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Which employer did Jaroslav Pelikan work for in Jan, 1948?
January 11, 1948
{ "text": [ "Valparaiso University" ] }
L2_Q457939_P108_0
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Concordia Seminary from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953. Jaroslav Pelikan works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1962. Jaroslav Pelikan works for Valparaiso University from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1949. Jaroslav Pelikan works for Yale University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
Jaroslav PelikanJaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. (December 17, 1923 – May 13, 2006) was an American scholar of the history of Christianity, Christian theology, and medieval intellectual history at Yale University.Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. was born on December 17, 1923, in Akron, Ohio, to a Slovak father Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Sr. and Slovak mother Anna Buzekova Pelikan from Šid in Serbia. His father was pastor of Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church in Chicago, Illinois, and his paternal grandfather a bishop of the Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, then known as the Slovak Lutheran Church in America.According to family members, Pelikan's mother taught him how to use a typewriter when he was three years old, as he could not yet hold a pen properly but wanted to write. Pelikan's facility with languages may be traced to his multilingual childhood and early training. That facility was to serve him well in the career he ultimately chose (after contemplating becoming a concert pianist) as an historian of Christian doctrine. He did not confine his studies to Roman Catholic and Protestant theological history, but also embraced that of the Christian East.In 1946 when he was 22, he earned both a seminary degree from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, and a PhD at the University of Chicago.Pelikan wrote more than 30 books, including the five-volume "The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine" (1971–1989). Some of his later works attained crossover appeal, reaching beyond the scholarly sphere into the general reading public (notably, "Mary Through the Centuries", "Jesus Through the Centuries" and "Whose Bible Is It?").His 1983 Jefferson Lecture, "The Vindication of Tradition" included an often quoted one liner, which he elaborated in a 1989 interview in "U.S. News & World Report". He said:He joined Yale University in 1962 as the Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History and in 1972 was named Sterling Professor of History, a position he held until achieving emeritus status in 1996. He served as acting dean and then dean of the Graduate School from 1973 to 1978 and was the William Clyde DeVane Lecturer 1984–1986 and again in the fall of 1995. Awards include the Graduate School's 1979 Wilbur Cross Medal and the Medieval Academy of America's 1985 Haskins Medal.While at Yale, Pelikan won a contest sponsored by "Field & Stream" magazine for Ed Zern's column "Exit Laughing" to translate the motto of the Madison Avenue Rod, Gun, Bloody Mary & Labrador Retriever Benevolent Association ("Keep your powder, your trout flies and your martinis dry") into Latin. Pelikan's winning entry mentioned the martini first, but Pelikan explained that it seemed no less than fitting to have the apéritif come first. His winning entry:Semper siccandae sunt: potioPulvis, et pelliculatio.Pelikan was appointed to numerous leadership positions in American intellectual life. He was the president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was editor of the religion section of "Encyclopædia Britannica", and in 1980 he founded the Council of Scholars at the Library of Congress.In 1983 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him to deliver the 12th annual Jefferson Lecture, the highest honor conferred by the federal government for outstanding achievement in the humanities. Pelikan's lecture became the basis for his book "The Vindication of Tradition".Pelikan gave the 1992–1993 Gifford lectures at the University of Aberdeen, which were published as the book "Christianity and Classical Culture".President Bill Clinton appointed Pelikan to serve on the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities. Pelikan received honorary degrees from 42 universities around the world. At the age of 80, he was appointed scholarly director for the "Institutions of Democracy Project" at the Annenberg Foundation.In 2004, having received the John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences, an honor he shared with the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur, Pelikan donated his award ($500,000) to Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, of which he was a trustee. At the ceremony, he quoted a leitmotif passage from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that had moved him all his life: ""Was du ererbt von deinen Vaetern hast, Erwirb es um es zu besitzen"" ("Take what you have inherited from your fathers and work to make it your own.").For most of his life Pelikan was a Lutheran and was a pastor in that tradition. He was an ordained pastor in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod before becoming a member of a Lutheran Church in America congregation, which subsequently became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).In 1998, however, he and his wife Sylvia left the ELCA and were received into the Orthodox Church in America at the Chapel of St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in Crestwood, New York. According to family members, his conversion followed his meeting Pope John Paul II. Members of Pelikan's family remember him saying that he had not as much converted to Orthodoxy as "returned to it, peeling back the layers of my own belief to reveal the Orthodoxy that was always there." Delighted with this turn of phrase, he used it (or close variants) several times among family and friends, including during a visit to St. Vladimir's for Divine Liturgy, the "last before his death."Nevertheless, Pelikan was still ecumenical in many ways. Not long before his own death, he praised Pope John Paul II in an article in "The New York Times" when the pope died in 2005:It will be a celebration of the legacy of Pope John Paul II and an answer to his prayers (and to those of all Christians, beginning with their Lord himself) if the Eastern and Western churches can produce the necessary mixture of charity and sincere effort to continue to work toward the time when they all may be one.Pelikan died on May 13, 2006, at his home in Hamden, Connecticut, at the age of 82, after a seventeen-month battle with lung cancer. He was interred at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, on May 17, 2006. Pelikan was honored by a memorial service in Yale's Battell Chapel on October 10, 2006, with speeches by distinguished scholars and musical performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma and the Yale Russian Chorus.
[ "Concordia Seminary", "University of Chicago", "Yale University" ]
Which employer did Jaroslav Pelikan work for in Sep, 1950?
September 23, 1950
{ "text": [ "Concordia Seminary" ] }
L2_Q457939_P108_1
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Valparaiso University from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1949. Jaroslav Pelikan works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1962. Jaroslav Pelikan works for Yale University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962. Jaroslav Pelikan works for Concordia Seminary from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953.
Jaroslav PelikanJaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. (December 17, 1923 – May 13, 2006) was an American scholar of the history of Christianity, Christian theology, and medieval intellectual history at Yale University.Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. was born on December 17, 1923, in Akron, Ohio, to a Slovak father Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Sr. and Slovak mother Anna Buzekova Pelikan from Šid in Serbia. His father was pastor of Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church in Chicago, Illinois, and his paternal grandfather a bishop of the Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, then known as the Slovak Lutheran Church in America.According to family members, Pelikan's mother taught him how to use a typewriter when he was three years old, as he could not yet hold a pen properly but wanted to write. Pelikan's facility with languages may be traced to his multilingual childhood and early training. That facility was to serve him well in the career he ultimately chose (after contemplating becoming a concert pianist) as an historian of Christian doctrine. He did not confine his studies to Roman Catholic and Protestant theological history, but also embraced that of the Christian East.In 1946 when he was 22, he earned both a seminary degree from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, and a PhD at the University of Chicago.Pelikan wrote more than 30 books, including the five-volume "The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine" (1971–1989). Some of his later works attained crossover appeal, reaching beyond the scholarly sphere into the general reading public (notably, "Mary Through the Centuries", "Jesus Through the Centuries" and "Whose Bible Is It?").His 1983 Jefferson Lecture, "The Vindication of Tradition" included an often quoted one liner, which he elaborated in a 1989 interview in "U.S. News & World Report". He said:He joined Yale University in 1962 as the Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History and in 1972 was named Sterling Professor of History, a position he held until achieving emeritus status in 1996. He served as acting dean and then dean of the Graduate School from 1973 to 1978 and was the William Clyde DeVane Lecturer 1984–1986 and again in the fall of 1995. Awards include the Graduate School's 1979 Wilbur Cross Medal and the Medieval Academy of America's 1985 Haskins Medal.While at Yale, Pelikan won a contest sponsored by "Field & Stream" magazine for Ed Zern's column "Exit Laughing" to translate the motto of the Madison Avenue Rod, Gun, Bloody Mary & Labrador Retriever Benevolent Association ("Keep your powder, your trout flies and your martinis dry") into Latin. Pelikan's winning entry mentioned the martini first, but Pelikan explained that it seemed no less than fitting to have the apéritif come first. His winning entry:Semper siccandae sunt: potioPulvis, et pelliculatio.Pelikan was appointed to numerous leadership positions in American intellectual life. He was the president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was editor of the religion section of "Encyclopædia Britannica", and in 1980 he founded the Council of Scholars at the Library of Congress.In 1983 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him to deliver the 12th annual Jefferson Lecture, the highest honor conferred by the federal government for outstanding achievement in the humanities. Pelikan's lecture became the basis for his book "The Vindication of Tradition".Pelikan gave the 1992–1993 Gifford lectures at the University of Aberdeen, which were published as the book "Christianity and Classical Culture".President Bill Clinton appointed Pelikan to serve on the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities. Pelikan received honorary degrees from 42 universities around the world. At the age of 80, he was appointed scholarly director for the "Institutions of Democracy Project" at the Annenberg Foundation.In 2004, having received the John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences, an honor he shared with the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur, Pelikan donated his award ($500,000) to Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, of which he was a trustee. At the ceremony, he quoted a leitmotif passage from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that had moved him all his life: ""Was du ererbt von deinen Vaetern hast, Erwirb es um es zu besitzen"" ("Take what you have inherited from your fathers and work to make it your own.").For most of his life Pelikan was a Lutheran and was a pastor in that tradition. He was an ordained pastor in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod before becoming a member of a Lutheran Church in America congregation, which subsequently became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).In 1998, however, he and his wife Sylvia left the ELCA and were received into the Orthodox Church in America at the Chapel of St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in Crestwood, New York. According to family members, his conversion followed his meeting Pope John Paul II. Members of Pelikan's family remember him saying that he had not as much converted to Orthodoxy as "returned to it, peeling back the layers of my own belief to reveal the Orthodoxy that was always there." Delighted with this turn of phrase, he used it (or close variants) several times among family and friends, including during a visit to St. Vladimir's for Divine Liturgy, the "last before his death."Nevertheless, Pelikan was still ecumenical in many ways. Not long before his own death, he praised Pope John Paul II in an article in "The New York Times" when the pope died in 2005:It will be a celebration of the legacy of Pope John Paul II and an answer to his prayers (and to those of all Christians, beginning with their Lord himself) if the Eastern and Western churches can produce the necessary mixture of charity and sincere effort to continue to work toward the time when they all may be one.Pelikan died on May 13, 2006, at his home in Hamden, Connecticut, at the age of 82, after a seventeen-month battle with lung cancer. He was interred at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, on May 17, 2006. Pelikan was honored by a memorial service in Yale's Battell Chapel on October 10, 2006, with speeches by distinguished scholars and musical performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma and the Yale Russian Chorus.
[ "Valparaiso University", "University of Chicago", "Yale University" ]
Which employer did Jaroslav Pelikan work for in Jul, 1961?
July 08, 1961
{ "text": [ "University of Chicago" ] }
L2_Q457939_P108_2
Jaroslav Pelikan works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1962. Jaroslav Pelikan works for Yale University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962. Jaroslav Pelikan works for Valparaiso University from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1949. Jaroslav Pelikan works for Concordia Seminary from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953.
Jaroslav PelikanJaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. (December 17, 1923 – May 13, 2006) was an American scholar of the history of Christianity, Christian theology, and medieval intellectual history at Yale University.Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. was born on December 17, 1923, in Akron, Ohio, to a Slovak father Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Sr. and Slovak mother Anna Buzekova Pelikan from Šid in Serbia. His father was pastor of Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church in Chicago, Illinois, and his paternal grandfather a bishop of the Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, then known as the Slovak Lutheran Church in America.According to family members, Pelikan's mother taught him how to use a typewriter when he was three years old, as he could not yet hold a pen properly but wanted to write. Pelikan's facility with languages may be traced to his multilingual childhood and early training. That facility was to serve him well in the career he ultimately chose (after contemplating becoming a concert pianist) as an historian of Christian doctrine. He did not confine his studies to Roman Catholic and Protestant theological history, but also embraced that of the Christian East.In 1946 when he was 22, he earned both a seminary degree from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, and a PhD at the University of Chicago.Pelikan wrote more than 30 books, including the five-volume "The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine" (1971–1989). Some of his later works attained crossover appeal, reaching beyond the scholarly sphere into the general reading public (notably, "Mary Through the Centuries", "Jesus Through the Centuries" and "Whose Bible Is It?").His 1983 Jefferson Lecture, "The Vindication of Tradition" included an often quoted one liner, which he elaborated in a 1989 interview in "U.S. News & World Report". He said:He joined Yale University in 1962 as the Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History and in 1972 was named Sterling Professor of History, a position he held until achieving emeritus status in 1996. He served as acting dean and then dean of the Graduate School from 1973 to 1978 and was the William Clyde DeVane Lecturer 1984–1986 and again in the fall of 1995. Awards include the Graduate School's 1979 Wilbur Cross Medal and the Medieval Academy of America's 1985 Haskins Medal.While at Yale, Pelikan won a contest sponsored by "Field & Stream" magazine for Ed Zern's column "Exit Laughing" to translate the motto of the Madison Avenue Rod, Gun, Bloody Mary & Labrador Retriever Benevolent Association ("Keep your powder, your trout flies and your martinis dry") into Latin. Pelikan's winning entry mentioned the martini first, but Pelikan explained that it seemed no less than fitting to have the apéritif come first. His winning entry:Semper siccandae sunt: potioPulvis, et pelliculatio.Pelikan was appointed to numerous leadership positions in American intellectual life. He was the president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was editor of the religion section of "Encyclopædia Britannica", and in 1980 he founded the Council of Scholars at the Library of Congress.In 1983 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him to deliver the 12th annual Jefferson Lecture, the highest honor conferred by the federal government for outstanding achievement in the humanities. Pelikan's lecture became the basis for his book "The Vindication of Tradition".Pelikan gave the 1992–1993 Gifford lectures at the University of Aberdeen, which were published as the book "Christianity and Classical Culture".President Bill Clinton appointed Pelikan to serve on the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities. Pelikan received honorary degrees from 42 universities around the world. At the age of 80, he was appointed scholarly director for the "Institutions of Democracy Project" at the Annenberg Foundation.In 2004, having received the John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences, an honor he shared with the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur, Pelikan donated his award ($500,000) to Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, of which he was a trustee. At the ceremony, he quoted a leitmotif passage from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that had moved him all his life: ""Was du ererbt von deinen Vaetern hast, Erwirb es um es zu besitzen"" ("Take what you have inherited from your fathers and work to make it your own.").For most of his life Pelikan was a Lutheran and was a pastor in that tradition. He was an ordained pastor in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod before becoming a member of a Lutheran Church in America congregation, which subsequently became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).In 1998, however, he and his wife Sylvia left the ELCA and were received into the Orthodox Church in America at the Chapel of St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in Crestwood, New York. According to family members, his conversion followed his meeting Pope John Paul II. Members of Pelikan's family remember him saying that he had not as much converted to Orthodoxy as "returned to it, peeling back the layers of my own belief to reveal the Orthodoxy that was always there." Delighted with this turn of phrase, he used it (or close variants) several times among family and friends, including during a visit to St. Vladimir's for Divine Liturgy, the "last before his death."Nevertheless, Pelikan was still ecumenical in many ways. Not long before his own death, he praised Pope John Paul II in an article in "The New York Times" when the pope died in 2005:It will be a celebration of the legacy of Pope John Paul II and an answer to his prayers (and to those of all Christians, beginning with their Lord himself) if the Eastern and Western churches can produce the necessary mixture of charity and sincere effort to continue to work toward the time when they all may be one.Pelikan died on May 13, 2006, at his home in Hamden, Connecticut, at the age of 82, after a seventeen-month battle with lung cancer. He was interred at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, on May 17, 2006. Pelikan was honored by a memorial service in Yale's Battell Chapel on October 10, 2006, with speeches by distinguished scholars and musical performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma and the Yale Russian Chorus.
[ "Valparaiso University", "Concordia Seminary", "Yale University" ]
Which employer did Jaroslav Pelikan work for in Jan, 1962?
January 01, 1962
{ "text": [ "University of Chicago", "Yale University" ] }
L2_Q457939_P108_3
Jaroslav Pelikan works for Valparaiso University from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1949. Jaroslav Pelikan works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1953 to Jan, 1962. Jaroslav Pelikan works for Concordia Seminary from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1953. Jaroslav Pelikan works for Yale University from Jan, 1962 to Jan, 1962.
Jaroslav PelikanJaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. (December 17, 1923 – May 13, 2006) was an American scholar of the history of Christianity, Christian theology, and medieval intellectual history at Yale University.Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr. was born on December 17, 1923, in Akron, Ohio, to a Slovak father Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Sr. and Slovak mother Anna Buzekova Pelikan from Šid in Serbia. His father was pastor of Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church in Chicago, Illinois, and his paternal grandfather a bishop of the Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, then known as the Slovak Lutheran Church in America.According to family members, Pelikan's mother taught him how to use a typewriter when he was three years old, as he could not yet hold a pen properly but wanted to write. Pelikan's facility with languages may be traced to his multilingual childhood and early training. That facility was to serve him well in the career he ultimately chose (after contemplating becoming a concert pianist) as an historian of Christian doctrine. He did not confine his studies to Roman Catholic and Protestant theological history, but also embraced that of the Christian East.In 1946 when he was 22, he earned both a seminary degree from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, and a PhD at the University of Chicago.Pelikan wrote more than 30 books, including the five-volume "The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine" (1971–1989). Some of his later works attained crossover appeal, reaching beyond the scholarly sphere into the general reading public (notably, "Mary Through the Centuries", "Jesus Through the Centuries" and "Whose Bible Is It?").His 1983 Jefferson Lecture, "The Vindication of Tradition" included an often quoted one liner, which he elaborated in a 1989 interview in "U.S. News & World Report". He said:He joined Yale University in 1962 as the Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History and in 1972 was named Sterling Professor of History, a position he held until achieving emeritus status in 1996. He served as acting dean and then dean of the Graduate School from 1973 to 1978 and was the William Clyde DeVane Lecturer 1984–1986 and again in the fall of 1995. Awards include the Graduate School's 1979 Wilbur Cross Medal and the Medieval Academy of America's 1985 Haskins Medal.While at Yale, Pelikan won a contest sponsored by "Field & Stream" magazine for Ed Zern's column "Exit Laughing" to translate the motto of the Madison Avenue Rod, Gun, Bloody Mary & Labrador Retriever Benevolent Association ("Keep your powder, your trout flies and your martinis dry") into Latin. Pelikan's winning entry mentioned the martini first, but Pelikan explained that it seemed no less than fitting to have the apéritif come first. His winning entry:Semper siccandae sunt: potioPulvis, et pelliculatio.Pelikan was appointed to numerous leadership positions in American intellectual life. He was the president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was editor of the religion section of "Encyclopædia Britannica", and in 1980 he founded the Council of Scholars at the Library of Congress.In 1983 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him to deliver the 12th annual Jefferson Lecture, the highest honor conferred by the federal government for outstanding achievement in the humanities. Pelikan's lecture became the basis for his book "The Vindication of Tradition".Pelikan gave the 1992–1993 Gifford lectures at the University of Aberdeen, which were published as the book "Christianity and Classical Culture".President Bill Clinton appointed Pelikan to serve on the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities. Pelikan received honorary degrees from 42 universities around the world. At the age of 80, he was appointed scholarly director for the "Institutions of Democracy Project" at the Annenberg Foundation.In 2004, having received the John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences, an honor he shared with the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur, Pelikan donated his award ($500,000) to Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, of which he was a trustee. At the ceremony, he quoted a leitmotif passage from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that had moved him all his life: ""Was du ererbt von deinen Vaetern hast, Erwirb es um es zu besitzen"" ("Take what you have inherited from your fathers and work to make it your own.").For most of his life Pelikan was a Lutheran and was a pastor in that tradition. He was an ordained pastor in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod before becoming a member of a Lutheran Church in America congregation, which subsequently became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).In 1998, however, he and his wife Sylvia left the ELCA and were received into the Orthodox Church in America at the Chapel of St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in Crestwood, New York. According to family members, his conversion followed his meeting Pope John Paul II. Members of Pelikan's family remember him saying that he had not as much converted to Orthodoxy as "returned to it, peeling back the layers of my own belief to reveal the Orthodoxy that was always there." Delighted with this turn of phrase, he used it (or close variants) several times among family and friends, including during a visit to St. Vladimir's for Divine Liturgy, the "last before his death."Nevertheless, Pelikan was still ecumenical in many ways. Not long before his own death, he praised Pope John Paul II in an article in "The New York Times" when the pope died in 2005:It will be a celebration of the legacy of Pope John Paul II and an answer to his prayers (and to those of all Christians, beginning with their Lord himself) if the Eastern and Western churches can produce the necessary mixture of charity and sincere effort to continue to work toward the time when they all may be one.Pelikan died on May 13, 2006, at his home in Hamden, Connecticut, at the age of 82, after a seventeen-month battle with lung cancer. He was interred at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, on May 17, 2006. Pelikan was honored by a memorial service in Yale's Battell Chapel on October 10, 2006, with speeches by distinguished scholars and musical performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma and the Yale Russian Chorus.
[ "Valparaiso University", "Concordia Seminary", "Valparaiso University", "Concordia Seminary" ]
Which team did Glynn Snodin play for in Nov, 1978?
November 17, 1978
{ "text": [ "Doncaster Rovers F.C." ] }
L2_Q5572988_P54_0
Glynn Snodin plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995. Glynn Snodin plays for Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987. Glynn Snodin plays for Rotherham United F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1992. Glynn Snodin plays for Gainsborough Trinity F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997. Glynn Snodin plays for Leeds United F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1992. Glynn Snodin plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1985. Glynn Snodin plays for Heart of Midlothian F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993. Glynn Snodin plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
Glynn SnodinGlynn Snodin (born 14 February 1960) is an English football coach, currently assistant manager at Chesterfield and former professional player.As a player, he was a midfielder from 1977 to 1997. He played for Doncaster Rovers and later made just under 100 appearances for Leeds United and spent two years with Sheffield Wednesday. Whilst with Leeds, Snodin was loaned out to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United before having spell with Scottish Premier Division side Hearts. In 1993, he spent two years with Barnsley before finishing his playing career in the Northern Premier League with Gainsborough Trinity, Later joining Yorkshire Main F.C. in non League Football.Since retiring Snodin has held various scouting and coaching roles firstly with Carlisle United and then returning to former club Doncaster. He later became manager of Charlton Athletic's reserve team before joining the coaching staff at Southampton and Northern Ireland. He has since been on the coaching staff at West Ham United, Leeds United and Huddersfield Town.He started his professional career at Doncaster Rovers as a 16-year-old in 1977 and remained with the club until June 1985 as they moved up and down between Division's 4 and 3. At Doncaster he made over 300 appearances, many of them alongside his younger brother Ian.In June 1985 he was sold for £135,000 to First Division Sheffield Wednesday, where he stayed for two seasons, playing 59 league games, and also reaching the FA Cup semi-final in 1986, before taking a move down a division to Leeds United (for a fee of £150,000) from a desire to rejoin former boss Billy Bremner from his Doncaster days. A whole-hearted and dependable player, he scored 13 goals in 116 appearances for Leeds, but found his chances limited by the arrival of Tony Dorigo. By the 1989–90 season he was a fringe player as Leeds gained promotion to Division 1.He then had periods on loan to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United, before to Scotland to join Joe Jordan's Hearts in March 1992. During his time at Tynecastle he scored once in the UEFA Cup against Slavia Prague, to give Hearts a 4–2 victory which saw them progress 4–3 on aggregate. When Jordan left Tynecastle, Snodin returned South to join Barnsley in July 1993, spending two seasons in the First Division, before a move to Gainsborough Trinity, where he saw out his final playing years with the club, retiring in the summer of 1997.Snodin initially began coaching youngsters whilst playing at Gainsborough Trinity as he ran the "Glynn Snodin Soccer Academy" at Gainsborough Leisure Centre on Saturday mornings between 1995 and 1997. He then became chief scout at Carlisle United under Mick Wadsworth while he took his coaching badges. He followed Wadsworth to Scarborough as youth team coach, before returning to his first club, Doncaster Rovers as assistant manager to his brother Ian.In 2000, he joined the coaching staff at Charlton Athletic as reserve team manager, leading them to the Reserve League title in 2004 and 2005. He completed his UEFA Pro Licence alongside George Burley and in March 2006, Burley brought Snodin to Southampton as first team coach.In a press conference on 1 June 2007, to reveal Nigel Worthington as the new manager of Northern Ireland, Snodin was made assistant manager and Fred Barber was announced as coach. On 26 June 2007, he joined his former Charlton Athletic colleague Alan Curbishley at West Ham United. When Curbishley left in September 2008 and Gianfranco Zola was appointed in his place, Snodin was not retained on the coaching staff.On 2 February 2009, Snodin was appointed the new assistant manager of Leeds United. Snodin was part of the Leeds management team who earned a 1–0 win away to Manchester United in the FA Cup Third Round. Glynn had some great times at Leeds, including some famous results in the FA Cup and promotion from League One back to the Championship in the 09/10 season. With Leeds in tenth position in the Championship, three points below the play-off places, Snodin was sacked as assistant manager along with manager Simon Grayson and coach Ian Miller on Wednesday 1 February 2012.Less than three weeks after leaving Leeds United, the management trio was back in work at neighbouring League One club Huddersfield Town, when on 21 February 2012 Simon Grayson was appointed manager, saying "Glynn Snodin and Ian Miller are the perfect pair to help me achieve success." They won promotion at the end of that season. Grayson, Snodin and Miller were dismissed from Huddersfield on 24 January 2013.In May 2013 Grayson was announced as the new manager at Preston North End replacing Graham Westley, with Snodin joining him again.He worked with Grayson at Sunderland, as assistant manager.He worked with Grayson at Bradford City, as assistant manager.
[ "Leeds United F.C.", "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.", "Rotherham United F.C.", "Heart of Midlothian F.C.", "Gainsborough Trinity F.C.", "Oldham Athletic A.F.C.", "Barnsley F.C." ]
Which team did Glynn Snodin play for in Oct, 1986?
October 21, 1986
{ "text": [ "Sheffield Wednesday F.C." ] }
L2_Q5572988_P54_1
Glynn Snodin plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1985. Glynn Snodin plays for Leeds United F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1992. Glynn Snodin plays for Rotherham United F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1992. Glynn Snodin plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991. Glynn Snodin plays for Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987. Glynn Snodin plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995. Glynn Snodin plays for Heart of Midlothian F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993. Glynn Snodin plays for Gainsborough Trinity F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997.
Glynn SnodinGlynn Snodin (born 14 February 1960) is an English football coach, currently assistant manager at Chesterfield and former professional player.As a player, he was a midfielder from 1977 to 1997. He played for Doncaster Rovers and later made just under 100 appearances for Leeds United and spent two years with Sheffield Wednesday. Whilst with Leeds, Snodin was loaned out to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United before having spell with Scottish Premier Division side Hearts. In 1993, he spent two years with Barnsley before finishing his playing career in the Northern Premier League with Gainsborough Trinity, Later joining Yorkshire Main F.C. in non League Football.Since retiring Snodin has held various scouting and coaching roles firstly with Carlisle United and then returning to former club Doncaster. He later became manager of Charlton Athletic's reserve team before joining the coaching staff at Southampton and Northern Ireland. He has since been on the coaching staff at West Ham United, Leeds United and Huddersfield Town.He started his professional career at Doncaster Rovers as a 16-year-old in 1977 and remained with the club until June 1985 as they moved up and down between Division's 4 and 3. At Doncaster he made over 300 appearances, many of them alongside his younger brother Ian.In June 1985 he was sold for £135,000 to First Division Sheffield Wednesday, where he stayed for two seasons, playing 59 league games, and also reaching the FA Cup semi-final in 1986, before taking a move down a division to Leeds United (for a fee of £150,000) from a desire to rejoin former boss Billy Bremner from his Doncaster days. A whole-hearted and dependable player, he scored 13 goals in 116 appearances for Leeds, but found his chances limited by the arrival of Tony Dorigo. By the 1989–90 season he was a fringe player as Leeds gained promotion to Division 1.He then had periods on loan to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United, before to Scotland to join Joe Jordan's Hearts in March 1992. During his time at Tynecastle he scored once in the UEFA Cup against Slavia Prague, to give Hearts a 4–2 victory which saw them progress 4–3 on aggregate. When Jordan left Tynecastle, Snodin returned South to join Barnsley in July 1993, spending two seasons in the First Division, before a move to Gainsborough Trinity, where he saw out his final playing years with the club, retiring in the summer of 1997.Snodin initially began coaching youngsters whilst playing at Gainsborough Trinity as he ran the "Glynn Snodin Soccer Academy" at Gainsborough Leisure Centre on Saturday mornings between 1995 and 1997. He then became chief scout at Carlisle United under Mick Wadsworth while he took his coaching badges. He followed Wadsworth to Scarborough as youth team coach, before returning to his first club, Doncaster Rovers as assistant manager to his brother Ian.In 2000, he joined the coaching staff at Charlton Athletic as reserve team manager, leading them to the Reserve League title in 2004 and 2005. He completed his UEFA Pro Licence alongside George Burley and in March 2006, Burley brought Snodin to Southampton as first team coach.In a press conference on 1 June 2007, to reveal Nigel Worthington as the new manager of Northern Ireland, Snodin was made assistant manager and Fred Barber was announced as coach. On 26 June 2007, he joined his former Charlton Athletic colleague Alan Curbishley at West Ham United. When Curbishley left in September 2008 and Gianfranco Zola was appointed in his place, Snodin was not retained on the coaching staff.On 2 February 2009, Snodin was appointed the new assistant manager of Leeds United. Snodin was part of the Leeds management team who earned a 1–0 win away to Manchester United in the FA Cup Third Round. Glynn had some great times at Leeds, including some famous results in the FA Cup and promotion from League One back to the Championship in the 09/10 season. With Leeds in tenth position in the Championship, three points below the play-off places, Snodin was sacked as assistant manager along with manager Simon Grayson and coach Ian Miller on Wednesday 1 February 2012.Less than three weeks after leaving Leeds United, the management trio was back in work at neighbouring League One club Huddersfield Town, when on 21 February 2012 Simon Grayson was appointed manager, saying "Glynn Snodin and Ian Miller are the perfect pair to help me achieve success." They won promotion at the end of that season. Grayson, Snodin and Miller were dismissed from Huddersfield on 24 January 2013.In May 2013 Grayson was announced as the new manager at Preston North End replacing Graham Westley, with Snodin joining him again.He worked with Grayson at Sunderland, as assistant manager.He worked with Grayson at Bradford City, as assistant manager.
[ "Leeds United F.C.", "Doncaster Rovers F.C.", "Rotherham United F.C.", "Heart of Midlothian F.C.", "Gainsborough Trinity F.C.", "Oldham Athletic A.F.C.", "Barnsley F.C." ]
Which team did Glynn Snodin play for in Apr, 1988?
April 03, 1988
{ "text": [ "Leeds United F.C." ] }
L2_Q5572988_P54_2
Glynn Snodin plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995. Glynn Snodin plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1985. Glynn Snodin plays for Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987. Glynn Snodin plays for Heart of Midlothian F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993. Glynn Snodin plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991. Glynn Snodin plays for Rotherham United F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1992. Glynn Snodin plays for Gainsborough Trinity F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997. Glynn Snodin plays for Leeds United F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1992.
Glynn SnodinGlynn Snodin (born 14 February 1960) is an English football coach, currently assistant manager at Chesterfield and former professional player.As a player, he was a midfielder from 1977 to 1997. He played for Doncaster Rovers and later made just under 100 appearances for Leeds United and spent two years with Sheffield Wednesday. Whilst with Leeds, Snodin was loaned out to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United before having spell with Scottish Premier Division side Hearts. In 1993, he spent two years with Barnsley before finishing his playing career in the Northern Premier League with Gainsborough Trinity, Later joining Yorkshire Main F.C. in non League Football.Since retiring Snodin has held various scouting and coaching roles firstly with Carlisle United and then returning to former club Doncaster. He later became manager of Charlton Athletic's reserve team before joining the coaching staff at Southampton and Northern Ireland. He has since been on the coaching staff at West Ham United, Leeds United and Huddersfield Town.He started his professional career at Doncaster Rovers as a 16-year-old in 1977 and remained with the club until June 1985 as they moved up and down between Division's 4 and 3. At Doncaster he made over 300 appearances, many of them alongside his younger brother Ian.In June 1985 he was sold for £135,000 to First Division Sheffield Wednesday, where he stayed for two seasons, playing 59 league games, and also reaching the FA Cup semi-final in 1986, before taking a move down a division to Leeds United (for a fee of £150,000) from a desire to rejoin former boss Billy Bremner from his Doncaster days. A whole-hearted and dependable player, he scored 13 goals in 116 appearances for Leeds, but found his chances limited by the arrival of Tony Dorigo. By the 1989–90 season he was a fringe player as Leeds gained promotion to Division 1.He then had periods on loan to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United, before to Scotland to join Joe Jordan's Hearts in March 1992. During his time at Tynecastle he scored once in the UEFA Cup against Slavia Prague, to give Hearts a 4–2 victory which saw them progress 4–3 on aggregate. When Jordan left Tynecastle, Snodin returned South to join Barnsley in July 1993, spending two seasons in the First Division, before a move to Gainsborough Trinity, where he saw out his final playing years with the club, retiring in the summer of 1997.Snodin initially began coaching youngsters whilst playing at Gainsborough Trinity as he ran the "Glynn Snodin Soccer Academy" at Gainsborough Leisure Centre on Saturday mornings between 1995 and 1997. He then became chief scout at Carlisle United under Mick Wadsworth while he took his coaching badges. He followed Wadsworth to Scarborough as youth team coach, before returning to his first club, Doncaster Rovers as assistant manager to his brother Ian.In 2000, he joined the coaching staff at Charlton Athletic as reserve team manager, leading them to the Reserve League title in 2004 and 2005. He completed his UEFA Pro Licence alongside George Burley and in March 2006, Burley brought Snodin to Southampton as first team coach.In a press conference on 1 June 2007, to reveal Nigel Worthington as the new manager of Northern Ireland, Snodin was made assistant manager and Fred Barber was announced as coach. On 26 June 2007, he joined his former Charlton Athletic colleague Alan Curbishley at West Ham United. When Curbishley left in September 2008 and Gianfranco Zola was appointed in his place, Snodin was not retained on the coaching staff.On 2 February 2009, Snodin was appointed the new assistant manager of Leeds United. Snodin was part of the Leeds management team who earned a 1–0 win away to Manchester United in the FA Cup Third Round. Glynn had some great times at Leeds, including some famous results in the FA Cup and promotion from League One back to the Championship in the 09/10 season. With Leeds in tenth position in the Championship, three points below the play-off places, Snodin was sacked as assistant manager along with manager Simon Grayson and coach Ian Miller on Wednesday 1 February 2012.Less than three weeks after leaving Leeds United, the management trio was back in work at neighbouring League One club Huddersfield Town, when on 21 February 2012 Simon Grayson was appointed manager, saying "Glynn Snodin and Ian Miller are the perfect pair to help me achieve success." They won promotion at the end of that season. Grayson, Snodin and Miller were dismissed from Huddersfield on 24 January 2013.In May 2013 Grayson was announced as the new manager at Preston North End replacing Graham Westley, with Snodin joining him again.He worked with Grayson at Sunderland, as assistant manager.He worked with Grayson at Bradford City, as assistant manager.
[ "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.", "Doncaster Rovers F.C.", "Rotherham United F.C.", "Heart of Midlothian F.C.", "Gainsborough Trinity F.C.", "Oldham Athletic A.F.C.", "Barnsley F.C." ]
Which team did Glynn Snodin play for in Jan, 1991?
January 01, 1991
{ "text": [ "Leeds United F.C.", "Oldham Athletic A.F.C." ] }
L2_Q5572988_P54_3
Glynn Snodin plays for Heart of Midlothian F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993. Glynn Snodin plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1985. Glynn Snodin plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995. Glynn Snodin plays for Rotherham United F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1992. Glynn Snodin plays for Gainsborough Trinity F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997. Glynn Snodin plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991. Glynn Snodin plays for Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987. Glynn Snodin plays for Leeds United F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1992.
Glynn SnodinGlynn Snodin (born 14 February 1960) is an English football coach, currently assistant manager at Chesterfield and former professional player.As a player, he was a midfielder from 1977 to 1997. He played for Doncaster Rovers and later made just under 100 appearances for Leeds United and spent two years with Sheffield Wednesday. Whilst with Leeds, Snodin was loaned out to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United before having spell with Scottish Premier Division side Hearts. In 1993, he spent two years with Barnsley before finishing his playing career in the Northern Premier League with Gainsborough Trinity, Later joining Yorkshire Main F.C. in non League Football.Since retiring Snodin has held various scouting and coaching roles firstly with Carlisle United and then returning to former club Doncaster. He later became manager of Charlton Athletic's reserve team before joining the coaching staff at Southampton and Northern Ireland. He has since been on the coaching staff at West Ham United, Leeds United and Huddersfield Town.He started his professional career at Doncaster Rovers as a 16-year-old in 1977 and remained with the club until June 1985 as they moved up and down between Division's 4 and 3. At Doncaster he made over 300 appearances, many of them alongside his younger brother Ian.In June 1985 he was sold for £135,000 to First Division Sheffield Wednesday, where he stayed for two seasons, playing 59 league games, and also reaching the FA Cup semi-final in 1986, before taking a move down a division to Leeds United (for a fee of £150,000) from a desire to rejoin former boss Billy Bremner from his Doncaster days. A whole-hearted and dependable player, he scored 13 goals in 116 appearances for Leeds, but found his chances limited by the arrival of Tony Dorigo. By the 1989–90 season he was a fringe player as Leeds gained promotion to Division 1.He then had periods on loan to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United, before to Scotland to join Joe Jordan's Hearts in March 1992. During his time at Tynecastle he scored once in the UEFA Cup against Slavia Prague, to give Hearts a 4–2 victory which saw them progress 4–3 on aggregate. When Jordan left Tynecastle, Snodin returned South to join Barnsley in July 1993, spending two seasons in the First Division, before a move to Gainsborough Trinity, where he saw out his final playing years with the club, retiring in the summer of 1997.Snodin initially began coaching youngsters whilst playing at Gainsborough Trinity as he ran the "Glynn Snodin Soccer Academy" at Gainsborough Leisure Centre on Saturday mornings between 1995 and 1997. He then became chief scout at Carlisle United under Mick Wadsworth while he took his coaching badges. He followed Wadsworth to Scarborough as youth team coach, before returning to his first club, Doncaster Rovers as assistant manager to his brother Ian.In 2000, he joined the coaching staff at Charlton Athletic as reserve team manager, leading them to the Reserve League title in 2004 and 2005. He completed his UEFA Pro Licence alongside George Burley and in March 2006, Burley brought Snodin to Southampton as first team coach.In a press conference on 1 June 2007, to reveal Nigel Worthington as the new manager of Northern Ireland, Snodin was made assistant manager and Fred Barber was announced as coach. On 26 June 2007, he joined his former Charlton Athletic colleague Alan Curbishley at West Ham United. When Curbishley left in September 2008 and Gianfranco Zola was appointed in his place, Snodin was not retained on the coaching staff.On 2 February 2009, Snodin was appointed the new assistant manager of Leeds United. Snodin was part of the Leeds management team who earned a 1–0 win away to Manchester United in the FA Cup Third Round. Glynn had some great times at Leeds, including some famous results in the FA Cup and promotion from League One back to the Championship in the 09/10 season. With Leeds in tenth position in the Championship, three points below the play-off places, Snodin was sacked as assistant manager along with manager Simon Grayson and coach Ian Miller on Wednesday 1 February 2012.Less than three weeks after leaving Leeds United, the management trio was back in work at neighbouring League One club Huddersfield Town, when on 21 February 2012 Simon Grayson was appointed manager, saying "Glynn Snodin and Ian Miller are the perfect pair to help me achieve success." They won promotion at the end of that season. Grayson, Snodin and Miller were dismissed from Huddersfield on 24 January 2013.In May 2013 Grayson was announced as the new manager at Preston North End replacing Graham Westley, with Snodin joining him again.He worked with Grayson at Sunderland, as assistant manager.He worked with Grayson at Bradford City, as assistant manager.
[ "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.", "Doncaster Rovers F.C.", "Rotherham United F.C.", "Heart of Midlothian F.C.", "Gainsborough Trinity F.C.", "Barnsley F.C." ]
Which team did Glynn Snodin play for in Apr, 1992?
April 12, 1992
{ "text": [ "Heart of Midlothian F.C." ] }
L2_Q5572988_P54_4
Glynn Snodin plays for Leeds United F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1992. Glynn Snodin plays for Gainsborough Trinity F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997. Glynn Snodin plays for Heart of Midlothian F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993. Glynn Snodin plays for Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987. Glynn Snodin plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991. Glynn Snodin plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1985. Glynn Snodin plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995. Glynn Snodin plays for Rotherham United F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1992.
Glynn SnodinGlynn Snodin (born 14 February 1960) is an English football coach, currently assistant manager at Chesterfield and former professional player.As a player, he was a midfielder from 1977 to 1997. He played for Doncaster Rovers and later made just under 100 appearances for Leeds United and spent two years with Sheffield Wednesday. Whilst with Leeds, Snodin was loaned out to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United before having spell with Scottish Premier Division side Hearts. In 1993, he spent two years with Barnsley before finishing his playing career in the Northern Premier League with Gainsborough Trinity, Later joining Yorkshire Main F.C. in non League Football.Since retiring Snodin has held various scouting and coaching roles firstly with Carlisle United and then returning to former club Doncaster. He later became manager of Charlton Athletic's reserve team before joining the coaching staff at Southampton and Northern Ireland. He has since been on the coaching staff at West Ham United, Leeds United and Huddersfield Town.He started his professional career at Doncaster Rovers as a 16-year-old in 1977 and remained with the club until June 1985 as they moved up and down between Division's 4 and 3. At Doncaster he made over 300 appearances, many of them alongside his younger brother Ian.In June 1985 he was sold for £135,000 to First Division Sheffield Wednesday, where he stayed for two seasons, playing 59 league games, and also reaching the FA Cup semi-final in 1986, before taking a move down a division to Leeds United (for a fee of £150,000) from a desire to rejoin former boss Billy Bremner from his Doncaster days. A whole-hearted and dependable player, he scored 13 goals in 116 appearances for Leeds, but found his chances limited by the arrival of Tony Dorigo. By the 1989–90 season he was a fringe player as Leeds gained promotion to Division 1.He then had periods on loan to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United, before to Scotland to join Joe Jordan's Hearts in March 1992. During his time at Tynecastle he scored once in the UEFA Cup against Slavia Prague, to give Hearts a 4–2 victory which saw them progress 4–3 on aggregate. When Jordan left Tynecastle, Snodin returned South to join Barnsley in July 1993, spending two seasons in the First Division, before a move to Gainsborough Trinity, where he saw out his final playing years with the club, retiring in the summer of 1997.Snodin initially began coaching youngsters whilst playing at Gainsborough Trinity as he ran the "Glynn Snodin Soccer Academy" at Gainsborough Leisure Centre on Saturday mornings between 1995 and 1997. He then became chief scout at Carlisle United under Mick Wadsworth while he took his coaching badges. He followed Wadsworth to Scarborough as youth team coach, before returning to his first club, Doncaster Rovers as assistant manager to his brother Ian.In 2000, he joined the coaching staff at Charlton Athletic as reserve team manager, leading them to the Reserve League title in 2004 and 2005. He completed his UEFA Pro Licence alongside George Burley and in March 2006, Burley brought Snodin to Southampton as first team coach.In a press conference on 1 June 2007, to reveal Nigel Worthington as the new manager of Northern Ireland, Snodin was made assistant manager and Fred Barber was announced as coach. On 26 June 2007, he joined his former Charlton Athletic colleague Alan Curbishley at West Ham United. When Curbishley left in September 2008 and Gianfranco Zola was appointed in his place, Snodin was not retained on the coaching staff.On 2 February 2009, Snodin was appointed the new assistant manager of Leeds United. Snodin was part of the Leeds management team who earned a 1–0 win away to Manchester United in the FA Cup Third Round. Glynn had some great times at Leeds, including some famous results in the FA Cup and promotion from League One back to the Championship in the 09/10 season. With Leeds in tenth position in the Championship, three points below the play-off places, Snodin was sacked as assistant manager along with manager Simon Grayson and coach Ian Miller on Wednesday 1 February 2012.Less than three weeks after leaving Leeds United, the management trio was back in work at neighbouring League One club Huddersfield Town, when on 21 February 2012 Simon Grayson was appointed manager, saying "Glynn Snodin and Ian Miller are the perfect pair to help me achieve success." They won promotion at the end of that season. Grayson, Snodin and Miller were dismissed from Huddersfield on 24 January 2013.In May 2013 Grayson was announced as the new manager at Preston North End replacing Graham Westley, with Snodin joining him again.He worked with Grayson at Sunderland, as assistant manager.He worked with Grayson at Bradford City, as assistant manager.
[ "Leeds United F.C.", "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.", "Doncaster Rovers F.C.", "Rotherham United F.C.", "Gainsborough Trinity F.C.", "Oldham Athletic A.F.C.", "Barnsley F.C." ]
Which team did Glynn Snodin play for in Jan, 1992?
January 01, 1992
{ "text": [ "Leeds United F.C.", "Rotherham United F.C.", "Heart of Midlothian F.C." ] }
L2_Q5572988_P54_5
Glynn Snodin plays for Heart of Midlothian F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993. Glynn Snodin plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991. Glynn Snodin plays for Leeds United F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1992. Glynn Snodin plays for Gainsborough Trinity F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997. Glynn Snodin plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995. Glynn Snodin plays for Rotherham United F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1992. Glynn Snodin plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1985. Glynn Snodin plays for Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987.
Glynn SnodinGlynn Snodin (born 14 February 1960) is an English football coach, currently assistant manager at Chesterfield and former professional player.As a player, he was a midfielder from 1977 to 1997. He played for Doncaster Rovers and later made just under 100 appearances for Leeds United and spent two years with Sheffield Wednesday. Whilst with Leeds, Snodin was loaned out to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United before having spell with Scottish Premier Division side Hearts. In 1993, he spent two years with Barnsley before finishing his playing career in the Northern Premier League with Gainsborough Trinity, Later joining Yorkshire Main F.C. in non League Football.Since retiring Snodin has held various scouting and coaching roles firstly with Carlisle United and then returning to former club Doncaster. He later became manager of Charlton Athletic's reserve team before joining the coaching staff at Southampton and Northern Ireland. He has since been on the coaching staff at West Ham United, Leeds United and Huddersfield Town.He started his professional career at Doncaster Rovers as a 16-year-old in 1977 and remained with the club until June 1985 as they moved up and down between Division's 4 and 3. At Doncaster he made over 300 appearances, many of them alongside his younger brother Ian.In June 1985 he was sold for £135,000 to First Division Sheffield Wednesday, where he stayed for two seasons, playing 59 league games, and also reaching the FA Cup semi-final in 1986, before taking a move down a division to Leeds United (for a fee of £150,000) from a desire to rejoin former boss Billy Bremner from his Doncaster days. A whole-hearted and dependable player, he scored 13 goals in 116 appearances for Leeds, but found his chances limited by the arrival of Tony Dorigo. By the 1989–90 season he was a fringe player as Leeds gained promotion to Division 1.He then had periods on loan to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United, before to Scotland to join Joe Jordan's Hearts in March 1992. During his time at Tynecastle he scored once in the UEFA Cup against Slavia Prague, to give Hearts a 4–2 victory which saw them progress 4–3 on aggregate. When Jordan left Tynecastle, Snodin returned South to join Barnsley in July 1993, spending two seasons in the First Division, before a move to Gainsborough Trinity, where he saw out his final playing years with the club, retiring in the summer of 1997.Snodin initially began coaching youngsters whilst playing at Gainsborough Trinity as he ran the "Glynn Snodin Soccer Academy" at Gainsborough Leisure Centre on Saturday mornings between 1995 and 1997. He then became chief scout at Carlisle United under Mick Wadsworth while he took his coaching badges. He followed Wadsworth to Scarborough as youth team coach, before returning to his first club, Doncaster Rovers as assistant manager to his brother Ian.In 2000, he joined the coaching staff at Charlton Athletic as reserve team manager, leading them to the Reserve League title in 2004 and 2005. He completed his UEFA Pro Licence alongside George Burley and in March 2006, Burley brought Snodin to Southampton as first team coach.In a press conference on 1 June 2007, to reveal Nigel Worthington as the new manager of Northern Ireland, Snodin was made assistant manager and Fred Barber was announced as coach. On 26 June 2007, he joined his former Charlton Athletic colleague Alan Curbishley at West Ham United. When Curbishley left in September 2008 and Gianfranco Zola was appointed in his place, Snodin was not retained on the coaching staff.On 2 February 2009, Snodin was appointed the new assistant manager of Leeds United. Snodin was part of the Leeds management team who earned a 1–0 win away to Manchester United in the FA Cup Third Round. Glynn had some great times at Leeds, including some famous results in the FA Cup and promotion from League One back to the Championship in the 09/10 season. With Leeds in tenth position in the Championship, three points below the play-off places, Snodin was sacked as assistant manager along with manager Simon Grayson and coach Ian Miller on Wednesday 1 February 2012.Less than three weeks after leaving Leeds United, the management trio was back in work at neighbouring League One club Huddersfield Town, when on 21 February 2012 Simon Grayson was appointed manager, saying "Glynn Snodin and Ian Miller are the perfect pair to help me achieve success." They won promotion at the end of that season. Grayson, Snodin and Miller were dismissed from Huddersfield on 24 January 2013.In May 2013 Grayson was announced as the new manager at Preston North End replacing Graham Westley, with Snodin joining him again.He worked with Grayson at Sunderland, as assistant manager.He worked with Grayson at Bradford City, as assistant manager.
[ "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.", "Doncaster Rovers F.C.", "Gainsborough Trinity F.C.", "Oldham Athletic A.F.C.", "Barnsley F.C.", "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.", "Doncaster Rovers F.C.", "Gainsborough Trinity F.C.", "Oldham Athletic A.F.C.", "Barnsley F.C.", "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.", "Doncaster Rovers F.C.", "Gainsborough Trinity F.C.", "Oldham Athletic A.F.C.", "Barnsley F.C." ]
Which team did Glynn Snodin play for in Jul, 1993?
July 10, 1993
{ "text": [ "Barnsley F.C." ] }
L2_Q5572988_P54_6
Glynn Snodin plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995. Glynn Snodin plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1985. Glynn Snodin plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991. Glynn Snodin plays for Leeds United F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1992. Glynn Snodin plays for Rotherham United F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1992. Glynn Snodin plays for Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987. Glynn Snodin plays for Gainsborough Trinity F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997. Glynn Snodin plays for Heart of Midlothian F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993.
Glynn SnodinGlynn Snodin (born 14 February 1960) is an English football coach, currently assistant manager at Chesterfield and former professional player.As a player, he was a midfielder from 1977 to 1997. He played for Doncaster Rovers and later made just under 100 appearances for Leeds United and spent two years with Sheffield Wednesday. Whilst with Leeds, Snodin was loaned out to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United before having spell with Scottish Premier Division side Hearts. In 1993, he spent two years with Barnsley before finishing his playing career in the Northern Premier League with Gainsborough Trinity, Later joining Yorkshire Main F.C. in non League Football.Since retiring Snodin has held various scouting and coaching roles firstly with Carlisle United and then returning to former club Doncaster. He later became manager of Charlton Athletic's reserve team before joining the coaching staff at Southampton and Northern Ireland. He has since been on the coaching staff at West Ham United, Leeds United and Huddersfield Town.He started his professional career at Doncaster Rovers as a 16-year-old in 1977 and remained with the club until June 1985 as they moved up and down between Division's 4 and 3. At Doncaster he made over 300 appearances, many of them alongside his younger brother Ian.In June 1985 he was sold for £135,000 to First Division Sheffield Wednesday, where he stayed for two seasons, playing 59 league games, and also reaching the FA Cup semi-final in 1986, before taking a move down a division to Leeds United (for a fee of £150,000) from a desire to rejoin former boss Billy Bremner from his Doncaster days. A whole-hearted and dependable player, he scored 13 goals in 116 appearances for Leeds, but found his chances limited by the arrival of Tony Dorigo. By the 1989–90 season he was a fringe player as Leeds gained promotion to Division 1.He then had periods on loan to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United, before to Scotland to join Joe Jordan's Hearts in March 1992. During his time at Tynecastle he scored once in the UEFA Cup against Slavia Prague, to give Hearts a 4–2 victory which saw them progress 4–3 on aggregate. When Jordan left Tynecastle, Snodin returned South to join Barnsley in July 1993, spending two seasons in the First Division, before a move to Gainsborough Trinity, where he saw out his final playing years with the club, retiring in the summer of 1997.Snodin initially began coaching youngsters whilst playing at Gainsborough Trinity as he ran the "Glynn Snodin Soccer Academy" at Gainsborough Leisure Centre on Saturday mornings between 1995 and 1997. He then became chief scout at Carlisle United under Mick Wadsworth while he took his coaching badges. He followed Wadsworth to Scarborough as youth team coach, before returning to his first club, Doncaster Rovers as assistant manager to his brother Ian.In 2000, he joined the coaching staff at Charlton Athletic as reserve team manager, leading them to the Reserve League title in 2004 and 2005. He completed his UEFA Pro Licence alongside George Burley and in March 2006, Burley brought Snodin to Southampton as first team coach.In a press conference on 1 June 2007, to reveal Nigel Worthington as the new manager of Northern Ireland, Snodin was made assistant manager and Fred Barber was announced as coach. On 26 June 2007, he joined his former Charlton Athletic colleague Alan Curbishley at West Ham United. When Curbishley left in September 2008 and Gianfranco Zola was appointed in his place, Snodin was not retained on the coaching staff.On 2 February 2009, Snodin was appointed the new assistant manager of Leeds United. Snodin was part of the Leeds management team who earned a 1–0 win away to Manchester United in the FA Cup Third Round. Glynn had some great times at Leeds, including some famous results in the FA Cup and promotion from League One back to the Championship in the 09/10 season. With Leeds in tenth position in the Championship, three points below the play-off places, Snodin was sacked as assistant manager along with manager Simon Grayson and coach Ian Miller on Wednesday 1 February 2012.Less than three weeks after leaving Leeds United, the management trio was back in work at neighbouring League One club Huddersfield Town, when on 21 February 2012 Simon Grayson was appointed manager, saying "Glynn Snodin and Ian Miller are the perfect pair to help me achieve success." They won promotion at the end of that season. Grayson, Snodin and Miller were dismissed from Huddersfield on 24 January 2013.In May 2013 Grayson was announced as the new manager at Preston North End replacing Graham Westley, with Snodin joining him again.He worked with Grayson at Sunderland, as assistant manager.He worked with Grayson at Bradford City, as assistant manager.
[ "Leeds United F.C.", "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.", "Doncaster Rovers F.C.", "Rotherham United F.C.", "Heart of Midlothian F.C.", "Gainsborough Trinity F.C.", "Oldham Athletic A.F.C." ]
Which team did Glynn Snodin play for in Jul, 1996?
July 10, 1996
{ "text": [ "Gainsborough Trinity F.C." ] }
L2_Q5572988_P54_7
Glynn Snodin plays for Rotherham United F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1992. Glynn Snodin plays for Gainsborough Trinity F.C. from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1997. Glynn Snodin plays for Heart of Midlothian F.C. from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1993. Glynn Snodin plays for Sheffield Wednesday F.C. from Jan, 1985 to Jan, 1987. Glynn Snodin plays for Doncaster Rovers F.C. from Jan, 1977 to Jan, 1985. Glynn Snodin plays for Leeds United F.C. from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1992. Glynn Snodin plays for Barnsley F.C. from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1995. Glynn Snodin plays for Oldham Athletic A.F.C. from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
Glynn SnodinGlynn Snodin (born 14 February 1960) is an English football coach, currently assistant manager at Chesterfield and former professional player.As a player, he was a midfielder from 1977 to 1997. He played for Doncaster Rovers and later made just under 100 appearances for Leeds United and spent two years with Sheffield Wednesday. Whilst with Leeds, Snodin was loaned out to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United before having spell with Scottish Premier Division side Hearts. In 1993, he spent two years with Barnsley before finishing his playing career in the Northern Premier League with Gainsborough Trinity, Later joining Yorkshire Main F.C. in non League Football.Since retiring Snodin has held various scouting and coaching roles firstly with Carlisle United and then returning to former club Doncaster. He later became manager of Charlton Athletic's reserve team before joining the coaching staff at Southampton and Northern Ireland. He has since been on the coaching staff at West Ham United, Leeds United and Huddersfield Town.He started his professional career at Doncaster Rovers as a 16-year-old in 1977 and remained with the club until June 1985 as they moved up and down between Division's 4 and 3. At Doncaster he made over 300 appearances, many of them alongside his younger brother Ian.In June 1985 he was sold for £135,000 to First Division Sheffield Wednesday, where he stayed for two seasons, playing 59 league games, and also reaching the FA Cup semi-final in 1986, before taking a move down a division to Leeds United (for a fee of £150,000) from a desire to rejoin former boss Billy Bremner from his Doncaster days. A whole-hearted and dependable player, he scored 13 goals in 116 appearances for Leeds, but found his chances limited by the arrival of Tony Dorigo. By the 1989–90 season he was a fringe player as Leeds gained promotion to Division 1.He then had periods on loan to Oldham Athletic and Rotherham United, before to Scotland to join Joe Jordan's Hearts in March 1992. During his time at Tynecastle he scored once in the UEFA Cup against Slavia Prague, to give Hearts a 4–2 victory which saw them progress 4–3 on aggregate. When Jordan left Tynecastle, Snodin returned South to join Barnsley in July 1993, spending two seasons in the First Division, before a move to Gainsborough Trinity, where he saw out his final playing years with the club, retiring in the summer of 1997.Snodin initially began coaching youngsters whilst playing at Gainsborough Trinity as he ran the "Glynn Snodin Soccer Academy" at Gainsborough Leisure Centre on Saturday mornings between 1995 and 1997. He then became chief scout at Carlisle United under Mick Wadsworth while he took his coaching badges. He followed Wadsworth to Scarborough as youth team coach, before returning to his first club, Doncaster Rovers as assistant manager to his brother Ian.In 2000, he joined the coaching staff at Charlton Athletic as reserve team manager, leading them to the Reserve League title in 2004 and 2005. He completed his UEFA Pro Licence alongside George Burley and in March 2006, Burley brought Snodin to Southampton as first team coach.In a press conference on 1 June 2007, to reveal Nigel Worthington as the new manager of Northern Ireland, Snodin was made assistant manager and Fred Barber was announced as coach. On 26 June 2007, he joined his former Charlton Athletic colleague Alan Curbishley at West Ham United. When Curbishley left in September 2008 and Gianfranco Zola was appointed in his place, Snodin was not retained on the coaching staff.On 2 February 2009, Snodin was appointed the new assistant manager of Leeds United. Snodin was part of the Leeds management team who earned a 1–0 win away to Manchester United in the FA Cup Third Round. Glynn had some great times at Leeds, including some famous results in the FA Cup and promotion from League One back to the Championship in the 09/10 season. With Leeds in tenth position in the Championship, three points below the play-off places, Snodin was sacked as assistant manager along with manager Simon Grayson and coach Ian Miller on Wednesday 1 February 2012.Less than three weeks after leaving Leeds United, the management trio was back in work at neighbouring League One club Huddersfield Town, when on 21 February 2012 Simon Grayson was appointed manager, saying "Glynn Snodin and Ian Miller are the perfect pair to help me achieve success." They won promotion at the end of that season. Grayson, Snodin and Miller were dismissed from Huddersfield on 24 January 2013.In May 2013 Grayson was announced as the new manager at Preston North End replacing Graham Westley, with Snodin joining him again.He worked with Grayson at Sunderland, as assistant manager.He worked with Grayson at Bradford City, as assistant manager.
[ "Leeds United F.C.", "Sheffield Wednesday F.C.", "Doncaster Rovers F.C.", "Rotherham United F.C.", "Heart of Midlothian F.C.", "Oldham Athletic A.F.C.", "Barnsley F.C." ]
Which employer did Eduard Winkelmann work for in Mar, 1859?
March 29, 1859
{ "text": [ "Monumenta Germaniae Historica" ] }
L2_Q96252_P108_0
Eduard Winkelmann works for Monumenta Germaniae Historica from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1860. Eduard Winkelmann works for University of Bern from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1873. Eduard Winkelmann works for Heidelberg University from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1896. Eduard Winkelmann works for Imperial University of Dorpat from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1869. Eduard Winkelmann works for Tallinn Cathedral School from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1865.
Eduard WinkelmannEduard Winkelmann (June 25, 1838 – February 10, 1896) was a German historian.He was born at Danzig (Gdańsk) in the Province of Prussia. He studied at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen, worked at the "Monumenta Germaniae historica", and in 1869 became professor of history at the University of Bern, and four years later at Heidelberg. He also spent some time in the Russian Empire, where he was headmaster at the knight and chapter school in Reval (Tallinn) beginning in 1860, and was later appointed professor at the University of Dorpat (1865). He died at Heidelberg.Winkelmann wrote a "Geschichte der Angelsachsen bis zum Tode König Ælfreds" (Berlin, 1883); and his residence in Russia induced him to compile a "Bibliotheca Livoniae historica" (St Petersburg, 1869–1870, and Berlin, 1878); but his chief works deal with the history of the Holy Roman Empire during the Later Middle Ages.The most important of these are:He edited the "Acta imperii inedita" (Innsbruck, 1880-1885), and with Julius Ficker, "Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Wilhelm, Alfons X und Richard" (Innsbruck, 1882, 1901).Among Winkelmann's other works are:
[ "University of Bern", "Tallinn Cathedral School", "Imperial University of Dorpat", "Heidelberg University" ]
Which employer did Eduard Winkelmann work for in Mar, 1861?
March 06, 1861
{ "text": [ "Tallinn Cathedral School" ] }
L2_Q96252_P108_1
Eduard Winkelmann works for Heidelberg University from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1896. Eduard Winkelmann works for Imperial University of Dorpat from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1869. Eduard Winkelmann works for University of Bern from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1873. Eduard Winkelmann works for Tallinn Cathedral School from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1865. Eduard Winkelmann works for Monumenta Germaniae Historica from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1860.
Eduard WinkelmannEduard Winkelmann (June 25, 1838 – February 10, 1896) was a German historian.He was born at Danzig (Gdańsk) in the Province of Prussia. He studied at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen, worked at the "Monumenta Germaniae historica", and in 1869 became professor of history at the University of Bern, and four years later at Heidelberg. He also spent some time in the Russian Empire, where he was headmaster at the knight and chapter school in Reval (Tallinn) beginning in 1860, and was later appointed professor at the University of Dorpat (1865). He died at Heidelberg.Winkelmann wrote a "Geschichte der Angelsachsen bis zum Tode König Ælfreds" (Berlin, 1883); and his residence in Russia induced him to compile a "Bibliotheca Livoniae historica" (St Petersburg, 1869–1870, and Berlin, 1878); but his chief works deal with the history of the Holy Roman Empire during the Later Middle Ages.The most important of these are:He edited the "Acta imperii inedita" (Innsbruck, 1880-1885), and with Julius Ficker, "Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Wilhelm, Alfons X und Richard" (Innsbruck, 1882, 1901).Among Winkelmann's other works are:
[ "University of Bern", "Monumenta Germaniae Historica", "Imperial University of Dorpat", "Heidelberg University" ]
Which employer did Eduard Winkelmann work for in Oct, 1865?
October 30, 1865
{ "text": [ "Imperial University of Dorpat" ] }
L2_Q96252_P108_2
Eduard Winkelmann works for Imperial University of Dorpat from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1869. Eduard Winkelmann works for Tallinn Cathedral School from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1865. Eduard Winkelmann works for University of Bern from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1873. Eduard Winkelmann works for Heidelberg University from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1896. Eduard Winkelmann works for Monumenta Germaniae Historica from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1860.
Eduard WinkelmannEduard Winkelmann (June 25, 1838 – February 10, 1896) was a German historian.He was born at Danzig (Gdańsk) in the Province of Prussia. He studied at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen, worked at the "Monumenta Germaniae historica", and in 1869 became professor of history at the University of Bern, and four years later at Heidelberg. He also spent some time in the Russian Empire, where he was headmaster at the knight and chapter school in Reval (Tallinn) beginning in 1860, and was later appointed professor at the University of Dorpat (1865). He died at Heidelberg.Winkelmann wrote a "Geschichte der Angelsachsen bis zum Tode König Ælfreds" (Berlin, 1883); and his residence in Russia induced him to compile a "Bibliotheca Livoniae historica" (St Petersburg, 1869–1870, and Berlin, 1878); but his chief works deal with the history of the Holy Roman Empire during the Later Middle Ages.The most important of these are:He edited the "Acta imperii inedita" (Innsbruck, 1880-1885), and with Julius Ficker, "Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Wilhelm, Alfons X und Richard" (Innsbruck, 1882, 1901).Among Winkelmann's other works are:
[ "University of Bern", "Monumenta Germaniae Historica", "Heidelberg University", "Tallinn Cathedral School" ]
Which employer did Eduard Winkelmann work for in Jan, 1872?
January 08, 1872
{ "text": [ "University of Bern" ] }
L2_Q96252_P108_3
Eduard Winkelmann works for Imperial University of Dorpat from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1869. Eduard Winkelmann works for University of Bern from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1873. Eduard Winkelmann works for Heidelberg University from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1896. Eduard Winkelmann works for Monumenta Germaniae Historica from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1860. Eduard Winkelmann works for Tallinn Cathedral School from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1865.
Eduard WinkelmannEduard Winkelmann (June 25, 1838 – February 10, 1896) was a German historian.He was born at Danzig (Gdańsk) in the Province of Prussia. He studied at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen, worked at the "Monumenta Germaniae historica", and in 1869 became professor of history at the University of Bern, and four years later at Heidelberg. He also spent some time in the Russian Empire, where he was headmaster at the knight and chapter school in Reval (Tallinn) beginning in 1860, and was later appointed professor at the University of Dorpat (1865). He died at Heidelberg.Winkelmann wrote a "Geschichte der Angelsachsen bis zum Tode König Ælfreds" (Berlin, 1883); and his residence in Russia induced him to compile a "Bibliotheca Livoniae historica" (St Petersburg, 1869–1870, and Berlin, 1878); but his chief works deal with the history of the Holy Roman Empire during the Later Middle Ages.The most important of these are:He edited the "Acta imperii inedita" (Innsbruck, 1880-1885), and with Julius Ficker, "Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Wilhelm, Alfons X und Richard" (Innsbruck, 1882, 1901).Among Winkelmann's other works are:
[ "Monumenta Germaniae Historica", "Imperial University of Dorpat", "Heidelberg University", "Tallinn Cathedral School" ]
Which employer did Eduard Winkelmann work for in Jan, 1877?
January 25, 1877
{ "text": [ "Heidelberg University" ] }
L2_Q96252_P108_4
Eduard Winkelmann works for Monumenta Germaniae Historica from Jan, 1859 to Jan, 1860. Eduard Winkelmann works for Heidelberg University from Jan, 1873 to Jan, 1896. Eduard Winkelmann works for Tallinn Cathedral School from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1865. Eduard Winkelmann works for Imperial University of Dorpat from Jan, 1865 to Jan, 1869. Eduard Winkelmann works for University of Bern from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1873.
Eduard WinkelmannEduard Winkelmann (June 25, 1838 – February 10, 1896) was a German historian.He was born at Danzig (Gdańsk) in the Province of Prussia. He studied at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen, worked at the "Monumenta Germaniae historica", and in 1869 became professor of history at the University of Bern, and four years later at Heidelberg. He also spent some time in the Russian Empire, where he was headmaster at the knight and chapter school in Reval (Tallinn) beginning in 1860, and was later appointed professor at the University of Dorpat (1865). He died at Heidelberg.Winkelmann wrote a "Geschichte der Angelsachsen bis zum Tode König Ælfreds" (Berlin, 1883); and his residence in Russia induced him to compile a "Bibliotheca Livoniae historica" (St Petersburg, 1869–1870, and Berlin, 1878); but his chief works deal with the history of the Holy Roman Empire during the Later Middle Ages.The most important of these are:He edited the "Acta imperii inedita" (Innsbruck, 1880-1885), and with Julius Ficker, "Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Wilhelm, Alfons X und Richard" (Innsbruck, 1882, 1901).Among Winkelmann's other works are:
[ "University of Bern", "Monumenta Germaniae Historica", "Imperial University of Dorpat", "Tallinn Cathedral School" ]
Which team did Nenad Panić play for in Feb, 2001?
February 17, 2001
{ "text": [ "FK Železničar Beograd" ] }
L2_Q22162739_P54_0
Nenad Panić plays for Floridsdorfer AC from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for FK Hajduk Kula from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Nenad Panić plays for FK Čukarički from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2007. Nenad Panić plays for SV Würmla from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Nenad Panić plays for FK Železničar Beograd from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002. Nenad Panić plays for FK Javor Ivanjica from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Nenad Panić plays for SC-ESV Parndorf 1919 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for Red Star Belgrade from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Nenad PanićNenad Panić (; born 12 January 1984) is a Serbian football forward who plays for SV Stockerau.
[ "Floridsdorfer AC", "Red Star Belgrade", "FK Čukarički", "FK Javor Ivanjica", "FK Hajduk Kula", "SC-ESV Parndorf 1919", "SV Würmla" ]
Which team did Nenad Panić play for in Dec, 2002?
December 18, 2002
{ "text": [ "Red Star Belgrade" ] }
L2_Q22162739_P54_1
Nenad Panić plays for FK Železničar Beograd from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002. Nenad Panić plays for FK Čukarički from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2007. Nenad Panić plays for Floridsdorfer AC from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for Red Star Belgrade from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003. Nenad Panić plays for FK Javor Ivanjica from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Nenad Panić plays for FK Hajduk Kula from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Nenad Panić plays for SV Würmla from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Nenad Panić plays for SC-ESV Parndorf 1919 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Nenad PanićNenad Panić (; born 12 January 1984) is a Serbian football forward who plays for SV Stockerau.
[ "Floridsdorfer AC", "FK Železničar Beograd", "FK Čukarički", "FK Javor Ivanjica", "FK Hajduk Kula", "SC-ESV Parndorf 1919", "SV Würmla" ]
Which team did Nenad Panić play for in Jul, 2003?
July 13, 2003
{ "text": [ "FK Čukarički" ] }
L2_Q22162739_P54_2
Nenad Panić plays for FK Čukarički from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2007. Nenad Panić plays for SC-ESV Parndorf 1919 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for FK Hajduk Kula from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Nenad Panić plays for Floridsdorfer AC from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for Red Star Belgrade from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003. Nenad Panić plays for FK Javor Ivanjica from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Nenad Panić plays for SV Würmla from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Nenad Panić plays for FK Železničar Beograd from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Nenad PanićNenad Panić (; born 12 January 1984) is a Serbian football forward who plays for SV Stockerau.
[ "Floridsdorfer AC", "FK Železničar Beograd", "Red Star Belgrade", "FK Javor Ivanjica", "FK Hajduk Kula", "SC-ESV Parndorf 1919", "SV Würmla" ]
Which team did Nenad Panić play for in Nov, 2008?
November 15, 2008
{ "text": [ "SV Würmla" ] }
L2_Q22162739_P54_3
Nenad Panić plays for Floridsdorfer AC from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for SC-ESV Parndorf 1919 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for FK Javor Ivanjica from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Nenad Panić plays for SV Würmla from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Nenad Panić plays for FK Hajduk Kula from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Nenad Panić plays for FK Čukarički from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2007. Nenad Panić plays for FK Železničar Beograd from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002. Nenad Panić plays for Red Star Belgrade from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Nenad PanićNenad Panić (; born 12 January 1984) is a Serbian football forward who plays for SV Stockerau.
[ "Floridsdorfer AC", "FK Železničar Beograd", "Red Star Belgrade", "FK Čukarički", "FK Javor Ivanjica", "FK Hajduk Kula", "SC-ESV Parndorf 1919" ]
Which team did Nenad Panić play for in Dec, 2009?
December 16, 2009
{ "text": [ "FK Javor Ivanjica" ] }
L2_Q22162739_P54_4
Nenad Panić plays for SV Würmla from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Nenad Panić plays for FK Hajduk Kula from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Nenad Panić plays for FK Čukarički from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2007. Nenad Panić plays for SC-ESV Parndorf 1919 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for Red Star Belgrade from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003. Nenad Panić plays for FK Javor Ivanjica from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Nenad Panić plays for Floridsdorfer AC from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for FK Železničar Beograd from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Nenad PanićNenad Panić (; born 12 January 1984) is a Serbian football forward who plays for SV Stockerau.
[ "Floridsdorfer AC", "FK Železničar Beograd", "Red Star Belgrade", "FK Čukarički", "FK Hajduk Kula", "SC-ESV Parndorf 1919", "SV Würmla" ]
Which team did Nenad Panić play for in Jan, 2011?
January 01, 2011
{ "text": [ "FK Hajduk Kula" ] }
L2_Q22162739_P54_5
Nenad Panić plays for Red Star Belgrade from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003. Nenad Panić plays for FK Železničar Beograd from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002. Nenad Panić plays for FK Hajduk Kula from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Nenad Panić plays for SV Würmla from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Nenad Panić plays for SC-ESV Parndorf 1919 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for FK Čukarički from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2007. Nenad Panić plays for Floridsdorfer AC from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for FK Javor Ivanjica from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Nenad PanićNenad Panić (; born 12 January 1984) is a Serbian football forward who plays for SV Stockerau.
[ "Floridsdorfer AC", "FK Železničar Beograd", "Red Star Belgrade", "FK Čukarički", "FK Javor Ivanjica", "SC-ESV Parndorf 1919", "SV Würmla" ]
Which team did Nenad Panić play for in Feb, 2013?
February 22, 2013
{ "text": [ "Floridsdorfer AC" ] }
L2_Q22162739_P54_6
Nenad Panić plays for FK Železničar Beograd from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002. Nenad Panić plays for Red Star Belgrade from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003. Nenad Panić plays for Floridsdorfer AC from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for SC-ESV Parndorf 1919 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for SV Würmla from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Nenad Panić plays for FK Čukarički from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2007. Nenad Panić plays for FK Javor Ivanjica from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Nenad Panić plays for FK Hajduk Kula from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011.
Nenad PanićNenad Panić (; born 12 January 1984) is a Serbian football forward who plays for SV Stockerau.
[ "FK Železničar Beograd", "Red Star Belgrade", "FK Čukarički", "FK Javor Ivanjica", "FK Hajduk Kula", "SC-ESV Parndorf 1919", "SV Würmla" ]
Which team did Nenad Panić play for in Jan, 2014?
January 01, 2014
{ "text": [ "Floridsdorfer AC", "SC-ESV Parndorf 1919" ] }
L2_Q22162739_P54_7
Nenad Panić plays for Floridsdorfer AC from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for Red Star Belgrade from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003. Nenad Panić plays for FK Hajduk Kula from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Nenad Panić plays for SC-ESV Parndorf 1919 from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Nenad Panić plays for SV Würmla from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Nenad Panić plays for FK Javor Ivanjica from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Nenad Panić plays for FK Železničar Beograd from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002. Nenad Panić plays for FK Čukarički from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2007.
Nenad PanićNenad Panić (; born 12 January 1984) is a Serbian football forward who plays for SV Stockerau.
[ "FK Železničar Beograd", "SV Würmla", "Red Star Belgrade", "FK Čukarički", "FK Javor Ivanjica", "FK Hajduk Kula", "FK Železničar Beograd", "SV Würmla", "Red Star Belgrade", "FK Čukarički", "FK Javor Ivanjica", "FK Hajduk Kula" ]
Who was the head coach of the team HNK Rijeka in Jul, 2019?
July 15, 2019
{ "text": [ "Igor Bišćan" ] }
L2_Q318969_P286_0
Goran Tomić is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Mar, 2021 to May, 2022. Fausto Budicin is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Jul, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Simon Rožman is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Sep, 2019 to Feb, 2021. Igor Bišćan is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Oct, 2018 to Sep, 2019.
HNK RijekaHrvatski nogometni klub Rijeka (), commonly referred to as HNK Rijeka or simply Rijeka, is a Croatian professional football club from the city of Rijeka.HNK Rijeka compete in Croatia's top division, HT Prva liga, of which they have been members since its foundation in 1992. During the reconstruction of Stadion Kantrida, their traditional home ground has been Stadion Rujevica. Rijeka's traditional home colours are all white.The club was founded in 1946 as "Sportsko Društvo Kvarner" (Croatian) / "Società Sportiva Quarnero" (Italian). The club's official name was changed to "Nogometni klub Rijeka" on 2 July 1954. In the summer of 1995, the club management added the adjective "hrvatski" () to the official name. Rijeka are the third-most successful Croatian football club, having won one Croatian First League title, two Yugoslav Cups, six Croatian Cups, one Croatian Super Cup and the 1977–78 Balkans Cup.During the early period in Yugoslavia, Kvarner had moderate success in various Yugoslav and local club championships. They were relegated at the end of their inaugural season in the Yugoslav First League in 1946–47. Kvarner changed its name to NK Rijeka on 2 July 1954 and returned to the First League in 1958. Rijeka remained in the top tier for 11 consecutive seasons until 1969, when they were once again relegated to the Yugoslav Second League. Despite finishing on top in four (out of five) seasons in the second tier, due to three failed qualifying attempts, the club only gained promotion back to the top tier in 1974. With varying success, Rijeka remained in top tier until the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991. The club's greatest success during this period involved back-to-back Yugoslav Cup titles in 1978 and 1979. Rijeka were also a Cup runner-up in 1987, when they lost the final after a penalty shoot-out. Rijeka never finished higher than the fourth place in the Yugoslav First League. In 1984, the club came closest to their first championship title, finishing only two points behind Red Star Belgrade. Rijeka were also the best placed Croatian club in the Yugoslav First League in 1965, 1984 and 1987.Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, in 1992 Rijeka joined the Croatian First Football League in its inaugural season. Rijeka remain one of only four founding member clubs to never have been relegated. In terms of greatest successes in this period, the club won its first-ever league title in 2017, ending Dinamo Zagreb's run of 11 successive titles. Rijeka has also won six Croatian Cups, including back-to-back titles in 2005 and 2006, in 2014, in 2017, which helped them secure the historic Double, and most recently in 2019 and 2020. In the final round of the 1998–99 season, a refereeing error denied Rijeka their first championship title. With one match to play, Rijeka were one point ahead of Croatia Zagreb, needing a home win against Osijek to secure the title. With the match tied at 1–1, in the 89th minute, Rijeka forward Admir Hasančić converted a cross by Barnabás Sztipánovics. However, moments later, assistant referee Krečak raised his flag and referee Šupraha disallowed Rijeka's winning goal for an alleged offside. Following an investigation, 3D analysis revealed Hasančić was not, in fact, in an offside position, and that Rijeka were wrongfully denied their first championship title. An investigation by "Nacional" revealed Franjo Tuđman, the president of the Republic of Croatia and an ardent Croatia Zagreb supporter, earlier in 1999 ordered the country's intelligence agencies to spy on football referees, officials and journalists, with the aim of ensuring the Zagreb club wins the league title.Rijeka participated in UEFA competitions on 20 occasions, including eight consecutive appearances since 2013–14. The greatest success was the quarter-final of the 1979–80 European Cup Winners' Cup, where they lost to Italian giants Juventus 2–0 on aggregate. The most memorable result in Europe was the home win (3–1) against eventual winners Real Madrid in the 1984–85 UEFA Cup. Controversially, in the return leg at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, which Rijeka lost 3–0, three of their players were sent off. Madrid scored their first goal from a doubtful penalty in the 67th minute with Rijeka already down to ten men. Over the next ten minutes, two additional Rijeka players were sent off, most notably Damir Desnica. While Desnica received the first yellow card because he did not stop play after Schoeters blew his whistle, the second yellow was issued because he allegedly insulted the referee. However, unbeknownst to the referee, Desnica had been a deaf-mute since birth. With Rijeka reduced to eight players, Madrid scored two additional goals, progressed to the next round and eventually won the trophy.In 2013, after winning 4–3 on aggregate against VfB Stuttgart, Rijeka qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League group stage. Rijeka also participated in the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League group stage, where they defeated Feyenoord and Standard Liège and drew with title-holders and eventual winners Sevilla. In 2017, Rijeka reached the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League play-off, where they lost 3–1 on aggregate to Greek champions Olympiacos, and automatically qualified for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage. In the group stage they recorded a famous home win (2–0) against AC Milan but once again failed to progress to the knockout stages.In February 2012, Gabriele Volpi – an Italian businessman and the founder of Orlean Invest, as well as the owner of football club Spezia and water polo club Pro Recco – injected much needed capital into the club. With the privatization process complete by September 2013, Volpi, through Dutch-based Stichting Social Sport Foundation, became the owner of 70% of the club, with the City of Rijeka in control of the remaining 30%. On 29 December 2017 it was announced that chairman Damir Mišković, through London-based Teanna Limited, acquired the majority stake in the club from Stichting Social Sport Foundation.In January 2015, Rijeka sold their star striker Andrej Kramarić to Leicester City for a club-record £9.7 million transfer fee.Until July 2015, Rijeka were based at Stadion Kantrida, their traditional home ground for over 60 years. With Kantrida awaiting demolition and reconstruction, since August 2015, Rijeka have been based at the newly built Stadion Rujevica, an all-seater with the capacity of 8,279. Stadion Rujevica is part of Rijeka's new training centre and serves as the club's temporary home ground. Following the demolition of old Kantrida, a new, state-of-the art, 14,600-capacity all-seater stadium will be built at the same location. In addition to the stadium, the investors are planning to build a commercial complex that will include a shopping mall and a hotel.Rijeka's ultras group are called "Armada Rijeka", or simply Armada. The group has been active since 1987.During most home matches, the majority of the seats are occupied by season ticket holders. For the 2017–18 season the club had 5,922 season ticket holders and 8,403 members.Rijeka's greatest rivalry is with Hajduk Split. Since 1946, the Adriatic derby is contested between the two most popular Croatian football clubs from the Adriatic coast, Rijeka and Hajduk. Other rivalries exist with Dinamo Zagreb and, at the regional level, with Istra Pula. The origins of the Rijeka–Pula rivalry date back to the clashes between Fiumana and Grion Pola since the late 1920s.According to a 2005–07 survey of former players (older than 40 years of age) and respected journalists, Marinko Lazzarich found that the best all-time team of Rijeka is as follows:1. Jantoljak, 2. Milevoj, 3. Hrstić, 4. Radaković, 5. Radin, 6. Juričić, 7. Lukarić, 8. Gračan, 9. Osojnak, 10. Naumović, 11. Desnica.Rijeka's daily, "Novi list", in 2011 declared the following 11 players as Rijeka's best all time team:1. Jantoljak, 2. Šarić, 3. Radin, 4. Juričić, 5. Hrstić, 6. Loik, 7. Radaković, 8. Mladenović, 9. Naumović, 10. Skoblar, 11. Desnica.In 2020, the club's fans voted to select the best squad over the past decade to fit in a 4–2–3–1 formation:Prskalo – Ristovski, Župarić, Mitrović, Zuta – Kreilach, Moisés – Vešović, Andrijašević, Sharbini – Kramarić. Manager: Kek.Rijeka has won one Croatian First Football League title, two Yugoslav Cups and six Croatian Cups. In European competitions, the club has reached the quarter-final of the Cup Winners' Cup in 1979–80, UEFA Cup Round of 32 in 1984–85, and group stages of the UEFA Europa League in 2013–14, 2014–15, 2017–18 and 2020–21. The club has also won the 1977–78 Balkans Cup.CroatiaYugoslavia"(As of 1 March 2021), Source:"Non-UEFA competitions are listed in "italics".
[ "Goran Tomić", "Simon Rožman", "Fausto Budicin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team HNK Rijeka in Oct, 2020?
October 11, 2020
{ "text": [ "Simon Rožman" ] }
L2_Q318969_P286_1
Fausto Budicin is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Jul, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Goran Tomić is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Mar, 2021 to May, 2022. Igor Bišćan is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Oct, 2018 to Sep, 2019. Simon Rožman is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Sep, 2019 to Feb, 2021.
HNK RijekaHrvatski nogometni klub Rijeka (), commonly referred to as HNK Rijeka or simply Rijeka, is a Croatian professional football club from the city of Rijeka.HNK Rijeka compete in Croatia's top division, HT Prva liga, of which they have been members since its foundation in 1992. During the reconstruction of Stadion Kantrida, their traditional home ground has been Stadion Rujevica. Rijeka's traditional home colours are all white.The club was founded in 1946 as "Sportsko Društvo Kvarner" (Croatian) / "Società Sportiva Quarnero" (Italian). The club's official name was changed to "Nogometni klub Rijeka" on 2 July 1954. In the summer of 1995, the club management added the adjective "hrvatski" () to the official name. Rijeka are the third-most successful Croatian football club, having won one Croatian First League title, two Yugoslav Cups, six Croatian Cups, one Croatian Super Cup and the 1977–78 Balkans Cup.During the early period in Yugoslavia, Kvarner had moderate success in various Yugoslav and local club championships. They were relegated at the end of their inaugural season in the Yugoslav First League in 1946–47. Kvarner changed its name to NK Rijeka on 2 July 1954 and returned to the First League in 1958. Rijeka remained in the top tier for 11 consecutive seasons until 1969, when they were once again relegated to the Yugoslav Second League. Despite finishing on top in four (out of five) seasons in the second tier, due to three failed qualifying attempts, the club only gained promotion back to the top tier in 1974. With varying success, Rijeka remained in top tier until the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991. The club's greatest success during this period involved back-to-back Yugoslav Cup titles in 1978 and 1979. Rijeka were also a Cup runner-up in 1987, when they lost the final after a penalty shoot-out. Rijeka never finished higher than the fourth place in the Yugoslav First League. In 1984, the club came closest to their first championship title, finishing only two points behind Red Star Belgrade. Rijeka were also the best placed Croatian club in the Yugoslav First League in 1965, 1984 and 1987.Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, in 1992 Rijeka joined the Croatian First Football League in its inaugural season. Rijeka remain one of only four founding member clubs to never have been relegated. In terms of greatest successes in this period, the club won its first-ever league title in 2017, ending Dinamo Zagreb's run of 11 successive titles. Rijeka has also won six Croatian Cups, including back-to-back titles in 2005 and 2006, in 2014, in 2017, which helped them secure the historic Double, and most recently in 2019 and 2020. In the final round of the 1998–99 season, a refereeing error denied Rijeka their first championship title. With one match to play, Rijeka were one point ahead of Croatia Zagreb, needing a home win against Osijek to secure the title. With the match tied at 1–1, in the 89th minute, Rijeka forward Admir Hasančić converted a cross by Barnabás Sztipánovics. However, moments later, assistant referee Krečak raised his flag and referee Šupraha disallowed Rijeka's winning goal for an alleged offside. Following an investigation, 3D analysis revealed Hasančić was not, in fact, in an offside position, and that Rijeka were wrongfully denied their first championship title. An investigation by "Nacional" revealed Franjo Tuđman, the president of the Republic of Croatia and an ardent Croatia Zagreb supporter, earlier in 1999 ordered the country's intelligence agencies to spy on football referees, officials and journalists, with the aim of ensuring the Zagreb club wins the league title.Rijeka participated in UEFA competitions on 20 occasions, including eight consecutive appearances since 2013–14. The greatest success was the quarter-final of the 1979–80 European Cup Winners' Cup, where they lost to Italian giants Juventus 2–0 on aggregate. The most memorable result in Europe was the home win (3–1) against eventual winners Real Madrid in the 1984–85 UEFA Cup. Controversially, in the return leg at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, which Rijeka lost 3–0, three of their players were sent off. Madrid scored their first goal from a doubtful penalty in the 67th minute with Rijeka already down to ten men. Over the next ten minutes, two additional Rijeka players were sent off, most notably Damir Desnica. While Desnica received the first yellow card because he did not stop play after Schoeters blew his whistle, the second yellow was issued because he allegedly insulted the referee. However, unbeknownst to the referee, Desnica had been a deaf-mute since birth. With Rijeka reduced to eight players, Madrid scored two additional goals, progressed to the next round and eventually won the trophy.In 2013, after winning 4–3 on aggregate against VfB Stuttgart, Rijeka qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League group stage. Rijeka also participated in the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League group stage, where they defeated Feyenoord and Standard Liège and drew with title-holders and eventual winners Sevilla. In 2017, Rijeka reached the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League play-off, where they lost 3–1 on aggregate to Greek champions Olympiacos, and automatically qualified for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage. In the group stage they recorded a famous home win (2–0) against AC Milan but once again failed to progress to the knockout stages.In February 2012, Gabriele Volpi – an Italian businessman and the founder of Orlean Invest, as well as the owner of football club Spezia and water polo club Pro Recco – injected much needed capital into the club. With the privatization process complete by September 2013, Volpi, through Dutch-based Stichting Social Sport Foundation, became the owner of 70% of the club, with the City of Rijeka in control of the remaining 30%. On 29 December 2017 it was announced that chairman Damir Mišković, through London-based Teanna Limited, acquired the majority stake in the club from Stichting Social Sport Foundation.In January 2015, Rijeka sold their star striker Andrej Kramarić to Leicester City for a club-record £9.7 million transfer fee.Until July 2015, Rijeka were based at Stadion Kantrida, their traditional home ground for over 60 years. With Kantrida awaiting demolition and reconstruction, since August 2015, Rijeka have been based at the newly built Stadion Rujevica, an all-seater with the capacity of 8,279. Stadion Rujevica is part of Rijeka's new training centre and serves as the club's temporary home ground. Following the demolition of old Kantrida, a new, state-of-the art, 14,600-capacity all-seater stadium will be built at the same location. In addition to the stadium, the investors are planning to build a commercial complex that will include a shopping mall and a hotel.Rijeka's ultras group are called "Armada Rijeka", or simply Armada. The group has been active since 1987.During most home matches, the majority of the seats are occupied by season ticket holders. For the 2017–18 season the club had 5,922 season ticket holders and 8,403 members.Rijeka's greatest rivalry is with Hajduk Split. Since 1946, the Adriatic derby is contested between the two most popular Croatian football clubs from the Adriatic coast, Rijeka and Hajduk. Other rivalries exist with Dinamo Zagreb and, at the regional level, with Istra Pula. The origins of the Rijeka–Pula rivalry date back to the clashes between Fiumana and Grion Pola since the late 1920s.According to a 2005–07 survey of former players (older than 40 years of age) and respected journalists, Marinko Lazzarich found that the best all-time team of Rijeka is as follows:1. Jantoljak, 2. Milevoj, 3. Hrstić, 4. Radaković, 5. Radin, 6. Juričić, 7. Lukarić, 8. Gračan, 9. Osojnak, 10. Naumović, 11. Desnica.Rijeka's daily, "Novi list", in 2011 declared the following 11 players as Rijeka's best all time team:1. Jantoljak, 2. Šarić, 3. Radin, 4. Juričić, 5. Hrstić, 6. Loik, 7. Radaković, 8. Mladenović, 9. Naumović, 10. Skoblar, 11. Desnica.In 2020, the club's fans voted to select the best squad over the past decade to fit in a 4–2–3–1 formation:Prskalo – Ristovski, Župarić, Mitrović, Zuta – Kreilach, Moisés – Vešović, Andrijašević, Sharbini – Kramarić. Manager: Kek.Rijeka has won one Croatian First Football League title, two Yugoslav Cups and six Croatian Cups. In European competitions, the club has reached the quarter-final of the Cup Winners' Cup in 1979–80, UEFA Cup Round of 32 in 1984–85, and group stages of the UEFA Europa League in 2013–14, 2014–15, 2017–18 and 2020–21. The club has also won the 1977–78 Balkans Cup.CroatiaYugoslavia"(As of 1 March 2021), Source:"Non-UEFA competitions are listed in "italics".
[ "Goran Tomić", "Igor Bišćan", "Fausto Budicin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team HNK Rijeka in Jun, 2021?
June 02, 2021
{ "text": [ "Goran Tomić" ] }
L2_Q318969_P286_2
Fausto Budicin is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Jul, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Simon Rožman is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Sep, 2019 to Feb, 2021. Igor Bišćan is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Oct, 2018 to Sep, 2019. Goran Tomić is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Mar, 2021 to May, 2022.
HNK RijekaHrvatski nogometni klub Rijeka (), commonly referred to as HNK Rijeka or simply Rijeka, is a Croatian professional football club from the city of Rijeka.HNK Rijeka compete in Croatia's top division, HT Prva liga, of which they have been members since its foundation in 1992. During the reconstruction of Stadion Kantrida, their traditional home ground has been Stadion Rujevica. Rijeka's traditional home colours are all white.The club was founded in 1946 as "Sportsko Društvo Kvarner" (Croatian) / "Società Sportiva Quarnero" (Italian). The club's official name was changed to "Nogometni klub Rijeka" on 2 July 1954. In the summer of 1995, the club management added the adjective "hrvatski" () to the official name. Rijeka are the third-most successful Croatian football club, having won one Croatian First League title, two Yugoslav Cups, six Croatian Cups, one Croatian Super Cup and the 1977–78 Balkans Cup.During the early period in Yugoslavia, Kvarner had moderate success in various Yugoslav and local club championships. They were relegated at the end of their inaugural season in the Yugoslav First League in 1946–47. Kvarner changed its name to NK Rijeka on 2 July 1954 and returned to the First League in 1958. Rijeka remained in the top tier for 11 consecutive seasons until 1969, when they were once again relegated to the Yugoslav Second League. Despite finishing on top in four (out of five) seasons in the second tier, due to three failed qualifying attempts, the club only gained promotion back to the top tier in 1974. With varying success, Rijeka remained in top tier until the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991. The club's greatest success during this period involved back-to-back Yugoslav Cup titles in 1978 and 1979. Rijeka were also a Cup runner-up in 1987, when they lost the final after a penalty shoot-out. Rijeka never finished higher than the fourth place in the Yugoslav First League. In 1984, the club came closest to their first championship title, finishing only two points behind Red Star Belgrade. Rijeka were also the best placed Croatian club in the Yugoslav First League in 1965, 1984 and 1987.Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, in 1992 Rijeka joined the Croatian First Football League in its inaugural season. Rijeka remain one of only four founding member clubs to never have been relegated. In terms of greatest successes in this period, the club won its first-ever league title in 2017, ending Dinamo Zagreb's run of 11 successive titles. Rijeka has also won six Croatian Cups, including back-to-back titles in 2005 and 2006, in 2014, in 2017, which helped them secure the historic Double, and most recently in 2019 and 2020. In the final round of the 1998–99 season, a refereeing error denied Rijeka their first championship title. With one match to play, Rijeka were one point ahead of Croatia Zagreb, needing a home win against Osijek to secure the title. With the match tied at 1–1, in the 89th minute, Rijeka forward Admir Hasančić converted a cross by Barnabás Sztipánovics. However, moments later, assistant referee Krečak raised his flag and referee Šupraha disallowed Rijeka's winning goal for an alleged offside. Following an investigation, 3D analysis revealed Hasančić was not, in fact, in an offside position, and that Rijeka were wrongfully denied their first championship title. An investigation by "Nacional" revealed Franjo Tuđman, the president of the Republic of Croatia and an ardent Croatia Zagreb supporter, earlier in 1999 ordered the country's intelligence agencies to spy on football referees, officials and journalists, with the aim of ensuring the Zagreb club wins the league title.Rijeka participated in UEFA competitions on 20 occasions, including eight consecutive appearances since 2013–14. The greatest success was the quarter-final of the 1979–80 European Cup Winners' Cup, where they lost to Italian giants Juventus 2–0 on aggregate. The most memorable result in Europe was the home win (3–1) against eventual winners Real Madrid in the 1984–85 UEFA Cup. Controversially, in the return leg at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, which Rijeka lost 3–0, three of their players were sent off. Madrid scored their first goal from a doubtful penalty in the 67th minute with Rijeka already down to ten men. Over the next ten minutes, two additional Rijeka players were sent off, most notably Damir Desnica. While Desnica received the first yellow card because he did not stop play after Schoeters blew his whistle, the second yellow was issued because he allegedly insulted the referee. However, unbeknownst to the referee, Desnica had been a deaf-mute since birth. With Rijeka reduced to eight players, Madrid scored two additional goals, progressed to the next round and eventually won the trophy.In 2013, after winning 4–3 on aggregate against VfB Stuttgart, Rijeka qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League group stage. Rijeka also participated in the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League group stage, where they defeated Feyenoord and Standard Liège and drew with title-holders and eventual winners Sevilla. In 2017, Rijeka reached the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League play-off, where they lost 3–1 on aggregate to Greek champions Olympiacos, and automatically qualified for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage. In the group stage they recorded a famous home win (2–0) against AC Milan but once again failed to progress to the knockout stages.In February 2012, Gabriele Volpi – an Italian businessman and the founder of Orlean Invest, as well as the owner of football club Spezia and water polo club Pro Recco – injected much needed capital into the club. With the privatization process complete by September 2013, Volpi, through Dutch-based Stichting Social Sport Foundation, became the owner of 70% of the club, with the City of Rijeka in control of the remaining 30%. On 29 December 2017 it was announced that chairman Damir Mišković, through London-based Teanna Limited, acquired the majority stake in the club from Stichting Social Sport Foundation.In January 2015, Rijeka sold their star striker Andrej Kramarić to Leicester City for a club-record £9.7 million transfer fee.Until July 2015, Rijeka were based at Stadion Kantrida, their traditional home ground for over 60 years. With Kantrida awaiting demolition and reconstruction, since August 2015, Rijeka have been based at the newly built Stadion Rujevica, an all-seater with the capacity of 8,279. Stadion Rujevica is part of Rijeka's new training centre and serves as the club's temporary home ground. Following the demolition of old Kantrida, a new, state-of-the art, 14,600-capacity all-seater stadium will be built at the same location. In addition to the stadium, the investors are planning to build a commercial complex that will include a shopping mall and a hotel.Rijeka's ultras group are called "Armada Rijeka", or simply Armada. The group has been active since 1987.During most home matches, the majority of the seats are occupied by season ticket holders. For the 2017–18 season the club had 5,922 season ticket holders and 8,403 members.Rijeka's greatest rivalry is with Hajduk Split. Since 1946, the Adriatic derby is contested between the two most popular Croatian football clubs from the Adriatic coast, Rijeka and Hajduk. Other rivalries exist with Dinamo Zagreb and, at the regional level, with Istra Pula. The origins of the Rijeka–Pula rivalry date back to the clashes between Fiumana and Grion Pola since the late 1920s.According to a 2005–07 survey of former players (older than 40 years of age) and respected journalists, Marinko Lazzarich found that the best all-time team of Rijeka is as follows:1. Jantoljak, 2. Milevoj, 3. Hrstić, 4. Radaković, 5. Radin, 6. Juričić, 7. Lukarić, 8. Gračan, 9. Osojnak, 10. Naumović, 11. Desnica.Rijeka's daily, "Novi list", in 2011 declared the following 11 players as Rijeka's best all time team:1. Jantoljak, 2. Šarić, 3. Radin, 4. Juričić, 5. Hrstić, 6. Loik, 7. Radaković, 8. Mladenović, 9. Naumović, 10. Skoblar, 11. Desnica.In 2020, the club's fans voted to select the best squad over the past decade to fit in a 4–2–3–1 formation:Prskalo – Ristovski, Župarić, Mitrović, Zuta – Kreilach, Moisés – Vešović, Andrijašević, Sharbini – Kramarić. Manager: Kek.Rijeka has won one Croatian First Football League title, two Yugoslav Cups and six Croatian Cups. In European competitions, the club has reached the quarter-final of the Cup Winners' Cup in 1979–80, UEFA Cup Round of 32 in 1984–85, and group stages of the UEFA Europa League in 2013–14, 2014–15, 2017–18 and 2020–21. The club has also won the 1977–78 Balkans Cup.CroatiaYugoslavia"(As of 1 March 2021), Source:"Non-UEFA competitions are listed in "italics".
[ "Igor Bišćan", "Simon Rožman", "Fausto Budicin" ]
Who was the head coach of the team HNK Rijeka in Jul, 2022?
July 07, 2022
{ "text": [ "Fausto Budicin" ] }
L2_Q318969_P286_3
Goran Tomić is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Mar, 2021 to May, 2022. Fausto Budicin is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Jul, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Igor Bišćan is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Oct, 2018 to Sep, 2019. Simon Rožman is the head coach of HNK Rijeka from Sep, 2019 to Feb, 2021.
HNK RijekaHrvatski nogometni klub Rijeka (), commonly referred to as HNK Rijeka or simply Rijeka, is a Croatian professional football club from the city of Rijeka.HNK Rijeka compete in Croatia's top division, HT Prva liga, of which they have been members since its foundation in 1992. During the reconstruction of Stadion Kantrida, their traditional home ground has been Stadion Rujevica. Rijeka's traditional home colours are all white.The club was founded in 1946 as "Sportsko Društvo Kvarner" (Croatian) / "Società Sportiva Quarnero" (Italian). The club's official name was changed to "Nogometni klub Rijeka" on 2 July 1954. In the summer of 1995, the club management added the adjective "hrvatski" () to the official name. Rijeka are the third-most successful Croatian football club, having won one Croatian First League title, two Yugoslav Cups, six Croatian Cups, one Croatian Super Cup and the 1977–78 Balkans Cup.During the early period in Yugoslavia, Kvarner had moderate success in various Yugoslav and local club championships. They were relegated at the end of their inaugural season in the Yugoslav First League in 1946–47. Kvarner changed its name to NK Rijeka on 2 July 1954 and returned to the First League in 1958. Rijeka remained in the top tier for 11 consecutive seasons until 1969, when they were once again relegated to the Yugoslav Second League. Despite finishing on top in four (out of five) seasons in the second tier, due to three failed qualifying attempts, the club only gained promotion back to the top tier in 1974. With varying success, Rijeka remained in top tier until the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991. The club's greatest success during this period involved back-to-back Yugoslav Cup titles in 1978 and 1979. Rijeka were also a Cup runner-up in 1987, when they lost the final after a penalty shoot-out. Rijeka never finished higher than the fourth place in the Yugoslav First League. In 1984, the club came closest to their first championship title, finishing only two points behind Red Star Belgrade. Rijeka were also the best placed Croatian club in the Yugoslav First League in 1965, 1984 and 1987.Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, in 1992 Rijeka joined the Croatian First Football League in its inaugural season. Rijeka remain one of only four founding member clubs to never have been relegated. In terms of greatest successes in this period, the club won its first-ever league title in 2017, ending Dinamo Zagreb's run of 11 successive titles. Rijeka has also won six Croatian Cups, including back-to-back titles in 2005 and 2006, in 2014, in 2017, which helped them secure the historic Double, and most recently in 2019 and 2020. In the final round of the 1998–99 season, a refereeing error denied Rijeka their first championship title. With one match to play, Rijeka were one point ahead of Croatia Zagreb, needing a home win against Osijek to secure the title. With the match tied at 1–1, in the 89th minute, Rijeka forward Admir Hasančić converted a cross by Barnabás Sztipánovics. However, moments later, assistant referee Krečak raised his flag and referee Šupraha disallowed Rijeka's winning goal for an alleged offside. Following an investigation, 3D analysis revealed Hasančić was not, in fact, in an offside position, and that Rijeka were wrongfully denied their first championship title. An investigation by "Nacional" revealed Franjo Tuđman, the president of the Republic of Croatia and an ardent Croatia Zagreb supporter, earlier in 1999 ordered the country's intelligence agencies to spy on football referees, officials and journalists, with the aim of ensuring the Zagreb club wins the league title.Rijeka participated in UEFA competitions on 20 occasions, including eight consecutive appearances since 2013–14. The greatest success was the quarter-final of the 1979–80 European Cup Winners' Cup, where they lost to Italian giants Juventus 2–0 on aggregate. The most memorable result in Europe was the home win (3–1) against eventual winners Real Madrid in the 1984–85 UEFA Cup. Controversially, in the return leg at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, which Rijeka lost 3–0, three of their players were sent off. Madrid scored their first goal from a doubtful penalty in the 67th minute with Rijeka already down to ten men. Over the next ten minutes, two additional Rijeka players were sent off, most notably Damir Desnica. While Desnica received the first yellow card because he did not stop play after Schoeters blew his whistle, the second yellow was issued because he allegedly insulted the referee. However, unbeknownst to the referee, Desnica had been a deaf-mute since birth. With Rijeka reduced to eight players, Madrid scored two additional goals, progressed to the next round and eventually won the trophy.In 2013, after winning 4–3 on aggregate against VfB Stuttgart, Rijeka qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League group stage. Rijeka also participated in the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League group stage, where they defeated Feyenoord and Standard Liège and drew with title-holders and eventual winners Sevilla. In 2017, Rijeka reached the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League play-off, where they lost 3–1 on aggregate to Greek champions Olympiacos, and automatically qualified for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage. In the group stage they recorded a famous home win (2–0) against AC Milan but once again failed to progress to the knockout stages.In February 2012, Gabriele Volpi – an Italian businessman and the founder of Orlean Invest, as well as the owner of football club Spezia and water polo club Pro Recco – injected much needed capital into the club. With the privatization process complete by September 2013, Volpi, through Dutch-based Stichting Social Sport Foundation, became the owner of 70% of the club, with the City of Rijeka in control of the remaining 30%. On 29 December 2017 it was announced that chairman Damir Mišković, through London-based Teanna Limited, acquired the majority stake in the club from Stichting Social Sport Foundation.In January 2015, Rijeka sold their star striker Andrej Kramarić to Leicester City for a club-record £9.7 million transfer fee.Until July 2015, Rijeka were based at Stadion Kantrida, their traditional home ground for over 60 years. With Kantrida awaiting demolition and reconstruction, since August 2015, Rijeka have been based at the newly built Stadion Rujevica, an all-seater with the capacity of 8,279. Stadion Rujevica is part of Rijeka's new training centre and serves as the club's temporary home ground. Following the demolition of old Kantrida, a new, state-of-the art, 14,600-capacity all-seater stadium will be built at the same location. In addition to the stadium, the investors are planning to build a commercial complex that will include a shopping mall and a hotel.Rijeka's ultras group are called "Armada Rijeka", or simply Armada. The group has been active since 1987.During most home matches, the majority of the seats are occupied by season ticket holders. For the 2017–18 season the club had 5,922 season ticket holders and 8,403 members.Rijeka's greatest rivalry is with Hajduk Split. Since 1946, the Adriatic derby is contested between the two most popular Croatian football clubs from the Adriatic coast, Rijeka and Hajduk. Other rivalries exist with Dinamo Zagreb and, at the regional level, with Istra Pula. The origins of the Rijeka–Pula rivalry date back to the clashes between Fiumana and Grion Pola since the late 1920s.According to a 2005–07 survey of former players (older than 40 years of age) and respected journalists, Marinko Lazzarich found that the best all-time team of Rijeka is as follows:1. Jantoljak, 2. Milevoj, 3. Hrstić, 4. Radaković, 5. Radin, 6. Juričić, 7. Lukarić, 8. Gračan, 9. Osojnak, 10. Naumović, 11. Desnica.Rijeka's daily, "Novi list", in 2011 declared the following 11 players as Rijeka's best all time team:1. Jantoljak, 2. Šarić, 3. Radin, 4. Juričić, 5. Hrstić, 6. Loik, 7. Radaković, 8. Mladenović, 9. Naumović, 10. Skoblar, 11. Desnica.In 2020, the club's fans voted to select the best squad over the past decade to fit in a 4–2–3–1 formation:Prskalo – Ristovski, Župarić, Mitrović, Zuta – Kreilach, Moisés – Vešović, Andrijašević, Sharbini – Kramarić. Manager: Kek.Rijeka has won one Croatian First Football League title, two Yugoslav Cups and six Croatian Cups. In European competitions, the club has reached the quarter-final of the Cup Winners' Cup in 1979–80, UEFA Cup Round of 32 in 1984–85, and group stages of the UEFA Europa League in 2013–14, 2014–15, 2017–18 and 2020–21. The club has also won the 1977–78 Balkans Cup.CroatiaYugoslavia"(As of 1 March 2021), Source:"Non-UEFA competitions are listed in "italics".
[ "Simon Rožman", "Goran Tomić", "Igor Bišćan" ]
Which employer did Dominique Kalifa work for in Jan, 1999?
January 03, 1999
{ "text": [ "Paris Diderot University" ] }
L2_Q3035247_P108_0
Dominique Kalifa works for Paris Diderot University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2000. Dominique Kalifa works for University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Dominique Kalifa works for Sciences Po from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2015. Dominique Kalifa works for University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne from Sep, 2002 to Sep, 2020.
Dominique KalifaDominique Kalifa (12 September 1957 – 12 September 2020) was a French historian.Kalifa was born in Vichy and attended the local École normale supérieure at Saint-Cloud. Under the supervision of Michelle Perrot he undertook postgraduate research and received his doctorate in 1994.Kalifa was professor at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne and director of the Centre of 19th Century History and member of the Institut universitaire de France. A student of Michelle Perrot, he specialised in the history of crime, transgression, social control, and mass culture in 19th and early 20th century France and Europe. He also taught at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) from 2008 to 2015, and was several times visiting scholar at New York University and the University of St Andrews. From 1990, he was also columnist (historical reviews) for the French newspaper "Libération". His study about the underworld and its role in the Western imagination is now translated into Portuguese (EDUSP), Spanish (Instituto Mora) and forthcoming in English (Columbia University Press). His " Véritable Histoire de la Belle Epoque", published in 2017, won the Eugène Colas Prize from the Académie française. He also worked on a project about love, Paris and the topographical imagination. He has been described as a specialist in the and social imagination.Kalifa died in Brugheas, his home town, at the age of 63; the following day, "Libération" reported the cause to be suicide.In English : “Crime Scenes: Criminal Topography and Social Imaginary in Nineteenth Century Paris”, "French Historical Studies", vol. 27, n° 1, 2004, p. 175-194 ; “Criminal Investigators at the Fin-de-siècle”, "Yale French Studies", n° 108, 2005, p. 36-47 ; “What is now cultural history about?”, in Robert Gildea and Anne Simonin (eds), "Writing Contemporary History", London, Hodder Education, 2008, p. 47-56; « The Press », in E. Berenson, V. Duclert & C. Prochasson (eds), "The French Republic. History, Values, Debates", Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2011, p. 189-196; “Minotaur”, "Journal of Modern History", vol. 84, n° 4, 2012, p. 980-982; "Naming the Century: Chrononyms of the 19th Century", "Revue d'histoire du XIX siècle", n° 52, 2016; “An Informal History of Herbert Asbury's Underworld“, "Medias19", 2018; "Vice, Crime, and Poverty. How the Western Imagination Invented the Underworld", Columbia University Press, 2019.
[ "University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne", "Sciences Po", "University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany" ]
Which employer did Dominique Kalifa work for in Apr, 2001?
April 05, 2001
{ "text": [ "University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany" ] }
L2_Q3035247_P108_1
Dominique Kalifa works for University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Dominique Kalifa works for Sciences Po from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2015. Dominique Kalifa works for Paris Diderot University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2000. Dominique Kalifa works for University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne from Sep, 2002 to Sep, 2020.
Dominique KalifaDominique Kalifa (12 September 1957 – 12 September 2020) was a French historian.Kalifa was born in Vichy and attended the local École normale supérieure at Saint-Cloud. Under the supervision of Michelle Perrot he undertook postgraduate research and received his doctorate in 1994.Kalifa was professor at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne and director of the Centre of 19th Century History and member of the Institut universitaire de France. A student of Michelle Perrot, he specialised in the history of crime, transgression, social control, and mass culture in 19th and early 20th century France and Europe. He also taught at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) from 2008 to 2015, and was several times visiting scholar at New York University and the University of St Andrews. From 1990, he was also columnist (historical reviews) for the French newspaper "Libération". His study about the underworld and its role in the Western imagination is now translated into Portuguese (EDUSP), Spanish (Instituto Mora) and forthcoming in English (Columbia University Press). His " Véritable Histoire de la Belle Epoque", published in 2017, won the Eugène Colas Prize from the Académie française. He also worked on a project about love, Paris and the topographical imagination. He has been described as a specialist in the and social imagination.Kalifa died in Brugheas, his home town, at the age of 63; the following day, "Libération" reported the cause to be suicide.In English : “Crime Scenes: Criminal Topography and Social Imaginary in Nineteenth Century Paris”, "French Historical Studies", vol. 27, n° 1, 2004, p. 175-194 ; “Criminal Investigators at the Fin-de-siècle”, "Yale French Studies", n° 108, 2005, p. 36-47 ; “What is now cultural history about?”, in Robert Gildea and Anne Simonin (eds), "Writing Contemporary History", London, Hodder Education, 2008, p. 47-56; « The Press », in E. Berenson, V. Duclert & C. Prochasson (eds), "The French Republic. History, Values, Debates", Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2011, p. 189-196; “Minotaur”, "Journal of Modern History", vol. 84, n° 4, 2012, p. 980-982; "Naming the Century: Chrononyms of the 19th Century", "Revue d'histoire du XIX siècle", n° 52, 2016; “An Informal History of Herbert Asbury's Underworld“, "Medias19", 2018; "Vice, Crime, and Poverty. How the Western Imagination Invented the Underworld", Columbia University Press, 2019.
[ "Paris Diderot University", "University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne", "Sciences Po" ]
Which employer did Dominique Kalifa work for in May, 2013?
May 06, 2013
{ "text": [ "University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne", "Sciences Po" ] }
L2_Q3035247_P108_2
Dominique Kalifa works for Paris Diderot University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2000. Dominique Kalifa works for University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne from Sep, 2002 to Sep, 2020. Dominique Kalifa works for University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Dominique Kalifa works for Sciences Po from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2015.
Dominique KalifaDominique Kalifa (12 September 1957 – 12 September 2020) was a French historian.Kalifa was born in Vichy and attended the local École normale supérieure at Saint-Cloud. Under the supervision of Michelle Perrot he undertook postgraduate research and received his doctorate in 1994.Kalifa was professor at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne and director of the Centre of 19th Century History and member of the Institut universitaire de France. A student of Michelle Perrot, he specialised in the history of crime, transgression, social control, and mass culture in 19th and early 20th century France and Europe. He also taught at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) from 2008 to 2015, and was several times visiting scholar at New York University and the University of St Andrews. From 1990, he was also columnist (historical reviews) for the French newspaper "Libération". His study about the underworld and its role in the Western imagination is now translated into Portuguese (EDUSP), Spanish (Instituto Mora) and forthcoming in English (Columbia University Press). His " Véritable Histoire de la Belle Epoque", published in 2017, won the Eugène Colas Prize from the Académie française. He also worked on a project about love, Paris and the topographical imagination. He has been described as a specialist in the and social imagination.Kalifa died in Brugheas, his home town, at the age of 63; the following day, "Libération" reported the cause to be suicide.In English : “Crime Scenes: Criminal Topography and Social Imaginary in Nineteenth Century Paris”, "French Historical Studies", vol. 27, n° 1, 2004, p. 175-194 ; “Criminal Investigators at the Fin-de-siècle”, "Yale French Studies", n° 108, 2005, p. 36-47 ; “What is now cultural history about?”, in Robert Gildea and Anne Simonin (eds), "Writing Contemporary History", London, Hodder Education, 2008, p. 47-56; « The Press », in E. Berenson, V. Duclert & C. Prochasson (eds), "The French Republic. History, Values, Debates", Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2011, p. 189-196; “Minotaur”, "Journal of Modern History", vol. 84, n° 4, 2012, p. 980-982; "Naming the Century: Chrononyms of the 19th Century", "Revue d'histoire du XIX siècle", n° 52, 2016; “An Informal History of Herbert Asbury's Underworld“, "Medias19", 2018; "Vice, Crime, and Poverty. How the Western Imagination Invented the Underworld", Columbia University Press, 2019.
[ "Paris Diderot University", "University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany" ]
Which employer did Dominique Kalifa work for in Dec, 2009?
December 28, 2009
{ "text": [ "University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne", "Sciences Po" ] }
L2_Q3035247_P108_3
Dominique Kalifa works for Sciences Po from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2015. Dominique Kalifa works for University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2002. Dominique Kalifa works for University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne from Sep, 2002 to Sep, 2020. Dominique Kalifa works for Paris Diderot University from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2000.
Dominique KalifaDominique Kalifa (12 September 1957 – 12 September 2020) was a French historian.Kalifa was born in Vichy and attended the local École normale supérieure at Saint-Cloud. Under the supervision of Michelle Perrot he undertook postgraduate research and received his doctorate in 1994.Kalifa was professor at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne and director of the Centre of 19th Century History and member of the Institut universitaire de France. A student of Michelle Perrot, he specialised in the history of crime, transgression, social control, and mass culture in 19th and early 20th century France and Europe. He also taught at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) from 2008 to 2015, and was several times visiting scholar at New York University and the University of St Andrews. From 1990, he was also columnist (historical reviews) for the French newspaper "Libération". His study about the underworld and its role in the Western imagination is now translated into Portuguese (EDUSP), Spanish (Instituto Mora) and forthcoming in English (Columbia University Press). His " Véritable Histoire de la Belle Epoque", published in 2017, won the Eugène Colas Prize from the Académie française. He also worked on a project about love, Paris and the topographical imagination. He has been described as a specialist in the and social imagination.Kalifa died in Brugheas, his home town, at the age of 63; the following day, "Libération" reported the cause to be suicide.In English : “Crime Scenes: Criminal Topography and Social Imaginary in Nineteenth Century Paris”, "French Historical Studies", vol. 27, n° 1, 2004, p. 175-194 ; “Criminal Investigators at the Fin-de-siècle”, "Yale French Studies", n° 108, 2005, p. 36-47 ; “What is now cultural history about?”, in Robert Gildea and Anne Simonin (eds), "Writing Contemporary History", London, Hodder Education, 2008, p. 47-56; « The Press », in E. Berenson, V. Duclert & C. Prochasson (eds), "The French Republic. History, Values, Debates", Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2011, p. 189-196; “Minotaur”, "Journal of Modern History", vol. 84, n° 4, 2012, p. 980-982; "Naming the Century: Chrononyms of the 19th Century", "Revue d'histoire du XIX siècle", n° 52, 2016; “An Informal History of Herbert Asbury's Underworld“, "Medias19", 2018; "Vice, Crime, and Poverty. How the Western Imagination Invented the Underworld", Columbia University Press, 2019.
[ "Paris Diderot University", "University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany" ]
Which employer did François Pachet work for in Apr, 1994?
April 11, 1994
{ "text": [ "Pierre and Marie Curie University" ] }
L2_Q18209599_P108_0
François Pachet works for Sony Computer Science Laboratories Paris from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2017. François Pachet works for Spotify from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022. François Pachet works for Pierre and Marie Curie University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997.
François PachetFrançois Pachet (born 10 January 1964) is a French scientist, composer and director of the Spotify Creator Technology Research Lab. Before joining Spotify he led Sony Computer Science Laboratory in Paris. He is one of the pioneers of computer music closely linked to artificial intelligence, especially in the field of machine improvisation and style modelling. He has been elected ECCAI Fellow in 2014.Pachet graduated from École des ponts ParisTech in Civil Engineering, and Computer Science in 1987, majoring Applied Mathematics. He spent 18 months as lecturer at Kuala Lumpur at the University of Malaya in 1987–1988. He obtained a PhD from Pierre and Marie Curie University in Computer Science, (His thesis was "Knowledge representation with objects and rules: the NéOpus system", supervised by Jean-François Perrot). He spent 1 year as post-doc in Montréal at Université du Québec à Montréal, where he worked on the Cyc project Common sense representation, Douglas Lenat, MCC), with the help of Hafedh Mili professor at UQAM. In 1997, he got his habilitation diploma on the subject: "Object-oriented languages and knowledge representation" at University Pierre et Marie Curie. He was auditeur at the 58th national session of Institut des Hautes Etudes en Défense Nationale, in 2006, and was appointed Colonel in 2007 in the "réserve citoyenne" (French Air Force).In 1993, he was appointed Assistant Professor (in French, "Maitre de conférences"), at Pierre and Marie Curie University until 1997 in Computer Science, Research and Teaching.In 1997, Pachet moved to Sony-CSL (Computer Science Laboratory) Paris. He started a research activity on music and artificial intelligence. His team has authored and pioneered many technologies (about 35 patents) about electronic music distribution, audio feature extraction and music interaction. He was appointed director of Sony Computer Science Laboratories in 2014. The CSL (the branch of Sony-CSL Tokyo) is dedicated to basic research in computer science; it was created by Luc Steels and Mario Tokoro in 1996.Since 2017, he is director of Spotify's Creator Research Technology Lab in Paris, where he develops tools for assisting music creation.The Music team at Sony Computer Science Laboratory Paris was founded in 1997 by Pachet, where he developed the vision that metadata can greatly enhance the musical experience, from listening to performance.The Flow Composer is his second achievement, a system to compose lead sheets in the style of arbitrary composers. It was followed by LSDB, the first collecting lead sheets in electronic format with a large-scale effort (Over 11,000 lead sheets collected); and Virtuoso, a solo jazz detector. The "Popular Music Browser" project, which started in 1998, at Sony Computer Science Laboratories This research project covers all areas of the music‐to‐listener chain, from music description, descriptor extraction from the music signal, or data mining techniques, Similarity‐based access, and novel music retrieval methods such as automatic sequence generation, and to user interface issues.Moreover, he has designed the Continuator, a system allowing real-time musical improvisation with an algorithm. He is now the beneficiary of the ERC Grant Flow Machines for investigating how machines can boost creativity in humans and be able to continue a work in the same musical style. Pachet wants a future in which consumers could buy the unique style of an artist and apply it to their own material; he says, "I call it 'Stylistic Cryogenics' -- to freeze the style into an object that can be reused and made alive again".The MusicSpace is a spatialization control system created with O. Delerue in 2000.Another achievement is CUIDADO (Content-based Unified Interfaces and Descriptors for Audio/music Databases available Online), a two-year project ended in 2003, on developing content-based, audio modules and applications; the project includes the analysis, the navigation and creative process. This project is satisfying the needs of record labels and copyright societies for Information management methods, for marketing and for protecting their informations, using an Authoring system using content features for professional musicians and studios. Moreover, in 2014, Pachet presented two music tutorials on Brazilian guitar and Jazz. His most notable achievement is the Continuator, an interactive music improvisation system. Experimented with manyprofessional musicians, presented notably at the SIGGRAPH’03 conference andconsidered a reference in the domain of music interaction, an example of a Musical Turing test with the Continuator on VPRO Channel with Jazz Pianist jazz Albert van Veenendaal (Amsterdam).ARTE presents Pachet on Square Idée "Demain, devenir Wagner ou Daft Punk?", (Tomorrow, become Wagner or Daft Punk?) October 2015. Pachet writes about using CP techniques to model style in music and text for ACP (Association for Constraints Programming), in September 2015.In 2017 he produced and released a multi-artist album, Hello World, composed with Artificial Intelligence.Pachet has written several non-scientific books about music:
[ "Spotify", "Sony Computer Science Laboratories Paris" ]
Which employer did François Pachet work for in Aug, 2002?
August 17, 2002
{ "text": [ "Sony Computer Science Laboratories Paris" ] }
L2_Q18209599_P108_1
François Pachet works for Spotify from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022. François Pachet works for Sony Computer Science Laboratories Paris from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2017. François Pachet works for Pierre and Marie Curie University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997.
François PachetFrançois Pachet (born 10 January 1964) is a French scientist, composer and director of the Spotify Creator Technology Research Lab. Before joining Spotify he led Sony Computer Science Laboratory in Paris. He is one of the pioneers of computer music closely linked to artificial intelligence, especially in the field of machine improvisation and style modelling. He has been elected ECCAI Fellow in 2014.Pachet graduated from École des ponts ParisTech in Civil Engineering, and Computer Science in 1987, majoring Applied Mathematics. He spent 18 months as lecturer at Kuala Lumpur at the University of Malaya in 1987–1988. He obtained a PhD from Pierre and Marie Curie University in Computer Science, (His thesis was "Knowledge representation with objects and rules: the NéOpus system", supervised by Jean-François Perrot). He spent 1 year as post-doc in Montréal at Université du Québec à Montréal, where he worked on the Cyc project Common sense representation, Douglas Lenat, MCC), with the help of Hafedh Mili professor at UQAM. In 1997, he got his habilitation diploma on the subject: "Object-oriented languages and knowledge representation" at University Pierre et Marie Curie. He was auditeur at the 58th national session of Institut des Hautes Etudes en Défense Nationale, in 2006, and was appointed Colonel in 2007 in the "réserve citoyenne" (French Air Force).In 1993, he was appointed Assistant Professor (in French, "Maitre de conférences"), at Pierre and Marie Curie University until 1997 in Computer Science, Research and Teaching.In 1997, Pachet moved to Sony-CSL (Computer Science Laboratory) Paris. He started a research activity on music and artificial intelligence. His team has authored and pioneered many technologies (about 35 patents) about electronic music distribution, audio feature extraction and music interaction. He was appointed director of Sony Computer Science Laboratories in 2014. The CSL (the branch of Sony-CSL Tokyo) is dedicated to basic research in computer science; it was created by Luc Steels and Mario Tokoro in 1996.Since 2017, he is director of Spotify's Creator Research Technology Lab in Paris, where he develops tools for assisting music creation.The Music team at Sony Computer Science Laboratory Paris was founded in 1997 by Pachet, where he developed the vision that metadata can greatly enhance the musical experience, from listening to performance.The Flow Composer is his second achievement, a system to compose lead sheets in the style of arbitrary composers. It was followed by LSDB, the first collecting lead sheets in electronic format with a large-scale effort (Over 11,000 lead sheets collected); and Virtuoso, a solo jazz detector. The "Popular Music Browser" project, which started in 1998, at Sony Computer Science Laboratories This research project covers all areas of the music‐to‐listener chain, from music description, descriptor extraction from the music signal, or data mining techniques, Similarity‐based access, and novel music retrieval methods such as automatic sequence generation, and to user interface issues.Moreover, he has designed the Continuator, a system allowing real-time musical improvisation with an algorithm. He is now the beneficiary of the ERC Grant Flow Machines for investigating how machines can boost creativity in humans and be able to continue a work in the same musical style. Pachet wants a future in which consumers could buy the unique style of an artist and apply it to their own material; he says, "I call it 'Stylistic Cryogenics' -- to freeze the style into an object that can be reused and made alive again".The MusicSpace is a spatialization control system created with O. Delerue in 2000.Another achievement is CUIDADO (Content-based Unified Interfaces and Descriptors for Audio/music Databases available Online), a two-year project ended in 2003, on developing content-based, audio modules and applications; the project includes the analysis, the navigation and creative process. This project is satisfying the needs of record labels and copyright societies for Information management methods, for marketing and for protecting their informations, using an Authoring system using content features for professional musicians and studios. Moreover, in 2014, Pachet presented two music tutorials on Brazilian guitar and Jazz. His most notable achievement is the Continuator, an interactive music improvisation system. Experimented with manyprofessional musicians, presented notably at the SIGGRAPH’03 conference andconsidered a reference in the domain of music interaction, an example of a Musical Turing test with the Continuator on VPRO Channel with Jazz Pianist jazz Albert van Veenendaal (Amsterdam).ARTE presents Pachet on Square Idée "Demain, devenir Wagner ou Daft Punk?", (Tomorrow, become Wagner or Daft Punk?) October 2015. Pachet writes about using CP techniques to model style in music and text for ACP (Association for Constraints Programming), in September 2015.In 2017 he produced and released a multi-artist album, Hello World, composed with Artificial Intelligence.Pachet has written several non-scientific books about music:
[ "Pierre and Marie Curie University", "Spotify" ]
Which employer did François Pachet work for in Sep, 2019?
September 25, 2019
{ "text": [ "Spotify" ] }
L2_Q18209599_P108_2
François Pachet works for Pierre and Marie Curie University from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1997. François Pachet works for Sony Computer Science Laboratories Paris from Jan, 1997 to Jan, 2017. François Pachet works for Spotify from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022.
François PachetFrançois Pachet (born 10 January 1964) is a French scientist, composer and director of the Spotify Creator Technology Research Lab. Before joining Spotify he led Sony Computer Science Laboratory in Paris. He is one of the pioneers of computer music closely linked to artificial intelligence, especially in the field of machine improvisation and style modelling. He has been elected ECCAI Fellow in 2014.Pachet graduated from École des ponts ParisTech in Civil Engineering, and Computer Science in 1987, majoring Applied Mathematics. He spent 18 months as lecturer at Kuala Lumpur at the University of Malaya in 1987–1988. He obtained a PhD from Pierre and Marie Curie University in Computer Science, (His thesis was "Knowledge representation with objects and rules: the NéOpus system", supervised by Jean-François Perrot). He spent 1 year as post-doc in Montréal at Université du Québec à Montréal, where he worked on the Cyc project Common sense representation, Douglas Lenat, MCC), with the help of Hafedh Mili professor at UQAM. In 1997, he got his habilitation diploma on the subject: "Object-oriented languages and knowledge representation" at University Pierre et Marie Curie. He was auditeur at the 58th national session of Institut des Hautes Etudes en Défense Nationale, in 2006, and was appointed Colonel in 2007 in the "réserve citoyenne" (French Air Force).In 1993, he was appointed Assistant Professor (in French, "Maitre de conférences"), at Pierre and Marie Curie University until 1997 in Computer Science, Research and Teaching.In 1997, Pachet moved to Sony-CSL (Computer Science Laboratory) Paris. He started a research activity on music and artificial intelligence. His team has authored and pioneered many technologies (about 35 patents) about electronic music distribution, audio feature extraction and music interaction. He was appointed director of Sony Computer Science Laboratories in 2014. The CSL (the branch of Sony-CSL Tokyo) is dedicated to basic research in computer science; it was created by Luc Steels and Mario Tokoro in 1996.Since 2017, he is director of Spotify's Creator Research Technology Lab in Paris, where he develops tools for assisting music creation.The Music team at Sony Computer Science Laboratory Paris was founded in 1997 by Pachet, where he developed the vision that metadata can greatly enhance the musical experience, from listening to performance.The Flow Composer is his second achievement, a system to compose lead sheets in the style of arbitrary composers. It was followed by LSDB, the first collecting lead sheets in electronic format with a large-scale effort (Over 11,000 lead sheets collected); and Virtuoso, a solo jazz detector. The "Popular Music Browser" project, which started in 1998, at Sony Computer Science Laboratories This research project covers all areas of the music‐to‐listener chain, from music description, descriptor extraction from the music signal, or data mining techniques, Similarity‐based access, and novel music retrieval methods such as automatic sequence generation, and to user interface issues.Moreover, he has designed the Continuator, a system allowing real-time musical improvisation with an algorithm. He is now the beneficiary of the ERC Grant Flow Machines for investigating how machines can boost creativity in humans and be able to continue a work in the same musical style. Pachet wants a future in which consumers could buy the unique style of an artist and apply it to their own material; he says, "I call it 'Stylistic Cryogenics' -- to freeze the style into an object that can be reused and made alive again".The MusicSpace is a spatialization control system created with O. Delerue in 2000.Another achievement is CUIDADO (Content-based Unified Interfaces and Descriptors for Audio/music Databases available Online), a two-year project ended in 2003, on developing content-based, audio modules and applications; the project includes the analysis, the navigation and creative process. This project is satisfying the needs of record labels and copyright societies for Information management methods, for marketing and for protecting their informations, using an Authoring system using content features for professional musicians and studios. Moreover, in 2014, Pachet presented two music tutorials on Brazilian guitar and Jazz. His most notable achievement is the Continuator, an interactive music improvisation system. Experimented with manyprofessional musicians, presented notably at the SIGGRAPH’03 conference andconsidered a reference in the domain of music interaction, an example of a Musical Turing test with the Continuator on VPRO Channel with Jazz Pianist jazz Albert van Veenendaal (Amsterdam).ARTE presents Pachet on Square Idée "Demain, devenir Wagner ou Daft Punk?", (Tomorrow, become Wagner or Daft Punk?) October 2015. Pachet writes about using CP techniques to model style in music and text for ACP (Association for Constraints Programming), in September 2015.In 2017 he produced and released a multi-artist album, Hello World, composed with Artificial Intelligence.Pachet has written several non-scientific books about music:
[ "Pierre and Marie Curie University", "Sony Computer Science Laboratories Paris" ]
Which employer did Alois Musil work for in Aug, 1904?
August 18, 1904
{ "text": [ "Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology of Palacký University, Olomouc" ] }
L2_Q695730_P108_0
Alois Musil works for Charles University from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1938. Alois Musil works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1918. Alois Musil works for Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology of Palacký University, Olomouc from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1908. Alois Musil works for Oriental Institute, ASCR from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1927.
Alois MusilAlois Musil (30 June 1868 – 12 April 1944) was a Moravian theologian, orientalist, explorer and bilingual Czech and German writer.Musil was the oldest son born in 1868 into an poor farming family in Moravia (then Cisleithanian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today Czech Republic). His birthplace of was in an area surrounded by German-speakers, allowing him and his brothers to learn to read and write both German and Czech. He was a second cousin of Robert Musil, an Austrian writer. In the years 1887–1891 he studied Roman Catholic theology at the University of Olomouc, was consecrated as a priest in 1891 and received a doctorate in theology in 1895. In the years 1895–1898 he studied at the Dominican Biblical School in Jerusalem, in 1897-1898 at the Jesuit University of St. Joseph in Beirut, 1899 in London, Cambridge and Berlin.He travelled extensively throughout the Arab world and kept coming back to it until 1917, collecting a huge body of scientific material. Among his discoveries was the 8th-century desert castle of Qusayr 'Amra, now famous for its figurative Islamic paintings. In the process of trying to steal the now-famed Umayyad fresco "Painting of the Six Kings" from Qusayr 'Amra, he permanently damaged the painting. He later developed a serious lung disease.Between his trips Musil continued working on his publications and lecturing. In 1902 he became professor of theology at the University of Olomouc, and in 1909, professor of Biblical studies and Arabic at Vienna University. In addition to modern and classical languages, he mastered 35 dialects of Arabic. He was so well acquainted with the Rwala Bedouins, that he was accepted into the tribe as "Sheikh Musa".During World War I he was sent to the Middle East to eliminate British attempts to instigate a revolution against the Ottoman Empire, thus being an opponent of T. E. Lawrence. In 1917 he journeyed through the Middle East with Archduke Hubert Salvator of Austria; there are suggestions that the mission had a political motive involving Arab Revolt against the Ottoman government.After the war he became a professor at Charles University in Prague (1920), despite opposing voices resenting his close ties with the House of Habsburg. He helped to establish the Oriental Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Prague.In cooperation with the American industrialist Charles Richard Crane he published his works in English (1922–23). In addition to scientific work and popular travel books he published 21 novels for young readers.Musil worked for Charles University until 1938, but was active until the very end of his life. He died in Otryby due to kidney dysfunction complicated by lung disease.Although Musil is best known for his discovery of Qusayr 'Amra, his output was prolific. He wrote more than 50 books (including six illustrated works published by the American Geographical Society and 20 children's books); some 1200 scholarly articles; transcriptions and translations of Bedouin tribal poems and songs; produced thousands of photographs of archaeological sites and Bedouin people and prepared topographic maps and surveys of territories.
[ "University of Vienna", "Charles University", "Oriental Institute, ASCR" ]
Which employer did Alois Musil work for in Sep, 1914?
September 25, 1914
{ "text": [ "University of Vienna" ] }
L2_Q695730_P108_1
Alois Musil works for Oriental Institute, ASCR from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1927. Alois Musil works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1918. Alois Musil works for Charles University from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1938. Alois Musil works for Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology of Palacký University, Olomouc from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1908.
Alois MusilAlois Musil (30 June 1868 – 12 April 1944) was a Moravian theologian, orientalist, explorer and bilingual Czech and German writer.Musil was the oldest son born in 1868 into an poor farming family in Moravia (then Cisleithanian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today Czech Republic). His birthplace of was in an area surrounded by German-speakers, allowing him and his brothers to learn to read and write both German and Czech. He was a second cousin of Robert Musil, an Austrian writer. In the years 1887–1891 he studied Roman Catholic theology at the University of Olomouc, was consecrated as a priest in 1891 and received a doctorate in theology in 1895. In the years 1895–1898 he studied at the Dominican Biblical School in Jerusalem, in 1897-1898 at the Jesuit University of St. Joseph in Beirut, 1899 in London, Cambridge and Berlin.He travelled extensively throughout the Arab world and kept coming back to it until 1917, collecting a huge body of scientific material. Among his discoveries was the 8th-century desert castle of Qusayr 'Amra, now famous for its figurative Islamic paintings. In the process of trying to steal the now-famed Umayyad fresco "Painting of the Six Kings" from Qusayr 'Amra, he permanently damaged the painting. He later developed a serious lung disease.Between his trips Musil continued working on his publications and lecturing. In 1902 he became professor of theology at the University of Olomouc, and in 1909, professor of Biblical studies and Arabic at Vienna University. In addition to modern and classical languages, he mastered 35 dialects of Arabic. He was so well acquainted with the Rwala Bedouins, that he was accepted into the tribe as "Sheikh Musa".During World War I he was sent to the Middle East to eliminate British attempts to instigate a revolution against the Ottoman Empire, thus being an opponent of T. E. Lawrence. In 1917 he journeyed through the Middle East with Archduke Hubert Salvator of Austria; there are suggestions that the mission had a political motive involving Arab Revolt against the Ottoman government.After the war he became a professor at Charles University in Prague (1920), despite opposing voices resenting his close ties with the House of Habsburg. He helped to establish the Oriental Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Prague.In cooperation with the American industrialist Charles Richard Crane he published his works in English (1922–23). In addition to scientific work and popular travel books he published 21 novels for young readers.Musil worked for Charles University until 1938, but was active until the very end of his life. He died in Otryby due to kidney dysfunction complicated by lung disease.Although Musil is best known for his discovery of Qusayr 'Amra, his output was prolific. He wrote more than 50 books (including six illustrated works published by the American Geographical Society and 20 children's books); some 1200 scholarly articles; transcriptions and translations of Bedouin tribal poems and songs; produced thousands of photographs of archaeological sites and Bedouin people and prepared topographic maps and surveys of territories.
[ "Charles University", "Oriental Institute, ASCR", "Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology of Palacký University, Olomouc" ]
Which employer did Alois Musil work for in Oct, 1922?
October 10, 1922
{ "text": [ "Charles University" ] }
L2_Q695730_P108_2
Alois Musil works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1918. Alois Musil works for Charles University from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1938. Alois Musil works for Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology of Palacký University, Olomouc from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1908. Alois Musil works for Oriental Institute, ASCR from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1927.
Alois MusilAlois Musil (30 June 1868 – 12 April 1944) was a Moravian theologian, orientalist, explorer and bilingual Czech and German writer.Musil was the oldest son born in 1868 into an poor farming family in Moravia (then Cisleithanian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today Czech Republic). His birthplace of was in an area surrounded by German-speakers, allowing him and his brothers to learn to read and write both German and Czech. He was a second cousin of Robert Musil, an Austrian writer. In the years 1887–1891 he studied Roman Catholic theology at the University of Olomouc, was consecrated as a priest in 1891 and received a doctorate in theology in 1895. In the years 1895–1898 he studied at the Dominican Biblical School in Jerusalem, in 1897-1898 at the Jesuit University of St. Joseph in Beirut, 1899 in London, Cambridge and Berlin.He travelled extensively throughout the Arab world and kept coming back to it until 1917, collecting a huge body of scientific material. Among his discoveries was the 8th-century desert castle of Qusayr 'Amra, now famous for its figurative Islamic paintings. In the process of trying to steal the now-famed Umayyad fresco "Painting of the Six Kings" from Qusayr 'Amra, he permanently damaged the painting. He later developed a serious lung disease.Between his trips Musil continued working on his publications and lecturing. In 1902 he became professor of theology at the University of Olomouc, and in 1909, professor of Biblical studies and Arabic at Vienna University. In addition to modern and classical languages, he mastered 35 dialects of Arabic. He was so well acquainted with the Rwala Bedouins, that he was accepted into the tribe as "Sheikh Musa".During World War I he was sent to the Middle East to eliminate British attempts to instigate a revolution against the Ottoman Empire, thus being an opponent of T. E. Lawrence. In 1917 he journeyed through the Middle East with Archduke Hubert Salvator of Austria; there are suggestions that the mission had a political motive involving Arab Revolt against the Ottoman government.After the war he became a professor at Charles University in Prague (1920), despite opposing voices resenting his close ties with the House of Habsburg. He helped to establish the Oriental Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Prague.In cooperation with the American industrialist Charles Richard Crane he published his works in English (1922–23). In addition to scientific work and popular travel books he published 21 novels for young readers.Musil worked for Charles University until 1938, but was active until the very end of his life. He died in Otryby due to kidney dysfunction complicated by lung disease.Although Musil is best known for his discovery of Qusayr 'Amra, his output was prolific. He wrote more than 50 books (including six illustrated works published by the American Geographical Society and 20 children's books); some 1200 scholarly articles; transcriptions and translations of Bedouin tribal poems and songs; produced thousands of photographs of archaeological sites and Bedouin people and prepared topographic maps and surveys of territories.
[ "University of Vienna", "Oriental Institute, ASCR", "Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology of Palacký University, Olomouc" ]
Which employer did Alois Musil work for in Jan, 1927?
January 01, 1927
{ "text": [ "Charles University", "Oriental Institute, ASCR" ] }
L2_Q695730_P108_3
Alois Musil works for Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology of Palacký University, Olomouc from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1908. Alois Musil works for Oriental Institute, ASCR from Jan, 1927 to Jan, 1927. Alois Musil works for University of Vienna from Jan, 1909 to Jan, 1918. Alois Musil works for Charles University from Jan, 1920 to Jan, 1938.
Alois MusilAlois Musil (30 June 1868 – 12 April 1944) was a Moravian theologian, orientalist, explorer and bilingual Czech and German writer.Musil was the oldest son born in 1868 into an poor farming family in Moravia (then Cisleithanian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today Czech Republic). His birthplace of was in an area surrounded by German-speakers, allowing him and his brothers to learn to read and write both German and Czech. He was a second cousin of Robert Musil, an Austrian writer. In the years 1887–1891 he studied Roman Catholic theology at the University of Olomouc, was consecrated as a priest in 1891 and received a doctorate in theology in 1895. In the years 1895–1898 he studied at the Dominican Biblical School in Jerusalem, in 1897-1898 at the Jesuit University of St. Joseph in Beirut, 1899 in London, Cambridge and Berlin.He travelled extensively throughout the Arab world and kept coming back to it until 1917, collecting a huge body of scientific material. Among his discoveries was the 8th-century desert castle of Qusayr 'Amra, now famous for its figurative Islamic paintings. In the process of trying to steal the now-famed Umayyad fresco "Painting of the Six Kings" from Qusayr 'Amra, he permanently damaged the painting. He later developed a serious lung disease.Between his trips Musil continued working on his publications and lecturing. In 1902 he became professor of theology at the University of Olomouc, and in 1909, professor of Biblical studies and Arabic at Vienna University. In addition to modern and classical languages, he mastered 35 dialects of Arabic. He was so well acquainted with the Rwala Bedouins, that he was accepted into the tribe as "Sheikh Musa".During World War I he was sent to the Middle East to eliminate British attempts to instigate a revolution against the Ottoman Empire, thus being an opponent of T. E. Lawrence. In 1917 he journeyed through the Middle East with Archduke Hubert Salvator of Austria; there are suggestions that the mission had a political motive involving Arab Revolt against the Ottoman government.After the war he became a professor at Charles University in Prague (1920), despite opposing voices resenting his close ties with the House of Habsburg. He helped to establish the Oriental Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Prague.In cooperation with the American industrialist Charles Richard Crane he published his works in English (1922–23). In addition to scientific work and popular travel books he published 21 novels for young readers.Musil worked for Charles University until 1938, but was active until the very end of his life. He died in Otryby due to kidney dysfunction complicated by lung disease.Although Musil is best known for his discovery of Qusayr 'Amra, his output was prolific. He wrote more than 50 books (including six illustrated works published by the American Geographical Society and 20 children's books); some 1200 scholarly articles; transcriptions and translations of Bedouin tribal poems and songs; produced thousands of photographs of archaeological sites and Bedouin people and prepared topographic maps and surveys of territories.
[ "University of Vienna", "Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology of Palacký University, Olomouc" ]
Which employer did Eliakim Hastings Moore work for in Jul, 1887?
July 13, 1887
{ "text": [ "Yale University" ] }
L2_Q736064_P108_0
Eliakim Hastings Moore works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1889 to Jan, 1892. Eliakim Hastings Moore works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1892 to Jan, 1931. Eliakim Hastings Moore works for Yale University from Jan, 1887 to Jan, 1889.
E. H. MooreEliakim Hastings Moore (; January 26, 1862 – December 30, 1932), usually cited as E. H. Moore or E. Hastings Moore, was an American mathematician.Moore, the son of a Methodist minister and grandson of US Congressman Eliakim H. Moore, discovered mathematics through a summer job at the Cincinnati Observatory while in high school. He subsequently studied mathematics at Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones and obtained a B.A. in 1883 and the Ph.D. in 1885 with a thesis supervised by Hubert Anson Newton, on some work of William Kingdon Clifford and Arthur Cayley. Newton encouraged Moore to study in Germany, and thus he spent an academic year at the University of Berlin, attending lectures by Leopold Kronecker and Karl Weierstrass.On his return to the United States, Moore taught at Yale and at Northwestern University. When the University of Chicago opened its doors in 1892, Moore was the first head of its mathematics department, a position he retained until his death in 1932. His first two colleagues were Oskar Bolza and Heinrich Maschke. The resulting department was the second research-oriented mathematics department in American history, after Johns Hopkins University. Moore first worked in abstract algebra, proving in 1893 the classification of the structure of finite fields (also called Galois fields). Around 1900, he began working on the foundations of geometry. He reformulated Hilbert's axioms for geometry so that points were the only primitive notion, thus turning David Hilbert's primitive lines and planes into defined notions. In 1902, he further showed that one of Hilbert's axioms for geometry was redundant. His work on axiom systems is considered one of the starting points for metamathematics and model theory. After 1906, he turned to the foundations of analysis. The concept of a closure operator first appeared in his 1910 "Introduction to a form of general analysis". He also wrote on algebraic geometry, number theory, and integral equations.At Chicago, Moore supervised 31 doctoral dissertations, including those of George Birkhoff, Leonard Dickson, Robert Lee Moore (no relation), and Oswald Veblen. Birkhoff and Veblen went on to lead departments at Harvard and Princeton, respectively. Dickson became the first great American algebraist and number theorist. Robert Moore founded American topology. According to the Mathematics Genealogy Project, as of December 2012, E. H. Moore had over 18,900 known "descendants."Moore convinced the New York Mathematical Society to change its name to the American Mathematical Society, whose Chicago branch he led. He presided over the AMS, 1901–02, and edited the "Transactions of the American Mathematical Society", 1899–1907. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1908 in Rome and in 1912 in Cambridge, England.The American Mathematical Society established a prize in his honor in 2002.
[ "University of Chicago", "Northwestern University" ]
Which employer did Eliakim Hastings Moore work for in Jul, 1891?
July 08, 1891
{ "text": [ "Northwestern University" ] }
L2_Q736064_P108_1
Eliakim Hastings Moore works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1889 to Jan, 1892. Eliakim Hastings Moore works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1892 to Jan, 1931. Eliakim Hastings Moore works for Yale University from Jan, 1887 to Jan, 1889.
E. H. MooreEliakim Hastings Moore (; January 26, 1862 – December 30, 1932), usually cited as E. H. Moore or E. Hastings Moore, was an American mathematician.Moore, the son of a Methodist minister and grandson of US Congressman Eliakim H. Moore, discovered mathematics through a summer job at the Cincinnati Observatory while in high school. He subsequently studied mathematics at Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones and obtained a B.A. in 1883 and the Ph.D. in 1885 with a thesis supervised by Hubert Anson Newton, on some work of William Kingdon Clifford and Arthur Cayley. Newton encouraged Moore to study in Germany, and thus he spent an academic year at the University of Berlin, attending lectures by Leopold Kronecker and Karl Weierstrass.On his return to the United States, Moore taught at Yale and at Northwestern University. When the University of Chicago opened its doors in 1892, Moore was the first head of its mathematics department, a position he retained until his death in 1932. His first two colleagues were Oskar Bolza and Heinrich Maschke. The resulting department was the second research-oriented mathematics department in American history, after Johns Hopkins University. Moore first worked in abstract algebra, proving in 1893 the classification of the structure of finite fields (also called Galois fields). Around 1900, he began working on the foundations of geometry. He reformulated Hilbert's axioms for geometry so that points were the only primitive notion, thus turning David Hilbert's primitive lines and planes into defined notions. In 1902, he further showed that one of Hilbert's axioms for geometry was redundant. His work on axiom systems is considered one of the starting points for metamathematics and model theory. After 1906, he turned to the foundations of analysis. The concept of a closure operator first appeared in his 1910 "Introduction to a form of general analysis". He also wrote on algebraic geometry, number theory, and integral equations.At Chicago, Moore supervised 31 doctoral dissertations, including those of George Birkhoff, Leonard Dickson, Robert Lee Moore (no relation), and Oswald Veblen. Birkhoff and Veblen went on to lead departments at Harvard and Princeton, respectively. Dickson became the first great American algebraist and number theorist. Robert Moore founded American topology. According to the Mathematics Genealogy Project, as of December 2012, E. H. Moore had over 18,900 known "descendants."Moore convinced the New York Mathematical Society to change its name to the American Mathematical Society, whose Chicago branch he led. He presided over the AMS, 1901–02, and edited the "Transactions of the American Mathematical Society", 1899–1907. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1908 in Rome and in 1912 in Cambridge, England.The American Mathematical Society established a prize in his honor in 2002.
[ "University of Chicago", "Yale University" ]
Which employer did Eliakim Hastings Moore work for in Jan, 1914?
January 01, 1914
{ "text": [ "University of Chicago" ] }
L2_Q736064_P108_2
Eliakim Hastings Moore works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1889 to Jan, 1892. Eliakim Hastings Moore works for Yale University from Jan, 1887 to Jan, 1889. Eliakim Hastings Moore works for University of Chicago from Jan, 1892 to Jan, 1931.
E. H. MooreEliakim Hastings Moore (; January 26, 1862 – December 30, 1932), usually cited as E. H. Moore or E. Hastings Moore, was an American mathematician.Moore, the son of a Methodist minister and grandson of US Congressman Eliakim H. Moore, discovered mathematics through a summer job at the Cincinnati Observatory while in high school. He subsequently studied mathematics at Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones and obtained a B.A. in 1883 and the Ph.D. in 1885 with a thesis supervised by Hubert Anson Newton, on some work of William Kingdon Clifford and Arthur Cayley. Newton encouraged Moore to study in Germany, and thus he spent an academic year at the University of Berlin, attending lectures by Leopold Kronecker and Karl Weierstrass.On his return to the United States, Moore taught at Yale and at Northwestern University. When the University of Chicago opened its doors in 1892, Moore was the first head of its mathematics department, a position he retained until his death in 1932. His first two colleagues were Oskar Bolza and Heinrich Maschke. The resulting department was the second research-oriented mathematics department in American history, after Johns Hopkins University. Moore first worked in abstract algebra, proving in 1893 the classification of the structure of finite fields (also called Galois fields). Around 1900, he began working on the foundations of geometry. He reformulated Hilbert's axioms for geometry so that points were the only primitive notion, thus turning David Hilbert's primitive lines and planes into defined notions. In 1902, he further showed that one of Hilbert's axioms for geometry was redundant. His work on axiom systems is considered one of the starting points for metamathematics and model theory. After 1906, he turned to the foundations of analysis. The concept of a closure operator first appeared in his 1910 "Introduction to a form of general analysis". He also wrote on algebraic geometry, number theory, and integral equations.At Chicago, Moore supervised 31 doctoral dissertations, including those of George Birkhoff, Leonard Dickson, Robert Lee Moore (no relation), and Oswald Veblen. Birkhoff and Veblen went on to lead departments at Harvard and Princeton, respectively. Dickson became the first great American algebraist and number theorist. Robert Moore founded American topology. According to the Mathematics Genealogy Project, as of December 2012, E. H. Moore had over 18,900 known "descendants."Moore convinced the New York Mathematical Society to change its name to the American Mathematical Society, whose Chicago branch he led. He presided over the AMS, 1901–02, and edited the "Transactions of the American Mathematical Society", 1899–1907. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1908 in Rome and in 1912 in Cambridge, England.The American Mathematical Society established a prize in his honor in 2002.
[ "Yale University", "Northwestern University" ]
Which position did Clement Kinloch-Cooke hold in Sep, 1910?
September 02, 1910
{ "text": [ "Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }
L2_Q5131354_P39_0
Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1922 to Nov, 1923. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 34th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1924 to May, 1929. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910.
Clement Kinloch-CookeSir Clement Kinloch-Cooke, 1st Baronet (28 October 1854 – 4 September 1944) was a British journalist and politician.Born Clement Cooke in Holborn, the only son of Robert Whall Cooke of Brighton, Sussex, he was educated at Brighton College, and at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he read mathematics and law. He was called to the bar in 1883 by the Inner Temple, whereupon he joined the Oxford Circuit, and became Treasury prosecuting counsel for Berkshire. Later he was legal advisor to the House of Lords Sweating Commission and private secretary to Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies (1885–87). He was also examiner under the Civil Service Commission for factory inspectorships.Cooke followed with an active career in journalism, writing and editing for "English Illustrated Magazine", the "Observer", the "Pall Mall Gazette", and the "New Review". He wrote on imperial and colonial subjects. During this time he also wrote an authorised memoir of Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, Duchess of Teck, and a biography of Mary of Teck. He founded the "Empire Review" in 1901 and that connexion remained for the remainder of his life.Cooke assumed the additional surname of Kinloch in 1905, which was also the year that he was initially created a knight bachelor. From that time a career in politics followed.Kinloch-Cooke became a member of the London County Council in 1907. He was elected at the January 1910 general election as a Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for Devonport, and he held that seat until his defeat at the 1923 general election by the Liberal Party candidate Leslie Hore-Belisha. He was returned to the House of Commons the following year as MP for Cardiff East, and held that seat until he was defeated at the 1929 general election. He served as chairman of Naval and Dockyards Committee for 14 years, and the Expiring Laws and Continuance Act Committee.He was created a Knight Commander in the Order of the British Empire in 1919, and a baronet of Brighthelmstone, Sussex in 1926.
[ "Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 34th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Clement Kinloch-Cooke hold in Mar, 1912?
March 05, 1912
{ "text": [ "Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }
L2_Q5131354_P39_1
Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1922 to Nov, 1923. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 34th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1924 to May, 1929. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922.
Clement Kinloch-CookeSir Clement Kinloch-Cooke, 1st Baronet (28 October 1854 – 4 September 1944) was a British journalist and politician.Born Clement Cooke in Holborn, the only son of Robert Whall Cooke of Brighton, Sussex, he was educated at Brighton College, and at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he read mathematics and law. He was called to the bar in 1883 by the Inner Temple, whereupon he joined the Oxford Circuit, and became Treasury prosecuting counsel for Berkshire. Later he was legal advisor to the House of Lords Sweating Commission and private secretary to Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies (1885–87). He was also examiner under the Civil Service Commission for factory inspectorships.Cooke followed with an active career in journalism, writing and editing for "English Illustrated Magazine", the "Observer", the "Pall Mall Gazette", and the "New Review". He wrote on imperial and colonial subjects. During this time he also wrote an authorised memoir of Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, Duchess of Teck, and a biography of Mary of Teck. He founded the "Empire Review" in 1901 and that connexion remained for the remainder of his life.Cooke assumed the additional surname of Kinloch in 1905, which was also the year that he was initially created a knight bachelor. From that time a career in politics followed.Kinloch-Cooke became a member of the London County Council in 1907. He was elected at the January 1910 general election as a Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for Devonport, and he held that seat until his defeat at the 1923 general election by the Liberal Party candidate Leslie Hore-Belisha. He was returned to the House of Commons the following year as MP for Cardiff East, and held that seat until he was defeated at the 1929 general election. He served as chairman of Naval and Dockyards Committee for 14 years, and the Expiring Laws and Continuance Act Committee.He was created a Knight Commander in the Order of the British Empire in 1919, and a baronet of Brighthelmstone, Sussex in 1926.
[ "Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 34th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Clement Kinloch-Cooke hold in Jan, 1922?
January 16, 1922
{ "text": [ "Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }
L2_Q5131354_P39_2
Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1922 to Nov, 1923. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 34th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1924 to May, 1929. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
Clement Kinloch-CookeSir Clement Kinloch-Cooke, 1st Baronet (28 October 1854 – 4 September 1944) was a British journalist and politician.Born Clement Cooke in Holborn, the only son of Robert Whall Cooke of Brighton, Sussex, he was educated at Brighton College, and at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he read mathematics and law. He was called to the bar in 1883 by the Inner Temple, whereupon he joined the Oxford Circuit, and became Treasury prosecuting counsel for Berkshire. Later he was legal advisor to the House of Lords Sweating Commission and private secretary to Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies (1885–87). He was also examiner under the Civil Service Commission for factory inspectorships.Cooke followed with an active career in journalism, writing and editing for "English Illustrated Magazine", the "Observer", the "Pall Mall Gazette", and the "New Review". He wrote on imperial and colonial subjects. During this time he also wrote an authorised memoir of Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, Duchess of Teck, and a biography of Mary of Teck. He founded the "Empire Review" in 1901 and that connexion remained for the remainder of his life.Cooke assumed the additional surname of Kinloch in 1905, which was also the year that he was initially created a knight bachelor. From that time a career in politics followed.Kinloch-Cooke became a member of the London County Council in 1907. He was elected at the January 1910 general election as a Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for Devonport, and he held that seat until his defeat at the 1923 general election by the Liberal Party candidate Leslie Hore-Belisha. He was returned to the House of Commons the following year as MP for Cardiff East, and held that seat until he was defeated at the 1929 general election. He served as chairman of Naval and Dockyards Committee for 14 years, and the Expiring Laws and Continuance Act Committee.He was created a Knight Commander in the Order of the British Empire in 1919, and a baronet of Brighthelmstone, Sussex in 1926.
[ "Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 34th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Clement Kinloch-Cooke hold in May, 1923?
May 27, 1923
{ "text": [ "Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }
L2_Q5131354_P39_3
Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1922 to Nov, 1923. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 34th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1924 to May, 1929.
Clement Kinloch-CookeSir Clement Kinloch-Cooke, 1st Baronet (28 October 1854 – 4 September 1944) was a British journalist and politician.Born Clement Cooke in Holborn, the only son of Robert Whall Cooke of Brighton, Sussex, he was educated at Brighton College, and at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he read mathematics and law. He was called to the bar in 1883 by the Inner Temple, whereupon he joined the Oxford Circuit, and became Treasury prosecuting counsel for Berkshire. Later he was legal advisor to the House of Lords Sweating Commission and private secretary to Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies (1885–87). He was also examiner under the Civil Service Commission for factory inspectorships.Cooke followed with an active career in journalism, writing and editing for "English Illustrated Magazine", the "Observer", the "Pall Mall Gazette", and the "New Review". He wrote on imperial and colonial subjects. During this time he also wrote an authorised memoir of Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, Duchess of Teck, and a biography of Mary of Teck. He founded the "Empire Review" in 1901 and that connexion remained for the remainder of his life.Cooke assumed the additional surname of Kinloch in 1905, which was also the year that he was initially created a knight bachelor. From that time a career in politics followed.Kinloch-Cooke became a member of the London County Council in 1907. He was elected at the January 1910 general election as a Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for Devonport, and he held that seat until his defeat at the 1923 general election by the Liberal Party candidate Leslie Hore-Belisha. He was returned to the House of Commons the following year as MP for Cardiff East, and held that seat until he was defeated at the 1929 general election. He served as chairman of Naval and Dockyards Committee for 14 years, and the Expiring Laws and Continuance Act Committee.He was created a Knight Commander in the Order of the British Empire in 1919, and a baronet of Brighthelmstone, Sussex in 1926.
[ "Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 34th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Clement Kinloch-Cooke hold in Apr, 1926?
April 14, 1926
{ "text": [ "Member of the 34th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }
L2_Q5131354_P39_4
Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 34th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1924 to May, 1929. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jan, 1910 to Nov, 1910. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922. Clement Kinloch-Cooke holds the position of Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1922 to Nov, 1923.
Clement Kinloch-CookeSir Clement Kinloch-Cooke, 1st Baronet (28 October 1854 – 4 September 1944) was a British journalist and politician.Born Clement Cooke in Holborn, the only son of Robert Whall Cooke of Brighton, Sussex, he was educated at Brighton College, and at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he read mathematics and law. He was called to the bar in 1883 by the Inner Temple, whereupon he joined the Oxford Circuit, and became Treasury prosecuting counsel for Berkshire. Later he was legal advisor to the House of Lords Sweating Commission and private secretary to Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies (1885–87). He was also examiner under the Civil Service Commission for factory inspectorships.Cooke followed with an active career in journalism, writing and editing for "English Illustrated Magazine", the "Observer", the "Pall Mall Gazette", and the "New Review". He wrote on imperial and colonial subjects. During this time he also wrote an authorised memoir of Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, Duchess of Teck, and a biography of Mary of Teck. He founded the "Empire Review" in 1901 and that connexion remained for the remainder of his life.Cooke assumed the additional surname of Kinloch in 1905, which was also the year that he was initially created a knight bachelor. From that time a career in politics followed.Kinloch-Cooke became a member of the London County Council in 1907. He was elected at the January 1910 general election as a Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for Devonport, and he held that seat until his defeat at the 1923 general election by the Liberal Party candidate Leslie Hore-Belisha. He was returned to the House of Commons the following year as MP for Cardiff East, and held that seat until he was defeated at the 1929 general election. He served as chairman of Naval and Dockyards Committee for 14 years, and the Expiring Laws and Continuance Act Committee.He was created a Knight Commander in the Order of the British Empire in 1919, and a baronet of Brighthelmstone, Sussex in 1926.
[ "Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 29th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did Cecil Clementi hold in Aug, 1925?
August 11, 1925
{ "text": [ "Governor of British Ceylon" ] }
L2_Q839225_P39_0
Cecil Clementi holds the position of Governor of British Ceylon from Apr, 1925 to Oct, 1925. Cecil Clementi holds the position of Governor of Hong Kong from Nov, 1925 to Feb, 1930. Cecil Clementi holds the position of list of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Malaya from Feb, 1930 to Feb, 1934.
Cecil ClementiSir Cecil Clementi (; Cantonese: Kam Man Tai) (1 September 1875 – 5 April 1947) was a British colonial administrator who served as Governor of Hong Kong from 1925 to 1930, and Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements from 1930 to 1934.Born in Cawnpore (presently Kanpur), India, Clementi was the son of Colonel Montagu Clementi, Judge Advocate General in India, and his wife, Isabel Collard. He attended St Paul's School and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied Sanskrit and the classics. In 1896, he achieved a first-class result in mods, and was awarded a Boden Scholarship in Sanskrit in 1897. He was given honorable mentions for the Hertford (1895), Ireland (1896) and Craven (1896) scholarships.Clementi was "proxime accessit" (runner-up) for the Gaisford Greek Prose prize in 1897, and obtained his B.A. (2nd class "lit. hum.", i.e. classics) in 1898. Clementi was also "proxime accessit" for the Chancellor's Latin Essay prize in 1899, and obtained his M.A. in 1901.In 1899, Clementi placed fourth in the competitive examinations for the civil service, which allowed him his choice of postings. His choice was Hong Kong, and upon his arrival he was sent up to Canton, where he was a land officer until forced to return to Hong Kong by the events of the Boxer Rebellion. Clementi's facility with languages was demonstrated when he passed the Cantonese examination in 1900, and the Pekingese examination six years later, in 1906.After serving as an Assistant Registrar General in 1901, Clementi joined as a member of the Board of Examiners in Chinese, in 1902. In 1902, Clementi was seconded for special service under government of India and was created J.P. in that same year. A year later, he was seconded for famine relief work in Kwangsi (Guangxi). A year afterwards, Clementi was appointed Member of Land Court, Assistant Land Officer and Police Magistrate at New Territories, Hong Kong, a position he served in until 1906.Due to his outstanding performance in the services, Clementi was promoted to Assistant Colonial Secretary and Clerk of Council, in 1907. While he was in that position, Clementi represented the Hong Kong government in the International Opium Conference at Shanghai, in 1909. A year later, he became the Private Secretary to the Administrator at that time, Sir Francis Henry May. Clementi eventually became Acting Colonial Secretary and Member of both the Executive and Legislative Councils of Hong Kong. He would remain there until 1912.Clementi played a part in the founding of the University of Hong Kong. Indeed, he wrote the words, in Latin, of the University Anthem, first performed 11 March 1912.In 1913, Clementi was appointed Colonial Secretary of British Guiana, a post he held until 1922. From there he was named the Colonial Secretary of Ceylon, where he served until 1925. Each position imparted considerable responsibility, and on more than one occasion he was in charge of administering the entire government of his area of responsibility. Whilst in Ceylon he served as President of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1924.In 1925, Clementi was appointed as Governor of Hong Kong, a position to which his fluency in Cantonese suited him well and in which he served until 1930.During his tenure, the Canton–Hong Kong strike, which crippled the Hong Kong economy, was resolved and Kai Tak Airport entered operation (it would operate until Hong Kong International Airport opened and took over as the main airport in 1998). He also notably ended the practice of "Mui Tsai", the traditional Chinese "female maid servitude" system which often resulted in the abuse of young servant girls. He also appointed Shouson Chow, a prominent Chinese merchant, as the first unofficial member of the Executive Council. At the same time, he increased the numbers of official and non-official ("Unofficial") members in the Legislative Council from eight to ten (including the Governor) and from six to eight, respectively. He invited one Chinese and one Portuguese (Jose Pedro Braga) to be Unofficials.Clementi was an opponent of Kuomintang's 1926 Northern Expedition against northern Chinese warlords and advocated British arms support to Peking, a move rejected by London. To counter the growing radicalization of the Chinese intelligentsia against colonialism and imperialism after the May Fourth Movement, he proposed a revised school curriculum in Chinese language that stressed loyalty and traditional Chinese values. He advocated for the training of more teachers in the Chinese language and the establishment of a Chinese Department at the University of Hong Kong. After his tenure as Governor of Hong Kong ended, Clementi went on to serve his last post in the Colonial Services as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements, which included Singapore, and High Commissioner for the Malay States, from 5 February 1930 to 17 February 1934. He handed over to Sir Andrew Caldecott, who become acting Governor, and left for England due to his illness. The position of Governor was later filled by Sir Shenton Thomas on 9 November 1934.Six years later, in 1940, Clementi became the Master of the Mercers' Company.Clementi was the nephew of the Rt. Hon. Sir Cecil Clementi Smith (1860–1916), Governor of the Straits Settlements and High Commissioner in the period 1887 to 1893. He was also the great-grandson of the Italian-born musician Muzio Clementi.Clementi married Marie Penelope Rose Eyres, daughter of Admiral Cresswell John Eyres, in 1912. The couple had one son, Cresswell, and three daughters.Clementi died in High Wycombe, England, on 5 April 1947.
[ "Governor of Hong Kong", "list of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Malaya" ]
Which position did Cecil Clementi hold in Dec, 1925?
December 22, 1925
{ "text": [ "Governor of Hong Kong" ] }
L2_Q839225_P39_1
Cecil Clementi holds the position of Governor of British Ceylon from Apr, 1925 to Oct, 1925. Cecil Clementi holds the position of list of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Malaya from Feb, 1930 to Feb, 1934. Cecil Clementi holds the position of Governor of Hong Kong from Nov, 1925 to Feb, 1930.
Cecil ClementiSir Cecil Clementi (; Cantonese: Kam Man Tai) (1 September 1875 – 5 April 1947) was a British colonial administrator who served as Governor of Hong Kong from 1925 to 1930, and Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements from 1930 to 1934.Born in Cawnpore (presently Kanpur), India, Clementi was the son of Colonel Montagu Clementi, Judge Advocate General in India, and his wife, Isabel Collard. He attended St Paul's School and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied Sanskrit and the classics. In 1896, he achieved a first-class result in mods, and was awarded a Boden Scholarship in Sanskrit in 1897. He was given honorable mentions for the Hertford (1895), Ireland (1896) and Craven (1896) scholarships.Clementi was "proxime accessit" (runner-up) for the Gaisford Greek Prose prize in 1897, and obtained his B.A. (2nd class "lit. hum.", i.e. classics) in 1898. Clementi was also "proxime accessit" for the Chancellor's Latin Essay prize in 1899, and obtained his M.A. in 1901.In 1899, Clementi placed fourth in the competitive examinations for the civil service, which allowed him his choice of postings. His choice was Hong Kong, and upon his arrival he was sent up to Canton, where he was a land officer until forced to return to Hong Kong by the events of the Boxer Rebellion. Clementi's facility with languages was demonstrated when he passed the Cantonese examination in 1900, and the Pekingese examination six years later, in 1906.After serving as an Assistant Registrar General in 1901, Clementi joined as a member of the Board of Examiners in Chinese, in 1902. In 1902, Clementi was seconded for special service under government of India and was created J.P. in that same year. A year later, he was seconded for famine relief work in Kwangsi (Guangxi). A year afterwards, Clementi was appointed Member of Land Court, Assistant Land Officer and Police Magistrate at New Territories, Hong Kong, a position he served in until 1906.Due to his outstanding performance in the services, Clementi was promoted to Assistant Colonial Secretary and Clerk of Council, in 1907. While he was in that position, Clementi represented the Hong Kong government in the International Opium Conference at Shanghai, in 1909. A year later, he became the Private Secretary to the Administrator at that time, Sir Francis Henry May. Clementi eventually became Acting Colonial Secretary and Member of both the Executive and Legislative Councils of Hong Kong. He would remain there until 1912.Clementi played a part in the founding of the University of Hong Kong. Indeed, he wrote the words, in Latin, of the University Anthem, first performed 11 March 1912.In 1913, Clementi was appointed Colonial Secretary of British Guiana, a post he held until 1922. From there he was named the Colonial Secretary of Ceylon, where he served until 1925. Each position imparted considerable responsibility, and on more than one occasion he was in charge of administering the entire government of his area of responsibility. Whilst in Ceylon he served as President of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1924.In 1925, Clementi was appointed as Governor of Hong Kong, a position to which his fluency in Cantonese suited him well and in which he served until 1930.During his tenure, the Canton–Hong Kong strike, which crippled the Hong Kong economy, was resolved and Kai Tak Airport entered operation (it would operate until Hong Kong International Airport opened and took over as the main airport in 1998). He also notably ended the practice of "Mui Tsai", the traditional Chinese "female maid servitude" system which often resulted in the abuse of young servant girls. He also appointed Shouson Chow, a prominent Chinese merchant, as the first unofficial member of the Executive Council. At the same time, he increased the numbers of official and non-official ("Unofficial") members in the Legislative Council from eight to ten (including the Governor) and from six to eight, respectively. He invited one Chinese and one Portuguese (Jose Pedro Braga) to be Unofficials.Clementi was an opponent of Kuomintang's 1926 Northern Expedition against northern Chinese warlords and advocated British arms support to Peking, a move rejected by London. To counter the growing radicalization of the Chinese intelligentsia against colonialism and imperialism after the May Fourth Movement, he proposed a revised school curriculum in Chinese language that stressed loyalty and traditional Chinese values. He advocated for the training of more teachers in the Chinese language and the establishment of a Chinese Department at the University of Hong Kong. After his tenure as Governor of Hong Kong ended, Clementi went on to serve his last post in the Colonial Services as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements, which included Singapore, and High Commissioner for the Malay States, from 5 February 1930 to 17 February 1934. He handed over to Sir Andrew Caldecott, who become acting Governor, and left for England due to his illness. The position of Governor was later filled by Sir Shenton Thomas on 9 November 1934.Six years later, in 1940, Clementi became the Master of the Mercers' Company.Clementi was the nephew of the Rt. Hon. Sir Cecil Clementi Smith (1860–1916), Governor of the Straits Settlements and High Commissioner in the period 1887 to 1893. He was also the great-grandson of the Italian-born musician Muzio Clementi.Clementi married Marie Penelope Rose Eyres, daughter of Admiral Cresswell John Eyres, in 1912. The couple had one son, Cresswell, and three daughters.Clementi died in High Wycombe, England, on 5 April 1947.
[ "Governor of British Ceylon", "list of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Malaya" ]
Which position did Cecil Clementi hold in Sep, 1930?
September 01, 1930
{ "text": [ "list of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Malaya" ] }
L2_Q839225_P39_2
Cecil Clementi holds the position of Governor of British Ceylon from Apr, 1925 to Oct, 1925. Cecil Clementi holds the position of list of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Malaya from Feb, 1930 to Feb, 1934. Cecil Clementi holds the position of Governor of Hong Kong from Nov, 1925 to Feb, 1930.
Cecil ClementiSir Cecil Clementi (; Cantonese: Kam Man Tai) (1 September 1875 – 5 April 1947) was a British colonial administrator who served as Governor of Hong Kong from 1925 to 1930, and Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements from 1930 to 1934.Born in Cawnpore (presently Kanpur), India, Clementi was the son of Colonel Montagu Clementi, Judge Advocate General in India, and his wife, Isabel Collard. He attended St Paul's School and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied Sanskrit and the classics. In 1896, he achieved a first-class result in mods, and was awarded a Boden Scholarship in Sanskrit in 1897. He was given honorable mentions for the Hertford (1895), Ireland (1896) and Craven (1896) scholarships.Clementi was "proxime accessit" (runner-up) for the Gaisford Greek Prose prize in 1897, and obtained his B.A. (2nd class "lit. hum.", i.e. classics) in 1898. Clementi was also "proxime accessit" for the Chancellor's Latin Essay prize in 1899, and obtained his M.A. in 1901.In 1899, Clementi placed fourth in the competitive examinations for the civil service, which allowed him his choice of postings. His choice was Hong Kong, and upon his arrival he was sent up to Canton, where he was a land officer until forced to return to Hong Kong by the events of the Boxer Rebellion. Clementi's facility with languages was demonstrated when he passed the Cantonese examination in 1900, and the Pekingese examination six years later, in 1906.After serving as an Assistant Registrar General in 1901, Clementi joined as a member of the Board of Examiners in Chinese, in 1902. In 1902, Clementi was seconded for special service under government of India and was created J.P. in that same year. A year later, he was seconded for famine relief work in Kwangsi (Guangxi). A year afterwards, Clementi was appointed Member of Land Court, Assistant Land Officer and Police Magistrate at New Territories, Hong Kong, a position he served in until 1906.Due to his outstanding performance in the services, Clementi was promoted to Assistant Colonial Secretary and Clerk of Council, in 1907. While he was in that position, Clementi represented the Hong Kong government in the International Opium Conference at Shanghai, in 1909. A year later, he became the Private Secretary to the Administrator at that time, Sir Francis Henry May. Clementi eventually became Acting Colonial Secretary and Member of both the Executive and Legislative Councils of Hong Kong. He would remain there until 1912.Clementi played a part in the founding of the University of Hong Kong. Indeed, he wrote the words, in Latin, of the University Anthem, first performed 11 March 1912.In 1913, Clementi was appointed Colonial Secretary of British Guiana, a post he held until 1922. From there he was named the Colonial Secretary of Ceylon, where he served until 1925. Each position imparted considerable responsibility, and on more than one occasion he was in charge of administering the entire government of his area of responsibility. Whilst in Ceylon he served as President of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1924.In 1925, Clementi was appointed as Governor of Hong Kong, a position to which his fluency in Cantonese suited him well and in which he served until 1930.During his tenure, the Canton–Hong Kong strike, which crippled the Hong Kong economy, was resolved and Kai Tak Airport entered operation (it would operate until Hong Kong International Airport opened and took over as the main airport in 1998). He also notably ended the practice of "Mui Tsai", the traditional Chinese "female maid servitude" system which often resulted in the abuse of young servant girls. He also appointed Shouson Chow, a prominent Chinese merchant, as the first unofficial member of the Executive Council. At the same time, he increased the numbers of official and non-official ("Unofficial") members in the Legislative Council from eight to ten (including the Governor) and from six to eight, respectively. He invited one Chinese and one Portuguese (Jose Pedro Braga) to be Unofficials.Clementi was an opponent of Kuomintang's 1926 Northern Expedition against northern Chinese warlords and advocated British arms support to Peking, a move rejected by London. To counter the growing radicalization of the Chinese intelligentsia against colonialism and imperialism after the May Fourth Movement, he proposed a revised school curriculum in Chinese language that stressed loyalty and traditional Chinese values. He advocated for the training of more teachers in the Chinese language and the establishment of a Chinese Department at the University of Hong Kong. After his tenure as Governor of Hong Kong ended, Clementi went on to serve his last post in the Colonial Services as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements, which included Singapore, and High Commissioner for the Malay States, from 5 February 1930 to 17 February 1934. He handed over to Sir Andrew Caldecott, who become acting Governor, and left for England due to his illness. The position of Governor was later filled by Sir Shenton Thomas on 9 November 1934.Six years later, in 1940, Clementi became the Master of the Mercers' Company.Clementi was the nephew of the Rt. Hon. Sir Cecil Clementi Smith (1860–1916), Governor of the Straits Settlements and High Commissioner in the period 1887 to 1893. He was also the great-grandson of the Italian-born musician Muzio Clementi.Clementi married Marie Penelope Rose Eyres, daughter of Admiral Cresswell John Eyres, in 1912. The couple had one son, Cresswell, and three daughters.Clementi died in High Wycombe, England, on 5 April 1947.
[ "Governor of Hong Kong", "Governor of British Ceylon" ]
Which employer did Michaela Pereira work for in Apr, 2000?
April 26, 2000
{ "text": [ "TechTV" ] }
L2_Q6835618_P108_0
Michaela Pereira works for CNN from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016. Michaela Pereira works for KTTV from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Michaela Pereira works for TechTV from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2004. Michaela Pereira works for KTLA from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2013.
Michaela PereiraMichaela Pereira (born August 26, 1970) is a Canadian television personality best known as being a former anchor for KTLA in Los Angeles and current anchor at KTTV FOX11 Los Angeles morning show, Good Day LA. She announced on March 28, 2013, that she would be leaving that position in May to be a part of the CNN morning show "New Day" that debuted on June 17, 2013.In 2016 Pereira left CNN for the HLN cable television network, where on July 11, 2016 she debuted as anchor of the Los Angeles-based news program "MichaeLA".In October 2018 HLN announced that Pereira and the hosts of two other HLN live news shows would be let go by the network; the final broadcasts for "MichaeLA" and the other two shows took place on October 26, 2018.It was announced in September, 2020, that Pereira would join KTTV in October of that same year. Pereira was educated at Peter Skene Ogden Secondary School, a public high school in the Cariboo town of 100 Mile House, British Columbia, from which she graduated in 1988, followed by Camosun College and the University of Victoria, also in British Columbia.Pereira began her career at CHEK-TV in Victoria, British Columbia as host of a magazine show and documentary special. She also reported on weather, sports and entertainment.She later co-hosted "Internet Tonight" on ZDTV with Scott Herriott, a daily look at Internet news and informative, interesting, and funny websites. After Internet Tonight's cancellation in 2001, Pereira became a regular host for "TechLive", serving in that position until 2004, when she signed onto KTLA in Los Angeles. She hosted her last episode of TechLive on February 6, 2004, after which TechTV began the process of merging with G4 in the next month, leading to its demise.In 1999, she was one of many personalities who temporarily co-reviewed films with film critic Roger Ebert on his television program in place of Gene Siskel, who was ultimately replaced by Richard Roeper. In one installment of the series, she discussed how her tastes leaned toward the mainstream and his toward the arthouse environment, and also reported on the increasing use of the Internet to market major films.On January 1, 2007, Pereira co-hosted coverage of the Tournament of Roses Parade with former game show host Bob Eubanks, replacing Stephanie Edwards. Pereira co-hosted the parade coverage with Eubanks again in 2008.On March 28, 2013 it was announced that Pereira would be leaving KTLA to become a host of a new morning show at CNN. She returned to Los Angeles in 2016 to anchor the live news program "MichaeLA" on HLN.In October 2018 HLN announced that Pereira's employment with the network was ending, along with that of Ashleigh Banfield and Carol Costello, based on the network's decision to scale back its live news programming. The final broadcast of Pereira's show (as well as the shows hosted by Banfield and Costello) took place on October 26, 2018.Pereira will be launching her new career at KTTV (channel 11) starting October 2020. Pereira served as the co-host of "KTLA Morning News," Los Angeles' number one rated morning newscast, for nine years. The program won nine Emmy Awards, including one for "Best Regularly Scheduled Daily News." Pereira won three Radio & TV News Association Golden Mike Awards: in 2006 for live coverage of a news story, "Urban Farm Eviction," and the Best Daytime News Broadcast in both 2004 and 2006. She was also honored with two Mark Twain Awards in 2004 for "Best Live Coverage of a News Event, Hostage Standoff Mexican Consulate," and the "Best 60 Minute Broadcast: KTLA Morning News."She is chairwoman of the board of LA's BEST Friends, an after school education, enrichment and recreation program. She served as a member of the board of directors for the Long Beach Boys and Girls Club; an advisory board member of Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA), supporting children in foster care; an advisory board member of EmpowerTech, serving people with disabilities; and co-chair of the advisory board of Optimist Youth Home, providing services for troubled youth.Pereira is a member of the National Association of Black Journalists, the Black Journalists Association of Southern California, and American Women in Radio and Television. She is also active with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).Pereira was adopted. Her parents and siblings do not share the same ethnic backgrounds, which has subsequently led her to be a strong advocate for the rights of children. Though she's lived and worked in the United States for several years she still maintains her Canadian citizenship. She speaks Portuguese, in addition to English, and was an avid snowboarder until a 2010 knee surgery.
[ "KTTV", "CNN", "KTLA" ]
Which employer did Michaela Pereira work for in Feb, 2008?
February 22, 2008
{ "text": [ "KTLA" ] }
L2_Q6835618_P108_1
Michaela Pereira works for KTTV from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Michaela Pereira works for TechTV from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2004. Michaela Pereira works for KTLA from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2013. Michaela Pereira works for CNN from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016.
Michaela PereiraMichaela Pereira (born August 26, 1970) is a Canadian television personality best known as being a former anchor for KTLA in Los Angeles and current anchor at KTTV FOX11 Los Angeles morning show, Good Day LA. She announced on March 28, 2013, that she would be leaving that position in May to be a part of the CNN morning show "New Day" that debuted on June 17, 2013.In 2016 Pereira left CNN for the HLN cable television network, where on July 11, 2016 she debuted as anchor of the Los Angeles-based news program "MichaeLA".In October 2018 HLN announced that Pereira and the hosts of two other HLN live news shows would be let go by the network; the final broadcasts for "MichaeLA" and the other two shows took place on October 26, 2018.It was announced in September, 2020, that Pereira would join KTTV in October of that same year. Pereira was educated at Peter Skene Ogden Secondary School, a public high school in the Cariboo town of 100 Mile House, British Columbia, from which she graduated in 1988, followed by Camosun College and the University of Victoria, also in British Columbia.Pereira began her career at CHEK-TV in Victoria, British Columbia as host of a magazine show and documentary special. She also reported on weather, sports and entertainment.She later co-hosted "Internet Tonight" on ZDTV with Scott Herriott, a daily look at Internet news and informative, interesting, and funny websites. After Internet Tonight's cancellation in 2001, Pereira became a regular host for "TechLive", serving in that position until 2004, when she signed onto KTLA in Los Angeles. She hosted her last episode of TechLive on February 6, 2004, after which TechTV began the process of merging with G4 in the next month, leading to its demise.In 1999, she was one of many personalities who temporarily co-reviewed films with film critic Roger Ebert on his television program in place of Gene Siskel, who was ultimately replaced by Richard Roeper. In one installment of the series, she discussed how her tastes leaned toward the mainstream and his toward the arthouse environment, and also reported on the increasing use of the Internet to market major films.On January 1, 2007, Pereira co-hosted coverage of the Tournament of Roses Parade with former game show host Bob Eubanks, replacing Stephanie Edwards. Pereira co-hosted the parade coverage with Eubanks again in 2008.On March 28, 2013 it was announced that Pereira would be leaving KTLA to become a host of a new morning show at CNN. She returned to Los Angeles in 2016 to anchor the live news program "MichaeLA" on HLN.In October 2018 HLN announced that Pereira's employment with the network was ending, along with that of Ashleigh Banfield and Carol Costello, based on the network's decision to scale back its live news programming. The final broadcast of Pereira's show (as well as the shows hosted by Banfield and Costello) took place on October 26, 2018.Pereira will be launching her new career at KTTV (channel 11) starting October 2020. Pereira served as the co-host of "KTLA Morning News," Los Angeles' number one rated morning newscast, for nine years. The program won nine Emmy Awards, including one for "Best Regularly Scheduled Daily News." Pereira won three Radio & TV News Association Golden Mike Awards: in 2006 for live coverage of a news story, "Urban Farm Eviction," and the Best Daytime News Broadcast in both 2004 and 2006. She was also honored with two Mark Twain Awards in 2004 for "Best Live Coverage of a News Event, Hostage Standoff Mexican Consulate," and the "Best 60 Minute Broadcast: KTLA Morning News."She is chairwoman of the board of LA's BEST Friends, an after school education, enrichment and recreation program. She served as a member of the board of directors for the Long Beach Boys and Girls Club; an advisory board member of Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA), supporting children in foster care; an advisory board member of EmpowerTech, serving people with disabilities; and co-chair of the advisory board of Optimist Youth Home, providing services for troubled youth.Pereira is a member of the National Association of Black Journalists, the Black Journalists Association of Southern California, and American Women in Radio and Television. She is also active with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).Pereira was adopted. Her parents and siblings do not share the same ethnic backgrounds, which has subsequently led her to be a strong advocate for the rights of children. Though she's lived and worked in the United States for several years she still maintains her Canadian citizenship. She speaks Portuguese, in addition to English, and was an avid snowboarder until a 2010 knee surgery.
[ "KTTV", "TechTV", "CNN" ]
Which employer did Michaela Pereira work for in Jan, 2015?
January 22, 2015
{ "text": [ "CNN" ] }
L2_Q6835618_P108_2
Michaela Pereira works for CNN from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016. Michaela Pereira works for KTLA from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2013. Michaela Pereira works for TechTV from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2004. Michaela Pereira works for KTTV from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
Michaela PereiraMichaela Pereira (born August 26, 1970) is a Canadian television personality best known as being a former anchor for KTLA in Los Angeles and current anchor at KTTV FOX11 Los Angeles morning show, Good Day LA. She announced on March 28, 2013, that she would be leaving that position in May to be a part of the CNN morning show "New Day" that debuted on June 17, 2013.In 2016 Pereira left CNN for the HLN cable television network, where on July 11, 2016 she debuted as anchor of the Los Angeles-based news program "MichaeLA".In October 2018 HLN announced that Pereira and the hosts of two other HLN live news shows would be let go by the network; the final broadcasts for "MichaeLA" and the other two shows took place on October 26, 2018.It was announced in September, 2020, that Pereira would join KTTV in October of that same year. Pereira was educated at Peter Skene Ogden Secondary School, a public high school in the Cariboo town of 100 Mile House, British Columbia, from which she graduated in 1988, followed by Camosun College and the University of Victoria, also in British Columbia.Pereira began her career at CHEK-TV in Victoria, British Columbia as host of a magazine show and documentary special. She also reported on weather, sports and entertainment.She later co-hosted "Internet Tonight" on ZDTV with Scott Herriott, a daily look at Internet news and informative, interesting, and funny websites. After Internet Tonight's cancellation in 2001, Pereira became a regular host for "TechLive", serving in that position until 2004, when she signed onto KTLA in Los Angeles. She hosted her last episode of TechLive on February 6, 2004, after which TechTV began the process of merging with G4 in the next month, leading to its demise.In 1999, she was one of many personalities who temporarily co-reviewed films with film critic Roger Ebert on his television program in place of Gene Siskel, who was ultimately replaced by Richard Roeper. In one installment of the series, she discussed how her tastes leaned toward the mainstream and his toward the arthouse environment, and also reported on the increasing use of the Internet to market major films.On January 1, 2007, Pereira co-hosted coverage of the Tournament of Roses Parade with former game show host Bob Eubanks, replacing Stephanie Edwards. Pereira co-hosted the parade coverage with Eubanks again in 2008.On March 28, 2013 it was announced that Pereira would be leaving KTLA to become a host of a new morning show at CNN. She returned to Los Angeles in 2016 to anchor the live news program "MichaeLA" on HLN.In October 2018 HLN announced that Pereira's employment with the network was ending, along with that of Ashleigh Banfield and Carol Costello, based on the network's decision to scale back its live news programming. The final broadcast of Pereira's show (as well as the shows hosted by Banfield and Costello) took place on October 26, 2018.Pereira will be launching her new career at KTTV (channel 11) starting October 2020. Pereira served as the co-host of "KTLA Morning News," Los Angeles' number one rated morning newscast, for nine years. The program won nine Emmy Awards, including one for "Best Regularly Scheduled Daily News." Pereira won three Radio & TV News Association Golden Mike Awards: in 2006 for live coverage of a news story, "Urban Farm Eviction," and the Best Daytime News Broadcast in both 2004 and 2006. She was also honored with two Mark Twain Awards in 2004 for "Best Live Coverage of a News Event, Hostage Standoff Mexican Consulate," and the "Best 60 Minute Broadcast: KTLA Morning News."She is chairwoman of the board of LA's BEST Friends, an after school education, enrichment and recreation program. She served as a member of the board of directors for the Long Beach Boys and Girls Club; an advisory board member of Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA), supporting children in foster care; an advisory board member of EmpowerTech, serving people with disabilities; and co-chair of the advisory board of Optimist Youth Home, providing services for troubled youth.Pereira is a member of the National Association of Black Journalists, the Black Journalists Association of Southern California, and American Women in Radio and Television. She is also active with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).Pereira was adopted. Her parents and siblings do not share the same ethnic backgrounds, which has subsequently led her to be a strong advocate for the rights of children. Though she's lived and worked in the United States for several years she still maintains her Canadian citizenship. She speaks Portuguese, in addition to English, and was an avid snowboarder until a 2010 knee surgery.
[ "KTTV", "TechTV", "KTLA" ]
Which employer did Michaela Pereira work for in Jun, 2020?
June 08, 2020
{ "text": [ "KTTV" ] }
L2_Q6835618_P108_3
Michaela Pereira works for KTTV from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Michaela Pereira works for KTLA from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2013. Michaela Pereira works for CNN from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2016. Michaela Pereira works for TechTV from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2004.
Michaela PereiraMichaela Pereira (born August 26, 1970) is a Canadian television personality best known as being a former anchor for KTLA in Los Angeles and current anchor at KTTV FOX11 Los Angeles morning show, Good Day LA. She announced on March 28, 2013, that she would be leaving that position in May to be a part of the CNN morning show "New Day" that debuted on June 17, 2013.In 2016 Pereira left CNN for the HLN cable television network, where on July 11, 2016 she debuted as anchor of the Los Angeles-based news program "MichaeLA".In October 2018 HLN announced that Pereira and the hosts of two other HLN live news shows would be let go by the network; the final broadcasts for "MichaeLA" and the other two shows took place on October 26, 2018.It was announced in September, 2020, that Pereira would join KTTV in October of that same year. Pereira was educated at Peter Skene Ogden Secondary School, a public high school in the Cariboo town of 100 Mile House, British Columbia, from which she graduated in 1988, followed by Camosun College and the University of Victoria, also in British Columbia.Pereira began her career at CHEK-TV in Victoria, British Columbia as host of a magazine show and documentary special. She also reported on weather, sports and entertainment.She later co-hosted "Internet Tonight" on ZDTV with Scott Herriott, a daily look at Internet news and informative, interesting, and funny websites. After Internet Tonight's cancellation in 2001, Pereira became a regular host for "TechLive", serving in that position until 2004, when she signed onto KTLA in Los Angeles. She hosted her last episode of TechLive on February 6, 2004, after which TechTV began the process of merging with G4 in the next month, leading to its demise.In 1999, she was one of many personalities who temporarily co-reviewed films with film critic Roger Ebert on his television program in place of Gene Siskel, who was ultimately replaced by Richard Roeper. In one installment of the series, she discussed how her tastes leaned toward the mainstream and his toward the arthouse environment, and also reported on the increasing use of the Internet to market major films.On January 1, 2007, Pereira co-hosted coverage of the Tournament of Roses Parade with former game show host Bob Eubanks, replacing Stephanie Edwards. Pereira co-hosted the parade coverage with Eubanks again in 2008.On March 28, 2013 it was announced that Pereira would be leaving KTLA to become a host of a new morning show at CNN. She returned to Los Angeles in 2016 to anchor the live news program "MichaeLA" on HLN.In October 2018 HLN announced that Pereira's employment with the network was ending, along with that of Ashleigh Banfield and Carol Costello, based on the network's decision to scale back its live news programming. The final broadcast of Pereira's show (as well as the shows hosted by Banfield and Costello) took place on October 26, 2018.Pereira will be launching her new career at KTTV (channel 11) starting October 2020. Pereira served as the co-host of "KTLA Morning News," Los Angeles' number one rated morning newscast, for nine years. The program won nine Emmy Awards, including one for "Best Regularly Scheduled Daily News." Pereira won three Radio & TV News Association Golden Mike Awards: in 2006 for live coverage of a news story, "Urban Farm Eviction," and the Best Daytime News Broadcast in both 2004 and 2006. She was also honored with two Mark Twain Awards in 2004 for "Best Live Coverage of a News Event, Hostage Standoff Mexican Consulate," and the "Best 60 Minute Broadcast: KTLA Morning News."She is chairwoman of the board of LA's BEST Friends, an after school education, enrichment and recreation program. She served as a member of the board of directors for the Long Beach Boys and Girls Club; an advisory board member of Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA), supporting children in foster care; an advisory board member of EmpowerTech, serving people with disabilities; and co-chair of the advisory board of Optimist Youth Home, providing services for troubled youth.Pereira is a member of the National Association of Black Journalists, the Black Journalists Association of Southern California, and American Women in Radio and Television. She is also active with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).Pereira was adopted. Her parents and siblings do not share the same ethnic backgrounds, which has subsequently led her to be a strong advocate for the rights of children. Though she's lived and worked in the United States for several years she still maintains her Canadian citizenship. She speaks Portuguese, in addition to English, and was an avid snowboarder until a 2010 knee surgery.
[ "TechTV", "CNN", "KTLA" ]
Where was Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis educated in Jul, 1905?
July 13, 1905
{ "text": [ "Brahmo Boy's School" ] }
L2_Q561478_P69_0
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis attended King's College from Jan, 1913 to Jan, 1915. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis attended Brahmo Boy's School from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1908. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis attended Presidency University from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1912.
Prasanta Chandra MahalanobisPrasanta Chandra Mahalanobis OBE, FNA, FASc, FRS (29 June 1893 – 28 June 1972) was an Indian scientist and statistician from erstwhile Bengal (now West Bengal). He is best remembered for the Mahalanobis distance, a statistical measure, and for being one of the members of the first Planning Commission of free India. He made pioneering studies in anthropometry in India. He founded the Indian Statistical Institute, and contributed to the design of large-scale sample surveys. For his contributions, Mahalanobis has been considered the father of modern statistics in India.Mahalanobis belonged to a family of Bengali landed gentry who lived in Bikrampur (now in Bangladesh). His grandfather Gurucharan (1833–1916) moved to Calcutta in 1854 and built up a business, starting a chemist shop in 1860. Gurucharan was influenced by Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905), father of the Nobel Prize-winning poet, Rabindranath Tagore. Gurucharan was actively involved in social movements such as the Brahmo Samaj, acting as its treasurer and president. His house on 210 Cornwallis Street was the centre of the Brahmo Samaj. Gurucharan married a widow, an action against social traditions.Gurucharan's elder son, Subodhchandra (1867–1953), became a distinguished educator after studying physiology at Edinburgh University. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was the Head of the Dept. of Physiology, University of Cardiff (the first Indian to occupy this post in a British university). In 1900, Subodhchandra returned to India, founding the Dept. of Physiology in the Presidency College, Calcutta. Subodhchandra also became a member of the Senate of the University of Calcutta.Gurucharan's younger son, Prabodh Chandra (1869–1942), was the father of P. C. Mahalanobis. Born in the house at 210 Cornwallis Street, Mahalanobis grew up in a socially active family surrounded by intellectuals and reformers.Mahalanobis received his early schooling at the Brahmo Boys School in Calcutta, graduating in 1908. He joined the Presidency College, then affiliated with the University of Calcutta, where he was taught by teachers who included Jagadish Chandra Bose, and Prafulla Chandra Ray. Others attending were Meghnad Saha, a year junior, and Subhas Chandra Bose, two years his junior at college. Mahalanobis received a Bachelor of Science degree with honours in physics in 1912. He left for England in 1913 to join the University of London.After missing a train, he stayed with a friend at King's College, Cambridge. He was impressed by King's College Chapel and his host's friend M. A. Candeth suggested that he could try joining there, which he did. He did well in his studies at King's, but also took an interest in cross-country walking and punting on the river. He interacted with the mathematical genius Srinivasa Ramanujan during the latter's time at Cambridge. After his Tripos in physics, Mahalanobis worked with C. T. R. Wilson at the Cavendish Laboratory. He took a short break and went to India, where he was introduced to the Principal of Presidency College and was invited to take classes in physics.After returning to England, Mahalanobis was introduced to the journal "Biometrika." This interested him so much that he bought a complete set and took them to India. He discovered the utility of statistics to problems in meteorology and anthropology, beginning to work on problems on his journey back to India.In Calcutta, Mahalanobis met Nirmalkumari, daughter of Herambhachandra Maitra, a leading educationist and member of the Brahmo Samaj. They married on 27 February 1923, although her father did not completely approve of the union. He was concerned about Mahalanobis's opposition to various clauses in the membership of the student wing of the Brahmo Samaj, including prohibitions against members' drinking alcohol and smoking. Sir Nilratan Sircar, P. C. Mahalanobis' maternal uncle, took part in the wedding ceremony in place of the father of the bride.Many colleagues of Mahalanobis took an interest in statistics. An informal group developed in the Statistical Laboratory, which was located in his room at the Presidency College, Calcutta. On 17 December 1931 Mahalanobis called a meeting with Pramatha Nath Banerji (Minto Professor of Economics), Nikhil Ranjan Sen (Khaira Professor of Applied Mathematics) and Sir R. N. Mukherji. Together they established the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) in Baranagar, and formally registered on 28 April 1932 as a non-profit distributing learned society under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860.The institute was initially in the Physics Department of the Presidency College; its expenditure in the first year was Rs. 238. It gradually grew with the pioneering work of a group of his colleagues, including S. S. Bose, J. M. Sengupta, R. C. Bose, S. N. Roy, K. R. Nair, R. R. Bahadur, Gopinath Kallianpur, D. B. Lahiri and C. R. Rao. The institute also gained major assistance through Pitambar Pant, who was a secretary to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Pant was trained in statistics at the Institute and took a keen interest in its affairs.In 1933, the Institute founded the journal "Sankhya," along the lines of Karl Pearson's "Biometrika".The institute started a training section in 1938. Many of the early workers left the ISI for careers in the United States and with the government of India. Mahalanobis invited J. B. S. Haldane to join him at the ISI; Haldane joined as a Research Professor from August 1957, staying until February 1961. He resigned from the ISI due to frustrations with the administration and disagreements with Mahalanobis' policies. He was concerned with the frequent travels and absence of the director and complained that the "... journeyings of our Director define a novel random vector." Haldane helped the ISI develop in biometrics.In 1959, the institute was declared as an institute of national importance and a Deemed university.Mahalanobis distance is one of the most widely used metrics to find how much a point diverges from a distribution, based on measurements in multiple dimensions. It is widely used in the field of cluster analysis and classification. It was first proposed by Mahalanobis in 1930 in context of his study on racial likeness. From a chance meeting with Nelson Annandale, then the director of the Zoological Survey of India, at the 1920 Nagpur session of the Indian Science Congress led to Annandale asking him to analyse anthropometric measurements of Anglo-Indians in Calcutta. Mahalanobis had been influenced by the anthropometric studies published in the journal "Biometrika" and he chose to ask the questions on what factors influence the formation of European and Indian marriages. He wanted to examine if the Indian side came from any specific castes. He used the data collected by Annandale and the caste-specific measurements made by Herbert Risley to come up with the conclusion that the sample represented a mix of Europeans mainly with people from Bengal and Punjab but not with those from the Northwest Frontier Provinces or from Chhota Nagpur. He also concluded that the intermixture more frequently involved the higher castes than the lower ones. This analysis was described by his first scientific article in 1922. During the course of these studies he found a way of comparing and grouping populations using a multivariate distance measure. This measure, denoted ""D"" and now eponymously named Mahalanobis distance, is independent of measurement scale. Mahalanobis also took an interest in physical anthropology and in the accurate measurement of skull measurements for which he developed an instrument that he called the "profiloscope".His most important contributions are related to large-scale sample surveys. He introduced the concept of pilot surveys and advocated the usefulness of sampling methods. Early surveys began between 1937 and 1944 and included topics such as consumer expenditure, tea-drinking habits, public opinion, crop acreage and plant disease. Harold Hotelling wrote: "No technique of random sample has, so far as I can find, been developed in the United States or elsewhere, which can compare in accuracy with that described by Professor Mahalanobis" and Sir R. A. Fisher commented that "The ISI has taken the lead in the original development of the technique of sample surveys, the most potent fact-finding process available to the administration".He introduced a method for estimating crop yields which involved statisticians sampling in the fields by cutting crops in a circle of diameter 4 feet. Others such as P. V. Sukhatme and V. G. Panse who began to work on crop surveys with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and the Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute suggested that a survey system should make use of the existing administrative framework. The differences in opinion led to acrimony and there was little interaction between Mahalanobis and agricultural research in later years.In later life, Mahalanobis was a member of the planning commission contributed prominently to newly independent India's five-year plans starting from the second. In the second five-year plan he emphasized industrialization on the basis of a two-sector model. His variant of Wassily Leontief's Input-output model, the Mahalanobis model, was employed in the Second Five Year Plan, which worked towards the rapid industrialisation of India and with other colleagues at his institute, he played a key role in the development of a statistical infrastructure. He encouraged a project to assess deindustrialization in India and correct some previous census methodology errors and entrusted this project to Daniel Thorner.In the 1950s, Mahalanobis played a critical role in the campaign to bring India its first digital computers.Mahalanobis also had an abiding interest in cultural pursuits and served as secretary to Rabindranath Tagore, particularly during the latter's foreign travels, and also worked at his Visva-Bharati University, for some time. He received India's second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan from the Government of India for his contribution to science and services to the country.Mahalanobis died on 28 June 1972, a day before his seventy-ninth birthday. Even at this age, he was still active doing research work and discharging his duties as the secretary and director of the Indian Statistical Institute and as the honorary statistical advisor to the Cabinet of the Government of India.The government of India decided in 2006 to celebrate his birthday, 29 June, as National Statistical Day.On the occasion of his 125th birth anniversary on 29 June 2018, Indian Vice-President M Venkaiah Naidu released a commemorative coin at a programme at ISI, Kolkata.
[ "Presidency University", "King's College" ]
Where was Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis educated in May, 1911?
May 20, 1911
{ "text": [ "Presidency University" ] }
L2_Q561478_P69_1
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis attended Presidency University from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1912. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis attended Brahmo Boy's School from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1908. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis attended King's College from Jan, 1913 to Jan, 1915.
Prasanta Chandra MahalanobisPrasanta Chandra Mahalanobis OBE, FNA, FASc, FRS (29 June 1893 – 28 June 1972) was an Indian scientist and statistician from erstwhile Bengal (now West Bengal). He is best remembered for the Mahalanobis distance, a statistical measure, and for being one of the members of the first Planning Commission of free India. He made pioneering studies in anthropometry in India. He founded the Indian Statistical Institute, and contributed to the design of large-scale sample surveys. For his contributions, Mahalanobis has been considered the father of modern statistics in India.Mahalanobis belonged to a family of Bengali landed gentry who lived in Bikrampur (now in Bangladesh). His grandfather Gurucharan (1833–1916) moved to Calcutta in 1854 and built up a business, starting a chemist shop in 1860. Gurucharan was influenced by Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905), father of the Nobel Prize-winning poet, Rabindranath Tagore. Gurucharan was actively involved in social movements such as the Brahmo Samaj, acting as its treasurer and president. His house on 210 Cornwallis Street was the centre of the Brahmo Samaj. Gurucharan married a widow, an action against social traditions.Gurucharan's elder son, Subodhchandra (1867–1953), became a distinguished educator after studying physiology at Edinburgh University. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was the Head of the Dept. of Physiology, University of Cardiff (the first Indian to occupy this post in a British university). In 1900, Subodhchandra returned to India, founding the Dept. of Physiology in the Presidency College, Calcutta. Subodhchandra also became a member of the Senate of the University of Calcutta.Gurucharan's younger son, Prabodh Chandra (1869–1942), was the father of P. C. Mahalanobis. Born in the house at 210 Cornwallis Street, Mahalanobis grew up in a socially active family surrounded by intellectuals and reformers.Mahalanobis received his early schooling at the Brahmo Boys School in Calcutta, graduating in 1908. He joined the Presidency College, then affiliated with the University of Calcutta, where he was taught by teachers who included Jagadish Chandra Bose, and Prafulla Chandra Ray. Others attending were Meghnad Saha, a year junior, and Subhas Chandra Bose, two years his junior at college. Mahalanobis received a Bachelor of Science degree with honours in physics in 1912. He left for England in 1913 to join the University of London.After missing a train, he stayed with a friend at King's College, Cambridge. He was impressed by King's College Chapel and his host's friend M. A. Candeth suggested that he could try joining there, which he did. He did well in his studies at King's, but also took an interest in cross-country walking and punting on the river. He interacted with the mathematical genius Srinivasa Ramanujan during the latter's time at Cambridge. After his Tripos in physics, Mahalanobis worked with C. T. R. Wilson at the Cavendish Laboratory. He took a short break and went to India, where he was introduced to the Principal of Presidency College and was invited to take classes in physics.After returning to England, Mahalanobis was introduced to the journal "Biometrika." This interested him so much that he bought a complete set and took them to India. He discovered the utility of statistics to problems in meteorology and anthropology, beginning to work on problems on his journey back to India.In Calcutta, Mahalanobis met Nirmalkumari, daughter of Herambhachandra Maitra, a leading educationist and member of the Brahmo Samaj. They married on 27 February 1923, although her father did not completely approve of the union. He was concerned about Mahalanobis's opposition to various clauses in the membership of the student wing of the Brahmo Samaj, including prohibitions against members' drinking alcohol and smoking. Sir Nilratan Sircar, P. C. Mahalanobis' maternal uncle, took part in the wedding ceremony in place of the father of the bride.Many colleagues of Mahalanobis took an interest in statistics. An informal group developed in the Statistical Laboratory, which was located in his room at the Presidency College, Calcutta. On 17 December 1931 Mahalanobis called a meeting with Pramatha Nath Banerji (Minto Professor of Economics), Nikhil Ranjan Sen (Khaira Professor of Applied Mathematics) and Sir R. N. Mukherji. Together they established the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) in Baranagar, and formally registered on 28 April 1932 as a non-profit distributing learned society under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860.The institute was initially in the Physics Department of the Presidency College; its expenditure in the first year was Rs. 238. It gradually grew with the pioneering work of a group of his colleagues, including S. S. Bose, J. M. Sengupta, R. C. Bose, S. N. Roy, K. R. Nair, R. R. Bahadur, Gopinath Kallianpur, D. B. Lahiri and C. R. Rao. The institute also gained major assistance through Pitambar Pant, who was a secretary to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Pant was trained in statistics at the Institute and took a keen interest in its affairs.In 1933, the Institute founded the journal "Sankhya," along the lines of Karl Pearson's "Biometrika".The institute started a training section in 1938. Many of the early workers left the ISI for careers in the United States and with the government of India. Mahalanobis invited J. B. S. Haldane to join him at the ISI; Haldane joined as a Research Professor from August 1957, staying until February 1961. He resigned from the ISI due to frustrations with the administration and disagreements with Mahalanobis' policies. He was concerned with the frequent travels and absence of the director and complained that the "... journeyings of our Director define a novel random vector." Haldane helped the ISI develop in biometrics.In 1959, the institute was declared as an institute of national importance and a Deemed university.Mahalanobis distance is one of the most widely used metrics to find how much a point diverges from a distribution, based on measurements in multiple dimensions. It is widely used in the field of cluster analysis and classification. It was first proposed by Mahalanobis in 1930 in context of his study on racial likeness. From a chance meeting with Nelson Annandale, then the director of the Zoological Survey of India, at the 1920 Nagpur session of the Indian Science Congress led to Annandale asking him to analyse anthropometric measurements of Anglo-Indians in Calcutta. Mahalanobis had been influenced by the anthropometric studies published in the journal "Biometrika" and he chose to ask the questions on what factors influence the formation of European and Indian marriages. He wanted to examine if the Indian side came from any specific castes. He used the data collected by Annandale and the caste-specific measurements made by Herbert Risley to come up with the conclusion that the sample represented a mix of Europeans mainly with people from Bengal and Punjab but not with those from the Northwest Frontier Provinces or from Chhota Nagpur. He also concluded that the intermixture more frequently involved the higher castes than the lower ones. This analysis was described by his first scientific article in 1922. During the course of these studies he found a way of comparing and grouping populations using a multivariate distance measure. This measure, denoted ""D"" and now eponymously named Mahalanobis distance, is independent of measurement scale. Mahalanobis also took an interest in physical anthropology and in the accurate measurement of skull measurements for which he developed an instrument that he called the "profiloscope".His most important contributions are related to large-scale sample surveys. He introduced the concept of pilot surveys and advocated the usefulness of sampling methods. Early surveys began between 1937 and 1944 and included topics such as consumer expenditure, tea-drinking habits, public opinion, crop acreage and plant disease. Harold Hotelling wrote: "No technique of random sample has, so far as I can find, been developed in the United States or elsewhere, which can compare in accuracy with that described by Professor Mahalanobis" and Sir R. A. Fisher commented that "The ISI has taken the lead in the original development of the technique of sample surveys, the most potent fact-finding process available to the administration".He introduced a method for estimating crop yields which involved statisticians sampling in the fields by cutting crops in a circle of diameter 4 feet. Others such as P. V. Sukhatme and V. G. Panse who began to work on crop surveys with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and the Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute suggested that a survey system should make use of the existing administrative framework. The differences in opinion led to acrimony and there was little interaction between Mahalanobis and agricultural research in later years.In later life, Mahalanobis was a member of the planning commission contributed prominently to newly independent India's five-year plans starting from the second. In the second five-year plan he emphasized industrialization on the basis of a two-sector model. His variant of Wassily Leontief's Input-output model, the Mahalanobis model, was employed in the Second Five Year Plan, which worked towards the rapid industrialisation of India and with other colleagues at his institute, he played a key role in the development of a statistical infrastructure. He encouraged a project to assess deindustrialization in India and correct some previous census methodology errors and entrusted this project to Daniel Thorner.In the 1950s, Mahalanobis played a critical role in the campaign to bring India its first digital computers.Mahalanobis also had an abiding interest in cultural pursuits and served as secretary to Rabindranath Tagore, particularly during the latter's foreign travels, and also worked at his Visva-Bharati University, for some time. He received India's second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan from the Government of India for his contribution to science and services to the country.Mahalanobis died on 28 June 1972, a day before his seventy-ninth birthday. Even at this age, he was still active doing research work and discharging his duties as the secretary and director of the Indian Statistical Institute and as the honorary statistical advisor to the Cabinet of the Government of India.The government of India decided in 2006 to celebrate his birthday, 29 June, as National Statistical Day.On the occasion of his 125th birth anniversary on 29 June 2018, Indian Vice-President M Venkaiah Naidu released a commemorative coin at a programme at ISI, Kolkata.
[ "Brahmo Boy's School", "King's College" ]
Where was Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis educated in Aug, 1913?
August 18, 1913
{ "text": [ "King's College" ] }
L2_Q561478_P69_2
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis attended Brahmo Boy's School from Jan, 1904 to Jan, 1908. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis attended Presidency University from Jan, 1908 to Jan, 1912. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis attended King's College from Jan, 1913 to Jan, 1915.
Prasanta Chandra MahalanobisPrasanta Chandra Mahalanobis OBE, FNA, FASc, FRS (29 June 1893 – 28 June 1972) was an Indian scientist and statistician from erstwhile Bengal (now West Bengal). He is best remembered for the Mahalanobis distance, a statistical measure, and for being one of the members of the first Planning Commission of free India. He made pioneering studies in anthropometry in India. He founded the Indian Statistical Institute, and contributed to the design of large-scale sample surveys. For his contributions, Mahalanobis has been considered the father of modern statistics in India.Mahalanobis belonged to a family of Bengali landed gentry who lived in Bikrampur (now in Bangladesh). His grandfather Gurucharan (1833–1916) moved to Calcutta in 1854 and built up a business, starting a chemist shop in 1860. Gurucharan was influenced by Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905), father of the Nobel Prize-winning poet, Rabindranath Tagore. Gurucharan was actively involved in social movements such as the Brahmo Samaj, acting as its treasurer and president. His house on 210 Cornwallis Street was the centre of the Brahmo Samaj. Gurucharan married a widow, an action against social traditions.Gurucharan's elder son, Subodhchandra (1867–1953), became a distinguished educator after studying physiology at Edinburgh University. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was the Head of the Dept. of Physiology, University of Cardiff (the first Indian to occupy this post in a British university). In 1900, Subodhchandra returned to India, founding the Dept. of Physiology in the Presidency College, Calcutta. Subodhchandra also became a member of the Senate of the University of Calcutta.Gurucharan's younger son, Prabodh Chandra (1869–1942), was the father of P. C. Mahalanobis. Born in the house at 210 Cornwallis Street, Mahalanobis grew up in a socially active family surrounded by intellectuals and reformers.Mahalanobis received his early schooling at the Brahmo Boys School in Calcutta, graduating in 1908. He joined the Presidency College, then affiliated with the University of Calcutta, where he was taught by teachers who included Jagadish Chandra Bose, and Prafulla Chandra Ray. Others attending were Meghnad Saha, a year junior, and Subhas Chandra Bose, two years his junior at college. Mahalanobis received a Bachelor of Science degree with honours in physics in 1912. He left for England in 1913 to join the University of London.After missing a train, he stayed with a friend at King's College, Cambridge. He was impressed by King's College Chapel and his host's friend M. A. Candeth suggested that he could try joining there, which he did. He did well in his studies at King's, but also took an interest in cross-country walking and punting on the river. He interacted with the mathematical genius Srinivasa Ramanujan during the latter's time at Cambridge. After his Tripos in physics, Mahalanobis worked with C. T. R. Wilson at the Cavendish Laboratory. He took a short break and went to India, where he was introduced to the Principal of Presidency College and was invited to take classes in physics.After returning to England, Mahalanobis was introduced to the journal "Biometrika." This interested him so much that he bought a complete set and took them to India. He discovered the utility of statistics to problems in meteorology and anthropology, beginning to work on problems on his journey back to India.In Calcutta, Mahalanobis met Nirmalkumari, daughter of Herambhachandra Maitra, a leading educationist and member of the Brahmo Samaj. They married on 27 February 1923, although her father did not completely approve of the union. He was concerned about Mahalanobis's opposition to various clauses in the membership of the student wing of the Brahmo Samaj, including prohibitions against members' drinking alcohol and smoking. Sir Nilratan Sircar, P. C. Mahalanobis' maternal uncle, took part in the wedding ceremony in place of the father of the bride.Many colleagues of Mahalanobis took an interest in statistics. An informal group developed in the Statistical Laboratory, which was located in his room at the Presidency College, Calcutta. On 17 December 1931 Mahalanobis called a meeting with Pramatha Nath Banerji (Minto Professor of Economics), Nikhil Ranjan Sen (Khaira Professor of Applied Mathematics) and Sir R. N. Mukherji. Together they established the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) in Baranagar, and formally registered on 28 April 1932 as a non-profit distributing learned society under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860.The institute was initially in the Physics Department of the Presidency College; its expenditure in the first year was Rs. 238. It gradually grew with the pioneering work of a group of his colleagues, including S. S. Bose, J. M. Sengupta, R. C. Bose, S. N. Roy, K. R. Nair, R. R. Bahadur, Gopinath Kallianpur, D. B. Lahiri and C. R. Rao. The institute also gained major assistance through Pitambar Pant, who was a secretary to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Pant was trained in statistics at the Institute and took a keen interest in its affairs.In 1933, the Institute founded the journal "Sankhya," along the lines of Karl Pearson's "Biometrika".The institute started a training section in 1938. Many of the early workers left the ISI for careers in the United States and with the government of India. Mahalanobis invited J. B. S. Haldane to join him at the ISI; Haldane joined as a Research Professor from August 1957, staying until February 1961. He resigned from the ISI due to frustrations with the administration and disagreements with Mahalanobis' policies. He was concerned with the frequent travels and absence of the director and complained that the "... journeyings of our Director define a novel random vector." Haldane helped the ISI develop in biometrics.In 1959, the institute was declared as an institute of national importance and a Deemed university.Mahalanobis distance is one of the most widely used metrics to find how much a point diverges from a distribution, based on measurements in multiple dimensions. It is widely used in the field of cluster analysis and classification. It was first proposed by Mahalanobis in 1930 in context of his study on racial likeness. From a chance meeting with Nelson Annandale, then the director of the Zoological Survey of India, at the 1920 Nagpur session of the Indian Science Congress led to Annandale asking him to analyse anthropometric measurements of Anglo-Indians in Calcutta. Mahalanobis had been influenced by the anthropometric studies published in the journal "Biometrika" and he chose to ask the questions on what factors influence the formation of European and Indian marriages. He wanted to examine if the Indian side came from any specific castes. He used the data collected by Annandale and the caste-specific measurements made by Herbert Risley to come up with the conclusion that the sample represented a mix of Europeans mainly with people from Bengal and Punjab but not with those from the Northwest Frontier Provinces or from Chhota Nagpur. He also concluded that the intermixture more frequently involved the higher castes than the lower ones. This analysis was described by his first scientific article in 1922. During the course of these studies he found a way of comparing and grouping populations using a multivariate distance measure. This measure, denoted ""D"" and now eponymously named Mahalanobis distance, is independent of measurement scale. Mahalanobis also took an interest in physical anthropology and in the accurate measurement of skull measurements for which he developed an instrument that he called the "profiloscope".His most important contributions are related to large-scale sample surveys. He introduced the concept of pilot surveys and advocated the usefulness of sampling methods. Early surveys began between 1937 and 1944 and included topics such as consumer expenditure, tea-drinking habits, public opinion, crop acreage and plant disease. Harold Hotelling wrote: "No technique of random sample has, so far as I can find, been developed in the United States or elsewhere, which can compare in accuracy with that described by Professor Mahalanobis" and Sir R. A. Fisher commented that "The ISI has taken the lead in the original development of the technique of sample surveys, the most potent fact-finding process available to the administration".He introduced a method for estimating crop yields which involved statisticians sampling in the fields by cutting crops in a circle of diameter 4 feet. Others such as P. V. Sukhatme and V. G. Panse who began to work on crop surveys with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and the Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute suggested that a survey system should make use of the existing administrative framework. The differences in opinion led to acrimony and there was little interaction between Mahalanobis and agricultural research in later years.In later life, Mahalanobis was a member of the planning commission contributed prominently to newly independent India's five-year plans starting from the second. In the second five-year plan he emphasized industrialization on the basis of a two-sector model. His variant of Wassily Leontief's Input-output model, the Mahalanobis model, was employed in the Second Five Year Plan, which worked towards the rapid industrialisation of India and with other colleagues at his institute, he played a key role in the development of a statistical infrastructure. He encouraged a project to assess deindustrialization in India and correct some previous census methodology errors and entrusted this project to Daniel Thorner.In the 1950s, Mahalanobis played a critical role in the campaign to bring India its first digital computers.Mahalanobis also had an abiding interest in cultural pursuits and served as secretary to Rabindranath Tagore, particularly during the latter's foreign travels, and also worked at his Visva-Bharati University, for some time. He received India's second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan from the Government of India for his contribution to science and services to the country.Mahalanobis died on 28 June 1972, a day before his seventy-ninth birthday. Even at this age, he was still active doing research work and discharging his duties as the secretary and director of the Indian Statistical Institute and as the honorary statistical advisor to the Cabinet of the Government of India.The government of India decided in 2006 to celebrate his birthday, 29 June, as National Statistical Day.On the occasion of his 125th birth anniversary on 29 June 2018, Indian Vice-President M Venkaiah Naidu released a commemorative coin at a programme at ISI, Kolkata.
[ "Brahmo Boy's School", "Presidency University" ]
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country in Dec, 1988?
December 23, 1988
{ "text": [ "José Eugenio Azpiroz" ] }
L2_Q3325912_P488_0
Arantza Quiroga is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Alfonso Alonso Aranegui is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020. María San Gil is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. Jaime Mayor Oreja is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996. José Eugenio Azpiroz is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989. Antonio Basagoiti Pastor is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013.
People's Party of the Basque CountryThe People's Party of the Basque Country (, PP; , EAP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Basque Country. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.It was founded in January 1989 with the birth of the Spanish People's Party, heir of People's Alliance. Its headquarters are located in the Gran Via de Bilbao and is chaired since 2015 by Alfonso Alonso Aranegui.
[ "Jaime Mayor Oreja", "María San Gil", "Alfonso Alonso Aranegui", "Antonio Basagoiti Pastor", "Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo", "Arantza Quiroga" ]
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country in Oct, 1991?
October 21, 1991
{ "text": [ "Jaime Mayor Oreja" ] }
L2_Q3325912_P488_1
Jaime Mayor Oreja is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996. Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Arantza Quiroga is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. José Eugenio Azpiroz is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989. María San Gil is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. Alfonso Alonso Aranegui is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020. Antonio Basagoiti Pastor is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013.
People's Party of the Basque CountryThe People's Party of the Basque Country (, PP; , EAP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Basque Country. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.It was founded in January 1989 with the birth of the Spanish People's Party, heir of People's Alliance. Its headquarters are located in the Gran Via de Bilbao and is chaired since 2015 by Alfonso Alonso Aranegui.
[ "María San Gil", "Alfonso Alonso Aranegui", "Antonio Basagoiti Pastor", "José Eugenio Azpiroz", "Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo", "Arantza Quiroga" ]
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country in Jun, 2005?
June 26, 2005
{ "text": [ "María San Gil" ] }
L2_Q3325912_P488_2
Antonio Basagoiti Pastor is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013. José Eugenio Azpiroz is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989. Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Alfonso Alonso Aranegui is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020. Jaime Mayor Oreja is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996. Arantza Quiroga is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. María San Gil is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008.
People's Party of the Basque CountryThe People's Party of the Basque Country (, PP; , EAP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Basque Country. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.It was founded in January 1989 with the birth of the Spanish People's Party, heir of People's Alliance. Its headquarters are located in the Gran Via de Bilbao and is chaired since 2015 by Alfonso Alonso Aranegui.
[ "Jaime Mayor Oreja", "Alfonso Alonso Aranegui", "Antonio Basagoiti Pastor", "José Eugenio Azpiroz", "Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo", "Arantza Quiroga" ]
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country in Jan, 2011?
January 14, 2011
{ "text": [ "Antonio Basagoiti Pastor" ] }
L2_Q3325912_P488_3
Arantza Quiroga is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Alfonso Alonso Aranegui is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020. José Eugenio Azpiroz is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989. María San Gil is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Jaime Mayor Oreja is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996. Antonio Basagoiti Pastor is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013.
People's Party of the Basque CountryThe People's Party of the Basque Country (, PP; , EAP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Basque Country. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.It was founded in January 1989 with the birth of the Spanish People's Party, heir of People's Alliance. Its headquarters are located in the Gran Via de Bilbao and is chaired since 2015 by Alfonso Alonso Aranegui.
[ "Jaime Mayor Oreja", "María San Gil", "Alfonso Alonso Aranegui", "José Eugenio Azpiroz", "Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo", "Arantza Quiroga" ]
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country in May, 2014?
May 15, 2014
{ "text": [ "Arantza Quiroga" ] }
L2_Q3325912_P488_4
Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. José Eugenio Azpiroz is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989. Alfonso Alonso Aranegui is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020. Arantza Quiroga is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Antonio Basagoiti Pastor is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013. María San Gil is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. Jaime Mayor Oreja is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996.
People's Party of the Basque CountryThe People's Party of the Basque Country (, PP; , EAP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Basque Country. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.It was founded in January 1989 with the birth of the Spanish People's Party, heir of People's Alliance. Its headquarters are located in the Gran Via de Bilbao and is chaired since 2015 by Alfonso Alonso Aranegui.
[ "Jaime Mayor Oreja", "María San Gil", "Alfonso Alonso Aranegui", "Antonio Basagoiti Pastor", "José Eugenio Azpiroz", "Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo" ]
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country in Mar, 2018?
March 19, 2018
{ "text": [ "Alfonso Alonso Aranegui" ] }
L2_Q3325912_P488_5
Alfonso Alonso Aranegui is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020. Jaime Mayor Oreja is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996. José Eugenio Azpiroz is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989. Antonio Basagoiti Pastor is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013. María San Gil is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. Arantza Quiroga is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022.
People's Party of the Basque CountryThe People's Party of the Basque Country (, PP; , EAP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Basque Country. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.It was founded in January 1989 with the birth of the Spanish People's Party, heir of People's Alliance. Its headquarters are located in the Gran Via de Bilbao and is chaired since 2015 by Alfonso Alonso Aranegui.
[ "Jaime Mayor Oreja", "María San Gil", "Antonio Basagoiti Pastor", "José Eugenio Azpiroz", "Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo", "Arantza Quiroga" ]
Who was the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country in Oct, 2021?
October 31, 2021
{ "text": [ "Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo" ] }
L2_Q3325912_P488_6
Carlos José Iturgaiz Angulo is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Alfonso Alonso Aranegui is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2015 to Jan, 2020. María San Gil is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. Arantza Quiroga is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Jaime Mayor Oreja is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1996. Antonio Basagoiti Pastor is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2013. José Eugenio Azpiroz is the chair of People's Party of the Basque Country from Jan, 1988 to Jan, 1989.
People's Party of the Basque CountryThe People's Party of the Basque Country (, PP; , EAP) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Basque Country. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.It was founded in January 1989 with the birth of the Spanish People's Party, heir of People's Alliance. Its headquarters are located in the Gran Via de Bilbao and is chaired since 2015 by Alfonso Alonso Aranegui.
[ "Jaime Mayor Oreja", "María San Gil", "Alfonso Alonso Aranegui", "Antonio Basagoiti Pastor", "José Eugenio Azpiroz", "Arantza Quiroga" ]
Which position did Patricia de Lille hold in Nov, 2010?
November 25, 2010
{ "text": [ "Member of Provincial Parliament of Western Cape" ] }
L2_Q445654_P39_0
Patricia de Lille holds the position of mayor of Cape Town from Jun, 2011 to Oct, 2018. Patricia de Lille holds the position of member of the National Assembly of South Africa from May, 2019 to Dec, 2022. Patricia de Lille holds the position of Member of Provincial Parliament of Western Cape from Sep, 2010 to May, 2011.
Patricia de LillePatricia de Lille (née Lindt; born 17 February 1951) is a South African politician who is the current Minister of Public Works and Infrastructure and leader of the political party Good. She was previously Mayor of Cape Town from 2011 to 2018, and Western Cape Provincial Minister of Social Development from 2010 to 2011. She founded and led the Independent Democrats (ID), a political party which she formed in 2003 during a floor-crossing window, after she broke away from the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). In August 2010, the ID merged with the Democratic Alliance, South Africa's official opposition, and the party was officially dissolved in 2014. From 2015 to 2017, she was Provincial Leader of the Democratic Alliance in the Western Cape.De Lille was selected as the DA's mayoral candidate in Cape Town, defeating incumbent Dan Plato, ahead of the 2011 local government elections, where she was elected mayor. She was re-elected to a second term as mayor in the 2016 local government elections. De Lille was voted 22nd in the Top 100 Great South Africans, and is noted for her role in investigations into the country's controversial Arms Deal.On 8 May 2018, the DA's Federal Executive ceased De Lille's party membership, thereby removing her as mayor of the DA governed city. The Western Cape High Court temporarily suspended her removal. On 5 August 2018, De Lille announced her intention to resign as Mayor of Cape Town. She resigned as mayor and terminated her DA party membership on 31 October 2018.Consequently, she formed Good in December 2018, and was announced as the party's Western Cape Premier candidate in February 2019. She was elected to Parliament in May 2019 and took office as a Member on 22 May 2019. On 29 May 2019, De Lille was appointed by President Cyril Ramaphosa as Minister of Public Works and Infrastructure. De Lille was born in 1951 in Beaufort West, and attended Bastiaanse Hoërskool. In 1974 she became a laboratory technician at a factory. She remained involved with the same company until 1990. During this time, she became involved in the South African Chemical Workers Union, starting off as a shop steward and then becoming regional secretary, before being elected as a National Executive Member in 1983. In 1988, she was elected as National Vice-President of The National Council of Trade Unions (NACTU), the highest position for a woman in the trade union movement at that time.In 1989, De Lille was elected onto the National Executive Committee of the Pan Africanist Movement (PAM). She led a delegation in the constitutional negotiations that preceded South Africa's first democratic election in 1994, and following her election as a Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) MP, she was appointed as Chairperson of the Parliamentary Committee on Transport from 1994 to 1999. She also served on various portfolio Committees including Health, Minerals and Energy, Trade and Industry, Communications, the Rules Committee and the Code of Ethics.Later, she made use of parliamentary privilege to be a whistle-blower on the South African Arms Deal.In 2003, De Lille made use of a floor crossing window to break with the PAC, and form her own party, the Independent Democrats.De Lille led the call for an investigation into alleged corruption in South Africa's purchase of weapons costing £4bn from British and other European manufacturers (that cost has soared on the basis of foreign currency collapses to more than its original cost although the Rand £ and Rand $ exchange rates have now reduced the costs to almost the same level as the original cost.). The government rejected De Lille's calls for an independent inquiry to be led by Judge Willem Heath. De Lille said she was accused of being unpatriotic and embarrassing the country as a consequence of her efforts to investigate the Arms Deal."On 5 April 2009, the Independent Democrats confirmed De Lille's attendance at the announcement of the National Prosecuting Authority the following day regarding its decision either to drop or to maintain its case against ANC President Jacob Zuma, who had been implicated in the Arms Deal. In an op-ed for "The Sunday Times", De Lille predicted that the charges would be dropped:Am I angry? Of course I am angry. I am angry because the majority of our people are not seeing the warning signs that are coming from the ANC, a liberation party that has no respect for the Constitution and the rule of law and is prepared to erode both just so that one man can become the leader of our country.By letting these ANC crooks off the hook we are sending entirely the wrong message to our people. Government is saying that there is a way out for those who break the law.On the morning of the NPA's much-awaited announcement, De Lille was turned away from proceedings, being told that, as a member of the public, she would have to find a television set. Leader of the Democratic Alliance Helen Zille was met with the same fate.De Lille was awarded the Freedom of the City of Birmingham, Alabama, and in 2004 was awarded the honour of being one of the Top 5 Women in Government and Government Agencies. She was also awarded the 2004 Old Mutual South African Leadership Award in the Category of Woman Leadership.De Lille was voted 22nd in the Top 100 Great South Africans, and is noted for her role in investigations into the country's controversial Arms Deal.In July 2006 she was the first woman to be recognised as Honorary Colonel of 84 Signal Unit in the South African National Defence Force. In August 2006 she received the City Press and Rapport Newspaper award as one of top 10 women in South Africa.A Markinor survey conducted in 2004 found that De Lille was South Africa's favourite politician after Thabo Mbeki.On 13 August 2010, after meetings with both the DA and ID executive, it was decided that the ID would indeed merge with the DA. On 15 August 2010, De Lille and DA Leader Helen Zille announced to the public that the ID would join the DA.During the 2004 general election, disgruntled former members of the Independent Democrats accused her of running the party in a "undemocratic" manner – in direct contrast with the image of transparency and accountability that she grounded her party on. De Lille told reporters that the dissenters had been fired from the party for fraud and corruption.As Mayor of Cape Town, De Lille has been perceived to have had a conflict of interest regarding the private sector developments by friends of hers in Clifton. As mayor, De Lille was accused by businessman Anthony Faul of demanding an R5 million bribe so as to secure a procurement contract to supply fire extinguishers in 2013.In September 2017, De Lille controversially ordered that the City of Cape Town's special investigations unit be closed against the wishes of the city's committee member for safety, security and social services Jean-Pierre Smith. The closure of the investigative unit led to allegations that de Lille improperly benefited from security upgrades at public expense to her home. The security upgrades allegations were investigated by the auditor-general and dismissed.Following the closure of the unit and a breakdown in the working relationship between De Lille and Smith, the Democratic Alliance charged De Lille with misconduct amid allegations against her of intimidation, criminality and misconduct.On 15 February 2018, she survived a vote of no confidence by one vote (110 no votes, 109 yes votes and 3 abstentions). Following the no confidence vote, an internal vote within the DA caucus governing the City of Cape Town occurred on 25 April 2018. A majority of the DA councillors voted for the removal of De Lille as mayor.On 8 May 2018, the DA's Federal Executive terminated De Lille's membership. Federal executive chairperson James Selfe said De Lille's membership was terminated after an interview De Lille did with Radio 702 radio host Eusebius McKaiser, where she said that she would resign once she had cleared her name. Her expulsion from the Democratic Alliance meant that she could no longer remain as mayor of Cape Town. The Western Cape High Court temporarily suspended her removal, and heard arguments about her removal on 4–5 June 2018. The Cape Town City Council voted on 31 May 2018 to strip De Lille of her executive powers.On 27 June 2018, the Western Cape High Court voted unanimously to reinstate De Lille's party membership, finding that the DA had failed to follow its own constitution when it invoked its cessation clause against De Lille.In July 2018, a vote of no confidence was scheduled, but was later withdrawn.On 5 August 2018, the Democratic Alliance National Leader, Mmusi Maimane, announced at a joint news conference that the party had reached a "mutual agreement" with De Lille. The agreement being that De Lille would resign as Mayor of Cape Town and that the party would withdraw all internal charges against her. She would also remain a member of the Democratic Alliance. The announcement of her resignation came a day before the party's disciplinary proceedings would have started.The African National Congress Cape Town Caucus described the agreement as "illicit" and stated that the resignation "opens a backdoor for a different mayor other than the one people voted for."In September 2018, the Democratic Alliance announced that Dan Plato would succeed De Lille. She left office on 31 October 2018. She also resigned as a member of the Democratic Alliance.When De Lille resigned as Mayor of Cape Town, she mentioned that she would take two weeks off of public life, while she writes her book and evaluates her choices. It was suspected de Lille would either revive her old political party, the Independent Democrats, or either join the African National Congress or the Economic Freedom Fighters.On 18 November 2018, De Lille launched the "For Good" political movement and website. She said at the event that she would form a new political party.On 2 December 2018, De Lille announced the formation of a new political party named, Good. Other disgruntled former Democratic Alliance members, such as Brett Herron and Shaun August, were present at the event. She also said that the political party is registered with the IEC and would contest the 2019 general election.De Lille was announced as the Good Party's Western Cape Premier candidate on 10 February 2019. On 16 February 2019, she officially launched the "Aunty Pat for Premier Campaign" in Wesbank near Delft outside Cape Town.Following the May 2019 general elections, De Lille was sworn in as a Member of the National Assembly of South Africa, and was appointed Minister of Public Works and Infrastructure by President Cyril Ramaphosa.De Lille's husband, Edwin, died after a long illness on 7 February 2021. They were married for 49 years and had one son, Allistair.
[ "member of the National Assembly of South Africa", "mayor of Cape Town" ]
Which position did Patricia de Lille hold in Sep, 2015?
September 24, 2015
{ "text": [ "mayor of Cape Town" ] }
L2_Q445654_P39_1
Patricia de Lille holds the position of Member of Provincial Parliament of Western Cape from Sep, 2010 to May, 2011. Patricia de Lille holds the position of mayor of Cape Town from Jun, 2011 to Oct, 2018. Patricia de Lille holds the position of member of the National Assembly of South Africa from May, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Patricia de LillePatricia de Lille (née Lindt; born 17 February 1951) is a South African politician who is the current Minister of Public Works and Infrastructure and leader of the political party Good. She was previously Mayor of Cape Town from 2011 to 2018, and Western Cape Provincial Minister of Social Development from 2010 to 2011. She founded and led the Independent Democrats (ID), a political party which she formed in 2003 during a floor-crossing window, after she broke away from the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). In August 2010, the ID merged with the Democratic Alliance, South Africa's official opposition, and the party was officially dissolved in 2014. From 2015 to 2017, she was Provincial Leader of the Democratic Alliance in the Western Cape.De Lille was selected as the DA's mayoral candidate in Cape Town, defeating incumbent Dan Plato, ahead of the 2011 local government elections, where she was elected mayor. She was re-elected to a second term as mayor in the 2016 local government elections. De Lille was voted 22nd in the Top 100 Great South Africans, and is noted for her role in investigations into the country's controversial Arms Deal.On 8 May 2018, the DA's Federal Executive ceased De Lille's party membership, thereby removing her as mayor of the DA governed city. The Western Cape High Court temporarily suspended her removal. On 5 August 2018, De Lille announced her intention to resign as Mayor of Cape Town. She resigned as mayor and terminated her DA party membership on 31 October 2018.Consequently, she formed Good in December 2018, and was announced as the party's Western Cape Premier candidate in February 2019. She was elected to Parliament in May 2019 and took office as a Member on 22 May 2019. On 29 May 2019, De Lille was appointed by President Cyril Ramaphosa as Minister of Public Works and Infrastructure. De Lille was born in 1951 in Beaufort West, and attended Bastiaanse Hoërskool. In 1974 she became a laboratory technician at a factory. She remained involved with the same company until 1990. During this time, she became involved in the South African Chemical Workers Union, starting off as a shop steward and then becoming regional secretary, before being elected as a National Executive Member in 1983. In 1988, she was elected as National Vice-President of The National Council of Trade Unions (NACTU), the highest position for a woman in the trade union movement at that time.In 1989, De Lille was elected onto the National Executive Committee of the Pan Africanist Movement (PAM). She led a delegation in the constitutional negotiations that preceded South Africa's first democratic election in 1994, and following her election as a Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) MP, she was appointed as Chairperson of the Parliamentary Committee on Transport from 1994 to 1999. She also served on various portfolio Committees including Health, Minerals and Energy, Trade and Industry, Communications, the Rules Committee and the Code of Ethics.Later, she made use of parliamentary privilege to be a whistle-blower on the South African Arms Deal.In 2003, De Lille made use of a floor crossing window to break with the PAC, and form her own party, the Independent Democrats.De Lille led the call for an investigation into alleged corruption in South Africa's purchase of weapons costing £4bn from British and other European manufacturers (that cost has soared on the basis of foreign currency collapses to more than its original cost although the Rand £ and Rand $ exchange rates have now reduced the costs to almost the same level as the original cost.). The government rejected De Lille's calls for an independent inquiry to be led by Judge Willem Heath. De Lille said she was accused of being unpatriotic and embarrassing the country as a consequence of her efforts to investigate the Arms Deal."On 5 April 2009, the Independent Democrats confirmed De Lille's attendance at the announcement of the National Prosecuting Authority the following day regarding its decision either to drop or to maintain its case against ANC President Jacob Zuma, who had been implicated in the Arms Deal. In an op-ed for "The Sunday Times", De Lille predicted that the charges would be dropped:Am I angry? Of course I am angry. I am angry because the majority of our people are not seeing the warning signs that are coming from the ANC, a liberation party that has no respect for the Constitution and the rule of law and is prepared to erode both just so that one man can become the leader of our country.By letting these ANC crooks off the hook we are sending entirely the wrong message to our people. Government is saying that there is a way out for those who break the law.On the morning of the NPA's much-awaited announcement, De Lille was turned away from proceedings, being told that, as a member of the public, she would have to find a television set. Leader of the Democratic Alliance Helen Zille was met with the same fate.De Lille was awarded the Freedom of the City of Birmingham, Alabama, and in 2004 was awarded the honour of being one of the Top 5 Women in Government and Government Agencies. She was also awarded the 2004 Old Mutual South African Leadership Award in the Category of Woman Leadership.De Lille was voted 22nd in the Top 100 Great South Africans, and is noted for her role in investigations into the country's controversial Arms Deal.In July 2006 she was the first woman to be recognised as Honorary Colonel of 84 Signal Unit in the South African National Defence Force. In August 2006 she received the City Press and Rapport Newspaper award as one of top 10 women in South Africa.A Markinor survey conducted in 2004 found that De Lille was South Africa's favourite politician after Thabo Mbeki.On 13 August 2010, after meetings with both the DA and ID executive, it was decided that the ID would indeed merge with the DA. On 15 August 2010, De Lille and DA Leader Helen Zille announced to the public that the ID would join the DA.During the 2004 general election, disgruntled former members of the Independent Democrats accused her of running the party in a "undemocratic" manner – in direct contrast with the image of transparency and accountability that she grounded her party on. De Lille told reporters that the dissenters had been fired from the party for fraud and corruption.As Mayor of Cape Town, De Lille has been perceived to have had a conflict of interest regarding the private sector developments by friends of hers in Clifton. As mayor, De Lille was accused by businessman Anthony Faul of demanding an R5 million bribe so as to secure a procurement contract to supply fire extinguishers in 2013.In September 2017, De Lille controversially ordered that the City of Cape Town's special investigations unit be closed against the wishes of the city's committee member for safety, security and social services Jean-Pierre Smith. The closure of the investigative unit led to allegations that de Lille improperly benefited from security upgrades at public expense to her home. The security upgrades allegations were investigated by the auditor-general and dismissed.Following the closure of the unit and a breakdown in the working relationship between De Lille and Smith, the Democratic Alliance charged De Lille with misconduct amid allegations against her of intimidation, criminality and misconduct.On 15 February 2018, she survived a vote of no confidence by one vote (110 no votes, 109 yes votes and 3 abstentions). Following the no confidence vote, an internal vote within the DA caucus governing the City of Cape Town occurred on 25 April 2018. A majority of the DA councillors voted for the removal of De Lille as mayor.On 8 May 2018, the DA's Federal Executive terminated De Lille's membership. Federal executive chairperson James Selfe said De Lille's membership was terminated after an interview De Lille did with Radio 702 radio host Eusebius McKaiser, where she said that she would resign once she had cleared her name. Her expulsion from the Democratic Alliance meant that she could no longer remain as mayor of Cape Town. The Western Cape High Court temporarily suspended her removal, and heard arguments about her removal on 4–5 June 2018. The Cape Town City Council voted on 31 May 2018 to strip De Lille of her executive powers.On 27 June 2018, the Western Cape High Court voted unanimously to reinstate De Lille's party membership, finding that the DA had failed to follow its own constitution when it invoked its cessation clause against De Lille.In July 2018, a vote of no confidence was scheduled, but was later withdrawn.On 5 August 2018, the Democratic Alliance National Leader, Mmusi Maimane, announced at a joint news conference that the party had reached a "mutual agreement" with De Lille. The agreement being that De Lille would resign as Mayor of Cape Town and that the party would withdraw all internal charges against her. She would also remain a member of the Democratic Alliance. The announcement of her resignation came a day before the party's disciplinary proceedings would have started.The African National Congress Cape Town Caucus described the agreement as "illicit" and stated that the resignation "opens a backdoor for a different mayor other than the one people voted for."In September 2018, the Democratic Alliance announced that Dan Plato would succeed De Lille. She left office on 31 October 2018. She also resigned as a member of the Democratic Alliance.When De Lille resigned as Mayor of Cape Town, she mentioned that she would take two weeks off of public life, while she writes her book and evaluates her choices. It was suspected de Lille would either revive her old political party, the Independent Democrats, or either join the African National Congress or the Economic Freedom Fighters.On 18 November 2018, De Lille launched the "For Good" political movement and website. She said at the event that she would form a new political party.On 2 December 2018, De Lille announced the formation of a new political party named, Good. Other disgruntled former Democratic Alliance members, such as Brett Herron and Shaun August, were present at the event. She also said that the political party is registered with the IEC and would contest the 2019 general election.De Lille was announced as the Good Party's Western Cape Premier candidate on 10 February 2019. On 16 February 2019, she officially launched the "Aunty Pat for Premier Campaign" in Wesbank near Delft outside Cape Town.Following the May 2019 general elections, De Lille was sworn in as a Member of the National Assembly of South Africa, and was appointed Minister of Public Works and Infrastructure by President Cyril Ramaphosa.De Lille's husband, Edwin, died after a long illness on 7 February 2021. They were married for 49 years and had one son, Allistair.
[ "Member of Provincial Parliament of Western Cape", "member of the National Assembly of South Africa" ]
Which position did Patricia de Lille hold in Feb, 2021?
February 09, 2021
{ "text": [ "member of the National Assembly of South Africa" ] }
L2_Q445654_P39_2
Patricia de Lille holds the position of Member of Provincial Parliament of Western Cape from Sep, 2010 to May, 2011. Patricia de Lille holds the position of member of the National Assembly of South Africa from May, 2019 to Dec, 2022. Patricia de Lille holds the position of mayor of Cape Town from Jun, 2011 to Oct, 2018.
Patricia de LillePatricia de Lille (née Lindt; born 17 February 1951) is a South African politician who is the current Minister of Public Works and Infrastructure and leader of the political party Good. She was previously Mayor of Cape Town from 2011 to 2018, and Western Cape Provincial Minister of Social Development from 2010 to 2011. She founded and led the Independent Democrats (ID), a political party which she formed in 2003 during a floor-crossing window, after she broke away from the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). In August 2010, the ID merged with the Democratic Alliance, South Africa's official opposition, and the party was officially dissolved in 2014. From 2015 to 2017, she was Provincial Leader of the Democratic Alliance in the Western Cape.De Lille was selected as the DA's mayoral candidate in Cape Town, defeating incumbent Dan Plato, ahead of the 2011 local government elections, where she was elected mayor. She was re-elected to a second term as mayor in the 2016 local government elections. De Lille was voted 22nd in the Top 100 Great South Africans, and is noted for her role in investigations into the country's controversial Arms Deal.On 8 May 2018, the DA's Federal Executive ceased De Lille's party membership, thereby removing her as mayor of the DA governed city. The Western Cape High Court temporarily suspended her removal. On 5 August 2018, De Lille announced her intention to resign as Mayor of Cape Town. She resigned as mayor and terminated her DA party membership on 31 October 2018.Consequently, she formed Good in December 2018, and was announced as the party's Western Cape Premier candidate in February 2019. She was elected to Parliament in May 2019 and took office as a Member on 22 May 2019. On 29 May 2019, De Lille was appointed by President Cyril Ramaphosa as Minister of Public Works and Infrastructure. De Lille was born in 1951 in Beaufort West, and attended Bastiaanse Hoërskool. In 1974 she became a laboratory technician at a factory. She remained involved with the same company until 1990. During this time, she became involved in the South African Chemical Workers Union, starting off as a shop steward and then becoming regional secretary, before being elected as a National Executive Member in 1983. In 1988, she was elected as National Vice-President of The National Council of Trade Unions (NACTU), the highest position for a woman in the trade union movement at that time.In 1989, De Lille was elected onto the National Executive Committee of the Pan Africanist Movement (PAM). She led a delegation in the constitutional negotiations that preceded South Africa's first democratic election in 1994, and following her election as a Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) MP, she was appointed as Chairperson of the Parliamentary Committee on Transport from 1994 to 1999. She also served on various portfolio Committees including Health, Minerals and Energy, Trade and Industry, Communications, the Rules Committee and the Code of Ethics.Later, she made use of parliamentary privilege to be a whistle-blower on the South African Arms Deal.In 2003, De Lille made use of a floor crossing window to break with the PAC, and form her own party, the Independent Democrats.De Lille led the call for an investigation into alleged corruption in South Africa's purchase of weapons costing £4bn from British and other European manufacturers (that cost has soared on the basis of foreign currency collapses to more than its original cost although the Rand £ and Rand $ exchange rates have now reduced the costs to almost the same level as the original cost.). The government rejected De Lille's calls for an independent inquiry to be led by Judge Willem Heath. De Lille said she was accused of being unpatriotic and embarrassing the country as a consequence of her efforts to investigate the Arms Deal."On 5 April 2009, the Independent Democrats confirmed De Lille's attendance at the announcement of the National Prosecuting Authority the following day regarding its decision either to drop or to maintain its case against ANC President Jacob Zuma, who had been implicated in the Arms Deal. In an op-ed for "The Sunday Times", De Lille predicted that the charges would be dropped:Am I angry? Of course I am angry. I am angry because the majority of our people are not seeing the warning signs that are coming from the ANC, a liberation party that has no respect for the Constitution and the rule of law and is prepared to erode both just so that one man can become the leader of our country.By letting these ANC crooks off the hook we are sending entirely the wrong message to our people. Government is saying that there is a way out for those who break the law.On the morning of the NPA's much-awaited announcement, De Lille was turned away from proceedings, being told that, as a member of the public, she would have to find a television set. Leader of the Democratic Alliance Helen Zille was met with the same fate.De Lille was awarded the Freedom of the City of Birmingham, Alabama, and in 2004 was awarded the honour of being one of the Top 5 Women in Government and Government Agencies. She was also awarded the 2004 Old Mutual South African Leadership Award in the Category of Woman Leadership.De Lille was voted 22nd in the Top 100 Great South Africans, and is noted for her role in investigations into the country's controversial Arms Deal.In July 2006 she was the first woman to be recognised as Honorary Colonel of 84 Signal Unit in the South African National Defence Force. In August 2006 she received the City Press and Rapport Newspaper award as one of top 10 women in South Africa.A Markinor survey conducted in 2004 found that De Lille was South Africa's favourite politician after Thabo Mbeki.On 13 August 2010, after meetings with both the DA and ID executive, it was decided that the ID would indeed merge with the DA. On 15 August 2010, De Lille and DA Leader Helen Zille announced to the public that the ID would join the DA.During the 2004 general election, disgruntled former members of the Independent Democrats accused her of running the party in a "undemocratic" manner – in direct contrast with the image of transparency and accountability that she grounded her party on. De Lille told reporters that the dissenters had been fired from the party for fraud and corruption.As Mayor of Cape Town, De Lille has been perceived to have had a conflict of interest regarding the private sector developments by friends of hers in Clifton. As mayor, De Lille was accused by businessman Anthony Faul of demanding an R5 million bribe so as to secure a procurement contract to supply fire extinguishers in 2013.In September 2017, De Lille controversially ordered that the City of Cape Town's special investigations unit be closed against the wishes of the city's committee member for safety, security and social services Jean-Pierre Smith. The closure of the investigative unit led to allegations that de Lille improperly benefited from security upgrades at public expense to her home. The security upgrades allegations were investigated by the auditor-general and dismissed.Following the closure of the unit and a breakdown in the working relationship between De Lille and Smith, the Democratic Alliance charged De Lille with misconduct amid allegations against her of intimidation, criminality and misconduct.On 15 February 2018, she survived a vote of no confidence by one vote (110 no votes, 109 yes votes and 3 abstentions). Following the no confidence vote, an internal vote within the DA caucus governing the City of Cape Town occurred on 25 April 2018. A majority of the DA councillors voted for the removal of De Lille as mayor.On 8 May 2018, the DA's Federal Executive terminated De Lille's membership. Federal executive chairperson James Selfe said De Lille's membership was terminated after an interview De Lille did with Radio 702 radio host Eusebius McKaiser, where she said that she would resign once she had cleared her name. Her expulsion from the Democratic Alliance meant that she could no longer remain as mayor of Cape Town. The Western Cape High Court temporarily suspended her removal, and heard arguments about her removal on 4–5 June 2018. The Cape Town City Council voted on 31 May 2018 to strip De Lille of her executive powers.On 27 June 2018, the Western Cape High Court voted unanimously to reinstate De Lille's party membership, finding that the DA had failed to follow its own constitution when it invoked its cessation clause against De Lille.In July 2018, a vote of no confidence was scheduled, but was later withdrawn.On 5 August 2018, the Democratic Alliance National Leader, Mmusi Maimane, announced at a joint news conference that the party had reached a "mutual agreement" with De Lille. The agreement being that De Lille would resign as Mayor of Cape Town and that the party would withdraw all internal charges against her. She would also remain a member of the Democratic Alliance. The announcement of her resignation came a day before the party's disciplinary proceedings would have started.The African National Congress Cape Town Caucus described the agreement as "illicit" and stated that the resignation "opens a backdoor for a different mayor other than the one people voted for."In September 2018, the Democratic Alliance announced that Dan Plato would succeed De Lille. She left office on 31 October 2018. She also resigned as a member of the Democratic Alliance.When De Lille resigned as Mayor of Cape Town, she mentioned that she would take two weeks off of public life, while she writes her book and evaluates her choices. It was suspected de Lille would either revive her old political party, the Independent Democrats, or either join the African National Congress or the Economic Freedom Fighters.On 18 November 2018, De Lille launched the "For Good" political movement and website. She said at the event that she would form a new political party.On 2 December 2018, De Lille announced the formation of a new political party named, Good. Other disgruntled former Democratic Alliance members, such as Brett Herron and Shaun August, were present at the event. She also said that the political party is registered with the IEC and would contest the 2019 general election.De Lille was announced as the Good Party's Western Cape Premier candidate on 10 February 2019. On 16 February 2019, she officially launched the "Aunty Pat for Premier Campaign" in Wesbank near Delft outside Cape Town.Following the May 2019 general elections, De Lille was sworn in as a Member of the National Assembly of South Africa, and was appointed Minister of Public Works and Infrastructure by President Cyril Ramaphosa.De Lille's husband, Edwin, died after a long illness on 7 February 2021. They were married for 49 years and had one son, Allistair.
[ "Member of Provincial Parliament of Western Cape", "mayor of Cape Town" ]
Who was the chair of Union for a Popular Movement in Aug, 2003?
August 27, 2003
{ "text": [ "Alain Juppé" ] }
L2_Q173152_P488_0
Nicolas Sarkozy is the chair of Union for a Popular Movement from Dec, 2014 to May, 2015. Alain Juppé is the chair of Union for a Popular Movement from Nov, 2002 to Jul, 2004. Jean-François Copé is the chair of Union for a Popular Movement from Nov, 2012 to Jun, 2014.
Union for a Popular MovementThe Union for a Popular Movement ( ; UMP ) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Socialist Party (PS). The UMP was formed in 2002 as a merger of several centre-right parties under the leadership of President Jacques Chirac. In May 2015, the party was renamed and succeeded by The Republicans ("").Nicolas Sarkozy, then the president of the UMP, was elected President of France in the 2007 presidential election, but was defeated by PS candidate François Hollande in a run-off five years later. After the November 2012 party congress, the UMP experienced internal fractioning and was plagued by monetary scandals which forced its president, Jean-François Copé, to resign. After his re-election as UMP president in November 2014, Sarkozy put forward an amendment to change the name of the party into The Republicans, which was approved and came into effect on 30 May 2015.The UMP enjoyed an absolute majority in the National Assembly from 2002 to 2012 and was a member of the European People's Party (EPP), the Centrist Democrat International (CDI) and the International Democrat Union (IDU).Since the 1980s, the political groups of the parliamentary right have joined forces around the values of economic liberalism and the building of Europe. Their rivalries had contributed to their defeat in the 1981 and 1988 legislative elections.Before the 1993 legislative election, the Gaullist Rally for the Republic (RPR) and the centrist Union for French Democracy (UDF) formed an electoral alliance, the Union for France (UPF). However, in the 1995 presidential campaign they were both divided between followers of Jacques Chirac, who was eventually elected, and supporters of Prime Minister Edouard Balladur. After their defeat in the 1997 legislative election, the RPR and UDF created the Alliance for France in order to coordinate the actions of their parliamentary groups.Before the 2002 presidential campaign, the supporters of President Jacques Chirac, divided in three centre-right parliamentary parties, founded an association named Union on the Move ("Union en mouvement"). After Chirac's re-election, in order to contest the legislative election jointly, the Union for the Presidential Majority ("Union pour la majorité présidentielle") was created. It was renamed "Union for a Popular Movement" and as such established as a permanent organisation.The UMP was the merger of the Gaullist-conservative Rally for the Republic (RPR), the conservative-liberal party Liberal Democracy (DL), a sizeable portion of the Union for French Democracy (UDF), more precisely the UDF's Christian Democrats (such as Philippe Douste-Blazy and Jacques Barrot), the Radical Party and the centrist Popular Party for French Democracy (both associate parties of the UDF until 2002). In the UMP four major French political families were thus represented: Gaullism, republicanism (the kind of liberalism put forward by parties like the Democratic Republican Alliance or the PR, heir of DL), Christian democracy ("Popularism") and radicalism.Chirac's close ally Alain Juppé became the party's first president at the party's founding congress at the Bourget in November 2002. Juppé won 79.42% of the vote, defeating Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, the leader of the party's Eurosceptic Arise the Republic faction, and three other candidates. During the party's earlier years, it was marked by tensions and rivalries between Juppé and other "chiraquiens" and supporters of Nicolas Sarkozy, the then-Minister of the Interior.In the 2004 regional elections the UMP suffered a heavy blow, winning the presidencies of only 2 out of 22 regions in metropolitan France (Alsace and Corsica) and only half of the departments (the right had previously won numerous departmental presidencies) in the simultaneous 2004 cantonal elections. In the 2004 European Parliament election on 13 June 2004, the UMP also suffered another heavy blow, winning 16.6% of the vote, far behind the Socialist Party (PS), and only 16 seats.Juppé resigned the party's presidency on 15 July 2004 after being found guilty in a corruption scandal in January of the same year. Nicolas Sarkozy rapidly announced that he would take over the presidency of the UMP and resign his position as finance minister, ending months of speculation. On 28 November 2004, Sarkozy was elected to the party's presidency with 85.09% of the votes against 9.1% for Dupont-Aignan and 5.82% for Christine Boutin, the leader of the UMP's social conservatives. Having gained control of what had been Chirac's party, Sarkozy focused the party machinery and his energies on the 2007 presidential election.The failure of the referendum on the European Constitution on 25 May 2005 led to the fall of the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin and to the formation of a new cabinet, presided by another UMP politician, Dominique de Villepin. However, during this time, the UMP under Sarkozy gained a record number of new members and rejuvenated itself in preparation of the 2007 election. On 14 January 2007, Sarkozy was nominated unopposed as the UMP's presidential candidate for the 2007 election.On the issues, the party under Sarkozy publicly disapproved of Turkey's proposed membership in the European Union, which Chirac had previously endorsed several times publicly, and generally took a more right-wing position.On 22 April 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy won the plurality of votes in the first round of the 2007 presidential election. On 6 May he faced the Socialist Party candidate Ségolène Royal in the second round and won, taking 53.06% of the vote. As a consequence, he resigned from the presidency of the UMP on 14 May 2007, two days before becoming President of the French Republic. François Fillon was appointed Prime Minister. On 17 June 2007, at a 2007 legislative election, the UMP gained a majority in the National Assembly with 313 out of 577 seats.Following Sarkozy's election to the presidency, interim leader Jean-Claude Gaudin prevented a leadership struggle between Patrick Devedjian and Jean-Pierre Raffarin by announcing that the UMP should have a collegial leadership while Sarkozy was President of the Republic. In July, the UMP's national council approved an amendment to the party's statute allowing for a collegial leadership around three vice-presidents (Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Jean-Claude Gaudin and Pierre Méhaignerie) and a secretary-general (Patrick Devedjian) and two associate secretary-generals.On 9 March 2008 municipal and cantonal elections, the party performed quite poorly, losing numerous cities, such as Toulouse and Strasbourg, as well as eight departmental presidencies to the left. Xavier Bertrand was selected as secretary-general of the party in late 2008 to replace Patrick Devedjian, who resigned to take up a cabinet position.In the 2009 European Parliament election on 7 June 2009, the UMP ran common lists with its junior allies including Jean-Louis Borloo's Radical Party, the New Centre and Modern Left. The UMP list won 27.9%, a remarkably good result for a governing party in off-year "mid-term" elections, and elected 29 MEPs, significantly improving on the UMP's poor result in the 2004 European election – also an off-year election. However, in the 2010 regional elections on 14 and 21 March 2010, the UMP obtained a very poor result with only 26%. While it lost Corsica, it retained Alsace but also defeated the left in "La Réunion" and French Guiana.In a cabinet reshuffle in November 2010, which disappointed centrists within and outside the UMP, François Fillon was confirmed Prime Minister and Alain Juppé re-joined the government. Among those who resigned from the cabinet were Bernard Kouchner, Hervé Morin and, above all, Jean-Louis Borloo. Xavier Bertrand, who re-joined the government, was replaced as general-secretary of the UMP by Jean-François Copé on 17 November 2010.The party suffered another major electoral defeat in the 2011 cantonal elections held on 20 and 27 March 2011, and in September, the centre-right lost control of the French Senate for the first time in the history of the Fifth Republic.In May 2011, during a party congress, the Radical Party, led by Borloo, decided to leave the UMP and launch The Alliance, a new centrist coalition.The party opted not to organise primaries ahead of the 2012 presidential election and endorsed Nicolas Sarkozy's bid for second term. Sarkozy lost reelection to the Socialist Party candidate François Hollande on 6 May 2012, winning 48.36% in the runoff. The party was defeated by the new President's left-wing majority in the subsequent legislative election.Prior to Sarkozy's defeat on 6 May, the UMP's secretary-general Jean-François Copé announced that he supported the creation of internal "movements" within the party and the organisation of primaries for the next presidential election.The UMP's political bureau announced the organisation of a party congress on 18 and 25 November 2012, leading prominent party leaders to organise factions and "movements" to influence the party's new direction.Ultimately, two candidates amassed the required endorsements to run for the party's presidency: former Prime Minister François Fillon and incumbent party secretary-general Jean-François Copé. Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet, Bruno Le Maire, Xavier Bertrand, Henri Guaino, and Dominique Dord had also announced their candidacies but did not meet tough candidacy requirements.The campaign between Fillon and Copé lasted two months. Fillon had a strong lead in polls of UMP 'sympathizers' (as opposed to actual members, who would be the only eligible voters) and was backed by most UMP parliamentarians while Copé claimed he was the candidate of party activists rather than party 'barons'. However, Copé remained as secretary-general and retained control of the party machinery.While Fillon's campaign was regarded as more consensual, moderate and centre-right; Copé campaigned as the candidate of the "droite décomplexée" ('uninhibited right') and introduced issues such as anti-white racism. However, both candidates received support from moderate and conservative members of the party and their main differences were in rhetoric, style and temperament. Copé, again, appeared more militant and activist, saying that he would support and participate in street demonstrations while Fillon disagreed with his rival.Six 'motions' (declarations of principles) were submitted to party voters; under the new statutes, motions which won over 10% of the vote at the congress would be recognised as "movements" by the UMP leadership, granted financial autonomy and receive positions in the party structures.The vote on 18 November saw high turnout but was quickly marred by allegations of irregularities and potential fraud on both sides. Both candidates proclaimed victory within 20 minutes of each other on the night of the vote.24 hours later, the control commission in charge of the vote (COCOE) announced Copé's victory by only 98 votes. While Fillon initially conceded defeat, by 21 November his campaign claimed victory anew, with a 26-vote advantage over Copé. Fillon's campaign argued that the COCOE had failed to take into account votes cast in three overseas federations.Party elder Alain Juppé accepted to lead a mediation between both candidates on 23 November, but it failed within two days. Fillon's announced "precautionary seizure" of ballots cast "to protect them from tampering or alteration" and threatened to take the matter to court. On 26 November, the party appeals commission – led by a close supporter of Copé – decided in Copé's favour and rejected Fillon's arguments.On 27 November 72 "filloniste" parliamentarians in the National Assembly announced the creation of a new parliamentary group, the "Rassemblement-UMP", led by Fillon. Copé took up former President Nicolas Sarkozy's proposal of organising a referendum on a revote, but he saw the creation of the dissident "filloniste" group as a casus belli and took back his proposal. Luc Chatel, the new vice-president and a Copé supporter, later announced that he supported a new presidential vote and a modification of party statutes. The next day, Copé announced that he favoured organising a referendum the modification of party statutes and a reduction of his own term as president to two years (until November 2014); while Fillon welcomed the "consensus on the organisation of a new election" he rejected his rival's timeline and called for a new election before 2014. 'Unaligned' members of the UMP led by Bruno Le Maire and Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet appealed for the organisation of a new election in the spring of 2013 and a reform of the party statutes.Both rivals reached an agreement at the end of December 2012, with Copé agreeing to the organisation of a new election and a modification of party statutes while Fillon agreed to dissolve his parliamentary group.The party's leadership was reorganized in January 2013 to accommodate Copé and Fillon's supporters: Laurent Wauquiez and Valérie Pécresse joined Luc Chatel and Michèle Tabarot as vice-president and secretary-general respectively. Christian Estrosi, Gérard Longuet, Henri de Raincourt (pro-Fillon), Jean-Claude Gaudin, Brice Hortefeux and Roger Karoutchi (pro-Copé) also became vice-presidents. Other positions in the party hierarchy were divided between supporters of both candidates. New leaders were also nominated in February 2013.Several spending scandals appeared in 2014. In early 2014, the Bygmalion scandal () pushed the party's leader Jean-François Copé to resign. In early July, Sarkozy got held in custody due to possible spying and active corruption of the judiciary system. On 8 July 2014, the UMP was discovered to have a hidden debt of €79.1 million for the year 2013. On 20 May 2021, the criminal trial began for Sarkozy and 13 other defendants who were said to have been involved in the Bygmalion scandal. The scandal allegations that Sarkozy diverting tens of millions of euros which was intended to be spent on the his failed 2012 re-election campaign and then hiring a PR firm to cover it up. The illicit campaign finance money which was not reported as being spent on Sarkozy's re-election campaign was instead used to overspend on lavish campaign rallies and events.After the election of Nicolas Sarkozy, the former President of France (2007–2012), as president of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) in November 2014, he put forward a request to the party's general committee to change its name to the Republicans as well as the statutes of the party. With the name already chosen Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet, vice president of the UMP, presented Nicolas Sarkozy and the party's political bureau a project of new statutes. The proposed statutes provided for, among others, the election of the presidents of the departmental federations by direct suffrage, the end of the political currents and consulting members on election nominations.Critics of Sarkozy claimed it was illegal for him to name the party "Republicans" because every French person is a republican in that they support the values and ideals of the French Republic that emanated from the French Revolution, and as such the term is above party politics. The new name was adopted by the bureau on 5 May 2015 and approved by the party membership on 28 May by an online yes vote of 83.28% on a 45.74% participation after a court ruling in favor of Sarkozy. Similarly the new party statutes are adopted by 96.34% of voters and the composition of the new party's political bureau by 94.77%.The Republicans thus became the legal successor of the UMP as the leading centre-right party in France.The UMP was a centre-right party and was created to represent the various families of the French right, uniting the traditions of Gaullism, Christian democracy, conservatism and liberalism. As such, it officially adopted fairly vague policy statements which emphasize consensual common values.The UMP believed that each individual's destiny must be unencumbered and it rejects political systems which "stifle economic freedom". It said that work, merit, innovation and personal initiative must be encouraged to reduce unemployment and boost economic growth; but at the same time, it maintained that adherence to the rule of law and the authority of the state is necessary. In a Gaullist tradition, the UMP supported solidarity, with the state guaranteeing social protection of less fortunate individuals. But in a more liberal vein, the party always denounced "l'assistanat", a French term which can refer to "welfare handouts".The party took more nationalist positions at times, and often adopted tough stances against immigration and illegal immigration. It strongly supported the integration and assimilation of immigrants into French society and always denounced communitarianism as a danger to the French nation-state. However, the UMP traditionally was a strong proponent of European integration and the European Union, albeit sometimes with a hint of traditional Gaullist souverainism.Under Nicolas Sarkozy's leadership, the UMP adopted a liberal and security-oriented platform. His platform in the 2007 and 2012 presidential elections emphasized the ideas of personal responsibility and individual initiative. He developed the idea of "working more to earn more", promising that overtime hours would not be taxed and employers exonerated from non-wage labour costs. Under his presidency, the government's short-lived tax cap for high-income earners was denounced by the left but also several centrist and centre-right politicians within or outside the UMP.Having gained his popularity as a 'hardliner' Interior minister, Sarkozy's policies also carried a strong law-and-order and tough on crime orientation. He supported tougher sentences for criminals and repeat offenders. As candidate and President, he placed heavy emphasis on immigration and national identity, presenting immigration as a danger to French identity and as source of increased criminality. As President, he imposed stricter limits on family reunification, created a Ministry of Immigration, and National Identity for three years between 2007 and 2010, launched a controversial national dialogue on national identity and expelled thousands of Roma from illegal camps.Critics of the right-wing government denounced what they felt was a rapprochement with the controversial far-right National Front (FN). While several members of the UMP's right-wing have indicated that they would favour local alliances with the FN and prefer to vote for a FN candidate over a Socialist Party or left-wing candidate in runoff elections between the left and the FN; the party's official position continues to reject alliances with the FN at any level but also opposes so-called "republican fronts" with the left against the FN.The UMP's original statutes in 2002 allowed for the organisation of formal factions or movements within the party, to represent the various political families of which it was made up. However, fearing leadership rivalries and divisions, Juppé, Chirac and later Sarkozy 'postponed' the creation of such organised movements indefinitely. Nevertheless, prior to the organisations of formal "movements" in November 2012, there existed informal groupings of like-minded members, either through associations, political clubs, associated political parties or even informal factions.Jean-François Copé allowed for the organisation of formal movements within the party following the November 2012 congress. According to the party's statutes, motions backed by at least 10 parliamentarians from 10 departmental federations and which obtain at least 10% support from members at a congress are recognised as movements. They are granted financial autonomy by way of a fixed grant and additional funding in proportion to the votes they obtained; but the sum of funds transferred by the party to its movements can be no larger than 30% of the annual public subsidies the UMP receives from the state.Six motions representing various ideological tendencies within the party ran to be recognised as official movements following the November 2012 congress. Five of these motions met the conditions to be recognised as such, and their leaders have since integrated the UMP's leadership structure:The Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition, the Christian Democratic Party, the Rally for France and The Progressives are associate parties of the UMP. By adhering to these parties, members also adhered to the UMP and could participate in the UMP's inner organisation. The Radical Party was associated with the UMP from 2002 through 2011.Overseas parties associated with the UMP included O Porinetia To Tatou Ai'a in French Polynesia and The Rally–UMP in New Caledonia.The aforementioned November 2012 congress saw the division of the party between the two candidates who sought the party's presidency, François Fillon and Jean-François Copé – the "fillonistes" and "copéistes".The UMP's electoral base reflects that of the old Rally for the Republic (RPR) and, in some cases, that of the Union for French Democracy (UDF). In the 2007 presidential election, Nicolas Sarkozy performed best in the east of France – particularly Alsace (36.2%); Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur (37.0%) – the wealthy coastal department of the Alpes-Maritimes (43.6%) was his best department in France; Champagne-Ardenne (32.7%) and Rhône-Alpes (32.7%). These areas were among National Front candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen's best regions in 2002 and are conservative on issues such as immigration. Sarkozy received a lot of votes from voters who had supported the far-right in April 2002. For example, in the Alpes-Maritimes, Sarkozy performed 21.6% better than Chirac did in 2002 while Le Pen lost 12.6% in five years. Sarkozy also appealed more than average to blue-collar workers in regions such as northern Meurthe-et-Moselle and the Nord-Pas-de-Calais, although most of these regions, despite his gains, remain reliably left-wing. The party is also strong in every election in very wealthy suburban or coastal (and, in some cases, urban) areas such as Neuilly-sur-Seine (72.6% for Sarkozy in the first round), Saint-Tropez (54.79%), Cannes (48.19%) or Marcq-en-Barœul (47.35%). It is strong in most rural areas, like most conservative parties in the world, but this does not extend to the rural areas of the south of France, areas which are old strongholds of republican and secular ideals. However, in old "clerical" Catholic rural areas, such as parts of Lozère or Cantal, it is very strong, as was the UDF during its hey day.However, the UMP does poorly in one of the UDF's best regions, Brittany, where the decline of religious practice, a moderate electorate and urbanisation has hurt the UMP and also the UDF. Nicolas Sarkozy performed relatively poorly in departments with a large share of moderate Christian democratic (often centrist or centre-right) voters, such as Lozère where the Socialist candidate Ségolène Royal performed better (44.3%) than François Mitterrand had in his 1988 left-wing landslide (43.1%). While former President Jacques Chirac, the right's strongman in normally left-wing Corrèze had always done very well in Corrèze and the surrounding departments, Sarkozy did very poorly and actually lost the department in the 2007 runoff. However, in the 2009 European election, the UMP's results in those departments were superior to Sarkozy's first round result (nationally, they were 4% lower).
[ "Jean-François Copé", "Nicolas Sarkozy" ]
Who was the chair of Union for a Popular Movement in Aug, 2013?
August 14, 2013
{ "text": [ "Jean-François Copé" ] }
L2_Q173152_P488_1
Nicolas Sarkozy is the chair of Union for a Popular Movement from Dec, 2014 to May, 2015. Alain Juppé is the chair of Union for a Popular Movement from Nov, 2002 to Jul, 2004. Jean-François Copé is the chair of Union for a Popular Movement from Nov, 2012 to Jun, 2014.
Union for a Popular MovementThe Union for a Popular Movement ( ; UMP ) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Socialist Party (PS). The UMP was formed in 2002 as a merger of several centre-right parties under the leadership of President Jacques Chirac. In May 2015, the party was renamed and succeeded by The Republicans ("").Nicolas Sarkozy, then the president of the UMP, was elected President of France in the 2007 presidential election, but was defeated by PS candidate François Hollande in a run-off five years later. After the November 2012 party congress, the UMP experienced internal fractioning and was plagued by monetary scandals which forced its president, Jean-François Copé, to resign. After his re-election as UMP president in November 2014, Sarkozy put forward an amendment to change the name of the party into The Republicans, which was approved and came into effect on 30 May 2015.The UMP enjoyed an absolute majority in the National Assembly from 2002 to 2012 and was a member of the European People's Party (EPP), the Centrist Democrat International (CDI) and the International Democrat Union (IDU).Since the 1980s, the political groups of the parliamentary right have joined forces around the values of economic liberalism and the building of Europe. Their rivalries had contributed to their defeat in the 1981 and 1988 legislative elections.Before the 1993 legislative election, the Gaullist Rally for the Republic (RPR) and the centrist Union for French Democracy (UDF) formed an electoral alliance, the Union for France (UPF). However, in the 1995 presidential campaign they were both divided between followers of Jacques Chirac, who was eventually elected, and supporters of Prime Minister Edouard Balladur. After their defeat in the 1997 legislative election, the RPR and UDF created the Alliance for France in order to coordinate the actions of their parliamentary groups.Before the 2002 presidential campaign, the supporters of President Jacques Chirac, divided in three centre-right parliamentary parties, founded an association named Union on the Move ("Union en mouvement"). After Chirac's re-election, in order to contest the legislative election jointly, the Union for the Presidential Majority ("Union pour la majorité présidentielle") was created. It was renamed "Union for a Popular Movement" and as such established as a permanent organisation.The UMP was the merger of the Gaullist-conservative Rally for the Republic (RPR), the conservative-liberal party Liberal Democracy (DL), a sizeable portion of the Union for French Democracy (UDF), more precisely the UDF's Christian Democrats (such as Philippe Douste-Blazy and Jacques Barrot), the Radical Party and the centrist Popular Party for French Democracy (both associate parties of the UDF until 2002). In the UMP four major French political families were thus represented: Gaullism, republicanism (the kind of liberalism put forward by parties like the Democratic Republican Alliance or the PR, heir of DL), Christian democracy ("Popularism") and radicalism.Chirac's close ally Alain Juppé became the party's first president at the party's founding congress at the Bourget in November 2002. Juppé won 79.42% of the vote, defeating Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, the leader of the party's Eurosceptic Arise the Republic faction, and three other candidates. During the party's earlier years, it was marked by tensions and rivalries between Juppé and other "chiraquiens" and supporters of Nicolas Sarkozy, the then-Minister of the Interior.In the 2004 regional elections the UMP suffered a heavy blow, winning the presidencies of only 2 out of 22 regions in metropolitan France (Alsace and Corsica) and only half of the departments (the right had previously won numerous departmental presidencies) in the simultaneous 2004 cantonal elections. In the 2004 European Parliament election on 13 June 2004, the UMP also suffered another heavy blow, winning 16.6% of the vote, far behind the Socialist Party (PS), and only 16 seats.Juppé resigned the party's presidency on 15 July 2004 after being found guilty in a corruption scandal in January of the same year. Nicolas Sarkozy rapidly announced that he would take over the presidency of the UMP and resign his position as finance minister, ending months of speculation. On 28 November 2004, Sarkozy was elected to the party's presidency with 85.09% of the votes against 9.1% for Dupont-Aignan and 5.82% for Christine Boutin, the leader of the UMP's social conservatives. Having gained control of what had been Chirac's party, Sarkozy focused the party machinery and his energies on the 2007 presidential election.The failure of the referendum on the European Constitution on 25 May 2005 led to the fall of the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin and to the formation of a new cabinet, presided by another UMP politician, Dominique de Villepin. However, during this time, the UMP under Sarkozy gained a record number of new members and rejuvenated itself in preparation of the 2007 election. On 14 January 2007, Sarkozy was nominated unopposed as the UMP's presidential candidate for the 2007 election.On the issues, the party under Sarkozy publicly disapproved of Turkey's proposed membership in the European Union, which Chirac had previously endorsed several times publicly, and generally took a more right-wing position.On 22 April 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy won the plurality of votes in the first round of the 2007 presidential election. On 6 May he faced the Socialist Party candidate Ségolène Royal in the second round and won, taking 53.06% of the vote. As a consequence, he resigned from the presidency of the UMP on 14 May 2007, two days before becoming President of the French Republic. François Fillon was appointed Prime Minister. On 17 June 2007, at a 2007 legislative election, the UMP gained a majority in the National Assembly with 313 out of 577 seats.Following Sarkozy's election to the presidency, interim leader Jean-Claude Gaudin prevented a leadership struggle between Patrick Devedjian and Jean-Pierre Raffarin by announcing that the UMP should have a collegial leadership while Sarkozy was President of the Republic. In July, the UMP's national council approved an amendment to the party's statute allowing for a collegial leadership around three vice-presidents (Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Jean-Claude Gaudin and Pierre Méhaignerie) and a secretary-general (Patrick Devedjian) and two associate secretary-generals.On 9 March 2008 municipal and cantonal elections, the party performed quite poorly, losing numerous cities, such as Toulouse and Strasbourg, as well as eight departmental presidencies to the left. Xavier Bertrand was selected as secretary-general of the party in late 2008 to replace Patrick Devedjian, who resigned to take up a cabinet position.In the 2009 European Parliament election on 7 June 2009, the UMP ran common lists with its junior allies including Jean-Louis Borloo's Radical Party, the New Centre and Modern Left. The UMP list won 27.9%, a remarkably good result for a governing party in off-year "mid-term" elections, and elected 29 MEPs, significantly improving on the UMP's poor result in the 2004 European election – also an off-year election. However, in the 2010 regional elections on 14 and 21 March 2010, the UMP obtained a very poor result with only 26%. While it lost Corsica, it retained Alsace but also defeated the left in "La Réunion" and French Guiana.In a cabinet reshuffle in November 2010, which disappointed centrists within and outside the UMP, François Fillon was confirmed Prime Minister and Alain Juppé re-joined the government. Among those who resigned from the cabinet were Bernard Kouchner, Hervé Morin and, above all, Jean-Louis Borloo. Xavier Bertrand, who re-joined the government, was replaced as general-secretary of the UMP by Jean-François Copé on 17 November 2010.The party suffered another major electoral defeat in the 2011 cantonal elections held on 20 and 27 March 2011, and in September, the centre-right lost control of the French Senate for the first time in the history of the Fifth Republic.In May 2011, during a party congress, the Radical Party, led by Borloo, decided to leave the UMP and launch The Alliance, a new centrist coalition.The party opted not to organise primaries ahead of the 2012 presidential election and endorsed Nicolas Sarkozy's bid for second term. Sarkozy lost reelection to the Socialist Party candidate François Hollande on 6 May 2012, winning 48.36% in the runoff. The party was defeated by the new President's left-wing majority in the subsequent legislative election.Prior to Sarkozy's defeat on 6 May, the UMP's secretary-general Jean-François Copé announced that he supported the creation of internal "movements" within the party and the organisation of primaries for the next presidential election.The UMP's political bureau announced the organisation of a party congress on 18 and 25 November 2012, leading prominent party leaders to organise factions and "movements" to influence the party's new direction.Ultimately, two candidates amassed the required endorsements to run for the party's presidency: former Prime Minister François Fillon and incumbent party secretary-general Jean-François Copé. Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet, Bruno Le Maire, Xavier Bertrand, Henri Guaino, and Dominique Dord had also announced their candidacies but did not meet tough candidacy requirements.The campaign between Fillon and Copé lasted two months. Fillon had a strong lead in polls of UMP 'sympathizers' (as opposed to actual members, who would be the only eligible voters) and was backed by most UMP parliamentarians while Copé claimed he was the candidate of party activists rather than party 'barons'. However, Copé remained as secretary-general and retained control of the party machinery.While Fillon's campaign was regarded as more consensual, moderate and centre-right; Copé campaigned as the candidate of the "droite décomplexée" ('uninhibited right') and introduced issues such as anti-white racism. However, both candidates received support from moderate and conservative members of the party and their main differences were in rhetoric, style and temperament. Copé, again, appeared more militant and activist, saying that he would support and participate in street demonstrations while Fillon disagreed with his rival.Six 'motions' (declarations of principles) were submitted to party voters; under the new statutes, motions which won over 10% of the vote at the congress would be recognised as "movements" by the UMP leadership, granted financial autonomy and receive positions in the party structures.The vote on 18 November saw high turnout but was quickly marred by allegations of irregularities and potential fraud on both sides. Both candidates proclaimed victory within 20 minutes of each other on the night of the vote.24 hours later, the control commission in charge of the vote (COCOE) announced Copé's victory by only 98 votes. While Fillon initially conceded defeat, by 21 November his campaign claimed victory anew, with a 26-vote advantage over Copé. Fillon's campaign argued that the COCOE had failed to take into account votes cast in three overseas federations.Party elder Alain Juppé accepted to lead a mediation between both candidates on 23 November, but it failed within two days. Fillon's announced "precautionary seizure" of ballots cast "to protect them from tampering or alteration" and threatened to take the matter to court. On 26 November, the party appeals commission – led by a close supporter of Copé – decided in Copé's favour and rejected Fillon's arguments.On 27 November 72 "filloniste" parliamentarians in the National Assembly announced the creation of a new parliamentary group, the "Rassemblement-UMP", led by Fillon. Copé took up former President Nicolas Sarkozy's proposal of organising a referendum on a revote, but he saw the creation of the dissident "filloniste" group as a casus belli and took back his proposal. Luc Chatel, the new vice-president and a Copé supporter, later announced that he supported a new presidential vote and a modification of party statutes. The next day, Copé announced that he favoured organising a referendum the modification of party statutes and a reduction of his own term as president to two years (until November 2014); while Fillon welcomed the "consensus on the organisation of a new election" he rejected his rival's timeline and called for a new election before 2014. 'Unaligned' members of the UMP led by Bruno Le Maire and Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet appealed for the organisation of a new election in the spring of 2013 and a reform of the party statutes.Both rivals reached an agreement at the end of December 2012, with Copé agreeing to the organisation of a new election and a modification of party statutes while Fillon agreed to dissolve his parliamentary group.The party's leadership was reorganized in January 2013 to accommodate Copé and Fillon's supporters: Laurent Wauquiez and Valérie Pécresse joined Luc Chatel and Michèle Tabarot as vice-president and secretary-general respectively. Christian Estrosi, Gérard Longuet, Henri de Raincourt (pro-Fillon), Jean-Claude Gaudin, Brice Hortefeux and Roger Karoutchi (pro-Copé) also became vice-presidents. Other positions in the party hierarchy were divided between supporters of both candidates. New leaders were also nominated in February 2013.Several spending scandals appeared in 2014. In early 2014, the Bygmalion scandal () pushed the party's leader Jean-François Copé to resign. In early July, Sarkozy got held in custody due to possible spying and active corruption of the judiciary system. On 8 July 2014, the UMP was discovered to have a hidden debt of €79.1 million for the year 2013. On 20 May 2021, the criminal trial began for Sarkozy and 13 other defendants who were said to have been involved in the Bygmalion scandal. The scandal allegations that Sarkozy diverting tens of millions of euros which was intended to be spent on the his failed 2012 re-election campaign and then hiring a PR firm to cover it up. The illicit campaign finance money which was not reported as being spent on Sarkozy's re-election campaign was instead used to overspend on lavish campaign rallies and events.After the election of Nicolas Sarkozy, the former President of France (2007–2012), as president of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) in November 2014, he put forward a request to the party's general committee to change its name to the Republicans as well as the statutes of the party. With the name already chosen Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet, vice president of the UMP, presented Nicolas Sarkozy and the party's political bureau a project of new statutes. The proposed statutes provided for, among others, the election of the presidents of the departmental federations by direct suffrage, the end of the political currents and consulting members on election nominations.Critics of Sarkozy claimed it was illegal for him to name the party "Republicans" because every French person is a republican in that they support the values and ideals of the French Republic that emanated from the French Revolution, and as such the term is above party politics. The new name was adopted by the bureau on 5 May 2015 and approved by the party membership on 28 May by an online yes vote of 83.28% on a 45.74% participation after a court ruling in favor of Sarkozy. Similarly the new party statutes are adopted by 96.34% of voters and the composition of the new party's political bureau by 94.77%.The Republicans thus became the legal successor of the UMP as the leading centre-right party in France.The UMP was a centre-right party and was created to represent the various families of the French right, uniting the traditions of Gaullism, Christian democracy, conservatism and liberalism. As such, it officially adopted fairly vague policy statements which emphasize consensual common values.The UMP believed that each individual's destiny must be unencumbered and it rejects political systems which "stifle economic freedom". It said that work, merit, innovation and personal initiative must be encouraged to reduce unemployment and boost economic growth; but at the same time, it maintained that adherence to the rule of law and the authority of the state is necessary. In a Gaullist tradition, the UMP supported solidarity, with the state guaranteeing social protection of less fortunate individuals. But in a more liberal vein, the party always denounced "l'assistanat", a French term which can refer to "welfare handouts".The party took more nationalist positions at times, and often adopted tough stances against immigration and illegal immigration. It strongly supported the integration and assimilation of immigrants into French society and always denounced communitarianism as a danger to the French nation-state. However, the UMP traditionally was a strong proponent of European integration and the European Union, albeit sometimes with a hint of traditional Gaullist souverainism.Under Nicolas Sarkozy's leadership, the UMP adopted a liberal and security-oriented platform. His platform in the 2007 and 2012 presidential elections emphasized the ideas of personal responsibility and individual initiative. He developed the idea of "working more to earn more", promising that overtime hours would not be taxed and employers exonerated from non-wage labour costs. Under his presidency, the government's short-lived tax cap for high-income earners was denounced by the left but also several centrist and centre-right politicians within or outside the UMP.Having gained his popularity as a 'hardliner' Interior minister, Sarkozy's policies also carried a strong law-and-order and tough on crime orientation. He supported tougher sentences for criminals and repeat offenders. As candidate and President, he placed heavy emphasis on immigration and national identity, presenting immigration as a danger to French identity and as source of increased criminality. As President, he imposed stricter limits on family reunification, created a Ministry of Immigration, and National Identity for three years between 2007 and 2010, launched a controversial national dialogue on national identity and expelled thousands of Roma from illegal camps.Critics of the right-wing government denounced what they felt was a rapprochement with the controversial far-right National Front (FN). While several members of the UMP's right-wing have indicated that they would favour local alliances with the FN and prefer to vote for a FN candidate over a Socialist Party or left-wing candidate in runoff elections between the left and the FN; the party's official position continues to reject alliances with the FN at any level but also opposes so-called "republican fronts" with the left against the FN.The UMP's original statutes in 2002 allowed for the organisation of formal factions or movements within the party, to represent the various political families of which it was made up. However, fearing leadership rivalries and divisions, Juppé, Chirac and later Sarkozy 'postponed' the creation of such organised movements indefinitely. Nevertheless, prior to the organisations of formal "movements" in November 2012, there existed informal groupings of like-minded members, either through associations, political clubs, associated political parties or even informal factions.Jean-François Copé allowed for the organisation of formal movements within the party following the November 2012 congress. According to the party's statutes, motions backed by at least 10 parliamentarians from 10 departmental federations and which obtain at least 10% support from members at a congress are recognised as movements. They are granted financial autonomy by way of a fixed grant and additional funding in proportion to the votes they obtained; but the sum of funds transferred by the party to its movements can be no larger than 30% of the annual public subsidies the UMP receives from the state.Six motions representing various ideological tendencies within the party ran to be recognised as official movements following the November 2012 congress. Five of these motions met the conditions to be recognised as such, and their leaders have since integrated the UMP's leadership structure:The Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition, the Christian Democratic Party, the Rally for France and The Progressives are associate parties of the UMP. By adhering to these parties, members also adhered to the UMP and could participate in the UMP's inner organisation. The Radical Party was associated with the UMP from 2002 through 2011.Overseas parties associated with the UMP included O Porinetia To Tatou Ai'a in French Polynesia and The Rally–UMP in New Caledonia.The aforementioned November 2012 congress saw the division of the party between the two candidates who sought the party's presidency, François Fillon and Jean-François Copé – the "fillonistes" and "copéistes".The UMP's electoral base reflects that of the old Rally for the Republic (RPR) and, in some cases, that of the Union for French Democracy (UDF). In the 2007 presidential election, Nicolas Sarkozy performed best in the east of France – particularly Alsace (36.2%); Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur (37.0%) – the wealthy coastal department of the Alpes-Maritimes (43.6%) was his best department in France; Champagne-Ardenne (32.7%) and Rhône-Alpes (32.7%). These areas were among National Front candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen's best regions in 2002 and are conservative on issues such as immigration. Sarkozy received a lot of votes from voters who had supported the far-right in April 2002. For example, in the Alpes-Maritimes, Sarkozy performed 21.6% better than Chirac did in 2002 while Le Pen lost 12.6% in five years. Sarkozy also appealed more than average to blue-collar workers in regions such as northern Meurthe-et-Moselle and the Nord-Pas-de-Calais, although most of these regions, despite his gains, remain reliably left-wing. The party is also strong in every election in very wealthy suburban or coastal (and, in some cases, urban) areas such as Neuilly-sur-Seine (72.6% for Sarkozy in the first round), Saint-Tropez (54.79%), Cannes (48.19%) or Marcq-en-Barœul (47.35%). It is strong in most rural areas, like most conservative parties in the world, but this does not extend to the rural areas of the south of France, areas which are old strongholds of republican and secular ideals. However, in old "clerical" Catholic rural areas, such as parts of Lozère or Cantal, it is very strong, as was the UDF during its hey day.However, the UMP does poorly in one of the UDF's best regions, Brittany, where the decline of religious practice, a moderate electorate and urbanisation has hurt the UMP and also the UDF. Nicolas Sarkozy performed relatively poorly in departments with a large share of moderate Christian democratic (often centrist or centre-right) voters, such as Lozère where the Socialist candidate Ségolène Royal performed better (44.3%) than François Mitterrand had in his 1988 left-wing landslide (43.1%). While former President Jacques Chirac, the right's strongman in normally left-wing Corrèze had always done very well in Corrèze and the surrounding departments, Sarkozy did very poorly and actually lost the department in the 2007 runoff. However, in the 2009 European election, the UMP's results in those departments were superior to Sarkozy's first round result (nationally, they were 4% lower).
[ "Alain Juppé", "Nicolas Sarkozy" ]
Who was the chair of Union for a Popular Movement in Dec, 2014?
December 18, 2014
{ "text": [ "Nicolas Sarkozy" ] }
L2_Q173152_P488_2
Alain Juppé is the chair of Union for a Popular Movement from Nov, 2002 to Jul, 2004. Jean-François Copé is the chair of Union for a Popular Movement from Nov, 2012 to Jun, 2014. Nicolas Sarkozy is the chair of Union for a Popular Movement from Dec, 2014 to May, 2015.
Union for a Popular MovementThe Union for a Popular Movement ( ; UMP ) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Socialist Party (PS). The UMP was formed in 2002 as a merger of several centre-right parties under the leadership of President Jacques Chirac. In May 2015, the party was renamed and succeeded by The Republicans ("").Nicolas Sarkozy, then the president of the UMP, was elected President of France in the 2007 presidential election, but was defeated by PS candidate François Hollande in a run-off five years later. After the November 2012 party congress, the UMP experienced internal fractioning and was plagued by monetary scandals which forced its president, Jean-François Copé, to resign. After his re-election as UMP president in November 2014, Sarkozy put forward an amendment to change the name of the party into The Republicans, which was approved and came into effect on 30 May 2015.The UMP enjoyed an absolute majority in the National Assembly from 2002 to 2012 and was a member of the European People's Party (EPP), the Centrist Democrat International (CDI) and the International Democrat Union (IDU).Since the 1980s, the political groups of the parliamentary right have joined forces around the values of economic liberalism and the building of Europe. Their rivalries had contributed to their defeat in the 1981 and 1988 legislative elections.Before the 1993 legislative election, the Gaullist Rally for the Republic (RPR) and the centrist Union for French Democracy (UDF) formed an electoral alliance, the Union for France (UPF). However, in the 1995 presidential campaign they were both divided between followers of Jacques Chirac, who was eventually elected, and supporters of Prime Minister Edouard Balladur. After their defeat in the 1997 legislative election, the RPR and UDF created the Alliance for France in order to coordinate the actions of their parliamentary groups.Before the 2002 presidential campaign, the supporters of President Jacques Chirac, divided in three centre-right parliamentary parties, founded an association named Union on the Move ("Union en mouvement"). After Chirac's re-election, in order to contest the legislative election jointly, the Union for the Presidential Majority ("Union pour la majorité présidentielle") was created. It was renamed "Union for a Popular Movement" and as such established as a permanent organisation.The UMP was the merger of the Gaullist-conservative Rally for the Republic (RPR), the conservative-liberal party Liberal Democracy (DL), a sizeable portion of the Union for French Democracy (UDF), more precisely the UDF's Christian Democrats (such as Philippe Douste-Blazy and Jacques Barrot), the Radical Party and the centrist Popular Party for French Democracy (both associate parties of the UDF until 2002). In the UMP four major French political families were thus represented: Gaullism, republicanism (the kind of liberalism put forward by parties like the Democratic Republican Alliance or the PR, heir of DL), Christian democracy ("Popularism") and radicalism.Chirac's close ally Alain Juppé became the party's first president at the party's founding congress at the Bourget in November 2002. Juppé won 79.42% of the vote, defeating Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, the leader of the party's Eurosceptic Arise the Republic faction, and three other candidates. During the party's earlier years, it was marked by tensions and rivalries between Juppé and other "chiraquiens" and supporters of Nicolas Sarkozy, the then-Minister of the Interior.In the 2004 regional elections the UMP suffered a heavy blow, winning the presidencies of only 2 out of 22 regions in metropolitan France (Alsace and Corsica) and only half of the departments (the right had previously won numerous departmental presidencies) in the simultaneous 2004 cantonal elections. In the 2004 European Parliament election on 13 June 2004, the UMP also suffered another heavy blow, winning 16.6% of the vote, far behind the Socialist Party (PS), and only 16 seats.Juppé resigned the party's presidency on 15 July 2004 after being found guilty in a corruption scandal in January of the same year. Nicolas Sarkozy rapidly announced that he would take over the presidency of the UMP and resign his position as finance minister, ending months of speculation. On 28 November 2004, Sarkozy was elected to the party's presidency with 85.09% of the votes against 9.1% for Dupont-Aignan and 5.82% for Christine Boutin, the leader of the UMP's social conservatives. Having gained control of what had been Chirac's party, Sarkozy focused the party machinery and his energies on the 2007 presidential election.The failure of the referendum on the European Constitution on 25 May 2005 led to the fall of the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin and to the formation of a new cabinet, presided by another UMP politician, Dominique de Villepin. However, during this time, the UMP under Sarkozy gained a record number of new members and rejuvenated itself in preparation of the 2007 election. On 14 January 2007, Sarkozy was nominated unopposed as the UMP's presidential candidate for the 2007 election.On the issues, the party under Sarkozy publicly disapproved of Turkey's proposed membership in the European Union, which Chirac had previously endorsed several times publicly, and generally took a more right-wing position.On 22 April 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy won the plurality of votes in the first round of the 2007 presidential election. On 6 May he faced the Socialist Party candidate Ségolène Royal in the second round and won, taking 53.06% of the vote. As a consequence, he resigned from the presidency of the UMP on 14 May 2007, two days before becoming President of the French Republic. François Fillon was appointed Prime Minister. On 17 June 2007, at a 2007 legislative election, the UMP gained a majority in the National Assembly with 313 out of 577 seats.Following Sarkozy's election to the presidency, interim leader Jean-Claude Gaudin prevented a leadership struggle between Patrick Devedjian and Jean-Pierre Raffarin by announcing that the UMP should have a collegial leadership while Sarkozy was President of the Republic. In July, the UMP's national council approved an amendment to the party's statute allowing for a collegial leadership around three vice-presidents (Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Jean-Claude Gaudin and Pierre Méhaignerie) and a secretary-general (Patrick Devedjian) and two associate secretary-generals.On 9 March 2008 municipal and cantonal elections, the party performed quite poorly, losing numerous cities, such as Toulouse and Strasbourg, as well as eight departmental presidencies to the left. Xavier Bertrand was selected as secretary-general of the party in late 2008 to replace Patrick Devedjian, who resigned to take up a cabinet position.In the 2009 European Parliament election on 7 June 2009, the UMP ran common lists with its junior allies including Jean-Louis Borloo's Radical Party, the New Centre and Modern Left. The UMP list won 27.9%, a remarkably good result for a governing party in off-year "mid-term" elections, and elected 29 MEPs, significantly improving on the UMP's poor result in the 2004 European election – also an off-year election. However, in the 2010 regional elections on 14 and 21 March 2010, the UMP obtained a very poor result with only 26%. While it lost Corsica, it retained Alsace but also defeated the left in "La Réunion" and French Guiana.In a cabinet reshuffle in November 2010, which disappointed centrists within and outside the UMP, François Fillon was confirmed Prime Minister and Alain Juppé re-joined the government. Among those who resigned from the cabinet were Bernard Kouchner, Hervé Morin and, above all, Jean-Louis Borloo. Xavier Bertrand, who re-joined the government, was replaced as general-secretary of the UMP by Jean-François Copé on 17 November 2010.The party suffered another major electoral defeat in the 2011 cantonal elections held on 20 and 27 March 2011, and in September, the centre-right lost control of the French Senate for the first time in the history of the Fifth Republic.In May 2011, during a party congress, the Radical Party, led by Borloo, decided to leave the UMP and launch The Alliance, a new centrist coalition.The party opted not to organise primaries ahead of the 2012 presidential election and endorsed Nicolas Sarkozy's bid for second term. Sarkozy lost reelection to the Socialist Party candidate François Hollande on 6 May 2012, winning 48.36% in the runoff. The party was defeated by the new President's left-wing majority in the subsequent legislative election.Prior to Sarkozy's defeat on 6 May, the UMP's secretary-general Jean-François Copé announced that he supported the creation of internal "movements" within the party and the organisation of primaries for the next presidential election.The UMP's political bureau announced the organisation of a party congress on 18 and 25 November 2012, leading prominent party leaders to organise factions and "movements" to influence the party's new direction.Ultimately, two candidates amassed the required endorsements to run for the party's presidency: former Prime Minister François Fillon and incumbent party secretary-general Jean-François Copé. Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet, Bruno Le Maire, Xavier Bertrand, Henri Guaino, and Dominique Dord had also announced their candidacies but did not meet tough candidacy requirements.The campaign between Fillon and Copé lasted two months. Fillon had a strong lead in polls of UMP 'sympathizers' (as opposed to actual members, who would be the only eligible voters) and was backed by most UMP parliamentarians while Copé claimed he was the candidate of party activists rather than party 'barons'. However, Copé remained as secretary-general and retained control of the party machinery.While Fillon's campaign was regarded as more consensual, moderate and centre-right; Copé campaigned as the candidate of the "droite décomplexée" ('uninhibited right') and introduced issues such as anti-white racism. However, both candidates received support from moderate and conservative members of the party and their main differences were in rhetoric, style and temperament. Copé, again, appeared more militant and activist, saying that he would support and participate in street demonstrations while Fillon disagreed with his rival.Six 'motions' (declarations of principles) were submitted to party voters; under the new statutes, motions which won over 10% of the vote at the congress would be recognised as "movements" by the UMP leadership, granted financial autonomy and receive positions in the party structures.The vote on 18 November saw high turnout but was quickly marred by allegations of irregularities and potential fraud on both sides. Both candidates proclaimed victory within 20 minutes of each other on the night of the vote.24 hours later, the control commission in charge of the vote (COCOE) announced Copé's victory by only 98 votes. While Fillon initially conceded defeat, by 21 November his campaign claimed victory anew, with a 26-vote advantage over Copé. Fillon's campaign argued that the COCOE had failed to take into account votes cast in three overseas federations.Party elder Alain Juppé accepted to lead a mediation between both candidates on 23 November, but it failed within two days. Fillon's announced "precautionary seizure" of ballots cast "to protect them from tampering or alteration" and threatened to take the matter to court. On 26 November, the party appeals commission – led by a close supporter of Copé – decided in Copé's favour and rejected Fillon's arguments.On 27 November 72 "filloniste" parliamentarians in the National Assembly announced the creation of a new parliamentary group, the "Rassemblement-UMP", led by Fillon. Copé took up former President Nicolas Sarkozy's proposal of organising a referendum on a revote, but he saw the creation of the dissident "filloniste" group as a casus belli and took back his proposal. Luc Chatel, the new vice-president and a Copé supporter, later announced that he supported a new presidential vote and a modification of party statutes. The next day, Copé announced that he favoured organising a referendum the modification of party statutes and a reduction of his own term as president to two years (until November 2014); while Fillon welcomed the "consensus on the organisation of a new election" he rejected his rival's timeline and called for a new election before 2014. 'Unaligned' members of the UMP led by Bruno Le Maire and Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet appealed for the organisation of a new election in the spring of 2013 and a reform of the party statutes.Both rivals reached an agreement at the end of December 2012, with Copé agreeing to the organisation of a new election and a modification of party statutes while Fillon agreed to dissolve his parliamentary group.The party's leadership was reorganized in January 2013 to accommodate Copé and Fillon's supporters: Laurent Wauquiez and Valérie Pécresse joined Luc Chatel and Michèle Tabarot as vice-president and secretary-general respectively. Christian Estrosi, Gérard Longuet, Henri de Raincourt (pro-Fillon), Jean-Claude Gaudin, Brice Hortefeux and Roger Karoutchi (pro-Copé) also became vice-presidents. Other positions in the party hierarchy were divided between supporters of both candidates. New leaders were also nominated in February 2013.Several spending scandals appeared in 2014. In early 2014, the Bygmalion scandal () pushed the party's leader Jean-François Copé to resign. In early July, Sarkozy got held in custody due to possible spying and active corruption of the judiciary system. On 8 July 2014, the UMP was discovered to have a hidden debt of €79.1 million for the year 2013. On 20 May 2021, the criminal trial began for Sarkozy and 13 other defendants who were said to have been involved in the Bygmalion scandal. The scandal allegations that Sarkozy diverting tens of millions of euros which was intended to be spent on the his failed 2012 re-election campaign and then hiring a PR firm to cover it up. The illicit campaign finance money which was not reported as being spent on Sarkozy's re-election campaign was instead used to overspend on lavish campaign rallies and events.After the election of Nicolas Sarkozy, the former President of France (2007–2012), as president of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) in November 2014, he put forward a request to the party's general committee to change its name to the Republicans as well as the statutes of the party. With the name already chosen Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet, vice president of the UMP, presented Nicolas Sarkozy and the party's political bureau a project of new statutes. The proposed statutes provided for, among others, the election of the presidents of the departmental federations by direct suffrage, the end of the political currents and consulting members on election nominations.Critics of Sarkozy claimed it was illegal for him to name the party "Republicans" because every French person is a republican in that they support the values and ideals of the French Republic that emanated from the French Revolution, and as such the term is above party politics. The new name was adopted by the bureau on 5 May 2015 and approved by the party membership on 28 May by an online yes vote of 83.28% on a 45.74% participation after a court ruling in favor of Sarkozy. Similarly the new party statutes are adopted by 96.34% of voters and the composition of the new party's political bureau by 94.77%.The Republicans thus became the legal successor of the UMP as the leading centre-right party in France.The UMP was a centre-right party and was created to represent the various families of the French right, uniting the traditions of Gaullism, Christian democracy, conservatism and liberalism. As such, it officially adopted fairly vague policy statements which emphasize consensual common values.The UMP believed that each individual's destiny must be unencumbered and it rejects political systems which "stifle economic freedom". It said that work, merit, innovation and personal initiative must be encouraged to reduce unemployment and boost economic growth; but at the same time, it maintained that adherence to the rule of law and the authority of the state is necessary. In a Gaullist tradition, the UMP supported solidarity, with the state guaranteeing social protection of less fortunate individuals. But in a more liberal vein, the party always denounced "l'assistanat", a French term which can refer to "welfare handouts".The party took more nationalist positions at times, and often adopted tough stances against immigration and illegal immigration. It strongly supported the integration and assimilation of immigrants into French society and always denounced communitarianism as a danger to the French nation-state. However, the UMP traditionally was a strong proponent of European integration and the European Union, albeit sometimes with a hint of traditional Gaullist souverainism.Under Nicolas Sarkozy's leadership, the UMP adopted a liberal and security-oriented platform. His platform in the 2007 and 2012 presidential elections emphasized the ideas of personal responsibility and individual initiative. He developed the idea of "working more to earn more", promising that overtime hours would not be taxed and employers exonerated from non-wage labour costs. Under his presidency, the government's short-lived tax cap for high-income earners was denounced by the left but also several centrist and centre-right politicians within or outside the UMP.Having gained his popularity as a 'hardliner' Interior minister, Sarkozy's policies also carried a strong law-and-order and tough on crime orientation. He supported tougher sentences for criminals and repeat offenders. As candidate and President, he placed heavy emphasis on immigration and national identity, presenting immigration as a danger to French identity and as source of increased criminality. As President, he imposed stricter limits on family reunification, created a Ministry of Immigration, and National Identity for three years between 2007 and 2010, launched a controversial national dialogue on national identity and expelled thousands of Roma from illegal camps.Critics of the right-wing government denounced what they felt was a rapprochement with the controversial far-right National Front (FN). While several members of the UMP's right-wing have indicated that they would favour local alliances with the FN and prefer to vote for a FN candidate over a Socialist Party or left-wing candidate in runoff elections between the left and the FN; the party's official position continues to reject alliances with the FN at any level but also opposes so-called "republican fronts" with the left against the FN.The UMP's original statutes in 2002 allowed for the organisation of formal factions or movements within the party, to represent the various political families of which it was made up. However, fearing leadership rivalries and divisions, Juppé, Chirac and later Sarkozy 'postponed' the creation of such organised movements indefinitely. Nevertheless, prior to the organisations of formal "movements" in November 2012, there existed informal groupings of like-minded members, either through associations, political clubs, associated political parties or even informal factions.Jean-François Copé allowed for the organisation of formal movements within the party following the November 2012 congress. According to the party's statutes, motions backed by at least 10 parliamentarians from 10 departmental federations and which obtain at least 10% support from members at a congress are recognised as movements. They are granted financial autonomy by way of a fixed grant and additional funding in proportion to the votes they obtained; but the sum of funds transferred by the party to its movements can be no larger than 30% of the annual public subsidies the UMP receives from the state.Six motions representing various ideological tendencies within the party ran to be recognised as official movements following the November 2012 congress. Five of these motions met the conditions to be recognised as such, and their leaders have since integrated the UMP's leadership structure:The Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition, the Christian Democratic Party, the Rally for France and The Progressives are associate parties of the UMP. By adhering to these parties, members also adhered to the UMP and could participate in the UMP's inner organisation. The Radical Party was associated with the UMP from 2002 through 2011.Overseas parties associated with the UMP included O Porinetia To Tatou Ai'a in French Polynesia and The Rally–UMP in New Caledonia.The aforementioned November 2012 congress saw the division of the party between the two candidates who sought the party's presidency, François Fillon and Jean-François Copé – the "fillonistes" and "copéistes".The UMP's electoral base reflects that of the old Rally for the Republic (RPR) and, in some cases, that of the Union for French Democracy (UDF). In the 2007 presidential election, Nicolas Sarkozy performed best in the east of France – particularly Alsace (36.2%); Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur (37.0%) – the wealthy coastal department of the Alpes-Maritimes (43.6%) was his best department in France; Champagne-Ardenne (32.7%) and Rhône-Alpes (32.7%). These areas were among National Front candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen's best regions in 2002 and are conservative on issues such as immigration. Sarkozy received a lot of votes from voters who had supported the far-right in April 2002. For example, in the Alpes-Maritimes, Sarkozy performed 21.6% better than Chirac did in 2002 while Le Pen lost 12.6% in five years. Sarkozy also appealed more than average to blue-collar workers in regions such as northern Meurthe-et-Moselle and the Nord-Pas-de-Calais, although most of these regions, despite his gains, remain reliably left-wing. The party is also strong in every election in very wealthy suburban or coastal (and, in some cases, urban) areas such as Neuilly-sur-Seine (72.6% for Sarkozy in the first round), Saint-Tropez (54.79%), Cannes (48.19%) or Marcq-en-Barœul (47.35%). It is strong in most rural areas, like most conservative parties in the world, but this does not extend to the rural areas of the south of France, areas which are old strongholds of republican and secular ideals. However, in old "clerical" Catholic rural areas, such as parts of Lozère or Cantal, it is very strong, as was the UDF during its hey day.However, the UMP does poorly in one of the UDF's best regions, Brittany, where the decline of religious practice, a moderate electorate and urbanisation has hurt the UMP and also the UDF. Nicolas Sarkozy performed relatively poorly in departments with a large share of moderate Christian democratic (often centrist or centre-right) voters, such as Lozère where the Socialist candidate Ségolène Royal performed better (44.3%) than François Mitterrand had in his 1988 left-wing landslide (43.1%). While former President Jacques Chirac, the right's strongman in normally left-wing Corrèze had always done very well in Corrèze and the surrounding departments, Sarkozy did very poorly and actually lost the department in the 2007 runoff. However, in the 2009 European election, the UMP's results in those departments were superior to Sarkozy's first round result (nationally, they were 4% lower).
[ "Jean-François Copé", "Alain Juppé" ]
Which position did Stanislav Gross hold in Jul, 1992?
July 27, 1992
{ "text": [ "member of the Czech National Council" ] }
L2_Q348896_P39_0
Stanislav Gross holds the position of chairperson from Jun, 1998 to Apr, 2000. Stanislav Gross holds the position of member of the Czech National Council from Jun, 1992 to Dec, 1992. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from Aug, 2004 to Apr, 2005. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic from Jun, 2002 to Sep, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Minister of the Interior of the Czech Republic from Apr, 2000 to Aug, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of party leader from Mar, 2005 to Sep, 2005. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from Jun, 2002 to Aug, 2004.
Stanislav GrossStanislav Gross (; 30 October 1969 – 16 April 2015) was a Czech lawyer and politician who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic and Leader of the Czech Social Democratic Party from 2004 until 2005 when he resigned as a result of his financial irregularities. He previously served as Minister of the Interior in cabinets of Miloš Zeman and Vladimír Špidla from 2000 to 2004. Gross was Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from 1992 to 2004.Gross died on 16 April 2015 at the age of 45 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Born in Prague, Gross briefly worked for Czechoslovak State Railways (ČSD) as an engine-driver trainee. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, he became a member of the Social Democratic party and in 1992 member of the parliament. After studies in law from 1993 to 1999 he obtained an academic title, although under less than normal conditions. His thesis had a mere 33 pages.On 5 April 2000 he was named interior minister in the government of Miloš Zeman. After elections in 2002, Gross continued as interior minister and became deputy prime minister in the government of Vladimír Špidla.During his service, several scandals in the police had leaked out: corruption among the highest officials, irregularities in business tenders and failure to solve serial murders. Gross claimed that this was due to a better ability to discover such behaviour within the police force. Gross was also criticized for installing his friends and allies as executives in state-owned companies and for misuse of secret services for political aims.In spite of these problems, Gross was able to maintain higher popularity than other politicians (his peak came in at over 70%). His youthful, photogenic appearance, skills in dealing with media and unwillingness to get involved in controversial decisions or discussions helped.In the 2004 European election, ČSSD lost badly and the popularity of the party was low; this led to the resignation of Špidla on 26 July. Gross was appointed prime minister on 4 August 2004 and his government was approved on 24 August.Gross was seen by his party as the last way to regain popularity and better handle future elections. This was proved wrong; in elections for regional assemblies and Senate elections, the Social Democrats failed again.Gross claimed he would modernise the party on lines similar to those followed by Tony Blair, but his short time in office and constant involvement with scandals did not give him any time to implement changes. His popularity started to decline, and his involvement in further allegations of nepotism, police corruption, suspicious dealings in state privatisations accelerated the decline.In early 2005, Gross faced a scandal related to unclear origins of the loan to buy his flat. It was found that his wife was a business associate of a brothel owner who was later sentenced for insurance fraud to five years in prison. Criticism from the media and record public dissatisfaction grew into a government crisis. For three months, Gross tried to keep himself in power until he was forced to resign on 25 April 2005. His popularity sank to a record low, and trust in politicians among Czech people was shattered.In September 2005 Gross stepped down from his remaining position of party leader. The reason was growing suspicion about corruption during the privatization of the chemical conglomerate Unipetrol to the Polish concern of PKN Orlen, involving Gross.Gross denied all accusations as an absurd conspiracy against him.After leaving the world of top level politics Gross started to work for the Law Office of Eduard Bruna. Between April 2006 and January 2007 he served as the chairman of Security Commission of the Social Democrats ("bezpečnostní komise"). The media had occasionally speculated about his influence on decisions made within the Czech police.In September 2007, the economics weekly Euro published information that Gross and his wife bought up to a 31% stake in the energy company Moravia Energo. The value of the stake was estimated to be worth about 300 million CZK. The journal calculated that the banks would provide at most two-thirds of the sum and the rest was thus paid by Gross. When this information was published Gross refused to provide details to the press on grounds of privacy.By June 2008 Gross successfully sold his 31% stake for 150 million CZK, his original purchase price was 21 million CZK. The whole deal was very curious and was investigated, but it was quickly found to be a legitimate business deal according to the Czech Police.On 18 March 2008 he failed the bar exam, but later passed it and opened a private law practice. Gross was student of the Charles University in Prague and later was awarded his law degree by the University of West Bohemia at Plzeň. In 2009 this university has been the centre of investigations into allegations of law degrees being awarded after only a few months study. Gross was mentioned during the investigation.In early 2008 together with his wife Šárka Grossová, they purchased a $735,000 (or 11 million CZK) Hidden Bay luxury condo in Miami, Florida (review of public online county records show that the property was purchased in his wife's name only). Mr. Gross and his wife also purchased a small 10 million CZK house in need of major renovations about 1 km from their apartment in Barrandov, Prague, Czech Republic (controversy surrounding the purchase of that apartment was one of the key factors in his stepping down from his post as prime minister and leaving politics).Gross died on 16 April 2015 at the age of 45 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Gross was an inspiration for the character of corrupt prime minister Klein in the film Gangster Ka.
[ "Minister of the Interior of the Czech Republic", "party leader", "Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic", "Prime Minister of the Czech Republic", "Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic", "chairperson" ]
Which position did Stanislav Gross hold in Sep, 1999?
September 05, 1999
{ "text": [ "chairperson" ] }
L2_Q348896_P39_1
Stanislav Gross holds the position of Minister of the Interior of the Czech Republic from Apr, 2000 to Aug, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic from Jun, 2002 to Sep, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of chairperson from Jun, 1998 to Apr, 2000. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from Aug, 2004 to Apr, 2005. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from Jun, 2002 to Aug, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of member of the Czech National Council from Jun, 1992 to Dec, 1992. Stanislav Gross holds the position of party leader from Mar, 2005 to Sep, 2005.
Stanislav GrossStanislav Gross (; 30 October 1969 – 16 April 2015) was a Czech lawyer and politician who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic and Leader of the Czech Social Democratic Party from 2004 until 2005 when he resigned as a result of his financial irregularities. He previously served as Minister of the Interior in cabinets of Miloš Zeman and Vladimír Špidla from 2000 to 2004. Gross was Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from 1992 to 2004.Gross died on 16 April 2015 at the age of 45 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Born in Prague, Gross briefly worked for Czechoslovak State Railways (ČSD) as an engine-driver trainee. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, he became a member of the Social Democratic party and in 1992 member of the parliament. After studies in law from 1993 to 1999 he obtained an academic title, although under less than normal conditions. His thesis had a mere 33 pages.On 5 April 2000 he was named interior minister in the government of Miloš Zeman. After elections in 2002, Gross continued as interior minister and became deputy prime minister in the government of Vladimír Špidla.During his service, several scandals in the police had leaked out: corruption among the highest officials, irregularities in business tenders and failure to solve serial murders. Gross claimed that this was due to a better ability to discover such behaviour within the police force. Gross was also criticized for installing his friends and allies as executives in state-owned companies and for misuse of secret services for political aims.In spite of these problems, Gross was able to maintain higher popularity than other politicians (his peak came in at over 70%). His youthful, photogenic appearance, skills in dealing with media and unwillingness to get involved in controversial decisions or discussions helped.In the 2004 European election, ČSSD lost badly and the popularity of the party was low; this led to the resignation of Špidla on 26 July. Gross was appointed prime minister on 4 August 2004 and his government was approved on 24 August.Gross was seen by his party as the last way to regain popularity and better handle future elections. This was proved wrong; in elections for regional assemblies and Senate elections, the Social Democrats failed again.Gross claimed he would modernise the party on lines similar to those followed by Tony Blair, but his short time in office and constant involvement with scandals did not give him any time to implement changes. His popularity started to decline, and his involvement in further allegations of nepotism, police corruption, suspicious dealings in state privatisations accelerated the decline.In early 2005, Gross faced a scandal related to unclear origins of the loan to buy his flat. It was found that his wife was a business associate of a brothel owner who was later sentenced for insurance fraud to five years in prison. Criticism from the media and record public dissatisfaction grew into a government crisis. For three months, Gross tried to keep himself in power until he was forced to resign on 25 April 2005. His popularity sank to a record low, and trust in politicians among Czech people was shattered.In September 2005 Gross stepped down from his remaining position of party leader. The reason was growing suspicion about corruption during the privatization of the chemical conglomerate Unipetrol to the Polish concern of PKN Orlen, involving Gross.Gross denied all accusations as an absurd conspiracy against him.After leaving the world of top level politics Gross started to work for the Law Office of Eduard Bruna. Between April 2006 and January 2007 he served as the chairman of Security Commission of the Social Democrats ("bezpečnostní komise"). The media had occasionally speculated about his influence on decisions made within the Czech police.In September 2007, the economics weekly Euro published information that Gross and his wife bought up to a 31% stake in the energy company Moravia Energo. The value of the stake was estimated to be worth about 300 million CZK. The journal calculated that the banks would provide at most two-thirds of the sum and the rest was thus paid by Gross. When this information was published Gross refused to provide details to the press on grounds of privacy.By June 2008 Gross successfully sold his 31% stake for 150 million CZK, his original purchase price was 21 million CZK. The whole deal was very curious and was investigated, but it was quickly found to be a legitimate business deal according to the Czech Police.On 18 March 2008 he failed the bar exam, but later passed it and opened a private law practice. Gross was student of the Charles University in Prague and later was awarded his law degree by the University of West Bohemia at Plzeň. In 2009 this university has been the centre of investigations into allegations of law degrees being awarded after only a few months study. Gross was mentioned during the investigation.In early 2008 together with his wife Šárka Grossová, they purchased a $735,000 (or 11 million CZK) Hidden Bay luxury condo in Miami, Florida (review of public online county records show that the property was purchased in his wife's name only). Mr. Gross and his wife also purchased a small 10 million CZK house in need of major renovations about 1 km from their apartment in Barrandov, Prague, Czech Republic (controversy surrounding the purchase of that apartment was one of the key factors in his stepping down from his post as prime minister and leaving politics).Gross died on 16 April 2015 at the age of 45 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Gross was an inspiration for the character of corrupt prime minister Klein in the film Gangster Ka.
[ "Minister of the Interior of the Czech Republic", "party leader", "Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic", "Prime Minister of the Czech Republic", "Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic", "member of the Czech National Council" ]
Which position did Stanislav Gross hold in Oct, 2001?
October 19, 2001
{ "text": [ "Minister of the Interior of the Czech Republic" ] }
L2_Q348896_P39_2
Stanislav Gross holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from Jun, 2002 to Aug, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Minister of the Interior of the Czech Republic from Apr, 2000 to Aug, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of party leader from Mar, 2005 to Sep, 2005. Stanislav Gross holds the position of member of the Czech National Council from Jun, 1992 to Dec, 1992. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic from Jun, 2002 to Sep, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of chairperson from Jun, 1998 to Apr, 2000. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from Aug, 2004 to Apr, 2005.
Stanislav GrossStanislav Gross (; 30 October 1969 – 16 April 2015) was a Czech lawyer and politician who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic and Leader of the Czech Social Democratic Party from 2004 until 2005 when he resigned as a result of his financial irregularities. He previously served as Minister of the Interior in cabinets of Miloš Zeman and Vladimír Špidla from 2000 to 2004. Gross was Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from 1992 to 2004.Gross died on 16 April 2015 at the age of 45 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Born in Prague, Gross briefly worked for Czechoslovak State Railways (ČSD) as an engine-driver trainee. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, he became a member of the Social Democratic party and in 1992 member of the parliament. After studies in law from 1993 to 1999 he obtained an academic title, although under less than normal conditions. His thesis had a mere 33 pages.On 5 April 2000 he was named interior minister in the government of Miloš Zeman. After elections in 2002, Gross continued as interior minister and became deputy prime minister in the government of Vladimír Špidla.During his service, several scandals in the police had leaked out: corruption among the highest officials, irregularities in business tenders and failure to solve serial murders. Gross claimed that this was due to a better ability to discover such behaviour within the police force. Gross was also criticized for installing his friends and allies as executives in state-owned companies and for misuse of secret services for political aims.In spite of these problems, Gross was able to maintain higher popularity than other politicians (his peak came in at over 70%). His youthful, photogenic appearance, skills in dealing with media and unwillingness to get involved in controversial decisions or discussions helped.In the 2004 European election, ČSSD lost badly and the popularity of the party was low; this led to the resignation of Špidla on 26 July. Gross was appointed prime minister on 4 August 2004 and his government was approved on 24 August.Gross was seen by his party as the last way to regain popularity and better handle future elections. This was proved wrong; in elections for regional assemblies and Senate elections, the Social Democrats failed again.Gross claimed he would modernise the party on lines similar to those followed by Tony Blair, but his short time in office and constant involvement with scandals did not give him any time to implement changes. His popularity started to decline, and his involvement in further allegations of nepotism, police corruption, suspicious dealings in state privatisations accelerated the decline.In early 2005, Gross faced a scandal related to unclear origins of the loan to buy his flat. It was found that his wife was a business associate of a brothel owner who was later sentenced for insurance fraud to five years in prison. Criticism from the media and record public dissatisfaction grew into a government crisis. For three months, Gross tried to keep himself in power until he was forced to resign on 25 April 2005. His popularity sank to a record low, and trust in politicians among Czech people was shattered.In September 2005 Gross stepped down from his remaining position of party leader. The reason was growing suspicion about corruption during the privatization of the chemical conglomerate Unipetrol to the Polish concern of PKN Orlen, involving Gross.Gross denied all accusations as an absurd conspiracy against him.After leaving the world of top level politics Gross started to work for the Law Office of Eduard Bruna. Between April 2006 and January 2007 he served as the chairman of Security Commission of the Social Democrats ("bezpečnostní komise"). The media had occasionally speculated about his influence on decisions made within the Czech police.In September 2007, the economics weekly Euro published information that Gross and his wife bought up to a 31% stake in the energy company Moravia Energo. The value of the stake was estimated to be worth about 300 million CZK. The journal calculated that the banks would provide at most two-thirds of the sum and the rest was thus paid by Gross. When this information was published Gross refused to provide details to the press on grounds of privacy.By June 2008 Gross successfully sold his 31% stake for 150 million CZK, his original purchase price was 21 million CZK. The whole deal was very curious and was investigated, but it was quickly found to be a legitimate business deal according to the Czech Police.On 18 March 2008 he failed the bar exam, but later passed it and opened a private law practice. Gross was student of the Charles University in Prague and later was awarded his law degree by the University of West Bohemia at Plzeň. In 2009 this university has been the centre of investigations into allegations of law degrees being awarded after only a few months study. Gross was mentioned during the investigation.In early 2008 together with his wife Šárka Grossová, they purchased a $735,000 (or 11 million CZK) Hidden Bay luxury condo in Miami, Florida (review of public online county records show that the property was purchased in his wife's name only). Mr. Gross and his wife also purchased a small 10 million CZK house in need of major renovations about 1 km from their apartment in Barrandov, Prague, Czech Republic (controversy surrounding the purchase of that apartment was one of the key factors in his stepping down from his post as prime minister and leaving politics).Gross died on 16 April 2015 at the age of 45 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Gross was an inspiration for the character of corrupt prime minister Klein in the film Gangster Ka.
[ "party leader", "Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic", "Prime Minister of the Czech Republic", "Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic", "chairperson", "member of the Czech National Council" ]
Which position did Stanislav Gross hold in Jun, 2003?
June 01, 2003
{ "text": [ "Minister of the Interior of the Czech Republic", "Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic", "Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic" ] }
L2_Q348896_P39_3
Stanislav Gross holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from Jun, 2002 to Aug, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from Aug, 2004 to Apr, 2005. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Minister of the Interior of the Czech Republic from Apr, 2000 to Aug, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of chairperson from Jun, 1998 to Apr, 2000. Stanislav Gross holds the position of member of the Czech National Council from Jun, 1992 to Dec, 1992. Stanislav Gross holds the position of party leader from Mar, 2005 to Sep, 2005. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic from Jun, 2002 to Sep, 2004.
Stanislav GrossStanislav Gross (; 30 October 1969 – 16 April 2015) was a Czech lawyer and politician who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic and Leader of the Czech Social Democratic Party from 2004 until 2005 when he resigned as a result of his financial irregularities. He previously served as Minister of the Interior in cabinets of Miloš Zeman and Vladimír Špidla from 2000 to 2004. Gross was Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from 1992 to 2004.Gross died on 16 April 2015 at the age of 45 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Born in Prague, Gross briefly worked for Czechoslovak State Railways (ČSD) as an engine-driver trainee. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, he became a member of the Social Democratic party and in 1992 member of the parliament. After studies in law from 1993 to 1999 he obtained an academic title, although under less than normal conditions. His thesis had a mere 33 pages.On 5 April 2000 he was named interior minister in the government of Miloš Zeman. After elections in 2002, Gross continued as interior minister and became deputy prime minister in the government of Vladimír Špidla.During his service, several scandals in the police had leaked out: corruption among the highest officials, irregularities in business tenders and failure to solve serial murders. Gross claimed that this was due to a better ability to discover such behaviour within the police force. Gross was also criticized for installing his friends and allies as executives in state-owned companies and for misuse of secret services for political aims.In spite of these problems, Gross was able to maintain higher popularity than other politicians (his peak came in at over 70%). His youthful, photogenic appearance, skills in dealing with media and unwillingness to get involved in controversial decisions or discussions helped.In the 2004 European election, ČSSD lost badly and the popularity of the party was low; this led to the resignation of Špidla on 26 July. Gross was appointed prime minister on 4 August 2004 and his government was approved on 24 August.Gross was seen by his party as the last way to regain popularity and better handle future elections. This was proved wrong; in elections for regional assemblies and Senate elections, the Social Democrats failed again.Gross claimed he would modernise the party on lines similar to those followed by Tony Blair, but his short time in office and constant involvement with scandals did not give him any time to implement changes. His popularity started to decline, and his involvement in further allegations of nepotism, police corruption, suspicious dealings in state privatisations accelerated the decline.In early 2005, Gross faced a scandal related to unclear origins of the loan to buy his flat. It was found that his wife was a business associate of a brothel owner who was later sentenced for insurance fraud to five years in prison. Criticism from the media and record public dissatisfaction grew into a government crisis. For three months, Gross tried to keep himself in power until he was forced to resign on 25 April 2005. His popularity sank to a record low, and trust in politicians among Czech people was shattered.In September 2005 Gross stepped down from his remaining position of party leader. The reason was growing suspicion about corruption during the privatization of the chemical conglomerate Unipetrol to the Polish concern of PKN Orlen, involving Gross.Gross denied all accusations as an absurd conspiracy against him.After leaving the world of top level politics Gross started to work for the Law Office of Eduard Bruna. Between April 2006 and January 2007 he served as the chairman of Security Commission of the Social Democrats ("bezpečnostní komise"). The media had occasionally speculated about his influence on decisions made within the Czech police.In September 2007, the economics weekly Euro published information that Gross and his wife bought up to a 31% stake in the energy company Moravia Energo. The value of the stake was estimated to be worth about 300 million CZK. The journal calculated that the banks would provide at most two-thirds of the sum and the rest was thus paid by Gross. When this information was published Gross refused to provide details to the press on grounds of privacy.By June 2008 Gross successfully sold his 31% stake for 150 million CZK, his original purchase price was 21 million CZK. The whole deal was very curious and was investigated, but it was quickly found to be a legitimate business deal according to the Czech Police.On 18 March 2008 he failed the bar exam, but later passed it and opened a private law practice. Gross was student of the Charles University in Prague and later was awarded his law degree by the University of West Bohemia at Plzeň. In 2009 this university has been the centre of investigations into allegations of law degrees being awarded after only a few months study. Gross was mentioned during the investigation.In early 2008 together with his wife Šárka Grossová, they purchased a $735,000 (or 11 million CZK) Hidden Bay luxury condo in Miami, Florida (review of public online county records show that the property was purchased in his wife's name only). Mr. Gross and his wife also purchased a small 10 million CZK house in need of major renovations about 1 km from their apartment in Barrandov, Prague, Czech Republic (controversy surrounding the purchase of that apartment was one of the key factors in his stepping down from his post as prime minister and leaving politics).Gross died on 16 April 2015 at the age of 45 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Gross was an inspiration for the character of corrupt prime minister Klein in the film Gangster Ka.
[ "Prime Minister of the Czech Republic", "member of the Czech National Council", "party leader", "chairperson" ]
Which position did Stanislav Gross hold in Jul, 2002?
July 28, 2002
{ "text": [ "Minister of the Interior of the Czech Republic", "Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic", "Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic" ] }
L2_Q348896_P39_4
Stanislav Gross holds the position of Minister of the Interior of the Czech Republic from Apr, 2000 to Aug, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of chairperson from Jun, 1998 to Apr, 2000. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from Jun, 2002 to Aug, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of member of the Czech National Council from Jun, 1992 to Dec, 1992. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic from Jun, 2002 to Sep, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from Aug, 2004 to Apr, 2005. Stanislav Gross holds the position of party leader from Mar, 2005 to Sep, 2005.
Stanislav GrossStanislav Gross (; 30 October 1969 – 16 April 2015) was a Czech lawyer and politician who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic and Leader of the Czech Social Democratic Party from 2004 until 2005 when he resigned as a result of his financial irregularities. He previously served as Minister of the Interior in cabinets of Miloš Zeman and Vladimír Špidla from 2000 to 2004. Gross was Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from 1992 to 2004.Gross died on 16 April 2015 at the age of 45 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Born in Prague, Gross briefly worked for Czechoslovak State Railways (ČSD) as an engine-driver trainee. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, he became a member of the Social Democratic party and in 1992 member of the parliament. After studies in law from 1993 to 1999 he obtained an academic title, although under less than normal conditions. His thesis had a mere 33 pages.On 5 April 2000 he was named interior minister in the government of Miloš Zeman. After elections in 2002, Gross continued as interior minister and became deputy prime minister in the government of Vladimír Špidla.During his service, several scandals in the police had leaked out: corruption among the highest officials, irregularities in business tenders and failure to solve serial murders. Gross claimed that this was due to a better ability to discover such behaviour within the police force. Gross was also criticized for installing his friends and allies as executives in state-owned companies and for misuse of secret services for political aims.In spite of these problems, Gross was able to maintain higher popularity than other politicians (his peak came in at over 70%). His youthful, photogenic appearance, skills in dealing with media and unwillingness to get involved in controversial decisions or discussions helped.In the 2004 European election, ČSSD lost badly and the popularity of the party was low; this led to the resignation of Špidla on 26 July. Gross was appointed prime minister on 4 August 2004 and his government was approved on 24 August.Gross was seen by his party as the last way to regain popularity and better handle future elections. This was proved wrong; in elections for regional assemblies and Senate elections, the Social Democrats failed again.Gross claimed he would modernise the party on lines similar to those followed by Tony Blair, but his short time in office and constant involvement with scandals did not give him any time to implement changes. His popularity started to decline, and his involvement in further allegations of nepotism, police corruption, suspicious dealings in state privatisations accelerated the decline.In early 2005, Gross faced a scandal related to unclear origins of the loan to buy his flat. It was found that his wife was a business associate of a brothel owner who was later sentenced for insurance fraud to five years in prison. Criticism from the media and record public dissatisfaction grew into a government crisis. For three months, Gross tried to keep himself in power until he was forced to resign on 25 April 2005. His popularity sank to a record low, and trust in politicians among Czech people was shattered.In September 2005 Gross stepped down from his remaining position of party leader. The reason was growing suspicion about corruption during the privatization of the chemical conglomerate Unipetrol to the Polish concern of PKN Orlen, involving Gross.Gross denied all accusations as an absurd conspiracy against him.After leaving the world of top level politics Gross started to work for the Law Office of Eduard Bruna. Between April 2006 and January 2007 he served as the chairman of Security Commission of the Social Democrats ("bezpečnostní komise"). The media had occasionally speculated about his influence on decisions made within the Czech police.In September 2007, the economics weekly Euro published information that Gross and his wife bought up to a 31% stake in the energy company Moravia Energo. The value of the stake was estimated to be worth about 300 million CZK. The journal calculated that the banks would provide at most two-thirds of the sum and the rest was thus paid by Gross. When this information was published Gross refused to provide details to the press on grounds of privacy.By June 2008 Gross successfully sold his 31% stake for 150 million CZK, his original purchase price was 21 million CZK. The whole deal was very curious and was investigated, but it was quickly found to be a legitimate business deal according to the Czech Police.On 18 March 2008 he failed the bar exam, but later passed it and opened a private law practice. Gross was student of the Charles University in Prague and later was awarded his law degree by the University of West Bohemia at Plzeň. In 2009 this university has been the centre of investigations into allegations of law degrees being awarded after only a few months study. Gross was mentioned during the investigation.In early 2008 together with his wife Šárka Grossová, they purchased a $735,000 (or 11 million CZK) Hidden Bay luxury condo in Miami, Florida (review of public online county records show that the property was purchased in his wife's name only). Mr. Gross and his wife also purchased a small 10 million CZK house in need of major renovations about 1 km from their apartment in Barrandov, Prague, Czech Republic (controversy surrounding the purchase of that apartment was one of the key factors in his stepping down from his post as prime minister and leaving politics).Gross died on 16 April 2015 at the age of 45 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Gross was an inspiration for the character of corrupt prime minister Klein in the film Gangster Ka.
[ "Prime Minister of the Czech Republic", "member of the Czech National Council", "party leader", "chairperson" ]
Which position did Stanislav Gross hold in Mar, 2005?
March 06, 2005
{ "text": [ "Prime Minister of the Czech Republic" ] }
L2_Q348896_P39_5
Stanislav Gross holds the position of Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from Aug, 2004 to Apr, 2005. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Minister of the Interior of the Czech Republic from Apr, 2000 to Aug, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of party leader from Mar, 2005 to Sep, 2005. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from Jun, 2002 to Aug, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of chairperson from Jun, 1998 to Apr, 2000. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic from Jun, 2002 to Sep, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of member of the Czech National Council from Jun, 1992 to Dec, 1992.
Stanislav GrossStanislav Gross (; 30 October 1969 – 16 April 2015) was a Czech lawyer and politician who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic and Leader of the Czech Social Democratic Party from 2004 until 2005 when he resigned as a result of his financial irregularities. He previously served as Minister of the Interior in cabinets of Miloš Zeman and Vladimír Špidla from 2000 to 2004. Gross was Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from 1992 to 2004.Gross died on 16 April 2015 at the age of 45 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Born in Prague, Gross briefly worked for Czechoslovak State Railways (ČSD) as an engine-driver trainee. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, he became a member of the Social Democratic party and in 1992 member of the parliament. After studies in law from 1993 to 1999 he obtained an academic title, although under less than normal conditions. His thesis had a mere 33 pages.On 5 April 2000 he was named interior minister in the government of Miloš Zeman. After elections in 2002, Gross continued as interior minister and became deputy prime minister in the government of Vladimír Špidla.During his service, several scandals in the police had leaked out: corruption among the highest officials, irregularities in business tenders and failure to solve serial murders. Gross claimed that this was due to a better ability to discover such behaviour within the police force. Gross was also criticized for installing his friends and allies as executives in state-owned companies and for misuse of secret services for political aims.In spite of these problems, Gross was able to maintain higher popularity than other politicians (his peak came in at over 70%). His youthful, photogenic appearance, skills in dealing with media and unwillingness to get involved in controversial decisions or discussions helped.In the 2004 European election, ČSSD lost badly and the popularity of the party was low; this led to the resignation of Špidla on 26 July. Gross was appointed prime minister on 4 August 2004 and his government was approved on 24 August.Gross was seen by his party as the last way to regain popularity and better handle future elections. This was proved wrong; in elections for regional assemblies and Senate elections, the Social Democrats failed again.Gross claimed he would modernise the party on lines similar to those followed by Tony Blair, but his short time in office and constant involvement with scandals did not give him any time to implement changes. His popularity started to decline, and his involvement in further allegations of nepotism, police corruption, suspicious dealings in state privatisations accelerated the decline.In early 2005, Gross faced a scandal related to unclear origins of the loan to buy his flat. It was found that his wife was a business associate of a brothel owner who was later sentenced for insurance fraud to five years in prison. Criticism from the media and record public dissatisfaction grew into a government crisis. For three months, Gross tried to keep himself in power until he was forced to resign on 25 April 2005. His popularity sank to a record low, and trust in politicians among Czech people was shattered.In September 2005 Gross stepped down from his remaining position of party leader. The reason was growing suspicion about corruption during the privatization of the chemical conglomerate Unipetrol to the Polish concern of PKN Orlen, involving Gross.Gross denied all accusations as an absurd conspiracy against him.After leaving the world of top level politics Gross started to work for the Law Office of Eduard Bruna. Between April 2006 and January 2007 he served as the chairman of Security Commission of the Social Democrats ("bezpečnostní komise"). The media had occasionally speculated about his influence on decisions made within the Czech police.In September 2007, the economics weekly Euro published information that Gross and his wife bought up to a 31% stake in the energy company Moravia Energo. The value of the stake was estimated to be worth about 300 million CZK. The journal calculated that the banks would provide at most two-thirds of the sum and the rest was thus paid by Gross. When this information was published Gross refused to provide details to the press on grounds of privacy.By June 2008 Gross successfully sold his 31% stake for 150 million CZK, his original purchase price was 21 million CZK. The whole deal was very curious and was investigated, but it was quickly found to be a legitimate business deal according to the Czech Police.On 18 March 2008 he failed the bar exam, but later passed it and opened a private law practice. Gross was student of the Charles University in Prague and later was awarded his law degree by the University of West Bohemia at Plzeň. In 2009 this university has been the centre of investigations into allegations of law degrees being awarded after only a few months study. Gross was mentioned during the investigation.In early 2008 together with his wife Šárka Grossová, they purchased a $735,000 (or 11 million CZK) Hidden Bay luxury condo in Miami, Florida (review of public online county records show that the property was purchased in his wife's name only). Mr. Gross and his wife also purchased a small 10 million CZK house in need of major renovations about 1 km from their apartment in Barrandov, Prague, Czech Republic (controversy surrounding the purchase of that apartment was one of the key factors in his stepping down from his post as prime minister and leaving politics).Gross died on 16 April 2015 at the age of 45 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Gross was an inspiration for the character of corrupt prime minister Klein in the film Gangster Ka.
[ "Minister of the Interior of the Czech Republic", "party leader", "Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic", "Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic", "chairperson", "member of the Czech National Council" ]
Which position did Stanislav Gross hold in Sep, 2005?
September 01, 2005
{ "text": [ "party leader" ] }
L2_Q348896_P39_6
Stanislav Gross holds the position of Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic from Jun, 2002 to Sep, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of party leader from Mar, 2005 to Sep, 2005. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from Aug, 2004 to Apr, 2005. Stanislav Gross holds the position of member of the Czech National Council from Jun, 1992 to Dec, 1992. Stanislav Gross holds the position of chairperson from Jun, 1998 to Apr, 2000. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from Jun, 2002 to Aug, 2004. Stanislav Gross holds the position of Minister of the Interior of the Czech Republic from Apr, 2000 to Aug, 2004.
Stanislav GrossStanislav Gross (; 30 October 1969 – 16 April 2015) was a Czech lawyer and politician who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic and Leader of the Czech Social Democratic Party from 2004 until 2005 when he resigned as a result of his financial irregularities. He previously served as Minister of the Interior in cabinets of Miloš Zeman and Vladimír Špidla from 2000 to 2004. Gross was Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from 1992 to 2004.Gross died on 16 April 2015 at the age of 45 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Born in Prague, Gross briefly worked for Czechoslovak State Railways (ČSD) as an engine-driver trainee. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, he became a member of the Social Democratic party and in 1992 member of the parliament. After studies in law from 1993 to 1999 he obtained an academic title, although under less than normal conditions. His thesis had a mere 33 pages.On 5 April 2000 he was named interior minister in the government of Miloš Zeman. After elections in 2002, Gross continued as interior minister and became deputy prime minister in the government of Vladimír Špidla.During his service, several scandals in the police had leaked out: corruption among the highest officials, irregularities in business tenders and failure to solve serial murders. Gross claimed that this was due to a better ability to discover such behaviour within the police force. Gross was also criticized for installing his friends and allies as executives in state-owned companies and for misuse of secret services for political aims.In spite of these problems, Gross was able to maintain higher popularity than other politicians (his peak came in at over 70%). His youthful, photogenic appearance, skills in dealing with media and unwillingness to get involved in controversial decisions or discussions helped.In the 2004 European election, ČSSD lost badly and the popularity of the party was low; this led to the resignation of Špidla on 26 July. Gross was appointed prime minister on 4 August 2004 and his government was approved on 24 August.Gross was seen by his party as the last way to regain popularity and better handle future elections. This was proved wrong; in elections for regional assemblies and Senate elections, the Social Democrats failed again.Gross claimed he would modernise the party on lines similar to those followed by Tony Blair, but his short time in office and constant involvement with scandals did not give him any time to implement changes. His popularity started to decline, and his involvement in further allegations of nepotism, police corruption, suspicious dealings in state privatisations accelerated the decline.In early 2005, Gross faced a scandal related to unclear origins of the loan to buy his flat. It was found that his wife was a business associate of a brothel owner who was later sentenced for insurance fraud to five years in prison. Criticism from the media and record public dissatisfaction grew into a government crisis. For three months, Gross tried to keep himself in power until he was forced to resign on 25 April 2005. His popularity sank to a record low, and trust in politicians among Czech people was shattered.In September 2005 Gross stepped down from his remaining position of party leader. The reason was growing suspicion about corruption during the privatization of the chemical conglomerate Unipetrol to the Polish concern of PKN Orlen, involving Gross.Gross denied all accusations as an absurd conspiracy against him.After leaving the world of top level politics Gross started to work for the Law Office of Eduard Bruna. Between April 2006 and January 2007 he served as the chairman of Security Commission of the Social Democrats ("bezpečnostní komise"). The media had occasionally speculated about his influence on decisions made within the Czech police.In September 2007, the economics weekly Euro published information that Gross and his wife bought up to a 31% stake in the energy company Moravia Energo. The value of the stake was estimated to be worth about 300 million CZK. The journal calculated that the banks would provide at most two-thirds of the sum and the rest was thus paid by Gross. When this information was published Gross refused to provide details to the press on grounds of privacy.By June 2008 Gross successfully sold his 31% stake for 150 million CZK, his original purchase price was 21 million CZK. The whole deal was very curious and was investigated, but it was quickly found to be a legitimate business deal according to the Czech Police.On 18 March 2008 he failed the bar exam, but later passed it and opened a private law practice. Gross was student of the Charles University in Prague and later was awarded his law degree by the University of West Bohemia at Plzeň. In 2009 this university has been the centre of investigations into allegations of law degrees being awarded after only a few months study. Gross was mentioned during the investigation.In early 2008 together with his wife Šárka Grossová, they purchased a $735,000 (or 11 million CZK) Hidden Bay luxury condo in Miami, Florida (review of public online county records show that the property was purchased in his wife's name only). Mr. Gross and his wife also purchased a small 10 million CZK house in need of major renovations about 1 km from their apartment in Barrandov, Prague, Czech Republic (controversy surrounding the purchase of that apartment was one of the key factors in his stepping down from his post as prime minister and leaving politics).Gross died on 16 April 2015 at the age of 45 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Gross was an inspiration for the character of corrupt prime minister Klein in the film Gangster Ka.
[ "Minister of the Interior of the Czech Republic", "Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic", "Prime Minister of the Czech Republic", "Deputy Prime Minister of the Czech Republic", "chairperson", "member of the Czech National Council" ]
Which political party did Kyriakos Velopoulos belong to in Nov, 2010?
November 17, 2010
{ "text": [ "Popular Orthodox Rally" ] }
L2_Q6452486_P102_0
Kyriakos Velopoulos is a member of the Greek Solution from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Kyriakos Velopoulos is a member of the New Democracy from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015. Kyriakos Velopoulos is a member of the Popular Orthodox Rally from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2012.
Kyriakos VelopoulosKyriakos Iosif Velopoulos (; born 24 October 1965) is a Greek politician and Hellenic Parliament member and Greek Solution party leader, as well as television personality and author.He was born in West Germany and grew up in Thessaloniki, Greece. After his graduation from Dendropotamos high school, he studied journalism at the Center of Liberal Philosophical Social Studies (a private educational institution) in Thessaloniki under a scholarship and graduated from there in 1990.He earned a bachelor's degree on Greek civilization studies from the Open University of Cyprus in 2013 and a master's degree in journalism from the same university in 2016.During his compulsory military service in the Hellenic Army, he served as an officer on the islands of North-Eastern Aegean Sea, and the Greek mainland. He is a member of the Academy of the Greek language in Germany and a member of the Union of Writers of Northern Greece. He was a member of ONNED, the youth organisation of New Democracy (ND) until 1988 and ideologically defines himself as belonging to the "patriotic ND".He was a member of the Popular Orthodox Rally, the right nationalist populist party of Georgios Karatzaferis where he was a candidate in the 2004 Greek parliamentary elections, taking 5,700 votes. But he failed to be elected, because LAOS received only 2.19% of votes. In the regional elections of 2006, he was a candidate as Governor of Pella Prefecture where he came third with 7.11% and 2 seats. In the parliamentary elections of 2007 and 2009, he was elected in the B prefecture of Thessaloniki.From 2016 onwards he is president of the political party Greek Solution "", which won 10 national parliamentary seats in the general elections of July 2019. In the 2019 Εuropean elections, his party gained one seat for the Εuropean parliament.As a journalist he has worked in a number of radio and television stations, such as "TV Thessaloniki", "Ερμης", "Best", "Top", "Opion" , "TeleAsty", where he presented his two major shows "Η Βουλη" and "Ελληνοραμα", in which he promotes his books. Today he is presenter and owner of "Alert TV" channel.He is the author of "Greece Bleeds", which he claims deals with the corruption of Greek society, army, legal system and politics, and "Alexander, the Greatest of the Greeks", a detailed biography of Alexander the Great which includes arguments on the subject's Greek origins.In 2012 it was revealed that he had sent the amount of €400,000 abroad.In 2014, Velopoulos began selling what he described as "authentic epistles from Jesus Christ" through his telemarketing show. This elicited widespread criticism from the Greek academic community and mainstream media, which disputed the historicity of said artifacts and accused Velopoulos of misleading consumers. Velopoulos initially denied having engaged in the sale of the letters, later acknowledging the fact and stating that he would continue to sell them, claiming that his critics lacked the knowledge necessary to dispute the letter's authenticity. He supported that the epistles are authentic and kept in monasteries of Mount Athos.
[ "Greek Solution", "New Democracy" ]
Which political party did Kyriakos Velopoulos belong to in Dec, 2012?
December 06, 2012
{ "text": [ "New Democracy" ] }
L2_Q6452486_P102_1
Kyriakos Velopoulos is a member of the Greek Solution from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Kyriakos Velopoulos is a member of the Popular Orthodox Rally from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2012. Kyriakos Velopoulos is a member of the New Democracy from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015.
Kyriakos VelopoulosKyriakos Iosif Velopoulos (; born 24 October 1965) is a Greek politician and Hellenic Parliament member and Greek Solution party leader, as well as television personality and author.He was born in West Germany and grew up in Thessaloniki, Greece. After his graduation from Dendropotamos high school, he studied journalism at the Center of Liberal Philosophical Social Studies (a private educational institution) in Thessaloniki under a scholarship and graduated from there in 1990.He earned a bachelor's degree on Greek civilization studies from the Open University of Cyprus in 2013 and a master's degree in journalism from the same university in 2016.During his compulsory military service in the Hellenic Army, he served as an officer on the islands of North-Eastern Aegean Sea, and the Greek mainland. He is a member of the Academy of the Greek language in Germany and a member of the Union of Writers of Northern Greece. He was a member of ONNED, the youth organisation of New Democracy (ND) until 1988 and ideologically defines himself as belonging to the "patriotic ND".He was a member of the Popular Orthodox Rally, the right nationalist populist party of Georgios Karatzaferis where he was a candidate in the 2004 Greek parliamentary elections, taking 5,700 votes. But he failed to be elected, because LAOS received only 2.19% of votes. In the regional elections of 2006, he was a candidate as Governor of Pella Prefecture where he came third with 7.11% and 2 seats. In the parliamentary elections of 2007 and 2009, he was elected in the B prefecture of Thessaloniki.From 2016 onwards he is president of the political party Greek Solution "", which won 10 national parliamentary seats in the general elections of July 2019. In the 2019 Εuropean elections, his party gained one seat for the Εuropean parliament.As a journalist he has worked in a number of radio and television stations, such as "TV Thessaloniki", "Ερμης", "Best", "Top", "Opion" , "TeleAsty", where he presented his two major shows "Η Βουλη" and "Ελληνοραμα", in which he promotes his books. Today he is presenter and owner of "Alert TV" channel.He is the author of "Greece Bleeds", which he claims deals with the corruption of Greek society, army, legal system and politics, and "Alexander, the Greatest of the Greeks", a detailed biography of Alexander the Great which includes arguments on the subject's Greek origins.In 2012 it was revealed that he had sent the amount of €400,000 abroad.In 2014, Velopoulos began selling what he described as "authentic epistles from Jesus Christ" through his telemarketing show. This elicited widespread criticism from the Greek academic community and mainstream media, which disputed the historicity of said artifacts and accused Velopoulos of misleading consumers. Velopoulos initially denied having engaged in the sale of the letters, later acknowledging the fact and stating that he would continue to sell them, claiming that his critics lacked the knowledge necessary to dispute the letter's authenticity. He supported that the epistles are authentic and kept in monasteries of Mount Athos.
[ "Popular Orthodox Rally", "Greek Solution" ]
Which political party did Kyriakos Velopoulos belong to in Mar, 2018?
March 09, 2018
{ "text": [ "Greek Solution" ] }
L2_Q6452486_P102_2
Kyriakos Velopoulos is a member of the Greek Solution from Jan, 2016 to Dec, 2022. Kyriakos Velopoulos is a member of the New Democracy from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2015. Kyriakos Velopoulos is a member of the Popular Orthodox Rally from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2012.
Kyriakos VelopoulosKyriakos Iosif Velopoulos (; born 24 October 1965) is a Greek politician and Hellenic Parliament member and Greek Solution party leader, as well as television personality and author.He was born in West Germany and grew up in Thessaloniki, Greece. After his graduation from Dendropotamos high school, he studied journalism at the Center of Liberal Philosophical Social Studies (a private educational institution) in Thessaloniki under a scholarship and graduated from there in 1990.He earned a bachelor's degree on Greek civilization studies from the Open University of Cyprus in 2013 and a master's degree in journalism from the same university in 2016.During his compulsory military service in the Hellenic Army, he served as an officer on the islands of North-Eastern Aegean Sea, and the Greek mainland. He is a member of the Academy of the Greek language in Germany and a member of the Union of Writers of Northern Greece. He was a member of ONNED, the youth organisation of New Democracy (ND) until 1988 and ideologically defines himself as belonging to the "patriotic ND".He was a member of the Popular Orthodox Rally, the right nationalist populist party of Georgios Karatzaferis where he was a candidate in the 2004 Greek parliamentary elections, taking 5,700 votes. But he failed to be elected, because LAOS received only 2.19% of votes. In the regional elections of 2006, he was a candidate as Governor of Pella Prefecture where he came third with 7.11% and 2 seats. In the parliamentary elections of 2007 and 2009, he was elected in the B prefecture of Thessaloniki.From 2016 onwards he is president of the political party Greek Solution "", which won 10 national parliamentary seats in the general elections of July 2019. In the 2019 Εuropean elections, his party gained one seat for the Εuropean parliament.As a journalist he has worked in a number of radio and television stations, such as "TV Thessaloniki", "Ερμης", "Best", "Top", "Opion" , "TeleAsty", where he presented his two major shows "Η Βουλη" and "Ελληνοραμα", in which he promotes his books. Today he is presenter and owner of "Alert TV" channel.He is the author of "Greece Bleeds", which he claims deals with the corruption of Greek society, army, legal system and politics, and "Alexander, the Greatest of the Greeks", a detailed biography of Alexander the Great which includes arguments on the subject's Greek origins.In 2012 it was revealed that he had sent the amount of €400,000 abroad.In 2014, Velopoulos began selling what he described as "authentic epistles from Jesus Christ" through his telemarketing show. This elicited widespread criticism from the Greek academic community and mainstream media, which disputed the historicity of said artifacts and accused Velopoulos of misleading consumers. Velopoulos initially denied having engaged in the sale of the letters, later acknowledging the fact and stating that he would continue to sell them, claiming that his critics lacked the knowledge necessary to dispute the letter's authenticity. He supported that the epistles are authentic and kept in monasteries of Mount Athos.
[ "Popular Orthodox Rally", "New Democracy" ]
Which employer did Wander Johannes de Haas work for in Jan, 1917?
January 23, 1917
{ "text": [ "Delft University of Technology" ] }
L2_Q761883_P108_0
Wander Johannes de Haas works for Leiden University from Jul, 1924 to Sep, 1948. Wander Johannes de Haas works for Delft University of Technology from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1922. Wander Johannes de Haas works for University of Groningen from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1924.
Wander Johannes de HaasWander Johannes de Haas (2 March 1878 – 26 April 1960) was a and . He is best known for the Shubnikov–De Haas effect, the De Haas–Van Alphen effect and the Einstein–de Haas effect.Wander de Haas was born in Lisse, a small town near Leiden. He was the son of Albertus de Haas, principal of the Teacher's College in Middelburg, and Maria Efting. On 22 December 1910 he married Geertruida Luberta Lorentz, the eldest daughter of Hendrik Lorentz. They had two daughters and two sons. He was an atheist.After attending high school in Middelburg, De Haas started paralegal studies in 1895. After completion of two of three parts of the examinations and having worked in a lawyer's office for some time, he decided to change career and become a physicist instead. After passing the qualifications exams for admission to University, he started to study physics at the University of Leiden in 1900 under Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Johannes Petrus Kuenen. He earned his doctorate in 1912, under Kamerlingh Onnes, with a thesis entitled: "Measurements on the Compressibility of Hydrogen".After getting his degree, De Haas worked in Berlin as a researcher at the Physikalische Reichsanstalt. Then he returned to the Netherlands, worked as a schoolteacher in Deventer, a conservator of the Teylers Museum in Haarlem, and then a physics professor in Delft Technical School and University of Groningen. In 1925, he became a professor in Leiden, and one of the two heads of the Laboratory of physics, succeeding Kamerlingh Onnes. In 1948, De Haas retired.An example of the equipment (an electromagnet of c.1930) used for his low-temperature research can be seen in the Boerhaave Museum, the history of science museum in Leiden.In 1922 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Twenty years later, in 1942, he was forced to resign. After World War II ended in 1945, he was allowed to rejoin as a member.
[ "University of Groningen", "Leiden University" ]
Which employer did Wander Johannes de Haas work for in Dec, 1922?
December 17, 1922
{ "text": [ "University of Groningen" ] }
L2_Q761883_P108_1
Wander Johannes de Haas works for Delft University of Technology from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1922. Wander Johannes de Haas works for University of Groningen from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1924. Wander Johannes de Haas works for Leiden University from Jul, 1924 to Sep, 1948.
Wander Johannes de HaasWander Johannes de Haas (2 March 1878 – 26 April 1960) was a and . He is best known for the Shubnikov–De Haas effect, the De Haas–Van Alphen effect and the Einstein–de Haas effect.Wander de Haas was born in Lisse, a small town near Leiden. He was the son of Albertus de Haas, principal of the Teacher's College in Middelburg, and Maria Efting. On 22 December 1910 he married Geertruida Luberta Lorentz, the eldest daughter of Hendrik Lorentz. They had two daughters and two sons. He was an atheist.After attending high school in Middelburg, De Haas started paralegal studies in 1895. After completion of two of three parts of the examinations and having worked in a lawyer's office for some time, he decided to change career and become a physicist instead. After passing the qualifications exams for admission to University, he started to study physics at the University of Leiden in 1900 under Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Johannes Petrus Kuenen. He earned his doctorate in 1912, under Kamerlingh Onnes, with a thesis entitled: "Measurements on the Compressibility of Hydrogen".After getting his degree, De Haas worked in Berlin as a researcher at the Physikalische Reichsanstalt. Then he returned to the Netherlands, worked as a schoolteacher in Deventer, a conservator of the Teylers Museum in Haarlem, and then a physics professor in Delft Technical School and University of Groningen. In 1925, he became a professor in Leiden, and one of the two heads of the Laboratory of physics, succeeding Kamerlingh Onnes. In 1948, De Haas retired.An example of the equipment (an electromagnet of c.1930) used for his low-temperature research can be seen in the Boerhaave Museum, the history of science museum in Leiden.In 1922 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Twenty years later, in 1942, he was forced to resign. After World War II ended in 1945, he was allowed to rejoin as a member.
[ "Delft University of Technology", "Leiden University" ]
Which employer did Wander Johannes de Haas work for in May, 1927?
May 27, 1927
{ "text": [ "Leiden University" ] }
L2_Q761883_P108_2
Wander Johannes de Haas works for University of Groningen from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1924. Wander Johannes de Haas works for Delft University of Technology from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1922. Wander Johannes de Haas works for Leiden University from Jul, 1924 to Sep, 1948.
Wander Johannes de HaasWander Johannes de Haas (2 March 1878 – 26 April 1960) was a and . He is best known for the Shubnikov–De Haas effect, the De Haas–Van Alphen effect and the Einstein–de Haas effect.Wander de Haas was born in Lisse, a small town near Leiden. He was the son of Albertus de Haas, principal of the Teacher's College in Middelburg, and Maria Efting. On 22 December 1910 he married Geertruida Luberta Lorentz, the eldest daughter of Hendrik Lorentz. They had two daughters and two sons. He was an atheist.After attending high school in Middelburg, De Haas started paralegal studies in 1895. After completion of two of three parts of the examinations and having worked in a lawyer's office for some time, he decided to change career and become a physicist instead. After passing the qualifications exams for admission to University, he started to study physics at the University of Leiden in 1900 under Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Johannes Petrus Kuenen. He earned his doctorate in 1912, under Kamerlingh Onnes, with a thesis entitled: "Measurements on the Compressibility of Hydrogen".After getting his degree, De Haas worked in Berlin as a researcher at the Physikalische Reichsanstalt. Then he returned to the Netherlands, worked as a schoolteacher in Deventer, a conservator of the Teylers Museum in Haarlem, and then a physics professor in Delft Technical School and University of Groningen. In 1925, he became a professor in Leiden, and one of the two heads of the Laboratory of physics, succeeding Kamerlingh Onnes. In 1948, De Haas retired.An example of the equipment (an electromagnet of c.1930) used for his low-temperature research can be seen in the Boerhaave Museum, the history of science museum in Leiden.In 1922 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Twenty years later, in 1942, he was forced to resign. After World War II ended in 1945, he was allowed to rejoin as a member.
[ "Delft University of Technology", "University of Groningen" ]
Who was the head coach of the team FC Sheriff Tiraspol in Nov, 2019?
November 12, 2019
{ "text": [ "Zoran Zekić" ] }
L2_Q210768_P286_0
Stjepan Tomas is the head coach of FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Jun, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Yuriy Vernydub is the head coach of FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Dec, 2020 to Jun, 2022. Zoran Zekić is the head coach of FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Apr, 2019 to Oct, 2020.
FC Sheriff TiraspolFotbal Club Sheriff (), commonly known as Sheriff Tiraspol or simply Sheriff, is a football club based in Tiraspol, a city located in the east of the Republic of Moldova in the de jure unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. Founded in 1996 as "Tiras Tiraspol", it quickly established itself within Moldovan football.In 1997, the team was rebranded as Sheriff, taking the name of its main sponsor, a company which operates various industries. "The Wasps" recorded their debut in the first league in the 1998–99 season, when they also won their first trophy, the Moldovan Cup. They have since amassed 19 championship titles, 10 Cups and 7 Super Cups–all competition records. On the European stage, Sheriff has reached the group stage of the UEFA Europa League on four occasions.The team plays its home games in yellow and black kits at the Sheriff Stadium, to which it moved in 2002, which has a capacity of 12,746.The club was originally established in 1996 and introduced in the Moldovan "B" Division as "FC Tiras Tiraspol". On 4 April 1997, former policeman Victor Gușan, an employee of the security corporation Sheriff which remains a key sponsor, refounded it as FC Sheriff Tiraspol.Sheriff achieved promotion to the second tier of Moldovan football, the Moldovan "A" Division, and under the guidance of Ahmad Alaskarov, was charged with leading the team to the Moldovan top division. Later that year the club won the championship by 14 points, being promoted to Divizia Națională. The club won its first major honour with the 1999 Moldovan Cup. In the final at the Republican Stadium, Sheriff scored an injury-time equaliser before winning the match against Constructorul Chișinău 2–1 after extra time. Sheriff's first National Division title came in the 2000–01 season, which also included their second Moldovan Cup triumph as they beat Nistru Otaci on penalties after a goalless match. The league triumph was the first of a run of ten consecutively up to 2010, also including league-cup doubles in 2002, 2006 and 2008–10. Sheriff won each Moldovan Super Cup from 2004 to 2010, but did not have to play a match on four occasions due to winning it on default through a double. Sheriff were denied an 11th-straight title by Dacia Chișinău in 2010–11, but reclaimed the title the following season. In 2014–15, Sheriff again lost the championship despite being level with both Milsami Orhei and Dacia Chișinău at the top of the table with 55 points; Milsami would finish in first place because of its superior head-to-head record against both Sheriff and Dacia, with Dacia second and Sheriff third, despite Sheriff having the superior goal difference amongst the clubs.The team won the Commonwealth of Independent States Cup in 2003 and 2009, becoming the first team from Moldova to win an international title. Sheriff were the first club in Moldova to sign players from Brazil and Africa.From 2001–02 to 2008–09, the club tried to reach the group stage in the UEFA Champions League every year, but failed in the second qualifying round every time. Its European fortunes improved after 2009. Sheriff has appeared in three UEFA Europa League group stages (2009–10, 2010–11, 2013–14) with decent results, although they didn't manage to qualify to the knock-out stage. In 2017 they qualified to the group stage for the fourth time, after beating favorites Legia Warsaw on away goals in the play-off round.In the 2009–10 season, Sheriff finally reached the third qualifying round when they defeated Inter Turku. In the next round, Sheriff defeated Slavia Prague 1–1 on aggregate, progressing via the away goal rule due to Nadson's 94th-minute strike in the second leg. They were then eliminated from the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League by Greek club Olympiacos in the qualifying play-off for a spot in the group stage. Sheriff lost 2–0 in the first leg at home, and 1–0 in the second leg away.However, by virtue of losing in the play-off round, Sheriff qualified for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League group stage, where they were drawn into Group H alongside Fenerbahçe, Twente and Steaua București. On 17 September 2009, their first Europa League match, Sheriff drew 0–0 away against Steaua. On 1 October, Sheriff's first Europa League home match, the club lost 1–0 to Fenerbahçe. On 22 October, Sheriff produced a stunning 2–0 home victory over Twente, ending Twente's 17-match unbeaten run. 2 December, Sheriff drew 1–1 at home with Steaua. Sheriff failed to progress past the group stage after finishing third in Group H with five points, ahead of Steaua.In the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League, on 14–20 July 2010, Sheriff defeated Dinamo Tirana in the second qualifying round (3–1, 0–1). Then, on 4 August, the club defeated Dinamo Zagreb on penalties (6–5) after identical 1–1 draws at home and away, thereby reaching the play-off round. On 18–24 August, in the play-off round against Basel, Sheriff lost 1–0 in Switzerland before losing 3–0 at home.Dropping to the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League after their play-off defeat to Basel, Sheriff was drawn into Group E alongside Dynamo Kyiv, AZ and BATE Borisov. After losing their first match 2–1 away against AZ on 15 September 2010, on 30 September, Sheriff defeated Dynamo Kyiv 2–0 at home. After losing two-straight matches against BATE – 0–1 at home and 3–1 away on 21 October and 4 November respectively – on 2 December, Sheriff drew 1–1 with AZ at home, then on 15 December, Sheriff drew 0–0 against Dynamo Kyiv away in Kyiv. Accumulating five points, Sheriff failed to progress past the group stage after finishing last in Group E.In the first match at home Sheriff Stadium is the home ground of Sheriff Tiraspol and is owned by the corporation Sheriff. Construction of the ground began on 1 August 2000, being completed in May 2002, with official opening in July 2002. It was renovated in 2011. The stadium has a seating capacity for 12,746 spectators and is eligible for FIFA/UEFA international events. Beside Sheriff, the stadium hosted also matches of FC Tiraspol and the Moldova national team.Asides from main arena of Sheriff Sports Complex, there is also an 8,000 seater stadium, Malaya Sportivnaya Arena, also situated in the same complex, along with eight training fields, a covered training centre, housing for the players, a college for students and a five-star hotel.Legend: GF = Goals For. GA = Goals Against. GD = Goal Difference.At the end of the 2020–21 season, Sheriff Tiraspol ranked 108th in the UEFA club coefficient rankings, up from 112th the previous season."Information correct as of match played 5 August 2018. Only competitive matches are counted."The Invincibles (football)
[ "Yuriy Vernydub", "Stjepan Tomas" ]
Who was the head coach of the team FC Sheriff Tiraspol in Apr, 2021?
April 25, 2021
{ "text": [ "Yuriy Vernydub" ] }
L2_Q210768_P286_1
Stjepan Tomas is the head coach of FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Jun, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Yuriy Vernydub is the head coach of FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Dec, 2020 to Jun, 2022. Zoran Zekić is the head coach of FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Apr, 2019 to Oct, 2020.
FC Sheriff TiraspolFotbal Club Sheriff (), commonly known as Sheriff Tiraspol or simply Sheriff, is a football club based in Tiraspol, a city located in the east of the Republic of Moldova in the de jure unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. Founded in 1996 as "Tiras Tiraspol", it quickly established itself within Moldovan football.In 1997, the team was rebranded as Sheriff, taking the name of its main sponsor, a company which operates various industries. "The Wasps" recorded their debut in the first league in the 1998–99 season, when they also won their first trophy, the Moldovan Cup. They have since amassed 19 championship titles, 10 Cups and 7 Super Cups–all competition records. On the European stage, Sheriff has reached the group stage of the UEFA Europa League on four occasions.The team plays its home games in yellow and black kits at the Sheriff Stadium, to which it moved in 2002, which has a capacity of 12,746.The club was originally established in 1996 and introduced in the Moldovan "B" Division as "FC Tiras Tiraspol". On 4 April 1997, former policeman Victor Gușan, an employee of the security corporation Sheriff which remains a key sponsor, refounded it as FC Sheriff Tiraspol.Sheriff achieved promotion to the second tier of Moldovan football, the Moldovan "A" Division, and under the guidance of Ahmad Alaskarov, was charged with leading the team to the Moldovan top division. Later that year the club won the championship by 14 points, being promoted to Divizia Națională. The club won its first major honour with the 1999 Moldovan Cup. In the final at the Republican Stadium, Sheriff scored an injury-time equaliser before winning the match against Constructorul Chișinău 2–1 after extra time. Sheriff's first National Division title came in the 2000–01 season, which also included their second Moldovan Cup triumph as they beat Nistru Otaci on penalties after a goalless match. The league triumph was the first of a run of ten consecutively up to 2010, also including league-cup doubles in 2002, 2006 and 2008–10. Sheriff won each Moldovan Super Cup from 2004 to 2010, but did not have to play a match on four occasions due to winning it on default through a double. Sheriff were denied an 11th-straight title by Dacia Chișinău in 2010–11, but reclaimed the title the following season. In 2014–15, Sheriff again lost the championship despite being level with both Milsami Orhei and Dacia Chișinău at the top of the table with 55 points; Milsami would finish in first place because of its superior head-to-head record against both Sheriff and Dacia, with Dacia second and Sheriff third, despite Sheriff having the superior goal difference amongst the clubs.The team won the Commonwealth of Independent States Cup in 2003 and 2009, becoming the first team from Moldova to win an international title. Sheriff were the first club in Moldova to sign players from Brazil and Africa.From 2001–02 to 2008–09, the club tried to reach the group stage in the UEFA Champions League every year, but failed in the second qualifying round every time. Its European fortunes improved after 2009. Sheriff has appeared in three UEFA Europa League group stages (2009–10, 2010–11, 2013–14) with decent results, although they didn't manage to qualify to the knock-out stage. In 2017 they qualified to the group stage for the fourth time, after beating favorites Legia Warsaw on away goals in the play-off round.In the 2009–10 season, Sheriff finally reached the third qualifying round when they defeated Inter Turku. In the next round, Sheriff defeated Slavia Prague 1–1 on aggregate, progressing via the away goal rule due to Nadson's 94th-minute strike in the second leg. They were then eliminated from the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League by Greek club Olympiacos in the qualifying play-off for a spot in the group stage. Sheriff lost 2–0 in the first leg at home, and 1–0 in the second leg away.However, by virtue of losing in the play-off round, Sheriff qualified for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League group stage, where they were drawn into Group H alongside Fenerbahçe, Twente and Steaua București. On 17 September 2009, their first Europa League match, Sheriff drew 0–0 away against Steaua. On 1 October, Sheriff's first Europa League home match, the club lost 1–0 to Fenerbahçe. On 22 October, Sheriff produced a stunning 2–0 home victory over Twente, ending Twente's 17-match unbeaten run. 2 December, Sheriff drew 1–1 at home with Steaua. Sheriff failed to progress past the group stage after finishing third in Group H with five points, ahead of Steaua.In the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League, on 14–20 July 2010, Sheriff defeated Dinamo Tirana in the second qualifying round (3–1, 0–1). Then, on 4 August, the club defeated Dinamo Zagreb on penalties (6–5) after identical 1–1 draws at home and away, thereby reaching the play-off round. On 18–24 August, in the play-off round against Basel, Sheriff lost 1–0 in Switzerland before losing 3–0 at home.Dropping to the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League after their play-off defeat to Basel, Sheriff was drawn into Group E alongside Dynamo Kyiv, AZ and BATE Borisov. After losing their first match 2–1 away against AZ on 15 September 2010, on 30 September, Sheriff defeated Dynamo Kyiv 2–0 at home. After losing two-straight matches against BATE – 0–1 at home and 3–1 away on 21 October and 4 November respectively – on 2 December, Sheriff drew 1–1 with AZ at home, then on 15 December, Sheriff drew 0–0 against Dynamo Kyiv away in Kyiv. Accumulating five points, Sheriff failed to progress past the group stage after finishing last in Group E.In the first match at home Sheriff Stadium is the home ground of Sheriff Tiraspol and is owned by the corporation Sheriff. Construction of the ground began on 1 August 2000, being completed in May 2002, with official opening in July 2002. It was renovated in 2011. The stadium has a seating capacity for 12,746 spectators and is eligible for FIFA/UEFA international events. Beside Sheriff, the stadium hosted also matches of FC Tiraspol and the Moldova national team.Asides from main arena of Sheriff Sports Complex, there is also an 8,000 seater stadium, Malaya Sportivnaya Arena, also situated in the same complex, along with eight training fields, a covered training centre, housing for the players, a college for students and a five-star hotel.Legend: GF = Goals For. GA = Goals Against. GD = Goal Difference.At the end of the 2020–21 season, Sheriff Tiraspol ranked 108th in the UEFA club coefficient rankings, up from 112th the previous season."Information correct as of match played 5 August 2018. Only competitive matches are counted."The Invincibles (football)
[ "Zoran Zekić", "Stjepan Tomas" ]
Who was the head coach of the team FC Sheriff Tiraspol in Aug, 2022?
August 25, 2022
{ "text": [ "Stjepan Tomas" ] }
L2_Q210768_P286_2
Zoran Zekić is the head coach of FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Apr, 2019 to Oct, 2020. Stjepan Tomas is the head coach of FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Jun, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Yuriy Vernydub is the head coach of FC Sheriff Tiraspol from Dec, 2020 to Jun, 2022.
FC Sheriff TiraspolFotbal Club Sheriff (), commonly known as Sheriff Tiraspol or simply Sheriff, is a football club based in Tiraspol, a city located in the east of the Republic of Moldova in the de jure unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. Founded in 1996 as "Tiras Tiraspol", it quickly established itself within Moldovan football.In 1997, the team was rebranded as Sheriff, taking the name of its main sponsor, a company which operates various industries. "The Wasps" recorded their debut in the first league in the 1998–99 season, when they also won their first trophy, the Moldovan Cup. They have since amassed 19 championship titles, 10 Cups and 7 Super Cups–all competition records. On the European stage, Sheriff has reached the group stage of the UEFA Europa League on four occasions.The team plays its home games in yellow and black kits at the Sheriff Stadium, to which it moved in 2002, which has a capacity of 12,746.The club was originally established in 1996 and introduced in the Moldovan "B" Division as "FC Tiras Tiraspol". On 4 April 1997, former policeman Victor Gușan, an employee of the security corporation Sheriff which remains a key sponsor, refounded it as FC Sheriff Tiraspol.Sheriff achieved promotion to the second tier of Moldovan football, the Moldovan "A" Division, and under the guidance of Ahmad Alaskarov, was charged with leading the team to the Moldovan top division. Later that year the club won the championship by 14 points, being promoted to Divizia Națională. The club won its first major honour with the 1999 Moldovan Cup. In the final at the Republican Stadium, Sheriff scored an injury-time equaliser before winning the match against Constructorul Chișinău 2–1 after extra time. Sheriff's first National Division title came in the 2000–01 season, which also included their second Moldovan Cup triumph as they beat Nistru Otaci on penalties after a goalless match. The league triumph was the first of a run of ten consecutively up to 2010, also including league-cup doubles in 2002, 2006 and 2008–10. Sheriff won each Moldovan Super Cup from 2004 to 2010, but did not have to play a match on four occasions due to winning it on default through a double. Sheriff were denied an 11th-straight title by Dacia Chișinău in 2010–11, but reclaimed the title the following season. In 2014–15, Sheriff again lost the championship despite being level with both Milsami Orhei and Dacia Chișinău at the top of the table with 55 points; Milsami would finish in first place because of its superior head-to-head record against both Sheriff and Dacia, with Dacia second and Sheriff third, despite Sheriff having the superior goal difference amongst the clubs.The team won the Commonwealth of Independent States Cup in 2003 and 2009, becoming the first team from Moldova to win an international title. Sheriff were the first club in Moldova to sign players from Brazil and Africa.From 2001–02 to 2008–09, the club tried to reach the group stage in the UEFA Champions League every year, but failed in the second qualifying round every time. Its European fortunes improved after 2009. Sheriff has appeared in three UEFA Europa League group stages (2009–10, 2010–11, 2013–14) with decent results, although they didn't manage to qualify to the knock-out stage. In 2017 they qualified to the group stage for the fourth time, after beating favorites Legia Warsaw on away goals in the play-off round.In the 2009–10 season, Sheriff finally reached the third qualifying round when they defeated Inter Turku. In the next round, Sheriff defeated Slavia Prague 1–1 on aggregate, progressing via the away goal rule due to Nadson's 94th-minute strike in the second leg. They were then eliminated from the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League by Greek club Olympiacos in the qualifying play-off for a spot in the group stage. Sheriff lost 2–0 in the first leg at home, and 1–0 in the second leg away.However, by virtue of losing in the play-off round, Sheriff qualified for the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League group stage, where they were drawn into Group H alongside Fenerbahçe, Twente and Steaua București. On 17 September 2009, their first Europa League match, Sheriff drew 0–0 away against Steaua. On 1 October, Sheriff's first Europa League home match, the club lost 1–0 to Fenerbahçe. On 22 October, Sheriff produced a stunning 2–0 home victory over Twente, ending Twente's 17-match unbeaten run. 2 December, Sheriff drew 1–1 at home with Steaua. Sheriff failed to progress past the group stage after finishing third in Group H with five points, ahead of Steaua.In the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League, on 14–20 July 2010, Sheriff defeated Dinamo Tirana in the second qualifying round (3–1, 0–1). Then, on 4 August, the club defeated Dinamo Zagreb on penalties (6–5) after identical 1–1 draws at home and away, thereby reaching the play-off round. On 18–24 August, in the play-off round against Basel, Sheriff lost 1–0 in Switzerland before losing 3–0 at home.Dropping to the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League after their play-off defeat to Basel, Sheriff was drawn into Group E alongside Dynamo Kyiv, AZ and BATE Borisov. After losing their first match 2–1 away against AZ on 15 September 2010, on 30 September, Sheriff defeated Dynamo Kyiv 2–0 at home. After losing two-straight matches against BATE – 0–1 at home and 3–1 away on 21 October and 4 November respectively – on 2 December, Sheriff drew 1–1 with AZ at home, then on 15 December, Sheriff drew 0–0 against Dynamo Kyiv away in Kyiv. Accumulating five points, Sheriff failed to progress past the group stage after finishing last in Group E.In the first match at home Sheriff Stadium is the home ground of Sheriff Tiraspol and is owned by the corporation Sheriff. Construction of the ground began on 1 August 2000, being completed in May 2002, with official opening in July 2002. It was renovated in 2011. The stadium has a seating capacity for 12,746 spectators and is eligible for FIFA/UEFA international events. Beside Sheriff, the stadium hosted also matches of FC Tiraspol and the Moldova national team.Asides from main arena of Sheriff Sports Complex, there is also an 8,000 seater stadium, Malaya Sportivnaya Arena, also situated in the same complex, along with eight training fields, a covered training centre, housing for the players, a college for students and a five-star hotel.Legend: GF = Goals For. GA = Goals Against. GD = Goal Difference.At the end of the 2020–21 season, Sheriff Tiraspol ranked 108th in the UEFA club coefficient rankings, up from 112th the previous season."Information correct as of match played 5 August 2018. Only competitive matches are counted."The Invincibles (football)
[ "Zoran Zekić", "Yuriy Vernydub" ]
Who was the chair of Technical University of Munich in Dec, 1986?
December 03, 1986
{ "text": [ "Herbert Kupfer" ] }
L2_Q157808_P488_0
Otto Meitinger is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1995. Thomas F. Hofmann is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022. Wolfgang A. Herrmann is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Jan, 1995 to Sep, 2019. Herbert Kupfer is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987.
Technical University of MunichThe Technical University of Munich (TUM or TU Munich) () is a public research university in Munich, with additional campuses in Garching, Freising, Heilbronn and Singapore. A technical university that specializes in engineering, technology, medicine, and the applied and natural sciences, it is organized into 15 schools and departments, and supported by numerous research centers.A "University of Excellence" under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, TUM is consistently ranked among the leading universities in the European Union and its researchers and alumni include 16 Nobel laureates and 22 Leibniz Prize winners.In 1868, King Ludwig II of Bavaria founded the "Polytechnische Schule München" with Karl Maximilian von Bauernfeind as founding director. The new university had its premises at Arcisstraße, where it is still located today. At that time, around 350 students were supervised by 24 professors and 21 lecturers. The college was divided into six departments: The "General Department" (mathematics, natural sciences, humanities, law and economics), the "Engineering Department" (civil engineering and surveying), the "Building Construction Department" (architecture), the "Mechanical-Technical Department" (mechanical engineering), the "Chemical-Technical Department" (chemistry), and the "Agricultural Department".In 1877, the "Polytechnische Schule München" became the "Technische Hochschule München" (TH München), and in 1901 it was granted the right to award doctorates. With an average of 2,600 to 2,800 students, the TH München was now Germany's largest technical university for a time, ahead of the TH Berlin.In 1906, Anna Boyksen became the first female student to enroll in electrical engineering, after the Bavarian government had allowed women to study at technical universities in the German Empire.In 1913, Jonathan Zenneck became director of the newly created Physics Institute.During the Weimar Republic, the TH München had to manage with scarce resources and was drawn into radical political struggles in the years of the November Revolution, the Great Depression, and Adolf Hitler's rise to power. In the winter semester of 1930/31, the National Socialist German Students' League became the strongest faction in the General Students' Committee (AStA) for the first time.In Nazi Germany, the Führerprinzip was also imposed on the universities. The autonomy of the TH München was substantially restricted. In 1933, the newly passed Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service removed "non-Aryan" staff or those married to "non-Aryans" from their positions, together with politically "undesirable" professors. Jewish students no longer had equal rights and were not allowed to be enrolled after 1938.During World War II, the TH München conducted large scale armaments research in support of the war effort. Notable professors during this time include aircraft designer Willy Messerschmitt and Walther Meissner. Basic research continued to be conducted at a high level in many institutes, as individual professors, staff members and students dared disobedience and obstruction. Nobel prize laureate Hans Fischer protected Jewish students from Nazi prosecution. He committed suicide shortly before the end of the war.During the war, 80 percent of the university's facilities in Munich had been destroyed. Under these difficult conditions, teaching resumed in April 1946.In 1956, the construction of a research reactor in Garching was the beginning of the Garching campus. In 1969, the physics department building was opened there, followed in 1977 by new buildings for the chemistry, biology and geoscience departments.In 1967, a Faculty of Medicine was founded with campuses in Haidhausen (Rechts der Isar Hospital) and Schwabing. By 1968, the TH München comprised six faculties, 8,400 students, and 5,700 staff. In 1972, the Zentrale Hochschulsportanlage, a 45-hectare sports center, was built on the grounds of the 1972 Summer Olympics.In 1970, the TH München was renamed to its present name "Technische Universität München". When the Bavarian Higher Education Act came into force in 1974, the six faculties were replaced by eleven departments. In 1992, the field of computer science was established as an independent Department of Informatics, having previously been part of the Department of Mathematics since 1967.In 2002, TUM Asia was founded in Singapore, in cooperation with the Nanyang Technological University and the National University of Singapore. It was the first time that a German university had established a subsidiary abroad.The Department of Sport and Health Sciences and the School of Management were established in 2002. The Weihenstephan departments were combined into the "Weihenstephan Centre of Life and Food Sciences" (WZW), which would later become the School of Life Sciences. With the establishment of the School of Education in 2009, the School of Governance in 2016 and the Department of Aerospace and Geodesy in 2018, the university comprises 15 schools and departments.Since the inception of the German Universities Excellence Initiative in 2006, TUM has won every round of evaluation and the title "University of Excellence".TUM's academic faculties are divided amongst numerous campuses.The historic Main Campus ("Stammgelände") is located in Maxvorstadt, the central borough of Munich. Today, the departments of Architecture, Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Schools of Management, Governance, Education are located here.The TUM School of Medicine is located at the site of its university hospital, the Rechts der Isar Hospital, in the district of Haidhausen.The TUM Department of Sport and Health Sciences is located in the Olympiapark, the former site of the 1972 Summer Olympics.The campus in Garching, located around 10 km north of Munich, has grown to become the largest TUM campus. In the last decades, the departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Informatics and Mathematics have all relocated from their former buildings in the Main Campus. They have since been joined by numerous research institutes, including the Max Planck Institutes for Plasma Physics, Astrophysics, Extraterrestrial Physics and Quantum Optics, the Forschungsreaktor München II (FRM II), the headquarters of the European Southern Observatory (ESO), and the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre, one of the fastest supercomputers in Europe.A landmark of the Garching campus is the Oskar von Miller Tower, a meteorological measurement tower with a height of 62 m. The Garching campus is connected to Munich by the Autobahn and the Munich U-Bahn. It has its own fire department.The third TUM campus is located 35 km north of Munich in Weihenstephan, Freising. It hosts the School of Life Sciences.Additional TUM facilities are located in Ottobrunn (Department of Aerospace and Geodesy), Straubing, Heilbronn, and Singapore.TUM operates a subsidiary in Singapore. In 2001, the "German Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) – TUM Asia" was founded in partnership with the National University of Singapore and the Nanyang Technological University, offering a range of Master's programs. In 2010, TUM Asia started offering Bachelor's degrees in collaboration with the Singapore Institute of Technology.In 2010, TUM and the Nanyang Technological University founded "TUMCREATE", a research platform for the improvement of Singapore's public transportation.As a technical university, the university specializes in engineering, technology, medicine, and the applied and natural sciences. Compared to a "Volluniversität" (a universal university), it lacks the "Geisteswissenschaften", including law and many branches of the social sciences.As of 2020, the Technical University of Munich is organized into 15 schools and departments:Other institutions include the Rechts der Isar Hospital, the TUM Graduate School and the Bavarian School of Public Policy.The Technical University of Munich is one of the most research-focused universities in Europe. This claim is supported by relevant rankings, such as the funding ranking of the German Research Foundation and the research ranking of the Centre for Higher Education.Under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, TUM has obtained funding for multiple research clusters, including "e-conversion" (energy technology), "MCQST" (quantum mechanics), "ORIGINS" (astrophysics, biophysics and particle physics), and "SYNERGY" (neurology).In addition to the schools and departments, TUM has set up numerous research centers with external cooperation partners.Integrative research centers (IRCs) combine research with teaching. They include the TUM Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), the Munich Center for Technology in Society (MCTS), the Munich Data Science Institute (MDSI), the Munich School of Engineering (MSE), the Munich School of BioEngineering (MSB), and the Munich School of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MSRM).Corporate research centers (CRCs) carry out research independently of the schools and departments, cooperating with industry partners for application-driven research. They include the research reactor FRM II, the Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), the Catalysis Research Center (CRC), the Center for translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), the Walter Schottky Institute (WSI), the Hans Eisenmann-Zentrum for Agricultural Science, and the Institute for Food & Health (ZIEL).TUM is ranked first in Germany in the fields of engineering and computer science, and within the top three in the natural sciences.In the QS World Rankings, TUM is ranked 25th (worldwide) in engineering and technology, 28th in the natural sciences, 35th in computer science, and 50th place overall. It is the highest ranked German university in those subject areas.In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, TUM stands at 41st place worldwide and 2nd place nationwide. Worldwide, it ranks 14th in computer science, 24th in engineering and technology, and 25th in the physical sciences. It is the highest ranked German university in those subject areas.In the Academic Ranking of World Universities, TUM is ranked at 54th place in the world and 2nd place in Germany. In the subject areas of computer science & engineering and chemistry, TUM is ranked first in Germany.In the 2020 Global University Employability Ranking of the Times Higher Education World Rankings, TUM was ranked 12th in the world and 3rd in Europe. TUM is ranked 7th overall in Reuters' 2019 European Most Innovative University ranking.The TUM School of Management is triple accredited by the European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS), the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and the Association of MBAs (AMBA).TUM has over 160 international partnerships, ranging from joint research activities to international study programs. Partners include:Through the Erasmus+ program and its international student exchange program "TUMexchange", TUM students are provided by opportunities to study abroad.As of winter semester 2020, 45,356 students are enrolled at TUM, of whom 36% are female and 34% are international students.Various initiatives are run by students, including TEDxTUM, the "TUM Speaker Series" (past speakers having included Ban Ki-moon, Tony Blair, Bill Gates and Eric Schmidt), and "IKOM", a career fair.A notable student group is the Workgroup for Rocketry and Space Flight (WARR), which won all SpaceX Hyperloop pod competitions.The Student Council is the main body for university-wide student representation. It elects the General Student Committee (AStA), which represents the professional, economic and social interests of the students, by the Bavarian Higher Education Act. Each school or department will also have a separate Departmental Student Council.Every year, university elections are held to elect student representatives in the Senate (the university's highest academic authority) and in the faculty councils.The Student Council organizes a number of annual festivals. "TUNIX" and "GARNIX" are week-long open air festivals held every summer. "TUNIX" is held at the Königsplatz near the Munich campus, while "GARNIX" is held at the Garching campus. "GLÜHNIX" is a christmas market held in front of the Department of Mechanical Engineering every December. "MaiTUM" is a Bavarian Maifest, held at the Main Campus in May each year.The Student Council also organizes numerous events, including the student-run "TU Film" cinema, the "Hörsaal Slam", the "Benefizkabarett", and the MeUP party. Departmental Student Councils also organize their own events, such as "Unity", "esp", and the "Brückenfest".The Zentrale Hochschulsportanlage (ZHS) is the largest university sports facility in Germany, offering hundreds of different sports programs.Music ensembles at TUM include the TUM Chamber Orchestra, the TUM Jazz Band, the TUM Choir, and the "Symphonisches Ensemble München", a full-size symphony orchestra.16 Nobel Prize winners have studied, taught or researched at the TUM:
[ "Wolfgang A. Herrmann", "Thomas F. Hofmann", "Otto Meitinger" ]
Who was the chair of Technical University of Munich in Dec, 1989?
December 09, 1989
{ "text": [ "Otto Meitinger" ] }
L2_Q157808_P488_1
Herbert Kupfer is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987. Otto Meitinger is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1995. Thomas F. Hofmann is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022. Wolfgang A. Herrmann is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Jan, 1995 to Sep, 2019.
Technical University of MunichThe Technical University of Munich (TUM or TU Munich) () is a public research university in Munich, with additional campuses in Garching, Freising, Heilbronn and Singapore. A technical university that specializes in engineering, technology, medicine, and the applied and natural sciences, it is organized into 15 schools and departments, and supported by numerous research centers.A "University of Excellence" under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, TUM is consistently ranked among the leading universities in the European Union and its researchers and alumni include 16 Nobel laureates and 22 Leibniz Prize winners.In 1868, King Ludwig II of Bavaria founded the "Polytechnische Schule München" with Karl Maximilian von Bauernfeind as founding director. The new university had its premises at Arcisstraße, where it is still located today. At that time, around 350 students were supervised by 24 professors and 21 lecturers. The college was divided into six departments: The "General Department" (mathematics, natural sciences, humanities, law and economics), the "Engineering Department" (civil engineering and surveying), the "Building Construction Department" (architecture), the "Mechanical-Technical Department" (mechanical engineering), the "Chemical-Technical Department" (chemistry), and the "Agricultural Department".In 1877, the "Polytechnische Schule München" became the "Technische Hochschule München" (TH München), and in 1901 it was granted the right to award doctorates. With an average of 2,600 to 2,800 students, the TH München was now Germany's largest technical university for a time, ahead of the TH Berlin.In 1906, Anna Boyksen became the first female student to enroll in electrical engineering, after the Bavarian government had allowed women to study at technical universities in the German Empire.In 1913, Jonathan Zenneck became director of the newly created Physics Institute.During the Weimar Republic, the TH München had to manage with scarce resources and was drawn into radical political struggles in the years of the November Revolution, the Great Depression, and Adolf Hitler's rise to power. In the winter semester of 1930/31, the National Socialist German Students' League became the strongest faction in the General Students' Committee (AStA) for the first time.In Nazi Germany, the Führerprinzip was also imposed on the universities. The autonomy of the TH München was substantially restricted. In 1933, the newly passed Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service removed "non-Aryan" staff or those married to "non-Aryans" from their positions, together with politically "undesirable" professors. Jewish students no longer had equal rights and were not allowed to be enrolled after 1938.During World War II, the TH München conducted large scale armaments research in support of the war effort. Notable professors during this time include aircraft designer Willy Messerschmitt and Walther Meissner. Basic research continued to be conducted at a high level in many institutes, as individual professors, staff members and students dared disobedience and obstruction. Nobel prize laureate Hans Fischer protected Jewish students from Nazi prosecution. He committed suicide shortly before the end of the war.During the war, 80 percent of the university's facilities in Munich had been destroyed. Under these difficult conditions, teaching resumed in April 1946.In 1956, the construction of a research reactor in Garching was the beginning of the Garching campus. In 1969, the physics department building was opened there, followed in 1977 by new buildings for the chemistry, biology and geoscience departments.In 1967, a Faculty of Medicine was founded with campuses in Haidhausen (Rechts der Isar Hospital) and Schwabing. By 1968, the TH München comprised six faculties, 8,400 students, and 5,700 staff. In 1972, the Zentrale Hochschulsportanlage, a 45-hectare sports center, was built on the grounds of the 1972 Summer Olympics.In 1970, the TH München was renamed to its present name "Technische Universität München". When the Bavarian Higher Education Act came into force in 1974, the six faculties were replaced by eleven departments. In 1992, the field of computer science was established as an independent Department of Informatics, having previously been part of the Department of Mathematics since 1967.In 2002, TUM Asia was founded in Singapore, in cooperation with the Nanyang Technological University and the National University of Singapore. It was the first time that a German university had established a subsidiary abroad.The Department of Sport and Health Sciences and the School of Management were established in 2002. The Weihenstephan departments were combined into the "Weihenstephan Centre of Life and Food Sciences" (WZW), which would later become the School of Life Sciences. With the establishment of the School of Education in 2009, the School of Governance in 2016 and the Department of Aerospace and Geodesy in 2018, the university comprises 15 schools and departments.Since the inception of the German Universities Excellence Initiative in 2006, TUM has won every round of evaluation and the title "University of Excellence".TUM's academic faculties are divided amongst numerous campuses.The historic Main Campus ("Stammgelände") is located in Maxvorstadt, the central borough of Munich. Today, the departments of Architecture, Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Schools of Management, Governance, Education are located here.The TUM School of Medicine is located at the site of its university hospital, the Rechts der Isar Hospital, in the district of Haidhausen.The TUM Department of Sport and Health Sciences is located in the Olympiapark, the former site of the 1972 Summer Olympics.The campus in Garching, located around 10 km north of Munich, has grown to become the largest TUM campus. In the last decades, the departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Informatics and Mathematics have all relocated from their former buildings in the Main Campus. They have since been joined by numerous research institutes, including the Max Planck Institutes for Plasma Physics, Astrophysics, Extraterrestrial Physics and Quantum Optics, the Forschungsreaktor München II (FRM II), the headquarters of the European Southern Observatory (ESO), and the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre, one of the fastest supercomputers in Europe.A landmark of the Garching campus is the Oskar von Miller Tower, a meteorological measurement tower with a height of 62 m. The Garching campus is connected to Munich by the Autobahn and the Munich U-Bahn. It has its own fire department.The third TUM campus is located 35 km north of Munich in Weihenstephan, Freising. It hosts the School of Life Sciences.Additional TUM facilities are located in Ottobrunn (Department of Aerospace and Geodesy), Straubing, Heilbronn, and Singapore.TUM operates a subsidiary in Singapore. In 2001, the "German Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) – TUM Asia" was founded in partnership with the National University of Singapore and the Nanyang Technological University, offering a range of Master's programs. In 2010, TUM Asia started offering Bachelor's degrees in collaboration with the Singapore Institute of Technology.In 2010, TUM and the Nanyang Technological University founded "TUMCREATE", a research platform for the improvement of Singapore's public transportation.As a technical university, the university specializes in engineering, technology, medicine, and the applied and natural sciences. Compared to a "Volluniversität" (a universal university), it lacks the "Geisteswissenschaften", including law and many branches of the social sciences.As of 2020, the Technical University of Munich is organized into 15 schools and departments:Other institutions include the Rechts der Isar Hospital, the TUM Graduate School and the Bavarian School of Public Policy.The Technical University of Munich is one of the most research-focused universities in Europe. This claim is supported by relevant rankings, such as the funding ranking of the German Research Foundation and the research ranking of the Centre for Higher Education.Under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, TUM has obtained funding for multiple research clusters, including "e-conversion" (energy technology), "MCQST" (quantum mechanics), "ORIGINS" (astrophysics, biophysics and particle physics), and "SYNERGY" (neurology).In addition to the schools and departments, TUM has set up numerous research centers with external cooperation partners.Integrative research centers (IRCs) combine research with teaching. They include the TUM Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), the Munich Center for Technology in Society (MCTS), the Munich Data Science Institute (MDSI), the Munich School of Engineering (MSE), the Munich School of BioEngineering (MSB), and the Munich School of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MSRM).Corporate research centers (CRCs) carry out research independently of the schools and departments, cooperating with industry partners for application-driven research. They include the research reactor FRM II, the Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), the Catalysis Research Center (CRC), the Center for translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), the Walter Schottky Institute (WSI), the Hans Eisenmann-Zentrum for Agricultural Science, and the Institute for Food & Health (ZIEL).TUM is ranked first in Germany in the fields of engineering and computer science, and within the top three in the natural sciences.In the QS World Rankings, TUM is ranked 25th (worldwide) in engineering and technology, 28th in the natural sciences, 35th in computer science, and 50th place overall. It is the highest ranked German university in those subject areas.In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, TUM stands at 41st place worldwide and 2nd place nationwide. Worldwide, it ranks 14th in computer science, 24th in engineering and technology, and 25th in the physical sciences. It is the highest ranked German university in those subject areas.In the Academic Ranking of World Universities, TUM is ranked at 54th place in the world and 2nd place in Germany. In the subject areas of computer science & engineering and chemistry, TUM is ranked first in Germany.In the 2020 Global University Employability Ranking of the Times Higher Education World Rankings, TUM was ranked 12th in the world and 3rd in Europe. TUM is ranked 7th overall in Reuters' 2019 European Most Innovative University ranking.The TUM School of Management is triple accredited by the European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS), the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and the Association of MBAs (AMBA).TUM has over 160 international partnerships, ranging from joint research activities to international study programs. Partners include:Through the Erasmus+ program and its international student exchange program "TUMexchange", TUM students are provided by opportunities to study abroad.As of winter semester 2020, 45,356 students are enrolled at TUM, of whom 36% are female and 34% are international students.Various initiatives are run by students, including TEDxTUM, the "TUM Speaker Series" (past speakers having included Ban Ki-moon, Tony Blair, Bill Gates and Eric Schmidt), and "IKOM", a career fair.A notable student group is the Workgroup for Rocketry and Space Flight (WARR), which won all SpaceX Hyperloop pod competitions.The Student Council is the main body for university-wide student representation. It elects the General Student Committee (AStA), which represents the professional, economic and social interests of the students, by the Bavarian Higher Education Act. Each school or department will also have a separate Departmental Student Council.Every year, university elections are held to elect student representatives in the Senate (the university's highest academic authority) and in the faculty councils.The Student Council organizes a number of annual festivals. "TUNIX" and "GARNIX" are week-long open air festivals held every summer. "TUNIX" is held at the Königsplatz near the Munich campus, while "GARNIX" is held at the Garching campus. "GLÜHNIX" is a christmas market held in front of the Department of Mechanical Engineering every December. "MaiTUM" is a Bavarian Maifest, held at the Main Campus in May each year.The Student Council also organizes numerous events, including the student-run "TU Film" cinema, the "Hörsaal Slam", the "Benefizkabarett", and the MeUP party. Departmental Student Councils also organize their own events, such as "Unity", "esp", and the "Brückenfest".The Zentrale Hochschulsportanlage (ZHS) is the largest university sports facility in Germany, offering hundreds of different sports programs.Music ensembles at TUM include the TUM Chamber Orchestra, the TUM Jazz Band, the TUM Choir, and the "Symphonisches Ensemble München", a full-size symphony orchestra.16 Nobel Prize winners have studied, taught or researched at the TUM:
[ "Herbert Kupfer", "Wolfgang A. Herrmann", "Thomas F. Hofmann" ]
Who was the chair of Technical University of Munich in Mar, 2016?
March 11, 2016
{ "text": [ "Wolfgang A. Herrmann" ] }
L2_Q157808_P488_2
Otto Meitinger is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1995. Herbert Kupfer is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987. Wolfgang A. Herrmann is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Jan, 1995 to Sep, 2019. Thomas F. Hofmann is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022.
Technical University of MunichThe Technical University of Munich (TUM or TU Munich) () is a public research university in Munich, with additional campuses in Garching, Freising, Heilbronn and Singapore. A technical university that specializes in engineering, technology, medicine, and the applied and natural sciences, it is organized into 15 schools and departments, and supported by numerous research centers.A "University of Excellence" under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, TUM is consistently ranked among the leading universities in the European Union and its researchers and alumni include 16 Nobel laureates and 22 Leibniz Prize winners.In 1868, King Ludwig II of Bavaria founded the "Polytechnische Schule München" with Karl Maximilian von Bauernfeind as founding director. The new university had its premises at Arcisstraße, where it is still located today. At that time, around 350 students were supervised by 24 professors and 21 lecturers. The college was divided into six departments: The "General Department" (mathematics, natural sciences, humanities, law and economics), the "Engineering Department" (civil engineering and surveying), the "Building Construction Department" (architecture), the "Mechanical-Technical Department" (mechanical engineering), the "Chemical-Technical Department" (chemistry), and the "Agricultural Department".In 1877, the "Polytechnische Schule München" became the "Technische Hochschule München" (TH München), and in 1901 it was granted the right to award doctorates. With an average of 2,600 to 2,800 students, the TH München was now Germany's largest technical university for a time, ahead of the TH Berlin.In 1906, Anna Boyksen became the first female student to enroll in electrical engineering, after the Bavarian government had allowed women to study at technical universities in the German Empire.In 1913, Jonathan Zenneck became director of the newly created Physics Institute.During the Weimar Republic, the TH München had to manage with scarce resources and was drawn into radical political struggles in the years of the November Revolution, the Great Depression, and Adolf Hitler's rise to power. In the winter semester of 1930/31, the National Socialist German Students' League became the strongest faction in the General Students' Committee (AStA) for the first time.In Nazi Germany, the Führerprinzip was also imposed on the universities. The autonomy of the TH München was substantially restricted. In 1933, the newly passed Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service removed "non-Aryan" staff or those married to "non-Aryans" from their positions, together with politically "undesirable" professors. Jewish students no longer had equal rights and were not allowed to be enrolled after 1938.During World War II, the TH München conducted large scale armaments research in support of the war effort. Notable professors during this time include aircraft designer Willy Messerschmitt and Walther Meissner. Basic research continued to be conducted at a high level in many institutes, as individual professors, staff members and students dared disobedience and obstruction. Nobel prize laureate Hans Fischer protected Jewish students from Nazi prosecution. He committed suicide shortly before the end of the war.During the war, 80 percent of the university's facilities in Munich had been destroyed. Under these difficult conditions, teaching resumed in April 1946.In 1956, the construction of a research reactor in Garching was the beginning of the Garching campus. In 1969, the physics department building was opened there, followed in 1977 by new buildings for the chemistry, biology and geoscience departments.In 1967, a Faculty of Medicine was founded with campuses in Haidhausen (Rechts der Isar Hospital) and Schwabing. By 1968, the TH München comprised six faculties, 8,400 students, and 5,700 staff. In 1972, the Zentrale Hochschulsportanlage, a 45-hectare sports center, was built on the grounds of the 1972 Summer Olympics.In 1970, the TH München was renamed to its present name "Technische Universität München". When the Bavarian Higher Education Act came into force in 1974, the six faculties were replaced by eleven departments. In 1992, the field of computer science was established as an independent Department of Informatics, having previously been part of the Department of Mathematics since 1967.In 2002, TUM Asia was founded in Singapore, in cooperation with the Nanyang Technological University and the National University of Singapore. It was the first time that a German university had established a subsidiary abroad.The Department of Sport and Health Sciences and the School of Management were established in 2002. The Weihenstephan departments were combined into the "Weihenstephan Centre of Life and Food Sciences" (WZW), which would later become the School of Life Sciences. With the establishment of the School of Education in 2009, the School of Governance in 2016 and the Department of Aerospace and Geodesy in 2018, the university comprises 15 schools and departments.Since the inception of the German Universities Excellence Initiative in 2006, TUM has won every round of evaluation and the title "University of Excellence".TUM's academic faculties are divided amongst numerous campuses.The historic Main Campus ("Stammgelände") is located in Maxvorstadt, the central borough of Munich. Today, the departments of Architecture, Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Schools of Management, Governance, Education are located here.The TUM School of Medicine is located at the site of its university hospital, the Rechts der Isar Hospital, in the district of Haidhausen.The TUM Department of Sport and Health Sciences is located in the Olympiapark, the former site of the 1972 Summer Olympics.The campus in Garching, located around 10 km north of Munich, has grown to become the largest TUM campus. In the last decades, the departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Informatics and Mathematics have all relocated from their former buildings in the Main Campus. They have since been joined by numerous research institutes, including the Max Planck Institutes for Plasma Physics, Astrophysics, Extraterrestrial Physics and Quantum Optics, the Forschungsreaktor München II (FRM II), the headquarters of the European Southern Observatory (ESO), and the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre, one of the fastest supercomputers in Europe.A landmark of the Garching campus is the Oskar von Miller Tower, a meteorological measurement tower with a height of 62 m. The Garching campus is connected to Munich by the Autobahn and the Munich U-Bahn. It has its own fire department.The third TUM campus is located 35 km north of Munich in Weihenstephan, Freising. It hosts the School of Life Sciences.Additional TUM facilities are located in Ottobrunn (Department of Aerospace and Geodesy), Straubing, Heilbronn, and Singapore.TUM operates a subsidiary in Singapore. In 2001, the "German Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) – TUM Asia" was founded in partnership with the National University of Singapore and the Nanyang Technological University, offering a range of Master's programs. In 2010, TUM Asia started offering Bachelor's degrees in collaboration with the Singapore Institute of Technology.In 2010, TUM and the Nanyang Technological University founded "TUMCREATE", a research platform for the improvement of Singapore's public transportation.As a technical university, the university specializes in engineering, technology, medicine, and the applied and natural sciences. Compared to a "Volluniversität" (a universal university), it lacks the "Geisteswissenschaften", including law and many branches of the social sciences.As of 2020, the Technical University of Munich is organized into 15 schools and departments:Other institutions include the Rechts der Isar Hospital, the TUM Graduate School and the Bavarian School of Public Policy.The Technical University of Munich is one of the most research-focused universities in Europe. This claim is supported by relevant rankings, such as the funding ranking of the German Research Foundation and the research ranking of the Centre for Higher Education.Under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, TUM has obtained funding for multiple research clusters, including "e-conversion" (energy technology), "MCQST" (quantum mechanics), "ORIGINS" (astrophysics, biophysics and particle physics), and "SYNERGY" (neurology).In addition to the schools and departments, TUM has set up numerous research centers with external cooperation partners.Integrative research centers (IRCs) combine research with teaching. They include the TUM Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), the Munich Center for Technology in Society (MCTS), the Munich Data Science Institute (MDSI), the Munich School of Engineering (MSE), the Munich School of BioEngineering (MSB), and the Munich School of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MSRM).Corporate research centers (CRCs) carry out research independently of the schools and departments, cooperating with industry partners for application-driven research. They include the research reactor FRM II, the Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), the Catalysis Research Center (CRC), the Center for translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), the Walter Schottky Institute (WSI), the Hans Eisenmann-Zentrum for Agricultural Science, and the Institute for Food & Health (ZIEL).TUM is ranked first in Germany in the fields of engineering and computer science, and within the top three in the natural sciences.In the QS World Rankings, TUM is ranked 25th (worldwide) in engineering and technology, 28th in the natural sciences, 35th in computer science, and 50th place overall. It is the highest ranked German university in those subject areas.In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, TUM stands at 41st place worldwide and 2nd place nationwide. Worldwide, it ranks 14th in computer science, 24th in engineering and technology, and 25th in the physical sciences. It is the highest ranked German university in those subject areas.In the Academic Ranking of World Universities, TUM is ranked at 54th place in the world and 2nd place in Germany. In the subject areas of computer science & engineering and chemistry, TUM is ranked first in Germany.In the 2020 Global University Employability Ranking of the Times Higher Education World Rankings, TUM was ranked 12th in the world and 3rd in Europe. TUM is ranked 7th overall in Reuters' 2019 European Most Innovative University ranking.The TUM School of Management is triple accredited by the European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS), the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and the Association of MBAs (AMBA).TUM has over 160 international partnerships, ranging from joint research activities to international study programs. Partners include:Through the Erasmus+ program and its international student exchange program "TUMexchange", TUM students are provided by opportunities to study abroad.As of winter semester 2020, 45,356 students are enrolled at TUM, of whom 36% are female and 34% are international students.Various initiatives are run by students, including TEDxTUM, the "TUM Speaker Series" (past speakers having included Ban Ki-moon, Tony Blair, Bill Gates and Eric Schmidt), and "IKOM", a career fair.A notable student group is the Workgroup for Rocketry and Space Flight (WARR), which won all SpaceX Hyperloop pod competitions.The Student Council is the main body for university-wide student representation. It elects the General Student Committee (AStA), which represents the professional, economic and social interests of the students, by the Bavarian Higher Education Act. Each school or department will also have a separate Departmental Student Council.Every year, university elections are held to elect student representatives in the Senate (the university's highest academic authority) and in the faculty councils.The Student Council organizes a number of annual festivals. "TUNIX" and "GARNIX" are week-long open air festivals held every summer. "TUNIX" is held at the Königsplatz near the Munich campus, while "GARNIX" is held at the Garching campus. "GLÜHNIX" is a christmas market held in front of the Department of Mechanical Engineering every December. "MaiTUM" is a Bavarian Maifest, held at the Main Campus in May each year.The Student Council also organizes numerous events, including the student-run "TU Film" cinema, the "Hörsaal Slam", the "Benefizkabarett", and the MeUP party. Departmental Student Councils also organize their own events, such as "Unity", "esp", and the "Brückenfest".The Zentrale Hochschulsportanlage (ZHS) is the largest university sports facility in Germany, offering hundreds of different sports programs.Music ensembles at TUM include the TUM Chamber Orchestra, the TUM Jazz Band, the TUM Choir, and the "Symphonisches Ensemble München", a full-size symphony orchestra.16 Nobel Prize winners have studied, taught or researched at the TUM:
[ "Herbert Kupfer", "Thomas F. Hofmann", "Otto Meitinger" ]
Who was the chair of Technical University of Munich in Nov, 2019?
November 14, 2019
{ "text": [ "Thomas F. Hofmann" ] }
L2_Q157808_P488_3
Wolfgang A. Herrmann is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Jan, 1995 to Sep, 2019. Thomas F. Hofmann is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Sep, 2019 to Dec, 2022. Herbert Kupfer is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Jan, 1986 to Jan, 1987. Otto Meitinger is the chair of Technical University of Munich from Jan, 1987 to Jan, 1995.
Technical University of MunichThe Technical University of Munich (TUM or TU Munich) () is a public research university in Munich, with additional campuses in Garching, Freising, Heilbronn and Singapore. A technical university that specializes in engineering, technology, medicine, and the applied and natural sciences, it is organized into 15 schools and departments, and supported by numerous research centers.A "University of Excellence" under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, TUM is consistently ranked among the leading universities in the European Union and its researchers and alumni include 16 Nobel laureates and 22 Leibniz Prize winners.In 1868, King Ludwig II of Bavaria founded the "Polytechnische Schule München" with Karl Maximilian von Bauernfeind as founding director. The new university had its premises at Arcisstraße, where it is still located today. At that time, around 350 students were supervised by 24 professors and 21 lecturers. The college was divided into six departments: The "General Department" (mathematics, natural sciences, humanities, law and economics), the "Engineering Department" (civil engineering and surveying), the "Building Construction Department" (architecture), the "Mechanical-Technical Department" (mechanical engineering), the "Chemical-Technical Department" (chemistry), and the "Agricultural Department".In 1877, the "Polytechnische Schule München" became the "Technische Hochschule München" (TH München), and in 1901 it was granted the right to award doctorates. With an average of 2,600 to 2,800 students, the TH München was now Germany's largest technical university for a time, ahead of the TH Berlin.In 1906, Anna Boyksen became the first female student to enroll in electrical engineering, after the Bavarian government had allowed women to study at technical universities in the German Empire.In 1913, Jonathan Zenneck became director of the newly created Physics Institute.During the Weimar Republic, the TH München had to manage with scarce resources and was drawn into radical political struggles in the years of the November Revolution, the Great Depression, and Adolf Hitler's rise to power. In the winter semester of 1930/31, the National Socialist German Students' League became the strongest faction in the General Students' Committee (AStA) for the first time.In Nazi Germany, the Führerprinzip was also imposed on the universities. The autonomy of the TH München was substantially restricted. In 1933, the newly passed Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service removed "non-Aryan" staff or those married to "non-Aryans" from their positions, together with politically "undesirable" professors. Jewish students no longer had equal rights and were not allowed to be enrolled after 1938.During World War II, the TH München conducted large scale armaments research in support of the war effort. Notable professors during this time include aircraft designer Willy Messerschmitt and Walther Meissner. Basic research continued to be conducted at a high level in many institutes, as individual professors, staff members and students dared disobedience and obstruction. Nobel prize laureate Hans Fischer protected Jewish students from Nazi prosecution. He committed suicide shortly before the end of the war.During the war, 80 percent of the university's facilities in Munich had been destroyed. Under these difficult conditions, teaching resumed in April 1946.In 1956, the construction of a research reactor in Garching was the beginning of the Garching campus. In 1969, the physics department building was opened there, followed in 1977 by new buildings for the chemistry, biology and geoscience departments.In 1967, a Faculty of Medicine was founded with campuses in Haidhausen (Rechts der Isar Hospital) and Schwabing. By 1968, the TH München comprised six faculties, 8,400 students, and 5,700 staff. In 1972, the Zentrale Hochschulsportanlage, a 45-hectare sports center, was built on the grounds of the 1972 Summer Olympics.In 1970, the TH München was renamed to its present name "Technische Universität München". When the Bavarian Higher Education Act came into force in 1974, the six faculties were replaced by eleven departments. In 1992, the field of computer science was established as an independent Department of Informatics, having previously been part of the Department of Mathematics since 1967.In 2002, TUM Asia was founded in Singapore, in cooperation with the Nanyang Technological University and the National University of Singapore. It was the first time that a German university had established a subsidiary abroad.The Department of Sport and Health Sciences and the School of Management were established in 2002. The Weihenstephan departments were combined into the "Weihenstephan Centre of Life and Food Sciences" (WZW), which would later become the School of Life Sciences. With the establishment of the School of Education in 2009, the School of Governance in 2016 and the Department of Aerospace and Geodesy in 2018, the university comprises 15 schools and departments.Since the inception of the German Universities Excellence Initiative in 2006, TUM has won every round of evaluation and the title "University of Excellence".TUM's academic faculties are divided amongst numerous campuses.The historic Main Campus ("Stammgelände") is located in Maxvorstadt, the central borough of Munich. Today, the departments of Architecture, Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Schools of Management, Governance, Education are located here.The TUM School of Medicine is located at the site of its university hospital, the Rechts der Isar Hospital, in the district of Haidhausen.The TUM Department of Sport and Health Sciences is located in the Olympiapark, the former site of the 1972 Summer Olympics.The campus in Garching, located around 10 km north of Munich, has grown to become the largest TUM campus. In the last decades, the departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Informatics and Mathematics have all relocated from their former buildings in the Main Campus. They have since been joined by numerous research institutes, including the Max Planck Institutes for Plasma Physics, Astrophysics, Extraterrestrial Physics and Quantum Optics, the Forschungsreaktor München II (FRM II), the headquarters of the European Southern Observatory (ESO), and the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre, one of the fastest supercomputers in Europe.A landmark of the Garching campus is the Oskar von Miller Tower, a meteorological measurement tower with a height of 62 m. The Garching campus is connected to Munich by the Autobahn and the Munich U-Bahn. It has its own fire department.The third TUM campus is located 35 km north of Munich in Weihenstephan, Freising. It hosts the School of Life Sciences.Additional TUM facilities are located in Ottobrunn (Department of Aerospace and Geodesy), Straubing, Heilbronn, and Singapore.TUM operates a subsidiary in Singapore. In 2001, the "German Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) – TUM Asia" was founded in partnership with the National University of Singapore and the Nanyang Technological University, offering a range of Master's programs. In 2010, TUM Asia started offering Bachelor's degrees in collaboration with the Singapore Institute of Technology.In 2010, TUM and the Nanyang Technological University founded "TUMCREATE", a research platform for the improvement of Singapore's public transportation.As a technical university, the university specializes in engineering, technology, medicine, and the applied and natural sciences. Compared to a "Volluniversität" (a universal university), it lacks the "Geisteswissenschaften", including law and many branches of the social sciences.As of 2020, the Technical University of Munich is organized into 15 schools and departments:Other institutions include the Rechts der Isar Hospital, the TUM Graduate School and the Bavarian School of Public Policy.The Technical University of Munich is one of the most research-focused universities in Europe. This claim is supported by relevant rankings, such as the funding ranking of the German Research Foundation and the research ranking of the Centre for Higher Education.Under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, TUM has obtained funding for multiple research clusters, including "e-conversion" (energy technology), "MCQST" (quantum mechanics), "ORIGINS" (astrophysics, biophysics and particle physics), and "SYNERGY" (neurology).In addition to the schools and departments, TUM has set up numerous research centers with external cooperation partners.Integrative research centers (IRCs) combine research with teaching. They include the TUM Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), the Munich Center for Technology in Society (MCTS), the Munich Data Science Institute (MDSI), the Munich School of Engineering (MSE), the Munich School of BioEngineering (MSB), and the Munich School of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MSRM).Corporate research centers (CRCs) carry out research independently of the schools and departments, cooperating with industry partners for application-driven research. They include the research reactor FRM II, the Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), the Catalysis Research Center (CRC), the Center for translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), the Walter Schottky Institute (WSI), the Hans Eisenmann-Zentrum for Agricultural Science, and the Institute for Food & Health (ZIEL).TUM is ranked first in Germany in the fields of engineering and computer science, and within the top three in the natural sciences.In the QS World Rankings, TUM is ranked 25th (worldwide) in engineering and technology, 28th in the natural sciences, 35th in computer science, and 50th place overall. It is the highest ranked German university in those subject areas.In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, TUM stands at 41st place worldwide and 2nd place nationwide. Worldwide, it ranks 14th in computer science, 24th in engineering and technology, and 25th in the physical sciences. It is the highest ranked German university in those subject areas.In the Academic Ranking of World Universities, TUM is ranked at 54th place in the world and 2nd place in Germany. In the subject areas of computer science & engineering and chemistry, TUM is ranked first in Germany.In the 2020 Global University Employability Ranking of the Times Higher Education World Rankings, TUM was ranked 12th in the world and 3rd in Europe. TUM is ranked 7th overall in Reuters' 2019 European Most Innovative University ranking.The TUM School of Management is triple accredited by the European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS), the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and the Association of MBAs (AMBA).TUM has over 160 international partnerships, ranging from joint research activities to international study programs. Partners include:Through the Erasmus+ program and its international student exchange program "TUMexchange", TUM students are provided by opportunities to study abroad.As of winter semester 2020, 45,356 students are enrolled at TUM, of whom 36% are female and 34% are international students.Various initiatives are run by students, including TEDxTUM, the "TUM Speaker Series" (past speakers having included Ban Ki-moon, Tony Blair, Bill Gates and Eric Schmidt), and "IKOM", a career fair.A notable student group is the Workgroup for Rocketry and Space Flight (WARR), which won all SpaceX Hyperloop pod competitions.The Student Council is the main body for university-wide student representation. It elects the General Student Committee (AStA), which represents the professional, economic and social interests of the students, by the Bavarian Higher Education Act. Each school or department will also have a separate Departmental Student Council.Every year, university elections are held to elect student representatives in the Senate (the university's highest academic authority) and in the faculty councils.The Student Council organizes a number of annual festivals. "TUNIX" and "GARNIX" are week-long open air festivals held every summer. "TUNIX" is held at the Königsplatz near the Munich campus, while "GARNIX" is held at the Garching campus. "GLÜHNIX" is a christmas market held in front of the Department of Mechanical Engineering every December. "MaiTUM" is a Bavarian Maifest, held at the Main Campus in May each year.The Student Council also organizes numerous events, including the student-run "TU Film" cinema, the "Hörsaal Slam", the "Benefizkabarett", and the MeUP party. Departmental Student Councils also organize their own events, such as "Unity", "esp", and the "Brückenfest".The Zentrale Hochschulsportanlage (ZHS) is the largest university sports facility in Germany, offering hundreds of different sports programs.Music ensembles at TUM include the TUM Chamber Orchestra, the TUM Jazz Band, the TUM Choir, and the "Symphonisches Ensemble München", a full-size symphony orchestra.16 Nobel Prize winners have studied, taught or researched at the TUM:
[ "Herbert Kupfer", "Wolfgang A. Herrmann", "Otto Meitinger" ]
Where was Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov educated in Jul, 1733?
July 15, 1733
{ "text": [ "Slavic Greek Latin Academy" ] }
L2_Q58720_P69_0
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Kyiv-Mohyla Academy from Jan, 1734 to Jan, 1735. Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1736. Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Slavic Greek Latin Academy from Jan, 1731 to Jan, 1734. Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended University of Marburg from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1739.
Mikhail LomonosovMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; ; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. Founder of modern geology Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern Russian literary language.Lomonosov was born in the village of Mishaninskaya (later renamed Lomonosovo in his honor) in Archangelgorod Governorate, on an island not far from Kholmogory, in the far north of Russia. His father, Vasily Dorofeyevich Lomonosov, was a prosperous peasant fisherman turned ship owner, who amassed a small fortune transporting goods from Arkhangelsk to Pustozyorsk, Solovki, Kola, and Lapland. Lomonosov's mother was Vasily's first wife, a deacon's daughter, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova.He remained at Denisovka until he was ten, when his father decided that he was old enough to participate in his business ventures, and Lomonosov began accompanying Vasily on trading missions.Learning was young Lomonosov's passion, however, not business. The boy's thirst for knowledge was insatiable. Lomonosov had been taught to read as a boy by his neighbor Ivan Shubny, and he spent every spare moment with his books. He continued his studies with the village deacon, S.N. Sabelnikov, but for many years the only books he had access to were religious texts. When he was fourteen, Lomonosov was given copies of Meletius Smotrytsky's "Modern Church Slavonic" (a grammar book) and Leonty Magnitsky's "Arithmetic". Lomonosov was a Russian orthodox all his life, but had close encounters with Old Believers schism in early youth and later in life he became a deist.In 1724, his father married for the third and final time. Lomonosov and his stepmother Irina had an acrimonious relationship. Unhappy at home and intent on obtaining a higher education, which Lomonosov could not receive in Mishaninskaya, he was determined to leave the village.In 1730, at nineteen, Lomonosov went to Moscow on foot, because he was determined to "study sciences". Shortly after arrival, he admitted into the Slavic Greek Latin Academy by falsely claiming to be a son of a Kholmogory nobleman. In 1734 that initial falsehood as well as another lie for him to be son of a priest nearly got him expelled from the academy but the investigation ended without severe consequences.Lomonosov lived on three kopecks a day, eating only black bread and kvass, but he made rapid progress scholastically. It is believed that in 1735, after three years in Moscow he was sent to Kiev to study for short period at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. He quickly became dissatisfied with the education he was receiving there, and returned to Moscow to resume his studies there. In five years Lomonosov completed a twelve-year study course and in 1736, among 12 best graduates, was awarded a scholarship at the St. Petersburg Academy. He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the University of Marburg and then in Freiberg.The University of Marburg was among Europe's most important universities in the mid-18th century due to the presence of the philosopher Christian Wolff, a prominent figure of the German Enlightenment. Lomonosov became one of Wolff's students while at Marburg from November 1736 to July 1739. Both philosophically and as a science administrator, this connection would be the most influential of Lomonosov's life. In 1739–1740 he studied mineralogy, metallurgy, and mining at Bergrat laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony; there he intensified his studies of German literature.Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language, and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied chemistry, discovered the works of 17th century Irish theologian and natural philosopher, Robert Boyle, and even began writing poetry. He also developed an interest in German literature. He is said to have especially admired Günther. His "Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks", composed in 1739, attracted a great deal of attention in Saint Petersburg. Contrary to his adoration for Wolff, Lomonosov went into fierce disputes with Henckel over the training and education courses he and his two compatriot students were getting in Freiberg as well as over very limited financial support which Henckel was instructed to provide to the Russians after numerous debts they made in Marburg. As the result, Lomonosov left Freiberg without permission and wandered for quite a while over Germany and Holland unsuccessfully trying to get a permission from Russian envoys to return to the St.Petersburg Academy.During his residence in Marburg, Lomonosov boarded with Catharina Zilch, a brewer's widow. He fell in love with Catharina's daughter Elizabeth Christine Zilch. They were married in June 1740. Lomonosov found it extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on the scanty and irregular allowance granted him by the Russian Academy of Sciences. As his circumstances became desperate, he resolved and got permission to return to Saint Petersburg.Lomonosov returned to Russia in June 1741, after being abroad 4 years and 8 months. A year later he was named an Adjunct of the Russian Academy of Science in the physics department. In May 1743, Lomonosov was accused, arrested, and held under house arrest for eight months, after he supposedly insulted various people associated with the Academy. He was released and pardoned in January 1744 after apologising to all involved.Lomonosov was made a full member of the Academy, and named Professor of chemistry, in 1745. He established the Academy's first chemistry laboratory. Eager to improve Russia's educational system, in 1755, Lomonosov joined his patron Count Ivan Shuvalov in founding Moscow University.In 1760, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1764, he was elected Foreign Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of the State Councillor which was of Rank V in the Russian Empire's Table of Ranks. He died on 4 April (o.s.), 1765 in Saint Petersburg. He is widely and deservingly regarded as the "Father of Russian Science", though many of his scientific accomplishments were relatively unknown outside Russia until long after his death and gained proper appreciation only in late 19th and, especially, 20th centuries.In 1756, Lomonosov tried to replicate Robert Boyle's experiment of 1673. He concluded that the commonly accepted phlogiston theory was false. Anticipating the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier, he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiments – of which I append the record in 13 pages – demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same".That is the Law of Mass Conservation in chemical reaction, which was well-known today as "in a chemical reaction, the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products." Lomonosov, together with Lavoisier, is regarded as the one who discovered the law of mass conservation.He stated that all matter is composed of corpuscles – molecules that are "collections" of elements – atoms. In his dissertation "Elements of Mathematical Chemistry" (1741, unfinished), the scientist gives the following definition: "An element is a part of a body that does not consist of any other smaller and different bodies ... corpuscle is a collection of elements forming one small mass." In a later study (1748), he uses term "atom" instead of "element", and "particula" (particle) or "molecule" instead of "corpuscle".He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, contributed to the formulation of the kinetic theory of gases, and stated the idea of conservation of matter in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own force in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to Leonhard Euler dated 5 July 1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on the solidity and fluidity of bodies", 1760).Lomonosov was the first to discover and appreciate the atmosphere of Venus during his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in St Petersburg.In June 2012 a group of astronomers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus (5–6 June 2012). They concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.In 1762, Lomonosov presented an improved design of a reflecting telescope to the Russian Academy of Sciences forum. His telescope had its primary mirror adjusted at an angle of four degrees to the telescope's axis. This made the image focus at the side of the telescope tube, where the observer could view the image with an eyepiece without blocking the image. However, this invention was not published until 1827, so this type of telescope has become associated with a similar design by William Herschel, the Herschelian telescope.In 1759, with his collaborator, academician Joseph Adam Braun, Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and to carry out initial experiments with it. Believing that nature is subject to regular and continuous evolution, he demonstrated the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber. In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of icebergs.In 1763, he published "On The Strata of the Earth" – his most significant geological work. This work puts him before James Hutton, who has been traditionally regarded as the founder of modern geology. Lomonosov based his conceptions on the unity of the Earth's processes in time, and necessity to explain the planet's past from present.Lomonosov's observation of iceberg formation led into his pioneering work in geography. Lomonosov got close to the theory of continental drift, theoretically predicted the existence of Antarctica (he argued that icebergs of the South Ocean could be formed only on a dry land covered with ice), and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier. In 1764, he organized an expedition (led by Admiral Vasili Chichagov) to find the Northeast Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by sailing along the northern coast of Siberia.Lomonosov was proud to restore the ancient art of mosaics. In 1754, in his letter to Leonhard Euler, he wrote that his three years of experiments on the effects of chemistry of minerals on their colour led to his deep involvement in the mosaic art. In 1763, he set up a glass factory that produced the first stained glass mosaics outside of Italy. There were forty mosaics attributed to Lomonosov, with only twenty-four surviving to the present day. Among the best is the portrait of Peter the Great and the "Battle of Poltava", measuring .In 1755 Lomonosov wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with the vernacular tongue. To further his literary theories, he wrote more than 20 solemn ceremonial odes, notably the "Evening Meditation on God's Grandeur". He applied an idiosyncratic theory to his later poems – tender subjects needed words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, Y and U, whereas things that may cause fear (like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with back vowel sounds O, U and Y. That was a version of what is now called sound symbolism.In 1760 Lomonosov published a History of Russia. In addition, he attempted to write a grand epic about Peter the Great, to be based on the "Aeneid" by Vergil, but he died before he could finish it.His granddaughter Sophia Konstantinova (1769–1844) married Russian military hero and statesman General Nikolay Raevsky. His great-granddaughter was Princess Maria (Raevskaya) Volkonskaya, the wife of the Decembrist Prince Sergei Volkonsky.The city of Lomonosov, Russia (former Oranienbaum, Russia from 1710 to 1948), and a lunar crater bear his name, as does a crater on Mars and the asteroid 1379 Lomonosowa. A Russian satellite launched in 2016 was named Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite) after him. The Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg was renamed after him from 1925 to 2005. In 1948, the underwater Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honor.Moscow's Domodedovo airport is officially named after Lomonosov.The Lomonosov Gold Medal was established in 1959 and is awarded annually by the Russian Academy of Sciences to a Russian and a foreign scientist.Lomonosovskaya Station on the Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro is named after him. It was opened in 1970.The street "Lomonosova iela" in the Maskavas Forštate district of Riga is named in honor of Lomonosov. During the Soviet era a main street in Tallinn, Estonia, was named in his honor as "Lomonossovi M.", but from 1991 it was renamed Gonsiori after Jakob Johann Gonsior, a 19th-century alderman and lawyer.On 19 November 2011, Google celebrated his 300th birthday with a Google Doodle.A great number of different stamps was issued in honor of Lomonosov throughout the years: Mikhail Lomonosov and building of the Academy in Leningrad stamp of 1925, stamps depicting Lomonosov issued in 1949, in 1956 and in 1961, a 275th Birth Anniversary of M.V.Lomonosov stamp of 1986, a History of Russia (Ekaterina II) stamp depicting Lomonosov and his study room talking to the queen that was issued in 2004, three 300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov stamps were issued in 2011.The "Akademik Lomonosov", the first of a series of Russian floating nuclear power stations, is named for him. It is expected to be operational at Pevek, Chukotka in September 2019.Moscow State University, founded by him in 1755, was renamed "M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University " in 1940, while celebrating its 185th anniversary. There are also Moscow Institute of Mechanics and Electrical Engineering M.V. Lomonosov (Lomonosov Institute), Lomonosov Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Odessa Technological Institute of Food Industry n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, and several other school in Russia and Kazakhstan. On 19 November 1986, on the 275th anniversary of the birth of M.V. Lomonosov, the USSR State Bank issued a 1 ruble commemorative coin from a copper-nickel alloy.
[ "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy", "Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences", "University of Marburg" ]
Where was Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov educated in May, 1734?
May 27, 1734
{ "text": [ "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy" ] }
L2_Q58720_P69_1
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Slavic Greek Latin Academy from Jan, 1731 to Jan, 1734. Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Kyiv-Mohyla Academy from Jan, 1734 to Jan, 1735. Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1736. Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended University of Marburg from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1739.
Mikhail LomonosovMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; ; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. Founder of modern geology Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern Russian literary language.Lomonosov was born in the village of Mishaninskaya (later renamed Lomonosovo in his honor) in Archangelgorod Governorate, on an island not far from Kholmogory, in the far north of Russia. His father, Vasily Dorofeyevich Lomonosov, was a prosperous peasant fisherman turned ship owner, who amassed a small fortune transporting goods from Arkhangelsk to Pustozyorsk, Solovki, Kola, and Lapland. Lomonosov's mother was Vasily's first wife, a deacon's daughter, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova.He remained at Denisovka until he was ten, when his father decided that he was old enough to participate in his business ventures, and Lomonosov began accompanying Vasily on trading missions.Learning was young Lomonosov's passion, however, not business. The boy's thirst for knowledge was insatiable. Lomonosov had been taught to read as a boy by his neighbor Ivan Shubny, and he spent every spare moment with his books. He continued his studies with the village deacon, S.N. Sabelnikov, but for many years the only books he had access to were religious texts. When he was fourteen, Lomonosov was given copies of Meletius Smotrytsky's "Modern Church Slavonic" (a grammar book) and Leonty Magnitsky's "Arithmetic". Lomonosov was a Russian orthodox all his life, but had close encounters with Old Believers schism in early youth and later in life he became a deist.In 1724, his father married for the third and final time. Lomonosov and his stepmother Irina had an acrimonious relationship. Unhappy at home and intent on obtaining a higher education, which Lomonosov could not receive in Mishaninskaya, he was determined to leave the village.In 1730, at nineteen, Lomonosov went to Moscow on foot, because he was determined to "study sciences". Shortly after arrival, he admitted into the Slavic Greek Latin Academy by falsely claiming to be a son of a Kholmogory nobleman. In 1734 that initial falsehood as well as another lie for him to be son of a priest nearly got him expelled from the academy but the investigation ended without severe consequences.Lomonosov lived on three kopecks a day, eating only black bread and kvass, but he made rapid progress scholastically. It is believed that in 1735, after three years in Moscow he was sent to Kiev to study for short period at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. He quickly became dissatisfied with the education he was receiving there, and returned to Moscow to resume his studies there. In five years Lomonosov completed a twelve-year study course and in 1736, among 12 best graduates, was awarded a scholarship at the St. Petersburg Academy. He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the University of Marburg and then in Freiberg.The University of Marburg was among Europe's most important universities in the mid-18th century due to the presence of the philosopher Christian Wolff, a prominent figure of the German Enlightenment. Lomonosov became one of Wolff's students while at Marburg from November 1736 to July 1739. Both philosophically and as a science administrator, this connection would be the most influential of Lomonosov's life. In 1739–1740 he studied mineralogy, metallurgy, and mining at Bergrat laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony; there he intensified his studies of German literature.Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language, and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied chemistry, discovered the works of 17th century Irish theologian and natural philosopher, Robert Boyle, and even began writing poetry. He also developed an interest in German literature. He is said to have especially admired Günther. His "Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks", composed in 1739, attracted a great deal of attention in Saint Petersburg. Contrary to his adoration for Wolff, Lomonosov went into fierce disputes with Henckel over the training and education courses he and his two compatriot students were getting in Freiberg as well as over very limited financial support which Henckel was instructed to provide to the Russians after numerous debts they made in Marburg. As the result, Lomonosov left Freiberg without permission and wandered for quite a while over Germany and Holland unsuccessfully trying to get a permission from Russian envoys to return to the St.Petersburg Academy.During his residence in Marburg, Lomonosov boarded with Catharina Zilch, a brewer's widow. He fell in love with Catharina's daughter Elizabeth Christine Zilch. They were married in June 1740. Lomonosov found it extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on the scanty and irregular allowance granted him by the Russian Academy of Sciences. As his circumstances became desperate, he resolved and got permission to return to Saint Petersburg.Lomonosov returned to Russia in June 1741, after being abroad 4 years and 8 months. A year later he was named an Adjunct of the Russian Academy of Science in the physics department. In May 1743, Lomonosov was accused, arrested, and held under house arrest for eight months, after he supposedly insulted various people associated with the Academy. He was released and pardoned in January 1744 after apologising to all involved.Lomonosov was made a full member of the Academy, and named Professor of chemistry, in 1745. He established the Academy's first chemistry laboratory. Eager to improve Russia's educational system, in 1755, Lomonosov joined his patron Count Ivan Shuvalov in founding Moscow University.In 1760, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1764, he was elected Foreign Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of the State Councillor which was of Rank V in the Russian Empire's Table of Ranks. He died on 4 April (o.s.), 1765 in Saint Petersburg. He is widely and deservingly regarded as the "Father of Russian Science", though many of his scientific accomplishments were relatively unknown outside Russia until long after his death and gained proper appreciation only in late 19th and, especially, 20th centuries.In 1756, Lomonosov tried to replicate Robert Boyle's experiment of 1673. He concluded that the commonly accepted phlogiston theory was false. Anticipating the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier, he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiments – of which I append the record in 13 pages – demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same".That is the Law of Mass Conservation in chemical reaction, which was well-known today as "in a chemical reaction, the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products." Lomonosov, together with Lavoisier, is regarded as the one who discovered the law of mass conservation.He stated that all matter is composed of corpuscles – molecules that are "collections" of elements – atoms. In his dissertation "Elements of Mathematical Chemistry" (1741, unfinished), the scientist gives the following definition: "An element is a part of a body that does not consist of any other smaller and different bodies ... corpuscle is a collection of elements forming one small mass." In a later study (1748), he uses term "atom" instead of "element", and "particula" (particle) or "molecule" instead of "corpuscle".He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, contributed to the formulation of the kinetic theory of gases, and stated the idea of conservation of matter in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own force in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to Leonhard Euler dated 5 July 1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on the solidity and fluidity of bodies", 1760).Lomonosov was the first to discover and appreciate the atmosphere of Venus during his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in St Petersburg.In June 2012 a group of astronomers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus (5–6 June 2012). They concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.In 1762, Lomonosov presented an improved design of a reflecting telescope to the Russian Academy of Sciences forum. His telescope had its primary mirror adjusted at an angle of four degrees to the telescope's axis. This made the image focus at the side of the telescope tube, where the observer could view the image with an eyepiece without blocking the image. However, this invention was not published until 1827, so this type of telescope has become associated with a similar design by William Herschel, the Herschelian telescope.In 1759, with his collaborator, academician Joseph Adam Braun, Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and to carry out initial experiments with it. Believing that nature is subject to regular and continuous evolution, he demonstrated the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber. In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of icebergs.In 1763, he published "On The Strata of the Earth" – his most significant geological work. This work puts him before James Hutton, who has been traditionally regarded as the founder of modern geology. Lomonosov based his conceptions on the unity of the Earth's processes in time, and necessity to explain the planet's past from present.Lomonosov's observation of iceberg formation led into his pioneering work in geography. Lomonosov got close to the theory of continental drift, theoretically predicted the existence of Antarctica (he argued that icebergs of the South Ocean could be formed only on a dry land covered with ice), and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier. In 1764, he organized an expedition (led by Admiral Vasili Chichagov) to find the Northeast Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by sailing along the northern coast of Siberia.Lomonosov was proud to restore the ancient art of mosaics. In 1754, in his letter to Leonhard Euler, he wrote that his three years of experiments on the effects of chemistry of minerals on their colour led to his deep involvement in the mosaic art. In 1763, he set up a glass factory that produced the first stained glass mosaics outside of Italy. There were forty mosaics attributed to Lomonosov, with only twenty-four surviving to the present day. Among the best is the portrait of Peter the Great and the "Battle of Poltava", measuring .In 1755 Lomonosov wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with the vernacular tongue. To further his literary theories, he wrote more than 20 solemn ceremonial odes, notably the "Evening Meditation on God's Grandeur". He applied an idiosyncratic theory to his later poems – tender subjects needed words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, Y and U, whereas things that may cause fear (like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with back vowel sounds O, U and Y. That was a version of what is now called sound symbolism.In 1760 Lomonosov published a History of Russia. In addition, he attempted to write a grand epic about Peter the Great, to be based on the "Aeneid" by Vergil, but he died before he could finish it.His granddaughter Sophia Konstantinova (1769–1844) married Russian military hero and statesman General Nikolay Raevsky. His great-granddaughter was Princess Maria (Raevskaya) Volkonskaya, the wife of the Decembrist Prince Sergei Volkonsky.The city of Lomonosov, Russia (former Oranienbaum, Russia from 1710 to 1948), and a lunar crater bear his name, as does a crater on Mars and the asteroid 1379 Lomonosowa. A Russian satellite launched in 2016 was named Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite) after him. The Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg was renamed after him from 1925 to 2005. In 1948, the underwater Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honor.Moscow's Domodedovo airport is officially named after Lomonosov.The Lomonosov Gold Medal was established in 1959 and is awarded annually by the Russian Academy of Sciences to a Russian and a foreign scientist.Lomonosovskaya Station on the Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro is named after him. It was opened in 1970.The street "Lomonosova iela" in the Maskavas Forštate district of Riga is named in honor of Lomonosov. During the Soviet era a main street in Tallinn, Estonia, was named in his honor as "Lomonossovi M.", but from 1991 it was renamed Gonsiori after Jakob Johann Gonsior, a 19th-century alderman and lawyer.On 19 November 2011, Google celebrated his 300th birthday with a Google Doodle.A great number of different stamps was issued in honor of Lomonosov throughout the years: Mikhail Lomonosov and building of the Academy in Leningrad stamp of 1925, stamps depicting Lomonosov issued in 1949, in 1956 and in 1961, a 275th Birth Anniversary of M.V.Lomonosov stamp of 1986, a History of Russia (Ekaterina II) stamp depicting Lomonosov and his study room talking to the queen that was issued in 2004, three 300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov stamps were issued in 2011.The "Akademik Lomonosov", the first of a series of Russian floating nuclear power stations, is named for him. It is expected to be operational at Pevek, Chukotka in September 2019.Moscow State University, founded by him in 1755, was renamed "M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University " in 1940, while celebrating its 185th anniversary. There are also Moscow Institute of Mechanics and Electrical Engineering M.V. Lomonosov (Lomonosov Institute), Lomonosov Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Odessa Technological Institute of Food Industry n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, and several other school in Russia and Kazakhstan. On 19 November 1986, on the 275th anniversary of the birth of M.V. Lomonosov, the USSR State Bank issued a 1 ruble commemorative coin from a copper-nickel alloy.
[ "Slavic Greek Latin Academy", "Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences", "University of Marburg" ]
Where was Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov educated in Aug, 1736?
August 18, 1736
{ "text": [ "University of Marburg" ] }
L2_Q58720_P69_2
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Kyiv-Mohyla Academy from Jan, 1734 to Jan, 1735. Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Slavic Greek Latin Academy from Jan, 1731 to Jan, 1734. Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1736. Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended University of Marburg from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1739.
Mikhail LomonosovMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; ; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. Founder of modern geology Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern Russian literary language.Lomonosov was born in the village of Mishaninskaya (later renamed Lomonosovo in his honor) in Archangelgorod Governorate, on an island not far from Kholmogory, in the far north of Russia. His father, Vasily Dorofeyevich Lomonosov, was a prosperous peasant fisherman turned ship owner, who amassed a small fortune transporting goods from Arkhangelsk to Pustozyorsk, Solovki, Kola, and Lapland. Lomonosov's mother was Vasily's first wife, a deacon's daughter, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova.He remained at Denisovka until he was ten, when his father decided that he was old enough to participate in his business ventures, and Lomonosov began accompanying Vasily on trading missions.Learning was young Lomonosov's passion, however, not business. The boy's thirst for knowledge was insatiable. Lomonosov had been taught to read as a boy by his neighbor Ivan Shubny, and he spent every spare moment with his books. He continued his studies with the village deacon, S.N. Sabelnikov, but for many years the only books he had access to were religious texts. When he was fourteen, Lomonosov was given copies of Meletius Smotrytsky's "Modern Church Slavonic" (a grammar book) and Leonty Magnitsky's "Arithmetic". Lomonosov was a Russian orthodox all his life, but had close encounters with Old Believers schism in early youth and later in life he became a deist.In 1724, his father married for the third and final time. Lomonosov and his stepmother Irina had an acrimonious relationship. Unhappy at home and intent on obtaining a higher education, which Lomonosov could not receive in Mishaninskaya, he was determined to leave the village.In 1730, at nineteen, Lomonosov went to Moscow on foot, because he was determined to "study sciences". Shortly after arrival, he admitted into the Slavic Greek Latin Academy by falsely claiming to be a son of a Kholmogory nobleman. In 1734 that initial falsehood as well as another lie for him to be son of a priest nearly got him expelled from the academy but the investigation ended without severe consequences.Lomonosov lived on three kopecks a day, eating only black bread and kvass, but he made rapid progress scholastically. It is believed that in 1735, after three years in Moscow he was sent to Kiev to study for short period at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. He quickly became dissatisfied with the education he was receiving there, and returned to Moscow to resume his studies there. In five years Lomonosov completed a twelve-year study course and in 1736, among 12 best graduates, was awarded a scholarship at the St. Petersburg Academy. He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the University of Marburg and then in Freiberg.The University of Marburg was among Europe's most important universities in the mid-18th century due to the presence of the philosopher Christian Wolff, a prominent figure of the German Enlightenment. Lomonosov became one of Wolff's students while at Marburg from November 1736 to July 1739. Both philosophically and as a science administrator, this connection would be the most influential of Lomonosov's life. In 1739–1740 he studied mineralogy, metallurgy, and mining at Bergrat laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony; there he intensified his studies of German literature.Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language, and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied chemistry, discovered the works of 17th century Irish theologian and natural philosopher, Robert Boyle, and even began writing poetry. He also developed an interest in German literature. He is said to have especially admired Günther. His "Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks", composed in 1739, attracted a great deal of attention in Saint Petersburg. Contrary to his adoration for Wolff, Lomonosov went into fierce disputes with Henckel over the training and education courses he and his two compatriot students were getting in Freiberg as well as over very limited financial support which Henckel was instructed to provide to the Russians after numerous debts they made in Marburg. As the result, Lomonosov left Freiberg without permission and wandered for quite a while over Germany and Holland unsuccessfully trying to get a permission from Russian envoys to return to the St.Petersburg Academy.During his residence in Marburg, Lomonosov boarded with Catharina Zilch, a brewer's widow. He fell in love with Catharina's daughter Elizabeth Christine Zilch. They were married in June 1740. Lomonosov found it extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on the scanty and irregular allowance granted him by the Russian Academy of Sciences. As his circumstances became desperate, he resolved and got permission to return to Saint Petersburg.Lomonosov returned to Russia in June 1741, after being abroad 4 years and 8 months. A year later he was named an Adjunct of the Russian Academy of Science in the physics department. In May 1743, Lomonosov was accused, arrested, and held under house arrest for eight months, after he supposedly insulted various people associated with the Academy. He was released and pardoned in January 1744 after apologising to all involved.Lomonosov was made a full member of the Academy, and named Professor of chemistry, in 1745. He established the Academy's first chemistry laboratory. Eager to improve Russia's educational system, in 1755, Lomonosov joined his patron Count Ivan Shuvalov in founding Moscow University.In 1760, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1764, he was elected Foreign Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of the State Councillor which was of Rank V in the Russian Empire's Table of Ranks. He died on 4 April (o.s.), 1765 in Saint Petersburg. He is widely and deservingly regarded as the "Father of Russian Science", though many of his scientific accomplishments were relatively unknown outside Russia until long after his death and gained proper appreciation only in late 19th and, especially, 20th centuries.In 1756, Lomonosov tried to replicate Robert Boyle's experiment of 1673. He concluded that the commonly accepted phlogiston theory was false. Anticipating the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier, he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiments – of which I append the record in 13 pages – demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same".That is the Law of Mass Conservation in chemical reaction, which was well-known today as "in a chemical reaction, the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products." Lomonosov, together with Lavoisier, is regarded as the one who discovered the law of mass conservation.He stated that all matter is composed of corpuscles – molecules that are "collections" of elements – atoms. In his dissertation "Elements of Mathematical Chemistry" (1741, unfinished), the scientist gives the following definition: "An element is a part of a body that does not consist of any other smaller and different bodies ... corpuscle is a collection of elements forming one small mass." In a later study (1748), he uses term "atom" instead of "element", and "particula" (particle) or "molecule" instead of "corpuscle".He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, contributed to the formulation of the kinetic theory of gases, and stated the idea of conservation of matter in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own force in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to Leonhard Euler dated 5 July 1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on the solidity and fluidity of bodies", 1760).Lomonosov was the first to discover and appreciate the atmosphere of Venus during his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in St Petersburg.In June 2012 a group of astronomers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus (5–6 June 2012). They concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.In 1762, Lomonosov presented an improved design of a reflecting telescope to the Russian Academy of Sciences forum. His telescope had its primary mirror adjusted at an angle of four degrees to the telescope's axis. This made the image focus at the side of the telescope tube, where the observer could view the image with an eyepiece without blocking the image. However, this invention was not published until 1827, so this type of telescope has become associated with a similar design by William Herschel, the Herschelian telescope.In 1759, with his collaborator, academician Joseph Adam Braun, Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and to carry out initial experiments with it. Believing that nature is subject to regular and continuous evolution, he demonstrated the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber. In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of icebergs.In 1763, he published "On The Strata of the Earth" – his most significant geological work. This work puts him before James Hutton, who has been traditionally regarded as the founder of modern geology. Lomonosov based his conceptions on the unity of the Earth's processes in time, and necessity to explain the planet's past from present.Lomonosov's observation of iceberg formation led into his pioneering work in geography. Lomonosov got close to the theory of continental drift, theoretically predicted the existence of Antarctica (he argued that icebergs of the South Ocean could be formed only on a dry land covered with ice), and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier. In 1764, he organized an expedition (led by Admiral Vasili Chichagov) to find the Northeast Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by sailing along the northern coast of Siberia.Lomonosov was proud to restore the ancient art of mosaics. In 1754, in his letter to Leonhard Euler, he wrote that his three years of experiments on the effects of chemistry of minerals on their colour led to his deep involvement in the mosaic art. In 1763, he set up a glass factory that produced the first stained glass mosaics outside of Italy. There were forty mosaics attributed to Lomonosov, with only twenty-four surviving to the present day. Among the best is the portrait of Peter the Great and the "Battle of Poltava", measuring .In 1755 Lomonosov wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with the vernacular tongue. To further his literary theories, he wrote more than 20 solemn ceremonial odes, notably the "Evening Meditation on God's Grandeur". He applied an idiosyncratic theory to his later poems – tender subjects needed words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, Y and U, whereas things that may cause fear (like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with back vowel sounds O, U and Y. That was a version of what is now called sound symbolism.In 1760 Lomonosov published a History of Russia. In addition, he attempted to write a grand epic about Peter the Great, to be based on the "Aeneid" by Vergil, but he died before he could finish it.His granddaughter Sophia Konstantinova (1769–1844) married Russian military hero and statesman General Nikolay Raevsky. His great-granddaughter was Princess Maria (Raevskaya) Volkonskaya, the wife of the Decembrist Prince Sergei Volkonsky.The city of Lomonosov, Russia (former Oranienbaum, Russia from 1710 to 1948), and a lunar crater bear his name, as does a crater on Mars and the asteroid 1379 Lomonosowa. A Russian satellite launched in 2016 was named Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite) after him. The Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg was renamed after him from 1925 to 2005. In 1948, the underwater Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honor.Moscow's Domodedovo airport is officially named after Lomonosov.The Lomonosov Gold Medal was established in 1959 and is awarded annually by the Russian Academy of Sciences to a Russian and a foreign scientist.Lomonosovskaya Station on the Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro is named after him. It was opened in 1970.The street "Lomonosova iela" in the Maskavas Forštate district of Riga is named in honor of Lomonosov. During the Soviet era a main street in Tallinn, Estonia, was named in his honor as "Lomonossovi M.", but from 1991 it was renamed Gonsiori after Jakob Johann Gonsior, a 19th-century alderman and lawyer.On 19 November 2011, Google celebrated his 300th birthday with a Google Doodle.A great number of different stamps was issued in honor of Lomonosov throughout the years: Mikhail Lomonosov and building of the Academy in Leningrad stamp of 1925, stamps depicting Lomonosov issued in 1949, in 1956 and in 1961, a 275th Birth Anniversary of M.V.Lomonosov stamp of 1986, a History of Russia (Ekaterina II) stamp depicting Lomonosov and his study room talking to the queen that was issued in 2004, three 300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov stamps were issued in 2011.The "Akademik Lomonosov", the first of a series of Russian floating nuclear power stations, is named for him. It is expected to be operational at Pevek, Chukotka in September 2019.Moscow State University, founded by him in 1755, was renamed "M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University " in 1940, while celebrating its 185th anniversary. There are also Moscow Institute of Mechanics and Electrical Engineering M.V. Lomonosov (Lomonosov Institute), Lomonosov Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Odessa Technological Institute of Food Industry n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, and several other school in Russia and Kazakhstan. On 19 November 1986, on the 275th anniversary of the birth of M.V. Lomonosov, the USSR State Bank issued a 1 ruble commemorative coin from a copper-nickel alloy.
[ "Slavic Greek Latin Academy", "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy", "Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences" ]
Where was Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov educated in Jan, 1736?
January 01, 1736
{ "text": [ "Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences", "University of Marburg" ] }
L2_Q58720_P69_3
Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Academic University at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1736. Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Kyiv-Mohyla Academy from Jan, 1734 to Jan, 1735. Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended Slavic Greek Latin Academy from Jan, 1731 to Jan, 1734. Mikhail Vassilyevich Lomonosov attended University of Marburg from Jan, 1736 to Jan, 1739.
Mikhail LomonosovMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; ; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. Founder of modern geology Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern Russian literary language.Lomonosov was born in the village of Mishaninskaya (later renamed Lomonosovo in his honor) in Archangelgorod Governorate, on an island not far from Kholmogory, in the far north of Russia. His father, Vasily Dorofeyevich Lomonosov, was a prosperous peasant fisherman turned ship owner, who amassed a small fortune transporting goods from Arkhangelsk to Pustozyorsk, Solovki, Kola, and Lapland. Lomonosov's mother was Vasily's first wife, a deacon's daughter, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova.He remained at Denisovka until he was ten, when his father decided that he was old enough to participate in his business ventures, and Lomonosov began accompanying Vasily on trading missions.Learning was young Lomonosov's passion, however, not business. The boy's thirst for knowledge was insatiable. Lomonosov had been taught to read as a boy by his neighbor Ivan Shubny, and he spent every spare moment with his books. He continued his studies with the village deacon, S.N. Sabelnikov, but for many years the only books he had access to were religious texts. When he was fourteen, Lomonosov was given copies of Meletius Smotrytsky's "Modern Church Slavonic" (a grammar book) and Leonty Magnitsky's "Arithmetic". Lomonosov was a Russian orthodox all his life, but had close encounters with Old Believers schism in early youth and later in life he became a deist.In 1724, his father married for the third and final time. Lomonosov and his stepmother Irina had an acrimonious relationship. Unhappy at home and intent on obtaining a higher education, which Lomonosov could not receive in Mishaninskaya, he was determined to leave the village.In 1730, at nineteen, Lomonosov went to Moscow on foot, because he was determined to "study sciences". Shortly after arrival, he admitted into the Slavic Greek Latin Academy by falsely claiming to be a son of a Kholmogory nobleman. In 1734 that initial falsehood as well as another lie for him to be son of a priest nearly got him expelled from the academy but the investigation ended without severe consequences.Lomonosov lived on three kopecks a day, eating only black bread and kvass, but he made rapid progress scholastically. It is believed that in 1735, after three years in Moscow he was sent to Kiev to study for short period at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. He quickly became dissatisfied with the education he was receiving there, and returned to Moscow to resume his studies there. In five years Lomonosov completed a twelve-year study course and in 1736, among 12 best graduates, was awarded a scholarship at the St. Petersburg Academy. He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the University of Marburg and then in Freiberg.The University of Marburg was among Europe's most important universities in the mid-18th century due to the presence of the philosopher Christian Wolff, a prominent figure of the German Enlightenment. Lomonosov became one of Wolff's students while at Marburg from November 1736 to July 1739. Both philosophically and as a science administrator, this connection would be the most influential of Lomonosov's life. In 1739–1740 he studied mineralogy, metallurgy, and mining at Bergrat laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony; there he intensified his studies of German literature.Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language, and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied chemistry, discovered the works of 17th century Irish theologian and natural philosopher, Robert Boyle, and even began writing poetry. He also developed an interest in German literature. He is said to have especially admired Günther. His "Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks", composed in 1739, attracted a great deal of attention in Saint Petersburg. Contrary to his adoration for Wolff, Lomonosov went into fierce disputes with Henckel over the training and education courses he and his two compatriot students were getting in Freiberg as well as over very limited financial support which Henckel was instructed to provide to the Russians after numerous debts they made in Marburg. As the result, Lomonosov left Freiberg without permission and wandered for quite a while over Germany and Holland unsuccessfully trying to get a permission from Russian envoys to return to the St.Petersburg Academy.During his residence in Marburg, Lomonosov boarded with Catharina Zilch, a brewer's widow. He fell in love with Catharina's daughter Elizabeth Christine Zilch. They were married in June 1740. Lomonosov found it extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on the scanty and irregular allowance granted him by the Russian Academy of Sciences. As his circumstances became desperate, he resolved and got permission to return to Saint Petersburg.Lomonosov returned to Russia in June 1741, after being abroad 4 years and 8 months. A year later he was named an Adjunct of the Russian Academy of Science in the physics department. In May 1743, Lomonosov was accused, arrested, and held under house arrest for eight months, after he supposedly insulted various people associated with the Academy. He was released and pardoned in January 1744 after apologising to all involved.Lomonosov was made a full member of the Academy, and named Professor of chemistry, in 1745. He established the Academy's first chemistry laboratory. Eager to improve Russia's educational system, in 1755, Lomonosov joined his patron Count Ivan Shuvalov in founding Moscow University.In 1760, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1764, he was elected Foreign Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of the State Councillor which was of Rank V in the Russian Empire's Table of Ranks. He died on 4 April (o.s.), 1765 in Saint Petersburg. He is widely and deservingly regarded as the "Father of Russian Science", though many of his scientific accomplishments were relatively unknown outside Russia until long after his death and gained proper appreciation only in late 19th and, especially, 20th centuries.In 1756, Lomonosov tried to replicate Robert Boyle's experiment of 1673. He concluded that the commonly accepted phlogiston theory was false. Anticipating the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier, he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiments – of which I append the record in 13 pages – demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same".That is the Law of Mass Conservation in chemical reaction, which was well-known today as "in a chemical reaction, the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products." Lomonosov, together with Lavoisier, is regarded as the one who discovered the law of mass conservation.He stated that all matter is composed of corpuscles – molecules that are "collections" of elements – atoms. In his dissertation "Elements of Mathematical Chemistry" (1741, unfinished), the scientist gives the following definition: "An element is a part of a body that does not consist of any other smaller and different bodies ... corpuscle is a collection of elements forming one small mass." In a later study (1748), he uses term "atom" instead of "element", and "particula" (particle) or "molecule" instead of "corpuscle".He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, contributed to the formulation of the kinetic theory of gases, and stated the idea of conservation of matter in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own force in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to Leonhard Euler dated 5 July 1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on the solidity and fluidity of bodies", 1760).Lomonosov was the first to discover and appreciate the atmosphere of Venus during his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in St Petersburg.In June 2012 a group of astronomers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus (5–6 June 2012). They concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.In 1762, Lomonosov presented an improved design of a reflecting telescope to the Russian Academy of Sciences forum. His telescope had its primary mirror adjusted at an angle of four degrees to the telescope's axis. This made the image focus at the side of the telescope tube, where the observer could view the image with an eyepiece without blocking the image. However, this invention was not published until 1827, so this type of telescope has become associated with a similar design by William Herschel, the Herschelian telescope.In 1759, with his collaborator, academician Joseph Adam Braun, Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and to carry out initial experiments with it. Believing that nature is subject to regular and continuous evolution, he demonstrated the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber. In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of icebergs.In 1763, he published "On The Strata of the Earth" – his most significant geological work. This work puts him before James Hutton, who has been traditionally regarded as the founder of modern geology. Lomonosov based his conceptions on the unity of the Earth's processes in time, and necessity to explain the planet's past from present.Lomonosov's observation of iceberg formation led into his pioneering work in geography. Lomonosov got close to the theory of continental drift, theoretically predicted the existence of Antarctica (he argued that icebergs of the South Ocean could be formed only on a dry land covered with ice), and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier. In 1764, he organized an expedition (led by Admiral Vasili Chichagov) to find the Northeast Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by sailing along the northern coast of Siberia.Lomonosov was proud to restore the ancient art of mosaics. In 1754, in his letter to Leonhard Euler, he wrote that his three years of experiments on the effects of chemistry of minerals on their colour led to his deep involvement in the mosaic art. In 1763, he set up a glass factory that produced the first stained glass mosaics outside of Italy. There were forty mosaics attributed to Lomonosov, with only twenty-four surviving to the present day. Among the best is the portrait of Peter the Great and the "Battle of Poltava", measuring .In 1755 Lomonosov wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with the vernacular tongue. To further his literary theories, he wrote more than 20 solemn ceremonial odes, notably the "Evening Meditation on God's Grandeur". He applied an idiosyncratic theory to his later poems – tender subjects needed words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, Y and U, whereas things that may cause fear (like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with back vowel sounds O, U and Y. That was a version of what is now called sound symbolism.In 1760 Lomonosov published a History of Russia. In addition, he attempted to write a grand epic about Peter the Great, to be based on the "Aeneid" by Vergil, but he died before he could finish it.His granddaughter Sophia Konstantinova (1769–1844) married Russian military hero and statesman General Nikolay Raevsky. His great-granddaughter was Princess Maria (Raevskaya) Volkonskaya, the wife of the Decembrist Prince Sergei Volkonsky.The city of Lomonosov, Russia (former Oranienbaum, Russia from 1710 to 1948), and a lunar crater bear his name, as does a crater on Mars and the asteroid 1379 Lomonosowa. A Russian satellite launched in 2016 was named Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite) after him. The Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg was renamed after him from 1925 to 2005. In 1948, the underwater Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honor.Moscow's Domodedovo airport is officially named after Lomonosov.The Lomonosov Gold Medal was established in 1959 and is awarded annually by the Russian Academy of Sciences to a Russian and a foreign scientist.Lomonosovskaya Station on the Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro is named after him. It was opened in 1970.The street "Lomonosova iela" in the Maskavas Forštate district of Riga is named in honor of Lomonosov. During the Soviet era a main street in Tallinn, Estonia, was named in his honor as "Lomonossovi M.", but from 1991 it was renamed Gonsiori after Jakob Johann Gonsior, a 19th-century alderman and lawyer.On 19 November 2011, Google celebrated his 300th birthday with a Google Doodle.A great number of different stamps was issued in honor of Lomonosov throughout the years: Mikhail Lomonosov and building of the Academy in Leningrad stamp of 1925, stamps depicting Lomonosov issued in 1949, in 1956 and in 1961, a 275th Birth Anniversary of M.V.Lomonosov stamp of 1986, a History of Russia (Ekaterina II) stamp depicting Lomonosov and his study room talking to the queen that was issued in 2004, three 300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov stamps were issued in 2011.The "Akademik Lomonosov", the first of a series of Russian floating nuclear power stations, is named for him. It is expected to be operational at Pevek, Chukotka in September 2019.Moscow State University, founded by him in 1755, was renamed "M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University " in 1940, while celebrating its 185th anniversary. There are also Moscow Institute of Mechanics and Electrical Engineering M.V. Lomonosov (Lomonosov Institute), Lomonosov Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Odessa Technological Institute of Food Industry n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, and several other school in Russia and Kazakhstan. On 19 November 1986, on the 275th anniversary of the birth of M.V. Lomonosov, the USSR State Bank issued a 1 ruble commemorative coin from a copper-nickel alloy.
[ "Slavic Greek Latin Academy", "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy", "Slavic Greek Latin Academy", "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy" ]
Who was the owner of The Little Street in Mar, 1846?
March 16, 1846
{ "text": [ "Hendrik Six van Hillegom" ] }
L2_Q586035_P127_0
The Little Street is owned by Hendrik Six van Hillegom from Jan, 1845 to Jan, 1847. The Little Street is owned by Pieter Hendrik Six van Vromade from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1905. The Little Street is owned by Jan Pieter Six VI from Jan, 1847 to Jan, 1899.
The Little StreetThe Little Street ("Het Straatje") is a painting by the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer, executed c. 1657–58. It is exhibited at the Rijksmuseum of Amsterdam, and signed, below the window in the lower left-hand corner, "I V MEER".The painting is made in oil on canvas, and it is a relatively small painting, being high by wide.The painting, showing a quiet street, depicts a typical aspect of the life in a Dutch Golden Age town. It is one of only three Vermeer paintings of views of Delft, the others being "View of Delft" and the now lost "House Standing in Delft". This painting is considered to be an important work of the Dutch master.Straight angles alternate with the triangle of the house and of the sky giving the composition a certain vitality. The walls, stones and brickwork are painted in a thicker paint layer, such that it makes them almost palpable.Vermeer achieved the realistic depiction of the surfaces with the masterful application of a relatively limited number of pigments. He employed red ochre and madder lake for the reddish-brown brick wall, the blue in the sky contains lead white and natural ultramarine. The green shutters and foliage are painted with azurite mixed with lead-tin-yellow.While generally agreed to depict a contemporary street scene in 17th-century Delft, where Vermeer lived and worked, the exact location of the scene Vermeer painted has long been a topic of research and discussion, with studies arguing for the Voldersgracht, where the Vermeer Centre is located, or the Nieuwe Langendijk at the present-day numbers 22 to 26.In 2015, archival research based on the city's quay dues register, which gives detailed measurements of all houses and passageways along the canals of Delft at the time, has resulted in the conclusion that the site is the Vlamingstraat, a street with a narrow canal, at the present-day numbers 40 and 42.The research also found that the property on the right in the painting belonged to Vermeer’s aunt, Ariaentgen Claes van der Minne. She had a business selling tripe, and the passageway beside the house was known as the "Penspoort", or Tripe Gate. Vermeer’s mother and sister also lived on the same canal, diagonally opposite.In 2017, this apparently sound conclusion was disputed by art historians Gert Eijkelboom and Gerrit Vermeer in the Dutch "Journal of Historical Geography" ("Tijdschrift voor historische geografie"). Their argumentation is essentially founded in the assertion that the painting does not depict an actual place, and thus cannot be accurately located. The authors said: "We do not know whether the question will ever be answered, because it seems that Vermeer's world-famous work is an allegorical representation, which he compiled from various elements and places."
[ "Pieter Hendrik Six van Vromade", "Jan Pieter Six VI" ]
Who was the owner of The Little Street in May, 1885?
May 29, 1885
{ "text": [ "Jan Pieter Six VI" ] }
L2_Q586035_P127_1
The Little Street is owned by Pieter Hendrik Six van Vromade from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1905. The Little Street is owned by Hendrik Six van Hillegom from Jan, 1845 to Jan, 1847. The Little Street is owned by Jan Pieter Six VI from Jan, 1847 to Jan, 1899.
The Little StreetThe Little Street ("Het Straatje") is a painting by the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer, executed c. 1657–58. It is exhibited at the Rijksmuseum of Amsterdam, and signed, below the window in the lower left-hand corner, "I V MEER".The painting is made in oil on canvas, and it is a relatively small painting, being high by wide.The painting, showing a quiet street, depicts a typical aspect of the life in a Dutch Golden Age town. It is one of only three Vermeer paintings of views of Delft, the others being "View of Delft" and the now lost "House Standing in Delft". This painting is considered to be an important work of the Dutch master.Straight angles alternate with the triangle of the house and of the sky giving the composition a certain vitality. The walls, stones and brickwork are painted in a thicker paint layer, such that it makes them almost palpable.Vermeer achieved the realistic depiction of the surfaces with the masterful application of a relatively limited number of pigments. He employed red ochre and madder lake for the reddish-brown brick wall, the blue in the sky contains lead white and natural ultramarine. The green shutters and foliage are painted with azurite mixed with lead-tin-yellow.While generally agreed to depict a contemporary street scene in 17th-century Delft, where Vermeer lived and worked, the exact location of the scene Vermeer painted has long been a topic of research and discussion, with studies arguing for the Voldersgracht, where the Vermeer Centre is located, or the Nieuwe Langendijk at the present-day numbers 22 to 26.In 2015, archival research based on the city's quay dues register, which gives detailed measurements of all houses and passageways along the canals of Delft at the time, has resulted in the conclusion that the site is the Vlamingstraat, a street with a narrow canal, at the present-day numbers 40 and 42.The research also found that the property on the right in the painting belonged to Vermeer’s aunt, Ariaentgen Claes van der Minne. She had a business selling tripe, and the passageway beside the house was known as the "Penspoort", or Tripe Gate. Vermeer’s mother and sister also lived on the same canal, diagonally opposite.In 2017, this apparently sound conclusion was disputed by art historians Gert Eijkelboom and Gerrit Vermeer in the Dutch "Journal of Historical Geography" ("Tijdschrift voor historische geografie"). Their argumentation is essentially founded in the assertion that the painting does not depict an actual place, and thus cannot be accurately located. The authors said: "We do not know whether the question will ever be answered, because it seems that Vermeer's world-famous work is an allegorical representation, which he compiled from various elements and places."
[ "Hendrik Six van Hillegom", "Pieter Hendrik Six van Vromade" ]
Who was the owner of The Little Street in Nov, 1900?
November 21, 1900
{ "text": [ "Pieter Hendrik Six van Vromade" ] }
L2_Q586035_P127_2
The Little Street is owned by Jan Pieter Six VI from Jan, 1847 to Jan, 1899. The Little Street is owned by Pieter Hendrik Six van Vromade from Jan, 1899 to Jan, 1905. The Little Street is owned by Hendrik Six van Hillegom from Jan, 1845 to Jan, 1847.
The Little StreetThe Little Street ("Het Straatje") is a painting by the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer, executed c. 1657–58. It is exhibited at the Rijksmuseum of Amsterdam, and signed, below the window in the lower left-hand corner, "I V MEER".The painting is made in oil on canvas, and it is a relatively small painting, being high by wide.The painting, showing a quiet street, depicts a typical aspect of the life in a Dutch Golden Age town. It is one of only three Vermeer paintings of views of Delft, the others being "View of Delft" and the now lost "House Standing in Delft". This painting is considered to be an important work of the Dutch master.Straight angles alternate with the triangle of the house and of the sky giving the composition a certain vitality. The walls, stones and brickwork are painted in a thicker paint layer, such that it makes them almost palpable.Vermeer achieved the realistic depiction of the surfaces with the masterful application of a relatively limited number of pigments. He employed red ochre and madder lake for the reddish-brown brick wall, the blue in the sky contains lead white and natural ultramarine. The green shutters and foliage are painted with azurite mixed with lead-tin-yellow.While generally agreed to depict a contemporary street scene in 17th-century Delft, where Vermeer lived and worked, the exact location of the scene Vermeer painted has long been a topic of research and discussion, with studies arguing for the Voldersgracht, where the Vermeer Centre is located, or the Nieuwe Langendijk at the present-day numbers 22 to 26.In 2015, archival research based on the city's quay dues register, which gives detailed measurements of all houses and passageways along the canals of Delft at the time, has resulted in the conclusion that the site is the Vlamingstraat, a street with a narrow canal, at the present-day numbers 40 and 42.The research also found that the property on the right in the painting belonged to Vermeer’s aunt, Ariaentgen Claes van der Minne. She had a business selling tripe, and the passageway beside the house was known as the "Penspoort", or Tripe Gate. Vermeer’s mother and sister also lived on the same canal, diagonally opposite.In 2017, this apparently sound conclusion was disputed by art historians Gert Eijkelboom and Gerrit Vermeer in the Dutch "Journal of Historical Geography" ("Tijdschrift voor historische geografie"). Their argumentation is essentially founded in the assertion that the painting does not depict an actual place, and thus cannot be accurately located. The authors said: "We do not know whether the question will ever be answered, because it seems that Vermeer's world-famous work is an allegorical representation, which he compiled from various elements and places."
[ "Hendrik Six van Hillegom", "Jan Pieter Six VI" ]
Who was the head of Russia in Apr, 1992?
April 10, 1992
{ "text": [ "Boris Yeltsin" ] }
L2_Q159_P6_0
Vladimir Putin is the head of the government of Russia from May, 2008 to May, 2012. Boris Yeltsin is the head of the government of Russia from Nov, 1991 to Jun, 1992. Viktor Chernomyrdin is the head of the government of Russia from Aug, 1998 to Sep, 1998. Mikhail Fradkov is the head of the government of Russia from Mar, 2004 to Sep, 2007. Sergei Stepashin is the head of the government of Russia from May, 1999 to Aug, 1999. Viktor Zubkov is the head of the government of Russia from May, 2012 to May, 2012. Viktor Khristenko is the head of the government of Russia from Feb, 2004 to Mar, 2004. Yegor Gaidar is the head of the government of Russia from Jun, 1992 to Dec, 1992. Sergey Kiriyenko is the head of the government of Russia from Mar, 1998 to Aug, 1998. Dmitry Medvedev is the head of the government of Russia from May, 2012 to Jan, 2020. Mikhail Kasyanov is the head of the government of Russia from May, 2000 to Feb, 2004. Mikhail Mishustin is the head of the government of Russia from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Yevgeny Primakov is the head of the government of Russia from Sep, 1998 to May, 1999.
RussiaRussia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, covering over , and encompassing more than one-eighth of Earth's inhabited land area. Russia extends across eleven time zones, and has the most borders of any country in the world, with sixteen sovereign nations. It has a population of 146.2 million; and is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world. Moscow, the capital, is the largest city in Europe, while Saint Petersburg is the nation's second-largest city and cultural centre. Russians are the largest Slavic and European nation; they speak Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, and the most spoken native language in Europe.The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. The medieval state of Rus' arose in the 9th century. In 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, the third-largest empire in history. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian SFSR became the largest and leading constituent of the Soviet Union, the world's first constitutionally socialist state, which was a one-party state throughout most of its existence. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first human in space. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation. In the aftermath of the constitutional crisis of 1993, a new constitution was adopted, and Russia has since been governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. Vladimir Putin has dominated Russia's political system since 2000, and his government has been accused of authoritarianism, numerous human rights abuses, and corruption.Russia is a great power, and is considered a potential superpower. It is ranked very high in the Human Development Index, with a universal healthcare system, and a free university education. Russia's economy is the world's eleventh-largest by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest by PPP. It is a recognised nuclear-weapons state, possessing the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons, with the world's second-most powerful military, and the fourth-highest military expenditure. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the world's largest, and it is one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a member of the G20, the SCO, the Council of Europe, the APEC, the OSCE, the IIB and the WTO, as well as the leading member of the CIS, the CSTO, and the EAEU. Russia is also home to the ninth-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.The name "Russia" is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs. However, the proper name became more prominent in later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Русская земля" ("Russkaya zemlya"), which can be translated as "Russian land". In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as "Kievan Rus'" by modern historiography. The name "Rus" itself comes from the early medieval Rus' people, a group of Norse merchants and warriors who relocated from across the Baltic Sea and founded a state centred on Novgorod that later became Kievan Rus'.An Medieval Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, which was used as one of several designations for East Slavic and Eastern Orthodox regions, and commonly as a designation for the lands of Rus'. The current name of the country, Россия ("Rossiya"), comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Rus', Ρωσσία "Rossía"—spelled Ρωσία ("Rosía" ) in Modern Greek.The standard way to refer to the citizens of Russia is "Russians" in English. There are two words in Russian which are commonly translated into English as "Russians"—one is "русские" ("russkiye"), which most often refers to ethnic Russians—and the other is "россияне" ("rossiyane"), which refers to the citizens of Russia, regardless of ethnicity.One of the first modern human bones of over 40,000 years old were found in Southern Russia, in the villages of Kostyonki and Borshchyovo situated on the banks of the Don River.Nomadic pastoralism developed in the Pontic–Caspian steppe beginning in the Chalcolithic. Remnants of these steppe civilizations were discovered in places such as Ipatovo, Sintashta, Arkaim, and Pazyryk, which bear the earliest known traces of horses in warfare. In classical antiquity, the Pontic-Caspian Steppe was known as Scythia.In late 8th century BCE, Ancient Greek traders brought classical civilization to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria.In the 3rd to 4th centuries AD, the Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in Southern Russia, which was later overrun by Huns. Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the Bosporan Kingdom, which was a Hellenistic polity that succeeded the Greek colonies, was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars. The Khazars, who were of Turkic origin, ruled the lower Volga basin steppes between the Caspian and Black Seas until the 10th century.The ancestors of modern Russians are the Slavic tribes, whose original home is thought by some scholars to have been the wooded areas of the Pinsk Marshes, one of the largest wetlands in Europe. The East Slavs gradually settled Western Russia in two waves: one moving from Kiev toward present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk toward Novgorod and Rostov. From the 7th century onwards, the East Slavs constituted the bulk of the population in western Russia, and slowly but peacefully assimilated the native Finno-Ugric peoples, including the Merya, the Muromians, and the Meshchera.The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of "Varangians", the Vikings who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas. According to the "Primary Chronicle", a Varangian from the Rus' people, named Rurik, was elected ruler of Novgorod in 862. In 882, his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev, which had been previously paying tribute to the Khazars. Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav subsequently subdued all local East Slavic tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate, and launched several military expeditions to Byzantium, as well as Persia.In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The reigns of Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and his son Yaroslav the Wise (1019–1054) constitute the Golden Age of Kiev, which saw the acceptance of Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium, and the creation of the first East Slavic written legal code, the "Russkaya Pravda".In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of the East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north, particularly to the area known as Zalesye; which led to intermingling with the native Volga Finnic tribes.The age of feudalism and decentralization had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the Rurikid Dynasty that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of Vladimir-Suzdal in the north-east, Novgorod Republic in the north-west and Galicia-Volhynia in the south-west.Ultimately Kievan Rus' disintegrated, with the final blow being the Mongol invasion of 1237–40, that resulted in the destruction of Kiev, and the death of about half the population of Rus'. The invaders, later known as Tatars, formed the state of the Golden Horde, which pillaged the Russian principalities and ruled the southern and central expanses of Russia for over two centuries.Galicia-Volhynia was eventually assimilated by the Kingdom of Poland, while the Novgorod Republic and Mongol-dominated Vladimir-Suzdal, two regions on the periphery of Kiev, established the basis for the modern Russian nation. The Novgorod Republic escaped Mongol occupation and together with Pskov retained some degree of autonomy during the time of the Mongol yoke; they were largely spared the atrocities that affected the rest of the country. Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240, as well as the Germanic crusaders in the Battle of the Ice in 1242.The most powerful state to eventually arise after the destruction of Kievan Rus' was the Grand Duchy of Moscow, initially a part of Vladimir-Suzdal. While still under the domain of the Mongol-Tatars and with their connivance, Moscow began to assert its influence in the Central Rus' in the early 14th century, gradually becoming the leading force in the process of the Rus' lands' reunification and expansion of Russia. Moscow's last rival, the Novgorod Republic, prospered as the chief fur trade centre and the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League.Times remained difficult, with frequent Mongol-Tatar raids. Agriculture suffered from the beginning of the Little Ice Age. As in the rest of Europe, plague was a frequent occurrence between 1350 and 1490. However, because of the lower population density and better hygiene—widespread practicing of banya, a wet steam bath—the death rate from plague was not as severe as in Western Europe, and population numbers recovered by 1500.Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow and helped by the Russian Orthodox Church, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. Moscow gradually absorbed the surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod.Ivan III ("the Great") finally threw off the control of the Golden Horde and consolidated the whole of Central and Northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion, and was the first Russian ruler to take the title title "Grand Duke of all Rus'". After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire. Ivan III married Sophia Palaiologina, the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI, and made the Byzantine double-headed eagle his own, and eventually Russia's, coat-of-arms.In development of the Third Rome ideas, the Grand Duke Ivan IV (the "Terrible") was officially crowned first "Tsar" of Russia in 1547. The "Tsar" promulgated a new code of laws (Sudebnik of 1550), established the first Russian feudal representative body (Zemsky Sobor), curbed the influence of the clergy, and introduced local self-management in rural regions. During his long reign, Ivan the Terrible nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates (parts of the disintegrated Golden Horde): Kazan and Astrakhan along the Volga, and the Siberian Khanate in southwestern Siberia. Thus, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the Ural Mountains, thus into Asia, being transformed into a transcontinental state.However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of Poland, Lithuania, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade. At the same time, the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate, the only remaining successor to the Golden Horde, continued to raid Southern Russia. In an effort to restore the Volga khanates, Crimeans and their Ottoman allies invaded central Russia and were even able to burn down parts of Moscow in 1571. But in the next year the large invading army was thoroughly defeated by the Russians in the Battle of Molodi, forever eliminating the threat of an Ottoman–Crimean expansion into Russia. The slave raids of Crimeans, however, did not cease until the late 17th century though the construction of new fortification lines across Southern Russia, such as the Great Abatis Line, constantly narrowed the area accessible to incursions.The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient Rurik Dynasty in 1598, and in combination with the famine of 1601–03, led to a civil war, the rule of pretenders, and foreign intervention during the Time of Troubles in the early 17th century. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied parts of Russia, extending into even Moscow. In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by two national heroes, merchant Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. The Romanov Dynasty acceded to the throne in 1613 by the decision of Zemsky Sobor, and the country started its gradual recovery from the crisis.Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising in reaction to the social and religious oppression they had been suffering under Polish rule. In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar, Aleksey I. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War. Finally, Ukraine was split along the Dnieper River, leaving the western part, right-bank Ukraine, under Polish rule and the eastern part (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian rule. Later, in 1670–71, the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga Region, but the Tsar's troops were successful in defeating the rebels.In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian River Routes, and by the mid-17th century, there were Russian settlements in Eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. In 1648, Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov, two Russian explorers, discovered the Bering Strait, and became the first Europeans to sail to North America.Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721, and became one of the European great powers. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War (1700−1721), forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria (two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles), as well as the Governorate of Estonia and Livonia, securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded Saint Petersburg as Russia's new capital. Throughout his rule, sweeping reforms were made, which brought significant Western European cultural influences to Russia.The reign of Peter I's daughter Elizabeth in 1741–62 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (1756–63). During this conflict, Russia annexed East Prussia for a while and even took Berlin. However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian Peter III of Russia.Catherine II ("the Great"), who ruled in 1762–96, presided over the Age of Russian Enlightenment. She extended Russian political control over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the Partitions of Poland, pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe. In the south, after the successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, defeating the Crimean Khanate. As a result of victories over Qajar Iran through the Russo-Persian Wars, by the first half of the 19th century, Russia also made significant territorial gains in Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus. Catherine's successor, her son Paul, was unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues. Following his short reign, Catherine's strategy was continued with Alexander I's (1801–25) wresting of Finland from the weakened Sweden in 1809, and of Bessarabia from the Ottomans in 1812. While in North America, the Russians became the first Europeans to reach and colonise Alaska. In 1803–1806, the first Russian circumnavigation was made, later followed by other notable Russian sea exploration voyages. In 1820, a Russian expedition discovered the continent of Antarctica.During the Napoleonic Wars, Russia joined alliances with various other European empires, and fought against France. The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which more than 95% of the pan-European Grande Armée perished. Led by Mikhail Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly, the Imperial Russian Army ousted Napoleon from the country and drove throughout Europe in the war of the Sixth Coalition, finally entering Paris. Alexander I controlled Russia's delegation at the Congress of Vienna, which defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe.The officers who pursued Napoleon into Western Europe brought ideas of liberalism back to Russia with them and attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive Decembrist revolt of 1825. At the end of the conservative reign of Nicolas I (1825–55), a zenith period of Russia's power and influence in Europe, was disrupted by defeat in the Crimean War. Between 1847 and 1851, around one million people died across the country due to Asiatic cholera.Nicholas's successor Alexander II (1855–81) enacted significant changes throughout the country, including the emancipation reform of 1861. These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the Balkans from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the 1877–78 Russo-Turkish War.The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Alexander II was killed in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists, and the reign of his sonAlexander III (1881–94) was less liberal but more peaceful. The last Russian Emperor, Nicholas II (1894–1917), was unable to prevent the events of the Russian Revolution of 1905, triggered by the unsuccessful Russo-Japanese War and the demonstration incident known as Bloody Sunday. The uprising was put down, but the government was forced to concede major reforms (Russian Constitution of 1906), including granting the freedoms of speech and assembly, the legalisation of political parties, and the creation of an elected legislative body, the State Duma. The Stolypin agrarian reform led to a massive peasant migration and settlement into Siberia, and more than four million settlers arrived in the region between 1906 and 1914.In 1914, Russia entered World War I in response to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Russia's ally Serbia, and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its Triple Entente allies. In 1916, the Brusilov Offensive of the Imperial Russian Army almost completely destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Army. However, the already-existing public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, high casualties, and rumors of corruption and treason. All this formed the climate for the Russian Revolution of 1917, carried out in two major acts.The February Revolution forced Nicholas II to abdicate; he and his family were imprisoned and later executed in Yekaterinburg during the Russian Civil War. The monarchy was replaced by a shaky coalition of political parties that declared itself the Provisional Government. On 1 September (14), 1917, upon a decree of the Provisional Government, the Russian Republic was proclaimed. On 6 January (19), 1918, the Russian Constituent Assembly declared Russia a democratic federal republic (thus ratifying the Provisional Government's decision). The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.An alternative socialist establishment co-existed, the Petrograd Soviet, wielding power through the democratically elected councils of workers and peasants, called "Soviets". The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the October Revolution, led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the Soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state.Following the October Revolution, the Russian Civil War broke out between the anti-Communist White movement and the new Soviet regime with its Red Army. Bolshevist Russia lost its Ukrainian, Polish, Baltic, and Finnish territories by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that concluded hostilities with the Central Powers of World War I. The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-Communist forces. In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror. By the end of the civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged. There were an estimated 7–12 million casualties during the war, mostly civilians. Millions became White émigrés, and the Russian famine of 1921–22 claimed up to five million victims.On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides formed the Soviet Union, by merging the Russian SFSR with the Ukrainian, Byelorussian, and the Transcaucasian SFSR. Eventually the union grew larger to compass 15 republics, out of which, the largest in size and population was the Russian SFSR, which dominated the union for its entire history politically, culturally, and economically.Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika was designated to take charge. Eventually Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party, managed to suppress all opposition factions and consolidate power in his hands to become the country's dictator by the 1930s. Leon Trotsky, the main proponent of world revolution, was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929, and Stalin's idea of Socialism in One Country became the official line. The continued internal struggle in the Bolshevik party culminated in the Great Purge, a period of mass repressions in 1937–38, during which hundreds of thousands of people were executed, including original party members and military leaders forced to confess to nonexistent plots.Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialisation of the largely rural country, and collectivisation of its agriculture. During this period of rapid economic and social change, millions of people were sent to penal labor camps, including many political convicts for their suspected or real opposition to Stalin's rule; millions were deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union. The transitional disorganisation of the country's agriculture, combined with the harsh state policies and a drought, led to the Soviet famine of 1932–1933, which killed between 2 and 3 million people in the Russian SFSR. The Soviet Union made the costly transformation from a largely agrarian economy to a major industrial powerhouse in a short span of time.On 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany broke their non-aggression treaty; and invaded the ill-prepared Soviet Union with the largest and most powerful invasion force in human history, opening the largest theater of World War II. The Nazi Hunger Plan foresaw the "extinction of industry as well as a great part of the population". Nearly 3 million Soviet POWs in German captivity were murdered in just eight months of 1941–42. Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow. Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–43, and then in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943. Another German failure was the Siege of Leningrad, in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 and 1944 by German and Finnish forces, and suffered starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendered. Under Stalin's administration and the leadership of such commanders as Georgy Zhukov and Konstantin Rokossovsky, Soviet forces steamrolled through Eastern and Central Europe in 1944–45 and captured Berlin in May 1945. In August 1945, the Soviet Army ousted the Japanese from China's Manchukuo and North Korea, contributing to the Allied victory over Japan.The 1941–45 period of World War II is known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War. The Soviet Union together with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered as the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II, and later became the Four Policemen which was the foundation of the United Nations Security Council. During this war, which included many of the most lethal battle operations in human history, Soviet civilian and military death were about 26-27 million, accounting for about a third of all World War II casualties. The full demographic loss of Soviet citizens was even greater. The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine of 1946–47. Nonetheless, the Soviet Union emerged as a global superpower in the aftermath.After World War II, Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and eastern parts of Austria were occupied by Red Army according to the Potsdam Conference. Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states. After becoming the world's second nuclear power, the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance, and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivaling United States and NATO.After Stalin's death in 1953 and a short period of collective rule, the new leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin's many crimes and atrocities and launched the policy of de-Stalinization. The extremely harsh penal labor system was reformed and many political prisoners were released and rehabilitated (many of them posthumously). The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the Khrushchev Thaw. At the same time, Cold War tensions reached its peak when the two rivals clashed over the deployment of the United States Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba.In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, "Sputnik 1", thus starting the Space Age. Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit the Earth, aboard the "Vostok 1" manned spacecraft on 12 April 1961. Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became the leader. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was later designated as the Era of Stagnation, a period when economic growth slowed and social policies became static. The 1965 Kosygin reform aimed for partial decentralisation of the Soviet economy and shifted the emphasis from heavy industry and weapons to light industry and consumer goods but was stifled by the conservative Communist leadership. In 1979, after a Communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the Soviet–Afghan War. The occupation drained economic resources and dragged on without achieving meaningful political results. Finally, the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens.From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of "glasnost" (openness) and "perestroika" (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government. This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country. Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the world's second-largest, but during its final years, it was afflicted by shortages of goods in grocery stores, huge budget deficits, and explosive growth in the money supply leading to inflation.By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the Baltic states chose to secede from the Soviet Union. On 17 March, a referendum was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a renewed federation. In August 1991, a coup d'état attempt by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. On 25 December 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, along with contemporary Russia, fourteen other post-Soviet states emerged.In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin became the first directly elected president in Russian history when he was elected President of the Russian SFSR, which became the independent Russian Federation in December of that year. The economic and political collapse of the Soviet Union led to a deep and prolonged depression, characterised by a 50% decline in both GDP and industrial output between 1990 and 1995, although some of the recorded declines may have been a result of an upward bias in Soviet-era economic data. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including privatisation and market and trade liberalisation were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of "shock therapy" as recommended by the United States and the International Monetary Fund.The privatisation largely shifted control of enterprises from state agencies to individuals with inside connections in the government, which led to the rise of the infamous Russian oligarchs. Many of the newly rich moved billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous capital flight. The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social services; the birth rate plummeted while the death rate skyrocketed. Millions plunged into poverty, from a level of 1.5% in the late Soviet era to 39–49% by mid-1993. The 1990s saw extreme corruption and lawlessness, the rise of criminal gangs and violent crime.In late 1993, tensions between Yeltsin and the Russian parliament culminated in a constitutional crisis which ended after military force. During the crisis, Yeltsin was backed by Western governments, and over 100 people were killed. In December, a referendum was held and approved, which introduced a new constitution, giving the president enormous powers.The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the North Caucasus, both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist Islamist insurrections. From the time Chechen separatists declared independence in the early 1990s, an intermittent guerrilla war was fought between the rebel groups and Russian forces. Terrorist attacks against civilians carried out by separatists, most notably the Moscow theater hostage crisis and the Beslan school siege, caused hundreds of deaths.Russia took up the responsibility for settling the Soviet Union's external debts, even though its population made up just half of it at the time of its dissolution. In 1992, most consumer price controls were eliminated, causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the ruble. With a devalued ruble, the Russian government struggled to pay back its debts to internal debtors, as well as international institutions like the International Monetary Fund. Despite significant attempts at economic restructuring, Russia's debt outpaced GDP growth. High budget deficits coupled with increasing capital flight and inability to pay back debts, caused the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and resulted in a further GDP decline.On 31 December 1999, President Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned, handing the post to the recently appointed prime minister and his chosen successor, Vladimir Putin. Yeltsin left office widely unpopular, with an approval rating as low as 2% by some estimates. Putin then won the 2000 presidential election, and suppressed the Chechen insurgency. As a result of high oil prices, a rise in foreign investment, and prudent economic and fiscal policies, the Russian economy grew significantly; dramatically improving Russia's standard of living, and increasing its influence in global politics. Putin went on to win a second presidential term in 2004. On 2 March 2008, Dmitry Medvedev was elected president while Putin became prime minister, as the constitution barred Putin from serving a third consecutive presidential term. Putin returned to the presidency following the 2012 presidential elections, and Medvedev was appointed prime minister. This four year joint leadership by the two was coined "tandemocracy" by outside media.In 2014, after President Viktor Yanukovych of Ukraine fled as a result of a revolution, Putin requested and received authorisation from the Russian parliament to deploy Russian troops to Ukraine, leading to the takeover of Crimea. Following a Crimean referendum in which separation was favoured by a large majority of voters, the Russian leadership announced the accession of Crimea into Russia, though this and the referendum that preceded it were not accepted internationally. The annexation of Crimea led to sanctions by Western countries, after which the Russian government responded with counter-sanctions against a number of countries.In September 2015, Russia started military intervention in the Syrian Civil War in support of the Syrian government, consisting of airstrikes against militant groups of the Islamic State, al-Nusra Front (al-Qaeda in the Levant), the Army of Conquest and other rebel groups. In March 2018, Putin was elected for a fourth presidential term overall.In January 2020, substantial amendments to the constitution were proposed and took effect in July following a national vote, allowing Putin to run for two more six-year presidential terms after his current term ends. In April 2021, Putin signed the constitutional changes into law.According to the Constitution of Russia, the country is an asymmetric federation and semi-presidential republic, wherein the president is the head of state, and the prime minister is the head of government. The Russian Federation is fundamentally structured as a multi-party representative democracy, with the federal government composed of three branches:The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term, but not for a third consecutive term). Ministries of the government are composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister (whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma).According to the constitution, the Russian Federation is comprised of 85 federal subjects. In 1993, when the new constitution was adopted, there were 89 federal subjects listed, but some were later merged. These subjects have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council. The federal subjects have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly. They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy.Federal subjects are grouped into eight federal districts, each administered by an envoy appointed by the President of Russia. Unlike the federal subjects, the federal districts are not a subnational level of government but are a level of administration of the federal government. Federal districts' presidential envoys have the power to implement federal law and to coordinate communication between the president and the regional governors., Russia has the fifth-largest diplomatic network in the world; maintaining diplomatic relations with 190 United Nations member states, two partially-recognized states, and three United Nations observer states; with 144 embassies. It is considered a potential superpower; and is one of five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Russia is a member of the G20, the Council of Europe, the OSCE, and the APEC, and takes a leading role in organisations such as the CIS, the EAEU, the CSTO, the SCO, and BRICS.Russia maintains positive relations with other countries of SCO, EAEU, and BRICS, especially with neighbouring Belarus, which is in the Union State, a supranational confederation of the latter with Russia. Serbia has been a historically close ally of Russia since centuries, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity. In the 21st century, Sino-Russian relations have significantly strengthened bilaterally and economically—the Treaty of Friendship, and the construction of the ESPO oil pipeline and the Power of Siberia gas pipeline formed a special relationship between the two. India is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a historically strong strategic and diplomatic relationship.The Russian Armed Forces are divided into the Ground Forces, Navy, and Aerospace Forces. There are also two independent arms of service: Strategic Missile Troops and the Airborne Troops. , the military had around one million active-duty personnel, which is the world's fourth-largest. Additionally, there are over 2.5 million reservists, with the total number of reserve troops possibly being as high as 20 million. It is mandatory for all male citizens aged 18–27 to be drafted for a year of service in Armed Forces.Russia boasts the world's second-most powerful military, and is among the five recognised nuclear-weapons states, with the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons. More than half of the world's 13,500 nuclear weapons are owned by Russia. The country possesses the second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines, and is one of the only three states operating strategic bombers, with the world's most powerful ground force, the second-most powerful air force, and the third-most powerful navy fleet. Russia has the world's fourth-highest military expenditure, spending $65.1 billion in 2019. It has a large and fully indigenous arms industry, producing most of its own military equipment, and is the world's second-largest exporter of arms, behind only the United States.Russia's human rights management has been increasingly criticised by leading democracy and human rights watchdogs. In particular, such organisations as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch consider Russia to have not enough democratic attributes and to allow few political rights and civil liberties to its citizens. Since 2004, Freedom House has ranked Russia as "not free" in its "Freedom in the World" survey. Since 2011, the Economist Intelligence Unit has ranked Russia as an "authoritarian regime" in its Democracy Index, ranking it 124th out of 167 countries for 2020. In regards to media freedom, Russia was ranked 149th out of 180 countries in Reporters Without Borders' Press Freedom Index for 2020.Russia was the lowest rated European country in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2020; ranking 129th out of 180 countries. Corruption is perceived as a significant problem in Russia, impacting various aspects of life, including the economy, business, public administration, law enforcement, healthcare, and education. The phenomenon of corruption is strongly established in the historical model of public governance, and attributed to general weakness of rule of law in Russia.Russia is a transcontinental country stretching vastly over both Europe and Asia. It spans the northernmost corner of Eurasia, and has the world's fourth-longest coastline, at . Russia lies between latitudes 41° and 82° N, and longitudes 19° E and 169° W, and is larger than three continents: Oceania, Europe, and Antarctica, while having the same surface area as Pluto.The two most widely separated points in Russia are about apart along a geodesic line. Mountain ranges in the country are found along the southern regions, which share a significant portion of the Caucasus Mountains (containing Mount Elbrus, which at is the highest peak in Russia and Europe); the Altai Mountains in Siberia; and in the Verkhoyansk Range and the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East. The Ural Mountains, running north to south through the country's west, are rich in mineral resources, and form the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia.Russia, alongside Canada, is one of the world's only two countries with a coast along three oceans, due to which it has links with 12 seas. Russia's major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. The Diomede Islands are just apart, and Kunashir Island is just from Hokkaido, Japan.Russia, home to over 100,000 rivers, has one of the world's largest surface water resources, with its lakes containing approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water. Lake Baikal, the largest and most prominent among Russia's fresh water bodies, is the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake, containing over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. Ladoga and Onega in northwestern Russia are two of the largest lakes in Europe. Russia is second only to Brazil by total renewable water resources. The Volga, widely seen as Russia's national river due to its historical importance, is the longest river in Europe. The Siberian rivers of Ob, Yenisey, Lena and Amur are among the world's longest rivers.The sheer size of Russia and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the humid continental climate, which is prevalent in all parts of the country except for the tundra and the extreme southwest. Mountains in the south and east obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the Indian and Pacific oceans, while the plain of the west and north makes the country open to Arctic and Atlantic influences.Most of Northwest Russia and Siberia has a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia (mostly Sakha, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of ), and more moderate winters elsewhere. Both the strip of land along the shore of the Arctic Ocean and the Russian Arctic islands have a polar climate.The coastal part of Krasnodar Krai on the Black Sea, most notably in Sochi, possesses a humid subtropical climate with mild and wet winters. In many regions of East Siberia and the Russian Far East, winter is dry compared to summer; while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some areas of southernmost Siberia, possesses a semi-arid climate.Throughout much of the territory, there are only two distinct seasons—winter and summer—as spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low and extremely high temperatures. The coldest month is January (February on the coastline); the warmest is usually July. Great ranges of temperature are typical. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. Summers can be quite hot, even in Siberia.Russia, owing to its gigantic size, has diverse ecosystems, including polar deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forest, forest steppe, steppe, semi-desert, and subtropics. About half of Russia's territory is forested, and it has the world's largest forest reserves, which are known as the "Lungs of Europe"; coming second only to the Amazon rainforest in the amount of carbon dioxide it absorbs.Russian biodiversity includes 12,500 species of vascular plants, 2,200 species of bryophytes, about 3,000 species of lichens, 7,000-9,000 species of algae, and 20,000-25,000 species of fungi. Russian fauna is composed of 320 species of mammals, over 732 species of birds, 75 species of reptiles, about 30 species of amphibians, 343 species of freshwater fish (high endemism), approximately 1,500 species of saltwater fishes, 9 species of cyclostomata, and approximately 100-150,000 invertebrates (high endemism). Approximately 1,100 of rare and endangered plant and animal species are included in the Russian Red Data Book.Russia's entirely natural ecosystems are conserved in nearly 15,000 specially protected natural territories of various statuses, occupying more than 10% of the country's total area. They include 45 UNESCO biosphere reserves, 64 national parks, and 101 nature reserves. Russia still has many ecosystems which are still untouched by man—mainly in the northern taiga areas and the subarctic tundra of Siberia. Over time the country has been having improvement and application of environmental legislation, development and implementation of various federal and regional strategies and programmes, and study, inventory and protection of rare and endangered plants, animals, and other organisms, and including them in the Russian Red Data Book.Russia has an upper-middle income mixed and transition economy, with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. It has the world's eleventh-largest economy by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest by PPP. In 2017, the large service sector contributed to 62% of the total GDP, the industrial sector 32%, and the small agricultural sector roughly 5%. Russia has a low unemployment rate of 4.5%, and a relatively low poverty rate of 12.6%. More than 70% of its population is categorised as middle class officially, which has been disputed by some experts. Russia foreign exchange reserves are worth $604 billion, and are world's fifth-largest. It has a labour force of roughly 70 million, which is the world's sixth-largest. Russia's large automotive industry ranks as the world's tenth-largest by production.Russia is the world's fourteenth-largest exporter. In 2016, the oil-and-gas sector accounted for 36% of federal budget revenues. In 2019, the Natural Resources and Environment Ministry estimated the value of natural resources to 60% of the country's GDP. Russia has one of the lowest foreign debts among developed countries, and ranked 28th of 190 countries in the 2019 Ease of Doing Business Index. It has a flat tax rate of 13%, and has the world's second-most attractive personal tax system for single managers after the United Arab Emirates. However, extreme inequality of household income and wealth in the country has also been noted.Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run Russian Railways. The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's third-longest, and exceeds . , Russia has 1,452.2 thousand km of roads; and its road density is among the lowest in the world. Russia's inland waterways are the world's second-longest, and total . Among Russia's 1,218 airports, the busiest is Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow.Russia's largest post is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai. It is the world's sole country to operate nuclear-powered icebreakers, which advance the economic exploitation of the Arctic continental shelf of Russia, and the development of sea trade through the Northern Sea Route.Russia is described as an energy superpower, with the world's largest natural gas reserves, the second-largest coal reserves, the eighth-largest oil reserves, and the largest oil shale reserves in Europe. It is the world's leading natural gas exporter, the second-largest natural gas producer, the second-largest oil exporter, and the third-largest oil producer. Fossil fuels cause most of the greenhouse gas emissions by Russia. The country is the world's fourth-largest electricity producer, and the ninth-largest renewable energy producer in 2019. Russia was also the world's first country to develop civilian nuclear power, and to construct the world's first nuclear power plant. In 2019, It was the world's fourth-largest nuclear energy producer.Russia has the world's fourth-largest cultivated area, at . However, only 7.4% of its land is arable. It is the world's largest exporter of wheat, and is the top producer of barley, buckwheat and oats, and one of the largest producers and exporters of rye, and sunflower seed. Geopolitical analyses of climate change adaptation foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia. Managing migration flows, internal and international, is expected to be a central aspect of the process.While large farms concentrate mainly on grain production and animal husbandry, small private household plots produce most of the country's potatoes, vegetables and fruits. Russia is the home to the world's finest caviar; and maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets, ranking sixth in the world in tonnage of fish caught; capturing 4,773,413 tons of fish in 2018.Russia's research and development budget is the world's ninth-highest, with an expenditure of approximately 422 billion rubles on domestic research and development. In 2019, Russia was ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications. Since 1904, Nobel Prize were awarded to twenty-six Soviets and Russians in physics, chemistry, medicine, economy, literature and peace.Mikhail Lomonosov proposed the law of conservation of matter preceding the energy conservation law. Since the time of Nikolay Lobachevsky (the "Copernicus of Geometry" who pioneered the non-Euclidean geometry) and a prominent tutor Pafnuty Chebyshev, Russian mathematicians became among the world's most influential. Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table, the main framework of modern chemistry. Nine Soviet/Russian mathematicians were awarded with the Fields Medal. Grigori Perelman was offered the first ever Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award for his final proof of the Poincaré conjecture in 2002. Russian discoveries and inventions include the transformer, electric filament lamp, the aircraft, the safety parachute, radio receiver, electrical microscope, colour photos, caterpillar tracks, periodic table, track assembly, electrically powered railway wagons, videotape recorder, helicopter, solar cell, yogurt, television, petrol cracking, synthetic rubber and grain harvester. Roscosmos is Russia's national space agency; while Russian achievements in the field of space technology and space exploration are traced back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the father of theoretical astronautics. His works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as Sergey Korolyov, Valentin Glushko, and many others who contributed to the success of the Soviet space program in the early stages of the Space Race and beyond.In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, "Sputnik 1", was launched. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by Yuri Gagarin. Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued, including the first spacewalk performed by Alexei Leonov. Vostok 6 was the first human spaceflight to carry a woman into space (Valentina Tereshkova). Luna 9 was the first spacecraft to land on the Moon, Sputnik 2 was the first spacecraft to carry an animal (Laika), Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon, Venera 7 was the first spacecraft to land on another planet (Venus), and Mars 3 was the first spacecraft to land on Mars. "Lunokhod 1" was the first space exploration rover, and "Salyut 1" was the world's first space station.Russia is among the world's largest satellite launchers, and has completed the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It is developing its own fifth-generation jet fighter (Sukhoi Su-57), and has built the world's first floating nuclear power plant. Luna-Glob is a Russian Moon exploration programme, with its first mission scheduled to launch in October 2021 (Luna 25). To replace the ageing Soyuz, Roscosmos is also developing the Orel spacecraft, which could conduct its first crewed fight in 2025. In February 2019, it was announced that Russia is intending to conduct its first crewed mission to land on the Moon in 2031. In April 2021, Roscosmos declared that it is planning to quit the ISS, and will create its own space station with the aim of launching it into orbit by 2030. In June 2021, Roscosmos and China National Space Administration announced that they are jointly developing a lunar base, which is planned to be utilized from 2036.According to the World Tourism Organization, Russia was the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, in 2018, with over 24.6 million visits. Russia was ranked 39th in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019. According to Federal Agency for Tourism, the number of inbound trips of foreign citizens to Russia amounted to 24.4 million in 2019. Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $11.6 billion. In 2020, tourism accounted for about 4% of country's GDP. Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of Russia, a theme route of ancient Russian cities, cruises on large rivers like the Volga, and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include Red Square, the Peterhof Palace, the Kazan Kremlin, the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and Lake Baikal.Russia is one of the world's most sparsely populated and urbanised countries, and had a population of 142.8 million according to the 2010 census, which rose to 146.2 million as of 2021. It is the most populous country in Europe, and the world's ninth-most populous country, with a population density of 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23 per square mile).Since the 1990s, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate. In 2018, the total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.6 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and is one of the world's lowest fertility rates. Subsequently, the nation has one of the oldest populations in the world, with an median age of 40.3 years. In 2009, it recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; and since the 2010s, Russia has seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration.Russia is a multinational state, home to over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. In the 2010 Census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic Russians, and rest of the 19% of the population were peoples of diverse origins, while roughly 85% of Russia's population was of European descent, of which the vast majority were Slavs, with a substantial minority of Finno-Ugric, Germanic, and other peoples. There are 22 republics in Russia, designated to have their own ethnicities, cultures, and languages. In 13 of them, ethnic Russians consist a minority. According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the world's third-largest, numbering over 11.6 million; most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians.Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. It is the most spoken native language in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the most widely spoken Slavic language in the world. Russian is the second-most used language on the Internet after English, and is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station, as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.Besides Russian, over 100 minority languages are spoken across Russia. According to the 2002 Census, 142.6 million across the country spoke Russian, 5.3 million spoke Tatar, and 1.8 million spoke Ukrainian. The constitution gives the country's individual republics the right to establish their own state languages in addition to Russian.Russia is a secular state by constitution, and its largest religion is Christianity. It has the world's largest Orthodox population, and according to different sociological surveys on religious adherence, between 41% to over 80% of Russia's population adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church.In 2017, a survey made by the Pew Research Center showed that 73% of Russians declared themselves as Christians—out of which 71% were Orthodox, 1% were Catholic, and 2% were Other Christians, while 15% were unaffiliated, 10% were Muslims, and 1% followed other religions. According to various reports, the proportion of Atheists in Russia is between 16% and 48% of the population.Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia, and it is the traditional religion amongst the peoples of the North Caucasus, and amongst some Turkic peoples scattered along the Volga-Ural region. Buddhists are home to a sizeable population in four republics of Russia: Buryatia, Tuva, Zabaykalsky Krai, and Kalmykia; the only region in Europe where Buddhism is the most practised religion. Judaism has been a minority faith in Russia, as the country is home to a historical Jewish population, which remains among the largest in Europe. In the recent years, Hinduism has also seen an increase in followers in Russia.In Russia, the state provides most education services regulating education through the Ministry of Education and Science. Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. The country has the world's highest college-level or higher graduates in terms of percentage of population, at 54%.It has a free education system, which is guaranteed for all citizens by the constitution. Since 1990, the 11-year school education has been introduced. Education in state-owned secondary schools is free. University-level education is free, with some exceptions. A substantial share of students are enrolled for full pay (many state institutions started to open commercial positions in the last years). The oldest and largest universities in Russia are Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University. According to a UNESCO report in 2014, Russia is the world's sixth-leading destination for international students.Russia, by constitution, guarantees free, universal health care for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program. The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia. According to the World Bank, Russia spent 5.32% of its GDP on healthcare in 2018. It has one of the world's most female-biased sex ratios, with 0.859 males to every female. In 2019, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth is 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females), and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births). Obesity is a prevalent health issue in Russia. In 2016, 61.1% of Russian adults were overweight or obese. However, Russia's historically high alcohol consumption rate remains the biggest health issue in the country, as it is one of the world's highest, despite a stark decrease in the last decade.Early Russian painting is represented in icons and vibrant frescos. As Moscow rose to power, Theophanes the Greek, Dionisius and Andrei Rublev became vital names in Russian art. The Russian Academy of Arts was created in 1757. In the 18th century, academicians Ivan Argunov, Dmitry Levitzky, Vladimir Borovikovsky became influential. The early 19th century saw many prominent paintings by Karl Briullov and Alexander Ivanov. In the mid-19th century, the group of mostly realists "Peredvizhniki" broke with the Academy. Leading Russian realists include Ivan Shishkin, Arkhip Kuindzhi, Ivan Kramskoi, Vasily Polenov, Isaac Levitan, Vasily Surikov, Viktor Vasnetsov, Ilya Repin, and Boris Kustodiev. The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of symbolism; represented by Mikhail Vrubel, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, and Nicholas Roerich. The Russian avant-garde flourished from approximately 1890 to 1930; notable artists from this era were El Lissitzky, Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, and Marc Chagall. Some influential Soviet sculptures were Vera Mukhina, Yevgeny Vuchetich and Ernst Neizvestny.Beginning with the woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs; since the Christianization of Kievan Rus', for several centuries Russian architecture was influenced predominantly by Byzantine architecture. Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia. The 16th century saw the development of the unique tent-like churches; and the onion dome design. In the 17th century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and Yaroslavl, gradually paving the way for the Naryshkin baroque of the 1690s. After the reforms of Peter the Great; the country's architecture became influenced by Western Europe. The 18th-century taste for Rococo architecture led to the splendid works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers. During the reign of Catherine the Great and her grandson Alexander I, the city of Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture. The second half of the 19th century was dominated by the Byzantine and Russian Revival style. Prevalent styles of the 20th century were the Art Nouveau (Fyodor Shekhtel), Constructivism (Moisei Ginzburg and Victor Vesnin), and Socialist Classicism (Boris Iofan).Until the 18th-century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances. In the 19th-century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer Mikhail Glinka along with other members of The Mighty Handful, and the Russian Musical Society led by composers Anton and Nikolay Rubinstein. The later tradition of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by Sergei Rachmaninoff, one of the last great champions of the Romantic style of European classical music. World-renowned composers of the 20th century include Alexander Scriabin, Alexander Glazunov, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich, Georgy Sviridov and Alfred Schnittke.Russian conservatories have turned out generations of famous soloists. Among the best known are violinists Jascha Heifetz, David Oistrakh, Leonid Kogan, Gidon Kremer, and Maxim Vengerov; cellists Mstislav Rostropovich, Natalia Gutman; pianists Vladimir Horowitz, Sviatoslav Richter, Emil Gilels, Vladimir Sofronitsky and Evgeny Kissin; and vocalists Fyodor Shalyapin, Mark Reizen, Elena Obraztsova, Tamara Sinyavskaya, Nina Dorliak, Galina Vishnevskaya, Anna Netrebko and Dmitry Hvorostovsky.Modern Russian rock music takes its roots both in the Western rock and roll and heavy metal, and in traditions of the Russian bards of the Soviet era, such as Vladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava. Russian pop music developed from what was known in the Soviet times as "estrada" into a full-fledged industry.Russian literature is considered to be among the most influential and developed in the world. It can be traced back to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed. In the 18th century, by the Age of Enlightenment, the works of Mikhail Lomonosov and Denis Fonvizin boosted Russian literature. The early 19th century began with Vasily Zhukovsky and Alexander Pushkin; who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet. It continued with the poetry of Mikhail Lermontov and Nikolay Nekrasov, dramas of Alexander Ostrovsky and Anton Chekhov, and the prose of Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Turgenev, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ivan Goncharov, Aleksey Pisemsky and Nikolai Leskov. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky have been described by as the greatest novelists of all time. The next several decades had leading authors such as Konstantin Balmont, Valery Bryusov, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Alexander Blok, Nikolay Gumilyov, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Anna Akhmatova, and Boris Pasternak; and novelists Leonid Andreyev, Ivan Bunin, and Maxim Gorky.Russian philosophy blossomed in the 19th century; with the works of Nikolay Danilevsky and Konstantin Leontiev. Notable philosophers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries include Vladimir Solovyov, Sergei Bulgakov, Pavel Florensky, Nikolai Berdyaev, Vladimir Lossky, and Vladimir Vernadsky.Following the 1917 revolution, and the ensuing civil war, many prominent writers and philosophers left the country; while a new generation of authors joined together in an effort to create a distinctive working-class culture appropriate for the new Soviet state. Leading authors of the Soviet era include novelists Yevgeny Zamiatin, Isaac Babel, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Ilf and Petrov, Yury Olesha, Mikhail Bulgakov, Mikhail Sholokhov, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, and Andrei Voznesensky.Russian cuisine has been formed by climate, cultural and religious traditions, and the vast geography of the nation. It shares many similarities with cuisines of its neighbouring countries, and widely uses vegetables, fish, flour, cereals, bread, and berries.Crops of rye, wheat, barley, and millet provide the ingredients for various breads, pancakes and cereals, as well as for many drinks. Black bread is very popular in Russia. Flavourful soups and stews include shchi, borsch, ukha, solyanka and okroshka. Smetana (a heavy sour cream) is often added to soups and salads. Pirozhki, blini and syrniki are native types of pancakes. Beef Stroganoff, Chicken Kiev, pelmeni and shashlyk are popular meat dishes. Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls "(golubtsy)" usually filled with meat. Salads include Olivier salad, vinegret and dressed herring.Russia's national non-alcoholic drink is Kvass, and the national alcoholic drink is vodka; its creation in the nation dates back to the 14th century. The country has the world's highest vodka consumption, but beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage in Russia. Wine has become popular in Russia in the last decade, and the country is becoming one of the world's largest wine producers.The largest internationally operating news agencies in Russia are TASS, RIA Novosti, and Interfax. Television is the most popular media in Russia, roughly 60% of Russians watch television on a daily basis. There are three main nationwide radio stations in Russia: Radio Russia, Radio Mayak, and Radio Yunost. Russia has the largest video gaming market in Europe, with over 65 million players nationwide.Russian and later Soviet cinema was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as "The Battleship Potemkin". Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably Sergei Eisenstein, who is known as the pioneer of the Soviet montage theory; and Andrei Tarkovsky, would go on to become among of the world's most innovative and influential directors. Lev Kuleshov developed the Kuleshov effect, and was one of the founders of the Moscow Film School, the world's first film school. Dziga Vertov's "film-eye" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism. Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including "Chapaev", "The Cranes Are Flying", and "Ballad of a Soldier".The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. The comedies of Eldar Ryazanov and Leonid Gaidai of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catchphrases still in use today. In 1961–68 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic "War and Peace", which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. In 1969, Vladimir Motyl's "White Sun of the Desert" was released, a very popular film in a genre of ostern; the film is traditionally watched by cosmonauts before any trip into space. In 2002, "Russian Ark" was the first feature film ever to be shot in a single take. Today, the Russian cinema industry continues to expand.Football is the most popular sport in Russia. The Soviet Union national football team became the first European champions by winning Euro 1960, and reached the finals of Euro 1988. In 1956 and 1988, the Soviet Union won gold at the Olympic football tournament. Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008. The Russian national football team reached the semi-finals of Euro 2008. Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, and the 2018 FIFA World Cup.Ice hockey is very popular in Russia. The Soviet national ice hockey team dominated the sport internationally throughout its existence. Bandy is another traditionally popular ice sport in the country. The Soviet Union won all the Bandy World Championships for men between 1957 and 1979, and some thereafter too. The Russia national bandy team has won the Bandy World Championship in 1999, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011, and has been the reigning world champion since 2013. The Russian national basketball team won the EuroBasket 2007, and the Russian basketball club PBC CSKA Moscow won the Euroleague in 2006 and 2008. The annual Formula One Russian Grand Prix is held at the Sochi Autodrom in the Sochi Olympic Park.Historically, Russian athletes have been one of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games, ranking second in an all-time Olympic Games medal count. Russia is the leading nation in rhythmic gymnastics; and Russian synchronized swimming is considered to be the world's best. Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing. Russia has produced a number of famous tennis players. Chess is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades. The 1980 Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow, and the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics were hosted in Sochi.GovernmentGeneral informationOther
[ "Vladimir Putin", "Viktor Zubkov", "Mikhail Fradkov", "Yegor Gaidar", "Mikhail Mishustin", "Mikhail Kasyanov", "Sergei Stepashin", "Viktor Khristenko", "Yevgeny Primakov", "Dmitry Medvedev", "Viktor Chernomyrdin", "Sergey Kiriyenko" ]
Who was the head of Russia in Oct, 1992?
October 16, 1992
{ "text": [ "Yegor Gaidar" ] }
L2_Q159_P6_1
Mikhail Fradkov is the head of the government of Russia from Mar, 2004 to Sep, 2007. Sergey Kiriyenko is the head of the government of Russia from Mar, 1998 to Aug, 1998. Dmitry Medvedev is the head of the government of Russia from May, 2012 to Jan, 2020. Vladimir Putin is the head of the government of Russia from May, 2008 to May, 2012. Mikhail Kasyanov is the head of the government of Russia from May, 2000 to Feb, 2004. Yevgeny Primakov is the head of the government of Russia from Sep, 1998 to May, 1999. Mikhail Mishustin is the head of the government of Russia from Jan, 2020 to Dec, 2022. Viktor Khristenko is the head of the government of Russia from Feb, 2004 to Mar, 2004. Viktor Zubkov is the head of the government of Russia from May, 2012 to May, 2012. Boris Yeltsin is the head of the government of Russia from Nov, 1991 to Jun, 1992. Yegor Gaidar is the head of the government of Russia from Jun, 1992 to Dec, 1992. Sergei Stepashin is the head of the government of Russia from May, 1999 to Aug, 1999. Viktor Chernomyrdin is the head of the government of Russia from Aug, 1998 to Sep, 1998.
RussiaRussia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, covering over , and encompassing more than one-eighth of Earth's inhabited land area. Russia extends across eleven time zones, and has the most borders of any country in the world, with sixteen sovereign nations. It has a population of 146.2 million; and is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world. Moscow, the capital, is the largest city in Europe, while Saint Petersburg is the nation's second-largest city and cultural centre. Russians are the largest Slavic and European nation; they speak Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, and the most spoken native language in Europe.The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. The medieval state of Rus' arose in the 9th century. In 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, the third-largest empire in history. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian SFSR became the largest and leading constituent of the Soviet Union, the world's first constitutionally socialist state, which was a one-party state throughout most of its existence. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first human in space. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation. In the aftermath of the constitutional crisis of 1993, a new constitution was adopted, and Russia has since been governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. Vladimir Putin has dominated Russia's political system since 2000, and his government has been accused of authoritarianism, numerous human rights abuses, and corruption.Russia is a great power, and is considered a potential superpower. It is ranked very high in the Human Development Index, with a universal healthcare system, and a free university education. Russia's economy is the world's eleventh-largest by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest by PPP. It is a recognised nuclear-weapons state, possessing the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons, with the world's second-most powerful military, and the fourth-highest military expenditure. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the world's largest, and it is one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a member of the G20, the SCO, the Council of Europe, the APEC, the OSCE, the IIB and the WTO, as well as the leading member of the CIS, the CSTO, and the EAEU. Russia is also home to the ninth-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.The name "Russia" is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs. However, the proper name became more prominent in later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Русская земля" ("Russkaya zemlya"), which can be translated as "Russian land". In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as "Kievan Rus'" by modern historiography. The name "Rus" itself comes from the early medieval Rus' people, a group of Norse merchants and warriors who relocated from across the Baltic Sea and founded a state centred on Novgorod that later became Kievan Rus'.An Medieval Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, which was used as one of several designations for East Slavic and Eastern Orthodox regions, and commonly as a designation for the lands of Rus'. The current name of the country, Россия ("Rossiya"), comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Rus', Ρωσσία "Rossía"—spelled Ρωσία ("Rosía" ) in Modern Greek.The standard way to refer to the citizens of Russia is "Russians" in English. There are two words in Russian which are commonly translated into English as "Russians"—one is "русские" ("russkiye"), which most often refers to ethnic Russians—and the other is "россияне" ("rossiyane"), which refers to the citizens of Russia, regardless of ethnicity.One of the first modern human bones of over 40,000 years old were found in Southern Russia, in the villages of Kostyonki and Borshchyovo situated on the banks of the Don River.Nomadic pastoralism developed in the Pontic–Caspian steppe beginning in the Chalcolithic. Remnants of these steppe civilizations were discovered in places such as Ipatovo, Sintashta, Arkaim, and Pazyryk, which bear the earliest known traces of horses in warfare. In classical antiquity, the Pontic-Caspian Steppe was known as Scythia.In late 8th century BCE, Ancient Greek traders brought classical civilization to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria.In the 3rd to 4th centuries AD, the Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in Southern Russia, which was later overrun by Huns. Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the Bosporan Kingdom, which was a Hellenistic polity that succeeded the Greek colonies, was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars. The Khazars, who were of Turkic origin, ruled the lower Volga basin steppes between the Caspian and Black Seas until the 10th century.The ancestors of modern Russians are the Slavic tribes, whose original home is thought by some scholars to have been the wooded areas of the Pinsk Marshes, one of the largest wetlands in Europe. The East Slavs gradually settled Western Russia in two waves: one moving from Kiev toward present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk toward Novgorod and Rostov. From the 7th century onwards, the East Slavs constituted the bulk of the population in western Russia, and slowly but peacefully assimilated the native Finno-Ugric peoples, including the Merya, the Muromians, and the Meshchera.The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of "Varangians", the Vikings who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas. According to the "Primary Chronicle", a Varangian from the Rus' people, named Rurik, was elected ruler of Novgorod in 862. In 882, his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev, which had been previously paying tribute to the Khazars. Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav subsequently subdued all local East Slavic tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate, and launched several military expeditions to Byzantium, as well as Persia.In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The reigns of Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and his son Yaroslav the Wise (1019–1054) constitute the Golden Age of Kiev, which saw the acceptance of Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium, and the creation of the first East Slavic written legal code, the "Russkaya Pravda".In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of the East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north, particularly to the area known as Zalesye; which led to intermingling with the native Volga Finnic tribes.The age of feudalism and decentralization had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the Rurikid Dynasty that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of Vladimir-Suzdal in the north-east, Novgorod Republic in the north-west and Galicia-Volhynia in the south-west.Ultimately Kievan Rus' disintegrated, with the final blow being the Mongol invasion of 1237–40, that resulted in the destruction of Kiev, and the death of about half the population of Rus'. The invaders, later known as Tatars, formed the state of the Golden Horde, which pillaged the Russian principalities and ruled the southern and central expanses of Russia for over two centuries.Galicia-Volhynia was eventually assimilated by the Kingdom of Poland, while the Novgorod Republic and Mongol-dominated Vladimir-Suzdal, two regions on the periphery of Kiev, established the basis for the modern Russian nation. The Novgorod Republic escaped Mongol occupation and together with Pskov retained some degree of autonomy during the time of the Mongol yoke; they were largely spared the atrocities that affected the rest of the country. Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240, as well as the Germanic crusaders in the Battle of the Ice in 1242.The most powerful state to eventually arise after the destruction of Kievan Rus' was the Grand Duchy of Moscow, initially a part of Vladimir-Suzdal. While still under the domain of the Mongol-Tatars and with their connivance, Moscow began to assert its influence in the Central Rus' in the early 14th century, gradually becoming the leading force in the process of the Rus' lands' reunification and expansion of Russia. Moscow's last rival, the Novgorod Republic, prospered as the chief fur trade centre and the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League.Times remained difficult, with frequent Mongol-Tatar raids. Agriculture suffered from the beginning of the Little Ice Age. As in the rest of Europe, plague was a frequent occurrence between 1350 and 1490. However, because of the lower population density and better hygiene—widespread practicing of banya, a wet steam bath—the death rate from plague was not as severe as in Western Europe, and population numbers recovered by 1500.Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow and helped by the Russian Orthodox Church, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. Moscow gradually absorbed the surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod.Ivan III ("the Great") finally threw off the control of the Golden Horde and consolidated the whole of Central and Northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion, and was the first Russian ruler to take the title title "Grand Duke of all Rus'". After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire. Ivan III married Sophia Palaiologina, the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI, and made the Byzantine double-headed eagle his own, and eventually Russia's, coat-of-arms.In development of the Third Rome ideas, the Grand Duke Ivan IV (the "Terrible") was officially crowned first "Tsar" of Russia in 1547. The "Tsar" promulgated a new code of laws (Sudebnik of 1550), established the first Russian feudal representative body (Zemsky Sobor), curbed the influence of the clergy, and introduced local self-management in rural regions. During his long reign, Ivan the Terrible nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates (parts of the disintegrated Golden Horde): Kazan and Astrakhan along the Volga, and the Siberian Khanate in southwestern Siberia. Thus, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the Ural Mountains, thus into Asia, being transformed into a transcontinental state.However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of Poland, Lithuania, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade. At the same time, the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate, the only remaining successor to the Golden Horde, continued to raid Southern Russia. In an effort to restore the Volga khanates, Crimeans and their Ottoman allies invaded central Russia and were even able to burn down parts of Moscow in 1571. But in the next year the large invading army was thoroughly defeated by the Russians in the Battle of Molodi, forever eliminating the threat of an Ottoman–Crimean expansion into Russia. The slave raids of Crimeans, however, did not cease until the late 17th century though the construction of new fortification lines across Southern Russia, such as the Great Abatis Line, constantly narrowed the area accessible to incursions.The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient Rurik Dynasty in 1598, and in combination with the famine of 1601–03, led to a civil war, the rule of pretenders, and foreign intervention during the Time of Troubles in the early 17th century. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied parts of Russia, extending into even Moscow. In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by two national heroes, merchant Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. The Romanov Dynasty acceded to the throne in 1613 by the decision of Zemsky Sobor, and the country started its gradual recovery from the crisis.Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising in reaction to the social and religious oppression they had been suffering under Polish rule. In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar, Aleksey I. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War. Finally, Ukraine was split along the Dnieper River, leaving the western part, right-bank Ukraine, under Polish rule and the eastern part (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian rule. Later, in 1670–71, the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga Region, but the Tsar's troops were successful in defeating the rebels.In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian River Routes, and by the mid-17th century, there were Russian settlements in Eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. In 1648, Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov, two Russian explorers, discovered the Bering Strait, and became the first Europeans to sail to North America.Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721, and became one of the European great powers. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War (1700−1721), forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria (two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles), as well as the Governorate of Estonia and Livonia, securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded Saint Petersburg as Russia's new capital. Throughout his rule, sweeping reforms were made, which brought significant Western European cultural influences to Russia.The reign of Peter I's daughter Elizabeth in 1741–62 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (1756–63). During this conflict, Russia annexed East Prussia for a while and even took Berlin. However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian Peter III of Russia.Catherine II ("the Great"), who ruled in 1762–96, presided over the Age of Russian Enlightenment. She extended Russian political control over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the Partitions of Poland, pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe. In the south, after the successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, defeating the Crimean Khanate. As a result of victories over Qajar Iran through the Russo-Persian Wars, by the first half of the 19th century, Russia also made significant territorial gains in Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus. Catherine's successor, her son Paul, was unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues. Following his short reign, Catherine's strategy was continued with Alexander I's (1801–25) wresting of Finland from the weakened Sweden in 1809, and of Bessarabia from the Ottomans in 1812. While in North America, the Russians became the first Europeans to reach and colonise Alaska. In 1803–1806, the first Russian circumnavigation was made, later followed by other notable Russian sea exploration voyages. In 1820, a Russian expedition discovered the continent of Antarctica.During the Napoleonic Wars, Russia joined alliances with various other European empires, and fought against France. The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which more than 95% of the pan-European Grande Armée perished. Led by Mikhail Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly, the Imperial Russian Army ousted Napoleon from the country and drove throughout Europe in the war of the Sixth Coalition, finally entering Paris. Alexander I controlled Russia's delegation at the Congress of Vienna, which defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe.The officers who pursued Napoleon into Western Europe brought ideas of liberalism back to Russia with them and attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive Decembrist revolt of 1825. At the end of the conservative reign of Nicolas I (1825–55), a zenith period of Russia's power and influence in Europe, was disrupted by defeat in the Crimean War. Between 1847 and 1851, around one million people died across the country due to Asiatic cholera.Nicholas's successor Alexander II (1855–81) enacted significant changes throughout the country, including the emancipation reform of 1861. These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the Balkans from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the 1877–78 Russo-Turkish War.The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Alexander II was killed in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists, and the reign of his sonAlexander III (1881–94) was less liberal but more peaceful. The last Russian Emperor, Nicholas II (1894–1917), was unable to prevent the events of the Russian Revolution of 1905, triggered by the unsuccessful Russo-Japanese War and the demonstration incident known as Bloody Sunday. The uprising was put down, but the government was forced to concede major reforms (Russian Constitution of 1906), including granting the freedoms of speech and assembly, the legalisation of political parties, and the creation of an elected legislative body, the State Duma. The Stolypin agrarian reform led to a massive peasant migration and settlement into Siberia, and more than four million settlers arrived in the region between 1906 and 1914.In 1914, Russia entered World War I in response to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Russia's ally Serbia, and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its Triple Entente allies. In 1916, the Brusilov Offensive of the Imperial Russian Army almost completely destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Army. However, the already-existing public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, high casualties, and rumors of corruption and treason. All this formed the climate for the Russian Revolution of 1917, carried out in two major acts.The February Revolution forced Nicholas II to abdicate; he and his family were imprisoned and later executed in Yekaterinburg during the Russian Civil War. The monarchy was replaced by a shaky coalition of political parties that declared itself the Provisional Government. On 1 September (14), 1917, upon a decree of the Provisional Government, the Russian Republic was proclaimed. On 6 January (19), 1918, the Russian Constituent Assembly declared Russia a democratic federal republic (thus ratifying the Provisional Government's decision). The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.An alternative socialist establishment co-existed, the Petrograd Soviet, wielding power through the democratically elected councils of workers and peasants, called "Soviets". The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the October Revolution, led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the Soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state.Following the October Revolution, the Russian Civil War broke out between the anti-Communist White movement and the new Soviet regime with its Red Army. Bolshevist Russia lost its Ukrainian, Polish, Baltic, and Finnish territories by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that concluded hostilities with the Central Powers of World War I. The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-Communist forces. In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror. By the end of the civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged. There were an estimated 7–12 million casualties during the war, mostly civilians. Millions became White émigrés, and the Russian famine of 1921–22 claimed up to five million victims.On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides formed the Soviet Union, by merging the Russian SFSR with the Ukrainian, Byelorussian, and the Transcaucasian SFSR. Eventually the union grew larger to compass 15 republics, out of which, the largest in size and population was the Russian SFSR, which dominated the union for its entire history politically, culturally, and economically.Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika was designated to take charge. Eventually Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party, managed to suppress all opposition factions and consolidate power in his hands to become the country's dictator by the 1930s. Leon Trotsky, the main proponent of world revolution, was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929, and Stalin's idea of Socialism in One Country became the official line. The continued internal struggle in the Bolshevik party culminated in the Great Purge, a period of mass repressions in 1937–38, during which hundreds of thousands of people were executed, including original party members and military leaders forced to confess to nonexistent plots.Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialisation of the largely rural country, and collectivisation of its agriculture. During this period of rapid economic and social change, millions of people were sent to penal labor camps, including many political convicts for their suspected or real opposition to Stalin's rule; millions were deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union. The transitional disorganisation of the country's agriculture, combined with the harsh state policies and a drought, led to the Soviet famine of 1932–1933, which killed between 2 and 3 million people in the Russian SFSR. The Soviet Union made the costly transformation from a largely agrarian economy to a major industrial powerhouse in a short span of time.On 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany broke their non-aggression treaty; and invaded the ill-prepared Soviet Union with the largest and most powerful invasion force in human history, opening the largest theater of World War II. The Nazi Hunger Plan foresaw the "extinction of industry as well as a great part of the population". Nearly 3 million Soviet POWs in German captivity were murdered in just eight months of 1941–42. Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow. Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–43, and then in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943. Another German failure was the Siege of Leningrad, in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 and 1944 by German and Finnish forces, and suffered starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendered. Under Stalin's administration and the leadership of such commanders as Georgy Zhukov and Konstantin Rokossovsky, Soviet forces steamrolled through Eastern and Central Europe in 1944–45 and captured Berlin in May 1945. In August 1945, the Soviet Army ousted the Japanese from China's Manchukuo and North Korea, contributing to the Allied victory over Japan.The 1941–45 period of World War II is known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War. The Soviet Union together with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered as the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II, and later became the Four Policemen which was the foundation of the United Nations Security Council. During this war, which included many of the most lethal battle operations in human history, Soviet civilian and military death were about 26-27 million, accounting for about a third of all World War II casualties. The full demographic loss of Soviet citizens was even greater. The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine of 1946–47. Nonetheless, the Soviet Union emerged as a global superpower in the aftermath.After World War II, Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and eastern parts of Austria were occupied by Red Army according to the Potsdam Conference. Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states. After becoming the world's second nuclear power, the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance, and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivaling United States and NATO.After Stalin's death in 1953 and a short period of collective rule, the new leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin's many crimes and atrocities and launched the policy of de-Stalinization. The extremely harsh penal labor system was reformed and many political prisoners were released and rehabilitated (many of them posthumously). The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the Khrushchev Thaw. At the same time, Cold War tensions reached its peak when the two rivals clashed over the deployment of the United States Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba.In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, "Sputnik 1", thus starting the Space Age. Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit the Earth, aboard the "Vostok 1" manned spacecraft on 12 April 1961. Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became the leader. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was later designated as the Era of Stagnation, a period when economic growth slowed and social policies became static. The 1965 Kosygin reform aimed for partial decentralisation of the Soviet economy and shifted the emphasis from heavy industry and weapons to light industry and consumer goods but was stifled by the conservative Communist leadership. In 1979, after a Communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the Soviet–Afghan War. The occupation drained economic resources and dragged on without achieving meaningful political results. Finally, the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens.From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of "glasnost" (openness) and "perestroika" (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government. This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country. Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the world's second-largest, but during its final years, it was afflicted by shortages of goods in grocery stores, huge budget deficits, and explosive growth in the money supply leading to inflation.By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the Baltic states chose to secede from the Soviet Union. On 17 March, a referendum was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a renewed federation. In August 1991, a coup d'état attempt by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. On 25 December 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, along with contemporary Russia, fourteen other post-Soviet states emerged.In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin became the first directly elected president in Russian history when he was elected President of the Russian SFSR, which became the independent Russian Federation in December of that year. The economic and political collapse of the Soviet Union led to a deep and prolonged depression, characterised by a 50% decline in both GDP and industrial output between 1990 and 1995, although some of the recorded declines may have been a result of an upward bias in Soviet-era economic data. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including privatisation and market and trade liberalisation were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of "shock therapy" as recommended by the United States and the International Monetary Fund.The privatisation largely shifted control of enterprises from state agencies to individuals with inside connections in the government, which led to the rise of the infamous Russian oligarchs. Many of the newly rich moved billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous capital flight. The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social services; the birth rate plummeted while the death rate skyrocketed. Millions plunged into poverty, from a level of 1.5% in the late Soviet era to 39–49% by mid-1993. The 1990s saw extreme corruption and lawlessness, the rise of criminal gangs and violent crime.In late 1993, tensions between Yeltsin and the Russian parliament culminated in a constitutional crisis which ended after military force. During the crisis, Yeltsin was backed by Western governments, and over 100 people were killed. In December, a referendum was held and approved, which introduced a new constitution, giving the president enormous powers.The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the North Caucasus, both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist Islamist insurrections. From the time Chechen separatists declared independence in the early 1990s, an intermittent guerrilla war was fought between the rebel groups and Russian forces. Terrorist attacks against civilians carried out by separatists, most notably the Moscow theater hostage crisis and the Beslan school siege, caused hundreds of deaths.Russia took up the responsibility for settling the Soviet Union's external debts, even though its population made up just half of it at the time of its dissolution. In 1992, most consumer price controls were eliminated, causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the ruble. With a devalued ruble, the Russian government struggled to pay back its debts to internal debtors, as well as international institutions like the International Monetary Fund. Despite significant attempts at economic restructuring, Russia's debt outpaced GDP growth. High budget deficits coupled with increasing capital flight and inability to pay back debts, caused the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and resulted in a further GDP decline.On 31 December 1999, President Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned, handing the post to the recently appointed prime minister and his chosen successor, Vladimir Putin. Yeltsin left office widely unpopular, with an approval rating as low as 2% by some estimates. Putin then won the 2000 presidential election, and suppressed the Chechen insurgency. As a result of high oil prices, a rise in foreign investment, and prudent economic and fiscal policies, the Russian economy grew significantly; dramatically improving Russia's standard of living, and increasing its influence in global politics. Putin went on to win a second presidential term in 2004. On 2 March 2008, Dmitry Medvedev was elected president while Putin became prime minister, as the constitution barred Putin from serving a third consecutive presidential term. Putin returned to the presidency following the 2012 presidential elections, and Medvedev was appointed prime minister. This four year joint leadership by the two was coined "tandemocracy" by outside media.In 2014, after President Viktor Yanukovych of Ukraine fled as a result of a revolution, Putin requested and received authorisation from the Russian parliament to deploy Russian troops to Ukraine, leading to the takeover of Crimea. Following a Crimean referendum in which separation was favoured by a large majority of voters, the Russian leadership announced the accession of Crimea into Russia, though this and the referendum that preceded it were not accepted internationally. The annexation of Crimea led to sanctions by Western countries, after which the Russian government responded with counter-sanctions against a number of countries.In September 2015, Russia started military intervention in the Syrian Civil War in support of the Syrian government, consisting of airstrikes against militant groups of the Islamic State, al-Nusra Front (al-Qaeda in the Levant), the Army of Conquest and other rebel groups. In March 2018, Putin was elected for a fourth presidential term overall.In January 2020, substantial amendments to the constitution were proposed and took effect in July following a national vote, allowing Putin to run for two more six-year presidential terms after his current term ends. In April 2021, Putin signed the constitutional changes into law.According to the Constitution of Russia, the country is an asymmetric federation and semi-presidential republic, wherein the president is the head of state, and the prime minister is the head of government. The Russian Federation is fundamentally structured as a multi-party representative democracy, with the federal government composed of three branches:The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term, but not for a third consecutive term). Ministries of the government are composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister (whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma).According to the constitution, the Russian Federation is comprised of 85 federal subjects. In 1993, when the new constitution was adopted, there were 89 federal subjects listed, but some were later merged. These subjects have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council. The federal subjects have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly. They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy.Federal subjects are grouped into eight federal districts, each administered by an envoy appointed by the President of Russia. Unlike the federal subjects, the federal districts are not a subnational level of government but are a level of administration of the federal government. Federal districts' presidential envoys have the power to implement federal law and to coordinate communication between the president and the regional governors., Russia has the fifth-largest diplomatic network in the world; maintaining diplomatic relations with 190 United Nations member states, two partially-recognized states, and three United Nations observer states; with 144 embassies. It is considered a potential superpower; and is one of five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Russia is a member of the G20, the Council of Europe, the OSCE, and the APEC, and takes a leading role in organisations such as the CIS, the EAEU, the CSTO, the SCO, and BRICS.Russia maintains positive relations with other countries of SCO, EAEU, and BRICS, especially with neighbouring Belarus, which is in the Union State, a supranational confederation of the latter with Russia. Serbia has been a historically close ally of Russia since centuries, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity. In the 21st century, Sino-Russian relations have significantly strengthened bilaterally and economically—the Treaty of Friendship, and the construction of the ESPO oil pipeline and the Power of Siberia gas pipeline formed a special relationship between the two. India is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a historically strong strategic and diplomatic relationship.The Russian Armed Forces are divided into the Ground Forces, Navy, and Aerospace Forces. There are also two independent arms of service: Strategic Missile Troops and the Airborne Troops. , the military had around one million active-duty personnel, which is the world's fourth-largest. Additionally, there are over 2.5 million reservists, with the total number of reserve troops possibly being as high as 20 million. It is mandatory for all male citizens aged 18–27 to be drafted for a year of service in Armed Forces.Russia boasts the world's second-most powerful military, and is among the five recognised nuclear-weapons states, with the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons. More than half of the world's 13,500 nuclear weapons are owned by Russia. The country possesses the second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines, and is one of the only three states operating strategic bombers, with the world's most powerful ground force, the second-most powerful air force, and the third-most powerful navy fleet. Russia has the world's fourth-highest military expenditure, spending $65.1 billion in 2019. It has a large and fully indigenous arms industry, producing most of its own military equipment, and is the world's second-largest exporter of arms, behind only the United States.Russia's human rights management has been increasingly criticised by leading democracy and human rights watchdogs. In particular, such organisations as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch consider Russia to have not enough democratic attributes and to allow few political rights and civil liberties to its citizens. Since 2004, Freedom House has ranked Russia as "not free" in its "Freedom in the World" survey. Since 2011, the Economist Intelligence Unit has ranked Russia as an "authoritarian regime" in its Democracy Index, ranking it 124th out of 167 countries for 2020. In regards to media freedom, Russia was ranked 149th out of 180 countries in Reporters Without Borders' Press Freedom Index for 2020.Russia was the lowest rated European country in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2020; ranking 129th out of 180 countries. Corruption is perceived as a significant problem in Russia, impacting various aspects of life, including the economy, business, public administration, law enforcement, healthcare, and education. The phenomenon of corruption is strongly established in the historical model of public governance, and attributed to general weakness of rule of law in Russia.Russia is a transcontinental country stretching vastly over both Europe and Asia. It spans the northernmost corner of Eurasia, and has the world's fourth-longest coastline, at . Russia lies between latitudes 41° and 82° N, and longitudes 19° E and 169° W, and is larger than three continents: Oceania, Europe, and Antarctica, while having the same surface area as Pluto.The two most widely separated points in Russia are about apart along a geodesic line. Mountain ranges in the country are found along the southern regions, which share a significant portion of the Caucasus Mountains (containing Mount Elbrus, which at is the highest peak in Russia and Europe); the Altai Mountains in Siberia; and in the Verkhoyansk Range and the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East. The Ural Mountains, running north to south through the country's west, are rich in mineral resources, and form the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia.Russia, alongside Canada, is one of the world's only two countries with a coast along three oceans, due to which it has links with 12 seas. Russia's major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. The Diomede Islands are just apart, and Kunashir Island is just from Hokkaido, Japan.Russia, home to over 100,000 rivers, has one of the world's largest surface water resources, with its lakes containing approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water. Lake Baikal, the largest and most prominent among Russia's fresh water bodies, is the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake, containing over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. Ladoga and Onega in northwestern Russia are two of the largest lakes in Europe. Russia is second only to Brazil by total renewable water resources. The Volga, widely seen as Russia's national river due to its historical importance, is the longest river in Europe. The Siberian rivers of Ob, Yenisey, Lena and Amur are among the world's longest rivers.The sheer size of Russia and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the humid continental climate, which is prevalent in all parts of the country except for the tundra and the extreme southwest. Mountains in the south and east obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the Indian and Pacific oceans, while the plain of the west and north makes the country open to Arctic and Atlantic influences.Most of Northwest Russia and Siberia has a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia (mostly Sakha, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of ), and more moderate winters elsewhere. Both the strip of land along the shore of the Arctic Ocean and the Russian Arctic islands have a polar climate.The coastal part of Krasnodar Krai on the Black Sea, most notably in Sochi, possesses a humid subtropical climate with mild and wet winters. In many regions of East Siberia and the Russian Far East, winter is dry compared to summer; while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some areas of southernmost Siberia, possesses a semi-arid climate.Throughout much of the territory, there are only two distinct seasons—winter and summer—as spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low and extremely high temperatures. The coldest month is January (February on the coastline); the warmest is usually July. Great ranges of temperature are typical. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. Summers can be quite hot, even in Siberia.Russia, owing to its gigantic size, has diverse ecosystems, including polar deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forest, forest steppe, steppe, semi-desert, and subtropics. About half of Russia's territory is forested, and it has the world's largest forest reserves, which are known as the "Lungs of Europe"; coming second only to the Amazon rainforest in the amount of carbon dioxide it absorbs.Russian biodiversity includes 12,500 species of vascular plants, 2,200 species of bryophytes, about 3,000 species of lichens, 7,000-9,000 species of algae, and 20,000-25,000 species of fungi. Russian fauna is composed of 320 species of mammals, over 732 species of birds, 75 species of reptiles, about 30 species of amphibians, 343 species of freshwater fish (high endemism), approximately 1,500 species of saltwater fishes, 9 species of cyclostomata, and approximately 100-150,000 invertebrates (high endemism). Approximately 1,100 of rare and endangered plant and animal species are included in the Russian Red Data Book.Russia's entirely natural ecosystems are conserved in nearly 15,000 specially protected natural territories of various statuses, occupying more than 10% of the country's total area. They include 45 UNESCO biosphere reserves, 64 national parks, and 101 nature reserves. Russia still has many ecosystems which are still untouched by man—mainly in the northern taiga areas and the subarctic tundra of Siberia. Over time the country has been having improvement and application of environmental legislation, development and implementation of various federal and regional strategies and programmes, and study, inventory and protection of rare and endangered plants, animals, and other organisms, and including them in the Russian Red Data Book.Russia has an upper-middle income mixed and transition economy, with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. It has the world's eleventh-largest economy by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest by PPP. In 2017, the large service sector contributed to 62% of the total GDP, the industrial sector 32%, and the small agricultural sector roughly 5%. Russia has a low unemployment rate of 4.5%, and a relatively low poverty rate of 12.6%. More than 70% of its population is categorised as middle class officially, which has been disputed by some experts. Russia foreign exchange reserves are worth $604 billion, and are world's fifth-largest. It has a labour force of roughly 70 million, which is the world's sixth-largest. Russia's large automotive industry ranks as the world's tenth-largest by production.Russia is the world's fourteenth-largest exporter. In 2016, the oil-and-gas sector accounted for 36% of federal budget revenues. In 2019, the Natural Resources and Environment Ministry estimated the value of natural resources to 60% of the country's GDP. Russia has one of the lowest foreign debts among developed countries, and ranked 28th of 190 countries in the 2019 Ease of Doing Business Index. It has a flat tax rate of 13%, and has the world's second-most attractive personal tax system for single managers after the United Arab Emirates. However, extreme inequality of household income and wealth in the country has also been noted.Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run Russian Railways. The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's third-longest, and exceeds . , Russia has 1,452.2 thousand km of roads; and its road density is among the lowest in the world. Russia's inland waterways are the world's second-longest, and total . Among Russia's 1,218 airports, the busiest is Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow.Russia's largest post is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai. It is the world's sole country to operate nuclear-powered icebreakers, which advance the economic exploitation of the Arctic continental shelf of Russia, and the development of sea trade through the Northern Sea Route.Russia is described as an energy superpower, with the world's largest natural gas reserves, the second-largest coal reserves, the eighth-largest oil reserves, and the largest oil shale reserves in Europe. It is the world's leading natural gas exporter, the second-largest natural gas producer, the second-largest oil exporter, and the third-largest oil producer. Fossil fuels cause most of the greenhouse gas emissions by Russia. The country is the world's fourth-largest electricity producer, and the ninth-largest renewable energy producer in 2019. Russia was also the world's first country to develop civilian nuclear power, and to construct the world's first nuclear power plant. In 2019, It was the world's fourth-largest nuclear energy producer.Russia has the world's fourth-largest cultivated area, at . However, only 7.4% of its land is arable. It is the world's largest exporter of wheat, and is the top producer of barley, buckwheat and oats, and one of the largest producers and exporters of rye, and sunflower seed. Geopolitical analyses of climate change adaptation foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia. Managing migration flows, internal and international, is expected to be a central aspect of the process.While large farms concentrate mainly on grain production and animal husbandry, small private household plots produce most of the country's potatoes, vegetables and fruits. Russia is the home to the world's finest caviar; and maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets, ranking sixth in the world in tonnage of fish caught; capturing 4,773,413 tons of fish in 2018.Russia's research and development budget is the world's ninth-highest, with an expenditure of approximately 422 billion rubles on domestic research and development. In 2019, Russia was ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications. Since 1904, Nobel Prize were awarded to twenty-six Soviets and Russians in physics, chemistry, medicine, economy, literature and peace.Mikhail Lomonosov proposed the law of conservation of matter preceding the energy conservation law. Since the time of Nikolay Lobachevsky (the "Copernicus of Geometry" who pioneered the non-Euclidean geometry) and a prominent tutor Pafnuty Chebyshev, Russian mathematicians became among the world's most influential. Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table, the main framework of modern chemistry. Nine Soviet/Russian mathematicians were awarded with the Fields Medal. Grigori Perelman was offered the first ever Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award for his final proof of the Poincaré conjecture in 2002. Russian discoveries and inventions include the transformer, electric filament lamp, the aircraft, the safety parachute, radio receiver, electrical microscope, colour photos, caterpillar tracks, periodic table, track assembly, electrically powered railway wagons, videotape recorder, helicopter, solar cell, yogurt, television, petrol cracking, synthetic rubber and grain harvester. Roscosmos is Russia's national space agency; while Russian achievements in the field of space technology and space exploration are traced back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the father of theoretical astronautics. His works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as Sergey Korolyov, Valentin Glushko, and many others who contributed to the success of the Soviet space program in the early stages of the Space Race and beyond.In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, "Sputnik 1", was launched. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by Yuri Gagarin. Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued, including the first spacewalk performed by Alexei Leonov. Vostok 6 was the first human spaceflight to carry a woman into space (Valentina Tereshkova). Luna 9 was the first spacecraft to land on the Moon, Sputnik 2 was the first spacecraft to carry an animal (Laika), Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon, Venera 7 was the first spacecraft to land on another planet (Venus), and Mars 3 was the first spacecraft to land on Mars. "Lunokhod 1" was the first space exploration rover, and "Salyut 1" was the world's first space station.Russia is among the world's largest satellite launchers, and has completed the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It is developing its own fifth-generation jet fighter (Sukhoi Su-57), and has built the world's first floating nuclear power plant. Luna-Glob is a Russian Moon exploration programme, with its first mission scheduled to launch in October 2021 (Luna 25). To replace the ageing Soyuz, Roscosmos is also developing the Orel spacecraft, which could conduct its first crewed fight in 2025. In February 2019, it was announced that Russia is intending to conduct its first crewed mission to land on the Moon in 2031. In April 2021, Roscosmos declared that it is planning to quit the ISS, and will create its own space station with the aim of launching it into orbit by 2030. In June 2021, Roscosmos and China National Space Administration announced that they are jointly developing a lunar base, which is planned to be utilized from 2036.According to the World Tourism Organization, Russia was the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, in 2018, with over 24.6 million visits. Russia was ranked 39th in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019. According to Federal Agency for Tourism, the number of inbound trips of foreign citizens to Russia amounted to 24.4 million in 2019. Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $11.6 billion. In 2020, tourism accounted for about 4% of country's GDP. Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of Russia, a theme route of ancient Russian cities, cruises on large rivers like the Volga, and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include Red Square, the Peterhof Palace, the Kazan Kremlin, the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and Lake Baikal.Russia is one of the world's most sparsely populated and urbanised countries, and had a population of 142.8 million according to the 2010 census, which rose to 146.2 million as of 2021. It is the most populous country in Europe, and the world's ninth-most populous country, with a population density of 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23 per square mile).Since the 1990s, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate. In 2018, the total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.6 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and is one of the world's lowest fertility rates. Subsequently, the nation has one of the oldest populations in the world, with an median age of 40.3 years. In 2009, it recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; and since the 2010s, Russia has seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration.Russia is a multinational state, home to over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. In the 2010 Census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic Russians, and rest of the 19% of the population were peoples of diverse origins, while roughly 85% of Russia's population was of European descent, of which the vast majority were Slavs, with a substantial minority of Finno-Ugric, Germanic, and other peoples. There are 22 republics in Russia, designated to have their own ethnicities, cultures, and languages. In 13 of them, ethnic Russians consist a minority. According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the world's third-largest, numbering over 11.6 million; most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians.Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. It is the most spoken native language in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the most widely spoken Slavic language in the world. Russian is the second-most used language on the Internet after English, and is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station, as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.Besides Russian, over 100 minority languages are spoken across Russia. According to the 2002 Census, 142.6 million across the country spoke Russian, 5.3 million spoke Tatar, and 1.8 million spoke Ukrainian. The constitution gives the country's individual republics the right to establish their own state languages in addition to Russian.Russia is a secular state by constitution, and its largest religion is Christianity. It has the world's largest Orthodox population, and according to different sociological surveys on religious adherence, between 41% to over 80% of Russia's population adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church.In 2017, a survey made by the Pew Research Center showed that 73% of Russians declared themselves as Christians—out of which 71% were Orthodox, 1% were Catholic, and 2% were Other Christians, while 15% were unaffiliated, 10% were Muslims, and 1% followed other religions. According to various reports, the proportion of Atheists in Russia is between 16% and 48% of the population.Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia, and it is the traditional religion amongst the peoples of the North Caucasus, and amongst some Turkic peoples scattered along the Volga-Ural region. Buddhists are home to a sizeable population in four republics of Russia: Buryatia, Tuva, Zabaykalsky Krai, and Kalmykia; the only region in Europe where Buddhism is the most practised religion. Judaism has been a minority faith in Russia, as the country is home to a historical Jewish population, which remains among the largest in Europe. In the recent years, Hinduism has also seen an increase in followers in Russia.In Russia, the state provides most education services regulating education through the Ministry of Education and Science. Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. The country has the world's highest college-level or higher graduates in terms of percentage of population, at 54%.It has a free education system, which is guaranteed for all citizens by the constitution. Since 1990, the 11-year school education has been introduced. Education in state-owned secondary schools is free. University-level education is free, with some exceptions. A substantial share of students are enrolled for full pay (many state institutions started to open commercial positions in the last years). The oldest and largest universities in Russia are Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University. According to a UNESCO report in 2014, Russia is the world's sixth-leading destination for international students.Russia, by constitution, guarantees free, universal health care for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program. The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia. According to the World Bank, Russia spent 5.32% of its GDP on healthcare in 2018. It has one of the world's most female-biased sex ratios, with 0.859 males to every female. In 2019, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth is 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females), and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births). Obesity is a prevalent health issue in Russia. In 2016, 61.1% of Russian adults were overweight or obese. However, Russia's historically high alcohol consumption rate remains the biggest health issue in the country, as it is one of the world's highest, despite a stark decrease in the last decade.Early Russian painting is represented in icons and vibrant frescos. As Moscow rose to power, Theophanes the Greek, Dionisius and Andrei Rublev became vital names in Russian art. The Russian Academy of Arts was created in 1757. In the 18th century, academicians Ivan Argunov, Dmitry Levitzky, Vladimir Borovikovsky became influential. The early 19th century saw many prominent paintings by Karl Briullov and Alexander Ivanov. In the mid-19th century, the group of mostly realists "Peredvizhniki" broke with the Academy. Leading Russian realists include Ivan Shishkin, Arkhip Kuindzhi, Ivan Kramskoi, Vasily Polenov, Isaac Levitan, Vasily Surikov, Viktor Vasnetsov, Ilya Repin, and Boris Kustodiev. The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of symbolism; represented by Mikhail Vrubel, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, and Nicholas Roerich. The Russian avant-garde flourished from approximately 1890 to 1930; notable artists from this era were El Lissitzky, Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, and Marc Chagall. Some influential Soviet sculptures were Vera Mukhina, Yevgeny Vuchetich and Ernst Neizvestny.Beginning with the woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs; since the Christianization of Kievan Rus', for several centuries Russian architecture was influenced predominantly by Byzantine architecture. Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia. The 16th century saw the development of the unique tent-like churches; and the onion dome design. In the 17th century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and Yaroslavl, gradually paving the way for the Naryshkin baroque of the 1690s. After the reforms of Peter the Great; the country's architecture became influenced by Western Europe. The 18th-century taste for Rococo architecture led to the splendid works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers. During the reign of Catherine the Great and her grandson Alexander I, the city of Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture. The second half of the 19th century was dominated by the Byzantine and Russian Revival style. Prevalent styles of the 20th century were the Art Nouveau (Fyodor Shekhtel), Constructivism (Moisei Ginzburg and Victor Vesnin), and Socialist Classicism (Boris Iofan).Until the 18th-century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances. In the 19th-century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer Mikhail Glinka along with other members of The Mighty Handful, and the Russian Musical Society led by composers Anton and Nikolay Rubinstein. The later tradition of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by Sergei Rachmaninoff, one of the last great champions of the Romantic style of European classical music. World-renowned composers of the 20th century include Alexander Scriabin, Alexander Glazunov, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich, Georgy Sviridov and Alfred Schnittke.Russian conservatories have turned out generations of famous soloists. Among the best known are violinists Jascha Heifetz, David Oistrakh, Leonid Kogan, Gidon Kremer, and Maxim Vengerov; cellists Mstislav Rostropovich, Natalia Gutman; pianists Vladimir Horowitz, Sviatoslav Richter, Emil Gilels, Vladimir Sofronitsky and Evgeny Kissin; and vocalists Fyodor Shalyapin, Mark Reizen, Elena Obraztsova, Tamara Sinyavskaya, Nina Dorliak, Galina Vishnevskaya, Anna Netrebko and Dmitry Hvorostovsky.Modern Russian rock music takes its roots both in the Western rock and roll and heavy metal, and in traditions of the Russian bards of the Soviet era, such as Vladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava. Russian pop music developed from what was known in the Soviet times as "estrada" into a full-fledged industry.Russian literature is considered to be among the most influential and developed in the world. It can be traced back to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed. In the 18th century, by the Age of Enlightenment, the works of Mikhail Lomonosov and Denis Fonvizin boosted Russian literature. The early 19th century began with Vasily Zhukovsky and Alexander Pushkin; who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet. It continued with the poetry of Mikhail Lermontov and Nikolay Nekrasov, dramas of Alexander Ostrovsky and Anton Chekhov, and the prose of Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Turgenev, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ivan Goncharov, Aleksey Pisemsky and Nikolai Leskov. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky have been described by as the greatest novelists of all time. The next several decades had leading authors such as Konstantin Balmont, Valery Bryusov, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Alexander Blok, Nikolay Gumilyov, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Anna Akhmatova, and Boris Pasternak; and novelists Leonid Andreyev, Ivan Bunin, and Maxim Gorky.Russian philosophy blossomed in the 19th century; with the works of Nikolay Danilevsky and Konstantin Leontiev. Notable philosophers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries include Vladimir Solovyov, Sergei Bulgakov, Pavel Florensky, Nikolai Berdyaev, Vladimir Lossky, and Vladimir Vernadsky.Following the 1917 revolution, and the ensuing civil war, many prominent writers and philosophers left the country; while a new generation of authors joined together in an effort to create a distinctive working-class culture appropriate for the new Soviet state. Leading authors of the Soviet era include novelists Yevgeny Zamiatin, Isaac Babel, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Ilf and Petrov, Yury Olesha, Mikhail Bulgakov, Mikhail Sholokhov, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, and Andrei Voznesensky.Russian cuisine has been formed by climate, cultural and religious traditions, and the vast geography of the nation. It shares many similarities with cuisines of its neighbouring countries, and widely uses vegetables, fish, flour, cereals, bread, and berries.Crops of rye, wheat, barley, and millet provide the ingredients for various breads, pancakes and cereals, as well as for many drinks. Black bread is very popular in Russia. Flavourful soups and stews include shchi, borsch, ukha, solyanka and okroshka. Smetana (a heavy sour cream) is often added to soups and salads. Pirozhki, blini and syrniki are native types of pancakes. Beef Stroganoff, Chicken Kiev, pelmeni and shashlyk are popular meat dishes. Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls "(golubtsy)" usually filled with meat. Salads include Olivier salad, vinegret and dressed herring.Russia's national non-alcoholic drink is Kvass, and the national alcoholic drink is vodka; its creation in the nation dates back to the 14th century. The country has the world's highest vodka consumption, but beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage in Russia. Wine has become popular in Russia in the last decade, and the country is becoming one of the world's largest wine producers.The largest internationally operating news agencies in Russia are TASS, RIA Novosti, and Interfax. Television is the most popular media in Russia, roughly 60% of Russians watch television on a daily basis. There are three main nationwide radio stations in Russia: Radio Russia, Radio Mayak, and Radio Yunost. Russia has the largest video gaming market in Europe, with over 65 million players nationwide.Russian and later Soviet cinema was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as "The Battleship Potemkin". Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably Sergei Eisenstein, who is known as the pioneer of the Soviet montage theory; and Andrei Tarkovsky, would go on to become among of the world's most innovative and influential directors. Lev Kuleshov developed the Kuleshov effect, and was one of the founders of the Moscow Film School, the world's first film school. Dziga Vertov's "film-eye" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism. Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including "Chapaev", "The Cranes Are Flying", and "Ballad of a Soldier".The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. The comedies of Eldar Ryazanov and Leonid Gaidai of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catchphrases still in use today. In 1961–68 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic "War and Peace", which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. In 1969, Vladimir Motyl's "White Sun of the Desert" was released, a very popular film in a genre of ostern; the film is traditionally watched by cosmonauts before any trip into space. In 2002, "Russian Ark" was the first feature film ever to be shot in a single take. Today, the Russian cinema industry continues to expand.Football is the most popular sport in Russia. The Soviet Union national football team became the first European champions by winning Euro 1960, and reached the finals of Euro 1988. In 1956 and 1988, the Soviet Union won gold at the Olympic football tournament. Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008. The Russian national football team reached the semi-finals of Euro 2008. Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, and the 2018 FIFA World Cup.Ice hockey is very popular in Russia. The Soviet national ice hockey team dominated the sport internationally throughout its existence. Bandy is another traditionally popular ice sport in the country. The Soviet Union won all the Bandy World Championships for men between 1957 and 1979, and some thereafter too. The Russia national bandy team has won the Bandy World Championship in 1999, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011, and has been the reigning world champion since 2013. The Russian national basketball team won the EuroBasket 2007, and the Russian basketball club PBC CSKA Moscow won the Euroleague in 2006 and 2008. The annual Formula One Russian Grand Prix is held at the Sochi Autodrom in the Sochi Olympic Park.Historically, Russian athletes have been one of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games, ranking second in an all-time Olympic Games medal count. Russia is the leading nation in rhythmic gymnastics; and Russian synchronized swimming is considered to be the world's best. Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing. Russia has produced a number of famous tennis players. Chess is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades. The 1980 Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow, and the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics were hosted in Sochi.GovernmentGeneral informationOther
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