tradesmen’s houses, seven shops, seven bridges crossing the River Holme, ten warehouses, eight barns and stables. The collapse occurred at about 1.00 am on 5 February 1852 following a period of heavy rain. The story of the flood made the front page of the London Standard newspaper. An inquest after the disaster concluded that the reservoir was "defective in its original construction" and that "the Commissioners, in permitting the Bilberry reservoir to remain in a dangerous state with the full knowledge thereof, and not lowering the waste pit, have been guilty of great and culpable negligence". 1944 On Whit Monday, 29 May 1944, flash flooding following a severe thunderstorm, caused the deaths of three people in the Holme Valley. Due to reporting restrictions in place because of World War II, it was not widely reported and was overshadowed by the invasion of Normandy a week later. This led to some confusion as to the exact cause of the flood but it was confirmed that Bilberry reservoir was not to blame. It was suggested that the reservoir prevented the flood from being more severe. German prisoners of war, housed in the area, assisted with the rescue of local residents and property. There was extensive damage to properties in the valley: 17 mills, 61 shops and 109 homes were flooded. Geoffrey Riley (1929–2005), who was aged 14 at the time of the event, was awarded the George Cross in recognition of his attempts to save the life of an elderly woman caught in the flood. The woman and Geoffrey's father, who also tried to save her from drowning, both lost their lives in the flood. Geoffrey was initially awarded the Albert Medal. However, the Royal Warrant was discontinued in 1971 and he exchanged this for the George Cross at Buckingham Palace on 6 March 1973. References Further reading Holmfirth Holme Valley History of West Yorkshire Disasters in Yorkshire Floods in England 1738 in England 1738 natural disasters 1777 in England 1777 natural disasters 18th-century floods 1821 disasters in the United Kingdom 1821 in England 1820s floods 1821 natural disasters 19th-century floods in the United Kingdom 1852 in England 1850s floods 1852 natural disasters 1852 disasters in the United Kingdom 20th-century floods in the United Kingdom 1940s floods 1944 natural disasters 1944 in England 1944 disasters in the United Kingdom Dam failures in Europe

9633913

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%20flood%20of%20the%20Arno

1966 flood of the Arno

The 1966 flood of the Arno () in Florence killed 101 people and damaged or destroyed millions of masterpieces of art and rare books. It is considered the worst flood in the city's history since 1557. With the combined effort of Italian and foreign volunteers alike, or angeli del fango ("Mud Angels"), many of these fine works have been restored. New methods in conservation were devised and restoration laboratories established. However, even decades later, much work remains to be done. Overview Located in the Tuscany region of Central Italy, the river Arno is approximately long. It flows from the Mount Falterona hills of the Apennine Mountains to the Ligurian Sea, just west of Pisa. Lush vineyards and olive groves line the river's scenic course to the west, out to sea. Principally utilized for irrigation purposes, only of the river is used for navigation. The highest flows of the river generally occur in spring and autumn of every year, when rainfall in the Apennines is at its greatest. The intensity of the 1966 flood was further increased by both the topography of the Apennines, which contributed to the high run-off rates and river discharges, and urban development. Roads, such as the Via de Calzaiuoli, served as narrow channels for floodwaters, allowing for their greater speed and destruction within the city; bridges, on the other hand, hindered river flow where it was needed, allowing water to pour over the floodplain with great force. Timeline of events 3 November After a long period of steady rain, the Levane and La Penna dams in Valdarno began to discharge more than of water per second toward Florence. At 14:30, the Civil Engineering Department reported "'an exceptional quantity of water.'" Cellars in the Santa Croce and San Frediano areas began to flood. Police received calls for assistance from villagers up the Arno Valley. The flood's first victim, a 52-year-old worker, died at the Anconella water treatment plant. 4 November At 04:00, engineers, fearing that the Valdarno dam would burst, discharged a mass of water that eventually reached the outskirts of Florence at a rate of . At 07:26, the Lungarno delle Grazie cut off gas, electricity and water supplies to affected areas. By 08:00, army barracks were flooded. By 09:00, hospital emergency generators (the only source of electrical power remaining) failed. Landslides obstructed roads leading to Florence, while narrow streets within city limits funneled floodwaters, increasing their height and velocity. By 09:45, the Piazza del Duomo was flooded. The powerful waters ruptured central heating oil tanks, and the oil mixed with the water and mud, causing greater damage. Florence was divided in two, and officials were unable to immediately reach citizens of the city past the Piazza Michelangelo. At its highest, the water reached over in the Santa Croce area. By 20:00, the water began to lower. Impact The flood has had a lasting impact on Florence, economically and culturally. City officials and citizens were unprepared for the storm and the widespread devastation that it caused. There were virtually no emergency measures in place, at least partially because Florence is located in an area where the frequency of flooding is relatively low. In fact, approximately 90% of the city's population were completely unaware of the imminent disaster. Residents were set to celebrate their country's World War I victory over Austria on 4 November, Armed Forces Day. In commemoration, businesses were closed and many of their employees were out of town for the public holiday. While many lives were likely spared as a result, the locked buildings greatly inhibited the salvaging of valuable materials from numerous institutions and shops, with the exception of a number of jewellery stores whose owners were warned by their nightwatchmen. 5,000 families were left homeless by the storm, and 6,000 stores were forced out of business. Approximately 600,000 tons of mud, rubble and sewage severely damaged or destroyed numerous collections of books, manuscripts and fine art. It is estimated that between books and manuscripts were damaged, as well as 14,000 movable works of art. Artist Marco Sassone, in a 1969 interview, recalled the impact of the flood on Florence's residents: "The only thing you could do was watch and be helpless. Nature was master...the women became crazy with fear. They began throwing things from the windows and screaming 'who is going to save my children?'" It was reported that 101 people lost their lives in the flood waters. Collections affected Archives of the Opera del Duomo (Archivio di Opera del Duomo): 6,000 volumes of documents and 55 illuminated manuscripts were damaged. Gabinetto Vieusseux Library (Biblioteca del Gabinetto Vieusseux): All 250,000 volumes were damaged, including titles of romantic literature and Risorgimento history; submerged in water, they became swollen and distorted. Pages, separated from their text blocks, were found pressed upon the walls and ceiling of the building. National Central Library (Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Firenze): Located alongside the Arno, the National Library was cut off from the rest of the city by the flood. 1,300,000 items (a third of their holdings) were damaged, including prints, maps, posters, newspapers and a majority of works in the Palatine and Magliabechi collections. The State Archives (Archivio di Stato): Roughly 40% of the collection was damaged, including property and financial records; birth, marriage and death records; judicial and administrative documents; and police records, among others. Biblioteca e Archivio del Risorgimento (Library and Archive of the Italian Unification): 7,000 volumes were inundated. The facility and collections were restored and the Library and Archive reopened in 1969. Others: Academy of Agriculturists (Accademia dei Georgofili) Historic Institute of the Resistance (Istituto Storico della Resistenza) Hospital of the Innocents (Ospedale degli Innocenti) Institute and Museum of the History of Science (Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza) Uffizi Gallery Book shops and antique book dealers, many in possession of rare materials Numerous private collections The collections of numerous churches and cathedrals Works affected Crucifix by Giovanni Cimabue Gates of Paradise by Lorenzo Ghiberti Magdalene Penitent by Donatello Funding and assistance Realizing the immense wealth and importance of Florentine culture in a global context, many individuals and organizations contributed to the conservation mission, providing both funding and manpower. Art historian and professor Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti assembled a committee with Mayor Piero Bargellini as chairman to raise awareness of the needs of Florence's art and academic institutions. Members included prominent figures from around the world, representatives of their own respective institutions. A number of other international committees were formed with the intention of sponsoring various institutions in Florence: The Franco-Italian Committee aided the Church of Santa Maria Maddalena di Pazzi in Borgo Pinti. The U.S. Committee to Rescue Italian Art, composed of 25 sub-committees and chaired by Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, assisted in restoring frescoes around the city. The Viennese armory was responsible for restoring the arms and armor of the Bargello Museum. A Dutch committee sponsored the Buonarroti House Museum. A group of Germans repaired the musical instruments of the Bardini Museum. The UK Italian Art and Archives Rescue Fund (IAARF) under the chairmanship of Sir Ashley Clarke, former Ambassador to Rome and chairman of the British Italian Society. The work of and contributions made by these committees were supervised by a central committee in Rome. Additional funding came from various governments, UNESCO, and the International Committee for the Assistance of Museums, Works of Art, Libraries and Archives, among others. The city of Edinburgh (Scotland), twinned with Florence, sent practical help for the citizens in the form of double-decker buses to temporarily replace those which had been lost in the floods. When these eventually returned home, they operated with the international 'GB' registration plate still affixed to the rear; each also carried a small plaque presented by the Florentine transport authorities indicating their gratitude for the gesture made by the people of Edinburgh. Charity auctions were also organised. In a show of support for the Florentine art community, Pablo Picasso had one of his paintings, Recumbent Woman Reading, auctioned off on an internationally televised programme. He donated the $105,000 it earned to restoration efforts in Italy. Similarly, Pietro Annigoni and Luciano Guarnieri donated the money they earned from selling 575 colour lithographs (depicting the events surrounding the flood and its aftermath), produced from 13 of their drawings. Florentine native Franco Zeffirelli produced the short documentary Florence: Days of Destruction to raise awareness of the flood. Released a month after the disaster, it reputedly raised more than $20 million for reconstruction efforts. The film was narrated in English and Italian by actor Richard Burton. People from Aberfan, Wales sent parcels with toys and clothes to Florence, which had belonged to the children who had died during the Aberfan disaster two weeks earlier. While many institutions from around the world financially compensated employees who travelled to Italy and aided in the restoration of Florence, many others volunteered their services for absolutely no pay. Collectively, these people have been fondly referred to as "Mud Angels", due to their commitment to working in such deplorable conditions. The "Mud Angels" Mario Primicerio, the mayor of Florence from 1995 to 1999, helped celebrate the Mud Angels' (angeli del fango) efforts during an anniversary celebration in 1996. Thirty years earlier, he was a professor who lent his assistance in preserving the priceless artifacts of Florence. The Angels cleaned the city of refuse, mud and oil, and retrieved works of art, books and other materials from flooded rooms; experts from around the world volunteered their time and knowledge in the conservation of the aforementioned materials. In a 1996 interview, Primicerio offered three principal reasons as to why the Mud Angels felt compelled to help: a concern for future generations, a feeling of international unity and a pervasive sense of solidarity. The "Flood Ladies" The Flood Ladies were a group of international female artists who contributed artworks to the city of Florence following the catastrophic 1966 flood of the Arno as a sign of solidarity and to help repair the psychological damage done by the flood. The group was formed in Florence, Italy in 1966. Contributors to the collection lived all over the world. In 2014 the organization Advancing Women Artists Foundation headed an effort to preserve, exhibit and acknowledge the contribution of these women. Conservation measures Many experts in the field of conservation, such as Peter Waters, utilised their knowledge in restoring the works of art and literature ravaged by the flood. Staff from the Central Institute of Restoration and Institute of Book Pathology, for example, volunteered their time, efforts, and expertise in this enormous undertaking. New concepts, such as "phased conservation", and methods in conservation, such as mass deacidification, were conceived during this period after the flood ravaged the city of Florence. Books and records Priorities were established during the process of conserving damaged books and records, the most critical of which became the retrieval of materials from flooded rooms. After they were rescued, books and records were typically washed and disinfected. In certain cases, bindings were cut and sheets treated individually. Following a thorough cleansing, the materials were then dried in Florentine libraries, space permitting, or at locations outside of the city, such as tobacco kilns and granaries. In some circumstances, large numbers of books were covered with sawdust, as a means of drawing out moisture. When not washed prior to drying, dried mud was then scraped off the exterior of the books. One or both of two drying techniques was applied: interleaving by hand and/or drying with the aid of domestic heaters or other mechanical equipment. Interleaving involved the placement of blotting papers within the text-block of a book and replacing them once they were fully soaked; a variety of papers were used, including mimeograph paper and green blotting paper (the latter of which ultimately caused more damage). In kilns, the humidity level was slowly lowered from ninety to forty percent. If deemed necessary, bindings were removed and dried separately. Removed pages were hung out to dry on an apparatus similar to a clothes line. Fearing the spread of mold, workers completed these tasks with the greatest speed possible. After they were disinfected and dried, the items were then reassembled, restored and, if necessary, rebound. Card catalogs and in some cases, the actual books and documents were reproduced by reprinting on early presses, photocopying, or copying by hand. The National Library Centers of Florence: a case study Initially the transportation of large numbers of books to other institutes (to repair and rebind) was considered, but decided against on logistical grounds. Within six months of the flood, the National Library of Florence had 144 workers on hand: three binders, eight binder trainees, two librarians, forty-two workmen, eighty-one student volunteers and eight other library staff members. Together they devised a logical and efficient method of book repair, involving nine separate and clearly defined steps: Books were selected for treatment. The details of work to be done were recorded on a formatted card that accompanied its respective book throughout its treatment. Once work was completed, the card was permanently filed. A universal language utilising symbols, created with foreign workers in mind, was employed in the formatting of this card. Symbols were assigned to key phrases that communicated the condition of each book and how its repair was to be conducted, such as: historically important – only to be dealt with by experts incomplete medium mud rebind collation part missing The book was photographed. The book's collation was verified and its covers removed and stored in a marked case (if they were to be used in a new binding). If necessary, the book was carefully taken apart to wash it in warm water and disinfect it with Topane (pentachlorophenol). In certain cases, the leaves of the book were deacidified and buffered. The text-block was pressed. The text-block was dried in specially designed cabinets. Sections of the book were then reconstructed and the text-blocks collated. Finally, each book was wrapped in a paper sheet that had been impregnated with an antimicrobial substance, then they were set aside for any later repair or rebinding. The binding was completed in the main reading room of the library, which had been converted (temporarily) for this purpose. This methodical nine-part system enabled workers to process between seventy and a hundred books a day. After the Florence flood, the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale was not allowed to put books back into the lower levels. Paintings Many panel paintings were critically damaged as a result of water saturating their wood, causing the glue and gesso, which compose the priming layer, to dissolve. Consequently, the paintings' colours dissolved as well. In addition, the moisture caused paintings to buckle and crack or develop blisters, and the paint to chip and fall. Actions were taken to stabilize the problem by applying rice paper to the affected paintings and storing them in cool, stable environments where humidity was slowly decreased. In extreme cases, the paint layer was extracted from the wood and gesso and then reapplied to a new support. Nystatin, an antifungal, was sprayed on the wood to prevent mold from growing. Treatment facilities were established at locations such as the Boboli Garden Lemon-House, where over two hundred of these panel paintings were restored. Similar measures were necessary to conserve canvas paintings. First, an original canvas was relined and gauze applied to the painted surface, which was then ironed. This process is referred to as the rintelatura, or "new canvas" method. Relatively minor surface work was often completed with a variety of solvents and/or types of resin. Frescoes Frescoes demanded more complicated treatment. Normally water, once it evaporates, will leave a layer of residual salt on the surface of the wall that absorbed it. In some instances, the resultant efflorescence obscured painted images. In other cases, the impermeability of the fresco plaster caused the salt to become trapped beneath the surface, causing bubbles to form and erupt, and the paint to fall. The adhesion of the plaster to the wall was often also seriously compromised. A fresco could only be detached when fully dry. To dry a fresco, workers cut narrow tunnels beneath it, in which heaters were placed to draw out moisture from below (instead of outwards, which would have further damaged the paintings). Within a few days, the fresco was ready to be detached. Fuel oil, which coated many painted works of art, was removed by using Japanese tissue paper to apply a solvent, which dissolved the tar. An absorbent, such as talcum powder, was then distributed on the tissue paper. Sculpture and other objects It became imperative to clean sculpture immediately, before it fully absorbed the oil. Flaking sculpture was sprayed with a silicate mixture, while wooden pieces were treated with insecticides and toxic gases to kill insects and prevent future infestation. Weaponry, like firearms and swords, were taken apart, cleaned with paraffin, and finally lubricated to prevent future rusting. Bronze objects were kept in dehumidification chambers for a few weeks and cleaned with distilled water or polished. For more severely damaged pieces, experts completed "depth cleaning", which entailed the use of small drills and vacuuming. Similar measures were taken with gold. Broken objects were reassembled using photographs and other retrieved documentation. Effect on preservation and conservation awareness The disastrous results of the flood established an international awareness of the need for preservation and conservation education and facilities. It is no coincidence that the National Historic Preservation Act was passed in the United States in 1966. Carolyn Price Horton was one of the "Mud Angels" sent to Florence by the Committee to Rescue Italian Art (CRIA). The American Library Association published Horton's Cleaning and Preserving Bindings and Related Materials in 1967, and republished it in 1969. During the next twenty years: Work outstanding A significant amount of restorative work remains to be done in Florence. Due to a lack of awareness, funding, and manpower, a great number of works of art and books lie in storage, dirty and damaged. Christopher Clarkson, noted conservator, called attention to this problem in a 2007 letter, stating that the National Library still has a "warehouse" full of books to be repaired and bound; many others need cleaning or reassembling. According to a 1993 report, approximately 25% of the 80,000 items belonging to the Magliabecchi and Palatino collections had not been fully restored in the nearly thirty years since the flood. The number of conservators that work at the library presently is only about a tenth of the amount that worked there immediately after the flood. Environmental measures Regional officials in Tuscany are responsible for organizing a massive project, the purpose of which is to not only protect the area from future flooding but to maintain high water quality and effectively utilize water resources. Work commenced in 1984, with the construction of the Bilancino Dam, near Florence. The Sieve tributary and spillway at Pontedera are among other developments. The national government has funded a majority of these various subprojects, with the city of Florence being the primary recipient of the money. See also 1966 Venice flood Architectural conservation Byron Gallery; New York based art gallery that hosted a benefit for flood victims in 1967. Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage Historic preservation History of Florence History of Italy Natural disaster Preservation (library and archival science) Bibliography Inline references General references <li> Further reading Sheila Waters. Waters Rising: Letters from Florence; Peter Waters and Book Conservation at the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze after the 1966 Flood. Introduction by Randy Silverman. Ann Arbor: The Legacy Press, 2016 Special Issue of The Book Collector Spring 1967. "Mario M. Witt, "The Flood of 4 November, 1966;" Nicolai Rubenstein, "Return to Florence, January, 1967;"Howard M.Nixon,"British Aid for Florence;" Dennis E. Rhodes, "The Libraries of Florence." External links Speciale Alluvione Images of the flood and interviews with notable figures regarding its impact The Florence Flood News, archives, and photos for the Florence flood of 1966 Cities and Disaster: The Florence Flood of 1966 A summary of events surrounding the flood. CEDAF Documentation Center on Florence Floods. Preliminary inventory to the Harold W. Tribolet. Archive on the Florence Flood 1929–1990s at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center Floods in Italy Flood of the Arno, 1966 Preservation (library and archival science) Conservation and restoration of paintings 1960s floods in Europe 1960s floods 1966 natural disasters November 1966 events in Europe 20th century in Florence Events in Florence

9646674

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood%20Gallery%20Fine%20Arts%20Center

Flood Gallery Fine Arts Center

Flood Gallery Fine Arts Center is a non-profit contemporary art institution in the River Arts District in Asheville, North Carolina. It has made significant contributions to the region by cultivating a strong exhibitions program bringing in artists both national and international, and through its expansive arts in education programs. History The Flood Gallery and Fine Arts Center is housed inside the Historical Phil Mechanic Studios Building (circa 1923). It was built originally as the Pierce-Young-Angel Food Storage Warehouse located near the French Broad River and Norfolk Southern Railroad in the industrial area currently known as the River Arts District. The Mechanic family purchased the building in the 70's, and it became a construction company. When Phil Mechanic died in the late 1990s, his son, Mitch Mechanic, inherited the building. Mitch and his wife, Jolene, converted the building into ateliers, or art studio spaces. After a massive upgrade to bring the 90-year-old building up to city code compliance, the place became Phil Mechanic Studios. In 2005, Jolene Mechanic, and popular local artist Sean "Jinx" Pace, collaborated and became co-founders and created the non-profit Flood Gallery and Fine Art Center. The Flood Gallery Fine Arts Center is currently directed by Carlos Steward the Editor in Chief of the Black Mountain Press. Today, Phil Mechanic Studios has become a hub for art and science. They currently house two art galleries – the Flood Gallery and the Pump Gallery showcasing an ambitious exhibitions program for both local artists as well as national and international artists; artist studios, and a library featuring more than 1,000 books and films and internet capability for the artists in residence. In 2017 they moved to 850 Blue Ridge Rd in Black Mountain East of Asheville, NC. Exhibitions The Flood Fine Arts Center opened its exhibition space in 2005, with international artist H.K. Zamani (a.k.a. Habib Kheradyar Zamani). Zamani has shown his work in Prague, the Czech Republic; Lublin, Poland; Graz, Austria; Frankfurt, Germany; Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Bangkok, Thailand; London, England; and now resides in Los Angeles, California where he shows work regularly. In the past five years, The Flood Fine Arts Center has hosted other internationally acclaimed artists including Jim Buonaccorsi, Nava Lubelski, Mike Estabrook, Cory Bradley, Mike Calway-Fagen, Allen Leper Hampton, Porge Buck, Heinz Kossler, and James Esber. Collections The Flood Fine Arts Center houses 146 posters from the Iranian Revolution of 1979. This collection opens October 5, 2013 in four venues in Asheville, NC before traveling to galleries in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Chicago, New York City and London. The exhibit catalogue is authored by Hamid Dabashi, of Columbia University with a foreword by Courtyard Gallery Director, Carlos Steward. This catalogue was published by the Black Mountain Press. References "Revolutionary Images" , October 2013, "Bold Life" "Hip-shakin’ samba, South American jazz to rumble Flood Gallery", February 8, 2007, Citizen-Times "Lorraine Walsh to Hold Multimedia Exhibition at Flood Fine Art Center", October 28, 2006 announcement from UNC "Officially alternative", June 7, 2006, Mountain XPress "Jolene Mechanic opens the Flood and Pump Galleries", May 31, 2011, "Bold Life" Arts centers in North Carolina Buildings and structures in Asheville, North Carolina Tourist attractions in Asheville, North Carolina Culture of Asheville, North Carolina

9931233

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Jakarta%20flood

2007 Jakarta flood

The 2007 Jakarta flood was a major flood in Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia and affected several other areas around the city, such as West Java and Banten. The flood, beginning on February 2, 2007 was a result of heavy rain, deforestation in areas south of the city, and waterways clogged with debris. The flood is considered the worst in the last three centuries, including the 1996 and 2002 Jakarta floods, which killed 10 and 25 people respectively. The final official death toll was 80. Causes Meteorological The most significant reason of the disaster is the high rate of rain, since the rainy season in Indonesia starts in December and ends in March. In 2007, the rain intensity reached its peak in February, with the greatest intensity towards the end of the month. Geographical Uncontrolled population growth in urban areas, poor land use planning, and the lack of understanding among city residents and government about floods and its disaster risk are key factors in Jakarta's situation. Eventually, water flowing into Jakarta overflows some of the city's flood control systems and causes devastation in these areas. Impact The flood affected 80 separate regions in and around Jakarta, and over 70,000 homes were flooded, resulting in the displacement of some 500,000 people. There was a high level of illness, with 1,066 patients treated by hospitals due to diarrhea and 329 due to dengue fever. The flood has caused Rp 8 trillion (US$879.12 million) in losses. Approximately 190,000 people were affected by flood related illnesses. The nature of the flood in which it extends from riverbanks to surrounding areas has caused the lower-class communities, many of which live on the riverbanks themselves in wooden houses, to take the strongest impact of the flood. Aid HOPE worldwide distributed 5 metric ton (11,000 lbs) of food, water, medicines, clean up kits to 10,000 people. As of March 7, another 5 metric tons had arrived in Jakarta ready for distribution. The total aid cost is expected to be $239,556 to benefit over 55,000 people. So far, 10% has been committed by organisations such as McDonald's, Heart to Heart International and IOM. With the help of local NGO, ARUS, MR was able to send close to $67,000 worth of aid supplies to the flood victims. These included 1,650 boxes of milk powder, $5,000 worth of medical supplies, 2,800 bottles of vitamin syrup, two units of glucometer sets, 2,800 sets of uniform and 1,000 school bags. See also Flooding in Jakarta 2013 Jakarta Flood Flood Subsidence Jakarta Flood Canal References External links Jakarta Flood 2007 at WN Pictures of flood on BBC News site BBC radio interview with Jakarta-based blogger Jakarta Jakarta Flood, 2007 2000s in Jakarta Floods in Jakarta February 2007 events in Asia

9941897

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Flood

Gary Flood

Gary Flood (born September 7, 1985 in Hauppauge, New York) is an American soccer player who formerly plays for Long Island Rough Riders in the USL Premier Development League. Career College Flood attended Hauppauge High School and played four years of college soccer at Hofstra University. He was drafted by the Revolution in the 2nd round of the 2007 MLS Supplemental Draft and was signed to a developmental contract. Professional Flood saw limited time in his rookie season, making five appearances, usually as a defensive midfielder. Even though only making five appearances, he made two starts, one of them being the season opener. Due to being a defensive midfielder below Shalrie Joseph and Jeff Larentowicz on the depth chart, Flood saw as little playing time in 2008 as he did his rookie season, and the club did not renew his developmental contract after the 2008 season. Having not found a professional club to play for in 2009, Flood signed with Long Island Rough Riders of the USL Premier Development League for the 2009 season. Honors New England Revolution Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup (1): 2007 References External links MLS player profile 1985 births Living people People from Hauppauge, New York American men's soccer players Hofstra Pride men's soccer players Long Island Rough Riders players New England Revolution players Major League Soccer players USL League Two players New England Revolution draft picks American Indoor Soccer League players Men's association football midfielders Soccer players from Suffolk County, New York

10026327

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Saints%27%20Flood%20%281170%29

All Saints' Flood (1170)

The All Saints' Flood of 1170 (Allerheiligenvloed) was a catastrophic flood in the Netherlands that took place in 1170. Large parts of the Northern Netherlands, and Holland territories were overflowed. The flooding North Sea created the islands of Wieringen and Texel. Lake Flevo was once a fresh water lake, but a sea channel opened a connection from the North Sea into the lake through Creil Woods. Lake Flevo began to turn into the salt-water sea known as the Zuiderzee. By around 1248, the transformation of the lake into the Zuiderzee was complete. By around 1248, The Creiler Woods vanished under the waves. The sea area increased inside the Netherlands and large peat areas developed, which were easily washed away. The flood rendered the settlement of Rotta (the predecessor of Rotterdam) uninhabitable, and marked the beginning of Amsterdam, where the area gained an open connection to the sea, and where a dam was built in the Amstel to protect the land from future floods. See also Floods in the Netherlands References Rome's Greatest Defeat, A Review - All Saints' Flood of 1170 . File retrieved March 11, 2007. Buisman, Jan, Duizend jaar weer, wind en water in de Lage Landen (Deel 1: tot 1300), Floods in the Netherlands 12th-century natural disasters Medieval floods 12th century in the Netherlands Medieval weather events Texel Norderney 2nd-millennium floods

10096220

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Saints%27%20Flood

All Saints' Flood

All Saints' Flood is the name of different floods throughout history: All Saints' Flood (1170) (Allerheiligenvloed), 1170 AD in the Netherlands All Saints' Flood (1304) (Allerheiligenflut), 1304 AD in Western Pomerania All Saints' Flood (1436) (Allerheiligenflut), 1436 AD in North Frisia All Saints' Flood (1570) (Allerheiligenvloed), 1570 AD in the Netherlands

10496326

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%20Yangtze%20floods

1954 Yangtze floods

From June to September 1954, the Yangtze River Floods were a series of catastrophic floodings that occurred mostly in Hubei Province. Due to unusually high volume of precipitation as well as an extraordinarily long rainy season in the middle stretch of the Yangtze River late in the spring of 1954, the river started to rise above its usual level in around late June. Despite efforts to open three important flood gates to alleviate the rising water by diverting it, the flood level continued to rise until it hit the historic high of in Jingzhou, Hubei and in Wuhan. The number of dead from this flood was estimated at around 33,000, including those who died of plague in the aftermath of the disaster. Casualties Partly as a result of this flood, the pressure to build new dams, the Gezhouba Dam and the Three Gorges Dam, in the upper reach of Yangtze river, gained considerable momentum. Commemoration In 1969, a large stone monument was erected in the riverside park in Hankou (City of Wuhan, Hubei) honoring the heroic deeds in fighting the 1954 flood. Among the carvings on the monument is a calligraphic inscription by Mao Zedong, dedicated to the people of Wuhan: Below, is his poem "Swimming" (1956), envisioning future bridge and dam construction on the Yangtze: On the sides of the monument's pedestal are reliefs depicting heroic people of Wuhan fighting the flood, raising banners and placards with quotations from Mao Zedong. Comparison Compared to the 1998 Yangtze River Floods, this flooding was more severe in terms of total flow of water, but less in terms of the highest level that the flood water reached. This is probably a result of the intense logging on the banks of the upper reach of Yangtze River during the later part of the 20th century. References 20th-century floods in Asia 1950s floods 1954 natural disasters Disasters in Hubei Yangtze River floods Yangtze River Floods, 1954

10552005

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Flood%20%28cricketer%29

John Flood (cricketer)

John Wellesley Flood (3 November 1883 in Yorketown, South Australia, Australia – 21 March 1929 in Rabaul, New Britain, Papua New Guinea) was an Australian-born Irish cricketer. A right-handed batsman and right-arm fast-medium bowler, he played just once for the Ireland cricket team, in a first-class match against Scotland in July 1909. References 1883 births 1929 deaths Australian cricketers Ireland cricketers Cricketers from South Australia

10655528

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5kon%20Flood

Håkon Flood

Håkon Flood (25 September 1905 – 9 October 2001) was a professor of inorganic chemistry at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in Trondheim, Norway, from 1953 to 1975. He also worked as the director of the Institute of Silicate Research (Institutt for Silikatforskning) at NTH. Professor Flood was one of the pioneers of molten salt chemistry and, together with Hermann Lux, is known for the Lux-Flood theory of acid-base reactions. References 1905 births 2001 deaths Norwegian chemists

11720640

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Flood

Thomas Flood

Thomas Flood may refer to: Thomas S. Flood (Medal of Honor) (1840–?), American Civil War sailor and Medal of Honor recipient Thomas H. Flood (1804–1873), Delegate and Senator to the General Assembly of Virginia Thomas S. Flood (politician) (1844–1908), U.S. Representative from New York Thomas Flood (astronomer) (1919–1988), Scottish amateur astronomer Tom Flood (born 1955), Australian novelist Tom Flood (footballer) (fl. 1909–1918), Scottish footballer Tim Flood (baseball) (Thomas Timothy Flood, 1877–1929), American baseball player