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LaDell Andersen (October 25, 1929 – December 29, 2019) was an American college and professional basketball coach. He was born in Malad City, Idaho. He coached for Utah State Aggies, Utah Stars and for BYU Cougars. He played for Utah State University.
Andersen died on December 29, 2019 in St. George, Utah at the age of 90.
References
Other websites
Basketball Reference.com page
1929 births
2019 deaths
American basketball players
Sportspeople from Idaho
Sportspeople from Utah |
Denílson Custódio Machado (born 28 March, 1943) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1971||rowspan="3"|Fluminense||rowspan="3"|Série A||16||0
|-
|1972||28||1
|-
|1973||0||0
|-
|1975||Vitória||Série A||14||0
58||1
58||1
|}
References
1943 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers |
<p>Current I have some Views linked to ViewModels using code similar to the following:</p>
<pre><code><Application.Resources>
<DataTemplate DataType="{ x:Type vm:AgeIndicatorViewModel}">
<v:AgeIndicatorView />
</DataTemplate>
</Application.Resources>
</code></pre>
<p>I have two questions regarding this:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Does this method allow me to only link one View to each View Model (I think it does improse this limitation on me, but want to be sure)</p></li>
<li><p>When using this method, where should I put all of my DataTemplate declarations? At the moment there are only a few, and they are all in App.Xaml - Is there a better location for these, or is App.Xaml fine / Best location?</p></li>
</ul>
<p>The most important question is the second really, as at the moment I <strong>want</strong> to link my ViewModel to my View in this way, as it requires no external libraries etc.</p>
<p>The way my ViewModels are setup, with their Properties and Commands etc is all working already.</p> |
<p>I have a java REST project that communicates with an Android Project, using <a href="https://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/dataTransferObject.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">DTO classes</a>.</p>
<p>Initially, I had created DTO classes duplicated in both projects, but now I have a new Java/JAR project with this common DTO classes and I want to use this library in both projects (Rest and Android).</p>
<p>I pasted the JAR file in <code>app/libs</code> folder in Android Studio.</p>
<p>I added this file as a Jar dependency in Android Studio.</p>
<p>The build.gradle file contains the jar's reference
compile files('libs/my-custom-jar-1.0.0.jar')</p>
<pre><code>dependencies {
compile files('libs/my-custom-jar-1.0.0.jar')
compile fileTree(include: ['*.jar'], dir: 'libs')
}
</code></pre>
<p>I followed the <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25660166/how-to-add-a-jar-in-external-libraries-in-android-studio">steps described here</a> but doesn't work. The classes packaged in the JAR file are not available.</p>
<p>I also try to "Invalidate Cache and Restart" Android Studio</p>
<p>[]'s</p>
<p><strong>Edit</strong></p>
<p>The file build.gradle</p>
<pre><code>dependencies {
compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.2', {
exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
})
androidTestCompile 'com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2'
compile project(':com.custom.dialog')
compile project(':zxing_standalone')
compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:26.0.2'
compile 'com.android.support.constraint:constraint-layout:1.0.2'
compile 'com.xxxxxxxx.android:library:1.0.23@aar', { transitive = true }
compile 'com.google.code.gson:gson:2.2.4'
compile 'com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:2.3.0'
compile 'com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-scalars:2.1.0'
compile 'com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-gson:2.3.0'
compile 'com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp:3.9.0'
compile 'com.squareup.okhttp3:logging-interceptor:3.9.0'
compile 'com.android.support:design:26.0.2'
compile 'commons-io:commons-io:2.0.1'
compile 'org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.5'
compile files('libs/my-custom-jar-1.0.0.jar')
}
</code></pre> |
Novial is a constructed international auxiliary language (IAL) for universal communication between speakers of different native languages. It was created by Otto Jespersen, a Danish linguist. He who had been involved in the Ido movement, and later in the development of Interlingua.
Its vocabulary is based on the Germanic and Romance languages. Its grammar is influenced by English.
History
Jespersen introduced Novial in his book An International Language in 1928. He updated it in his dictionary Novial Lexike in 1930. He proposed several modifications in the 1930s. However, the language became dormant with Jespersen's death in 1943. In the 1990s, with the revival of interest in constructed languages brought on by the Internet, some people rediscovered Novial.
Novialides
Novialide is a term used for languages derivatives of Novial and an artificial language for describing a language project based on or inspired by Novial.
Some Novialides are:
Novial by the Novial Revisione Komite (a.k.k. "Grupe Novial", "Novial98")
Novial by James Chandler
Novial Pro by Marcos Franco
Eurial by B. Phillip Jonsson
Novial by Jay Bowks
Proyo
Reformad Novial by Chabi
Constructed languages |
Mauensee is a municipality in Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
Lake Mauensee is in the municipality
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of Lucerne |
<p>I ran into an issue installing mariadb connector for python on Ubuntu 20.04.
I did installed mariadb server and connector for C as they say in the docs:</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install mariadb-server
sudo apt-get install libmariadb3
sudo apt-get install libmariadb-dev
</code></pre>
<p>Also installed:</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt-get install libmariadbclient-dev
</code></pre>
<p>Then:</p>
<pre><code>$ pip3 install mariadb
Collecting mariadb Using cached mariadb-1.0.3.tar.gz (66 kB) Building wheels for collected packages: mariadb Building wheel for mariadb (setup.py) ... error ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: command: /usr/bin/python3 -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-01wak5oz/mariadb/setup.py'"'"';
__file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-01wak5oz/mariadb/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' bdist_wheel -d /tmp/pip-wheel-oazbv39u
cwd: /tmp/pip-install-01wak5oz/mariadb/ Complete output (40 lines): running bdist_wheel running build running build_py creating build creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8 creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/mariadb copying mariadb/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/mariadb creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/mariadb/constants copying mariadb/constants/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/mariadb/constants copying mariadb/constants/CLIENT.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/mariadb/constants copying mariadb/constants/INDICATOR.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/mariadb/constants copying mariadb/constants/CURSOR.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/mariadb/constants copying mariadb/constants/FIELD_TYPE.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/mariadb/constants running build_ext building 'mariadb._mariadb' extension creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8 creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/mariadb x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread
-Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -DPY_MARIADB_MAJOR_VERSION=1 -DPY_MARIADB_MINOR_VERSION=0 -DPY_MARIADB_PATCH_VERSION=3 -I/usr/include/mariadb -I/usr/include/mariadb/mysql -I./include -I/usr/include/python3.8 -c mariadb/mariadb.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/mariadb/mariadb.o
-DDEFAULT_PLUGINS_SUBDIR="/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin" x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare
-DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -DPY_MARIADB_MAJOR_VERSION=1 -DPY_MARIADB_MINOR_VERSION=0 -DPY_MARIADB_PATCH_VERSION=3 -I/usr/include/mariadb -I/usr/include/mariadb/mysql -I./include -I/usr/include/python3.8 -c mariadb/mariadb_connection.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/mariadb/mariadb_connection.o
-DDEFAULT_PLUGINS_SUBDIR="/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin" x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare
-DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -DPY_MARIADB_MAJOR_VERSION=1 -DPY_MARIADB_MINOR_VERSION=0 -DPY_MARIADB_PATCH_VERSION=3 -I/usr/include/mariadb -I/usr/include/mariadb/mysql -I./include -I/usr/include/python3.8 -c mariadb/mariadb_exception.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/mariadb/mariadb_exception.o
-DDEFAULT_PLUGINS_SUBDIR="/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin" x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare
-DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -DPY_MARIADB_MAJOR_VERSION=1 -DPY_MARIADB_MINOR_VERSION=0 -DPY_MARIADB_PATCH_VERSION=3 -I/usr/include/mariadb -I/usr/include/mariadb/mysql -I./include -I/usr/include/python3.8 -c mariadb/mariadb_cursor.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/mariadb/mariadb_cursor.o
-DDEFAULT_PLUGINS_SUBDIR="/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin" x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare
-DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -DPY_MARIADB_MAJOR_VERSION=1 -DPY_MARIADB_MINOR_VERSION=0 -DPY_MARIADB_PATCH_VERSION=3 -I/usr/include/mariadb -I/usr/include/mariadb/mysql -I./include -I/usr/include/python3.8 -c mariadb/mariadb_codecs.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/mariadb/mariadb_codecs.o
-DDEFAULT_PLUGINS_SUBDIR="/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin" mariadb/mariadb_codecs.c: In function ‘mariadb_extended_field_type’: mariadb/mariadb_codecs.c:64:5: error: unknown type name ‘MARIADB_CONST_STRING’
64 | MARIADB_CONST_STRING str;
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ mariadb/mariadb_codecs.c:66:10: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘mariadb_field_attr’ [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
66 | if (!mariadb_field_attr(&str, field, MARIADB_FIELD_ATTR_FORMAT_NAME))
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ mariadb/mariadb_codecs.c:66:42: error: ‘MARIADB_FIELD_ATTR_FORMAT_NAME’ undeclared (first use in this function)
66 | if (!mariadb_field_attr(&str, field, MARIADB_FIELD_ATTR_FORMAT_NAME))
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ mariadb/mariadb_codecs.c:66:42: note: each undeclared identifier is reported only once for each function it appears in mariadb/mariadb_codecs.c:68:14: error: request for member ‘length’ in something not a structure or union
68 | if (str.length == 4 && !strncmp(str.str, "json", 4))
| ^ mariadb/mariadb_codecs.c:68:42: error: request for member ‘str’ in something not a structure or union
68 | if (str.length == 4 && !strncmp(str.str, "json", 4))
| ^ error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
---------------------------------------- ERROR: Failed building wheel for mariadb Running setup.py clean for mariadb Failed to build mariadb
</code></pre>
<p>It seems that issue comes from:</p>
<pre><code> mariadb/mariadb_codecs.c: In function ‘mariadb_extended_field_type’:
mariadb/mariadb_codecs.c:64:5: error: unknown type name ‘MARIADB_CONST_STRING’
</code></pre>
<p>But I'm not good in C and unable to investigate this right away.
Tried googling, but no results for issues caused by MARIADB_CONST_STRING type.</p>
<p>It is my first time installing mariadb connector for python on ubuntu.
Did anyone seen this error before? How should I proceed?
Appreciate your advise.</p> |
<p>What is a quicker/shorter way to do this.</p>
<pre><code> Store[] store = new Store[3];
store [0] = new Store();
store [0].Price = 5.24;
store [0].ValueType = eValueType.Normal;
store [1] = new Store();
store [1].Price = 7.89;
store [1].ValueType = eValueTyp.Normal;
store [2] = new Store();
store [2].Price = 7.89;
store [2].ValueType = eValueTyp.Normal;
public class Store
{
public enum eValueType
{
Real,
Normal
}
private double _price;
private eValueType _valueType;
public double Price
{
get { return _price; }
set { _price = value; }
}
public eValueType ValueType
{
get { return _valueType; }
set { _valueType = value; }
}
}
</code></pre> |
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental illness where people think they look different to how they really look. People are usually said to have BDD if they are extremely critical of their body, even though there may be nothing noticeably wrong with it. If there is something wrong with their body, it is usually so small that a person without BDD would not be unhappy about it at all. People claim that they are insecure, but BDD is far worse.
Most people without BDD may not like some parts of their body, but people with BDD believe that they are so ugly, even though they are not, that they find it difficult to talk or exist with other people, or live normally, scared that other people will be mean to them because of the way they look. People with BDD often do not look for help because they are afraid others will think they are just vain, or they may feel too embarrassed to talk to other people as they think they are so ugly.
BDD is a somatoform disorder. People with BDD may look at themselves in the mirror too much, or some people with BDD may actually try not to look in the mirror. Both of these are possible for a person with BDD. They usually think about their body for more than one hour per day, and in bad cases, can stop talking to other people, and may stay at home. People with BDD often have very low self-confidence, because they believe that a person's value is linked to what they look like, and because they do not think that they are beautiful themselves, they do not think they have much value.
History
In 1886, BDD was first written about by the researcher 'Morselli', who named it Dysmorphophobia.
In 1987, BDD was first properly seen by the American Psychiatric Association.
In 1997, BDD was first recorded and formally seen as a mental problem in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
Sigmund Freud had an important Russian person (Sergei Pankejeff) with him in the past, who would have been classified as having the disorder in modern times. Freud named him "The Wolf Man", to protect Pankejeff's identity. Pankejeff was so unhappy with his nose that he could not live a normal life.
Cause
It is unknown what the full cause of BDD is. However, research shows that a number of things may be the cause:
The chemicals in the brain. If the amount of serotonin is too low, one of the brain's neurotransmitters which gives us 'mood' and 'pain', may help cause body dysmorphic disorder. Scientists can not explain this chemical problem in the brain, but it may be hereditary (passed down from parents to child).
Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Many people with BDD also have OCD, where the person does things without wanting to. If people have had, or have a genetic link to OCD, the person may be more likely to have BDD.
Generalized anxiety disorder. Many people with BDD also have generalized anxiety disorder. This disorder is where the person worries about things a lot, which makes them have anxiety about things in their life, for example, about their body, as in BDD.
Development
BDD usually develops in adolescence, a time when people usually worry about their appearance the most. However, many people with BDD suffer for years before they look for help. When they do look for help to Doctors, people with the problem often say they have other problems, for example, depression, social anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, but do not say their real problem is with the way they look. Most patients can not be convinced that the problem they have with their body is only 'imagined', and that they are seeing a 'changed' view of themselves, because people do not know much about BDD, compared to other mental problems, for example OCD or others.
Diagnosis
The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) IV says that a person must have the things written below if they have BDD:
Being unhappy with an imagined problem on their body. If a small problem is there, the person is unhappy with it more than they should be.
The unhappiness causes large problems in talking to other people, having a job, or living a normal life.
The unhappiness is not caused by a different mental problem (for example, unhappiness with weight in Anorexia Nervosa).
Features of BDD
A person with BDD will often do these things:
Look in the mirror a lot, look in reflective doors, windows and other reflective surfaces.
If the person does not look in the mirror a lot, they will try not to look in the mirror or at photographs ever, and will often not have mirrors in their home.
Touch their skin a lot to feel the 'imagined' problem.
Wanting other people to say good things to them about the way they look a lot.
Asking other people about the way they look a lot.
Not talk to people a lot.
Not having much confidence
Comparing the way they look to people they want to look like a lot. This may be of celebrities, or people in their life.
Doing exercise or having diets more than normal.
Doing these things a lot: combing hair, plucking eyebrows, shaving, etc.
Using medicine to change the body shape and body size.
Wanting plastic surgery or more than one plastic surgery, more than normal.
In some extreme examples, patients have tried to do plastic surgery to themselves.
Where on the body the 'imagined' problem can be
Dr. Katharine Philips did research, with more than 500 people with BDD, on the percentage of patients unhappy with the most common parts of the body;
skin (73%)
hair (56%)
nose (37%)
weight (22%)
stomach (22%)
breasts/chest/nipples (21%)
eyes (20%)
thighs (20%)
teeth (20%)
legs (overall) (18%)
body shape / bone shape (16%)
all of face (14%)
lips (12%)
buttocks (12%)
chin (11%)
fingers (11%)
eyebrows (11%)
source: The Broken Mirror, Katharine A Philips, Oxford University Press, 2005 ed, p56
However, people with BDD often are unhappy about more than one part of their body.
Numbers of people
A German study has shown that 1-2% of the population has complete BDD, but a bigger percentage of people show some of the effects (Psychological Medicine, vol 36, p 877).
The number of men and women with BDD is around the same, but there are slightly more women with it. However, the number of men and women who go to the doctor with it are the same.
Studies show that BDD is common non-clinical places and clinical places. Research was done on 200 people with DSM-IV BDD. These people were aged 12 and older. They were interviewed. The people with BDD were found from 'mental-health doctors', advertisements, their friends and family, and non-psychiatrist physicians. 53 of the 200 people were receiving medication, 33 were receiving psychotherapy, and 48 were receiving both medication and psychotherapy. How bad each person's BDD was, was assessed using the "Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale", modified for BDD. Symptoms were assessed with the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination. Both tests were made just for BDD. The results showed that BDD is in 0.7% - 1.1% of community samples and 2%-13% of non-clinical samples. 13% of psychiatric patients had BDD. Research also found that some of the patients who were firstly diagnosed with OCD, also had BDD. 53 patients with OCD and 53 patients with BDD were compared to each other in research. Clinical features, comorbidity, family history, and population features were compared between the two groups. 9 of the 62 subjects (14.5%) of those with OCD also had BDD.
In most examples, BDD is not found even when people have it. In research done on 17 patients with BDD, BDD was 'found' in only five patients, and none of the patients had a proper diagnosis of BDD even though they all in fact had BDD.
Problems caused by BDD
BDD can cause only a few problems for some people. However, for other people, it can cause many problems.
Responsibilities
It can make it very difficult to have a normal job or family life. People who have a job or a family to care for would definitely find life easier and better if they did not have BDD. The love partners of BDD people can also suffer, as they may sometimes lose their loved one to suicide. Friendship, romance, and family is very hard to hold for a person with BDD, as the unhappiness with the looks of the person takes over their life, so they often do not bother with the other aspects of life as much. Also, the BDD stops the person from making these 'bonds' with people, as they always feel scared about the way they look, and therefore find it difficult to be themself with other people.
Motivation
People with BDD may often have little motivation for anything. This means that BDD people can appear to take a long time to get everything done. However, this is not exactly true, because BDD sufferers will often just stop what they were doing for a long time, so it is not just that they are slow, but find it difficult to concentrate on what they are doing. without being able to actually motivate themselves until it becomes completely necessary to get back up. This low amount of motivation can be in all parts of a person's life, for example, school, friends, love, family, or work.
However, when the person is trying to do things to the way they look, such as combing their hair, or choosing clothes, it is common for the person to have an extreme motivation. Therefore, people with BDD can sometimes not feel motivated for anything in their life, but when they are working on their looks, they will have an extreme motivation that is not normal either.
Suicide
People with BDD have a very high suicide rate compared to all mental problems.
Phillips & Menard did a lot of research in 2006 about BDD suicides.
They found that the percentage of people in the USA with BDD who commit suicide is 45 times higher than the percentage of all the USA population who commit suicide.
The percentage of people in the USA with BDD who commit suicide is more than 2 times higher than the percentage of people in the USA with depression who commit suicide.
The percentage of people in the USA with BDD who commit suicide is 3 times higher than the percentage of people in the USA with bipolar disorder who commit suicide.
Some people say that there is a link between undiagnosed BDD and a higher than average suicide rate with people who had cosmetic surgery.
Another condition, Gender identity disorder (GID), where the person finds his or her gender as a male or female uncomfortable, often has BDD-like feelings that are only directed at the primary and/or secondary sex characteristics on their body, which disagree with the person's perception of their own gender since birth. People with GID may also have BDD-like traits or their condition may be mis-diagnosed as BDD. Most studies reported a pre- transition GID suicide attempt rate of 20% or more. The suicide attempt rate for patients with BDD is 15%. No studies are available showing overlap between GID and BDD suicide rate because BDD is excluded as a condition prior to GID diagnosis.
BDD and GID are different conditions. One of the key differences is the fact that BDD responds to psychopharmacology, whereas GID does not. Furthermore, psychopharmacology or psychotherapy are often successful in convincing the BDD sufferer that their perceptions are distorted. Those with GID are rarely convinced that they are mistaken. GID (especially "transsexualism") also often manifests during early childhood, rather than during adolescence. It is standard practice in treating BDD to convince sufferers that surgical procedures are not necessary because eradicating their first perceived defect through surgery will only make them start obsessing about their next perceived defect, whereas those people properly diagnosed as "transsexual" under GID benefit greatly from surgical procedures specifically targeted at their primary or secondary sex characteristics. However, a person with GID may also have BDD if they obsess over perceived defects on their body that contradict or go beyond their gender identity.
Vanity
BDD is often wrongly thought of as a 'vanity' obsession, but it is actually the opposite, because people with BDD believe they are very ugly, even though people without BDD do not think they are. There is not usually actually anything wrong with the way the person with BDD looks, but to that person, there is. A person with BDD can spend hours looking in the mirror, but they are not being vain, as they do not think they are attractive. People with BDD usually realize that worrying about their looks so much is bad, but they can not help it.
ALSO a person with BDD may alternatively avoid mirrors at all costs. Or any reflective surfaces for that matter. Including spoons, windows, mirrors, etc.
Treatments
Research found that talking as therapy, has not worked to stop BDD. However, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has been found to be more effective. In a study of 54 patients with BDD, some of them had Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and some had no treatment. BDD symptoms decreased a lot in those patients undergoing CBT. BDD was eliminated in 82% of cases at post treatment and 77% at follow-up. (8) Due to low levels of serotonin in the brain, another commonly used treatment is SSRI drugs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor). 74 subjects were enrolled in a placebo controlled study group to evaluate the efficiency of fluoxetine hydrochloride, a SSRI drug. Patients were randomized to receive 12-weeks of double-blind treatment with fluoxetine or the placebo. At the end of 12 weeks, 53% of patients responded to the fluoxetine.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder is a chronic disease that has symptoms that never subside. Instead, they get worse as time goes on. Without treatment, BDD could last a lifetime. In many cases, as illustrated in The Broken Mirror by Katharine Phillips, the social lives of many patients disintegrates because they are so preoccupied with their appearance.
Related pages
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Gender identity disorder
Bipolar disorder
References
Mental illnesses |
A dialect continuum is a group of language dialects that change over an area. In a dialect continuum, two dialects are more different when they are farther away from each other. People in the dialect continuum who are nearby may understand each other when they speak. People far away from each other may have trouble understanding each other or may not understand each other at all. For example if a certain area speaks in a specific accent, it would be difficult for people from the same region but different area to understand and communicate.
Language |
Abdelhamid Brahimi () (April 2, 1936 – August 15, 2021) was an Algerian politician. He was Prime Minister of Algeria under Chadli Bendjedid from January 22, 1984, until November 5, 1988. Brahimi was born in Constantine, Algeria.
Brahimi died on August 15, 2021 in Algiers, Algeria at the age of 85.
References
1936 births
2021 deaths
Prime Ministers of Algeria |
Winhöring (Bavarian: Winaring) is a municipality in Altötting, a district (Landkreis) in Upper Bavaria.
References
Altötting (district) |
Ww. TER oe OS NS
EDWARDS'S
BOTANICAL AL REGISTER: dl
oh Ne.) sees
ORNAMENTAL FLOWER-GARDEN
AND SHRUBBERY:
CONSISTING OF
COLOURED FIGURES OF PLANTS AND SHRUBS,
CULTIVATED IN BRITISH GARDENS;
ACCOMPANIED BY THEIR
History, West Method of Treatment in Cultíbation, Propagation, Kr.
CONTINUED
By JOHN LINDLEY, Ph.D. F.R.S. LS. AND GS.
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON,
&c. &c. óc.
Pew Series.
VOL VI. U
OR VOL. XIX. OF THE ENTIRE WORK.
viret semper —— nec fronde caducá
Carpitur. i
AZT CS 1 L1
| /
LON DON:
JAMES RIDGWAY, 169, PICCADILLY.
M.DCCC.XXXIII.
LONDON:
J. MOYES, CASTLE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE.
bl id Eee ts Toe ae C
adi
1565
The Crimson Creeping CEREUS.
A . -
ICOSANDRIA MONANDRIA.
Nat. ord. CacrEx Vent. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 54.)
CACTUS.—Supra, vol. 16. fol. 1331.
GARDEN VARIETY.
Although the object of the Botanical Register is by no
means to give a place to transient Horticultural varieties,
yet we have occasionally deviated so far from our original
plan as to introduce very remarkable races when there has
been any thing either in their history, or their general
appearance which seemed to justify such a proceeding.
In the present instance we have a combination of much
that is curious in history and beautiful in structure. The
subject of the present notice was raised a few years ago by
Mr. Mallison, Gardener to Sir Samuel Scott, from seed of
Cactus speciosissimus fertilised by Cactus flagelliformis ;
the former the well-known erect species with brilliant
scarlet blossoms, the latter the equally common trailing
kind with pale rosy flowers. The result has been, as
perhaps might have been expected, a hybrid, as nearly as
possible intermediate between the two parents, having all
the brilliancy of colour ofthe female line combined with
the prolific constitution and trailing habit of the male. It
was exhibited for the first time at a meeting of the Horti-
cultural Society in 1832; the specimen was about 2 feet
long, and excited much admiration. It was loaded with
flowers, of the most healthy appearance; and what was
especially remarkable, the colour of its stem was not the
dull green of Cereus flabelliformis, but the rich bright
hue of Cactus speciosissimus. The only plant we are ac-
quainted with is in the possession of Sir Samuel Scott:
it must be classed among the very best hybrids which
Horticulturists have succeeded in obtaining.
It appears to be a hardy greenhouse plant, and will
doubtless increase freely by cuttings. J. E.
VOL. XIX. B
A ERA
decidi hs.
IURE PSU Rs DELETE
1566
MAXILLARIA* racemósa.
Raceme-flowered Maxillaria.
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA.
Nat. ord. Oncuipgx. $ Vandee. (Introduction to the natural
system of Botany, p. 262.)
MAXILLARIA.—Supra, vol. 11. fol. 897.
$ 2. Scapigere. Pedunculi radicales. Labellum anticum (Corax).
Scapi 2-multiflori.
M. racemosa ; pseudobulbis ovatis compressis tetragonis monophyllis, foliis
eblongo-lanceolatis tricostatis scapis gracilibus strictis multifloris breviori-
bus, sepalis oblongis acutis: lateralibus basi valdé elongatis in calcar
spurium connatis, petalis linearibus spatulatis tripló minoribus, labello
oblongo cucullato indiviso undulato emarginato in axi calloso, columná
pubescente.—Lindl. gen. et sp. orch. p. 149. ined.
M. racemosa. Hooker in bot. mag. t. 2789. Lodd. bot. cab. t. 1318.
Pseudobulbi 2 poll. longi. Folia 4 poll. longa, basi in petiolum angus-
tata. Scapus pedalis. Flores sordide flavi, membranacei. Sepala pa-
tentia: superius cum petalis parallelum Cymbidiorum more. — Labellum
cum sinu sepalorum lateralium articulatum, album v. sordidé flavum purpu-
reis maculis pallidis notatum. Anth. 1-locularis. Pollinia postice sulcata,
caudiculá brevi, glandulá parvá.
This rare little Maxillaria was originally sent from woods
near Rio Janeiro by Mr. William Harrison, and afterwards
flowered in several collections. It has now become very
scarce, being apparently too delicate to bear the imperfect
cultivation that such plants receive even at the most skilful
hands. We have seen it thrive for a short time planted in
moss, and suspended in a pot from the rafter of a stove; in
such a situation, in the Garden of the Horticultural Society,
the plant flowered from which our drawing was taken in
October 1829.
Its flowers are pale green, or greenish yellow, and have
not much beauty; their lip is prettily marked with light
crimson dots in the inside. J. L.
* See fol. 1428.
1567
CALOCHÖRTUS* luteus.
, Yellow Calochórtus.
HEXANDRIA TRIGY NIA.
Nat. ord. Littacex Juss. - (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 279.)
CALOCHORTUS.—Supra, vol. 14. fol. 1152.
C. luteus ; caule subtrifloro, foliis convolutis acuminatis pedunculis gracilibus
brevioribus, sepalis apice recurvis, petalis cuneatis apice rotundatis medio
transverse barbatis.
C. luteus. Douglas.
Caulis pedalis v. citrà, teres, foliosus. Folia convoluta acuminata ; su-
perioribus pedunculis brevioribus. Flores 2, v. 3, terminales. Sepala
viridia, ovato-lanceolata, acuminata, petalis subequalia. Petala apice lutea,
medio viridia, sanguineo punctata, fasciá pilorum luteorum ; basi viridia,
glabra. Ovarium lineare, triquetrum, petalis fere 3-pld brevius. Anthere
Rave.
Several species of this charming genus have now been
discovered, besides the fine purple sort figured at fol. 1152
of this work, and the two others described by Mr. Douglas
in the seventh volume of the Transactions of the Horticul-
tural Society. Of these, the subject of the present notice
is among the most interesting.
It was discovered by Mr. Douglas in California; and a
few roots of it were received from him by the Horticultural
Society in 1831. Cultivated in their Garden at Chiswick,
it proves hardy, flowering in the months of September and
October. Its blossoms are not fugitive, but, on the con-
trary, remain without fading for a week or ten days. It is
the more interesting, as we have nothing at the same season
which resembles it at all in character.
It appears to succeed perfectly in a north border in
* See fol. 1152.
sandy peat. From the lateness of its flowering, it is not
likely to produce seeds; let us hope it will form offsets in
sufficient abundance to enable the Horticultural Society to
distribute it as extensively as it is desirable that so beautiful
a species should be.
We refer Calochortus to Liliacee on account of its ap-
parent affinity to Fritillaria ; it nevertheless differs in a very
remarkable manner in having its sepals distinctly leafy, in
which particular it approaches Commelinee. Probably it
is a transition genus connecting Liliacee with the tripe-
taloideous orders of Monocotyledons.
J.. b.
/ 3 0,
1568
DUVAUA* ovata.
Ovate-leaved Duvaua.
POLYGAMIA MONECIA.
Nat. ord. ANACARDIACEZ R. Br. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 127.) «
DUVAUA.— Flores monoici aut dioici. ^ Calyx 4-fidus, persistens.
Petala 4, concava. Stamina 8, sub disco inserta, 4 petalis alterna, longiora,
in flore 9 effeeta. Discus urceolatus, 8-dentatus. ^ Ovarium sessile, l-
ovulatum, conicum, in ¢ sterile. Styli 3-4, brevissimi. Stigmata capitata.
Drupa globosa, nucleo coriaceo. Semen 1, pendulum, exalbuminosum,
cotyledonibus planis, radiculà superá longá. Arbor chilensis, subspi-
nescens, glabra. Folia simplicia, subintegerrima. Racemi axillares, multi-
Jlori. "Variat fl. 5-fidis. De Cand. prodr. 2. 74.
D. ovata; foliis ovatis dentatis acutis obtusisve, floribus seepiüs octandris.
Frutex sempervirens, ramosus, spinescens, verosimiliter orgyalis. Folia
lucida, terebinthinum forte olentia, formá variabilia, plerumque tamen ovata,
acuta, dentata; nunc obtusa, oblonga, v. obovata. Racemi stricti, Solus
paulo longiores. Flores herbacei, sepiüs octandri.
Almost all the plants from Chile which are as yet com-
mon in our Gardens, are herbaceous or annual species,
more remarkable for the beauty of their flowers than of
their foliage; Aristotelia Macqui forming nearly a solitary
exception. This has probably arisen from the shrubby
species having been found impatient of cold, and unpro-
ductive of flowers.
Nevertheless that country produces many things well
worth the attention of those who have gardens, especially
its different species of Duvaua, of which at least three are
to be found in the collections near London; all of them are
* So called after M. Duvau, a French Botanist, known as the editor of
the original edition of Richard’s Analyse du Fruit; and for some observa-
tions upon Veronica.
very handsome evergreen bushes, with a bright shining
foliage, which emits a strong but grateful odour when
bruised ; they will not bear the climate of London without
protection from frost; but if trained to a wall, and sheltered
by a roof of thatch in winter, they succeed perfectly: in
short, they are about as hardy as myrtles.
Of these, the subject of the accompanying Plate is one
which has been in this country seven or eight years; we
never saw it in flower till last year, when it blossomed
abundantly upon a south wall in the Garden of the Horti-
cultural Society in July. It is nearly related to D. de-
pendens, but differs essentially in its leaves being usually
sharp-pointed, and its flowers octandrous; while D. de-
pendens, on the contrary, has its leaves almost always very
blunt, often very little toothed, and chiefly decandrous.
It is true that passages from one to the other may be dis-
covered ; but the plants are so different when growing side
by side, that we cannot think it right to combine them;
and where is the genus of which the species do not run the
one into the other?
Propagated by cuttings of the ripe wood struck in sand
under a bell-glass in a gentle heat. It will grow in any
soil or situation. which is dry in the summer, and well
drained in winter. It would probably succeed in the cre-
vices of rocks in Devonshire or Cornwall.
b 77
1569
ONCÍDIUM* Harrisoniánum.
Mrs. Arnold Harrisoms Oncidium.
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA.
Nat. ord. Oncutpgx. § Vandee Lindl. (Introduction to the natural
system of Botany, p. 262.)
ONCIDIUM.—Supra, vol. 16. fol. 1349.
$. Folia plana; v. complicata. Sepala lateralia libera. Labelli
lacinie laterales nane, v. obliterate.
O. Harrisonianum ; pseudobulbis subglobosis monophyllis, foliis carnosis
lineari-oblongis acutis recurvis, paniculá ramosá multiflorä, sepalis pe-
talisque linearibus obtusissimis, labelli laciniis lateralibus minutis auri-
culiformibus intermediá unguiculatá transversá emarginatá, cristá 5-lobá
centro pubescente, column alis deltoideis rectiusculis.
Pseudobulbi ovi passerini magnitudine sed globosi, late virides, leves.
Folia 4-6 poll. longa, omnino avenia. Scapus e squamá tubulosá proveniens,
ascendens, pedalis v. ultra. Panicula composita, apice cernua, ramulis
divaricatis, v. decurvis. Flores vitellini. Sepala petalis paulo majora,
atrofusco maculata. Labellum unicolor, sepalis lateralibus longius. Crista
e tuberculis 5 constat, quorum 4 lateralia, compressa, rotundata, leviter
incurvantur ; quintum anticum multd est angustius et cornu parvum refert ;
inter omnia adest area pulvinata pubescens.
For what purpose can the world have been adorned
with these Orchideous plants? To man or animals they
are scarcely ever of any known use. No honey is secreted
by their flowers; neither poison, medicine, nor food, are
collected in the recesses of their stems; and their very
seeds seem unfit for feeding even the smallest bird. We
can scarcely suppose them provided for the purification of
the unwholesome atmosphere of the forest recesses in which
they delight, for their organization is that of plants whose
leaves perform their vital actions too slowly to effect such
* See fol. 1349.
a purpose. For what then can they have been formed,
unless to delight the sense of man, to gratify his eye by
their gay colours and fantastic forms, and to shew the
inexhaustible fertility of that creative power which we
recognise every where in Nature.
If this be not the object of those countless changes of
form and colour which the Orchis tribe exhibits, we shall
scarcely comprehend why in this very genus Oncidium the
lip bears at its base a collection of tubercles which are not
only different in every species, but so strangely varied, that
** Eye of newt, and toe of frog,”
are the least singular of the forms that lie cowering in the
bosom of their petals; the heads of unknown animals,
reptiles of unheard-of figures, coils of snakes rising as if to
dart upon the curious observer, may all be seen in the
blossoms of the various species, whose very flowers may be
likened to unearthly insects on the wing.
This very distinct species was discovered on the Organ
Mountains of Brazil by Mr. William Harrison of Rio Janeiro.
We have taken the liberty of naming it after a family more
distinguished than any other for the number of species they
have introduced, and for the success with which they have
cultivated them. Whenever Horticulture shall again find
an historian, he will have to record the period when the
difficulty of cultivating tropical Orchidee, which was once
considered insuperable, was successfully overcome ; in such
a history the names of Mr. William Harrison, of Mrs. Arnold
Harrison, and of Mr. Richard Harrison, will stand among
the foremost.
©. Harrisonianum is easily recognised by its fleshy,
slightly channelled, recurved leaves, each of which is placed
upon a little pseudobulb, not much bigger than a sparrow's
egg, but round and shining. The panicles of flowers are
about a foot high, and arranged in a graceful manner, some-
thing in the way of Oncidium flexuosum. Our figure has
been made from a drawing and specimen communicated by
Mrs. Arnold Harrison in October 1832.
Cultivated among moss and rotten wood, in which it
grows freely.
Fig. 1 is a magnified representation of the face of the
column and the base of the lip, shewing the way in which
the tubercles are arranged. One might fancy they were a
bat's head, of which the downy centre forms the forehead,
the back tubercles the ears, the horn in front the snout,
and the two lateral tubercles a pair of flaccid cheeks.
J. L.
/ /
AA .
VE
7 27 /
IEJ
ANT P A e
1570
| PAPAVER* pérsicum.
Persian Poppy.
POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. Paraveracez Juss. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 8.)
PAPAVER L.—Sepala 2, convexa, decidua. Petala 4. Stamina
plurima. Stylus 0. Stigmata 4-20, radiantia, sessilia, super discum
ovarium coronantem. Capsula obovata, l-locularis, è carpellis 4-20 in
thalami productione membranaceá inclusis constans, sub stigmatum coroná
valvulis brevibus dehiscens. Placente intervalvulares intús in dissepimenta
incompleta product. Herbe perennes, succo albo fete. Pedunculi
ante florescentiam apice inflexi. De Cand. prodr. 1. 117.
$ 1. Capsulis hispidis.
P. persicum ; capsulis hispidis ovalibus, sepalis setosis, foliis pinnatifidis
setosis : laciniis subindivisis seepiüs aristatis, caule folioso paniculato.
Herba annua, 1-13-pedalis, caule setoso paniculato. Folia glauca, pin-
natifida, setis tecta, laciniis sepiüs indivisis, aristatis, nunc pinnatim lobatis.
Alabastrus fere exacte oblongus, villosus. Petala subunguiculata, lateritia,
basi maculá viridi notata, citissimé decidua. Stamina brevia. Ovarium
radiis stigmaticis 4, apice conicum.
Seeds of this Poppy were received by the Horticultural
Society from Mr. Otto, of Berlin, under the name of ** Papaver
sp. from Persia." It is an annual, which would be pretty
if its petals were not so quickly deciduous. It grows a foot
or a foot and half high, and flowers in June and July. It
is easily propagated by seeds.
* So called, according to the most learned etymologists, because it was
commonly mixed with the pap, papa, given to children in order to procure
sleep. This plant and its names have ever been associated with the idea of
sleep in most languages, in poetry and philosophy, in history and fable. Its
Juice is still the best opiate known, and in general use.—Smith. The word
opium is derived from the Greek ez’, juice; it being the inspissated juice of
the poppy; Homer called it Nepenthe.
In a Botanical point of view its nearest affinity is with
P. Argemone, from which it differs in having an oval not
obovate fruit, with 4 not 5 stigmata, and in the glaucous
colour of the leaves, which are much less divided.
J. L.
1571
ASTER* adulterínus.
Glossy Aster.
SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.
Nat. ord. COMPOSITÆ Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 197.)
ASTER.—Supra, vol. 3. fol. 183.
Sect. Genuini, homophylli, sessilifolii, laxiflori, versiformes. Nees.
A. adulterinus ; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis mucronatis amplectentibus levibus
margine scabris, caule à basi paniculato-decomposito, ramis corymboso-
racemosis, periclinii obovati subsequalis foliolis spathulato - lanceolatis
squarrosis post florescentiam magis auctis. Nees ab Esenb. gen. et sp.
ast. p. 85.
A. adulterirg. Nees synops. 22. Willd. enum. 2.884. Pursh fl. am.
sept, 2. 553.
? Symphyotrichum unctuosum. Nees l. c. p. 135.
A. cespitosus. Hort.
Caulis circiter pedalis, erectus, strictus, teres, striatus, glaber. Folia
approximata, basi subcordata caulem amplectentia, 3 pollices longa, 4-6
lineas lata, patentia, lanceolata, acuminata; inferiora in medio remote
appresso-serrulata, glabra, margine scabra, rigida, et post exsiccationem
Sragilia, venoso-penninervia et utrinque valdé reticulata, supra nitida, lete
viridia, subtús pallidiora; ramea pauca, remota, minora, integerrima. Rami
folio suo breviores vel ejusdem. longitudine, rigidi, angulati, biquadriflori
ramulis (pedunculis) rigidis fastigiatis, foliolis parvis cordato-lanceolatis
patentibus adspersis preditis. Periclinii foliola subequalia, erecta, sub-
imbricata, stricta, linearia, acutiuscula, margine subdenticulata, basi, pre-
sertim interiora, utrinque pallida, apice viridia, crassiuscula, glabra, et dorso
levia. Clinanthium planum, areolatum, areolarum marginibus parüm ele-
vatis integris, in disco papilla umbilicata ( flosculi articulo) preditis. Achzenia
obconica, paucissimis setulis, infra pappum limbum constituentibus, inspersa,
costisque quinque elevatis notata, quarum due interiores approximate ; sulci
interjecti scrobiculis porcati. Pappus in annulum solubilem basi coherens,
radiis pluribus albis scabris. Ligule lineares, periclinio breviores vel idem
equantes, purpurascentes, distantes. Stylus longus; stigmata longa, linearia.
Flosculi disci lutei, tubulosi; tubus glaber, limbi obconici longitudine ; lacinie
triangulares, obtusiuscule. Antherarum appendices acuminate. Stigmata
lanceolata, acuta, crassiuscula.—Nees sub Symphyotricho.
* See fol. 1487.
A native of North America, according to Willdenow: -
we are, however, not aware that any one has seen other
than garden specimens, so that it may be either, as Nees.
v. Esenbeck suspects, some variety of A. Novi Belgii, or
rather perhaps the offspring of that species and A. lzvigatus,
or some of those allied to it.
We find this under two different forms in our gardens;
one of which is about 2+ feet high, with sharp-pointed
leaves, and pale purple flowers, and agrees with the plant
cultivated under the name of A. adulterinus in the Berlin
Garden. The other, which is a much dwarfer plant, ex-
tremely compact in its habit, with short rigid branches,
obtuse leaves, and pale lilac flowers, is that here figured:
it is known by the name of A. cespitosus.
From this last we must confess our inability to distin-
guish our friend Von Esenbecks genus Symphyotrichum,
with a sight of the original specimen of which we have
been favoured by that learned Botanist. If it were not for
a total absence of hairs from the stem of Symphyotrichum,
we should suppose it and the plant now figured to be
identical. As to the character upon which the supposed
genus is founded, namely, the separation of the pappus
from the achenia by an annular base, we find this so
common a circumstance in the very ripe fruit of many
species, that we cannot attach any importance to it, even
as a specific, far less a generic, distinction.
A hardy perennial, flowering in September. It increases
freely by division of its roots, and will grow in almost any
soil or situation.
J.A.
/
LA rare
Wa,
RM
P
1572
BANKSIA* prostráta.
Prostrate Banksia.
TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. PnorEACEZ Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 68.) i i
BANKSIA.—Supra, vol. 8. fol. 688.
B. prostrata; foliis elongatis sinuato-pinnatifidis lobis integerrimis: subter
venuloso-reticulatis venulis glabriusculis lacunis tomentosis, caule pros-
trato tomentoso, amento aphyllo, perianthii unguibus crispato-tomentosis ;
laminis glabriusculis nunc apice pilosis, stigmate subulato subexsulco.
R. Br. suppl. prodr. p. 36.
A very distinct species, found by Mr. Baxter, in 1823,
on the south-west coast of New Holland, in the country
about St. George's Sound. It appears to be a prostrate
shrub, not exceeding a foot or two in height. Its branches `
are deep brown, and covered with a close down. The
leaves are seated on long hairy stalks, and are deep bright
green on the upper surface, but somewhat glaucous beneath,
except the veins, which are brownish., The flower-heads
are rather small, but of a deep rich cinnamon brown, beauti-
fully set off by the bright yellow stigmata.
Our drawing was made in Mr. Low's Nursery in August
1832.
The species was first described in Dr. Brown's learned
memoir upon the new Proteacez of New Holland, pub-
lished in 1830. In this very curious dissertation are several
highly interesting remarks upon the anatomical structure
of the order, some of which, as the work must be in ve
few bands, we shall take this opportunity of translating,
* See fol. 1316.
VOL. AIR: c
for the benefit of such of our readers as are interested in
microscopical inquiries.
Dr. Brown considers the position of the respiratory
pores or stomata, their form, and relative size with respect
to the areolations of the cuticle, to be often points of much
value in determining the limits and affinity of genera, and
even of their natural subdivisions. In the genus Banksia,
he says, * There are no cutaneous glands" (meaning
breathing pores) “ on the upper surface of the leaves;
those of the lower surface are oval, sometimes broader
than long, with an annular simple limb, and a linear disc;
they are always concealed by a sort of curly wool; when
the leaves are veinless, or furnished with anastomosing
veins, they are scattered pretty equally over the cuticle;
but more frequently, when the veins of the leaves are
reticulated, they are clustered in the bottom of the hollows
between the veins. Hollows ofa similar nature, and with
precisely the same arrangement of clustered glands (stomata)
in their bottom, exist in Nerium Oleander and odorum: these
hollows were formerly well represented in the N. Oleander
by Malpighi, and more recently by Krocker; both these
authors considering them pores or clefts of unusual size
and form. More recently they have been considered by
M. Adolphe Brongniart as perforations in the outer layer
of a double epidermis, the inner layer of which (in the
bottom of the hollow) this author describes as destitute of
glands."
To these curious observations, the accuracy of which we
have ourselves verified, is prefixed the following explana-
tion of the anomalous structure of the fruit of Banksia.
Every body who has ever opened a cone of a Banksia
knows that the two seeds which are contained in each
cavity are separated by a loose partition; and Botanists
are aware that the origin of that partition is a problem
Which had never been solved till Dr. Brown undertook it in
the appendix to Captain King's Voyage. The explanation
given of it is contained in the following description :—** The
ovarium is one-celled, with two ovules. These ovules are
collateral, and attached by their edge above the middle;
their skin has on the outer side a longitudinal open cleft,
im consequence of which the principal part of the inner
membrane, which encloses the nucleus, is laid bare. Soon
after fecundation the skins of the two ovules grow firmly
together by the sides which are in contact; they gradually
become larger and harder, till at last they form in the ripe
fruit that loose bifid woody partition, to the faces of which,
hollowed out by the pressure of the nuclei, the seeds are
applied; these seeds are winged at the apex, and are
covered by a single integument formed from the inner
membrane of the ovulum.”
So that Dr. Brown's opinion is, that the partition is
caused by the adhesion of two slit primines, one belonging
to each ovule; and that this is proved to be the fact by the
circumstance of the seeds having but one integument,
namely, the secondine, instead of two. But, ingenious as
this explanation undoubtedly is, we cannot help remarking,
that what Dr. Brown calls the primine, or outer integument
of the ovulum, may rather be considered of the nature of
an arillus; and that the presence of but one integument
instead of two upon the ripe seeds, or even the ovulum
itself, is less demonstrative of the accuracy of his explana-
tion than it at first sight seems to be; because there is
nothing to prove that Banksia has naturally more than one
seminal integument, or that it does not agree in the struc-
ture of its ovulum with Alnus and the like, which have
been proved by Mirbel never to have more than one in-
tegument to that part.
Jeli
1573
DUVAUA* dependens.
Round-leaved Duvaua.
POLYGAMIA MONECIA.
Nat.ord. ANACARDIACER R. Br. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 127.)
DUVAUA.—Supra, vol. 6. n. s. fol. 1568.
D. dependens; folis in ramulis floriferis obovatis obtusis v. emarginatis
parcé dentatis integrisve, floribus seepids decandris, racemis foliorum
longitudine.
D. dependens. Decand. prodr. 2. 74. Hooker bot. misc. 2. 176 (æ).
Amyris polygama. Cav. ic. 3. p. 30. t. 239.
To this we have already adverted at fol. 1568. It is
probably the species intended by Cavanilles, as it cer-
tainly is that which is considered so by Dr. Hooker in his
invaluable paper upon Chilian plants in the second volume
of the Botanical Miscellany.
From Duvaua ovata it differs not only in its leaves being
almost always, especially upon the flowering branches,
obovate and very obtuse, or even emarginate, with scarcely
any denticulations, but also in its racemes scarcely exceed-
ing the leaves in length, and in its flowers being altogether
smaller, and usually decandrous.
Its fruit consists of little dry blackish-purple berries,
which it produces abundantly upon a south wall. Its time
of flowering, and mode of cultivation, are the same as those
of D. ovata, fol. 1568, which see. J; b.
* See fol. 1568.
M 7;
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24
v VA f 12
LERMA AZ
1574
GOMPHOLÓBIUM * venulósum.
Veiny-leaved Gompholobium.
DECANDRIA MONOGY NIA.
Nat. ord. LeavwiNosm Juss. $ Papilionacee. (Introduction to the
natural system of Botany, p. 87.)
GOMPHOLOBIUM.—Supra, vol. 6. fol. 484.
G. venulosum ; foliolis 3 lineari-lanceolatis venulosis mucronatis margine
revolutis, stipulis petiolo longioribus, pedunculis subterminalibus solitariis
apice bibracteolatis, corollis calyce longioribus.
Frutex parvus, glaberrimus; ramis ascendentibus, gracilibus, subangu-
latis. Folia ternata; foliolis lineari-lanceolatis linearibusque, reticulato-
venosis, rigidis, mucronatis, margine revolutis. | Stipule virides, subulate,
petiolo longiores. Flores solitarii, terminales, aut sepiüs, ob evolutionem
gemme ultime axillaris, subterminales ; pedunculis foliis longioribus, sub
apice semper, supra basin aliquandd bibracteolati. Calyx viridis, glaber-
rimus, alte 5-fidus, corollá brevior. Vexillum cordatum, emarginatum,
margine subcrispum, antice vitellinum, dorso subroseum. Ale €t carina
pariter vitelline, obtusissime, vexillo breviores.
The south of New Holland seems to abound as much in
Gompholobia as the south of Europe in Lathyri, for almost
every new collection yields additional species of the genus.
That now figured was raised by Mr. Knight, of the King's
Road, from seeds collected by Mr. Baxter: it differs from
all that are yet known, in its leaflets being distinctly marked
with little elevated slightly anastomosing veins, after the
manner ofthe Mirbelias. Its stipule are also remarkably
sreen and persistent. Judging from M. De Candolle's
specific character, it may be related to G. tetrathecoides;
but that species has downy hispid branches.
This is a delicate little shrub, flowering in July and
August. It requires precisely the treatment to be adverted
to at fol. 1578. Rn
Am
* See fol.. 1468.
wi u’
1575
CLARKIA* élegans.
Californian Clarkia.
OCTANDRIA MONOGY NIA.
Nat. ord. Ox AGRARIE Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 56.)
CLARKIA.—Supra, vol. 13. fol. 1100.
C. elegans ; foliis ovatis dentatis integrisque, caule glauco racemoso, petalis
rhomboideis indivisis, stigmate pubescente, ovario piloso.
C. elegans. Douglas in litt.
Annua. Caulis erectus, excurrens, parce ramosus, 2-pedalis, teres,
glaucedine roseo suffusus ; ramis racemosé nec corymbose dispositis. Folia
ovata, subsessilia, munc dentate, nunc integerrima, glabra. Flores in
racemos excurrentes dispositi, in alabastro mutantes, sub anthesin erecti,
sessiles in axillis foliorum parüm mutatorum. Ovarium lineare, pilis
longis obsitum. Calyx viridis, secundus. Petala roseo-purpurea, rhom-
boidea, subsinuata, indivisa, obtusa, unguiculata. Stamina fertilia petalorum
longitudine, patentia: antheris rectis purpurascentibus ; sterilia erecta, bre-
viora: antheris albidis. Stigma parvum, pubescens, 4-lobum.
The name of Clarkia, like that of Rose, carries a charm
with it which beautifies even a weed; for it is impossible
not to associate with it the idea of that sweet North Ameri-
can flower that in a few short years has changed from an
obscure Botanical rarity to the ornament of every flower-
market from London and Paris to Moscow and Stockholm.
The species now figured was raised last year in the
Garden of the Horticultural Society, and blossomed in the
open air from July to October. It had been discovered in
California by Mr. Douglas, along with some new Esch-
scholtzias, and many other things of surpassing loveliness,
as well as great Botanical importance.
* See fol. 1100.
Like its namesake it is an annual, and is probably quite
hardy, although native of a more southern climate. In
aspect it is very different; its flowers appear in racemes,
which keep growing longer and longer till the points are
covered with flowers, and the bases are furnished with ripe
fruit. The petals are of a similar colour to those of C. pul-
chella, but are not so large, and have not the deep divisions
which give so singular an appearance to the flowers of the
old species.
It appears from Mr. Douglas's wild specimens that the
figure we have given scarcely does justice to the plant;
and that under favourable circumstances 1t becomes more
ornamental.
J. L
QT A
ZUA Y
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.
4 F © x. y gr
Y l. Magway LO G tcc
aae AS
1576
CALCEOLÁRIA* Herbertiána ; var. parviflora.
Mr. W. Herberts Calceolaria ; small -flowered variety.
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. SCROPHULARINER Juss. (Introduction to the natural
system of Botany, p. 228.)
CALCEOLARIA.—Supra, vol. 9. fol. 723.
C. Herbertiana. Supra, vol. 16. fol. 1313.
Var. parviflora; corollis duplo minoribus: labello sulcato.
4
Having already described this species at the place
above referred to, we have on this occasion only to make
some further observations upon its characters, and to explain
in what the plant now figured appears to differ.
C. Herbertiana is more properly a suffruticose than a
shrubby plant, inasmuch as it loses its stem entirely in our
English winters; and even in a warmer climate only retains
the lowest part of it in a woody state. Its corymbs are
usually bifid, instead of irregularly panicled, as formerly
represented ; and its lower leaves taper gradually into the
footstalk. It is not unfrequent in the collections about
London.
The variety now figured is, like it, a native of Chile,
and differs in the following particulars: its lower leaves
are rather more coarsely and regularly toothed, and they
very slightly approach in some cases to a somewhat hastate
figure ; the flowers are smaller, more densely corymbose,
and more numerous ; and the lip, which is less inflated, has
three distinct projections, which give it a sort of plaited
appearance.
It is a native of the neighbourhood of Valparaiso, where
* See fol. 1214.
-
it was found by Mr. Cuming (no. 530); and also of the
lower ranges of the Cordilleras, near Aconcagua, whence
specimens have been sent by Mr. Bridges (no. 95). From
the seeds brought home by Mr. Cuming, the specimen was
raised from which our figure was taken in the Garden of
the Comte de Vandes in May 1832.
It requires the same kind of treatment as Calceolaria
chiloensis, integrifolia, &c.; that is to say, an open border
in a dry sheltered place in the summer, and a well-ventilated
greenhouse in winter.
We have been the more anxious to figure this wild
variety, in order to contribute, as far as is in our power, to
distinguishing real natural varieties from those beautiful but
transient domesticated forms with which our Gardens are
becoming filled.
J.E
1577
STENACTIS* speciósa.
Shewy Stenactis.
SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.
Nat. ord. Composıtz Juss. $ Asteree. (Introduction to the natural
system of Botany, p. 197.)
STENACTIS Cass.— Capitulum radiatum, radio foemineo sæpè bi- vel
pluriseriali, ligulis angustis linearibus discoque hermaphrodito fertilibus.
Involucri subhemispheerici foliolis 2-3-serialibus, imbricatis, subeequalibus,
angustis, subfoliaceis, rigidulis. Receptaculum planum, v. convexum, ver-
ruculoso-punctatum. Pappus duplex: exterior brevis paleaceus, paleolis
angustis; interior uniserialis, radiis distantibus, subeequalibus, filiformibus,
serrulato-scabris, deciduis. Nees gen. et sp. aster. p. 273. term. quibusd, mut,
S. speciosa; caule erecto apice corymboso multifloro glabro, foliis ciliatis
acutis integerrimis: radicalibus spatulatis caulinis ovato-lanceolatis sub-
amplexicaulibus, radio involucro duplo longiore.
Perennis. Caules erecti, sulcati, glabri, 2-pedales, corymboso-ramosi,
let? virides. Folia ciliata, acuta, glabra, atroviridia, integerrima ; radi- .
calia spatulata, in petiolum longum angustata ; caulina omnia sessilia : su-
periora acuminata. Ramuli monocephali. Capitula magna, speciosa, in
pedunculos longos pilosos nudos insidentia. Involucrum hispido-ciliatum,
hemisphericum, ligulis fer? 3-pló brevius, subbiseriale : foliolis subulatis
creberrimis. Ligule circiter 120, atroviolacee, obtuse, indivise, v. apice
denticulate. Discus intense luteus.
A hardy perennial, native of California, whence it has
been sent by Mr. Douglas to the Horticultural Society. It
Is very shewy, and flowers from July to October. It
increases freely by parting its roots; and: it also produces
seeds abundantly.
Although a perennial, this may also be treated as an
annual; for seedlings flower early enough the very first
* Apparently from cerezo, to sigh; if so, the application is unknown to
us. Could the author of the name have had in view what his countrywomen
call couleur de soupir ?
year to ripen their seeds. It will grow in any common
garden soil, and seems to require no care in its cultivation.
A bed of it thickly planted is very pretty.
It entirely agrees with the genus Stenactis as limited .
by Nees v. Esenbeck in the character given above.
J. L,
———
/ dis MO
1578
PIMELEA* hispida.
Long-stalked Pimelea.
DIANDRIA MONOGY NIA.
Nat. ord. TaymrLzz Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 75.)
PIMELEA.—Supra, vol. 15. fol. 1268.
1. Folia opposita. Capitulum terminale. Involucrum ‘foliis rameis
dissimile.
P. hispida ; involucris tetraphyllis longé pedunculatis: foliolis subrotundo-
ovatis extüs glabris intüs levissimé pubescentibus capitulo dimidio bre-
vioribus, calycis tubo dimidio inferiore hispido, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis
linearibusque.
P. hispida. R. Br. prodr, 360. dE
Frutex omni parte glaber, salvis floribus, erectus, ramosus; ramis gracili-
bus, ascendentibus, pallide viridibus, mox rufescentibus. Folia inferiora
linearia, opposita, superiora oblonga, v. oblongo-lanceolata, subalterna.
Capitula ante expansionem subglobosa, apiculata. Involucri foliola subro-
tundo-ovata, extüs glabra, intús levissime pubescentia, margine roseo-colorata.
Calyces rosei; tubo inarticulato, sericeo, basi pilis longis hispido, apice sub
laciniis pilis similibus barbato.
A beautiful little shrub, native of the south-west coast
of New Holland, where it was originally discovered by
Dr. Brown. It is nearly allied to the older and better-
known P. rosea, to which it is superior in beauty, and from
. Which it is readily known by its broader leaves, larger flower-
heads, and especially by the long stiffish hairs that clothe
the base ofthe calyx densely, and the apex sparingly, so
as to give the flowers the aspect of delicate feathers. These
hairs are long, uninterrupted, very transparent tubes, with
a considerable number of minute particles within their
Cavity; they are doubtless extremely well adapted to
shew distinctly that curious motion in the fluids of plants
* See fol. 1268.
which forms so singular a species of circulation in their
system, and which seems to be universal in hairs, so long
as they are alive.
There is no difficulty either in cultivating this species,
or in striking it from cuttings, provided attention be paid to
the following circumstances. All plants from the southern
coast of New Holland, or from Van Diemen's Land, naturally
enjoy a climate which in the winter season is about as cold
as the winters of the south of France: they are found very
much in dry exposed situations; and many of them, espe-
cially-the Pimeleas, are physically incapable of enduring
cold and moisture together, although the former by itself, if
above a certain amount, is not prejudicial to them. They,
therefore, should be kept in winter in a cool airy place,
where a perfect command of ventilation is possessed ; and
the temperature should not be allowed to. rise much above
40° or 45° in the winter months. Upon this plan Mr. Knight,
of the King's Road, manages the young plants obtained
from the collections formed by Mr. Baxter, and with such
success that no doubt can be entertained of its excellence.
ie dais. was made in Mr. Knight's Nursery in June
T.
1579
BENTHÁMIA* fragífera.
Strawberry-fruited Benthamia.
TETRANDRIA MONOGY NIA. ‘
Nat. ord. Connex De Cand.
BENTHAMIA.— Calycis limbus minimus, 4-dentatus. | Petala 4, car-
nosa, cuneata, Stamina 4. Stylus l, Fructus è drupis plurimis concretis
coadunatus; quoque carpello biloculari. Semina solitaria, pendula.
Arbores v. frutices. Folia opposita. Flores capitati, involucro petaloideo
cincti.
B. fragifera.
Cornus capitata. Wall. in Roxb. fl. ind. 1. 434. Pl. asiat. rar. v. 3.
2. 10.,8. 214.
For the excellent drawing and following account of this
very rare plant we are obliged to Mr. Booth, Gardener to
Sir C. Lemon, Bart., M.P., of Carclew, in Cornwall, in
whose rich cöllection it flowered, and fruited last year for
the first time in Europe.
“ This valuable addition to our collection of hardy shrubs
was raised in 1825, in the Garden of John Hearle Tremayne,
Esq., at Heligan, Cornwall, from seeds received from his
relation Sir Anthony Buller, during his residenee in the
East Indies. It is a very handsome evergreen, flowering in
great profusion during summer, and producing an abundance
of large, globular, reddish fruit in autumn.
“ The plant from which the accompanying figure and de-
Scription were made has attained the height of a large shrub.
The branches are round and twiggy, with a pale-brown or
ash-coloured bark. They are destitute of leaves, with the
* The Benthamia of Achille Richard being the same as Herminium, we
have great pleasure in availing ourselves of the present opportunity of naming
this very distinct genus in compliment to our highly valued friend George
Bentham, Esq.
VOL, Xix. D
exception of the numerous small twigs, which are each fur-
nished towards their extremity with three or four large
leaves, and about the same number of smaller ones. The
size of the former varies from 21 to 3 inches in length, and
an inch in breadth in the widest part, from which they regu-
larly taper towards the base and point. They are slightly
pubescent on both sides; beneath they are of a silvery
green; above they are ofa rich light green colour. The foot-
stalks are short and slender, rounded beneath, and flattened
above.
“ The flowers are terminal, congregated together in
globular heads at the extremity of a round, striated, pale-
green peduncle, varying from an inch to two inches in
length, and surrounded by a large involucre, composed of
four coloured parts resembling petals. Each of the seg-
ments is ovate-acuminate, and about half an inch in breadth;
when expanded, the whole measure nearly two inches in
diameter. The flowers are greenish, small, and incon-
spicuous, appearing destitute of petals, in place of which
there are four permanent, elevated, fleshy protuberances,
encompassing the four stamens, which are alternate with
them, and rather shorter than the petal-like processes.
The style is simple, round, thick, and persistent; about
twice the length of the stamens. The fruit when ripe is of
a reddish colour, a good deal resembling that of the mul-
berry, but exceeding it considerably in size. The flesh is
yellowish white, rather insipid, but not unpleasant, although
a little bitter to the taste. The seeds are six, elght, or
more in number, apparently contained in two cells, sur-
rounded with a viscid pulp.
“The plant seems to flourish extremely well in common
garden soil, and may be increased with facility either by
- seeds or layers."
Dr. Wallich describes it thus : —
* It grows to be a small tree, which, according to Sir
R. Colquhoun's observation, has much of the habit of the
custard apple. Branches woody, spreading, opposite, like
all the other parts covered with short, stiff, adpressed
hairs; the younger ones slightly compressed. Leaves op-
posite, coriaceous, tapering at both ends, entire, about two
inches long, scabrous, covered on both sides with reflexed
hairs, which, on being rubbed off, leave an impression on
the surface; glaucous, very pale beneath, with elevated,
sometimes pink-coloured, sublongitudinal, arched nerves,
having each a minute gland in their axils. — Petioles very
short, furrowed. Head terminal, solitary, round, as large
as a moderate-sized cherry, thickly covered with flowers,
supported by a sulcated, club-shaped peduncle, which
widens at the upper end into a convex ligneous receptacle
for the insertion of the flowers. Jnvolucre consisting of
four spreading, somewhat . unequal, coriaceous, yellow,
obovate-cuneate, sometimes broad-ovate, veined, scabrous
leaves, an inch long, rounded at their ends, with a short,
slightly grooved point. Calyx cylindric, pubescent, with
four oblong, erect, obtuse segments. Corol twice as long
as the calyx, consisting of four spreading cuneate leaflets ;
their upper surface slightly keeled. Stamens equalling the
petals, subulate, recurved. Anthers ovate. Ovarium im-
mersed in the receptacle, oblong, 2-celled, with a pendulous
ovulum in each cell. Style thick, clavate, striated, shorter
than the stamens, surrounded at its base by a short,
cylindric, flestry, crenulate nectary. Stigma truncate.
“ Obs. — This beautiful tree is very distinct from all the
other species. It approaches a little to C. florida and cana-
densis; but is easily recognised by its copious, harsh,
adpressed hairs, its stature, which is that of a large shrub
or small tree, and the position of its leaves."
We do not understand upon what principle this very
distinct genus has been combined with Cornus, from which
it differs essentially both in flower and fruit. Whether or
not C. florida, which agrees with it in habit, is also a species
of Benthamia, our materials do not enable us to determine.
J. L.
1580
DUVAUA* latifólia.
Broad-leaved Duvaua.
POLYGAMIA MONGECIA.
Nat.ord. ANacarpiacez R. Br. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 127.)
DUVAUA.—Supra, vol. 6. n. s. fol. 1568.
D. latifolia ; foliis oblongis grossé dentatis undulatis subcomplicatis acutis,
floribus seepiüs octandris, racemis densis foliis subeequalibus.
D. dependens. Hooker bot. misc. 3. 176 (y).
D. latifolia. Gillies MSS.
Frutex sempervirens, terebinthinum forte olens. Folia atroviridia, nitida,
tali modo undulata ut quasi plicata videntur, breviter petiolata, grossé et
subduplicato-dentata. Inflorescentia ut in D. ovata. Flores masculi;
disco lato lobato: sinubus numero staminum respondentibus ; rudimento
tantüm pistilli. Flores hermaphroditi ; tubo calycis ¿ntus disco non lobato
induviato ; staminibus subequalibus, è fauce tubi ultra discum ; ovario
simplici, supero, monostylo : stigmate capitato : ovulo solitario appenso.
A native of Chili, where it seems to be very common,
and called Huingan. Whatever may be thought of D. ovata
and dependens, there can be no doubt that this is a totally
distinct species; for not only are the leaves in their outline,
surface, and colour, and the whole plant in its habit, very
different, but we find it maintain all its peculiarities un-
changed when raised from seeds.
A pretty phenomenon is exhibited by the leaves when
thrown into water: after lying a short time, they will be
found to start and jump as if they were alive, while at the
Instant of each start a jet of oily matter 1s discharged into
the water. This circumstance appears to be owing to some
peculiar irritability of the parenchyma of the leaves, which,
Ted:
* See fol. 1568.
when acted upon by water, causes the turpentine-sacs, that
abound in the leaves, to empty themselves with violence;
and the movements of the leaves may be ascribed to the
recoil produced by the discharge. Thus we have in every
leaf a sort of vegetable battery, which will keep up its fire
until the stock of ammunition is expended.
Like the other species already figured at fol. 1568 and
1573, this is about as hardy as a myrtle. It is increased
by seeds, which are often imported from Chili. Flowers
in June and July.
From the fruit of this, or a nearly allied species, we are
informed by Dr. Gillies that the Pehuenco Indians prepare
by fermentation an intoxicating liquor.
d, La
1581
LUPÍNUS* élegans.
Drooping-leaved Lupine.
DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA.
Nat. ord. LEGU
Bee 88) minosa Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
LUPINUS.—Supra, vol. 13. fol. 1096.
racemis elongatis peduncu-
losi labio inferiore acuto
stipulis setaceis.
L. elegans ; herbaceus erectus molliter pilosus,
latis, floribus subverticillatis, calycis sericeo-pi
integro, foliolis lanceolatis acutis subtüs adpressé pilosis,
De Cand. prodr. 2. 408.
L.elegans. Humb. et Kunth. n. gen. et sp. 6. 477.
x d 2-pedalis, undique molliter pilosus. ‚Foliola 5-9, lineari-oblonga,
Bu ata, pendula, petiolo subequalia. Stipulee discolores, apice subu-
puri. E ie subverticillati. Bractee parve, subulate, de-
ss ‚alycis labium inferius acuminatum, superius ovatum obtusum ;
acteä minimd utrinque inter labia. Flores primum atro-violacei disco
vexilli albo basi luteo, demüm roseo suffusi.
nual Lupine, native of Mexico, whence
seeds were sent to the Horticultural Society by Dr. Deppe
in 1831. It flowers in the open air, most abundantly, in
June. Its seeds are ripened in tolerable quantity; and by
them it is increased.
A very pretty an
ines this is by far the handsomest:
it even rivals the best of the perennial species. o
A ee
[7 en ee ee
* See fol. 1198.
1582
PIMELÉA* sylvéstris.
Forest Pimelea.
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. TnvMzLxx Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 75.)
PIMELEA.—Supra, vol. 15. fol. 1268.
* Folia opposita. Capitulum terminale. Folia floralia rameis sub-
mua.
* P. sylvestris ; foliis utrinque glabris lanceolatis acutis: floralibus 4-5 capi-
tulo multifioro brevioribus, perianthiis glabris: tubo infundibuliformi.
R. Br. prodr. 361.
Frutex glaber, strictus; ramis teretibus, pallidè viridibus. Folia ovato-
lanceolata, v. lineari-oblonga, acuta, utrinque glabra. Capitula terminalia,
ramulis lateralibus breviora, multiflora ; bracteis involucri lineari-oblongis,
Floribus brevioribus, Flores albi, glabri, rosco leviter tincti. Calyx limbo
infi undibulari, in tubum basi valdè angustatum producto. Stamina longè
exserta.
—— 0 s SSE A > SM. ©
_ A native of the southern coast of New Holland, where
it was originally found by Dr. Brown, and more recently
by Mr. Baxter. For the opportunity of making our drawing,
we are obliged to Mr. Knight, of the King's Road, in whose
ursery the species flowered in June last.
Es hardy and very pretty greenhouse shrub, easily
increased by cuttings. IL
* See fol. 1268.
1583
POTENTILLA* glandulósa.
Glandular Cinquefoil.
ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
Nat. ord. Rosacrz Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 81.)
§ Potentillee Juss.
POTENTILLA.—Supra, vol. 15. fol. 1359.
P. glandulosa ; caulibus erectis foliisque glanduloso-pilosis : radicalibus pin-
natis 3-4-jugis foliolis oblongis grossé duplicato-serratis : caulinis supe-
rioribus sessilibus ternatis foliolis oblongo-lanceolatis acutis, stipulis
membranaceis subrotundis cuspidatis, paniculis subdichotomis paucifloris,
laciniis calycinis ovatis acutis integerrimis, petalis ovatis obtusis calyci
eequalibus.
_ Omnes partes pilis glandulosis viscidis obtecte. Folia inferiora caulis
pinnata, sed foliola magis magisque approximata versus fastigium. Rami
panicule corymbos paucifloros gerunt, folüs duobus, oppositis, sessilibus,
simplicissimis, lanceolatis, serratis, stipatos. Flores parvi, lutei.
A new species lately received by the Horticultural.
Society from California, where it was found by Mr. Douglas.
It is botanically allied to P. viscosa (fol. 1492), but is
obviously and essentially distinguished from that specıes.
It is a hardy perennial, easily increased by the division
of its roots.
Our drawing was made in the Chiswick Garden in
August last. +. b.
* See fol. 1379.
15, 4
1584
PULTEN /ÉA* rosmarinifólia.
Rosemary-leaved Pultenea. .
DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. Lesumınosz Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 86.)
PULTENZA.—Supra, vol. 5. fol. 378.
P. rosmarinifolia; capitulis multifloris, bracteis calycibus brevioribus, foliis
linearibus mucronatis margine revolutis subtüs pubescentibus, stipulis 2
in unam bifidam concretis petiolo longiorem. ; EE
Frutex ramosus, sempervirens ; ramis teretibus, pubescentibus, murinis.
Folia Roris marini omnino facie, capitulis longiora. Calyces intus roset.
Flores lutei, carinà sanguine.
This pretty new species of an extensive New Holland
genus was found on the south coast of New Holland by
Mr. Baxter, and was raised in the Clapton Nursery, where
Had drawing was made last May, by favour of Messrs. Lowe
and Co.
It is a greenhouse shrub, easily increased by cuttings.
From P. stipulacea it is easily known by the revolute
margins of its leaves, and its much shorter bracte®. Mr.
Cunningham remarks to us, that P. mucronata of some few
Gardens, and of the Botanical Cabinet, is also closely allied
to it, but is known by the want of the numerous hairs that
clothe the stems and the under side of the leaves.
Js de
. * Named by Sir James Smith in honour of Dr. Richard Pulteney, a
biographer of Linneeus, and a respectable Botanist. His writings are said e
lave “ contributed more than any work, except perhaps the works of Stil-
lingfleet, to diffuse a taste for Linnean knowledge in this country.
1585
OXÁLIS* Bówiei.
Bowie's Oxalis.
DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
Nat. ord. OxaripEE Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 140.)
OXALIS.—Supra, vol. 15. fol. 1249.
Ox. Bowiei; radice bulbosá, foliis ternatis, petiolo viridi, sexunciali, foliolis
magnis, rotundaté obyerséque cordatis, viridibus, medio biunciali majore,
scapo petiolis longiore viridi nutante, dein suberecto, umbellà circiter
12-florá, bracteis minutis rubescentibus, pedunculis 1-3-floris 13-unciali-
bus ex viridi rubescentibus curvatis, suberectis, dein recté devexis, calycis
foliolis oblongis, acutis, rubro marginatis, corolle tubo luteo limbo saturaté
roseo, expansione 13-unciali; staminibus tubo brevioribus, stigmatibus
provectioribus, quinque cseteris longioribus; planta totâ (perianthio
excepto) minutissimé pubescente. — W. H.
“ This most beautiful and florid plant is hardy, and in
the open ground will flower in the autumn; but it blossoms
most profusely when kept in a pot under glass, especially
if, after a short period of rest at midsummer, it is placed in
à stove or warm greenhouse for a very short time to make
lt start freely. The specimen from which the sketch is
made grew in a 5i-inch pot, from which arose fifteen
nearly simultaneous scapes, with a succession of younger
ones, and about thirty of its great leaves, of the most fresh
andlively green. Its flowers expand in a very moderate
temperature."
For the foregoing notes upon this very interesting species
We are indebted to the Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert.
$. b.
* See fol. 1249.
Lib by SJ Faden Rey ¿09 Fueccidiht y / 2o
1586
AMYGDALUS* Pérsica ; alba.
The White Peach.
ICOSANDRIA MONOGY NIA.
Nat. ord. AMYGDaLEE Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 84.)
AMYGDALUS.—Suprà, vol. 14. fol. 1160.
GARDEN VARIETY.
The White Peach is one of those curious variations from
the natural state of a species, the origin of which is as little
known as the cause that may have produced it. One would
scarcely have expected that a plant, which, like the Peach,
In ıts ordinary state is quite remarkable for the rich rose or
purple colour not only of its fruit, but of its flowers and
even of its branches and leaf-stalks, would ever acquire a
tendency to lose its brilliant tints, and to assume the pallid
hue of sickness; unless, at the same time, it became un-
healthy. This variety, however, and the White Nectarine,
both of which are perfectly healthy, and not less hardy
than the coloured kinds, shews that the loss of colouring-
matter in plants is not always a sign of disease, but may
arise from some constitutional peculiarity by no means
incompatible with health.
It is now well known that whiteness in vegetation is
very different from absence of colour; and that while the
latter is caused by the total want of the colouring-matter,
or chromule of plants, the former is caused by the chromule
being of some exceedingly pale tint; for, as M. De Can-
dolle has justly remarked, if an apparently white flower is
placed before a perfectly white sheet of paper, it will
always be found to exhibit some tint of yellow, or pink,
* See fol. 1160.
or blue, or green, &c.; a circumstance of which the French
flower-painter Redouté successfully availed himself in his
Botanical drawings.
There is, perhaps, no subject of more interest than the
cause of colouring in plants; it is one upon which till Se
no very definite notions were possessed; but it has at lengt
attracted the attention of the skilful vegetable-chemists of
Geneva; and the phenomena relating to it are daily be-
coming more and more intelligible. It appears, that the
opinion long since expressed by Lamarck, that when leaves
and fruits acquire their autumnal colouring, they are in a
morbid condition; and that flowers are, from their birth, in
a state analogous to that of leaves in decay, is very near
the truth. Taking the green colour so prevalent, and so fre-
quently exclusive, in vegetation, as the fundamental colour of
plants, it appears that deviations from it are chiefly caused
by their chromule being combined with oxygen in different
degrees. When leaves are green, they absorb oxygen at
night, and part with it by day; but just before they change
their colour, they cease to part with this gas, continuing,
however, to absorb it at night. Hence it has been inferred
by Mr. Macaire, that oxygenation takes place, which, in
the first instance, discharges the blue, and leaves the
yellow, and next produces red; for in all cases red is
preceded by yellow in leaves which change their hue. It
1s supposed that other colours may be caused by alkaline
matter, or peculiar vegetable acids, being present; and that
in what are called white flowers, the chromule is only in an
imperfect condition; as apparent evidences of which, De
Candolle points out, 1, the analogy of the colour with that
of blanched plants; 2, the much greater proportion of white
flowers in northern than in equatorial countries; and 3dly,
the well-known fact, that many flowers which are at first
white become coloured afterwards. For further informa-
tion upon this highly curious subject we refer the reader to
De Candolle's valuable Physiologie Vegetale.
The White Peach is a hardy ornamental shrub, with
the habit of an Almond. It flowers in May, and is increased
like the other varieties. Its fruit has little merit.
J. L.
———————
1587
(ENOTHÉRA* tenélla ; var. tenuifólia.
Large Purple Chilian Evening Primrose.
A ———
OCTANDRIA MONOGY NIA.
Nat. ord. ONAGRARix Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 56.)
@ NOTHERA.— Supra, vol. 2. fol. 147.
(E. tenella ; annua, caule simplici v. ramoso erecto v. ascendente glabro,
folis obtusis linearibus v. lineari-spatulatis planis v. canaliculatis rectis
v. recurvatis nunc subdentatis, petalis obovatis crenulatis, staminibus
patentibus «equilongis, stigmatibus 4 subrotundis glandulosis, capsulis
cylindraceis tomentosis.
Œ. tenella. Cavan. ic. 4. 68. t. 396. f. 2. Flora Peruviana 3. t. 316.
De Cand. prodr. 3. 48.
B foliis longioribus magis glaucis, floribus majoribus.
(E. tenuifolia. Cav. ic. 4. 67. t. 397. De Cand. prodr. 3. 48.
. When a little purple-flowered Evening Primrose was
introduced some years since from Chile, it was immediately
recognised as what had been called CE. tenella by the
Spanish Botanist Cavanilles. Grown in very poor soil it
had a simple stem, terminated by a few small axillary
blossoms ; but planted in the rich cultivated earth of the
Gardens round London, it branched, and acquired greater
Vigour, putting forth longer and broader leaves, so that it
could scarcely be recognised as the poor starveling stranger
that had been just received. In course of time 1t was
neglected, for its novelty was gone, and its flowers wanted
Size; so that at last the little CEnothera tenella was only
to be found in botanical collections.
.. In 1829 the collectors who went out to Chile and the
islands of the Pacific with Captain Beechey, returned ; and
* See fol. 1142.
VOL. Xix. E
Mr. Lambert procured from them, among other things,
specimens of another Evening Primrose, the CE. tenuifolia,
upon which ripe seeds were found. These, being sown,
produced the plant now figured, which is, as far as Gardens
are concerned, a very different plant, but which, in the eye
of a Botanist, can hardly be considered distinct. It differs
from CE. tenella in having longer and more channelled leaves,
and much larger and far more shewy flowers; for while in
CE. tenella the flowers are half hidden by the leaves, in
CE. tenuifolia the leaves can scarcely be discovered for the
flowers.
Beyond these differences we can discover nothing worthy
of notice; and in our wild specimens so many grada-
tions of size are visible in all the parts, that we feel it
impossible to consider the two supposed species as any
thing more than wild varieties. Among the specimens dis-
tributed by Mr. Cuming, No.522, referred by Dr. Hooker and
Mr. Arnott to Œ. tenella, is precisely intermediate between
the two; while the specimen now represented has flowers
much larger than any wild ones we have met with.
Mr. Don, to whom we are obliged for some notes on
the subject, considers it to be also the CE. subulata of the
Flora Peruviana; but this we are not disposed to admit: at
least it is very different from the specimens from Conception
referred to Œ. subulata by Hooker and Arnott.
A hardy annual of great beauty, requiring no particular
treatment, and ripening seeds in abundance. It flowers in
July and August.
J.-b.
1588
CALCEOLARIA* rugósa.
Sage-leaved Slipper-flower.
DIANDRIA MONOGY NI A.
Nat. ord. ScroPHuLarINEE Juss. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 228.)
CALCEOLARIA.—Supra, vol. 9. fol. 723.
C. rugosa ; fruticosa, ramis junioribus pulverulento-lanatis, foliis oblongo-
lanceolatis grossé divergenti-serratis rugosis, pedunculis terminalibus
subtrichotomis apice cymosis. ;
C. rugosa. Ruiz et Pavon fl. Peruv. 1. 19. t. 28. f. 6. Hooker in exot.
Ji. 2. t. 99. Lindl. in hort. trans. vol. 6. p. 63. Hooker et Arn.
Bot. of Beech. voy. p. 39. :
Caulis fruticosus, erectus, ramosus, 2-3-pedalis et ultra; ramulis pur-
Pureis, junioribus land pulverulentá obductis. Folia rugosa, atroviridia,
Serraturis grossis divergentibus marginata ; supra glabra, subtus arachnoideo-
Pubescentia, in petiolum angustata. Flores lutei, nunc solitarii aut terni
quaternive terminales, nunc cymosi, in apicem ramulorum pedunculiformium,
Paniculatorum, trichotomorum. Corolle labium superius parvum, ovatum,
inferiore inflato inflexo intus plicato ferà absconditum.
j Although this was introduced so long ago as 1824, it is
Still uncommon ; and yet there is not one of the shrubby
Species which so well deserves cultivation. In many respects
It approaches C. integrifolia, the only one with which it
can be confounded; but it is readily known by its deeper
Yellow flowers, its brownish purple branches slightly covered
With wool on their youngest parts, by the coarser diverging
Serratures of its leaves, and, as Dr. Hooker has well ob-
Served, by the small upper lip of its corolla. As far as
auty is concerned, it is much the better of the two; for
the leaves are of a brighter green, and the flowers of a more
Striking appearance.
o OE
* See fol. 1214.
It is a half-hardy plant, requiring in the winter no pro-
tection beyond a cold frame, or even a roof that extends
over the border in which it is planted. Flowers all the
summer long.
Found in various parts of Chile. We have it from
Cumbre, a pass in the Andes, from Mr. M'Rae, and from
the neighbourhood of Valparaiso, where it is common, ac-
cording to Mr. Bridges, whose No. 89 it is. X
1589
AMELANCHIER* flórida.
Many-flowered Amelanchier.
ICOSANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
Nat. ord. Pomacex Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 83.)
AMELANCHIER.—Supra, vol. 14. fol. 1171.
A. florida; folis oblongis utrinque obtusis versus apicem grosse serratis
semper nudis, bracteis stipulisque apice plumosis deciduis, racemis
strictis multifloris, staminibus calyce extüs glabro brevioribus. :
Frutex erectus, glaber, ramis viridibus v. fusco-viridescentibus. Folia
oblonga, basi utrinque obtusa, nunquam pubescentia nisi aliquando sub verna-
tione, versus apicem grosse serrata. Stipule brunnez, marcide, lineares,
intus ad apicem villis longis plumose ; citissimó decidue. Racemi termi-
nales, cylindracei, multiflori, glaberrimi, stricti ; bracteis linearibus, acutis,
apice villosis, citissime deciduis. Calyx extüs glaber, intús pubescens; dentibus
acuminatis, staminibus longioribus v. equalibus. Petala lineari-spatulata.
Stamina erecta, brevissima.
——M
A native of North-west America, where it was found by
Mr. Douglas. It forms a handsome hardy shrub, in the
way of the Snowy Mespilus, flowering in May. Like that
species it is best propagated by layers.
It is at once recognised by the shortness of the stamens,
otherwise it is very near A. sanguinea, already figured at
fol. 1171 of the present work. But that species has more-
over smaller and more capitate flowers, the teeth of the
leaves are finer, the bractes and stipule much more
Pubescent, and the calyx far more downy inside.
The petals vary in length; in one of our wild specimens
from Mr, Douglas they are more than ¿ths of an inch long.
J. L.
Herrero CR
* See fol. 1171.
400
1590
CALLIPRORA* lútea.
Yellow Pretty-face.
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. AsenopELEx Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 273.)
CALLIPRORA.—Perianthium subcampanulatum, cum pedicello con-
tinuum, 6-partitum. Stamina 6, omnia fertilia, fauce exorta, verticillata,
quorum 3 breviora ; filamenta petaloidea, biloba, antheris inter lobos ses-
silibus. Squamae hypogyne 0. Ovarium stipitatum, 3-angulare, 3-loculare,
polyspermum. Stylus simplex. Stigma trilobum. Capsula membranacea,
3-ptera. Herba Allü facie.
C. lutea. = T
Folia lineari-ensiformia, acuminata, canaliculata, late viridia, debilia,
scapo longiora. Scapus erectus, teres. Flores umbellati, lutei, laciniis
medio extus fusco-purpureis. Bracteæ spathacew ovate, scarı05@, pedicellis
multà breviores. Lobi filamentorum acuti.
Received from Mr. Douglas as “ a new genus allied to
Brodiza :” it was found in Northern California, but in what
situations we are not informed.
It proves to be a hardy, very handsome, bulbous plant,
growing freely in a shaded peat border, and flowering in
July. Our drawing was made in the Garden of the Horti-
cultural Society.
At figure 1 is a magnified view of the inside of the tube
of the flower, cut open so as to shew the origin of the
stamens, the form of the petal-like filaments, and the pis-
tillum. From this, its distinguishing characters will be at
once perceived. From Brodiea it differs In the want of
scales at the base of the pistillum, and in its stamens being
all fertile and in the same whorl; from Leucocoryne 1n the
* From xaaaimewgos, pretty-face ; in allusion to its beauty.
same characters ; from Triteleia in the filaments being petal-
like, and all originating from the orifice of the tube, instead
of partly springing from the inside of the tube.
It is propagated by offsets, which it produces pretty
freely. No seeds have yet been ripened; but it is to be
expected that they will be formed when the plants become
stronger. 51
£4 g 7
1591
MÍMULUS* róseus.
Rosy Monkey-flower.
DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA.
Nat. ord. ScROPHULARINER Juss. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 228.)
MIMULUS. — Supra, vol. 11. fol. 874.
M. roseus; caule erecto viscido-pubescente, foliis oblongis apice dentatis
5-costatis pilosis, calycis dentibus brevibus subeequalibus, corolle laciniis
oblongis obtusis ciliatis, staminibus tubo brevioribus.
. Herba perennis, pedalis, undique viscido-pubescens, ramosa. Folia ses-
silia, oblonga, 3-5-costata, apice simpliciter dentata. Pedunculi axillares,
solitarii, foliis floralibus, caulinis simillimis, breviores. Calyx viridis,
rubescens, apice subequalis, 5-dentatus, angulatus, tubo corolle duplò brevior.
Corolla rosea, bilabiata, ciliata, lobis labiorum subequalibus, cuneato-oblongis,
emarginatis; palato hirsuto, luteo. Stamina et stylus tubo corolle breviores.
—
This beautiful Monkey-flower was sent by Mr. Douglas
from Northern California in 1831. In his letter to the
Horticultural Society he spoke of it as extremely rare,
and the most striking object he had met with in that
country. A very few grains of seed were all that reached
England; and from those a small number of plants was
obtained, one of which is now represented.
. It is found to be rather difficult to manage, or else the
right mode of treating it has not yet been tried ; for the
plants that were kept in the open border during the summer
by no means answered the expectations that were enter-
tained of it. Only a very small quantity of seed was saved
last year, by means of which it has been preserved. It is,
however, a perennial, and may be readily multiplied by
cuttings. It flowers in July and August, and we suspect
* See fol. 1330.
will grow better in a greenhouse than in the open air; just
as is the case with the beautiful M. glutinosus, from the same
. country, which we now so seldom see. The plants in the
Garden of the Horticultural Society have been potted in
loam and leaf-mould, and have been kept under glass: they
are succeeding much better this season than the last.
J. L
1592
NICOTIANA* persica.
Shiraz Tobacco.
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. SoLanez Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 231.)
NICOTIANA.—Supra, vol. 10. fol. 833.
N. persica; foliis radicalibus oblongo-spatulatis caulinis sessilibus semi-
amplexicaulibus acuminatis, calycibus acutè 5-fidis, tubo corollæ hypo-
crateriformis gracili clavato, fauce ventricosá, limbi laciniis ovatis emargt-
natis subinæqualibus. : i
Caulis sesquipedalis, viscido-pubescens, erectus, subramosus. Folia radi-
calia spatulata, oblonga, acuta, basi cordata; caulina sessilia, multd minora,
semamplexicaulia, vix repanda. Flores racemosi, extra axillares, noctu leviter
odorati, breviús pedicellati. Calyx oblongus, corollá ad minimum quadruplö
brevior ; dentibus angustissimis acuminatis. Corolla hypocrateriformis ; Lee
2$ uncias longo, viridi, apice in fauce ventricoso; limbo extüs viridi, intüs
albo, patente, paululüm obliquo, laciniis ovatis, obtusis, apice canaliculatis,
sæpiùs emarginatis.
We are happy to have the opportunity of laying before
our readers a genuine figure and description of the plant
Which produces the far-famed Tobacco of Shiraz : the com-
mon Virginian tobaeco is also cultivated in Persia; but this
It 1s from which the finest quality is manufactured. Seeds
of it were brought from Persia by Sir Henry Willock upon
his return from his late residence at the court of Ispahan,
and communicated to the Horticultural Society, in whose
Garden it blossomed in September and October last.
It is rather a handsome annual, exhaling a faint but
pleasant odour in the evening, at which time its flowers
are in perfection. In Persia it grows 3 or 4 feet high.
Dun a i CREE
í * Named after Jean Nicot, a French ambassador in Portugal, who first
rought tobacco to-France, in 1560.
Those who are interested in such matters will find a
full account of the method of manufacturing this tobacco,
used by the Persians, by Dr. Riach, in the first volume of
the New Series of the Horticultural Society's Transactions,
p. 205. It appears to require a dark, rich soil, and most
abundant watering during all the season of heat.
1. L
en
1593
CENOTHERA* densiflóra.
Close-flowered Evening Primrose.
OCTANDRIA MONOGY NIA.
Nat. ord. ONAGRARIZ Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 56.)
ENOTHERA.— Supra, vol. 2. fol. 147.
(E. densifiora, annua, incano-tomentosa, foliis lineari-lanceolatis sessilibus
acuminatis dentatis, ramulis axillaribus corymbosis in caulem racemosis,
ovariis cylindraceis bracteis brevioribus, sepalis subcoloratis intüs glabris,
petalis bilobis obtusis, staminibus quatuor sæpè sterilibus fertilibus duplo
longioribus. i
Planta annua, undique incano-tomentosa. Caulis strictus, in solo pingui
corymboso-ramosus. Ramuli axillares, superiores foliis vix longiores, apice
foriferi corymbosi, caulem racemosum constituentes. Folia caulina lineari-
lanceolata, sessilia, acuminata, dentata; suprema, prope flores integerrima.
Bracteæ villose, foliis conformes, margine sepe colorate, floribus paulo
Tewores. Petala purpurascentia, subrosea. Stigma capitatum, 4-lobum.
Stamina 4 breviora, fertilia, 4 longiora, sepids sterilia; omnium antheræ
reves, retuse, lutee.
A remarkable new species, of which seeds were sent by
r. Douglas from Northern California in 1831. It flowered
last year in the Garden of the Horticultural Society, where
» d drawing was taken. It proves to be a hardy annual,
producing seed in great abundance.
In some respects this is different from the numerous
Species of Evening Primrose already in cultivation ; and at
one time we were disposed to think it might even prove a
distinet genus, Its peculiar habit arises from each of the
axillary buds of the main stem, which usually produce a
single flower, being developed into a short branch, that
DE. mee ^ t 5 D e — M M
q
* See fol. 1142.
itself bears flowers in the axille of its leaves. The inequality
of length in its stamens is found in many species of genuine
(Enothera ; and the deep lobing of its petals would not
form a character by itself, even if it also were not to be
found in the CEnotheras. Upon the whole, we incline to
consider it a connecting link between Gaura and CEnothera.
J. L.
1594
COSTUS* píctus.
Variegated-flowered Costus.
MONANDRIA MONOGY NIA.
Nat. ord. Scrrauix Ex R. Brown. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 265.)
COSTUS.—Supra, vol. 8. fol. 633.
C. pictus; foliis lanceolatis pilosis, spicà ovata terminali, bracteis apiculatis,
labello trilobo; lacinià intermedià brevissimá inciso-dentatà revolutà.
D. Don MSS. ;
Caulis erectus, cubitalis, undulato-flexuosus, crassitie digiti minoris.
olia brevissime petiolata, lanceolata, acuminata, suprà pilosa, subtis glabra,
concoloria, spithamea. Ochree brevissime, membranacee, leviter ciliate.
Spica ovata, pauciflora, terminalis, pollicaris. Bracteæ subrotundo-ovate,
mucronulate, coriacee, virides, undique adpressó imbricate. Perianthii
foliola 3 exteriora lanceolata, acutiuscula, flava, subequalia. Labellum
Cuneato-oblongum, convolutum, apice dilatatum, trilobum, purpureo aureoque
variegatum ; laciniis exterioribus rotundatis, integerrimis ; intermedia inciso-
dentatd, revolutá, brevissimá. Filamentum lingulatum, petaloideum. Anthere
loculis oblongis, parallelis, medio filamenti adnatis. Stylus gracilis, com-
Pressus, inferne attenuatus, intra loculos anthere latens. Stigma bilabiatum,
on bilobd suffultum : labiis plicatis, bilobis, papilloso-fimbriatis.
- Don
“ Introduced from Mexico by seeds communicated to
r. Lambert by M. Deppe, a zealous Prussian Botanist,
Who has been engaged for several years prosecuting re-
searches in Natural History in that country. The plant
Owers more freely, and appears to be less tender, than the
9ther species at present cultivated in the Gardens. The
structure of the labellum affords a good character, which
will readily distinguish it from all those hitherto described.
E K :
Under this name weré known to the ancients three sorts of aromatic
roots, which Dioscorides calls the Indian, Arabian, and Syrian. It is sup-
posed that they were produced by some of the Ginger-tribe, to which the
modern Costus belongs. à
For the preceding notes and descriptions we are in-
debted to Mr. Don. The specimen from which the drawing
was made was supplied by A. B. Lambert, Esq., from his
hothouse at Boyton, in August 1832.
J. L.
——£ PP A PA TT
1595
LUPÍNUS* rivuláris.
River Lupine.
DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA.
Nat. ord. LEcuM1Nosx Juss. $ PapILIONACEE D. C. (Introduc-
tion to the natural system of Botany, p. 87.)
LUPINUS.—Supra, vol. 13. fol. 1096.
L. rivularis ; perennis, subsericeus, viridis, caule herbaceo, foliolis 7»petioli
longitudine subtüs levissim& pubescentibus, racemis verticillatis, bracteis
pedicellis subzequalibus, calyce ebracteato : labiis integerrimis superiore
basi gibboso, vexillo sessili alis sessilibus parallelo et equali.
L. rivularis, Douglas in litt. a
Perennis. Caules erecti, bi-tripedales, pallide virides, levissime pubes-
centes. Foliola sepius 7, anguste obovato-oblonga, obtusiuscula, subcarnosa,
apice recurva, subtüs levissime pubescentia, petioli longitudine. Stipulee
parve, subfalcate, erecte. Racemi verticillati, multiflori, fere glabri.
erticilli subsexflori. Bracteæ lineares, acute, pedicellis paulo longiores,
CHissimé decidue. Calyx ebracteolatus, bilabiatus, labio superiore ovato,
basi gibboso, inferiore longiore, cymbiformi, indiviso, obtuso, subcarinato.
Vexillum sessile, subrotundum, emarginatum, ferà album, roseo paululum
tinctum, basi ceruleo puro maculatum, alarum longitudine ; ale sessiles,
oblonga, obtuse, ventricose, ceruleo-violacee ; carina alba, apice purpurea,
Tostrata, margine ciliata. Stamina omnind monadelpha.
A native of California, whence seeds have been recently
sent to the Horticultural Society. It forms a handsome
hardy perennial, flowering in great profusion from May to
September.
In some respects this is even a better species for Gar-
dens than L. polyphyllus ; for, if less stately, it is more gay
In its appearance, and a longer flowerer. The diversity of
Colours in the petals no doubt contributes very much to this
effect, which i$ increased by its loose, but not straggling,
mode of growth.
u N
* See fol. 1198.
VOL. xıx. F
That this is very distinct from all the Lupines yet in
our Gardens, no one who is acquainted with those plants
would for a moment doubt. Yet it is most difficult to point
out any positive characters by which it may be defined.
It varies apparently in the degree of hairiness of its leaves
and branches; and seems better distinguished by its
pubescence being of the silky kind, by its short bractez, and
by its ebracteolate calyx, than by any thing else that can
be mentioned.
Increases freely by seeds and cuttings.
————————— UNE
1596
CACTUS* speciosíssimus ; var. lateritius.
Brick-red hybrid Cactus.
——
ICOSANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
kes ord. CacrEx Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of Botany,
p. 54.)
CACTUS. — Suprà, vol. 2. fol. 137.
GARDEN VARIETY.
_ The race of Cacti, approaching Cactus speciosissimus
In habit and in the general appearance of their flowers, 1s
DOW become one of the most striking objects of modern
Horticulture. Derived from parents unrivalled in the vege-
table world for vigour of constitution, brilliancy of colour,
and boundless fecundity, they are now to be met with in
every greenhouse and drawing-room, throughout the entire
year, Ata late meeting of the Horticultural Society, Mr.
Snow, the Gardener of Sir Edmund Antrobus, exhibited
Individuals, each of which was literally covered with blos-
soms; as many as between two and three hundred being
found upon a single plant. This same cultivator has stated,
that, by judicious management, a succession of such speci-
Mens may with ease be procured during every month in
the year,
The variety now represented was raised by Mr. Pressley,
ardener to Walter Boyd, Esq. of Plaistow, in Essex.
t approaches C. Jenkinsoni in many respects, but has
Paler and more brick-red petals. It was exhibited at a
meeting of the Horticultural Society on the first day of
ay, 1832, and was much admired.
Ha a S
* See fol. 1331.
No one seems to have any difficulty in cultivating plants
of this description; nevertheless, it may be well to know
that they succeed much better in soil composed of a large
proportion of leaf-mould mixed with sand and loam, than
in any other compost. 12
1597
ASTER* córdifólius.
Heart-leaved Aster.
SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.
Nat. ord. Comrosırz Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 197.)
$ Corymbiferee Juss. Asterete Cassini.
ASTER.— Supra, vol. 3. fol. 183.
Secr. 3. Genuini. Periclinium imbricatum v. larum; foliolis margine
magis minusve membranaceis, membranacea parte basin versüs increscente
et totam fere basin, in iis que fortids sibi incumbunt, occupante. Cli-
nanthium alveolatum, alveolorum marginibus dentatis. Achenia vel
glabra, vel sparsim puberula, nunquam pubescentid densiori obtecta.
Pappus pluriserialis, scaber.
Heterophylli. Folia radicalia saltem, vel et inferiora caulis, basi cor-
data, v. rariüs rotundata, in petiolum distinctum abrupte transeuntia.
Nees infr. cit. :
A. cordifolius ; foliis cordatis serratis petiolatis supra scabris subtus pilosis,
caule racemoso-paniculato, ramis paucifoliis laxis, periclinio arcte imbn-
A Cato. Nees gen. et sp. Aster. p. 52. 5 :
. cordifolius. Linn. sp. pl. 1229. Ait. Kew. 3. 207. ed. prim. Willd.
Sp. Pl. 3. 2036. ex parte. Pursh. Fl. Am. sept. 2. 552. Nutt. Gen.
Am. 2. 156.
—
. A species sufficiently common in our Gardens, where it
is usually confounded with Aster paniculatus, from which it
is distinguishable by the leaves being much more cordate,
and usually covered more or less with harsh hairs, either on
both sides or at least on the upper, by its flowering branches
aving scarcely any true leaves on them, and by the flowers
eing about one-third smaller. We do not, however, dis-
cover the distinction, pointed out by Professor Nees v.
Senbeck, in the involucrum of this being closely, and of
the other laxly, imbricated.
NN, ND eoi
* See fol. 1487.
In herbaria this is not unfrequently confounded with
A. corymbosus, a totally different plant, belonging to the new
genus Eurybia.
Apparently a common North American plant: we have
it from Canada and from the neighbourhood of New York;
and it has been met with as far to the south as Florida.
It flowers in September, and varies in height from a few
inches to three feet. L
3.3:
SI e
1598
CALANDRINIA* speciósa.
Shewy Calandrinia.
POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. PorTULAcER® Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 159.) y
CALANDRINIA.—Supra, vol. 14. fol. 1194.
: * Staminibus 10-15. : :
C. speciosa; glaberrima, diffusa, foliis spatulatis acutis longé in petiolum
angustatis, floribus racemosis, pedicellis bracteis brevioribus, petalis calyce
longioribus.
Herba annua, diffusa, carnosa, cespitem diametro pedalem v. ultrà for-
mans. Caules ramosi, leviter angulati, glaberrimi. Folia carnosa, lineari-
spatulata, longé in petiolum angustata, acuta, superne sensim angustiora.
Racemi terminales, sep? longissimi, multiflori, foliosi, pedicellis clavatis
extraaxillaribus, bracteis duplo brevioribus ; in plantá cultá folium anan-
thum sepe florifero alternat. Sepala 2, ovata, acuta, subcarnosa, carinata.
Petala 5, obovata, concava, atrophenicea, calyce dupli longiora. Stamina
9-10, hypogyna, equalia, conniventia : filamentis nunc inter se coalitis.
Stigma simplex, costis tribus glandulosis.
Of all the Purslane tribe this is unquestionably the
handsomest. On a hot dry bank or bed, when the sun 1S
shining full upon it, with all its large rich crimson blossoms
fully expanded, and reposing upon the soft velvety bed
formed by its succulent leaves, it is a most beautiful object,
resembling indeed C. pilosiuscula, but very far superior to 1t.
A native of northern California, whence its seeds have
been recently sent by Mr. Douglas.
It is a hardy annual, propagated readily by seeds,
Which it bears in great abundance. It loves dry and ex-
Posed situations, and flourishes most in scorching weather ;
Ea o eee oe
* See fol. 1194.
but it should be grown in tolerably rich soil, or if in very
poor soil, it should be sown thick: under the former cir-
cumstances it forms a patch a foot and more in diameter;
in the latter case its branches are not above two or three
inches long, as in the wild specimens in the Horticultural
Society's possession.
_ It would doubtless be a valuable plant in the dry and
hot climate of the south of Europe, and upon the face of
rockwork, where scarcely any other plant would survive.
Flowers in May and June if sown early, or in Septem-
ber and October if later.
n AS Fs
ig
Hr CHS Es :
Lea. — CAE. a
— 5 a ———— m
1599
LOASA* Plácei.
Mr. Places Loasa.
POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA, on POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
= ord. Loasex Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of Botany,
p- 58.
LOASA.— Supra, vol. 8. fol. 667.
L. Placei; caule erecto ramoso, foliis oppositis superioribus sessilibus pal-
mato-pinnatifidis: laciniis incisis, calycis laciniis ovato-lanceolatis indi-
visis, petalorum interiorum appendicibus ovatis sessilibus. dimidiato-
oblongis cirrhosis, capsulá hispidissimá clavatä.
L. Placei. Lindl. in Hort. Trans. vol. 6. p. 95.
L. acanthifolia. Ker in Bot. Reg. 785.
z nitida 6. Hooker in Bot. miscell. 3. 238.
‘L, nitida. Don in Sweet's fl. gar. n. s. 195.
Our drawing of this plant was taken in Mr. Knight's
Nursery in July last. It had been raised from some of Mr.
Cuming's seeds. Long since it was in the Garden of the
Horticultural Society, where, however, it has been lost for
Some years, nothing now remaining but L. nitida. Ifit were
not for its abominable stings, this would be a valuable hardy
annual; but it is almost necessary that to every plant a
board should be affixed bearing the old Scottish motto,
“ Touch not the cat, but the glove ;” extremely unpleasant
E ons having arisen from ladies being stung incautiously
with it.
Easily propagated by seeds, and flowers from June to
August. It is Quite hardy during the summer, but should
be raised in a hot-bed, and planted out in wet weather.
A
* Meaning unknown.
The soil should be very poor, or half the beauty of the blos-
soms is lost.
Nothing can well be more confused than the synonymy
of this species and L. mitida. Without pretending to say
what the exact plant may have been to which the latter
name properly belongs, —an inquiry which is far more
curious than interesting or useful, —we are contented with
stating, that under the name of L. nitida there lie two
totally different plants; one with small flowers and a
humble stature, the other with large flowers and a size so
considerable as to have led to the supposition of its being
the L. acanthifolia —not however by us, as our friend Dr.
Hooker inadvertently states. Mr. Ker indeed supposed it
to be the same (in fol. 785), but we were the first to correct
this error.
Of these, the one—that which is now figured —is
known not only by its greater size, but by its having the
appendages of its inner petals sessile, undivided, much
larger, and regularly three in number, and by its having
flowers at least twice as large as those with which it is
compared. The other, which is very likely to be confounded
with it, is known by its small flowers, much more dwarf
habit, and by its having the appendages of its inner petals
pedicellate, jagged, and often only two, the third being
either altogether wanting, or existing in the form of a little
tendril, or now and then like the two lateral appendages.
. This species is nearly related to L. prostrata of Dr.
Gillies. Its characters and synonyms are as follow:
L. nitida; caule erecto ramoso, foliis oppositis superioribus sessilibus pal-
mato-pinnatifidis : laciniis incisis, calycis laciniis ovato-lanceolatis ser-
ratis, petalorum interiorum appendicibus angustis ovatis pedicellatis incisis
cirrhosis: intermedio s:epiüs obsoleto, capsulá hispida turbinatá.
L. nitida. Hooker Exot. ft. 1. 83.
L. tricolor. Ker in Bot. Reg. t. 667.
In the third volume of the Prodromus, M. de Candolle
separates the L. tricolor of the Bot. Reg. from L. nitida, of
which it is a mere synonym ; and he quotes to the L. acan-
thifolia of Lamarck the figure in the Bor. Reg. 785, which
belongs to L. Placei; and finally, he omits L. Place: itself.
On the other hand Dr. Hooker makes Cuming's No. 663,
which is L. Placei, a variety of L. nitida; and he has
another plant from Bridges, with which we are unac-
quainted, No. 269, as our L. Places.
It is no doubt possible that physiologically L. nitida and
Placei may be the same; but they can only be united when
Rosa spinosissima and R. indica, Rubus fruticosus and R.
corylifolius, Fragaria vesca and F. collina, and all such
species, recognised by every Botanist, are united also: a
proposition in which we are far from unwilling to concur;
but for which- Botanists are not yet-prepared. "n
\ Masa Drake. del.
1600
BURTÓNIA* conferta.
Clustered Burtonia.
——4»————
DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. Lraumivosa Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 87.)
BURTONIA R. Br.— Calyx profundé 5-fidus. Petala 5, decidua,
longitudine subeequalia, 2 carinalia dorso concreta. Ovarium dispermum.
Stylus subulatus, basi dilatatà. Stigma obtusum, imberbe. Legumen sub-
rotundum, modicè ventricosum. Strophiola seminis nulla. Suffrutices
Australasici. Foliola aut folia subulata. Rami sep puberuli. Pedicelli
solitarii. De Cand. prodr. 2. 106.
B. conferta; foliis simplicibus confertissimis lineari-subulatis margine re-
volutis ramisque glabris. De Cand. l. c. INIT
Frutex glaberrimus, ramis ascendentibus, angulatis. Folia simplicia,
subulata, apicibus subrecurva, basi pallida, marginibus revolutis. Corymbus
terminalis, multiflorus. Calyx viridis, glaucus, levissimà pubescens, 5-parti-
tus, laciniis acuminatis subequalibus, inferiore paulo longiore. Petala vio-
lacea ; vexillum transversum, subreflexum, emarginatum, basi sanguineum ;
ale oblonge, acute, dimidiate, cum carina parallele, basi non auriculate ;
petala carinee apice sanguinea, connata, et viz nisi vi separanda. Stamina 10,
subequalia, declinata ; antheree oblonge. Ovarium obovatum, v. oblongum,
dispermum, in stylo glabro ascendente sensum angustatum.
We believe the figure now given is the first that has
appeared of any species of the rare genus Burtonia. It
was obtained from a plant collected by Mr. Baxter on the
south-west coast of New Holland, which flowered in the
Nursery of Mr. Knight in the King's Road, in July last.
Another species is said to have been growing at Kew in
1803; but we have never met with it in the Gardens of this
country.
= nn —
* So called by Dr. Brown, in memory of Mr. David Burton, a diligent
collector for the Kew cans, who died in New Holland, after sending
ome a considerable number of plants to this country.
It is a pretty greenhouse shrub, forming a compact
bush, and increased by cuttings, in the same way as Ken-
nedya and its other kindred.
Sir James Smith seems to us to have judged rightly
when he expressed his doubt of there being any important
difference in character between this and Gompholobium ;
but wrongly when he asserted there was no difference in
habit. If the Linnean genera Vicia, Pisum, Lathyrus, and
Orobus, are to be retained, as they surely must, therr must
we also assent to Dr. Brown's separation of Burtonia from
Gompholobium.
1. Represents the calyx and stamens. ; 1
2. A portion of a leaf, shewing the singular manner in which the
edges are rolled back : both magnified.
J. L.
— —
e a see
1601
NEMOPHILA* aurita.
Ear-leaved Nemophila.
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. Hyprormyııem R. Br. (Introduction to the natural
system of Botany, p. 244.)
NEMOPHILA.--Supra, vol. 9. fol. 740.
N. aurita ; foliis pinnatifidis basi alatis auriculatis, caule angulato asperrimo,
corollà calyce pentagono duplo longiore. .
. Annua, prostrata; caulibus carnosis, fragilibus, angulatis, ad angulos
pilis rigidis uncatis exasperatis. Folia pinnatifida, scaberrima, basi alata,
dilatata in auriculis duabus semiamplezicaulibus ; lobis oblongis, acutis,
integerrimis v. lobatis, retrorsum flexis. Ramuli floriferi sepiüs, nec semper,
oppositifolii, 2-4-flori. "Pedunculi scabri, purpurascentes, corollá longiores.
Calyx 5-partitus, laciniis erectis, ovatis, acutis, basibus sagittatis connatis.
Corolla monopetala, violacea, hypocrateriformis, tubo brevi et limbo concavo ;
laciniis rotundatis, imbricatis. Stamina ezserta, antheris nigro-purpureis,
ovatis, sagittatis, sub anthesi resupinatis, basi tubi inserta, lacinüs alterna,
utrinque squamis duabus purpureis recurvis suffulta. Ovarium ovatum,
apice hispidum, basi annulo prominente circumdatum, uniloculare ; placentis
2, fungosis, hemisphericis, intra cavitatem projicientibus, in facies contiguas
ovula 2 gerentibus. Stylus purpureus, basi pubescens, apice bifidus. Stig-
mata simplicissima. N.B. Ovula immatura agud pressa, materiem we u-
losam fundunt è moleculis rotatoriis Brunontanis guttulisque innumeris
oleosis minutissimè microscopicis compositam.
Rather a pretty species, found in California by Mr.
David Douglas. It is a hardy, trailing annual, requiring
a damp shady border, where it grows and flowers from May
to the end of August: butif sown in a place ex sed to the
sun, it soon withers up and perishes. It is ol very recent
introduction by the Horticultural Society, and is at present
mo o CURED OMM
* From vwo, a grove, and Qíaso, to delight in; in allusion to the native
station of the species of this genus.
extremely rare; but as it seeds tolerably freely, it will soon
be more abundant.
To Botanists this is more interesting than to Horticul-
turists. It belongs to a small natural order, in which the
species are generally of rare occurrence, and which have
several interesting peculiarities in their structure. Not the
least of these is the singular manner in which the seeds are
fixed to the pericarpium. In the beginning the ovarium
has but one cell, from the bottom of the cavity of which,
and from opposite sides, there spring two little plates
attached by a small stalk, and bearing two conical, rather
distended, obtuse bodies upon their inner face; at this time
the plates are formed of very minute and laxly cohering
vesicles of cellular tissue. By degrees these plates enlarge,
and become succulent and form two fungous placente,
filling up the whole cavity of the ovarium, while the bodies
that they bear, changing to ovula, are jammed in between
the two opposing faces of the placente. At a later period,
when the flower has withered, the placentz so completely
fill the cavity and conceal the ovula, that they may easily
be mistaken for half-grown seeds. After this time they
generally diminish, till they become, when the seeds are
ripe, a mere membrane, which lines the cavity of the
capsule.
The ovula themselves, if squeezed in water, emit a
cloudy matter, which, when examined microscopically, 1s
found to consist of minute moving particles, mixed with
drops of an oily fluid. L
J. L.
— ————— AA
Yi
Am a FU: z JÓ - ff £ LIG
by L. Teudguray 109 Liccadilta Aug. JIGS I.
1602
BCEBERA* incana.
Upright-branching Bebera.
—
SYNGENESIA SUPERFLUA.
Nat. ord. Comrosırz Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 197.)
Trib VII. SewrecrowipEx. Subtrib. 4. Tagetinee Lessing genera
compositarum, p. 236. :
BUE BERA W.— Pappus biserialis, paleis exterioribus oblongo-ellipticis,
equalibus, brevissimis, integris; interioribus longis, paucioribus, et in pilos
fasciculatos divisis. Folia alterna et opposita, profundé pinnatifida, pel-
lucido-glandulosa. Capitula terminalia, radiata, ramos superne aphyllos
terminant. Involucrum biseriale. Lessing.
B. incana ; foliis incanis subtis glaucis profundé pinnatifidis : laciniis li-
nearibus subintegris, involucro exteriore 8-phyllo squamis integerrimis,
pappi paleis omnibus in pilos fasciculatos divisis.
Caulis rigidus, strictus, suffruticosus, 14-2-pedalis, angulatus, pilis duris
debilibus incanus; apice: racemosus, ramulis suberectis, distanter foliosis,
Subdichotomis, monocephalis. Folia opposita, sessilia, pinnatifida, pilis albis
scabra, subtüs glauca, punctis magnis pellucidis notata: laciniis linearibus,
acutis, apice lacinula una alterave instructis, inferioribus brevioribus ; summa
alterna, simplicissima, ovato-linearia, demúm in squamis involucri abeuntia.
Capitula mediocria, solitaria, erecta. Involucrum verticillis duobus ordi-
natum, quorum exteriori squamc 8, ovato-lineares, distincte, abrupt? acute,
virides, pilose, apice patule, interiori totidem longiores, lutescentes, oblonge,
obtuse cuspidate, extús pilose, nunc pellucido-guttate, in calathum mono-
Phyllum basibus suis connate. Flosculi radii feminei, ligulati ; ligulá aured,
oblongd, carnosd, tridentatá, dente intermedio minore ; venis quibusdam sim-
Plicibus parallelis in medio, lateralibus venulas ramosas hinc emittentibus ;
Ovarium cuneatum, compressum, leviter pilosum ; pappus é paleis constans
Pluribus, valde in@qualibus, acuminatis, in laciniis numerosis filiformibus
Pennatifide divisis; stylus glaber, longitudine tubi corolle ; stigmata linearia,
acuta, minutissimé scabrida. Flosculi disci hermaphroditi ovario pappoque
radialium ; corolla tubulósa, colore ligularum, pappi longitudine, apice
obtusa, glabra, tubo extüs pubescente ; anthere, apiculate, basi rotundate ;
Stigmata linearia, apice conica, fimbrillata. Receptaculum alveolatum,
alveolis dentatis.
B5 * So named by Willdenow, after a Russian Botanist of the name of
Ober, whose merits are now forgotten.
A native of Mexico, whence seeds were obtained some
ears since by Edward Barnard, Esq. We are ignorant of
its locality ; nor have we seen any wild specimen.
It is a half-shrubby greenhouse plant, of little beauty,
and possessing the peculiar odour of the French marigold,
to which it is botanically nearly allied. This odour resides
in a number of little transparent bags enclosed within the
leaf, which are filled with a very volatile oil. It flowers in
November.
This species does not precisely answer to Lessing's defi-
nition of Boebera; but we presume the want of any entire
scales on the outside the pappus will hardly suffice for the
character of a new genus. cn
> 1603
PASSIFLORA* phaenicea,
Crimson Passion-flower.
MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA.
Nat. ord. PassırLorex Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 148.)
PASSIFLORA.--Suprä, vol. 1. fol. 13.
Sect. 6. Granadilla. De Cand. mem. soc. gen. 1. part 2. p. 435.
Prodr. 3. 327, —Anthactinia. Bory de St. Vincent am. gen. 2. 138.
Involucrum sub flore triphyllum, foliolis integris dentatisve non laciniatis.
en l0-lobus. Pedicelli 1-flori et cirrhi simplices ex iisdem axillis. De
and,
P. phenicea; foliis glabris oblongis cuspidatis integris, petiolis apice bi-
glandulosis, stipulis lineari-lanceolatis petiolo brevioribus, bracteis cor-
dato-ovatis basi serratis.
A splendid acquisition, for which we are indebted to
the Right Honourable the Countess of Bridgewater, in
Whose stove at Ashridge it flowered in September 1832.
It is nearly allied to P. alata and quadrangularis, from
Which it differs in having only two glands at the upper
end ofthe leaf-stalk, and in the form of the leaves of its
involucrum. It is also much more brilliantly coloured than
either of those well-known species.
„The stem is quadrangular, about as thick as a swan's
quill, twining, slightly tinged with purple, extending to the
length of many feet. The leaves are large, bright green,
about 6 inches long, of an oblong figure, rather abruptly
Pointed ; their petiole rather more than an inch and a half
long, with two yellow conical glands at the upper end.
he stipule are very narrow, taper-pointed, one-third the
* See fol. 1339.
EJ
length of the leaf-stalk. The flowers are produced singly
from the axille of the leaves, upon stalks rather shorter
than those of the leaves. On the outside of the flowers
grow three ovate green bracteal leaves serrated at the base,
where they are also a little heart-shaped: these constitute
-the involucrum, which is shorter than the sepals. The
calyx is composed of five sepals, united at their base into a
short bell-shaped tube; they are of an oblong figure, very
convex, and obtuse at the point, each bearing below the
end a little bristle; before they expand, these sepals are
slightly imbricated and coloured at the edges. . The petals
are longer than the sepals, and of the same form; in the
inside of a rich deep scarlet, on the outside deep violet,
with a white streak along the middle. The crown is about
as long as the petals, composed of several rows of tapering
processes, which are collected into a cylinder, and are
white, with crimson bands on the lower half, a deep rich
violet on the upper half; these processes are smaller in the
interior rows, but suddenly diminish into mere teeth. The
inside of the tube is surrounded by two narrow rims, of which
the upper is the broader.
With the fruit we are not acquainted. L
J. L.
>
eL
memet
%
3
*
CN
er
1604
CENOTHERA* biénnis; var. grandiflora.
Large-flowered biennial Evening Primrose.
OCTANDRIA MONOGY NIA.
Nat. ord. ONAGRARIE Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 56.)
@NOTHERA,—Supra, vol. 2. fol. 147.
(E. biennis; caule erecto muricato-pubescente tomentoso glabrove, foliis
planis lanceolatis v. obovato-lanceolatis dentatis basi angustatis, tubo
calycis ovario duplö longiore, capsulis cylindraceis glabriusculis costatis.
4. caule glabriusculo, floribus mediocribus.
(E. biennis. Linn. sp. pl. 492. De Cand. prodr. 3. 46.
8. caule glabriusculo, floribus maximis, ovariis magis pubescentibus.
(E. grandiflora. Ait. Hort. Kew. 2. 2. De Cand. prodr. 3. 46.
(E. suaveolens. Desf. tabl. ed. 1804. De Cand. l. c.
Y. caule aspero muricato-piloso, seepé villosissimo.
(E. muricata. Linn. syst. veg. 296. De Cand. prodr. 1. 47.
. We have no doubt that all the synonyms above men-
tioned are really referable to varieties of the same species.
The very great similarity that exists between all of them
must be familiar to every body who has ever cultivated
them; and if we seek for positive characters ‘by which
they may be known, we shall not be ablé to find such. The
only differences that can be pointed out consist 1n the size
of the flowers, and the nature of the hairiness of the stem:
the former character is in excess in the beautiful subject of
this Plate; in Œ. muricata it is diminished; and in the
- biennis it is in its nearest approach to the wild form : if
we add to the varieties CE. parviflora, as we probably should,
the petals will in that case be reduced almost to a state of
abortion. ‘So with the pubescence : (E. biennis is a little
* See fol. 1142.
*«
.
muricated, but scarcely at all downy; a plant called in
gardens CE. salicifolia differs in nothing but its stem and
leaves being silky with down, and free from the rough
points ; in CE. grandiflora there is scarcely any hairiness ;
while in CE. muricata the stem sometimes becomes entirely
covered with stiff hairs and red rough points or bristles.
The plant now figured is not uncommon in gardens; it
is one of the handsomest of all biennials, and as easily
managed as the common CEnothera biennis itself. The
seeds should be sown at Midsummer; and the plants so
obtained should remain in their seed-bed till the next year,
when they will flower. It is a bad plan to transplant them,
as it prevents their blooming well; and it is unnecessary,
for if they are thinned when young, they will require no
further care.
FRE
1005
“P
1605
CALANDRÍNIA* arenäria.
Sand Calandrinia.
——
POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. PonrULACEE Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 159.)
CALANDRINIA.—Supra, vol. 14. fol. 1194.
C. arenaria; glauca, caulibus plurimis prostratis glabris foliosis, foliis li-
nearibus, pedunculo communi terminali nudo simplici v. ramoso, racemis
corymbosis, pedicellis bracteas ovales membranaceas nervo medio atro-
purpureo subramoso pictas paullo superantibus, sepalis ovatis membra-
naceis venis simpliciusculis pictis, seminibus glabris. Hooker et Arnott
bot. misc. 3. 246. ES
Annua, prostrata, succulenta, caulibus ramosissimis, purpureo tinctis ;
ramorum superiorum nodis tumidis. Folia linearia, obtusa, valde glauca,
obtusa, versüs basin angustata, inferiora alterna, superiora verticillata ;
stipulee minute, setacee. Racemi pedunculati, subsecundi, multiflori, evolu-
tione subcircinato. Petala calycis longitudine, rosea, emarginata.
Àn inconspicuous annual, very common in sandy places
near Valparaiso, whence seeds were brought by Mr. Hugh
Cuming. It flowered last year in the Garden of the Horti-
cultural Society, where our drawing was made in July last.
Like many other weedy things, this possesses peculiar
beauties if carefully observed. If neither its corolla nor its
leaf are curiously formed or richly coloured, the singular
markings ofthe calyx and bractes are extremely pretty.
hese parts are of a uniform bluish green colour, and at
first sight seem slightly stained with purple; but upon an
attentive examination, it will be seen that the latter colour
Is principally confined to the veins and their ramifications,
A E
* See fol. 1598.
spreading from them on each side, and forming a sort of
border. Occasionally the colour of one vein runs into
that of a parallel one, and so forms transverse bands, pro-
ducing a speckled appearance. This appearance is still
more strongly shewn in the beautiful Calandrinia picta, an
alpine species, which looks like a Calandrinia grandiflora,
the growth of which had been arrested by the snows and
storms of the Andes.
A hardy annual, readily increased by the little shining
black seeds, which are produced in great abundance.
y. RE
LOO 0
1606
OPUNTIA* aurantíaca.
Orange-coloured I. ndian Fig.
ICOSANDRIA MONOGY NIA.
Ti ord. Cacr&& Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of Botany,
p. 54. «
OPUNTIA Tourn.— Sepala numerosa ovario adnata foliiformia, summa
plana brevia, intima petaliformia obovata rosacea expansa, tubo supra ovarium
nullo. Stamina plurima, sepalis breviora. Stylus cylindricus, basi constrictus.
Stigmata plurima, erecta, crassa, Bacca ovata, umbilicata, tuberculosa,
sepids spinifera. Embryo subspiralis, teretiusculus. Cotyledones semi-
teretes, germinantes foliacese, planee, crasse. Plumula parva. Frutices
trunco demüm tereti, juniore ramisque rarissimis cylindricis sepids plus
minus compressis articulatis, articulis ovatis aut oblongis fasciculos acu-
leorum aut setarum ordine quincunciali seu spirali dispositos gerentibus. Folia
sediformia caducissima sub quoque fasciculo juniore. Flores ? fasciculis
aut marginibus articulorum orti, flavi aut rubentes. Stamina tactu sub-
writabilia. De Cand. prodr. 3. 471.
. $2. Divaricate Haw. Caules humiles, ramis divergentibus, articulis
lineari-lanceolatis crassis subteretibus. Aculei fasciculati validi. . D.C.
O. aurantiaca ; articulis linearibus v. lineari-lanceolatis divaricatis apice
compressis basi teretibus atro-viridibus, aculeis 2-3 elongatis glabris.
Cactus aurantiacus. Gillies MSS. ie,
In horto bipedalis, et verosimiliter mult altior evasura. Flores solitaru,
mediocres, petalis luteis obovatis marginibus inflezis, staminibus albis in
cylindrum ordinatis petalis breviorem.
Se EM
A native of Chile, whence it was originally sent to this
country, in 1824, by Mr. Nugent. It has also been brought
home by Dr. Gillies, whose unpublished Cactus aurantiacus
it appears to be. The plant from which our drawing was
ratios eii Maso SO ATT
iR So called from having been found wild in the country of the Opuntii,
a Grecian people. i ¡
En
made, is a branched dark-green bush, consisting of joints
6 or 7 inches long and an inch or three quarters of an inch
wide in the broadest part, nearly round at their base, but
very perceptibly flattened towards the point. From each
of the little tufts of hairs there proceed several spines, of
which two or three are considerably larger than the rest.
The flowers are of a clear bright yellow colour, about an
inch and a half wide when expanded, with a column of
white stamens in their centre.
The treatment that this requires is the ordinary manage-
ment of the dry stove. It is a very free grower, and less
impatient of cold than many of the order; readily multi-
plied by its jointed branches.
‚Every one knows that the spines of the Cacti are always
difficult to extract when they have entered the skin. If .
the spines are magnified, it will be found that this property
is owing to their being closely covered from the point down-
wards with numerous barbs, which have their cutting bases
directed towards the base of the spine: in appearance they
are very like the arrow-heads, with several rows of barbs,
such as are used by certain Indian nations.
The whole substance of this plant is extremely succu-
lent, and the branches can scarcely be said to contain
wood. It is, however, obvious, that all the internal parts
are arranged upon the same plan as in other Dicotyledonous
plants. [f a transverse section is made of it, it will be seen
that the bark is represented by a thick layer of cells planted
perpendicularly in rows upon the epidermis, with their
longer axis directed towards the centre; within these cells
is a circle, formed by several bundles of woody fibre enclosing
spiral vessels ; these bundles do not touch each other, but
they derive their origin from the buds, and are evidently
the commencement of a woody structure. Every thing
within these bundles is a mass of loosely cohering oval
cells, placed confusedly, and containing countless numbers
of starlike crystals. The cuticle is hard to the touch, an
is so leathery that it may be easily torn off the subjacent
tissue; its toughness is owing to its being composed of sma
thick-sided cells, in each of which is a firm, flat, lentiform
nucleus, which will bear cutting in every direction. What
the use is of these nuclei is uncertain; it is probable that
they are connected with the power, which the cuticle of
these plants possesses, of preventing the evaporation of
their internal moisture in times of drought.
An interesting fact relating to the common European
Opuntia is mentioned by M. De Candolle. * Among the
practical consequences," he observes, ** that result from the
facility with which Cacti strike from cuttings, there is one
which deserves to be noticed, on account of its importance:
itis, the manner in which the Opuntia is employed to fertilise
the old lavas at the foot of Etna. As soon as a fissure is
perceived, a branch or joint of an Opuntia is stuck in; the
latter pushes out roots, which are nourished by the rain
that collects round them, or by whatever dust or remains
of organic matter may have collected into a little soil;
these roots, once developed, insinuate themselves into the
most minute crevices, expand, and finally break up the lava
Into mere fragments. Opuntias treated in this manner pro-
duce a great deal of fruit, which is sold as a refreshing food
throughout all the towns of Sicily." ee
1607
RUBUS* róridus.
Dewy Bramble.
ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
Nat. ord. RosAcEx Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 81.)
RUBUS L.—Supra, vol. 6. fol. 461.
$. Folüs simplicibus lobatis sed non pinnatis nec palmatis.
R. roridus ; ramis teretibus villosis aculeatis, foliis cordatis lobatis argute
duplicato-serratis subtus tomentosis, racemis inferioribus axillaribus
erectis petiolo brevioribus, stipulis bracteisque pectinato-multipartitis
glandulosis, sepalis multifidis, petalis rotundatis subsequalibus.
Habitus verosimiliter R. moluccani aliarumque specierum affinium.
Rami graciles, dense villosi, aculeis paucis sparsis recurvis armati. Foliorum
lobi utrinque. circiter tres, intermedio nullo modo productiore ; supra feré
glabri, atro-virides, subtús velutini, pallidiores, costá aculeatá, Racemi infe-
rores, breves, bracteis calycumque lobis glandulis viridibus diaphanis pulchre
Conspersi, et hinc quasi rore viridi suffusi. Petala alba.
. We are obliged to Mr. Lambert for our specimens of
this rare species, which flowered in the Garden at Boyton
Ih the autumn of 1832. It is a native of Madagascar, and
Strikingly different from all the known species of simple-
leaved brambles, in its finely cut stipules and bractez, which
are covered over with numerous little transparent green
glands, giving all the parts that surround the petals an
appearance of being sprinkled with green dew.
We presume this requires a greenhouse, and that it may
easily be multiplied by layers. It is chiefly an object of
tanical interest, there being little in it to attract the mere
lover of shewy flowers. Its fruit is unknown. 7
er
E According to De Théis, the word Rubus is derived from the Celtic
rub, signifying red.
tema ——Á——— e i i . sn
1608
MALVA* umbellata.
Umbel-flowered Mallow.
MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA.
Nat. ord. Matvace® Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 33.)
MALVA.— Supra, vol. 4. fol. 296.
$ Spheroma. Carpella unilocularia 2-oo-sperma in fructum globulosum
coalita. «Pedunculi axillares seepius multiflori. Caulis fruticosus. — An
genus proprium ? De Cand. prodr. 1. 435. à :
M. umbellata, flocculoso-tomentosa ; foliis cordatis sub-7-lobatis, pedunculis
elongatis sub-5-floris, bracteis calycinis obovatis deciduis, stipulis subu-
latis, caule fruticoso. .D. Don MSS.
M. umbellata. Cav. ic. 1. p. 64. t. 95. Willd. sp. pl. 3. p. 779. Dec.
prodr. 1. p. 435.
M. rosea. Dec. l. c. 1. p. 435. ;
: Planta fruticosa, erecta, ramosa, ulnaris et ultra, pilis stellatis confer-
tissimis flocculoso-tomentosa. Folia longè petiolata, cordata, subseptem-
lobata, peltati-nervia, suprà plana, demüm glabrata, viridia, subtüs incana,
costata, palmaria: lobis brevibus, acutis, margine crenatis. Petioli teretius-
culi, tripollicares. Stipule breves, erecte, subulate, decidue. Pedunculi
axillares, cylindracei, 3-unciales, plerumque triflori, rariùs 2- v. 5-flori.
Pedicelli semiunciales, robusti. Bractee calycinee 3, obovate, concave,
decidue, Calyx amplus, campanulatus, coriaceus, 5-lobus : lobis semiovatis,
acutis, erectis. Petala obcordata, pollicaria, coccinea, ungue albido. Fila-
mentorum columna alba, petalis brevior. Anthere auree. Stigmata
rosea. Ovaria numerosa (50-60), in massam spheroideam agglomerata.
D. Don MSS.
“ This curious species has, as Cavanilles has already
Well remarked, more the look of a Sida than of a species of
„the present genus. It belongs to M. De Candolle's section
Pheroma, which, in our opinion, deserves to be regarded
as a distinct group. It is an inhabitant of Mexico; and,
* See fol. 1362.
although cultivated many years ago in the Royal Gardens at
Madrid, it had never found its way to our collections until
introduced from its native country by Mr. Lambert in 1826.
It has hitherto been treated as a hothouse plant, for it is apt
to suffer from the damp of a greenhouse in winter, other-
wise it appears to endure a considerable degree of cold.
“ It is rather a coarse-looking plant; but its many ele-
gant scarlet blossoms compensate for its less graceful habit."
For the foregoing account we are obliged to Mr. Don.
"Our specimens were received in September 1832.
A fe pn
: "7 po?
FIDO: 33 Mau Le
LF
7) FR An y rS ^ oD: PAT OUS i
Mus Dyate vd. ud lif J dou AY L AMAULE LD HR P. T IS.
1609
CALCEOLARIA* crenatiflóra.
Crenate-flowered Calceolaria.
DIANDRIA MONOGY NIA.
Nat. ord. ScnoenvrARiNEX Juss. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 228.)
CALCEOLA RIA.—Supra, vol. 9. fol. 723.
C. crenatiflora; herbacea, foliis ovatis sublobatis dentatis inferioribus præ-
cipuè petiolatis utrinque cauleque pubescentibus subobliquis, floribus
corymbosis, labio superiore minimo inferiore amplo maculato crenato,
laciniis calycinis laté ovatis nervosis. Hooker in Bot. mag. 3255.
. crenatiflora. Cavan. ic. 5. 28. t. 446. Graham in Edinb. phil. journ.
June 1833.
. anomala. Pers. synops. 1. 16.
. pendula. Brit. fl. gard. 1. 155.
- suberecta. Hort.
GGO O
One of the handsomest of the Chilian Calceolarias,
collected in the Island of Chiloe both by Mr. James
Anderson and Mr. Cuming ; from the latter of whom we
ave a specimen numbered 52.
It is an herbaceous plant, growing from a foot to two
feet high, and of a remarkably dark rich green m the foliage.
he root-leaves are stalked, broadly ovate, blunt, crenated,
and slightly hairy. The stem has two or three pairs of
Opposite, smaller, sessile leaves, which are nearly entire,
and either obtuse or taper-pointed. The flowers grow in
large loose corymbs, and have slender, rather long, an
slightly hairy ramifications, which are neither hoary nor
clammy; the calyxes are green and hairy; the corollas
very large, bright yellow spotted with crimson, the upper
lip small and emarginate, the lower bagged, with about
* See fol. 1214.
OR. XIX. H
five plaits on its upper surface, which give the outline a
crenated appearance. The stamens have very large anthers, -
and are about half the length of the upper lip.
It is as hardy a species as any of the genus, and ad-
mirably adapted for employing as the male parent of a race
of hybrids. Like all the other species, plenty of air and a
cool situation, when in the growing state, are absolutely
indispensable to it; for in no way do the whole of the
herbaceous kinds thrive so well near London as kept in pots
in a cool shady frame.
Increased by seeds and by division of the crown of the
root. Our drawing was taken in Mr. Lowe's Nursery in
May last.
J. L.
SOTO.
1610
DENDRÓBIUM * speciósum.
Shewy Dendrobium.
—
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA.
Nat. ord. Orcuineæ Juss. $ Malaxide® Lindl. (Introduction to the
natural system of Botany, p. 262.)
DENDROBIUM.— Supra, vol. 7. fol. 548.
D. speciosum ; caulibus erectis apice 2-3-phyllis, foliis ovali-oblongis inte-
gerrimis racemo terminali multifloro brevioribus, perianthil foliolis an-
gusto-oblongis, labello infra divisuram carina’ unica, lobo intermedio
latiore quàm longo ecarinato.. R. Br. prodr. 332. Lindl. gen. et sp.
Orch. 87. Hooker Bot. mag. 3074. Bauer's illustrations of Orchid.
tab. VI. genera.
_ Scarcely any plant is more common than this in collec-
tions near London; so readily is it cultivated, that 1t rarely
happens that a Gardener does not succeed in keeping it
healthy, and multiplying it abundantly: tied to a stick or
planted in earth, preserved in a greenhouse or stimulated
In a stove, in all cases it preserves the deep green of its
leaves and its aspect of robustness. But it seldom flowers.
his is owing to the weakness of the specimens, compared
with what is natural to them in their own country : -
not enough to keep their leaves green and plump, 1t 15 also
necessary that the plants should grow rapidly, and to at
least twice the size we are accustomed to see them ; then
and then only will they yield their stately and beautiful
racemes of pale-yellow wax-like blossoms.
The specimen from which the accompanying m
Was taken, was one of five produced upon the same c Fond
of stems, in the garden of the Rev. Mr. Huntly, of Kim-
REA. CONNU ER
* See fol. 1239.
bolton: each stem was nine inches long, stout in propor-
tion, and emitted from its base many scores of long white
healthy roots, which extended to the distance of near a foot
all round it. It flowered in March of the present year.
The method pursued in its cultivation was merely that
repeatedly recommended in this work, namely, to keep
such plants growing in a warm damp atmosphere, in pots
extremely well drained ; and not exposed to the direct light
of the sun. Under such treatment the stems soon begin to
throw out a number of little green-tipped delicate roots,
which gradually turn white and lengthen, adhering to the
surface of garden-pots, or any thing they may be near. If
no accident befalls such roots, nothing is likely to interfere
with the future progress of the plant; but slugs and wood-
lice are great enemies of them, feeding upon the youngest
and tenderest tips; and it is indispensable that these
animals should be completely kept away ; for a root of this
sort once injured rarely recovers. Job
/ off.
HN au »
"P.
6 Hal
1611
CALCEOLARIA* viscosíssima.
Clammy Calceolaria.
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. SCROPHULARINER Juss. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 228.)
CALCEOLA RIA.— Supra, vol. 9. fol. 723.
C. viscosissima ; suffruticosa, viscido-glandulosa, foliis caulinis oblongis ru-
sosis sessilibus cordatis v. amplexicaulibus v. connatis crenatis v. irregu-
lariter denticulatis, paniculis confertis corymbosis, corolle labiis sub-
:equalibus.
C. integrifolia, y viscosissima. Hooker in Bot. mag. 3214.
C. rugosa macrophylla. Hort.
C. rugosa latifolia. Herbert in litteris.
Caulis sublignosus, 2-3-pedalis, viridissimus, pilis viscidis dens obtectus.
olia viridissima, valdé rugosa, viscida, obtusa, nunc subcordata, nunc
amplexicaulia, nunc omnino connata, ambitu crenato v. inequaliter denticu-
ato. Panicule terminales et axillares, conferte, viscidissime, multiflore.
Corolle aurez v. flave. Stamina styli fere longitudine.
Luo um U
~ A beautiful shrubby species, with the habit of C. integri-
folia, except that it has a far more herbaceous character.
lt is covered all over with viscid hairs, so densely, that it
is difficult to separate it from any thing that is pressed
Upon it.
It grows about 3 feet high, and produces ample crops of
flowers all the summer long. We first received it from the
onourable and Rev. William Herbert in the autumn of
2; and it is from specimens subsequently communicated
y that gentleman that our drawing was taken. Mr. Lowe
also sent it from his Nursery, at Clapton, in May of the
* See fol. 1214.
present year; and we have seen it in the collection of the
Horticultural Society, under the name of C. rugosa macro-
phylla.
This appears to be subject to vary in the degree of ser-
rature of its leaves, in their thickness, greater or less hairi-
ness, and in the colour of the flowers, which are in some
specimens bright yellow, in others very pale; the base of
the stem-leaves is also different in different individuals, in
some being absolutely connate, in others deeply cordate, in
others eared, and even in some cases but slightly cordate.
Nevertheless we consider this and its deviations an un-
doubted species, distinguished essentially by its sessile auri-
culate stem-leaves, viscid branches, and nearly equal lips
of the corolla. We presume it is the No. 529 of Mr.
Cuming's collection, and perhaps also the 281 of Mathews,
and 88 of Mr. Bridges, who says his plant is very common
near Valparaiso, where it is called Arguenita.
A frame plant, easily multiplied by cuttings. 5
dks:
1612
LOBÉLIA* Túpa.
The Tupa-Poison Plant.
SYNGENESIA MONOGAMI A.
Nat. ord. Lopettacex Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 187.)
LOBELIA.--Suprà, vol. 1. fol. 60.
L. Tupa ; tomentosa, caule erecto angulato foliisque oblongis decurrentibus
rugosis incanis, racemo terminali folioso multifloro, calyce subrotundo
5-dentato velutino, corollá tomentosa fissá alté 5-partitä : laciniis paral-
lelis falcatis secundis obtusis.
L. Tupa. Linn. sp. pl. 1318. Willd. sp. pl. 938. Römer et Schultes,
9.98. Bot. mag.
Rapuntium spicatum vulgó Tupa. Feuillee, journal des observations, &c.
2. 739. t. 99.
Of this plant we read as follows in the curious Journal
of Father Feuillée, who visited the west coast of South
America between the years 1707 and 1712.
“ All this plant is a most ready poison ; its root yieldeth
a deadly milk, as also doth its stem ; the odour of its flowers
produceth cruel sickness. When one handleth them, care
must be had not to bruise them between the fingers ; for if
one thereafter rubbeth his eyes, some of the milk having
touched them, a man will surely lose his sight, as hath been
remarked by experience. *** I found this plant on the
mountains of the kingdom of Chily, as high as 37 degrees
of south latitude."
. We have no evidence of the accuracy or inaccuracy of
this statement; but we know that all Lobelias are dan-
EE 0A, T. ps XM
* See fol. 1200.
gerous inflammatory poisons, and therefore this is likely to
participate in similar properties.
At the present day it is found in the same country as is
mentioned by Father Feuillée. We have it from Concep-
tion, where it was gathered by Cuming, from Valparaiso
from Macrae, and from the classical island of Juan Fer-
nandez, where it was gathered by Douglas.
In the gardens it is an herbaceous plant, growing from
3 to 6 feet high, producing a number of unbranched erect
stems, covered with broad gray leaves, and terminated by
a raceme of dull, but rich purple flowers. It is not hardy
enough to bear our winters without protection, because of
the wet; but keep it dry, and it will require no other care,
for it grows in any soil or situation. In Mr. Lowe's Nursery,
where our drawing was taken, it occupies a long bed at the
back of one of the stoves, where it increases amazingly.
When in flower, in August and September, it is a very
handsome species.
J. L.
/673.
NA AS. ME
VARAS »
1613
XEROPHYLLUM* setifólium.
Tough-leaved Xerophyllum.
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. Merantuace® R. Br. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 272.)
XEROPHYLLUM Richard. — Calyx hexapetalopartita, subrotata,
petalis eglandulosis : alternis pauló minoribus. Filamenta erecta, basibus
Inter se et cum germine contigua. Anthere subrotunde, utrinque mar-
ginate. Stigmata 3, angusté ligulata, canaliculata, superné revoluta.
Capsula subtestacea, feré globosa, quasi tricocca, apice rima triplici externé
dehiscens, 3-locularis : loculis 2-spermis. Semina basi loculorum adnata,
erecta, oblonga, compressa. Mich.
X. setifolium : foliis caulinis subulato-setaceis, racemo thyrsoideo, bracteis
setaceis pedicellis brevioribus, filamentis basi dilatatis petala ovato-
oblonga ;quantibus. Römer et Schultes, 7. 1567.
X. setifolium. Michaux fl. boreali- Amer. 1. 210. Torrey flora. 1. 370.
Helonias asphodeloides. Linn. sp. pl. 485.
Xerophyllum tenax. Nutt. gen. 1.235. R. et S.l. c.
Helonias tenax. Pursh fl. Am. sept. 1. 243. t. 9.
A beautiful herbaceous plant, whether we regard the
tufts of bright green, curved, neat-looking leaves, or the tall
spikes of white and violet flowers, which it throws up 1n
June and July. In a peat border it grows vigorously, and
will thrive in the most exposed situations and driest seasons.
A division of the crown of the roots is the usual mode of
Propagating it, unless it ripens seeds, which sometimes
happens.
. It grows wild in various parts of North America, espe-
cially in the sterile tracts called Pine-barrens, both on the
* So called from Engos, dry, and pianon, a leaf ; in allusion to the texture
of the foliage.
east and west sides of the continent. The natives, inha-
biting the highlands of the Rocky Mountains, where it is
abundant, weave their water-tight baskets out of its tenacious
leaves.
Since the time of Pursh the plant used for this purpose,
and the common American kind, have been considered dif-
ferent; but we are unable to detect the slightest mark by
which they may be separated. That now figured was
raised in the Garden of the Horticultural Society from seed
collected on the north-west coast of America by Mr.
Douglas ; and it seems identical with the Helonias aspho-
deloides of the Gardens and of Botanists. yoy
1614
ASTER* éminens.
Curve-leaved Aster.
SYNGENESIA SUPERFLUA.
Nat. ord. Compositx Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 197.)
ASTER.—Supra, vol. 3. fol. 183.
A. eminens ; foliis lanceolato-acuminatis subamplectentibus inferioribus in
medio arguté serratis supra in ambitu laté scabris, caule paniculato
patulo, ramis apice simpliciter corymbosis, periclinii turbinati subeequalis
foliolis lineari-lanceolatis patulis. Nees gen. ast. 87.
.Junceus. Hort. Kew. 3. 204.
- longifolius. Lam. enc. meth. 1. 306. n. 33.
. eminens. Willd. en. hort. Berol. 2. 886.
. mutabilis. Hort. Kew. 3. 205.
-levigatus. Pursh. fl. am. 2. 553.
. Virgineus. Nees synops. ast. p. 22.
> > > > > Pp
A very common North American Aster, found in marshes
and by the sides of ditches, from New York to Carolina,
according to Pursh; and also in Canada, as we learn from
Dr. Hooker’s Herbarium. |
Scarcely any species of this most variable genus is less
constant in its appearance than the present ; and it may be
said that the state now represented is ill calculated to give
à correct notion of it. We are, however, disposed to con-
sider this the most extreme and genuine form, from which
all others are to be considered deviations. In a great many
cases the leaves are wider and serrated ; in others those
that subtend the flowers are shorter; sometimes the stem 1s
hairy, sometimes smooth; in many the involucrum 1s less
PEE rip 000 000
* See fol. 1487.
squarrose ; and occasionally the whole plant assumes the
appearance of A. larus.
A. eminens may be certainly known from all the other
species in the same section by its involucral leaves not only
being leafy, and more or less squarrose, but spreading very
much at the time the plant is in flower; and also by the
taper-pointed figure of the floral leaves. _ A. squarrosulus,
a very nearly allied plant, has shorter involucral scales,
which contract about the florets, and much smaller flower-
heads.
This plant is a hardy perennial, growing often as high
as 5 or 6 feet, and bearing in the latter end of September a
profusion of bright lilac flowers. It is often called salici-
Jolius in the gardens. IL
LS
1615
GOMPHOLOBIUM * ténue.
Delicate Gompholobium.
DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. Lecuminosa Juss. $ Papilionacee. (Introduction to the
natural system of Botany, p. 87.)
GOMPHOLOBIUM.— Supra, vol. 6. fol. 484.
G. tenue; glaberrimum, caulibus filiformibus levibus, foliolis 3 linearibus
angustissimis margine revolutis mucronulatis, floribus solitariis peduncu-
latis, vexillo emarginato carina imberbi dupló longiore.
Suffrutex glaberrimus, debilis, ramis filiformibus angulatis levibus uni-
floris. Folia 3-foliolata, foliolis linearibus, venosis, margine revolutis,
mucronulatis ; stipulis subulatis petioli longitudine. Calyx viridis, laciniis
subequalibus. Petala lutea, vexillo extus purpurascente.
A little under-shrub, found on the south-west of New
Holland by Mr. William Baxter, from whose seeds it was
raised in the Nursery of Mr. Knight, of the King's Road,
where it flowered in August last for the first time.
. Itis nearly related to G. virgatum, from which it differs
in the proportion borne by the standard to the keel ; and
also to G. venulosum, from which it is distinguished by its
very narrow leaves.
A greenhouse plant, increased by seeds and cuttings.
It requires to be kept in an extremely well-ventilated
situation. E.
—— Ó—
* See fol. 1468.
1616
GONGÓRA* maculata.
Spotted Gongóra. -
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA.
Nat. ord. Oncnipgx Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 262.)
. GONGORA Fl. Peruv.—Perianthium explanatum, Sepala lateralia
libera divaricata, supremum cum dorso columne connatum. Petala minora;
columnee medio adnata. Labellum cum basi columne continuum, liberum,
unguiculatum, hypochilio explanato utrinque cornuto, epichilio verticali
ancipiti (faciebus oppositis complicatis connatis) acuminato. Columna
longissima, arcuata, clavata, marginata. Anthera subbilocularis. Pollinia 2,
inearia, in caudiculam cuneatam sessilia.—— Herbe epiphyte, pseudobul-
bose. Folia plicata. Racemi longissimi, flexuosi, multiflori. Lindl. gen.
et sp. Orchid. pars IIT. p. 158.
G. maculata ; foliis 5-plicatis obovato-oblongis basi valdé angustatis, sepalis
lateralibus è lat basi angustatis, hypochilio oblongo subtús convexo ur
obtusé bicorni apice truncato angulis acutis in cirrhis duobus producto,
epichilio acuminato. TOS
Epiphyta, acaulis, pseudobulbis ovatis angulatis. Folia pedem et ultra
longa, 4 pollices lata, pm viridia. Racemi radicales, penduli, ome
23 pedes longi. Scapus purpureus, glaber, squamis quibusdam } l longs
distantibus vaginatus. Pedicelli divaricati, cum ovari0 g ps ds m i wi
purpurei. Sepala vitellina, purpureo interrupt? fasciata; supremum “ear?
lanceolatum, erectum, dorso columne accretum ; lateralia qu jo eroe
flexa, marginibus revolutis, à latá basi angustata, et à basi supremi pe s only
vallo Sejuncta. Petala pallidé purpurea, obscure maculata, — viridis,
acuminata, antrorsim arcuata, sepalo supremo mora. ae ta ut
obscure maculata, semiteres, clavata, feré sigmoidea, ta une a erit
in ovarium obliquissime recumbit, et in pedem productissimum Se Cirrhea
utringue labellumque in medio. Clinandrium valde d hi li " sub-
ellum compressum, colore sepalorum, hypoc Me qu MET
sagittatum duplo minore.
* Named by the authors of the Flora Peruviana in honour of D. Antonio
i i f Santa
Caballero y Gongora, Bishop of Cordova, who, while Archbishop el
Fé and Teer p New Ganit was a zealous A m the celebrated
Mutis, and an ardent promoter of all branches of Natural History.
YOL. Ar, I
Many a strange figure has been met with among Orchi-
deous plants, and numerous are the animal forms which
Botanists have fancied they could recognise among their
singular flowers. Some are said to bear little men aud
women swinging below their canopy of petals; others have
appeared to carry the likeness of lizards, frogs, and other
reptiles, crouching among their leaves; while some have
been compared to Oberons and Titanias hanging- by their
tiny arms from the bells, where they have concealed them-
selves. To what the flowers of the plant now figured can
be likened, we profess not to know, unless to some of the
fantastic animals of heraldry ; a griffin segreant, as they
term it, would do as well as any other for a comparison.
This most curious species was sent us by Richard Har-
rison, Esq., from his Garden at Liverpool: it was originally
introduced from Demerara, in 1832, by Mr. Thomas Moss,
of Otterspool. It flowered in the hothouse in May; its
bunches of flowers were two feet and a half long, and hung
down most gracefully from the pot in which the plant
was suspended; of this our diminished figure in the back-
ground is intended to be a representation.
A few years ago the genus Gongora was so little known,
that some doubts were even entertained of its existence.
Our Gardens now possess two species, neither of which is
the kind originally figured in the Flora Peruviana.
Ji La
1617
ERYTHRÍNA* poianthes ; var. subinermis.
Thornless naked-flowering Coral-tree.
pe Seen,
DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA.
Nat. ord. Leguminosae Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 86.)
ERYTHRINA.—Supra, vol. 4. fol. 313.
E. poianthes. Supra, fol. 1246.
B subinermis; foliis floribusque contemporaneis, caule subinermi.
E. poianthes. Lowe in bot. mag. 3234?
We can scarcely doubt that the plant from which the
accompanying figure was taken, and that illustrated by
Mr. Lowe in the Botanical Magazine, are the same; neither
can we hesitate to consider both of them materially dif-
ferent from the species figured at fol. 1246 of this work.
In the latter the flowers appear without the leaves, and
the stems are extremely prickly: in the kind now repre-
sented we find the flowers and leaves accompanying each
other, and the stem scarcely producing any prickles. It is
true that Mr. Lowe describes his plant as producing the
flowers before the leaves; but then he figures the young
shoots without prickles, in which we conceive the material
difference to consist.
According to Mr. Lowe this plant -i
of the gardens of Madeira, where it is cul
it becomes a low tree, 15 or 20 feet high, with a trunk
sometimes 4 feet in circumference, and so soft that its
Wood resembles cork ; its branches are said to strike root
sa great ornament
Itivated, and where
* See fol. 1246.
with great readiness; so that a piece, however rudely broken
off, will grow when stuck into the ground.
Our drawing was made from a beautiful specimen
growing in the stove of his Grace the Duke of Northum-
berland at Sion; it was 6 feet high, had a richly streaked
bark, and was crowned by a thick cluster of leaves and
flowers. We regret to learn that the splendid collection at
Sion is no longer under the care of Mr. Forrest, who has
retired from its superintendence, to practise the profession
of a Landscape Gardener, for which his skill, experience,
and good taste, render him eminently qualifjed.
3:15
1618
SAUROGLOSSUM* elätum.
Tall Lizard's Tongue.
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA.
Nat. ord. OncnutipEx. $ Neottiee Lindl. (Introduction to the natural
system of Botany, p. 262.)
SAUROGLOSSUM. — Perianthium connivens, sepalis lateralibus li-
nearibus, arcuatim patentibus, basi in ovarium decurrentibus, Labellum
anticum, lineare, canaliculatum, ecallosum, basi dilatatum. Columna
elongata, semiteres, basi producta, apice subspatulata ; clinandrio declivi
immarginato, rostello ovato. Pollinia 2, biloba, caudiculá brevissima.—
Herb terrestres (Americee sequinoctialis) foliis radicalibus, floribus racemosis
herbaceis scapo insidentibus, radicibus carnosis fasciculatis.
S. elatum.
Radices terrestres, fasciculati, carnosi. Folia radicalia oblongo-lanceolata,
suberecta, carnosa, plicis nullis, scapo 3-plà breviora. Scapus strictus, fer?
2-pedalis, pubescens, squamis foliaceis viridibus distantibus vaginatus. Ra-
cemus pedalis et ultra, densus, cylindraceus. Bractee canaliculate, subu-
late, florum ferà longitudine. | Ovarium pubescens. Perianthium cylin-
draceo-convolutum, sepalis viridibus lineari-lanceolatis, versus apwem lati-
oribus, superiori petalis agglutinato, lateralibus arcuatis, basi valdè obliquis,
antic paululàm sub labello connatis. Labellum album, cum columna
parallelum, lineare, canaliculatum, sessile, basi ecallosum, pauld dilatatum,
medio pubescens, apice ovatum, dilatatum. Columna libera, elongata, sem-
teres, anticè producta, apice ovata, stigmate cordiformi, rostello acuto, vix
bifido, clinandrio retrorsüm declivi, immarginato. Pollinia 2, bisulca, pulverca,
caudiculá brevi, glandulà ovali.
For the specimen from which our drawing of this new
- are indebted to Mrs.
Orchideous plant has been taken, we are arch
Arnold Harrison, who obligingly communicated it in Marc
REN many of the parts of this
* So named from cutee, a lizard ; anger pie pte : the leaves may
curious plant may be likened to the tongue 0° ©.
be Wie La to the tongues of antediluvian Saurians, and the sepals to those
of modern species.
last. It is a native of the woods of Brazil, whence it was
sent by Mr. Henry Harrison.
A stove plant, requiring to be cultivated in earth, like
other terrestrial Orchidex of the Neottia tribe, to some of
which, such as Spiranthes grandiflora and Pelexia spi-
ranthoides, it bears a good deal of resemblance. Its struc-
ture is, however, distinctly different from that of any
published genus.
As there are several other genera of the Neottia division
of Orchideous plants, which are at present only known by
name, we avail ourselves of the present opportunity of
defining some of those which are the most remarkable, in
order that no confusion may be introduced into our nomen-
clature, in consequence of Botanists being unacquainted
with the plants upon which such genera are founded.
Sywassa Lindl. Sceletos.
Perianthium connivens? Sepala superiora et petala agglutinata, lateralia
labello supposita, basi producta in calcare cum ovario connato. Labellum
cum columná omnino connatum, apice crispum, dilatatum, callis duobus
infra apicem, basi cuniculatum. Pollinia 2, bisulca.—Sp. 1. Synassa co-
rymbosa ; in Peru. :
CNEMIDIA.
Perianthium connivens. Sepala lateralia semiconnata, basi in calcare
spurio producta. Labellum posticum, liberum, calcaratum, canaliculatum,
acuminatum. Columna teres, apice acuminata, clinandrio declivi immargi-
nato. Pollinia duo, caudiculä subulatá. Anthera subulata. (DECAISNIA
Lindl. in Wall. cat.; nomen libenter mutatum ob Decaisniam Ad. Brong-
niartit nuperius editam, sed melius cognitam et multó magis divulgatam.)—
Sp.2. Cnemidia angulosa et C. semilibera.
TniPLEURA Lindl. in Wall. cat.
Perianthium explanatum, cruciatum, quasi tetraphyllum, sepalo supremo
lato petalis agglutinato, lateralibus linearibus patentissimis. Labellum pos-
ticum, liberum, concavum. | Columna teres, brevissima, antice processubus
membranaceis (stam. steril.) corniformibus instructa. Anthera subrotunda,
apiculata, terminalis.
Myopa Lindl. in Wall. cat.
Perianthium reflexum, petalis sepalo superiori agglutinatis. Labellum
anticum, cum columná connatum, apice unguiculatum, hastato-tripartitum.
Columna teres, clavata, clinandrio carnoso cucullato, rostello M
obliquo. Stigma punctum parvum, bilabiatum. Anthera ovata. Pollinia 4.
ZEUXINA Lindl. Sceletos.
Perianthium. connivens. Sepalum supremum basi saccatum, lateralia
—— ——————— ————— SM—— á—MÀ——
connata. Labellum anticum, basi membranaceum, bicallosum, cum columná
connatum, apice unguiculatum, carnosum, dilatatum, concavum. Columna
brevissima, teres, clinandrio membranaceo, antheram involvente. Pollinia 4
(v. sec. iconem Hamiltoni 8), in duas massas connata, caudiculá brevi ligu-
latâ, glandulá uncinatá.
Gerorcuis Lindl. in Wall. cat.
Perianthium cylindrico-connivens, basi ventricosum. Labellum anti-
cum, sessile, basi intus pilosum, cucullatum, apice convolutum. Columna
brevissima. — Clinandrium longissimum, acuminatissimum, immarginatum.
Anthera acuminatissima. Pollinia 4, minuta, caudiculis totidem longissimis
setaceis separabilibus.
HyrornuirA Lindl. in Wall. cat.
Perianthium connivens. Sepalum supremum arcuatum, lateralia oblique
recurva, feré uncinata. ^ Labellum nanum, anticum, liberum, saccatum,
dependens, apiculatum. Columna brevissima, clinandrio proclivi, rostello
curvo subulato. Anthera subulata. Pollinia 2, caudiculá subulatá.
Hamaria Lindl. Sceletos. Gonogona Link.
Perianthium explanatum, sepalis lateralibus reflexis. Labellum liberum,
anticum, basi bicallosum, testiculato-saccatum, apice obliquum, unguicu-
latum, subsagittatum, planum. Columna teres, clavata, clinandrio carnoso,
cucullato, oblique torto, rostello acuminato. Anthera bilocularis, acumi-
nata, clinandrii cucullo semioccultato. Pollinia 2, sulcata.
Trorınıa Lindl. in Wall. cat.
Perianthium connivens. Sepala lateralia majora, basi obliqué producta,
calcar mentientia. — Labellum liberum, sessile, ventricosum, compressum,'
lateribus reflexis lamellatis, apice constrictum, cucullatum. Columna teres,
clinandrio longè infra stigma excavato. Anthera dorsalis, mutica. Pol-
linia 4, in massas 2 bilobas coheerentia, caudiculà brevi.
Herpysma Lindl. in Wall. cat.
Perianthium connivens, sepalo supremo paulo sejuncto, lateralibus et
petalis antrorsüm arcuatis. Labellum anticum, calcaratum, cum pog
connatum, basi dilatatum, apice abrupté subrotundum, sub apice bicallosum.
Columna semiteres, clinandrio marginato. Pollinia 2, caudiculis distinctis,
polline sectili. T
1619.
1619
ASTER* coficinffus.
Neat Aster.
SYNGENESIA SUPERFLUA.
Nat. ord. Composirz Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 197.)
ASTER.—Supra, vol. 3. fol. 183.
A. concinnus; foliis lanceolatis amplectentibus remote arguté serratis
margine scabris, ramulorum oblongis integerrimis, caule laxo subco-
rymboso, ramis virgatis dichotomo-paniculatis, periclinio arcté imbricato.
Nees gen. et sp. Aster. 121.
A. concinnus. Willd. en. hort. Berol. 2. 884. Pursh fl. am. sept. 2. 554.
A native of the plains and woodland of North America,
from New York to Pennsylvania, according to Pursh. In
the gardens it is a common hardy perennial, growing about
3 feet high, and flowering in September and October.
. It is among the most distinct of the species of this
difficult genus, being known among the division to which
It gives its name, by the smallness of its involucra, and by
the lax and very compressed character of its inflorescence
on the stronger branches. In only assumes- the racemose
appearance of our figure on the weak shoots arising from
the roots. In general the upper leaves are all very entire,
and have an almost linear outline, the lowest only being
serrated; but occasionally the leaves are distinctly serrated
as high as the lower ramifications of the inflorescence.
For those who have gardens, this is one of the most
Worth cultivating, because of the gay colour of its flowers,
and its neat appearance. The stem is <a ct inc a
More or less with purple.
u
* See fol. 1487.
REST
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1620
OXALIS* divérgens.
Diverging Wood Sorrel.
Pages ne
DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
Nat. ord. Oxatipex De Cand. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 140.)
OXALIS.—Supra, vol. 15. fol. 1249.
O. divergens, acaulis, glabra, foliolis 3 cuneatis bilobis: lobis divergentibus
rotundatis, scapis multifloris, sepalis ovatis apice maculà didymá notatis,
stylis staminibus brevioribus.
O. divergens. Benth. in herb. Lindl.
A A a
A native of Mexico, whence bulbs were sent, a few
years since, to the Horticultural Society by Mr. Graham,
from whom we have a wild specimen. It is easily culti-
vated under a frame which excludes all wet and very
severe cold ; and, like all the American species of the same
habit, prefers the open soil to the confinement of a pot.
It flowers from June to September.
The Botanical affinity of this species is greatest with
O. grandifolia, like it a Mexican plant with white flowers :
it is also allied to O. violacea; but the form of the lobes of
its leaves distinguishes it from either species. TL
ES ae? A
* See fol. 1249.
1621
CALCEOLARIA* purpúrea.
Purple Calceolaria.
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. ScrOPHULARINEZ Juss. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 228.)
CALCEOLARIA.— Supra, vol. 9. fol. 723.
C. purpurea; herbacea, caulibus erectis ramosis, foliis venoso-rugosis his-
pidis, radicalibus cuneato-spatulatis serratis postice integerrimis subacutis,
caulinis cordatis superioribus minoribus integerrimis, corymbis termi-
nalibus multifloris. Graham in bot. mag. 2775.
Caules pilosi, apice subviscidi, bipartiti, racemoso-corymbosi. Folia
pallide viridia, crassiuscula, scabrida, grosse reticulata. Flores purpurei,
corolle labio superiore minore subfornicato, inferiore tripló majore, plicis 3-4
gibbosis, Ovarium ovatum, cum stylo glabro staminibus glabris paulo longius.
. A species but seldom seen in collections, being of little
interest to the florist, on account of its delicate constitution
and want of beauty. It is probably in its native soil a
perennial; but it is scarcely better than a biennial when
cultivated, from the great difficulty of preserving it alive
through the winter. It succeeds best in a pit or cool
greenhouse, but not so well in the open air; and is increased
both by seeds and offsets.
Our drawing was made in the Garden of the Comte de
Vandes in June 1832.
The Species is a native of Chile, where it was found
near Valparaiso by Mr. Cuming ; and in the Cordillera by
r. Cruckshank, to whom we are indebted -for its intro-
duction. BL
oem nn NS
* See fol. 1214.
1622
COLLÓMIA* coccinea.
Brick-red Collomia.
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat.ord. PorzwowiacEx Juss. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 219.)
COLLO MIA.— Supra, vol. 14. fol. 1166.
C. coccinea ; foliis lanceolato-linearibus supremis ovato-lanceolatis integer-
rimis, v. apice profunde 3-4-dentatis, calyce semi-5-fido : laciniis lato-
lanceolatis obtusis, corollis calyce plus dupld longioribus, staminibus
inclusis, capsule loculis monospermis. Bentham MSS. ‘
- coccinea. Lehm. delect. sem. hort. Hamburg. 1832.
C. lateritia. Don in British flower-garden, t. 206.
_A hardy annual, resembling Collomia linearis, from which it is distin-
guished by its deep-red flowers and by the frequent division of the points of
the leaves into three sharp segments of unequal length. :
It is a native of Chile, whence its seeds were brought by Mr. Cuming.
If sown thick in a large mass, it is tolerably pretty ; but single plants have
very little to recommend them. It is, however, a good plant to mix with
other flowers for bouquets.
.. The seeds should be sown in March, in the open border, when the flowers
will appear in June : if again sown shortly after that time, à second crop of
flowers may be had in September and October, seasons which suit it rather
better than the dog days. > :
Our drawing was made in the Garden of the Horticultural Society.
and remarkable new species of this
tly received from California by the
furnished us with the
will be extremely
: À considerable number of very pretty
rue order of plants having been recently rec
orticultural Society, Mr. Bentham has obligingly
ollowing epitome of their.characters, which we are sure
acceptable to our Botanical readers.
HucELra.+ Calyx tubuloso-campanulatus sem!
niis subinzqualibus linearibus rigidis subspinosis. :
reviter exserto, limbo 5-partito, laciniis oblongis integerrimis.
i-5-fidus, sinubus vix membranaceis,
s. Corolla infundibuliformis, tubo
Stamina ad faucem
+ In honour of er Hugelia of Reichenbach is
igel : i s ugelia of Reic i
Didisoús S of Baron Charles de Hügel of Vienna g
E
É
inserta. Antheræ lineares, sagittate. Capsule loculi polyspermi. — Herb» annus vel
perennes plus minusve albo-lanate. Folia alterna, linearia, integra vel pinnatifida. Flores
dense corymboso-capitati, calycibus bracteisque imbricatis lana densa basi immersis.——A
Gilia differt habitu et antheris.
1. H. densifolia, humilis, caule glabriusculo, foliis crebris fere omnibus pinnati-
fidis glabratis, segmentis utrinque 2-3 acerosis, corolle tubo exserto, staminibus
corollam subaquantibus.—Corolle ccerulee.—California Douglas.
2. H. elongata, ramis elongatis divaricatis vel procumbentibus tomentosis, foliis
brevibus simplicibus vel utrinque segmentis 1-2 auctis, omnibus albo-tomentosis vel
demum vix glabratis, corolla tubo exserto, staminibus corollam superantibus.—Flores
intense ccrulei.— California Douglas.
3. H. virgata, erecta stricta, foliis elongatis simplicibus vel pinnatifidis laxe
albo-lanatis, corolle tubo exserto, staminibus corolla brevioribus.—Flores intense
cerulei.— California Douglas.
4. H. lutea, erecta, foliis inferioribus elongatis simplicibus glabratis, superioribus
abbreviatis pinnatifidis albo-lanatis, corymbis parvis, corolle tubo incluso, staminibus
corollam zquantibus.— Flores lutei.—California Douglas.
LiwawTHUs.* Calyx tubulosus membranaceus, nervis 5 viridibus validis apice in
dentes subulatos recurvos productis. Corolla infundibuliformis, tubo brevi, limbo 5-fido,
laciniis obovatis apice crenulatis. Stamina tubo inclusa. Anthere filiformes, basi vix
sagittate. Capsule loculi polyspermi.— Genus calyce, antheris, et habitu distinctissimum.
1. L. dichotomus. Herba annua, glaberrima. Folia opposita, sessilia, palmati-
secta, segmentis 3-5 lineari-subulatis. Flores in dichotomiis solitarii, subsessiles,
ebracteati, versus apicem ramorum plurimi approximati. Corolle magnitudine et forma
et fere colore Lini suffruticosi.—California Douglas.
LrrrosrrHow.t Calyx tubuloso-campanulatus, æqualis, semi-5-fidus, lobis lineari-
subulatis acutis, sinubus membranaceis. Corolla infundibuliformis, tubo longe exserto
tenuissimo, limbo campanulato 5-fido, lobis ovalibus obtusis integerrimis. Stamina ad
faucem inserta. Anthere oblonge basi sagittate. Capsule loculi polyspermi.—Herbe
annuz, basi glabre, apice pubescentes. Folia opposita, sessilia, palmatisecta, segmentis
linearibus vel subulatis. Flores dense corymboso-capitati, axi sublanato. Bractew imbri-
cate, foliis conformes, segmentis ciliato-hirsutis.——A Giliis sectionis Dactylophylli corolla
forma distinctus.
1. L. grandiflorus, subsimplex, foliis 7-11-fidis, laciniis subulatis strictis margine
revolutis, corollæ tubo limbo vix duplo longiore, filamentis brevissimis.—Coro
cerulec fundo aureo vel purpureo. California Douglas. i
2. L. androsaceus, foliis 5-7-fidis, laciniis oblongo-linearibus, corolle tubo —_
2-3-plo longiore, staminibus corolla limbo triplo brevioribus.--Corollw minores et
intensius coloratz quam in precedente.—California Douglas. .
3. L. luteus, foliis 5-7-fidis, laciniis oblongo-linearibus, corolle tubo limbo sub-
quadruplo longiore, staminibus limbo corollæ subtriplo brevioribus, stylo corollam
= ^^ gt ei lutee fundo intensiore, in var. ß pallidiores. — California
ouglas. :
4. L. parviflorus, foliis 5-7-fidis, laciniis oblongo-linearibus, corolle tubo limhe
quadruplo longiore, staminibus limbo corollæ vix dimidio brevioribus, stylo sub-
exserto.— Corolle pallide flavæ fundo intense luteo.—California Douglas. i
5. L.? densiflorus, foliis 9-11-fidis, laciniis subulatis strictis margine revolutis,
corolle tubo limbo breviore.—Corolle pallide purpurascentes ? — California Douglas.
da non genus proprium inter Leptosiphones et Gilias sectionis Dactylophylli
um,
,FENzLIA.Í Calyx tubuloso-campanulatus, profunde 5-fidus, sinubus membranacels
laciniis linearibus acutiusculis erectis. Corolla subinfundibuliformis, tubo hii io
5-partito, laciniis obovatis dentatis. Antherm ovate, sagittate, e tubo breviter
Capsule loculi polyspermi.
1. F. dianthiffora. Herba pusilla, subsimplex, 2-3-pollicaris, glabra vel mm
EEE.
- Linanthus, from the resemblance of the flower to several species of Linum.
T Leptosiphon, from the tenuity of the tube of the corolla.
‚+ Fenzlia, in honour of Dr. Fenzl, of Vienna, now publishing a monograph of
Alsinee. :
pubescens. Folia opposita, linearia, integerrima. Flores 1-3 pedunculati. Corolla
fere pollicaris, purpurascens, fundo luteo.— California Douglas.
Gırıa Cav.— Calyx campanulatus, 5-fidus, margine et sinubus membranaceis. Corolla
infundibuliformis vel subcampanulatus, limbo 5-partito, laciniis obovatis integris. Stamina
ad faucem vel vix intra tubum inserta. Anthere ovato-subrotunde, Capsule loculi
polyspermi.—Herb:z, foliis (in Ipomopside et Eugilia) alternis pinnatisectis, segmentis
pci dissectisve, vel (in Dactylophyllo) oppositis palmatisectis, segmentis integris
subulatis.
Sect. 1. Dactylophyllum. Folia inferiora opposita, omnia sessilia palmatisecta. Flores
sad longe pedunculati. Corolle tubus brevissimus, limbus patens.—An genus pro-
prium
l. G. liniflora, foliis inferioribus oppositis omnibus sessilibus palmatisectis,
corollis calyce triplo longioribus.—Flores albi? forma et magnitudine Lino tenui-
folio similes.— California Douglas. " E.
2. G. pharnaceoides, foliis inferioribus oppositis omnibus sessilibus palmatisectis,
corollis calyce duplo longioribus.—A G. /iniflora differt floribus dimidio minoribus.—
California Douglas. * AVES s
3. G. pusilla, foliis inferioribus oppositis omnibus sessilibus palmatisectis, corollis
calycem vix excedentibus. — Habitus Arenarie tenuifolim. A G. p rnaceoide dif-
fert floribus dimidio minoribus, corollis minus patentibus.—Chili (La Punta de
Cortes) Bertero.
Sect. 2. Ipomopsis. Folia alterna pinnatisecta vel pinnatifida. Flores solitarii vel
subglomerati. Corolle tubus elongatus longe exsertus.
fe 4. q coronopifolia Pers. syn. 1. 187. Ipomopsis elegans Sm.
.t. 13. Carolina.
5. Gilia pulchella Dougl. MSS. Ipomopsis elegans Lindl. bot. reg. 15. t. 1281.
North-West America. : foliis bi
. 6. G. tenuiflora, caule erecto elato superne viscoso ‚subnudo paniculato, fo mu
Pinnatisectis glabris, floribus subsolitariis, corymbis laxis longe pedunculatis, coro.
calyce 4-plo longioribus.—Flores coerulei.—California Douglas. |
G. arenaria, caule humili viscoso subnudo, foliis pinnati
aries subglomeratis, corollis calyce 3-plo longioribus.—Flores
ouglas. iis pinnati
_8. G. crassifolia, caule erecto viscoso superne paniculato $ vbanio, fes Enders,
fidis sublanatis demum glabratis, segmentis oblongo-l Rz re ste
floribns subsolitariis divaricato-paniculatis, corollis calyce duplo longioribus
flavescentes ?—Chili Cuming, Bridges.
Sect. 3. Eugilia. Folia alterna pinnatifida vel pinnatisecta.—Flores subsolitarii vel
Sepius glomerati. Corolle tubus calyce subbrevior. To SR
em inconspicua Dougl.; Bot. mag. e t. 2883. Ipomopsis inconspicua Sm.
exot. fl. t. 14.—North -West America Douglas. 3 E:
10. G. tricolor, caule erecto glabro folioso, foliis > capere o cwm rii
subulatis, corymbis 3-6-floris virgato-paniculatis, corollis calyce subtrip r
p: u. tubus luteus, limbus Labbe ae is puri rr. t
- G. laciniata Ruiz et Pav. fl. Per. et, Ghib = 24 pare :
Bridges, Bertero, Cuming, 729. &c. Peruvia Ruiz et Pavon. Fuer na etnia
12. G. multicaulis, caule erecto glabriusculo, foliis a ae tis,
segmentis linearibus, corymbis 3-10.floris longissime wee w E
corollis calyce vix duplo longioribus.—Corolle cæruleæ.— Californ abs sequuta
| 13. G. achilleefolia, caule erecto glabriusculo, foliis bi-tri-pin secta,
exot. bot. 1.
fidis, lobis ovatis,
i, —California
i issi calycibus
lineari-snbulatis, coryrabis capitatis multifloris longissime pedunculatie, ©
at, pu yce y longioribus, staminibus corolla brevioribus.— Corollee
cerulez.-— California Douglas. "T
| 14. G. capitata Desain: Hook. bot. mag. 56. t. 2698. Lindl. bot. reg
| t. 1170.—North-West America Douglas.
basi membranaceus, apice 5-fidus, laci-
/Écocnroa.* Cal ulatu > ta
ios LOA. yx tubuloso-campanulatus, » formis, tubo
nus inequalibus rigidis integris multifidisve spinosis. Corolla subhypocrateriiormis,
NL c E
* /Egochloa, from the fetid smell of some of the species.
calycem subequante, limbo 5-partito, laciniis oblongis integris. Stamina intra partem
superiorem tubi inserta. Antherz ovato-subrotund®. Capsulz loculi polyspermi.— Herbae
plerumque glutinose foetide. Folia pinnatisecta, segmentis incisis acutissimis. Flores
dense capitati, bracteis inciso-multifidis spinosis suffulti.
1. Æ. intertexta, erecta ramosa, foliis glabris pinnatisectis, segmentis lineari-subu-
latis acutissimis incisis divaricatis subspinosis, calycis sublanati dentibus plerumque
multifidis, corollis calyce subbrevioribus, staminibus exsertis.— California and North-
West America Douglas. y
2. AR. cotulafolia, erecta stricta, foliis glabris bipinnatisectis, segmentis lineari-
subulatis acutissimis foliorum superiorum floraliumque spinosis, bracteis villosulis,
dentibus calycinis subintegris, corollis calycem zquantibus, staminibus exsertis.—
California Douglas. :
3. Æ. pubescens, molliter pubescens, caule ramoso, foliis pinnatisectis, laciniis
inciso-pinnatifidis, lobulis divaricatis subspinosis, calycibus bracteisque basi mem-
branaceis glabris apice inciso-pinnatifidis villosis, corollis calyce subduplo longioribus,
staminibus e tubo exsertis. California Douglas.
4. JE. pungens, Gilia pungens Dougl.; Hook.. bot. mag. 57. t. 2977. viscoso-
pubescens, foliis pinnatisectis, segmentis integris incisisve, laciniis lanceolato-linearibus
acutissimis spinosis, bracteis ciliato-hirtis basi dilatatis, dentibus calycinis lanceolatis
subintegris, corollis exsertis, staminibus tubo inclusis.— California Douglas.
5. ZE. eryngioides, Gilia eryngioides Bot. zeit. 1833. 1. 122. G. mucronata
Lehm. del. seni. hort. Hamb. 1832?—Chili Cuming, Bridges, Bertero, &c. ;
6. JE. atractylioides, viscosissima, foliis pinnatifidis rhachi dilatata, lobis subulatis
divaricatis spinosis, floralibus ovatis imbricatis spinoso-dentatis flores amplectentibus,
dentibus calycinis subulatis integris. — Habitus Atractylidis humilis.— California:
Douglas.
Corrowia. Calyx campanulatus 5-fidus vel sub-5-partitus, lobis lanceolatis lineari-
busve equalibus integris. Corolla hypocrateriformis, tubo tenui exserto, limbo patente
5-partito, laciniis oblongis integris. Stamina versus medium tubi inserta. Anthere
ovato-subrotunde. Capsule loculi 1-2-spermi.— Herbz, folia alterna, rarius inferiora
opposita integra inciso-dentata vel rarius pinnatifida. Flores dense capitati, bractels
lato-ovatis integerrimis suffulti.
1. C. heterophylla Hook. bot. mag. 56. t. 2895. Lindl. bot. reg. 16. t. 1347. —
North-West America Douglas.
2. C. coccinea Lehm. Supra.
3. C. grandiflora Dougl. Lindl. bot. reg. 14. t. 1174. Hook. bot. mag. 56. t.
2894.— North-West America Douglas.
4. C. linearis Nutt. gen. 1. 126. Lindl. bot. reg. 14. t. 1166. Hook. bot. mag.
6. t. 2893.— North -West America.
5. C. gilioides, foliis pinnatisectis, segmentis linearibus integris, calycibus profunde
5-fidis, staminibus tubo corollæ inclusis, capsulæ loculis monospermis. —
C. gracilis.—California Douglas. TRA
5 6. C. glutinosa, procumbens, foliis subpinnatisectis, segmentis oblongo-linearibus
integris vel subincisis, calycibus sub-5-partitis, staminibus corolla longioribus, capsulæ
loculis monospermis.——Corollæ C. gracilis.— California Douglas.
_ 4. C. gracilis Dougl. Gilia gracilis Hook. bot. mag. 56. t. 2924. Calyces 5-par-
titi. Folia inferiora opposita. — North West America and California Douglas, Ch
Cuming, Bertero, Bridges, &c. 147.
Phlox pinnata Cav. ic. 6. 17. t. 528. f. 1. is probably another Collomia, and d
aggregata Pursh fl. amer. sept. 1. 147. a Gilia; but I have not. seen either of them, an
they are too imperfectly described to refer them to either genus with certainty.
E J . L.
1623
EPIDENDRUM* oncidioídes.
Oncidium-flowered Epidendrum.
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA.
Nat. ord. Orcuipex. $ Epidendree Lindl. (Introduction to the
natural system of Botany, p. 262.)
EPIDENDRUM.—Suprà, vol. 17. fol. 1415.
$. Foliis in pseudobulbos insidentibus. Lindl. gen. et sp. of Orchideous
plants, p. 97.
E. oncidioides, foliis in pseudobulbos ovales ancipites 2-3 ensiformibus pani-
culá terminali ramosá breyioribus, sepalis petalisque obovatis unguiculatis
patentibus, labelli liberi trilobi lobis lateralibus nanis oblongis columnae
longitudine intermedio subrotundo cuspidato basi 5-costato.
Pseudobulbi oblongi, ancipites, pallide virides. Folia 2-3, late ensi-
formia, subobtusa, fere bipedalia, 14 poll. longa, pallid? viridia. Scapus
Sere à basi paniculatus, terminalis, 3 pedes longus, divaricatim ramosus.
Flores odoratissimi. Sepala et petala sordide lutea, versus apicem fusco-
purpurea. Labellum sordidè luteum, lineis quibusdum brevibus in discum.
For this noble plant we are indebted to our indefatigable
correspondent Richard Harrison, Esq. of Liverpool, who
favoured us with a splendid specimen, along: with a sketch
by Mrs. Arnold Harrison, in June last. It has so much
the appearance of Oncidium luridum, that we at first sight
took it for a new species of that genus: it is, however, a
genuine Epidendrum, nearly allied to E. odoratıssımum,
With which it agrees in its delicious and powerful fragrance:
when the specimen was unpacked, the whole air of the
room became perfumed as if a basket full of violets and
roses had been scattered over the floor.
America,
No doubt it is a native of some part of South
but of what country in particular is uncertain. Mr. Har-
* See fol. 1415.
VOL. XIS. K
rison informs us, that he received it from Mr. Cattley, who
knew nothing of its history. It has been many years in
the country, and is in almost every collection; but it never
flowered before. Generally the plants one sees are so weak
as to resemble the very different East Indian species called
Liparis longipes; and the history of Mr. Harrison's having
at last succeeded in flowering it, is no doubt his superior
mode of cultivation. The leaf we received with the speci-
men was near two feet long; and the panicle itself fully
three feet from one extremity to the other.
We think it is one of the most interesting species we
have yet figured ; for it is not only handsome, singular, and
fragrant, but its flowers are very durable, remaining in
perfection for at least a fortnight. E
1624
ANTHOCERCIS* viscósa.
Clammy Anthocereis.
ELE A
PR
DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA.,/ i
Nat. ord. ScRoPHULARINEE Juss. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 228.)
ANTHOCERCIS.— Suprà, vol. 3. fol. 212.
—
A. viscosa ; foliis obovatis glanduloso-punctatis margine scabriusculis : no-
vellis ramulisque tenuissime pubescentibus, capsulà ovatà calycem sub-
equante. R. Brown prodr. 1. 448. Hooker in bot. mag. t. 2961.
icc Te
_ A native of the southern coast of New Holland, where
it was first found by Dr. Brown. It is a handsome shrub,
with dark green neat leaves; and if kept in health is a
very desirable greenhouse plant, easily propagated by
cuttings, and flowering in May and June.
Being of a soft nature, never forming any hard wood,
or well-ripened shoots, it is peculiarly liable to injury from
over-watering, or from the earth in ‚which it 18 planted
becoming saturated ; if this happens, it immediately sickens,
is leaves losing their dark green colour, and becoming
of a pale yellow hue. Inconvenience of this kind any
gardener will know how to guard against.
Lowe's Nursery in May
Our drawing was made in Mr.
last. |
This genus, usuall referred to Solanez, appears rather
to belong to Scrophálafiiili for reasons which will be
explained at fol. 1626. |
opi ———ss
* Ksgxss, a ray, in combination with »9«, a flower, furnished M. Labil-
lardiére with a name for this star-flowered genus.
————— REPRE O nn
1625
LEPTÓTES* bícolor.
T'wo-coloured Leptotes.
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA.
Nat. ord. OncuipEx. $ Epidendree. (Introduction to the natural
system of Botany, p. 262.)
LEPTOTES.—Sepala et petala linearia, subeequalia, patentia. Label-
lum posticum, trilobum, cum columna parallelum, laciniis lateralibus nanis
circa columnam convolutis, intermedia oblonga marginibus reflexis. Columna
brevis, crassa, semiteres. Anthera ....++- Pollinia sex, incumbentia,
quorum 2 superiora pyriformia obliqua compressa, 4 inferiora ineequalia
tenuiora, anterioribus duplà minoribus. Caules breves, teretes, squamas
vaginati. Folia teretia. Scapus terminalis, simplex.
Leptotes bicolor.
Caules unciales, inter muscos provenientes, teretes, squamis membranaceis
acuminatis vaginati, quorum superiores caulem sepiüs superant. Folia
solitaria, 3-4 poll. longa, atroviridia, rigida, cylindracea, supra sulcata.
Racemus triflorus, folio brevior, bracteis minimis ; pedicelli erecta, pedunculo
longiores. Sepala et petala candida, equalia, linearia, patentia. Labelli
lacinie laterales, candida, lineari-ovate, obtuse ; intermedia sanguinea, apice
et margine candida, oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, pone basin quasi fracta, et
ibi fascia angusta, pallida, notata. Columna viridis. Pollinia lutea, filis
nullis replicatis, nec glanduld ullá separabili adherente.
‚It is to Mrs. Arnold Harrison that we are obliged for
this pretty little plant, which flowered in her stove 1n April
last. Itis a native of the Organ mountains of Brazil.
Its habit seems to be to grow among broken potsherds,
decayed vegetable matter, and moss ; treated in this way,
a small portion, sent to us with the sketch from which
our drawing was made, struck root, and has now become a
little healthy plant.
* From »srros, slender; in allusion to the leaves.
Leptotes differs from Tetramicra,* next to which it
should be placed in any system, firstly, in the singular
structure of its pollen-masses ; secondly, in the dwarf cha-
racter of the lateral lobes of the labellum ; and thirdly, in
the want of a spur adhering to the ovarium. It is also
nearly related to Brasavola, from which it is known by its
pollen-masses, and by its 3-lobed labellum. i
l qe k
* This genus, founded on the Cymbidium rigidum of Willdenow, is the
Brasavola elegans of the Botanical Magazine, t. 3098; a plant which we
believe has not yet been introduced.
ab PH D "AM f d ^ adi O £7
LO Y Piccadilly Hor. Í fe ^.
v d
1626
PETÚNIA* violácea.
Purple Petunia.
AE
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. Soranez Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 231.)
PETUNIA.— Calyx breve tubulosus, laciniis foliosis. Corolla tubo
cylindraceo v. ventricoso, limbo plicato ineequali plano 5-lobo. Stamina 5,
insequalia, inclusa, medio tubo corolle inserta. Ovarium disco insertum,
dente unico utrinque ad suturam instructo. Stigma capitatum. Capsula
valvis 2 integris, seminibus spheericis reticulatis.
P. violacea ; caulibus prostratis viscido-pilosis, foliis ovatis brevi-petiolatis
acutis, corollee ventricosee laciniis ovatis acutis.
Petunia violacea. Brit. fl.-gard. n. s. 193.
Salpiglossis integrifolia. Hooker in bot. mag. t. 3113.
Nierembergia pheenicea. Brit. fl.-gard. n. s. 193.
Semina minuta, spherica, pallide testacea ; testá levi grosse reticulatá,
hilo minimo. Embryo brevis, rectus, in axi albuminis copiosi carnosi albi,
radiculá hilo versá.
A native of Buenos Ayres,
plants from the same country,
during the summer; in winter i
frost. There is perhaps no plant y
border-flowers have begun to
before any of the hardy border-™
expand. Planted singly against a
, Y
* Petun is the Brazilian name of one of the species.
p]
open ground, it is also a striking ornament; but it is only
when collected into a large bed in the open air, and allowed
to entangle and interlace its branches, till every piece of soil
is concealed, that its whole splendour is developed. It
then produces, from August to October, a succession of its
purple blossoms, which are yielded in such profusion, and
of so bright a colour, as to render the spot where it grows
almost too bright to look upon.
It will grow in any sort of earth, but prefers a rich old
long-cultivated soil, with a warm and sheltered exposure.
It is readily increased by cuttings, which should be struck
like those of a Geranium.
Petunia violacea, Nierembergia phanicea, and especially
Salpiglossis integrifolia, are the names by which it is known.
We adopt the first in preference, for the following reasons:
Salpiglossis is a genus now common in this country, with
didynamous stamens and an imbricated corolla, two highly
important characters, which are wanting in this plant ;
Nierembergia is, like it, pentandrous; but the peculiar
form of the corolla, the absence of teeth upon the disk,
and the singular lunate stigma of that genüs, render it
impossible to place this in Nierembergia without violating
every principle of generic distinction : if there is any one
genus in Solaneze more natural and more positively defined
by obvious and important characters than another, It 1S
Nierembergia, properly so called, with which this ought
on no account to be confounded. But from Petunia, of
which the now common Petunia nyctaginifiora may be
taken as the type, the plant before us differs in nothing
whatever except the inflated tube of its corolla, and the
size of its embryo: Petunia is remarkable for the thickene
bases of its filaments, which all arise upon the same plane
from the middle of the tube, for its capitate stigma, the
oblique limb of its corolla, the leafy segments of its calyx;
and for its disk, which bears a distinct tooth on each side
where it touches the suture of the ovarium. Now there 15
not one of these highly characteristic marks in which this
plans differs from Petunia, to which we, without any scruple,
reier it.
Having been referred to Salpiglossis by so acute and
experienced a Botanist as Dr. Hooker, it is to be presume
that some doubt is entertained whether it belongs to Solanez
or Scrophularinee ; we will, therefore, take the liberty of
offering a remark or two upon this subject.
The general mode of distinguishing Solanee from
Scrophularinez is by thé very obscure character of the
curved embryo of the former. It is true that Dr. Brown
adds to this a plaited corolla, and stamens equal in number
to the segments of the corolla and calyx ; but it is plain that
he considers these less absolute than the curved embryo,
because he admits such plants as Anthocercis, which has
didynamous stamens and an imbricated corola, placing
them indeed in a distinct section, but still referring them
to Solanee. Dr. Bartling, in his valuable work on the
Natural Orders of Plants, does not adopt this view, but
attaches only a subordinate importance to the form of
embryo, and makes the distinction between the two orders
depend upon the plaited corolla and symmetrical flowers of
Solaneze, as contrasted with the imbricated corolla and
didynamous flowers of Solanee. Dr. Hooker adopts
Dr. Brown's opinion, as we have also ourselves in “* the
Introduction to the Natural System of Botany ;” and Mr.
Arnott does the same, but with some misgivings as to its
being right. In our latest work upon such subjects, the
Nizus Plantarum, we have followed Dr. Bartling, aban-
doning our former view of the matter. We trust we may
now be permitted to explain wherefore.
There can be only one reason for such a character as
the curved embryo being adopted as an absolute distinc-
tion between two nearly allied orders, 1n preference to all
others, and that must be its uniformly accompanying other
essential points of structure. How far this is the case will
be apparent from two or three plants allied to that now
under consideration. In Petunia nyctaginiflora is found
the common curved and twisted embryo of Solaneze; but
in Petunia violacea the seeds of which cannot externally be
distinguished from those of the latter, not even when sm
lying side by side upon the feld of the microscope, the
ight, and much shorter, SO that it
specific importance in this
the embryo is curved and
characters the genus agrees
with Scrophularinez ; finally, in Nicotiana persica, which
no one can doubt being a genuine species of Solanez, the
embryo is nearly straight. We therefore are obliged to
conclude, that a false importance has been given to this, as
it certainly has to a great many other microscopic characters ;
a truth which has not escaped the acuteness of Fries. But
to the plaited corolla and symmetrical flowers there are no
exceptions that we know of; and these, therefore, we prefer
as marks of distinction.
Solanex and Scrophularines are, however, orders so
very nearly related in nature, that scarcely any real limits
can be expected between them. Where they touch, their
similarity must almost amount to identity. "Nevertheless,
as the orders are no doubt most truly and naturally distinct
to a great extent, we could not for the reasons just men-
tioned combine them. "They should rather be considered
as the connecting groups of two larger masses of plants, of
which one has a tendency towards regular flowers and
symmetrical stamens, and the other a tendency towards
irregular flowers and didynamous stamens. This arrange-
ment, which we have carried into effect in the Nizus
Plantarum, may be thus expressed : —
g
A E
DICARPE E Petunia. | Salpiglossis. Š PERSONATE.
(42)
g E
2
Q
Y
J. L.
ie: tiene
1627
CYRTOCHÍLUM* flavéscens.
Straw-coloured Cyrtochilum.
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA.
Nat. ord. Oncniprz Juss. $ Vandeew Lindl. (Introduction to the
natural system of Botany, p. 262.)
CYRTOCHILUM Humb. et Kunth.—Perianthium explanatum. Se-
pala libera, lateralia unguiculata. Petala pauló minora. Labellum ecalca-
ratum, indivisum, ungue tuberculato cum basi columne continuo. — Columna
brevis, alata. Anthera bilocularis. Pollinia 2, caudiculá filiformi, glandulá
minutä. Herb: epiphyte, v. terrestres, pseudobulbose. Folia coriacea.
Scapi radicales, paniculati. Flores speciosi. Genera et sp. of Orchideous
plants, p. 210.
C. flavescens ; foliis lineari-ensiformibus geminatis scapo «equalibus, scapo
compresso arctissim& vaginato, Tacemo multifloro, bracteis glumaceis
(flavescentibus) floribus subeequalibus canaliculatis, labello sessili ovato-
lanceolato repando crispo basi pubescente inappendiculato.
. Rhizoma epigea, teres, tortuosa, repens. Folia primordialia brevia,
lineari-oblonga, è medio pseudobulbum, oblongum, angustum, diphyl'um pro-
mentia; perfecta lineari-ensiformia, obtusa, apiculata, pallidà viridia, patula,
racemi longitudine. Vaginee scapi arctissime imbricate, acuminate, cart-
nate, flavo-virides. Bractee ultra 2 poll. longe, glumacez, straminea,
canaliculate, acuminate, floribus parim breviores. Sepala et petala flava,
lineari-lanceolata, acuminata. Labellum sessile, flavum, sanguineo-macu-
latum, basi pilis crebris loco tuberculorum munitum.
A native of Mexico, whence it was imported by Mr.
Tate about three years ago.
It lowered for the first time in June last in the collec-
tion of Richard Harrison, Esq. of Aighburgh, to whom we
are indebted for a specimen, along with a sketch from the
pencil of Mrs. Arnold Harrison.
* From xvezà;, convex, and sires, A lip; in allusion to the form of the
labellum.
It is interesting not only for its beauty, but also as
being the first species of the genus which has yet blos-
somed in Europe. Like the other kinds, its flowers turn
orange-colour in drying.
A tender stove plant, growing upon a branch of a tree,
or in a pot among decayed vegetable matter and potsherds.
J. L.
1628.
7 ja B
Muss Drake del,
Ur. á /
(/) / / A A
os d MAX LA Y (f y zy vL 1h EIA Pa P AR 4 Fuse
WM U Y if SAM VU / OY Suea ly Merz af VIF I
1628
CALCEOLÁRIA* séssilis.
Sessile-leaved Calceolaria.
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. S :
system of Botany, o. MAA Juss. (Introduction to the natural
CALCEOLARIA.—Supra, vol. 9. fol. 723.
essilis; herbacea, caulibus erectis ramosis incanis, foliis sessilibus ovato-
btüs incanis, cymis
em s serrulatis rugosis semiamplexicaulibus su
Rap n axillaribusque subpaniculatim otdinatis, corolle labiis sub-
qualibus conniventibus, stylo subulato staminum longitudine.
au Herb. Mathews, no. 207.
. sessilis. Fl. peruv. 1. p. 18. Syst. 332. Römer et Schultes syst. veg.
1. 187. Dietrich sp. pl. 1. 597.
gn incano-tomentosus, subquadrangu ttescei Foli
ds. equalia, superiora presertim sessilia, subamplexicaulia, basi tri-
pallid? en serrulata, supra reticulato-rugosa, subtús incana. Corolle
i utee, labiis conniventibus subequalibus. Cymee nunc longè nunc
vi pedunculate, unde inflorescentia vel laxa v. compactior.
oS A A A eae
h In no collection of dried specimens of Chilian plants
ave we seen this, except in one from Mr. Mathews, who
caben it about Valparaiso. - The Hon. and Rev. W
rial raised it from seeds collected by Mr. Cuming, an
obliged us with specimens in September 1832. We have
met with it in no collection near London.
It is always a neat-looking herbaceous species, with a
tendency to become shrubby». and is very beautiful when
Dor vigorously in the open border. Its habits are no
oubt those of C. integrifolia, to which it is nearly related :
pi O ——————
* See fol. 1214.
laris, basi frutescens. Folia
it is readily known by the hoary colour of the under-side of
the leaves, and by the upper leaves being generally sessile,
with almost triangular bases. The figure we have given is
taken from a very rapidly grown specimen, in which this
character is less distinct than usual. p
1629
HIBISCUS* spléndens.
Splendid Hibiscus.
— >
MONADELPHIA POLY ANDRIA.
Nat. ord. Marvaceæ Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 33.)
HIBISCUS.—Supra, vol. 1. fol. 29.
. Sect. 2. Carpella polysperma. Semina glabra aut in dorso lineà sub-
villosà. Corolle expansee. Involucella foliolis 8-15 integris constantia.
(Abelmoschus.) De Cand. prodr. 1. 449.
H. splendens; caule aculeato ramoso arborescente incano, foliis palmatis
3-5-lobis velutinis petiolo costáque aculeatis, involucello 15-fido, laciniis
lineari-subulatis hispidis.
H. splendens. Graham in Edinb. phil. journal et bot. mag. t. 3025.
A native of New Holland, whence seeds were sent by
the late Mr. Frazer in 1828. In this country it 1s a stove
plant, requiring plenty of light and atmospheric moisture
during its season of growth. It flowers in August, and is
readily propagated by cuttings.
Dr. Graham first described the species from a plant that
flowered in the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh ; and, speaking
of its great beauty, quotes the following passage from one
of Mr. Frazers letters: ** This 1 consider the king of all
the known Australian plants. I have seen it twenty-two
feet and a half high; the flowers this. year measured nine
inches across; they were of the most delicate pink and
crimson colour, and literally covered the entire plant.
^ T J. L.
* See fol. 1463.
»
T.
Ae, “ap PLA PL oag Ga Aff ah 77792 B. v Ub LA.
gia Fibby I Sadgway JOG Gcadilty Dee, | IEIS. ' JS Bue Pen
1630
LIBERTIA* formósa.
Handsome Libertia.
MONADELPHIA TRIANDRIA.
$ Hi ord. IrınE = Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of Botany,
LIBERTIA Spreng. (Renealmia R. Br.; Nematostigma Dietrich.)—
Perianthium 6-partitum, regulare ; foliolis interioribus majoribus basi angus-
tatis. Filamenta inferné connata v. distincta, superné patentia. Stig-
mata 3, involuto-filiformia, acuta. Capsula obovato-clavata. Semina an-
gulata. Inflorescentia subpaniculata, fasciculorum spathis abbreviatis. —
Herbe sylvicole glabre. Radix fibrosa, nunc e rhizomate. Folia graminea,
ara, nervosa. Caulis teretiusculus, quandoque divisus. Fasciculi alterna,
umbellati, spathis persistentibus. Perianthium album, patulum, citò deci-
duum ; foliolis exterioribus extùs sepiüs virescentibus; interioribus sepe
unguiculatis, Capsula membranacea. Semina biseriata, atra. R. Brown
Prodr. sub Renealmia.
SN ormosa ; caule folioso, foliis radicalibus caule brevioribus margine levibus,
laciniis perianthii exterioribus ovatis apice subherbaceis carinatis, inte-
rioribus unguiculatis cordatis retusis, filamentis basi coheerentibus, fruc-
tibus lore minoribus. Graham in Edinb. phil. journal, Oct. 1833.
EM Ve ae ;
We are obliged to Mr. Lowe, of the Clapton Nursery,
E the opportunity of figuring this rare plant, which was
ound by Mr. James Anderson in the island of Chiloe,
growing on the sea-shore within reach of the waves. lt
is a half-hardy herbaceous plant, flowering in May, and
Increased by dividing the root-stock.
‚Dr - Graham, from whom we borrow the following de-
scription, judiciously adopts the name Libertia for. this
seus, in preference to that of Nematostigma given 1t by
—
oiselle M. A. Libert, a learned
* So called in compliment to Madem
Belgian botanist,
y O L . X I X B L
Dietrich. The Libertia of Lejeune, or Michelaria of Du-
mortier, is considered with good reason to be a Bromus.
** Root-leaves (6 inches to 1 foot long, 2 to 44 lines broad)
equitant, every where glabrous, membranous at the edges
ot the sheath, linear-swordshaped, acute, nerved, the
central nerve thicker and stronger than the rest; stem-
leaves few (about three), sheathing, smaller upwards (the
uppermost 11 inch long), in form and structure like the
root-leaves. Stem (1 foot 4 inches high) simple, very slightly
compressed, glabrous, light green, jointed at the origin of
the leaves. Flowers capitate, pedicels light green, round,
glabrous, outer spathe bivalvular, longer than the pedicels,
membranous, repeated on the inner flowers, which expand
in succession. Perianth superior, 6-partite, glabrous, ro-
tate, tube none, outer segments small, narrow, ovate, and
colourless at the base, concave, keeled, and subherbaceous
at the apex; inner segments (7 lines long, 6 lines broad)
about twice the length ofthe outer, unguiculate, cordate,
entire, very slightly crisped, retuse at the apex, somewhat
fleshy or like white wax, with a distinct, somewhat
diaphanous middle rib, and very faint diverging lateral
nerves, Stamens 3, inserted into the base of the corolla,
opposite to the outer segments, about as long as the inner;
filament, like these segments, pure white, erect, cohering
for about a quarter of their length, above which they diverge
a little; anthers yellow, incumbent, oblong, cleft at both
ends, but especially at the lower, opening along the sides.
Stigmata minute, terminal, capitate, colourless. Style white,
single, shorter than the stamens, cleft into three to the
point where the filaments cohere, segments diverging be-
tween the filaments, each thicker than the cohering part
included within the sheath of the filaments. Germen in-
ferior, oblong, triquetrous, green, glabrous, 3-locular. Ovules
numerous, oblong, mutually impressed, fixed into a central
placenta.”
J.L.
n
i
1631
COMBRETUM* grandiflórum.
Large-flowered Combretum.
DECANDRIA MONOGYNTA.
Nat. ord. CousRETACcEx R. Brown. (Introduction to the natural
system of Botany, p. 66.)
COMBRETUM.—Supra, vol. 14. fol. 1165.
C. grandiflorum ; inerme, scandens, foliis oppositis brevé petiolatis oblongo-
subcordatis acuminatis integerrimis utrinque ramulisque parcé hirsutis,
spicis secundis axillaribus terminalibusque, bracteis ovatis acutis, floribus
5-petalis 10-andris erectis confertis, calycibus subglabris, staminibus
inclusis (exsertis). Graham in Edinb. phil. journal, April 1832. f
C. grandiflorum. G. Don in Edinb. phil. journal, 1824, p. 346. De
Cand. prodr. 3.21. Hooker in bot. mag. t. 2944. Graham in Edinb.
phil. journal, April 1833.
One of the many noble plants in which the once-fatal
colony of Sierra Leone abounds. It is not a climber, as it
is sometimes called, but rather a scrambling plant, raising
Itself upon other plants by means of a very curious kind of
hook with which nature has ingeniously supplied it. At
first Sight one would wonder what this hook can be; for
nothing like spine, or prickle, or tendril, can be discovered
upon the branches; for want of these, it is necessary that
i er place should be supplied by some special provision,
which is of the following kind. When the leaves are first
ully formed, they are seated upon a footstalk of a very
Common appearance ; but after a time they fall away, leaving
the leafstalk behind ; the latter does not wither up, but
gradually lengthens, hardens, sharpens, and curves, till at
tit becomes a powerful hook, admirably adapted for
Re M
* See fol. 1165.
catching hold of the branches of any tree that it may be
near, and thus elevating the plant from the earth.
In this country it can only be cultivated in the. stove,
where it forms a bush ofa few feet in height, and where
its hooks are not produced ; they appear only in its native
woods, where it is more vigorous, and where alone it has
occasion for them. It strikes freely from cuttings.
For the opportunity of figuring it we are indebted to
her Grace the Duchess of Buccleugh, from one of whose
drawings the accompanying Plate has been engraved: it
represents this plant in all its glory, as when it flowered at
Dalkeith for six weeks in succession, in December 1832,
producing, as we learn from Dr. Graham, in the course of
that time not fewer than one hundred splendid clusters.
J. L.
7632.
7 * A. à
DAS,
G
wit
M e
7), p
CC.
HL at
"
* s E
Y JI
LL CO TALL MA
i -— n
1632
PULTENZEA* subumbelláta.
Subumbellate Pultenca.
DECANDRIA MONOGY NIA.
Al ee Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
PULTENZA.—Supra, vol. 5. fol. 378.
s obtusiusculis utrinque
P. su Sree E
bumbellata ; ramis cinereis pilosis, foliis linearibu
s setaceis plumosis
eb capitulis terminalibus multifloris, bracteis liberi
oe alee muticis hirsutis multd brevioribus.
-Subumbellata. Hooker in bot. mag. t. 3254.
i a first sight this would hardly be considered the same
B on figured in the Botanical Magazine; but upon a
and D comparison of the specimen we have from Mr. Lowe
ihe r. Hooker's description, we have arrived at the con-
$ men, that what we now publish differs only in its less
is ur and health. "The principal differences consist in the
og flowers and spreading leaves of P. subumbellata; but
BOR Characters are in all probability owing to the cause
rem ee The bractex of this plant are setaceous an
sho arkably feathered with. white hairs; but they are so
rt as to be easily overlooked.
b aardy greenhouse plant, native
May 1 il was made in Mr.
om SIS
of Van Diemen's
Lowe's Nursery, 1n
J
A —E EEE
* See fol. 1584.
Y / / 4 g: Á E Eon , 75/7
AE UY) SAMYWUY f OY
SACHALMLY AAN
>
-t
1633
PASSIFLÓRA* kermesína.
Crimson Passionflower.
MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA.
Nat. ord. Passirtorrx Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 148.)
PASSIFLORA.—Supra, vol. 1. fol. 13,
^ 3i es. De Candolle, mém. soc. Gen. 1. pars 2. p- 435. Prodr.
P. hermesina ; glaberrima, foliis cordatis trilobis denticulatis subtüs vinosis,
petiolis biglandulosis, pedunculis solitariis foliis multo longioribus.
‘ Kermesina. Link et Otto.
Caulis scandens, teres, fruticosus, glaber, atroviridis, gracilis. Folia
triloba, cordata, supra atroviridia lucida, subtis vinosa discoloria, lobis
basi serrulatis ; petioli teretes, glandulis geminis minimis stipitatis in medio ;
stipulee foliacee, semicordate, apice subcirrhose, versus basin aliquandd
denticulate, Pedunculi solitarii, axillares, graciles, foliis multd longiores,
involucri loco articulo manifesto. Calyx sanguineus, laciniis lineari-oblongis
acutis, tubo brevi. Petala conformia et concoloria, sed paulo majora, plana,
patentissima, demüm reflexa. Corona series unica filorum brevium purpu-
reorum patentium ; adsunt praterea in medio tubo annulus crassus, Cujus
margo inferior deflectitur, et ad faucem conus albus membranaceus extus
serie unicá filorum longiorum erectorum appendiculatus.
We have not at hand the book in which this Passion-
flower has been published; but we believe it is described
and figured in the work of Messrs. Link and Otto upon the
new plants of the Berlin Garden. It was from that esta-
lishment that it was brought to the Horticultural Society
by Mr. Bentham, in the autumn-of 1831; and it has been
almost ever since in flower.
, itis beyond all comparison the
in cultivation, except P. racemosa.
ii ey
most beautiful species
Its lowers have a rich-
—
* See fol. 1339.
ness of colour which art cannot imitate; they are produced
in very great abundance at almost all seasons; and in con-
sequence of the length of the slender stalks from which
they singly hang, the whole plant has a graceful aspect,
which is unrivalled even among Passionflowers.
Unfortunately it is propagated with considerable diffi-
culty, no part of the stem striking from cuttings except
what is very woody and completely formed; and this,
which is always at the bottom of the stem, can scarcely be
procured without cutting down the whole plant.
Requires a hot and damp stove. :
J: ds
N
—À
j
V
» QV
|
|
1634
PASSIFLORA* gossypiifólia.
Cotton-leaved Passionflower.
MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA.
Nat. ord. Passtrtorex Juss. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 148.)
PASSIFLORA.—Supra, vol. 1. fol. 13.
3 m e De Candolle, mem. soc. Genev. 1. pars 2. p. 436. Prodr.
P. gossypiifolia ; caule petiolis foliisque utrinque molliter velutinis, foliis
p cordatis: lobis ovatis obtusis acuminatisve subdentatis, ovario
villoso.
P. hibiscifolia. De Cand. prodr. 3. 331. nec Lamarckii.
P. gossypiifolia. Desv. in Hamilt. prodr. p. 28. Link et Otto Abbildungen,
P. 91. t. 46.
ute erc E ARA
A native of several of the tropical parts of America. It
has been found by Dr. Hamilton in the West Indies, and
by Messrs. Deppe and Schiede in Mexico. About Lima,
in Peru, it seems to be common: from seeds collected in
that quarter by Mr. Cruckshanks, the plant from which our
rawing was taken was raised in the Garden of the Horti-
cultural Society, where it flowered in August 1832.
It is not a plant of much interest, unless minutely
examined, when the green stalked glands of the involucrum
and leafstalks will be found beautiful objects.
A perennial stove plant, multiplied by cuttings.
J. L.
* See fol. 1339.
1635
ANTHÚRIUM* erácile.
Slender Anthurium.
TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. AroIDER Juss. Subtribus Pothoinee Schott. (Introduction
to the natural system of Botany, p. 286.)
ANTHURIUM. — Spatha abbreviata, reflexa, persistens. Spadix sub-
sessilis flosculis tetrandris. Ovaria bilocularia, loculis 2-ovulatis, ovulis
axı appensis. Stigma oblongum. Bacce 2-4-sperme. Semina albumi-
nosa, Americane, tropice, subacaules, erecte, v. scandentes; foliis pal-
matis, digitatis v. sepids foliolo unico perfecto, reliquis abortivis (petiolis
apice tumidis); vaginis stipularibus (in speciminibus floriferis !) petiolo alter-
nantibus persistentibus. Schott et Endlicher meletemata botanica, p. 22.
A. gracile ; subacaule, foliis cuneato-lanceolatis acuminatis basi vald angus-
tatis: venis marginalibus obsoletis, petiolis gracilibus, pedunculis fili-
formibus, spadicibus gracillimis paucifloris.
Pothos gracilis, Rudge plant. Guian. rar. p. 23. t. 32. Römer et Schultes
Syst. veg. 3. 432.
Messrs. Schott and Endlicher, in a very elaborate
memoir, have lately, and we think rightly, separated the
American plants usually referred to Pothos from that
genus, and have given them the new name of Anthurium.
€ type of the genus Pothos, in the acceptation of these
learned Botanists, is the Pothos scandens figured at fol. 1337
of this work.
This species is a native of the tropical parts of America:
the plant from which our drawing was taken was commu-
nicated by our liberal correspondent Mr. Richard Harrison,
Who obtained it from Demerara, through the assistance of
homas Moss, Esq. of Liverpool. It has little beauty
A ^ From ados, a flower, and oóga, a tail; in allusion to the form of the
adix,
when in flower; but its spikes of crimson berries give it
rather a pretty appearance when in fruit.
It agrees precisely with specimens from Guiana, for
which we are indebted to Dr. Hooker, and which we refer
to the Pothos gracilis of Rudge. It is also closely related
to Pothos Harrisii, from which it chiefly differs in its nar-
rower and more tapering leaves, and in its slender peduncles
bearing spadices, which may be called few-flowered if com-
pared with the long, crowded inflorescence of Pothos Har-
risil.
Requires the heat of a stove, and a treatment similar to
that of epiphytal Orchideous plants. x
a i
1656.
7) sh es 470%
by E AR Wy es Leif 1 OE N
AY s / / a ) FI), /á recalls 1
t Miss Hr be . der. “Ye ey / 7 UW oe D Y ae
1636
ASTER* puniceus ; var. demissus.
Dwarf Blue Aster.
SYNGENESIA SUPERFLUA.
Nat. ord. ComPosırz Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 197.)
ASTE R.— Suprà, vol. 3. fol. 183.
A. puniceus; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis amplectentibus acuminatis medio
adpresso-serratis supra scabris, caule hispido patulo-racemoso, ramis
inferis racemosis superis simplicibus, periclinii laxi foliolis lineari-subu-
latis equalibus. Nees gen. et sp. Asterearum, p. 67.
A. amenus. Lamarck.
A. puniceus. Linn. aliorumque.
A. hispidus. Lamarck. : ;
Var. demissus, caule sesquipedali corymboso, floribus coeruleo-violaceis.
: puniceus y demissus. Lindl. in D. C. prodr. vol. v. ined.
. Aster puniceus is one of the commonest and most gene-
rally known of all the North American species. Its tall
hispid racemose stem will at once distinguish it from others
that are generally met with. Accordingly we find, that
While endless errors are committed in the determination of
the species of this most difficult of all genera, the A. puni-
ceus has, with few exceptions, been kept in books unmixed
With its neighbours. ;
The variety we now represent has long been known ın
English gardens, but we have not met with it in any
oreign collection; for which reason we hesitate to con-
Sider it the same as Nees von Esenbeck's variety B. Its
abit is so peculiar, that we formerly took it for a distinct
species; and it was distributed from the Garden of the
dd E
* See fol. 1487.
Horticultural Society under the name of Aster demissus.
But the absence of all trace of it in a wild state, and its
close approach to A. puniceus in most respects, except
stature and the colour of its flowers, has induced us finally
to rank it as a simple variety.
It is a very compact herbaceous plant, not exceeding a
foot and a half or two feet in height, with very pale-green
leaves, and a corymbose stem closely covered with masses
of bluish flowers, which appear in August, long before those
of the true A. puniceus. It is among the handsomest of
the genus.
Our drawing was made in the Garden of the Horticul-
tural Society, where it had been received from the Liverppol
Garden, under the name of Aster, No. 7.
bL.
1637
GESNERA* Suttóni.
Captain Sutton's Gesnera.
—
DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA.
Nat. ord. Grswerex® Richard. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 227.)
GESNERA.—Supra, vol. 4. fol. 329.
G. Suttoni ; herbacea, foliis cordato-ovatis crenatis tomentosis, caule race-
moso, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis, corollee labio superiori oblongo
undulato, inferiori parvo revoluto.
G. Suttoni. Booth in litt.
For the communication of the drawing and following
account of this new plant we are obliged to Mr. William
Beattie Booth, Gardener to Sir Charles Lemon, of Carclew.
“ We owe the introduction of this fine plant to Captain
Sutton, of His Majesty's Packet establishment at Falmouth,
Who informs us that he found it growing in a wood, on a
sloping hill, near the Bay of Bomviaga, Rio de Janeiro, at
an elevation of between 30 and 40 feet above the level of
the sea, and not exceeding forty yards from the water. Its
beautiful flowers attracted his attention, and induced him
to dig up the plant and bring it home. On his arrival. in
England, in March 1833, he presented the choice collection
of Orchideous and other interesting plants he had formed,
to Sir Charles Lemon, Bart. M.P., and George Crocker
Fox, Esq., Grove Hill, Falmouth, in whose Garden the
present plant flowered in July, under the judicious manage-
ment of Mr. Friend, who favoured us with the specimen
from which the accompanying figure and description were
taken. It has some resemblance to Gesnera bulbosa ; but
o o
* See fol. 1158.
is evidently distinct from that species, differing from it in
foliage, as well as in the flowers, which are larger, and
have a broader outstretched upper lip.
* Root tuberous. Stem herbaceous, round, tomentose,
growing to the height of about 2 feet. Leaves of a rich
green colour, produced on footstalks about i an inch in
length, opposite, ovate, cordate at the base, crenated, and
densely covered on both sides with hoary pubescence.
Flowers axilary, rising singly on a round hoary peduncle,
about the length of the tube of the corolla. Calyx of 5
equal-sized acuminate segments. Corolla of a fine scarlet
colour outside, very pubescent, tubular, and slightly ventri-
cose, swelling at the base, inside smooth, yellowish red.
Upper lip large and spreading, the edges undulated ; /ower
lip very short, and revolute. Filaments filiform, hairy,
protruding to about the length of the upper limb of the
corolla; four in number, with the rudiment of a fifth.
Anthers connected. Style large, round, densely pubescent,
the same length as the filaments, of a pale yellow colour,
excepting at the base, which is green, with two white
fleshy processes, a, on the part that is uppermost when the
flower is in its proper position. Stigma open, swelled at
the point, and bifid.
** We have named the species in honour of the gentleman
by whom it was introduced. It requires the constant heat
of the stove, and flourishes in a strong rich soil. It has
not yet been increased ; but we have no doubt that cuttings
of it will strike root without much difficulty."
J: L.
(DIS
1638
AMARYLLIS* kermesína.
Carmine Amaryllis.
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. AmarYuLIDEE R. Br. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 259.)
AMARYLLIS.—Supra, vol. 1. fol. 23.
foliis linearibus obtusis scapo brevioribus, umbellá triflora,
A. kermesina
i alibus infundibuliformibus pedicellis parum
floribus suberectis subæqu
longioribus.
A beautiful plant, with which we are acquainted only
from the accompanying figure and notes, for which we are
obliged to Mr. W. B. Booth, Gardener to Sir Charles
Lemon, of Carclew.
“ Roots of this pretty species of Amaryllis
from Brazil, in the early part of 1833, by Lieut. Holland,
of the Royal Marines, who presented them to Miss Street,
of Penryn, to whom we are indebted for the specimen from
which the accompanying figure and description were taken.
It appears to rank next to A. advena, Bot. Reg. t. 1125. f. 1.
and A. intermedia, Bot. Reg. t. 1148, but is perfectly distinct
from either, and indeed from any species with which we
are acquainted.
* Bulb somewhat larger than a pig
outer covering of a dark brown colour. Leaves two or more
in number (our specimen had only two, but we saw some
with three), from 8 inches to a foot in length, and about
one-fourth of an inch in breadth, linear-lorate, obtuse at
the point, slightly glaucous, and of a green bright colour.
CRI. QUEM MICE
* See fol. 1188.
VOL. MIX. M
lis were brought
eon's egg, with the
Scape glaucous, paler than the leaves, a little compressed,
and about a foot high. Flowers pedicelled, three or four in
number; pedicels round and slender, from 2 to 3 inches
in length, and surrounded at their base with a pale brown,
bivalved, acuminate spathe. Perianthium about 21 inches
long, funnel-shaped, slightly campanulate, of a deep carmine
colour, marked with darker veins. Segments six, oblong-
lanceolate, all nearly equal in size, the three outer ones tipped
with a small inwardly-barbed mucro. Stamens assurgent,
rather more than half the length of the perianthium, two of
them much shorter than the rest. Anthers large, roundish-
oblong. Style about one-third longer than the stamens, of
a pale red colour, thickening gradually towards the stigma,
which is 3-lobed, spreading, and recurved. Ovary turbi-
nate, 3-celled, many-seeded. Ovules distichous, flat ?
“ We have not observed any disposition in the plant to
increase itself by offsets from the principal bulb. The soil
in which it thrives very well is a mixture of loam, peat,
and sand. It has hitherto been kept in a warm vinery.”
SB
\
|
/ Dur 9 Es gu Ku xm IG FL A
Laut. Med, Feb by SL. IAJAAY ZE 7 IPeccardidlay Lar. 7.73 TEL. «
1639
HESPEROSCORDUM* lácteum.
Milk-white Hesperoscordum.
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. AsPHODELEX Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 273.)
HESPEROSCORDUM Lindl. in Bot. Reg. sub tab. 1293.— Perianthium
subcampanulato-rotatum, 6-fidum, cum pedicello articulatum. Stamina 6,
fertilia, filamentis dilatatis membranaceis sequalibus è fauce exortis, basi
subconnatis. Sguame hypogyne 0. Ovarium sessile, 3-loculare, polysper-
mum, apice triglandulosum ; stylus teres, cum ovario articulatus; stigma
simplex. Capsula trilocularis, trivalvis, polysperma, valvis medio septiferis.
Semina nigra, angulata, subcrustacea. Herba ( Boreali- Americana) cormis
tnduviatis. Flores umbellati.
H. lacteum ; floribus exterioribus ascendentibus pedicellis duplo brevioribus.
Cormi nucis avellane majoris, v. Croci magnitudine, induviis nitidis
argute reticulatis vestiti. Folia debilia, linearia, canaliculata, scapi longi-
tudine. Scapus sesquipedalis, debilis, teres. Umbella multiflora; involucri
polyphylli foliolis linearibus subulatis. Flores albi. Sepala ovata, acuta,
Subcarinata, petala emarginata, omnia lined brevi viridi in axi.
Found by Mr. Douglas in California, whence its roots
Were sent to the Horticultural Society in 1833. Our draw-
mg was made in July last, at which time it flowered for the
first time in Europe.
it proves a hardy perennial plant, of but little beauty,
with very much the aspect of some white-flowered Allium.
t seems to grow freely in any sort of soil, and will probably
thrive if left to its fate in the open border all winter. Being
at present rare, this experiment has not been tried ; but the
Toots have been taken up, and treated as Tulips, in order
that no risk may be run of losing them.
ie €
.* Literally “ onion of the west ;” so named from its resemblance to an
Allium, and its origin in the western world.
It is very like the original species, from which it differs
in having smaller flowers; and especially in the umbel being
far less compact, with the stalks rather more than twice as
long as the flowers themselves. In H. hyacinthinum, on
the contrary, which is reported to be sky-blue, the umbel
is very crowded, and the stalks of the outer flowers are
curved downwards, and not longer than the flowers them-
selves. The latter may be defined thus:
H. Ayacinthinum ; floribus exterioribus decurvis pedicellorum longitudine.
J. L.
X FL. Ar
is Has
U ar:
CUL
Sf
OY Ficadk
TER GR
LY
A Sugri /
D L^U
1640
LIMNÓCHARIS* Humbóldti.
Humboldt's Limnocharis.
— AÁ——
POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
Nat. ord. Butomex Richard. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p..253.)
. LIMNOCHARIS Rich.—Flores tripetaloidei. Staminum series exte-
rior sterilis.
L. Humboldti; foliis subrotundo-ovatis cordatis natantibus costá inflatà,
pedunculis unifloris articulatis teretibus.
L. Humboldti. Richard in mem. mus. 1. 369. t. 19. Humb. et Kunth, n.
9: et sp. pl. 1. 248. Hooker in bot. mag. 3248.
Stratiotes nympheoides. Willd. sp. pl. 4. 821.
New aquatic stove-plants are almost as uncommon as
new hardy evergreens; and if they are less valued than
the latter, it is only because their beauty must of necessity
be confined to the few whose wealth enables them to enjoy
the pleasure of extensive hothouses.. Generally plants of
this description are very beautiful, either in their flowers
or their foliage, or remarkable for the singular manner in
Which nature has enabled them to pass their lives amidst
the water. Unless provided with floating apparatus, the
small quantity of air contained in their leaves would be
Insufficient to support them on the surface of the water;
and they would sink and drown like animals themselves.
But to prevent this occurrence we always find some curious
and beautiful contrivance, such as a distension of the leaf-
Stalk, till it assumes a swollen and gouty aspect; or the
* The name of one of the heroes in the Battle of the Frogs and Mice;
literally ** Lake-lover."
* The strong Limnocharis——
With heaving arms a massive fragment caught,
And fiercely flung where Troglodytes fought.
construction of myriads of air-chambers in the solid stem
itself; or the roots distended into vegetable swimming-
bladders ; or, as is the case with the species now before us,
some special alteration of other parts. In this plant the
midrib of the leaf is so enlarged and filled with air, as to
render it impossible for the leaf to sink, although loaded
with thrice the weight it has to carry ; not, however, all the
midrib, but only the under-side of it, by which means any
upsetting of the leaf, or application of the breathing side
(which is the upper) to the surface of the water, by which
it would be smothered, is effectually prevented.
The plant itself was originally found by Humboldt in
marshes to the west of Caraccas; but it seems common
over all the east side of South America. We possess
specimens collected in British Guiana by Mr. Parker, for
which we are indebted to Dr. Hooker ; and the seeds, from
which the plants in the Gardens were raised, were sent to
the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, from Buenos Ayres.
_ The flowers are very fugitive, opening in the morn-
ing, and withering up in the course of the day. The
petals are extremely transparent and delicate ; but the chief
beauty of the species resides in the rich purple fringe of
barren stamens which surrounds the fertile ones. It flowers
all the year round in a tank in the stove.
Our drawing was made in Mr. Lowe's Nursery in
May 1833.
y. Lo
1641
PANCRÁTIUM * pedále.
Long-flowered Pancratium.
HEXANDRIA MONOGY NIA.
Nat. ord. AmaRYLLIDEE R. Br. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 259.)
PANCRATIUM.—Supra, vol. 3. fol. 221.,
>
P. pedale ; foliis lato-lanceolatis canaliculatis coriaceis acutis, umbellà ses-
sili multiflorä, perianthii tubo longissimo: laciniis lanceolato-linearibus
canaliculatis undulatis, corona brevi obconicá plicatà inter stamina bi-
dentatá.
Hymenocallis pedalis. Herbert append. bot. mag. p. 44.
P. pedale. Römer et Schultes, vol. 7. p. 916.
One of the most beautiful of the Amaryllis tribe, ex-
celling them all in the extraordinary length of the flowers,
which measure a foot from the base of the tube to the tip
of the segments. The latter are very narrow and wavy: in
our drawing they are represented all turned one way; but
we suspect that this position is unnatural, and caused by
the specimen having become a little flaccid when the figure
was taken.
Communicated, in April 1833, by Richard Harrison, Esq.
from his hothouse at Aighburgh. The bulb was sent by
Mr. Barnard from near Truxillo. EL.
* An old name, signifying “ all-powerful.” it seems to have been
originally applied to the squill, on account of its medicinal effects. Why
it was transferred to the genus that now bears the name is not apparent.
LARE
‚del.
Ia. FA LA
OL
2 /
——
1642
LUPÍNUS* albifrons.
White-leaved Lupine.
DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA.
Nat. ord. Lecumivosz Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 86.)
LUPINUS.—Supra, vol. 13. fol. 1096.
L. albifrons ; fruticosus, caulibus decumbentibus foliisque argenteo-sericeis,
foliolis obovato-oblongis basi angustatis, floribus verticillatis bracteolatis,
calycis labio superiore bifido inferiore integro. Bentham in Hort. trans.
vol. 1. new series, p. 410.
Frutex 3-4-pedalis, undique pube sericeá albicante obtectus. “Foliola 7-9,
obovata, acuta ; stipule lato-subulate, sericea. Racemi terminales, pedem
et ultra longi, verticillati. Bracteæ breves, decidue. Calyx bipartitus,
bracteolatus ; labio inferiore angustissimo acuto, superiore bidentato basi
gibboso. Flores ceruleo-violacei ; cariná leviter ciliatd.
A fine species of shrubby Lupin, raised in the garden
of the Horticultural Society from seeds sent from Cali-
fornia by Mr. David Douglas. It has been lately described
In the Transactions of the Horticultural Society by Mr.
Bentham, with the following account : —
“ Very near L. ornatus, from which it differs in its
shrubby habit, short leaves, long and slender racemes, and
rather smaller deep-blue flowers: although not so hand-
some as L. ornatus, it is well deserving of cultivation. The
seeds are of a light chestnut colour, marbled with brown.
* Tt is perhaps not hardy enough to bear the rigour of
Our winters without protection; but it seems to thrive in a
Slass pit, and would probably succeed in the front of a
south wall, covered from wet in winter. It does not seed
freely, nor does it strike readily from cuttings." =
* See fol. 1198.
1643
HELLÉBORUS* odórus.
Sweet Hellebore.
POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
Nat. ord. RANuNCULACEZ Juss. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 6.)
HELLEBORUS L.—Calyz persistens, 5-sepalus, sepalis subrotundis,
obtusis, magnis, seepé viridibus. Petala 8-10, brevissima, tubulata, inferné
angustiora, nectarifera. Stamina 30-60. Ovaria 3-10. Stigmata termi-
nalia, orbiculata. Capsule coriacee. Semina duplici serie disposita, elliptica,
umbilicata. Herbe perennes, dure, coriacee, glabre, aut vix sub foliis
pubescentes. Folia radicalia, petiolata, palmatim pedatimve secta, segmentis
oblongis dentatis; caulina sep? nulla, formá varia. Caules nunc ramosi,
multiflori, foliosi, nunc subramosi bracteas sub ramis gerentes, pauciflori,
nunc aphylli 1-flori. De Cand. syst: veg. 1. 315.
H. odorus; acaulis, foliis radicalibus rugosissimis lucidis pedatis subtüs
pubescentibus: segmentis oblongo-lanceolatis arguté serratis basi in-
tegris, caule bifido, sepalis ovato-subrotundis virescentibus.
H. odorus. Waldst. et Kitaib. in Willd. enum. 592. De Cand. syst. 1.
318. Prodr. 1. 47.
Acaulis. Folia perennantia, erecta, petiolo pedali, sesquipedem lata,
nitida, rugosissima, subtús venis valde prominentibus reticulata, pedata,
segmentis oblongo-lanceolatis inequaliter serratis basi integerrimis ; inodora.
Caulis foliorum longitudine, erectus, bifidus, pubescens, foliis palmatis apice
tantum serrulatis, petiolis latis membranaceis vaginantibus. Flores magni,
virides, odore debili gratissimo uvarum moschatarum vulgo de Frontignan
dictarum. Petala cuneata, cucullata, atroviridia, margine exteriore inflexo.
H. viridi diversissimus, foliis latis rugosissimis subtüs pubescentibus et
alte reticulatis; purpurascente folis majoribus non incisis, pubescentid, et
petalis brevioribus; atrorubenti propior accedit, sed petalis obtusis nec
acutis, sepalorum formá et colore, carpellorum figurá, necnon pubescentiá
foliorum facile distinguendus.
A very desirable addition to the scanty store of winter-
blowing flowers, lately introduced from Hungary by the
* 'The black Hellebore of the ancient Greeks, with which it is said that
wells were sometimes poisoned, and which had so great a reputation as a
dangerous medicament, was undoubtedly a species of the present genus.
Horticultural Society. It is nearly related to H. viridis,
which is deservedly excluded from Gardens, notwithstand-
ing its flowering at Christmas, because of the rank elder-
like smell of all its parts: this species, on the contrary, has
not only no such odour, but its flowers have a faint and
most agreeable fragrance, which we can compare to nothing
so well as to newly-gathered Frontignan grapes, or to wine
of Lunel.
The broad glossy leaves form a rich green tuft, amongst
which the modest nodding flowers are almost hidden.
It thrives in a peat border among bushes, where it is
probably quite hardy : being at present extremely rare, it
will, however, be better to protect it in winter with litter.
3. Lh.
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1644
CORYDALIS* bracteáta.
Large-bracted Corydalıs.
DIADELPHIA HEXANDRIA.
Nat. ord. FuuARIACEZX De Cand. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 18.)
. CORYDALIS De Cand.— Petala 4, unicum basi calcaratum. — Siliqua
bivalvis compressa polysperma. Herbe glabre, sepé glauce, perennes v.
annue. De Cand. prodr. 1. 126.
C. bracteata ; caule simplici diphyllo basi unisquamato : squamá recurvatá,
.. foliis biternatim sectis segmentis bi- v. tripartitis, laciniis oblongis bre-
vissimé mucronulatis subintegris, bracteis cuneatis flabellatim incisis
pedicellos superantibus, calcare ascendente recto obtusissimo pedicellum
superante. Ledebour fl. alt. vol. 3. p. 243.
Fumaria bracteata. Willd. sp. pl. 3. 858.
C bracteata. Por synops. 2. p. 269. De Cand. prodr. 1. 128. Bot.
mag. 3242.
. A pretty little hardy herbaceous plant, found abundantly
in damp shady places among the Altai mountains, where it
appears with the earliest of the flowers of spring. In this
Country it succeeds well in a peaty soil, if it is sheltered
from wind, and protected from the sun’s direct rays. It is,
however, as yet extremely rare, for it yields no seed, and
increases very slowly by its roots.
Our drawing was made in the Garden of the Horticul-
tural Society in March last.
The specific name is derived from the unusual size of
the bractex; a circumstance more obvious in the wild than
in the cultivated plant. J. L.
. * This word is said to be derived from the Greek word xogudzAdis, a lark;
in allusion to the lengthened base of one of the petals, which has been
compared to the spur of a lark.
1645
FRANCÓA* appendiculáta.
Sowthistle-leaved Francoa.
OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. Frawcoacez Ad. de Jussieu in ann. sc. nat. vol. 25. p. 9.
(Galacinee Don. Introduction to the natural system of Botany, p. 161.)
FRANCOA Cav.—Calyzx 4-partitus, liber. Petala totidem. Stamina 8,
hypogyno-perigyna, alterna breviora, glandulis totidem interjectis. Ovarium
4-loculare, polyspermum, stigmatibus 4 sessilibus. Capsula membranacea,
Septicido-4-valvis, polysperma. Semina integumento duplici; exteriore laxo
corrugato. Herbe subacaules (Americans). Folia radicalia, pinnata,
lyrata. Flores longe racemosi.
F. appendiculata ; racemis subsimplicibus calycibusque tomentosis.
F. sonchifolia. “ Cav. ic. v. 6. p. 77. in obs.” Spreng. syst. 2. 262. Ad.
dee in ann. sc. v. 3. p. 192. t. 12. Hooker and Arnott Bot. Misc. v. 3.
p. 249.
F. appendiculata. “ Cav. ic. v. 6. t. 596." Spreng. syst. l.c. Graham
in bot. mag. t. 3178. Don in brit. fl.-garden, t. 151. Hooker and
Arnott l. c.
laupanke amplissimo sonchi folio. Feuillée chil. v. 2. t. 31.
Capsula membranacea, oblonga, basi calyce persistente vestita, 4-locularis,
4-valvis, septicido-dehiscens, axi nullo separabili. Semina numerosissima,
minutissima, griseo-testacea, oblonga, integumento duplici; exteriore lazo,
corrugato, facile separabili, reticulato ; interiore nucleo arcte adherenti,
striato, apice chalaza castanea insignito. Embryo minutus, hilo proximus,
in basi albuminis carnosi locatus.
_A pretty herbaceous plant, found abundantly in various parts of
Chile, by the sides of hills and in rather moist situations. In this
Country it grows freely in the open air in the summer, but requires
Protection in the winter: it, however, thrives better if constantly
ept in a greenhouse, especially if it be planted in the = soil,
where it can be freely exposed to light and air, without which the
* So called by Cavanilles after a Spanish Botanist of the sixteenth
century, named Francisco Franco.
beautiful spots of its petals are scarcely developed. It is propagated
by seeds and offsets.
We have no hesitation in uniting the two supposed species
F. sonchifolia and F. appendiculata; for, after an attentive examina-
tion of specimens, we can discover no distinction of importance ;
indeed, even the white-flowered kind, F. ramosa, which is now com-
mon in collections, would have but slender claims to being preserved
if it were not for the absence of pubescence from its inflorescence.
The genus Francoa is botanically interesting in a very high
degree, in consequence of the many conflicting opinions that have
been held regarding its position in a Natural System. M. Adrien de
Jussieu would have it near Crassulacee; Dr. Hooker suggests its
really belonging to a section of that order; Mr. Don combines it
with Galax into a distinct natural order called Galacinez, which he
places near Saxifrageee ; M. De Candolle rejects these opinions, and
stations it in the vicinity of Rosacex. We have, without examina-
tion, adopted in the Nirus Plantarum the first of these views; but
we are bound to admit, now that we have carefully considered all the
points of the structure of Francoa, that we have great doubt regarding
the soundness of the opinion: it is true, that looking only to certain
parts of its structure, its resemblance to Crassulacex would seem to
be of a very striking nature, especially the separation of its carpella
when ripe, and their consequent septicidal mode of dehiscence ; but
if Tetilla really is allied to Francoa, as M. Adrien de Jussieu considers,
this character, as usual, proves of no value; and there are some circum-
stances at variance with the approximation, which deserve to be well
considered. For example, the foliage has no relation to that of any
known Crassulacez ; the inflorescence is equally at variance with that
order; neither do the carpella taper gradually into stigmata; an
the embryo of Francoa is exceedingly minute ät the base of the albu-
men, instead of occupying the principal part of the interior of the
seed, to the almost total exclusion of albumen. On this latter account
we would suggest its more immediate affinity to be with Dionea ;
and that it is one of the genera which will, with others hereafter to
be discovered, complete the ordination of the albuminous cohort of
polypetalous dicotyledons. (See Nirus Plantarum.)
J. L.
1646
CALÁNTHE* densiflóra.
Clustered Calanthe.
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA.
Nat. ord. Orcuipem Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 262.)
CALANTHE.—Supra, vol. 9. fol. 720.
C. densiflora; scapo foliis multó breviore, squamis laxis ventricosis, racemis
densis multifloris corymbosis, labelli cum columná parüm connati lobo
medio cuneato bilobo, disco bilamellato, calcare longo recto pendulo apice
clavato.
C. densiflora. Lindl. gen. et sp. Orch. p. 250.
Rhizoma subterraneum, brevissimum, pullulationibus junioribus duris
rigidis cornutis sanguineo pallido punctatis. Folia oblongo-lanceolata, plicata.
Scapus semipedalis et ultrà, squamis 2-3 ventricosis sanguineo-punctatis laxe
vaginatus. Flores pallide lutei, in corymbum densum multiflorum congestt.
Sepala et petala conniventia, equalia. Labellum cum columné parúm conna-
tum, trilobum ; lobis lateralibus ascendentibus rotundatis, intermedio cuneato
rotundato bilobo basi lamellis 9. cornutis brevibus ornato ; calcar curvum,
pendulum, apice clavatum.
A native of the mountains of Sylhet, whence it was
obtained by Dr. Wallich. The specimen from which our
drawing was taken was communicated by W. W. Salmon,
Esq., in October last, and was said to have been procured
from Ava. When we first saw it, the flowers were drooping
and injured, and we supposed it might prove a new species ;
but a fine flower-spike subsequently given us by Messrs.
Loddiges, has satisfied us that it is Calanthe densiflora, of
which we had previously examined nothing better than a
few badly-dried flowers.
A terrestrial species, growing Very freely in loam and
decayed vegetable matter in a damp stove ; propagated by
division of the crown of the root. J. L.
* Formed from two Greek words, signifying literally * Pretty-blossom."
VOL. XIX. N
, Ta RO À i i PTA
f "ER 2 OMe 7 Ke GO / gy A I ARAS. LE.
Lata T AL Cbg, EL Fi UY .. TELA LAY OG Meca lp Frl. VI Dre: A Vale. A
1647
GASTROLOBIUM * retüsum.
Blunt-leaved Gastrolobium.
DECANDRIA MONOGYNI A.
Nat. ord. LecuwiNosz Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 86.)
GASTROLOBIUM.—Supra, vol. 5. fol. 411.
G. retusum ; foliis cuneato-oblongis retusis subtüs subsericeis reticulatis :
mucronulo deciduo, capitulis paucifloris.
Caulis erectus, sericeus, ramis compressis. Folia verticillata, uncia
breviora, cinereo-viridia, cuneata, apice retusa, mullo modo biloba, nunc
acutiuscula, mucronulo uncato prominente deciduo ; subtüs reticulata, sub-
sericea, demüm calva ; stipule setacee, plumose, recurve, petiolis longiores.
Capitula terminalia et axillaria. Calyces villosissimi. Corolle aurantiace,
purpureo striolate, cariná concolore.
A smaller plant than the old but rare species G. bilobum,
already figured at fol. 411 of this work. Its flowers are of
the same rich orange yellow, but in smaller heads; and
their keel is not purple, but of the same colour as the other
petals.
A native of the south coast of New Holland, whence it
was received by Mr. Knight, of the King's Road, in whose
Nursery our figure was made in May last.
It is a pretty greenhouse plant, easily propagated by
cuttings.
Fig. 1. is a magnified representation of the calyx ; 2. of the ovary ;
and 3. of the stamens with the ovary in their middle. LL
x . .
* From yacrig, the abdomen, and 20835, a pod: it might be Englished
“* Bladder-pod,” the pods having an inflated appearance.
1648
HELICÓNIA* pulverulénta.
Powdered H. eliconia. i
AS
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. Musacez Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 269.)
HELICONIA Linn.—Calycis limbi lacinie tres exteriores inter se
coalescentes, subeequales, lineari-lanceolatee, acute; tres interiores, quarum
2 exterioribus subconformes, approximatee, uná infimá multo breviore acu-
minatá. Stamina 5, longitudine calycis, et basi laciniarum inserta. Stylus
simplex; stigma depressum, à summo stylo vix distinctum, 6-lobatum, lobis
brevissimis. Capsula subdrupacea, apice umbilicata, in coccos tres secedens ;
coccis monospermis subosseis indehiscentibus; semine erecto. —— Herbee
caulescentes, aut acaules, foliis petiolatis bas vaginantibus ; spathis pluribus
superpositis distichis ; floribus in axillá spatharum insertis. Ach. Richard,
Act. acad. nat. cur. xv. suppl. p. 13.
H. pulverulenta; foliis basi obtusis cordatisve apice acutis subtùs pulveru-
lentis, spathis ternis paucifloris folio bracteali brevioribus. _
Caulis glaucedine paucá vestitus. Folia sesquipedalia v. majora, 8 uncias
lata, suprà let? viridia sanguineo angustissime marginata, subtús glaucedine
copiosissimá pulverulentá facile separabili tecta; ultimum semipedale, acu-
minatum, petiolo glauco basi vaginante, spathis dupld longius. Spathe 3,
distiche, convolute, acuminate, coccinee, ex apice vagine foli ultim erum-
pentes. Flores virides ; filamenta flava ; antheræ cineree.
A beautiful stove plant, for which we are obliged to Sir
Abraham Hume, Bart., in whose hothouse at Wormleybury
it flowered in July last. |
All the Plantain tribe are remarkable either for the
beauty, or size, or singularity of their foliage; but this,
although inferior to many in the magnitude of its parts,
nists call Musa. The name
A ]v related to that which Bota
et Hause on which they dwelt.
of the Muses naturally recalls that of Mount Helicon,
yields to none in beauty. It is impossible to imagine any
thing more delicate than the blue bloom which thickly
covers the under-side of the leaves, or more brilliant than
the vivid scarlet of the flower-leaves or spathes, among
which nestle, as it were, a few bright-green flowers.
We are unacquainted with its native country; but as
the genus Heliconia is one of those which are absolutely
confined to the new world, it is probable that the present
species is the spoil of some South American forest, whence
1t has been brought to contribute to our vegetable riches.
Sob.
y ; 3 25 f Eg ums ^ Ze vy Z 727.9 J LT 7 + «
del. Pad by L Gudguray [oq Secaslıı ly Fab LL. A PAS M
1649
NIEREMBERGIA* filicaulis.
Slender-stemmed Nierembergia.
PENTANDRIA MONOGY NIA.
Nat. ord. Sotanex Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 231.) E:
NIEREMBERGIA Fl. Peruv. — Calyx obconicus, laciniis foliosis.
Corolla hypocrateriformis, tubo filiformi, limbo plano plicato 5-dentato.
Stamina 5, subequalia, fauce inserta, stylo parallela et appressa. Ovarium
disco edentulo insertum ; stigma lunatum. Capsula (bilocularis, bivalvis,
dissepimento valvulis parallelo demum libero, Kunth).
N. filicaulis; caule herbaceo erecto filiformi foliisque lineari-lanceolatis glabris,
filamentis glandulosis.
Caulis pedalis, ascendens, filiformis, glaber. Folia lineari-lanceolata,
acuta v. obtusa, glabra. Pedunculi oppositifoliz, glabri, capillares. Calyx
glaber. Corolle tubus glandulosus, limbus lilacinus centro luteo. Stamina
quasi monadelpha, filamentis glandulosis.
m A en
This new species was communicated to us in flower,
by Mr. Tate, in May last; we presume it is a native of
Mexico. It is a pretty greenhouse perennial, easily mul-
tiplied by cuttings, and requiring but a moderate degree of
protection in winter, provided 1t 1s kept in an airy place.
It differs from N. gracilis, not only in the colour of its
flowers, but also in being entirely destitute of the down
found on all parts of that species ; the tube of its corolla is
also shorter, and its stamens covered with minute glandular
hairs.
Let any one compare this with Petunia violacea, figured
hom this genus has
M i ieremberg, a Spanish Jesuit, to whom
rre din a r ; in sixteen books, of
been dedicated, is said to have written a Natural History,
which nothing is now-remembered.
at folio 1626, and we think he will hardly adopt the opi-
nion, that the genera Petunia and Nierembergia should be
united.
Figures 1. and 2. are different views of the stamens; 3. is the
corolla cut open, shewing how the stamens originate in the orifice of
the tube; and 4. is a view ofthe ovary, style, and crescent-shaped
stigma.
J: E:
N
END
1650
VIBÚRNUM* cotinifólium.
Quince-leaved Wayfaring- Tree.
PENTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
Nat. ord. CarrıroLiacez Juss. (Introduction to the natural system
of Botany, p. 206.)
VIB URNUM.—Suprà, vol. 5. fol. 376.
V. cotinifolium ; foliis cordato-oblongis rugosis subintegris suprà calvis v.
pubescentibus subtüs cymisque cano-tomentosis, corollis infundibuliformi-
bus, fructibus oblongis.
V. polycarpon. Wall. cat. no. 455. De Cand. prodr. 4. 328.
V. cotinifolium. Don prodr. fl. nep. 141. De Cand, l. c. 327.
8. foliis minds cordatis, adultis supra pubescentibus.
Frutex facie omnind V. Lantane, cujus forsitan mera est varietas, cha-
racteribus ex climate potius quam ex differentiis ab origine stabilitis pendenti-
bus. Differt enim foliis majoribus magisque cordatis, ex quo Forte expli-
cantur serrature minores; habitu magis frigoris impatiente, fructibus mag's
oblongis latioribusque, denique corollis haud. rotatis seu leviter campanulatis
sed infundibularibus et majoribus.
This rare plant is a shrub with so much the appearance
of Viburnum Lantana, our English Wayfaring-tree, that
unless the flowers were seen, one would feel persuaded it
was a mere variety. Its leaves have the same wrinkled
gray aspect, its branches the same mode of leafing and
budding, and its fruit a very similar form ; but the flowers
are much larger, more coloured with pink, and neither
flat nor slightly bell-shaped, but of a distinct obconical
figure. Itis a native of the mountains of Kamaon, one of
the northern provinces of British India, where it was disco-
vered by the plant-collectors of Dr. Wallich, who sent live
o bind with twigs ; and hence, they say,
re used as withies. =
* The Latin word vieo signifies t
comes Viburnum, the shoots of which we
specimens of it to England. Mr. Royle informs us that it
is common in the Himalayas, at elevations of from 5000 to
7000 feet, in 30° N. lat. The hill people call the plant
Juwa, and occasionally eat the fruit.
It proves, tolerably hardy, flowering in May ; and will
doubtless increase by layers, like the Lantana itself.
Among wild specimens under the name of V. poly-
carpon, for which we are indebted to the liberality of the
Honourable Court of Directors of the East India Company,
are two branches, one in flower, and the other in fruit,
which are identical with the plant now figured, and a third,
which, although resembling the others in many respects, has
the leaves on their upper surface downy, even when the
plant is in fruit, and much smaller, scarcely at all cordate
at the base, with a few slight toothings at the margin. It
appears to be only a variety ; but it deserves to be recorded.
J. L.
Hr Pr) Z 7 ,
(Ed Dicca lily AO AMOS,
1651
ONCÍDIUM* altíssimum.
Lofty Oncidium.
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA.
Nat. ord. Orcnınzz Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 262.)
ONCIDIUM.—Supra, vol. 13. fol. 1050.
O. altissimum ; pseudobulbis oblongis compressis, foliis ensiformibus rigidis
carinatis carnosis scapo (6-pedali) erecto ramoso multo brevioribus, sepalis
petalisque labelli longitudine lineari-lanceolatis undulatis, labello cordato
utrinque introrsüm arcuato apice dilatato subreniformi emarginato, cristà
enneadactylä, column alis abbreviatis. Lindl. gen. et sp. Orch. p. 200.
a. alis columne rotundatis.
Epidendrum altissimum. Jacq. amer. 229. t. 141.
O. altissimum. Swartz. fl. ind. occ. 1481. Willd. sp. pl. 4. 112. Hooker
in bot. mag. 2990.
8. alis columnee truncatis.
O. Baueri. Illustrations of the gen. and sp. Orch. t. 7. Genera.
Epidendrum gigas. Richard in herb. Vahl.
One of the most gigantic of Epiphytes. The specimen
from which our drawing was made received a medal from
the Horticultural Society, and had a flowering stem from
six to seven feet high : it was grown in the nursery of the
late Mr. Colvill. It is described by Richard as frequently
attaining the height of nine feet, with leaves as long, m its
native woods in Guiana; and we have actually had a spe-
cimen from Mr. Harrison of Liverpool, the flower-stem of
which exceeded ten feet in length.
The blossoms are beautifully marked with green, yellow,
and scarlet, but are not of large size: the appearance they
A D MEETS
* See fol. 1542.
present may be judged of from our diminished figure at the
back of the single branch drawn of its natural size.
Many of the Orchideous epiphytes are found to succeed
best if tied to short pieces of the branches of trees with
rugged bark; none succeed better upon that plan than the
different species of Oncidium; and provided so large a
plant as this, with its long heavy leaves, can be made fast
to a.branch, we have no doubt it will also be found to like
that kind of treatment. The specimen, however, from which
our drawing was taken had been grown in a pot in decayed
vegetable mould.
It is a native of most of the tropical parts of America,
from the eastern to the western shores.
4b
—
NN
S Wess: OST AV
1652
SCÓTTIA* levis.
Smooth-branched Scottia.
—— Abp9———
DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Nat. ord. LeeuMt1NOs x Juss. (Introduction to the natural system of
Botany, p. 86.)
SCOTTIA.—Supra, vol. 15. fol. 1233.
S. levis; foliis ovatis basi truncatis insequaliter denticulatis, ramulis levibus.
Frutex facie S. dentatee, sed diversus foliis angustioribus crebriüs denti-
culatis, ramulis levibus nec scaberrimis, denique floribus unicoloribus nec
coccineo tinctis.
enun
A third species of the rare genus Scottia was hardly to
have been expected so soon after that we published at folio
1266. We owe it to the same rich collection; Mr. Knight
having raised it from seeds gathered on the south coast
of New Holland by Baxter.
It differs from S. dentata, not only in its flowers having
no tinge of red, and in its narrower, more finely-toothed
leaves, but also in its branches being altogether free from
the numerous rough projecting points which are found in
both the other species.
A delicate greenhouse plant, requiring a cool shelf in
the winter, and abundant ventilation. iL
# See fol. 1233.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
TO
VOLUME VI. OF THE NEW SERIES,
VOLUME XIX. OF THE WHOLE WORK.
OR
Amaryllis kermesina ...........
Amelanchier florida........ S08
Amygdalus persica, var. alba ....
Anthocercis viscosa
Anthurium gracile
Aster adulterinus........
Aster coneinuus ......++..... oe
Aster cordifolius .......
Aster eminens ..... Gene .
Aster puniceus, var. demissus ....
Banksia prostrata. . .... Wi es
Benthamia fragifera
Bebera PACED REN
Boronia conna o...
Cactus speciosissimus, var. late-
ul o T o
Calandrinia arenaria ............
Calandrinia speciosa ...........
Calanthe densiflora ............
Calceolaria crenatiflora .........
Calceolaria Herbertiana, var. parvi-
flora
Calceolaria purpurea ....... ....
Calceolaria rugosa ..
Calceolaria sessilis ..
Calceolaria viscosissima. . .
Calliprora lutea .......... er
Calochortus luteus ............
Cereus, crimson creeping .......
Clarkia elegans ......
Collomia coccinea
Combretum grandiflorum ......
Corydalis bracteata ......
Costus pictus ...
Cyrtochilum flavescens .........
Dendrobium speciosum ....
Duvava dependens ......
Duvaua latifolia
Duvaua ovata
Epidendrum oncidioides........
Erythrina poianthes, var. subiner-
NE.
Francoa appendiculata .........
Gastrolobium retusum ..........
Gesnera Suttoni .............>
Gompholobium tenue ..........
"ect n]
............
RR ¿DS "^ ^
.ooooo,ponon.oo. ro...
Folium
1638
1589
1586
1624
1635
1571
1619
1597
1614
1636
1572
1579
1602
1600
1596
1605
1598
1646
1609
1576
1621
1588
1628
1611
1590
1567
1565
1575
1622
1631
1644
1594
1627
1610
1573
1580
1568
1623
1617
1645
1647
1637
1615
Gompholobium venulosum......
Gongora maculata ........... ve
Heliconia pulverulenta .........
Helleborus odorus ........ ....
Hesperoscordum lacteum .......
Hibiscus splendens ...... ....s
Leptotes DIO N sess ees
Libertia formosa
Limnocharis Humboldti ...... (x
LOMA Placer SI Ie ese eee
Lobelia Tupa ........
Lupinus albifrons
Lupinus elegans ........... ...
Lupinus rivularis
Malva umbellata .....
Maxillaria racemosa .....
Mimulus roseus
Nemophila aurita............
Nicotiana persica
Nierembergia filicaulis .......
(Enothera biennis, var. grandiflora
CEnothera densiflora .........
(Enothera tenella, var. tenuifolia .
Oncidium altissimum
Oncidum Harrisonianum
Opuntia aurantiaca .
Oxalis Bowiel 2.2... ;
e*t o n
eoon... q... .oco
070 60868 6668
sett nt
..»
s.s.s...» ....
-Oxalis divergens ........... s
Pancratium pedale .......
Papaver persicum .............
Passiflora gossypiifolia ....
Passiflora kermesina ........
Passiflora phenicea....... Pr...
Petunia violacea ....
Pimelea hispida ..............
Pimelea sylvestris ..............
Potentilla glandulosa ........
Pultenza rosmarinifolia .....
Pultenea subumbellata .........
Rubus roridus .........- e uos
Sauroglossum elatum ..........
Scottia levis
Stenactis speciosa.....
Viburnum cotinifolium .......»..
.....
"e*t, t
n
'Xerophyllum setifolium ........
Folium
1574
1616
1648
1643
1639
1629
1625
1630
1640
1599
1612
1642
1581
1595
1608
1566
1591
1601
1592
1649
1604
1593
1587
1651
1569
1606
1585
1620
1641
1570
1634
1633
1603
1626
1578
1582
1583
1584
1632
1607
1618
1652
1577
1650
1613
GENERAL ALPHABETICAL INDEX
VOLUMES I. II. III. IV. V. AND VI. OF THE NEW SERIES.
Folium
Acacia albida --*«*.ee n er en nennen nn nenn 1317
Acacia leprosa «sette 1441
Acacia lunata ----serr+ ser esse en er en en usos INE
Acacia pentadenia- ++... =.......* a 1521
Acacia uncinata «seem 1332
Acena pinnatifida «««« een nenne 1271
Aceras secundiflora -+- +++, ernennen 1525
Adenotrichia amplexicaulis » +» ++ .rer: 1190
Aerides cornutum «++ --r rer rennen nenn nenn 1485
Agave geminiflora --« ttn 1145
Alströmeria psittacina +++" FR 1540
Alstrómeria pulchella, var. pilosa ++... .**=** + 1410
Amaryllis acuminata, var. longipedunculata .- - 1188
Amaryllis coranica, var. pallida «n 1219
Amaryllis intermedia --««tn0nn nn 1148
Amaryllis kermesina -++ tserte renten 1638
Amelanchier florida -.«««áááátá 1589
Amelanchier sanguinea +++ mente 1171
Amygdalus communis, var. macrocarpa ++": 1160
Amygdalus persica, var. alba -- 7°" 1586
Anemone vitifolia »+-+-++-- rer nennen 1385
Angrecum eburneum - + mreeetett 1522
Anomatheca cruenta ---- +++ dee 1969.
Anona laurifolia ---.. == ===. otectttttttoo” ... 1328
Argemone grandiflora «+++ 01 077 1264
Argemone ochroleuca + +++ nennt" 1343
Aristolochia caudata "+++" +... xix. OO
Aristolochia cymbifera +++" Jas 1543
Aristolochia trilobata +++ +++" BET, 139
Asphodelus luteus, var. sibiricus » rer tt” 1507
Aster adulterinus +++. ent 1571
Aster amygdalinus ----*** e 1517
Aster concinnus -----* AA eee d 1619
Astercordifolius -« tt 1597
Aster coridifolius ee 1497
Aster cyaneus +++" aec bupaces es 1495
Aster eminens ---**** devAscEu sens bue b kRRREEN s
Aster fragilis POLS. O cr oo NEUEN EET
Aster levis -**** ee ART? 1500
Aster pallens - +++ "*""" m— poroso... 1509
Aster puniceus, Var. demissus «ttt » 1636
Aster spectabilis e Sa TUN 1527
Astragalus succulenfus pisan c cA AE 1324
Audibertia incana ::*:*** rs nasser. 2000
Azalea calendulacea, Vat. subcuprea «ttt 1366
Azalea calendulacea, Var ba IIA 1402
Azalea calendulacea, Var Stapletoniana: -+ ** * ++ 1407
Azalea nudiflora, var. scintillans - -****** ...... 1461
Azalea nudiflora, var. thyrsiflora» *******77 sare >
Azalea pontica, var. sinensis m mnes eme
Folium
Banksia littoralis «+-+... —— Ü 1363
Banksia prostrata ---..... Gebvovse O .. 1572
Banksia querci Folia o. ......o...... 1430
Banksia undulata..«**see eet ann ent 1316
Barleria lupulina » «+++ een À zás. 1483
Bauhinia cumanensis -******* P.omon.o.... ^»... 1133
Begonia gilik oo cooccorrorrocrcranoscasaso. 1259
Benthamia fragifera---..--....** II 1579
Berberis aquifolium -+..........* AS . 1425
Berberis glumacea -.....--* rm mnm....... . 1426
Berberis repens -+-+*- Wévéeesebeceno Bas cr adu - 1176
Bignonia Cherere - ++ +++ va cecopse vo: 1901
Billbergia pyramidalis, var. bicolor - -* ** esee tn 1181
Blackwellia padiflora ------ BINE EU E AN 1208
Bletía florida ------...oos.oo=oocccnrntnnsnos 1401
Borbera incana +++ + een 1602
Brasavola nodosa - »- ++ er rer nennen ne 1465
Brasavola Perrinii » +++ ernten coos 1561
Brodiza grandiflora-+---.----** A A AE y]
Browallia grandiflora - +++" ccccccscees 1384
Brownlowia elata ------ coozo«aubesesPeesecses. 1472
Brunsvigia ciliaris -------** Soe peters patria 1153
Brunsvigia grandiflora +... .+==e.strtectttos? 1335
Buddlea heterophylla ese... esseososoooossocoo 1259
Burtonia conferta- + een. 1600
Cactus Ackermanni - ee 1331
Cactus speciosissimus, var. lateritius ---....... 1596
Calandrinia arenaria een 1605
Calandrinia grandiflora » +++" cove 1194
Calandrinia speciosa nee 1598
Calanthe densiflora *««««*ssttttttnmt g gz .. 1646
Calathea grandifolia Pr ooporsrrccrcrcn.». s... 31210
Calceolaria arachnoidea - ++ +» +- eere.. m es 1454
Calceolaria ascendens +++ +++" coovsces: ERLO
Calceolaria chiloensis ---»+ ++ rent .. 1476
Calceolaria crenatiflora ---.....** ¿irnos ¿eS MB
Calceolaria diffusa moto” viscoso» 19796
Calceolaria floribunda: --+-- isis o8 vesvsse 1814
Calceolaria Herbertiana +++." aere MES
Calceolaria Herbertiana, var. parviflora -.-.-* 1576
Calceolaria purpurea --++**""""""" ........... 1621
Calceolaria rugosa. «- e« +. ser seeeer 22292 2e. 1588
Calceolaria sessilis 266545 6p) boe es) FERPe vet" 1628
Calceolaria viscosissima - «- **** itokee MI
Calceolaria, Mr. Young's saccéseut T di 1448
Calliprora lutea 3 49050 NR TREE" 1570
Calochortus macrocarpus +" "71°"""" 1152
Calochortus luteus E ree 1567
Camassia esculenta vet vanis dr Krk 1486
Camellia japonica, var. imbricata en. .n..... 1398
Camellia japonica, var. punctata +++" "*"""" 1267
Camellia japonica, var. Reevesiana----* ee 1501
Canavalia i nennen ........ 1199
Canna Achiras ---=***=****** E ves venne 1358
nr dio TN
GENERAL INDEX TO THE NEW SERIES.
Folium
Canna lagunensis ++... .ooococoncanonsonacas..
Canna speciosa AA O ...
Capparis acuminata» «« «seen
Caprifolium longiflorum -------- PIED
Caprifolium occidentale- «««* «4e
Cassia biflora --«««««s enm
Cassia Herbertiana ++. ........o..ooommssr....
Castilleja coccinea «+++ erem
Cattleya crispa +-............. o
Cattleya guttata +...» ++ rennen nenn Be
Cereus, crimson creeping ++... ......ooo.... ..
Chasmonia incisa ++...» +.......»..oo.oooonno...
Cheiranthus mutabilis ++.... +... .+...........
Chelone nemorosa +++...» +... oooooocmonsn...
Chorozema ovatum ++... +.«.oooooonsosssmos...
Chorozema triangulare +++ +»......ooomom.....
Chrysanthemum indicum ++... «+==.....moo...
Chrysanthemum indicum, var. planum +. +++
Cirrhea Loddigesii --- «ee
Clarkia elegans ---«»+.oooococoaranescrcmsn...
Clematis chlorantha :««-.4 mI
Cleome speciosissima ++»+..»o.oooooncnsmomm..
Clerodendron hastatum +-.+.+.+++.+.+ooo.o.o...
Clintonia elegans +-...-+.. Ssodvedces Vie$ ve se ...
Clivia nobilis ----- cece cede cccccccpecccccscece
Coburgia fulva O ocd ne cc enedecececcseceseosce
Collomia grandiflora .«..... nern ennn nen
Collomia coccinea- +++...» eer mI
Collomia heterophylla »++.+.++.+ooooomoo.o.o...
Collomia linearis - .+..++»«..»+.oooocooooomoo..
Combretum comosum +++...».»ooocommooo.o..
Combretum grandiflorum .....« 0.
Conanthera campanulata ++.++.++...o.o..o.....
Conocephalus naucleiflorus ++++...+....».......
Convolvulus fariposus "X nee
Cordia grandiflora ....--.ee MI
Coreopsis Atkinsoniana ------ T
Coreopsis aurea- +...» eee cece cece
Correa pulchella +..+....«.«........ rcc ee Peer
Corydalis bracteata «-.«..eee I
Costus pictus -«« «eee RII
Cotoneaster frigida -.«-... e
Cotoneaster laxiflora »...+.+.++...»+.»..........
Cotoneaster microphylla, var. Uva Ursi-.. +...»
Crassula turrita......ooooooooocorcconcorossss
Crataegus cordata ++... »=ooooonencrororonso...
Crategus heterophylla -++-+-+++++eeseeeceees
Crinum latifolium ++.+-+++»..+.....oo.o...oono..
Crocus vernus, var. leucorhyncus- -............
Crocus vernus, var. pictus.».+o....oooooooor...
Crotalaria verrucosa -.....»ooooooosoomomoro..
Cuphea Llavea -+....+«+ooooooooccrorononcon..
Cymbidium marginatum +++...+.»..o.ooooomoo...
Cyrtanthus carneus »......o.oonooosonomomo..»..
Cyrtochilum flavescens ++....«.«oororoomm....o.
Cyrtopodium Woodfordii ......-...... eese
Cypripedium macranthos -+++.+++o..oooooo.mo.o
Cytisus multiflorus ........... eee erre
Daphne hybrida +....o.ooooooooocoomormoomo..
Delphinium Menziesii-+»++».»+o»»..oooooooom..
Delphinium speciosum ++...» +.oooooomomooo»ooo
Dendrobium anceps +++.++»»»o.ooooooccororoo..
Dendrobium chrysanthum ..................
Dendrobium longicornu :-. .-««.. eee
Dendrobium moniliforme... ...... eese
Dendrobium secundum ..-...... 4er
Dendrobium speciosum ++»+.+.»+».............
Dianthus Libenotis - »----- «o ee po oe oo soomescns
Digitalis laciniata ... --.--.-- «eee eene
Dillwynia glycinifolia .....o=oooooooosorccocos
Diospyrus Mabola +..oooconasconrorcronsro».
1311
1276
1322
1232
1457
:1310
1422
1136
1172
1406
1565
1244
1431
1211
1528
1513
1287
1502
1538
1575
1234
1312
1307
1241
1182
1497
1520
1174
1622
1347
1166
1105
1631
1193
1203
1323
Folium
Draczna surculosa «mmm nm
Drimia villosa +....+..-»+. +... oo.ococcooc. c..
Duvaua dependens a a ae ¿er
Duvaua latifolia -.-.».......«««...o...........
Duvaua ovata +-.+......»«o.ooooooococsons..
Echeveria gibbiflora----«« «een
Eleagnus angustifolia ««««... I
Epacris nivalis A bas scs e
Epidendrum odoratissimum- +++...» ......... "
Epidendrum oncidioides :-.-... "PP
Erauthemum fecundum +........
Eriophyllum capitosum ++ ++++++.o.ooooono....
Erythrina carnea ++-..+........oo.o... Fett
Erythrina poianthes: --------- Perth tnt n
Erythrina poianthes, var. subinermis «+... .....
Escallonia montevidensis ------- sehn
Eschscholtzia californica -+.-.-.-...-+* m
Eulophia ensata »»+--+ror sr MIHI
Eulophia Mackaiana :-:.-4 mM
Eurybia corymbosa +++ .+...=ooooooorssnsco..»
Eurycles Cunninghamii ++.» »» «eem
Eutoca multiflora.-...+.+ +...» +++... ...........
Francoa appendiculata A RR ARAM EEE EN
Fuchsia bacillaris «tI
Fuchsia globosa dl eddie n be M EN sor.
Fuchsia microphylla -+..-....+..+ esaescegee ..
Fuchsia thymifolia --------- oe ee ccsccccccecce
Gaillardia aristata ---...-..-- occ cnavecsesecces
Galipea odoratissima ------
Gastrolobium retusum 5:446 III
Gaultheria Shallon ------ cee acce cenae ese e.....
Genista procumbens +» ++..+........ ——
Gesnera macrostachya-+....«»+»ooooomonanso...
Gesnera rutila +...» += t III
Gesnera rutila, var. atrosanguinea «...........
Gesnera Suttoni -«-..4 m III
Geum chilense, var. grandiflorum ++......... :
Gilia capitata-««««««e II
Gladiolus psittacinus +............
Glycine biloba PR A pet nnt
Gompholobium capitatum --+-+--- etn
Gompholobium Knightianum +++ +++..........
Gompholobium tenue: -- -- +........ eee eo see
Gompholobium venulosum +++». .»..o.o.o.....
Gompholobium marginatum +++ ++...........
Gompholobium tomentosum +++.+»...........
Gongora maculata ++.+».»..oooscomonmo..»..
Grevillea concinna ++. +++++..+.»..»..».........
Grevillea punicea.++....o..ooooononcsmmom»m.o...
Guettarda speciosa ++.+.o.ooooomarononcronano..
Habranthus Andersoni ++..+.»»»...»............
Habranthus Bagnoldi+++....»o.ooooooonommon...
Habranthus Phycelloides --------- tht
Hakea linearis ----.-».--.....-- eorerebeaseens
Hamelia ventricosa -....+..+...«oo=ooo.ooson...
Haylockia pusilla- ««--.« eee
Hedychium coccineum ++» +ooooooommormo....
Helianthus lenticularis ++.++++»».....o.........
Helianthus tubeeformis ++..+++.».++.............
Heliconia pulverulenta ++++.+.+o.o.oooooonono.
Herminium cordatum +++.» oo»ooooomosorsromo
Hesperoscordum lacteum -++.+.»+»»...»ooomoo...
Heuchera micrantha .......- rene sane to PU p^ C
Hibiscus Lindleii ....... 2e eee enm
Hibiscus palustris-«« «ee eere
Hibiscus splendens ........ rr
Hosackia bicolor --«...... err rmt
Hosta cerulea :-....... trm IIS
Hovea chorozemefolia ».....».....-
Hovea lanceolata ......»+..»»o..o.»..............
Hovea purpurea. +.» ooooocoocrrcacconcoss...
Hovea vill0s2.--+.+.».o.»oooooooooo.oocorsossros
Ipomopsiselegans «nnm
mE
1169
1346
1573
1580
1568
1947
1156
1531
1415
1623
1494
1167
1327
1246
1617
1467
1168
1147
3433
1532
1506
1180
1645
1480
NIN
ET
EA
GENERAL INDEX TO THE NEW SERIES.
Folium
Iris bicolor +» -» RAR ae ae.
Iris tenax
Isopogon formosus --
Jasminum ACUM Ad rr rr
Jasminum Wallichianum -+.o...onmesnrrtoro?
Justicia carnea een
Justicia guttata---«...**
Justicia picta --- ..... OD oss 60 6020006 >
Justicia quadrangularis ++. enennennee
Justicia venusta A A Oo
Kempferia Roscoeana eescctesosscecócsocvenóa
Kennedya dilatata ++»... e O
Kennedya inophylla cevvowsnese ae eoo.n.os..
Kennedya monophylla, var. longiracemosa --..
Lachenalia pallida -.-.....ooososorccorrrtos?
Lathyrus californicus -=i -asee a
Lathyrus tingitanus EEE AT TTI anA eepose
Ledocarpum pedunculare » nennt"
Lepechinia spicata -+++r+rs7*"""" ETSI AC XR
Leptotes bicolor NO AA seus
Leucocoryne odorata esveesétepaessososbecone
Leucopogon parviflorus..««««eseettttttt
Libertia formosa + een
Limnocharis Humboldti de
Linum mexicanum ----...* Is.
Linum sibiricum, var. Lewis «tttm
Liparis elata NA 2 ee
Lissanthe sapida Pa O A EE AS
Loasa ambrosisfolia idos rre res
Loasa Placei ee EI ANA
Lobelia longiflora-*-******:****7
Lobelia purpurea --......* TT
Lobelia, Low's purple = +"
Lobelia Tupa --*
Lonicera involucrata
Lophanthus anisatus «ent
Lophospermum erubescens »+-+---errrreerert
Lotus arenarius- ----+.* BEAT E o
Lowea berberifolia III Ps"
Tapas arbustus++-+*-9< eee ee te
Lupinus albifrons E EE yo T TRE
pil Mi «riso Ee TELLE
Lupinus elegans SA A es nde
Lupinus laxiflorus Lee abe code cach Ree etre eeee
Lupinus lepidus eos
Lupinus littoralis» +- ++ ++ +° perry yeasts
Lupinus micranthus erro crono pcscorcsrrs...
Lupinus mutabilis ir ds.
Lupinus ornatus AS A id
Lupinus plumosus cokers O he QUEE TE
Lupinus polyphyllus, var. albiflorus
Lupinusrivolansee(6- ne m
en oe
Madia elegans A eame dppes <0 tee:
Magnolia Y ulan, var. Soulangiana- «*«* «7
Mala MUIBOBS «certe vera een C IUE
Malva purpurata «+++ onen ent
Malva umbellata ->si +. een creren este
Mammillaria pulcra ner
Mammillaria tenuis- -- een"!
Maxillaria ciliaris
Maxillaria decolor TUE I N S ke
Maxillaria racemosa
Maxillaria tetragona ET IL N rk de
Maxillaria viridis.-- oem ee 0
Michauxia levigata- --- sites Sinn EII
Microstylis ophioglossoides » «++ 7"""
Milla Biflora ===“ rem coos
Mimulus propinquus + mente
Mimulusroseus neriti eiie
Mirbelia Baxteri === eto”
Moscharia pinnatifida
Nanodes discolor +++ +
O E RA RATA A rh dl ni
AS bd
TII
.......o.....
..o.....
PETER III
TTE
O a "Pée
.oo.o... oe... ...........e
"PII
AU e
PA as
Dr eet i Pet
1404
1218
1288
1296
1409
1397
1334
1227
1340
1380
1212
1526
1421
1336
1350
1144
1388
1392
1292
1625
1293
1560
1630
3640
1326
1163
1175
1275
1390
1599
1200
1325
1445
1612
1179
1282
1381
1488
1261
1230
1642
1242
1501
1140
1149
1198
1251
Folium
Nemophila aurita + een nennen
Nierembergia filicaulis «+++ rer enert .
Nicotiana persica - «rennen terres
(Enothera anisoloba A A A nds
Œnothera bifrons» «4*4
(Enothera biennis, var. grandiflora» -+++
(Enothera decumbens--+-++++++++rerseererre*
(Enothera densiflora «4M
(Enothera glauca ---.»...eeseeoeeeeeeeeeeeeee
(Enothera pallida +++++-++eererceererseeeceere
(Enothera tenella, var. tenuifolia + ..........*
(Enothera viminea «etm nennen
Oncidium cornigerum «...o..oomommm...
Oncidium altissimumn---....oooommmmmnmmon..”.
Oncidium Harrisonianum ---......oommmmo..”.”
Ononis peduncularis A eph ....
Ophrys aranifera, var. limbata-«««««ee tttm,
Opuntia aurantiaca ra.e s sses esere ertrar
Orchis papilionacea ----+- Po...”
Osbeckia nepalensis, var. albiflora ******** ....
Oxalis Bowiei ----
Oxalis Cummingi- +++ rennen
Oxalis divergens E AAA PO DUE de
Oxalis tortuosa een nennt
Oxalis variabilis --.....eereeeeeeeeeereeeeree
Pachypodium tuberosum +-+++++erreerererere
Palavia rhombifolia ----+ ernennen.
Peeonia albiflora, var. Pottsii „++... en.
Peeonia hybrida «4n
Peony, Semidouble tree -»»+rrrrrrer rennen.
Pancratium pedale «++ rennen
Papaver persicum «eee
Passiflora ligularis PPD E nee ccocooooooso
Passiflora gossypiifolia +.+++eeeseeeeeeeereeeee
Passiflora kermesina --.........oonmonmo...”..
Passiflora phoenicea--+++s++errretsts teeters
Pentstemon acuminatum +++-++r+r*rrrererrr"
Pentstemon attenuatum -+rsr+rrrserrerreer’
Pentstemon confertum » +++ rennen
Pentstemon deustum ---..........* cvccccvce
Pentstemon diffusum --« «een
Pentstemon glandulosum «+++ rreeneneee
Pentstemon glaucum ++. rer nerenenenene
Pentstemon pruinosum » +++ teen
Pentstemon pulchellum. +++» unnneneer
Pentstemon Scouleri
Pentstemon speciosum »sr-- re rrrenenneenet
Pentstemon triphyllum » =..." rer eneennee
Pentstemon venustum -+-rrerrurnerenenenene
Pereskia Bleo
Perilomia ocymoides » ++.. re rereeeren nen
Persea gratissima + een enent
Petunia violacea EAS
Pharium fistulosum
Phlomis floccosa - ++ +++" ++
Phlox speciosa soree A TT AA
Pholidota imbricata «e«t tá gg z
Phycella Herbertiana » -+ **** PA A eds uo
Pimelea humilis Voeséebes toten SUE RA Huren
Pimelea hispida PE O A aas) e PP RM
Pimelea intermedia - +++" nnmene""
Pimelea sylvestris
Pleurothallis prolifera
EAS dd
EEE IL EIN FEN EEE AN AA
.............
eae ba O ia
A 6b bnedvb Ue
Plumeria Lambertiana Sabaspseeso poss E APR. .
Podolobium trilobatum.«««sseeeettmnnt
Polemonium czruleum, var. piliferum- ++ ****-
um +
Ly
Polygala oppositifolia, var. major «emnt
Polygonum injucundum cocasvecvecsvcessees
Potentilla arguta ««: eere
Potentilla glandulosa -*«*«**:::**1*17077 7777
Potentilla Hopwoodiana ehren
Potentilla laciniosa nett
Pol ile IA idad: At
1601
GENERAL INDEX TO THE NEW SERIES.
Folium Folium
Potentilla missourica +.........- ido... 1419 Sempervivum villosum +++.++..o..oo»...omo... 1553
Potentilla Russel!'s -----.--- OS iver’ went 1496 Senecio lilacinus +++.+..+..+.+++.»+.............. 1342
Potentilla viscosa: +........... RE LE 1492 | Senecio Tussilaginis -++.++++++++.==..=......... 1550
Pothos scandens «--.5..:2: 0 0. fe vo eror 1337 Serapias cordigera, var. longipetala *-..-.-... 1189
Pratia begonifolia -...... m 1373 Silene laciniata ««««..ee III 1444
Prunus candicans-+...».++++..oooomoooommmo... 1135 Sinningia villosa --------- weve cece ces eceee ve 1194
Prunus dasycarpa ------- Mas e 1243 Sisyrinchium grandiflorum +++ +.............. ` 1364
Pultenæa rosmarinifolia -----+-+--+++++++++ - 1584 Sisyrinchium odoratissimum ++.....- +... 1283
Pulfenza subumbellata --- +--+ e+e ee 1632 Solandra guttata ---+---- Poo... evsoceeocevseve 1551
Purshia tridentata ++... +++... ooo... 144 Solanum crispum +++ «eee eccorocosors. 1516
Pyrus angustifolia - +... .»-.=-..+** —— 1207 Sollya heterophylla - ++ o-+oooooosocommo.... .. 1466
Pyrus Bollwylleriana ----------- ii 1437 Sophora velutina »++++++++-- (——— 251188
Pyrus grandifolia “so. hororororr.». ——— 115 Soulangia rubra +-+..........- ee oonooc.oso soe 1498
Pyrus nivalis--------- o sie eos 1484 Sparaxis pendula --+-----+-++++++++ A
Pyras salvifolia--.....». seen 1482 Spermadictyon azureum ----- $^ ee evo voco 1935
Pyrus sinensis «Henn. 1248 Sphacele campanulata ++..«..=..oomno..... Ser 1389
Pyrus spuria +....oomrrernercnnano tH 1196 Sphenotoma capitatum +» +++. <+....o.oo.o.. EI IBID
Ranunculus creticus, var. macrophyllus ++++++ 1432 Spiræa ariefolia -.-............ eH eee 1365
Reevesia thyrsoidea WR Lu DUE. QE su 1996 Spiræa chamzdrifolia. ------- bukoi weve cee’ .. 1222
Renanthera coccinea -.......oooooonono.. sre 1131 Stachys albicaulis....... nn 0n. ...... 1558
Rhaphiolepis rubra ++...» «==...o...oooo rn - 1400 Stachys germanica, var. pubescens --+-+++++++-- 1289
Rhododendron Alta-clerense -------- Pomo...” 1414 Stachys Salvie --. +... .«<o.ooooooononomm... ++ 1226
Rhododendron arboreum, var. roseum --+++++ 1240 Stanhopea eburnea -.-...-........- ED . 1529
Rhododendron, Cartons- ---- ra »» 1449 Statice puberula ----------- m eos 1450
Ribes cereum-:---- descaro... cece cece cccccce 1263 Stemodia chilensis ------- - ov cecccesese s.... 1470
Ribes divaricatum +++ +++» I IO 1359 Stenactis speciosa----+++++++++ n ec 1577
Ribes inebrians- -.-.-----=.=.......... AA 1471 Sterculia lanceolata- ----- vesébassteaeceovksves 1956
Ribes punctatum -------- ER LER “1078 Sterculia Tragacantha --+-+++++++-++++ Scares AS
Ribes sanguineum Vudu teee wires ss rece Ul dee QM Streptocarpus Rexii aa Cees E A (es... 1173
Ribes setosum «.-..................... ee. 1237 Stylidium fasciculatum *-*.- eer on 00. 1459
Ribes speciosum FETT Sd E Y TE EI E ies 1557 Tabernzmontana densiflora + «ee 1273
Ribes tenuiflorum -----.. +... nme 1574 Tacsonia pinnatistipula - +... ++.» +.=......... 1536
Rose Clare -.....-.o.oooooooooonororornror... 1438 Tellima grandiflora- --..«- ++ .».ooo==.moon.... 1178
Rosa multiflora, var. platyphylla- -----+- tS * 1372 Teucrium orchideum :-«.:. n I 1255
Rosa Ruga--».- bo...» AI op 1389 Thermopsis fabacea oo... e ... 1272
Rubus nutkanus +++ +++» ..o.o.ooooomocom=.n... 1368 Thryallis brachystachys- «I .... 1162
Rubus roridus +++ +++ +» conan - 1607 Tillandsia acaulis.................... RE 1157
Rubus spectabilis conororssono. ricos ro... 1494 Tillandsia rosea --««-« III 1357
Ruellia Sabiniana s: 1238 Tillandsia stricta -.«.......+ e II 1338
Saccolabium papillosum »»--..r en enneen en 1552 Trachymene caerulea -..ooooomcncoommmass.. . 1295
Sagittaria angustifolia --------- teh 1141 Tradescantia undata - «e Poo... ++ 1403
Salpiglossis atropurpurea = ii eo sssi eeenenene 1518 Trichopetalum gracile -+.....+.- E ...... 1535
Salvia angustifolia ---.... ==... rennen. woe 1554 Trifolium vesiculosum ------- eI tessere 1408
Salvia foliosa--««« «eese 1429 Tropzolum pentaphyllum +.+«<<oo.o.ooo o...» 1547
Salvia fulgens --+ +++. .=........ III 1356 Tulipa Oculus solis, var. persica -........- .... 1143
Salvia Grahami---....--- E E 1370 Tulipa Oculus solis, var. preecor--...-.... sv... 1419
Salvia involucrata «sm 1205 Tupistra nutans --......... m 1293
Sarcanthus guttatus «MR 1443 Turrea pinnata --....-- rr ds E 1413
Sauroglossum elatum -++++++ ++ +228 n 1618 Ulex genistoides -------- Porn ee eee 1452
Schizanthus pinnatus, var. humilis. ........... 1562 Vaccinium ovatum ---.......... iS odeetesecuuh 1354
Schizanthus retusus. ««*«*- e MM 1544 Verbena Melindres --->--++++++++- Saurier ¿e 1184
Scilla plumbea ------ creer reer erccecseccscccs 1355 Vernonia axilliflora- ---- — orcas 1464
Scottia angustifolia--------- ILLI 1266 Viburnum cotinifolium » ++ ++ ++ + enn 1650
Scottia dentata -»» +++ +. + oleonodoorommscocos "TS Villarsia reniformis ----- DID ec 1533.
Scottia lzvis -.....-- E esit esq 1652 Viola premorsa «s. n II 1254
Scutellaria alpina V dwg eee és s da e Wh nC Bortäsene 1460 Westringia longifolia sesoses DERE e. 1481
Scutellaria alpina, var. lupulina ----+-++-+++- . 1493 Xerophyllum setifolium +++» +++. +==+.........- 1613
Sedum Cepxa --...-- AS 1391 Zephyranthes mesochloa ---.+....+.- eH + 1361
Selago Gillii « «m ASE 1504 Zinnia violacea, var. coccinea -........... si. PUE
THE END.
LONDON:
J. MOYES, CASTLE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE.
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I M P E R A TO R V M
\
CHKONOLOGICA.
Sec. IX.^
Perioduf Carolingica.
800
Carolus I, Magnus.
. H
Ludovicus I. Pius.
- 40
Lotharius.
55
Ludovicus IL
75
Carolus II. Calvus.
78
Ludovicus III. Balbus<)
80
Carolus III. CrafTus; •
' 88
ArnulphUs.
99
Ludovicus IV. Infans.
Sec. X.
Periodus Saxonica.
♦ • t •
91a
Conradus I. Francus.
19
Hcnricus I. Auceps.
X 3<5
Otto I. Magnus.
^ 73
Otto II.
«3
lotto III.
■ » •*
• Sec.
^ t
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«
Sec. XL
Periodus Francica.
1002
Hcnricus II. Sanctus. .
24
COhradirs II.' SjflicuisJ
. 39
Henriciis III. Niger,
5 <S
Henricua IVw’ ^
Sec. XII.
II ,»>■ % ■•0^
1106
Henri cus V.
LothuduS'Sftxci ' )/
, 1
»
Periodus Suevka; ^
. * -38
Conradus' II I\ Sitevus.
52
Frideficus Ii* 3 a^aroira, *
90
.4 ^ •
• S8'
H'cnricus' Vl, ' Afjper.
[Phiiipus.;
Sec. xm. .
1 208
Otto, ivi '
12-
Fridcricus TI. i —
5 ojGonradus IV. - •
Interregnum itrtgnuni a
morte* Conradi IV. 11254.
usque ad ele^idncin Rudol-
phi I. 1^73. itmr quodta-
mcn Wilhtlinus J^atavus ab
> ' !
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♦
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a. 1254. usque ad a. ia5d,
et Richaridus Anglicus, ab
fl. 1257. usque, ad a. 1272.
Reges Roiuanorum fuerunt.
*
Periodus Hafefpurgico-Au-
(Iriaca.
73
92 ^
98
Rudolphus L Habfpurgic.
Adolpiius Naffovius.
Albertus I. ' AuRriacus,
Sec. XIV.
Pcpiodus' Limburgico - Lu*
xenburgka, ;
1308
14
47.
'78
Hcnricus VII. Luxenburg,
Ludovicus V. Bavarus.
Carolus IV.
Wcnceslaus.
6CC.AV.
k
‘ 1400
Ip
1
Rupertus Palatimis.
SSgismundus.
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Periodus Auftriaca.
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Albertus II. Auflriaeus.
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Sec. XVI.
1519
59
Sec. XVII.
• i5I2
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37
58
Sec. XVIII.
»
1705
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45
^4
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55
. . 90
/
^Carolus V.
Fcrdinandus I.
Maximilianus II.
Rudoipus II.
Mathias^
Fcrdinandus II. ’
Fcrdinandus III.
Leopoldus.
lofephus I.
Carolus VI.
Caroluif VII. Bayanis.
Francifcus. Lotharingicus.
lofephus II. Rom. Rex 27
Mart. cor. 3 April.
Imp. 18 Aug.
Leopold JI. Imp. Qor. pOct,’
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fpegen t)er 0ifcblec6trfenioren ocrortnct ift#
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tin toaun, ein i)5eotrag oon bunb^rt
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baar cntri.cbtet toerben foU*
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«or oflenial t)on bent 0ttft tpeucr6
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lire / ober
ft) ber 3nunatrtfulfltion fonllen oorbritigetti
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sniblgg entfeblieffen toilfben.
. 33
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burfiifcbcn ^otifcffiort »crt®anbe^ grduUiu#
in beh ^rdbenbetiyenug nacbtucfcn/ unb etf
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ijJrdbenbeiuttrag felbft, nacb 2 }orfcbrift Ui
ftUgememen OrWftbiuffe^/ pecbeflTeru
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nid&t nut aUe icDcnbe Srdu#
lein obnc Uiiterfobieb ibrce foiibent
aucb nlle grduleiii# bie ferner gebobren tver^
ben^ nacb unb nacb in bae @tift aufge^
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fcbluffee/ belirbt unb fefJaefeibt morbett/ ba§
ber 0lang unb bie Orbnung fut bte er^e
itlaffe^ nncb n>e(cber aHe lebenbe gdulein
obne Unterfcbieb tbrea Siltera tn Hi 0ttft
cintreten/ unb ben Jl)r4(}enbengenu§ nacO
unb nac6 uberEommen foUeU/ gottdcber
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|u beflimmen, bie ^ertofung fdbilen aber
ft| ber ^aqi in bemerfflenigen fep , aU ii
pn aligenieine Ortef^biug uerorbnet«
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5ft nun tn beflen 0 Ui^formt 0 feit bie
^erlcfung mirHicb uodjogen ; fo belebren
bie cigeni barob gebrucFten beoben^eriei<be
niflTe/ mie einer Bdti bie fatbrlifcben unb
anbmr 0 ei ^0 bie ber augeburgifcben
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‘fdpoii «ert»aR&en St^uUin im' siana unb
£)rbnun 3 auf einantin itlitn, unb naib
unb nacb iu'btm @tift<g(nu$ >«b(t bn
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lein fobalb# a(^(^ ba^ lum n^itflicben 0tifttf^
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aucb auf ber <0teOe n>ieber in ben 0lang
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toirt flUen ^rte^eburgifcben Jrduiein, tie nact
unt nact tpeitere gebobeen werDen, immer tic
,ttt tee 4)rbnung foiyente 3«tl iUgetteilt/ unt
tiernact ite 9lang unt {)rtnung fefi gefcBt*
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^te ®e(art ter Srjufeut £5c6t4c
tnu§ ater dor itren €lcern oter .fZ^ertoanti
ttn tnRerbfld) tteo CDtonaten (ep loblicbes
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fontern aucb tie '^ni^ide feltfl mtt einent
^ufaten (Sinfctreiboelt > ter iur ^ufnatme
teo 0tift^ oertoentet* n>irt / tann mit elnem
ten Zag unt fie 0cunte itrer ®eturt
auetrncfenteRi Dom fPfarrer tee Ort^/ too
fie getauft toorteR/ anlgefleKten unt geto^
rig befeoerlictten ^auffctein^ toie nic6t mot/
ter mit tern itre3(tneneri>robeuten0tamm^
taum# fatte nictt einer fcton ton ibren 4(tern ^
DoUbilrtigen 0cbtDef!ern oirgelegt unt gut/
geteiffen morten# iu tern €nbc begleitet
toerteR/ tamit tae neugebobrne St^auletR/
tm ibrer ricbtig fintenten ^tnen|)robe#
in tag @tiftebuct ter iHufgenommenen ein/
getrageu/ unt In ®emd§teit teO tbr oott
0btt unt ter 9^atur imgemiefeneh dlangfp
nacb etfangten Siftmdffigeti Jatren unt
crpffnetem iunt toirfijiben @tiftege/
^ ^3 ,4
>
nuf 6erufeu/ unc6 f&x ^affel&e bit ^ufnabml#
urfunbe/ mit Q3emer!ung ber ouf fie faUetu
ben ^ab(/ |u ibm ffinftigen Segittmatlett
non (^bUcben 0iiitcroit< megen auegefeetfiM:
tperben fonne»
^ *
‘ §. 18 . .
•
SBtiebe ti ftcb ergebcn^ ba§ itvep Pber
tnebrete Srdufem pon untecfcbtebenen SAittM
lien an bem nebmftcben ^ag unb in ber
tiebmlicben 0tunbe }ur SDelt gebebren n>ilc«
ben ; fo foU beren Siang bae i^eoe entfcbei^
ben^/tpenn unter benfelben baruber 0treit
entfieben tpirb, tic ^erlofung aht felbfl
ber ibblicbet Stitterbaiiptmannfcbaftin Q5ep#
fepn bcr Areiunbeit ^beile/ ©bee ib((eQ3e«
bPllmdcbtigten# gefcbeben. -
/*
% ♦ ^ *
’ ^ §. 19,
^tetpeifen aber aucb gefcbeben Knni
tc, ba$ tin ebenber obec.fpdter#
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The MP series is a "personal defence weapon" (PDW) made by Heckler & Koch in Germany. It is one of the most popular submachine guns in the world. It is used by many different militaries and counter-terrorism and police groups.
MP5
The main version of the MP5, the MP5A2, uses 9mm pistol ammunition and shoots 800 rounds per minute, which is about thirteen rounds per second. The normal magazine size (how many bullets it holds at once) is 30 or 15 rounds.
There are many other versions of the gun, some which use different caliber bullets, are shorter, or have other differences. One important type of MP5 is the MP5SD series, which are MP5s with built in suppressors ('silencers'). The MP5SDs are quieter than most guns and can be used for stealth. The MP5 is used by many special forces groups around the world, including the United States Navy Seals and British SAS.
Since it is used by many heroes in pop culture, it is sometimes called the "good guy gun."
Main versions
MP5
MP5K (K=kurz: German for short)
MP5SD (SD=Schalldämpfer: German for suppressor)
MP7
The MP7 is the updated MP5. It was designed with a new cartridge with higher muzzle velocity to meet NATO requirements published in 1989. A modern PDW needs greater ability to defeat body armour, because former weapons used only conventional pistol cartridges. The MP7 went into production in 2001. It is a direct rival to the Belgian FN P90, also developed in response to NATO's requirement. The MP7 has been revised since its introduction and the current production version is the MP7A1.
References
Submachine guns |
Austin Powers in Goldmember is the third movie in the Austin Powers movie series. It is a sequel to Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery and Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me.
It was released in 2002. The movie was produced by Toby Emmerich, Richard Brener, John S. Lyons, Eric McLeod, Demi Moore, Mike Myers, Jennifer Todd and Suzanne Todd and was directed by Jay Roach.
Cast
Mike Myers - Austin Powers, Goldmember, Dr. Evil, and Fat Bastard
Beyoncé Knowles - Foxxy Cleopatra
Michael York - Basil Exposition
Michael Caine - Nigel Powers
Robert Wagner - Number Two
Seth Green - Scott Evil
Verne Troyer - Mini-Me
Mindy Sterling - Frau Farbissina
Fred Savage - Number Three/Mole
Masi Oka - The Japanese Copyright Guy
Diane Mizota - Fook Mi
Carrie Ann Inaba - Fook Yu
Nobu Matsuhisa - Mr. Roboto
Aaron Himelstein - young Austin Powers (from 1958)
Josh Zuckerman - young Dr. Evil (from 1958)
Eddie Adams - young Basil Exposition (from 1958)
Evan Farmer - young Number Two (from 1958)
Neil Mullarkey - physician
Tiny Lister - a prisoner
Jim Piddock - a headmaster
Esther Scott - the judge
Leyna Nguyen - an anchorwoman
Jeanette Charles - Queen Elizabeth II
Brian Tee - Japanese pedestrian ("Run! It's Godzilla!")
Clint Howard - Radar Operator Johnson Ritter
Michael McDonald - Royal Guard
Donna D'Errico - a female vendor
Greg Grunberg - the shirtless fan with the letter "T" (Greg's brother Brad Grunberg is the fan with the "A")
Kinga Philipps - Young Mrs. Powers
Scott Aukerman - Young Nigel Powers
Kevin Stea - the assistant director of "Austinpussy" (and a dancer)
Anna-Marie Goddard, Nina Kaczorowski, and Nikki Ziering - henchwomen
Ming Tea - Themselves
Susanna Hoffs - Gillian Shagwell
Matthew Sweet - Sid Belvedere
Christopher Ward - Trevor Algberth
Nathan Lane - a mysterious disco man
Katie Couric - a prison guard
Kristen Johnston - a dancer at Austin's pad
Kari Houghtaling - a dancer at Austin's pad
Cameos
Tom Cruise - himself as Austin Powers (during Austinpussy)
Danny DeVito - himself as Mini-Me (during Austinpussy)
Gwyneth Paltrow - herself as Dixie Normous (during Austinpussy)
Kevin Spacey - himself as Dr. Evil (during Austinpussy)
Steven Spielberg - himself
Quincy Jones - himself
John Travolta - himself as Goldmember (during the Austinpussy ending)
Britney Spears - herself as Fembot ("Boys" music video)
Ozzy Osbourne - himself
Sharon Osbourne - herself
Kelly Osbourne - herself
Jack Osbourne - himself
Willie Nelson - himself
Burt Bacharach - himself (during the credits)
Other websites
Austin Powers' official website
2002 comedy movies
2000s parody movies
2000s sequel movies
2000s spy movies
American parody movies
American sequel movies
American spy movies
Austin Powers
English-language movies
Guam
Histrionic personality disorder in fiction
Movies directed by Jay Roach
Movies produced by Mike Myers
Movies set in Japan
Movies set in London
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies set in the 2000s
Screenplays by Michael McCullers
Screenplays by Mike Myers
Self-reflexive movies
Spy comedy movies
Time travel movies
Tokyo |
MyScene is a type of doll created by the Mattel Toy Company. They share the product name of Barbie, but they have differences with the head shapes. The line was supposedly started as a rival to the popular Bratz dolls.
Movies
The My Scene characters have starred in three DVD movies:
"Jammin' In Jamaica"
"Masquerade Madness"
"My Scene Goes Hollywood" featuring Lindsay Lohan.
Main characters
Girls
Barbie(Barbie was replaced by Kennedy because they said that she had moved to California)
Madison
Chelsea
Nolee
Delancey
Kenzie
Jai
Kennedy
Nia
Jai, Nia and Kennedy were added when they changed the my scenes dolls to look like Bratz and they took out Nolee and Barbie
Boys
Bryant
River
Hudson
Sutton
Ellis
Tyson
Dolls |
Long Thanh International Airport () is a planned international airport (under contruction) in Long Thanh, Dong Nai Province, in southern Vietnam. The airport is planned to be open in 2025.
Other websites
The Long Thanh International Airport project approved dongnai.gov.vn, August 8, 2006
Southern province to see new airport Viet Nam News, June 26, 2004
Airport & Ground Support Equipment (AGSE) in Vietnam by Le Son (11/25/2005)
Vietnam: Opportunity for Bidding for Masterplan of USD $8-Billion Long Thanh International Airport by Le Son (February 15, 2007)
Airports in Vietnam |
Bekdorf is a municipality of the district Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The river Bekau flows through Bekdorf.
Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein
Steinburg (district) |
<p>Full disclosure: I'm very new to mocking and mocking frameworks. I'm trying to use ScalaMock because it seemed like the 'default' mocking framework to use with ScalaTest but I am happy to use any other framework which is compatible with ScalaTest.</p>
<p>The problem: I've written in Scala a class that talks to a socket. The class has a type parameter of what sort of socket it is to talk to and one of it's arguments is a factory for creating sockets of that type. It has the signature:</p>
<pre><code>class XScanner[T <: SocketClient](
confPath: String = "/etc/default/configPath",
socketClientFactory: String => T
) extends ScannerBase(path)
</code></pre>
<p>I would like to be able to write unit tests for this class by supplying a mock SocketClient so my test code doesn't have to connect to a real socket but I can't work out how to do this with ScalaMock.</p>
<p>My test code looks like this:</p>
<pre><code>val t = new XScanner[SocketClient](confPath, (s: String) => mock[SocketClient])
</code></pre>
<p>Clearly that won't compile because <code>SocketClient</code> expects a path to the socket as an argument but I can't call <code>mock[SocketClient(s)]</code> because that's not a type and I can't call <code>mock[SocketClient](s)</code> because mock doesn't take the arguments of the type passed to it as it's own arguments. </p>
<p>So how can I write a mock <code>SocketClient</code> factory to pass to my Scanner? I can't even work out how to mock a class that takes arguments!</p> |
Le Chenit is a municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the Vallée de Joux.
References
Further reading
Other websites
Official website of the municipality of Le Chenit
Official website of the village of Le Brassus
Aerial views von Le Sentier
Aerial views von Le Brassus
Aerial views von L’Orient
Vallée de Joux
Municipalities of Vaud |
<p>Lets suppose we add some <code>TabButton</code> using the <code>qml</code>javascript, with the line <code>tabBar.addItem</code> and as argument <code>tabButton.createObject</code>.</p>
<p>Now what i want to do is if i change the language i want the text of the <code>TabButton</code> to change too.</p>
<p>How can this be done?</p>
<p>I know i can have on components (and i already have it working on a real app) a conection (that reacts to a signal) from a c++ class where we load the translations like this</p>
<pre><code>Connections {
target: qmlTranslator
onLanguageChanged: {
doSomething()
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>I'm not finding a way to have it work with this tabbuttons. I provide a simple code to illustrate what i have:</p>
<pre><code>import QtQuick 2.7
import QtQuick.Dialogs 1.2
import QtQuick.Layouts 1.3
import QtQuick.Controls 2.3
import QtQuick.Window 2.3
ApplicationWindow {
visible: true
width: 640
height: 480
title: qsTr("Tabbars")
function assertCDataTabs () {
var tabs = ["Config", "Devices", "IOs", "Sounders", "Zones"]
for (var t in tabs) {
tabBar.addItem(tabButton.createObject(tabBar, { text: QT_TRANSLATE_NOOP("main",t), "font.pixelSize": 14 }))
}
backgroundHome.visible=false;
}
header: TabBar {
id: tabBar
opacity:0.8
}
Component {
id: tabButton
TabButton {
font.pixelSize: 14
}
}
StackLayout {
id: content
currentIndex: tabBar.currentIndex
anchors.fill: parent
}
Component.onCompleted: {
assertCDataTabs()
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>EDIT:
Why does this not work?</p>
<pre><code>Connections {
target: qmlTranslator
onLanguageChanged: {
var _contentData = tabBar.contentData
if(_contentData.length > 0){
for(var i=0;i<_contentData.length;i++){
var textTrans = _contentData[i]['contentItem']['text']
tabBar.itemAt(i).text = qsTr(textTrans)
}
}
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>qmltranslator.cpp</p>
<pre><code>#include "qmltranslator.h"
#include <QApplication>
#include <QDebug>
#include <QDir>
QmlTranslator::QmlTranslator(QQmlEngine *engine)
{
_translator = new QTranslator(this);
_engine = engine;
}
void QmlTranslator::selectLanguage(QString language)
{
// working folder
QDir dir = QDir(qApp->applicationDirPath()).absolutePath();
// #ifdef Q_OS_MACOS // crutch for Mac OS
// dir.cdUp();
// dir.cdUp();
// dir.cdUp();
// #endif
// qDebug() << dir.path();
QString languagesArray[] = { "en", "pt", "es", "br", "de", "dk", "fi", "fr", "it", "lt", "no", "ro", "tr", "hu" };
for(int i=0;i<languagesArray->length();i++){
if(languagesArray[i] != language){
_translator->load(":/translations/" + QString("Lang-%1").arg(languagesArray[i]));
qApp->removeTranslator(_translator);
}
}
if (!_translator->load(":/translations/" + QString("Lang-%1").arg(language)))
{
qDebug() << "Failed to load translation file, falling back to English";
}
qApp->installTranslator(_translator);
_engine->retranslate();
emit languageChanged();
}
</code></pre>
<p>qmltranslator.h</p>
<pre><code>#ifndef QMLTRANSLATOR_H
#define QMLTRANSLATOR_H
#include <QObject>
#include <QTranslator>
#include <QQmlEngine>
class QmlTranslator : public QObject
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
QmlTranslator(QQmlEngine *engine);
Q_INVOKABLE void selectLanguage(QString language);
signals:
void languageChanged();
private:
QTranslator *_translator;
QQmlEngine *_engine;
};
#endif // QMLTRANSLATOR_H
</code></pre>
<p>on the main to have it acessible through qml</p>
<pre><code>QQmlApplicationEngine engine;
QmlTranslator qmlTranslator(&engine);
// and register it as a context in Qml layer
engine.rootContext()->setContextProperty("qmlTranslator", &qmlTranslator);
engine.load(QUrl(QLatin1String("qrc:/main.qml")));
</code></pre> |
The Fw 190 was a German fighter aircraft made by Focke-Wulf during World War II. It first flew in 1939 and was introduced in 1941. Even though it was not sleek, it could still go 408 miles per hour (653 kilometers per hour). It was also called the Shrike and the Butcher Bird.
In 1942, Luftwaffe pilot Armin Faber landed by accident at a British airfield. They were then able to find out things about the aircraft.
The FW 190 was 29 feet (8.84 meters) long, had a wingspan of 34 feet 5.5 inches (10.49 meters), was 13 feet (3.96 meters) high, weighed 7,055 pounds (3,200 kilograms) empty and 10,800 pounds (4,900 kilograms) operational. It could go 408 miles per hour (653 kilometers per hour), could fly up to 37,400 feet (11,410 meters), and could go 560 miles (900 kilometers) without refueling.
FW 109 was 1500 kg heavier than Bf 109. It was also faster (FW 190 A-8 was 16 kph faster than Bf 109 G-6) but it didn't climb as fast as Bf 109 (at 15 m/s compared to 17 m/s of Bf 109). FW 190 was much better armed than Bf 109 - it had 2 machine guns above the engine and four cannons in the wings. Bf 109 had only one cannon and two machine guns.
Related pages
Bf 109
P-47 Thunderbolt
Notes
References
Other websites
Luftwaffe Resource Center
Technical dates of 190D (via Internet Archive)
Fw 190 Infos
World War II German aircraft
Military of Germany |
<p>I'm to encode a string.</p>
<p>First I used shell command:
$ echo "teststring" | base64
dGVzdHN0cmluZwo=</p>
<p>But when I use a online tool, <a href="http://www.motobit.com/util/base64-decoder-encoder.asp" rel="noreferrer">http://www.motobit.com/util/base64-decoder-encoder.asp</a>
the result is: dGVzdHN0cmluZw==</p>
<p>Why are they different?</p> |
A logarithmic scale is a scale used when there is a large range of quantities. Common uses include earthquake strength, sound loudness, light intensity, spreading rates of epidemics, and pH of solutions.
It is based on orders of magnitude, rather than a standard linear scale. The value of each mark on the scale is the value at the previous mark multiplied by a constant.
Logarithmic scales are also used in slide rules for multiplying or dividing numbers by adding or subtracting lengths on the scales.
The logarithmic scale can be helpful when the data cover a large range of values – the logarithm reduces this to a more manageable range.
Some of our senses operate in a logarithmic fashion (multiplying the actual input strength adds a constant to the perceived signal strength, see: Stevens' power law). That makes logarithmic scales for these input quantities especially appropriate. In particular, our sense of hearing perceives equal multiples of frequencies as equal differences in pitch.
On most logarithmic scales, small multiples (or ratios) of the underlying quantity correspond to small (possibly negative) values of the logarithmic measure.
Examples
Well-known examples of such scales are:
Richter magnitude scale and moment magnitude scale (MMS) for strength of earthquakes and movement in the earth.
bel and decibel and neper for acoustic power (loudness) and electric power;
counting f-stops for ratios of photographic exposure;
rating low probabilities by the number of 'nines' in the decimal expansion of the probability of their not happening: for example, a system which will fail with a probability of 10−5 is 99.999% reliable: "five nines".
Entropy in thermodynamics.
Information in information theory.
Particle size distribution curves of soil
Some logarithmic scales were designed such that large values (or ratios) of the underlying quantity correspond to small values of the logarithmic measure. Examples of such scales are:
pH for acidity;
stellar magnitude scale for brightness of stars;
A logarithmic scale is also a graphical scale on one or both sides of a graph where a number x is printed at a distance c·log(x) from the point marked with the number 1. A slide rule has logarithmic scales, and nomograms often employ logarithmic scales. On a logarithmic scale an equal difference in order of magnitude is represented by an equal distance. The geometric mean of two numbers is midway between the numbers.
Logarithmic graph paper, before the advent of computer graphics, was a basic scientific tool. Plots on paper with one log scale can show up exponential laws, and on log-log paper power laws, as straight lines (see semilog graph, log-log graph).
Logorithms |
A flight number, when combined with the name of the airline and the date, identifies a particular flight. This callsign should not be confused with the tail number of the aircraft, although both can be used as a call-sign as used in general aviation. A particular aircraft may fly several different flights in one day, and different aircraft may be used for the same flight number on successive days.
Sometimes when an airplane has an accident, the airline will retire the flight number and replace it with a new number.
Aviation |
Nonkilling is a worldview that affirms the possibility of a society where killing is absent. In such a society there would be no killings, threats to kill, weapons made to kill or reasons for people to kill each other.
Related pages
Nonviolence
Conscientious objector
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
References
Other websites
Glenn D. Paige, Nonkilling Global Political Science, 2002; 3rd ed. 2009.
Glenn D. Paige, Joám Evans Pim, editors, Global Nonkilling Leadership, 2009.
School of Nonkilling Studies at Wikiversity
Center for Global Nonkilling
Charter for a World without Violence
Virtues
Ethics
Civil disobedience |
Billy Porter (born September 21, 1969) is an American actor and singer.
Porter won the 2013 Best Actor in a Musical for his role as Lola in Kinky Boots at the 67th Tony Awards.
In 2014 Porter won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album for Kinky Boots. He currently stars in the television series Pose for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and won the 2019 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series.
In 2021, he confirmed he had been living with HIV for 14 years.
References
Grammy Award winners
Drama Desk Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
1969 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Singers from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
People with HIV/AIDS |
<p>How do I convert a file to its utf-8 format using Perl? and how do I check whether the converted file is in utf-8 format?</p> |
/ I
^DISSERTATIO INAUGURALIS MEDICA
DE
>P A DONE
EEBERGENS1-
UM H^EMOPTYSIN et phthi-
, SIN PULMONALEM,
VULGO;
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DIVINA ANNSJENTE GRATIA,
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KGEORGIO DAN. COSCH WITZ,
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mm’ Ac PROMOTORE OMNI OBSERVANTIM CULTU DEVENERANDO'
PRO GRADU DOCfORIS, "
ffinusque in arte Medica Honoribus , Inb'gnibus ac Privilegiis
More Majorumjblenni obtinendis,
Horis ante & fomeridianis Anno MDCCXXl. Die Ju\
Publico Eruditorum Examini fubmittit,
AUCTOR ET RESPONDENS 7
IANNES BUBBE , p. t. Med. Praft. in Prafed. Seeberg.
t J r* *♦ ^YiCU,r lau-mr i<cicci,oeeDer
MAGDEB. UTERIS CHRISTIAN I HENCXELII, ACAD. TVP.
quantisque mor
borum ac [ymptomatum ge-
neribus corpora no lira Humana
fubjefta fine \ fi non omnibus fatis
cognitura ac perfpedfum , ipfamet
tamen experientia quotidiaua
- comprobatum edoceri credo.
Donfirmant hoc & eruditiffiniorumPraaicorum dofta
cripta , in quibus non folum eorum cognatio , ted.& le-
rjtima ac folita curandi traditur methodus. Major &
>lurima pars hominum moritur cum fefori, non mini ,
na crudeli vulnere ; hie propria culpa, ille altenus; o»
tines ac finguli fua experiuntur fata , quisque fuos pati-
:ur manes. Oeterum fi reflius inlpiaamus omnia quae
'atalitatis terminumattingent, vei in flpidorum vel par-
:ium folidarum labem relultant, unde labefaaatur ma¬
rina , & periculum vies inftat , nili reparetur. tx nac,
Ttita dicam, ca verna, & prolixa rnorborum ierie, us,
aui de thematibus pro Differtationibus pubhcis cogi-
aat. [fefe offert largus materiarum campus , ut potius
A 2 OS
cle abundantia , quam penuria conquerendi oecafio de
tur. Placuit nobis loco fpeciminis inauguralis afFe
£tum felefliilimum pertraftare, nempe ut rubrica Dis
fertationis indicat , 8PADONEM liIPPGCRAII
CUM LAP1C1D ARUM SEEBERGENSLUJV
HpEMOPTYSIN ET PHTHISIN PULMONA
LEM, germanico idiom ate tie ©Ct'bCfqif^
©tCinbrc^eC'^l*anif^eit,vocatum,pra;cedentem & in
ferentem. Ut vero prselibate innotefcat»loci, cujus mor
bum 1’pecialiffimum pertra&aturi fumus,ikus,& lapicidi
narum naturalis conftitudo,ex hiftoriaTopographica fe
quentia tanquam in prodromo edoccnda veniunt. See
bergia eft praefe&ura qusedam Thuringiaca,Superioritai
Sereniflinai Principis Schwartzburgico Rudoiftadienfi:
a multis retro, imo non nuraerandis,annis,fubjedla.Moni
adjacenti hanc fuam denominationem debere fuadetr.
tio & homonymica exprefiio. Mons vero ipfe , an nc
men fuum accepiflc-dicendus fit a Jacu, CttlCP See, qi
pages Siebleben & Tuttleben , item campum major
Fpatii , cespite nunc obfitum juncofo , fub nomine a
re<fti Sieblebienfis venientem, & pro pafeendis alendi:
que pecudibus ufitatuminundafte,tandemque in radio
bus nujus mentis defecifle , refertur , cujus veftigia ini
bris quipro deferiptionibus agrorum aflervanturvulg
tlitb §db'25ijd)er, nuncupatis , adhuc loquui
tur hinc inde terminis fuis technico - marinis ; an vei
a Dea Sieba , in monte aliquando ab ethnicis culta ; a
tandem a videndo bOJtt feljen, quia mentis cacumit
longiffimo & latifiimo proipedui infcrviunt.apud aut<
res noo conftat , neccertisargumentis corroborate po
/
m (s)^
Accola eft celebri Gothanx urbi, adeo utMonsi-
; Seeberg di&us, cum radicibus fuis occidentalibus
rminos Gothanos attingat. A naturaloci hujus fitus
noeniffimus fad us eft, vifui enim in plaga quam habet
i Oriente & Septentrione agrorum & pratorum imo ur-
um & pagorum magnum nUmerum oftendit ; ameri-
onali autem &occidentali fphxra, habet montem, ob
rios quos Seebergenfibus prseftat ufus , nonultimse
adis; in latere prscipue ifto quo hanc prxfecturam
ngit, exhibet florentillimos & cum multis arboribus
j&iferis infarfliffimos hortos, in apice vero & fupe-
)ri fui corporis parte, fylvas concatenatas ex pineis
mm , partim fruticibus avellanaceis , quercinis , tilia-
is conflatas atque compofitas. Inhac Iaudata regio-
: Botanophilis occafionem ilmul porrigit optatam,
rbas medicamentofas, in dillitis alias regionibus vix
pcribiles, per compendium quafiinvifere &colligere.
medio montis , fecundum fcilicet latitudinem confi-
;rati, prater compafcuos agros pro ovibus & pecude
ajori proficuos , a provida natura, in terrarum abys*
abfconditae jacent Lapidicinx , Seebergenfibus pro
•mparanda pecunia & inde pro confumptione quoti-
ana neceffitates acquirendas maxime accommodabi-
>. Ex his nempe fodinis multoquidemlabore & pe¬
rnio fepius etiam vice , effodiunt lapides, ad ufum
echanicum valdc acceptabiles. Ex hiscejlapidicinis
nunt urbes prxtiofilfima & artibus mechanids ad a-
:em usque elaborata fua sedificia. Inde videas Erfur-
m , Gotham , Arnftadiam , Ohrdruftam , Ifenacam,
isque; accolas proximas & remotiores aedificiorum
I A j fuo*
i ^ ^
I
* co m
fuorum fplendidiorum compofitionem huic montl <fe
foere , & inde confiatam oftendere. Mehlifenfes, Rhu
lenfes , Schmalkaldenfes non potuiffentferreis iuis fabri
ficiis aciem Sc fplendorem feuexpolituram, PoIiCCI
uti numcupant, addere, nifiexhiscefodinis ipfisfuppe
ditarentur cotes majores, indiametro VIII ad iX pede
continences, quas aquis & equis rota at, &fic exa&iifi
mam polkurans imo eleganriam i& e-xacuationem , a<
multifarios ufus domefticos ac mechanicos prodcuam
Armaturis, forficibuS , forcipibus, malleis, fecuribu
&c. addunt. Mon eft hujus loci fecundum digitorun
mimerum recenfere Sc enumerate , quid ihtuariis pr<
conficiendis ftatuis , quid epithapfaiftis pro erigendi
epitaphiis, quid lapicidis aiiis pro exftruendis putei;
Altaribus , Baptiiteriis & ad facros ac publicos ufus de
ftinandis exftru&uris, iapidicinae Seebergenfes pro uf
fmt, cum quilihet qui per Thuringiam & aqcolas pro
vincias profeSus, propriis oculis yidere potent, quoi
non facile urbs, pagus, villa aut mola fit, quse non e
liisee Seebergenfium labore fibi proficuos pro exftri
iflione exhibeat lapidps. In molis hsec fuper quibu:
dam carillus & meta cx hisce lapidibus eonfecte obfei
vantur , molitori pinfendo frumentum auxiliatrice
Quoniam autem ad multifarios ufus hi lapides profici
Proliant, fit inde quod ex multis aiiis locis avolenthc!
mines , & Prsefe&urse Seebergenfis incol® fieri defid?
rent, partim quia in effodiendis lapidibus, parti m pi
transportandis ad alja loca negotjantes , occafionei
nanficantur pecunias & alimentum comparandi, & hail
quidem facilius quam in aiiis fiiykitnis locis , non mol
boful
. •; m (?) m v
Dfurn sc periculofum huic labors infeqUehtem incii-
tiantes neque verentes eventum ac Datum. Agunt
empe uc folent homines , peeunias quierun? & mor-
:m quserenda inveniunti, feilicetpecaniisnunquaraad
tietatem corrafis , onerofo tahore vitam finiunt , aut
lorbofo corpora impediuntur corradere. Qqernad-
odum enim per experientiam conlbt, quodiili ho¬
mes qui metallorum ae mineralium effoiiioni, variae-
le traclationi continuo inferviunt , familiarius phthifi
borent; & quemadraodum fegiones ac ctvitates inte¬
nse, aere denio femper refert® , aut copioiis carhonum
ifiHiim acido folpnureis exhalationibus plen* , plu-
s alunt phthificos incolas, quod inprtmis de Anglo -
m metropoli Londino , compertum habemus , ubi
Ftia fere pars homftium hoc malo rapitur; imo quern -
modum ex aeris fingulari dispofitione quibusdam
gionibus phthifis endemia fit, ac quadam perpetui-
:e fovecur, uti Fernelius de abdit. Rer.cauf.cap.u.re-
tdeLufitanis; ita & his noilris Seebergenfibus Lapi-
lis & effollbribus idem eontingit , quippe qui multas
i caulas i qux paftim fn exhalationibus lulphurearuiti
rticularum, quae ex eollifione lapidum & ferreorum
[Irumentorum cum quibus findunt & aptant fuo fco-
i lapide3,proliciuntur; partim vero aceedentibus vs-
> motus ac dixtx , a longo tempore dieendi morbi
purrunt cenfuram. Experientia nempe eorum ante-
Tores edo6ti, vide runt, hoc labore multos fuorum
us, nempe morbum quendam , cateris incofis S'ee-
■gi® enutritis, (alio tamen operte, agrorum videlicet
tura & aliis negotiis occupatis) non ita frequentem
■§§§ ( 8 ) Hfs*1 _
reportage , lapicidis hisce vero magis proprium & i
gularem, fingulare quoque nomen excogitarunt , quo
lignivere lapicidarum hanc obfervabilem labem. Q
iftorum denominatio ad nol)ra tempora perduravit,!
notione for ^eefotser
Cujus naturam & confiitutionem , itemque curatione
cum pertradare animus fit , faxit Numen divinum,<
jus auxilium humiliter imploramus , ut omnia fiant
iiciter.
Te vero B. L. obnixc rogamus, fi quaedam t
nus exade ob properantem calamum , & ingcnii ten
tatem elaborata ac confcripta fiat , in meliorem p
tern interpretari non graveris.
Melioris ordinis & perfpicuitatis gratia , trada
noftra erit trimembris, reipiciendo nempe ad tresf
tes , confiderabimus morbi hujus
I. NOMEN.
II. NATURAM
ILL CURATIONEM. i..'
Hinc ordine praefuppofito ; > ~ r :
... ' , .• > -■ ‘ f / , ' . <1 , \ tj'Zi
MEMBRUM I.
Definitionem iyoifcLTco^t] docet*
CUm ex methodo philofophandi recepta, not
rei, de qua aduri, recenfere teneamur; &I
cundum Scaligerum , nihil cordato virodigr
quamdefinire, Scprofedo fapientisfit profequi de
tiones,- nomen ptius noftri affedus delibarc omninl
pusvidetur, 1 - <
«®§(9)§i>
Spado feu Spadon , originem debet Grsecis , qui-
]S audit , a verbo 'Zird.w, qualis veto lit affeftus,
x ac ne vix quidem apud Lexicographos , aliosve in-
mias. Notum imo notiflimom eft, quod Spado a-
ad lexicographos latinos plerumque pro Caftrato, feu
) cui tefticuli abfcifli aut evufti funt, accipiatur , unde
:rmanice vertunt , etrt Q&tfdjnitteittP ; it. etn till’
‘Ufytbm? 23dume. later Grsecos qui-
im JohannesScapula , in lexico Graeco-latino , lub ver-
l, vira® derivatis vocabulum vorAi/ ex Hippocrate ci-
tt, fub ftgnificatione fpasmi & contra&ionis , aft de re-
quo ipfe, ut alii, fenfu receptiori, pro to cui tefticuli
mill funt, feu cui nervus membrum genitale erigens
1 convulfus , fpadonem accipit: legatur quoque dc
padone Bruno , in Lexic. Caft. Spadonetn per Spasma,
u Spafmum explicans, & in hujus fenfus authoritatem
irotianum , ac Hippocratem citans. Qualem interim
capula convulfionem indicatani velit, num crifpatam
antraefionem in puknonum vafis, quam Hippocrates
:ftri£tive exprimere voluit ; an vero de membri geni-
ilis convulfione folum loquatur, me dubium relinquit,
uia exprefte prster verba: exponitur etiam Spasmus con-
■a&io apud Me. in Alexipb, & Hippocrat. nihil addat. Cum
rgo apud Lexicographos plurimos altum fit filentium,
1 qua ab H ippocrate ftgnificatione adhibeatur , ex ipfius
priptis , feu exautore ipfofapere, intelligere atque eru-
:e libet. V ocatur vero ita lib. I. de morbis , cap. X. t.
).. & cap. i $. tit. 5. item cap. 17. t. 3 & 1 1. His cieatis lo-
s leftis & probe examinatis, patet Spadonem ab Hip-
acrate affignari potiflimum («) pulmonibus. (2) Eo-
B rum
4»c*o)»-
ram vafis fanguiferis, venis, laxiori fignificatu , vete
bus & ipfi folenni , non exclufis arteriis. Et quidem n<
tamrupta venula, otuv qaylj ; cap. 10. t. 4?. & 45. ubi f
tim fequitur Iputum fangqinis, vel faltim extravafati
item o7*v CTrct&n trahitur & vellitur, cap, 17. t. 3. ibi
ipfi di&us , feu Stay nitres , velut varix. Cap.
1. 11. addit porro , &mSnifefto hoc loco c-Tracrfiarec voc
fieri haec a laboribus & lapfibus, a plaga , fubfatione
neris , violentia externa , per mechanicam tenfione
fequente diktattone. V erbo Hippocrates exprin
Spadonis termino, morbum quendam feu afiedtum i
ternum, fubvaricisautanevrismatis intend notionev
nientem , einen Sfbetqcber $>uJ&tber $rc>pf vei 2i5tu<
Nos Hippocratis vefligia fegentes , vidimus huj
Spadonem tanquam ovum ovo fimifem efie noftro Se
bergenfium morbo endemio, fub rubrica, bit
tyt Rtatuffyit , indicato, praecedente
horum hsemopthyfih& phthifin pslmonalem ; placu:
que hujus termini primi auftoris acufurpatoris nomin
lem quoque au&oritatem pro fcopo nofiro adhibere ,
quidem ob fequentes potiilimum rationes, primo: hi
modo Hippocratis fpecialiflimus affedus hifce noft
temporibus adhuc vifibilis, in memorial)* ac perfcrui
tionem de novo venit , & ingeniofiffimi audforis c
gnorninatione infignitur i deinde cum de intends hif<
modi dilatationibus vaforum fermonern fafturis nu
quam a priori, a pofteriori haec (uper non Temper oc<l
no veniat demonftrare, an venae (& fic varicofa dilaii
tio fad\a fit); an vcro arteriae, five anevrismatica cc
tmgat laefio; redtius hinc fecifle judicavimus, fifpad
>
/
00
em utramque dilatationem exprimentem adhibendo,
nerofam explicationem & odiofam reperitionem an
rteriofa an venofa contingat labes, cvitaremus. His
rseluppofitis, terminus Spado, nobis praecseterisaptus
:accommodatus vifuseft, morbum Seebergenfem fub
apite‘s<n«s uberius explicandum , ad noftram memori¬
al revocare,
Explicavimus nunc , ut fperamus , quid remotive
: pofitive terminus nofter velit, pergamus ergo ad
MEMBRUM II,
Quod definitionem explanat*
bSfentia Spadonis , u| omnibus innotefcat,
necefle eft ut poft definitionem nominalem , re-
cenjeamus quoque realem. Ponimus ergo Spa-
lonem definiri poife fequentibus :
Eft tumor mollis , concolor & cedens internus a di-
tenfione vel ruptione arteriae aut venae , fangnine loca-
iter velut in finu congefto , endemice contingens iis o-
erariis , qui in Lapicidiis Seebergenfibus lapides eflb-
iendo & aptando pccupati font* ,
Genus feu ratio formalis , fub tumpris notione ge-
erali indicator, non enimtuberculis, necexcrefcentiis,
el indurationibus , adnumerari poteft. Una fic quo-
ue ftatim liquet, qualis nam fit tumor, imprimis fire-
qua etiam jungantur prsdicata addita. Potuiflemus
uidem ad abfceffus eosque fanguineos cum aliis refer -
:> cum & Hippocrates lib. 2. epid. Sefh videatur
% B 2 - va-
C ja } & .
varices ad<*iw«V«s feu abfceftusreferre, fed earn abfee
fus fi non fuppurationem faftam , faltira tHfpofitiotre
ad hane proximam, fic tantum latiori fenfu, feu infie
proprie fiodie rvotet, praeftat fub tumoribus potius 1<
care, Reliqua definitionis noftrae aflerta ad different
am fpedficam faciunt eruendam & eonfignandam, me
difieantia tumoris acceptionem , ut adeo qualis & qaj
fit idem quomodo a refiqujs diftinguendus , pateat
lubjecto, materia contenta ; caufis & aJiis non differ
eft concipere.
Subje&um nempe Spadonfe^f irtcipde indefinitum fui
vaia fauguifera & fic principaliter venarumnon excluf
arterns. Interim probe tiofeimus , hsec Vafa per exte
nas partes aequequaminternas Iocatainveniri,quiawu
chanica hominis ftru£lur^ ex neceffitate vaforum h(
rum ufu indiget per omnes corporis ftrufturas ; fubjui
gimus tamen amphiboliam evitaturi , nos prseeunt
riippocrate imprimis loqui & intellecla velle vaia fee
guifiua mternarum partium , prscipue circa k in pul
monum fubftantia jacentia. Arteriarum quidem fitt
reipe&u venarum eft profundior, utexanatomieishat
fire «°culis ofavium dare quilibet poteft -f non tame
nsc differentia a venis impedit, quod non deque ac h:
po^int dilatan; eft potius utrobique dilatatio infierif
poile, fed alia m venis cum crifpatura , alia inarteriis.f
nscinagissequali imi.
Definitum fubje&um & locum magis exprimunt a
exhibent laefiones ipfe faftae. Sunt qui ofculorum ho
rum valorum magis memjnere, quae in anevrismatef
varice prscipue affici argutantur , fed cum commur
wmm
iiatomicofum edi&o hxc in extremitatibus capillar!-
us radicentur , obi aut nunquam , aut non facile fuere
bfervata , ita non facile nifi novis & extraordinariis of-
ulis praefuppolkis , poterunt concipi & formata prae-
jpponi , obi ordinaria nulla obfervant ur. Potius vero
)cos lxfionis defignari poteft in & extra Thoracem pro
t cafus feft diverfus , hinc & obfervantur in extremis ar-
abos, v.g. in brachiis & pedibus , quorfum ipedlant ob“
srvationes anevrismatum fpecialiorum , tarn fatlorum,
uam hue referendorum , paffim tamen apud autores
bfervatorom ; conferatur ex recentioribus Palfyn , in
(blanbUing bee yotrneljmffm chirurgife^en operatio-
tn , pag. 409. feq. Imprimis tamen pro noftra Spa*
onis traftatione, ex internis vafa eirca cor & pulmo-
es, iede cum polypis fere communi, magis huic ma»
> funt obnoxia. Hinc notatu digna, quae Hippocra-
:s IibJ.de morbis, cap. 10^.59. fequent. habet, itaedo*
ens: quando inpolmone vena omnino quidem rupta
on fuerit , fiat tamen maximevelut varix , accidere non
na in perniciem vitae tefidentia fymptomata.
Subjeflum adaquatum , nobis fuppeditare videntur
1 tegumenta vaforum , nempe conic* Sccafetera integu-
lenta integerrima , quae dum diftentuntur & dilatantur,
padonis fiunt propagatores ; quoad movens ipfum id*
ue remotius,- partes mufculofx, ad pulmonis quern-
Qnque motum , maxime hoc paffu depravatum , con*
bffivum , concurrences, primario diaphragms , mufeu-
ispenfilis & mufeuli inter coftaks, ipfiusque abdomi*
is, nonerunt prstereundae.
Caufa quae huic malo fuppetias dant , fi inveftigan-
B 3 tur*
, €§ (14 ) •
tar, funt vel proximse, velremotse; ex Proximis, acct
fanda venit : (ij Extravafatio fanguinis, in latitudine cot
fiderata , quaelaftjca fua virtute expanfus vel invafa i
rumpit prgeter naturam , eaque diftendit , aut quand<
quidem disrnmpit. (2) Irritatio naturae paflive &aQ
ve conlideratae , quandocunque enim talis irritatio adei
& quick m ab ohjefto, hoc loco iapguine, poniturad Sp;
donem dispoiipo. (3) Tanquamantecedens,Spasni<
que anfam materialiter praebens confiderari meretu
Pulvis ills a Lapidibus effbflis jfub illorum effabricatior
ad ulus mechanicos fecedens, ac fub refpiratione in pu
mones attraftus , ibique indole lua terrea & adftringer
te tunicarum ltriduras efficiens, varieque Vafaquoqt
interfperfa afficiens, ianguinisque legitimum circulpi
impediens.
Ex rernotioribus caufis cenfenda veniunt Temper t
menta , hi pc folertion animadyerfione deprehenditu
quod habijtu feu temperamento corporis fapguinet
cum cholericQ aut melancholico fymbolyzante prxdit
pr» aliis huic affe£tui lint obnoxii , utpotequi rarjoris a
tenuiorisltexturae partium fubfunt ; imprimis tame
cholerici qui habent venas & vafa fanguiflua latiora,hs
fuper lalino-fulphureo mobili fanguine gaudent, faepi
us fanguinis fluxu afficiuntur, praecipue ex internis pat
tibus. Item Plethora , nam abundantia fanguinis lajbc
rantibus &oneratis femper plus in eft, quam digererei
capere queunt vafa , natura autem proyida , qua nih:
quicquam abundantis in ftatu naturali tolerare lolet, me
tibus fuis infurgendo contra iftud quod excedit, & le
gibus expullionis, velcriticc vel fymptomatice quads
-■ ' ' ' 1
s porta ecorpore humano eonatur expellere fuperfiua/f
ndc non mirum , cur hac occurfione data plethoric! ad
leu humorum non lolum inclinent , fed & confequen-
:r ad ruptiones ac dilatationes admodum proni fiant.
Porro ex xtatibus hue referfindi veniunt , adoles*
intioris feu juvenilis gradus, non plenarie exclufis re*
quis, oblervationis enim ell: irt juvenibus fanguinem
laxime exitum quaerere e pulmonibus, inde etiameft,
nod hasmoptyfis & pracedentes Spadones huic setati
at familiariffimi. Hippocrates, Iibro de morbisI,edi-
>re Foelio, pag.ij, fequentibus haitcnoftram lententi-
li confirm at fuo calculo i Et quibus quidem juniori-
as, quae a/Fe&iones fieri diftae (unt , Contingunt,iima-
s & vehementius afficiuntur, plusque caeteris dolent
confeftim (is manifeftse fiunt, ita , ut fangvinem auc
iuto, aut vomitione rejiciant. Senioresvero raroqui-
:m & debilius afficiuntur,,
Refpgtdu quadf antes anni , notandum haec fuper 8c
m obiter infpiciendum , quod in quamplurimis indi-
duis, hae fanguinis excretiones, certis temporumpe-
idis, vemali acautumnali, aeqmno&ialibusautfolfti-
libus pundlis , curfum fuum foleant re pet ere, nifi con*
nientibus femediis , vel ftnguiois artificial! emiffione,
1 alio modo per convenientia imminuentia , aut cer-
vivendi ratione avertamus ; vernale tamen tempus
e cseteris aliquid fufpefili alit, hinc novi aliquot, le*
ili fpadone affe£tos fuiffe.
Ratione Sexus , fseminae refpeffive , nempe lalvis
•nfibus , prae maribus, rariushoS manes patiuntur,
ippe tnagis quietiores, nec motibus adeo inordina-
tjs afuets; non exempts tamen font penitus , qpiai
partus! circumftantiis plethoric® ex difficultate partui
endi poiftbiliter hoc malum accerfere valent.
Facie aliquid dispofitio hereditaria, qux quemadm<
dum ad phthilin , fpurum cruentum , proclives reddi
ita & ad fpadones. , - - '
Aer nimis calidus ac frigidus foum fymbolum e
iam afterunt. - -
Item cibus ac potns , hoc paflu piper & fpirituo
potuleRta non ornni culpa carent, prxfertim II ex m
lo ordine & inconfiderata alfoetudine pro fodore pr
iiciendo , cochleatim piper, & fpiritus frumenti adl
bent noftri loci Spadonum candidati. Quid potus fi
gidus , sftuante corpore hauftus, nocere poffit , quol
di3na experientia conftat. Hinc ante paueos anni
non fads deturpanda adhuc apud noftros afoetudofu
quod port pro eximio gradu habito ex labore mot
nempe poll lapidum transportationem ad plauftra
vehicula alia , datas pro more recepto , nfld) bent flit1
fcofttt ^Ctfommen , cerevifias , a ve&oribus promilT;
CUiffot't SSitt ; iu cryptis fois huic fini aptatis , ex lap
dum frumentis effabrefacds , epotando, corpus alge
fobits refrigerationi ab extra & intra admifta expane
do , Sc pro pefiimo foi genii indulfo peccando , ingun
tando nempe frigidam , axioma illucL- omnis fobita m
tatio eft periculofa , foo damno comprobarunt. Vi<
mus autem pofthujus vitii demonftrationem & obte
tam omiftlonem , nunc minus crebriores efle iftos inli
tus fpadonicos. ' . ■ ,
Non eft noftri fcopi recenfione dignari, quidti
(V)
; velbsmens , fternutatio , vomitus, faltos, vocifera
ones, inflatio immodica illorum, qui tubis canunt, i-
:m nimius conatus in excernendis faecibus conferarrt,
otius praeeunte Hippocrateex vbt<s generibus & vivendl
nmibils adhuc paucis addimus, in libro de affe&iorsi-
as internis, juxta Foefii editionetn pag. 91. ita argu-
lentante : Pulmonis arteria fi exulcerata., aut qugsdam
c tenuibus venulis quae in pulmonetn dependent rupta
lerit ,aut fiftulx per puimonem diftentse & inter fe con-
ingantur , & fanguine compleantur ('bis -vero de caufis
:secipue diyeliuntur & perrumpuntur, vehementi ex-
citatione , curfu , cafu, per plagas, per violentos vo-
itus & febres) hxc quidem prirnum contingent. Tus -
ficca detinet , deinde non rauko poft fputum cruen-
m , interdum vero pus expuit. Item confirmant,
fae libro I. de morbis, Seel. V. pag. ~[. habet ; ejusdem
aorisfunt, quae ibidem pag. 9. & n. proftant, nempe
g.9. fiunt etiam cum ex immoderato labors, aut ex-
:itatione , aut quavis alia occafione ruptio ita facia
erit. pag. n. Ex laboribus quoque etiam oriuntur.cum
na aliqua divulfa rupta fuerit , neque tamen penitus
)ta fuerit , fed ita4 ut in ipfa convulfio fafta fit. Si-
idem igitur rupta fuerit , confeftim fanguis ex vena
ifus putrefcit & in pus vertitur. Quod ii convulfio
vena fadta fit, hsec quidem per exordia dolorem ex¬
it, &pulfat, progreflu vero temporis, fanguinem ad
nem cransmittit , qui in carne putrefcens, in pus
titur.
V
m (i*) ^ #
Verbo, cenfendi imprimis veniuflt homines, dut
oribus vita negotiis afueti , ut : qui geftationibus & ful
lcvandis oneribus majoribus occupati funt. Quae,qu;
lia, denoftris Seebergenfibus & did, & optimo jure a
feverari poffunt. > ;
Caufas reliquas , quas multum conferre novimi
pro Spadone generando apud Lapicidas Seebergenfe
in tradatione pathologica anneetendi occafio dab
tur.
Audivimus haclenns , quod & quid fit , item <
quibus caufis proveniat Spado ; reft at ut noftrse kJt a
mv & xal* 3e<riv Differtationi quoque addaraus quomi
do fiat. Modum fiendi explicaturi, non perperamf
cifie putamus, fi prius vifceris primario affefti , eju
demque partium ftrufturam artificiofiffimam aque
operofiffimam confideremus & infpiciamus, primo
gitur ex Anatomiris repetenda vemunt, ( omifiis pi
intentione noftra non primario infervituris vafis lyr
phaticis , ac magna nervorum copia a Wilfifio obfei
vata, ) ilia e corde oriunda , & in vifcus hoc fororii
ejusdemque fubftantiam intime dedufta vafa fang
nem vehentia, arteria fcilicet pulmonalis & vena; i
evehens e corde, hsee revehens. Arteria fcilicet p1
monalis ex legibus & mechanifmo drculationis fi
guinis , e dextro cordis ventriculo duabus magnis pi
paginibus, hinc injminores divarieatis & diftribu
procedit. Vena vero pulmonalis e finiftro cordis fi
veniens, per totum ejus corpus numerofa ferie disp
gitur; utraque lateraliter ad dextrum & finiftrum p
mon
**■ V ' f
<88- Os>)
lonem ejusque lobos dirempta. Prxftant nempehsc
a fa fanguifera & perficiunt circulationem fanguinis,
im particularem , a corde in pulmones , & a pulmoni-
us ad cor immediate , quara mediate ipfam quoque
lvant & promovent univerfalem , ex corde in totum &
mines partes , & a partibus ad cor. Talismodi venae
c arterix non folucn inipfos pulmones verum quoque
a laryngis, glandularum & veficularum tunicas ramu-
as i'uos capillares , mittunt, & per totam veficulofam
ubftantiam , inftar artiliciofiilimi retis decurrunt, mu¬
nis anaftomafibus innumeris inter fehiantes.
Pulmonum vafis fanguifluis perfpedtis confidera-
netiam digni font pulmones quoad reliquam fobftan-
iam.' Subftantia eorum mo do carnea audit, ex divi-
ione carnium recepta ; modo parenchyma , quamvis
ioc nomen minus videatur congruum rei recentioribus
[uibusdam. Veteres carnes dixerunt fed foi generis,
>b analogiam quandam & fobilantiam moliem ; paren-
Ihymata vero vocarunt, quod textura certa gaudeant,
ion folum vaforum complexui adaptata , fed & maxi-
ae porofitati , & tubuiis quad infinitis. Hoc fenfo
iempe pulmo eft fobftantia disfimilaris, ex variis com-
ofita fimilaribus , membrana , came, vafis. Membra-
ia,' quaincinguntur , a pleura originem ducens , fi feor-
m fpefletur , in fpadone quidem principaliter non con-
urrit, nifi fymptomatice , infputo tamen cruento prae-
ipue afficitur. Caro ejus j parenchymatica , cum fit
mgola, mollis, glabra, rara, levis & Is vis, concreta
uafi e fanguine fpumofo , vel ut presfius exprimamus,
C 2 ex
L
/ m tfo) m ' -
las exprnrssrnus,cxprimit meehanica fua ftruftura folies
&fpongiani, vel utrumque potius conjunftim , fol’eni
ipongiofum feu fpongiam folHcofam.
Quo nunc tenerior & elegantior eft pulmonum
fubftancia , eo facilius infirmatus undecunque, minu&
firmiter continere contents fluids , fanguinem nempc
pracipue potent, imprimis cum fit perpetuum quod
dam mobile; ex pari rations elucefcit , quod tenerrims
ac lenfibiMima eorum textura , non par fit dilatations
expan ferias in vafis aut fubftantia propria faftisabsqw
gravi ladione fovere aut tolerate , unde non minim, cul
tot tantisque injuriis ac befionibus, apud Prafticos inve
niatur fubjacuiffe. •
Qusmadmodum autem in genera lioribus pulmc
num afiettionibus eerto credimus neminem obloquen
tern inveniri polfe, ita & in fpeeialioribus, nempe pn
Spadoni3 Seebergenlis fiendimoda edaeendo pergimu
acidcre,. nequaquam per tranfennam infpiciendum effc
quantum ipforum pulmones ac diaphragma concutiar
tur, quando fob roajorum ponderum geftationibus l
elevationibus ex anhelitus cohibitionibus ac content^
nibus quotidie fuftinendis, imprimis Mia circumftanti
concurrent© dum maiieis ferreis eximii ponderis UHg
f)eur grofftn ©'^fegefw tarn* manner plje&m un
gtt ttuqtlt 1 fy&tf lapides findunt , potius rationis duft
inducimur fiatuere , hoc motu repetito, fanguinis quc
. que motum fieri citatiorein , rrsajorique nifa in pulmc
num vai'a & pulmonum fubltantiam irruere, imo eorui
vafa. diitendere atqqe disjicece& tandem rumpere. Sar
J
(v)
ife enim abundans expanficne, general! naturae interf-'
)ne ad excretionem in & per pe<Sus deftinatus , aut a-
i cx circumftantia ad vifcus hoc derivatus , ac invita-
s, nonne ab univerfo corporis habitu tonice magis
>nflri£lo, aut vifcerum internorum tono majori afle-
ofum , ad pulmones folito magis regurgitando con-
ritur,- ecquisnam negaret fequi inde ex regulis me-
anismi neceffarhs in his languinis contentionem , va«
rumque_ difienfionem ac oppletionem , quia plus fan-
inis appelhtur & retinetur etiam, quam ob firi£luram
condenfationem vifcerum & partium corporis muf*
iofarum & his interpofitas , into fubjacentes indeque
his iimul compreffas vias fanguis & cum eo reliqui
mores per venas ad prsecedentem ilium appulfum,
oportionate revehi poffint. Ob hunc nimium fan-
inis mfarftum , in his partibus , ejus motus localis fuf-
minatur , & ftagnatk* oritur. His ftagnationibus fa-
s, preflb pede, aufliore appulfu & acceffu humorum
nte & eoncinuante, Spadoniea dilatarioy aut a-Stualis
ptio vaibrum, fuccedit, idque tanto certius, ii nati>
viae huic infiftit, crebriusque earn repetere invitatur
jue excitatuf.
His fuppoiitis atquC conceits , ulterius conjicere
:et, Spadonem differre a Spadone , adeout alius fit in
:ri , alius in ft&o , altos verus, ilrifle & proprie talis,
ius improprie talis ; alius exquififus, gravis, major, a-
is fpurius, minor; alius urgens vel inpraefens, vel in
turum; alius graviffimus, confertim ac cum impetu
ns* T acemus alium in vcnis , alium in arteriis , alium>
' C i > fob**
OO
fubftantia pulmonum ipialsefa, uti nonnunquam \ ifun
eft jBgros tota quail vaia, vel eorurn ramenta analogic
Lfpuiffe , vel ipiius pulmonis putrefies particulas ; a
lium tanrummodo dilatatis vel disrupts vafis, fieri poffi
- Exiisdem allatis variantibus differently, porro.e
connexione & Tubfumrione concludimus, Diagnofinl
Prognolin eodem modovariandam eue. Lx (ignis Du
pno/lkis fpadonem factum effe, indicat dolor , laborar
enim tali, fentit dolorem dorfi circa fcapulam fimftran
thoraccm, ipfumque cubitum, pulfum etiam (non t;
men omnis pullus locis infolitis uatim Spadonem not?
fed fepefolum ftagnationem aut obftru£honem) lot
infolito , fuperiori fcilicet regione thoracis, circiter ci
Ca fecundam vertebram , fub clavicula finiftra. Succec
tittilatio pruriginofa per longitudinem afperx arteri
anguftia circa thoracem , fpafticseque compreffioiv
Has fequitur tufficula fui moris , dicunt ter etCtnbl
Jottfm, tuffis nempe cum dolore, sn princip
ficca , ii vero longius duret & negligatur , fequitur hi
fanguis fmcerifiimus. Confentientem habemus.H:
pocratem , qui Foefio eloqucnte , in librol. de mort
ptg fticit: Si vena quidem non omnino rupta fuerit , i
ea proecipue vclut varix dirtenditur, quod etiam con
ftim quidem ubifa&um fuerit, dolorem quendam tei
em & tuffim ficcam exhibet, Si vero diutius traxerii
neale£la fuerit , primum quidem paucum & fub attf
fanguinera transmittit , mox etiam eopiofiorem & ms
me iinccrum , deinde pus. (
Accedit & inquietudo , fepe anxietas , vigifix > v
V. > #1(^3) r '
n debilitas , ftupor quidam a compre/Hone p?rtium,
petitus proftratus, aliaque. Adeft porro eaioris & fri-
iris alternatio, in febretn tandem inflammatoriam de~
nerans. Quandoque vero lilent haee omnia , donee o-
nione citius ludatar fabula , feu de corio potius huma-
> , non nifi a pofteriori vei ipfa facia feciione deprehen -
ndo morbo,
Quod Progno/m feu eventum falutis & mortis attinet,
lado internus eft graviffimus morbus, feu tumor per-
ciofiffimus, qui plures interimit. Non omnis tamest
: incurabilis , fed magnus magis , fubitaneus nimis. Ar-
riarurn haecfuper eft multo pertinacior, indeque utplu-
num mors lequitur. Hippocrates hsc habet, fecun-
im editionem Fcefii. Seft. V. p. io. Qui morbis hujus-
odi detinentur, ab his quidem intra breve tempuspe-
unt, quidam etiam diutius trahunt. Prseftat enim cor-
is corpori, setas aetati, & afte&io affe£lioni , & anni tem-
ftastempeftati , in qua aegrotarint. Quidam enim mor-
>s facile tolerant , quidam vero omnino tolerare neque-
,t. Non igitur certum tempus in quo pereunt dart
iteft , neque ft Iongum, neque quod quidam prsedicu nr,
m plerumque & anni tempora difFerunt* Verum qui
Elius dehis decernere ac praedicere volet , fic judicabit,
lovis anni tempore & perire & fupereffe , & quse pati-
tur evenire. ' . - ,
Qualisnam Spadoni cura adhibenda relinquatur ex
Jdo di£lis &.adductis liquet , nimirum ft fubitaneus
magnus nimis, nulla ad Therapiam eft indicatio ; ft in-
teratus 8c hsmoptyica - phthift concomitatus, unice
pal-
I
m (24) §©-
palliativa cmra ; fi reeens & non adeo magnus refpeci
vaforum dilatatorum , neque exacerbationem na&usfi
erit, & tolerabiiior maneat , imovita patientis protrah;
tur, aliquid quidem faciendum & curatione promfctei
dum relinquit. Nos breviter faltim ,qu*facienda & <
niittenda indicate volumus , otdinc praefnppofifo , f
MEMBR.0 III.
De . . . .
Hippocrates, in libro fupra citato de affe&ionibi
internis, juxta Foefii editionem Seft.V. p. 94»M<
thodum fequentem edocec curandi Spadones : !
varix in pulmone gignatur, per morbi quidem exord
tuilis licca, rigor & fcbris vehemens admodum invadi
crefte cervicis fpiratio detinet. Huic quidem cum f
habeat & dolor maxime orgeat, primum quidem fangu
nem detrahfco , deinde multa & calida lavato , & cum I
tis detinet , cyceonem ex vino nigro auftero quam fuavi
limo, aquali aqua temperatum , potui exhibeto, quei
maxime frigidum bibere oportet. Ptifana cremore c<
£to , optimo melle affufo, pro forbitionibus,utatur. Qu
primis 14. diebus offerendafunt. Quod fi diutius moi
bus detinet , dolorque major in corpore & virium impc
tentia adfit , huic lane fic.habenti ea exhibeto, qu* <
quipulmonem purulentum habet, cum 14 dies prater;
erint. Hie morbus cum lit difficilis muka curatione ir
- m (v)m
get, alioqum cegrum non relinquere fereque multos
l mortem usque comitari folet.
His breviter, Fed non incongrue , Hippocratem
tarn rnethoduiii fanandi Spadonem , edocere in pro-
itulo ell , intendit nempe vel discutere ac derivare
ddemuieere; vel tandem feleftive appropriatis trav-
aticis , conglutinantibus vitia ilia reftituere. Etfane
ibus hisce gradibus contrail® licet damnofo affe£lui,
iud faciendo in principio, aliud in medio, aliud in fi-
j. In principio , quando yel eft in fieri vel in faclo, prsg -
ppofito fanguinem proprio motu afteclare his locis
>uta in pulmonibus) exitum, aut conceftum fequi ob
refa&ionem infarftoriam , vel injuriam externara,Me-
cus & aeger omnem operam impendere debent , ut eru -
ionem Fanguinis mature avertanr, & Fubfiftentiam in
ilmonibus follicite prsecaveant , quod idem Hippo-
ates expreffis verbis pag. 9. cit. Jpc. inculcat; fi inter
itia morbi curatiorsem adhibeant, rurfus venule fuo
co Fubfident & humiles fiunt. Adhibitis eriim, atta-
en cum grano Falls , derivatoriis evacuationibus , & vel
onte fymptoma evaneFcit omne.aut ad minimum le-
pribus medicamentis auFcuItare cogitur. Convenit
prime ex fonte chirurgico V. S. bafilic® aut median®
brachio , fi nihil obfteterit , patiensque nihil interlo-
atur. (Interloquiturautem, quando jam in limine ftat
moptyFeos Sc inFequentlous phthificis labefafiationi -
s, ex multo jam tempore paftis, cenFur® adnumerari,
o cafu dato, conFultiusautor acFuaFor fuerimutV.S,
Fede’, csteris Fcilicet paribus, adunc.iv, vi, autvm,
virium indicatione inttituat.) Csterum V. S. in bra •
D chi©
chio quantitatem tarn continuant quam discrefam pro*
dentis Medici, Chirurgique^oxatr^M committimus. Me
Jius tamen ell ut non nimis in defeftu peccemus quamir
exceifu.
Spe&ant hue & alia revellentia , fanguinis majoretr
fluxum ad partes remotiores producentia,qua!ia font pe
diluvia & immilliones raanuum in deco&a caiida,fri£lio-
nes , ligaturse partium extremarum, Non fpernendurr
ufom afferunt clyfteres emollientes & leniter aivum fob
ducentes , quatenus iaxata al vo > nimise quoque vaforurr
confttiSiones cedant, uthoc modo affiuxus humorarr
invifcusaliquatenuscomminuatur. ^
Conferunt multum circa sequinoftiafes fobs perio
dos ,laxationes ,apud eos praeeipue qui per harum perio
dorum fymbolum fentiunt aut molertam tuilim, autali;
focommoda exacerbantia , & aliquoties exacerbatav
Quemadmodum etiam tutiores fe fentiunt, qurcir
eahascetemporismutationcs, quietiori vitae generiftu
dent > motus corporis excedentes vitando* feu non feci
le ultra poffe audendo, ' .
Interponantur nitrofa cum abforbentibus & fal.neu
tris, v. g. nitrum depuratum , [antimoniat. , arcan. dupiic
methodo Uluftris Sthaliipraeparat. cumi conchis praepat
& ocul. cancr. citratis, &uteo certius fanguinis impetu
infringatur cinnabarinis debits proportions admixtis
Accedat proleni adftri£lione& tonoreftituendb, EfTeni
Millefolii cum tartari TincL & Spirit. C C. itemqueEf]
Succin.ac Cascarillae admixta.Si Spado per vices redieril
& annue recur fom fecerit , pulmonibus jam dum ad ex
alcerationem proclivibus, decoctum Veronicse, Sani
culas
«§§ (27) IP
ilse , cgregiam opem fpondent. Item nutrienria ex Ge-
inis, G.C. pedibus vitulinis , Iafte ipfo , idem decoflo
enaceo vulgo bit .£)£tfct(2uf, Ab Extrafto V eroni-
debitomodoparato, non empyrevmaolente, cum
(Fentia Card, beued. & Millefolii diluto, novi aliquoties
>n pcenitendas fruclus expeft atos fuiffe, NoviSc mul-
tn ufum herb* Millefolii ac Scordii fub deco£to,& pul -
rre quoque adhibit* , valde proficuum fuiffe. Certe
ti circumfpeftam ex his allatis eoncinnabit metho-
im,babebitdeefficaeia adjutricis manus , certiflimum
gumentum, -
In mafo inveterate , pulmonibus exulceratis, & a
ngo tempore jam dum ingruentibus phthificis depra-
tionibus habitualibus , nihil bbni aut perpetui fponde-
poflfomas, potius adaffe&us mitigationem & fympto-
atum remotionem tenemur refpicere,imofacere tan-
mmodo debemus, ut morbus tolerabilior maneat ac
:a ptotrahatur. Quoniam autem ad pr*fens noftrum
if itutum ptoprie non fpeefet , qu* , qualia facienda,
idio omittimus, & B L. ad Autores de hac materia ex
ofeffo agentes remittimus.
Interim ne aliquid circa traftationem Spadonis See-
rgenfium omififfe videamur, famofam adhuc forma -
n , quam a multis ab hinc annis in ufu habent , & dc-
;rantes de recuperanda valetudine adhibent , paucis
:enfione dignari &fuperaddere placet, eft autem fc-
ens:
Rec. Herb.Scord.Millefoichamaedr.an. MilLingit
rvin.Mij. Marub.alb. Fumar. Acetof. Fragar. Hyffop.
rragin. Abfynth. Rom.Salv.MeliilPulmonar. Hepat.
f • '■ ~ D i -V®-
Veron. Matr. Sylv. Betonie. Sanicul. Flor. eheir. an. JV
Rad. ireos Floreni. unc. j. Scrophular, Piropinell. al
Le vifti,;. an. unc. j. Rhabarb. optim. unc. fern. Sei
Foenicul. unc. ij. Anifi unc. j. fem. , cort. citr. Glycy
rhizas. an. unc. ij. Ccrafor. exliccat.Mj. cone. eont. grc
le M, O. in Capfula , f. Ipecies ju einettt l)a(bCH Spill
Sacculo nsmpc inclufe ite fpeeies, claviculis a
figuntur infimse regioni dolii , ne attollantur cerevil
fuperfula. His pera£tis affunditur cereviiia recens, d
fecata tamen, reponuntur invicem pro extraftione v
rium medicamentofarum , ad 3 dies ; his transacts f
ir.unt quadrantem congii, I mane& vc
peri , calcfaciunt ac butyro non falko addito, ebibun
per reliquas diei horas quaslibet, haultulum hujus cer
vilix medicamentofe, non autem temper calefactioi
& butyro additis , affumunn _ ■
Candori B. L. relinquimus quid de hac forme
fentire volet, per fidem tamen omnem tellor , mejvidi
fe & videre quemlibet puflc, coidWnmatiffimos & p!
dereliclis habitos hisce limplicioribus reftitutos,
Ob chartae anguftiam, brevern apponimus regi
lam disteticam ex Ciceronis lib.4. de officiisr Suite
tatuc valetudo notitia fui corporis & obfervatione e
rum quse ad prodelTe aut obeffc folent, continentia
omni vita atque cultu corporis tuendi caufa. Syra<
des haecce brevius etiam inculcat, quando inquit : Pr
ba quid Sanitati conducat. Atque his noftrae Difpu»
tationi imponitur ’
FINIS.
|
The Eurovision Song Contest 2018 was the 63rd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest and took place in Portugal's capital Lisbon, after Salvador Sobral won for his country in Kiev, Ukraine last year.
Netta who represented Israel won the final.
Venue
The contest happened in Altice Arena, Lisbon, Portugal. The venue holds 20,000 people.
Semi-Final
First Semi-FInal
Nineteen countries participated in the first semi-final. Those countries, plus Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom voted in this semi-final. The highlighted countries qualified for the final.
The highlighted countries qualified for the final.
Second Semi-FInal
Eighteen countries participated in the second semi-final. Those countries, plus France, Germany and Italy voted in this semi-final.
The highlighted countries qualified for the final.
Final
The final took place on 12 May 2018 at 20:00 WEST (21:00 CEST).
Twenty-six countries participated in the final, with all 43 participating countries eligible to vote. The running order for the final was revealed after the press conference of the second semi-final qualifiers on 10 May.
Big-Five (including host country Ukraine)
These five countries are directly qualified for the final.
Countries that will not take part in this contest, but have competed in the past
Andorra
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Luxembourg
Monaco
Slovakia
Turkey
Notes
References
Other websites
2010s in Portugal
2018 in Europe
2018 in music
Eurovision Song Contest
21st century in Portugal
Lisbon
May 2018 events |
Maiduguri, also called Yerwa, is the capital and the largest city of Borno State in north-eastern Nigeria. As of 2007, 1,197,497 people live in the city. Maiduguri was founded in 1907 as a military outpost by the British. The Islamist group Boko Haram was founded in Maiduguri in 2002. Since it began its insurgency in 2009, the city has been target of many terrorist attacks by the group.
References
1907 establishments in Africa
Cities in Nigeria
Establishments in Nigeria |
DECRETO-
La Asamblea general sancio-
na el decreto expedido por la Jun-
ta Provisional Gubernativa de es-
tas provincias en i.'Vde setiembre
de 1 8 1 1 , relativo á la extinción
del tributo , y ademas derogada la
mita, las encomiendas, el yanaco-
nazgo, y el servicio personal de los
indios baxo todo respecto, y sin
exceptuar aun el que prestan á las
iglesias, y sus párrocos, ó minis-
tros; siendo la voluntad de esta
Soberana Corporación, el que del
mismo modo se íes haya , y tenga á
los mencionados indios de todas las
provincias unidas por hombres per-
fectamente libres, y en igualdad de
derechos á todos los demás ciuda-
danos que las pueblan, debiendo
imprimirse,- y publicarse este So-
berano decreto en todos los pue-
blos de las mencionadas-provincias,,
traduciéndose al afecto fielmente en
los idiomas Guaraní, Quichua, y Ay-
mará , para la común inteligencia:
Buenos- Ayres 12 de marzo de
i8i3.=Z)r. Tomas Antonio Valle,
presidente t¡= Hipólito Vieytes , se-
creta no.=Es copia.rrr/^r. Bernardo
Velez secretario de el gobierno In-
tendencia. !
?
AYMARA.
Apu camachifi que.lcañaca chi-
ríacataque marcanacarn asquiha-
ampataqui sumachaccaña pataqúi
iscaamsa acbaniza máá cuscaaña-
taqui — Hamavtanaca ichauruna ani,
tapgé Camisa teg na ira h'illirinaca
acá naira quimsa mata camachirina-
ca uca taque marca naca, ichasti
guasitaraquipi amtapge camisateja-
naira Jusiicianaca camachicjaana
uca máraquipi íchaasii amtapge ca- (
machipge taque guaguapam, Gua-
gua pataquisa aparata cancañipata-
qui guiñayamgumanpataqni tribu-
tus taque pacha marcanacam apara-
tagua Mitras cédula satsutini ucaasa
aparataraqaigua iglesianacasahaque
sirvirinacasa, ni chachasa, ni <niar-
musa sibempaguaquisiti encomiem-
dasatsutini aparataraqtiigua banigua
subdelegadocunása ni curacanacasa
haqque sirvinaracasa uchapachanití
"qüiñaipecpataqui aparatagua, iana-
cunanacasa vraquenaca sirvíñasa
aparataraquígua; guannaman* gua-
guapataqui unanchapgam humana-
'Casa yaticpam iatichausim guagua-
naca m guaguapataquisam taqquepa-
cha taquea paratagnacanqui bucama
gnaqquelca u chata taque tata cura-
nacasa hilirinacmasa yatipa: taque
Huquenacasa camisate¡a higuasana-
campi mayaqniinigua taqque cama-
chiiinacsasa camisateja gueracocbi-
nacasa camachirinaca hichauruta
acoatoqueru ^uiñaypacbataqui uma-
nacaasa libertanipacrapi Aqquesa
Gneracocbasa mayaquipigua cus-
cagua guarmisa, chachasa acá ca-
machinsri ichaurupii quelica ichau-
taqueacañacarn iscansa achansa ia-
ti pacha ai päta..qiif. Acá marca Buenos*
A yres tu vnca payaniuruna marzo pacv
sina Maransa ^uarancca quiasVcWIicó.
pataca tunca quínsa iiturïa.^rn!oma"s
■Antonio Valle- taque Asamblea Suntini
-Camachiri*-i///>o/;Vff Vhytes secretario
Sutini.Fs copia. Dr, Bernardo Vskz.
QUICHUA.
TucLiy Liactacunamanta acllas-
ccas 'Jatucbec Yayaspac Checcam
Tataspacri Asamblea .general cons-
tituyente sutioc tantacuspa cay pun-
cbaypi queic carca ncú Ccamacbisca
ciiiii ccáticuGtá==Qucparin cunam
punchaymanta unancbascca caina-
cbisca simi Quelcasca ' Jatum Justi-
cia ray cu Junta provisional niscca cay
" tuna Llactamanta ñaupac puncha ypi
isccon quillamanta guarancca pusac
pacbac chunca vcnioc Guatapi , pi-
tispa tributusta,astagu-mrriQuechus-
ccata Jaquem Mittata, Encomiendas-
ta, Yanaeonasta, Ccasi serviciota-
gnam ama conancupac Iglesiasinan
curasman, subdele^cíosman, Gasi
"¡uesnintumanpiï: Caspa Munay-
nim,cayApu Asambleac, Quiqui-
.Jantacmin, canancuta recsiinancu-
ta niscca runacunata tucuv vma_
Llactasmanta Ccarrisraycu Sumac
Quespisccas, cusca atiynincnpi Tu-
cuy Llacta Masis níneuam paycu-
naguan Cavsacta; Cayri Apu Ca-
machisccam Cimita Qu^lceachum,
caparicuchum Tucuy Llactaspi, Ja-
•:um vmampiguam churaeu°pá cha-
ypas quiquillanta Guaraní cimipi
Quesguapi Aymarapiguaoi, Tucuy
yachanancupac. Jinátam Apenca
vnanchasccata pichus Asamblea su-
tímpi tucuyta camacbin Supremo
Poder Executivo niscca Camachi-
narapac Rurachinanpacpis. Buenos-
Áyres ebunca iscainioc puncha i pi
qoínsa quiüapi Guara ncca pusac pa-
cbac ebunca quinsayoc Guata pi.=
To¡nas Antonio Valle presidente Su-
tioc.'— Hipólito Vieytes , secretario.
L Quelccac, Sinchec Atura tupac Ca-
* macheetnan cav vma Llactamanta=
Quiquilian Quelccasca.^Dr. . Ber-
nardo Vejez, secretario de el go-
bierno lntendencia-
GUARANI.
Mburubkhabeté ñemoñongusú-
pe oporoquaitaba opácatu Yosúámo
haé taha pábé mbía peteíppe oñoi-
rubaerebe . Asamblea general cons-
tituyente yaba, Aba pabengatupe
oiqna uca áng yquaitaba catupírí.
Yyipíberanio, coaraguibe ohecobo-
ña acó quairaba omboypibaecue ca-
pitanguasu Roí ambae ohasabaecue
1 8 1 1 setiembre ñepiruarape. Mara-
move oiquaipemee beihagua Aba-
raycueri tributo yaba, ni mita, ni
encomienda abaheupe. Upeicbabe
abäbé tembiguairamo oyapobeiha-
gua Aba amo, ni tupa óga : ni payar
bare: ni mburubicha : ni abatetiroa
eironaabe eo mbuiabicbabeté gue-
mimbotaurupi oiquauca opacatu
mbíapabeupe, abacuera >pac .tu aug
guibe, abapognukequarey catupi-
riramo opkahaba opa caraiambuae-
cuerami; tíanreabe, oyecohu yo-
yabagua acó tecopisiro moñángaba
caraicuera tabaitma papé oguereco-
barehe. Corire, opa ang quaitaba
toyeyabapi quahape, hae,papenga-
tu reindubaramo oicohagua. Aba-
cuera opacatu ñeepipe tombovehu-
uperam'ibe, opa aba tetiro oiqna ha-
rria, taba opacaturupi toúeheiuluea.
Upeicbacatu toiquaá capitán tJiísii,
Supremo Poder Executivo éhá, om-
buaye catupíríhágua Efe orequai-
taba pabengatu =: BuAos— A y res
marzo 12 de . 18 j3.=jpr.' Tomas
Antonio Valle s P 'residente.= Hipóli-
to Vieytes , secretario.:^ Al Supremo
Poder Executivo de estas Provin-
cias.=¿=£s copía.=r/)r. Bernardo Ve-
fez-, secretario deei gobierno Inten-
dencia.
|
Kazuhiro Koso (born 6 March 1959) is a former Japanese football player.
References
1959 births
Living people
Footballers from Saga Prefecture |
"Memories" is a song by American pop rock band Maroon 5. It was released on September 20, 2019. The song is about loss and remembering people who have died. It uses the chord progression of Pachelbel's "Canon" but in B major instead of D major.
On the October 7, 2019, episode of The Ellen DeGeneres Show, frontman Adam Levine revealed that he was inspired to write the song after his close friend and Maroon 5's manager, Jordan Feldstein, died in 2017. Feldstein was also the older brother of actor Jonah Hill.
Charts
References
2019 songs
Maroon 5 songs |
Michael Keller Ditka, Jr. (born October 18, 1939, in Carnegie, Pennsylvania), is a former NFL player, television commentator, and coach. Ditka coached the Chicago Bears for 11 years and New Orleans Saints for 3 years. Ditka and Tom Flores are the only two people to win Super Bowls as a player, an assistant coach and a head coach. Ditka was the only person to take part in the last two Chicago Bears' championships, as a player in 1963 and as head coach in 1985.
On November 23, 2018, Ditka was hospitalized in Naples, Florida after suffering a heart attack while playing golf.
References
Other websites
www.mikeditka.com
1939 births
Living people
American football tight ends
Chicago Bears players
Dallas Cowboys players
New Orleans Saints players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Chicago
National Football League coaches |
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MEMOIRES
DE
L’ACADfiMIE IMPERIALE DE MEDECINE.
PARTIE HISTORIQUE.
£LOGE DE M. ORFILA
m. VR. RIJBOIS Cd’Amiens
jcr^taire perpetuel de 1’Academic inap6riale 'de mMecine.
Messieurs
Neuf mois a peine se sent ecoules depuis la mort de M. Orfila, et deja
il semble qu’on attend de I’histoire contemporaine le recit de cette vie
trop t6t interrompue, de cette vie si pleine, si utile, si brillante.
Aux grands noms de Bertholet , de Chaptal et de Yaiiquelin , qui
jettent tant d’eclat snr I’histoire des membres de cette Academie , celui
de M. Orfila vient naturellement se joindre.,G’est un savant disciple qae
je dois me hater de placer a c6te de ses maitres.
Je vais done essayer , messieurs, de mettre sous vos yeux les vicissi¬
tudes d’une carriere noblement parcourue; des documents fournis par
la faniille me permettront de faire connaitre avec quelques details la
jeuiiesse de M. Orfila, et de rattacher a des dates certaines les principaux
eveneraents de sa vie. Je raconterai les aventures du jeime etudiant; je
xviii. ‘ a
II
ELOGE
dirai les debuts beureux du chimiste toxicologue, les succes constants dii
professeur, les travaux de I’academicien, les services de radministrateur,
les decouvertes du niedecin legiste; je montrerai enfin qu’au moment
ou la vie lui echappait, il allait, par de magnifiques donations, ressaisir
et continuer cette tutelle scientifique qu’il avail si longtemps exercee.
Fils adoptif de la France, M. Orfila a bien merite d’elle, en servant
les sciences, en instruisant la jeunesse , en eclairant la justice ; ce sera
done pour moi un devoir a la fois doux et facile d’honorer par un eloge
public la memoire d’un homme qui, apres avoir ete Tune des gloires du
monde medical, voulut en rester le bienfaiteur,
Matheo-Jose-Bonaventure Orfila naquit a Mahon, dans File de Mi-
norque, le ^4 avril 1787. II aurait pu trouver dans Fanciennete de sa
famille une sorte de noblesse , car un de ses aieux , Guillaume-Puig
Orfila, citoyen de Goilioure, apres avoir fonde dans sa ville natale un
convent de dominicains, et Fbfipitai des Pauvres qui subsiste encore au-
jourd’hui , etait alle, vers le commencement du xiv* siecle, s’etablir a
Perpignan; puis, appele dans les conseils du roi de Majorque, Jacques P*,
il avait quitte la France pour les lies Baleares.
Mais M. Orfila se disait tout simplement issu d’une famille d’lionnetes
marchands. Get Orfila du xiv^ siecle avait eu a Perpignan des ateliers de
draperie, toute sa lignee etait restee dans le commerce , et le pere de
notre Orfila etait un marchand de Minorque, ayant boutique, mais assez
riche pour contribuer a Fentretien de ces navires baleares qui vont,
chaque annee, chercher du ble en Orient pour en fournir les pays ou
les recoltes ont manque.
La premiere education de M. Orfila fut tres melangee , et cependant
poussee assez loin. Gomme il n’y avait a Minorque ni college, ni pension,
on lui avait donne pour precepteur un Gordelier, nomine le pere Fran¬
cois. G etait un assez bon graramairien et le meilleur des homines; mais
le genre d’Mucation qu’il entreprit de donner a son eleve appartenait
bien a FEspagne du xviip siecle. Getait a peu pres Fenseignement que
Gil Bias recut a Oviedo : un peu de grec, un peu de latin, mais beaucoup
de scholastique, le tout pour former Fenfanta la dispute, pour le mettre
a meme d’arguinenter envers et contre tout. Or, comme il avait de la
memoire et de Fassurance , il devint bientbt un disputeur des plus re
doutables aux yeux de ses compatriotes ; il n'arretait point, il est vrai ,
DE M. ORFILA.
Ill
les passants pour disputer avec eux, mais onle vit soiitenir publiquement
une these de philosophic dans la grande eglise du convent de Saint-Jean,
contre des moines et des pretres ses arguraentateurs. I.a lutte dura trois
heures : I’enfant en sortit vainqueur, aux appiaudissements de la foule;
mais, loin d’etre fier de cesucces et decroire, comme le heros de Lesage,
qu’avec sa science, quelques reaux et une mule il pouvait se mettre en
route pour aller chercher fortune : helas ! disait-il a son pere, je ne sais
rien, et je crois qu’on me fait faire fausse route !
Cependant, comme on voulait lui faire tout apprendre a la fois, sciences,
arts et belles-lettres, des I’age de huit ans on I’avait mis sous la direction
d’un pretre qui avail la pretention d’enseigner a chanter. Ge pretre, loin
de ressembler au bon pere Francois, etaitun brutal qui se plaisait a meur-
trir, avec une lourde palette de bois, les mains des pauvres enfants qu’on
lui confiait; de sorte qu’Orfila prit tout d’abord lamusique en horreur, et,
au bout de trois ans d’exercice , il n’en savait pas plus que le premier
jour; il lui etail surtout impossible de rien comprendre a la mesure.
Son oreille etait juste, il chantait meme avec gout quand on I’associait a
d’autres enfants; mais il ignorait completement pourquoi et comment on
bat la mesure, et lui qui devait un jour acquerir un si beau talent, lui
dont la qualite dominante devait etre la precision de la mesure, il allait
tout abandonner, quand un ami de sa famille, un docteur Siguier, musi-
cien distingue, le prit a part etlui dit: ccEcoute, mon enfant, tu necom-
» prends rien aux lois de la musique ; elles te font peur; tu es humilie
« de ne pouvoir ni chanter, ni jouer en mesure. Eh bien , en un quart
» d’heure je vais te rendre aussi savant que moi sur ce point. «
Prenant alors un baton d’un metre environ de longueur, le docteur le
partage en deux parties egales ; puis il divise chacune de celles-ci en
deux moities egales encore : « Voila, lui dit-il, la mesure a quatre temps.
” Ges quatre morceauxde bois d’egalelongueurrepresentent quatre/zo/re.?,
« et il faut que tu t’arranges, en battantla mesure, pour ne pas donner a
» I une d’elles une valeur on une etendne qui depasserait celle des autres.
» Ges quatre noires reunies composeront ta mesure, absolument comme
« ces quatre morceaux de bois, places bout a bout, constituent latotalite
j» de ce baton. »
Gette comparaison, si simple et en meme temps si juste , fut un trait
de lumiere pour le jeune Orfila. A dater de ce moment toutes difficultes
IV
ELOGE
disparaissent; le goAt renait en lui, et, quand viendront les grands mai-
tres, il se sentira capable de marcher sur leurs traces.
Mais ici vient se placer un incident qui faillit tout gater. A peu de
jours de la, le jeune Orfila commit une faute : son pere voulut le corri-
ger, mais il le fit avec emportement et d’une maniere barbare. L’enfant
s’endormit en pleurant; le lendemain il begayait horriblement, et , loin
cle s’amender, le mal allait toujours en s’aggravant. Le bon doclenr Si¬
guier fat encore consulte; il ne trouva rien de mieux a faire que d’en-
voyer le jeune garcon chanter au lutrin. Pendant huit mois Orfila suivit
tons les exercicesreligieux; il s'unissait au clerge et chantait de tout coeur.
Apres trois mois il y eut une amelioration notable, puis une guerison
complete.
Que de fois je me suis demande, disait M. Orfila, ce que je serais de-
venu avec une pareille infirmite, moi qui ai du presque tous mes succes
au professorat !
Mais nous n’en avons pas encore fini sur ce point; avant de quitter
son lie natale, le jeune Orfila devait donner a ses compatriotes comme
un pressentiment de ce qu’il ferait un jour dans cet art musical quijusque-
la ne lui avait guere cause que des ennuis,
Le moyen qn avait imagine le docteur Siguier pour le guerir de son
begaiement avait fini par lui inspirer une veritable passion pour la mu-
sique religieuse ; et comme deja il ne doutait de rien, il resolut d’arran-
ger une messe en musique a trois voix et de I’executer lui-meme dans la
principale eglise de Minorque , un jour de grande fete religieuse, avec
deux musiciens du pays. ;
Disons tout de suite que sa jeune audace etant, apres tout, fondee sur
quelques notions positives de musique, il n’eut point le sort qu’eprouva
J.-J. Rousseau a Lausanne, lorsque , dans un jour de sa jeunesse vaga-
bonde , il eut I’etrange idee de composer une piece pour un concert,
aussi effrontement, a-t-il dit lui-meme , que s’il avait su comment s’y
prendre ; au lieu done de I’immense confusion dont fut convert le pauvre
Jean-Jacques, ce fut une admiration generale pour Orfila, et ses compa¬
triotes emerveilles le declarerent tout d’une voix un petit Haydn et un
petit Mozart !
Mais pour ce precoce enfant ce n’etait la que de simples distractions ;
il setait en meme temps livre a des etudes plus serieuses. Servi par
DE M. ORFILA.
V
d’heureuses circonstances, il avait appris presque en meme temps la
langue francaise et la langue anglaise; la premiere, grace a un abbe
ianguedocien que la revolution de 1789 avait jete dans Tile ; la seconde,
grace a un pretre irlandais nomme John Father.
Ce double enseignement s etait fait plutdt par des conversations que
par des etudes grammaticales; aussi le jeune Espagnol avait-ii pris jus-
qu’aux defauts de ses maitres : on Taurait cm Laiiguedocien quand on
I’entendait parler francais , et Irlandais lorsqu’il venait a s’exprimer en
anglais.
Tout cela prouvait une merveilleuse facilite, et, comme rien ne I’ar-
retait, il s’etait mis en meme temps a etudier les mathematiques ; il n’en
connaissait pas le premier mot : n’importe , il ach^e des livres , et finit
par decouvrir, dans ce pays si arriere , un homme qui le conduit jus-
qu’aux logarithmes et qui lui donne des notions elementaires de geo¬
metric. "
Mais voila que, des la sixieme leqon, il est pris dune bien autre ambi¬
tion : il veut tout simplement devenir professeur ! Il cherche et bientbt
il trouve deux garcons a pen pres de son age, quatorze ans, qui consen-
tent a devenir ses eleves. Il a done un auditoire, et il va se faire ecouter j
car deja se revMe Thomme qui cherchera partout ses succes et sa gloire
dans le sein des plus brillantes reunions comme sur le theatre plus ou
moins agrandi du professorat. Il suivait, du reste , le meilleur chemin
pour s’instruire lui-meme en se chargeant ainsi d’enseigner aux autres ce
qu it lui fallait apprendre au jour le jour.
Pendant une annee entiere il est done occupe de mathematiques, et
cette fois a la grande satisfaction de son pere, qui, ayant resolu d’en faire
un marin, insistait pour qu’il se mit au fait des notions les plus usuelles
de navigation. Ce pere, au fond, ne voyait pas plus loin que ses compa-
triotes: pour tous ces insulaires il n’y avait que deux carrieres possibles:
1 %lise ou la mer. Or, comme e’etait a ce dernier parti qu’il s’elait arrete,
il cherchait a enftammer l imagination de son fils par des recits plus mer-
veilleux que ceux de Sinbad le Marin. Tant6t il lui parlait des aventures
de mer , du plaisir qu’on eprouve a voir des peuples nouveaux , a con-
templer les monuments que nous a legues I’antiquite ; et puis il lui parlait
de ces delicieuses contrees que baigne la Mediterranee, de Naples, de
Portici, Castellamare, Sorrente, Pouzzole, Baia! Noms harmo*-
VI ELOGE
nieux et poetiqnes, bien faits pour seduire line jeiine imagination.
Voiia done son fils marin ; il n’a que quinze ans; il s’embarque a bord
d’nn brick marchand,
Ce navire allait en ^igypte : e’etait un beau debut! Comniencer par
visiter la terre des Pbaraons 1 Mais ce pays si interessant, si poetique
pour d’autres, si plein de souvenirs, fit une assez triste impression sur
I’esprit tout positif du jeune Orfila. Oblige de sejourner trois mois dans
la bare d’Alexandrie , il s’ennuyait a mourir quand il allait a terre ; de
sorte qu’il passait presque tout son temps a lire sur le pont du navire ou
dans sa ebambre.
De retour a Mahon , il fut assez heureux pour y trouver un homrae
plein d’instruction qui voulut bien s’occuper de lui. G’etait un Allemand
d’un caractere aimable ct d’uu esprit fort distingue; tres verse dans les
sciences physiques et mathematiques, il avait I’habitude de I’enseigrie-
ment. Des les premieres lecons il fit sentir a son eleve le vide deses pre-
tendues connaissances ; il lui fit reprendre I’etude des mathematiques ,
puis celle de la physique experimentale et de I histoire naturelle. Orfila
resta deux ans sous sa direction, e’est-a-dire jusqu’en i8o4 , epoque ou>
ayant atteint sa dix-septieme annee, il dut quitter sa ville natale pour
aller a i’universke de Valence.^
Ici , messieurs, nous allons retrouver FEspagne avec ses vieilles rou¬
tines, etson respect aveugle pour les anciennes traditions. On enseignait a
Valence la medecine et les sciences accessoires; le cours de chimie etait
ra^me contie a un homme instruit, le docteur Pircueta , mais les regle-
ments de Funiversite prescrivaient a ce malheureux professeur de ne pas
s’ecarter du livre de Macquer, de Macquer qui, eni 8 o 4 , et apres les
travaux de Lavoisier, de Priestley et de Foureroy, maintenait comme
une verite incontestable que Fair et Feau sont des corps dementaires I
On prescrivait en outre aux eleves d’appreridre et de reciter chaque jour
quatre ou cinq pages dudit Macquer 1 Qu’on jirge de la position du pauvre
professeur , qui, connaissant Finsuffisance du traite de Macquer , cher-
ohait, mais sans faire aucune experience, a mettre ses eleves au courant
des decouvertes recentes en chimie 1
Orfila comprit bientht de quel c6te etait la verite. I^es grands noms
de Lavoisier, de Bertholet, de Foureroy n’avaient point retenti en vain a
son oreille ; il s emjiressa d’acheter leurs ouvrages, et, apres en avoir lu
DE M. OREILA.
VII
les premieres pages, son parti est pris : il n’assistera plus aux lecons de
Tuniversite ; c’est chez lui, dans sa petite chambre qu’il va etudier,
n’ayant d’autre guide que ses livres, d’autre mobile qne son insatiable
besoin d’apprendre. II n’avait jamais vu faire d’experiences , il va en
faire : sa chambre est transformee en laboratoire. La cbimie a cela de‘
particulier dans son etude, que les plus petites operations interessent et
excitent I’esprit. Il suffit de quelques reactifs et d’un petit nombre d’us-
tensiles pour instituer des experiences qui vont faire palpiter le coeur
d’un jeune adepte et le faire tressaillir d’aise quand il verra s’operer sous
ses yeux ee qu’il vient de lire dans un ouvrage. Cette etude avait taut de
charmespour Orfila, elle lui inspira tant d’enthousiasme , que, pendant
pres d’une annee, il ne prit pas plus de trois a quatre heures de sommeil
par nuit. Tout Valence pouvait voir la fenetre du jeune etudiant eclairee
jusqu’a minuit; puis , avant I’aube , on la voyait briller de nouveau;
comme I’etoile du matin. Ghacun savait qu’un de ces qui , en
Espagne, annoncent aux habitants des villes I’etat du ciel, allait tons les
soirs allumer sa lanterne a la lampe du laborieux jeune homme , et qu’a-
pres Line tournee de trois heures, il venait rendre a cette lampe studieuse
la lumiere qu’il lui avait empruntee.
Des travaux si opiniatres, des etudes faites avec tant d’ardeur devaient
etre suivies d’un veritable triomphe. L’universite de Valence avait fini
par etre menacee dans son existence : un long cri de reprobation s’etait
eleve contre elle ; on se disait de toutes parts que I’enseignement y etait
deplorable et qu’il fallait la supprimer.
Dans sa detresse , Funiversite fit un appel a ses enfants ; mais , chose
bien etrange, ce fut celui qui s’etait exile de son sein qui allait la sauver.
G etait vers la fin de i 8 o 5 ; un grand concours est annonee ; il aura
lieu entre les eleves les plus distingues de I’ecole, et aura pour juges des
savants pris en dehors de Funiversite.
Quand vint le jour des epreuves, Matlieo Orfila, dansune improvisa¬
tion qui dura plus de deux heures, montra un si beau talent d’exposition
et fit preuve de conuaissances si appi ofondies, qu’il enleva tous les suf¬
frages et fut declare vainqueur.
Ghacun comprit alorS ce que pent produire un travail solitaire sou-
tenu par une forte valonte. Le professeur Picuerta ne pouvait cacher sa
joie et sa surprise: « Mais, mon enfant, lui disait-il, oil avez-vous done
VIII
ELOGE
appris tout cela? Qui a pu vous enseigner tout ce que vous avez dit? »
Lejeune laureat, fete de tout le monde, declare sauveur de I’Uni-
versite, etait dansl’ivresse; mais quelle n’est pas sa terreur le lendemain,
quand on vint lui intimer I’ordre de se rendre pres du grand inquisi-
teur III avait, dit-on, emis des principes qui n’etaient rien nioins qu’ortho-
doxes! Orfila obeit. Le grand inquisiteur etait un lionime d’une taille ele*
vee, d’une figure grave etimposante: « Vous avez eu bier un magnifique
succes, lui dit-il,j’y ai applaudi tout le premier; j’aime la jeunesse stu-
dieuse. Qui etes-vous? d’ou venez-vous? et qii’allez-vous faire ? » Rassure
par ces bienveillantes paroles, Orfila repondit avect. une respectueuse
deference. « Mais, reprit le grand inquisiteur, lorsqu’il a ete question
de geologic, n’avez-vous pas laisse entrevoir, et cela, en vous appuyant
sur les assertions d’auteurs francais, que le monde est plus ancien que ne
I’enseigne FEglise? Dites-moi la verite; quelle est votre opinion ? .’j Orfila
repondit sans se troubler, et de maniere a concilier les assertions de la
geologic avec celles de la theologie. II le fit nieme avec tant de succes, que le
grand inquisiteur, charme d’une science de si bon aloi, lui dit en sou-
riant : « Allez, jeune homme, poursuivez vos etudes, honorez I’Espagne,
et sacbez que I’inquisition n’est ni aussi tracassiere ni aussi barbare qu’on
le suppose! >3 Orfila aurait done pu rester a Valence et y jouir pleine-
ment de son triomphe ; mais que faire desormais dans un pays si arriere?
« Rester ici, ecrivait-il a son pere, ce serait perdre mon temps, et ce
n’est point la, sans doute, ce que vous voulez. »
Cette fois, c’est a Barcelone qu’il va se rendre; mais si dans les grandes
villes il y a plus de ressources pour I’instruction, il y a aussi plus de
causes de distraction. On professait k Barcelone a peu pres comme cela
se pratique en France, Garbonnelly enseignait la chimie; maisil y avait
un theatre italien et d’excellents sujets; c’etait une furieuse tentation
pour notre etudiant. Un jour done, n’y tenant plus, il achete un billet,
et prend place au parterre. Qu’on juge de son ravissement! lui qui
navait jamais entendu chanter qu’au lutrin de son pays! Onjouait la
Molinara^ le chef-d’oeuvre de Paesiello 1 Jamais musique ne produisit
un pared effet sur une organisation humaine 1 Le voila fou de chant ita-
lien; il chante en s’en retournant chez lui; il se met au lit et ne pent
dormir; il veut reproduire ces grands effets de voix qu’il a entendus.:
impossible, sa voix est lourde, rebelle, et trainante. Il attend le jour
DE M. ORFILA.
IX
avec impatience, et, au lieu d’aller dans I’amphitheatre de chimie, il va
chercher a dompter sa voix, non pas, comme Demosthene, en se met-
tant des cailloux dans la bouche eten luttant avecle bruit des flots ; mais
en jetant sa voix au milieu des airs ; et pour cela il gravit une haute mon-
taj^ne qni domine Barcelone, le mont Jouy. 11 etait cinq heures du
matin ; il se met a vocaliser de toutes ses forces. A dix heures il tenait
ses roulades et rentrait dans Barcelone, tout joyeux de sa conquete. Mais
cela ne lui suffit pas, il s’exerce snr toutes sortes d’instruments : la flute^
le piano, la guitare, le violon ; toutefois il finit par opter, et, en veritable
Espagnol, il se decide pour la guitare.
Tout cela avait amene quelque ralentissement dans ses etudes j mais
ce premier moment de fougue passe, il reprit sa place parmi les eleves,
c’est-a-dire au premier rang.
Deux ans s’etaient ainsi passes , quand la junte de Barcelone, ayant
resolu d’envoyer un jeune pensionnaire a Madrid d’abord, puis a Paris,
pour y etudier la chimie appliquee aux arts, jeta les yeux sur Orfila.
Il devait rester deux ans h Madrid et autant a Paris, puis revenir a Bar¬
celone , ou Ton instituerait pour lui une chaire de chimie,
Ge fut vers la fill de 1807 qu’il quilta Barcelone. 11 comptait trouver
a Madrid le professeur Proust; mais ce savant veiiait de rentrerenFrance.
Orfila, voyant qu a Madrid on n’en savait pas beaucoup plus qu’a Barce¬
lone, demanda et obtintl’autorisation dese rendre immediatementaParis.
Il possedait 1,100 francs; c’etait beaucoup plus quil n’enfallaitpour faire
le voyage; mais un ami d’enfancedemandea lui emprunter 1,000 francs,
assurant qu’ils lui seront rendus a Burgos , poste restante. Orfila les lui
donne, et les deux amis se quittent en pleurant. Arrive a Burgos, Orfila
court a la poste ; rien ! 11 pense que c’est un retard, et pousse jusqu’a
Bayonne; rien encore I et la diligence part le lendemain , et il ne lui
reste pas un sou ! Sa gaiete n’en est pas alteree : il ne peut croire a tant
de perfidie. Il vend sa montre, une bague de prix, et jusqu’a sa guitare 1
Mais il est en France et il a vingt ans! Age heureux! toujours riche; riche
dans le present et plus riche encore dans I’avenir. Il monte done resolu-
ment dans la voiture publique, ou il trquve deux medecins qui lui font
1 accueil le plus cordial, un avocat , homme de beaucoup d’esprit, et
une jeune dame dune rarebeaute, qui s’amuse infiniment d’entendre ce
jeune Espagnol parler le pur languedocien.
X
ELOGE
Ge voyage dura dix jours ; le i i juillet 1807, M. Oi'fila etait a Paris.
En descendant de voiture dans la cour des messageries, il lui restait
60 centimes ; raais un oncle qu’il avail a Marseille, instruit de sa detresse,
avail donne ordre a son banquier de lui compter 3 oo francs, et la junte
de Barcelone lui faisait payer un mois d’avance.
Ge n’etait la, du reste , que des contre-lemps : M. Orfila n'a pas eu
a lutter, dans sa jeunesse, centre Fadversite , a se trouver aux prises avec
Finfortune; il ne devait point passer par cette ec ole du malheur qui
trempe et fortifie les caracteres ; mais , a defaut de cet aiguillon de Fin-
digence, il portait dans son coeur les germes d’une vaste ambition , et
deja ses succes d’eofance avaient vivement excite en lui cesdesirs de re-
nommee. Maintenant qu’il est en France, chez un peuple eminemraent
sociable, ami des etrangers, nous aliens le voir marcher de succes en
succes , jusqu’au moment ou il se condamnera a trainer ce que j appel-
lerai le boulet de la faveur publique. Et puis Fingratitude et Foubli
viendront assombrir cette carriere si heureusement commencee ! Mais
nous n’en sommes encore qu’a ses debuts; insistons sur ses premieres
annees ; disons Faccueil qu’il recut en France, les amities qu’il va y
former et les encouragements qu’il trouvera de toutes parts.
Depuis la mort de Lavoisier, le sceptre des sciences chimiques etait
tenuparFourcroy ;d^aBerthollet,Ghaptai, VauquelinetThenard avaient
acquis une juste celebrite. M. Orfila connaissait ces grands maitres par
leurs ecrits ; il sefit presenter a Fourcroy et a Vauquelin. Gelubci Fad-
mit bientbt dans son laboratoire ; Fourcroy le ebargea de preparer sept
a huit lecons qu’il voulait faire sur la chimie animale.
Mais M. Orfila n’etait pas dispose a se contenter longtemps d’un r6le
subalterne : il lui fallait un laboratoire et un local convenable pour pro-
fesser. Un riche proprietaire de la rue du Bac y pourvut, il ouvrit son pre¬
mier cours de chimie. L’auditoire etait pen nombreux ; mais si le theatre
etait modeste , il s’y passa des les premiers jours un evenement qui fit le
plus grand honneur au jeune etranger. Il etait a faire sa lecon devant
son petit auditoire ; deux graves personnages se presentent et prennent
place sur les banquettes au milieu des eleves. M .Orfila jette sur eux les
yeux. Quelle nest pas sa surprise ! Ges deux nouveaux venus sont Four¬
croy etVauquelin! MaisM. Orfila nesetroublait pasfacilement; il se leve
comme lout Fauditoire, s’incline devant ces deux grands maitres, puis,
DE M. ORFILA.
XI
apres leur avoir donne ce temoignage de respect, il reprend sa lecon la
ou il I’avait interrompue, et, electrise ea quelque sorte par la presence
de ces hommes illustres, il redouble d’efforts, se surpasse, et se niontre
veritablement digne de Tbonneur qu’ils viennent de lui apporter.
Mais Vauquelin etait plus qu’un raaitre pour lui, il etait presque un
pere : on va en juger.
M. OrBla , bien accueilli en France etnese melant en aucune maniere
de politique, etait plein de securite comme tous ses compatriotes , lors-
que, vers le milieu de i8a8, on apprit a Paris que Murat, campe sous les
murs de Madrid, venait de bombarder cette ville qui s etait mise en pleine
insurrection. G’etait le signal d’une guerre longue et meurtriere. Vers
le mois de septembre, le bruit se repand que le general Dupont vient
d’etre defaita Baylen par Castagnoz. Napoleon est indigne : c’est le pre¬
mier echec qu’eprouvent ses armes. Avant de quitter Paris , il donne
ordre au prefet de police de faire arreter tous les Espagnols qui sont dans
la capitale et de les diriger deux par deux dans les departements.
M. Orfila, pour se mettre en regie, et conformement a I’invitation de
son ambassadeur, etait alle de lui-meme a la prefecture de police , de-
mander un permis de sejour. OmTarrete et on le jette en prison, Tou-
tefois on avait bien voulu le prevenir que, s’il se faisait reclamer par
une personne honorable, on le mettrait en libertef II ne perd pas un
instant: il ecrit a Fourcroy et a Vauquelin. G’etait une bonne inspira¬
tion : le jour suivant, a sept heares du matin, on vient le chercher pour
le conduire dans le cabinet du prefet. Il pensait que c’etait pour quelque
interrogatoire; pas du tout : il y trouve Vauquelin , le bon Vauquelin ,
en grand costume de I’lnstitut, I’epee au cote et couvert de ses decora¬
tions. « Je viens reclamer monsieur, dit le savant, je reponds de lui; il
ne troublera jamais I’Etat, et je I’emmene. — Suit, » repondit le chef du
cabinet. Vauquelin tend la main a son eleve ; celui-ci se precipite dans
ses bras.
Rendu ainsi a la liberte et a ses etudes , OrEla , de 1808 a 1811 , put
completer son instruction medicale. Le 27 septembre il etait recu doc-
teur. Pour lui , les etudes qu’on nomme accessoires etaient restees les
etudes principales, et ce n’etait qu’accessoiremeut qu’il avait etudie la
medecine ; mais la guerre entre la France et I’Espagne etant devenue
chaque jour plus meurtriere, la junte de Barceione avait cesse d’avoir
j^LOGE
XII
des relations avec son pensionnaire ; ses parents avaient essuye des pertes
considerables , et son pere lui avait fait intimer I’ordre de revenir a
Mabon des qu’il serait recu docteur; 3 oo francs meme lui avaient ete
remis, avec I’injonction de revenir sur-le-champ. Tout autre, sans doute,
aurait obei; mais ici se montre encore le caractere de M. Orfila. Gonfiant
comme toujours dans sa fortune, il ecrit a son pere : « Je reste, et je vous
renvoie les 3 oo francs qui devaient payer mon voyage. « II est vrai qu’il
avait des amis sur lesquels il pouvait compter : Bedard, W. Edwards,
Marjolin et beaucoiip d’autres. Ces amis se mirent a lui recruter des
deves, et, le 8 janvier 1812, il put ouvrir un cours de chimie chez un
pharniacien de la rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs. Ce cours etait suivi par
quarante deves qui lui payaient chaeun 4 o francs. Bedard , Edwards,
Hippolyte et Jules Cloquet etaient au nombre des deves les plus as-
sidus.
Ce cours est a peine termine , qu’il en ouvre un second , rue du Foin-
Saint-Jacques. G’etait le beau temps de I’enseignement particulier, et
cette rue du Foin-Saint-Jacques etait comme le berceau des grandes
reputations professorales. Quelques annees plus tard, Broussais devait
y jeter les premiers fondements de la science; celle de M. Orfila com-
mencaita grandir. Envoye par son gouvernement pour etudier la chimie
appliquee aux arts, il n’avait guere fait, jusque-la , que marcher sur les
pas de ses maitres ; mais des que, livre a lui-meme, il en vint a la mMe-
cine legale , on le vit proceder par des voies toutes nouvelles : il avait
enfin trouve sa veine ; le grand toxicologue commencait a se montrer.
Disons comment un incident, pur effet du hasard, etait venu tout a
coup lui revder, au milieu d’une lecon, et I’impuissance de la toxicolo¬
gic telle qu’on I’enseignait alors, et le probleme qu’il y avait a resoudre
pour que la medecine legale put en tirer ses plus precieuses res-
sources.
Il venait d’exposer a ses deves I’histoire de Vacide arsenieux ; il leur
avait montre les precipites que la dissolution de ce corps pent former
avec differents reactifs ; il leur avait dit que la meme chose aurait lieu si
I’acide arsenieux se trouvait rnde a des liquides alimentaires , tels que
du vin, du cafe, du bouillon ; et comme il avait par hasard a c6te de lui
une tasse de cafe a I’eau, il y verse de la dissolution arsenicale, puis de
Xeau de chaux. Mais voila qu’a son grand etonnement, au lieu du pre-
DE M. ORFILA.
XllI
cipite blanc qu’il avait annonce, il se produit un precipite gris vwlace.
II change de reactif, il se sert de sulfate de cuivre ammoniacal ; mais,
au lieu du precipite vert-pre qu’il attendait, il obtient un precipite olive
noirdtre I Toutes ses idees sont bouleversees : il n’en fait rien paraitre ,
car il avait pour principe qu’un professeur ne doit jamais se tromper
devant ses eleves. Il attribue ces resultats a la presence de quelques ma-
tieres organiques colorees, et remet a leur expliquer tout cela ulterieu-
rement.
Mais sa lecon est a peine terminee, qu’il court chez lui se procurer du
vin,du bouillon, du the, et qu’il se met a repeter les memes experiences^
pour savoir a quoi s’en tenir. Or, toujours il trouve que les poisons meles
a des liquides prepares avec des substances animales ou vegetales ne
peuvent plus etre deceles par les moyens mis en usage jusqu’alors. Il
consulte en meme temps les auteurs les plus accredites : Frank, Plenck
etbeaucoup d’autres; et de ces recberches il resulte pour lui ce fait ca¬
pital, que la toxicologie n existe pasl Cette toxicologie, du moins, qui est
fille de lachimie ; qui seule peut mettre I’expert sur la trace du poison et
lui en faire connaitre la nature; qui seule peut indiquer au medecin le
contre-poison a administrer; qui, seule enfin, par la certitude de ses pre¬
cedes, doit etre la plus puissante garantie de la morale publique et de
la societe.
Mais quel sera I’auteur ou plutdt le createur de cette nouvelle toxico¬
logie? Quel sera I’esprit assez entreprenant, assez sur de lui pour ne
plus tenir compte des travaux des devanciers, et pour reprendre les faits
sur de nouvelles bases ? M. Orfila a tout aussitdt la conviction que ce
sera lui-meme ; et il a si bien cette conviction, que, le jour meme, il court
chez un libraire, et sans avoir en main une seule page de manuscrit, il
offre de lui vendre un Traite de toxicologie generale , en deux forts vo¬
lumes in-8.
Le libraire, assez etourdi de la proposition, lui demande d’abord a qui
il albonneur de parler. « Jesuis Orfila. — J’aibeaucoup entendu parler
de vous par VOS eleves, replique le libraire; mais vous me donnerezbien
le temps de reflechir. — Pas une beure, repritM, Orfila , c’est a prendre
ou a Idisser. Comment ! dit le libraire, a prendre ou alaisser? vous
navez rien a moffrir 1 — J’ai ma parole, dit Orfila, et cela doit suffire.
Eh bien, vous avez raison ; je consens a traiter avec vous, ne serait-ce
XIV
ELOGE
que pour lararete du fait, ajouta le libraire. » Et, seance tenante, le con-
trat flit signe-
II fallait, on en conviendra, que cejeune professeur inspirat au libraire
une grande confiancef car celui-ci aurait pu tout d’abord lui objecter
que c’etait une etrange pretention que celle de vouioir ainsi faire es-
compter des conuaissances qu’il n’avait pas meme acquises; il fallait
aussi que le futur auteur eut une grande confiance en lui-menie , pour
considerer comme une propriete a lui une science qui , de son aveu,
n existait pas, et comme une propriete si bien a lui, que d’avance il
veut en faire la vente et signer le contrat!
Quoi qu’il en soit, M, Orfila, a qui il ne restait plus qu’a trouver sa
science et a la constituer en corps de doctrine, n’avait pas la moindre
inquietude a ce sujet. Le leudemain de la signature du contrat, il va se
confiner dans une profonde retraite, a Villeneuve-le-Roi, et y passe tout
I’ete a faire des experiences, a reprendre ses essais chitniques sous toutes
les formes, et a tuer des milliers de chiens. En meme temps il ecrit son
livre; invention et redaction , il fait tout marcher de front, et la moifie
du premier volume est livree a rimpression pendant I’hiver de i 8 i 3 a
i8i4, et les autres successivement; en i 8 i 5 tout avait paru.
Arrive a ce point, M. Orfila pouvait se dire qu’il venait de marquer
sa place dans la science etsur un terrain nouveau. Son livre recut I’ac-
cueil le plus favorable des hommes competents : I’Academie des sciences
declara, parl’organe d’une commission composee de MM.Pinel, Percy et
Vauquelin, que cet ouvrage meritait I’approbation de la classe etfaisait le
plus grand honneur a M. Orfila.
G’etaient la de beaux succes qui atfacbaient de plus en plus M. Orfila a
la France ; mais des engagements qu’il regardait comme sacres le liaient
encore a I’Espagne. Voici comment ceux-ci furent rompus.
paix ayant ete retablie en i 8 i 4 , M. Orfila s’etait empresse d’ecrire
a la junte de Barcelone; il lui avait dit que, reduit a ses propres res-
sources, il avait termine toutes ses etudes, et qu’il etait pret a relourner
a Barcelone si la muuicipalite consentait a creer la cbaire qui lui avait
ete promise.
La junte repondit ([ue la guerre ayant epuise toutes ses ressources, il
lui etait impossible de s’imposer des charges nouvelles; mais en meme
temps elle lui annonqait que le gouvernement espagnol, dans le desir de
DE M. ORFILA.
XV
iattacher a son pays , venait de le r.onimer professeiir de chimie a
Madrid, en remplacement de Proust.
r.a position de M. Orfila devenait difficile : d’un c6te il aurait voulu
repoodre a ia confiance de son pays ; d’un autre cote il sentait que la
France, que Paris etait le seul theatre ou il pouvait trouver I’emploi de
ses facultes. Dans ces circoastances, il crut devoir faire ses conditions :
il repondit an gouvernenient espagnol qn’il acceptait avec reconnais¬
sance les fonctions dont on voulait bien le charger, mais qu’il y avait de
grandes reformes a apporter dans I’enseignement en Espagne, qu’une
reorganisation etait indispensable, et qu’il deinandait a soumettre un
plan d’etudes.
Le ministere espagnol repliqua que ce n’etait pas a M. Orfila a pro¬
poser un plan d’etudes; que s’il voulait accepter sans, condition il pouvait
se mettre en route. M. Orfila resta a Paris.
Il est done desormais a la France, et de longtemps encore sa carriere
ne sera qu’un cours inoui de prosperites.
L’annee i 8 i 5 , en particulier, a du compter comme une des plus heu-
reuses de sa vie. J’ai dit que ies savants avaient fait a son traile de toxi-
cologie I’accueil le plus flatteur; M. Halle se I’etait fait lire d’un bout a
I’autre, et comme une place de correspondant etait vacante a I’lnstitut,
il engagea M. Orfila a se mettre sur les rangs. M. Orfila fut place en
tetede la liste, et son election eut lieu vers la fin de i 8 i 5 .
Presque en meme temps on I’avait attache a la maison du roi
Louis XVIIl en qualite de medecin par quartier. G’etait une place un
peu subalterne et qui ne le mettait guere en rapport qu’avec la domes-
ticite du chateau, mais ce pouvait etre un acheminement a de plus hauls
emplois. Ajoutons qu’a cette epoque M. Orfila n’etait pas seulementun
des jeunesdocteurs les plus habiles de I’ecoie de Paris, e’etait encore, dans
le monde, un des homines les plus aimables; son gout pour la musique
etait reste chez lui au degre d’une passion, et il avait acquis un talent
de premier ordre, a ce point que des offres lui avaient ete fakes pour
entrer au Theatre-Italien,a raison de 25 ,ooo francs par an.ccNon, avail
» reponduM. Orfila, je refuse toute fortune qui me viendra d’un autre
« cote que la science.» Mais si sa raison lui niontrait ainsi quelle etait
pour lui la carriere la plus honorable et la plus digne, on va voir qu’un
XVI
ELOGE
beau talent musical, une belle voix etaient encore ce qui avait le plus
de prise sur son coeur.
Admis depuis longteraps dans la famille d’un artiste distingue, depuis
membre de I’lnstitut, M. Lesueur, il n’avait pu voir sans emotion une
jeune personne qui etait alors dans tout I’eclat de sa jeunesse et de son
talent: c’^ait mademoiselle Gabrielle Lesueur. Douee dune voix d’un
timbre delicieux et d’une justesse irreprochable, on la comparait a I’in-
comparable madame Barilli. Qualites du coeur, dons de I’esprit, charmes
de Tart, mademoiselle Lesueur reunissait tout ce qui pouvait seduire un
homme d’ailleurs plein de delicatesse et d honneur. AussiM. Orfila ne se
crut veritablement heureux qu’apres avoir obtenu la main de cette jeune
personne, enjuillet i 8 i 5 .
G’etait, comme on le voit, dans les premiers temps de la restauration,
a Tepoque ou la societe, a peine remise des puissantes emotions de la
guerre, venait en quelque sorte de se retrouver. De nombreux salons
etaient ouverts; celuide madame la princesse de Vaudemont reunissait
tout ce que Paris avait de plus distingue, on y trouvait presque tons les
grands personnages de I’epoque. Grace a leur amabilite, ou plutdt grace
a leurs talents, M. Orfila et sa jeune epouse etaient, non seulement bien
accueillis, mais vivement desires dans ces brillantes reunions, et ils en
faisaient les deiices.
Des esprits severes trouveraient peut-etre qu’il eut ete plus desirable
pour M. Orfila, plus digne de sa reputation naissante, de figurer parmi
ces nobles invites comme homme de science. Moi-meme j’aurais aime a
dire que dansle salon de madame de Rumfort, veuve de I’illustre et in¬
fortune Lavoisier, M. Orfila se trouvait au memo titrequeMM.deLaplace,
Fourrier et de Prosny, mais il ne faut pas oublier que M. Orfila, a cette
epoque, n’en etait encore qu’au debut de sa carriere scientifique, qu’il
n’etait encore charge d’aucun enseignenient officiel, et que, par conse¬
quent, il n etait pas tenu a cette gravite de moeurs et de manieres qu’im-
pose la robe de professeur a ceux qui en sont revetus ; et j’ajoute que
ce fut pour lui 1 origine de quelques unes des puissantes protections qui
plus tard lui furent si utiles dans ses functions administratives.
Cependant, au milieu du tourbillon du monde parisien, M, Orfila
n’avait pas oublie son pays natal, sa petite Baleare, comme disaient les
anciens, et ce souvenir lui revenait avec d’autant plus de vivacite qu’il
DE M. ORFILA.
ivii
se sentait plus heureux; illui tardait de faire partager. ce bonheur a sa
famille et de lui presenter sa jeune epouse.
II y avait douze ans qu’il avait quitte le toit paternel, lorsqu’il resolut
daller y raviver ses souvenirs d’enfance, s’y livrera ce charnie delicieux
et melancolique qui nous saisit a I’aspect des Ueux ou se sont ecoulecs
nos premieres annees, et se retremper enfin dans ce bonheur domes-
tique qui pour lui avait encore toute sa fraicheur.
Il arriva a Mahon dans le plus beau mois de I’annee, en mai 1816. Ce
fut un evenement dans cette petite ile, que I’arrivee de M. Orfila; car
c’etait chose inouie qu’un de ces insulaires eut jamais quitte son pays,
si ce n'est comme marin ou pour faire le commerce. Or Matheo Orfila
y revenait comme un savant medecin, et repute tel dans le grand pays
de France. Ou’on juge del’enthousiasme de ses compatriotes! la foule ac-
courait sur ses pas, son pere le montrait avec orgueil, sa mere pleurait
de joie!
Les malades, ies infirmes, les incurables venaient de tous les points
de Tile reclamer ses conseils. 11 passa toute la belle saison au milieu de
sa famille, mais en septembre il fallut se quitter. Le professorat a la Fa-
culte de medecine de Paris, c’etait la ou devaient tendre tous ses voeux;
deux annees, toutefois, s’ecoulerent encore, puis en 1818 de premieres
ouvertures lui furent faites par Marjolin ; on allait creer une chaire de
maladies meniales, et une permutation devait laisser vacante celle de
medecine legale. Pour occuper une place dans I’enseignement, M. Orfila
devait se faire naturaliser Francais. li avait a peine soumis cette demande
au garde des sceaux, que la Faculte dut faire sa presentation : M. Orfila
fut mis en premiere ligae ex aequo avec M, Husson; M. Pariset fut
place en seconde ligne.
Le jour de la nomination, la Faculte etait au grand complet; M. Halle^
depuis longtemps retenu chez lui par I’affection calculeuse qui devait
le conduire au tombeau, s’etait fait transporter a I’ecole dans une chaise
a porteurs; et comme on le felicitait de I’amelioration que sans doute il
eprouvait dans sa sante : « Je ne suis pas mieux, dit-il, mais je n’ai pas
voulu laisser echapper cette occasion de rendre un dernier service a la
Faculte, en venant voter pour M. Orfila. » — « Eh bien! ceci me decide,
dit a son tour M. Boyer; moi aussi je voterai pour M. Orfila. »
XTIII.
XVIII ELOGE
Voila done M. Orfila en possession d’une chaire qu’il avait si long-
temps desiree, le voila professeurl
Heureux s’il avait su borner ses desirs et ne pas chercher d autres
joies que cedes que devait lui donner cet enseignement ! Pour le mo¬
ment, du reste, il n en soupconnait pas d’autre, et sa satisfaction etait
immense en voyant la foule se presser pour I’entendre dans le vaste am¬
phitheatre de I’ecole.
Sa voix bien timbree, sonore et puissante, dominait ces dots d’audi-
teurs; elle se faisait entendre de tous les eleves. Son debit etait clair,
methodique, simple; il n’entretenait ses auditeurs que de ce qui leur
etait rigoureusement indispensable; il evitait toute espece de digression,
et, autant que possible, il demontrait par des experiences les faits qu’il
venait d’enoncer,
Mais j’aurai a revenir sur son enseignement quand il sera question de
son cours de cbimie; je veux dire ici quelques mots de ses tournees
comrae president des jurys medicaux.
V C’est en 1820 que M. Orfila fut appele avec Bedard a presider an-
huellement ces jurys. L'inslitution des officiers de sante etait deja I’ob-
jet de nombreuses reclamations; on s’elevait de toutes parts contre la
deplorable facilite avec laquelle on procedait a leur reception; ce n’e-
tait partout qu’ignorance et corruption. Pour mettre un terme a cet etat
de choses, la Faculte d.e Paris avait resolu de placer a la tete des jurys
de reception deux homines d’une integrite et d’une severite reconnues.
Pour sa part, M. Orfila eut, dans la premiere annee, cent viugt aspi¬
rants a interroger; il en refusa quatre-vingt-dix-neuf! Bedard n’avait
pas montre moins de fermete.
Cette premiere campagne fit comprendre aux recipiendaires qn’on ne
pourrait flechirces nouveaux juges qu’en faisant preuve d’instruction et
de capacite.
Il y eut bien encore quelques tentatives de corruption et meme d’in-
timidation, mais M. Orfila sut les reprimer avec un admirable sang¬
froid. i^insi, un jourun candidat lui demande un entretien particulier:
» Vous m avez odieusement tourinente bier, lui dit-il, vous allez sans
doute me refuser aujourd’hui; mais vous ne me connaissez pas, mon¬
sieur, je suis homme a vous tuer! » — « Tuez-moi, » repondit tranquil-
lement M. Orfila, et le jour meme le candidat etait refuse.
DE M. ORFJLA.
XiX
Ua autre jour, M. Orfila interrogeait uu candidat qni, du reste, ne
paraissait pas manquer d’instruction; mais quelqu’un place derriere lui
lui dit a voix basse : « Vous ne savez pas qui vous interrogez? Get
bomme est le bourreau d’Auxerre, et son pere estle bourreau de MeJun! »
M. Orfila est stupefait; mais a I’instaut son parti est pris, il n’admettra
jamais un bourreau dans le corps medical: ii le refuse et il informe de
cet incident le miuistre de I’interieiir et M. Cuvier.
M. Cuvier fut tres explicite; il donna son approbation pleine et en-
tiere a ce qu’avait fait M. Orfila.
Le ministre fut moins decide. « La question me parait delicate, ecri-
vit-il a M. Orfila; et je ne sais pas ce que ferait la chambre des deputes,
si un arrondissement lui envoyait son bourreau pour le representer dans
son seinl »
CependantM. Orfila continuait de professer lamedecine legale,quand
vint la dissolution de I’Ecole eu iSaa, et sa reorganisation en 1828. La
cbaire de maladies mentaies fut supprimee, son titulaire passa a eelle
de medecine legale, et M. Orfila, aiasi depossede, fut prevenu qu’on
allait le nomraer professeur de cbimie en remplacement de Vauquelin,
destitue.
M. Orfila etait. trop honnete bomme pour oublier que Vauquelin
avait ete son maitre et son bienfaiteur. Son chagrin fut extreme :
d’un c6te il se voyait enleve a un enseignement qu’il avait pour aiasi
dire cree, dontle succes avait depasse ses esperances; d’un autre cotd,
c’etait Vauquelin, violerament expulse, qu’il allait remplacer. Voici dans
cette circonstance quelle fut sa coaduite: Il alia tout d’abord trouver
Vauquelin, et lui dit tout ce qui se tramait contre lui. « Ce n’est pas
possible, s’ecria Vauquelin, ils n’oseront pasl — Us I’oseront, reprit
Orfila. —Eh bien, repliqua Vauquelin, je vous conjure d’accepter ma
place; je I’exige. Vous etesjeuue, vous avez de I’avenir, point de for¬
tune. Que pourrais-je gagnera voire refus? Quelle creature placerait-on
la? » Ges paroles deciderent M. Orfila, et I’experience ne tarda pas a
eprouver combien I’enseignement avait gagne aee changement de per-
sonne.
Assurement Vauquelin etait, comme savant, biensuperieuraM. Orfila,
et sa presence dans le corps des professeurs bonoraitla Faculte. Le gou-
vernement de 1 epoque airait done fait a la fois une mauvaise action et
XX
6loge
nn acte impolitique en effacant ce grand nom de la liste des profes-
seurs; mais une fois ce mofait accompli, il eut ete impossible de faire
un meilleur choix.
M. Orfilas’etaiten effetimposeunegrande tache,cellede faireparticiper
les sciencesmedicalesa presquetousles progres que la chimie avait faits
dans ces derniers temps ; personne n’a combattu avec plus de succes que
lui le fatal prejuge qui tend a etablir que les physiciens et les chimistes
sont incompetents dans toute question ou il s’agit du phenomene des
etres vivants : fatal prejuge, dis-je, pbilosophie erronee et absurde ; car,
tout en flattant certaines croyances, elle arrete tout progres et ne tend a
rien moins qu’a laisser la medecine dans une eternelle enfance.
Honneur done a FEcole de Paris, qui a su com prendre et professer
hautement que toutesles sciences doivent converger vers ce but definitif:
le perfectionnement de Fart medical !
G’etaient la les idees que professait M. Orfila, et cbacun comprit bientot
quelle devait etre Futilite d’un cours qui embrassait ainsi toutesles appli¬
cations medicales de la chimie.
Aussi la foule des eleves devint telle, que M. Orfila dut quitter Fam-
phitheatre de chimie pour le grand amphitheatre de FEcole; et encore
ce grand amphitheatre lui-meme devint insuffisant plus de la nmitie
des auditeurs etaient obliges de se tenir debout; ils encombraient les cou¬
loirs et Fhemicycle. On y voyait de jeunes docteurs, des praticiens de la
ville et jusqu’a des professeurs dela Faculte qui venaient ainsi entendre
un de leurs collegues.
M. Orfila, de son c6te, pour repondre a cet empressement, redoubia
d efforts : il en vint jusqu a faire cent vingt lecons par an , chacune de
cinq quarts d’heure au moins j et, chose inouie! ce zele ne s’est pas un
moment dementi pendant une periode detrente anneestde iSaS a i 8531
Ainsi, comme professeur, le merite de M. Orfila etait incontestable,
son talent, sa superiorite etaient parfaitement etablis ; mais il allait avoir
a subir une autre epreuve : il allait , et en des temps difficiles, avoir
a diriger Fadministration du corps auquel il appartenait; une revolution
allait le porter a ce pouvoir, en attendant qu’une autre revolution Vint
Fen precipiter.
Des les premiers jours qui suivirent la chute de la branche ainee des
Bourbons , Antoine Dubois avait ete nomme doyen de la Faculte de me-
DE M. OBFILA.
XXI
decine de Paris ; on avait eu besoin de son nom reste populaire , de sa
grande reputation et de sa longue experienee ; mais bientot fatigue des
details adniinistratifs, bien que deja il etit pour premier assesseur M. Orfila^
le 3 o avril i 83 i il pria celui-ci de I’aceompaguer chezM. deMontalivet,
ministre de I’instruction publique. A peine entre dans le cabinet du mi-
nistre, Antoine Dubois lui dit tout simplement : « Je suis age , monsieur
le ministre , peu jaloux de conserver des fonctions administratives; je
viens vous prier d’accepter ma demission. Permettez-inoi de vous pre--
senter M. Orfila, pour qui je vous demande la place vacante, »
M. de Montalivet n’avait jamais vu M. Orfila. Apres avoir exprime
tous ses regrets a IM. Dubois, il lui declara que la nomination de son pro¬
tege serait signee le lendemain ; en effet, le i" mai, M. Orfila recevait
I’arrete qui I’appelait a remplir les fonctions de doyen.
Dans la Faculte de niedecine de Paris , messieurs, le decanat est a peu
pres ce quest le gouvernement. Gelui-ci est-il fort, calme, obei, le de¬
canat est paisible et respecte ; la societe est-elle agitee , factieuse, raal
contenue, I’ecole s’agite encore plus, elle devient seditieuse, indiscipli-
nable , elle a ses tribuns ! Deja Antoine Dubois avait eu a reprimer des
mecontentements, a calmer des agitations; mais son age, son nom, ses
longs services et aussi son habilete en avaient prevenu les suites. Ces
ferments n’en existaient pas moins, et son successeur allait les retrouver.
M. Orfila dut penser que, pour se concilier Faffection des eleves , il
suffirail de leur etre utile, de faciliter leurs etudes, de recompenser leur
zele; il avait a la fois a apporter des ameliorations dans le materiel de
FEcole, a introduire des reformes dans Fenseignement : il ne recula de-
vant aucuue difficulte.
Les pavilions de dissection etaient insuffisants ; il en fit construire de
nouveaux qui furent livres aux eleves en i 833 .
On desirait que des cliniques fussent rapprochees de FEcole : Fbdpital
des Cliniques fut ouvert en i 834 .
Ces constructions avaient amene la destruction du jardiu botanique :
une portion de la pepiniere du Luxembourg fut affectee a Fetablissement
(Fun nouveau jardin plus riche et plus spacieux.
Dupuytren, par une clause de son testament, avait legue des fonds
pour la creation d’une cbaire d’anatomie patbologique. Grace aux de¬
marches de M. Orfila, cette clause fut modifiee : une partie des fonds put
XXII
ELOGE
etre affectee a I’etablissement du musee d’anatomie pathologique qui
porte le nom de Musee Diipuytren.
Les cabinets de matiere medicale, de physique et de chimie, etaient
incomplets : ils recurent d’importanles amdiorations.
Enfin, en i 844 ? M. Orfila, apres avoir vu a Londres le musee de
Hunter, concut I’idee de former dans les baiirnents de I’liicole une vaste
galerie d’anatomie comparee. Quelques objections, il est vrai, lui avaient
etefaitessur ce dernier point: on lui avait represente que i’Ecole devait,
avant tout, posseder un musee d’anatomie buraaine; que deja lejardin
des plantes avait de riches collections d’anatomie comparee. M. Orfila ne
crut pas devoir tenir compte de ces remarques. M. Villernain, sollicite
par lui, avait promis dedemander aux chambres une allocation ; M. de
Salvandy, plus expeditif, signa un arrete, et, le i®* novembre i 845 »
I’etablissement etait ouvert au public ; un second arrete ministerrel lui
donnait le nom de Musee Orfila.
Ce n’est pas tout; concurremment avec ces ameliorations on vit I’en-
seignement se fortifier et s’etendre; deja quelques professeurs avaient
ramene les eleves dans I’amphitheatre de I’Ecole: c’etaient Bedard, Mar-
joiin et M. Orfila. A partir de i 83 i , d’autres professeurs obtinrent le
meme succes; le doyen donna I’exemple : il voulut participer aux exa-
mens pendant toute la duree des annees scolaires. Ces exaniens devinrent
plus serieux : ils durerent sept quarts d’beure pour quatre candidats, et,
a partir de i846, il y eut des examens de fin d’annee.
On tra^a aux eleves la marche a suivre dans le cours de leurs etudes :
on les obligea a suivre les lecons avec assiduite et a prendre reguliere-
ment leurs inscriptions ; enfin, Tobligation du baccalaureat es sciences,
supprimee dans des jours de trouble, fut retablie en i 836 .
Mais, je I’ai dit tout a I’heure, les temps avaient fait de la position de
doyen une position difficile, delicate et parfois brulante ; il ne fallait
rien moins que I’assurance de M. Orfila, son inconcevable activite et
toutes les ressources de son esprit, pour conserver a la fois sa popularite
et son autorite. Et il n’y parvenait pas toujours(i)
Tantdt, en effet, il se voyait entoure de la faveur publique, et tantdt
(i) Sur ce dernier point, il avait une sorte de therinometre ou d’indice assez curieux qu’un
jour il fit connaitre au roi Louis-Philippe, avec assez de sans-facori.
«Eh bien! monsieur le doyen, luidkaitle roi, comment eles-vous actuellement avec MM. les
DE M. OBPILA.
xxin
cette inetne faveur se retirait de lui j il eut soavent a lutter centre de
violents orages : il eut ses jours d’emeute et ses jours de repression i
et comme tout pouvoir devait alors trouver son opposition, la presse-
medicale, le prenant aussi a partie, le decanat etait parfois pour lui le
plus rude des metiers.
Sa position d’etranger elle-meme lui creait de nouvelles difficult^s j
ilavait obtenu, en 1 834 des left res de grande natural isalion. A la chambre
des pairs, M. le comte de Bastard, a la chambre des deputes M. de Las
Gases, avaient fait une juste appreciation de son merite et enumere les
services qu’il avait rendus a la France; mais ces eloges eux-memes exci-
taient I’envie et la malveillance. Il avait done a se faire pardonner d’etre
ne hors de la France, puis, et surtoiit, les hautes dignites auxquelles il
etait parvenu.
M. Oi fila, en effet, n’etait doyen qiie depuis environ deux ans, quand
il fut nomme membre du conseil general des hospices ; presente en i 83 a
pour succeder a Portal, il avait ete choisi parrai cinq candidats.
Un an apres, en i 833 , I’associalion de prevoyance des medecins de
Paris, fondee par lui, I’avait nomme president a Funanimite , et cette
dignite devait se perpetuer dans sa personne.
La mort de M. Cuvier, survenue a peu pres a la meme epoque, avait
laisse une place vacante dans le conseil royal de I’instruction publique :
c etait une haute position a laquelle M. Orfila croyait pouvoir aspirer ;
toutefois les choses en resterent la jusqu’a la mort de M. Gueneau de
Mussy, c est-a-dire jusqu’en fevrier i 834 . M. Guizot voulut bien alors
acceder aux desirs de M. Orfila , et, trois jours apres , celui-ci prenait
place au conseil.
Enfin , vers la fin de i 834 , il s’etait presente aux electeurs du 11* ar-
rondissement de la ville de Paris, et, au premier tour de scrutin, il
avait ete elu membre du conseil municipal et du conseil general du
departement de la Seine.
eleves? — Voyez mon chapeau, sire, repondit M. Orfila. — Il n’est pas hrillaBt, repliqua le
roi,i est meme assez fatigue; mais que faut-il en conclure?— Que je suis au mieiix avec les
es, reprit M. Orfila; car il n y a pas un inois que je le porie. Qiiand je suis mal avec enx,
c. apeanx urent eternellement, par la raison qu’aucun d’eux ne me faisant I’honneur de
me sa uer, jenai pas a y mettre la mam; qnand, au contraire, ma popularite est revenue, je
sms aeeable de coups de chapeaux, et vous voyez dans quel ^at Je mets le mien! »
XXIV ^LOGE
Quand onsonge,messieurs,a touteslesplaces quaoccupees M. Orfila,
aux nombreuses fonctions qu’il avait a remplir, aux devoirs imperieux
qui chaque jour devaient le retenir , on ne comprend pas comment il
pouvait suffice a toutes ces exigences; il en donnait lui-meme pour raison
sa vigoureuse constitution, son amour du travail, son desir d’etre utile,
sa forte volonte et la variete de ses occupations.
11 passait en effet chaque jour de son laboratoire dans la chaire du
professeur, du conseil de I’instruction publique dans celui des hospices
ou dans le conseil departemental , ou meme , comme je le dirai tout a
rheure, dans le sein de quelque tribunal pour y deposer comme expert.
Il devait enfin passer de longues heures dans son cabinet; car c’est la
qu’il a compose les importants ouvrages dont il me reste a parler.
Independamraent , en effet, d’une foule d’arlicles donnes par lui, soit
^ des dictionnaires, soit a des recueils periodiques, M. Orfila avait trouve
assez de loisir pour composer plusieurs grands traites devenus classiques,
et d’abord celui dont j’ai deja parle.
Le Traite de toxicologie generals. Envisage sous le triple rapport
de la physiologic , de la pathologic et de la medecine legale, cet ouvrage
avait opere une veritable revolution dans la science. J’ai dit que M. Orfila
avait demontre le premier, comme fait general, que les poisons, asso-
cies a des matieres organiques, ne peuvent plus etre deceles paries moyens
qu’on met en usage quand ils sont seuls ou a I’etat de purete; d’ou ne-
cessite de se debarrasser a tout prix de la matiere organique dans la re¬
cherche analylique des poisons.
Cette influence immense de la matiere organique constitue en effet la
donnee capitale de la toxicologie, et Ton pent dire que I’art du toxico-
logue n’a existe qu’a dater du jour ou cette decouverte a ete faite.
Quant aux Elements de cliimie publics par M. Orfila, ils n’ont eu
d’autre merite, et cet aveu lui appartient, que celui de la coordination
des faits et celui de la clarte qui a preside a leur exposition. A tres peu
d’exceptions pres, tout ce qu’on y trouve appartient ad’autres. M. Orfila
ne revendiquait que la methode qu’il avait adoptee et I’ordre qu’il avait
suivi.
Le Traite de medecine legale^ au contraire, est un livre original dans
beaucoup de ses parties: il appartient en propre a M.Orfila. Au lieu des
suppositions et des dissertations qui remplissaient les anciens traitds,
DE M. ORFILA.
XXV
celui-ci ne renferme que des fails, et ces fails sont tous constates par des
experiences. G’est ie veritable guide des medecins legistes : toutes les
grandes questions y sont traitees, tous les problemes y sont resolus ; c’est
enfin une source de lumieres aussi bien pour le inagistrat que pour le
inedecin.
J’en dirai autant du Traite des exhumations juridiques ; c’est encore
un livre nouveau et d’une utilite incontestable. Toutes les questions re¬
latives a la putrefaction des corps y sont experimentalement elucidees.
G’etait la, certes, de grands travaux et qui auraient pu suffire a la vie
d’lin medecin legiste; mais il etait reserve a M. Orfila d’arriver a des
fails d’lme bien autre importance.
Jusque-la, comme il le disait lui-menie dans son langage figure, on
n’avait opere que sur une rive da /Leave; il en etait une autre qui nous
etait inconnue, et sur laquelle il fallait passer pour completer nos con-
naissances : or c’est la ce que M. Orfila a fait par son travail sur les poi¬
sons absorbes.
Que savait-on, en effet, avant ses recherches ou plutdt, que faisait-
on dans les expertises medico-legales ? On se bornait a cbercher les
poisons dans ce qu’on appelle \es>premieres votes, c’est-a-dire dans Fes-
tomac et dans les intestins. Si Fon y decelait leur presence, le probleme
etait resolu; mais si on ne les y trouvait pas , de deux choses Fune : on
declarait qu’il n’y avait pas eu empoisonnement, ou bien on laissait le
fait indecis ; or, dans le premier cas on pouvait faire absoudre un cou-
pable, dans le second on laissait la justice desarmee.
Ges poisons, en effet, pouvaient avoir ete expulses hors des premieres
voies; mais ils pouvaient aussi avoir passe par Fabsorption dans les se-
condes, c’est-a-dire sur cette autre rive dont parlait M. Orfila. Sans
doute on pouvait en cbercher les traces dans les matieres expulsees ; mais
on ignoraitl’art de retrouver jusqu’au sein des visceres cette portion du
poison qui avait tue les victimes. Or c’est la qu’il fallait encore le pour-
suivre, et, je le repete, c’est ce qu’a faitM. Orfila, d’abord pour Facide
arsenieux, puis pour la plupart des autres poisons.
Mais que d obstacles 1 que de difficultes pour suivre ainsi ces poisons
jusque dans les dernieres molecules de I’organisme , pour constater leur
presence dans ces regions reculees !
Gommeut determiner les lois de leur parcours dans Feconomie , con-
XXVI
6loge
stater les accidents si varies de leur distribution aussi bien dans les liquides
que dans les solides , et erifin les suivre jasque dans leurs voies d elimi¬
nation? et quels merveilleux instruments ne fallait-il pas pour aller les
chercher jusque dans ces replis profonds ?
Ges poisons, en effet, que rabsorption aura fait passer dans les se-
condes voies, savez-vous dans quelle proportion il est possible d’en de-
celer la presence? J’ose a peine le dire, taut cette proportion est dune
effrayante exiguite ! S’il s’agit d’un viscere qui pese i on 2 kilogrammes,
du foie, par exemple, e’est tout au plus si dans cette masse on pourra
trouver 5 a 6 milligrammes d’acide arsenieux ! Et si Ton n’opere, comme
la prudence le veut, que sur la moitie de ce viscere , on aura a detruire
1,000 grammes de matiere organique pour arriver a mettre a nu 1 ou
2 milligrammes d’arsenic! Et la vie dun accuse dependra du resultat de
ces operations I
Tout autre que M. Orfila aurait ete effraye d’assumer une semblable
responsabilite, etc’etait avec une sorte de terreur qu’on le voyaitattribuer
a sa science cette espece d’infaillibilite ; on se sentait profoudement emu,
lui ne I’etait pas le moins du monde. Ses longs travaux, ses immenses
recberches lui avaient donne ime assurance inalterable. II avait, en effet,
traite a fond et elucide toutes ces questions dans plus de vingt memoires
lus par lui dans le sein de cette Academie ou publics dans les recueils de
I’epoque.
Aussi etait-ce avec un calme profond, une confinace sans bornes qu’il
se rendait dans le sein des tribunaux pour aider les magistrats de ses lu-
mieres ; chimiste-jure des causes celebres, il etait devenu I’effroi des em-
poisonneurs: son nom seul les faisait trembler; on savait que rien ne
pouvait mettre a I’abri de ses recberches. En vain les debris des victirnes
avaient ete, et depuis de longs niois, enfouis dans le sein de la terre, en
vain des mains criminelles les avaient jetes dans des fosses d’aisances
precipites au milieu des dots ou caches sous des monceaux de fumier •
en vain ils etaient a demi putrefies , M. Orfila sen emparait, son art les
interrogeait, et bientotil en faisait sortir la preuve materielle du crime !
Qu’on se figure I’effet que devait produire, dans ces circonstances ,
I’apparition de cet inexorable experimentateur. C’etait presque toujours
^apres de longs debats, quand, d’une part, le ministere public avait fait
tous ses efforts pour maintenir une accusation, et quand , d’autre part,
DE M. ORFILA.
XXVll
les defenseurs avaienL tout epuise pour sauver un accuse; les jures sont
encore indecis, le public est dans I’anxiete. On sait qu’un savant chi-
misle a ete mande de Paris: c’est M. Orfila ; il est la, dans une piece
voisine ; il experimente, sa science interroge quelques debris informes
de cadavre. Tout a coup, an milieu d’un profond silence , d’une atteute
generale, on annonce M. Orfila. Il s’avance an milieu du pretoire ; sa
belle figure a pris un caractere d’une effrayante severite; il a I’impas-
sibilite du destin ! Et alors,, d’une voix ferine et vibrante, il declare qu’il
y a eu ou qu’il n’y a pas eu empoisonnement. Et qu’oii ne croie pas que
ce soil la un tableau fait a plaisir ou que j’exagere les faits : vingt drames
se sont ainsi denoues en cour d’assises.
Qui ne se rappelle I’intervention de M. Orfila dans le proces de Gas-
taiug ? sa deposition accablante dans I’affaire de la veuve Boursier ? et ce
proces de Mercier, dans lequel, pour la premiere fois, il fitTapplication
de ses recberches sur les poisons absorbes ? Qui n’a encore present ala
meraoire le sombre episode du chateau du Glandier ? Une jeune femme
appartenant a la plus haute classe de la societe , pleine d’attraits, rem-
plie de^ talents, etait accusee d’avoir empoisonne son epoux apres six
mois de mariage. Ou avait saisi et public sa correspondance ; cbacun
s’empressait de lire ces iettres si spiritiielles, si piquantes. Son mari avait
SLiccombe avec tons les symptbmes de I’empoisonnement; mais les pre¬
mieres analyses avaient ete contradictoires. Le proces avait marche, et
c’est dans les dernieres beures seulement que^ M. Orfila s’etait trouve en
mesure de se prononcer.
Jamais cause n’avait excite un si puissant interet. La jeunesse , I’ama-
bilite, I’esprit, le sang-froid de I’accusee, la consternation de sa famille,
le talent de ses defenseurs, Tbesitation des magistrats, I’anxiete d’un im¬
mense auditoire, toutfaisait un evenement de la deposition de M. Orfila.
Aussi quand il vint a ce moment supreme, au milieu d’un silence de mort,
prononcer ces fatales paroles : « De I’arsenic a ete retire du cadavre ; je
» vais le mettre sous les yeux des magistrats et des jures 1 » I’accusee ,
jusque-la pleine d’espoir, forte de I’interet qu’elle avait inspire, des se¬
ductions qu’elle avait exercees , se sentit frappee comtne d’un coup de
foudre. Quelques beures apres, elle etait condaranee aux travaux forces
a perpetuite 1
G etaient la de ces scenes qui plai&aientaM. Orfila. Ge grand concours
ELOGE
X^VIII
de monde, cette attente generale , ces milliers de regards fixes sur lui
quand il venait, comme Tiuterprete inflexible de la science, prononcer
son arret, tout cela avait un charme indicible pour lui; mais il ne lui fal-
lait pas d’opposant, de contradicteur, d’adversaire : la , comme partout,
il voulait regner en maitre, exercer une sorte de dictature. Aussi, lors-
que, plus tard, aux assises de Riom, la defense fitintervenir deux experts
nouveaux qu’elle avait ete chercher a Paris , uniquement parce quelle
savaitquils etaient les ennemis de M. Orfila, qu’ils avaient du rnoins
chercbe a invalider ses travaux, M. Orfila, froisse dans son amour-pro¬
pre, blesse dans sa dignite, prit immediatement la resolution de ne
plus repondre aux demandes d’expertises qui lui seraient faites par les
magistrats ; el bien qu’ensuite son assistance eut ete invoquee plus que
jamais, on ne le vit plus devant les tribunanx.
Je me trompe ; une fois encore il voulut bien, mais exceptionnelle-
ment, preter son ministere. Ge fut a la demaude du chancelier de la
chambre despairs, dans une affaire soumise a la juridiction de la noble
chambre.
Il etaitainsi arrive aux annees i846 et 1847? qui ont marque, en quel-
que sorte, I’apogee de sa reputation. C’est alors qu’il entreprit ce voyage
en Espagne qui devait etre pour lui une longue suite d’ovations.
Sauf son excursion a Minorque et a Barcelone en 1816, il y avail
pres de quarante ans qu’il n’avait revu la Peninsule. Il quitta Paris en
aout 1846 , et, peu de jours apres , il visitait ces antiques cites autrefois
si celebres : Valence, Alicante, Garthagene, Malaga, Gadix, Seville,
Grenade et Madrid. Partout il etait requ avec enthousiasme: I’Espagne
voyait en lui un de ses plus glorieux enfants; les Academies de Madrid ,
Gadix et Seville, s’empresserent de I’inscrire au nombre de leurs mem-
bres ; la reine Isabelle, sur la proposition de la faculte de medecine,
lui confera, par un decret special, le diplome de docteur, sans examen
et sans frais; les journaux de toutes les localites annoncaient son arri-
vee et son depart , comme s’il s’agissait d’une tele couronnee.
Il etait, a cette meme epoque, couvert de decorations. Des I’annee
1821, il avait ete nomme chevalier de la Legion d’honneur.
En 1882 , I’empereur du Bresil lui avait envoye les insignes de Fordre
de Gruzaro. ^
DE M. ORFILA.
XXIX
En i 834 , le avait reprime une emeute a I’Ecole, M. Guizot
lui avait fait obtenir la croix d’officier.
Eu 1 838 , auretour d’une mission scientifique, M. de Salvandy lui avait
fait avoir la croix de commandeur.
Eu 1847, le roi Ijeopold , voulant lui donner un temoignage public de
satisfaction, Tavait nomme officier de son ordre.
Enfin, dans ce meme mois de fevrier 1848 , qui allait lui etre si fatal,
le 20, I’empereur de Russie signait sa nomination de commandeur de
I’ordre de Sainte-Anne !
Je ne sais, en verite, si M. Orfila lui-meme ne devait pas etre effraye
de tant de prosperites ! Tout lui succedait : il ^ait au faite des grandeurs
scientifiques ; il etait, dans le corps medical, I’arbitre et le dispensateur
de toutes les graces et de toutes les faveurs; bien a la cour, populaire a
TEcole, omnipotent dans les hdpitaux, et, en ce qui concernait les
affaires medicales, dans le conseil de rinstruction publique et dans le
conseil general de la Seine. 11 aurait du peut-etre se demander s’il ny
avait pas quelque chose de menacant pour lui dans celte constante fa-
veur de ladeesse, et peut-etre aurait-il trouve que le moment etait venu
de faire comme le tyran de Samos, de jeter son anneau a la mer !
Quoi qu’il en soit, M. Orfila , plein de securite , venait d’etre reelu
doyen pour cinq ans, quand eclata la revolution de fevrier. Le 28 au
soir, un mernbre du gouvernement provisoire, lie depuis longteraps avec
lui d’amitie, vint le trouver et lui dit: « Je suis charg<^ d’une commission
bien desagreable : je viens vous demander votre demission du decanat;
quoi que j’aie pu faire aujourd’hui pour vous defendre, et cela malgre
VOS opinions deplorables , il a ete arrete que , si vous ne donnez pas
votre demission, vous serez destitue. »
M. Orfila repondit qu’il aimait mieux etre destitue. Le 1®' mars, sa
destitution etait inseree au Moniteur; mais , avaut qu’elle fut rendue
publique , I’opinion s’etait prononcee de la maniere la plus vive en faveur
de lancien doyen; il avait ete accueilli dans son amphitheatre au bruit
des plus vifs applaudissements, et plus de quinze cents eleves etaient alles
a 1 hotel de ville demander qu’il fut maintenu dans le decanat.
Mais les persecutions allaient commencer pour lui et lui rendre la vie
bien arnere. Une commission avait ete nommee pour examiner sagestion.
Apres trois mois d’enqueteelle declara que M. Orfila avait, il est vrai,
XXX
ELOGE
(iepasse ses credits pendant la derniere annee de son administration,
mais que la pi’obite la plus scrupuleuse avait preside a toutes ses ope¬
rations ; elle reconnaissait en outre que M. Orfila avait dote l^^cole dun
etablissement considerable : le musee d’anatoniie comparee.
Son honneur etaitsauf, mais il restait en defaveur, en disgrace. De
la toutes ses douleurs. II avait bu a cette coupe enchanteresse du pou-
voir , et il se trouvait condamne a une mortelle inaction ! Lui, si fier
en d’autres temps de veiller aux interets de la science et a la prosperite
des etablissements qu’il avail formes; lui,si empresse, si heureux de servir
ses amis ^ aux risques meme de meconuaitre certains droits ; lui , eufin,
jusqueda si recherche, si ecoute, si ohei, il se voyait meconnu et presque
outrage, en butte aiix sourdes menees de la malveillance, de la calomnie
et de ringratitude. Il luttait encore, neanmoins, et gardait un front su-
perbe ; mais qui aurait pu sender sa pensee et dire ce qui se passait dans
son ame 1 Sans doute il aimait la science, mais il aimait encore plus la gloire
etsesenivrements. Il netait point de ceux quitrouvent leurs plus douces
jouissances seul a seul, dans le silence du cabinet; ce qu’il avait surtout
amhitionne, e’etait le succes, la celebrite et tout ce qui pouvait ajouter a
I’eclat de son nom ; e’etait la ce qu’il avait cherche dans ses publications,
dans son enseigaemeot etjusque dans son administration.
Quand vinrent done ces joursde retraite forcee et de disgrace indefinie,
il fut tout d’abord mortellement frappe.
Et cependant, messieurs , dans ces jours d’afdiction , ses vrais amis
s’etaient serres autour de lui; vous-memes, je I’ai dit ailleurs, dans votre
desir de lui prouver qu’il avait conserve I’estime des honnetes gens, vous
I’aviez eleve a I’honneur de presider cette assemblee, et vous I’aviez
charge de defendre vos interets les plus chers; mais sa sortie du conseil
de rinstruelion publique acheva de tuer cette puissante organisation.
Toutefois, messieurs, et e’est la le dernier acte dont il me reste a par-
ler, M. Orfila, semblable a ces Titans foudroyes, qui, dans un supreme
effort, arrachent encore au monde un cri de surprise et d’admiration,
M. Orfila, dis-je, entreprit de repondre a ces coups iucessants du deslin
par un acte d’une grandeur et d’une generosite jusque-la sans exemple.
On le vit, en effet, distraire de sa propre fortune une portion conside¬
rable, 120,000 fr. au moins (i), et de son vivant les consacrer a la fon-
(1) Bull, de r Acad, de med., t. Mil, p. 304. — Ann. d‘hyg., t. XLIX, p. 189.
DE M. ORFILA.
XXXI
dation d’encouragements, de prix et de donatioQS pour la Faculte, pour
l’4cademie, I’Ecole de pharmacie, I’Associatioii de prevoyance, et menie
pour quelques ecoles de proyince.
Ayant ainsi taille de !a besogne, disait-il , pour cette studieuse jeu-
nesse qu’il avait taut airaee, il voulait voir, du moins dans les premieres
annees, comment elie s’y prendrait pour m^riter ses recompenses et
Taider de ses conseils.
Cette satisTaction ne lui a pas ete donnee ; e’’etait son testament de
mort qu’il venait de dieter.
Le 4 janvier i 853 , il en ayait donne lecture lui-meme a I’Academie,
en seance publique; le 1 9 . mars suivant il avait cesse d’exister.
Jusque dans ses derniers moments il s’inquietait de, I’avenir reserve a
son nom ; on le vit, a ces beures supremes, se faire lire, dans les feuilles
publiques, ce qui pouvait le conCerner. D avance il aurait voulu savoir
ce qu’on allait dire de sa mort et comment on jugerait sa vie.
Ce jiigement, messieurs, nous n’avons pas eu la pretention de le porter;
nous nous sonimes borne a tracer une esquisse impartiale et fidele
de cette existence si active, si agitee et neanmoins si bien remplie. Nous
avons montre M. Orfila tel que nous I’avons connu, tout entier a ses de¬
voirs et tout entier aussi a ce desir excessif de celebrite et de gloire;
mais ce desir, aprestout, n’est-il pas le plus noble mobile des actions
liumaines? Peut-on faire quelque chose de grand et de durable sans cet
amour de I’approbation publique ? N’est-ce pas lui qui anime les grands
coeurs et les empeche de sommeiller ? O Atheniens, aurait pu s’ecrier
M* Orfila, que de peines je me donne pour meriter votre approbation !
Honorons done, messieurs, tenons en grande estime ceuxque consume
ce violent amour, et disons avec Tacite que « celui qui meprise la gloire
meprisera bientdt la vertu. »
XXXII
BIBLIOGRAPHIE.
M. Orfila a publie :
I. Traite de TOXICOLOGIE, 5® edition. Paris, 1852 , 2 vol. in-8. (La premiere edition a
paru de 1813 a 1815, h parties en 2 vol. in-8.}
H. ^LfiMENTS DE CHIMIE , 8* edition. Paris , 1851 , 2 vol. in-8. (La premiere edition a
paru en 1817.)
III. Secours a donner aux personnes EMPOisoNNfiES ET ASPHYxifiES, 4® Edition.
Paris, 1830 , in-12. (La premifere edition a paru’en 1818.)
IV. Traite de medecine lEgale, 4® edition. Paris, 1848, 4 vol. in-8 et atlas, (La
premiere Mition a paru de 1821 a 1823 en 3 vol. in-8.)
Independamment de ces ouvrages, M. Orfila a publie un grand nombre de m6-
moires sur des points importants de la science ; nous citerons les principaux :
V. Nouveau journal de mEdecine, chirurgie, pharmacie. Paris, 1818 k 1822.
1. Memoire sur la morphine ou sur le principe actif de I’opium, t. I, p. 3.
2. Memoire sur un nonveau precede propre a faire dficouvrir la plupart des poi¬
sons min6raux rabies avec des liquides colores, t. VIII, p. 214.
3. Nouvelles experiences sur le sublime corrosif, I’eau de javelle, la delphine,
Topium, la noix vomique, etc., t. X, p. 145.
VI. Archives gEnErales de medecine.
1. Empoisonnement par I’oxyde Wane d’arsenic, t, I, p. 147.
2. Consultation medico-legale , relative a la vie d’un enfant nouveau-ne , t. VI,
p. 515.
3. Rapport sur le cadavre d’un individu inhumfi depuis quarante-trois jours,
t. VII, p. 281.
4. Fails propres a eclairer I’histoire de I’asphyxie par submersion, t. XIV,
p. 542 , 604.
5. Moyens de connaitre sur des armes el des vgtements des laches de sang, et de
ies distinguer de toule autre tache, t. XIV, p. 601; t. XV, p. 124 ; t. XVI,
p. 161.
6. Memoire sur les moyens de constater la presence de I’antimoine, du cuivre et
du plomb, dans un melange de divers liquides, t. XVI, p. 85.
7. Experiences sur les proprieles du sue de mancenillier, t. VIII, p. 464; t. X,
p. 358.
8. Recherches medico-legales pouvant servir a determiner, mgme longtemps
apres la morl, s’il y a eu empoisonnement et a faire connaitre la nature de
la substance veneneuse, t, XVII, p. 5.
9. De I’action des sulfures d’arsenic, de plomb , de cuivre et de mercure , sur
I’economie animale , t. XIX , p. 325. ’
10. De I’empoisonnement par les preparations mercurielles, considere sous un point
de vue nouveau , t. XXIII, p. 5.
VII. Annales d’hygiEne publique et de mEdecine legale.
1. Rapport et experiences sur les effets de I’alun , t. I, p. 235 ; t. VIII, p. 180.
BIBIJOGRAPHIE.
XXXIII
2. Memoire sur I’acide hydrocyanique , t. I, p. 487.
3. Suspicion d’empoisonnement par I’oxyde d’arsenic, t. Ill, p. 381.
4. Memoire sur les exhumations juridiques , t. IV, p. 80; t. V, p. 209.
5. De rempoisonnement par I’acide aceiique, t. VI, p. 159.
6. Memoire sur I’empoisonnement produit par des melanges de substances vene-
neuses , t. VII, p. 627.
7. Suspicion d’empoisonnement par un acide mineral, t. X , p. 127.
8. Memoire sur les caracteres que Ton peut tirer du nombre et de la couleur des
cheveux pour resoudre les questions d’identiie, t. XIII, p. 466.
9. Memoire sur I’erapoisonnement par les sels de plomb, t. XXI, p. 1^»9.
10. Est-il vrai que Ton puisse reconnaitre, d’apres I’etat des organes genitaux,
si la suspension a eu lieu pendant la vie ou apres la mort, t. XXI, p. 466 ;
t. XXII, p. 395.
41.^ Consultation medico-legale, sur une suspicion d’empoisonnement par I’acide
cyanhydrique, t. XXVI, p. 399 ; t. XXIX, p. 103,474.
12. Memoire sur quelquesmoyens proposes dans ces derniers temps pour decouvrir
I’arsenic dans les organes ou il a ete porte par la voie d’absorption, 1. XXVII,
p. 447; t. XXVIII, p. 73.
13. Nouvelles recherches sur plusieurs poisons tires du r^gne mineral, t. XXVIII j
p. 192, 419.
14. Recherches raedico-legales sur I’empoisonnement par I’acide chlorhydrique ,
t. XXVIII, p. 317; t. XL, p. 137.
15. Memoire sur le cyaniire de potassium , t. XXIX , p'. 404.
16. Rapport medico-legal sur un empoisonnement par un compose de plomb,
t. XXXI, p. 130.
17. Quelques reflexions critiques sur les moyens de conclure en medecine legale
et sur la localisation des poisons, t. XXXI, p. 430.
18. Refutation de deux erreurs centre lesquelles il importe de premunir les ex¬
perts charges de la recherche medico-legale des poisons, t. XXXIII,p. 347.
19. Memoire sur un nouveau moyen de reconnaitre les laches desang, t. XXXIV,
p. 112.
20. Recherches sur I’infanticide, t. XXXIV, p. 129.
21. Memoire sur quelques points relatifs a I’empoisonnement produit par les pre¬
parations de plomb, decuivre, d’arsenic et de mercure, t. XXXVIII, p.l63.
22. Blessures a la tSte, accusation de meurtre d’un enfant par sa mere , t. XLIII,
p. 374.
23. Recherches medico-Iegales sur la matiere cerebrate dessechee,t. XLIV, p.l43.
24. Memoire sur la nicotine et sur la couicine, t. XLVI, p. 147.
25. Memoire sur I’empoisonnement par les sels de fer, t. XLVI, p. 337.
26. De rempoisonnement par I’acide tartrique, t. XLVII, p. 199 ; t. XLVIII,
p. 230.
27. Empoisonnement par la morphine. Mort du docteur Ellenberger, 1852,
t. XLVIII, p. 359.
XVIII.
XXXIV
BIBLIOGHAPHIE.
yiir. MfiMOIRES DE L’ACADEMIE ROYALE DE MfiDEClNE.
1. M&moires sur Vempoisonnement: 1° par I’acide arseiiieux; 2® sur les inoyens
de s’assurer que I’arsenic obtenu des organes ou il a ete porte par I’absorp-
tion ne provient pas des reactifs ni des vases employes k la recherche
medico-legale de ce poison; 3” sur un nouveau proc6de pour constater faci-
lement dans nos organes la presence d’une preparation arsenicale qui aurait
ete absorbee; 4® sur Tarsenic naturellement contenu dans le corps de Thomme;
5® sur les terrains des ciineti&res, sur i’arsenic qu’ils peuvent fournir, et des
consequences medico-legales que Ton doit tirer de I’existence possible d’un
compose arsenical dans ces terrains; 6® sur I’empoisonnement par le tartrate
de potasse antimonie (tartre stibie); 7° sur I’empoisonnement par les sels de
cuivre. Paris, 1840, t. VIII, p. 375 a 567.
4 n 2. Memoire sur plusieurs affaires d’enipoisonnement par I’arsenic, receinmeut
jugees par les cours d’assises de France, t. IX, p. 1 a 56. ’ .
3. Memoire sur la suspension, t. IX, p. 234 a 276.
M. Orfila a encore fourni des articles :
1. An Nouveau dictionnaire de medecine, de chirurgie , pka7'macie, physique ,
chimie , etc. Paris, 1821, 2 vol. in-8.
2 . An Dictionnaire de medecme, premiere Mition en 21 vol., deuxieme Edition
en 30 vol. in-8.
3. An Journal de chimie medicale.
4. An Bulletin de VAcademie royale de medecine.
|
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Օօօ^ւշ՚տ աւտտւօո 1տ էօ օ^§^ո^26 էհշ \^0ք1ժ՚տ ^ոքօ^ա^է^օո ^ոժ էօ ատձւշ 1է սո^V6^տ^117 ^^^6ՏՏ^Ե16 ^ոժ ստշքսԼ Օօօ§16 6օօե Տ6^^^հ հ61թտ ^6^ժ6^տ
ժ^տ^0V6^ էհշ \^0ք1ժ՚տ եօօետ \^հ116 հ61թ1ո§ ^սէհօ^տ ^ոժ թսԵետհշքտ ^6^^հ Ո6\^ ^սժ^6Ո^6Տ. ^օս ^^ո Տ6^^^հ էհաս^հ էհշ քս11 էշճէ օք էհւտ եօօե օո էհշ \V6Ե
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ՕՕՈէ յ6 տ6 Տ6ԱՏ 6թՕԱ\՚ՁՈէ6 ՛է
ձ. ՕւՏ »1ՍՏՏՔ1, Լօ; ոսԱ ժ6 քՈԱէ.
ԷՈԱՏԱնԴ-նՈԻՊՕԼԻււ
ԱՕՕււՈյԱն ՏՊԱԴՐՈԻԹԻԻն
1880
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Ո%Տ հ այդ րաէւճ :
ԳՊՐՈ8 :
Հաօ^իւզցի
Պէշիկթաօ , 7 Մայիս 1880–
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01
ՄԵՐ ՏՈՒնն
Տոէւնէդա կ^ֆ V" "/Փ օւքսրէոա»արապե§ո»տ»կան գոհար»
ներ ենդ եվ. ասրժաՏէ ^ հետԽ*.»սբէ^ր^ .Խրկապա եւ.
ճսաբսօոբ նկօաբագրու^թ-եան •՝ սաու.նԽբ կան , "րթ; էռխ^
ասէգնաս^ու.թ՚եա%Ոք ասռսէրկս^ են ասյսօր ^ զի վեհ աւ«– .
րէսն^ ենսսրան՛ եւ. բՆասկս*րաՆ եղասծ– են՛» *ոու.նեբ
կան , ՚ օժսոէէ^աո^ ^ագու-եսսփ^ • ու. գեղաբա^ե^սաիը.
հբա շ թ քկ երտնեբովէ | ոբ^ բանսասէեդ&նեբ կքլ նեբշբն–՛
չեն եւ. իէՐստսսասէսէբնեբ կը լուսաւոբեն ։
1Լյգ Աքեսսէկ ՝էսպաբաւձննեբէն ո1. բնակասբաննե"
բէն ^է է/եբ աուննէ
Ապաւքէն մեբթ՜ բնգ մեբթ՜ կը խոնաբհին մեէէ *Հ^^եԼ
մեէՒ աէկէբգիկ I "՚յէ մե& յ/աբգու. մը խանճստբուբ քսէղաա
ու։Խե՛ ՝ եւ. կաէէ ՚մեե– մաբգոյ կեստԱք. ասնցսքե չ՛են աաքտ
աաե– մէ^ % ՚էյս.–խաոաե§յՏ– ամոԱէ^ նւՈսն մեբկ են մեբ
ոբէ^լ.նք եէ.՝՛ մեբ ձեդոսնք.* ^|քք.2»2ք ս*լ^ անասբուեսաո
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/# յլ անզարգ , կլլ թրթ՜ռայ գիրգ տերեւ. , ոԼ այնքան
հնամի թէեւ. , — ^գօսա^ևալ յառԱք^ ^տսն մ–տմանս$1քև ,
աւէալ^ գարու.ն երիսւսէսարգնԽրրւն նման» • • տ
Բ ւսրէբսքխսւսէբստր ^ երկին կ երեւ.ի մեր աուսն
երեք կողէէէն աւ» ՛՛ԱԼ ^"Հ,՛ ^՚՜ "ճ ՚^է^ կողմէն , եւ.
ոչ մէկ յարկէն կըլ էոեսնուի գմ՜բաիօոասբար • պւսա.
էոառ մ՚էսլ հո ՛է ուՆէնք սաան եարն ^ ուր քասնի §էր
հ՜ւսռաւոու-նւ/եեր կը բասրձրանան , քանի միլ հաւ.եր կր
կակԱոան ու. քանի ւկշ կասաու.ներ կը գարստնին–– որ–
ոալ երկնիը թ՜ռչուններն , "ՐՔ մերթ– կ՝ի^ան մաս^
նակցիլ հստւուը խնճո յք ին % Այս կաաուներն իմ*
մսաացս անհսէւքսդ§ խոհեր , այս երկինն իմ* հոգւոյս
$սնւէսխճան երւսզներ | ու. ^ սիրու.հւոյ մր նւՐան ,
հ-ովուն հեո–ասւ.որու.թ–իլ.նն ասէ իմ* սրսաիս սէմենասխո՛՛
րին ւորտմ*ու.թիւ.ն կ*աղգեն • • • է
կրեք սեւ.§սպէէեսէո կանսէյք |–– որք §սկստմ*ասյ 1Բա(ի
Աքետի իորհրգէսէւոր կիներն ինձ ի յո՚֊շ^ կ^ասե՚են • ե"
րեք երիէոասսստրգք )- - ո/^ սւրգէն յ^ողովօզին ^^Ր"
^ին բառն էսրսաւսսասնաս^ են • ասհստ աոանս մէ^ իաՐ
բնասկէսկի^ներս է Ապստսասէ-որ մ*՚աէ էէ%.նթեք | Բարսեզ
աայԼա^ ^ որ ամանորին կրկին կ* սա.ր§սխասնայ , զի աո աս՛ա
քփն կը նորի ք պի իր անոպան սաօնաԽէփ.ոա,թիւ.նն կը
կասէասրու-ի ^––եւ. ա/ան»ս(ւա)նգ զի սլարգեւ. կ* ընդ ու.–
նի • • • է
Ա^հ , մ*ա1§ու.կ մը չը կայ մեր աան մէ^ , եւ. ան^
սէստրակուս սոս է մեհ՜ս^գոյն պստէոճաաաւն իմ* ամենա՛՛
մեօ– աորսոՐոա-թեասնս « • • տ
ւբանուկ աքը • • • կկ "՚յգ կս^կս՛^^ է ՚՚՚յգ ս*դ^զս*^ է
ս»յգ ընհ-ասգքան ւճիտն , *"յգ հրեշւոակսէյին ժպխոն ,
ԱՀ^գ աոկասրու.թիւ.նն , ՚՚՚յգ զօրութ-իէ-նն հոգին ւՌսրա
ղուն կը աղսէհեն էա»րթու.ն զու.ասրթու.ն է Այգ հսպաքք^
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կանոէ֊թ-եան ՚քէք^ սու,րբ , "՚յգ Աէխեղիութ-ևան մէք^
մեհ– , ՚՚՚յգ մերկոէ-թ-եսյքն մէ^ ՀՔ^՚Լ^ անսէսնոէ.թ–եան
եւ. »սսս»ու.աահ–ու.թ–ե»սն յասնգ այգ էսքկն ^ ոյր ստչոէ.կ^
Ներն ո^ սոու.%քնե՚րՆ Կա սրբես ^ ոյր թ–»սթ–իկևերՆ ու.
աոոսէհկներՆ Հասմբու^րես^ որ %ա %ա կը ձա/ՆԷ Փ^՚Ե ^՚՜
ու֊աէ ՏաՏաև կըլ ցուցնես • • • ք որ կ*"^1^ Բ՚^^^Լ, կր՚՚^կ^ »
ևւ ոււՐ սաասսւրսւկ մր կյա ներկա^ստցնես , որ ք^՚հ^էէ,
րո^այ ք եւ. ուէէ քաալեէ կ* ուսուցանես , որ թ-ռչեոց
լեզոսով^ Հարց սէռնէ քեպ^^ եւ ոէ^ւՐ մարգկան բար^
րսքրիկ լեղուով^ կր պստսէասսխանես , ՚**յգ նկուն ել
աՌսսնգԱք»Ոսւն ասնհուն էքսկն ^ "Հք" ^ ՚՚Փ"ՓԽ^ ուսու՛՛
Տ/ճ.) ւբւսաւորիչ *^՚է ^ե՚զ Համար %
ւԲսէնուկ I օրրան է (Բէսնուկն յուշարս*ր է մար^
գոյն^ մեհ-ութ՜եասն • օրրանն Հեռի պստՀԷ սաապանէն
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մարգոց րստրօրութ՚եան * ու. ղուն ուրեք Հայրեր
կ *րէԱ$ սե ասնձնստսպան »
Այո I «է#«1ֆ՚&, սէասն պստրսէէգ էկլ Հստրկ է , ասմեն
երիսաասսստրգի ընկերռէ.Հի ւ^ Հասրկ է է
Բ*րթ՚եռնէկն անվրէսա պե՚ոե գայ ■ պս»ր*ոէղին | եւ
մանկիկն օրՀնեէսլ ասմոլին • Տ^դն աավւսէի էքնայ ^ա«–
՚էհկէն ք ու, երասնութ՚էւնն ընսէանհթին , • • »
^Ո՚վ եք^անիկ իւսկիւաար ^ա կ*երգէր (Բկրաիշ
Պէչիկթ"»շէիանէ Զը գխոեմ* Պէշիկթ^շի^ երշան–
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կութ-իւնն , . ՚^է –ւէ՚ոէ հռչակէրւՐ քւր գեղե^կու.–
թխւննէ
Գեղեցֆկ է Պէչ1՚կք^՚^շ^փր Պ^"ֆ"Ր*^կ*"^ կապւււ–
տաղեքէ երկինով^^ ևւ. իր ասքէգաւանգ ՝գսէլ)ւսրէսղարզ.
ու էՒէսղւլսքղարգ ՚ երկիրովյ
՚– Գեդիցիկ է Պէչէկք^՚**շ^ էր յեգնաթ-իւ Հքսնգունա–
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ներով^ ոսր հրեշաակներ ւՈսքոէ.ր Հոգւ.ոց կերեւՆան •
Տափո՛^» Հոէ^՚ա^էք. պ»է^«*ա1»էէ\ • • • է
գեղեցիկ է ՊէշիԿ^՚^շ^իր երկնաբերձ սպիտակ «^՚
Հաա^ներով^ ու. սգստսաոոԼեր սեւ. նոճիներով^^ "յց՚^հ^^՛–
վանւուն ներքեււ միթ-է իաու% ^^> Հե՚շաագոյն է
մա Հո լան ք^ունն է)՝) ք*\
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մայն յ՚^րգ՚^ր կարգաս մարգուն է
գեղեցիկ է Պէձիկք^՚՚՚շ^ իր ս(՚պ»*որէո արօտներով^^
իր սլսէղառասէ անդւսստա/ններով^^ իր ՖոԽա^էԽԼաէէներոմ^
էր 1է1^*է1՚^^^Ր"՚1.^ "^ էր Մ՚"ՐԳ՚"րի պարոէղոֆլ , որ
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րւսրի սղսէուղն նասիա ճէսշակաե՝ է ՊԷ^ԻԿԻ^՚՚՚ՀյԻ՛^՝ — 7 "՚/"
1Բ տսրգասրի սլէսրսէէղն , ուր. ոէՐա%ք օղիով^ կ* սէրբենան ,
ու/անք սիրովդ եւ ա/անտ բնութ՜եան է/եՀ ներգասշ^
նակութ-իւնովյէ
Գեղեցիկ է Պէշիկթ՚^շ "Ր իր գէ^* ո^՚եի ի՚պՀրր^
գաւոր Գրպ-՚Գուլէսին , ել իր եսէեւ ունի խոր՛՛
•՝.*.■ . . ■ ՚ ■ ■
(*) Ուկօ Ֆօսէքօլօ։
- ց -
հըբգ*^*–՝որ ԵըԸ՚՚ւ^պ^՚Բէօշքին , ոյր արքայակաձ 4ք–
րէսմ՚չաոՎ.թ–է՝ւՆ% ամեն երեկոյ ^էապօ^Ո^ կը փոիէ
Դշլխէն • . • է •
Կւ»։ վխր2աՆէ^ւյ Խ^աժշսէհւթիւնն , այլ չը վերքս/եաի
Պէշիկթ"*չի գեդեցկութիւ-էն՚էէԼ նԽրդ.աՀհակքէճ։թիւ։%/1ւք %՝
^էւէ՚Ր^ հ՚**սս>^՝է • %աւ.քսմաէիոյէւն ֆքֆր ^նֆ$էճակ
էԴլ մնէէր , էււ. գէպ ի վար թի^վարէ • - ^ ^օչ1/I^<-9^<^Հ•^
շէի պալաան • • • քւնշ գեդխ^իկ է » հոփի ուն/էն՛ այգ
քարերն • կր խշէ^ին ^ "*– կը ք^՚*րհյի^ ՚"յԳ ^Ր*^"՚Ր^^Բ^»
–^– Րքհ , աքս պալաա չ^է , Դանիան \,իկէէքոս ի՚հքք է • * • է՝
֊^թփավարէ գէպ ի վևր. Ո՛՛վ է այն է»ր կ՛ե՛րա^
գէ պաւ.րակսաը ու. կ՚ոհակա^ մէքսՓգ» ոռ^^երն ավի ,
գըքքէԱւխն՛ ոսկի * ու. հուր հւ.՝ քոա.ր . Իւ. սքօդ^ ու. շհդ».
անձայն իւ. ձայն • • • ^աաաաէն աւևլի վի՚ր բաԱրձ–,՛
րասցուր ոքչե՚րգ* կը նասյիս մԽՀիկն ՚նիհէսր ^ ու. կորա–՝
ոէք^^ ու. գստլկստգէւՐ^ որ կը նայի Ջըրաւլանի չնաշ––
խարհիկ պաԱԱէիին • ՚ ՚ճասրաարԽազէէքոն իհր. ՝է « Հ^է.^–
եալ^ Օակոբ ^ալևանն է.» » » հ ՝՝
քքէ.– հառաչիս , ու. կող^ոգէ կոհակն ք ու. հեհէ սո–
իաաէքև , ու. հհ՚է^՚է պեփիւ.ո.ն . , . է ՝
ք\*– կր սխրիս , ու. կր էոխրիս , ու. կը թ՜մբիս . • . է
ւէ^հ է ^է գաբթ^նու-ի՚ր զուարթ՜նոյ $1Է հ-ոէ/ե * * * տ
Գ
ՊկէԿք^՚^շԻ մէք^ երեք պքքիթնԼր կան, եքւկու ե^
կեղևցիՆեր Տու.նաց\ եւ եկԼէթցի ՚ւէր Հայո^է
Օւցւէւշօճ ե7 ^յՕՕՉ1€
֊ 10 ֊
ՀՀԳերեպքՐանն ան^ած^կւՀքթ Խկևղեցի էՐ՝է • » գրաե^
է խւաչաաոսր քԲիսս^թեան ։ քՒու.րթ,երն եւ. 0տԱներն
"*Լ "՚ՐԳ^Ղթ սէյնսլէս խորՀելով^^ միմեանէք մօէո հստս՛՛
էոս»Աէստ& ՏքՆ սէդօթ՚արաօն §§%. գէսէֆ.սգաՆ է Սէ***է^
Հաք^ոց գԽբեդմանասաօՆնն է թ՚աղէն գոկէս աքԼաը»»*ե– ,
Խէ^րոպէէէկայև գովանի սովոբոա^թ-եան ՀէսմեէՌսսք է Ասի՛՛
կայե Հ՚^յ^^ գժբակխսաո$^թ՚եան համար , որպէտէ աս^
մևն .կող*է ՚^էչիկթաշէՆ , Հ"*^ոց մԽո-ելաէոան Աօէո ալ^.
պտսլակա մը բքսրձրքսցոէ.^ին . եւ, թ՜ագասորք ամեն
մաՀկանացքէ^.ներէն նուէսս կ* ս»խորժին մաՀուասն
ւաեսարանէն է Արդ $ ա՚ձ սակէսւ ամերէ ի վեր | »քեր
թագի ^Օքա^ադք ալ Ֆէբի^գի^է Կա թազու-ին , մէ,
այն թ-է կէոքսկ քբէսե՝ ^բլ1^^ քսւ.ելի հեուի սաարոկիլ*
Հհ զին հանգիս ան ամեն աեգ, նոյն չ^է" ^ ափբե^եսֆը
մօսէ հասնգխէսան աւելի ք*՚*դցր է • • * ։
. կը սխսքլիմ ւսրգե€տ, | անոսէսնելւփվ ^էէէհք^՚"էէ
Ա • Ասւոու.էսծ–*սենսէյ եկեղեցին փոքրիկ գԱ՚ա-խ գոր–՛
եոո ք^լ ճստրսասքրասպեէոական է ^ոգըես թ՚է Տիր***^
մաարն ինք. ներշնչւսե րւլայ ճարսաւսրաոպեան , կաաէ*
թ՜կ գշի՚՚յն երկնից իր երկքւաււոր սաստն յստաոակա֊՛
գի^ն ի՚^ա անձստմբ. գե էսհ՜ եւ. ճարսէասրասլեէոին գհ՚աս՛֊՛
սեղանին վրաք գրւսե– ըլլաք քնոյն մէ^^ որպէս ստ–
րեէ-ելեասն եւ ասրեւմսաեստն մեհ^ակստռոյց եկեւլեց՛^
եստց ոմանց հասմար նմանօրինակ հրաշտսլի վէպեր
կ՝ ԱՏ ւ. անգո լին ։
Գու-զկու-նճուգի եկեղեցւոյն հեա կոսաանգնու֊՛^
պօլսոյ միակ գ»ֆ.եթ\այաբգ ՛եկեղեցին է մեր աա՝–
ճստրնէ ^յորհրգաւ.որ է §1ան$տ^է–անգ խորանն* ւՀ//–ժ–
վ^յելուչ^^Հ ստ^^ւԴսն է խորանն, ոսկիրվու. միք-ոոնով
օ&ուստե , սաուերով զքօղաւաե ու. չորսով ողողրւաե– ,
Օւցւէւշօճ Ե\/^ՕՕԳ1^
V
- 1է ~
արժան է խորանն^ ուր ^ գիրկն Տխոէ-ս մասնոդ.կն Հ^
կը գահակալէ Տէր՚^՚^յր՛^ գ ՝ տիձգե՚րւա^ յ^պիֆոն ^
սէոուերի մէք^ հ-ահ-կԽալ^ք ՚ ս§ոոա.Խրի. մէք^ Գ^Ղ^Փ^՚ՍՄ
Այլ "ձ "ՍԳ "՚ԴՐ՛՛* Ա՛ղու, պստսակերն , ոչ գոՀարն ,
"ճ "*՚^է^ « "Հ. քԱԱքէէւ֊անաքէհայրն >*/ ասաու-ահ-որղքւե
այնֆան կը գրաա^են ականոդիգ ք ^ոգէգ.^ որ^ան ,, • • ,
պք^ ԱԶ՚քՆ I որ խորանին բարքրէն կըքննէ մին^ւ։
խդճէՈոանպցգ խորհրն • «•^ ք\%է ^|||^|^|՚*՚«^՚*^^<՛ * ԵՀ***1^^ ,
է ^ Աինա լևրան Փայլաաակա^անԱ ա1է^ երեւ^1ք^ՈէԼ Խհ. ,
որՈաՓո0ՈէԼ աՀասոր։ Ա^աոա֊աՏ^ն ..է^ ԱՐՂ*ԱՕՆ՛ է
այն^,,./1Բ ԷՆ^ Խս ոյր օրէնքն են ,^. ակն քնգ աոՏ^ն
եւ, ԽաասՏ& Ը^Գ ■ ս՚ս՚ատճտէն է -
Այգ ամենւէ»*ԽԽ99 , ամենաթ՛ ափանը , քսմևնաք^^ի՛^
ԱՋփՆ– % #»«– Ք^րորէ^^Ր Հ »«֊ ՎԽրգարէներ , եա. . «#–
ռաքեալք , եւ. աւե աարանիչք ^ ՏովՀաննէս Մկբ*ք*իէ^\
Ղ*րիգ"Ր ւ^ոա^սստւորիչ^ ըգփեւ. շու.ր^ բոլորեն , օ*կն^
գէա քեգ Հային ^ հւ. թու֊ի իաՁէ թէ համար ի քէ^
պաՀանշթն արարոցգ ամեն է ԱրգսսրեԱ. աՀեղանման
բան ակչ կասյ *՚*յգ պ»ոակերներու.ն մէ^դ ՚*ԲՔ *՚*մեն ե՛»
կեղեցիէ աէ-ելի մեհ^սախոէ-մբ ., մեէ^ամարմին եւ֊. մե՛*
Տ-Աքբստրբքսռ են աքո էսաճարին մէ^է ^ա^^կ^րՀ"/^^
արգեփք Հանչ^Խհ՝ է 1Բոէ^րիքյօն . ♦ • է
Աէ.ագ Հէ^գշբգՔ՜ի Տ^ր^Կ եւ. աէ^ագ ու՛րբաթ– գի-
շեր մանաա^անգ վսեմ* է |/ • Ասաուա^՜աձ-նայ եկե՛»
ղե^ն է Արե$.ու.ն ^ անհամար կանթ՜ եղներու.ն ու. ^ա^
հերուն , ՚ եւ. սրբո^ ու սրբուհեա^ հոգկո^ հրա^
շափքսյԼ^ լոյսն ^ լղքն նիւ^թական եւ ւոքսն աննիւ՛^
թ-էէէկան է աւագ հի^գշչ**րթի ցերեկ ե^կեգթւՓ^ 4՛"*"
ղողեն միաբան։ Աւասգ ուրբաթ ՚ գէԺ՚Ր^ >* ՝ ^մԳ
պաս^կեչ^աց սսաուեիքէ ու բ^Ա՚ր . սաուերք Ասսէ^ւ–՛
Օւցւէւշօճ ե7 ^յՕՕՉ1€
- 12 -
1ռս՝ Խռսքւեէ թ^ս^ձր առնեն ՚ե^էք*. ՚գիշհլէէէւԽՆ խա–»
սԱք/ւե ^. ^ե^ւ. Խվպւադէկն եէ–՝՝՝էէՀւՏե՚ղադ99յն ^Խ.ո ո^^հէնեն
ա^ւՏօ^նէ Ք՛ վէէհյէ%ա^թխ.ն կրԵնթն *\ 4՛։
» .. ֊ > ,\ , ♦ է > .\ • ,»» • ՚. է
փթէէՀանսւքքք ; այս եկեէքխ^է.ոյն մէք^^ փ/ՀխրԱէթիւ. եէ.
էքե՚հ՚ւճԱ.՛ ՝ էքԱէսաա^էֆ. ագէա > են։ Երգ^տէկ էք^նկհէ.նՓ^ Ը^գ՛^
հեւՏեքեապէէէ եոսրբ՝ թւանի^ , ժւ . ւԻաէչի^ էճրմդսն Խղա^
նակվէո» հիգհւչ կս^թթտէ ւ^է^ է վ^աիազէչն , 1ւ1^րէն ՝–՛ Խ"
ս^խկիպւէս I քւսոօէէսԽ(քղհ– էքաաոենասգէքէ % աղգտայյիս տա՛–
էԴքնամճձ– ՝՝ գրագթաա^ մին , ՚նչանաւ։ւէր քարոզեր կը
իէօօի ՝ժւ^ղովրդ,եան՝\ որ ^նգհանր՚սս^ս ՚պասնգոէւխեի
աչխաաաւորներէ կը բազկսքնւՅեն ՝։ ԳեկԽ^էկ՝ ևկծ՚ղթ–՛
ծՒ 9 գրագէէո ւք^ր՚՚զիչ է ՚ էոգֆա քԽհճէնԽյք \ ագֆա
ՀէսւաԱէացեալք ^.^։^էրլ թ-ևքէեՀասսաէո , մն էԱնհաւաՌսէ
հալաաս^^եսէԼք •««<՝-
^ կան^ որք եկԽւքեցի ՝ կԳրթան , կ՚աղձթեն ՝ ,
սոԼրբ գքքրք ՚ ոԼ՝ քէերոզ^ կը լռեն , կչէ իէաաովանին IV^
կի քաղորւքյքէափն գրէթէ մե՚քենանմԽն , աէւասն^ . շաէ.
աքիէՅոնԽւու.՝ թ՚է ինչ^ կ*չ*նԽն փ–^ն՚€. այս յԽծ-էԱէՈէէսնռա.^
թիճէՅն էէկան որք եկէքզե^ կ՚երթանՀ ես հյ^ մէաաԱ
մէ^ հաւաա եւ. ՚անհաԼւսսէՈէ-թիէյն սկսաՆ–՛ են ՚ ՛իրեն քք
մԽքքԱէն» էքսհրսա եքհլէաարեր կաէՐ կենքսսբեր ^ Ր"*՛"
պաիաԱգԽյի^\՚^կ՝ռ1ւն որք եկեղեցի կէրթ՛ան՝ ՝ԱՓւվ*^րոէ^"^
թ-եամի ^՚ կա$է աոիպէՈսէֆ. ^ կաւՐ կեւ^աւհրսձթեաժբ՝^
էլաէք՚՚ազգսԽիրոսթեաէքբ , թ-ԷԽւ "՚յգ ^աիգկան հա^
մւԱի՛՝ Աեաժայեահ^ ամեն սէեաէ է ^՚՛ եւ. մանաա^ոանգ՝ բնոա.^
թեեսն ^ոցն է. ա^Ա ճտւՈՏ 13 աէԱՐՕւ Կ»էք ալ Ոէ.^
նայնամիսա ^ ՝ ս$եմիսՒ անձքէձք , "ՐՔ ԳՐ^ՐԳ 9՚"՜Ս^^Լ
կաէՐ՚ղարգ ՚ ՝ գիաելւ/ւ ՝ հասժար կ՚եիթ՚ան եկեղեցի .
Օւցւէւշօճ ե7 ^յՕՕՉ1€
- 45 ~
կւ. այգ գթքէոՓպսէրաու-թ՚ե՚սէն ^ ստրգս^էթտսթոսթէԽաձ
արժան էակաց թ-իւն օր էսւ.թւ.բ ^ աէ.աւլ^ կ^աա^ելեայ^
կր սսէՈՆասրասնասյ % թ*Խթ–Խւ.սօՈոոա–թ–իւ.ն Խւ. էսԱղակա»տ^
նռւթ-իա֊ն ամենուրեք իր(թն^ Հեաո կր աոանէն | պասշ^
աոօնասաատէնց մէք^ րնսատսնեստց ՚^ճ» ^^^Ղ^^՚՜՚պ/ ՚^Ճ*
Ընգհանրապէս ֆռանսերէն կր խօսին այգ պէսրոն–
ներն I ու. ոչ^ ^եպու. «քք սագ. ոկսաե՛ են ^ էՐանաւ.անգ
իրենց աՐայրենի լեզուն • անկրօն են , ու. ոչէնչ^ եր^
ռէքէ ա.սու.աէասհրս$^ ֆն ^ ոչ կրօն | ոճ ազգ ^ ոչ
պստրող ոչ^ հրասու%քլ | ոԳ Հւարենիթ ոչ ոնյւոանձք է
Ոհ անցեալի. 4յ՚^վ..Մ՚ն^Րէ^ Խ Է՚՚^Ր^Է^ է "՚ձ ^^րկէ^՚յէ^
վրայ I ՈԼ աապգայէն վրքա • . "Լ Աոաու^ղյ են ոչ
աՐարոԼոյ ^ *ի մէ՛ բան տ . . >.
Գուք կր սէսսգնսէպիք , եկեղե^փսկանք > ^ՐԲ ^Ը,
աոեսնէք երէւրասարգյէւթ՚էւնն. էևարբ^կոււքէծ– անկրօ^
նութ-եասւճՀ • 1"ք^^ ^" էոագնքսպեոավ^ կր սաս»գնս՚պր*ք ^
սքրաոմելոմկր ոարւոմէէՐղ արտասսուելով^կարէոսասոկեէՐ
աե ս%եէով երհ^^ասսսարգու-Օ՜ելնն րնգ^անրասԼէս վա"
րսքկոէ^պծ– անրարոյականութ՚եաԱր. է Բ*սրոյսֆքգաշա
մարոՖ . ասսէՈւսւհ՜ասսԼէսշսա ասէ^ ՀոԱ1՚Հք է ՚^Էհ^ Էր ^Ը.՜
մանեառն օգսաակւսր է • մինչգեռ անրասրոյւսկան
էքարգն I հրրոս ժանսաստիտսէ ^ ընկերութ՚եան տաասաաա
կս»ր է I թ՚էեւ. ամեն օր եկեղեցի ե՚րթ-^յ ^ պա ակեր
Համօւուրէ I մրմ*. մս^ռէ գ ե՚ոաէ սէստՀԷ ^ Խղսաոմպնի ել.
հտսղորգուի ամեն աադաւարի , ՎէԱԲք Ա1*րոց կար^
գացած՛ րչլաա , եւ. Ասսղմոսն ու. կսէասկարաՏևն գոց
զիանայ՚է . , ՚.
\Լյսպէս խօքելրվ^դ ո կրօնաւորթ ^^եաէ եէՀ սպաո֊–
Օւցւէւշօճ ե7 ^յՕՕՉ1€
-- 14 -
նար ևկևպի^ւ^փակէլ^ **^Լ՝Գք^՚^է1Լ^Դ՚Պ*^՚^Կ^Ս^^՛^
մաաբերեր ոէ-րանէսլ Ասսաու.ա^ , "Հքէ; ՝^՚*էք;^1գ 4(««^"
Գ<1|ք Ո81,
ահգ է/անկէսմստրգ եբկու կաեայք էոէքսայ է
^էր էր *ֆք՛ ) Ք՚^Ղ9Ր էր ք "՚– ԳՐ*"՚՜ԷՐ* մայրու.թ–հաՆ ,
աք$ս%կու.թ–եահ հսէմար նստ ^նած՝ ըլլալթ-ա-էր» է/ահկանց
վբայ գու.րգուրսյլու. ^ մանուկներ գիրկլե առնԽւու. ^
է/անկան ց գիրթ ու. գրյիչբյա.ն.եԼԱ1»Ք»լու. ՀսսաՈսր թ–ու.էր
նստ ենէսօ՛ ըլր՚^լ* Ա*ք"–^^ » • * է*^ գեռ մանուկ էր • • •
սՀէնքան փդքրէկ ք §^՚*բքք.՚**ն րար»սկ ^ ստյնքլս^ ազու որ ,
աւակօան աղու էր այն կոնն ^ այզքոտե երկնայհն • • ՝• տ
Այգ ^րկ"՛– չնաշ^ստատրՀրկ էէսկք ^ երկու ապնուստ՛»
կան անգուգ$/^ան ֆ-րիաասաորգաց յաւէսա երկրպա^
գութ–եա% էթ9ւարկայք ^ կենաց գարնան մէ^ իբր յօ՛–
ժարակյաէք թողին աշքսսէրհ , ու Հայր % ու մայր , ու
ոիրաՀար I #11– գոՀասբ յ ու թ՜ագ , ու պսակ ^ ւ( ի–
րենռ սպիէոակ սաինքն փ^րգ բերանի մր » ղուր
՚սպստսելէ յեէոոյ • • • ( ) <
Բէէէպէ Հանըմի գագաղին եսաեւէն գացին Հե^
(*) Տիտէւօ։
(**) Մէսնկիկ մը ղիրկ^*^ պատկերն ^էաՆել էոուաձ է Մաթրիկ Հա*
Նքոէ։., :- . - •- ^ : - . ■•• .......
ռ\ցՈ\2շ6 ե7 ^յՕՕՉ1€
- 15–
ամենէն րանսէսաէքԽղիական էակն $ իսկ Ասքբգիս
^ալևս/ե իր սիրելւսոյն անմասՀ մաՀասրձասն է^թ կասնգ^
նԽց * - ւԲաօքրա-Հեան Վքսրժսէբասքէֆ է
Տոբս^ կողմէն ալլոյս կ՝բնգ»տյնի Գէշիկթաշի^Մ*^"
բու. ՀԽան եբկսքէռ վաբժէսբստՆն ^ մեես»էոաբստ^, էէ^՛^ է
իոբ Ոէ. բտտքբօբ դ Ք^Ւ "՚*֊ ՚կէր * 11հ^Լ Ւ^Հ ^Գ"՛*՛^ ւրկ
էտէբեգակին , աբսէս^ին լո^է^ն» Լո^թՆ ^ ՝կրր. ^էքք^է Կա
խնգբէբ ) էքԱ"^ "Ր Կ՝^դբդէ Գէքբ*^նս»կան Խւ. էԼմԽբիկա,
՚Խա9»ն վաբժարաևնեէբՆ , բաս^էԽկքպ . է մԽբ կբթ։–§էքբանէն ,
աա^ասզ^ք մհ՚բ բոլքթբ կբթ-քպոսննԽբկն • • • < հ'^1^ օգա,քո ,
կ՚բս^էէէ^ լոկ նէսթական բԱքբձբոավ^իԼն , քբկ ^^.թական
^աՈէձ՚ոաՔ՚իւն^ ոԼ էսա»բսփէն է$տռսէ1յ1քԼ աննիւթ՛ ՛քան
նիա.թ՝ական էակ էՐ՚է էՐաբղն ^էապէս է
\Այէ *ք^ք Հեսք9տժու.ա^ե^\բ բնստւ. բաբքէյական մՏք–
հ։ույՅ–Խան ,. քտբական , բաբոյական, յԱսԱ.աքագխՌս^^
թ-եան* շաա է աքԽսԼՀաաՐաբ ւք»(^#էււ»|ւյն , նիւ.թ–ասկ§աթն յյտ*քա.ս»^
քադիմհւթ՚խ-ն * ՀոգաբէսբձուՆևբ , ասնօբէՆնեբ , գաս^
սա»ոուն^բ I գասաաեաբնեբ , Ոէէկ ոէ.բ4ս%այ , աՆբեգ––
հստաաա միմՏքան^ կըյաս^բգեն * ագայք վաբ^աբան կբ
աէաեեն ^ էէւ. աղայք վաբՏ–*սրանէն կ՚Խ^են ♦ աչքԽբն
գոհ են էԱ^Լ տճոքևբն , այէ սբաԽբն , էնշ փոյթ– «
ԱՀք ^եբ հաէֆաւոյն շսւա քակ աբժան էք ^ ^է^
ԺԿԲ՜՚"19Խ » " –՚^Չ^՚^Ժ •^•"^^հ • Անցեաւն եկևղխ^ն
է , Խխ ձքքբ ևկ1քղև^ն պայհ^առ է ♦ . ապսպ.այն գբպ՜
Ր^9^ է % ^՚֊ ^^Ր Գ**1Ր^ց^ խտք»ւ.աքա է % յձբագ , շաա
կը վառէք աաճաբին մէջ^ » այլ ուսոս^իչք սակաւ. են
վաբժաբանին մէի Ո՚^վ գիաէ ^ գո*»$է կբ մփոաբե^
Ր^Ք է"Կ նոբոգել ձեբ եկեպե^ն ոբ կաբ4»ա չէ .նո"
Օւցւէւշօճ ե7 ^յՕՕՉ1€
- 16 -
՚նթէԽԳ»ւԲ§եւլ ձհր փպքժ՚արառհն *-• • պէ= կասրօսա է .\/^է^
քքէսկան բսսրէնոբոաէէքա% % ՚՛ ՚՛
1Լյո I ամենամեծ ճշւ/արտու.թ–իւնն այս է* –~–> մեք ^
՚^էշք՚կ1^.աշցխ^ս.4քև*նէսէ.ահգ ^ Խկեղի^սքմոէ ժրղովրԼրգ
ե՚Աթ ^ քաք, ՏէկԽղի-^պաձ Խէք ^ Խկէ–ղի^ւ.ՈքպաՀքձ–աքա.§քՎ.^
քՒխան՛ ւճձնաէԼասկդ,՝ կը ժւօա&հքտ » Արգ *.՝* • ՝ *՚՛
Արէէեւօք յքպ^սՏոէաբեքա%՛ կբնսքա նպաա^աե^ >մԽբ ե^
–<^ Տ*եդասւ. 4 Սպանգ^ադւԽտե աս^ԽՓ կբթոէ1»էբհւ> »ասէ՛
. գաօէբ կ*ե՚բԽա.ի քա% եկԽղթէբսսէբ* աբգէն* ՚^յգ
յձ»1»կԽ^վաքքբ^ն, ՚ անծ՚անօթ– էբ մԽէէ^ աբգէն՛ գւխատւէ^
՚կբ^կբէ 1^ • • . »; ւկքք^^ք թէբէ/թոան^ պիաի նպօաա^
մևբ եկԽղեէււ.էէյ ՝՝ պաք^Իառւ^էհթ4ոսն * էգսէի-էփչ^ »տ»եհւ.^քճ^
նեկլ ՚^աքքն .^ ՚^^^^եղաԱ.^^ թէբղխան։^ թբէՐ ։կէհղէք–
նտտփկի^ աԽասոՌպազոէ-թե-էսն , չաէ^ հդգ չբ տասնիբհ^սի–
–ւ,ո*ւ փբկո՝ւ.թ^Խան •, թէբգխսքխ աբգաբևէ–^– Հիա^աճտւմբ
"կը կսքբգայ ՜ ԱսէալաՐուքն , ^Լ կը բասնաա^ք գլոէւխն^ ^Րէէ
կաբգայ • ՀէամԽբոսն ք Աձէմհան էսբգԽօք\՝կը % պս ա ^
ա^-մեբ ԽկԽղի-^էյՈք֊ պ§ւ^ձ–աաա։է9ւ^թ^ևան • Հ^գ՚^սբէսբձոԽ.
ընէոբ1քք^բ՚՝՚զս^ն՝^ - ^, Տ*^ղսքլ .՚ ԱձէմԽան ք|^«ւ>«է^^|^^Լ
բայն աւ-ելի լալ. կը խէ^Օքբհէ, քան «•«լ9ր^•|I^ . Աճէ՛^
եան, էՐանկանէք Հաա^բ հոգի կոա. աայ ^ հդգի% կը
էՐոունայ % /՝ .^ .
Այաւպէքէ կբնայի ՀաբոսնակեԼէ կբնայէ ՛դեռ՝ ան^
համաբ ՚փասաեբէէվ^ ^սպաց^ւ^ցս^ել Գէջիկթ՚՚՚շ^^^դքֆ
խոբէքԽ\^ անհֆպքթ» ^^ ա^հաաբբեբոէ^իւնն իր զաա^քթ՛
կաս գասաիսէբակո9,թհսձ ^աամաօֆ % ՝^^^՚Ա^^\՝»ք^
քասե աենչտնթք ^ ոբքքա^Հ Հաաւ)քկչանք1^^աբաէդ^^կ*է^^է
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կքա^նքք*>ընգյ^կֆքթ^%
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էթեէէ», ք»^ քԽ՚զե^գ «^ մէկ աղթթի^ էոաճէ^ , ա^ ոֆ^նքք
թէՓքկ^^ փպքժքփքբախ ,մ՚*տպ^^ դւբ^ յէքէ^Հ^.փ ^նէպք ^
ղբկԽն իրԽնէք պաւակնԽրն ^ վսսաաՀ ըլ^քպրվ^ որ ^Գ
Հս$ս»ոս$աոոսքՒեան մէք^ թ՜աղային վարժարանէն աւ.եա.
Աախնաէէ Կա էղսփնի յ^ս^այփտս ^աաա-ևլին ղ/անկտքքն^
բաբԿդք գասէրիաբակդէւթ-էքան է –հ– է՜հ ^ .ք^Լ ^ն^է^
Ան Ամե-բիկաի ւյ^էսթԱիալա՚ւյա^անզք ^ ոիթ, աքյէաա»փՀյ^
գսԱէՈքքնԽբու. թ–իւ.ն օբ $սւ.ոսբ կը նոէ֊ազեցնեն ^
բազԱապասակֆրէռվ^ ժոդ^վյագավէն | թ-աղային վար4 ս»՛՛
բանՆեբՆ I դ»~բ մ1ք&սւէրո»^Նի% ^ էսր^ւեսէոստ*֊ որի՛ն ու.
գոբհ՚աաօ-ոբին որգին Հաւէսսէսր գ»սսսաիէսրասկոա.ք^իւ.ն
կ*ր^գ^է.նին • ք^Հ^ անմիա են Ամերիկա^իք | որթ «^աI^-
կու.թ՚եսւն մէք Խզրասյրսէրար ստպրիլ կը վարժեձնեն
իրեն^ ղաւա»11քներն , որասէս զի »4*պա , չֆ9»փս> Հէսսքէւ.՛^
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՝ ..
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<p>I am new to selenium, currently exploring on how it works. Started using it for ASP.NET application, i am using C# Selenium driver, IE Driver server ( 32 bit as it's faster than 64 bit)</p>
<p>I navigated to a application there I am clicking a link which should take me to ANOTHER WEBSITE where I have to find a textbox and clear it and enter some text (SendKeys) and then click a button.</p>
<p>When it goes to a another website from main website, It's unable to find the element ( I tried using by.ID and by.Name). I made sure element is available on the webpage. As recommened I used ImplicitlyWait but no luck, tried thread.sleep() no lucK.. Does the test needs to be on the same website which launched initially ?.. Below is my code snippet.. Please help me..</p>
<pre><code>using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.IE;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
using System.Threading;
namespace mySelenium
{
class Program
{
private static void Main(string[] args)
{
IWebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(@"C:\Users\msbyuva\Downloads\IEDriverServer_Win32_2.45.0\");
driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitlyWait(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10));
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://MyorgName.org/Apps/Sites/2015/login.aspx");
IWebElement userNameTxtBox = driver.FindElement(By.Id("ContentPlaceHolder1_Login1_UserName"));
userNameTxtBox.SendKeys("MSBYUVA");
IWebElement passwordTxtBox = driver.FindElement(By.Id("ContentPlaceHolder1_Login1_Password"));
passwordTxtBox.SendKeys("1234");
var myButton = driver.FindElement(By.Id("ContentPlaceHolder1_Login1_LoginButton"));
myButton.Click();
var EMailLink = driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Email Testing Link"));
EMailLink .Click();
//Thread.Sleep(10000);
// -- HERE IT IS THROWING ERROR (ANOTHER WEBSITE AFTER CLICKING HYPERLINK)
var toEmailAddress = driver.FindElement(By.Name("ctl00$ContentPlaceHolder1$txtTo"));
toEmailAddress.Clear();
toEmailAddress.SendKeys("msbyuva@gmail.com");
var chkEmailAttachment = driver.FindElement(By.Name("ctl00$ContentPlaceHolder1$ChkAttachMent"));
chkEmailAttachment.Click();
var sendEmailButton = driver.FindElement(By.Id("ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_BtnSend"));
sendEmailButton.Click();
}
}
}
</code></pre> |
The Confederate States Army (CSA) was organized in February 1861 to fight for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. Somewhere between 750,000 and 1.2 million soldiers served the Confederacy in one form or another. The exact numbers are not known because of incomplete and destroyed records. Although it won many battles the Confederate Army lost the war. It could not overcome the Union army's larger numbers and better resources. On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrendered what was left of the Army of Northern Virginia to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. While his army was only a part of the total Confederate army, his surrender marked the end of the Confederacy. On June 23, 1865, Georgia's Stand Watie became the last Confederate general to surrender.
Makeup
Much of the design of the Confederate States Army was based on the structure and customs of the U.S. Army. Both armies were mainly infantry, cavalry and artillery units. While the structure of the two armies was very similar, the number of men in each unit could be different. Many Confederate officers were graduates of West Point just like Union officers. Regiments were usually numbered and named for the state where they were first organized and where most of the soldiers came from. Brigades were usually named after their commanders (past or present). For example, the Stonewall Brigade was named for its commanding general, Stonewall Jackson.
The Confederate Army had three parts; the Army of the Confederate States of America (ACSA, smallest but intended to be the permanent, regular army), the Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS, or "volunteer" Army, to be disbanded after the war), and the various Southern state militias. The Confederate Constitution called for the President, Jefferson Davis to be Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy. It did not call for a commanding general of the army but several generals were advisors to President Davis.
Structure
A regiment was the basic unit in battle. At the start of the war, a regiment was 1,000 men and was led by a colonel. Regiments were usually recruited from the same area so most soldiers and officers knew each other. Disease, desertion, and combat reduced the numbers considerably. Usually, instead of adding new recruits to a decimated regiment, a new regiment would be raised in its place.
A brigade was from two to five regiments. Led by a brigadier general a brigade was usually from one branch of the army (infantry, cavalry or artillery).
A division was two or more brigades. In the Confederate army, divisions could be as many as five or six brigades (Union army divisions were usually smaller). Divisions were commanded by a major general.
A corps was two or more divisions. A corps usually included infantry, cavalry and artillery. That way a corps was independent and could conduct operations on its own.
An army was two or more corps. A Corps or an army was usually led by the most senior major general or a general picked by Jefferson Davis.
Armies
The Confederate States Army included the following armies:
The Army of Northern Virginia was one of the main forces of the Confederate Army in the east.
The Confederate Army of the Shenandoah, after the First Battle of Bull Run it became part of the Confederate Army of the Potomac.
The Army of the Peninsula was established May 26, 1861. On April 12, 1862, it was merged into the Army of Northern Virginia.
The Confederate Army of the Northwest was an army early in the war. It was disbanded February 9, 1862.
The Army of Central Kentucky. Was created in 1861. In March 1862 it was merged into the Army of Mississippi, which then became the Army of Tennessee
The Army of New Mexico was a smaller army that operated in the New Mexico Territory in 1861 and 1862.
The Army of the West was largely made up of the Missouri State Guard.
Confederate officers
Before the Civil War, many Confederate officers were in the United States Army. When war started, 313 army officers resigned and became officers in the Confederate army. Robert E. Lee was one of those who found it difficult to leave. Abraham Lincoln had offered to make him commander-in-chief of the Union Army. But he could not fight against his native Virginia. He became commander of the Virginia militia and when Virginia Seceded, a General of the Confederacy.
Many militias elected their officers including field officers. When these units joined the Confederate army, their officers were commissioned. There were also a number of professional officers who came from Germany or Britain (just as there were in the Union army). But at the start of the war, few Southern officers had any real experience. Wealthy planters who owned 20 or more slaves were not required to serve in the army and many stayed home during the war. Some served in the Enlisted rank but many thought it was unfair to serve under officers so poor they could not afford a single slave. Many Confederate officers kept a slave as a personal servant throughout the war.
Confederate soldiers
Confederate officers often did not maintain discipline among their men. Many of their soldiers were illiterate and some did not know which was their left foot and which was their right. At the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, even Lee complained about the lack of discipline in his army. Visiting foreign officials were shocked at lack of discipline and were amazed they could fight.
Almost all Confederate soldiers where white
The average Confederate soldier was in his early 20s. He was usually gaunt, unkempt and beards were common. It often did not fit, especially if taken off a dead soldier. Most wore a white shirt under their wool jacket. Replacement uniforms were hard to get. They would often stain homespun (clothing made at home) with a dye made from walnuts. This gave their uniforms a yellowish-brown appearance they called "butternut". Many did not have shoes or shoes that fit. Those who did nailed horseshoes to the bottom to keep them from wearing through the sole. At first he carried a musket or flintlock rifle. Later in the war many carried the better Enfield rifles taken from dead Union soldiers. Any boots, uniforms or supplies Union soldiers left behind or were captured were used by the Confederate soldiers. In camp, most of the tents were marked "U.S." Most of the Southern Artillery was also captured Union cannons.
Notes
References
Confederate States of America |
Rahonavis is a genus of bird-like feathered dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous, 70–65 million years ago (mya) of what is now northwestern Madagascar.
It is known from a partial skeleton found in a quarry. Rahonavis was a small predator, at about long, with the typical Velociraptor-like raised sickle claw on the second toe.
Classification
Rahonavis has quill knobs on its ulna (forearm bone), which led at first to its inclusion among the birds. However, the rest of the skeleton is rather typically dromaeosaurid.
Makovicky and colleagues consider Rahonavis to be closely related to the South American dromaeosaurids Unenlagia and Buitreraptor, and thus a member of the subfamily Unenlagiinae. Norell and colleagues (2006) also found Rahonavis to lie within the Unenlagiinae, as the sister taxon to Unenlagia itself.<ref name="norelletal2006">{{cite journal|last=Norell|first=M.A. | display-authors = etal |year=2006|title=A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia)|journal=American Museum Novitates|issue=3545|pages=1–51|doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3545[1:ANDTFU]2.0.CO;2|url=https://zenodo.org/record/5386073 }}</ref> A 2007 study by Turner and colleagues again found it to be closely related to Unenlagia. However, studies published since 2009 that have found many traditional "dromaeosaurids", including the unenlagiines, closer to Avialae than to dromaeosaurines. A cladistic analysis recovered Rahonavis as a probable relative of Jeholornis and Jixiangornis.Andrea Cau (2018). "The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 57 (1): 1–25. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2018.01.
PaleobiologyRahonavis was one-fifth larger than the closely related Archaeopteryx, about the size of a modern raven.
Although numerous artists' reconstructions of Rahonavis show it in flight, it is not clear that it could fly. There is even been some doubt that the forearm material, which includes the quill knobs, belongs with the rest of the skeleton. Some researchers have suggested that Rahonavis represents a chimaera, with the forelimb of a bird mixed with the skeleton of a dromaeosaurid.
The nearby discovery of the primitive bird Vorona berivotrensis shows that the possibility of a mix-up cannot be entirely excluded. However, many other scientists, including the original describers of Rahonavis, think its remains belong to a single animal. The wing bones are close to the rest of the skeleton. All the bones attributed to Rahonavis were buried in an area "smaller than a letter-sized page", according to co-describer Luis M. Chiappe in his 2007 book Glorified Dinosaurs. Chiappe maintained that Rahonavis could probably fly, noting that its ulna was large and robust compared to Archaeopteryx, and that this fact, coupled with the prominent quill knobs, suggest that Rahonavis had larger and more powerful wings than that earlier bird. In addition, Rahonavis shoulder bones show evidence of ligament attachments allowing the independent mobility needed for flapping flight. Chiappe concluded that Rahonavis'' was capable of flight, though it would have been more "clumsy in the air than modern birds".
References
Further reading
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Feathered dinosaurs |
Tappahannock, Virginia is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia.
Towns in Virginia
County seats in Virginia |
<p>I want to get the number from text column of a database (for example the next text is <code>'Test 900 test'</code>)</p>
<pre><code>select substring('Test 900 g' from '[0-9]+\.?[0-9]*')
</code></pre>
<p>The in-text number can be float (from 0 to 1) or integer (>100) and I want to cast it to the single float format with <code>CASE</code> the following way</p>
<pre><code>select case when substring('Test 900 g' from '[0-9]+\.?[0-9]*')::numeric >= 100
then substring('Test 900 g' from '[0-9]+\.?[0-9]*')::numeric / 10000
else substring('Test 900 g' from '[0-9]+\.?[0-9]*')::numeric
end as single_format
</code></pre>
<p>Will Postgres recalculate the substring value every time in this <code>CASE</code> construction or will this expression be optimized and calculated only one time for each row?</p> |
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reselTc, addens fe pro Repub.non minus fedulo laboraturum
quam fi Rex efTct. Rexcummajeftate vivebat, magnificequc
habitabat , maximoquc clientum fatellitio ftipatus inccdebar .
Regni Pomoeria , Religioncm, linguamque ab uno latere ad
Tcguantepecum, quod Mexico ioo.kucis difl:at,extendit: Ab
alio latere ad Guatimalam,quae 30 o.leucis abcfl:; quin ctjam re*
gni fines ad Mare Septentrionale &Meridionale protulit:Me-
cioacan, Tlafcalam&Terpeaeamdebellare non potuit. Ini-
micitiae quae Mexicanis cumTlafcalano oppido erant,Hirpanis
januam in Mcxicanum regnum aperuerunr, reddideruntquc
adipifcendo imperio Mexicano faaliorem , quod anno Chrifli
If ig.contigic . Mexicani m feptemtribusdivi/i,exregioneSe-
ptentriona]i,m haec regna venere, in qua Septentrionali plaga,
fuperioribus annis, Hi/pani diti/fimam provinciam Populo-
fiflimamque detexere, quam Novum Mcxicum nuncuparunt.
Praecipuus honos in armis , quibus homines nobilitabantur,ii-
tus erat. Motezuma ultimus Mexicanus Rcx,aliquot ordincs
equitum inftituit,quorum alij Principes,leones, quidam Aqui-
la;,nonnulli Pardi dicebantur. Ijs aurum, argentumque geil:arc
& xylo vel gofrypio(quod Barbari & Arabes cotum&bomba-
ccm appellant) veftiri^ calceatis inc^dere^inaurara pi<ftaque
vafcula
REX H I S P A N I iB .
vafcula habere (quibus omnibus plebiignobilibusqucinterclf-.
cebacur)licebac Imperii P eruvia: cuius Kcx Inga diccbatur c6-
ditio flacusqi aliquando multojnaior fuit.- Dumfumme florc-
ret , fe a Pailo Chile urqueporrigebat,amplitudine mille leu^
carum,Latitudinever6 centum leucarum erat,nenipc ab Oce -
ano MeridionaU ad partem OrientalemJVndi ufque. Immenfa
aquarum copia partim viva :& decurrens, partim mortua &c
quiefcens obftitit quo mmus ulteriusprogredcr^ntur.Praete-
xtus bellum aliis inferendi £uit,qu6d in diluvioin ipfislngis fer-
vatusmundus efTet, &qu6d ipfifohhabcrent veramrehgionc
camque alios ipfidocere tcnerentur. Praecipuus illorum Deus
crat Viracoca , hoc eftuniverfi creator j alter veraDeus illis
Sol erat . Inga Pacaciiti,quimaioremfuperftitionum (quibus
addidi erant) partem repperit; quum aliorum deorum templis
praidia reditufq; attribuillet, nullos Virac ocx afligna vit, quod
quumille,inquiebat, creatoromnium eflet,eisnonindigeret.
Inter alias res memorabiles per ipfuminJflitutas pro regioni-
tus.acquifitisuna erat,quod terrasin tres partes dividebat.-Pri-
sna Religioni&Diisdedicabatur. Altera Ingae decidebatur,qua
fe ipfum , Curiam , Parentes/BarlSnes & pr;Kfidia fuftentabat,
cratque ea pars caeterismaiorrTertia pars populocedebat.Ne-
mo rem propriam habebat/edlnga; beneficio,nec ea res ad hae-
redes tranfibat, Agri,qui populi & communitatis erat,quotan-
nis partiebantur , ailignabaturquc unicuiquc tantum terrae,
quantum & fui ^familiae fuftentationem opus elTet, eratquc
ca portio aliquando maior , interdummmor; deque ea tribu^
rum non pcndebant: Eius autcm loco colebant terras Depru Sc
Ingae: rccondebant frua:^^inamplifllmahorrea,adiddeftinatai
unde nata,unde quufterilitasingrueret fumebatur pro populo:
Idem fiebat de animalibus qux per capita dividebantur. Hac in
re videntur mihi longe TuperafTe divifiones terrae quas Lycur-
£U$ fecit,ac leges Agrarias Romanorum. Ex Nova Hifpania &
R X H I S P A N 1 JE .
PerCivia(prxserter€'e5)'c>pes itiexhmdse auri & argenti trahuw
tur : Eai-uni opum- ordinarie duasparres Peruvia,tertiam No«
va-,Hirpania ru-ppcditat:,qu« mertimoiiys dicior eft M-exico^.Ihi-
rer alia dat Cocini'gliam maximi: fane pretij mereem dar&
Anir & com vaccarruminfinita.Eius aucsm infiilaeuberrimam
copiam corioriim , Xyli , jfacchari eann^fiftul^ , fandarachge ,
& margaricarum mitrunr.Inrer thefaiirosPeruvia; duo-fane ad-
inirandi func ; Vnus ell fodinarum argenri qiise Potolij Anno
If 45'dete(5l:a; fu^runt,unde eifoffa fuit^efFoditurque ranta arge-
t^vis,urqmntapars,qu3eRegicedic4oannorumipatioadcen''
cum & undecin> Peforum milliones acceiferit Vnus autem
Pefo trcdecimnummos Regales (Reales vocant) eiufqj qu^rrl
partem valor'e exaequat . N-ec ranien duag ter ciae partes pende-
rmit quinctinl Regi debitum.Ea argenti copia expurgatur in 5-1..
anachinnis(qu3e inllrumenta vocant)in flumin^e vicino exftra-
djis in iz c^ux in vaJIe Tarapajaiiint:Praeter^ea organa adhuc
iia sHt quae ab equis rerfantur inque gyru agutur. Alias opes con-
iiftimt in fodinis Guancavalcanis quae argenro vivo abundant,
dete& fuere Anno 6j unde Rex pure cirraque expenfas circr-
rer quadringenta Peforum milliapercipitiNatura quae Peruvi^
ram liberalirer fodinas auri argentique largira eft, nihil eiuf-
modi BrafiJiiE contuiit , fed carum ioco-dedit aerem ventorurri
dementia faIuberrimum,Fontes lluminaqu'e mu'Ita, eaqi gran'-
dia , fylvarum^ fatis. Dirfinxit terram in pianiciem & colles
deJii:atas : veflivir'ea-m ingi amanitatCj dotavitqu^ miiltis tu-*-
ti/fimisq; portubus. Abuftdat fupramodum Sacciiaro quod eo
intiiIeruntLiLfitani;,ntaximamqiie ejus vim^ foras mittit; Novi
Orbis appendices fere funt nilulae Philippine: quamvis enim,
fi earum fitum bene'coftfideres habendae fuiltpro parte Afise,
tamen per Novam Hi/paniam pi-imf earum cognitores ad eas
penetrarunt-Earumlniiilarum amplius 40 fuse clientela;fubje-
cerunt^paeatafque rcddiderunt Cailellani.C^um itaque Regte -
Catho .
IL E X H i $ 1? A N I
Catholici imperiuai adeo capax , ne dicam infinitum Cit,divf-
demus ejus Trad:ationem., quantum ad vires & regimen fpc-
cSlatin quatuor partes. Prima eritdeeo quodin Europaconti-
netur: Altera compledetur Novum Orbem-: Tertiadiciones
quae in Ora occidentaii & Meridiohaii Africae funt; Vltima do-
nimia eius in India &c Afia recenfebi-t.
De Ditionibus feu pro-
Yinciis Europae.
Icamus itaque ditiones quasHiipaniarumRex in Eu-
ropa poffidct elfe ex ditiilimis opulenti/Iimisq; quae in
ea funt: Hiiparlia n. auro argentoq; diti/Jima Provin-
ciaru cognitarum tantiqj momenti eftjUtnonabfq;
caufa prima Continentis proyincia fuent, de quatam acriter
Carthagmenfes & Rpnianidepugnarunt. G^tjii Vandalique,
poftquammaxmiam Imperii Romani partem hpftihter perful-
taifent , eam fibi pro jftatioxiej.ekgerunt • Trei;ellius PolliOjipfa
& Galliani rotur & nervos Imperij Romani ygf at, Con-
ilantinu€ cum Impenum divideretur^^pr^tulit Hi/pania( & nos
Itali cantopere noilra, {i Pijsplacet admiramur) Italiae. Quinli
enim^ei in partem obtigiilent JBripannia^ Gallia , Hiipania,
Italia, ipfe contentus tribus primis Proyineij^ parvi fecit Itali*
amjeamquefocio fua ipontereliquit.Regnum Neapolitanura
pulcherrima totius Itali^e gemma audit,& eft.-Natura enimibi-
<lem velut in compendium id omne cpilegiiTe videtur, quod
|>ropria m#nu per rekquam Europe parterndifreminayit.Quid
autem di'cemus de ditione Mediolanenfi? Eft ne alius ducatus,
annona, frugibus, Oryza, pecudibus ,la(aicinijs , V
iDpulentior ? Aut opificum & ncgptiatorum muititudine,3edi-
ficiorumque populique frequentia.abundantiprj fi tuque loci
commodior inter omnes Maris Mediterranean infula$ ca-
put efFert? Si<^)Xxz, quum ampMtudi^^c , turn Jferulitate, Inter
REX H I S P A N I
regioncs , ulcramontanas five rerrse faecundiratcm , five opi-
dorum magnificenciam , feu poliriam , feu locorum muniri-
onem,feu Gentis indolem& induftriam ( nequeenimaiiundc
fe]icioraprodeunringenia,nec expre/Iiora prifcse virtutis ex-
emplar Belgium, quodinferioris Germania: nomine indige-
canr)cicracontradidionenLfacile primas obtinec.
Regimen.
E C T I G, five regendi forma Hiipaniae regia eft, Sc:
Principis, quae duobus fundamcntis nitirur,quorum
unum Religio, alterum iuftitia efb: Illaprotcdio fa-
vorque num mis, hac amor benevolentiaque populi
comparatur. ilia animos frenac,regirque,h3ec manus ligat co-
ercerquerd'enique, illareipub.bonafpiricalia fervat,haecpacem
temporariam concordiamque ruetur.. Hocinregiminepluri'i
mum maruriratis cernere eft: deliberantur enim omnia, in C6i
filiis ad id deftinatis, poriufque locum habenc confilia gravia
& lenta,&cun6tatio Fabii,quam remeritas praecepfque feftina-
tio Marcelli.Vitantur, quoad eius fieri poteft, rerum novanda-
rum fludia, con/uetudinum & mJditutorum vecerum mucacio-
nes. Quo re/piciens una fandlforil quatuor Cardmaliu( qui poll
Pontifex Innocentius 0(flavus fuit)dicere folebar Ad Regimen
Hi/panos ita atrentos ut hac in re nichilum erroris ii commit-
terent. Hifce modis Rex Catholicus fubfuo imperio (nifiubi
Principum adverfariorum vicinitas obftac) narioncs mbribus,
inftitutis & mgeriiis oppido diipares Cafhellanos, Arragonas,
CantabroSjLufitanosiltaloSjGcrmanos, Orbem nollrum No-
vumquefubdiros naturales & acquifitos Chriftianos & Genti-
les quiete placideque in officio contmet. Rarioni quoque con-
fentaneum elT:,urditiones quae AuflriacseFamiliae via quieta &
pacifica(quaks mat rimanij^&affinitatcs funt)accefirere,mode-
REX H I S P A N I i€ ,
rate quieteq; adminiflrcntur. Quumque initia adeo iufla ho--
neftaqj fueruntjdiutiffimedurent. Quod aliqui obiiciunt hoc
Imperium durare non pofTcjideo quod divifum difperfumq; fit,
haudefl momfentofum; Praeter enim argumenra a nobis addu ^
d:a in difputatione dc Statu, quibus contrarium evicimus,eft
adhuc hoc argumentu,.qu6d dominia m^gna a ruina adverfus
mala extrmfeca , mediocria autem adverfus inteftina melius
confervantur . Caeterum inlmperioitadivifo, funtamplitu-
do & mediocritas fimul unit«; Amplitudo in toto corpore ex
membris diJflm(5hs compofito confiftit: Mediocritas autem in
maiori membroru parte. Quum enim aliqua ejus Imperii mem-
bra (nempe Hifpania,Peruvia,Mexicum,)per fe magna fmt,o-
mnia ilia bona habent , quae tum amplitudo tum' mediocritas
fuppeditare poteft,nempe magnampotentiam adverfus hoflei
extcrnos, & fecuritatem adverfus corruptelasdomefticas. A4-
de his , quod viribus maritimis omnia Imperii(de quo loqui-
mur) membra uniri polTunt . Qjiemadmodum enim C«far Au-
guftus una:clalle , quamKavemrae^tenebat , Stalia quae Mifleni
erat,totum rmperfum Komanumfccurumreddebatjit^a &Rex
Catholic^jduabus quas teneret, crafT. unaminnoftro M^ri,ar«
teram inOceano,omnia Imperii fui membra,tam qua^ in Euro-^
pafunt, quam quse in Novo Orbe habetjUnirepoiTet.BonuS;
itaq; M-voparonum & navigiorum bellicorum numerus,qucm
in Man Atlantico tenerct,nonfolum oram Maritimam Hifpa-
nix & Americae, claffesque quaefurfumdeorfumquenavigant
fecuras redderet,fed & Angliam ade6ZeIotyp'am(ut ita dicam)
faceret, ut Kegem Belgio pacate frui fineret; Quod ad clafleitl
mans mcditerranei attinet, ea ditiones eas ita coniugrt,vt ea-
rum vires fcmper in ea finr, ficut videmus Lufitanos viribus
Maritimis ditiones quas inPerfia,Cambaia,Decan &inreli-
quo Indix habent ab hinc annis&rampliuSjglonofe fibi con-
fervaffe, Quidam cffredi prcJftantesq; viri in deliberatiombus
REX HISPANIC,
fuper id habitis oppofucrunt rivalitatem five semulationem
Turcae, dicuntque, quod fi|Rcxutparcatexpenfisimmodicis
quasin Arcesfacitjeaimpenraclafremiyo aucplurium Trire-
mium mflruere velit (quod ei fadu facile efl:)incii:abit Turcam
(cuius daflis 130 Triremium numerum non excedic) ucRege
ruperiorfic,earum ducentas inftruac,unde fu^ Maief]:ati,expe-
Cx: faciunda^ erunt,nec tamen aliquid ad eius potentia accedec.
Ea fubtiliras, neargutadicamverrutia,exceditmodum.In re-
bus ^uoque pracaicjs nihil infa^Iiciusquam nimiumingenii a-
cumen fuccedit. Non fufficit enim dicere,qu6dTurca viribus
Maritimis Rege fuperior effe velit, redvidendumefl,numid
in eju5 potefiate fitumfir. (^amvis eumTurcaplus orae Mari-
rim^xjuam Rexhabeat , non tamen plus nervorum halDet, nec
gentis machinationibp navalibus aptse.In tota enim Africae ora
nonhab£t, exceptis Algiera & Trn)oli,locum,ubiautfabrica-
re, auttenere par Trn-emiumpo/Jit. Idem de Ponto Euxino
dicimus.ubi nihil magni momentiefl: prater Capham&Tra-
pe2untem. Idem dicipo/Tet de tota quafi ora Afiae . Nonfatis'
eft enim habere mulcum or^ Maritimae , plunbus opus efl:
Populo iiiquam qui arte marina deledetur : C^ii lab ores & in-
commoda maris tolerare po/Ht; Cui cordi fitnavigatio ^ne-
gociatio in Man : Cui hgni ^ Cannabis fit: Qui' minis ven-
torum & horrore tempeilatum non exanimetur: Quivitam
periculis exponere & inijs verfari audeat ; Qui mortem inter ^
Scvllam&: Charybdin provocare non extimefeat . Indimidia
parte Imperij Turcici populus mari alTuetus non erf, nec qui
comparari vel opponi Catalanis,Cantabris, Lufitanis, Genu-
tibus,(hosnomino propter multa officiaquae Regi Cathohco
in fills claffibus praefiiant) po/fit. Duabus deniq; rebus Rex Ca>
thohcus Turcar prx valet :Vna quod quamvis Turca fiib fiio im-
perioplus populorii quam Rex habeat, eis tamen quod niaxi-
corum pars Chriftiani fint^ contra nos fidereAonpotefl:
Alters
R EX HIS PANIC.
Altera, quod orx Maririmse Regis magis unkx Tunt quam quag-
Tarcah^bet,eoquejioiiime conjungi Regis vires facilius p6i^
funt. Compertrum ejfl: etiam clafles Orieritaks plerumq; ab o~c-
cideilralibus,MeridionaIes a Septentrionalibus, Carthaginen-
fes a Romanis. Aiiaticas a Grsecis fuperatas fuiffe. Csefar Oda-
vius claflibus Italicis fregit ^giptias.noflro tempore Chriflia-
niTurcicas. IpfiTurc^farentur fuas Triremes noftris virtute
cedere,timentqueearumimpetum. Quoties Kafolus quintus
voluic clafTes armare, tantas vires coniurixit utTurcafelocp
nlovere non fuflinuerit.-Duxit enim Karolus, in cxpeditionem
Algieranarnqtingeiitas naves. In Tunetanam plusquam fex-
centas. Andreas Auria tancas copias'duxit m Grasciam^ut Tur-
ca fe loco moverc non audente ceperic Patras Coroncm.
Nihil dixi de viribus Maritimi^,quas Rex habet in Oceaito
Germanico propter motUsBdgij Verum enimvero qua^ Euro-
pe r'egio habct maiofem navium hommumqr excellentiiim qui
cum impefuofi maris tempeflatibus cef Care valeat qua velHof-
Jandia velZelandia copiam habet?Ecqui portus magis frequeil-
tantur quam qui vulgo Rammekens velpotius Zepyrgum dici-
tur Antvverpia & Amftelredamur. Nihil dica de concurfu navi-
limomnis generis Hiipah quo appellunt clairesNotacHirpa-
nia; & Peruvi^,qmbus Temper maximus Navarcharum &: Nau-
taru numerus exercetur.Meum riorieftibqui de virturc Canta-
brorum iri re maritima,qui tuntin artemilitari^tumnautica
cxcellentes evadunt,pafique ferocia hoili armato & undis trc-
meridis Oceani obviaiii eunt. Demonftravimus fere praeter in-
Hitutum vires Maritimas.Dicamusnuncpaucis de terrcflrib^^.
Ea;coniiiluntin,Peditatu& Equitatu: Ad ilium quod attinec,
optiinus miles gedellris Germanise eft is qui vulgo VValon di-
citur; De Hifpano non eft meum dicere,qu6d hasc natio ab
omiii sevo ex telliggfi/IIjHis cotius Oxtis gennbiis extiterir.
B ^ - Galli
REX H I S P A N I iE.
Gallinovem annorum fpacio a Romanis domici fubiugati^s
fuere; Hifpani bdla ad ducentos annos duxerunt. Domandi$
Cancabris Augufti Csefaris potenna &perronanecefrariajfue-
runt. Hifpani fuam patriam Mauris eripuerunt,flatimqueea
expedicione defundi invaferunc Africam,ceperuntquepra;ci-
pua eius loca. Lufitaniinvaferunr Mauritaniam.-impofuerunc
rrena orae Guineae, iEchiopiae & Cafrariae.-conquifiveruatin •
diam, Malacam, Scinfulas Moluccas. Caftellani navigando
Oceanum Atlanricum Novi orbis dominiumfibi fubiecerunr,
in Guo tot regna,provinci3e,populique lin^uis,veJ[litu,moribus
diftercntes funt,- expuleruncque Francos Neapoli & Mediola-
no.Hifpanoru virtus in fagacitatefita efl: , nulla enim alia gens
melius novit quid inbello conducatautquidobfit: Indiligcn-
tia,nihil enim per focordiam elabi finenteSj-Ti^m ^^'cri <f^\vG%
ccyl^doTToi vrioiy/jcccg-ixpu^ca uti foro norunt; In unione concordia-
.que,nunquam enim extra patriam inter femanusconferuerut;
Denique m tollerantiafamiSjlitiSjaefluSjfrigoriSjincommodo-
.rumlaborisque qua omnes alias nationes defatigant. His virtu-
tibus ab hoftibus praeclaras vidorias reportarunt. Quamvis au-
tern aliquando vi6tifuerunc,eos nihilominusa quibus vid:i fue-
rant,vicerunt,ficut accidit ad Ravenna. Nec unquainfigni cla-
de aiFedi fuere, quamvis adverfos fortunae cafus fubierunt in
expeditione Algeriana & Anglicana. Tria aut quatuor Hifpa-
norummillia furfum deorfumque verfaruntnobiliorem Ger-
manise partem, perruperuntquc undiq; permedioshofles.D-c
PediratuItalicoquiRegiCatholicoparet,nonefl meum dice-
rerNotum eft enim robur militare Mariforum, Pelignorum,
Hernicorum,Samnitum,Lucanoru. Quodadequitatu attinec
Hi/paniae Rex generofiflimam equoruEuropaeftirpemhabet,
nempe Afturcones Hifpanicos , qui vulgo Giannetti dicun-
cur. maiores Neapolitanos quos vulgus Corfieri (quafiequos
ad curfum,uc Yarronis verbo utar^idoneos dicas) appelJat:Se-
quanicos
REX HISPANIC.
quanicos qui inter Francicos antecellunt, & Belgicos qui Ger-
manicis praevalenc. Hos populos naturafuos armalTe videtur
ferro fodinarum Bifcaiae &Guipurcuae,&:MobeIina;; Teperatu^
ra quae fit Baionx , Eilbao, Tolofettge, Calatajut.-OffiGinis ar-
morum Mediolani, Neapolis , & Bufcoducis inflruxjfTe eos
annona commeatu & horreis inexhauftis Apuli2e,S.icili3e,Sar-
diniae, Ai tefiae, Cafliliae , AndaIufi2e?Eis quoque largita eftco-
piam vini, nempe Somae, Calabna;,San. Martini, Aimontisa^
iiorumque locorum infinitoruni . Abundat denique Rex Ca-
tholicus auro & argento , quo quantum vult equitatus pedi-
tusque Italici& Germanici (negenshi/panicatotinpartibus
diverfisque expeditationibusintricataconrumatur) conducic.
Principes Finitimi.
Rincipes,quorum regiones Regis Catholici ditioni-
bus confines jflint,& reJ[pe(5lu virium aliquo in pretio
habentur, ilint Veneti, Franciae & Anglian Reges, 8c
Turca. ApudYenetosiam inde ab eo tempore ex quo
ditio Mediolaneniis penes hifpanos efl res infummaquiete,
pacatiffima^q; iiint,quod Veneti tuitionepotius nituntur,rum-
mopereqi oppidorufuorum &arciummunitioniincumbunt,
quam reruin acquirendarum confiliis:QuumenimeoruReip.
tota ad pacem^ collimet non expeditutres m vicinia turbent.
Regi Catholico quoq; tot ditiones funt, ut eis conteti> fit,gens-
q; hifpanica tot,expeditiones adverf^* Turcas,Mauros aliorq;
hoftes in Europa^ Afia, Africa, Americaq; easqj tarn necefTarias
utilesq; prae manibus habet,ut in eos iram fuam plenis efFundat
habenis: Sed&: vidimus hi/panospromptealacriterqj arma in
gratiamVenetorum cepifTejiam tum quu eorumRefp.inmaxi-
mis difficultatibus.bellorum efTet, quae ei intulerut Baiazethes,
SoI.imatt^'jSelimf fecuAdus ad CephalQaianipPrevefam,Lepa-
C , turn:
Rex H t s p a n I ;e.
tum.-Habebant tamen,habentq; hifpani adfuiilatus Algierumv
Tunetum St Aplirodifium,qu3e Hifpaniae^Siciliae, Sardinian, Ba-
leanbus &: regno Neapolitano viGiniorafunt quam Cyprus &
infulae maris lonij.QupdadFranciam accinet, Rex Catholicus
camprotegendamfiircepic^fecirqueexpenfas inaeilimabiles in
Langedocia, Guienna, Provincia, Normaimia, Delphinatu,
Britanni3e,Lureti3e Parifio-mm alijTque in locis.Quid aurem di-
ceremus fi Francia cum hifpania Tub una corona unircrar: Pri-
mu id quidem oprari magis ab Hifpanis quam effedii dari polTe
dico:praeterea quod vires Francorum in impecu, Hifpanorum
autem in ci^ndatione confiflunt, nonenimaliceranimirenfa
exprimere valeo . Facilius aurem eft^ uccund:ando impetus
retundacur,quam ut conrrarium accidat: Impetus enim facile
prsevjdetur,vitatqueaut eiudit eumvir conftans. Magnus Ca-
pitaneus quum fe contulit inBarlectam,& poftea fubihtit ad ri;
pas fluvij Liris qui nunc vulgoilGarigJano dicitur,prim6 eri-
puit Gallis pofle/Honem regni Neapolitani^deinde ip-em id
recuperandi> Iifdem arubus fatigavit Antonius Leva Regem
Francifcum ad Ticinum : Proiper Columna autem erccireius
Regis Capiraneo'j e ditione Mediolanenil. Fateor equidem
impetum multum in oppugnationibus urbium valere : Fateor
quoque Francos hac in. re aliquid praeJftitiffe adlvofiumjMo-
medium^ Caletum, fed in fummis praelijs ut plurimu vidi fuere
nempeGrevelingae^S. Qinntini^ Sienae: in his enim plus vaiet
ordo & ars quam furor, in illis autem nempe oppugnationibus
plus efficit impetus & furor, quam. confilium, Etfi autem Hif-
pari,cund:ando,pr3eclaras rerum gerendarumoccafiones elabi
five r ant, eaq; ex causa fsepeincommodapatiantur, ilia tamen
cundatio ipfis fere femper, cum Gallis maxime, non folum
in rebus belJicis, fed & intradationibusnegotiorumfeliciter
ce/Iit. Veniamusnuncad Angliam. Anglorum arma ad fui
defenfionem quam aJijs offendendis, aptiorafunt,idqueana-
tura
Rex Hispani ^e.
turaliabent infulacjquae alicujus momenti& paten tiae funt,alia£
nec ad offendendum alios, necfe ipfis defendendis valent . Vi-
dimus itaque Anglos nihil unquaminconcinenteprsedarife-
cifTejnifi ab alijs fiilFultos: Divexarrunt quidem Franciam/ed
;iuxilioDucisBurgundi3e:Ipfi atieminefufFultJ non^oliimqiaod
in Francia acquifiverant, fed & diciones hasreditarias amiferur,
cxceptis Caleto & Comitatia Oyenfi^quse etjam noflro tempo-
re intra paucos dies , per Francifcum Ducem Ouifum ejs cre-
pt a funt. Angli nunc Belgium exagitant,fed auxilio Belgaru in
primis ; fi-cutnatura Angliam fmxifTe potius adfe fuoinflarui
confervandam^quam ut aliarum ditionum vicinarum acceilio-
ne imperij Cm pomeria proferat,videatur. Sunt itaque Angliae
vires divexandis Regis Catholiciditionibus, quam ijs periculo
involvendis magis idoneae. Facilitatem eas divexandiprsebec
ipfarum amplitudo & opulentia, latronibus & ^iratis multis
inlocis expofita. Sicut autemnemo miraturTurcam adeopo^
tentem Principem,mare a duabus aut tribusTrirerriibus Sandi
lohannis^autS.Stephani tutumredderenon poife: itanemini
mirum videri debet piratis Anglis in immenfo illo Oceano,
qui Regis Catholici ditiones alluit,iter pra^cludi non pofTe.
Novus Orbis.
Ranlmittamus nunc Oceanum. Ditiones quas Rex
CatholicusinNovoOrbehabet ta magnae tantseq;
potentiaefuntut hoftes no timeant . Hifpanifunda-
runt in omnibus iocis oportunis optimas colonias.
Occupant ijsfaucesfluminum^Portus Maris,&praecipuos tra-
iitus,omnesqi Situs ad in officio continendum regiones^anno-
na fertiles aut ditesvenis mineraruaptosrautadfrenandupo-
pulosbelicofos, ^ut validas civitates. A Meridie nulluhae regio
ai€s Jigfle habet^qui ^is moleft^' fit.NuII^ n, ihidc InCmQ Cotin.
C ^ iplis
REX
HISPANIC.
iplis ad aliquot Miliarum millia adiacet. A latere Septentrio-
jiali vexantur aliquando a Francis, &:Anglis, qui utclalTespor-
tus'q; depraedentur, eoufque excurrunt. Maximum damnum>.
quodpalTifunrjAnno lyS^jq^o Francifcus Dracus, AngluSjdi-
ripuit San6to Dommici oppidum, in Infula Hi/paniola,& Car-
tagena mConcinente.-Sedea Angelorum audaciaincaufafuic
ut hifpani circumfpediores facti fint , meliusq; earum regionu
fecuritati profpexerint. Eseafeptentrionali larereanaturami*
rabiJitermunitae videntur: Primum tot infulis, quae pro Septo,
autVallo Novae Hifpanise funtideinde frequentia breviumva-
dorum, flu6tuumque varietate, qui ibidem cadunt.vulgus eos
currentes dicit: Deniq; unofiudu rapidi/Iimo,quiper Sinum
Pari3e(ubi os Draconis vocatur) intrans, deinde inter lucatan
&, Cubam tranliens mter Cubam &:Caput florid^ tarn rapide fe
retrorfum vertit , ut nec expaniis celox velis, eumullopad:o
fuperare vale%: hie flu6l:us,ventorum \^arietas,aliaq; maris pe-
ricula eos animi dubios reddet,qui portu,qu6 fe recipiat carer.
Porro Rex Catholicus eo naturae beneficio utens aedificavic
praecIaramArcem in quadam Infula, VeraeCrucisopido vicina,
in p]aga,inquam,Mexicana fita.Extruxit & aliam munitionem
Havana; in Cuba exadverfo FloridaerTolIit illahoilibus opor-
tunitatem evitandifiudumjhaecfacultatem eo utendiraedifica-
vit denique Arcem validamin SandoDominicioppido,quod
tarn oportune iitum ef]:,ut obtinendo ejus Maris Imperio fa-
ctum efTe videatur.Et ut concludam: Sicut iitus Italiae ad Maris
Mediterranei dominium obtinendum fadus, ita & Hiipaniae
ad imperium Oceani obtinendum videtur.Ipfadeniq} experi-
cntia docet, Hifpanos fuapte natura vanis climatum, regio-
numqjplagis colerandis, magisquamceteroselTeidoneos.
De Philippinis,
Phib>
uiiinr ¥
R E X ir^S V A l^ t M \
HILippinse ad nova Hiipania pertinent, non quod -
inter ejus aut Novi Orbis fines comprehendantur ,
. fed quod anno 15-^4 detedae fuerut per Michaelerh
^j-g^^^j^LopeziuLegafpejquiaLudovico VelafqueoNovae
Hifpamae Prorege ad detegendum incognitas regionesmilTus
fuit . Dia« funt Philippine: in honore gloriamq; Pliilippi Regis
Hifpaniarum cujus aufpicijs ea expeditio fufceptaerat.Inillo
Oceano qui fe inter novam Hirpaniam&Taprobanam extedit,
clTe undecies mille omnis generis & magnitudinis Infulas cre-
ditur.QuamvisautHifpani eas omnes nomine Philippinarum
comprehendant, id tamen nomen proprie ijs convenit qu«
Septetrionaliores funt:Earum hucufq; plusquam4o fibi acqui-
fiveruntcumuna Myriadehominumeasinhabitatiu.Praecipua
dicitur Luzon^qua; ducentas leucas quidemlonga,fedadmodu
jftrida eft.Ibidem ad os magni fluvij qui Manila vocatur,3edifi-
carut bonuoppiduidq; utrinqj mari flumineq; cingitur . Vbi
fluv.inmare fe exonerat/abricarutTurrim robufta^ab alia auc
fluviiparte civitatulam quaeprimulfgno & terra^deinde muro
c lapide & calce cingitur. Maiori Iniularu ell: nome Veridenao,
celebrioriTandaja,qu3e,quodprimudetea:afuerit,diciturPhi-
lippina.Inter abas ell: illkCebu,in qua obijtMagellanus,ambi-
tur undecim leucis , eft in decimo gradulatitudinis.hx & alias
mfula; vicinae abudat univerfaliter venis auri & frugib^.Vende-
naoquoqj Cinamomo cujus multu in nova Hifpania arq; adeo
inipfam Hifpaniam importatur. Rex Cathol. mandavit utex
nova Hifpania in eas Infulas-boves,vaccar,equi,equ3e,ad propa-
gatione deferrentur ; Humerus Hifpanorum qui illas regiones
conquifieruntdefenduntqueaccedit hodie admille fexcentos
MiJitts qui inter hos , non font plure^nongentis.iEdificarunt
Arcesinlocisoportunis maxume m Luzon, in Pavai,&Cebu,
tenentq; ibide aliquas Triremes & Celoces.In Manila civitate
habet domiciliumEpifcopus cum 18 virisEcckfiaIliCis,Patri-
Hispanic.
b* ordinisDivi Auguft. ^focictatislefuquoru opera idudioq;
a-dfacrafide circiter rrecentahominu millia coverfa ilmt. Ma-
xima difficultas quae in eoru coverfione eft coliftit in polygami-
a,qua£ cuc^is gentibi> comunis eft.Sut hx ditiones momentofio-
res qua quis exiflimet: Vltra copia n.alimetoru&: auri quod ibi-
derepitur, sutin fituperc6modo,tuadrubjugaduInrulas vici-
nas & cSfervadu Molluccas: Tu adincroducedanavigarionem
inillu Archipelagu&NovaHifpania;Et comemuinter China
&Mexicujhae res magni poderis funtrfed id q? gravitate rei vin-
cit hxc omnia,eil:,q7 inde tanq freno,coepta lunt cohiberi fe^ta,
& arma Mahumetana quae paulatim fibi dominium ta Infularu,
quamOr^ Afiseparabac.Quin&Caflellanis. ex Nova Hifpania
Peruviaqi expeditio quam Arabib^* exfua ditione facilior efl.
Prsecer^n.quodilliviribi'fuperiores iflis fint,c6pertufuit. Na-
ve bimeflri fpacio exPeruvia,adPhi]ippinas(qU3e min^ ab Apul-
coa&:Saiifco,quam Peruvia diilat)appuline,qu6 navis femeflri,
ex Arabia no pertingat. non ob id modo, q? Arabia aPhilippinis
longif diflita fit q Peruvia/ed q> veti comunes navigarioniCafti
lianoru(hi n. reda iliicurva navigat linea)favet impefif. Confi-
c'mi praeterea Calteliani inftitutu iter uno tracSru, Mauri a. plu-
rib^>,mutaturn. eis ad caput Comorinii tempus aeflivum inhi^
bernu.Idem quoq; fere eis accidit Malac^ ubi veti (quos vulg*>
M6zonos)expe61:adi sut.Quod ampli^? eftCafliliani femp vento
fecudo&: in maritraquilloquodq; inde Mare Pacificu dicitur,
Arabes aurem in Archipelago, in quo varios miprovifosq; ven-
tos.experiutur incidutq; in latrones hominesq, facinorofos na-
vigat. Addefupradi6tis.q>ficuti exiflimatio CaftiJianoru opitu-
laturLufitanis ob vicinitate,Lufitanoruvirt^idCafl:iHanis abu-
debeneficiumfoenerat: acficontingatuthiduo popuH coniu^
gantur unianturq;, nihil non in illo man efficient,quodcum
Chinenfes probe rlorint^profpiciunt caventq; fibi,Chrifliano*
ruiijq; vicimtatem ^ arma fufpeda habenr.
Lufi-
K. E X H I S f A N T ^.
LuHtania.
^^^^^^^ilcamus nunc de ditionib^, ad Regem Catholicii pro-
Iptcr corona Lufitanica pertinendb. Hocregnum^
jiomiliarib. longum, 60 aut latum eft, quamvis nec
iregionc nec terra valde magnum, nec pfe proventib^
valdc dives fir,in litu tamen ad navigationes c6modinimo& fa-
ciendis acquifitionibi' oportunifUmo eft.Inhabitatur n. apo-
pulo tantianimi,ut expeditiones m Barbaria,i£thiopia,India,
Brafiliamqj fecerir.Iamq; per annos,dominiumlocoru, §C
portuii maioris mometi didraru Provinciaru &Patronatu navi-
gationis Oceani Atlantic!, &: Eoifibi vendicat. Antequam auc
pergamtis,opus efl:,pauca dicere, de InfulisTerzeris,qu^ etiam
coronie Lufitanica: lunt. Hae Infills propter earum fitum, adeo
opportunai &: necefferiae fiintjUt abfqj eis ipfis navigatio in JE-
thiopi am, Indiam, Brafiliam & NovumOrbem vix fieri podit.
CiafTes n. qua; ex diclis regionib^veniunt hifpalim & Olilippo-
nem cas vix vitare pofTunr, quin in eas defcendant : ClalTes Oc-
cjdentales ut ventos fequantur .-Orientales autemadcompa-
randumfibi ventosfecundos. Celebres non ita pridem fa^ae
runt,primiim propter obflinationem incolarum, contra Re-
gem Cathalicum,iam rum quumRex Catholicus regni Lufita-
nici fuccelTor fadtus efl:. Deniqueob victorias , quas adverlus
cla/Tes Franciae&AngliaeHirpanicircumipfasfibi pepererunr.
De Ditionibus in Afri-
ca & iEthiopia,
R^ter Septa &Tanger oppida,qu^ Rex Catho.rati»
one coronas Lufitanicaspoffidiet adFretuGaditanu:
&Ma2aganu.cxtra Fretuio ab Arzilla miliaribmagif
__,Meridie verfp,Rex Cath. in Ora Africa a Capite A-
euero ad Ulud g, Guardafu dicitur ufq; duo ditionum (Stats> vo-
C 4 cant)
Rex H t s p a n I iE.
cant)generanabet: aliqua enim ipfiimmediate,aIiaconfcEcIc-
racjs ipfius fubfunt Parent eidcm Iniulae Madera£,Porcs' Sandi,
Capias viridis, Arguin,Sancti Thomx,& vicinae. dictae In-
{u\x non modo fe ilia annona ruftentanc,fed & inde in Europa
miccunc,imprimis Saccarum,frud:usq, arboreos, quibus maxi-
me ricuc,& Ymo,abundac Madera. Saccari maximam eriam co-
piam conficic Sandti Thomse Infula. Hsedicionesnonabalijs
quam a piratis Anglicis & Francicis qui tamen caput: viride non
tranfeunt infellanrur.In Infulis vulgo Arguin& S. Georgij del-
la mina:hab.enc Luficani fuas infl:itorias(quas fatcorias vocanc)
eafq; ad exemplum Arcium fadas domos, unde cum gentibus
vicinis Guineas & Libyae negotiatur,aurumqi ad fe ex Mandin-
^alocifq; fininmis crahuntJnterPrincipes confoederatos ditif-
fimus honorati/limusq; eft Rex CONGO • po/Hdet enimre-
gnum quodluculentum eft,aerifqjtemperieopacarerumq;to-
pia caeceris ^thiopiae plagis antiftac . Lufitani ibidem duas
colonias habenc;unam in S.Salvatoris civitate alteram in Infu-
la^quem Loandam dicunt. Percipiunt ex hoc regno diverfas
opeSjfed praecipuae funt plu s mmus quinque millium Mancipi-
orum, qu^ illinc quotannis in infulas & novum Orbem ave-
huntur,proq; unoquoq; quod evehirur mancipio, peditur am-
plum veclrigal coronsi Lufitanicse.Ex hoc regno facile ad Pref-
byterum lohannem perveniri po/lit.-non enim longiffime illinc
abelTe exiftimacur. C O N G O NI S Regnum adeo Ele-
phantis,annon2ecopiaj omniqi alianeceffariareaffiuens eft,uc
ei expeditioni fingularem commodicatem afFerre poffet. Eft
eciam Congo coiifinis regno Angol3e,cum cuius Principe nunc
bellumgerit PaulusDiaz Lufitanorum Capitaneus : Belli vero
caufa primaria funt quseda fodin^e argenti,qu3s Potofianis neu-
tiquam cedunt : tanto autem lilis meliores iunt,quanto argen-
tum purii mixto impurove prseftat. Vt aut quod res eft dicatur.
Si Lufitani canti res vicinas^quanti longinquas feciifent^eafque
Vires
«
R « X H IS PAN! M>
Yircs quibus Caput Bonac ipei fuperarunrjpenetrarutq; inln ji-
am,MaIacam,& MoluccaSjContulilTent in expeditioncm Afri-
canam,facilius minoriqj expenfa, maiores opes experiffenr*
Nulla cnim in Orbc regie Auro argentoque ditior eftregnis
Mandinga, Ethiopia, CongOj Angola, Butua,Teroa,Macicu->
ca^oro jQui^i^v^ ^^^^"^otapajcafacij Monoemugi.
HumanA fed tmm cupidttas plerumque rem
" I'luris aUetJdm quamfuamipjimfdcit,
" Remotiuf^ res videmr dtjita
" Propiore mdior effe re.
Inter promontoriaBonaelpci & GuardafuenfehabcntLu-
iitani Arces Cefalx 8c Mozanbique: illius opera negotiationis
regionum circumfl:antium(qua; omnes auro eboreqi abundat)
dominium fibi fcrvant, hujus autembeneficionavigationem,
Indiam verlus, faciliorem kvioremq; fil>ireddunt,propterea,
quod ipforum clalTes interdum ibihibcrnantjinterdumfefei-
bidem refocillant. Habent mliac plaga RegemMelmdse/ibi
amiciffimum, Reges Quiolae aliarumq; vicinarum Infularum
tnbutarios. Nihil, nifi V 1 R I Lufitanis deiunr Praeter enira
4lias Infuks , quae quafi fe proilituunt omnibus,cfl:hkIniula
S.Laurentii inter majores,aut maxima totius Orbiscenfenda,
longaeftiioo,lataautem48omiliaribiis. Quamvis autem pa-
rum colatur,e!l: ramen ob fuam bonitatemomnis culturae ca-
paxidiilinxitq; earn natura in ilumina,Portus & Sinus commor
di/n,mos.Hae coronaeLufitanica; ditiones, non alias vires quam
marinmas timentjquaeexTurcis tantumeonftarepofllint. Scd
perpetuus curfiis claflium Lufitanicarum ( quae ultro citroque
per illas orasnavigant)easprorfusrecuras reddit, ccperuntque
Anno Tfg^ aqud Mombazam 4Trirc|nes,&unam Navem Ion-
gam Turcarum,qui CO u/q, penetrare fliftinueranc.
De Ditionibus Afise.
D H«
Rex Hispanic*
fiEditiones in Perfi^, Cambaja,India,circn6re feut-
iceriorefundn FerfiahabencLuritani Armuzium; in
Cambaja infulam Diu,Damain & Bazain.Inlndiad-
r^^^csraas*' ceriorc po/IIdenc Infulam Caul, Infulam Goam,cuin
vicinis Arcibus Cochim, Colam, & Infulam Mavar,Portum
Columbo in Infula Zeilan. Sed caput eft G oa, ubi Prorex vires
Indian fecum crahcns habicar. Armuzium & Coa magni aeftima-
cur propter dominium Maris & commerciumSinuumPerfidoJ
& CambajaerCochimum & Colamum propter copiam Piperis,
quod inde navibus impofitumavehicur:Mavar,propter piica-
nonem Margaritarum, quxinillo MarififColombo,propter
cxcellentiam&.copiamCinnamomi,vel Cinnami, quod ex ea'
infula exporcatur.Damaan &:Bazain^propterfertilitateRegi-
bnum circumjaccncium; quam ob remloHannes temus Lu-
ficanix Rex, veteranis prxdia indidis regionibus aflignavrt,
Goa maximi momenti e{l,proptcr fitus oportunitace,cui cerra:.
ubertas conjun^a efl: . Oes Indite rcgioncs Go/Epio palmisr
(unde maximaincolarum pars fe fuftencac)Oryza,Pipere,Zin-
zibere aliisq; frudibus abundant. Habec Rex Cachol.hic adhuc
nonnullos Principes amicos^aliosTribucarios. Amicorumpru
mus diti/IImusq; eft Rex Cochimenfis.qui primum beneficiarii»
Regis Calecucijfuit,necadmodumpotens erac, nunc amicicu
& commercio Luficanorum cantas opes virefq; acquifivic, ut &c
Resibus vicinis fit invidendus.RexColami quoqi cidemami-^
cus efl. In duobus liifce locis,habecRexcivitatulasquantmi
pretij,Sunt6i. ibidem nonnulli Principes tributarii:
Vires.
^ Yfitanorum in His ditionibus vires duabus in rebus ii-
icse funt:Vna efl fitus locorum &r obur: Altera numer^
cla/fiu&earumprxfi:antia:adfitumquodattinct,Lu-
Ificaiii fcieccs/c propter cxilcm fuoru numeru,inMc.
Rex His i? a n i
diterraneas rcgiones, magni momenti cxpedidoncm fiifcipc-
rc non polIe,nec fe viribus pares eirePerfis,Guzaratis,Principi^
bus Decan,Regi Narfingae & alijs,iniioc incubuerunt^ut eos fi-
tus, qui fibicommodi idoneiq; videbantur, ad maris ncgotia-
tionisq; dominium fibi parandum, &inquibuspaucimaximis
c^pijsfrontem obvercere poffentjfibi compararenc. Quumq;
Portuum Pelagiq; domini fint,tancas vires maritimas commo-
de conjungere vaicnt,ut nemo ipiis ibidem rcfiftere vaieat.Na-
vigiaq; eorum talia coquc modo inftruda funCjUt nec corum
un.^ fol* tria quatuorve aiterius generis excimefcar. Acq j,ut ali-
qiiiddicacur,cx quo,quidipfiinIndiapoiIint cognorcatur,Fra»
cifcus Almeida cum ii paulove pluribusnavibusfudicMama-
Juchos in vicinia Dm oppidi: AJfonius Alburquercius, cum cla-
fTe jomagnariminavium oppugnavit Calecutmm ; navibus ii
cepit Goam:34 rccepit eandcm.-zj eepic Malacamrr^ingrei^
fus eft Mare rubrum:i2 recepit Armuzium. Deinde rebus eo-
rum magis magisqj invalcfcencibus , duxit Lopezius Zuarezi-
us in exp editionem maris rubxi 37 naves magnas: Lopezius Se-
queiraiifnavibusCfedmaiorequaunquam antca milicura co-
pia)cencavit Guiddam a mare rubrum;4o Dium oppidum.-He-
ricus Menefius f o navibus vaftavic Patane oppidum.Lopezius
Vazius Sampajus rcliquic in Armameiitario i^^ navigia belli-
ca, omni ex parte rebus ne.cc0arijs probe inftru(fta.NonifAcu-
gna fufcepit expedicionem in Dium 500 nayibus.,iii quibus crac
JUufitanorum .tria , Indorum quinquc millia,excepco famulo-
rum armatorum faceliicio, quos fecum magno numero ducc-
refolent. Dominus Conftant:iAUsBraganza,habuitinexpedi-
tione Onorenli 60 nav^s yeliyolas,nccminorem.nmnerum,|Ji
ca^quam in Ioncfe|)atan fufcepit,
Principes Finitimi,
Rex HisPANijs.
Rstter Principcs confoederaros & tributarios, fiant
his ditionibus confines potcntiHimi hoftes nimi-
rum Pcrfa,qui in Armuzium(quod Tub clientcla eius
fuit)ius fibi vcndieat:RexCambaj3e,quiDIVM(quae
Infulailli quondam paruic)aliaq;loca quae ipfius aliquandofu-
iirediximus,repetiC:Nizzamaluccus &IdaIcamus(itavocantur
a Lufitanis duo porenti/Iimi Prmcipes regni Decan)Reges Ca-
lecutij & Narfingse.Sed Regcs Pcrfiae SiNarfingx nunquamLu-
firanis belio imperivere^quod cjs Temper cum alijs longe poren-
tioribushoftibusresfuent.Alij quamvis^id rccipiendii Dium,
Chaulem^Goam aliaq; loca,omnes ncrvos inrenderinr, nihilq;
in eo molimme intenratum reliquerinr, nuUam tamen expcdi-
tionem momentofam adfelicem optatamq> cataftrophen per-
ducere valuerunt: Situs n. locorum,maritimis auxilijs recipie-
dis commodillimi func. Ac quamvis holies expeditiones hiemC
( ut faculcatem auxilij ferendi Lufitanis eriperent) fufceperint,
nihil tamen profecererquod naviuni Lufitanicarum conditio &C
apparatus,^ feroces Lulltanorum animi qu^vis pericula con-
rcmpferintjDumitaq; certatim opcramdantjObfcfTi ut perdu-
rent &patientervincant:Alij utfocijs obfeffisfuccurrat, omni-
bus ventorum marisq; periculis fe cxponunt, omnes hofliu co-
natus irritos reddiderunt.Nullus a. Lufitanis acrior formidabi-
liorqjhoftis eft ipfo Turca,qui ea commoditatefretusutenf^
<jue,quam Vrbs Adena ej pr«bct,ex mari rubro, identidem eos
India expellcre conatus eft, ad earn expeditionem modo a Re-
gcCambajxmodoabambitionefoUicitatus. Maxima clafiij
quam Turca inftruxeric 64. navium fuit, quas advcrfiisDium
inifitrfed ca in turpem fugam a6ta eft . Mifit dcinde aliam claf-
fcm zi magnarum navium in expeditionem Armuzianam.,
^U3e claflis fere toca opprefia quafi^ataquc fuit. Inzeilan nihil
©raster Arccm Colombo Lufitani habent.Rcx enim qui eorum
Tributarius erar^a Mauro qui Singapandar dicitur, regno exu-
tus.
Rex H 1 s f k V j m,
tusnunc tanquam exul vivit/uilinetq; feauxiIio,quod cifiip-
peditanc Lufitahi,
De India Vlteriore.
N India ulceriore habec Luficanica corona regnum
Malacenfe & Infalas Moluccas, Malaca Metropolis
kaputq; regni cfl, quod ad z/p miliaria patet; fedob
c.^5«sc^-.^]aerisparumfalubri$intemperiem a paucis inhabita-
tur,nec ibidem aliudoppidummagnimomenti^quamipfaurbs
Malaca conipicitur. Haec ka flea eftjUt non rantum omnia c6-
mercia,fed &c itinera quje per immen/iim illumOceanum a/au»
cibus maris rubri ad Caput Liampo fiunt u%5,conjungatuni-.
atq;;E6 quoq;importanturopesContinentis,totq; illarulnfu-
Jarum, ut omnesrimulcopulataeamplitudineEuropse nonce-
dant. Ivlalaca quondam multo maior erat.extendebatur cnim
Secundum maris plagam ad plus quamtria miliaria cScdLufira-
ni,(ut ejus defenfio facilior expcditior eirct)in Arcemcam
redegerunt,qu3eiupramiliareiiicircuitu noncontinet. DuPS
porentes hcflcs habet^nempe Reges lor & Achem, quorum ilk
terra potens eft, Bicmari potenti/Iimus, a quibusipfaobreilk
fuit, nec femel in magnum difcrimen adduda eft, led auxilio
quod ei ex India yenit/emper cum'ftrage diruinahoftiumfer-
vata eft: Tandem Paulus Lima Regem lor fudit,arceq; ab ipiis
in vicinia Malacae cxtruda expugna vit,in qua praeter alia Ipplia
c^ootormentabellica acrea repertafuerunt. Ha^c ditio magno
periculo vel ob porentiam Regis Achem (quae tota in eisperni*
ciem fc convertit)expofita eft.Ideoqj Rex Catholicus,ut ditxo-
ne Malacenfem,a periculo tutam fcrvet, expedition^ Achefcm
MathiasAlburquercio,(quemfuperiorib^'anniscuauthoritat^
ingcntiq; manu inlndiam mifit) commififTc exiftimatur. Eeli-
qdum eft regnum Malucco, ubi Lufitani, quo fibi commcr-
^ J) 3
Rex H t s * a n 1 M. '
cmmCaryophyllorumquaein Molucis narcuntur,& Moicho-
caryorum ( qux Infulac Banda; peculiares func) fecurum effi-
€erenc,in Iniula Ternate Arcem habebant qux auxiliorum ino-
piahis recroadis annisfe Mahumetanis dedidit . Nihilominus
Luficani qui fe in Infulam Tidor receperunt,ibidcm mercemo^
n>orumartem in fe transferences remanent.
•* iHOThe.tcrrdqua fdtet^nuUamtepo
" Regts aut diti9 eif,ieHS cuius efit pluribm
^' Conjldta nAtiomhus, qua vel rndgis
»* Sermonts inter varietdte diferat
Se:£intefedqu4nuJl4 conftansfit minm
*' ContrA,minuf Jincerd, fidd,& cdtididd:
** nine jit ut ibidem nuttd pdx unqudm, quies
}!i€C ull4,nec famiVelhilum fit hni.
MAGNUS
MAGNVS TVRCA^
VRCAeomprehenditfuo imperio priecipuas partes
tnumOrbis terra; parcium: Habet eniminEuropa
totam maris Oram, qu« a finibus Epidauri,ad fau-
ccsTanais ufq; excurrit i QuicquidjiicerBudam&
Conftantinopolim.EtaPonroEuxmo ad hoc latus
Savi ufq; eft.Eo fpacio compreRendltur meliorHnngar.s pars,
totaBornia,Servia3ulgaria MacedQnia,Epirus,Gr«cia Pd^
ponnefus,Thracia,Archiperagus cum fujs Infialis.Tenet in Alia
Hfrica Id omne quod d oppido Belis de la Gomera. ad Alex,
andriam JEgypti: ABugiaadGuargalam.-Ab Alexandria ad ci-
vitatem Siene:Et ab Heroum civitate (quam nunc Suez app*
Ja.nt)adSuachenufqi eft. Imperijhuius magnitudo.comprehe
di poreft ex amplitudme aliquaruejus, partmm. Paulus Meotil
(qL t Ota eft In^penj Turcici )mille Milianb» in Orbem patet
Pontus Euxinus J,is milk fepnngentis niiliarib» am^^^^^^^
verfum Maris Mediterranei.C quod ei fubditum) littus,con-
tinetin circuitu oaomiliariorummilha ^gyptus._qu«tota
fua eft.quingentis miliaribus longior a;ftimatur:A Taurifio,
ter in fuo facit Budam ufque,per ter mille & ducenta miliaria.
Tan undem fpacij eft a Derbento ad mare Cafpium, Adenam
ad S num Arabicumufque. A Balfera, ad Sinun. Perficum.
Tremifenam in Barbaria ufque. paulo minus quam quatuo*
S"orummillianumeranrur. Inmari -bil |mas infu la^^
Cyprum,Eub«am,Rhodum,Samum,Cluum,Lesbum & alia*
Archipelagihabct,
Opes.
Milk.
Magnus T u r c a.
OC Ipacio continetur regioncsmaximae,&annoa4
abundances. Quae terra n. frugibus dirior ^EgyptOjA-
frica,Syria, Afia efl?Qiiae opulencior omniq; bono af-
iluencior Hungaria,Gra;cia,Thracia>In his ditionib*
habec Turca quatuor civitates maximaru divitiarum,Confl:an-
tinopolim, Aikairum , Alepum,Tauriiium. Conflantinopolis
omnes Europae civitates, populi ff equentiajfuperatiTEfbiman-
tur n. in ea,plus quam fcptingents hommum miilia elTe.quod ^
ita cftjduas fere PaxifiorumLutetias aequaret. Alepum eft maxi-
ma SiryaEcivitas,& quafi centrum, quo mercimonia Afix con-
fluunt. TauriHimaxmia Imperii PerfaruCquibus noftro a:vo e-
repta eft)civitas,habet plus quam ducenta hominum miilia. Al-
kayrum inter omnes Africasurbcsprincipatum obtinet,nonn.
ulia aliaeft,quamnonlongo mtervallo poftfe relmquat ; tam6
alij Canourbem,eimagnitudineparemfaciut.AIkayrum,quali
horreum.nonfolum ytgypti,magn3eq; partis Africaejfed & In*
dix eftjCUjus Thefauri m mare rubrum,demdeq; dorfis Camc-
lorum, Alkayrum devedi,diftribuuntur per regiones,quas ma-
Mediterraneumalluit. ImperiumTurcicumaparvjsmitijs,
in magnitudinem Principibus Chriftianis extimerccndam
excre vit per arma,quibus nofkrx difcordiae ipfis percommodx^
utiiesqj fuerunt,anfamquepraibucrunt. Art^s bellicaeTurca-
rum fuere , Semper p.aratum inftrudlumq; e/Te ad offendendu,
& pra^veniendum hoftem ; Vt in expeditionibus,celeritate ad-
mirabili ihabere vires,in promptu,&quafi ad manum: Vno tern*
poreplura non tentare • Non diu cum aliquo bclligerare, ne in
armis exercicetur : Non confumere tempus & petunias m ex-
pcditionibus parvi momenti: Non acquircre,quari per faltum^
fed ptdetentim . Multum quoqueprofuit,qu6d Prmcipes ma-
xima expcditionum parti praefuere . Alijs quoque artibus ufi
func Turc«,quibus,trecentorumannorum/pacio, domusOt-
tomanica fibi maximoru rcgnqru dommiu paravit,idq; ab An-
no lyoo^ad hoc tempfufqi/ercduplicavic. Re-
M A C K U 3 T U R C A.
Regimen.
/^TTomannorum regimen efl: plane deipoticum. Magnus
enim Turca adeo abfolure Dominus rerum omnium,mtra
fines fui dominii contentarum eft, utincola; fe fuamancipia^
non fubditos nuncupenc . Ncc fui quifqiiam juris eft,mui-
toque minus domus^quam inhabicatjaut terra:,quam cohc,do-
minus eft, excepcisaliquibus familijs,in Conftantmopoli,qui-
bus premij loco, & privilegio,id concefrum,a Mahumetefe-
cundo fuic.Ncc aliqurs adeo magnus eft,uc de vJta,non dico dc
forcunis , auc ftatu , in quo eft,recurusiit,nifi quamdiu Magno
Dominoidgratumeft . Inhoc adeoplenodomimo, confervac
fe Turca,duobus^cdijs:Auferendo nempefubditis arma: Dc-
indeponendo omnia in manu Apoftatarum, quos mipforum
pucritia,tanquam decimas accipici4.Hac arte duo bona con-
fequitur.Primum eft,qu6d Provmcias flore nervoque virorum
fpoliac, deligunrur enimjuvenes robuftiores,armifqueaptio-
res; Alterum,qu6dhisfeipfumarmat,fecurumq;facir : laniza-
ri enim gremio parencum, in puericia erepri,hujufqueautil-
ius cur« traditijprius quam id advertanc evadunt^Mahumeta-
ni , nec amplius patrcm auc matrem agnofcences dependent
prorfus a Magno dommo,qui eos pafcic foverque: Exped:ant
itaque ab co omnia,illa que acccpcum illi ferunr*
Vires/
TVRCyErobur confiftit in equltatu,pcditatu,cIa/llbus,com-
meatu,pecunijs.Qu6dadpecuniasattiner,communi opini-
one reeeprum eft,ipfum plus mmuso£to Millioncsaureoruin
ordmarij reditu habere, Etfi autc vjderi po/fiic,feipfum cx adeo
ampio imperio multo ampliores Reditus perciperc poffe,
id tamcn non fic/ quod Turcae nihil aliud in ammo habcant
E ncc
U R C A.
Magnus T
nec alrcrius rei curam gerant quamarmorum,quae ruanaCurs,
ad cxcindendum deftruendumque , quam ad conlervandanx
dicandumqae Provincias aptiora func. Turcx quoque Mt cx^
crcitus confervcnt, fuafq; expeditiones continuenr, italpo-
liant populos,uc vixipforum fuftentationi nec elTari a eisr elm-
quant: Subditiitaquc dcfperantes fccommoditatibus, multa
minus opibus (quas labore induftriaque fibi parare pofTent)
fruituros,agricuItur3ecommercioq; ulterius nonincumbunt,
quam eis opus eft,im6 quamipfaneccflitasfiagitat. Quidc-
nimprodefletfementcm faccre quam alius mcteret? Metere,
quod alius abfumturus efTet? Itaque in ditionibus domus Otto-
manicse vifuntur filvae immenfae, omnia ubique vafta pauci/H-
mx civitates populo frequentes, potifTimaque agrorum pars
deferta jacet. In noilris regionibus ex populi frequentia ori-
tur annonse caritas, in Turcia autem ex hominum. penuria.
Maxima rufticorum pars moritur ducendo commeatum alias*
qiie res neceffariaSjin itineribus quoqj,per quae tcndunt exerfti-
tus.'In cla/llbuserjam,namexdecem remigummillibus qui d^
domoruarevclluntur,urplurimumnonrcvcrtitur quarraparsf
Pereunt inofcmmodiratibus , mutationibus aeris, laboribus:
Idque tanto plus accidit,quod quum Tureicse clafTes hyeme fe-
per exarment: itaque remiges epirata^q; nunquam mari ejufq?-
incommodis afTuefcunt. Mercatura deinde omneqj ferecom»
mercium eftinmanibus ludasorum aut Chrillianorum Euro-
p3e,EpidauriorumjVenetorum,Francorum, Anglorum.In tata
ditione quantam Turcae in'Europahabent^noneflaliamerci-
monijs Celebris civitas pra;ter Confl:antinopolim,Capham,&
ThelTalonicam. In Afia, quam Alepum, DamafcuSjTnpolis,
Adena:In Africa Alkayrum , Alexandria , Algerium. Reditus.
fuppeditat agricultura,cademartificijs materiampra;bet. Arti-
ficia mercaturam inftruunt: deficientc autem agricultura defi-
ciunt omnia. £tfi autem prdinanj Turcsc reditus eo quod dixi-
mus^
M A G N U si T U R C A.
miis, Ihajores non fine, cxtraordinarij tamen magni facicfldi
funt, praecipuse confifcationes donativa. Ba/Tac enimalijquc
miniflriTurcse exfugunt tanquam harpyac fanguinem fubdito-
rum,accumulantque Thefauros in«ftimabiles,qui,ut plurimu,
Fifco Magni domim ccdunt.Exiftimatur Abrahimum Bailam,
Alkeyro avexifle valorem fex Millionum; multo majorem
iummam habebac Mahumetes Vifir Occhiali , praeter alias di-
vitias tria mancipiorum millia poflidebar. Sultana fororSe-
iymi fecundi, percipiebatquolibet die bis mille & quingentos
Zcccliinos,incepitqi adperegrinorumcommoditatem Aquae-
du<^ium ab AlkayroMechamufque.Opus profe<f^:6immenium,
Magno domino facile eft occafionem arripere uc cujvis pro li-
bitovitam cum bonis auferat. Donana ad magnam fummam
accedunt. Nemo enimlegatuSjCoramipfocompar^repoteft
abfque donis. Nemo aliquod munus, aut dignitatem omme-
tofam fperet^nifi pecuniaadfit.-NuIlus a provincia cui pr^fuit,
&4k expeditione quam confecit , vacuis manibus in conipc-
^nm tanti Principis venit, nec tarn potenti Principi dantur
Teruncij , Vaivode Moldavi3e,Vvalachiae,Tranffilvaniae,con-
fervant fe in fins Priricipatus vi donativorum,mutaturq; quo-
tidie Vvaivodae Vvalachix & Moldavix,dantur enim Principa-
tus plus olFerentibus qui utpr«ftent quodobtulerunt,oppri-
muntpopulos,rediguntqjadinopiamProvincias. Nihilomi-
nus vidimus bellum Perficum cxhaufifTc Turcae Aeraria, &:
jus The^auros confiimpfilTe. Annispoftremo elapfis turn Con-
ftantinopolt , cum per omne ImperiumTurcicum crevit fiiprst
quamcredipotcft,prcciumAuri,itaut Aureus duplo plus qua
prius valuerir,materiaqi auri argentiquc adulterata adco fuit,
ut lanizzaris occafioncm igncm civicaci Couftantinopolita-
nae inijciendi, pavoremqi Magno domino, non folualijsincu-
cifndi prsebuenclnurbc Alepo mutuum miUium aureorum
no.
Magnus T u r c a.
nomine Magni domini a mercatoribus petitum fuit. Quam-
vis autcm TurcxReditus non tarn magnse runt,quam amplitii-
doImperij&Rcgionumfertilitasexigerevideri pofTet, habcr
tameninlua ditione fru6tummajoreis valoreis quamfuntipfi
Redicus, nempe mukicudinemTimarrorum, velFeudorum,
vendicant enim fibi PnncipesOttomanni agros jquos bello ho -
il:ibus auferant, prioribusq; dominis talem partem, (exiguam
aut nullam)proutipfis vifum eitrelinquentes,rcliquum inTi-
marra quae funt tanquam Commendae, repartiunturjaurdanc
agros benemeritis militibus dum vivunt, ealegeatquecondi-
tione^utaliquotequosinbelliurusparatos alant, Ineofitaeft
omnis prudentia Turcarum &: cura, quam dc confervando Im-
perio habent: Nifi enim hac rationc mihtibus telluris colen-
d3e,propterutilitatem, quam ex ea fperant, curadcmandare-
turjOmniavaflaiacercnt.IpfimetTurcasfolent dicere,quodubi; ,
Magni domini equus pedcm ponit, ibidem amplius herba non
crcicatjhis Timarris if o millia equitum paratum tenet, qui iK-
mis probe mftrudi, eotenduntquo Princepsjubet,necipfcvel
Teruncium expcndir.Tammagnus equitatus,minoris t4 aure-
orum Miliionibusnutririnonpoffet. Mirandum itaque,qu6d
aliqui Reditu s Turcarum cum Chriftianorum Reditibus con-
ferentes, tantimembri opum Ottomanicarumnullamfaciant
mentionem . fertur Turcam, bello quod cum Per/a genit,tan-
tum fibi terrae fubjeciffe, ut 40 Timarrorum millia in ca er^-
xcrit ,- inJflitueritqj novum Gazophylacium Taurifij,undeau.
rcorum MilUo ad ipfum reditlnftitutio Timarrorum & dele-
dlus AzomogIanorum(itavocantIuvenesqui educanturut fiat
Iani2zari)runtduopr3ecipuacoluminaimperjj Turcici. Vtru-
que ad imitationem Romanorum inflitutum viderur.Roma-
ni enim Imperatores utebantur fuis fubditis adbclla, confla-^
batqueexijsexercitusPrsetorianus, qui nunquam ab Impcra-
tons latere difcedebac. Tacitus docerrcle6lionemjuvenu,qu3f
adhunc
Magnus Turca.
ad hunc fincm fiebac, Batavis rcbellandi occalioncm dcdifCd
In Imperio Romano dabantur Timarra miiicibus in Vfum-
&udum,&:incompenfationem bene &c forticcr fa6torum, di-
cebanturq; Bencficia,& quiijs fruebanturBcneficiarij. Alexan-
der Severus concefHt hseredibus militum,ut ijsbeneficijsfrui
poifent , ca tamenconditione,utmilirarenr,aliasnonConfla-
tinus Magnus, dedit fuis Capiraneis defe benemejritiSjhxre-
ditarios agrosquihacStenus vitatenus tantum concedebantur,
Feuda in Francia,ex rcmporarijs pcrpecua fadla funt rcgnatib^^
uldmis Regib^ Karolovingijs,Di6tus equitacusTurcicus, duos
cfFecaius valde cgregios in Imperio Turcico facir. Vnus eft
quod fubditos tanquam freno iracohercet, ut non tarn cito fc
moverepoirenr,quinhosficurrotFalconeSyincervicibushabe-
rent:funt eniminhoc per rotum impcrium divifi. Alius effe-
d:us cfl,quod una eorumpars(duni altera ad confinendos red-
nendosq; in officio populos domi manet ) Temper" ad eas quae
occurrunc expedinones parara eft . Eft igiturpro prselidio Im>
perij,ad coercendos tumultus qui oriripofTentj&pro praecipua
belli nerve. Praetereum equiracumhabet Turca penes fc bonu
equitum numerum quibus, ftipendia pendir, ij in Spaclii,VIu-
fagi, Caripici dividuntur, funrque tanquam S eniin aria mini- _
ftrorum &Praefeclorumlmperij: Inde enim ordinarie fumun-
tur BaiTaCjBeglerbegi^Sangiaci. Prater hos ftmt Alcanzi & au«
xiliarij,Tartari,VvalaGhi,Moldavi. Altera Viriupars eftpedi-
tatus qui in lanizzaris confiftit;in ijs duo confidcrantur nempc
natio & rpecialis dexteriras in armis. Quod ad nationcm atti-
net ordinarie non infcribuntur albo lanizzarorum ex Afiao*
riundijfed ex Europa. Habenr enim illos pro mollioribus, fi-
cut Temper fuerc & magis pronos ad fugiendum ^ quam adftrc-
nucpugnandum; Europae populi alitem Temper pro bellato-
ribus pugnacibusquehabiti fuerc in Oriente. Afiatici milites
Turcse^nomine nationis Turcae vocancur : Europaei autcm di-
E $ cun-
Magnus Turca.
eunturRumini, ideftRomani.Quodad dextcritatem attinct,
fdi^nmtur pucri, inquibus majora indicia roboris, agilitacis
& audaciae apparent: H« enim tres qualitaces in milite requi-
runtur. Delectus quoquo tertio anno fit, nifi necefTitas eum
cidus fieri urgeat, ficutbdlo Pcrfico accidit, quobello, non
foiiim frequentior dele^us habitus ell, fedetiam Azomogla-
nis Turcieis ufi funt, quod nunquam antea fieri foiitumerat.
Quimi ij juvcncs Conftantinopolim addudi funt, luftrantur ab
Aga,qui nomen juvcnis,quo patre &: cx qua patria fit in tabulas
refert . Eorum deindc pars in Afiam Minorem(nuncNatolia
dicitur)&c in alias provincias mitntur,ubi linguam & legem ad^
difcendo,imbuunturvitijs Scmoribus eorum, cum quibus de-
gunt,evaduntqucidnonanimadvcrtentes,Mahumetani . Alia
pars difirribuitur per Septa (quxTurcx Serraglia vocant ) quae
Magnus dominus Conftantinopoli &:Perae habet: Afpedu puU
chriores meliufq; compofiti deftinatur Confcpto Magni Prin^
cipis. Toto CO tempore quo ijjuvenes Azomogliani vocan«
tur, nonhabent certum Praefeclium, nec occupantur prx-
fcnptis exercitijs, fed hie operam navat colendis hortis»
ille fabricis , alius fervicijs domefticis fimilibufquc alijs re-
bus. Pofl certum tcmpus revocantur in Confepta Azomo-
glianorum (iravocantur toto tempore donee albo lanizza-
roaim infcribantur ) tradunturquc Prasfe^is , qui cos opc-
res manuarijs laboribufquc exercent , habcnturquc fatis
male quo ad vi^um amiaumque : dormiunt in fpaciofis
sedificijs , dormitorijs Rcligioiorum fimilibus,in quibus
luminaria ardentia cuftodefque fimt , fine quorum pcrmifh-
one fe loco moverc non debent. Arcu Sclopetoque ferirc dif-
cunt, cumque in exercitio aliquem habent ulum , adfcri-
buntur numero lanizzarorum aut Spachorum : Illi non mi-
nus quam quinquc, nec amplius quam oao Afperos (mone-
tx aenus eft) percipiunt; hi decern. Inalbumlanizzaroruni
^ ^ i adfcripti
Magnus T u r c a*
acifcripti in belfa aut praifidia cunt , aut manent ad portam>
fii ulnmi habent pro fua habitatione tria locaampli/lima,{r-
cuc monafteria. Vivunt ibidem Tub fuis Praifedis cla/IIs,min.o-
refque inferviunt maioribus in expendendo, coquendo fimilia-
que minifteria obeundo cum magna obedientia & filcn-
no. Qui unius cla/fis funt , vivunt m communi ad unam
menfam, dormiunt in atrijs longiflimis. Si aliquis per occa-
fionem abfque vema fons pernoaralTet ^ fequenti vefpera
egregie vapulat, canta cum difciplina,ut pofleaquam vapula-
yic fuarum more manusfuiPrxfecaideofculencur. Gaudent
lanizzarimultisprivilcgijs/honorantur quamvis fmt infolen-
tiores timenturque ab omnibus; In profedionibus aut itinc-
xjbus depredantur cafas domosChriftianorum nec vcl verbo
contra mutire licet: Dum quid emuntpretiumprolibito rebus
dicunt; Anullo quam ab AgaiudicaripoiTuntjiiecpledluntur
cxtremo Tupplicio citra periculumfeditioniSjideoqi idraro 8c
valde fecreto fit. Mille Regalia habent: Aliqui ex eorum nu-
meroadjungunturLegatis cuftodicndis : Alij dantur peregrc
proficifcentibus maxime cumfunt honeflasconditionis^ucfe-
curi Tint in^itionc Turcica,recipiuntque laniz^ari bonas Stre-
nas: Eorum eft clc(aioPrincipis,niricnimipri Magnum domi-
num approbent aut proclament, creatus effe dicinonpoteft,
Vnufquifque Princeps adeptus Imperium,dat eis aliquodDo-
nativum augetque ftipendium. In gravi bello egreditur eorum
pars cum ipforiimAga aut fuoLegato,ultimique omnium co-
fiigUnt. ApudTurcasMunus cui plures invideant non eft quam
Agx: Ipfe & BcglcrbegusGraeciasfolinoneliguntlegatos/ed
Magnus dominus nominat eos Ag^e Ianizzarorum,nihiI certi-
ori exirio efTe poteft ,quam eximius lanizzarornm favor.^ Nu-
merf lunizzarorum eft a duodecim ad quatuor Aipra dec^ mil-
lia. Uxc m-ilitia noftro tempore multitcvilmt quia etiaTurcag
in lanizzaros afTumuntur ficut & Afiatici^quumprimumnon
E 4 alij
Magnus Turca.
alij quam Chriftiani Europx admicterencur; Deindcqaia
uxores ducunt,pr3cter antiquum morem, nec idipfis veticum
cft.Propterlongammoram quam Conftancinopoli, (quanou
alia urbs magis eft delicijs dcdita) mulcumvilueruncfegnio-
les infoknces, Immo intolerabiles evaferunt.Dicitur comuni-
ter robur Turcicum confifterc in hac militia lanizzarum; fed
alibi oftenfiam eft hoc effe falfifTImum. Practer lanizzaros ha-
bet Magnus dominus Azappos peditatum vilem,qui plus Ligo-
ne quam cnfe utitur, magifq; ud hoftes multitudine delaffan-
dos quam ad eos virtute fuperandos conducit,folentque laniz-
zari Azapporum cadaveribus foffas implere,ijrquc uti pro fcalis
quibus hoftium muros fcandunt- Sicut autcm Romani habe-
bantmilitcs legionari(5s &' auxiliarios ( quorum illiprsecipui,
nervi fuse militi^jhi autem velut addi,tamen vci audlarmm crat)
ita & Turca equitatum,quem ftipendiariumhabet, & Timar-
riottasproroboreexercitus aeftimat: Alcanzos pro accidents-
li, lanizzaros tanquam Legioncmprsetoriam, Azappos tan^
quam numcrum ducic. Scd tempus eft ut duo verba de armatu-
ra navali dicamus. Primo non eft Princeps, qui majorem op-
porrunitatemhabeat inftruendi claffes quamTurca^filvae turn
Epiri & Ciliciae, fed plus alix Nicomedise & Trapezuntinac tani
magnaeacdefenfaefijnt, pleneqi altis arboribus fabricandis o-
mnis generis navibus apti/Iimis ut creditu difficile fit. Imo vi-
dentur Tnremcs quafi iam fabricatar /ponte de filvis Nicomc-
diae in Pontu Euxinumcadere.Necdefuntfabriadcopiamil-
lamhgnorumclaborandam,avantia enimtrahit in fua Arme-
taria erjam fabros Chriftianos . anno fcqucnti poftillamcla-
dem,quam ad Echimadas acceperat,eduxit clalTem quae noftrar
occurrere veritanoneft. Nccunquam Turcac bonus numerus
hominum mari expertorun defuit. ExTriremibus enimquas
pro cuftodia in Lesbo, Rhodo, Cypro, Alexandria habet: Et
quod fuisPorcibus Tunc, BugiaeSc Algicraepiratasrecipic, po,-
Magnus T u r c a.
tcftcxijs dum opus ef]:,Gapitaneos & robur niiniflronim nau-
tarumdc remigiim fuis cla/Iibus eligere.Quid pi flare po/Jir,vi*
rum eft iioftro tempore in cla/Hbus quas habuit adMeliten,
adEchimadas &adGuleram.HabecprserercaapparatuumbeU
licorum maximam copiam: Tormentainnumcrafunt: Ex
Hungaria abduxir quinque cormencorum bellicorum millia:
Quingenta eorum acquifivit in Cypro : Guletaep^ulo mmus.
Turcis func tormcnta adeo immenfae magnicudinis, utftrc-
pit us , non idtus cantuni muros demoliarur. tanrum comrnea-
tus, pulveris pyrii & gJoborum habent , quantum ad Mehten
oftenderunr, ubi cxplofa funt plus quani (5^0 globorum milik;
Famag.ull:a:ii3 millia. Guletse 39 dierum fpacio furore impc-
tuque tormentorum demoiiti Tunt fortificationes a noftris
40 annorum fpacio fa<5tas. Vltimo bello Pcrfico,ducebat Of-
manus generalis turcarum quingenta tormenta campeftria.
Quatiunt moenia munitionum tot tormcntis, contmuantquc
tanto tempore tantaque cum vehementia , ut omnia lolo se-
quent. Vbi vim non faciunt tormenta utuntur Bipennibus, ubi
has locum non habentjimpleuntfolTasligone & Battillo; Since
hoc fufficit,implcnt eas cadaveribus fuorum militum. Tria ha-
bentTurcae qua; nemmemnonterrent.-Multitudinemhominu
infuperabilem,difciplmam militarem imperturbabilem, Com-
meatuum copiam infinitam.Multitudo iua natura parere con-
fufioncm folet,& ordinaric ceffere magni cxcrcitus parvis. Sed
multitude frequentiaqucvirorum in exercitibus Turcicis tan-
to cum ordinc graditur, ut & folo ordincminoremfliperet,
qui tamen facilius in ordinem dilponi poteft,quam cxercitus
immodicus,itaur&numcro&artcvincantTurc3e.Eorum difci-
plina militaris adeo probe ordinata ef1:,ut ea inreneRoma-
nisquidcm,nedum alijscedant. Confiftit autem eorum difci-
plina militaris in pluribus rebus; In parj(imonia,fuftentant e-
nimfe modico panisfubcincribusco<^i^Oryzacumpulverc
F carnis
Magnus Turca.
carnis ad folemdeficcatx. ProhibenturvinOjficutr quondam
Chartaginenfcs •. DecemTurcaehabentincaftrisunumDecu-
rionem, cui fine refragatione obtemperanC' Inipforumca-
ftrisnccunam foeminam videreeft. Eflibifilentiummirabile.
Tot enim milices reguntur fignis manuum&vultus citra verba;
Ne noAuflrepitum facianc> patiuncur aliquaudoeffugereca-
ptivos; Inprimis puniunt rixas & furta.-Quando progrcdiuntur
exercitus,non auderec excurrere in vineas aut agros: Contcm-
nunt mortem, creduntque earn fato inevitabili contingtrc,
Strenuospr«mia,ignavos cercapaenamanet: Nunguamdiipo-
> nunturperurbes,necijs concediturinijsperno£lare : Vtexer-
ci'tatirmtmiliteSjfblent Principes Ottomanni fere Temper ali-
cubi belligerarijUt difciplina militaris non intermittatur. Quu
autem difciplina militaris armis apparatuque bellico deftitu-
tanihil fit,gigas enim quantum vis fcrox, fedinermis apuero
armato vinci pofTet, Turca in bcila tendit tanta cum machina-
rum & inftrumentcrum bellicorum aqparatu,eorumque om-
uium,quae eorum tra6tationi ufuique neceiTaria funtjUt nullius
alterius rei curam habere videatur. IdcognofcetiSjquiruinas
conliderabit,quas eorum vires fccere,ubi eas cxqlieucrunt.
Principes Finitimi.
'TTVR cas ad ortum conterminiruntPerfis,fecundumIineam,
quae imaginarie duci debet aTaurifio ad Balfaram ufq, .Luli-
tanisadSinumPerficum: Ad Meridiem eifdemLufitanis; Ad
marerubrumPresbyteroIohanni. Adoccafum Serilfo: & reg-
no Neapolitano. ad Septcntriones Polonis & Familiae Auftria-
cae,Cum Perfis belligerando abfq; dubio Magnus Turca fuperi-
"^or cft;Mahumetes enimfecundus vicit Vifuca/ranum: Sclimus
primus & deindc Solimanus ejus filius m fugam egerunt Ifmae-
icm &Tamafum. Amuraccs certius per fuos Capicancos abftulit
Perfis
Magnus Tukca.
Perils totamMediam, Armeniam majorem, &cmtatcmRc-
gjamTaurifium . Quodpr«valecconrifl:itinpeditatu,quo Per-
fa caret: In tormentis hellicis &c miirunombus,quorum Perfa
nee eopiam nec ufiim habet . Quamvis autem Perfae ftrenuica-
re equiratus aliquando inaperto Campo Turcasfuperaverint;
tamenfemper terrain perdiderimt; Solimanusabftuliteis Me-
fopotamiam.Amurath^sMediam. Nec Perfx folum damnum
pafllfunt , amilcruntque fua/ed & eorum-fopij.SeJimusprimus
fpoliavit Mamaluchos ^gypto &c Syria: Amurathc<itertiu$
dcflruxit propc in totum Georgianos confoederatos Sophy.
Turca cum Lufitanisbelligerandomulto inferior efl:: Ratio-^
nesenim cum ipfis decertandiconfiftuntin viribusnavalibus,
quibusLufitani in tant|4m Turca iuperiores funt,quantum O-
ccanus Indicus,SinuPe^rfico,& marirubro major ell: . Habent
Lufitani in India loca 8c Portus,addam ditiones & dominia,
ligno , commeatu, omnique^pparatunautico referta.Nec de-
funt eis potentes Principcs auxiliares. E contrario Turca nihil
munitum habet in SmuPerfico praeter Balferam . OraArahiae
qua uti pofTet^non habet pkis quam quatuor oppida/atis infir-
ma, &parv« xftimarionis: Itaque hie ficut &inmarirubro
cJafTcm armare valde difficileell, quod regioprorfus ligno fa-
bricandis navibus idonco,careat. Vndc iihs paucis vicibus,qui-
bus clafTes in mari rubro mftruxit (quumhocin Sinu Perfica
minus facerepofIit)necefrehabuitmateriam fabricandis navi-
bus ex Portubus Bythini^ &Gilici^per Nilum,Alkayrum de-
vehere,undedor^lsCamclorumSucz(qu3eohm Heroum civi-
rasdia:afuit)deJataeft,ubi Armamentarium habet. %oties
Turca expeditiones adverfus Lufitanos fiifccipk, nihil prater
dedecus & damnu retulit,nimir|im Anno 15-3 8 ad civitatem Di-^
um:Annoi5'5'2,.adinfulamArmuzium: Anno 15^8 ad Momba-
2 am, ubi quatuor triremes & una Galeotta Turcica, quse Fa-
%Qr^ Regis Mombazse co in man mancre confticuerant, captac
F z fuc-
P0
Magnus Turca.
fucrunt. Luricaniinidrummeincumbunt,cavcntquc,neTur-
cx CO in mari pedcm figani,& quamprimum odoraci func,Tur^
cas clalTem adornarc , mox iplbs aggrcdiuntur,ideo4ucr3epc
inmarcrubrumabrqircfiftentia penctrarunc. Pr«sbycero lo-
hanni m bcllo praevalct Turca , ducibus , milicibus, armis&
munitionibus. Illc fiquidem Princcps,habet ditionem abl-
que miinitionibus , & militcs abfque armis. Barnagaflo e-
mm ejus Vicarius ad marc rub rum , amific univerfam Oram
maritimam, eoque redadus eft, ut tributumTurcxpendere
prdmiferic , ut cum co pacem haberer. In Africa habet qui-
dcmTurcapluresrcgiones;quamSerifFus: Occupac enimido-
mne,quod inter mare rubrum,& Vclez dc la Gomera oppidum.
cftrSed SerifFus partem meliorem,ditiorem fortioremque ma-
gisque unitambabct. Sed nemo ipforum/alteri bellum mferrc
audct propter Regis Catholicivicinitatcm. Refidurlunt Prin-
cipes Chriftiani,quiTurcis contcrmini funt . Primus eft Polo-
ni3£ Rcxiquid hi Principes contra fe invicem poflint.vifum tuic
in expeditionibus prxteritis: Ab una parte videturTurca time-
re arma Polonicaidircrfis cnim occafionibus provocatus,ncm-
pe regnante Henrico tertio.bello quodIvonia,Voivoda,Vva-
lachix cumTurcisge/rit,quo bello multi equites Polomlvo-
nix militarunt, & regnante Sygirmundotertioexcurfionibus
Kofacorum, & immotulohannis Zamoifchi generalis regni
Poloni3e,non vindicavir,nec folitafuperbia ulcifei injurias co-
natuscft. Ab alia parte Polonipoftcxpeditionem Regis La-
dislai, non folum nullam expeditionem adverfus Turcas luf-^
ceperunt/ed nec Valachis(qui federe cis junai erant)auxilium
tulcrunt , fibique quod ad mare Euxinumhabebanr,tripipafli
funt: fed Regum Poloniaspotius, quam nobiimm ciusregnl
pufillanimitate idaccidit. Sigifmundus primus a Leone deci-
ma ad bcllum adverfus Turcas invitatus. Quid multis opus
eft dixicFac Principes Chriftiani Concordes fmr, ego pro mea
* parte
M A G N U S T U R C A.
parte nondecro. Sigifmundusfecundus , menteabello ade»
Lena fuit, ut non folSmTurcas aggrclTus non fuer.t,fed nec a
Mofcs irritatus.vindiaamfumerctentant RexStephanus
potentise fuorum vicinorum non iniquus arftimatur.iudicabat
cum Turca manus conferere , rem eirepericulofiffimam.a ta-
nien cum familiaribuj fermones habefts, dicebarfc . eum
,o pedirum miUibus quos equitatui Polonico jufigeret facile
Ixp^editionem in Turcam furcepturum fuiffe idquemeditari
quodammodo videbatur,Principes AuftriacUongiore terra-
rum tradu, qudmuUus alius PrincepsTurc* contermmifunt,
expenduntque m prselidia arcium(in quibuscumequ.tum,tum
peSirum plus quam viginti millia habcnt) majorem^ fuorum
Redituum partem, a«xilioque Gcrmanico (m, vinbus con-
junaomagi^addefendendumfua,qu5mamiirarecuperadum,
imperium^ue d.latandum attenti fuerunt. Ferdmandtis Au-
ftnacus . majore roborc quam fucceCu expeditionem Buda-
n m&Paregenfemfufcepit. Acc.ditid nonquodejusv. s
non ^tis firm;^ valid^equeeirent/edquodagilitatcdexrerKa-
tequc carerent:Id vola^jus Principis exercitus °:
mAibufque rebus probe quidem inftruaos fu.lTe./ed conftmffe
ex Germanis & Bohem.s , g'^n«E'"^'^f ^'^^'^f
doneis ad ref.ftendum Turcis.quiinfaa.onibusbelhcis e^pe-
diti dextrique funt, VenetifuntquoqueTurcis man & terra
per multa centena mil.arii finitimitTuentur feipfos adverlus
Turcas magis pacis quim belli ambus egregie mumendofua
loca fug.endo pericula & expenfas bellnCommerc.o.Do-
narlis- dLique,nihil non facicndo, ne ad manus vematur/al^
vis amenliLrt«e8cftatu.DicHre^
nia cum bellicoapparatufufficiente %P«eret^Aft>ntta^^
milites & commeatus tanto bello pares . _
Catholicus, inter cujus & Ottomanieasvires,noneftmagn«
xftimanonis differentia. Regis Reditus (loquordojsquos
p 2 inJiw-
Magnus T u r c a.
in Europa habec ) excedunt Reditus Turc^ .- Accipit enim
plus quam quatuor Auri Milliones ex ditionibus, quas in Italia
& Sie.liahaoet:P]us quam duos ex Lufitania: Ex terns Novis
piUs mitius quam tres Milliones, unum annum pro altero a:fti-
mando. Accepti partes arquant ReditusTurca;. Eft a.iUo 16-
ge iupenor fi ijs jungantur ordinarij Reditus Caftiliae, Arraeo-
niae Jielgjj : Sed guid repcries(dicet aliquis)quod Timarris op-
pom poffit.Primum, quod Regis Reditus Turcicoslonee exce-
dunt luntqueeismultomajores. Deinde fubfidia qu Acxex-
traordinarie immo magna ex parte ordinarie (ita enim djci po,
teft)percipit a fuispopulis.nempe Cruciata(ut vocant)qu!ei-
pli.quantumuniusRegni Reditus funt,reddit: SubfidiaEccle-
li^,quibus ipfe centumfortes Triremes fuftmere poteft: Cadi-
va oftcia, qu* m Hifpania & Regno Neapolitano mulco plus
rcddunt quam quis credere polTet: Donaria ordma ria popula
rum&cextraordinaria.Regnu Neapolitanum datquoquo ter-
tioanno plus minus uno Millione, & ducentaaureorummil-
lia, qua; iumma non eft parvas confidcrationis.Sicilia.Sardi-
nia, ducacus Mediolanenfis,Cafti],a & ali^ fus diciones.etiam
IN o vus Orbis,mitttlt fuis temporibus magmfica donaria.Quid
dicemus de Contnbutionibus?Caftiiia anno elapfo Red cSii-
tnburionera oflo millionum Aureorum quatuSr annis per-
lol vendam concefflt, qu^ ftimma, totius Imperii Turcjci cenUi
umus anm sequat. RelinquonpmerumCommendarumordi-
num Montegia:,Calatrava;,Alcantara;,Sanao lacobi, qua- ipil.
quamvis nihil amplius hab.ret, fufficere polTent.Rex tanquam
diitoriim Ordmum magnus Magifter.media habet ad fuos mi-
niltros.famulos , & quos ipfi placet, remunerandos ditandofas
ac U Rex Anglia: ac Polonis elTet . Addo fupradiAis partib^ma-
gnum eqmtatusnumeru,quem ordinarij in ftis ditionib' alit;
In Hilpania nempe tria miUia Tantundem Cataphradorum &
equujimlevisarmacurseinBelgio.Inducati, McdioJanenH 400.
catha-
Magnus Turca.
cataphra£l:os,& mille equires Icvioris armaturacJn regno Nea-
poJitanomillc&qumgcncos equites CataphracStos, quodma-
jus robur militias Italica: eft. Militiae numerus in Sicilia cft^if oo
cquituni . Nec parvi fieri debet obligatio, qua Feudatarij, ne-
cefHtate urgente/uis expenfiSjdcfendendoperfonaliterfervire
tenentur: maxirneficonfideretur magnus Fcudarariorum nu-
merus S^TituloforumHifpaniaf^in qua numerantur 23 Duces,
31 Marchiones,49yicecomites,7 Archiepifcopi(contribuunt
enimhifuam quo tarn, tanqiiampotentes domini)33 Epifcopi;
In regno autem Neapolitan© funt 14 Prmcipes, 25- Duces,37
MarchioneSjf 4 Comites,448 BaroneSjUt nihil dicatur de Lu-
fitania , Sicilia , Belgio , Sardinia , MedioJano. Prxt^rmitti
non debet , quod equitatus , cui Turca Timarra conccflit,non
tarn robore quam numero pr^ftat: Timarra enim &commo-
ditates villarum &prediorumipfis concefTorumjStiidiumquc
feipfos ditandi locnpletandique frudibus agrorum, ignavio-
res, viliorcs, pacifque & otij,plus quam belli & turbarum cupi-
dos eos reddit; JEgrc ab aedibus avelluntur , proficifcuntur-
que'inexpeditiones, majore cumdefideriodomumredeundi,
fruendique dclicijs hortorum, & fru(f^:uum fiiarum polTeflic)-
num copia, quam confligendi cumholliibus , autfe ditandi i-
pforum fpolijs: Si aliquantulum praedae armis parte milites
quamvis fero.ces fortefque ignavos vpcordesque reddit, quid
faciet magna poffe/lio , amo^na Villa , dives praedium , uxor
liberique domi rclidi: Taceo quod equitatus, quem Turca
Timarris fuftentat, potius populis fubjugatis tanquam freno
coercendis inftitutus eft . quam hoftibus infeftandis: Subditi
enimTurc3e,vifub ejusimperio continentur, habent cumo-
dio jdeteftanturque cumob rcligionem contrariam & impe-
rium quod in ipfos habet ; propter religionem Mauri & Ara-
bes,qui fedis divcrfis addicH funt: Propter religionem & im-
periumfimulChriftiani^qui plus quam duas terti^s partes ejus
F 4 lub-
Macnus Turca.
fubclirorum conficiunt. Ob id, illius numcrofi cquitatus
major pars, domimaneat necefTe eft, nec fine Status regnipe-
riculo domo abduci poteft. Efl deniqiie is equitatus tanto rc-
gionum fpacio hac iliac divifuSjUtmagnonumerOjinmagnam
cxpeditionemeducinonpoflit; Nec dm inca,longe a domo,
perftare potefl, quin in miferiam&calamitatcmincidatjfia-
liud auxilium, quam quod ab Timarrishabet, nonreciperec.
Rcrum prarteritarum expericntia quandam aequalitatcm vi-
rium horum Principum ciie docuit: ladlura cmm claffis Ca-
tholicsead ZerbiinfulamjOpponicurfugse cla/IisTurcicjc aMe-
Jiteinfula: Amiflio Gulettae,opponitur expugnatiom Pcgnoni
VelezrTunetumfemper cepitisqui voluit.Rcx'Catholicusnul.
lam notatu dignam expcditionem inTurcamfufcepir,reddc-
fcndit fe flrcnue ad Meliten & Oranum. Nihil dicam de cladc
claHis Turcicae ad Echmadcs,quodibi allj Principes partem ha-
buerint.Tradatumfuitutrinqucde inducijspro aliquot annis
inter Regem & Tuf cam.Vtcrq; adeque fuit occupatus. Vnus
PerlTa alter in BelgiOjidincaufa fuitjUtremvicem expeditis vi-
jrjbus non potuerintimpeterc. Bella (de quibus diximus) ambo-
bus, propter regionum longinquitarem,extrem2e impenfae fue-
rijnt5fcdmagis RegiquamTurcae:. Quamvis enim Perfia longc
Conftantinopoli(unde maxima virium pars mittebatur)diil:et,
ell tamen contermina Mefopotomiae & alijs Turcas ditionib',
unde fuus exercitus commeatu & pecunijs mftruebatur: Sed
Belgium,ab alijs Regis ditionibus magno fpacio diftat. Turcar,
nifi cum Perfa amicis deftituto , res fuit, Regi autemuno co-
demq; tempore, cum rcbellibus, Francis, Anglis & Germanis
(qua: nationes Perfispotcntia inferiores non funt)confligcndu
fuit : Nec unquam Turcam aggrelKis eil,quin
aliud bellum, nunc in Belgio,
nunc aha in parte con-
rinenter ge/ferit.
F I N 1 5.
REX FRANCIAE-
'ONfiderabimus regnum Francige ficut erat ,_guandQ
yprorfusunitum,alium^r^tcLfiiM ^g"^^rr-
Ibal: nemincmr FIu($iS enlmid nunc. pelagi inftar,
,quodplures interque fe contrarij venti exagicant, tu-
mulcuaturque adeo,uc ejus reflitutio citius optari,t|uam fpera-
ri po/fit:mli emni bella civilia in ipfo jnitio componantur,nun-
qua finem habent,nifi alterii> partis excidio & ruina Scac»:Diffi«
cukcr au c fieri poteflaUt una pars injrancia alteram opprimat.
Vt aut ad inftitutum revertamur.habet FranGiadequa agimuS c^mrk-y
pro terminis Alpes, qui ipfamab Italia dividuntiRhodanus fe^
parat ipfam a"SaDaudia; Araris a Sebufianis & Heduis: Mofella.
fluvius, a Lotharingia,&DucatuLucemburgenfi: j^arivulus
Flandnae, a latere Occidental eft : Franciae Ad Meridiem mare
Mediterraneum eft ^PyreneimontesrAdQccafumQceanus: ,
adSeptentrionemmare Britannicum^ExtenditfeTnlatereMe-
ridionali Septentrionem verfus a LotharingiaXTaletum ufquc, ^
fpacio quafi 200 leucarumFrancicarum.dxlatatq; fe paulo min^
inter Ortum & Occafum,a flumine Varo ad Paurum ufq; : Re^
ftrlngitfe tamen tanto magis, quanto plus Septentrioni acce-
dTtiEius minima iatitudo eft inter Caletum & Britannia: Pro-
montorium.Figuracius inter quadratum 8c rotundum eft,idc-
oq; multo capacius,quam quirquamarbitretur; Continet Pro- '
vincias ampliffimas. fed praeciauge funt'Picardia^ormannia, (woi'ac^v
^BritanniatFrancia^CampaniafBurgundia^ArucrniafDelphina
cus?Provincia:Nec funt tamen contemncnd3^'Bria^!Beelfia,'^'u-
ronia^^ndegavenfiSjDucatus'^antonia'/Siturigum Ducatus 8c
alias. Initium ^ius in 42 gradu, experiturque talem aeris di- ^kMf^
veriitatem , ut pars qua; ad jnar e Mediterraneum eft Tubi Tunc f/'^^
Lamruedocia 8c ProvinciaTprodiicat omnc frud:uum..g£mijs.
quod dat Italia: £a autem qg^ aji Mare Britannia um cm ubi
" " G funt.
Rix Francis.
flint Britannia, NormajiniajdBi^afdixpars)viii^^
ferfrcliquumregniabundat,plusquamcredipoflit, omni^Eu-
A-na-nu ^enere.exeeptis olivis,ficubus SdimMus . Aeris
belli cniras,bonitatiterr3e,&fluviorii oportunitati conjundta,
adeo propitia commodaque eft produdione frugum , omnii-
que generis animalmm,ut ea in re,Franciaomnes alias huro-
pa; partes fuperetrlntcr montes enim Aruerni«Al>elphinatus
Ic noftrum mare, Aer adeo temperatus eft^frigoremontmm,
perpetua fere nive opertorum, &leniauramarnia,ut ob ocu-
los ponat cceli benignitatem , qua gaudet ora Genuenfisr Ab
aliaautem parte , funt Montes Pyreneivalli loccadverfus tri-
rus^quodretunditurperditquefuam rigiditatem . Ipfi montes
abundant undique balneis& venis aqu^ calid^iVenti Septen-
trionaks, qui, ficut communis opinio fert,aeremretngerare
deberent, non funt ibi ade6 gelidi , ficutalijs locis capiunt
cnim venti partem naturae locorum per qu^ rranleunt: 5i
tranfeunt per montes nivofos, adferuntfecumfrigus illorum
montium. Sipcrftagna,inficiuntur: Si per filvas corrumpun-
tur: Si per reP;iones arena obfitas^incalefcunt: Si per lacus aut
mare, refrigerant Accidit hinc, ut venti Panormi mSicilia
fmt extremae calidi: Antequam enim in eo perveniunt,verrunt
campos Sicilian, accipiunt eorumcalorem, feruntquc eumm
didam civitatem. Notus eft frigidus Gcnu^,quod antequam
CO pertingat,mare tranrit,ncc attingit terram , recipitque ma.
ris friffiditatem: Aquilo autem,qui per Franciamlpirat, venit
a Mari,quod fua falfitate caloris aliquid habens,ncc impingens
in montes dacie aut nive obdu(aos,exerit ft , curritque per ca-
pos Normanniae, Campania, Francis, aliarum Provmciarum,
^d montes Aruerniaeufque: Aptior eft itaque Aquilotcmpe-
rand3emontiumfrigiditati,quamut pcrdat fuam tempcriem.
li montes itaque, a ventisMeridionaIibusabuno,& a ventis a
Septentrionc flantibus, abaho latere cxcalcfaai, producunt
* undiquc
Rex F r a n c I je.
undiq- optima parciia,aluntq; magnum Armentorum, & gre-
gumiiumerum: herbas quoque medicinal commodas, &:fim^
llicia perfeailTima' Inter multos illorum montium ramos,
eftanus,quimons Aureus dicitur, propter herbarumcopiam,
& fimphcium nobiUtatem. Horum omnmmnos Angliacer-
tosreddit • Quamvis enimipfa^magisadSeptentrioncsvergat
cuam Francia, quod tamen nuUos m6ntes,mare autemundi-
quehabet,ejn:ibi Aer fatis temperatus : Multo autem tempera-
ratior eft Francia,quoda Pololongius abfir: Docent id vires,
qui in Anglia non maturefcunt: Reddunt autem Vites in Fran-
cia via perfedifTima , accidirque f^pe , ut ventus marinus a
SepTrentrione, aut ab Occaruexorius,HiememmYer mutet,
vireaiitquecampi Ixus floribus,veftiantur horti^renovetur to-
ta fere natura,ita ut habitatores Turoniae,Piaaviae,Inrul« Fra-
cix Limani3e,(nonrolum Provinci^ viciniquepopulOnec La-
cuiBenaco ( qui nunc Lago di Garda dicitur)iieclocis amoe-
nioribus invideanr. Terra Francis tota fertilis & frudifera eft:
Apenninus autem occupat fere quartam Italic partem,eftuc
plurimum afper, redditque paucos frudus/ed fundus Francis
undiquaque omnis bom dives eft. Montes Averm3e:(qui tamen
multi non funt) habcnt muka bona appida, multa opulenta
fertiliaque loca,in quibus Ars pecuaria exercetuir,inftruunrque
carne,.butvro, & cafeis exc^llcntibus bonam regm partem;
Reffni fere reliquum explicatur in latos campos , feracibns"
colliculis,herbofisque vallibus diftindos. Vndique copia cum
varietate : fertilitas cuindelicijs,fitusutilitas,cum pulchntu-
dine regionum contendit: In hoe ab fque<ltibio cedic Francis
Italia. Quamvis enim inaliquoejus angulo,amoenitas fingu-
laris, &excellentiafituspcrfpiciatur,qualis eft RegioPieve
Incini : Riviera di Salo • Comitate Vicentiae , appellantur
Campania foelix,Terntorium Crotonienfe, & Tarentiniim,
G a ^11-=
Rex pRANciiE.
aliquaruniqucaliarumcivitatumCalabrias- Suntea hiefingu*
laria,in Francia communia,pr3ecique in BurgundiajBri^ infuU
Franciae, Tiironia, Andegavo, Sanronia, Languedocia,iibi ap-'
parec fitus a naturadiil:ind:oscire,&:compamtosruamanu,a-
liquos Cercri, alios Baccho, alias Pomonac, aliquos Palladi di-
catos.Sedalia res vifu & confideratione dignior in Francia non
ell, quam multicudo, Sc amoenitas fiuviorum navigabilium,
quorum pars earn cingir/icut Araris, Rhodanus, Mofella, So-
ma; pars mediam percurrunteamjficut Sequana,Ligeris,Ga-
rumna. In hsec triaflumina^influuncpartimcxregni cxtremi-
ratibus, partim ab ejus medicuUio, cot alia tiumina,uc tocum
regnumfupramodummercatile, communicationiquc rcfum
aptumreddant; Icaut propter incredibilem commoditatem
quam prsebent ve<0:urje mercium, populorumque commercio,
dicipoflitjpopulis illius regni omniacommunia ciTe. Infolo
Ducatu. Andegavenfi numerantur 40 flumina magna & par-
va.Vnde Catharina Medicearegina Franciae /blita erat diccre,
in eo regno plura na vjgabilia flumina elTe, quam in cactero Eu-
ropae : Hyperbole rane,quae a veritate non longe difcedebat.
Terra; fertilitas, & commoditas, quam flumina vchendo de-
vehendoque merces praebentj faciunc quod tot urbes & oppida
in Francia fint, quae ut plurimum in ripis fluviorum jacent*
Quamvis Franciae multi bonique Portus nondcfint,meliores
tamen civitates, non ad mare, fed in locis Mediterraneisfltac
jfiint. Exeocolligitur, ip/arumamplitudmem^^nonextrinfecus
venire/ed quafi domcfticameffe. Sunt cnim civitates manti-
macjibi mediterraneis majores- ubiplus auxilij fuf!entaculiq;,a
marij quam a terra recipiunt'ut Genua, Venctiae,Epidaurus,
quae vulgo Raguzi dicitur. Scd ubi civitatuummagnitudo Sc
amplitudo effentialiter fblumque depcndet a terra,ibi civitates
Medicerancse excedunt Maritimas : Talis eft Mcdiolamim,
& alia Longobardiie^FIandrije^Gcrmaniac & Hunganse oppida.
Cum
Rex F a n c I /e.
Cum autem tcrrac opulentia,coinmunis toti Franciae,& fluvio-
rum oportunitas gcneralis ^r,accidicinde ut excipiendo Lu-
teriam Parifiorum (cujus amplitudo, procedit a fcde Regis,
Curia, Academia,quibus accedit lluviorum vicinitas) civicates
& oppidaFranciae,utplurimummediocriaaurparva fint,opor-
runa tamen , & pulchra frequenti/Hmaque. Scribir loanncs
Bodinus , defcnptione tempore Regis Henriei fecundi fa6ta
(in qua non comprehenfa fuic Burgundia) numeraros fuifle 27
millepagos campanilibus inllrudos: Alia autem delcriptio-
nc, quasregnante Carolononofadaefl^repcrtumfuifle^quod
habitatorum numerus^ij- millioncs excederet. Sicut autem
Franciae civitates & oppida': favorcmfluminum expenuntur
ita & Arcibus villifque nobilium privatorum, parvi lacus,
ftagnaque favent» Quamvis hujus Pro viriciae lacus^Italiai &
Helvetia lacubus conferri non pofEnt, funt tamen in ea tarn
multa ftagna,optimis pifcibus plena, ut eorum freqijentia iup-
pleat carum magnitudmem. Idem de fylvis dici pomt, quae non
adeoipaciofaejfedfrequentesibifunt, cxquibus percipiebatur
quondam bona cenfus Rcgii pars,iunt autem nunc prorius op-
pignoratae. Habent quoque nobiles magnos reditus,ex fmsCyU
vis , propter copiam lignorum pro focis , fed multo majores
cx ligno ad fabricas facicndas.-nam ob dcfcdtum calcis fit maxi*
masedificiorumpars ex ligno.
Vires,
■p EGNVMFranciaetantamhabet commeatuum copiam^ut
-"-^qualemcunque exerckum, in campis nutrirc {iiflenrarequc
poflit. commeatus enim propter fluminum commoditatem,
facillime ex unoloco,m alium conduci pofKint. Quando Ca-
rolus quintus , cx Provincia, & deinde ex Campaniajingreifiis
efl Franciam, fuftincbat ca plus quamiyo militummillia^ul-*
G 3 era
Rex Francis.
traPrxfidiarios. Regnance Carolo nono,&: noHris tempor
bus, fuerunc in eo regno,io cquicum,&3o peditum extraneo-
i-um'. If cquitum & centum peditum indigenarum aut natura-
lium millia,nec tanlen regnum caricate laboravit. Sunt dein-
de in Francia,qUatuor Magnctes qui foris ad fe pertrahunt pe-
euniam. jumcnta qiix inde in Hifpaniam & Portugalliam ve-
huntur. Vinum quod in Flandriam & Angliam & ad Mans
Balthici accolas mittitur- Sal.quo toti regno, & regionibus vi-
cinis profpicitur^ Pro vincia quoq; fal coquit in Man Mediter^
raneo, &coiificit Santoma ad Brovagium,ubi Solis virtus gc-
nerandi, fadendi & coquendi Sal ex aqua marina ceflare,nec
ultra Septentrionem verfus tranflre apparet: Ex aqua maris
dieo,quia ulterius reperitur Sal ex aquafontium , ut in Lotha-
rin^a.-Et ex fontibus & Minaeris, in diverfis locis,Polomx,An-.
gli3e,Germanix,exMin5erisquoq;effoirumfuitmSueciaquam^
vis nunc cefTet. Tribus didis Minaeris additur quarta,Canna-
bis&Tela:,qu3equaiiticenfus fintvixcrcdiqueat: Isautemde
cojudicium facerepoterit,quircit quanta ejus copia,inltruen.
dis claffibus. Vlylipponenfibus ^ Hifpalenfibus evehatur &:
quantum in vela funes,qui cx cannabi conficiuntur, infumi-
tur; Sunt ibiquoque gIaftum,crocus,alia;que res minoris mo-
ment!, quae' ^quamvis fingula; res fupra dic^as non aequent^aut
rebus fupra didis pares non fint, omnes tamen fimuljundtae
ad bonam, (& quae regnum ditare pofIint)rummam,alcendunt.
Propter has omnium bonorum divitias , dicebat Ludovicus
undecimus, Franciam pratum fiorens efre,quodipremetebat
quotieslubebat: Maximilianus Imperatorfolebat dicere, Rc-
gem Francis elTe paftorem Ovium , cum velleribus aureis,
quas tondebat,quoties ei opus efTet. Certum profecfto eft, Re-
ges ^^ranei^ adeo potentes fuifre,ut fiingenio, & prudentia,
quahtum viribus facultatibufque , valui/rent,in.iplorum arbi-
trio V Yts Europe fuiffent . Sed r^rp accidie ut vires comitem
Rex FRAKCiiE.
habeant pmdcntiam: Eamque ob rem.finxerunt poetse Ucf
culem funofum: Ludovicus Arioftus , Rolandum facuum •
Sunn omnes popuIos,qui doftrma & ambus carercnt: Ho-
merusAchillemiracimdum: Martemincautum, ipfumquere-
"Vulcamrnftringicanic. Quaeres enim plus mctucnda.aut
cm* potentia magfs horrenda^fTe poffct, quam Rf gm quod
Omices'abundc pafcit "^--"-SSdum'
tumqueadhuccommeatuumhabet,quantu,nadpafce^^^^^^^^
Tuftentandumque magnum «^""™'«°P^^t!l,ri,Z rS
cnim popuh , & commeatuum, funtmaxime cujufcumq, rcgm
vfrcs.^ Romam Tnbum rufticam maxunrfecerc ob horn -
num frequentiamAalimentorum copiam Quod ad Reditu
attinet, Ludovicus duodecimus percipiebat cx Regno Fran-
ce Myriadem & femiffem: Francifcus primus pervemtad
c es" Myr ades: Henricus fecundus ad Sex: Carolus nonus
ad eFemcHenricustertius&peravKdecemMyriades-^^^^^^^
vicus autem duodecimus reliqu.t rcgnum Aur° Arg ncoquc
plenum , ideoque diftus fuk pater populr. .F«'^."iJ"^P"T;
Lamv)s maxcma bella gcflferir, feceritque mfin.tas expenfas
reliquittameninThefauro OaingentaaureDrumniilba = ied
Henrkusfecundusejusfilius Carolum ^'^?f'''°l^'^^f'J^^^^^
volens/umenfqueab unoquoque P^"""^^'^'^""'""^^-^^
per ceAtum, reliquit filios obligatos *"^l'^"°'^'^5° Myt't
Ls aureorum, n^c mercatores ei quadrantem "edidf^^^^^
Vnde Carolus nonus,&Henncus tcrtius ejus fiUj.magis tamen
iicq«amme,nonfolum populumfed Cl"um gra^^^^^^^^
xinuslmpofitionibuscoaaifuere : Vnde vjderi poteft dmnas
Pnncipis,non a^ftimari debere, a magmtud.ne J™"""', ^f,
i bono regimine. -Francifcus enim pnmus, •^'^^^^f/f^'l'"-
bus . geffit majora bella, reliquitque f^^^^^'^^f^^ZT^l',
6c paratam pecuniam filio, Econtrario Henncus longe minP-
Rex FRANCiiE.
rabella geffit rcliquicque regno debita & calamitatcm. Didis
reciitibus,aluere Reges praedecefTores ij'ooLancearios,&45'oo
fagittarios , quamvis nomine fuerinc 4 Lanccarum & fex fa-*
gittariorummiliia,perpetuaftipendia merentium: Hicequi-
tatus nervus, inter Chnjftianos, prounico autfolohabendus
eft.Vnalancea trahebat fecum fagitrarium & fcmi,& ex con-
fequenti, una Turma lancearum , aliamTurmamiagittano*
rum , quae folo figno dijflinda erat: Eorum enim figno vulgo
Guidon dicebatur,unus enim Capicaneus, ambabus prseerat;
Conficiebant itaque centum lanccae, 2fo fagittariosjpraeteri-
pfas lanceas. Impendcbatur in banc militiam,una Myrias &
trecenta aureorum millia annuatim: Lancea enim recipiebat
zfoaurcoSjSagittarius odoginta^Signifcr ter centum,Legatus
48o,Capitaneus 82.0. Hanc militiam ad perfedionem reduxit
Carolus feptimus , qui detcrminavit numerum, ftabilivit fti-
pendium, difciplinavit cam cxercitijs, diipofivitque earn in lo-
cis Limitaneis,fubCapitancis,Vicarijs, Signifcris, Vexillariis,
Divifit quoque eam militiam, in Cathapra6l:os & fagittarios;
Adjunxic ei fcutiferos, De/ignitores diverforiorumjDiribito-
res , Solutores, Commiirarios,cjurque militiaecuramcommi-
ficConneftabili, MarefcaJli & prajcipuis regnidynaflis. Non
multumutebantur peditatu domeftico^prasmetutumultuum
&rebellionum. Carolus o6lavus, eognofcens quamnccefTari-
us elTet peditatus, inflituit Phalangem quinquies millcpedi-
tum Francicorum, eum numerum Francifcus primus ad
millia auxitj fed ea infbirutio in fumumabiit propter malum
regimen. Ludovicus undecimusut pro libitu populum Fran-
cis: tondere,imo excoriarepoiret,euminermemreddidit,con-
duxit que flip endio Helvetios, quam rem imitati funt ipfius
fucceubres, Francifcus & Henricus, ufi funt magno Germano-
rum numero: Sed fallit feipfum, quifuumpopulumimbel-
km fore ipcrar, fi inilites extraneos infuam dicionemintro-
ducit.
H E X F R A K C I .m.
ilactt. Vruenimarmorumy&periculorumbelli,paraturau^3^^^
cia; Vfus & experientia aui:ein,infuo regno milicibus & popu-
lo communis <erit:, £entq; illi pugnaces,firemilites elTe profi-
tcncur: hos defendendi ncce/ficas bellatores faciet; Sicuc enira
converfatio , cum bonis facit bonos. ita&frequentatio mili-
tum facit homines pugnaccs. Sue praiterea multa negocia, qu«
exrrancis commitci non pofTuntjquia non habent locorum no^
citiam. Multa quoque eifdem, ob negocii pondus,credi non
debenc. Qi^renecefle eft, utpopuli,in quorum patriadiu ma-
ji£t bellum , partim per neceflitatem , auc fuam aut Principis:
partim propter ufum & experientiam rerum belli , qua; ipfis
quotidie accidunt , £ant bellatores/ficutFranciae accidit,quae
fada pace, cum Hiipanis (quamvis Helvetij <& G ermani abiviC
/ent)remanfit plena militibus Francis^quiin ea omnia furfum
deorfum voluernnt. Quod ad Munitiones attmet: Non alia
cftxegio,in qua earummajor numeric iit,quod e^cpJuribus cau-
fis fit: Vna eft,quod cum regnum in plura dominia &c Principa-
tus divifum erat, nempe Burgundiam, Britanniam, Andeg^-
^cnfem Ducatum , Normanniam, unufquifque fuos fines mu-
niverit. Crevit numerus munitionum bellis Anglorum, qui
magnac Franciae parti imperarunt. Situs &.natura locorum>
fortificationi oportunorum , necminusdiligentia & aptitudo
populi ad has res , reddit faciUorem locorum munitionem::
Non alia natio ell: magis induftriofa in muniendo , & qu^la-
bori & fumtibus minus parcat: Nec Francia minus fortis eft
intus, quam in extremis finibus: Bcllovacum,Trece,Aurelia,
,Andcgavum,Birurigum civitas,qu3e vernaculeBourges dicitur,
jLimogia,SanFlorum,Carcairona,SucfIionum,nonce-
dunt fortitudine Caleto, Perona?,Narboiiae,6c
alijs locis limitaneis. Aptaqj eft unaqu»qi
hujus regnipars, utrehquore^
gno pro limice iic.
REX ANGLIAE^
Nter Europa& Infulas, tarn magnitudine,quam pote-^
tia,primum fine dubio locum obtinec ilia, quaman-
ciqui Briranniam nuncuparunt. Ejus aaibitus Millc
j^^^^J&fextingentis Miliaribus pater, divifafq; eft^induo
regna, quorum una Scotia, Akerum Anglia dicitur. Caufadi^^
vifionis, eft fortitudo ScotiXyqux adeo arpera,montora,Jmpe-
ditaq; multis Lacubus, Scfylvis eft, utnecarmaRomana earn
unquam plane domare potuerint.Imp.Severus amifit in ea ma-
ximam fui exercitus partem: Reges Anglic ( quamvisviribus
multofuperiores,& multis pr3elijsvia:ores)nunquampotueriit
earn fui juris facerc.Lacus,{ylv^& paludes,(qux in planicie -fta-
gna efficiunt)runt ei pro vallo aggereq;,quibus natura eam mu-
ni vit,fortemq; reddidit. In vcrticibi> montium,non defunt pla-
nicies herbidae, pafcuis pecudum commod3e,& denfx fylv^,fe-
risabundantes:Ha;c Regnum optimemuniunt. Cumn.dida
locafcopulofa montofaq; fint, &nibilo minus pafcuis &:fylvis
copiofa, nunquam timuerunt autimpre^llonecogi,aut^lobfi.-
clerentur,fame premi:Defendit n.eos contravimhoftiumafpe
ntas montium,& fylvarum amplitudo: In obfidionibus fuften-
rantrearmentis,&Yenatione,quae nunquam deficere pofTunr.
His accedit frequentiapopuli , armbrumufu & ^mmorumfc-
rociaprxftantis: Pofifunt enim nece/fitatepoftulante,colligc-
xe aut 30 hominum millia, ut hoftibus refiftant; Confifi for-
titudinefitus locorum,& armorumuru,nondant operammu-
niendis civitatibus, aut portubus, quifatis frequentes funtin
hoc Regno, cum mare ibi admodum finuofumfitjitautinto-
ta Scotia domus non exftet a Salo plus quam 20 miliaribus di-
ftans. Scotiae Reximperat quoque Hebribus, quarum4i S^
Orcadibus qUarum 35 funt^ Cum autcm nec Scotia,nec didat
Rex A n g l i
lnrul3e,annon9ecopia, quamejs ad viaum opus cftj/uperabuti-
dent , nec populi, multum artificijs addiai rint,commeant€0
paucimercatores^ eftque populus pecuniarum indigus. Redi^
cus Regij non funt centum aureorummillium. Angliaautem
dequa nunc incidicfermo, dividiturintresmagnasProvinci-
as, Angliam, Cornubiam, V Valliam . Anglia exteitditre ad
mare Germanicum.Cornubia eft in oppofito Gallia;: VVallia
contra Hibcrmam: Capit hoc nobiliffimum Regnum duos
Archiepifcopatus , Cantuarienfem & Eboraceniem, 2oEpil-
copatus,& x36'oppida. Tempore HenriciRegis,&Edvardie-
jus filij, fuiffe recenfentur 40 Parochiarum millia, qu« occupa-
tione bonorumEcclefiafticorum, ad ejus numeri circiterdi-
inidium redaftae funt. Connubia & VVallia funt fatis afpcrae
via:itatquepopulus,in partibus Mediterranejs laaicmijs &a-
vena, maxmie in VVallia, quamvis naturaibilocaritinruiam
Monam,quae vulgo Anglefeij dicitur,eftqj frugibus & pecudi-
bus adeo fertilis,ut mcrito VVallia mater dicatur. C6rnubu
fluamabj Cornvvalliam dicunt , eft abunde dives Fodinispra:-
cellentis Stanni & plumbiquoque. Anglia amplitudine, divi-.
cijs , & fertilitate,multum didas duas Provincias luperat: Et
quamvis aiiquantulum Septrionalior fit, nihilominus ma-
mbeneficio, aut occulta fiderum virtutc, Aer ibi benignus
temperatufque eft,potius denfus & humidus,quam rigidus 8c
friffidus,quod de^moriftrant Lauri & Rofmarini,qui virent flo-
rentqjfebciter: Eftquc res certa,quodFlandria& Brabantia
plus a frigore Sc glacie infeftentur, quam Anglia,in qua,tcrra
plurimum plana eft, amocnis & fertilibus colliculis diftin-
^a , qui^deoplacide & paulatim airurgunt,ut eos elonginquo
intuentes,a planicie non diftinguant. Praecipuahujus Regni
annona,runtfrumenta,pecudes &pirces,quorum abundantia,
bonicas , perfcdioque tauta eft, ut Francise non invideat, imo
nec
Rex A .N g l I
ntc aitm rcgionr vicinae. Inter alias res^caro maxime porco*
jum & boujn, pifcium^uc Luceofum & Oftrcarumyeftibi ma-
gis fapida , quam in aliqua alia Europse parte. Anglianon-
producit mulos nec afinos , fed cquos iniinitos. Opes An*
gliae confiflunt in Vems nunquam deiicientibus ilanni & plum-
bi; funt in ea quoque Venaeaeris ScFerri: habet quoquemaxi-
mamabundantiamLanse tenui/Iimae. FereintotoRegno,prae-
eipue autem in Cornvvallia efFoditur jftannum tantae excel-
lentise, ut ipfi nonmultumadqualitatcm ArgcntideefTevide-
atur: Ejus fimiliter & plumbi erehitur , exhoc Regno,pro ali-
quot centum mille aureis. Lana; habent hicfuam bonitatem,
propter colles,quib^> regnum plenum eJft^Inijs aifurgit herbula
parva, tenuifque,qua£ nec irrigatur fontibf aut rivulis, nec iier-
coratur , fed ipfi h)reme Aeris vapor,aeil:ate Ros fufficit^cilque
Ovibus adeo grata , ut ferant vellera fingularis tenuitatis 6c
moUiciei. Cum infula non generet Lupos,nec aliud noxium
animal, vagantur grcgcs inrerdiu noduque, per colIes,valles
& agros , tamprivatos, quampublicos,fine metu aurpericuio.
Ex Lanis texuntur Panni delicatiilimi, qui magno numeroin
Germaniam, Poloniam, Daniam , Sueciam &r alias regiones
€vehuntur,ubi magno in precio funt.^flimatur quod in lani-
£cio & Merallibus,evehitur ex regno, pro duabus Mvriadibus
aureorum: Cplliguntur in co multa legumina,multum qu oquc
Croei,Multum ctiam ccrcvifiae exHordco coquitur,mittiturq;
copiofeinBclgium,ficut &coria& lapides nigrifaciendoigni
accommodi . Situs Infulse commodiras facit, ut a mercatori-
bus,Luritanis,Hi/panis,Francis,FIandris, Maris Balthici acco-
lis apprime frequentetur . Negociatio,quam Angli cum Belgis
faciunt,adfummamfere inseflimabilemaccedit; Scribitenim
Ludovicus Guicciardinus , id commercium ante tumxiltum
Belgicum,3Eftimatumfuifre ad ii Myriades aureorum quotan-
sm.Coxonx Angllcajfubjacentquoque aiiqusealiae inful^jprac-
cipuae
Rex a n g l I iE.
€ipii3t autemiimc Hiberniay Vedis, MonaviayMoria^&uy'df'^
ohm fedes ^ quam Angli Anglereij dicunt,Sorlmge,Grene?a-
ja & Gerzaja. Hibernia aniplitudine noii multura Arigfiae ce-
dit^loiiga eft cnim 300 miliariaylata c^onlontofa/ylvofajpalu-
doia y pafcuorum quam frugum feraeior, dives lade & meflc;;
Emittic magnam quantitatem butyri, coriorum & croci. Mul-
tain ea flumina, pircofiquelacusruntv Duoshabet Arehicpil^
€opatus, Armacailum & CafTelenrem:' Locus Hiberniasprse-
cla'rior ceJebriorque cfl: Dublimimportumliaberts muriitum,
Inruiae pars , quae adQrtum & Meridiem rpedat,frequentius
inhabitatur. Provinciae autem Vltonia^Conacliia & Mono-
liia,pJusad Occarum& Sepcentrionesfitaeyrurit fatis afperx Se;
^Iveftres : Ibi fe aliqui Domini beneEcio lacuum & iylvarurity
contra arma Angli ca,tuenturv Alias tres Inful^magnitudine
fere pares iimt.Mona habet optimum territormmjdicitutque
mater Cambriae, propter frugum pecudumque copiamjquartt
ci fuppeditat.Monaviadiilrat Angliai5' miliaria.-Epifeopatu 6t
duobus Portubus gaudet/edejus territoriumparum foelix efB^
VedJis fere toca montibus aiperis occupacur: Efl: in ea Abrach
Ciritas optime miunira : hxc infula claudit Portum,imd podus
Sinum Antonn«^, qui contra earn ejff,- niter mclioresillms Ca-
rialis cerifctur. Angiia fortitudine fui fitus, fuperat omrie zlixxd
regnum; habet enim per exeellentiam duas illas proprietates>
quas Ariitoteles in lirii civitatis requiric. Vila eft,quod Hoff 1^
bus acceiTu difficilis: AlterajUt ejus exitus facil^s^lt,adfacieI^i-'
dum expeditiones: Eft Angiia inniari,cujus ea cftriaturayitC
sregnum fbrtifieet. Mare Hibernicurri enirri, quod ei ad Occa^-
fum eft, adeo deprelTum, & fcopulis pericuhrquepfeiiumLeft^;
ut magnis navibus non fit undofum. Maris Britannici (quo4
Anghse ad Meridiem eft)iEftus,ibi cum tanto impetu fit,ut iit'
atl 15'pafrus altum turgeat(Horrenda pf ofearo^harc res eft)&: ire>
fumtantum refidcar ^ polIuBtque naves iiSimkcx apf dl€:r<^
Rex ANGLiiE.
nifi vento & alluvione adjutx, fed altero multo magis. Ora
Mans undequaque afpera feroxque eft, praeterquam aliquot
locis quae optime munitafunt ficut Barvicum,Dovvera,Toc.
nes Dorceftria,Dermont,Pleimutum,Falmut:,Milfort,Brig-
ftovia. Vnde tota Infiila pro uno Munimento & caftro cenferi
poiTec . Fortitudini fitus adjunguntur arma marifima & terre-
ftria. Quod ad Maricimas vires attinet ultra Myoparones claf-
fisrquorum quondam centum elTe folebant, non valde alti,led
long! & denfi, nunc 70 autpaulo amplius runt)habct regnum
tot Portus, ijque a metcatoribus adeo invifunturjUt Anglidi-
cant, numerum navium, quseibmegotiantur accedereadbis
inille.Sed quidquid de eo fit,certum eft earum cu opus eft, 400
aut plures colhgi poiTe. Edvardus tertius,tranrmifit ad expedi-
tionem Caletenfem , Henricus ocftavus ad obfidionem Bole-
nienfem cum milk navigijsomnis generis. Itaque inlulamag-
2;redi,cujusPortus,propter munitiones ibifaa:as,accellu,non
tantum introitu difficiles & perieulof^ funt, & quae in fua po-
teftate tot naves habet,arduum erit faduque haud facile . His
difficultatibus accedit, quod Angliaepopulus,in rebus mariti-
mis mire dexter eft. Non enim alia gens audacior, nec Mart
promptior eft: Ipfi navibus leviffimis apprimeque optimis
tormentis bellicis mftructis ( quibus regnum maxime abun-
aat)intrepide tam hvemequamaeftate Oceanumfulcant-.Ne-
p-ociantur in Mofcovia, Cathajo, Alexandria i£gipti,Con-
ftaatinopoh, inLivonia,Barbaria,Guinea.Anno if gf claflczf
navium(m qua erant If o o milites)vela fecerunt in Indiam Oc-
cidenralem,ceperuntqueSanIacobi oppidum, SanDominici
oppidum in Hifpaniola, Cartagenam in Continente, quae por-
tum habet commodifTimum ad mercaturam inter Hiipaniam
U Peru exercendam, Civitatem S. Auguftini,-lis;ncis xdibus
conftruaam,qu3e ab Anglis injeclo igne deftru^a fuit. Infe-
ftaatcominuoTerccr^m 6c Capitis vijridis infulas, Brafiliam.
* Duo
s
R E X A N G L I A-
DuoiprorumCapitanei, nonminoriaudacia, quamfortuna,
circumnavigarunt tocum O^bcm.Eft pr^terea in Anghamili-
tia tetreftris,magni momenti propter ejus multitudinem.Cum
enimreenum infi Comitatus partitumfit.ineorumuno.qm
vuleoLorcaffierdicitur.exerckum 70 peditum milhumcon-
fcribi pofle putatur : Sed utcumque res fe habet,m confeflo eit
ouod Liriia in campos educere poffit centum peditum,& 2.0 e-
quitum millia . Vnicuiq; Gomitatui,pra.eft Vicecomes.is cum
opus eft, deleftum militum facit.In faciendo deleftu.modo qui
fequiturututur.coguntomnes habitatores Comitatus.qui an-
num fextum fupra decimum attigerut,nec fexagefimum excel-
ferunt,fe fiftere, ex quibus eos deligunt quos armis magis putat
eeregios. In peditum numerum adfcributur majores membro-
fi!reiq;,dividiturq; peditatus in quatuor genera: Ahquiutuntur
Arcu&fagittis.quse arma Anglis propria&nt.OUm n. ijs fibi ac-
quifiverunt maxinwFtancispartemtretulerunt viaonas glon-
ofas,fecerunt captivum Regem Francis loannem: occuparunt
Lutetiam Parifiorum,quam ifi- annis tenuerunt . Romanis non
tarn tremend* fuerunt fagittae Parthorum, quam Anglorum
Francis: Alij utuntur pxo armis, haftisfparofimilibus.fedterro
magis folido & graviori,quibus percutiunt & ex equis detrahuC
homines:hoc armorii genus.fatis dmturnumfuit milmsAngll-
canK,& fatis magnse execut.oms: Duo alia addidit expenenua
ufufq; temporum praefentium: Vnius generis funt Sclopeta,
quibus ipfos hue ufqi aliquod experimentum alicums magni ex
empli dedilfe nefcio. Altenus funt Sarifl«,qu3e ipforum cora-
pofitioni quam optime conveniunt , funt emm utplurimum
llatura fatis alti,nervofi,pleni & ftrmi. Pro mihtia eqneftn le-
lieunt homines ftatur«mediocris,fedbenecompaaos,dextc.
ros aeilefque.Eorum equi magnarum virium non fuiit , nec in-
cnrfioneimpulfuqueboni,Flandricis aut Gerinanicismmime
confcrcndi. P^ter^uam enim quodpinguedo Siaaioenitas
Rex a n g l I
f errss id non ferr ( boni enim equinec rerram valdc cralTam,
necprorfus ficcam requirunt)necipfi ijs multum deditifunt.
Angliae equitatus duorum generumefl:: Aliqui equitesfe gra-
iiibus armis induunt: Hi maxima ex parte nobiles funt, Alij Ic-
vioribus armis utuntur. horum duo funt genera: Vnum fe Al-
banenfiummore armat: Aliud equitibus levis armature Itali-
cis fimilius efl:: Induntur tlioracibus, fquamis, 6c tela cannabis
na farcitiS;,aut laminis & femigalea utuntur, gellantque lance-
as graciles & longas: Quamvis autem Angli ad duo equitum
cataphradorum millia, &c magnum levioris armaturae equi-
tum numerum in campos educerepoffint, haud tamen equita-
tus Anglicus fe aliquo praeclaro facinore,nobilcmfecit,ficut
de peditatu dicipotefl: . Rex Eduardus quartus^qui totexpedi-
tiones in Franciam fufcepit, totque vi(a:orias affecutus eft , uc
monftraret , quo militias generi maximi Hderet, relicflo equo
fe inpedes inter peditatumconijciebat. E contrario Franci
quod nolint plebem armis alTuefcere ne opificia manuaria,&c
negotiationcm fperantrelinquantq;, ac inter arma infolcfcanp
(in q? Franci pjoni funt)ponunt miiitiae vim in equitatu, qui ex
nobilibus fere conflat.Cum aut omnis equitatus multus elfeno
po/Iit,qjFrancia equoru egregiam progeniem non habeat eosq»
Temper aliunde qua;rere,res magn^e impenfae fit, ideoque gene-
rofos equosfibiparare non queant , &: quod peditatusmulto
majoriufui,quam equitatus in bello exiflat, ordinarie Franci
ab Anglis fuperati fuere. Sed ut doceamus quantas Rex An-
gliaecopias educere pofIit,ponemushicexemplnm:RexHen-
ricus Octavusjin expeditione Bolonienfi,tranfmifitmare,cuni
exercitutrifariampartito; In prima acie erant 12, peditum mil-
lia, quingenti equites leviterarmati,&milleequisminoribus
merentes, lorica &lanceis tantuminflru6ti:Rexomnes veflii-
verat panno cyaneo limbis rubris.-Poftremse aciei,(ea enim Aci
es^ pofl primam Mare trajecit)du6lor cratDuxNorfolcius,
Rex a n c l i
" 'cratqtTC ea Acies primat, pedirum equitumque fiumcro par^TC™
ftibuique induta^licut prirage Aciei milites. Inter eos erant mil-
Je Hiberni, induti camifgs iongis flridifque, fuper quaserat
palliunijCecera nudijCapite quoqiie aperco,capillis Iongis : Ar-
maeorum erant cria jacuIa,enfis longus,8cchyrochecaferrea,
infiniftro brachi05adcubitumperdngens; Inpugnis cingebat
Tefles akse. Expediti/Iimi erant in curiu. Media Acies, in qua
Rex erat , ex lo pedicum , z equitum millibus cbnftabat,eo-
rum vefles erant coloris riibri, marginibus coloris crocei di-
ftindae. Trahebant pofl: fe centum tormeiitabellicamajora
prsetcr minora. Super currus convehebant centum molas, qua-
rum unaquseq; ab uno equo rotabatur,faciebatq; farinam: Cli-
banosquoque ni curribus habebant5quiprogrediendopanem
coquebant : Curruum multitudo tantaerat,ut caftraijs cmge-
rent tanquam valio. Ad trahendum currus & tormenta^ve-
hendumq; impedimenta, tranOiiiferunt in Continentemplu^
quam if equorummillia: Prater omne genus commeatuum,
aderantiy boum millia, & pecorumad edulia facientiumjnu-
merusinfinitus . Quanta fuerit copia fcalarumjponnum^glan-
dium , pulveris pinj , munitionum, lignorum, aliarumque re-
rum/ad expeditiones militarcs pertinentium, nonpoiremenu-
merare.
nf^Emonftratis viribus Angliae,videndum quibus nervis redi-
•^tuum &: pecuniarium eae traclentur; Praemittendum eft.
Regimen regium Anglise ( in qua authoritas Parlamentoruni
multumpotuit)nimc ad Regimen Defpoticum redudum eiTe:
Maxima enim negociorum pars, qu^ antea adParlamenta
fped^:abant (in quiKus unufquifque, quod fibi videbatur elo-
quijfliafque rationes adducere poterat)deciduntur nunc in Re-
gis concefTuprivato; Parlamentaautem quseadnxoderandurn
^ I 6c can-
Rex ANGLTifi.
& tanquam regula Regum appetitus coercendum , inflkufS^
funt,convocantur nunc,uc autlioriratem concilienc, colorem-
que inducanc Regum voluncati. In Fran<:ia pejus eeflic resj
Cum enim in Anglia/altem forma & ufus Parlamentarum re-
manfent, in Francia Rex LudovicusundecimuSypro criminc
Ixfx majcftatis habuit, mentionem facere convocacionis Sta-
tuum (ita vocant DietasregniFrancki, quaein AngliaParla-
mcnta dicuntur)inquiens,Ego ex pediifequisj&c pupillo cxeefii'.
Reditus ordinarii regni Anglican! antequam Hcnricus 0(StavUrS
bonaecclcfiafticaoccupafTe^aGGedebant ad quingenta aurco-
rummillia. Percipiuntur hiredkusycx tutelapupillorumadii
setatis eorum ufque ; ij enim omnes, in quorum bonis, aliqua
pars , quantumvis exigua, coronas regni aliquo nl^do affedla
eft, funt durance pupillarixtate,rubtutelaRegis,qui eisrenue
fuftentaculumimpertitur, fervatquefibirefiduos Redicus,do''
nee pupilli 21 aetatis annum attigernit,quem ingrefn,,Regi cer-
ti aliquidperfolvuncrObliganturprxterea, adTribucum,quod
Regi pro nupcijs penduni:,qui fe patronum matrimoniorura
dicit. Percipit praererea Rex , plus quam o61:oginta aureo-
iummi]Iia,exDucatibus Laneallriae &Cornualliae,quicaronae
conjundi funt: Praeter haec alia centum Anreorummillia ex
vcdigalibus recipii , Mirari nemo debet,quod ea iumma adeo
cxigua fit, ratio eft,quodpauC3E civitates ve6tigaliapendunt,&2
civitas Londinenfis (quas vduti centrum commerciorum re-
gni ell:)ab oneribus libera fa da fuit Anno 10S9 oh pecunrarum
auxilium, Regi Richardo pnmo, cum in expeditionem terra
fanctae proficilcerctur fubminiflrarum. Didis Reditibus,t€>c
alios adjunxit Rex Henricus oc^avus: concidit enim reditus
Ep^^copatuum^ Adfcripfit Fifco Abbatias,& Commcndas cqui-
tumRhodiorum,aliorumque ordinum militarium : fuppreflif
Curas (ut vocant) opulentiores, vcndicavitque fibi Annatas &
decimas omnium bencficiorum. Pro his rcbus^ ordinavit ca-
Rex a n g l 1 iB.
mm augmentationiim & de<:imarum,quiRc(!ittisomtie§fm.
porrant plus quam odiiigenta aureorum mdlia. Kedicus ita-
que ordinanj accedunc ad fummam umus Myriadis, & tre-
centa & amplius aureorum millia. Sunt praeterca fubfidia
cxtraordinaria, qu^ duor^um gencrum funt: Aliquando enim
toti regno impcrantur, tunc convocantur Parlamenta, inijs
OMid opus fit determinatur, U modus ordoque qui fequendus
eft Ordmaric duorum menfium fpacio , aut paulo amplius
collieitur, quod determinatum eft. Aliquando petit Rex a
particularibus rubridmm,<iuod ipTi benevokntiam vocant, ea
fn re, conatur unufquifque hum obfequium verfus Pnnci-
pern praeftare. Noftris cemporibus invcnta eft alia via con-
Lndi pecunias: Nempe exquinta parte, am fimikqua^ coro.
nse penditur ab ijs qui licentiam habent pr^das fa<:iendi in oris
Maritimis Hifpania^ & Novi Orbis: foliti funt idemfacere,
facitqueid adhuc Prorex Algierae , quipiratas recipit,cum pa-
do,utparteminancipiorum,pr^darumfpoiiorumque ei dent.
Sed raro accidit,ut male parta,non male dilabantur , Eos quo^
que qui prxdatum exourrunt, faspemanet damnum,vcndunc
e-nim patrimonia, ut arment naves, fed lucrum mcertum eft,
Hifpani emm, qui imtio eximpjovifoobrun fuerunt,f9rtih-
cantquotidic AccelTus, fecurafque reddunt fuas clalTes Ha^c
de viribus & Reditibus Anglic dixiife fufficiat. Addam
hoG tantum^, quod in Anglia, nobiles lock munltanon.po-
j^dtnt,ne<: aedificia fofTis aut vallo claura,nec aliquaiifL. jurildi^
aionem^ in populum.. habent: Dignitates Ducum., MaT-
chionunu, aliaeque nihil almd quam^ pun tituli funt, quos
B ex eis confert , nec tamen. ij , qui titulis gaudent , aliquid
in locis unde titulum fumunt, pofTident , ledfe aliquapen-
ilone ex acre RegioTuftentant . E contrario gaudentno-
-biles m Francia , mere & mixto impcrio , cuni-> tituhs
©omiaoruiiu , Baronunu, Comicuni^, Marcbioauiiu , Du.
I % cum
Rex a n g l r iE.
cum,Prmcipum:po/Ii(iencmagnas &:bonas civicaccs^non tanv
tumpagos, clieiiteS' quoquc habent^quiipfis Homagium & fi-
dem pra:il:at,red,KegciTi Parlameta in fupcriorem agnofcut.
REX DANIA&
Vamvis nulla Succise mentio facienda videatur,quod
qiiafi extra noflrum Orbem fit( qiiibus cum Suecis
nihil commercij efl ) ramen propter ejus ampJitudi- |
nem, inter alia regna,de quibus in his Relationibus I
agJtur,poni meretur . Gontinetur ilia Europae parte, quam all- *
qui Scandiam^alij Scandinaviam alij Balchiam dixeruiit, unde
Goti Vandahq, Imperij Koinaniconculcatores egreiH.Duabus
coronis fubdita eftjDaniai ncmpe &: Suecise:Dani^ Kex prseter
Gimbricam Gherfonefum, ubi Holfatia , Theutomarfia,Duca-
tus Slefviceniis & FIensburgcnfis,Friera,& luthia regiones her-
bor3e,ideoqj pecoribus&feris abundantesfuntjpoilid^tprseter-
ea alias araplas infulas^fed praecipuae funt e3e,quae ad ofliuMaris
Balthici jacent , quarumibi quindecimnumerantur,compre-
hendunturqi Tub Daniae nominC;,earum praecipua eft Selandia,
quae m longitudinem ad 6'o miliaria exteditur,Jatitudo ell pau^
lo minor: praeilat nobilitate^propterpagorufrequentiamjae-
ris clementiam,& Regis in ea habitationem.-Is quoque Domi-
Jius eflGothlandiae^quaeercgioneGothiaefita efl:,(ejus cognato-
rum unus obtincc dominium Oiihae infulae mediocris, inma-
gno Sinu Livonia^j&in fertilesregiones inipfo contmenti Li-
voniae)RegiDani2£ paret Scania, qua regionc Gjmbricae Gher-
fonefus e/ljCxtenditurq; ab oppido Nihuis Tinialcn ufque. ejus
eft magnum regnum Norvvegiae , quod fe a conEnijs^canise,
Scptentrionem veriiis,ad Arcem VVardhus extendit, cui adja-
cent Lappones^ amplius ^ per naiile: &:3Q0iniharia;RegisDa-'
.■ ' nix'
Rex Dani^e.
nise funt quoque infulx adjacentes ( inter qiias,cum amplitudi-
fie,tum ubertatepnmas tenet Scania) Scetlandise & Pariarum
inrula:,qu^inalto marifuncNorvvegi^Epopulifuerc oUmval-
de potentes,aftoerimt diu Angliam, divexarunt Franciam,
obcinueruntque in ea domininm provineiae, quai adhucNor-
mannia dicitur : in Italia fibi paraveruntregna Sicilian 6c Apu-
Ijx . bcllo, autem facro obtinuit Boemundus Normannoriim
PrincepSjAntiochsePrineipatum. In Oceano Septentriona-
li obtinetjRex Danise dominium jam didarumScetlandicarum
& Fariarum, praeter ea Freslandise , &: ora^maritim3eIslandi3e-
&Grunolandi3^^. Orcadesinfulaequamvis Regi Scotia obedi-
diantjRegcsNorvvegiae pro dominis agnoverunt.RegnuNor-
vvegiae cum eledioni obnoxium factum effet, difcordijsaiijs-
que turbis exagitatum,pervenit ad Regem Daniae, qui ut de eo
' fecurus fitjtradat dure mcolas/poliatque eos facuitatibus, neC
niiferis iiomuiibus fpes eft melions fortunae, quod Regiom-
nes aditus & portus Maris rmt:Dmti^ Regis Danix conMunt
incopiapecudum & pifcium maris quorum tanta copiaeft^ue
ex halecu captura, tantum , ingens pecuni^ vis conficiatur.
Tanta pifcium omnis generis copia hic eft, ut vixFretumna-
vigaripo/Iit.-circaid^pafcuaaliaquelQcapecorigratarunt. Sca-»
mafrumento&pafcuis.diveseil:& incoiis frequens. Norvve-^
gianullas alicujus momenti divitias habet, praeter lignorumy
fabrrcandis clomubus & navjgijs aptorum(qu^ in Hollandians
& Flan driam evehuntur) pecudum, cafei & lad:is,magnam co-
piam.Percipitquoqueemolumentum,expifce frigore indura-
to,quem Germani (SfO^pfc^ vocant: capitur menfelanuarip
exponiturquev^nto, donee tanquam lignum induretur. Dein-
dein diverfas regiones pro annona defertur. Id,ex quoilex^
Danigepluspecuniarum percipit, eft fretum fire Porthmus,in-
ter Crot]ebur^um &Eltzenburgum vulgo tJtVSttttt^feft is tratt-
feus ram anguftus,ut nullum navigium^ nifi cum excubitorum
I z quos^
Rex DANiiE,
quos Rex ibi habct ^cniz praeter navigarc poflic: NecelTe n. eH,
uc naves ibi magnum vedrigal & portorium pendant: Ad magna
pecuniae fummam id vecftigal accedcre,colligi poteft, ex multi-
tudmenavium.HoUandi3c,Zelandix,Franciae, AngliaCjScodaf,
Norvvegiae & Maris bakhici, qux id mare rulcant,& anguftas
porchmi fauces intrare coguntur. Populi hujus Kegni, vini
RhenenfiSjFrancicijHifpanici/acchari & fpecierumaromati-
carum ( quae ex Portugallia deferuntur) & fruduum Andalufiac
tamfuntindigi,quam illicupidi cerae, mellis, pelliumfrumen-
tique quae ex Pruilia, Livonia . Mofcoviaregionibusq; vicinis
petuntur. Qiiid Princeps terra pofIit,nondum videripotuit,
quod alicujus momenti expedmonem nonfurccpcrit, nifiad-
verfusTheutomarfos, quos Rex Valdemarus fibi obedirecoc-
git,led rebellcs facti, poft varias res(qu3e ab Anno ly oo. accide-
runt)anno f 8 Tubjugati funt a Rege Daniae Friderico II Ante id
tempus,Ioannem, Regis Chriftiaiti-primi filium praelio fupera-
verant. Quid Rex Daniae mari po/Iic,3eftimari potefl: ex clainb^,
quas aliquot vicibus coegit.Chrifliernus Il.rogatu Regis Fran-
C13C Henrici Il.mifit m Scotiam contra Anglos, clafTemxentum
navium,in quibus decern millia militum erant. Cum tantum o-
rx maritimae,totq; Portus inDania,Seania,Norvvegia,totque
infulas extra Mare Balthicum poflidear, venfimile eft, ipfum
magnum navium numcrum colligere poffe, fi tamenpecunix
non defint,quibus ipfum ncn abundare exiftimo, cum quod fu-
is in rcgnis,nullae magni precii res narcantur(exceptis maris pi-
fcibus) tum quod in ijs nulla civitas mercimonio celebnsfit,
Gdx commercia ad fe trahere confervareque poflitrnihil ergo
jupereft quam vedigal Freti ;frudus aliquarum Minaetarum in
Scania, Equi, pecudes CimbricaeCherfonefuSjlignajpifcesque
Norwegian & Infularum. Obfervatum efl:,ex illis r<^gionibus in,
Gcrmaniam quinquaginta bourn millia a^ta fuilTe, qui vedigal
Gotcorpij peudunt. Aliquid etiam emoiuiiientipercipit,Da^
R E X D A N I
niae Rex tfxmrdhuria,nam Angli paucisab hinc anttis,indep^-
runt navigare inter Norvvcgiam &: Grunolandiam,alu ad CoU
inigraiF,alijChilcheme,quQdSan. Nicolao vicinum eft: cum
RulHs ibi commercia exercent,rcportantqi indc Sevum, Cera,
MeI,Linum:eo quoqj navigantBergenfes,Scoti,Franci.lnMa.
ris Sinus fere medio, cfl infula & oppidumWardhus,quod Rex
Dani3eFndericus li.egregie muniri curavit,mercacores iiic pe».
dunt vedigal fuarum mercium.
REX SVECIAE-
,EX Suecise dominaturin Scandia.qxis Dania ampli-
'oreft,nam a finibusScandiseadLappiamulqi.com*
(putaturiter4j- dierum: Oraaut Sinus Boddici plus
>^.edJ*a*^min«s4oomiliarialongaeft,3eftimaturqihxc terra-
rum pars , Italia &Francia major poffidct hie Rex,m Livonia
Revaliam, Narvam, Parnoviam aliaq; magnx sftimationis io-
ca.infulam Vlandiam.Sc Alandes qus vix funt dignae relatu a-
Ijasq; muitas.fed parva: confiderationis , in man Sueci* & Hn-
landis fitas. Dividunturharegiones.relinquendo Livoniam,
inrriaregna,Gothi*,Suecis,Wandali*,qusmii.Provmcias
&duodccimComiratus partitae fuur, inter quosnoncompre-
henduntur Lappi,quod hi popul,(qui Provinciam Sw"^
jorem, fed patipcrem m.feramque inhabitant & per ly'^** J^':
leique vagantur)fob alicujus certo domimo ciTe die. non pol
funt, qui autemaliquo modo,fixiiimt,fixafqi fedes,aut domus
habent,ut plunmum coron* Suec«obcd,unt, penduntque
pelles nobiles pro tributo. Tnum. regnorum , qua:
Gothu cjmtermina eft.Scani«,dividiturq«e in Oncnta^^m &
Occ.dentalem,tcrminanturque amb^e Wener^lac-u, incujus
medio eft infuli^,^n quam, propter ejus amamtatem.lc con-
fm&maaetfepeRex •. Iacumi4fl«vijiiifluuw,«uiiustantu
14
Rex S u e c 1 iE.
cxitus eft, eum incolje,eorumIinglia,proptcr cxccHivum^c-
picum, vocant celpitioncm diaboli. G otlu2e.nomen,rcgio-
nem divinam lignificar,iclei, propter annonse copiam,optime
quadrat,nulla enim aIiaregio,carne, pircibus,frumento abun-
dantioreft. Hicfunt Calmar ad mare, Suderkope, Norko-
pe,Tilge,Ianocopia,Wacfl:ea,Birka, Linkope,Lodhus,Schen-
nada,MaImoge,Werdeburg,Warne,Scara,Ledekopia,Tima-|
len. Sequicur Succia, quae Norvvegia & Gothiafimuljmajor^
eft. InSueciaeft civiras Vpfalia, Metropolis & Stocholmia,
in qua refidec Rex, Stringa, Ennecopia, Orogrundia,Arboja,
Aroiia. Sequitur Finlandia , fita inter Sinum Boddicum , Sc
Finnicum, ubi Abo Metropolis eft, Rangina, &:Angeamb«
mercimonijs cclebres, Wames, Wiburg& Caftelholm in Alan-
dis infulis. Extra civitates habitant ruftici (qui hicGommode
vivunt) inter fylvas, invallibus alijrqaeinlocis,ubi avento Se-
ptentrionalitutirunt,&:xdificandi commoditas lignorumque
copiainvitat: habent fuis in domibus gregespecudum inftru-
mentaqucx:onficiendo,quicquidadvidumamidumq;neceira'
rium efljapta.-inde accidit ut civitates,|js in regionibus nec fre-
quentes nec magnas rint,ficut in Germania & in Anglia.Nume-
ratur ultra civitates & oppida , parohci^ 1433 in quaru aliquib*
runtmilleruftiGi,vcl,utjpriJoquuntur, niille familiaelautfoci,
pauc^qj earumparochiarumiunt,in quibusnon ad minimum
centum familiie'fint: hinc depopulinumero judicium fieri po-
teft ,maxime fi fascunditas populi confideretur : Mulieres enim
Finlandiae propter qualitatem cerevifiae (ut aliqui putant) exi-
miefecuiid^ ^ftimantur. Diu hie vivunt homines, maxime in
iocis Septentrionibus expofitis, nec mirum jpfis videtur,quod
aliquijcentefimumfupra quadragefimu aut tjrigefimum attin-
gat:Ea longasvitas multu facit ad propagationem, ubi n. minus
dm vivitur,ibi & generandi virtus citius deficit; Hanc ob causa
Deus Dominus nofter,uc in mundiinitio,propagationem hu-
man!
R E X Sue c i j& .
tnani generis faciliorem redderet , dabac hominibus feptin-
gencos & amplius vitai anno5.;generacio itaque quae nunc, pro-
pter vitse noflrx brevirarem,int:ra quadraginca annorum ipaci-
um ceffatjextendebacur tunc ad plura ccntenaria annorum qu^
jiunc ad decennaria.
Divitias.
XJVjus regni opes confifluntincapiaannonafjquafummca-
'^^bundat , id &nomina Gothi5e,quod regionem divinam(ut
diximus)&Finlandi«,quod regionem bonam fignificatjficut 8c
nomen Finnxarchi3e,indicant; Villus eorum^/unt carnes, pif^
ces recentesjfale condid&fumoiIccati,frumenta,ccrevifia: ca
hie tanta copia Tunc, ut vix mendicus inter ipfos reperiatur,
^ hofpitesfere gratis hofpitio excipiantur. Ex MinaerisSaeciae
eruuntur thefauri : Minaixarum emm plumbi,3eris,argenti5&
aliquantulum auri adeo dives efl, ut nulla Europxregio illam
fuperare aeftimetur. Miners undiquaqu£iny€niuntur,quam-
yis juftici, quantum in jpfis eftjCas pcailtant tegantque^quod
teneantur adeas ligna s^ehere^operafque prafftare . Argentum
punflunum effoditur in Comitatu Weflra^s, Nifiincol;^ indu-
ftriae exteroruni adeo nividerent,ipfimajores divitias confe-
qui pofTent ; non enim parcereligno^necfumos Minaerarum,
ad colorcs parandos colligere noritnt : nec ipHs gratum eft,
quod V enae M iner arum d et e guntur . Quo d ex ter ojs ^iverfant ur ,
non ex odio,quo eos profequantur oritur , fed afuipicione,ne
ab ijs ludificentur^aut male habeantur; funt enim ipH moribus
fimplicesfincerique : ambitione nonflagrant,nec ftimuJantur
ab avaritia.RcgisreditusconfiftuA£inquatuorrebus,infru<ai-
bus beneficiorum:ecGlefiafticorum,in Mma;ris,iilTributis,in
vecligalibus . Frudus beneficiorum accedunt adbonam pecu-
iu«fummain • Inhisregnis erant ultra fepxejRvEccklias cathc-
K . drale^
Rex S ni c t m,
fcles, fcxaginta monafleria, partim viroruin,partim mulic*^
rum,quae ampli/Iimis redinbus dotata erant, fed miniflri h-aere""
ieos,quilocopaupercatisin Evangelio prxdicatae , ad fuam
fedam protrahunu Frincipes,eis monjftrando bona reditufquc
Ecclefiafticosjinduxerunt primo Guftavum, deinde ejus fiiium
Ericura, ut Altaria ornata, Ecclefias,maximarediruum parte
fpoharent.Minxrarum aiiquae effodiuntur cxpenfis Regijs,aU-
quae privatarum perfonarum, illarum quidquid efFoditur,ha-
bet:harumconfequitur partem decimam. Triumaerisfodina-
rum decima pars, <px Regis eft, accedit ad fummamrriginta
millium Dakrorum quotannis , inde- judicium deargento &
plumbo fieri poteft. Sed plus quam omnia aha redduntTribu-
ta, percipit enun decimas fihginis,frumenti,hordei, pifcium,
boum, pellium, rerumque fimilium.aliquando ex decima ba-
um, eorum i8 millia habuit , ijs alit Aulam,Officig.rios,claf-
fem exercitumque,fuppeditat enim viduiii militibus, cum bel-
lumeftjgeritque id minima impenfa, ram offendendo , quam
defendendo , cumDano & Mofco: confequitur enima popu^-
lofine magna difficultate , magnas contributiones commea-
tus.Populus fihas Regis mantis coUocar,datque in dotcm cen-
tum Dakrorum millia,ultravafaargentea,aliaque. Axufticis
alijfquc , qui Tributum annuarium non pendunt , folet Rex
fecundum facultates bonorum, quotannis quinque autplures
Daleros viririmexigcre. Porroriapenduntur in Porcubus,eo.
Tum praedpui funt Calmarias, Lodhufij, Stocholmi*(ubi ali-
quando 3=00 & plurcs naves onerari3e vifuntur)Rangin^,Abo,
Ange,Revaliac,Parnovia^,Narvae. ^ftimatur Regem quota-
nis, ad fexcenta autfepting^nta Dakrorum Milha,in thefau.
ros recondere, ultra omnes expenfas in ArcesRevalix 8c Wi-
burgijiacccdunt ad centum Dakrorum millia quotannis.
Vires.
Numc-
R e X S u E c I /B,
iSjVmcrantur in Suecia & Gothia circiter $i Turm«,quar.uin
unaqu3eque, eft quingentoram aut fcxcentorum milituiiu.,
SclopeCQS humeris geftancium, ij quo occafio vocat,eunt: raro
haflis auc lanceis utuntur, propter fylvarumfrcquennam,E*
quitatus etiam Sclopedsmeret. Peditatus optimus cenfetur,
quod unufquifque miles, ea quibus parac conficitque ad capfu-
1am Sclopeti ufqucQu-od indicat ipfosfacile conteiitari polfe.
Vulgus m Peru via & regiombus vicmis,<juodparvo contenti
funt , faciebac, facitquc adhuc,quidquid domui, ruifqueperfo-
nis opus cfl- unurquilquefabricare,texere,veftes confuere/e-
minare, mefTem colligere , omniaquenecefTariainflrumenta
conncere novic. Adresquaenonadeo communes,necnecefIa-
riae funr,iicut ad pingendum,aurum argentumque elaborandd
^Sc fimilia reperiuntur mrer indigenas,proprij artifices, nulla
repraeterquam materia opus habent. Equicatus Suecicus ini|
Turmas dividirur: Suecia & Gothia earum undeciin , Finlandia
iduas fuppeditac,neceflitat€ autem urgenrepoiTeiit multo plu-
res colligirfolus emmDucatus ■SJ^ermelandi^^poteflcricut ali-
qui dicunt) plus quam decern virorummiilibus,equosadmi-
niilrare. In Marchia,eft tanta equorum copia^ut fere nihilo
venundentur: Ambse h* Provincias/unt in Gothia. Ipfaru equi
fedunt Frifijsiiiagnitudme,fed maximc flrrnui, fortes, robufti-
que funt,labori a3ueti,facileque pafcuntur. Nolo filcncio prx-
terire duas res pr3eclaras,quas Rex Saeciae in militum commo-
dum facit; una eft, quod lImilesabhQftecapiatur,redimitur
perRegem: Altera quodfi militis equus occidatur,Rex eiali-
um conferr.Rex dat quotannis,Capitane]s,& ijs, qui equis me-
jrcnt, in folutionem partis ftipendii veftcm,Idolini^pud Ro-
inanos,in ufu erar,qui niihtibus fagas dabant. Quod ad res ma-
ritimas artinet, res^na haec, propter orxmaritimae Ion gitudi-
iiem, & Portus, abundantnautisnavigijfquc, quibus Rex uti
potcft^ficuc alijKincipes^nruisDomini^^^ Habetordinaric
Rex S u e c i
fo naves bellicas, quarum unaqua£que,4o tormentlsjpluribus'
aut paucioribusinftrucfta ell:;Rex.Guftavus inftituit etjamTri-
rcmium ufum. In bello quod Rexloannes cumRegeDania;
ge/Tit , antequam pax (quae Stetini tra£tabatur)confed:a efTet,
habuit 70 navigia magna, ultra alia minora,in quibus cratduo
deviginn hominum millia. ^Eftate Man,hyeme terra bellige-
rabanttuncgracieconcrctifuntlacus: Mare quoqueper mag-
namlongitudinem,fecundum littus concrefcir . Cumautem
de tormentis aliquid dixerim, hoc adjungam:7€fl:imatur Re-
gem Sueciae habere, circicer odo tormentorum bellicorum
millia, quorum maxima pars, ex aere conflata eft, ipfumqiic
multo plura conticerc polTe, fi major ftanni copia fuppeteret,
Infola Arce Stocholmenfi numerantur^oo^
Principes Finitiml ,
AD Occafum conterminus eft Rex Suecise, Dano, Mofco
ad Ortum,cum quibus eilongabellafuere. ADanismuI-
tum damni paffifunt Sueci, obfedit enimRexChrifticrnusfe-
cundus Stocholhiiamcoegitqueeam ad deditionem: exercuic
in incolas inauditam crudelicatem, implevitque civitatem
fanguine &; cadaveribus . Odiorum caufje funt jus quod Danus
in Sueciam fibi competere putat: Oportunitatem eam,ad libi-
tum divexandi,ei tribuunt litus regionis, portufque, prxcipue
Gothlandia quae Gothiae membrum eft:ideoqi contendut Sue-
ci eam fui jm-is efre,ad:ionemq; in eam habent. Poftquam Gu-
ftavus regnum recuperaverit , ipfe ejufquefilij Ericus &Ioan-
nes,^ucce^l^vcidrexe^unr, Quamvis autem fatis multumfan-
guiniSjbellis inter Guftavum & Danum efFufum fit,regno Sue-
ciae tamen fuui honos manfit,cmtafque Lubeccnfis (eo in ma-
ri potenci/Jima)dum fe modo huic,mod6 illi jungit, ita tempe-
st aequatque fuo pondere , illorum duorum Regum vires,ut
alterum^
Rex S u e c I .e.
arcemm illorum exercere non rinat,ob gericulum quod eo cafii'
fibi impendere videt . Suecus cum Molco belligerando primas
haber,quod Finlandia (quae Knffix contermina eft)ob lacuum
& paludum frcquentiam , aditus difficiles,periculbqueplenas
habet,acciditque plus quam femel, tit boftium exercitus,in il-
lis glacre concretis aquis fubmeirfi fmt perierintque. Suecus ha-
bet maxima fuarum clafHurrt partem Hyenle eo; in mari, m quo
(ficut ante dlaum eft,) tunc bellum gedtuf/icut Manxlhvo
tempore.Habet ArCem Wibur^um,quam optime mltru<aam,
& in finibus Magni Ducis MorcGrumNarvam^Kevaliam aliaq;
loca & arces,quibus tanquam frenis ipfum conftfingit. Vt dica
quod verum ell : Illae munitiones utilifEmae habendx luilt,qu^
in Hoftium folo jacent , faciunt enim duoseffeaus,defendunt
quod tuum eft,& infeflant hdftmm ditibnes: tuum tanto^meli-
us defendunt , quanto abeolongiu's diftant ; dumenimholhs
fe circum ea tbf quet,fuht tua tranquilla, potelque extra Itrepi--
tum,damnumquetuorum[populbrufnfedituumque,ea p
rare qnx ad caliberandacbnrerv-aridaqucpeftment: Holtem
f anto majori cum damno vexant , quanto ei vicmiores lunt;
Huius generis erant Caletum , dumiripoteftate Anglorumd-
fet Talia quoque ruhtloca,qu3e Lufitani &Caftellani habent in
Africa , fed caftra in tua ditibne exftrucaa, non alio ferviunt,-
quam quod tua! defendunt, fed cum magno tuo mcommodo,^
fluotiefcunque enim~ invaduntur , turbis ftf epituque involui,
ejufq; partem Iroftipred^cederc. Scdut idKegem Suecix
re vertar tantu is in defenderidis fiiis ditJbnibus,Molco^
potior eft,quancum vires nlaritimae terrellribus
conjunc^ae, prevalent, adverfus Princi-
pern terreftribus tantum vi-
jTibus inftru<5lum.
K f
REX-
REX POLONIAE^
Oloniac regnum nunquam ram amplumfuir quam
nunc eiljquod Magnus Ducatus Lirhuaniae & Livo-
nia ei ad.jun6la finc.-Extendic fe a flumiue Notes & O-
bra, (quae id a Marchia dividunt & a fluvio Odera,qui
lp{um,a 5ileriadiJl:inguic)ad Berefajam &Borifl:henem ufq; qui
ipfum aMolcovia feparanc: A man Balthico,adfl umenNiefter,
quod id a Moldavia diftinguit:& ad montes Carphatios, quii-
pfumabHungariafeparant urq;,Occupat itaq;a tinibus Sile/i^^
adtcrminos Mofcovi^e ufq; interOccafum Sc Ortumuo. Mili-
aria Germanica : Nec minus ab ultima Livoniaeparre,ad fines
Hungaria ufq; .Cum itaq; talis lit ejus forma, ut cum rotundita-
reparticipet,mulro capacius eil:, quam quifqua credere pofTet.
Multas amplafq; Provinci^s continct : Ncmpe Poloniam ma-
jorcm&minorem,MazDviam,Prufliam,Ru/Iiam,Wolhmiam,
Livoniam,Lith(ianiam Inter easProvincias,Polonia,aPoloni$
inhabitata inventa fvit.Pruilia cum parte Pomeranix,Podolia,
Wolhinia> Mazovia,Livonia armis acquifitae funt. Lithuania,
cujus erat SarriLOgithia ^ & Ru/liae pars, patrimonialesfamiliac
lagellonic^ fuerunt. AnnoenimijgP lagello, tunc dux Lith-
uania duxit in uxorem Hedvigim Principem, quae famili^e Re-
galis Poloniam ultima crat,fadusquefuit Rextribus conditio-
nibus, Vna fuit ut Chriftianus fieret ; A]tera,ut fuos ad idem fa-
ciendum 1 nduceret : Tertia ut fuam ditionem Poloniae unirer:
Ea conditio noftris cemporibus ( cumfamilia lagellonica de-
feciffet) adimpletafuir. Cum enim Reges fedicione haere-
cjitaria, cuius merum habebant imperium,privare nollenr,& ea
cledioni fubmittere, diftulerunt Temper ad impletionem con-
ventionis, alleeantes Proceres & populum Lithvaniaeidnon
paffuros , ne ilia admiftione , amitterent gradum & digni-
face^i . Tandem tamen cum ab unaparte^vidercjit deficerc
ilirpem
ftirpcmruofumPnncipum(quas quod admarcuIosattinet,c{e^
fecit in RegeSigiflnundo Augufto) Et ab altera parte fibimc-^
tuentes a potencia Mafcorum, confentierunt ut umrentur,
Livonfa fine quondam equitu Teutonicorum,quiin ea fuum
Pra^fcdum fpecialem, qui Magnus Magifterdicebatur,liabe.
banc: Sed cum, Anno if a Magno MGfchorumduce,maxx-
ma ditioms parte fpoliati efrent,confugerunt ad Sigifniundum
Rej^em Poloiiise, qui eos m fuam confervationem iulcepit,
fed^Livonia ante liberata nonfuit,quamcum AnnoifgiRex
Stephanus id fecit. Regni Poloniae pars plana eft. Exceptis
enim aliquibus montibus,quiinminoriPolonia vifuntur,& ali«
quibus potius collibus quam montibus,quibus. a PruUia diftm-
guitur omne reliquum,cxplicat fe inlatiffimos campos.Verum
quidem, quod in eo regno, fatis mult^ fylT3£funt,pra^cipiie
inLithvania,quxijsoccupatur- Minor & major Poloniafre-^
quentius mhabitantur quam ulla aliahujus regniProvmciat
IdemMicendum fere eft dc Ru/lTa. Pru/Ha & Livonia,proptet
oportunitatcm maris, portuum & fluminum, quae ibi concur-
runt alijs provincijs, civitatibus & fabricis ornanor€S,Com-
niercijs,quoque,& concurFu mercatorum ditiores funt : Cum
cnimi-bi diu dominari fint equites Teutonici, sedificarunt civi-
rates in morumGermanonim; Arces quoque & loca pra:clara>
quaefeextenduntadlongumlittoris m^ris, amphus quam per
oaoeinta Miliaria: habentmulfos & oportunos Portus do-
mina^nturque omni mcrcaturae,mter Poloniam&mare Balthi-
cum Eft earesmagngeconfequenti^r Fluvms cnim Viltula,
qui ortumhabetin extremitate,Sileri^,transfluittotamPolO'-
niam mmorem, & partem majoris , Mazoviam, & Pruffiam.,
conHitfemari Balthico, infra Gedanirm, quo conducit,per
plufquamquadringenta miliaria navigrationis, (quo Ipaciorc^
cipic diverfos alios fluvios ) bonam partem filigmis,frugum,
mellis & cer« regni. Ab aliapaicc Dumaflumcnnobiliilimuin,
Rex PoLONiiE.
(quod oritur ex lacuKuthenio au<5iumaquis, findenfqueme-
diam Livoniam) condit fe mari Tub Riga,adqu am urb em ma-
gnus concurfus ell. Sunt praeterea in Pruflia 8c Livonia multi
Jacus, inter quos unus eft, qui mare novum dicitur,quia anti-
quus non eft, ad centum miliaria in longitudinem extenditur.
In Livonia eft lacus ,Pelbas,pIusquam 40 miliaria longus. Ex
CO flumina,qu3£ Pernoviam urbem ad mare, & Narvam alluut,
fiuunt,faciuntque duosPortus fatis celebres.Inter didas civita*
res fita eft Revalia urbs,qu3e duabus fupradidtis civitatibus non
cedit. Samogithiaalijs Provincijsincultior eft,retinctqueplus
barbariei.'Podoliaalijs magis deferta, quod terrsevitio non fir,
(ea enim eft copiofinima omnium rerum, quas fert clima,cui
fubjacer)red culpa in Tartaros conferendaeft, quieam fuis ex-
curfionibus adeo infeftant , ut prx ipforummetUjaut fugiaut
incola;,aut abducantur in captmtatem a Tartaris.
Op
es.
pOIoniae opes confiftunt,in copiafrumcnti, frugumq; omntf
generis , quibus tanta copia abundat , ut anno cIapfo,qui
fuit If 5?p & anno prsefentijpartim fubvenerit nece/fitati Genu-
eniium,Thurci3e & Romae (npnfolum gentium, quae yiciniores
erat)ubifame,noncaritate extrematantu laborabatur. Abun-
dat quoquePclonia,mclle& ceramfinita: Cumenimomnes
hae Provincise Septentrionales, Polonia , Lithuania , Ru/lia,
Mofcovia, a natura vino donatae non fint, ejus loco contulic
illis mellis quanritatem incredibilem, ex quohipopuli, inter
alia conficiunt potionem delicatam & fan am. Apesmellifi-
cancpartiminiylvis,ubiarbores aut carie^auchommum indu-
ftria,excavatas repcriunt,aut in Alveanjs,qu3e ruftici in campis
pofuerunti aut in tcrrae puteolis , omnique in loco, ubi vel
minimam oportunicatcxn reperiunc. Abuadat quoque Li-
no 6c
K 1 X P O L O ^ I JE .
no & Cannabe , gregibus \& armentis, cquis quoque bonis Sc
jnultis/ylveftres equi quoq; fatisfrequetcs sut. Inter fylveftria
animalia ell Bifons, & magna Beflia,equi indomiti,boves co-
lore nigri, qui extra fyivam, quae inMazoviaefl:,nonvivunt,
Thefaun regni confifiunt in falinis BaCkna;, & Welifcse^quae
loca interritorioCracovienfi iirnt.DivitiaE Poloniae ut pliirimu
inter dominos & nobiles,ratis bene divifaerunt; nemoenim
cx patrimonio , adeo dives efl^ ut alio* praerer modum fuperec
nee maximi reditus exceduntiy aureorum niillia. Soli duces
Curlandiae & Regii montis exceduntmediocritatem- Quam-
vis enimhi tanquam regni feudatarij. Regem in fuperiorem
agnofcantjnonjfunt tamenviva membra regni: Non veniunc
ad comitia regni, Non habent fuffragia in eledione Regis,
Ncc partem in regni, Nec pro dominis naturalibushabentur,
fed pro extraneis,ficut vere liint , Dux Curlandiae nempe exfa-
milia Ketlerorum. Dux Regii Montis autem,ex familia Bran-
deburgica . Omnis Pru/Iia fuit olim Equitum Teutonicorunij
qui ibihabebarit(llcut ante diximus) Magnum Magiftrum fpe-
cialem. Qui cumviribusPolonorum refiftere nonpofTetjfub-
mifit fe tanquam feudatarius , Regi Cafimiro. Cum demde
Magnus Magifter Albertus Brandeburgicus , LutheraniJGnum
amplexus elTet , fadus eft ex magno Magiftro dux Prufli3e,q,uac
tunc in duas partes fuit divifa : In regia nempe,qu3e immediate
fub corona permanfit, Et.ducalem, quae tanquam Feudum Al-
berto & ejus fucQefToribus relida eft. In Regia parte funt Mari-
cburgum,Toronia,Culma,Varnia,Gedanumi; Ducalis partis
(quae reddit izo aureorum millia annul reditus) caput eft Regi-
us Mons , quam German! civitatem appellant ^M0(t^Aihi
DaixAulamhabct:
Regimen.
JL Polo-
Rex P o l o n I m .
T) 0 L Oniae regimen p otius Reipubhc2£,quam regni cHj^uocf
^ nobifes (qui magnam aucoriracem,inComitijs regni obti-
nent) Regem eligunr, dantqoeilli autoricatem^quamvolunr,
tamei-L. ipforumpoteflas major fie, De eledtione Regisnon ha-
bcnc legem, necScatutum aIiquod,nonreguIamauc formam-*
fcripcamneccraditamr Tanrum hoe Tcitur apud Archicpifco-
pum Gnefnenfem. Interregni tempore , fuprema autoricatem
clTc: ipfe denunciat Di£cas,praefidctin Senatu^proclamatnO"
vum_, Regenij. Ec quod,cum Archiepifcopo Leopohs , & fuis
SufFraganeis qui tredecim ; Palacinis quiig; Caftellanis majo-
ribus5qui 30 numero eranc antcquam Rex Srephanus mfticuiA
fet novos EpifcopoSjPalatinos & Caftellanos in Livonia,quani
ipfe acquifiverac^paucialijinterfunc Regis eledioni. Habent
ibi quoqu-e quandam authoritatem. Nunc ij Terreflres(ica ap-
pellant, quofdam quafi Agentes Circulorum nobilitatis , qui'
inProvincijs habentur); Com-itiorum_, tempore conveniunt.
hi, in loco Scnatui vicino eligunt ibi duos Marefcallos ^ per
quosfignificant Senatui, quid defiderent ied cum autoritatc
fere Tnbunim: Crevit enim parvo ab hiiic tempore , corum
authoritas exillima-tioq,- in tanrum,ut authores,&caprta poti^,
qminiilri,& participes,deliberationumpublicarum regni fmt,
fuitqi uns'jqui excmpio Clodij, renuciavit dignitati Senatorial,
u r fieret Nuncius.Hi oes fimul,cum novus Rcxeligcndo eft,re-
flringut magis & magis potentiam Regis nec earn nimis excrc-
fcerc finut.Qu^mvjs aut corona Poloniae, a decreto nobilitatis
depedet,non tamen legitur ipfos un^ iuccelToresRegios exclu-
fiik autpraeterijlTe^nec regnu in.aliam familia tranf]:ulifre,exce-
pta una vice, cum Ladislaum deponentes(quitamen_.poftea
fuit reflitutus ) elegerunt Wcnceslaum Bohemum. Frliarum
Regumquoque Temper ratio habitaell, ficut olimHeduigis ,
quae lagelloni ab ipfis coMoeatafuit,& noftra setate, Anna?,quae
Re^i Srephano ^ in uxorcm data. Sigifmnndo tertio non pa-
parum
Rex P o t o n I *
paruni profuic, natumfuifTe Carharina, Sigiimuncli Augurti,
& Anna; forore , ut coronam Poloniae adipijfceretur. Etfi au^
tern Regis aucoritas ita ab eledionedependcat^ejusautoritas:
tamen,cum eledus eft,in^ inultis rebus abfoluta eH:. Ipilus
jmuneris eft convocare dietas, affignare ccmpus,& locum uti-
p£ placct.Eligit confiliarios iaicos:nominac Epifcapos qui de-
mdemanent Confiliarij. Eft abfolute patronus redituum co-
ronse , & dominus eorum qui ei immediate rubftint: In nobi-
Hum fubditps nullum ejus. Eft abfolurus executor dccreto»
rum irL. Dietis fadorum: Eft fupremus judex nab ilium , iru
caufis criminalibus. Habet ia^manu omncsmodos remune-
randi beneficioque afficiendi , quos ipfi placet. Vt finemfa-
ciam . tantum poteft Rex , quantum ipfe dextentate & pru-
dentia valet: Propter ratianes fupra di^as, vivunt nobiles
ill-* Polonia, in^ magna libertate , faeiuntque quodipfis pla-
cet.DecretaRegisCficutipfimet djcunt) non durant plus quam
exes dies: Verfantur cum Rege^non tantum, tanquamcognati
(^uodfaciuntFranci)redut'fratres. Sicut Rex cum plena-
ria authoritate, eos qui ip£ immediate fubfunt, regitjIraSc
nobiles difponunt in dependenter, de fuis vafallis , inquos,
ipforum unufquifque , imperium plus qnamRegiumeft, ha-
bentque ipfos fere pro mancipijs. Stabiliendo fuo Imperio,
ieccrunt Poloniae Regcs,remnotatu admodum dignam; Sicut
enim Romaniftias vires amplitudincmque auxerunt , com-
municando lus Latij^ & civitatis Romanae , alijscivitatibus,
immo integris Provincijs : Ita & Reges Polonix extendcrunt ,
unierunt,firmaruntque fuum Statum , participesfaciendopri-
vilegiorum nobilitati Polonies propriorum, Provincias ar-
mis aut alia via acquifitas , ipfarumque nobilitaf em. Polonies
nobilitati arqualem faciendo. Rex Ladislaus, hoc modo ag-
gregavit immo univit Poloniae Ru/llam& Podoliam: Sigif-
mundus AuguftusLithuaniam. Stephanus Livoniam. iEquali*
R £ X P O L O K r ^.
tas enim, in.cominodicacibus,&c honore,xe<iclit animos unicoe
in ncce/fitatibus&periculis.
Vires.
tJVjus rcgni vires, ficut & aliorum,confiltunt in commcatu,
-*pecunijs , pedicatu, equitatu , armis & munitionibus. Dc
commeacu diximus fupra: Pecunijs quidemnonadmodum-r
dives ell: : Excipiendo enim Portum Gedaneniem, non habec
Emporium alicujus cxiflimationis.- Merces aurem qirse ex Por-
tubus Prufliae&c Livonise evehuntur,nonditantregnumpecu-
nia,imo ,, vix pannis, feryco & Ianae,qu3e ex Flandria &: Anglia:
Vino,,S'accharo,Aromanbi>,&: fructib^'^quaeex Hifpania^Sc Lu-
ficania advehuntur, fufficiunt. Eo ufque ac alia parte qiioq; de-
ferturVinumMalvaticumfivejCreticum^cuiusdolium 70 au-
reis venit. Cum denique regnum mercaturae addidum non fir,
nec civitares mercimonijs dedirae fint, Nec populi jnduftria
pollear. Nobilitas autem magnanima fit , profufa m expen-
dcndo, Et in vidu Sc veftitu plus quamni reditu habet,confu-
mit:Et quod condimenta ciborum (abfumunt enmi Poloni pls>
aromatum, quam ullaalianatio) vinumjpannieferycOj&po-
tifTima pars laneorum ipfis ab extraneis adferuntur,fierinon
potef]:,ut regnum Auro&Argento dives fit. Opes enim uniuf^
cujufqueregniconfiflunt in eo utmuJtae merces aide e vehan-
tur,pauc3e inferantur: Vrexeuntia pecunias externas eo trahat,
illatanonefferant, Ea inre confiftunt opes regniNeapolitani
&ducatus Mediolanenfis: Illudemittitmaximamfrugum Vi-
ni,0]ei,reryci,croci,equoru, fruduum, &:a]iarum rerum qua-
ritatem, quae rhaximam externatii pecuniaru vim eo pertrahit:
Haec fiippeditat multis regionibus frumenta , Oryzam,pannos
ferramenca & merces omnis generis, recepitq; parureru. Sire-
g^num N tapoliranum- & regnuiu Sicilix ita abundarenroperis
arcifi-
R r X P o L o N I M.
artifxciofefacaisjficut frU(aibus&bonis(qux natura largicur )cff-'
rite sfiinc, nulla aliaRegna eis poifenc comparari.Sed ut ad Po-
Joniam revertamur, ejus redirus non Tunc adeo tenues ficut ali~
quiexiflimant.Rcditusn.Regnijqui ex Minasris Salis, & Arge-
ripercipiunturaeccduntadfexcenta Aureorumniillia quotaa^
nis.Verum quidem eftiSigirmundumAuguftum^redituumpar"
cem oppignoraiTe, Rex quoq; Hendcus^uno ante fugamerire*
ut fibi unam nobilitatis partam obligaret, exReditibusplus^
pro trecentis Aureorumillibus quoqiio anno abalicnavit . Rex
quoque potefl: applicando dofonae bona caduca,qu3£Rcgcs pri-
vatisperfonisconcederefoIent/ibiitiagnosReclitus parareDi-
(^orum Rcdituum, magnam partem poteil Rex, fibifervare^
fumpribufq; parcere:Eos n.faciunt Lithuanijquando Rex: cum
Aula inLichuania degit,idem quoq; fit^in niaximaPolonix par-
te.Hoc parvinonfacitis,quiperpedct Scotias^Navarr^g, Sardi-
nise regnorum reditus,non excedere centum Aureorum millia
quotannis. Nec regna Aragoniae,quoquo triennio,plifsq centii
millia aureorumpendere.Reditus Regis Angliae antequam u-
furpavit bona ecclefiafticorumjnon excedebant fexcenta aure-
orum millia quotannis. Rex Poloniaemulto plus redituumna-
beretjfi erga fuos Palatinos & CaftellanoSjtanta liberalitate n6
uteretur . Concedit n. ut plurimum duas partes tertias fere
femper omnes reditus, quos in ipforu gubernationibus habet.
Sed in nece/Htatibus bellrcis & arduis expeditionibus ( fadto
decreto 111 Comitijs regni)gravat.Rex populum magnis impo-
fitionibus, aut tributis quae ex temtorijspercipiuntur,aut e3^
vedigah cerevifiae afcenduntque ea tnbutaadtalempecunia-
rum fiimmam, ut ea Rex Stephanus ruftinuerit onera graviflt-^
, mi triennalis belli, quod cum Magno Mofcorum duce geilit.
Sed illud maximum eft, quodnobiles proprijsexpenfis,pro de-
fenfione fegni,Regi infcrvire obligati funt. Serviunt hi equiy
armis inftruai^parrimricut noflri cataphradiequites,partim
Rex P o l o n I je.
aliquanto levioribns, partim fiCUtTarcari,dicunturhi Cofac^
chi horum ars eH: furari,-^depopLiIari,omnia vaftarepeffiinda^
reque. Euntin Bella pompofe ornatifagis &:veJfl:ibus, quae Au-
rOjArgento, milleque varijs coloribus diicriminantur. Ornanc
ic quoq; pennis & alls Aquilarum,exiivijs Lcopardprum &: ur-
forum , vexiliis Labarifque multis varijfque. Hsec aliaquc or-
namenta ipfos fuis vifendoSj hofliibus tembiles faciunt iuofquc
amnios ad feritatem ferociamque incitare pofTunc. Ipforum
equi mediocres runc,fedagiles5& Germanicislongeanimo^lo-
res.^^l:imat^rPoloniam,nece/llcate exigentc cencum,Lithiia-
niam 70 equirummilliacolligercpofre,iedcantuincirciter C€-
tum equicum millia, educi poife exiflimant aliqui. Verum qui-
d.em efl:,quod equi LihcuaniciPolonicislongeinferioresfunt.
Fidiint Poloni rantummagno numero fui eqiiitatus,ut non ve-
rentes ullius hoftis vires, parum de Munitionibus extruendis
folliciti fint,eumque in locis apercis , adverfus hoftes, pro pa-
tria, libcris, libertace j omnibuique fuis bonis, magnoanimo
pugnaturos credunt. I^ofbibus renunquam,etiaminquacum-
que fortuna , cerga obvertere proi^centur. Sigifmundus Augii-
rtus tentavit, ut in Cominjs regni , delibcraretur de munienda
CraGovia, propter Caefaris vicinitatem, fed ejs idperfuadere
nunquam potiut,tum quod nolintRegibus medio praefidiorum
commoditatem dare, invadendi merumlmperium&abfolu-
ram dominationem : turn quod dicuntjfua pedoradefenden-
do regno fufficere. Pedeftrem militiam non habent quod o-
mnis Regni populus divifus fit in mercatores, &artifices(qui
oppida incoIunt)ruJ[]:icos,& viUicos,qui ruri.in tali fubjedione
(ficut didum ell:)dcgunt : Sunt itaque arma in manibus nobili-
um tantum,quipedibus non militant . In nece/Htatepeditibu^
Germanicis & Hungaricisufifuntjhabuitque Rex Stephanus,
in expeditione Livonica, Tub fignis, plus minus i^peditum
C.ermanprum Hungarorum milli^i, Ducendis tormentis
belucis,
Re X P o t o N I it .
bellicis, cuniculariorum & fofTorumloco utunturTartaris'S^
fuis rufticis.Quod ad rormenta beilica , eorumque apparacuiii
fpedtar, Regnumijs fatis inll:ru6tum eJfl: : turn quod nobilesil-
lorum facis in fuis Arcibus habent. Turn quod illorum iiidigeh-
tiam pari non po/fic, ob Germanias vicinitatem , quae Metallo-
rum ferax ef]:,habetq; multos magiflros fundendi tra6tandique
formenra,&id omne, quod adduint armorumfacit. Tanto
quoque tormentis inftrudior eft Rex Poroniae, quanto mino'
rem Arcium numerum habec . Sunt tameri non parvas confide-
rationisArces Leopolis,&: Camentzy in RufIia,Arx Cracovien-
fis m minori Polonia, Polofcenfisin£nibus Mofcovia^, Mari-
emburgi & aJiquoruni oppidorum in Pru/Iia,& in'LivonJa, quae
oppida non a Poloms,redabEquitibusTeutonicis(quiearum
domini erant)munitafunt. Poloniae viros quas commemora-
vimus, funt &: numero & natura tales utpaucaEurop^ere^na
eas 3equent,non /iiperent.Vna res eis deefl,nempe Agilitas :Sed
ad firmitatem cujufcunque Status quatuor res requiruntur, ne-
_pe ut vires fibi propriaE;. numerofae, validae, &agiIcs^lnt;Pro-
prl3e,quiaa^gree^credipote^l, quodalterius efl: Numerofa^jUt
in rebus adverfis^&incommodis^femper aliquxfuperfint : Va-
lid^e, quia numerus, abfque fortitudine parum juvatjimmo po-
tius molefliam,quam auxilium adfert: AgiTes ut facile colli-
gi po/Iint impellique quaexigit nece/Iitas . Polonis deeft di*
darum quatuor qualitatum ultima, agilitas nempe : quae a
rebus duabusdependet - VnaeilPrincipis auttioritas i Altera,
promptapecunia. Rex poteilatem non habet in^ Polonia
aliquid decernendi , bellum inditendi , oriera ad conHandtini
pecuniamimponendijabfque confeniii Comitiorum. SedCo-
mitia & coniultationes, quibusrhultosinterefre opus eftaiimi-
Jesfunt Machinis expluribus partibus multifque inflfumentis
conftantibus,quae progrefliim alicujus momentijnon nililonga
tempore faciunt-. Sed inrebus bcllieis funt Pnncipes expeai-^
ti/1-
Rex Polontje.
ditinUmi , qui foli imperare poflunt : quipecuniasinpromptu
habent: Alioquin,inindicendis difponendifque Comitijs,ut
decreca propolicioni reipondeant, deinde exequcndo, colli-
gendoque pecunias,tanci temporis jadura fit , ut ad expedicio-
nemparumruperfit^fagiatqueoccafio Barones &NobilesPo-
ioni cam magiios fumtus faciunt invifendo Comitia,haeren-
ces degentefque iniis, uc ad bcllum vires nonfuperfint. Fieri
pofTetLic ad defenfionem Status promptiorexpeditiorquerc-
lolutio inveniretur J quod imminens penculum omnibus pa-
voremincutiatrfedadaliquid acquirendum credo ibi futuram
magnamtarditatem: Spes enimboninonadeo afficit, quam
timormali. Vidimus tarnen Mofcum abflulilfe Sigifmundo
Augufto Statum Polofccnfem & Smoloczenfem nec hie ta-
rnen perfentijt & vindicavit, ficut tanto Regi regnoque con ve-
niebat. IdemMofcus abfque obflaculo invafit Livoniam quae
fe Tub umbra,& proteclione Sigifmundi Augufli contulerat.
Tempore quoque Henrici Andegaveniis Regis Poloniae , Jo-
annes Moldaviae Princeps (qui magno animo & clarls vidtori-
js, per aliquod tempus beila adverfusTurcas gefnt)i.Poloms
prseter paAa foederis, inter ipfum & Sigifmundum Auguftum,
defcrtus fuit; Dicamus tamen vires Poloniat-^per fe numerofas
independentes & validas, tantum agilitatis & promptitudinis,
habituras, quantum in Rege valoris, roboris & efficaciae ent.
Ejus rei fidem fecit Stephanus Bathoreus cujus tempore Polo-
nia non folum confervavit fibinomen& exiftimationemregni
quod fe a viribus extraneis defendere queat : fed quod etjam
magni moment! acquifitiones de potentibus hoftibus facere
yaleat. Cum aucem dixerimus de agilitatc, quaeres^ viribus
cujufcunque Status neceffaria eft, nonpra^ter infticutum eric,
caufas ipfius agilitatis adjungere. Precipuas runt(ficut diximus.)
autoritas Principis, qui motum dar, & vis pecuniae quae ipfum
confer/at; Vidimus enimpotentinimos exercitusjproptertar-
ditacem
Rex P o l o n I ^.
<airatem corporemqi capitum,tempus inudliter tnvifre,& prge-
claridimas vidorias,qua$ ad manushabuerunf, nullum frudurfi
peperilleautfecifre propter pecuniarum penuria fine<luamO'
vcrinonporueremilitcs. Multum quoque adremfacit milicum
qualitas; Negari n. non poteft,pediccm Germanum & Bohemu
ab agilitace,laudarinon pofTcyquaelaus absq;dubio,Iralo,Hi{pa-
noSc Franco debetur^non ob id folum quod corp ore melius c6-
ftitui Tint , fed quod plus eft , quod in belloniinori contenti fuK:
Quamvis n. unum non habeant,non pavent;nec cadunt animis
ficarnes defunt, 8cquomodocumquec«dat/erunt diutiusino-
piam & incommoditatesXevis equitatus magis agilis eft, quam
Cataphraai. Ettraciatio Sclopetorum, quamlancearum. Id
confidcrantes Franci, ultimis bellis lancea:rumufum, inquibus
ipforum militaris gloria confiftebat reliquerunt, ucmiturque
earum vice Sclopetis, ficut equices Gcrmani enfe. Sed quo ju-
dicio id fecerinc excutiet alius, Hie nondico, equitemlevioris
armaturse^in rebus bellicis abfolutc cataphraao elTe meliorem,
id dico^quod expedicior^promptiorque fit . Multum quo que fa-
cit genus equorum; Flandrici multum fuperant Frifios .& Ger-
manicos: nec minus prseftant HungariciPolonicis. Afturco,
Turcicus , Barbaricus pr^didtis funt velociores inter urrofquc
funt equi Neapolitani,qui vcrnacule Corueri appellantur . Qua-
vis enim Aft.urconi velocitate pares non funt , perdurant irL.
labore, ferunt melius pondus armorum,nec tardi funt . Vt quod
verunu eft dicatur: Experientia docct equitatum^. Germani-
cum-, propter eorum tarditatem^ aptum nonelTcadinfequen-
dum fue^icntes^nec ad efFugiendum hoftes.Si n. Valacchici, Hu-
carici , Polonici , turcici , Mauria Barbarcici equites Germani-
cosfuderunt,non polTunt eiFugere,fiilliautemrupti funt,noa.
pofTunt equi Germanic! illosinfequi. Falconum enim inftar
aggrediunturhoftesrurfufq; avolantlongiffime. In expedition
nibus Maritimis, agilifte pamm valenc naves, deftitutae enim
Ivl vento
Rex PotONi^o
vtmo moveri non pofTunc neque verri, Aliquantulumjfed pa-
rum ampluxs faciunc magnx aduariae naves jled velocitate pras-
ftanc maxime Triremes, quas Galeres vocant. Vidimus it a que
clafTes Chnftianorum , quorum vires in navibus fita: funt,bo-
nam a^ftacis partem temporifque expeditioni commodi, in pro-
gredicndojtriviffe ; Turcicas autemclalTGs citoinftitutumcur-
fumefFecilTe.NullaautemresTurds in fua agilitate plus com-
modi contra nos adfert,quam ipforum parfimonia,& noflra in-
gluuies, Vinum enimiimilefqi delicia^ funt noflris exercitibus
tantoimpedimento, quantuTurciscommeatusfimul, Mirum
itaque non eftjquod ipfi omnes expeditioncs eat, quam optimc
infl:rud:i,tormetis globis pulvere fulphureo&omnijCommeatu:
(ijs enim rebus currus terra. Triremes mari onerant)riO vino,
pullis,.fimilibusq5 non neceiTacefTarijs rcbf ^Eut deniq>in bella
lit pugnet,nanutcrapul3e indulgeant..
MAGNVS DVX
MOSCORVM.
MAGnusDuxMofcorudomimis cHr amplillimae regionis ,-
]n ter cujus fines compreheduntur multai ditioncs.vSeptc-
rnones verfiis pertingit ejus ditio ad^Oceanu Septetrionale, ^-
tenditurqj a SinuGraduico,ad Obrj fluvium: a Meride contmu-
uatur ejus imperiu, fecudu curfum fluvrj Volgae^ad mare Cafpiii
ufq; .-adOccasu attingit finesLivoni3e,habetq; fere pro tcrmino
Borifl:henem,ficut ab Ortu Volgam . Dicunt aliqui totum hoc
jmpcruimin Jongitudinem protendi ad tria miliarium millia,
in latitudinemadmillequmgenta , quo fpacio continentur if
DucaTuSjKS" provinciscjic duo re^na. M ofciquondamTartaris
fubditj erant, nam Roido eoru Prmceps Anno 1140 fubjui^avit
cotam Mofcoviam^ fed Joannes primus Magnus Dux confifus
difcor-
MaCnus Dux.
^ifcordijsTartaroriim,quiremutuovexabanr,iiegaviteisTfi-
feutum.ProgrefrutcmporiSjCumaTartaris Precopefibus fupe-
ratiis eiTec Ammetes, ukimus fuccefTor Boicli,qui mortuus eft
Viln3e,a(ijunxic Magnus Dux fuae dicioni Pcrmiam , Veariam
& Iugriam, quae Ammetirubditicrant. Crefccntibus itaquc
Temper Magnorum ducum vinbus , cepit Bafilius Cazan,& Jo-
annes fecundus Cirracan Provincias, quae nomma regnorum
habent. Vt dicatur quod verum eft ; Magni duces valde dila-
tarunt/uum imperium.-Ceperunt magnum Ducatum Severie-
fern & Smolocenfem, Bielfchienfem, Plefchovicnfem, Novo*
gardicnfem , laroslavicnfem, Rofchovienfemjparcim a Polo-
nis,partim ab alijs Principibus: Occupat unt magnam Livoniac
partem,feceruntquc fe terribiles vicinis. Principes Sc prmia-
nx civitatesharum Provmciarumfunc Mofquajubi Metropo-
iitahabicat: Rofcovia & Novogardia fedes Archiepifcopo-
rum: Cortifa^RefaniajCoIoma , SufdeliajCafanum, Vologda,
Turia, .Smolenfko,quaj Epifcopatusfunt; Deinde Plefcovia,
Porcovia, Scaricia, Sloboda , Iaroslovia,Volodomena(unde
Impcrij fedes translata eft, pet loannemlLincivitatem Mof-
quam)Mdfaiiko,SanNicolaus, Sugana, Vftiud, Gargapolia,
Princepshabiratincivjcare Morqua,quaenomcnfumit a Mof-
CO flumine , quod miJiaria altius oritur. Fuit civitas Mofqua
quondam major,quam nunc eft,habebarque in circuitu novem
miliaria , fed poftquam Anno 15-70 dire.pta,flammirque tradita
fuicaTartaris Precopenfibus, non habet nunc in ambitu ultra
quinque miliaria, ftabulanturque in eacumhominum jomil-
libus,boves,a^iaque talia pecora,recundum Relationem,quam
PolTevinus, non minus judicio bonus, quamdiligens fcriptor
fecit. Novogardia cognomen magn3ehabet,&: tamenidem
-fcriptar ei non acrribuit ultra 20 habitatorum millia, ficut &
Smolenzko & PlefcoviserQuod mihi difficile creditu videtut,
^frum eft^quod alij fcribimt/cilicet^quad cum Plefcovia obfi-
U 2, deretvuf
M O S C H O R U M
deretur a Sccphano Rcge Poioniasjin ea fuifTe 5-0 peditum , & 7
cquicum millia: Isnumerus adeo magnus.eil:,ut quamvis totus
cxindigenis compofirus non fufTet, requirit tamen frequenti-
am hominum fupra dida majorem: VbiemmPrincepsintm-
dit implicatque ^7 pugnatorum millia , necelTe cf]:,ut ordina-
rius inhabicatorum numems mulco major fit. Volunt quidam
hanc regioneiTij 5 prastericis temporibus, frequentius inhabica-
cam fuifie, fed quod poIlea,tribusde caufis habicatoribus infrc-
quentiorfadafic. Prima fuitpeflis, (res nova in Morcovia)quae
multa hominum millia ab/lulic : Altera Principumcrudelitas,
qui multos , potiflimum nobiles occidenmt: Tertia excurfio-
nes,& depraedationcsTartarorumPrccopitarum, & Nagai, qui
nunquam quiejfcunt , nec vicinos quietos finunt: Non deprae-
dantur folum agros, fed Scabducunt totos populos, quos poflea
vendunt Turcis alijfque gentibus. Vt uno verbo dicam Ma-
gnoruni-; Ducunijirruptiones longinquas regiones magnani-.
fecerunt vaf]:itatem_j. Nulla in re melius pcripicitur Princi-
pis prudentia, quam in bene di/piciendo, quae expeditio fuo
Statui firfutura damnofa aut utilis, &:dum ducrfenonpatitur
vana /pecie amplitudinis arripiendae, quae non fit ei futura firma
&ftab]lis , fed iecuritatenij fuam_. turbatura; Is enim, quica
fpe du6lus|^, ut /latumfuumj amplificet,eum autpopulo,aut opi-"
bus enervat, mihi fimilis efife vidctur illi, quiut muros & teda
fuae domus altius tollat,confcinditfundamenta aedificij: Toti-
us dignitatis caput eJfl: confervarejled acquifitiones illae , quae fi-
unt diminuendo vires proprias, illi Legi adverfantur; Et cum ac-
quifitiones fint tanquam infitiones conditionem imperj me-
Jiorem,nondeterioremfaceredebent : Sicutn. fiunt infitiones,
aut ad nobilitandam , aut ad domeftieam reddendam arbo-
rem filveHrem: aut ad plantam infrugi feram emendandam,
&^t fertilis fit faciendum, ita & expeditiones Principum, ta-
lcs eife debcnt^ut coiBmoda beneficia refcrant, alias funt in-
utiles.
M A GNUS Dux.
miles laborcs, qui plus deftruunt,quama£dificant,& plus per-
tuxbationis quam fecuricaris reddunt . Ejufmodi funt ordina-
riebella , qusemovcnturadacquirendum regioneslonge dim-
tas , qu3c nihil contigui cum noflris habcnt;& cum tarn pro cul
abfunt, requirunt majora praefidia, quam nollraefacult ate s ut
cas confervemus/erunr. Omnisitaque dcliberatio exp^dido-
nis,tribus capiribus inniti debet. Prima eft cauf« «quiras: Alte-
ra facilitas vmcendi: Tertiafru^us vidoriae^Beiraautemquae
rufcipiunturfine fpealicujus frudus/unt merae amentia. Ma-
gni Duces/xpe tcrmmos fm imperii dilatarunt^fed potentiam
nonauxerunt . Nemo expeditioneslonginquiorcs , majorum-
que expenfdrumfecit,quam Magnus DuxIoannesXepit cmtn
regnaCazamadVolgam, & Aftrachan admareCarpium:lub«
jugavit bonam partem Liv-oniae.-In quibus expeditionibus penic
magnus. hommum numerus, initmeribuSjinpraelijs adfultibus
ferro^morbo/amejalijfque incommodis. Poftquam ea acqui-
fivitjopuseifuit: ibi habere magna pr3eridia,deducendo eo^to-
tas colonias; Cum itaquc homines efTent longe a domibus ,
miplicati aut in acquirendo alieno, aurinconferrando parte^
maiiferuntdomiuxores^quari viduae abfqueprok. Cumitaquc
■ homines in extremis regni finibus confumebantur , remanlit
regnimeditullium-. tanquam^ corexangue , privatum^ alunen-
to. Cumque ab Stephano Rege Poloniae impeteretur , detue-
re ipfi domi vires , ad refiftendum. , amifit itaque Poloniam^
aliaque magni moment! loca, quae ei ereptafuere , ac necelle
habuit ccdere Polonis totam. Livoniani..Vt ad noftrum inlti-
tutum revertamur : Mofcovia magna ex partc,eft occupata lyl-
vis immenfis, & Lacubus-Silvae funt rami Hercim«,qu« fe per
totum Septentrionem diiFundit ,, fed plus forfitaninhacpro-
vincia, quam in aUavHic arbores immenfae magnitu<lmis viclen-
tur , funtque propter earumfpiffitudinem lolis radijs impene-
trabiles : Ex ijs arboribus iriciedibilis Rermaf&picisquantitas
J efnuiu
MOSCHORUM.
cffluit: Hicproduciturcopiamcllis&ceraiinexhauJfla; Apes
eniinabrquecurahumana,faciunt Alvearia incorticibus & ca-
vicacibus arborum. Hie eftcopia omnis pecoris & ferarum:Vr-
n, Marcures, Zibellmi, Lupi,ex quorum pellibus fit dives mer-
catura. Ex his fylvis exfcinditur fere omnis materia,tam do-
niubus quam munitionibus fabricandis apra: muri enim civira-
turn fiunt ex trabibus fimul conjunctis inquadrance,implen-
tes vacuum gleba&c terra: Faciunt quoque ex eifdem trabibus
turres, tantae altitudinis & craflitudinis,ut omne tormentiim
bellicumqnantumvis magnum ferant, Citoflammis corripi-
untur, fed non tam cito cedunt quaffanoni quae fit tormentis
bellicis.Diiputant aiiqui quales munitiones meliores fint, num
exlapide,autexcalce,autex terra: Pro ultima fententia addu-
cunt tales caufas, quod citius fiant, & minori expenfajmeliuf-
querefiftant quaffationi quamvis facile deil:ruuntur,refici-
antur quoque brevi tempore fifaciliufque mutatur ( ficafus 8c
occafio nece/litasq; requirit) latus ex terra conftrudum, quam
cx lapide. Sed his non obftantrbus debent prasferri munitiones
qu^muros exlapidehabent- Cum cnim quatuor modioffen-
dendi munitionemfint , Tormenta, Guniculi,Ignis , Excifio
(qvLX ligone & farculo fit): Murus ex lapide forte minus refifte-
do, quam terra cedendo tormentis behicis prxftabit , fed ad-
verfus cuniculos , ignem, & excifionem, longe excellit murus
ex lapide. Et adjungendum muro quod in munitionibus, ex
ligno & terra confi:ru6lis,boniell:,erigunturAggeres intrmfe-
ci .De Aquis nihil opus eft dicere. Mofcovia enim eft mater flu-
vioruiii& lacuum*. Dume,Boryfthenis,VoIgae, Defuse, Oneg^,
Mofcux,Volifc3e,& fama celeberrmiiTanis: Lacus Iu^,ad que
eft Magna Nouegardia; Voloppo multorumq^ aliorum . Aqua,
rum abundantia reddit aerem magis frigidum,q generation!
aninialium, propagationi plantaru requirirur,etfi frii^us ca-
Jore falubrius elTe aeftimacur.Pecudes parvsefunt^ fegetes ali-
quando
Magnus £) u 5^
quando non perveniunt admaturitatcm. Terra fere ab aquis
abforpra, ut plurimum leviseft, & arenofaideoque Scficpitas
& pluvia immoderata facile confumunt fruges. Hyems durat
novem menfes paulo plus aut minus, & tamen hie copia eft fru-
gum,hordei & pdfcuorum,& exconfequenticarniumjtamfe-
rinarum quam manfuetarum. MofcoviaproducitPoma,Na-
ces, Corylos . aliorum fruduum vixhabent noticiam Mofci.
Ex pifcibus faciunt magnum lucrum, eorumfiquidemmaxi-
mamabundantiamhabent. Indurant eosfrigore &vento, fi-
cut fit m Norvegia, alijfque in locis Septentrionalibus, fer-
vantque eos pro bona annona, taminpraefidijsmunitionum
quam in domubus privatorum. Regio non eft multum merca-
turx dedita , quia indigenae fuapte natura non funt admo-
duniinduftrij. Nee pofluntibieffemultamercimoniaubinon
fiorent artes & artificia; Turn quod Mofcis non licet ditionc
fui Principis excedere- Obhascaufasnonhabent ullumufum
mans. Commurant tantum ea qua? R egiofert, nempe Pelles
Refinam certam cum panno , alijfque qua Armenij perferunc
inAftrachan admire Cafpium,& Angh adFanumNicolaiad
Sinum Graduicum.
Regimen.
MAGNus Dux Mofcorum regit fuospopulos magis DefpO''
tice, quam ullus alius Prlnceps,quemnovimus : difponit
enim abfolute de pcrfonis fubditorum, & ipforum rebus : Ideo
dicebat Mahumctes Vefirus,quod Mofcus & Turca , folnnter
PrincipesefTentdomini foorum Dominiorum, eaque de cau-.
faputabat, expcditioncm Stephani Regis Polonorum , pla;>
nam diffieultatibus fore. Vt in f lapotentia 6i authontate, le
Magnus duxconfcrvet,utiturartificio&induftriaincredibili^.
Primo non licet cuiquam fuorym vaffaHQrum^ exireregnxh-
MOSCHORUM.
iics/ub poena mortis ; Hac de caufa nemo fuorum Tub ditrorum
navigac, immo ne cum Legato loqui poteft,nec uti opera ex-
ternimcdiciinruismorbiSjnificum venia. Vtitur apparatu
inaeftimabiliin veftitu, & addens ornatumj Pontificium-. cum-,
majeftate Regis , fert capite Mytram, Margaritis &geinmis
preciofiiUmis nitentem-.,Si earn capite non gerit,habet eam co-
ram fe irLj fuo Throno, mutacqueeamadoflentandamampli-
tudinem multis vicibus. In finiftra manu tenet Paftorale ditifH-
mum-., indutus vefte^aut tunica longa,illi non abfimili,quaiTL>
Papa gerit ingrediens facrarium: digitosannulis aureis refer-
tos habet. Imago Chrifti addexteram, ScfandifTimae Matris
Virgmisfupercathedramin^ quafeder,ell:. Regia &proregia
camera plena eft viris, veftibus auro depidiSjufque ad talcs in-
dutis. In ceremonijs ad religionemfpedlanribus utitur exqui-
fitafagacitatefokrtiaque. Cumaflidetmenfa; , quoties mutan-
turpatinae, autvultbibere, multafigna crucis edit. Iruieju-
nijs exhibet fmgularem venerationem & intemplopr^devo-
'tione frontctcrrampercutitficut&alij. Ne alius plus ipfofcirc
pofHt nullaj ibi fcholae praeterq m quibus docetur legere & fcri-
bere . Nihil legunt praster &.angelia,&: aliquamhiftoriam,aut
defcriptionem vltarum San<a:orum,aut homeliam Sancti loan-
nis Chrifoflomi aut alterius , haberetqueeumfuspedum, qui
demonftrationem faceret, fe velie, in^ litterismajorempro-
grefrumfacerCjnecimpune ferret: Idfapit,nealiquis,plusipfo,
aut quantum ipfe faciat: Indeque accidit ut Scribae, nec ipfi-
met Antifcriba; ordinarie, non fcribant necrefpondeant Lega-
tis Principum externorum, nifi in quantum Magnus dux ejs di-
dlat. Cumnegociantur,nunqua Magnus dux no,minatur,quin
omnes affurgant in pedes,cum magna veneratione:Idcm eciam
ad menfam fit , quando ipfe,adbibenduminvitat,aut partici-
pem facit fuae patinae quemcumque , id fitin mille alijs fmii-
jibus occafionibus. Docentur a pueris credere & loqui de ipfo-
rum
M O S C H O R tl M.
rum Principe , ficut de Deo;Deiis rolus(dicunt)&r Magnus do-
minusfcit hoc: magnus nofter dominus,fcic omncrs res. Omnc
^uidquid habemus , ianitatis & commodi, procedic a Magno
Dommo. Accidie inde,ut fui fubdici^vidences cantam ampli-
tudinem majellatemque, in fuo Principe ^ necaliarum quam
ejus rerum noticiam habentes, reverenturipfum , obediuncquc
cj,nonricutrubdid, fed tanquam mancipia, habentq; eiun pro
X)eo potius,c[uampro Principe. Nonhabetfubfe dominos ti-
tulisinfignesficut inter nosfunt Duces, & Barones: Siipfeali-
cuipagumaucprsedium concedic, noncranfitadha-redes , nifi
id ipfe confirmee. Ecfi ipfe al ijs ea concefTerit, villici tain en per-
folvunt eiportionem fruduum, dcbentque ei operas:Id in cau-
fa eftjUC unufquifque a nutu Magni ducisdependeat , & quanco
aliquis ditior lic.tanto ei plus debeat. Vt obviec feditionibus ,
transfert integrasfamilias , ex iino loco in aliummictitquehos
& illos, in praefidia longe a domo tanquam in exihum.
Divitise;
Ex ijs,qu3e dida funtjfieri poteft: Judicium de ejus di virijs opi-
bufq;.- Cumicaque ipfe adeo abfoluce oninjum rerum domi-
nus fit,utirur opera fubditprum pro Jibitu, & tali parte ipforiiin
bonprum/icutipfi placet. Arrogatfibiex fer'arum exuvijs talc
portionem ut vult,& expifcibusdmnisgeneris,quantum vult:
pellicea vendit aut datdono,protitlibet: Pifces vento ficcati
fervantur pro munitione. In foro nemo fua venderepoteil:,ni-
fi Principis primum vendita lint. Minxras Auri aut Argenti
nullas habet. Ciyitates mercimonijs celebriores , undeipfe
maximamrcdituumpartempercipit, funt Aftrachan admarc
Cafpium quo diferuntur merces Perfia; &Armeni«; &Fa«
num Nicolai ad Sirium Graduicum , quo appellunt naves An-
g.orum & Hollandorum oneratx aerc alijfque xncrcibus qu«
Magnus Dus
inctc Vologdam ducuntur. Vbi fui Legati domum runt rerern^
aiffcrc ejs Lautia,quaci Principibus acccperunt,dando aliquid
in iJlorum vicem, & aliquando nihil. Vt finemfaciam, fibi mC'
rir,capicqr, quidquidinfaaE dirioni aut boni aut precjoli eft.Pu-
ratiir ipfum aliquem thefaurum habere, in Arcibiis Mofquae^
laroslaviae & lacus Albi,quod verifimile ell. Magnus enirn Du>c
loanncs fpoUaTic caHcibirs5.rcliquijSjCrucrbus,&:argcnco Cotam
fere Livoniam , n^^ec concedic Aurum & Argencumiija ditionc
cffem, nifi in rcdemptionem bello capcivorum, allorumquc
qui in capcivitatcm abdudi funt; Vcrum quidem eft, quod
ami/Koni Livoni:K,quam Anno if cc//it Scephano RegiPolo-^
nias privatus fuic ca regni parte,qu2; erar diriflima,proptcr co-
mereium Maris Baltici , mehori ditione quam habebat^in:
quacrant34 Arces.
Vires.
'X^Vnimcntum rcgionis conllflir, & in pluralitatcpaludum;
"''fluminumque,& in denfitatc ncmorura. In ufu habenr
Mofci , loca hoftibus proxima depopulari ^ ut dcnfae /yluaeibi
crcfcanc, quod & fit ob terraehumidkatem, funtqu^f cxcivi-
tatibuSjnonfeG.us acSepes ac Talla in mHnitionem.Mukum al-
Boris id Poionis'attuht utenimfibiiter adoppidahortium pa-
rarentjneceffe els fuit excinderefylvas & magni temp oris jacftu-
ram facere. Habet aliquas Munidoneis,qu3e partim cx lapidib^ ,
paYtim ex Iatcribus,Itahcro more eonflrudtae funt ,/ed abfq; late-
ribus & arcc3edificatoria: tales funt Arces Mofquae,Novogar-
di"3e,Plcfcoviaj,Porcovia£,Srariciae, Slobodan, Afexadriae,partim
cx gleb'S' viminibus contcxta & probe calcara,qualis eft Smo-
lenczko. Sed ordinaric exftruutur muri locorum fortium cx
magnis trabibus, inter quas conftipant terram,reIinqucndo ad*
defenfionem foramina pro Pyrobolarijs. Talis aedificatio com-
snoda eft dcfcnfioni, contra Cormenta bellica;, fcdnonrefiftitt
ignk
MOSCHOHUM.
^ni. Subditi MagaidiicisinferviuntfuoMncipijinbelloyfi^^
curance deiuaRcgimine agentes diximus, fcdfe potius timerc
(fi fcnon flrenucgefreriat)quarru prompcitudinein^
alacricaccmquemonftranc; Capitancis .adnucumfmit,patiua^
tur omneiiu incommodicatem,»nn curant fngus,aec pluvias^
patiuncurque iacxcdibilicer iaediaiTL. famemque, parvofunc
contenti: ^^l:inlantu^icaq^e aptiores defendcndis Caftris,qui
^ra;lijs campeitribus; Illic cmm mulcum valccpatientia & cole*
raaaa,Hic autemrequirituraudacuanmiufqae, Poloni func
ineliorcs confliciibus campeJfbribus , quam propugaandis Ar-
cibus. Magnus Mofcoyiae Dux Ioannes,.cxperienua cidodus dc
fuorum ignavia, in velicationibus & praclijs & dp Polonomm
audacia animifque, dicebat fuos opus habere calcaribus qui-
bus impdlerentur,Polonos freno quo recinereni:ur,Virespr«-
cipux hujus Principis c.onfiftunt in cquicatu/ed quern cquorum
jiumerurncducerepo/ru: difficile diaueil. Nec camen credo i-
pfuiu crpcenca miJlia arn^isinilruerepoiTeCricutaliqui dicunt)
habec- enim ditionem vaftam, 8c pro majori parte uicukam.
Ab Calano enim Aftracanum ufq, vix invcnituxpagus quam-
vjs inter eaoppida, aliquot dierum, iter fit. Bello quod ei in-
tulit Stephanus Rex Polonix (quihamennon ultra millia
turn eqiucum turn peditum habebat)ipre tantuniniiiitumcol.
ligere non potuit,quo non dico fe cj aperto marce obijcerec; fed
ncc potuit iprum divercereaboppugnatiombusPololci3e,Vili-
coluci, aliorumq; locorum,nec aut ab obfidione Plefcovige, An-
no k/o penerravic PrincepsTartarorumPrsecopicarum^cunx
cquorum millibus , uique; vifccra /iii Imperij,rradiditquc
fammis ipfam Mofquam urbem Regalem. Sed jj qui dicunc
Magnum Ducem 500. & Regem Polonix ioo,equorummil-
lia educere pofre,potius numeranc capita equorum,quam cqui-
tum.Etfi enim tot equorum millia rint,non tamen omnis equus
i)^ilobonu?cft,ncc unicuiqj equitandi ars^ aatfc armandife-
M A G N U 5 D il X .
cultas eft: Vni decft animus,alceri opes non luppctunc , alter!
vires corporis opus fuppetunc, alteri animi fortitudoqucde*
func. Quamvis in Moicovia , torequorumhominumquemil--
iia clTenr, quot illi diGunt,admodum difficirc tamen eiierjCim-
mo vixpo(nbile)cosinunumlocum cogere, nccPrincipi, irL»
hocruppetcrentpecunigejneccommeatusfufficerent; Ducenti
cnim equipraeliatores re<^uirerencin Mo/co via ter centum cli*
tellarios , ac alios totidem miniflros, quibus omnibus oporte-
retfufficerc commeatus/icut & Annonarijs , MercatoribuSyAr-
tificibus^ Famuljs , quiinbello requiruntur. NecefTeitaq; efTet
totamMofcoviam m unum cogi, actum verendum,nem tan-
to itinere ab una parte regni, in regioncm diredla contiariant
& hominum & jumentorum vires labafcercnt. Quamvis etiam
poflibile effet , tantum numerum ( ficut dictum eft) equorum
colligere , id tamen Statuinon expediret.. NecelTe enim cfter
denudare co nfini a praefidijs . Provincias neruis ci vitates M agi-
ftratibus,,campos agricolis; Inde clare apparet, Principem cu-
jus Status ifomi]Jiaequitumcogcrepoffet,abundeprxftare,fi
rertiam eorum partem, in exercitum Regalem educat , quod
de bcIlis,non excurfLonibus. Scribunt aliqui jui in affirman.
do magis moderati fuiitjMofcum cogere polTe lyo equorum
millia, fi necefHtas Ic defendi idrequircret , & quod loannes
tertius eduxit in expeditionem Aftrachanenfem, izoequitum
& zQpeditum millia. Idem adortus eft Livoniam, tempore
Regis Alexandri, magnis exercitibus,retinuitqueadhuc alium
ad Regnl fines. Equiratui addidit Magnus Dux loannes ali-
quot millia Pyrobolariorum quos ipfe inftituit , inter quos
crant multi extcrnimilites,qui ipfiprxftiteruntegregiamope-
ram , in defen/lonciuarumurbium. Quoquofccundo aut ter-
tioannOjdefcribitper Regionesbello aptos: In commentari^
os referuntur filii nobilium & numerus famulorum equorum-
^ue Equites , ditiorcs praecipue utuntur thoracibus aeneis^ ga-
Iei«
M O S C H O R U M
leis U laminis fubtilibus &: tenuibus,qu3c ex Pcrfia adfcruntui*
&lanccis. Alij geftant thor aces goU^pio, qua mop time farci-
tos,qui /agittis refiflunt: Hi utuntur Arcu,muln torum Sclo-
peto, omnescnfe & piigione.Etinfemunr quoqueGermaniiiT
btJlis & IcaliirLfordficandislocis.
Principes Finitimi,
MAGNO Mofcorum Duci junguntur Praecopus, Princepf
Tartaromm TaUricx Cherfonefi,CiVcafli,.quinquemort-
tium (inhabitant hi regionem quae read /dierum iter extendit
regunturque a leptem ducibus Helvctiorum modo ) Tartarus
Nogay ;Reges Suaecias & Poioniie. A Praecopo recipit multum
damni > nec ei fpes eft de lumenda vindida , quodcumTurca
confoederatus eft Praecopus , mftruiturque,a Turca Sclopetis
tormentifque bellicis , habetque in fua ditione loca fortiay
cum praefidio Turcico , Itaque eum inv^idere difficile factu ar--
duumqr efTct: Conciraret enim infc potentiamillius. Praeco-'
pocommodum eft (fTcutScpIurics fecit) fubitamexcurrioneni
facere in Provincias Magni ducis , ficut & potefE facerein Pro-
vincias Regis Poloni^e diripireque obvia. Si Magnus dux fub-
•jugavit Tartaros Cafanenfcs, & Aftrachanenfes ,. accidit id be-
neficiotormenrorumbelHcorumquibusillicarebant. Duxit
hie inter ah'a contra Ca/anenfes aliquas hujufmodi machi-
nas. Temani plau/lrorum affigebattabulamlatam & crafTam,
cum multo foramine, traijciendo Scfopeto & M ofque to in-
ventum; Cum itaque ipfi gravitcr ferirent hoflesCqui Tagitti?
tantum utebantur quibus Mofci laedi non poteranr) non fuit
difficile, eos vincere fubjugareque . Sed Praecopus habetuiiim
^ Scloperorum , & quod ampHus eft amicitiam,&proreciioneni.
Turcae: Is ut fibi iter aperirct in Mofcoviam,aut in mare Caf-
piuin,, tenravitannisiam elapfis ducerefoilSm a TanajadVoJ-
Magnus Dux
gam, (hoc molimen.altions^ratanimi, quamTiircae pkrunq^
faciunc) fed ejus milites fugaci fuere a Mofcis^inhopadjuci a
Tarcaris , qui vcrebantur , nc plane aTurcis pcfTundarencur 11
ijludopuseisrucce/liirec. Ncc lolum ruperunt clairem Turcica .
cepcruntque ds partem, fed & exitio dederunt exereitum ter-
reftrcm,in quo numcrabantur 8oTartarorum,& if Turcarum
millia , inter quos erant tcr mille lanizari. Circaffi Vivunt(fiT
cut diximus) more Helvctiorum; nonniruntur fibialiquidac-
-quirant , fed tanquammercenarij milites militant Turc^,Per-
fa:, MofcOja quo tamlonge diHiti funtjUt nonhabeant.pccafi^
oncm fibi timendi ab ejus viribus. Tartan Nagai magis formi-
dandi iunt, propter fubitum impetum & excurfionenijquani
propter juflam potenaam , quse ejsfit^ad furcipiendas cxpediti-
ones Regias. Anni-s retro el.apfis, cum fe moviifentjUt Mofco
damnum infcrrenr, retrogreifi fimtplacati donis cji}x eis mifTa
fuere. Cumhijficuc & Arabes^dcditifiintlatrpcinljs & graffa-
nonibus/acilius-eft ipfos avertcre donis,quapugnando. Quod
plus eft, cum ipfi nec civitaceni, nec niunitionem habeant, qua
cxpugnata&< in dominium hoftis rcdacla dcprirni &tanquam
freno cohiberi pollint, bellumipfis inferre,ej]: cxpenlas facerc
fine lucro-Adverfus hos tenet Magnus dux magnum cquitatus
numcrum,in Citrachan,Caran,&C Viatca: habet quoquc prsefi^
diumin Culugan contra TananijUtrefiftantPrxcopitis. Cum
K<?ge Sueciaejungit fines Morcus,praecipux ad partem Finlan*
dix, ubi Sulcus ( cumquo diubellum gcflit)paucis retro annis,
cj eripuit munitioncs Serenofco, Pernaviam majorem & mi-
norem in Livonia, aliaq; loca,cum Mofcus impeteretur a Re-
gc Stcphano. Tenet Suecus in extremitate Sinus Finlandias
munitionem Wiburgum, magno prselldio & expenfa,ut refi-
ftat KufTis & Magno Daci.-Habet quoqus in illo Man & Portu-
bus vicmis, fuas naves bellica5,tum ut obviet omni tentamcn-
«oMagniDucis,cumucimpcd.iat^ne ex Gcrmamam Mofco vi-^
M O S C O K U M .
tm vehantur arma 6c apparatus bcllici: nccali^ naves qiraiti
fuse, ad illas oras appellere poffunc, nifi permi/Iiione, propria
Regis manu fignata^ Hog praeGommodum ck/fis^Sc potentia
navalis fecit Kcgem Siiecisc, Mofco ijslocisubiChancvimar--
morum explicare poteft) jfuperiorem^cepitque hacvia,abho>
fte,mukalocainora Livonix locifq^e vicinis. Sedubiequita-
tus duci^frequentiaque populi ufui efTe poteftyiicmpe in. cam-
pis apertis , & in locis longe a mari Balthico di/litis, videtur
Magnum ducem potiores quodammodo pstrres habuifTe. Sem-
per cnim fere infvaiit Suecum. Non pofTunt tameiifibiinviGcni
multum damni inferre,propter afperitatcm monrmm^friguSjr
glaGies^ivciqu^. Supereft Poloniae Rex intef qucm & Magna
ducem, ell: hsec differentia,, quod Mofcusplus regionumha-
bet, fed Poloni melius inhabitatas eiviliorefque; Illiplures
fubdit, obedientiorefquefunt; Huica,Utemaudacior€S &ani-
mofiores: Illi ad reEftendumquamaggrediendumfuntaptio-
res.Hi adinvadendurn. IHi ad defendendum munitiones: Hi ad
apcrtoprselio pugnandum.Illi magis jun(Sli unitiqj funt. Hi rna-
gis deliberati ad£<3:ionem cxpedrtionemqueJlH riment minus
inediam&incomnloditates.Hi mortem &:fcrrum.Scdutriquc
tantum valcnt,quantum eorum Princeps virtute & fortitudinc
praeftati Magnus enim Dux Bafiliuscepit Magnum Ducatum
Smolcnfcenkm, & Polofcenfcm,, & ampliflimam ditionem iiu
Livonia* Econtrario Stcphanus Poloniac Rex eripuit ultimo
bclloloanni Magno duci,filio Bafilij, Poloico aliaquediverfa
magni momenti loca: obfedit eiYitatem Pkicovienfem^CQCgi^-'
que tandemMorcum,tota Livonia decedcrc.In
_ de videtur populum tantum vakrc>
quantum ingcnio animo-
valet Rex.
FAMILIA AV
STRIACA.
^VMIongoiam tempore Imperium inSereni/Iimafaw]
'milia Aiiftriaca permanreric(habuic enimfoelidOima'
icontinuata nec interrupta fucceiKonefeptemlmpe-
_^racorcs)non erit praecer infticutum noftrum de ea ali-
quot verba facere.Haec fcreniffima familia Celebris efTe famaque
pro vallo & propugnaculo elTet.Duos habet palmi
uiaduob.Philippil.Regis Hiipaniaru,Archiducis Aull:riae,&c.
Iijs,Carolo V.&FerdinandoI.Roman.Imperatoribusprogna-
ti funt. Illi (Carolo Imp .) Belgium , Hifpaniaque cum ijs quae
inde dependent ceflit, quae filiofuo digniffimo,Regi Hifpania-
rum Philippo II. reliquit : de ejus ditionibus alias fuo loco.
Ferdmando ditiones in Gcrmania obtigere , Auftria nempac
Bohemia Tyrolenfis Comitatus , aliaequae Provinciae , quibus
per Annani ejus uxorem,Hungariae regnum acce/Tit. Is (Ferdi-
<linandus)poftfe, tres filios reliquit , qui quamvis ditiones pa-
trimonialcs inpartes tres diviferint,rexerunt tamenreguntquc
ad hue eas,ip forum fuccefrores,tanquam unam Rempublicam,
ijfdemconfilijs,animis,inftitutifque,ponuntque nobis ob ocu-
los in effe£tu, antiquum Geryonem ; omnes enim ad dcfen-
fioncm communis Status (quamvis Provincia; alteriusfint di-
cionis) non aliter adcurrunt, quam Ci ad unum folum omncs
pertinerent. Sunt hi Status tamampli,tantique momentiutni-
litanto cerrarum Ipacio, quantum a montibus Carpathijs ad
Segniam ufque eft, Turcae adjacerent (qui eos vigilare & fem-
per magnas expenfas fubire cogit)nonpopu]orumfrequentia,
necopibus thefaurique nec civicatummagnificentia , necviri-
bus,maximis Orbis Chrifliani regniscederent. Facile id perci-
pere
Fa M ILIA A U ST MAC A.
perc potcric is, qui confi(lcraric diilantiam,aTergcftoaduld-
mos Lufatia: terminos,a Tibifco ad Nabum,& a Canifia, Con*
ftantiam ad lacum Podamicum ufque. ijsfinibus continen-
tur,Luratia, Silelia , Bohemia , Moravia, Auftria , & magna.
Hunganaepars, (hx Provinciae ampJi/IImae,populo frequences,
commeatu opibufquc abundances funt)pr«tereaStyjria,Carm.
thia, Carniola, ComicacusGoricix, Tyrolis, Cilli«, Sc Prin-
cipacus SueviaCjAlfaciae, Brifgoviae, Conftancia;. Incerhas Pro-
vincias Bohemia feinlongicudinem,adi4omilIiariaexcendir,
dicicurque ea concinere /go.cum Arces,cum oppida muris cin-
d:a,& ji pagorum miJha. Moravia, Silefia,Lufacia, & earum
unaquseque, de amplicudme, cum Bohemia concendunr/ed
abeapocencia populique frequencia vmcuntur. Treshae Pro-
vinciae in longicudinem ad 400 in lacitudinem ad 12.0 millia-
ria procenduncur . Opcimo pedicatu , equicatuque abiindanc.
Lufacix milices (quorum iomi]lia,quiaptibello finc,facillimc
confcribi pofrcnt)mter oprimos pedites cenfcntur.Styriajquas
Mmarns argenti ferrique dives eft in longicudinem ad ^6 iT\
lacicudinem ad no milharia cxcurric. Carinchia(ha:c maxiraai
fuiparce moncuofa fylvifque plena efDinlongicudine /fin la.
ticudine aucem f f .railliaria concinec. Carniola cum dicionibus
vicinis Tergcftum ufquc,exccndic feper if o milliana, lacicudo
auccm earum eft 4f milliarium.Frugibus, vin^^ carne, ligno a-
bundanc. Comicacus Tyrolenfis jninacris argenciialinifque di-
ves cft,Iongus lacurquejg niilliaribusCermanicis. Praccerea di-
tioncs in Suevia , Alfacia , Rhecia (familia Auilriaca in hac 1 8
communicates iub fua jurirdiaione habec) H^ Provinciaeo-
mnesjplusminus^duas Myriades & fcmifrcmordinariircdicus,
rancumque excraordinarie pendunc : incolis frequences adeo
func , uc neceflicace urgencc,cencumpcdicum,€cplus quam 30
cquicum-. millia confcribere pofTenc. Non^ fcio an., ex ali-
quo Europe regno major miIjcum-» numcrus cduciqueac.
O itaquc
icaquc non tarn impotcns Princeps eft, quam afiqui ipfum
imperatorem. cxignorantiaimperiorumexiftimant , putance^
ipfius dominiunij ard^is finibus circumfcriptuiTL,, & eomme-
atus inopeiTfuelTe, pecuniae penurialaborare,populoqueinfrc-
quens videri: eft enim ejus dominium^ ampliflimum^ , fertilifll-
munu, diti/limunu populoque frequentiflimuiTLj : fed Tur-
ca conterminus (cui ipfe amontibus Carpathijs ad mare Adria-
ticum ufque adjacet) pofTet vcl potentioris Principisnervos
clidere. NuHuitl. PrinciperrL. putarim-r, cujus fines Tur-
carunvj finibus terrajungantur^qui non-> folum^ belli tempore,
fumptibus exhauriamr,fed & pads tempore. Facicnda? funt e-
nirn^ immenfae expenfse in extruendis munitionibus earumquc
praefidijs. Turca enimmagnis viribuSjijfque fartibuSjalacribus,-
omniqu€ tempore promptis praeflat, eftquepaci^ tempore ar-
jnis inflrudior , quam quifquam aliorum^ Principum, dum bel-
ium maxime viger. Necefleitaqj eft^ut is,qui Turcx contcxmi^
nus efljob fulpicionem metumq; adeopraepotentis hoftis. Tem-
per fibi caveat, & fumptus faciat, ficut Imperator flip en dia laf-
gitur, plus minus 20 militum millibuSjin confinijs Hungariae ex-
cubantibus. Hae funt magnae expenfaejnec minus munitioni-
bus locorum impendendum efl ultra alias expenfas,inarcanis
iiegocijs , quae liujus inftituti non efl commemorarc. Cuntj
itaque videmus Turcam,infatiabilis Draconisinflafjtotnobi^
ii/fimas Provincias, tot florentifllma regna devoraffe, fu3&
fubjecilTe Tyrannidi tot civitates, quae extra omne peri-
culum efie putabantur, totque loca,quaecapinon
pofFc putabantur, expugnalTe, ne dormiamus in
utramque auremj&cumadfeapulasla-
teraquc noflra fit, ne exiflime-
miis cum longe abeffe ♦
IMPERIVM RO
MANUM.
g MPEriumRomanum, quodimperanteTi-ajano erac
p amplifllmu, exredehatur enim abOceanoHibcrnica*
bukraTigrimiOceano Atlalantico^adSinumPerlicum:
^^g^^^Ab Athlantead fylvain Calidoniam ufq; pertingebat
ad fiumen AIbim,cranfibarque Danubiiun^primu labi cepit bel-
lis civihbus Galb3e,OthQnis,yitellij:ijs enim temporibus exerd--
tus,qui in magna Britannia, pra praefidio erat,trajecic in Conti-
nencemrHollandia & vicinse regiojies rebellarunr,pauciq; tem-
|)oris progrefTu, Imperij finibus praefidio deftitucis cranfniifcruc
Sarmatae Danubium: Alani fupewunt fauces Cafpias: Pcrik
acquifivemnt nomen & potentiam: Gothi perva^gatiJ^nC
Moefiam &: Macedoniam: Franci ingrefli funt Gallias. Con-
flantinus Imp; conftituic imperium anriquo fplcndori, fopivic
bella domeftica, frenavit Tyrannos Barbaros,& gcnceshoJfti-
les: Sed duo fuerunt quae imperium mukum debilicarunt: Pri-
jnum fuit translatio fcdis Impcrialis Roma Conflantinopolim,
quod faduiru difpoliavit Romam., & debilkavitlmperiumu;
Luce enim clarius eXt, quod iicutjplantae , ex nativo folo in^ re-
giones climate Sc^jualitate diverlas tranfplantatae^parumreti-
nenc virtutis naturalis; Ita &: reshuman«, f rascipueautcnij
dominia & Status, magnis il lis mutationibus perduntfuum vi-
.gorem & ftabilitatem. Earn ob caufam SenatusRomanus nun-
^uam plebi confentire voluit, ut Roma Vejamcommigrarer,
quae civitas multo gratior, Scmagis commoxlaeratjquamRo-
ma^maximepoftquam a Galiis ruina tradita fuerat. Locus iit
quo Conftantinopolis fita eft, adeo amo^*^^S commodus &: fer-
tilis eft,ut fit difficillimum, ut virtus ibi altas radices agat: Nort
enim toto Orbe terrarum civkas eft, quam terra & mare majo-
fe favore profequantur; lUa enim nunc fe in fmiliffimoscam-
0 i pos
Imperium
fos extendcdomimc in deliciofas valles fe cIcmittcndo,rurfIi/c[f
lenicer in fru6tifcros colics afTurgendo ; nunc fe flexibus in ma-
rc infinuando, rurfusque feretrorfumverccndojabundcinco-
lis omnc deliciarum genus, non rolumjfrumcnta &vinacon-
fere. Dicercs ibiBacchum cum Ccrcrc,Pomonam cum Flora,
pulchntudmem cum foecunditate cercare. Poftquam Marc
minimo fpacio, plurimos gratos Smus &tranquillos Porcus
fecit, quorum in folo BIo/phoro(ncc is tamen plus quam if mi^
liarialongus eft) criginta numcrantur, benignoalpcduquafi
blandicur civitaci & regioni,ducirque eo magnis cla/hbus, hinc
annonam Syriae & JEgyipti-, Inde divitias TrapezuntinasCa-
phae.Nunquamibifrudus,nccme/res,nuncThraciae,runc Afix
defunt; Eodemque tendir tanta optimorumpifciumcopia,
qui gyros agendo &ludcndo>feredomus civicatis fubeunr, uc
qui id non viderir,incrcdibilejudicet: Pifcesenimnuncfugi-
cndo frigus Hycmis, tranfcunt ex Ponco Euxino,in afpcdum^
civitads Conftancmopoliranaj, Proponridem ver/us; Nunc vi-
tantes aftacis fcrvorcm, redeunc cadem vja,quadigreflieranr.
Duabusitaqueannirempeftatibus , corum infiniracopia/lim-
jnadeIed:ationc,cui commodumpar cfl,capitur. Suntibiprae-
terea Cidan & Barbifa fummc amoeni & jucundi fluvij , qui am-
bo cclebrem hunc Sinum influunt, qui inter Conftantinopo-
lim & Peram dilataturq,- dicitur a/criptoribus cornu aureu . Vt
finemfaciam;Non e/l locus reru affluentiae, encrvandae virtuti
aptior,ncc ad virtutcm voluptatibus corrumpendam commo-
dior; Id apcrte dcmonftrat legnities &: mollities majons partis
lmp:Gr3ecorum,iprorumq; cxercituum. Si amoenitas or* Ta-
renticae & deliciae regionis Sibaritarum,potuitignavos facere,
& c orrumpere mores iflorum populorum; Si delicix Capuanae
potuerunt cmollirc, & extinguereferociamvirtutemqjHan-
nibalis/uorumquemilitum; Si Plato di/ciplinseincapaces Cy-
Jcncos «flimavic, propter fuam proiperitatem: quidHatuen^
R O M A N U M .
dumcrit deloco Conftantinopoiitanojduici Scoportuno fupra
omncs,quiinOrbe terrarum iuntv^ Infumma, Cumnullaercs
magis perniciofx fmt Rcipublicae, quam, magnse novitates^
Qua: res majoriclamno,uecIicamexidopotuiccontingcreIiTi-
perio Romano,quam adeo ingens acfubita, praercr omnium^
expedationem immutatio? Non plus minufue fecit bonus illc
Imperator J quam fi quis addandum aninvali meliorem for-
inam,cercbrumadgcnua,autcore fuo loco, ad cubitumtras-
fcrrer. Secundum erratum Conftantini,fuic divifio Imperij
fuis filjjs fada in tres partes/quodcontigit Anno Domini 341
qua cx magno Imperio tria fecit, cumnotabili dimmutionc
authoritatis 5c virium: Cum cnim ejus £lij inter fc armis decer-
tarcnt,taliter fe inviccm confumpferuntjUt Impcrium quafi ex
anguc coi-pus remanfcrit. Quamvis aut Imperium aliquod vici*
bus fub uno Principe coaluerit divifioni,tamen adeo aptum re-
manfit,utraroaccidcrit,quininOricntalc & Occidentalenon
fueritpartitu,ufq;duOdocerHeruIorum8cTuringoruRex,ma-
gno cum excrcitu Italia ingrell^, in tamagnas anguftias cojccic
AuguftulUjUtprae de/perationcfeimperioOccidetali abdicarit,
q,accidit Anno 47^HunijamantcaDanubiutrarmirerant;Ala-
ricusWadaloru Rex Roma cepcratj Wandali primuAndalufla,
& poftea Africaj Alani Lufitaniaj Gothi majore Hifpanix partej
Angli BritaniajBurgudiones Provinciaoccuparant; luftinianus
Imp :res aliquatulu in melius reftituit,nam per fuos Capitaneos,
cxegitWadalos Africa &Gothos Italia,Anno f^eScd parvo ta-
turn tempore id duravit,nam Anno 713 capcrutOrientale Im-
perium vexarc, arma & hxrefis Mahumetanaibreviq; tempore
fuere aSaracenis oppreflfaprxter Syril,iCgyptu&Archipelagu,
Africa,SiciIia & Hi/pania. Anno 735- occuparunt quo^i Saracc-
ni Narbonem, Avenionem, Tolofam, Burdcgalam & regloncs
Yicinas Imperiumitaq;OccidctaIe paulatim prorfus in direpti-
one abiit :Omtale auc adeo invalidu rcmanfit,ut vix aliquot v^-
O 3 cibus.
Impekium
c.ibus,civitatcni Conflantinoplicana contra Sar accnorum arma
defenderemulco minus Occidetiauxiliupocuerit. Anno aucem
Chrifti Sooticulos Occidencalis imperij adeptus eflCarolus
Magnus Francorum Rex,quam remrccefec Ado Vienae Archie- .
pifcopus verbis fc que ribs'; In die S.nariviratis Domini ante con-:
fcffionem BeatiApofloli, cu gloriofus RcxCarolusab orationc
{lirrexifTetjLeo Pontifex capitiejus coronamimporuit,ficq; ab
univerfopopuloacclamatum cft.CaroloAugufto a Deo corona^
to Magno , Pacifico,Imperatori Romanorum, vita & victoria.
Divifumitaquefuit Occidentalelmperiumab Orientali , hoc
modojUt Neapoli & Siponto Orientcm verfus^cum SiciliaGras-
corum clTetjBericvcntumLongobardis rcmancret,Veneti neu-
triparci adfcripti elTent , Status Ecclefiae liber , reliquum Ca-
rolo^Magno cederet. Blondus vult Irenem Imperatriccm pri^
mumin earn divifioncm confenfilTe, dcindeaNicephorocon-
firmatam efTe . Habuit itaque divifio Imperij initium a transla^
done fedis Imperialis Roma Conftantmopolim; crevitdi'-.
flradione in plures Principesj pervenit ad perfediionem af-
fumptione Caroli Magni. Arlte eum erat modus regimi^
nis , Leges, Magiflratus &c confilia communia,tcndebant-
que ad bonum commodumque utriufque Imperij , tanquam
membrorum ejufdem corporis: Et iiunuslmperatorummo-
riebaturabfquefilijs, totumlmperiummanebat alteri; fedCa-
rolo Magno ID Imperatorem Occidentis cled:o, nulla amplius
fuit habita ratio Imperij Orientis , nec Imperator Orlcntis
unquam fuccefJit in ImpenumOccidentis,nee ejus Imperator
in Orientis Imperium. Permanfit autem Imperium Occiden-
"ris in familia Caroli Magni paulo minus, quam centum annis;
defecit autem eafamilia in Axnolpho. Anno Chrifti 1002. ab-
fcripto omni lure H^ereditatis, crcatio Imperatoris in libera
cledione Septem Principum qui Eledorcs nuncupantur,pofi-
fuit. Ratio facicndi imperium ele6tivmii,quod eo ufque fa-
milias
R 6 u A :n ti u,
mili« Caroli Magni Haereditarium exticcrac, fuic, quoJimp,
Otho tertius filios non habuit: Et ut dignitate per fonae quae dli"
gerccur, imperium firmius reddereturi Imperium Occidcn-
tis tunc valde coardtacum & condfum erat , nihil enim ei quam
Germanic & Italiae pars fupererat: Pontifexfiquidem Ro*
manusbonain-. Italia; partem^ poflldcbat: • Veneti in medio
utriufqiie Imperij politi vivebant in^ plena Ubertate , cum-. Do-
minio annexo fuo Statui : Regna Neapolis 6c Sicili^quse
Normanni Graecis eripuerant ^ Ecclcfiae Romanae Feudata-
ria fad:a erant , primum fub Clemente Antipapa , deinde
fub Nicolao fecundo, & ejus fuccefTorjbus qui Antipapae fa-
ctum propter emolumentunLj approbarunt; Lombardia
& Thufcia , partim propter di/Hdia Imperatorum Henrici
quart! & quinti 5 Friderici primi &: lecundi,cum Pontificibus
Romanis: partim propter populorumferociam , Impcratori-
bus plus laboris & impenfae , quam commodi attulerant. Ru-
dolph© Imp.itaqucnonfoluminltaliamproficifci , cura nonu
fuit, (quodeu infortunia, adverfaequeres fuorum anteceiTo-
rum terrercnt ) fed & populis Italiae libcrtatem parvoprecio
vendidit. Lucenfibus non conflitit libertas plus quam decern
aureorum millibus: Florentini eam fex aureorum millibusre*
demerunt,Dificientlbus itaque cum reputatione,viribu^ Impe-
rij, Eiin Italia,praeter nomen^nihil fere remanfit. Viceco-
mites Mediolanenfes , &fucce/Sve allj Domini.alijsinlocis
rapuerunt fibi dominia quae potuerunt, abfque ullo Impeifatoris
refpe<au, tantumque petebant in vctouram fuorum Statuum,
Sed Francifcus, cum fibi armisStarumMedioIancnfemparaf^
fet,parvi fecit inveftituram, exiJftimans fcpoirefeipfurricon»
fervare m ejus pofTe/IionCjijfdem ambus, quibus cum fibi com--
paraverat. Vltra montes fubtraxerunt fe Imperio multi Prin»
cipcsjita ut Imperium prsiefenti tempore fere in Gcrmania con-
clufumiit. Sed quod dominia in G ermania uniformia non-.
Imperium
funt , defcribam ilia ut fequitur. Aliqua dominia funr quaf?
membra Imperij, fed feparaca;quamvis cnim Imperij fint,non
id agnofcunt, nec agnolcere volunt,ficut Reges Daniae & Suc-
ci3e,DuxPruffiae,Helvetix,Rheti: Aliaagnokunt quidemlm-
peratorcm,pro fupremo Principe, fed dietas Imperij non invi.
runt,neccontribuuntferuntque onera Imperij, ficut Duces Sa^
baudi«, Lotharingiae, & Principcs Italian Aliainvifuntdictas
feruntq; onera,ficut Prmcipcs 8c civitates Germania; \ fed Rex
Bohemiae a Carolo quarto Impcrat: a contnbutionibus exem-
Etus efl. Alia dominia non folum pcndunt communes contri-
utioncs Imperij, fed quod plus eft, folvuntlmperatori tribu-
tum particulare; e« funt illa;civjtates,quxImperialesnunGu-
pantur. Aliqui Principes Gcrmaniae non folum interfunrCo-
mitijsImpcrij,fcd8ccIe(aioniImpcratoris; Hi funt fexElcdo-
res,tres Ecclefiaftici & crcs Laici,quibus jungitur fi vota impa-
riafunt,RcxBoliemiac,quinonvcnitadconvocationem, (quae
Bieta dicitur) nihilominus calculum in elc^ione habet. Sed
loquendo ftridte; Civitates 6c Principcs Imperij proprie dicun-
tur, qui Dietis intcrfunt, 6c tanquam membra unius corporis,
participant bona 6c mala emolumenta 6c onera. Hi viventcs
fere modo Rcipublicae limul unit«,ad defenfioncm comunem,
habent Impcratorem procapite, qui non regit abfolute, fed
per Comitia, ncc tamcn indicit illaabfquepraeccdcnti confen-
fu maxima partis Elc<aorum. Deliberatiomim Decrera«, quae
cdicuntur, irrita fieri non pofTunt, nifi per aliam Dietam; fed
Impera.tor habct plenam authoritatem mandandi executio.
ni decreta.Impcrator itaquc quod ad dignirarem 6c prxemine-
tiamfpeclat, eft primus Chriftianorum Pnnceps, tanquam is,
m quern cefferejuraReipublicx 6c Imperii Romani: Ejus eft
protegere Ecclefiam Dei,defcndcre fidcm,procurarcq; paccm,
& bonum Reipublicx Chriftianx.
VIRES.
R O M A K U M,
Vires.
vires rmperijfltaeiint in Germania, tieccfCccf^, utduo
^verba dicamus de ampli/Iima nobiliffimaque Provincia,
lacec fere inter Oderam &c Mofam: Inter Viftulae &c fluvio-
lum-. Aa, qui apud Gravelinganu fluit : Et inter Oceanum^
Gcrmanicum & Balthicum 6c Alpes: Ejus figuraquadrata eft,
longitudinefere & latitudineaequaliSjdTj'o Miliariunu quaqua
verfum.Maximeabundat frugibuSjpecudibus,pifcibus, Idex-
pcricntia compertufaepefuit: Carolusenim quintus^utTurcis
refifteretjhabuit flib fignis ad Viennam <? o peditum 8c 35* equitu
millia; Maximilianus lecundus fere centum peditum & 35- equi-
turn millia ad launnum contra eofdem Turcas,nec tamen^
caritas ibi experta fuit. Belio inter Carolum quintum^Sc Pro-
teftantcs per aliquot menfes abunde fe/ull:mueruntin campis,
fere ifomilitum millia; Dives quoque efl Minseris Aurij Ar-
genti omnifque generis Metalli,fuperatque alias Europse Pro-
vincias, Natura quoquelargita eftcj,inregionibus longi/Hme
a mari di/Iitis fontcs &c puteos aqusefal/kjexquibus excoqui^
turfalperfcctum.Nec minus mercatrixefl,quamfertilis: Indi-
geni emm plus quamulla alia natio, vacant opifieijs,faciunt-
que artificiamiratu digna, cftque Germania tarn probe a natu-
ra dotata,ornataq; magnis fluminibusyquas ubiquc navigantur,
ut commeatus, & mcrces faciliter exuno Ioco,in aliumdevc-
hantur. Fluviorum omnium maximus eft Danubius ^ ab illo
Rhenus, qui Germaniam a Meridie ad Septenrrionem trans-
greditur,£cucDanubius ab Occafu,ad Ortum: Albis oritur ih-*
Bohemia, lambit Mifhiam, Saxoniam, Marchiam Antiquam.
Odera oritur in Moravia,layat Silefiam,duas Marchias,Pomc-
raniam,Wefara, Neccarus, Mo/a^ Mofella,irala,Oenus, War-
ta, Moenus. Hic G ermaniam in iiipcriorem & inferiorem divi^
4ir, Superior eft, qu« a Moeno ad Alpes ufquefe cxtcndit,Infe-
P
nor
I M P E R I U M
rior quae a Moeno,Oceanum verfiis ejfcurrit. Germanlam pla-
xcs Provincias divifa eft, fedprsecipusefunc (loquor dcijs , quae
viva membra imperij func) Airacia,Saevia,Bivaria,.Auftria y Ba^
hernia ( quamvis liaecmukis privilegijs gaud€ac,qu3£ e&ab one-
ribus exjmunt)MaraviaiSikria,Lulatia,duxMarchi3e^Saxonia,
Mifnia^ThiuringiajFrancania^ Haffia, Weflphalia, ClmayMe-
gapolis, Pomerania . In didis Germam'ae Provincijs cumijs
noncompucando Belgium & Helveciam, aeflimacur elTe circi-
ter decern Hominum myriadcs. Dividicurpopulus inquatu-
orhominumrauneraaut flatus J ruflicos nempe, qui null o in_*
iiumero funr > ci vita cum in col as , Barones , Prselatos, Vltima
tria genera conveniunt, faciuntquc Status Imperij. Inter Prae-
latos obtmencprimum locum ArchiepifcopiEledores; Inter
hos Moguntinus eft Cancellarius Germanlae.fcquicur Colonie-
iis; dcindc Trevirenfis, Cancellarijj iile Italisej hie Franciae. Se«
quitur Archiepifcopus Saltzburgeniis ^ maximus & dignitacc
& divitijs . Epifcopus Magdeburgenfis fe Primatem Germaniae
infcribit. Brcmenfis & Hamburgenfis quoque mukas jurifdi-
dioneshabuerunt. Sequuntur deinde plusquam4o Epifcopi,
& Magnus Magifter ordinis Teutonici & MagiilerEquitum-r
Hierofolymitarum. Sunt quoque feptem Abbatcs^ijque Im^
penj Principes. Inter Principes faeculares obtinentprimuni-r
locum Rex Bohcmiae, quieftfupremusDapifcri DuxSaxoni^e^
Marcfcallus: Marchio Brandeburgenfis Camerariusj Comes
Palatinus Architriclinus Imperii: Pra;ter hos Principes Cunt
^4 alij Duces 5 inter quoshabent primumJocum^ Archiduces
Auflriae, Inter Duces Imperij quoque numerantur Rex Daniae
propter Ducatunx^ Holfatiae. Sunt deinde Marchiones,Lan.t-
gravij,Comites, Barones innumeri. Civitates Libcrae(quarufKLr
p6 cfCe folebant nunc funt circitcr qua? omnesfeipia-spro-
prijslegibusregunt) Vlcerius obligata? non /unr, quum^quod
duas quintasf artcs^gus quodm convcn^uconicnticur, cotribu-
unt.
R O M A N U M. ^
iinc.Earum aliqui Imperiales dicuntur(ficut diximus)qi!ocl ccii^
fiim Impcratori fol^anc, qui cenfus in totum ad if iiorenomixu
millia accedit: Habenc civitates fatis ampios reditus , qui at
piurimumoneraexcedunc. ^ftimatur Imperiunu intotuiru
habere plus quam fepteiTL. Myriades inreditibus, quod pro rc
parvimomencihabendunijnoncfl:. CuiUj enimpopuligravati
non fint, ut in Italia, dantpr2eterordxnariuiti-.,fuis Frincipib us
maxima fubfidia^qiiando id requirit nece/Htas. Imperium_j ob-
lig'atum eft, falrem ex confuemdinc^prseftare Imperatoriquan-
do' Romania vadit ut coronetur,2o peditum.Sc 4 equitum mil-
iia,{pacio octomenliunij,diciturq; ideofubfidiumRomanum.,*
Reditus civitatum 8c PrincipnnGu iaicoruiTLj,valde crevere,tum
u/iirpatione bonorum Ecclafiafticorum tumu varijslmpofitio-
nibus populo impofitis, quse eiim in Italia ortum habuerint,fa-
cilele diffuderunt(exemplum enim malum crcrcitfemper)per
Franciam & Germaniam . Necc/fitare exigente,contribuit Im-
perium maximas peeuniarum fummas, colligunturque extra-
ordinarie: Vt ex contnbutiones faalius colligi po/Hnt, eft
Germania in decern circulos divifajinquibusfiuntConvcntus
particulares, pro executione Edidtorum, quae inDietisImpe-
rij facta funt , & alijs fimilibus inqdentibus - Vires Gennaniae
iunt abfque dubio maximae; Gopia enim commeatuum^ inex-
Iiaufta eft.Reditus ordinarii & extraordinarij permagni , & mo-
dus colligcndi commeatus facillimus eft, propter luviorunu
oportunitatem. Quod ad populum attinctjaeftimatur totum
Imperium in exercitum educere polTe, tumequitum,tumpe-
ditum duccnta millia , cujus cxperimentum fadum fuit bellis,
quae fupra commcmoravimus , docet id quoque experientia.
Ab anno enim 15-^0 permuitumbclligeratumeftinFrancia,8c
inBelgiomilitibus Germanis,quorumfa<^l3e funt,, fiuntqucad-
hue quotidie confcriptiones non minus frcqucntes , quam
magnae, turn pedicum. cum equitum; Vnocodemque tempore
Wolf.
Imperium
Wolfgangiis Dux Bipontinus duxit in Franciam ii pcditum -
& 8 equituinGermanorummillia,pro Huguinods,crantque in
ea(Francia) adhuc alia quinque equitumnjillia quibus prxerac
Comes Mansfddius pro Catholicjs. Gulielmus NaiTavius ha-
bebat in Belgio & finibiis Franciae 0(flo equitum, &c lo peditum
millia didtas nacionis, & Dux Albanus tria millia. Taceo de nu-
mero Gcrmanorum, qui inFlandriamingrefli funr DuccCali-
inirOj& Franciam eodem Duce Auno if 78?Er eos quorum pars
anno praefenti earn ingrelTa cll in auxilium R egis Francis j pars
utauxilio efTetFoederi Catholicorum Francise, Vrextremam
manum imponam: CumcondnuobeJIiger^^turjindiverfisEu-
ropse parcibus , natio Germanica adeo numerofa eJ[l,ut abfque
ca nullae fere fianc cxpcditiones. Non loquor hie de Flandris,
qui aliquot vicibus, exercitus go milUum virorum college'
runCjijfquereftirerunt porenciae Francorum: aut deHelvetijs,
quosiiopcdfrummilha, ad fuidcfenfionempo/re cogereaefti-
matur ; Eorum ahquando phis quam 3 o miiha extra ditionem
mifcrunt in defenfionem Status Mediolanenfis advcrfus Fran*
cifcum primum Franciae Regem. Sed ut ad inftitutum reverta-
jnur; Inter Germaniaepeditesmcliores cenfenturTyroIenfes^
Suevi,& Weflphah: Inter equites BrunfuicenreSj,maximeau-
tern Chvenfes & Franconienfes : Inter arma melius tradtant
GermaniEnfcm & SarifTam quam Selop eta. ValentGermani
fatis praelijs campeflribus, tam ad eonfligendum cumHoflibus
quam adijs refiftendum: Multum enim facit ordo , quiipfis
quafinaturalisefl:, incciTu^s gravis & firmus, armaque quibus
utunturdefenfioniapta: parum vaknt ad defenfionem muni-
tionum,& propter corporum graviratcm,& quod ut plurimum
ventricofi uinr,obtruncationibus inepti habentur. Sunt itaquc
GermanipotiusconflanteSjquam audaces, feroccs, quamftre-
nui; Non enim tentantres,in quibus magnanimitas eluceat: In
Tidoria occidunc Unc cxceptione aetatis & fexus,in quofcunquc
incur-
R O M A N U M,
incurrunt.-Si bellum in longum ducitur,aut oblidentur,dec!unc
fc prse fegniticj Si in caftris dcgunr,moram pacicntcr non fenic
nccfciuntvincerecundtando: Si prima molimina nonfuGce-
dunt ex fententia, ftant atconiti,caduntqj animis.Infugam fe-
mel conjedi nunquam amplius recolligunuir; In eo prsellanc
Hifpani omnibus natlonibus: In Germanorum militia magni
fumpcusfaciendi fiint, magna quoque moleftia quod uxo-
res Tecum in bella ducanr,tantiunqueabfumunrcommeatus,
ut eu conveKerc difficile, & confervare quafi impoilibile lit:abf^
quecommeatuaucemnih.ll bpniiperandumeft. EquiGerma-
nici potius fortes quam animofifunr, & cum ex decemjqui iru
bellum ducunnir, o6to ab ararro fumuntur, parum proiimtj
yidentefque {anguinem vilefcunt: contrarium accidit Aftur-
conibusj ijs enim crefcit audacia* Concluda rem; Peditatus
Cermanicus in fuo genere equitatu potior eft. Vires mariti-
mx terreftribus minores nonlunt:Quamvis eae nonadeo inufii
lint, ficutterreflres. Civitates enimLubeca^HamburgumjRo-
Jftochium & aliae,habent hxc centum,h3ec if o naves:, quibus a-
quant vires Regum Daniae &Sueei3e.His viribus adeo fortis po-
tenfque ell Germaniaut unita nullum hoflem timeat. Viribus
quas diximus Gtrmaniae,junguntur(cum opUs eft) auxilia Prin-
ciqum Italian, Sabaudiae, LotharingixrHi enim Principesin nc-,
ce/Htate nunquam defiiere imperio. Bello enim Zigethanb
mifirEmmanuelDux Sabaudiae iexcentos cquites Sclopetari-
os 5 Coftnus Florentiae Dux tria peditum millia, quibus ipfe fti-
pcndia dabat: AlfonfusILFerrariae Dux ipfe profe£iuseft,cuni
mille & quingentis equitibus adeo probe inftru<ftis,ut in caftris
mcliorequitatusnonefTet. E6 ft quoque contulit Gulielmus^
Mantuae Dux, cuminftru6liflimacohortcvirorum. Henricus
Lotharlngus,GuifiaeDux,ci expeditioniinterfuir, cuintrecen-
tis nobilitate claris viris. Cum his militibus &c alijs quos adjun-.
xit Papa Pius quintus,habuit Maximilianus rccundusfubUgnis
P 5 cea-
I M P E R I U M
centum pedicum & equitum miilia.-Ordines Impcrij ej in Co-
mitijs Anno 66. Auguftas Vindelicorum habicis , conce/Terac
40 pedicum & 8 equitum millia in 8 menfes 6c 2.0 pedicum & 4
equitiim millia in cres annos fubfequences.
PONTIFEX RO>
MANVS.
jONTificis Romani amplicudo eft duorum generum;
iVnaconfijflicin dominio quodhabec.-Alcera in aucho-
ritace ipiricuali. D ominium temporalc eft duorum ge-
[nerum.Vnam eftucile^nifi velimus dicere immediatu:
Alcerum efl dire^um & mediacum. Quod ad dominiu ucile fpc-
^lac. Papa bona Icaliae parcempoflidec,nepeomninoidjq>incer
fiuvium,qu« vulgo Fiore dicicur & Cajeca,incer Primaro &; fau-
ces Troentij(excepco DucaniVrbini)ejQ:.Eo fpacio comprehen-
ducur Provincial, Bononienfis, Romandiola,Marchia,Vmbria,
Ducacus SpolecanuSjPacrimoniu S.Pecri;Lacium.Hic Scacus eft
ex praecipuis Itali3e,cum propcer fitu (eft n. quail m ejus cencro,
excendicurq; a Mari Adriacico ad Tyrrhenu(tu ec propcer fum-
ma annonae copia,frugumpr3ecipue,olei & vini. Romandiola n.
non cancufibi^fed ec vicinis,oleu vinuq; ^ducic,micticq; eorum
magna copiaVcncciSj&inlUyricum , coniicic quoqj Cervix fibi
& alijs Sal.Marchia aliquoc vicibus fuppedicavicVenecis^ufq; ad
centum ScareCmcnfurse genus eft)frumenci millia,magnaq; olei
quancicace.Quamvis Vmbria tzmH frugu non habet.-uc eas foris
cmitcere^ofHcjalienicamenipfanonindigec- Vinu fere undiq;
ineacrefcic,habecq}pecudes,mulcis quoq; locisfatis croci. Pa-
trimoniLi & Laciii plus ^ femel frugibus adjuverunc Genuam ali«
quibus quoq; vicibus Neapolim. Hie Scacus gence audace belli-
cofaquc plenus ^ft^geftwacurq; ipfunipiu ep excederc omnes ali^
osica-
PON TIFEX R O M A N U S:.
©slcalise Status; Po/Tentcolligiex Bonomcnfi,RoniancIioIa,S^
Marehia,plus qzo peditu millia^ex reliquo tancudem.Tcmpore
Papas Clementis Tola Marchia fuppeditavit militummiiliain^
ejuldem auxiliu.Civitatespra;cipuxfunc Roma Orbis capuc,inu.
qua centu hominu millia numeraripbirent:Bononia,qu2e plus ^
80 millia ucriufque fcxus fuppcditare polTec, Perugia y Ancona,
Ravenna, Arimimim^'Cefcnna, Forum lulij , Faventia , Imola ,
Macerara, Firmum, Afcalum, CamerinumiSpoletum,Norcia,
Rietum,Tarnia, Narni^Orvietu, Vicerbium, AfUfium^Folignu,
f od^^forte 30 aliae.Nec de/lint Arces munitae.-Inter eas eft Ca^
ftellu &Burgus Romae (fi perficiatur) civiras OrvietUjqnatura
niuro cinxit,Terracina,Civitas CaftellijFanum.PDfTent muniri
mult« civitates, quae loci &licus commodicate cxceilunc,nempe
Aquapendens,MonsPhahfcorum,ViterbUjAncona,Spolctum,
NarniPorrus&Civltas vetus.Multuiplcndoris&litudinis
ctjam huic ditioniStatuiqj ecclefiaftico,addir multitudo famiJi-
aru ram pacis,q bel 11 artibus illuftriu, quae in hac ditione funr,
in caufa eftjCur Reges & Principes Chriftiani fuis exercitibus &
fadionibus, Duces inde perant.Si Princeps hujus Status no eflet
Eccleliafticus fed civiljs five ut vulgo loquimur fecularis, Pro-
vinciaRomanorumnullo Principiltaliaefrequentiapopuliaut -
potetia cedcret. Habet Pontifex,praiterhaec, Satu Avenionesj^
inFracia,in quo quatuor Givitates,&go oppidamuris cinda siit.
Habetin regno Neapolitano,Bcnevetu; Quantu ad dominium
diredumiped:at,PapacftPatronusRcgni Neapolitani, & Sici-
hx y quae Feuda alia omnia nobihtatc luperant,pr4etereaDuca*«
tuuVrbinijFerrari^jParmaejMcflerani & aliorum-InfulaHibeirw
nia & Regnum Angliae juris Ecclcfiae Roman3c,eique tributaria
fucre. Habet jus fuprcmu in omniil ordinu Religiones & in Cle~
rum,confert quoq; bencficiones, Habet itaq; milJcremuncradi
modos^& ficut dicebat Xiftus quartus,Papae non deerunt pecu-
niae quam diu ipfi manus erunt eatamus.Pius IIILhabuit a Reli-
giombus
PONTIPEX ROMANUS.
fionibus, quadringenta aurcorum millia,& fi renunciationcs
eneficiorum,cum rcgreflibus,& compofitiones admitcerc vo-
luifrec,ficuceiconrulebatur, aureorum Myriademreciperepov
cerat. Paulus tertius, cumImpcratore& Veneris foedusadver-
fusTurcasfecitjtulicq; fextam impenfarum partem, mific Ca-
rolo quinto, inaaxiliumbelli,contraLucheranos,i2pedituni
millia 8c quingentos equitc>,fiiis ftipendijs militantcs,evcxitq;
fuamfamiliam,ineamamplitudinem, in qua eft.Piusquintus,
mifit quatuor peditum millia, &mille equices,inauxiliumCa-
roli noniRegis Frandar.Sixtiis qumcus,qumquc annis sJlPmis,
fuipontificatus collegic quinquc aureorum Milliones,impen-
dicque magnam pecuniae vim in Aqu3edu6tibus,FontibuSjPyra-
jnidibus,Palatijs,Tcmplis,
MAGNI CHAM
TARTARI IMPE-
RIUM.
^^^ICVT vctcribus ignorae fuerunt Regioncs ad Or-
Q^^^ cum Maris Cafpij fitae (quod Oceani partem cfTe pu-
^^K^S tarunt) Ita & adhuc parum nobis conJflat de populis;
^^^^U omnibus , qui ultra id Mare & montes qui vulgo Da-
languer 6c ViTonte dicuntur habitant. Marcus Paulus Venetus
primus omnium, earum regionum fatis amplam defcriptio-^
nemedidit, 6c ab eo accepimus , quidquid nobis dc TartariS'
innotuit. Longinquitas enim regionum inxaufa eft, quo mi-
nus cognitse fuere regioncs, tum etiam difficukas itinerumjfi-;
tusqilocorum- Magnus enim MorcorumDux(percujus ditio-
nes ad illas regiones irepofremus)non concedit extens aditum,
profedionemqueperfuas ditiones. Mare Cafpium quoq;,quod
itinerioportunumcfrepofret,non frequentatur. OiFeruntfc
deferta
M A C N U S C H A M.
^eferta dcnique loca,monterqueinfinici,quiTarcariamaPcr-
lia dividunt . Hisetiam accedic,quodnecmagnus Cham,flcuc
ncc RcxChinaej nec magnus DuxMoj[corum,luis populis pere-
grinari, nec exteris fua regnaingrediconcedunt,(infiij Lega-
toriimmunerc fungantiir quibus tamcnlibere verfarinonper-
mitticur). Tartari hie Tub diverfis Principibus degunt.prseci-
puifiinr quiviridiainflgniain capitegeftant; ijSamarcliandum
civitatem inhabiranc, perpetuas cum Sophoaluntinimicitias,
Bacaranus,qui Mahumetanus eft: Mogon,de quorum Impe-
Tiolfe loco ac^um eft; Cathainus , de quo nunc agere ordi-
mur. Nulla mOrbe Gens eft, quae majuslmpenumhabuit,aut
majorcs cxpeditiones fufccpit utinam fuorum geftorum fen-
ptores habuifTent, Scribic didus Marcus PauIus,liospopulos,
quondam Ciurzam&Bargam,Provincias,ad Oceanum Scythi-
cum incoluilTc, abfq; domibus^non dico civitatibus caftellifq;,
fed ficuc Arabcs, nunc inhoc tuncinaliolocojfecundumpaf-
cuorumoportunitacem,vagos vixilfe. Recognofccbant tramen
in fupremum Dominum Vncham (quemaliqui Presbytcrum
loanncm. interpretantur ) cui decimas pecudum fuorum da-
bant. Progreffu temporis adeo multip]icati(^lcurIud2elin y£-
gypto) func, ut Vncham eos fufpe6tos habens eorum numerum
vircfque minuere coeperii:, eos nunc hue,nuncilluc^fecundum
oportunitates, in cxpeditiones periculofas longinquafque a-
mandando. Ipfi autemin animadvert entes^conjunxerunt fc,
concluferuntque folum patrium relihquere, quod &fecerunt,
(untq; tamprocul a ditione Vnchami profc6l:i,utiibi,ab eo non
amphus timercnc. Poft aliquot annos fibielegeruntin Regem
Chmgin, cui propter vi(f^:oriarum & expeditiomim amplitudi-
nem,cognomen Magni datum eft: Reglonc enim ilia Anno
ii6i egrcflus cum terribili exercitu,fubjugavit cum viribus turn
3eftimatione,novemProvincias. Cum deniquc ab Vncham u-
nam cx filiabus fibi in uxorcm dari popofcifTct, ncc id obtinerc
potuif-
MiVGifus Cham.
f O'tuifTetjCi bellum indixit prselioq; fuperatumejeGiccx;regixo>
mo, Poft Chingis mortem ejus fucccirores Europam afflixe-
runt: Amio enim 1.2; 12 . expulerunc Polofchos ex confinijs;
Ponri Euxini 1128. invarerunt dcprsedatiq; funt Ru/fiam & 1241;
excideruncKiO'ViamRutherrorum Mecropolim: Batcufque i-
pforum Capitaneus diripuit PoloniamySiIefiam^Moraviam,.
Hungariam. Hac de caiifa percerrefacla Europa , Irmoeenti-
us 4. Papa Anno 12.42,. ad aulam MagniChami^aliquospatrcs
ordinis divoriinxDominici. & Franciici mific,ut pacem ChriJfli-
anis impetrarent. Scxtus a Chingi(qui fc Cublai nuncup^ir)
regnum eil: aiilpicatus anno 12. 5- (S". Sc d'o. annorum fpacio quo
praEfuitjImperium per univerfum fere Orbem.deduxir. Subju-
gavit enim Anno 1169, Chinam , quam Marcus Piulus Mangi
VQcat: Anno 15*72. occupavic regna Mein ScBengalae , quae di-
ti/Iima erant, prsecipue Bengalae, quodfejuxtamaritima^fere-
ad 120 leucas exrendir, tantimdemque in Mediterrancis dila-
tacur.Fluvius nobili/nmus Ganges, fecat ipium medium : Me-"
tropolis ejus efl: Gouro, 4 leucas longa fed non valdelarga^ad
fluTiumficu. Sed cum dixerim Paulum Chinam nuncupalFe
Mangi ; nece/farium mihividecur id probare. quo dfa<Stu diffi-
cile non eil. Civitates enim Panghin & Nanghin,quas Marcur
Paulus,inMangi ponir,ponuncuj'adhuchodie,ab omnibus,qui
deijs aliquid retuierunr5inChina:&quod ipfefcribit, in Man-
gi 1200 civitates numeratas fui/fe, fatisconvenitcumrecen-
tionbus Relationibus de China. Facit quoquemultum id rem
quod' incolae infulae Cipanghi (quam aliqui laponiam efic
putant) Mangi , tunc adhue dabantnomenCin^. Vnatan-
tum diificultas fuperell, quod Paulus & aiiqui patres , qui ibi
circa Innocentij quarti tempora fuere , pro primaria regni
Mangi , ponant cfTe fama celebremcivitatemQuinzaj , ubi
dccics fcxies , centies millc familiar numerabantur , de qua
eivitate tamea nullam^ mcntioncuu faciunrLuficani , nec
patrcf
Magnus Cham.
j)atrcs lefuitae , nec alij , qui aliquartu cogmtioHein-> regm
Chinac nobis dederunt ; Id 6c mihi admirand«nij videcur,
velobid , quodPaulus quiin Mangiponicportumj 2aiton_*
(quern omnes recentiorcs Jocant in_^ China , inter civitat^in
Cantan-» & Caput Liampo ) afTerat, quod fluvius quifeiii-»
eum Pontum exonerat , ramus fit iJhus , qui Quinzai per-
labitur. His difficultatibus refponderi poteft, quod
civitas Quinzai , Jiodierna die fita eft extra ChinaiB, ad Sep-
tentrion^-ni iliius admirandi muri , d^ quo diximus. Ved4i«
mile quoque eft , Quinzai ni Tartarorum poteftatc manfiflfe,
poftquam Chinam iibi fubjugarunt , tanquam magnse asfti-
mationis civitatem , & quae propter fui fitus fortitudiiiem,
fatis facile defendi poflet , talemquc earn vidimus in^ aliqui^
bus Ma^ppis , qu« iru illis Regionibus exaratae funt. Afij
ipfam excifani dicunt. Cum enim tanti moment! tanti-
.^ue nommis civitas fit , incredibile ipfis videtur , noftris
temporibus ( quibus plus quam Orbis detedus eft) de ea
nullam^ mentionem_. fadanx-. elTe : adeo magnse autcmj
civitatis excidium res incredibihs videri non debet; Ma-
gnas cnim civitates ut plurimum fentiunt damna , adverfa-
quequae bella adferunt : China etiam terras moribus atieo
impecuofis,vehementibufque obnoxia eft, utijs civitates iri-
tegrae ev.ertantur^x-cindaturque.Legitur^uoq; in aliquibus lit-
teris Lufitanorum, magnas civitates', igne de ccelodelapfo
abfumptaseffe; Sed ncceffe non eft, ut quod civitatem Quin-
zai, intra terminos Chinae non rep^rimus, earn dicamus ex-
cifam: verifimilius eft , terminos illius Provinciae mutatos
confufofque cffe (ficut bello & irruptione Barbarorum , ali-
un^lefadum eft) quam ut talis civitas nunc in nihilum rcdada
fit. Amplitudo Impcrij Magni Cham Catajenfis temporibus
fupra notatis, extendit fc ab extrema Afiae parte,in Armeni-
iim,&aBengalaadyQlgamufquc, ut nihil dicam dcTartaro-
Qj, rum
Magnus Cham.
rum excurlionibus,ad Nilum & ad Danubium ufquc. Indepcr-
cipicur Aluxandri Magni & Romanorum Imperium, cuniil-^
Jorum dominio conferri non polTc. Sed cum per Rcgiancs fu«
pradidas Tartar! vagati clfenc, armaque modo huc,modoil-
luc circumtulilTent, feque omnibus formidandostremendof-
que oflendiiTcntjVidentur ultra montem Caucafum fcdcs fixif-^
le. Quamvis autem eorum dominium in multos Principacus
divifum fit , nominis tamen amplitudo, & Imperij majcflas
manfit penes Magnum Chamum qui a Magno Chingiorigi-^
nem ducere exiftimatur. Ejus Imperium extenditfea defcrto
Lop , ab una latere & a lacu Kitaja ab altera ad murum ufq; qui
ductus efljinter 4j 6c 4f gradumcivitatisOchioi(qua£ inter du-
os montes fitaell:) ad alium montem ufquCjqui ad Occanum
£nemhabet, dividitq; TartaroSjaChmenfibus; EtabOceano
Scithico ad confiniaTipurae regionefque vicinas ufque.
Opes.
^on/cripro ^acio comprchcnduntur multa magnaque re*
gna,mult« amplaeque Provincia?: Tangutnempc, in qua
funt civitates Succuir & Campion ex lapidibus morcltalico
factae, Ergimul, Carazan, Tebet,Caindu,civitatesregnorum
Metropolitanae. In medio Imperij , eft Tenduch civitas,qua5
Pauli tempore , crat Presbyteri loannis, fed Magno Cham
fubdira, poti/Hma quoque populi pars credebat in Chriftum
fed Zizaniae , & Idololatriae multum admixtum crat » Multi
quoque erant Mahumetani. Illic eft civitas Cambalu Im-
perij caput , continet in ambitu 28 milliaria : &vicinaTai-
due, adlacumfita,, habctin circuitu 24 milliaria . Xaidu ubt
PalatmmMagniChamicftjfiguraquadratum. Ejus unaquae-
q^uefacics,od:o miliaria longaeft, continetque quatuor por*
as; In cocircuitu^aliudcft Paiatium , quod m uno quadraro
Magnus Cha m .
fexmiliariumeft,incujus medio- iunt tres Portae^ ad Meridiem
totidemque ad Septentrioncm fpedantes . in uno quoque an-
guIorum,6c in media uniuTcujurquc facie, fpcdatur magnum
Palatium . Inhoceftprasrerea alter circuitus unius Miiians,iaj
quadro fex Portas , inftar earum,de quibusfupra di(^lum efl: ha-
bens ,, totidemque Palatia. Inter utrumquemurum vifuntur
pratafylvaeque, Inhoccircuitu efl Palatium MagniChami,de
cujus commoditatibus, ornatu, magnificentia,meumnoneft
dicere, ficut nec de venatibnibus , aucupio , pircationibus.
Tota hxc regio ut plurimum^plenaeflcivitatibuspopulifque
divitibus, civilibufque i Cum quod Tartari quifibi earn in
Iiabitationem patriamque clegerunt,. eo totius Afiae , Chi-
nae , & partis Europae ( quam pcrvagati depraedatique erant)
fpoha detulerint , quae nunquanru inde exportata fuere :
Tumquod regio,. confuetudmi Sccommerciounmsciviratis,.
cum altera,maxime commoda fit : Proceditid,partim exnatu-
ra planiciei locorum & amplitudme lacuum, inter quos eft il-
le „ qui Cazaja dicitur ( cujus aquae falfat funt ) & qui Gujtam,.
I)angu,Xandu,Catacora dicuntur rPartim exlatitu Jinefiuvio-
rum, qui curfuIongi/Umo has regiones praeterlabuntur, nempe
Curato,Polifango,Zaiton,Mecon,,(quem Paulus Quion nun-
eupat)Multum quoque facit varietas frucftuum, qui naicuntur?
Abundat cnim ur plurimum frugibus,Oryza,lana/eryco,cana-
be,Rhabarbaro,Murco,CameIotis excelIetiBus,ex pilis camc-
lorum confedis.. IdemPaukisfcnbitjCainduproducere Zin^
2ib er , Cinamomum > Garyophila , quod tameri mihi creditu
diificilevidetur.Multafluminatrahuntfccum^aurf. Moneta
qua; ibipeniibijis eft,,unius nummi aut valoris noneftJnCatha-
jo expenditur nummus , ex quadamhartanigra,quaf exillaar-^
Dorum pelhculaconficicur^quar inter arboris truncum , &iejMS
corticem repenturr Ea pellicula cum tntavcqntura,tcmperata->
que glutine fuerit, fignatur deinde imprefEone Magni Cha-
Magnus Cham.
mi: In rcgnis Cajacan & Carazan,.expendunc ConchyHa ma-
riiia,qu3ealiquiPorcelecte vocanc. Id nummi genus, in ufu eft
in mulcis Indix & ^chyopiae locis. Hac rationc trahunt Prin-
cipes ad fe onuie Aurum Argcntumque Provmciarum , curant-
que id fundi confervantque in locis fecuns , nec indc unquani
aliquid fumunt. Opinantur itaque mulci ipfum chefauros im-
menfos habere. Simili arte Presbyter Ioannes,dumgrana fa*
lis piperifque expendi jubet tanquam nummosjmagnos quoqj
thefauros accumulat . Potumnobileniconficiuntex Oryzaj&c
aromatibus, jnebriatqueplus quamvinum: lad:e acido (iicuc
& Arabes)deledantur: Lade quoque/ublimato quodmultuni
ad inebjiandum valet.
Vires.
\/f Agni Chami potcntia confiflit primuminfitu,quemmu«
-"^ nitiflimum eile demonftravimus : In amplitudine regi-
onum: In magnicudine civicatum: In abundantia commeatust
Incopiaredituum. Percipit inter alias res , decimasexLa«
na , ferico , canabe , frugibus , pecudibus , clique abfolute
Dominus rcrum omnium; fed potentiae ejus ncrvi confi-
ftunt irL> militia , quam femper armatam habet. Milites
degunt femperin-» campis , quatuor aut amplius mikaribus
procul aburbibus. Vltra ftipendium, quod a Principe re-
cipiunt, faciunt.etiam compendium ex fuis pecudibus, lade,
& lana. Cum Magnus Cham miiitibus opus habet, vocat ad
fe partem illius militiae , quae ad formam regionum Romana-
rum,per Provincias difpofita eil.Tartari ur plurimum non pu-
gnant peditibus prxterquamVachenij qui Magno Cham norL» .
fubijcmnrur. Prsecipua eorum arma funt Arcus, & fagittse,
quibus non mnius fugiendo, quam aggrediendo noccnt. Inu.
belio valdeexpeditifunt; corum tentoria funt ex lanacoada,
quibus
Magnus Cham.
quibusfc tempore pluvio coop^riiint. Vivunt nt prarimum
lacSte, quod ad folem cxficcanc, poflquam butirum exeo fe--
grcgarunciSc fanguine equortMn , dum urgec neceflicas. In pr^^
Jijs non congrediuntur cominus cvim hoUe/ed nunc a fronte,
nunc a latere, vcrum perperua fagittarum grandine, admo-
dum Parthbrum obruimt hoftesi Qui/e ftremie gefferunt, r e-
muncrantur largiter , honoranturquc altioribus gradibus
privilegjjfque , Donarijs quoque. Excubant Magno Cham
duodecim equitum millia , seftimaturque ipfum colli gere
po/Tc mulro majorem equitum numerum , quam ullus alius
Prittccps. Ejus vires duasfingularesconildcrationeshabentf,
Vna eft multitudo copiarum, quae examplitu-dine ditionis i-
pfius colligi potell. Altera eft pramptitudo earum, perpe-
tuo enim eos in acre habet , q^as res magni cempendij eft. Si-
cut enim in milite lpe(flanda eJft agilitas , potius quam robur,
ita in exercitibus pluris faciendi flint prompti i^xpeditique^
quam prxgrandes & numerofi. Illi autem Pnncipes fortes^
potentiflimique habendi funt , qui vires magnas expeditaf^
que habent. Sunt^nimkitanquam AquilaejTigridesXeones^
aut Pardi , quae quidem« animalia inter alia Principatum ob<-
tinent , nonobaliud, quam propteragilitatem /rob ori cor-
poris adjunclam , funtqueijs duabus partibus Equis , Tauris,,
Bubalis ccianx Elephantes quamvis muko majoribus iup«-
riores*
Regimen.
l^LTra ca quae fcribit Marcus Paulus^aliqui Angli^quiptr
^ marc Molcoviticum , regionefque vicinas in Cathajam
penetrarunt , rcferunt memorabiles de potcntia majcfta:-
teque Jllius Principis , quejB Mofci CsefercmCathajae , Tur-
Magnus Cham.
Vlu Cham, id eft magnum Ptincipem vocant; Palatio.
rum fiquidem magnificentia , amplitudinc ditionis , opukn-
tia thefaurorum-. , numcroquemilitunij fuperat omnes Afiae
Principcs , regnatque ranca cum majeftate , utfubditi eum^
SpincuurrL* umbramj , etiam iilium Dej mimortalis inepte
di<:anc. Ejus folum verbum^ejs pro lege , inquoftatillorum
vita &: mors. Tuetur juftitiamrigorenocabili. criminise-
nirn rei , excepta prima vice , qua virgis acriterccdunrur,ob
omnc genus delidijdiffecantur per medium. VideturquodirL*
€o fequantur opinionem Scoicorum de sequalitate criminum.
Fur quoque privatur vita , nil! nonuplum perfolvat, tam
pro obolo quam pro aureo In Imperium fuccedit primo-
genitus , hac cum ceremonia , Praecipui iplbrum feptem ge-
nerationum aut Tribuum , indutialbo, quo colore inlu6tu
utuntur (qui & Giaponenfibus mos eft)Principcmfedcrefaci-
unt fuperp annum nigrum, ex lanacoada,in terra ftratum , di-
cuntq; ej ut Solcmintueaturrevereaturq; Deumimmortalem,
quod fi faciat,id ei in coelo copiofius quam in terra remuneratu
iri, alias ei vixpannumnigrum,exlanacoa6ta,relid:umin,fu-
per quern in campis recubet, eumque mille calamitatibus af-
^.id:um iri. Imponunt ei deinde coronam, Magnatcfque deof-
culantur ej pedem , jurant ej iidem , honorantquecummunc-
ribus ditiflimis. Scribitur deinde ejus nomen literis aureis , rc-
poniturqueintemplismajoribuSjUrbisMctropolitana;. Duos
Senatushabct, unumbelllcumduodecimprudentum,alt€rum
Statuum totidcm Confilianorum. Hi tradant omnia, quae ad
gubernationem fpecflant , curam gerunt eorum omnium, quas
ad poenas & premise pertinent: Non utuntur minori diligentia
curaque, m remuneranda fortitudinc officijfque praeftitis Im-
peratori, tam ni pace quam in bello quam in caftigandis puni-
endifqueijs, quilemale, autnegligentur gefferunt.Ijs duabus,
inrebus, nempeinremunerando 6c puniendo , confiftit tanta
Magnus Cham.
vis rcgiminis, ut did pofHc, maximam Principum barbarorum
partem, ijs lolis fuamamplitudinemretinere.Quamenim ali-
amregendiformamhabencTiuxa^ScrifFus, Mogor,Perra,alii-
que? Nonutuntureo quam in rebus bellicis (paucos enim ali-
os remunerantur quam milites & Capitaneos) imo nec ponunt
fundamentum iuorum dominiorum in aliare, neccoJiimant
in pacem & quietem, fed in viilonam ^potentiam aut ampli-
tudinem.-NuJla utuntur menfura, nec inpuniendoignavos ab-
jectofque nec in rcmunerando forces audaccfque. Nunquam
fuic Refpublica, aut Principatus, ubi robori militari, majora
cmolumenta, prsemiaque propofita fuerint, quam inter hos
Barbaros. Sed magis inter Tiircas,quam alibi: Tartariquidem
Arabes,Perfa;que , habent nobilitatcnij inaliquaaeftimatione
precioquerTurcse auteni-.deijciunt deilruuntquenobilium do-
mes,nec aliudmagnifaciunt quam audaciam& fortitudinem-»
ponuntq; in manusmancipioTum, & gentis vilifUmas fangumis
Jpedetur (fi tantum curent ut idoneiinveniantur capacefque
pr3ecIaraefortunae)omne ilium Imperium. Sed redeundo ad
Tartaros, &: ipforum ritum regendi gubcrnandiquepopulos:
Aftrologi illis regionibus magno in pretio elTe videntur , fcri-
bitque Paulus , eorum in civitate Cambalurepeririquinquies
milie, &: cum Gublai Cham ex illis cognovi/TeCjiliam civitatem
rcbellemfuturam,curavir 3edificari aliam,cui nomcn eft Tain-
du illi vicinam,qu3e in ambitu 14 miliaria continet,prseter fub-
urbia: Quodque in Palatio , qiiod in Xaindu haber,multi
Aflrologi & Nigromantici fint . Aftrologia judiciaria in-» Chi-
na quoq;magno in pretio habetur.PerflatRex Ifinacl/paucas res
ct fi no magnas aggrediebatur,nifi con/ilio Aftrologorum > nec
mirumeft(cumea ars,iniIlos regionibus inter AKIyrios & Chal-
dcos inventa fit)ipram ibi adhuc florere . Turcas eam parvi faci-
unt Imperatores Romanicam func execrati & plus quam fe-
me], ej cum fills profeffgribus indixcrunt cxilium. Vcinam ex
K Dcj
Magku^ Cham.
Dei ccclc/ia cxularet.-aihil cnim aliud eft ^ confirmacio gcntili*
tads. Sed ut aliquid de qualiratc populorum magno Chant
fubdirorumdicamus: Tartarifunc univerfaliter ftatura medio-
cri, humeris & pedroribus longi, facie lati, nafo fimo, colore
fqualidi , cojnpoflcionerobufti,adverforumincommodorum-
que patiences, equis excrcitati, ufiii areuum dexterrimi. Sicuc
autem Arabum pars civitates incolit, dieiinturque Mauri , pars
autem in campis degit,vocanturquc Baduini.ica & Tartaroruni
pars habitat civitates, tales iuntCathajenfeSjBocarenfcs^Sa-.
marchandenfcs ; pars in campis vagandoob^rrat,dicunturque
campeftreSjdividuntnr in hordas ,quarum funt quinque; Zavo-
knfes^Cairanenfes, Praecppiti , Nagai , CoiTaehi^^uamvis una.
horum pars oppida iacolic
MAGN VS MOGOR'
Egio quae inter Gangem & Indum eft, femper magnis^
Monarchis fubdita fuifTe videturnit enim vetcra tacc-
amuSjCirciter annum dbmini ijoo.fuirin Regno-De-
lij Princeps Arabs, fecSa Mahumeranas,eui:nomcn c-
rat Sanofaradin(utr£ribit loannes Barros). Tantu cieratporc-
tise & roboris, utfibi dommiu Afiae parare tentarit.Reli<flisitaqr
illis r.egionibus,in quibus Indus & Ganges oriuntur cum praegra-
di cxercitUjpauIatimillos Principes populofqj devieit , qui fc fibi
opponebantjdonec attigit regnum Canarae,qua<fiiipcr Caul ad*
-fluvium Bate incipir, extenditurqj inter Gatum & SinumBen-
galicum,ad caput Cbmorinum ufq j . Cum itaq; tarn praeclarum*"
dominium fibiparafTetjCogitavitconclufitque in regnum Delij-:
.teverti,in Canara,qiiiluas vices tueretur,relmquens abdeflam*-
hie vidorijs flii Regis fretus, fuaque mduftria confifus eripuir
Gentiiibus maximam Ganarae partem, collegitquenumero^
fiflimujiL^ excrckunu , in quoerant Mahumetani , Gentiles',
Chrifti.
Magnus M o g a
Clii'i/liani, mortuufq; eft, cum ci omnia pro ere ccderciit,da-
ravicq^ eaprofperitas adannos io. rcliquitq^ poft fefilmm Ma*
mudzam,quemRex obire munus patcrnum palTus eft, ea lege,
uc ei quocannis cribucum penderet: Hie nec de pendedo tributo
follicitus fuit,,nec Rcgi alijs in rebus obedir^ curavit. Accidit ut
Sanolaradinus in bcJJo,quod in Perfia gercbat, moreretur, filiu
tarn pamm fortem relinquens, ut Mamudza fe Rcgcm Canarac
infcribereyaufus fuerit,vocavicqj eam Decan & populus,Decai*
nos^quod noclios %nij[ic^r . Inftituit deindeiS-Cap^taneosydi-
vificq; inter eos ftiu dominium , dans unicuiq; ejus partem,cum
conditione,ut certum equitum,peditumque numerum, jfempcr
pracfto tcnerent.Vthi autem occafionemrebellandi non iiabc-
rent,non elegit m Capitaneos,qui natalium /pledore clari erat,
fed ex mancipiorumluorumnumcro.-Quod pJus eft,voluit ute-
©rum unufquifq;5in fuacivitate RegiaBider,pro iiia Jiabitationc
Palatium 3edificaret,in quo fui liheti manerent, & u t £ngulis an-
liis,r«pius ad fuam Aulam commearent.Cum aiit omnis audho-
ntas,quaiproprijs viribus,& jfiiorum immediate fubjedloru ob-
fcrvantia non innititur,parum diuturna eft.-Ita huic etiam acci*
ditjUt mancipia,autIioritatem fui domini,fibi vcndicaria, ipium
negligeren-tj&nojifecusjacftatuam ipfum obfervantes, omni
refpedru Scautkoritat^ Gaderct,nullamq; jurisdi£tioncm reJiqu4
retincret,quam civitatemBiderjCumfuo diftridu.Vnufquifque
cnim armis,fibiarripuitjurirdi<3:ionem ejus regionis, cui vicario
nomincjpracerat. Facti funt itaque ex Capitanei^,Prindpes,&
quipotcntia plus valebant, oppreflbres eorum, qui minus. Re-
oijtitaqucres adpaucos,quorum duofamacdebresfunt: Vnus
corumpcrtingit ad Cambajje fines: Alter Narfingx contermi-
nuseft; Illc Lufitanis Nillamalueco, Hicldalcane vocatuf.
Vterquecorum adco potens eft,ut anno if 71. Idalcane, Goanij
cumjf . equorum,<5'o.clephantorummillibus,& ifo.tormentis
bcllicis, obfidionc cinxcric; Ni/famalucco autcm obfcdit CauJ,
K I cum
Magnus Mogor.
cum minoribus viribus fed feliciore exitu: Quamvis enim.
hunc locum noucxpugnarit, cum tamen ad cxtremam necef.
fitacem rcdcgic, amiiitque in ca obfidionc iz Maurorummil-
lia. lnijfdem Regionibus, m<][uibusSanoraradinus Impenj
fui fines protulit, ab hinc quinquaginta annis, dilatavitfuuni
Imperium Princeps pocentiflimus, qucm Orientales populi
vocant Magnum Mogorum,eo modo^quo nos Magnum Tur-
eam vocamus. Sicut aurem Rex Barm32(de quo alias diximus)
temporibus noftris, valde muravit res regni Pegu& Siam,rc-
gionumt^uevicinarum; Ita& Mogor confudir, pefTundedit-
que Status ab hoc Gangis latere.Communis opinio eft^Mogo-
rosTartariaormndos elTe, prodilTeq; ex earegione^quaman-
tiqui MaiTagetaeinhabitarut, qui invidi rob oris in armis fiiere*
Nam cu nunquam Tub alieno imperio fuermt,ipii ampli/fimoru
regnorum dominium fibi paraverunt; ConterminifuntPerfrs
ad fiumen Oxum,contenduntqj, ut plurimum,cum ipiis,bello^
tumdereligione,tum de Imperio- Eorum civitas Metropolis.
cftjSamarcanda^unde magnus Tamerlanes prodijr,ex cujus fa-
guinefe Princeps Mogorum, gloriatur oriundum. Mogorum^
Principis, qui nunc ad clavum reder,pr^defefror,nomenruuni.
inOrienteilluflravit Annoij'j^'cu folicitatus aRegeMandao.
(cui Badurius Gambaja: Rex ditionem eripuerat), ex Septen-
trionalibus partibus, ej auxiJio venit: Duxiife Tecum Bell ato-
rum infinitum numerum fertur, pcrcipique id poteffexeo,
quod MafFeus fcribit de exercitu Regis Badurij, nempe hunc
Regem , fubfignishabuilTe ifo equitummillia,<][uorum mil-
liaphalerati erant. peditumnumerus erat quingenrorum mil-
lium. Inter hos erant if externorummilitummillia,& inter
eos 80 Chriftiani,paroim Franci,partim Lufitani^qui via & mo-
do^mihi incognitis illuc pervenerant; Navis illorum quae dicc-
baturDobriga,pafrafueratnaufragium!mplagaGambaj3e. Ap-
paratus belli commcatufquecantierant^utfijuxta Europe vi-^
^ res.
Magnus M d g o r.
res ccnfcantur,credi non pofHt. Sed /upra dcmonflravimus"
caufas,quare Principes in Oricncej& in Meridie, exercitus no-
Jftris multo majores educere pofJint,eademquoque valenr,ut
quae dc bellici apparatus incredibili copia dicunrur,crcdibiJia
fiant; Sicut enim illi Myriadcshominum armis inftrucrcpof^
funt, quod ad eos pafccndos, armandofque non multo opus
habent, ita etiam inaeftimabilcm c ommeatuum^machinarum-
que bcUicarum copiam,accumulare pofTunt-nihil enini ducunc
fccum,quamquodbello neccfrariumeil:; Copiavini, diverfa
edulia,aliaquefimilia,qu^^ifi magnis impenfis, laborCj&nio-
leflia,vehi poilunt^ab ipfis omittuntur : Omnes ipforum res ad
belli ufiis,prdinat3e funv ^s, ferrum,chalybs,fl:annum ad fun-
d'endasmachinasjtormentaquebellica ; Ferrum.& plumbum
fundendis jfpherulisjFerrum & chalybs fabricandis enfibus; Bo-
ves elephantofq; trahendis tormentisj Commeatus nutriendis
exercitibus Metalla ijs armandisjV ense Minaerarum Rcditufq;
ijs confervadis. Omnes illi Principes Tyr an ni funt^&.ut fua do-
minia con/ervent^auguflioraqi faciant,premuntpopulum,tra-
dunrq; omnia in manus militum; Vtque Ki flbi fidi fint, faciunc
cos rerum omnium dominos . Principes Mahumetani fuisfo-
lis mancipijs favent,corumque fidei commitcunt Arces , exp€-»
ditionefq; magni momenti. Ij fiunt aut faepe (liis patronisrebel-
lcs,eripiuntque ipfis fuas ditiones: Vt earum pone/Iionem reti-
neantjCxponutpraedae populos.Neceflarium enim efl^ut Prin-
cipum potentia,aut benevolentiaiubditorum5aut aliorum in-
nitatur,(qui cnimab omnibus timetur,diu in fiio Statuperfiftc-
re nonpotcfl.)Tyranni autem, cum ttihil boni fibi de /uis fiib-
ditis (quos non tanquam fubditos fed ut mancipia tradant)
polliceripofIint,neceiIeefl:,utmilititibusinnitantur, demcrei-
tur eorum animos , promittendo Jibertatem , dandoque ejs in
pr^dam facultatesfubditorum.Turca fulcit fe lanizaris, qui n5
alium lion dico patronum^ fed necpatremnorunt^ab ijs diligi
Magnus Mogor.
iludetjConccdendo cis omnia MultiPrincipcs Mala vares haSet
populosloeopecudum.ilabiliuntq; fuaregnafuper Naires. Re-
ges Ormuzij,Cambajae,Decan & Achenreram rummam,Man-
cipijs comrtiittunt. Vcfincmfaciam_.; Sicut Icgicimus Princeps
juftufque curat uc a luo popuLo diligatur, quo ab eo fuffulrus ad-
vcrfus externos liofles,munitus fit; E contrario, Tyranni fcien-
ces fca populo odio haberi , curant ut afuis inancipijs , & a mi-
licibus diligantur, quoruni-» armis utuntur, ram ad deprimen-
dos vafTallos, quam adprocularjcendumhofles: Cumiraquc
flabilimentum-. fux amplitudiais, fupermilitcs Naires, laniza-
rosj libcros aut fervos, indigenasaut extrancos, quales ilJi fine
conftituant,ncccire efljucfola miliccipfis finis fcopufque omni-
um_*rcrumu»fic, & uc ft ipfos militibus , Scapparacu bcUicoin-
f^ru(^os confcrvcnc^nuUi rei parcant.Vt ad rcgemBaduriura re-
vcrtamur.-duccbac cumnumero militum, (quern diximu.s)millc
Tormenta bclIica^jSc inter ilia quatuor BafilifcoSjquos trahebar,
tantundeml>oum cent<enaria; Quingentos currus, pulvere py-
riOj&/pheruli§ onuftos; ducentoselephantosarmatos. Vltra
harcquingenta doHa auro & argento plena , folvendo flipendia
cxercitui , multi Priacipcs dominiquc , cum_i corum_> aulicis
& fequcla, Mercatorcs, Annonarij, Artifices, famuli innumeri:
Duobus tamenpraelijs a MaKumedio vidusJfuitrVnumpraelium
in vicina civitatis Doce fadum ell:.- Alrerum apud Mandao,
cx quo mutata veflc ut faluti iliac confuleret , in Diu aufugit;
Cum fc a metu recollegifTet, mifit legatos ad 5olimannum
TurcarumRegemcum donOjquodfcxcentis aurcorummillibus
aeftimatum fuitjab eo pecens auxilium. Poflcafecum animo rc-
putans, res fuas magis prompto auxilio opus habere,inijtfce-
dus cum Lufitanis,qui ipfi magis vicini erant,. Vtque eos ami-
cos, fociofque belli haberer, permifitjUtininfulaDiu Arcem
sedificarent.Sed ucad Mahumedium revertamur; Ejus fortuna,
muItumTamcrlanis lui Aatcceflbris,fimilis fiiic: 5icut cnim hie
Pcrfi*
Magnus M o g 6 ti .
FcriTacAfixqj trcmorcmincuflIt,nihiIo mmorcs turBats^exciravit
ilk in India,& in Oriente. Si rile praelio iuperavit Bajazccen Re-
gem Turcarum,7idc hie Badurium Cambaja? Rcgem qui excr-
citum multo ipiius majorem,adrcrlus eu cduxir, ambo fibi Ma-
gni cognomen pararunt.Cum Mogori abundantiam Indiae co-
gnovifTcntypercepiflencqj ejus ferciliratcm, occupaveruntpau-
CIS anniSj&perperuo vl(£loriarum curfii fere id omne, quod inter
montem Caucaium & flum. Gangcm & Indum jacet. Contine-
tur eo fpaciof /.regna. Adabar enimMahumedij fuccelTorjCepit
Madabar,cum potion Cambajx parte. Quanti momenti lit hsec
Provincia,in qua funt fama_ celebres eivitates MadabarjCam-
pane {hxc civitasiitaeftinmontequiinmediaplanicie attolli-
tur)& Cambaja quae fuxtm nomen Provincial communicat(ha2C
Civitas ut {tribune inflruit i$ o . fo corum milliajpotefi compre-
hendi ex ijs,quae <fe exercituRegis Bad'uri] & deejus apparatibusr
bcllicis diximus,. ex quibus,& de ejus fcrtilitatc fieji poteil judi-
cium. Noa cUeniinin Orbeterrarum Proyincia abundantior,
diriorq; omnium rerum;nempc Oryza, frugibus^, leguminiBus,
faccharo, bobus , pecudibus domcjfticis omnis generis^ferycOi;
diciturq; in ea elle fcxaginta millia municipiorum, qui numerus
profedo permagnm cft,JScribitGuicciarainus in Germania ih-
feriori(qui in rj.Provimcias divifa efl:)2o8.oppidamuris cin^a^
^tifo, municipia efle, quae civiumlure &privif€gio gaudeant..
E t praeccrca 3ao.pagos campanifia habentes. fn Regno Nea-
politano funt igoa.partim oppida , parrim caftra; In Bohemia:,
iunt 78o.parrimArccs,partim oppida &52.pagorum millia.Fr^'-
cia,ut fcribir laannes Bodjnus,numerantur 27. manjcipiorum
mTliia,quae habenr campanilia,u Itra ca,qnas in Burgund'iafunr,,
quae eo tempore, cum alijs Provincijs defGriptanonfuir.Quavis
cx alicujus regni numcro,.de ejurdempotentia,judicium abfo-
lutefacicdumnon/it,red'id ex eoruni amplitudine fieri dcBeai^
corum tamen mimcrUs multum et ad rem facit; Cambaja aut
jpptcr utrumq; pro regno ampliilimo habendum cit. Acabar ac-
Magnus Mogor.
^uilivitfibiquoque regnum Bengalae, quod diti/limum efi::un
de in illa O'rientis parte dici fokt ibi tres Regies elTc-Vnum irL»
Cambaja, Alterum in Narfinga,Tertium in Bengala:Et iic quod
vcrum eft dicatur,Cambaja 6c Bengala, praeflanc omnibus alijs
Provincijs,territorij fertilitate & concurfumercatorum: Am-
bse faccharo goflipio, pccudibus, elephantis, equis,cximie abu-
danc.In Bengala quoque crefcic piper longum Sczinzibcr. II-
1am inrerfecat Indus fluviusnobiliHimus; Hanc Ganges totius
Orbis celebriorum fluminum unus,habetque duo emporiafa*
mac€lebria,Satiganum nempe&Catiganum. Poflidec quo-
que Mogor regna Citor, Mandao , &:Delly, ubi ipfe habicar.
Magnum haber Elephantorum, Equorum, dromedariorum
numerum,magnamque tormentorumj&bellici apparatus co-
piam,quibusfe ton Orienti formidabilem tremcndumque fe-
cit. Scribitur (ut fummatim dicam) ipfum in campos educere
trecenta equorum milliaj& quod in fuis ditionib^* habeat quin-
quagcfies mille Elephantos- Rogabit aliquis unde accidat,
ciim hie Princeps adeo potensfit, vicini autemfere inermes,
quod fibi non parat dominium reliqux India; & totius Oncn-
tis? Obftant multa: Vnumefl, quodiicut ingenium, Scars ho-
minis in continuo labore, &cmGtu effe non po(runt,(namper-
pctuo fe moverepofre,rolius Dei 6c naturse eft) ita &c conatibus
humaniscurfus continuusdarinonpotein:: Et quamvis magna
Imperia a viribus externis non infeil:entur,ipratamen,fua mo-
le ruunt. Rebus magnis concelTum non eft,in fuo culmine fla-
re diu,minus perpetuo: Crefcuntjfed ea conditione,ut tandem
decrefcant: Attolluntur in altum, fed ealegej.utcertuscafus
fuccedat; In fe magna ruunt . Qiianto autem niagis crefcit do-
minium,tanto plus proclivitati 6c agilitati deccdit: Et quam-
vis vires euadant majores, funt tamen tradationi,nc dicam vi-
brationi minus aptae.-Non movent fe nifi lente. Velocitas au-
tem bello fumme neccfTaria efl. Conquifitorum magnitudo
Magnus M o g o r.
fert Tecum invidiain,curamq; earn conrervandijfecuraquc rcd-
dendi, & uc res COTiquificae bene ftabiliaaturjtempore opus eft:
Interim armanc fc vicini,providentquc fuis rebus,t:umt)ccafio-
ne aucem fugic avolatqueTinccndi commoditas. Qui hoftes
vicic,timcc,ur plurimum focios & parcicipes vidorix , & uc vi-
<9:or,re de ijs fecurumreddar,opus^ft,uc expeditionem interru-
pat, & uc in medio curfurcceptuicanat. Vltrahaec: Vi<£i:oriae
rcddunc Capiwneos inrolcntiores, miiites contumaces, & cum
iIli^ltraprogrcdijubent,recuranc. Accidie id Alexandri Magno
IkLucuIlo. Nec debet praetermicti, quod magna molimina ad
optatum Enem perduda indicent quidemquofdamparticula-
resjrcd evacuant,ut plurimumyPrincipis thefauros,qui faciunc,
uc exercicus fuL figiiis coadunatus maneat, teddunt<j; animos
paratos fad:ionibus bcIHcis. Progrediamur. Tamnumcrofus
cxercitus,qucmMahumedius duxit adverfus Regcm Camba-
jae , non foliim vaftavicregiones quaspercranfivitj& in quibus
morum craxicjfedpraeGidit fibi ipfi media fefuftinendi confer-
vandiqj. Magniicaq; exercicus quamvis ab hoftenon profliga-
tur,conrumuncur famc,quam comicacur pcftilencia. Videmus
icaq; inundacioncs Atti!ae,TamcrIanis, fimiliumqj populorum,
exiguo tempore durafTe. E concrario aucem,GraECos,Macedo-
nes,0]larcaginen^es,Romanos & Hifpanos, exercicibus pocius
cxiguis,quam magnis,magnos progreffiis fuifTe, Res enim mo-
deracac duranc, fluviorum inftar, qui quod uno anno non confi-
ciunc,duobus auc ampiius annis pcrficiunc.Immodicse res,fimi-
lesfunc correnC4bus,<juiplusftrepitusfragorifq;,quamefFedus
faciunc,praecipitaiicur'quidem,fedfuo impecudi/Kpancur. Icaq;
adverfus numerofos exercicus , non aliud falubrius confiliu eft,
quam cempus exrraherc/fuiqrdefenfioni rancum incumbers
Cercum enim eft illos non diu fubMere poire,necefreq; e0c,uc
brcvi commeacuum & pecuniae defcdi:u,auc propccr infcdionc
..aeris^aut morbos dilTolvancur. Quod plus cft;Rcs profpcr« ex-
S csecanc
M A G N Vt S M o G O R .
cascanc homines; Adverfaeautemreddunc cautiores, Fiuntr
itaque res vi(3:oris deteriorcs,vi£^orum autem meliores . Id qua-
que eft perpendendum, quod fuccefTucemporis parantur viclo*
rise quo tempore fenium contrahic Princeps : corpus aucem
affli(ftum, delafTatumque excinguicanimi vigorem,qui ad expc-
diciones bcllicas fumme neccllarius eft.Hujus reifidemfaciunt^
lulius C3erar,& Imperator Carolus quintus. Obilat quoquc pro-
greffibus Mogori locorum nacura. Caucafus enim dimindit fc
m illis confinijs, milk ramis quorum aliqui, cerminant regna:
Alljs non fufficit terminare,fed & cmgunc ea,muri inftar: Al^
conciudunreaprorfus: Alij aucem reddunt tranlitus difficiles .
Magis nocenteae difficultates Mogoris,quam aIijs,quodncrvi,,
roburqueipforurrL^ militum^ in equitatu confiftit, qui ficucirL»
campis valet dominaturquc , ita eft exigui moment! in montr-
bus.Hujus qualitatis iunc confinia Perfiae,inter alia regnurru Sa-
bleftan,quodundequaque cmdum eftjillaCaucafi parte, quam
Graeei Paropanifum dixerunt. Nec minus ambicurmontibus
Sigeftanjtautfluviusllmento per earn vix vlam inveniat. Im»
ipia Cambaja,ubi Mogori adeo potentcs funtjnonipfos timenc
Resbutijqui fein montibus munierunt. Sunt hi reliquiae nobili-
um_j Gentilium^jqui feinmontesinter CambajamSc Diucon-
tulerunt , cum-. Cambaja primumj a Mahumetanis occupata.
fuiCjConfervanrque armata manu fuamlibcrtaremjinferuntquc^
fepe planieiei damnum. Suntibiadhucaliaercgionesfteriles,:
omniumque rerum,non aqua? folum, indigae. Ejus generis eft
Dolcinda,ad fines Cambajae, per quam exereitus duci non pof-
iunt. His adjungitur temporis ja(flura,quam Principes(quibus
magnum dominium eft,voIuntque fufciperc expedit2ones)ne-
ceffario faciunt in itineribus. -^ftas enim clabitur antcquam-^.
CO quo tendimt , cum-, equis femienecatiSjCxercituquc homK
nurtunumcro multum^ diminutOjViribufque valde debiliraroy
pcrvcuerit^ingruirque hycms, qu«ipiis advcrfa,hoftibus com-
_ M A G N U S M O G O K.
moda efl: Ille eniitu in^ campis inter lutum-. & glacicnij ct-
ilra metatur; Hie auterrL» dcgicfub tedto, commodequc feJia-
bct. Inde accidit, uc omncs Principes, qui niagiaas expedicio-
nes faciendas fufceperunt , propter incommoda , quae occur-
runt duccndomagnos exercitus , exunaregioneinalianij, co-
adi fint clafTes imtrucre , & fluminibus. aut mariuti. Hujus
rei dedit praecIari/HjnuiTU exempJurru Csefar Gennanicus in^
bcUoGcrmanico: Videns eniirkj tempore , ( quodconfume-
batur movendo exercituiXL. ) incommodis, laboribufque, 8c
itineruHLj longinquicate quoque viros equofque abfumi , reA
que nitnis inlonguinj protrahi, conclude inflruere claflein-..
Mogoro auteiiL^ nullx prorfus navales vires funt : Ab una par-
te , nullus portos habet: Ab alia , eifunt vicini Lulitani , qui
duabus maximijnomenti Arcibus, quaruiiL. una eft Diu, altera
Damaru obftruunt totuni-» Gambajae Sinum^. Vltimacaufa,
quaeillorunuTartarQrum^ progre/libus obftitit ; ell: fimtimo-
ruiTu potcntia , quae irapedit ne fe OrienteixLj yeriiis exten-
dant. Regicm Barmae habet ibi vicinum quinec potentianec
viribus ipfi cedit: In-, tot enim regna , regionelque domini-
um obtinet, imperatque populo a<ieoferoci pugnacique,tan-
tumque eorum numcrum in-» campos poteft: educere , utvi-
cinorum neminem timeat. Si autem Mogor extcndit fui Im-
pcrij terminos, intra GangemSc Indum non-» minus dilatavit
hie fuos terminos inter Gangem & Siam. Denique cref.
centibus ingenijs , qi^bus hoScs ofFenduntur, crefcunt con-
fequenter modi , quibusfe defendunt, ingcniamque humanum
modulo majus fit.Ducitur enim pronius a natura ad defendeft-
dum,quam ad ofFendendum:Naturai enim rnagis cur« eft con-
fervare^quamdcllruere. Imonccpermittit quidem aliquid cor-
rumpijniflutconfervct. Dicinonpo/Iit quantum homo fubti-
litate,induftriaque valet,ut fe refque fuas defendat.Vtitur enim
defeniioncm , non foliim co , quod fibi proprium eft, fed Sc
S z> omni
Magnus M o c o r.
cmni CO, quod ad ofFendcndum pcrtinct:nec poiTct rcperiri. alf-
quod inftrumeiituirLofFcnlioni aptiim^quo non etiam ad dcfcn-
lioiicniutipoflicJlleLicaquc Arces, quae-nimis cooper cse tetlaeqi
funr,inter mdiores non cenfentur. Tollunc enimdcfenfori
commodicacem ofFcndendi vexandiq; hoflem faciendi cxcur-
fioncSjUtendi tornientis bellicis,igne arrificiofo, alijfq; ejus ge-
neris inventionibus . Scd quae res ellmagis admiratione digna,.
quam ingenium forciScandi?- Quidrnagisrubtilejquamferrno
quide forcificatione habetur? nempeCorrinis Propugnaculis,.
Laceribus,YalliSjFo/lis,Conrramuris, Cuniculis, Aggeribus in-
trinrecis,CaIemattis5Concraniinis,Diverticulisrimilibiifq; in-
ventionibus? Eft ne res aliqua quse exa^ti/Hme excuffa non fit?
Hsecarsefficitutpauci muItis-refifl:erepo/lInt,& ut exrguus lo-
cus , fed munitus, vires, Si thefaurospotentinimiRegis confu-
mat, Parva bellica Arx, potentiam magni Imperij fatiget,debi^
lemq; reddar.Hac arte odingcnti Lufltani ante aliquot annos,
clu^erun^conat^>,impetumq^ Magni Mogori,ad Daman in ora
Canibaj3e,qui locus illbrumcfl. Paucis ab hinc annis,pcr celc-
rcs equos ab Eimna.nuele Sofa Cotigna,.Prorege Indiaf,Regi
Catholico nunciatum fuit,quod MagnusMogorj<^ ajdblorum
rempla cxcidi juflit,dicens ea(idola)nulIius, elTe efficaci3e,accer
fiviifeqiie concionatores,qui ipfuminftrucrent^baptizarentq;
^ quod modo duo ejus filij baptizati elTcnt..
REX CHINAE^
Egni Chinas Impcrjum olim multo lariusfuitquam
nunc ell. Dcprehcndicur enim ex hiAorijs ipforum
(quibus menxt)riam rerum ibi fa(f^^^arum.,perbjs mille
&c amplius:tercentum annos con/ervarunt) Sc alijs c
orum fcriptis ^ proprio idiomate editis (quorum adhuc /iipcr
Sxnt) Rcgcs corum, dominos fuifTe^ferc totius or« Maririm
Afix
Rex C h 1 n iE .
itfia;,a Freto Aniano,ad Rcgnum Pegu ufq;, & Regnorum Me-^
licaijvBacam,Ciialan3ara.gu(qiiaeadSeptcntrk>nalciatusPegtt
funt)vicinorumq; illorum, ubi adhuc corum opera,cum epita-
phijs 6c alijs eorummonumcntis reperiuntur.In didis omnibus
regionibus, adhuc reliquiae cercmoniarum vetcns religionis
obfcrvantur , quibus tradebaturfcientiarerum MatEematica-
nim,uc eft anni in menfes divifiOjZodiaci in izJUgna &.aIiaruniL
hujufmodi rerum,quaj monumentajfui Impenj funcNec adhuc
longum rempus prarcerijc, cum omnia illaregna,Rcgcm Chi--
nae,pro Monarchahabebanr,(eiquoquo triennro,mittenresLc-
gacoscum doms.-: Legari ad minimum quatuor cfTe debebanr,
namanrcquam ad AuIam,quo mittebancur pcrvenifTcntjob lo-
corum diftanciam, difficulcatemauditntise-, & moraminexpe-
dicione moriebancur duo, & quamvis morbus ipfosnonconfe-
ciiTet , Chinenfes mortem;eis venenOj(quodinaliquo publico-
cpulo ipfis dabacur) acc.crerabanc,ponerabanrq; eis fumptuofa
fepulehrav quibus nomen Legati, & a quo mi/li erant,.intcribc-
batur .• Id omneficbac al>ipiis,ur memoriam^fui Imperij poccn-
tixqucxtcYnam redderenr Nec minus protulerunrfuam pote-
tiam,in vafto ilIoOceano,quam inContinentirChinenfes eninv
primi in infulas Qrienti^ dominium obtinueruntiPoft eos Gia-
vi illarumdb minium fibi pararunt:Deinde Malaccnfes &:Mau-
ri.TandcmLurirani&.CaJ[leHani adepti iimtillarum rnfularum
partem. Scd nulla illarumnationum,potentiamCHinenribus
parem habuit. Vrcunq; enim CHinenfium regio ^pari cum yici-
nis Infulis porentiav^^ magnitudine,fertilicare,atquedivitijs,o-
mnium deniq; rerum proventu arq; abundantia ccrtare pofUr,
prsecer caeteras tamen majorcmimmenfi illius Ar c Hip elagi par-
tem adZeilan ufq; occuparunc,ubi idiomaChingallum fclique-
runc,(icur&in terra Continentleioppollra.Legitur quoquc im
aliquibus^Kclationibus Patrumlefuitarum,irr una parte inlula-
mmDivi Laurcntij, inveniripopulumaibum,qucnrapopulis;
Rex Chinje.
Chinas origincm trahere dicunt . Chinenfesprimilnrulas Mo-
luccas detexerunt dedereque nomcn Gaiyophilis, dcduxerunc-
que colonias,in multas Infulas,quac adhuc nomen rervanc,ncm-
peBatcachina a Muar: Batcachina Mauri. Batce cnimoppi-
dum, Battachina oppidum Chinenfiumfignificat. ^fliraatur
quoque habicatores lavae , abijs originem traxiffe. Vcquod
verum eft dicatur; Vidccur magna fimilitudo in ipforum Viven-
di, veftiendi, aedificandiricu, induftriamercauir«,&artificio-
runaingenio. CumautemChinenfes, in Freto Zeilano clafUs
go.navium jacSturam fecifTcnt^ukra alia infortunia: Perpenden-
tes fimiles expcdiciones, fuis rebus damnofas efTejConciuferunc
casprorfusmiirasfacerCjregrediqueinfuos fines: Vt hxc con-
clufio rata c/Tec^paenam capitis ftatuerunt m eos, qui in ilJas par-
tes navigarent. Reges Chinae bello, alios ofFendere, prorfus ab-
ftinent. Vt verum dicatur .Cum ipfi fqclici/Iinia regione potian-
cur, ubi terras fertilitas, curnhpniinuminaeftimabiliinduftria
certat, cui nihil deeft^multaq; eorumufibus abundant cur con-r
fumerentfuas opes , in faciendis acquilicionibuSjfuo Statuipar
rumprofuturis^ Cur abfumerent proprias vires, ^fubftantiam
ut acquirerent aiiena? Quid pifcarentur reti aurco? Carthagi-
nenfes iicut fcribit PoHbius, fimilifere modoexoneraruntle,
una parte rcrum prius partarum: Romani cum fecundo bello
Punic o , jaduram fecifTcnt rnaximarumcla/lium, prse de/pcra-
tione valedixerunt Mari. Poftea autem videntes, quod qui
Maridominarentur, quoque terra praevalerent, rurfus novas
clafTes inftruxerunt , quibus tandem hoftibus fuperiores fuc-
runt. Quamvis hxc Chincnfium refolutio hodie prudentiae
non affcriberetur, tamcn pro maxima fapientia habenda eft.
Cum cnim major fatuiras non fit, quam tuaperdere^utrapias
aiiena: deftruere fines proprij Regni,utinvadas alieni: pro-
fundere fanguinem vitae neceiTarium ut haurias alienum,Rc-.
gium magis, 6c Principis opere dignius eft^ conlcrvare/licue
alibi
R E X C H 1 N i«S,
alibi diximus)qtiam dilararc: Conferva tio enim Statuiim dat eis^
efTentiamjampIiatioautemeo/pedacut cis benefit. Ad quern
fincn\ autem fe maccrabit aliquis , utfua amphora reddat > fl
ampliatio Statuumnon folum non efficitjucbenecommode-
que CIS Hc^fed deflruit id,quod ante bene erati Ad quid expen-
dct proprium pro alieno? Rem quae jam fubfiflit^pro incerta
& quae accidcrcpofret? NecefTarium proutili ? quare dcbiiita>-
bit fuam pcrfonamjUtmajor Eat: Princeps fapiens debet alic-v
nus effe ab ijs expeditianibus j quae ipfum fecurum non faciunr,
aut infigne commodum fecum rcrunt; Securitas enim Status,
eft unaBafiSjJnqua fubfiftit: quodfludetacquirere eflurfecu-
riorfit: Securitatem autem adferuntacquifitiones Anguftia-
runij cl^iuilrorum , viarum, rerumquc oportunarmtiyUt hoilcm
longeatefubmoveas.-Vtilitatemcommodumque adfertint
regiones, quaepecunijs ditant, autcommeatibusapparatuque
bellico,rebufque talibus inftfuunt . Sed ut ad Chine nfes rever-
tamur.Quandaillud fapdentiaj plenum decretum fecerunt^hbe-'
rosdimiiere populos^qui eis fubjefti erant. Ahqui tame eorum,.
manfere feudatarij,& Tub illorum umbra,inter quos fuereReges
CoreaejLequijjCaucinchina:, Siam. Qiiamvis aute(ut diximus)
fe inter jflios terminos finefq; Chmenfesreduxerint , cx)ntulc-
rinrq},poflident tamenregionempaulo minorem quamEuro-
paclt ; Extcdit fe enim a Septentrione Meridiem ver/us a 17.
gradu ad j-i.ufqjjquo fpacio continetur ^y.gradus; Ab Ortu, ad
Occafum/unt gradf 22 . Pacquin in qua degitRex^efl: in 48 . gi"a-
du noftri Poli.Dividitur China in .Provincias,harum fex fiint
nempc^Maririmae Canta,Foquiem, Chiquea, Xanton, N^quij*,
Q^ncij: Meditcrraneaej Quiehiu,Iunna, Quaneij, Suinam, Fis»
qiram^Such^a, Xi^xij, Sonao, Sancijr ProvinciaejQuincijjCan-
tam, Foquiem, a Mediterraneis divifae funtmonte,nojftris AI-
pibus fimili , nec plus quam duo itinera ibi rcperiuntur,qiiibu«
ad fe mutiio meant.Thomas Pcrezius Leg ^us Regis Lufitania
Rex C h I n it.
Emmanuclis,a Cantan ad Nanquij confumfit quatuor mcnfes,
Septentrionem vcrfus Temper rendens: Accamcn Nanquin ad
Sepcencrionemmagis eft. Ad amplicudinem confinium fupra
di6tam, acccdic fundi fertilitas incomparabilis : ProducitC-
nim quidquid ad deUcias& dcledtamenranonadnece/Iitatcm
folum,&c adufumhinnanumfacit. Mukxplantaebis aut ter in
annofrudus reddnnc. Adidfacirfluviorumfrequcncia, aqaa-
nimque copia, quae cotamj:egionem,non folum navigabikm
facit,red & ita irrigat eam,uc amcDeni/limus horcus videatur. Ea
fercilicasgeminaturduplicivia: Vna, quod Rex nullis fumpti-
busparcitjUt tota Regio undique irngari poflit, in partes duas
fecando aiperrimos montes , uc fluminibus tranfitus pateat.
^quando profundas valles , Carrivando aquas lacuum & flu-
minxim multis modis: Cum itaquenullo loco deficiat calidum,
quod tota fere regio intra Zonam temperatam contineatur,
nechumidum(quo naturabenigna,&hominum induflria earn
irrigant)luxuriantomnia,pIusquam crcdi poifet. NuUus alibi
locus efi: ubi propagatio plantarum & pecudum,majores pro-
grelTus faciat. Altera fcrtilitatis caufa efi quod nec fcgetes feve-
ri/lime caftigantur^nec hicprorfus otiofi toUerantur, unufquif-
que aliquidfacere cogitur, nec relinquitur palmus terr2e,qui na
col atur, nec dragma matcriaequa^ non formctur.In Cantan, in-
ter alias res noratu dignas,numerantur quatuor centorum mil^
lia,qui terendisfrugibus,& Oryza occupantur. In China habet
unuiquifque quod agar, fccundum ejus vires hie manu,illepc-
de,oculo, lingua ahquid agit : ijsfoluminProtodochijspubli-
cis locus efb, qui prorfus membrorum omnium impotentes
funt,nccaffineshabent, quieis fuccurrerepofTcnt. Stercushu-
manum(taceo alia)hic venditur. Vt fe nemo cxcufare po/Iit,
quod nihil agerenorit, unufquifqueartempaternam exercerc
cogitur. Cum itaque filij in artibus paternis quodammodo
nalcantur obiigatique fmt cas cxcrcere, addifcuntfere eas an-
tcquam
Rex Chin^,
tcquam idpcrceperint,idque perfe£iiflime. Qui fibiin terra vi-
dumnonpotcfl: parare, facitidmari, id enim non minus fre-
quenter habitatur,quaiii iUajVivuntqi infinitae f amiliae in flumi-
nibus,in cyml)is,nec poll longum tempus in terram defcendut.
Horum aliqui vehcndo, aut traijciendo'perfonas, mercefquc
merent: Allj oiEcinasfibiparant: Alijhoipitio excipiuntiter
facientes: In medio fluviorum reperitur quidquid ad amidum
aliafq; comnioditates vit3e€ivilis utile,nonadcibum aiimenta-
que folum. Muki nucriuntinnavibus^magnumpuliorumnu-
merum prarcipue Anatarum Adfovenda ova^excludendofque
pipiones, rnatribus non utuntur, redtemperatiignis^jfereficut
ini€gypto,fingulariter autem Alcairi fit;Tenent has aves nocta
cymbis,mane m campis Oryzafeminatos emittunc,cumquefe
magno rufticorum commodo herbis noxijs pavermCjubinox
ingruitjad fonitum cymbaliaut tynipaniadfuas caucas redeut.
Multi vivuntvehendo pifces fluvitatiles 6cmarinos^in Provin-
ciasMediterraneasrVere enim dam turgent i3umnia,ob aquam
pluviam &: nivem liquefcentem , confluitpifciummarinorum
incomparabilis copia ad ofliaHuviorumjubipifcatores eorum
incredibilem copiam capiunt; Eos naviculari iluminu-m,parvo
emunt a pifcatoribuSjConvehunrq; (inquibufdam vafisadidi-
doneispafcendoillos^acfaepe receiiti aqua reficiendo)inregio-
xies longiffime ab Oceano di/fitas.-Ibi venundantur,mittuntur-
que in latas civitatum fof!as,&mviuaria,inquibus toto anno
perdurantjferviuntq; Chinenfium menfarum delicijs : Pafcunt
pifces Hercorebubulo aut columbine. Vtfinem faciam : Cum
civibus vetitum fit, finibus excedere, nifi cum venia (qiise pro
certo tantum tempore permittitur) neceffe eft utcrefcentc
quotidie progenie,mnumeri incolarum caetus excrefcant: Ab i-
pfis obfervatum eft, vice quinque morientium,ad nafcifeptem.
Adde , in his regionibus tantam effe coeh benignitatem,aerifq;
falubritatem utnonmeminerint,ibialiquando peftem univer-
T falem
Rex C h I n it.
falemfuiiTe.Ne autcm aliquis cxiAimec,bonumaIiquodaIkuW
inveniri, cui nontancunclemcalamitaris,rerum-q5 adverfamni
rependatur. Accidunt in China cerra^motus , qui plus damni
quampeftisfaciunr; Abforbcnt cnimintcgras civitaces, dcfer-
rasredduntregiohes. Condunt antiquaflumiha,8crecanduJit
nova. Montcs roloajquant/aciuntmiferandamftragemillius
populi. Anno If ff erupic e terras vifceribustantaaquarum co-
pia,uci8o. miliaria inundaverit,diglurivitq; civitates cum carii
villis.Qu^i aquas evaferantjiUos ignis c^leftis confumfit.Nume-
rancurinChma4fo.civicaces,i3f. magna oppida,iif 4.caf]:ella,
42.ourbesabsq} muris,inquibus milkes dcgunc. Villarumpa-
gorumqj quorum aliqui habences milk focos^numerus inin no
polTet: tantu enim undiquaq; populi eft,ut univerfa China una
civicas videatur-Ineafuncduae Merropolitanae civitaces Nan-
quin, Paqum: In hac(qui Regia Septcntrionalis interpreratur)
nunc habitat R ex:IIliqu^ fubfunt /.Provineiaejhuic Amb«
adeo amplae funt utunointegrodiecquites,prmsquamabuno
capice ad aliud pervenias. Denumero habitatoru Chinac nihil
affirmari potefl/ecundum aut quod exRelationibus manuJcri-
ptis exeat, &:orexefcrcur,colligitur 7o.Miliionesanimaruxx-
ecdcrc . Hst-cprofeclo Res magna eft,nec creditufacilis illi,qui
cum regnis Chrillianitatis ilium numerumconfcrrc,&exillis
SEftmiationem facerc veJit. Italia non atx^itad-^.Miliiones.
Nec Germania (excjudendo Helvetios & Belgas)ad phisquam
decem^nec additisduabus di(3ris Provincijs excedit-quindicim
Milliones, quem numerum forte conficietFxancia. Hifpania
populoinfrequentk)r eft Italia. Siciliahabet unumMiUioncm
& tercentahominummillia:Anglia tres Milliones. Tantudem
numerantur in Eelgio quavis belli diuturnitatenumerus Bel-
garum,multum immunitus fit. Non tamen incredibilis ille nu-
mcrus ( quern habitatores Chinse conficcre diximus)vidcbitur
3ficonfidcrcnturipjfiu5 amplitudo/ertilitas Sc locihabitati: Ea
enim
Rex C h 1 n iE»
cnim Provincia adeo ampla, & tot habitatoribiis frequcns ell,
ut minus incolarum ei tribuendum non fit. Tot habet urbes,$c
tarn amplas, aliafque civitates, uttantumnumerumcapere &c
excipcre po/Iit. JEil Quoque adeo copioia,rerumque omnium
copia, partim naturae beneficio, jpartimhominuminduftriaa-
bundanSjUt tantum numerumpaicere po/Kt. Nos Itali nobis
ipfis egregie imponere rolemuajCumopinamurltaliam omni-
bus univerfi Orbis regionibus praejfl:are,,nobifque perfuadcmus
nullam Provinciam, nec opukntiorem efTe, necfrequentius
habitari. Ncc perpendimus Italiamlongamanguftamque eilc
Provinciamjnon/paciofamjneccapaccm, Nec quod duae ter-
tia? partes flumen navigabile non habent, qui defedus admo-
xlum pr^gnans cH: Nec quod quartam partem occupatApen-
iiinus,qui nioiis,ut plurimum afper ,& parum frugifer efl. Quod
ad fertilitatem Icaliae attinet,cjus pard>c^dit Francia<:opia fru-
gum&pecudum?Aut AngliafrugibuSjpecudibuSjIanajpifcibus
^ metallisjAuc Belgium multitudine & amplitudme civitatum,
varictateartificiorum, opibus &mercaturaj AutGraeciapul-
chritudine 6c oportunitace ficus,6c maris Portubus aut regioni-
bus dulcibu,s?Aut Hungaria^pecore^ equis^vinOyfrumentOapiC
^x:ibus5Minaeri;S,omni denique bono?Se<l nolo in his enarrandis
me detinere diutius quam necelleefl. Longobardia tertiam
cantumltalias partem occupat: Sed cum expliceturpulch^rri-
misplaniciebus, irrigeturque amcrnis iiuminibus,necmontes
alperos,ncc campos arcnofos hab eat, tantumpopuli, quantum
dimidium Itahae habett Quid autem dicemus cle Francia, Au-
flria , Germania inferiori, Pannonijs, alijfque quae omnifari-
am planae, opimse, extrcmc^ue deliciofse /unt? Concludamus
ergo: Cum China non minus amplum ipacioilimqucrcgnum
£t , quamunitum,fibijun6l:um,plenumpopuIOjannona & opi-
Jbusjoro unoxnaximQjrumImp«riorum, quseunquamfuere ha-
bendum eft,
Ti KEGU
R I X C H I N jE .
Regimen.
/^Hinae regimen Derporicumplurimumrefert; IntotaChi-
^na^nullus eft alius dominuspraeter Kegem. Ignorant quid
Comes; quid Marchio, quid Duxfir. Nullialteritributumaut
vectigal penditur quamRegi: Confert isomnesmagiftratus,
cciamnobiJicatem: Dar eis quofefuftentantjnecaliud ponde^
rofumfadunrjCujusipfecertiornonfiar. Non ficut Regitantu
eiobedicur,fed& veneraturficutnumen. In unaquaque Pro-
vincia eft Regis effigies aurea^quae velo operitur, praeterquam,
noviIunijS;Tunc dctegiturjVificaturquea Magiftratibus, infle-
dtuntque genua coram ea, tanquam Regeiplo. NecfolusRex
reveretur^fed & PraefideSjipftque judices ira honorantur,ut ejs
nemoIoquatur,nifigenubusinfidens . Hac re vilefcuntadmo-
dumanimipopulorum/acitq; eos mancipia potius quamfub-
diros Principis. Exteri(quod eorum converfatio conluetudoq;
^ aliquam murationenijauc aliquid novi in regimine introducerc
pofIec)nonadmittunturinregnum ; Concedunc eisautemali-
, quid commercijjin oris maritimis, uc diftrahanr,divcndantque
annonam,& opificia quae ipfi fecere, Mercarores qui hie verfan-
tur,mercaturamqi terra cxercent,multi fe coadunant, unumq;
inter ipfos Principem conftituunt, cui titulum Legati dant..
Hac cautela intrant regnum, fedOfficiarij & mmiftri Regis,,
mmquamdifceduntab ei s. Indigence non poiluntregione excc-
dere, nifi permiflu, nec conceditur permi/lIo,niJ(i adcertum
tempus.-Vtde reditu /ecurifint, non dant facultatem exeundi,
ni/i exercendse mercarurse gratia, navigando in navibusiyo. va-
forum capacibus,fuipicantur enim eosmulto longiusnaviga-
turoSjfi majores naves concederentur. Vt finem faciam. Hujus
regni lex eft, ut nihil aliud;,quam ad pacem&confervationcm
Reipub. collimenrrldeo floret hie lufticia quieris mater,deinde
Pohtia magiftra legum, deniqueinduftria pacis filia. Non aliud
rcgnun*
Rex Chin^.
regnum,iiec dominium antiquum nec novum illo magis politi-
cumeft.Plus quambismiHe annis(licut ipfl fliishiftorijs docet)
regitur China ijrdemIegibus.Nosmiramur RempublicamVe-
nctam conftirifrejamiioo.annis,regnum Franciae autemjamfc
per HOC. anno SCO nfcrvafTc. Circitcr ducentijamannifunc,
cum China aTartaris opprefra,pertulit eorum dominium circi-
tcr annis.Chinenfes feipfos magni faciunt in rebus civilibus
&politicis,quibusprorrusinvigiIant. Solent dicerefe habere
duos ocuIos^Europae populos unum,C5ereros nullum. Ira hono-
rificc de nobis loquuntur, quod ipfis noti fint Lufitani,cum
quibus mercimonia exercent in Macao,& alijs locis,& propter
famam Caftellanorum^qui ab ipfis non longe abfunr^in Philip-
pinis iniulis nempe.
Vires.
17 X frequcntia populi(quamdocuimus)fieripotejn: judicium
-^viriumChinse: In ea eniniconfiftant omnes aliae vires. Sed
utaliquid in particulari de ijsdicamus:Potenti« Regis Chmae
(quodfuo contentuSjOmneminvafionem abhorrct) defenfioni
magis , quam oiFenfioni prona cH, & aptior^ ut fua confcrver,
quam ut ea augmentet.Civitatesut plurimum adflumina navi-
bilia fita fiintahabentqj foflas profundas largasque, muri earum
turn e lapide fo/lilitumco6tilifunt, adeofirmifolidiqi^utcredi
vix po/Iit. Turres non defunt, necpropugnacula quam optime
inflruda. Ad fines Tartarise utfccurieflentadverruspotentiam
talium ho{lium,qui quondam Chinam ingrefH earn jfubjugarur,
fabricarunt^murum, qui initiiim habens adcivitatemOchioi,
( inter duos altiflimosmontespofitam) extendit fead/excenta
miliaria Ortun> verfus^donec ei alius mons occurrir,qui ad O-
ceanumu/qjprotenditur. Adregni fines videnturfrequentes,
jfedparva^ Arces,?^ eredla? funt,ut hoflcin fiMtjdoncc con^cur-
T J yanti
Rex C h I n je.
rant vicinapr3efidia,&: deindeRcgius exercitus.In quadringen-
rismagnispagis, magnum populinumerum,quotidicftipendia
merentiumhabet Rex: Hiadminimumjndicium,ineam par-
tem,qua necelTarium eft^renduncVnaqnaeq; civitas fuos Prxfi-
darios,& fuam cuftodiam ad portas habcc,easq; non clauduntur
iolum^fcd & fuo tempore obfignantur.nec aperiuntur antequa
ligiilumdiIigenter recognitumfit.EorummiIitia, tii equcftris,
tumpedeftriSjtum tcrrelbiSjquam Maritima numerofapotius,
probcque inftruela apparatu bellico rebufqi necclTarijs, 8c quod
maximum eft,probe ordinata ej[]:,quam fortis & vegeta. Indi-
gent enim cum propter nimiammollitiem regionis, turn pro-
pter formam regiminis,qu3e ipfos vilcs,timidos,abjcdorq; red-
dit,audaci3eanimique parum habent; Extcrno fubfidio non
utuntur,prxterquam illorum quos beilo ceperunt, quos in cite-
riores regiones mittunt, ubi fignum geftantes, (quod ipfos ab
alijs diflinguit) ferviunt, fed animomancipiorumpotiusquani
militura, ftipcndia certa ejsperrolvuntur, necpremia virtuti,
nec p^naignaviae defunt^quodmagn^e eilicaciae eft.Qui militiae
adfcripti non runt,arma habere non pofTunt. Maritime vires
tcrreftribusnonfuntinferiores: NampraeterclafTcs ordinarias
CuHodiae fecuritati orae maritima: dcftinatas; (cum China flu-
minibus navigabiUbus totaeabundet,oraque maritima Portu-
bus infulirque'inftruAa rit)facile ef]:,cum urget neceffitas, colli-
gere a quingcntis ad mille magna navigia, quae ipfi Giunchi vo-
cant. Non defunt flipendio perfolvendo pecuniae , nec ad de-
lectus faciendos, retinendumque majorem,quamcredipofrec
numerum naviummihtumquci AfTerunt cnimmuIti,Rcditus
Regales ad 120. aureorum Milliones accedcre, qui numcrus
quamvis mcredibilis videri ei poffet, qui ex Statibus Europae,
Chinse aeftimationcm facere velit^fidemtamen facile inveniet
apud illos qui confiderabunt fequentia, nempe'ampHtudinera
& naturam Pro vinciae,qu« Europa paiilo miaor efl: Frequenti-
am
Rex C h 1 n i€ .
amhabitatorum, quamconfequirur inseflimabilis opuJeiitls?
l>ivcr/iratem & divitias Minaerarum Auri^ Argcnci, Ferri
aliorumq; mecallorum : Inexplicabikmcopiam mercimonio-
rum y quibf (mercimonijs)mirefavenc totiiLiminanavibus per-
via. Tot Sinus & Brachia maris, Emporia, Portus maritimi:
Telonia; Ve(fligalia mercium; Tributa perfonalia & iimilia:
Percipit inter aJia decimam omnium, quse terra producit,ut
funt omnis generis frumenta,hordeum,Ory2a,01iva;,Vv3e(fed
non premunt uvas utvinumextorqueant) GofTypiumjLinum
Lana, Serycum infinitum , metallorum omne genus, germina
jnfinita,pecudes,Saccharum, Mel, Rheubarbaruniy Campho-
ra,Cinnabaris,Glaftum Odoramentorum multa genera, win-
ter ea Mufchum. Vedigal folum falh eivitatis Canto n,( quae
nee cx maximis^ nec multi eommercij eft) rcddit aureorum
i8o millia* Dccima Oryzse unius mediocris oppidi jurisdidio-
nis fupra didac eivitatis, reddit plus quam centum aureorum
millia.Inde aliarum rerum aeftimatio fieri poteft. Percipit tri-
butum cx lucre mcretricum: Subditis nihil prseter victum
6c ami^lum rclinquit.Nullos Jflib fe Comites , aut dominos alte-
rius generis habct,ncc privates perfonas,qui opulenti fInr.Cum
itaque regnum immenfum fit,reditufque fere omnes, in Regis
JiianufInt,mirumnoneft,fi ipfe inde aureorum numerumin-
credibilem percipit. Puas praeterea res banc fummam reditu-
um crcdibiliorem reddunt. Vna eft, quod non omnia folvan-
tur in pecunia, fed pars in rebus nempeFoeno,Oryza,frugibusl
paIea,Scryco,GofIypio: Altera, caufa eft, quod Reges no. MiJ-^
lionum, quas percipiunt, tres partes expendant;Dum itaque e
manibus Regis exit, quod e populo percepit,neminimirum
vidcri debet, quodpopulus ipfij id quotannis redderepo flit.
Sicut enim aqua tantumdefcendit,quantumfeinaJtumcxtii-
Iit,ita & Tributa,faciletantuminferrepo/Iunt quantum ilegl
in fuftentaculum fuorum expendendum eft^ ipfequcpopulus
taixtum
R E X C H I N JE.
tancum R egi pcndere potefljquantumipfe in regno expendit.
In regno dico/i enim extra regnu expenderec Thefaiiros diipli-
cirer confumerencpopulum,nam ex ejusmanibus elaberencur
pecuniae fac.ultatefc[;,neqi fpesfuperefTec alicujus emolumenci,
aut fru6l» alicujus.Sed hac de re fatis dixim^' in racionibs> Scacus.
Principes Finitimi.
NVLLius Principis potcntia Regi Chinae terra timenda eft,
prseterquamMagniChamiTartari.-Omnescnimalijjipfuin
pro fupremo domino agnofcunt; Adverfus hunc hoftem cura-
runt Regespraeteritijftruiftupendum ilium murum, A maris la-
tere, Rex Chin3econterminuseflIaponibus&.Cailellanis. la-
ponia varie dillac a China,a Gotholaponiaelnfulajad civitatem
Liampo,numerancur 6'o.Leuca£.a Cantone ip/Japonenfes di-
vcxanc oras Maritimas Chmenfium incurfionibus , interram
dcfcendenceSjUt depredentur regionem,ira ut magis latrocinia
exerceant,quam quod quid belloagant : Cum enimlaponiam
pluresinfulas, &:in varios Principatus inter feferre dinentien-
tes, divifafit, non nifiinvalide contra regnum Chinas movere
fe poteflJaponenfes animis armifq; Chinenfibus praeftantiores
funt . Dicitur Nabunangam, qui fe hodie,pro domino magnae
partis laponixgerit, in animum habere in CJiuiam expeditio-
nem Tufcipere. Ab alia parte jungunt Chinenfes fines cum infu-
lis Phihppinis quas pofTident Hifpani,qui Chmenfibus admo-
dumfufpediiint,necidabsre:Suntenjm Philippinas fituvaldc
^ commodo,ad vexandumChinam; Hifpanis probe quoque no-
turn eft,quam dives fit illud regnum. Rex Hifpaniarum Philip-
pus,omnes vias tentat,ut tranquille recipiatur Evange]ium,vi-
deturque dominum Deum noftrum , amodo aliquam porram
aperui/Te: Quamvis enim ChinenfeSjm fuam ditionem extcros
non admittant/icut alibi diximus^attamen aliqui Patres leJui-
tae^inoti
Rex C h I n iB.
t3C,moti intcnfo deflderio glorise Dei 6campIiationis iiiae Can£ts^
legis, in campo adeo Ipaciofo^qualis ille eft magna arte,nec mi-
noripatienciaregnumChinaefuntingreffijComparataqiiibiali-
quorum Magiflraruu beneYolentia,obnnuerunr privilegiu na--
turalitatis,pr3ecipue Pater Michael rogerius; Vcnic hie in Eu*
ropam anno if^o.uc referrct,quid illic agereciir. Dum ego haec
fcribercmjallacae iunt Sigmficationes, aduobus Parribus, qui
in regno China; remanfoanc, quibus fignificabanr,rc diverias
perfecutiones pafTos, tandemque coa<5i:os fuifTc civicatem qua
habitaverant, aliquolque convert erant, excedere & maritima
vcrlus feconferre. Luiitani ipfis quoq; aliquantulum fufped:!
funt ibi mercimonia in illo mari exercendo, primum fidem fibi
conciliarunt, aulpicijsFerdinandiAndradajjpter lignificatio-
nemjuftitiae & moderationis , ^ d^ fe, ininiulaTamo dederat.
Hie primus omnium Lufitanoruni,in civitatem Cantam venit
cxpofuitqj in terram,Thomam Petrejum Legatum EmanueLs
Regis Lufitani3e,5cd eo poilea delati alij Capitanei pravisfuis
aclionibus moribiifque occafionem dederc, ut Legatus pro ex-
ploratore captus fuerit^&c in carcerc detentus ubi miferabiHter
fuos dies finivit,cura alijs autem , tanquam cumhoftibus a^um
fuit; Tandem poffcmultos annos concefTum fuit Lufitanis, ut
fedes figerent (mercnubniorum gratia) in parvainfula Macao,
in qua fere Coloniamfundaruntjfed pafum firmam,quodpeni-
tus fubje£li fint arbitrio Chinenfiuni , qui ipfos ob ingenia, 8c
jftrenuitarem fulpedos habent; Eos quoque non fugit ami-
eitia,collufio & confenfus qui ipfos cum Caftellanis in--
tercedit. ideoquc rcftringant quotidie liberta-
tem commcrciorum, conanturque ita--;
fe gerere>ut Lufitani fua iponte,
Macao relinquant
rcpctantque In-
• diam.' ' ^
¥ RJEX
REX SIAM^
D limites Chiti3e,relinquentes regnum Caucmchinx
(de quo, (jiiod huic operiinfcrarur , djgnum nihil
habemiis) fequitur regnum Siam,quod inter nnagna
Afix regna habccur; Nomen a Siam civitate, ad oilia
fluvij Menamcraxic diciturquoqj regnum Gornao.Exrcnditur
ab Ortu Occafum verfus, a civitate Campaa, ad civicatem Ta-
vai ufq;, quo fpacio quiagenrae ieucae fecus oram Maritimarrt
comprehenduntur. Interim verum cil:, Arabes ejus regionis, ul-
tra ducentas leucasufurpafle, cum oppidisPatanc, Paam,Iory
Malacca (quam poftea Lufitani his eripuerunt)Pcrca;A Meri-
die Scptentnone verfus, extenditfea Sincapura qua? in medio
gradueiljad populos qui vernacule Gueoni dicuntur,qui adi^^
gradusfunt. Lacus Chiamai quifexcentis miliaribus amari dr-
flat Regis Siam eil: in locis meditcrraneis-, dilatatur a finibus
Caucinchinae ultra Avam fluvium, ubi regnum Cencrampo/H-
det.Sut itaqj ipfis fimul cu lacu Chiamai,flumiha Menon (quod
Capitaneuni aquarum ronat)Menamj Caipumo, Ava , qux o-
mnes illas regiones plus quamcredi queat,omni annon^ genere
fertiles reddunt.Poti/Iima regionis pars, undiq; montibus Ava;^
Brcm3e,Iangomse cinda,fitu plana eft fatifq; Agypto fimiiisa-
bundat,Elephantis,Equis,Pipere,Auro,Stanno. In regni parte
Occidentalijhabet fylvas immenras,Tig.ridibus,Leonibus, Lyix
cibus &hienis pknas. Continet regna Cambojae, Siami, Muan-
taijErcmae^Caipumo & Chencraa.Rcgi Siami obediunt Popu-
li Lai, qui ad Septentrianem regnoru Muantai dcCaumua funty
in tria regna^ut alibi diximus)divili: Primum cfl Iangomae,re-
cundum Cucrai^tertium Lancaan^Caucinchinae vicinum.Inha-
bitant regionem planam & opulentam in quam, ex montibus
defcendentes Guconi(MaYcusPauIus Venetusappellat eorum
j-egionem Cangigu) appeticu catms human3e>faciunt eorum
horri-
Rex S I a h.
Iiorribilcm Lanieiiam. Ab his fibi timcntes Lai agnojfcune
Regem Siami in fuperiorcjii dominium, fed eipamm obediunt,
fsepcque eirebellcsiiunc^
Diviti^.
LiVjus rcgniopcs , ex ejus fertilitatepercipipollimtr cum^e-
^mnLjinphnicicfit,q\ix2L nobiJi/fimis maximifque flumini-
bus, oporcuna imuidationc Nili Jndftarirrigatur, did nonpo-
cefl, quantum-; rerumjomniuiTL, copia affluat. Producic
jryzamj, frugcfque innumeras, Equos , Elephantes, pecora»
que infinita, Aurum quoque Stannum , MecalJa. Argentum a
popuIis Laieo defertur: Haec terrae fertilitas in caufa eil: uc po-
pulus^fe valdc deliGijs6c voluptatibus obruat., Agriculturam-*
.€xercent, fed artibus non admodum^ <lelcd:antur , camque
ob rcm-» regnum-. exigui commercij e/l. Inter alias civitates
tresadmodum^ celebresilmt, nimirum_. Cambaja , ad flumcn
Mexcon^aut Menon^fita, x^uodin China oritur ^ indecurlvi
adcofluminibus ^aquisaugetur j utci fuus alveus nonfuffici-
at: & propter aquarum_>vnru fe mutuo pro trudentiuncL, rum-
pit difcinditque terraiTU , plus quam_. ih mille partes , efFor-
matque lacum^ quafi dtcrum^ Meotidem-., plus quarri^ fexa-
ginta miliaria longuiu-. ; MeicoiL- Capitaneum-. : Menoru
matrem-. aquarum,. fignifif ac. Altera civitas efl: Siam^, cujus
amplitudo toti regno nomen-. dat; maxima civitas eft, com-
tnercioqueadmirabihs, idinde colligi poteft, quod quidaiTL»
Pater leJfuita icribit , ultra indigenas incolas , plus quamu. tri-
ginta milha Arabicarum familiarum irL. ea cfTe : Tertia civitas
Vdia nomine, Siana adhuc majbr eft, diciturque irL, eaefle
quadragintaincolarummilUa, & quod irL» flumine CaipumQ
x^ad quodiita eft ) difcurrant c^jicenra cymbarum m^Jlia;
VIRES,
Rex S I a m.
Vires/
REX Siami magnificcvivit,fexexcubitorummiIliahabct,5c
ducentosElephantes,oftentandae fax amplicudini. Eorum
Elephantorum 3o.miIliahabcc,quorunitnainilliabeIlo idonci
Tunc. Ec res pro maxima habcnda ea,fi eorum precium,& im-
pcniaeinea animaliafacicndaejConlidcrentur. Regis Siamiad-
jniniilratioplus defpota refert quamRegiamgubernationcm:
omnium enimfui regni rcrrarum dominus eft, eafqj locat colo-
nis,auc dateas fuis Baronibus, ad ipforum fuflenraculum, ad
cercum tempus, auc quamdiu vjvuatjfed nunquam jure haeredi-
tario: dat quoq; ijfdem Baronibus civitatcs oppidaq;, cum ju-
ris dicSti one ad tempus praefinitum , vcl ctiam ad vitam^fedea
conditione, ut ei in bellis,certo cumpeditumnumero, Equis Sc
Elephantisinferviant.Hocmodo 20. equitum&ij-o.pedicuni
millia(quibus nulla flipendia largitur) habet, nec regno hoc o-
neri eft . Si majores vn-es coadunare vellec, multo majorcm nu-
merumconficeret: Regnum enim amplumcfl,civit:ates oppi-
daque populo frequcntia funt: Sola enim civitas Vdfa (qux
regni Siami caput fedefq; regia efl) cmifit fo.hominummillia,,
Quamvis Rex Siami novem regnorum dominus fir,nonalijs
tamen, quam SiamitiSj in bellis utitur, quiduo rcgna, Siami
nempe (quodipfi Chaumua vocanc) & Muantai(in quo civicas
Vdia efl) inhabitant. Sequuntur tria Lajorum regna,duoq; alia
ad marefita nempe Como & Camboja. Ad Occalum eft Caido-
co regnum,& Septentrionem verfus Brcma,quodaIi}Barma5a-
hjBramadicunt,,ficut in barbaris nominibus eyenirefoIet.Cum
/pes parandi opes,& ac<^uirendae amplitudinis, in hocrcgno ab
armis dependeat, vigenteettampace,fluntexercitiabelhca} &
in aliquibusIudis,quosRex quotannisVdiae exhibet,rcferuntur
■omnia,ad excrcitia militaria. Vtfii Hunt in fluminc Mcnam,ubi
plus quam cria Paraorum (genus xuvigij efl) millia, in duas chC-
K E X S r A M.
fe$(Iivifa,conHigunt; congrediuntur quoq? cqiiis & clephantisr
peditcs quoq;,enreparmaq; inftrud:i:exercentur quoque in vc-
nationibusferarum. Vitae quodfupereftimpenditur dclicijs &e
Titijs.
Principes Vicini:
C lamenfium fines ad Ortum Caucinchinam atdngiinc^ inter
*^qud Scipfos flint filvis immen/a?, Leonibus,,Tigndibus, Lyn-
cibus , Hyenis, Elephantis plense ese impediunt, fe invicem
bello infe/tent.Ciim autem ambo haec regna Kegi Chinae fnhdu
ta fint,(cuiquotannis Legates mittunt) p ac em inter fe colunt.
Chiamaiiacumverjfus conterminf fimt SianicnfesCbineniib^
Admarejunguntur ATabibuSj& locis quseLufirani occuparuntr
illi Patane,PaamJor,Peram:IiiMaracGam totumq; ejusregnu
rapueruntjita ut & regi Siam ad ducenta tcrrae miliaria ademc-
rint: Sed cum ora maritima contenti,.latius ininteriorcmregi-
oncmjurisdidlionemnoncxerantjreeipiantqj ex invectis & e-
ved:is mercibus,magnos Keditus,nec viribus^ad Meditcrranea
invadendum , fatis nrmi inflru£ti fine, pacemcumRege Siam
colunt.Regnum Pegu ad occafum eft regno Sfam^mediaeLunaf
inftaf;, jacet inter monres,quos Bramr Sc langomei incorunt,,
extendit fe fecundum mare, a civirate Reifquseadmare m 14.
gradu, &c eius parte tcrtiaeft)ad Sedocliu/que,qua;mdecimo
o(flav^gradu ad Oram maris eft,pcr /paciu^o Jeucarum , paula
minus in Mcdi terraneis latum eft. Flavius Pegu rcgionem me-
diam mrerfecat,8ccertis temporibus rntume/cens^diffiindit di=^
latatq; fepcr illos amoenos campos^idqj tam cgrcgie, urmagn;u
Sinum,tiDiob oculosponat. Is trigintaleucas Jatus eft: Vbi a^t:
fiuvius decrevit & mluum alveum reflexit^crefcuntibf omnia,,
quae illud clima ferr,tam abunde,utPegu^gypto nort invidcat..
Regni Pegu Portus praecipui jflmt Pegu ad ejuMemnominis £,u-
mm;Tavai,Matabanc,CoJmin.SiamenfibusadScptejitr£oncs
V 3, viel-
K E X S T A M.
vicini flint Guconi, afperrimorummontiumincolae,iiiterquos
& Siam Tunc Lai qui earn a Sepccntrionali & Oriencali 6c latere
prorfus circumcinguntfecundumflumen Mecon; fines deniq;
junguntChina^Campa&Camboja.LaiparentRegi Siam, quod
mecuant Gueoni,a quibus illos Rex Siam tuctur, nifi id facerct,
jamdudumabilliscxcifieiTent. Ante4o. amies, eos aggreffus
efl:RexSiam,cum2o.equorummi!libus(qui quamvisparvifint,
ferunt tamcruegregie labores)fiabebat praeter eos ifo.pcdi-
tum & decern elephantorum millia: pars praelio bonajerar,
pars geflabat impedimenta. Non^ aliud re^num efl quod
majorem..ekphantorum copiam habeat, ]jfque plus utatur.
TralieVat" quoque poft fe bourn bubalorumque ciitellariorum
ingentem numcrum , quos deficientc commeatuma^^tabant.
Mutatio Regnorum
.... ,^ Siam&: Pegu.
"LI VC ufque diximus de regnis Siam & Pegu,ficut erant,quan-
^ ■■"doLufitani Indiam funt ingrefH, fed abeo tempore, res
valdemutataefucre,modoquirequitur. RcgiPegu obediebanc
quondam aliqua Bramorum regna, fecundum flumcn^ , Chi-
amailacumverfus , ubi fuos Legates habebat. Sexaginta
ab hinc annis quidam Lcgatus, quem regno Tangu prsefccerat,
confifus alTeclis , quorum multos habebat,& authoritatc,quain
fibiyirtuteparaverat,rebellis Regi fadus ell, rapuitquc fibi rc-
gnum,occifis viris primaries: Quod plus eft, ccpitcivitates,6c
regna Prom, Melintai, Calam, Mirandu & Ana qux omnia
Bramis inhabitata erant. Ea Seprentrioncm verfus, plus quam
ad ifo.leucas extenduntur: Tentavit quoq; occupare Siam,vc-
nitqj in confpedium Vdiae Metropolis civitatis rcgni Muantaij
urque,red nihil cfficere potuit. Sufccperat illam cxpeditioncm,
cum
Rex S I a m.
cumtrcccntispeditummillibus, confumnrque plus quam tres
jiienfes in apcriendis vijs, per montcs afperrimos , iylvas va^
flasj&locainacccllibilia ,m quibus amifit 120. hominum millia
CepitqueSiamenfiumduccncamiJlia. DdmumreverfusagsJrcf-
fuscftipfumregnumPegUjquod&expugnavie. Poftea, anno
nimirum ij-oj.reverfus eft ad expedicionem Siam vicirqueRe-
gem qui fibi vcneno mortem confcivit, ejus filios autem cepic
©ccupavitqueejusregnimagnam partem . Hie & ejus fucccffo^
res , quod eorum potentia incoeperit, occupatione regnorum:
Bramorum,vocantur aneotcricis Hiftoricis,Regcs Bram3e,aut
utalij dicunt, Reges Parmae: Lufitanj aurem a nobiliori, &
magis cognifa, occupatorum parte> vocanteos Reges Pegu.
Tentavitpofteaaliquotiesjcum uno virorum Millionc & am-
pliuscivitatem Vdiam: Sedutquoddemagnonumero diximus
fabulofum non videatur (quod res alibi dicendae ilmi'les funt)
Hon erit ab inftitutono/lro alienum, fihicdemonftrcmuSjUn-
dc accidir, ut hie, aJijfquem regionibus,tamnumerofi exerci-
tus coUigi educique po/Iinr. Primo iraque dicimus, quod cum
belia, tuisin^finibus, autproculab ijs geruntur, magnoscx-
ercicus^Iongo tempore alcre non poteflis,cui maximi Reditus,
copiaquc parata^ peeunix non fuppetit.- Sicurenimnoftri
corporis membra ftne nervis moveri , & abfque ijs, motUs eon-
tmuari non potcfl.-ita nec exercitus colligijnec quo opus ell du-
ci,nec uniti in cxpeditione retincri pofTunt, nifi prompta pe-
cunia , qu« ipfos oportuno tempore rciiciat,trahatqucpoit i-"
pros,arma,commeatum, annonam aliafquc res vitas nece/TarK^
asjufuiquearmorumcommodas. Cum autem Principumredi^*
tus,ficutprivatorum hominum facultates, ( unde Principcs fir^
OS rhefauros inflruunt) ccrtis finibus conftentj efFerendoque
uno aut duobus annis, ex tuis provincijs pecunias,ijs cas denu.
dabis,omneque aurum &: argenrum ita exhauries , ut ijs poftea:
inanes remaacant , confequitur quod bdh loaginqua , nec
Rex S I a m.
fnCcifi , miilto minus continuari po(linr,niri a Principibus, qui
a longo tempore thefauros accumularinc,authabeant fodmas
inexhauftaSj&nunquamdefidenccs.-Theiauri aucem,quancuni-
vismaximiyconfumenturparvo temporisfpacio; Idenimquod
in pace, parce coHigicur,inbello , prodige cxpendendura efl.
Vnusfiquidem annus quo bellugeritur,frudus multoru anno-
rum pace conquifitorum abfumit. Quare quidam Capitaneus
Lufitanus , magna cum caufa dixie Luficani^e RegiSebaftiano,
cum de expeditionc in Barbariam fufcipienda agereturjadid
bellum crcs torrcntes requiri: unum virorum,akerum commc-
atuum,certiumpecuniarum.Illequoq;egrcgie dixit, quiadbcl-.
ligerandum pecunia intinita opus cfTe dixie. Cum aut in omni
bello mulrum expcndendumric,idcamenquodproculadomo
fir , infinicas , & quse omnium opiniones ruperent,pecunias re-
quirit.MagnusTurcaidexpextus eftin bello Perfico, quoadco
pocesPrinceps fuas facukates & thefauros tali modojconfump-
fitjUtei valorem auri argentiq; diminuere illorum precium ad
duplumaugere,patiqi monctarumfalfificationem miileq; caks
res,necefrefuerit. Qua de caufalanizari plus quamfemclfediti-
onem & turbas concicarunt,civitatem Conftantinopolim furi-
ofe pervagati flammas injecerunt funtque eius magnam partem
depraedati. Rex Catholicus onera tot bellorum,in tam longin-
quisProvincijs,tantoq; tempore ferendo, facukatibus tantum
Hifpani^fufFukus non rufficeret,niri dominus Deus ei dcdiiTec
aliumOrbem,Min«risinexliauftis argenti pknum, venifqj &c
fluminibus auriferis fcatentem,qui ipfum quotannis novis the-
faurisCquiadipfumGlaflibus deferuntur)reficit: Pecuniae a eft,
quae militibus comnicatum & apparatumdat,illos inunumlo-
cum coire facit,& eos modo hue, modo illuc ducit, ficut occafi-
ones neceflitatesqi expeditionum e^igunt. Tanti momenti eft
pecunia ut loannes lacobus Trivukius,mas;ni nominis Capita-
neus,rogatus,qu«resmbeilgneccfrariaeeircnt,trcs requiri re-
Tponde-
Rex S I a m.
lpon(ierit;Pecunias,Pecunias,Pccunias, Hxcmtclligcndd.Cuntf.
cum impen& cx tua ditione cajpiendas funr. acciciit enim ali~
quando uc expeditio bellica fe ipfam alar, fubminiftretq; ipfa vi-
res Hunni,Vandali,Gorhi,Arabes, &c noilrorii avorii cempore,
Magnus Tamerlanes, maximos ex^rcitus foris eduxemnc. Pro-
vincias enim nullis viribus inftru6tas, fine magna refiftentia 8c
obftaculo intrantes, dabant inpraedam & direptionem-cmta-
cesruraqijalebantcohfervabancq; fe fpolijs Scruinarcgionum,
Idem noflris temporibus Lufitanis in India Orienrali, & Caflei-
Janis in India Oceidencalijfed plus his, quamillis accidie. Nulla
cnim unquam nacio in Orbe fuit,qu3e nullo fere pr oprio fumptu
tancumacquiflvcrit,quantum Hii£ani in Nova Hi/pania & Pe-
ruvia. Sea id hoc cempore faduadeo facile non ell, Hciit olim
fuit,minusque in Europa, quam in Alia, auc Africa, propter tor-
mentorum bellicorum ufum & Arces, quse pluribusmcnfibus,
immo annis, fuftinere,imo defatigare hoftem praepotcncem
pofTunc. Turcae hoc ad Zigethum expertifunt,parvumidiu
Hungaria caflrum eil:, q^uod anno if ^6. Solimannus Turcarum
Rex, cum ter centum bellatorum millibus^aggreirus tandem
cxpugnavit,fed cum tanto fuorum ilrage,uc tanti cxercitus pars
tcrcia domos non reviferit. Fuiricaqueacquifitio, tanto cona-
tui longe inferior Lufitani initio fuse expeditionis Indicje, curn
paucis militibus modicoq; tempore magni momenti acqiiifitio-
nesfecere; Sed cum illi populitormenta bellica libiparafrenr,
archicedros nacli Arces exHruxilTcnt, Idemclaffesqunflruxif-
fent,non ultra progreffi funr Lufitani. Hifpanis in novo Orbc
accidit. Repererunt enim poflprimas illas vi6lorias,ih nova
Hifpania Chichimcchios,& inPeruvia Pilcoffonios, Ciriguani-
os & Cuchios: ut 27. annorumfpacio non latum pedem terrae
pocuerintfuo imperib addcre,&in valle Arauco,Tecapcl, in re-
gno Chile,ubicumillae gentes vidifTent Hifpanos idibus /agir-
tarum armifqi mccrfici,n9nhabuerunc cos amplms inca exiili-
X iuatio-
Rex S I a
mationc, qua'ipfos habuerant, cum pro caflifilijs &gcncerm-
mortali ipfos seftimabant: expenentia autem praxiqu^ cdodi
non amplius timent equos nec Scloperos; Sed fi bellu-m no pro-
cui domo gericur,non eil: difficile pauco tempore magno^ exer-
citus colligere.-Sicuc legimus dc Croconiacis & Sibarins. Ec nc
cxemplaadeoanciquaadducamasJegiturGandav^fesFIandrias
populufealiquandopocentixRegumFranciae cum gobcllatoru
millibus oppofuilTe.Cum n.eorum regio abundans populo clTec
bellumqunfinibusgercretdrjCurrebac in id unufquifqjcomeatu
(qui in aliquot dies ribifufficereT)inf]:ru(5^*j fed diu in expeditio-
ne fubfiftere non poterat,q, pecunia & annona deficerent : con-^
flringebanturq; omnes:hic ad aratrum,illc ad officina,tertF ad
taberna,undc fe fuflinebat, rcverti. Scoti,qui prae defc^u pecu-
niae nun^pf^claram expeditionem extra infula ftifceperut, nc-
ceflitate patriae id exigemc,aIiquando modico temporis fpacio,
magnuhommunumerumcoIJegerunt,eoqi authoftcs aggrefH
Tunt aut defenderut fineSjficut 8>c faciebant Romani, qui per ali-
quot fecula,dum cu vicini^ Romae populis belligerarent, priva-
tisflipendijsarmatulerunt, Egrcdiebantur n. domocibis inu-
nu aut duos dies,aiijfq; rebus nece/farijs inflrudi , unoq; prarlio
paucis horisbellufiniebat.Sed cum expeditio in Vejos lukepta
diutius protraheretur, Senatus coacfb fuit populo flipendia pa-
rare, Excrcitus ad expeditiones vicinas colligere in regionibus
Orientalib»,& in Africa,longc facilius eJfl:,quam in Europarejus
reimuitae iunt caufae. Prima ell:,quod regiones ut plurimu abun-
dantiores copiofiorefq, rebus vitae humanae neceflarijs ibi funt;
dcindequod populi Meridionales & Orientales, ut plurimum
minori quam nos conten ti vi vant.-funt ciboru parci fimplicefq; :
Europae aut populi non folum ut fe nutriant,cdunt bibuntq; fed
utfrigusafcarceant : illiaut a cibonrhil,pr3etcrnutrjmcntum
jrccipiunt.Vinum,quod apud nos pane carius cfl:,aqud ipfos non
fcpemur; Ipforunxqi aquae funt noltrismdiorcs. Arsculinaria
fioa
R E X S I A M.
no apu(^ ipfos tam exqiiifira ell:,quam apud nos, nee eorum fe-
fnachus,alluevicadeo opiparis dclicijs.Turc* finiunt convivia
Oryza Sccarnevervecina, nec Orienrales infumiint tantumia
vefles quantum nQs.Euncfeminudi in bella,iiec praEtcrpuden-
da aiiquid cooperkmc. Inde accidie quod apud ipfoSjnon ranta
artium arcrficumqj frcquentia fit, quanta apud nos eft, ubi ma-
jor elaboratarum rcrum pars ad reftes,&: ad perfonarum orna-
tum pertinetjtot generis panni,lanci ferycei, varictas veftium,
colorum venuJftas, pompa veftimentorum, aliasq; tales. Apud
illospopulos fiuntfereomnes expefae in*panniculo cx goffvpio,
t5ui eos ab umbilico ad genua u/q; -tegit. Hasob caufas facilius
illic quadraginta-quam apudnos decern milicum iiiilJia^jilenta-
ri po^rent . His adjunge expe^ias, qua? in tormenta beiiica 6i in
.corum apparatum in commeatu^n,e<]uos,homjiies,aIiarq, res,
•qux ad geren<labe1!a requiruntur/aciend^funt^inaeflimabires
•elTcj quas ignorat maxima popiilorum Orienralium pars, ij
inaxime,quibus cum Arabibus & Lufiranis nihil negocij eft, 8c
^iprovmcias Mediteri'aneas'inhabicant . Sed parvi mornenti
-non eftjquod rup.ra didi-popuJi in bella eant,nullis armis defen-
^oniaptis infl:ru6^i,abrq; thoracibusjgaleisjfquamis xrei^: & la-
minis, quibus multumimpenditur, necea,ex unoloco in alium
abfqueimpenfis vchi poilunc. Multum hac in re diiFerimus a
ij^omanis , qui in bella euntes tam defenfioni quam ofFenfioni
apta arma & fsepe commeacum in decern &c plures dies ferc-
bant- quare Virgilius hoc onus , Injuftum fafcem canit, quod
praetcr modum eile videretur. Cum itaque ilH populi com-
modiratibus fruanturnempe foecunditate regionum^facilirarc
parandi vid:us,amidlus,armorum,facile eH:, ut urgentenec^/H-
tate excrcitum multo majorem, quam nos , coUigant, quire-
l)usinfinitisindigemus,quasipfi nequidemnorunt. Legimxis
res maximas dc excrciubus Aflyrioxum , j£thiopum , Beii,
Rex S I a m.
Nini , Scmiramidis , Cambyfis , Cyri,Darij,Seroilns,Serad,&
temporibus minus antiquis Arabum , Tartarorum, Mogorum
aliorumq;. Et nc exempla tantum Jonginqua adducamus, & ut
cxijs,quae recens accidcrunc, rebus anriquis fides conciJietur,
caq; fianc credjbilia.-Literis patruin Icfuitarum &CapitaneoruiTi
Lufitanorum celebracur res ilia, quae accidit anno if An-
goIa(eanobiIis divesque provincia efl ^chiopias Occidentalis,
regno Congo vicina).In ea Paulus diaziusCapitaneusLuficanus,
iecunda Februarij die obviam habuit exercitum, unius Millio-
nis, & ducentorum iEthiopum millium , quern adverfus ipfum
cduxerat Angolae Rex.qui ab illo, incredjbili foelicirate,non ar-
morumvi/edDeibenignitatediffipatus&in fugama^tus fuic
Hujus rei certiorem me fecit hterisEdvardus Lopezius Luficar
tanus^quieo cempore.erat cum Rege Congo. Certuniicaqj eft,
quod adeo numerofi exercitus parum durenr, & torrcntibus
quam fluminibus , nimbis quam pluvijs flmiliores jfinc.-quamvis
enim colligi poflinc,non tamen diutius confervanrur qua com-
meatus,quemfecum domoacrulerunt duranr. Accidie inde uc
intra paucos dies diffolvantur valedicantq; expeditioni, non cu
cainmedio curruefljfedcumincipitmovcri: nonhabent enim
fecumremqu3emercatores,& cpulatorescum rebus conferva-
tioni cum, vitx humanse utilibus,& adbellumnecefTarijSjpoft
cos trahir. Quod plus efl: ut Millioni militum,de rebus neceifa-
rijs profpiciatur , opus effet alio hominum Million c, curribus,
jumentis clitellarijs, famulis, mercatoribus & epulatoribus qui
illos fequantur; Tanta: mulritudini autem nec flumina aquam,
licccampifruges,nec terra hofpitiafuppeditare pofTet: iieceffc
itaq; e/Tet ut fua mole rueret & in nihilum redigeretur.Reges illi
Onentaies, qui exercitus folito majores collcgcrunt,eaquein
bella, 8< longinquas regiones duxerunt,ea quae diximusbene
perpendentesjprimum maximam pecuniarum, commearuum,
aliarumque necefTariorum apparatuum copiamcompararunt.
Inter
Rex S I a m.
Inter alioSjXerxes^qui majorem excrcitum tarn mari quam ter^
ra(de quo memoria flt)coIlegit coiifumplit feptem annos,in
apparandis ijs,quae ad expeditionem neceilaria crant, Sed re-
vertendo ad Regem Barmaej ccpit ispaucis eJapfis annis Port.
Marcabane & Ternafen',armaq; deinde,nunc ad Seprentrioncs
nunc ad Occafum ver/ias circumagendo , divexavitPrincipes
Caor &Tipurae,cepicregnum Aracan & Macin duxicq; in earn
expeditionem ter centum miJlia,&quadrag€fies milie Elephan-
tos. Arcanregnum,montibus obfirum, & undiquaqi ferefylvis
Ipaciofis cindum efl/untq; cx regno pro muro valloq;:Civitas
magiilra, quae regno datnomen, fita eftadlluvium,diil:atquc
quindecimleucis amarj,3f .a Satigan.Macm, rcgnum efi: dives
Aloe:id ]ignum(quod Arabes dicunt CaJambuco alij lignum A-
quiIse)propter odorem/uaviflimumjseftimaturab omnibus illis
populis Orientalibus Argenti pondere. Vtuntur co in India &c
Cambaja,in exequijs magnorum Principum, in balneis,& in fi-
milibus delicijs; Nafcitur ut plurimu,in aiperioribus montibus
Campa£,Cambojae , Macin: quod m noftras regiones defertur,
nullo in precio apud illos efljntelligo in regnisCongo & Ango-
lae^regionibufq; vicinis Jaudatum probumquereperiri, & quod
indigense eo ucuntur pro remedio & medicina variorum mor-
borum,quibus laborant.Sedfiid verumefl^miror^quodLufita-
ni ex co lucrum non eaptent,
REX NARSINGAE^
Otentiorum Principum-qui inter Indum Gangemq;
funtjunus eft Rex Narfingserejus enim dominio ^uic-
qujd eft mter montem Gate & Sinum Bengalicum,
inter Promontoria Guadavarum & Comorinum,
quod fpacium loo.leucas contmet, abundantia &: copia rerum
cum aJijs Indix regionibus ccrtare poteft. Aquae i montibus ca-
X J <ien.
R E X S I A M.
dcntes nunc a fluminibus, alibi ri vulis, alias lacubus flannifquc
recepC3e,mirifice terram refrigerant, adaquant, humeclantque.
Eaaquarum copia, folis calore adjura, miras res propagandis
frugibuspeCLidibLifq;facit.Oryza varij generis, avibus,feris,do-
mefticis animalibus pra^cipue Buba]is,EIephanns,Min3eris ge-
nriarum & metalIoru,miritice luxunat rcgio. Equos bello aptos
nonproducic , fed a mercatoribus ex Arabia & Perfia,mHgno
numeroadducuntur, id quoq; quadam aemulatione Principes
Decaiifaciunt.-lntcr fupradicios rejni Narlingae fines, habitant
quinq, nationes, lingua inter fe differentes, piura quoq; loca ad
OceanumlndicuhabetmunitaNarfingae Kex: Ejus enimdido
audiens cfl provinciaCanara autCocam,ubi Tunt oppida & por-
tus MaDgalor,Mayandel,Battica]a,Onor, fed Lufitani vectigal
Batticalx recipiunt, & ante aliquot annos occuparunt Onor,
In Narlingae regno. funt duae civitates regi3e,una earum Narfin-
ga, altera Bifnagar nuncupatur, undehic Priiiceps aliquando
Rex Bifnagaris,aIiquandQ Rex Narfingse vocatur,
Vires.
p RO re certa habetur, Regem Narfingae li.Ducarorum Mil-
hones quotannis recipcre quodque eorumtres, autduoSc
femisipfimanentjomnerefiduum impendere in magnum cor-
pus militise, nempe4o. Nairorum & lo. equitum millia, qui-
bus pacis belhque tempore flipendia largitur; NeceHitateur-
gente multo majorem exercitum educcrc poteft; ejus enim fti-
pendia merentur loo. Capitanci, quibus territoria fux ditionis
confert,fub obligatione, ut certum equitum, pedirum,EIepha-
torumq; numerum femper ad manum paratumq; habcant. Am-
phtudinis redituum regni,argumento effc poteii, quod Capita-
ncorum ahqui aRege millionem ducatorum confcquuntur. Sed
pro rc incrcdibih habendum minimc eft^quod hic,ficut in majo-
riO-
Rex NAKsiNGiK.
nOricntis parte,omacs cerr3elylv3e,min3erse,etja aquaipfrali-
quorum fluminum,ad Phncipes fped:ant: Nemo cnim aqua fiu-
minisGangis quod regnu Bengali^ perlabitur, nee Gangse quod
per OrifCx regnu fiuit/e lavare potefi:, nifi Regibus ved:igal Te-
loniumqj pcrfolvat. Ipfe quoq; Narfingse Rex aqua jam didoru
fluvioru emere cogitur, ca enim e longinquo ad fe deferri juber,
uc in ea baJneetur,aut quadaiuperfticionefe ea purgct luflretq;.
Rex omniu fundorumluas ditionis dcminus cfl:,populo aut pra-
ter brachia & laborem nihil relinquitur,quidquid e reditlb^re-
gni percipitur,id mter ipfum & Capitaneos dividitur ; ipii enim
Regi pars' tertia redicuu,Capicaneis duse reiidux partes cedunr.
Cum itaqi maxima Principu OnentaJium parsiibi noft pacem
aut jufliciam pro fcopojin que colliment,proponant fed vido-
riam,amplicudmemq;,collocant omnes faculcates in militiam,
ncc aliud eis curse eft: Indeq; confequirurjUtequitupcditumq?
numerum^obis vix credibilem tenere alereq; pofHnc Sed uti-^
pforum potcntia credibilis fiat, opcre prsecium fecifTe videbi-
mur,fi ob oculos ponamus^quid Princeps Chriftianse profe/Iio-
nis(qui dominus c/Tet omnium fundorum territoriumq; fua; di-
tionis)efficerepofret.^fl:imaturid_omne quodererrjtorijsFra-
ciaepercipiturjadif.milliones afcendcrcinFranciaautnecauri
minaerae nec argenti funr. Sex milliones percipit Clerus Regnij
una Myrias &iemis Regis Domainij, ut vocanc^reliquumalio-
rumeli/quireditushabcnt.nihilo tamen minus ruftici coin re-
gno laute vivunc.ij in Oriente in India (praecipue,in PoJonia Sc
Lithvania) pro mancipijs habencur.Principes itaqj Orienrales,
multo majores rcditus c Francia percipcrcnr. Vltra ea quae dida
iuntjhabet Rex Chriftiani/Iimus , plus minus, odo Milliones
ordinarij reditus, ex vedigalibus aljjfque. quanto autem eiTct
potentior , fi ultra hasc (in quibus fua potenria cpn/i/lit)Domi-
nus fundorum territoriorumqj rotiusrcgni cffet, illaquc (ficuc
RvX Nariinga: facit) in milites impenderetj certc jficur quando
Francia
Rex NARsxNGiE.
Franciainflorecrat,vixexpen(isin4. cataphra6lorum &
gictarioriira millia faciendi, fufficiebat^ fi quae jam dida Tunc,
alijs ejus redinbus acccderenc, if o.-equicumilliapofrctcenerc.
Sed uc NarfingamredeamuSjhicRexuc fuosCapiraneosfedu'
los diligencefque reddar, inftituir quocannis luftrationem,in^
qua omnes fe fiftere tenentur. Ea luftrarione pera6):a,gradu
mouec eos, qui minus miIicuinquamdcbebanc,autarmisnon
probe inftrudlos adduxerunt: eosautem qui plenum numerum
nceque inflruftum fecum traxerunc , comp]e(flitur benignc,
melioremque reddic corum conditionem. Sed quae vires ex tan-
t3eampiitudinisregno,modoque quo didum ef]:inftrudo,edu-
ci poffinr, inde colligi poceft, quod loannesbarrosfcribiCjdc
exercitu quem Rex Chrifmarao, adverfus Idalcanem,in expe-
ditionem Raciolenfem eduxic; quod ut melius inreliigatur,
praetermeuminftitutum recitabo pun6tuatim quidquid is di«
cit. In plura membra Tub fuis Capitaneis divifus erat exerci-
tuSjin prima acie erat Camaraique cum mille equiSjij.elephan-
tis,6c3o.pcditummilIibus ; Tiarabicare cum duobus equorum
millibus, lo. Elephantis,& fo peditummillibus , poileum erat
Timapanaique cum tribus equorum millibus &quingentis &
6 o.peditum millibus: Hadapanaique, quieumfequebaturjdu-
cebat f. equorum millia, f o. Elephantes, & centum peditum
millia. Condomara 6, millia equorum, ^o.Elephantes, lio.pe-
ditummillia^Comaraif o.equos,4o.EIephantes,&: gopedituni
millia, Gendrajo mille equoi, decem elephantes, &:3o.pcdi-
tum millia . Poft hunc ibant duo Eunuchi Regi familiares,cum
mille equiSjif .Elephantis,& 4o.peditum millibus, Pediifequus
Betel duccbat loo. equosjio. Elephantes, & If. peditum millia :
Comaberra 400. cquos, 2.0. Elephantes, 8. militum millia, fe-
quebaturRex, cumijSjquibus fui corporis cuftodiamcredebat,
nempc 6, equitum millibus , 300. Elephantis, &40. peditum
millibus: Ad corum latuslibacGubernatorcivitatisBengapor,
cum
R £ 2C N A R S I K « ^ .
cum diverfisCapitanciSjfub quorum fignis crant 4ioo.cqui,if ,
EIcphantcs,& ^o.hominummillia,peaibusmercntium . Vltra
hanc gentem adhucerantduoequorum,& centum hominum
millia,in cxiguas turmas dmia,qui curforumiiiftar, undiquaq;»
ante, retro, & alatcribusregioncm,ta]icumordineper{cruta-
bantur ut uno tradtu, quidquidaccidiiTetjCognofci polTet.hos
comitabantur ii. aquatorum, & zo. meretricum miilia , famu-
li mercatores, artifices lixse(quos ipfi Maniati dicunt)bouni
bubalorumq, clitellariorum numerus iniri non poterat. Dum
llumen tranfmitteret exercitus,ejusfrequentia,exeo cognofci
potuit, quod aqua quae ad dimidium cruris eorum, quiprimi
tranficrantperveninetjvixultimisadbibendum fufEccret. An-
ccquamRcx ad hanc expeditionem egredcretur,novcm dierum
^acio 2073^. capita animalium,tum aercorum, tu terrcftrium
facrificavit, corum carncs mhonoremldoli, cuifacrificaban-
tur in cgenos diflributae (lint-. Militesveftibus exgofIypio,tam
firmis lolidifque mduti crant, ut Janceis rton minus quam la-
jnlnae fcrrcae refiHerent; Goflvpio jquoque coperti crant Elc-
phantes, quorum quilibet gcftabat caflellum^inquo quatuor
armis inffcrucfli viri crant, Elephantorum dentibus , praelongl
latique enfes alligati erant,quibus omnia difTccabant: Pedita^
tus in arcus ,]anceas, enfes , fcutaq; gerentcsjdivifus crat:quod
autemhorum ultimijfcutis pergrandibus utercntur , ut ijs com-
mode corpus tegere pofTent, arma ofFenfiva nulla geftabant.
Silentio praerereundum non cfl-,quod cum Idalcane, tormentis
bcllicis. Regis Narfingae cxercitum valde affljxiiTet, hicfiium
fiiorumque animos cxcitans in haec verba (Principe digna)pro-
rupiffe fertur; malic fe ut Idalcane defeocciro,quam devid:o
gloriaretur,feque inter primos oftendens,addit fuos animos fe-
citq; ex agnis leoncs, diflTpavit hoftem, cgitquc cum in fugam.
Inter alia (pplia,quatuor cquorum Arabicorum miilia, centum
Hcphant€s,4oo.torincnta4>cllica majQra ^prater alia minora
y inven*
Rex K a k 5 1 g
invetita fucrc,b oum,bub alarum, tentoriorum captivorurnqoc
numcrus iniri non pocerat.Cum Idaicane his in bcllis fuere 40:.
Lufiranijcum Regc Narfingae 10. uc ab ijs qux fupra di^a func^
habemus. HuicRegi,noftroxvorebcllesfaaifunt duoCapi-
tanei,quorum unus Virapanaiquenomine^refidet in Negapa-
ram; alter cui V eneapatir iiomen eft, do mini urn loGorum vici
norum Malipuro fibi rapuit.
REX CALICVT-
NIndise parte nobiliiIima, qu3e inter Gatemontemv
: OceanumqJndicumfitaeftjexten^iturq; apromon^
torio Comorino,ad fluvimn Cangierecor urq;,rpacia
„^^^^^,3oo.milJiariorum,nullusRex eft,, qui viribus poten-
tiaq;,cum ijs,quos hue ufq; nominavimus conferri pofTit: regio
cnim tot in partibus, nune Sinubus maris.nunc fluminibus,ali-
quando lacubus ftagmfq; ita difcinditur,utcanaturainplures
divifiiTe vrdeatur, ncmpcTravancor, Colam, Cochin, Cranga-
nor,Calicut,Tavor,Cananor. Ante fcptingentos annoSjpr^fu--
it his regionibusPereimal,Rex totius Malabaris,qui cum fac^us
clTet MahmmeranuSjMecham profe(£i:urus, ut ibi dum viverer^
^oram traherer,fuumRegnum(ut alias diximus)in plures par-
res divirit,voluittamen,urmajeflasfuperioritafque cfTet apud
Regcm Calicutij, cum titulo Same rrni( quod Impera tor em fi-
gnificat ) Qiramvis porentiae hujus Regis,multum deeeffcritjtu
quod Lufitani commercia a fuis portubus avert ermt,tum quod
authoritatem Samorini diminuerint, ejus a^mulos fubditofquc
(quales erant Reges Tavor & Cochin) fuftinendo: nihilominus
fuam majeflatem tam egregie adhuc tuetur,ut inter alios,a no-
bis ceiebrari mereatur,vel propter id folum^ne nobiUs illalndiae
pars,a nobis tranfeatur, nulla fa^a mentione ejus Principumv
jCalictttjj rcguum adzy, Lmasinlongitudinemprotenditur.
Rex C a l r c5 u r.
"Malabar ubi lati/fima eft, decern kucas nonexcedie. Civitas
Calicut(qu3e regno nomen dedit)admaris oram fi-ta cfl, fecun-
dum quamyfe fere ad tria milliaria extendir, fe d pauca? in ea do-
mus,nec esemagnipr^cijfunr, nempe lo.if.io. aurcorumordi-
narjj reditErs, quod &^ommuncpreciumeft,maximae partis ae-
dificiorum noverum OrientiSjXjuibus Arabes aut Lufitani ma-
nus non admovcrunt.Suftentanc fe incolac Oryza^palmetis^pe-
corejpirdbus.Dividae confillunt in Zinzibere & Piper€,quoru
mcrcatura magnos theiauros in iJlius regni portus trahit. Pri-
mo enim Arabes (qui mulcis feculis hujus commercij domini
faere)dcinde Lufitani, indicibilia pericula ramimmcn/ae-navi-
gationis ipernentes,ab hinc ^o. annis veneruncilluc, vehuntq;
adhuc£ias opes, qiias coiiimutant , cu-mPiperc alijfque rebus.
5icut autem Lufitani Cochin oppidum dives &opuIentum red*
^iderunt, itaetiam Arabes Cahcutiurn 8c ejus Regem locupic-
rarunr . commcrcium enim illud, tanti eft morn enti,-ut non fo -
him Pri^icipes vedigalibus datijfque ditet,fed&mercatoribus
tantacinde opes accre/canr, ut eortim aliqui, cum aliquibm Ea»
ropacDucibusdc Africa Regibusconfernjponin^^
Vires.
TN Malabar conimumter in pra^lijs equisnonutuntur,non ob
"*id fblum quod equosregio non generet(magno enim nume-
ro experfia ^Arabia eo ducuntur),* fed quod rcgio id non ferat;
ficut enim in Suecia pedites haftis; equites Janccis non utuntur
ob fyl varum frcqucntiam,quae earum uftim impediunt eaiq> in-
utiles reddunti ita &in Malabar raro^quis utuntur,propter rc-
gionis anguftiam,&quodmilleinlocisJiic fluminibusjillic ma-
i/s Sinubus,aIiquando lacubus rumpitur.-vires itaque inpedita-
tu & armisnavalibusconfiftunt. Peditatushis inregtonjbusiad
militiam adeo probe inftru<aus eft, ut id crcditu difficile fit. Mu
Y 4 lices
Rex Calicut.
litcsomnesnobilesfunt,dicunturq; Nairi: cumhifcptimum x-
tatis annum attigerut,ducuntarq; in fcholas militix,ubi eoruni
ncrvi jun<aurjEq;,per homines excellentes diftenduntur,frec[uc-
tiunctionc olei Sefami,conrequunturque eainunaione agilica-
temfere incredibilcm, Yertunt,inclinantq; membra facillime
inomnemparcem,quariinijs nulla cfTcnt oiTa/altantq; antror-
fum recrorfumqi ad miraculum ufqj . Semper exercenc fe armis,
cxiftimantq; neminem pluribus in rebus exccllcre pofTe. alTuef.
cunt uni tantum armorum generi cui fc maxime aptos norunc.
Arma eorum quondam fuerchaftae, arcus, cnfcs/edpoftquam
Lufitani in eas rcgiones penetrarunc, adeo exade ipfi arcem
mecalla cemperandi,& fundendi rormentabcllica, ijfque uti di-
dicerunt^utipforumSclopetipulvifqipyriuSjnoftralongefupc.
rent. In bellaCpraetcrquam infra umbilicum)nudi eunc, nec cho-
racibusferreisutuntur,unde accidie uc in prselijs, omnique alia
milicari adione,mira agilitacc Icvitateque polleant, & falconii
inftar,advcrrariumaggrediantur & efFugiant.-quando coslongc
abefTe putas,uno moment© eos tibiimminere vides, ita ur difn-
cillimumriteoseffiigercj&perfequi; pedibus enim inftar Par-
dorum valent^Nec minus timenda eft eorum fuga quam aggrc-
Hio.Si cominus pugnandum(quod nifi neceflitate coacti aut oc-
carioneipfiscommodanonfaciunt)curpideferJuc fere fcmper.
Laminas a^reas aut argenteaS jmanubrijsenfiumadligatasge-
ftant, earum fonitus,iplistubarum, aut tympanorum loco eft,
quod eos adpraelia accendant. Scutisfe tam probe tegunt,ut
nullum fei-iendi locum hofti relinquanclnter Nairos unus ordo
militum eft(Amochi dicuntur) hi gravi/limis exccrationibus fc-
ipfos familiam & pofteros execrantur , nifi miurias focijs facias
ulcifcantur : SiRexocciditur,tantocumfurorc,adejusnecem
vindicandamcurrunt,utnecignis,ncc prxfenti/fimum pericu-
lum eos remorcturiquoigiturmajorminorve Amochiorumnu-
mcrusRegibusIudiae cft,eopotemiorcs debiliorefvecenfentur .
Nairis
R J X Calicut.
Nairis animos audaciamqj in pcriculis addit augctq},quod uxo-
ratinonfunt. Ante aliquot fecula,harum rcgionum Pxinceps
(huic force nota crat Rcipubliea)mulicmm inter eos commu-
nitatcmintroduxit.-his acccdit maxima libcrtas, vel potius
latio & fuperbia, noncnimplebco licet Nairo appropinquarc,
nill male trad:ari velit, ipfiqjfervosiuos,in diverticula viarum
prsemittunt^quiipfos venire indict nt,ut ijs via ccdant vel alio fc
conferant. Si veriim eft Gianizaros ad bella audaces animofolqi
reddi lib ertate, quae ipfis pacis tempore conccditur^quidquid
lubet agendimulto audaciores elatiorefq; redduntur Nairi^ qui
fc ab innmae fortis hominibus^conipici non finunt.ordinarie ci-
vitates non inhabitant^fed domus ipforum terra^denfis fepibus,
f/lvulifque cinguntuf, viae ad eas adeo inter fe intricatae funt ut
Labyrinthi vidcantur. Quantas copias educere poffit Galicutij
Rex , cognofcipotcft expcditionc, quaminLufitanos fufcepit;
Anno 15-05. coadunavit(5'o.bellatorummillia,contraEdvardum
pacicrum Regis LufitaniaeEmanuelis Gapitaneum,(is tunc Go*
chmejulqueregemtuebatur)&2oo.navigiabellica, fubftititqj
in ea expeditione totos quinq; mcnfesrAhno 15*2^ Arcem quam
Lufitani in Galicutio excitarat & loannes Lima defendebat,
cinxit obfidione cum exercitu centum hominummiilium, per-
ftititqiin obfidionepertotamhiemem, & quamvis Lufitani in
propugnanda Arce/e ftrenuc geififrcnt,potentiam tamcnRegis
perpendentes,eam/uismanibus demolitifunt. Idem Rex anno
ij-jLCum exercitu ^o.militum milliuixij obfedit Arcem Giale,
venitq; in ejus manus, dedente cam Capitaneo Lufitano qui ia
ea erat.Qukl viribus maritimis pofHt^plus quamfemeloftcnditi
Gum enim multorum porcuum,in quos mult^ naves appellunt,
dominus iit^quandocumq; placet^magnum navigiorum nume-
. rum armisinfbruit.Fatendum eft omnes India? vires maritimas,
hodie Lufitanicis inferiores effe , obnaviumqualitatem.mili-
tumqi praeftantiam.-eos terra mariq; fupcriores facit ufus irmo-
Rex CAticuT.
rumdcfcnfivorumr&Cutdicatur quodvcrum cft)raroficut nu-
dus ferrum non timcac,&: armatus auda cior nudo non fit. Acci-
derc indq vidcmus,populos armis dcfcnfivis tantum inftrudos,
in bellis agihtare niagis, quam viribus fe rueri,fugiendoqi plus,
quam pedem pcdi conferendo pugnare,quod plus fpci in nume-
ro,quamin roborc ponant,deflituunti?rqi faepe ea re^qux exer-
^itusredditformidabilcs, nempcbono ordine.
REX PERSIAE-
^^^^fcrfiae Perfarumq; nomen,aHquanto tempore fupprcf^
Wi ^^W^^^ fuit^primum ab Arabibus(qui Pcrfis fubjugat:is,ut
S eos ignavos reddercnt^lege fanxerut^ne amplius Pcr-
^^^^^Cx fed Saraccni dic^rcntur) dcinde aTartaris,primo
dudoChingis,pof]:eaTamerlanis. Sed paulo ante noflra lecula,
priftina^ gloria? rcflituta eft PcrHajVirtute Ifmaelis Sophi,de cu-
jus origine, aiiqua tradcre, abs rc non erit,quod ad confequeda
noticiam Status regniq; Perfiae facere videntur CumMahumc-
tes (a quo feda Mahumetana npmen habet)apud Arabes,divi-
tijs fuse domina? ( aqua hjeresinftjtutu^ erat)& novo dogmatc
(quodinvulgusrpargereincipiebat)nomenribiparafrcc', duxic
infecundamuxorem Ai/&m,cujurdam Bubaci viri praedivitis,
&: magnae cxiftimationis filiam:illiurq; & Omari& Ottoman,
ejus parentum favore,coIlegit rnagnum Arabum numerum,ce-
pitque titulo & prajtextu religionis,multaoppida,quae ej vici-
na crant, deditque eo tempore, Hali fuo cognato, inuxorem
Fatimam filiam, ex prioreuxore, vitaquc decedenSjannofuar
setatis 6^, rcliquit earn fuam ditionem,confl:ituitque cum caput
iuge fccflse cum titulo Caliphac. Bubacus xgrc ferens,quod Ma-
humetcs fibiCcujus favore magnus facStus erat)3etate maturo,iu-
venem praetuIifTet^ ejecit cum ditionc, auxilio Omari& Ot-
rpmari qui ipfum Calipham miilcbant,tum quod corumcon-
fangui-
R H X P E R S 1
filiiguineus clTct, turn quod ejus seras jam gran diorprovec^ior^
que/pem ipfi citofucccdcndifaciebat,quod accidit,namBuba-
co fuccefTere ordine dic^i Omar & Ottoihar* Omajr a manci-
pio occifusfuic: Octomaro in quadam rixanecitradito,rcdijt
Caliphac ad Halim , fed cum quiecc poflidere non potuit , nam
cepit contra cum arma Mavia, fub praetextu quod mortis fui
patroni Ottomari,confcius fuiiTcr. curavitq; cum oceidi Cufae,,
haec civitas eft in dccuriuEuphratis,infraBagdet,didturq; ob id
adhuc Maffadal^quodeftdomus Hali^quiibifepultusfuit. Ha-
limortuodixerunt incolae Cufse Calipham OcenfiJiumFati-
mseyfed & hie loco dcturbatus, & veneno nccatus efta Mavia^^
qui fc Calipham abfolute dixit, fucce/St que ei lazit filius . Oceii
rcliquitpoft fe duodecimfilios^quorum unus Mahumetes Ma-
hadin fuir,eum Mauri non mortuum cfTe ajunt^fed eu cxpeda-
teSjdicunt quodadconvcrtendum Orbemreverjfurusfit: hanc
ob rem in MalTadalla , in qua fecundum eo_rum f]:ultitiam,con-^
verlionis initium futurum efl> cquus Temper paratus efl, qui
magna cum pompa in remplum quod illi Mofchcamdicunr^
ducitur offer turquc. Ex controverfijs quse Hali cum Bubaco^
Omaro , Ottomaro & Ma^via interceffere ^ remanfere gra -
viflimse contentiones tumL. armorum.,, tum^ opinionum^^
volunr eninu Pcriae^Halim-. ex teilamento Mahumetis, verum
Calipham^ fuiifej fed Arabes favore trcs primos profequuntur.
Cum-, circiter annum 13 d'j. Mauri nullum Calipham haberenr^
quod ij fineiTL. habuilTcnc anno iif 8* in Mufl:a<:en Mumbila
(quem AllacuTartarorum Rex occidit)furrexit in Perfia qui-
dam Baro, cui nomen crat Sophi , dominus oppidi Ardcvel^
qui ie fanguine Hali;,per Mufam Cerefin^ejus nepotem (unuma.
exduodecimfilijs Ocen)genitumgIoriabatur,incujus memo-
riam mutavit formam Turbantis (geflamen capitis id cft)ad-
junxitque duodecim acies, concihavitque fuse fedx nomen &:
«Iliniatiouem; Kuicfucceflit Guine filius^ Adar^cuiAf&mb cc
in
Rex
P E K S I ^.
in Sith &Pcrfia,potencia celcbernmus princcps,in uxorem dc-
die fuam Hliam: fed ejusfiliuslacob Beg, authoricarem cxiili-
mationemqi Aidarveritus,curavit eumoccidi,deditqj duos ejus
Bios, Ifmaelem 6c Solimannum, Capicaneo fuo Amanzaro,ej
eft) kdAmanzar, fui doriiini crudelitareindetcftatus,detulic
pueros in fuam domum,curavitq; eos cum fuis filijs liberaliter e-
ducarijcumq; in lethalem morbum incidilfec, veritus ne adolef--
ccntes in difcrimen venirent , dedit eis ducentos aureos,& e-
quosjconfuluitq; ut fe ad domum matris conferrent. Ifmael qui
natu maximus erat,domum reverfus^ftarim fe patris necem vin-
dicare velle profefTus eft, & poft aliquos felices fucceffus, alTum-
pfic titulum prote<Sfcoris rerumHali,a quoipfe origincmduce-
barjfecicTurbantemakiorcmjmifitqjlegacos ad omnes Prin-
CJpes Mahumetanos Orientis, hortatufq; eft eos, ut &cunafe-
aam,,& Infignia reciperent.hac via,armorumq; focIicitate,fecit
fe toti Orienti formidabiIem,occidirq; Ocen,qui fe.cunc Perfix
Regcm infcnbebar,& decern ejus fratres, folus Marabecus ela;-
pfus,imploravit in auxilium SelimumpnmumRegemTurca-
rum,Vicit Ifmael magno praelio ad lacum Vay Rcgem Tartaro-
rumZagarhajum/yolentiq; perfequivieloriam, tranfmittereq;
cum exercicu fluvium Abiano, diiluafum id fuitab Aftrologo,
cui multum fidebat,qui ei dixit,fe quide felices fuccclTus in pro-
grediedo videre,fed nullum iter ad regrediendu apparcre. Reli-
quit Ifmael filijs ampliflimum dominium, q?mariCafpio,Sinu
Perfico,lacu Giocco,fluminibusTigri & Oxo(ni malimus dicc-
re Abiano) & regno Cambajae coraprehenditur, quod fpacium,
eft plus quam 2.o.graduum,ab Ortu ad Occafum & ig.a Septen-
trione ad Meridiem . continentur hoc fpacio muita amplaquc
rcgna , quaequamvis nonomniafub ejus dominio immedia-
te effent, agnofcebant tamen cum pro fupremo Principe,
ncmpe Reges Macran,Patani,GuadcJ,Ormu2ij, ( cui Ormuzo
nunc
R E X ^ Persia.
nunc Lufitani dominantur) Georgiani fcqucbantiir ejusinfi-
gnia.-irmaelis eranc mulras ampla;q; clviratcs &nationes:Media
quae nunc Servan.-Diarbecca quoiidamMeropotomia.-Curiftaa
quaminhabicarunt Sufiani.-Farfiftan Perfarumpatria; Strava
qnx quondam dida fuic Hireania;Parthia quse hodie Arac: Car-
mania nunc Chermain : Sigeilan,Coraf&n, Sableftan, Ifligias,
quarumanriquanomina Drangiana, Badiriana, Parapomifus,
Margiana. Harum regionum aliarumq;, quarum nomina non-»
cdo,ea pars qus^ Sinui Perfico vicina cit , affluit omnium rerum
iitilium copia, propter fiuniina,'quaeipfasinterrecant; inter ea
ilumnia,nobiliffimus ell Bindimn-us,cujus aquis multum utun-
rur illi populi,ducunt, enim illas fo/Iis alijiq; quibufdam inftru-
mentiSjin fuas polTefliones^fuo magno ufui &c commodo . Pro-
vincix Marl Caipio vicinas, turn ob fluviorum oporrunitatem
turn propter aeris tempcriemjilinr ejufdemfertilitatispartici.
pcs,qualis eftillapars, quamiluvius PuIimaionperlabiturX is fe
in lacum Burgianum condit)reliqua regionis pars ficca etf^qua-
rc nec oppida^nccpagiibifrequentes lunr,nifiijslpcis, qusflu-
vij aur Jacus alicujus benclicium experiuntur. Ampiioresditio-
refqi ciYitatesImperij Perfici funt Illigias^caputBa<5trians:,qu2e
inter amoeniores Orientiscenfenrur: Indioneaput Margiana;,
in territorio tarn ubcri Isetoqj, vtAntioclius Sorer earn muro
cingi fecerir, Candahar caput Parapomifi^ mukiqj commercij
propter concurlura mercatorum Indian & Cathajse,qui harum
regionum opes eo ferunt; Eri caput Provinciae Arix, quae roils
camcopiofaefl,urabijsnomenccperir; Barbarus dicit eami^.
miharibus ambiri: Jipaam caput Parthi^,eam aliqui illam e/Te
volunt, quam antiqui liifloricijEcatompylas dixere^tantimo-
menticfb^utPerfae dcea iiiperbolice dicant cam medium Or-
beme{re:ChirmaineftMetropo]isCaramaniae,celebris propter
cxcellentiamPannorum aurcorum argentorumq;,qui ilJic con-
iiciuncur;Eorquoquenobiliscivitascft,ncc ci inferior Cuftra
2 Sufia
Rex Ve k si
SuifTanse caput. Scd omnes cedunt genuaquc quodammodo ac-
olculantur (quo ad pulchrirudincm) civitati Siras,adfluviuni^
Biiidimirum.fuitea quondam Metropolis Perfarum(ut aliqui
vokint)dicebaturquePerrepolis.. Alexander Magnus inftind:u
fui icorti, tradidit cam flammis: cum autem fcipium poift^a/ui
fere puderetjfecit cam reftaurari; Quamvis hodic nonfit tantae
amplitudinis , quantae olim fuit , aeflimatur tamcn, earn maxi-
marum civitatum Orientis unam elTe, circuit cum fuburbijs
plus minus 20. miiiaria^inftruitque 60 focorum millia: Pcrfis^
in p roverbio eil^Quando Siras erarSiras,tum Cairuserar ejus-
pagus; nonhabcnttamen eam,.pravalde antiqua,nec acceduc
corum fenrentiaejqui eam Metropolim Perfarum faciunt. Tau-
ririum&Casbin funt quoq; civitares nobileSjSrpraetcr ampli-
tudinemp oilentantfe propter AulamRegiam.
Regimeii..
FOrma Keipublicar.-horum populorum,non eft f quaI1s,aficu^
alteri populo Mahumetano,nec ulla loco inter hos, ea poli-^
ricaregendi forma viget,qux apudPerfas^Aliae o^mnes cxcindur
fere omnem nobilitatem,utunturq^ opera mancipiorum,occi-
durlt frarres, aut exc^cant eo3,fed apud Perfas habetur nobilK
rasinprecio: Reges tractanthumaniter fratres^, habentinfua
ditionc,multos potentes^opibufqi clarosPrincipes,quas omnia^
Ottomaniinfuo Imperio non fcrunt.Equitatus apud Perfas ia
precio eft,& ingenuitas. Mufica & bonis Uteris delecftamur^ftu-
dentpoeiijcvaduntqjfua lingua GXcellentesrAftrologia quoque
laudatur apudipfos: haec omnia contemnunt Turcae.-Mcrcato-
ja manuariaeqi artes fiorent in Perfia ; ut GoncIudam,Turcas^
fopeiaac civilitace & humanitate.
Vires,
Rex P e r s 1 iE.
XJVjus regtti vires confiftuncpotius in virtutc qsam mimero »
Sunt ibi rriamilitum genera : unum eorum eft^ quos Rex
fcmperhabctjfl:ipendiarios& apudfe : alteram eft Timariot^
torum-. (habet eninij Rex magnum., e^uituni-. numerum,qiii'-
bus ftipendiorum^ loca,<icrta tcrrae loca attribuit(quod & Tur-
ca facit) : Tertium eft auxiIiariorum-,,qui acre fuo merent-Con-
fcribuntur ex Georgianis & Tartans. Sed loquendo de duoi^us
primis generibus ( quae regno Regique propria funt)duo h;3EC
militum genera funt equitesrubi enim^ arma funt in manibus:
nobilium,ibipeditatus vix ulla eft ratio : ex.eadem caufa fequi-
tur,quod.PerSe viribus maritimis iiiftrudi non futit; Et quam-
vis Mare Caipiurru abuno latere. Sinus vero Perficus ab alio
fit, nunqiianx^tamerrclaflibus necinuno, necinalio Mariufi
funt. Mare Ca{pium_. quoquc(quamvis odogmta miliaria Ion-
gum fit, Jatumque fexcdnta) montranfmittitur autna.vigatur,
nifijuxtalittora.Lufitaniimperant Mari Pcrficorfuis clafllbus,
quas Temper inlniula Ormuz habent. Etfi Perfia abundat me-
tallis,teperatura excelJentibus, prsecipuc Provincia Coraffamr:
beilicorumj tamen tormentorum_. nullum fere ufum habent,
iicut nec muniendi^oppugnandi , obfidendi > fervandi, defen-
dendiquc loca, quod hae militia partes peditatui magis pro-
priae funt,ficut equitatui proprium eft,in patcntibus campis ju-
ftis praelijs confligere, m quibus Perfas multunru valere,negari
nonpoteft. Vltra militise neceftarias res laborat militia Perfi-
ca adhuc alio gravi malo , nempe difcordia, quse duabus ex re-
bus oriri foict : una eft Principum potentia , cui cum plurimurn
fupcrbia & contumacia conjunda e/Tc folet- alia eft itinerunL,,
& ducendiexercitus difficultas, quae ex aquajfiuviorumque na-
vigabilium penuria nafcitun Flumina eniiru Perfiac non navi-
gantur,aut tam parum navigantur,ut quod praeftant,millius fe-
rcmomentifit; omnesin SinumPcrficuminfluunt, autmMa-
xe Cafpium^ucrcgiones-quxinmedio jaccnr>rclinqu^tiir aridae
Rex P e r s I
& aquae inopes:quam ob rem vires regni jungi non pofTunr.- re-
gni enim dimicliumficctim efl,necflumen aliquodhic eft, quod
totire^noferviat/icucLigeris Franciae : Padus Longobardiae:
Viflula PoIonise.-ScaldisFlandriae, ahjque alijsregnisfaciunt.
Terr2edefert3equoq;hicfunc,qu3eProvincias afe invicem dif-
jungunt: montes etiam,qui eas a fe invicem feparant. Has ob y
res mihi hoc r egnumjHifpanix fimile videtur,ubi nec fluvij c6^ \
mercio utiles funt, prseter quam in finibusprovinciarum,&c
montes ac regiones,propter ariditatem,inculta; funr.Sed natu-
raut commercia adjuvaret, commoditatiq; vitx humanaE,in
locis aqua navigabili indigis profpiceret, dotavit Perliam,re-
gionesque vicinas Camelis, qui ibi commodiilimi funt: ferunt
enim oiiera graviora,quam equi aut muliferre polTenr , perdu-
rantque diu in laborer ferunr onus mille pondo,contmuabunt
iter4o&:pluribus diebus:& in locis ficcis arenofifque:ficut funt
Lybia, Arabia, Perfia, in quibus aqua Scpafcuadefunr, bibunt
tanrum quinto die femel,&: fi opus fir,ferrenr firim,per decern
6c plures dies: quod ad pabulum attinet,onere levatis darur pro
pabulo modicum herbx,fpin2e,aur ramiarborum. Noniraque
ullum animal eft, quod laborem diutius ferat, minorifque fit
impenfxrpropterhas conditiones,accommodatifIimum eftre-
gionibus aridis & liccis, Afi22 & Afric3e,in quibus homines fum-
ma inopia aqua£ &ciborum laborantrCum enim camelo parum
fufficiar, poteft ran^en inaliorumufum,magnamcommearu-
umquantitatemferrc.Triafunr eorum genera, minoribusin-
Cidcnrhominesrmediocres duosgibboshaber,ferendifq; mer-
cibus valenr . majores crafliorefque onera mille pondo ferunr:
Hxc deCameiis dixilfe,fufficiar:Quem equitum numerumRex
Perlise educere poflir, vifumfairbcllisinrerliliiaelem& Seli-
.mum,primumRegemTurcarum: Inter Ifmaelem & Soliman-
Tjum,8<: inrer Codabendam & Amurarem rerrium geftis: nemo
horumRegumhabuit ullo inloco, contra Turcas, ulrrajo.e-
quitum
quitum milliajrcd armis adeo infl:ru(5tos cquites ut muko majo-
ris e^eercims impetum non n'muerint: Equires Perfise, quibus
fiippeticres, quique ditiores inter ipfdsfunCjarmanrfe fere in
modo noftrorum cataphra<Si:orum5alij (quiduasac tertias equi-
tatiis partes conficiunt) contentifunt galea, loncajfcutoque:
utunturq, lancea arcuqj alternative. Sed dicamus pauca de Re-
ditibus,qiiibus auxiliarios conducerepollit. Profiteormeprae-
cife non /cire, ad qiiam fummam ejus Keditus accedant^duo
cnim, qui dedita opera, eo profectifunt,utexplorarent,qu3e
Regis PerflsE opes fint, inter fe diirentire,djverraqj loqui audivi;
unustres, alius quinque aureorum Millioncs annui reditus ej
attribuit:hoc autem dicOj ex duobus argumentis colbgi poife,
ipfum opulentum eife: unum efl, quodTamafus, ejus qui nunc
regnatpater,totofuo regno fufluiitvedigaJia omnium expor*
tatarum&imporcatarummercium. Idvedigal reddebat 6'o.
Tomanorum milJia, quae conficiunt MilHonem, &: o£toginta
aureorummiliia i unus cnimTomanus valet lo, aureos. ut aut
id facerct^induci nonpotuillet,nifi alij ejus reditus ejaninium
dediifent: Aiiud argunientum ell, quod Status Perfiae m feprem
provincias diYifi funt, quarum ea quse Ifpaam dicitur,reddit fe-
ptingentaaureorum millia : tantundem datSiras, nec tamen
inter ditiores cenfentur hae du3£,&- eas cnimlonge fuperantCo-
raffan &Diargument,quarum ilia fodinisCyrneorum,metaIlo-
rumqjjhaecferycipra^dives eft . Sed undepercipit fuos reditus,
fiit^ vedigalibuSjinvediarum Be evedarum merciumfpoliavit?
Ex territorij^ fui dorninij:ex decimisfruduum,exfru6tibus mi-
naerarum ; ex ofEciniSiUniifquifque enimofficinamjauttaber-
namquarumcumquererumponerevolens, certi quiddamRe-
gi quotannispendere debet ex donis quoque particularium,&
don^tionibus comunitaeumrconfifcationibus, alijfqj jrcbf tali-*
bus:Adferuntquoq;aIiquidtributa Principum^ corona: fubdi^
torum,quaIcs iunt Pririeipes Far U Candaar, alijque quos fupra
nominavimus* Z 5 PRIN^
Rex P £ r s I je.
Prineipes Finitimi,
B orto Mogororum, a Septcntrionc Zagatajomm fines
actingit Sophi; ab occafu longiflimo cracSu, Perfiae con- -
terminus eft Tiirca, ad Meridiem habetregnum Ormuzij(cui
coronaLufitanica dominatur.)Cum Mogoris, nihil fere nego-
cij Perfiae Kegi eft, propter caufas alias dedudas: ficutenim
Hifpania & Francia, femutuo ofFendercnonpofruntjpropter
itmerum anguftias &afpcritatcmfituumadhmites,quae(:om-
meatiim(qui exercicuum ftiftentatio eft)tranrvehinonfinunt,
ita &: inter confinia Indiae &c Cambajae(a Mogoris occupata)&
ditiones Perfarumjfe interponunt montes, & defertajquae non
perniitcunt, ucjuftis viribus fe invicem hi Prineipes impetant.
Pi o maximo quoquc obftaciilo habendum eft, quod equitatus
in quo amborum vires fitae funt, intalibuslocorumanguftijs
cxphcari non poteft: petunt tamenfe invicem bello,adfines
regnorum Cabul & Sableftan, quorum ahqui Prineipes Mo-
gororum fibi dominium pararunt. Sophi immediate Magni
Cham fines non attingit, quod ahqui Principes,.&: deinde ma-
gna deferca inter ipfos fint. Videtur ipfumpro termino fuilm-
perijjfibi ftatuifTc flumen Oxum, quodahj Abianum dicunt,id
in Sableftan Tub montem Dalanguer originem trahit, poft Ion-
gum curfum in quo multum protcnditur, propter frequentiam
& amphcudinem flummum qua: rccipit,conditfeinmare Gaf-
pium, dividitque a parte Septentrionah Sophuma Zagatai.
Sophus nunq aufus fuit hoc fiumen tranfmittere , *& cum Saba
Rex Zagacajorum id tranfgrcirus cfTetjmagno prseho ab Ifmae-
levidusfuit. Cyrus Rex Pcrfaruconftruxit ponrem in hocflu-
mme,transduxitq; excrcitum, adverftisTomirim , Scytharum
reginam,quae ipfum cum omnibus fuis concidit.Turcac contcr-
mmus eft Sophi per totaimperij fui longitudine occidentalem,
nempc,* mariCafpio^ad Sinu Sauraccnfem ufqijif acio fere if .
graduum
Rex P t r s r je .
graduum. ut Verum facear non liabec Perlia hoAem,a quo plii^
eipcriculi timendum fit;, cujufquc vires ei pJus metuendae fmf
quoties enim anlia cum eo contulcrunt Perfa^,fef e femper all-
quid perdiderunt.-Mahameres Secundus Vicit ViTuncallanum,
cripuitq; inipcriumTrape^untinum Davjdr,qui fe fub ejus urn-
bram protcdionemq; contulerat. Selimus pnmus/upcravit in-
locis campeftribus limaclcm, efipuitqi ci Caramir(civitai:eiTU
ampli/fimamfarn/limamqOOrfam, Merdim totamque regio-
n^xi quam ipfi Alcch ^uncupant^ Solimannus egitin fugam-
Tamafuin /poliavirque eum Bagdeto,& rota Mefopacamiav
jErate nofl:ra,occupavit Amurathes, id omne quod inter Der-
bcncum ScTaurifium jacct, quoin ipacro cfi: Georgia ( cujus po-
pulorum pars maxima, fequebatur partes Sophi).Servan :
munitis ArCibus(quas inTifiis, Samackia- & Ercx magnis civi-
ratibus, & m Tranfitibus Cars,Tomanis & Lori atdificari fe^
cit)reddiditpauiatimribiiterfecurum,ab Ezechia ad Orontera
fluvium ufq\ic,qm rrium dierum itinere,iiltra Taurifium eft, m
qua civitate (Taurifio) curavit sedificare magnam Arcem, nec
cogitat earn relinquere, licurprimumSelimus S^dernde Soli-
mannus fecerejfed-Yuk ea Arce TauriHum ranquam freno eoi^*
jftridlam,in perpetuumretinere. Eo b^lio,quod ab anno if p/.-
in annum uiqae duravit,.mutarunt Turcse fuurii belli gefandi
modum: cum enim hue ufque fuse niultitudini,virtutique fui e-*
^uitatus,peditatus,copia tormjentorum bellicorum, apparatu-*
que bellicQ confifi,non curarint Arees, munitjonefque extrue-^
re^ fedutplufimum quidquid ceperant exciderint,nec magni
fecerint quod retinuerant (quod ut verum die atur,incampis
fortis eflenon po/!it , qui \^ires in l6carhunitadiipartitur)hoG
bello Pcrfico ncceflitas coegitTurcas,(ut cvitarenc err oj'es, iri
quo^ impegcranc Selijmus & Solimannus) fepaulatimmuni-
f e.fecerunt itaque CaflelJa, in locis oportunis.aedificarunt ci-'
Tkatuias^in praeeipuis civitadbus, iiiftruxeruntqu€ eas magn#
Rex PersijE.
tormentorumbellicorum&milicumnumero, coniletitqueejs-
id bellum magno . Quamvis autem Perfajimprovifis afTultibus,
mulca hominum millia, in frufta di/Tecuenr, mukaque eorum ,
miilia fame incommodifq; perierint,cantum tamen terrae ami-
fit, turn fuas propriae turn amicorum, quantum iamdidumefl,
& inter alia fuam civitatem regiam Taunfium. ^Ilimaturque '
Taixam , in ditione, quam fibibelio paravit, inilituiCe 4o.Ti-
marrorum millia, & quod ei adhuc auri Millio ex reditibus ejus
fuperfit. Perranonpotefl refiftere Turcae inprxlijs campefVi- ,
bus , ej enim peditatu, t6rmentis,& apparatu bellico & (quod
fummumeft) obedientiapopuli conferri non potejft. Selimus
primuSjSolimannus&Amurahtes tertius,nunquam contraPer-
fas armamoverunt,nifi aut a rebellibus, aut ipforum difcordijs
mvitati: SelimusabMarabecho,filioOcen,PrincipeinPerlla
potentifiimOjinauxiliumvocatusfuit: Solimannusauxilio ve-
nitElcafo Tamafi fratri,cui ex ambitione, autfufpicione erat
infenfiflimus: Turca itaq; fuo commodo ufus eft benevolentia,
atq; authoritate qua Elcafus apudpppulum valebat : Amura-
tlies non ante arma cepit^advcrfusPerfaSjquam ex literis VflafF
Baffe Vani civitacis,&: aliorum inteilexiflet, omnia contentio-
cibus flagrare apud Sultanos Perfia^, qui inter fe de Rege diffi-
debant;quidamenim Ifmaelem, alij Ayner(qui ambo Tamafi
fiiij etant) volebant,&Periacocona,occidit fuum fratrem Ifma-
eIem,exclufoq; AynerejConfequutus eflcoronam Mahumetes
Codabanda-Exortaefuntpofteadifcordiae, inter Codabandam
& £lium,& inter Turcomanos(familiaminter Perfas potentif-
iimam)Sc Regem,qu2e Perils non minus nocuerunt quam arma
Turcica . Nullum negocium efl Regi Perfarum cum Lufitanis
Grmuzij quod ipfi nec vir^smaritim^E (fine quibus idregnum
recuperarinonpojnret)fmt,nec LuHtanis iatis virium efc jUtin
mediterraneis regiombus/ibi aliquid acquirere poflint. Tama-
rusipre,cum aliquando inlligaretur,ut expeditionem,inOrmu-
zium
Rex P e r s I iE.
zium{urcipcrct,rogavit,quidca in Jnfula crefceret,numfru-
inentum,rruges,frud:us,aut quid aliud bom? cumqi incellexifl
fet fundum Infulx fterikm, omniumq; rerum cfTe inopem/ed
commercio valde conducere infulam, ideoque magni momen-
ti eiTe, neglcxic, irrifitque eos, diccnsfefuispopulisrcmififTc
noaaginta Tomanorum millia, talis reditus .
REX IAPONIA&
J^^[^^ miiltum ab aIijs-,moribus ritibufq; diflimili incolun-
tur . Hae mfulse parum a fe invicem diftantjiriftar Maldivarum
inMari Indico,Hebridarum,&Orcadum in Oceano Scpten-
trjonali . Inijs funt ^^'.regna^quae in principales partes tres di-
yiduntur,quarum pars una novem j altera quatuorj tertiajf.
tegnacpmpleditur j inter ea,quinq; regna Coquinai,nobiliora
&illuftiiora funt, in quibus eft fama Celebris civitas Meaco,
acciditqjplerumqjjUtquieorum quinq; regnorum dominium
ribiparavent,afpirct ad Imperium totius lap oniae, quae a Nova
Hifpaniaifo.a China 6o.[c\\ci$ diflat. Pro ilerilipotius,quam
fertili habenda efl Iaponia;Capaciingeniopraediti flmt incola?,
& in adverfis i ncredibili patientia praeflantes, puerulos recens
qatos influminibus lavant,& cumablavatiilint, removent eos
d matrum afpcdu,exercitantq; venatione. Nudi capite,viri &
mulieres incedunr^tamca^Io pluvix) quam fereno.-gloriae hono-
rifq; cupidifunt : paupertas nobilitati fanguinis nihil detrahit:
minimam injuriam inultam non finunt; honorant jfemutuo
jliultis ceremonijs graves fimul, animoq; fedato funt ficut Hif^
pani; cavenc diligenterncinfad:isdidifvcfctimidosautabje-
Aa
dos animi monftrenc.-inforcuniorum calamicaturftque fuarom
nemineiTi confcium faciunt. Animalia cam fera quam manfuc-'
ra eadem,quae nos,habenCj fed vix alia, quam fcrarum vcnatio-
nc capcarum carne vefcunrur. Vcrum quidem eft, quod carnc
non multum delcdieturjfcd plunmum herbis,pifcibus,hordeo,
oryza vivuntjfuntq; hxc pra^cipua eoruin alimenta: vinu quoq?'
cxijsfaciunt,aquam,CLiipulvispreciorus valde admixtus ejQ:,in
delicijshabejic.huncporum vocanrChia. ^dificiaipforumuc
plurimum ex ligno funt compa6l:a,rum quidcm quod Rcgiones
niedicerranex plerumque iapidum inopes eife foleanc ; turn vc-
ro etiaiTL^ quod arboribus , ad xdificanduiTL^ maxime aptis ,
(inter quas Cedrus in admirabilcmincredibilemque alticxidi-
nemcraflicudinemq; cxcrercir)abundenc,& quod laponia ter-
rsemotibus valdc obnoxia fit. Principi qui nucupabacur, Dairi,
paruit quondam tota laponia; huncfumma obedientia, reve-
renriaque colebant incolse quod magna cum gravitate maje-
jdatequc regerct, duravitque id plus minus i^oo. annos. Sed
qumgentis ab hinc annis infurrexerunr in eum duo ejus pra?-
cipuiminiflrijturbaruntque totum Imperium, namcorumu-
nurquifque, tot regnorum Dominium, fibi armis arripuit,quot
potuit,/poliavjtquc ijs Dairi . Crevir deinde ambitio, cum mo-
do hic,modo ilk rebellis ficrct raperentque fibi, hie unam, ali-
us aliam Imperij partem, cum titulotamenlucataiCquodRc-
gemronat)reliquerunt ipfi Dairi nomcn, quod eft Domini u-
niverfalis lapomajjfed fine jurisdi^lionCjiut dommio ullo> imo
Yix in dapcs & cultum aliquid ei pendebaturabillis Principi*
bus, qui Mcaco vicinas ditiones habebant:itaut umbra tantum
veteris amplitudinis &- Monarchic laponiae penes cum man-
fcrit Ab hinc quingentis annis fc Dairi loco- Imperatorcm,
autRegem laponiae dicitille, qui fibi dominium Coquinaiar-
ripuit(vocac fequoque Dominium Tenze) ubi illaquinque rc-
gna civicati Mcaco vi cina fum . Talis £mt noftro «voNabunan^
Rex I a p o n I /e.
ga,nuncautemFaffiha quidominij amplitudine potcntiaqoej
omnes fuos praedcccfTores iuperar ; Nabunanga,qui prae alijs
cxcclluit,nonplus quam 36'. regnafibi compajaverat, ledFa/fi-
haut minimum j-o. corumfublugum egic.
Regime a..
TAPoniae rcgimciu difFerc plurimum-. ab eo rcgcndi modo ,
qui in Europa , in ufii eft. Pocentia Principis Iaponia:,non^
con/lftic inreditiBus ordinarijs , auc in benevolcntia populii
fed inauthoritateimperioque : nam_jubi piimum-,unam, auc
pluresditionesfibicomparavit, dividirregna, parti turq.ue<!i-
tiones [inter amicos , & fibiidos^j^ui ei re ruis iumptibusjtam
pacis quam belli temp oribus obligant cum certo hominum
numero infervire. Hi rurflim eas ditiones interiibiSdas fubdi-
viduntjUt ad eorum obfequia parati fint,aliquid fibi fuseque do-
mus ufibus refervantes, itaut omnes laponiae opes, tampriva-
tx quam publicae a paucis dominis^hi pauci autem ab uno,nem-
pe Tcnzx Domino, dependeant, qui pro libidine, dat auferc-
que, quod vult, premit, extollit, favet, reducitque ad inopiam
Principes, cumque eorum uni ditio eripitur,mutantur omnes
nobilesmilitesquecjusditionis,manentque tantum artifices,
& agricolas^.Ea regiminis forma converfiones per.petuas,muta-
tioncsque imperiorum Tecum trahitmam Dairi(quamvis ei nec
potentia , necimperiumfit, eft tamen apudpopulum in digni-
rate, ac revcrentia)facit ut DominusTenzaealijq; PrincipesTy-
ranni , alicnarum rerum ufurpatores , everfores Monarcliia?,
hoftesqueamplitudinislaponicae videantur, quod fane 8c co-
rum xftimationem tollit , &animps populorum avertit; inde,
accidit ut facile fe moveantjCapiantque arma, fperantes fe am-
pliores facere,deprimendo focios. Cum itaquc Principes quo-
tidic muteatur, nonpQiTunrap.opulOjtanquamDpmininatu-
Aa z rales
R E I A P O N I
yalcs amari, ijq; eum inccrti finr dc dominio,nni ditioni,quain
alrcriaddic^iores nonfunc; fed fperaiireseadem facilicace,qua
unamnac^li funt , fe aliam meliorem nancifcipofTc, exponunt
pericuIohancproilla,ricutiriiurucharc3e& aleae fic: nuncper
fejrurfas cum alijs conjuii(5ti,tentanc divcrfajdedneneq; ijs mo-
dis omnesiliasinfulas inperpetuis belli s.Fa/Iiha utfibi abfoIU'
turn Dominium, aut pocius tyrannidemparct,foler Prmcipcs
ex una regione,ia aliam faepe transferre : ut Domini fuis domi-
nijs decuxbaci, degentefq; inter exteros vafrallos^impoccnrio-
rcs linr,nec adverms iplum adfurgere,aur rebellare p o flint. •& uc
id minus poflint, dividit regn3> dicioncfq; ita,utDomininon
habeant ditiones unitas. Nunquam deeft illis caufa di/Iidij bel-
Iorumq;,quod fines ditionumanguftae funt.Vult quoq; Fafliha
ut jnhisStatuumviciilitiidinibus , tamij quorum conditio po-
tior, qiiamij quorum resdeteriorfac^taefl rcvcrentiamhoma-
giumqi(ur dicitur) faeiantj^feque ipii quotanmSjquamopulen-
ti/fime fiilant: qua re poti/fimam divitiarum laponiae partem
ad fe trahit.Populos occupatos tenet,in x dificandisPalatijs ad-
mirabilibus,templis ampli/limis,,infabricandis Arcibus&civi-
ratibus, quibus nullas aliae fimiles funt • in ijs fubftmdionibus
plus quam centum operarjorum millia, ipfbrum expenfis, di-
verfismlocis labonincumbcntiumhabet. Inter alia nunc tem-
jplum aedificari curat,cui omne laponiae ferruminfumere vulr:
prsecepir enim omnibus mercatoribus,populoquc,ut arma o-
mnia in certum locum comportent , utillifabric3eimpendan-
tur ; cxuit hoc operepopulumarmis,.facitqucparvo temp oris
fpacio opera magnifica,.habet enim duabu&tantum in partibus
laborarorum , fuis expends op era facientium,plus quam centu
( millia . Vltra obligationem, qua Regcs &rPrincipcs,tampacis
quam belli tempore, fe fifterc, eiq; infervire tenentur,pcrcipit
duos Milliones ex reditibus Oryza?, quae cx poffe/fionibus quas
fibiretinult,colligitur,Propofuit ubi confecerit ca,qu« inlapo-
nia
Rex I a p o n r ^.
Bia faccrc confl:ituir,Chinam aggredi, ut eamfiioimpcrioad^
dar; adhocpraeccpit fcindi ligna duobus navigiorum millibus
fufficicnna^utijscxercitumtranfmittat. Tarn amp lis fubftru
duonibus^magno molimine, tanta dirionis amplitudine, adjc-
dioncqi regnorumfublmpeno,/peratreimmortalem redden-
dum futirmmque utpto Deo colarur,ficutij omnes fecere^qui
apud laponenfcs Deorum nomina adepri funt: Amida enim,
Xaca, Canis & Focoqj nihil aJiudquam Domini laponiaefuere^
qui belli gloria, aut pacis artibus fibi in laponia opinionem di-
vinitatispararuntj ficurolim Hercules &c BaccMsin Gr«da;
Samrnus&clanus in Italia: nec minus fabularum niigarumque
dc his,quam de illis narratur . Faffiha autem videns lege Chri-
fli , nonprobarialiumDeum,praetcr eum qui caelum &: terram
cx nihilo crcavit , &ex confequenti detcllariomnesdeitates
ilulte fabricatas, propofucrat m cxilium agerc omnes patrcs
lefuirasjqui earn concionabantur,cvellereque novam vineam,
quae ni illis rcgionibus altas radices agere incipiebat. Superbiae
profcdioexemplummcmorabile hoc eft: Romanicnimlmpe*.
ratorcs, omnibus viriLus fepraedicationiS. Crucfs & Evangelij
oppofuerunr^ut {lia Idola tucrentur& confervarenr qua? omnia
IcxDei dsembnia vanitatemque efic docer, Athic movet bcllum
fidei Chriftianse, ut fIbi Deitatcm arroger, quodextremae eft
^nbitionis, 8c amentias dum ie pro Deo habcri vult. Scd inter
tarn vaftas &cimmenfas cogitationes fufcitavit ciDcus
novum hoftcm , qui ab Oricntalibus laponix
partibus 5 movet advcrfus ipium 5
quod cx literis anni nupcr c-
lapfi intclligitur.
IMPERIVM
PRESBYTERI
loANNIS,
MPERIUM Presbyteri loannis , quamvis fit am-
plifEmum , in_» effc^u camen-» aon., refpxmckt-fa-
mje opinionique , quam vulgus potiorque fcripto-
rumpars deipfohabet. Horatius Malaguccius , in
^uodifcurrudeamplitudinedominiorum hujus temporis, vulc
^^ipjfum habere dominium latius , quam ullum alium Prmcipem,
cxceptotamcn^ Rege Cathohco. Fateor equidem aatiqu.is
temporibus, ipfuisditiones fe longe extendiffe , utexmulti-
Ctudine regnorum, quibus fuos titulos amplificat , quoque aefli-
mari poteft* Infcribit fe enim Regem Gojam^(quod regiium
ultra Nilum eft ) Vanguc, & Damur,qu3e ultra Zairi fluvium
fita funt; cum tamenhodie pro certo fciatur , ejuslmperium i
vixNilumattingere. Scribit quoque loannes Barrozius , Ar .1
fCbifliones ejus fluvij exiguam noticiam habere, propter moiitcs ^
qui inter illos &:huncfunt. Centrum ejus ditioniseft Barce-
na : ab Ortu enim extendit fe , a Squaquem, ad Oftia maris ru-
briufque- quod fpacium i zz^Xeucas comprehendit. verum
quidem eft, inter mare rubrum&ipfum effeJuciemmontium,
quod Mauri mcolunt, qui& inlocis mantimis dorninantur*
Ad Occafum eft Acies montium , fecundum Nili curfum quos
Gentiles inhabitant , penduntque ei Tributum, adSeptcn-
trionem, termini eiconftituendi funt, liacaimaginaria, qux
aSuaquemducatur, ad caput Infulx Meroe ufque, extenda*
turquc ad izf.leucas. Inde Arcusnonadmodumincurvusfaci-
cndus eft. Meridiem verfus, adregnum Adeae ufque , (in cujus
montibus nafcitur flumen^quod Ptolomaius Ratto vocac , po-
nitquc
1 O A K K E S .
ultquc fub MeIiji(la)/pacio ij'o.lcucarum , adfiiics Gcntilitim?
hie verce lineam imaginariam facquc finem iru xeg4iix Adel
cujus Metropolis eft Ara.i*, in aldtudinc noveiB graduum. Ha-
ber ica tocum hoc regnum^n circuitu^ plus minus 6^72. Lcucas*
Hxc regio dillinda eft in ampiiflimas planicies, laetos coUes, ?
altos montes, fed c;uIturaE aptos,frequenterqueinhabitatos,6cJ
cumfrumcntononabundet, hordeum 6c Milium & fcmeru ?
quoddam bonum durabjleque producit . Eftibifatis Milij^Za-
burri(quodnos frumentum Indias dicimus) omncque legumi-
num noftratium genus ; ftmt & ibi adhuc alia, fed nobis in-
cognita; Vva eis non deeft^fed inde vinumnon exprimunt^ni-
fi inPrincipis & Patriarchs? aedibus.Vmi loco conficiuntpotio- 5
nis genus,exfructibiisTamarindi,qui accrcft.Mcdic3e,Citre3f^
Cedri arbores nafcuntur fua ipontc. Exprimunt oleum ex cer-
tofrudu, quern ipH Zeva dicunt; id aureicoloriseft, fedin-r;
odoratum. Apes jiielli£Lcajitctiam m domubus, unde cerse & 1
mcllis incredibilis copia ibi eft. Omnesipforum pannifunt
cx^GoiTypio contexti ; ditiojes veftiuntur pellibus verv^rum,
honoratiorcs autcm exuvijs Leonum, Tygridum , Lmcium.
divites mcolae funx bourn , caprarum,ovium5mulorum,afino-
rum,camelorum , cquorum^quantumvis parvorum ; fed ex A-^
rabia & ^gypto eorum magna copia adducitur . quando equae)
pcperervntjcispullo^jion ultra trcs dies relinquunt, deindce-9
OS vaccis fubijciunt quae eos ablac^ant^ Habent enim taha
aniiualia ,'qualia noshabemus, etiani gallinas,anferes fimilia-
que,ncmpe vaccas,porcos,/yIveftrcs magna copia , cervos^ca-
preolos,lepores,fednulloscuniculos. Praetcrhaec habcnc Pan^
thcras,Lcones,ElephanteSiLynccs. Vt finem faciam, non eft
alia regio genexationi multiplicationique , turn plantarumj
turn animalium hac aptior; fed parumadjuvaturinduftria in?*'
colarum; £0 quod natura ingenioque tardiiintlcntiquci ha-t>
Aa 4
PRESBVTEB.
bent cnim in primis linumj fed non texunc cclam: Cannus mtl-
lis; fedraccharuniinde deducercnonnomnt; Ferrum, fed ejus
ufum ignoranc,habentque fabros pro Nigromantici s : Sunt ibi
flumina 6c aquxncc tamen ijs agrosirrigant,nec reddunt ejus
fertiliorcs. Quid venatio & pifcatio fitjVixintelJigunt. itaquc
campiavibusanimalibusque fylvcftribus; flumina ficlacuspif-
cibus fcatcnt. Altera cauia eft,quod plcbs a primarijs male tra-
detur. Paupcresitaq; videntesfibiauferriquodhabent, noru
faciunt plus rementis,quam ncceflitas exigit.Loquendi regulas
nonhabent,&ad epiftolam confcribendam, copia hommum,
multifq; diebus opus elTet.In comedendo non utuncurMappis,
mantilibus nec mcnfis. Medicamentoru nullum ufum habent.
NobiIes,cives,plebei habitant diftmde, polTuntqi nobilitatem
fadto aliquo egregio acquirere. Pnmogeniri cx AfTe ha;redes
funt. Intota Abifiinia non efloppidunvquod plus quam i^'oo.
focos habeat/untq; valde pauca ejus amplitudinis; Nulla ibi
Arx,nec locus munitus eft , aeftimantquc Spartanorum more,
quod regio confervari, defcndiqi brachijs debeat,nonpropu-
gnaculis cx terra autlapide.Vtplurimum mpagis difperfi habi-
tant. Mercimoniaip forum fiuntpermutationereiumus cum a-
lia,rupplcntq;juftumpreciumfrumento &fale:Piper, Thus&
Myrrham &Sal auro appendunt.Aurumpondcrc quoq; expen-
ditur.-Argentura ordinariein ufunon eft. Major coetus convcn-
tufque eft AulaPrincipis, quasnunquam fixamanet^fedmodo
huc,modo illuccommigrat,habitatq; Princepsincampis, Tub
tentorijs.-Haec Aula occupat decem ScpluramiUiaria;
RegimerL.
PORma regiminis Prcsbyteri loannis fatis rcfert Defpoticu ;
^ deprimitenim valde vafl*allos,tumpotentes, tumpaupcres,
cradatqicospotiustanquammancipiaqua fubditos; Quo hoc
tutius
I O A K N E S.
tutius faciatjica fe gerit ut ab ejs tanquam diyinus iaccrq; cola^
tur. Ad nomen Principis inclinanr fe^tanguntqi manu terram:
ReyerenturTcntonum,in quo ipfe habitat, etjamijpfoabfente.
SoiiCus crat Pnnccps fe quoquo temoanno,unalola vice,po-
pulo vifendum prsebcrcjpoftea largiorcs funt facSl:i,rcquc tribus
vicibuSjQuotannis fpedandos dedcrunt,nempe diebus Nativi^
tatis,Pafchatis & Sanfe crucis, in Septembri. Panufius,qui
nunc regnat pauIo manfuctior fadus eft. Quando aliquid ejus
nomine alicui,quicumque is fit, mandatur,audit is mandataja
cingulo furfum nudus, ncc nifi Regis liccntiaveft em refumit,
Iurejurando,ad pcrhibendumyeritati teftimonium ada<fti,non
folent veritatem dicerc nifijurayerint per Regis vitam : Dat is
aufertq; magnam ditionem cuiipfi placet, necei qui priyatur,
facerc demonftrationem,fe id aegre ferrc, licet. Confcrt ordi-
nes racros,& adminiftrationes Sacramentorum,dirponitq; pro
libitu,tamdeReligiofis,quamLaicis,&iprorum bonis. Initi-
ncribus equitat circumdatus cortinis rubris,altis longirqj,quae
iprum r.etro,&aJatcribus cingunt. Defert Tecum magna cum
reyerentia duodecimlapides Altaris facratoSjquiipforum facra
funt. In capitecoronam,ciijus una medietas ex Auro,altera ex
Argento cft,cruccmq; Argenteam manu geftare folet; Faciem
cooperit particulaTafFetteca;rulea,quae plus minufye attollitur
dimitturq,-,recundumquodiprefuum favorem,-erga cum cum
quo agityindicare yult. Aliquando flimmumpedem moflftrat,
quern extra Aulaeam cxcrit: Adeanon nifipoft longumtempus
multas C9rcmonias,diycr^ofq^intcrnucios5quiferuntreferutq>
mandata,acceifrus datur. Nemo praeter Rcgem yaflallos habet,
cui quotannis homagmm praeftcnt, deferantque obedientiam,
quamfubditi Regi dcbent.OriginemtrahithicRexaSalomo-
nis & Reginae Sabse Jfilio cui Meilech nomen fuit. Reccpcrunt
Abi/Iini fidem Ghriftianam Reginae Candace rcgnantc, cujus
tempore, coepit in -dEchiopia regnarCjAgrcreq, familia &:domus
Bb Kcgis
P R E t ir T T E R
Regis Gafparis,aquo poft rj.gcncrationcm dcfcenJitloannei
quiSanihis di£lusfuit. Hie crrcumccmporaConftantinilmp.
ciiodfiJios nonhabcrcr,Regnum filio natumajori, Caijfuifra-
tris rclinqucns infeftivic Balchafarum & Mclchiorem,naTu mu
norcs; ilium regno Fatfgar; hunc regno Gojamc. Fit itaqrftirps
xcgiajdivifaintresfamihas, Gafparis^SBalchafaris, & Mckhio-
ris,ordinavitq;,uc imperium e^^cr clcdivum uni ex didis cribus
familijs, modo is primogenicus non efler, quia ij habere ntfuat
regna propria. Vc auc tumulrms fcandalaq; virarcntur,pTxcipic
fratrcs ImpcratoriSjCum propinquioribus parentibus inciudc-
rcnturin Arccmontis Amarac; Voluitprxtcreaucibiponcrcn-
tur filij Imperaroris,qiti nee in Impcrium rucccdere,nec aiiqup
Statu gaudcre po/Knt. Ob iiaac caufam Impcratofy ut pluri-
munu uxorcnx* nonducit.
Vires.
SVos agros pcrfuamancipia/uofq} boves coliC; Ea maitcipm
multiplicatur quotidic : Contrahunt enim inter fc conjugia,
filijque permanent ejus condirionis cujus crantprogcnitoreSir
Tributa cxpcnduntur ab omnibus, qui dominia obtmenr horu
aliqui cquos , alrj boves, Aurum,Goffypiumaliarqucres dant.
jEftimatur ipfe magnos thefauros , tump'annorum & gemma-
rum^tumauri pofliderc,earumq; rcrCi korrea ampli^Hma referra
habere. Ipfe fcribens Regi Portugalli«,obtulicci ad bcllumad-
verflis mfidcles gerendum, dare, Millies centum drachmarum
aurcarum millia. Militum quoq; & commeatuu infinitum nii-
jncrum.Ipfumut plurimum,quorannis in Arcem Amaram,trea
aurcoTum Milliones recodcre dicitur. Verum quidem eft,quo«l
ante Regem Alexandrum, non reponebant tantum Auri,quoa
id pujrificarc mfarem; fed rccondcbant gemmas particulasquc
aufi rudis* Reditu^ ejus iimc ciium generum ; Ynos capit cx
I O A N H ^ 8 ;
fuodominio; Alios a populo,qui certi SLUqvLidfto foco pcfl^
<lunt,& decimain omnium MinseraJium, quae ca alijs quam fuis
fodinis eruuntur . Reliquos pcrcipiti Priiicipibus fibi fubditis;
Hi , unius civitatis , quamipii cl.cgerint(modo cam non chgat
:quamipfi inhabitant) Rcditus ci dant. Qu am vis aut cm rcdi-
tus/acultatcfquc ampl^ runt,g.ens tamcn ipfa ignaviacft: turn
quod ipfe camin mancipiorumnumero habeat,undeipiis non
eft ilia animorum gencrofitas , quae komines ad armapjom-
f)tos,audacefquc adpericuIafacitiTum quod ipfis vidcntur^iibi
manus conftnd*, rcipcdu ; quodipfum rcvcrcnrur ac rcveren-
tia quaipfum.obrervanti timore quo fibiab illo timcnt , arma
dcfenfioni commoda non habent^praetcr fitu oblitam galcam^
^cmi Galcam & Joricam, quam Luiitani.codctulerc.-his addi
potcft defe£bus Arcium, Cum itaquc ipiis nrccloca munita fint,
in quae confugiant,nec arma quibus fe defendant, funr ipn ipfo-*
rumqucpagihoflibus tanquam pra^da cxpofiti, Ipforumarma
offenlioniapta,runt/agittae4ionpentiatae,.&aliquajacula. Ob-;
fervant lejunium fo. dicrum, quod ipfos , propter ipagnam
abflinenciam., qua fe pcriJlos factor dies je^unando maceranr>
ita cxtenuat affligitquc, ut nec multis fu'bfcqucntibus diebus^
ad fcmovcndum vires eis fuppetant- Earn occafioncm captan-
'tcs Mauri aggrcdiuntur eos^fnagno fuo commodo.Scribit Fra-
cifcus Alvarezius quod Presbyter Ioannes,poflIt in campos c-
-duccrc centenariorum millia , fed vi&mfuit, quodingi-uent«
nccefIItatc,multo minores copias educerc potucnt.Halbet Rc-
ligionem militarcm.,quae flib^ro tedione Sanfti Antonij eft; ej
unufqui/qjuobihtatc-darus patcrfamiliasyex tribus filijs unum,
except© primogenitor dcftinare debet; Ex his fcliguntur ii .e-
quitummillia,qulRegiexcubcnt. Finis hujusreligiQiuscJftlm'
f exij finc.s,dcfeiidcre,refiftcrcquc hoftibus fidci^
PRIN-
P R E $ B V T E R.
Principes Finitimi.
Certo nobis conftat, Prcsbyterumcontcrmmum efTe cribuJ
pocend/limis Principibus;Primus eft RcxBornoi Alter Tur-
caiTertiusRcx Adel. Rex Borno dominatur eircgioni quaefc
fe extendic a Guangala, Ortum verfus ad plus minus quingenta
miliaria,intcr deferca Scth 8c Barca:Sicuina:qualis eft,cdntinct
enimpartimmontcsjparrimplanicie. Eaminhabitat populus
facis civilis^dcgitquncafisfatis frequentibus j propter frugum
copiam,eil: ibi quoq; aliquis mercatorum concurius. In monti-
bus vivunt paftores armentorum & pecorum,quiMylio ut plu-
rimumvivuntjdeguntque vitam bejftialem, ablq; rcligione,ha-
bentqjuxoresliberofq; communes: Nomina propria non alia
liabent,quam quae acciduntperfonis,utclaudi, lufci,longi,bal-
bidicantur^ Rex Borno populovaldepotens eft, cui nihil aliud
onerisimponit^quamdecimafruduum. Pro excrcitiOjlocoque
artismanuari3e,rolentlatrocinari>trucidarevicinos,autcos ca-
ptivos facere, quos c6mutantequis,quos amcrcatoribus Bar-
bariae confequuntur. Sub fe habct multa rcgna & populos^par-
timnigroSjpartimalbos.Infeftatmirabiliter Abymnoslatroci-
nijs,abigit enim pecora 5 deprxdatur fodinasi abducit in capti-
vitatcm homines » Bornenfes equitespraelianturcomodo^quo
Afturconibus infidentes: Vtuntur lanceis,utrinqi ferrea cufpi-
de armatiSjtum etiam jaculis & fagittis Jnvaduntregiones,nuc
hac nunc iliac ab improvifo,fed hi potius AfTa/lini latronefquc
quamjufti hoftes flint dicendi.Turca qui AbyfUnum abOrtu at-
tmgit J & Rex Adel qui eum inter Ortum & Meridiem cingir,
vexant valde Presby terum loannem: coar61:arunr enim fines e-
jus Imperij\reduxeruntq> rcgionem mmagnam miferiam.Tur-
cse praetcr quam quod depraedati funt unam partem regionis
BarnagafTo^quam ingrcfli funt Anno iff g. (quamvis tunc repul-
^fecrint)cripuerunt Presby tcro^quidquid in oramaris habuir,
prasci-
I O A N N E S.
praecipue Portus & oppida Suaquem & Ercoco, in quibus duo-
bus locis,montcs inter Abyffiniam & marerubrum exiflentes,
aperiunr le faciuntque itcrcommcatibus 8c commcrciojintcr
Abi/Hnos & Arabcs.Nonmultis annis elapiis BernagalTo coa(^l»
fuir,Turcis morcm gcrcrc & abipfispaccm,emere,pendendo
tribucum^millc unciarum auri quotannis.Non minus Pre sbyte-
rum inferiat Rex Adcl.contcrminus eft hie regno Fatigar,ext6-
diturqj ejus dominium admare rubrumufq;, ubihabctAiFum,
SalirjMethjBarbora^ Piclar,& Zcila. Barborae appelluncmultae
naves ab Aden & Cambaja , cum mcrcibus,quascommutant
carne,MeIIe,Cera,Commcatuque Adenam vehuncur: Auro,
Ebore alijfqj rebus^quaein Cambajam miccuntur. Major com«
meatuum quantitas ex Zeila peritufjibi enim eft Mel &: cerain
magna copia. Sunt ibi fruges fru^tufq; diverfijqui in Aden & A-
rabia deferuntun pccora quoquelpcciatim verveces,quorum
Cauda if, & amplius pondo eft, capite colloq^ protfus nigri ca:-
tera albi.Sunt alij prorfus aibi cum caudaBrachij longitudinc
vi tifq; inftar recurv3e,habentque palcaria ficut tauri. Sunt hie
vaccse , quorum cornua^ramis^tanquamiylveftrium cervorum
diftmcSa funt; Ahx rubrae funt^habentq; in fronte cornu palmas
U femis longitudinis>quod retrorfum obverfum eft. Metropo-
lis eivitashujusregni eft Arar^^g^lcucis Zciladiftans Meridiem
orientaIcmverrus,HicRcx,quietiam religioni Mahumetanap
eft addirfus, quod profeiTus fit/e Temper bellum gerere vellc cu
Chriftianis Abi/IIni3e,id eftfubditis Prcsby teri loannis, fibi San-
di cognomen inter illos^barbaros paravit. Expedat ille donee
Abiffinijlongo duroqj illo fo. dierum jejunio debiles fa£ti finr,
virefque eorum adeo Gonfumpta£,ut vix ad res domefticas pera«
gendas,ei$ vires fufficiant^ingrediturtanccorurnLr regionem^^
dinpitpagos,abducitqj in fervitutempopulum,infertq; Abi/fi-
ma^milledamna. Mancipia Abiffiniasmirosiaepehabent extra
patriam proereflus.habcnturqj aPrincipibus inprecio,ipioniqf
Bb^ jnuici
pKESBtTfiB.
xnulti.induftria fua,in fervicndo/adi funt cx mancipijs domini
in Arabia,Cainbaja,Bengala,8c Samacra . Gum enim Principcs
Mahumetani Oncntis,tyranni fint regnorum,qu3s Gcntilibus
cnpuerunt,ut ca fibi fccura reddanc,non fidunt fiibditis, fed in-
ftruunt armis xnulta mancipia externa, quibus fuas pcrfonas fi*
duntjcommittuntqucipfis regimen regni*. Inter mancipia,po-
tioresxflimantur Abiflim, turn propter eorum magnam fidcli-
tatem,tum propter bonamindolem. Kex Adel implet itgy-
ptum & Arabiam multitudmc captivorum, quos ex ditionibus
Presbytcri loannis abducit, permutatq^ cos cum Turca & Prin-
Cipibus Arabi2e,armis,apparatu bellico & militibus. AnnoChri-
fli fupra millcrimum qumgcntefimum Claudius Abifliniae Rex,
fcviribusGradaAmcdi RegiAdela:Imparemagnorcens(ipfum
enim per 14. annos perpctuis cxcurlionibus vcxarat)rcli6tis re-
gni pomcrijs in interiora fc rcccpit, pctijrquc auxilium a Regis
Lufitanias loannis tertij in India Legato Stephano Gama,qui
tunc cum parataclaflcjinmarirubro crac. Is ei dedit quadrm^
gcntos viros Lufitanos,cum bona armorum quantitate &Sclo-
petisjdudore Chriflophoro fuo fratre^Horum auxilio,8c Sclo-
petorum beneficio, vicithoftes duobus praelijs: ScdcumRcx
Adel a Gubernatorc civitatis Zebit, habuifTetmillc Selopctari-
os, decern-, tormenta bcllica, tertio praeiio fufi & in fugam a£li
runtLufitanijeorumqucGapitaneuscaptus occifufqi eft. Cum
autem Rex Turcas amandauet. Rex Claudius ipfum ex impro^
vifo, ad fluvium Zcila,& admonrem Sanan aggrefllis eft cum-»
odo peditum millibus , quingentisequitibus Abi/nnis,&cuiii,
illis Lufitanis, qui ex fuperioriclade fupcrarcntjquorumunus,
inflixit lethale vulnus GradaAmedi. Sed mcnfe Martio, anni
If 5 p. cum Rex Claudius,iterummanusconferret cum Mauris
Malacaijipfe inpraclio occubuit; Rex autem hoftium tantam
vidoriamaDeo conceffamagnofcens , triumphum egit infi-
dcns Afincllo, Regi CUudio iu( C^ffit Adamas ejus fraccr, cui
quod
1 O A N K 1 S.
quod fcmi Mahumetanus circr,rcbdlavic bofia pafs nobilitafi^
Abiflini«,fulufque fuit a BarnagafToAnno ifoz.Curri itaquc res
^chiopiae aliquo tempore fluduaffcnt, aliqtrantulum rcftitur«-
vidcnrurregnanre Alexan(Iro,Lufitanorum auxiiio, qui eo tarn
irrtisi offcnfiva quam dcfenfiva tulerunr, excitarunrqucfuo gx-
cmplo inptxhjs animos ingeriiaqj Abi/liiioru,Omiies qui ciadi
Chf iftophoriGamnia: fiipcrfuerc alijque qui poflea eo vcncrur,
veniuntque adhuc, remanent ibijContrahuht marrimonia ge-
ncrancqueliberds. Rex Alexander imperaviceisut Judicem e-
ligerent, qui inter ipfos jus diceret.tradidcrunt iraquc ibi,per<'
guntquc tradere ufum armorum qui cj[]:inEuropa,arrembci-
Iandi,modum fortificandi Tranfitus,Iocaquc maximi momcn-
ti.Poflea in eas rcgiones fe eontulerut aliqui Florentini,partim
cx curiofrtate,partim mcrcatur^ gratia :Francifcus enimMcdi-
ceas Magnus Dux Hctruri3e,habebat aliquam confuetudinem
CumAbyffinis. Presbyter foletfavore profequr, &vica? (ubfidis
largiri Frands(ita vocant Europae populos)diificuIterque con-
cedit cis facultatem cxeundi regno ; Vltrahoff,alias diterfos
lioftes quoquc habet Presbyter Joannes ; Inter eos eft Rex
Dancali , ( cujus eft oppidum & Portus Vela ad mare rubrum ?
contermrnus is eft Balgadae. Presbyterum quoque valde exagi-
tantMauri qui provinciamDobas inhabitant, ca in i4.Dynaftl"
! asdivifacft: Quamvishiinterconfinialmperij Presby-
tcrl loannis fint,fiunt ipfi tamcn pcrfatpe rebel-^
ics . Pro lege Iiabcnt,quod nemo ipjfb-
rummatfimonium contrahcre
po/nt,fInonprobet>ic
M.Chnftianos
occidiiTc.
MONO-
)
MONOMOTAP
Principcs,qualcs Tunc Rcgcs Adel, Monomugi, Mo -
nomocapa, Angola,6c Congo, quorum nos cxiguam
i^^f^Bnoticiamhabcmus: Scd uc cxunius eorum Statu, dc
aiterius qualitatcjudicium fieri poflit,pauca verba adjungemus,
de Statu & regimine Monomotapae qui alijs major potentiorqi
cft:HujusPrincipisimperiumomnem illamlnfulam occupat,
quae fluminibus Cuama & Spiritu/Tandi continetur (id /pacium
75- o .Leucarum in ambitu cf]:)cumq; SpiritufTandi tranimifrum
cA,longi/Iimo tradUjCaput bona: Ipei ver/us extenditur.-regio-
num enim jJlarum Principcs ilium quoq; in fuprcmum Dominu
acPrincipcmagnofcunt.Oppida,pagiq;ibirarirunt,3edificia ex
ligno &c llraminc conftant. ^Civitatum praecipuarum una Cim-
baoc, altera Bcnamataxanuncupatur,ilia if .haec 11. milliaribus
Cefala Occafum verfus diftat. Regio frumento,pecudibus ma-
gnis parvisq; abundat,qua2 immenfo numero,in campis & fyl?
vis pafcentes vagantur. Ex dentium Elephantorum numero,
qui extra regionemvchuntur,eoru at 4. aut ™llia,ibiquot-
annis mori seflimatur-'EIephantes ibi pregrandes funt.Non alia
regio aun fcracior hac eft^afRrmant enim aliqui hie tria fodina-
rum(unde aurum eruitur)millia efTer au^rum quoqucin terra, in
petriSjSc in fluminibus reperitur.ditiores fodinaerunt Manhi-
cai,Boro,Quiticui,Toroe(quam alij dicunt Butua) Populus fta-
turse mediocris,niger,beneq; compofitus eft. Principi infervi-
entes,genubusin(ident,c.oramiproredere,idem quod apud nos
flare efl,nec nifi magnatibus conceditur.Fides,probatioque ci-
borum potufqjjnon ante, fed poftquamPrinceps cderit biberit-
quefit. Carcereshicnulli runt,quodIus,eo momento,quo de-^;
lidrumcommifTumcftjCxteftimonijSjdicatur. Delid-a qua^ma- -i
jorircvcritatcpuniuncucfuntvencficia/urta&adulteria.AbudJ
tribu- :
M O N O M O P A T A.
tributum Principi nonpenditur,guam aliquotdierumoperar,
&Donaria,fine quibus nemo coram ipfo venire po cell:. Anna
jus ligo &: duo fpicula.-pro fidiflima cultodiahabcc ducentos ca-
nes. Principum iprumquipacronumagnofcunr,haercdes apud
fc retinet,uc dc parcnribus iecurus fic. Tempore prsetcrito hie
Princcps,operapacrisConraIvi/ylv3eIeruiraEad fidem conver-
fusfuitjfufccpirqi Baptirmunvfimulcummaximo fuorum Au-
licorum numcro , pofteaaquibufdam Mauris( quiauthoritatc
apudiprumvalebant)perruarus,iIJumtrucidan fecit. Idobfa-
emus Rex LuficaniseScbaftianuSjbelJumeiinruIir, duxit<j, ejus
cxercicum (qui fere cxnobilibus conftabar,numeroque erant
i6'oo.)FrancircusBarrecius,cui MonomocapaLufitanorum ar-
ma perdmefcens bonas condinones obtuJir, Jed cum Barretiu§
honc/lo arquoq; facisfieri fibi non patererur,n6 ab hofte, fed ab
aere i£thiopiae&morbis,qui excrcitum dcpafli func vitVfuir.
SERIFFVS^
NTER omnes Africse Principcs,non credo aliqucm,
opum & viriurhmagnitudine,Serif¥o prseferri poffe;
ejus cnim dicio conrinct omncm illam Mauritanias
partem, quam Romani Tingitanam appellarunt,ex-
tenditurq; a Promontorio Bojador Tanger ufq;, & ab Oceano
Athlantico, ad liumen Mulvia & ultra: quo ipacio comprehen .
diturtotius Africa? prseftanti/Hma portio, quae& incolismagis
frcquens, & amoenitate, & fertilitatc, & morum civilitate rcJi-
quas fupcrat.'&interaJias ditiones, fama celeberrima funtre-
gna Marochi & Fe/Hc, quarum primum Marocho inProvinci-
as dividitur,ncmpe Guzu]am,Zaharam,(du3e hseProvinciae co-
prehendunt partem Numidi3e)Sus5Afchoram,DucaJam, Hea,
Darra,Marochum; AlceruFcffa idem continecofto^nimirura
Cc Tcmct
StKtflUt.
Tciticfnam , AiTgara, ErifFa, Elabat, Garet,CIiaus,2attegaiTf;
'Fciram.Ha:c regna diftinguuturin planiciem & montes; com*
prehcndunc enim bonani Athlantis majoris & minoris partem^
inhabicancur a magno feroceq; populo,diviteq; pafcuorum 8C
pecudumantcr Atklantem majorcm,& Oceanum planicies eft
inquacivirasRcgalis Marachumin campis Athlantc 14. mill-
aribtis diftantibus jaccr, qui plunbus forcibus,rivulis & flumi-
3iibus illucmfluencibusiFrigantur.Oiimcumhxcciyicas ccntu
-focorum mill iainftru ere r, crat Gaput Africaeyfedpaulatimdc-
crevic,eftq4 defcrrior quam habiratior.Suncin regno Marochi,,
praeter alias Tedii quinquemillmmfamiliarumr TagaoftQ<il:o
Kullium r Tarodanre (quamvis miiltis alijs minor lit,non cedit
cis nobilirarc & commercio) dta cftjinter Athlantcm & Ocea-
nuiTijin Valle,id^.kucas^parutnq; minirs lata, facchari & omnii
aniaon^ generis fercili :. MuJtum eiipiendoris Scnobilitatisar-
tuli r djuturna mora quam in ca rraxit,& aeflimario^in qua apud
Mahismecem vSerifFum fuit^Rciido Athlantc intratux inplani*
cies ferti;li/IimaiS,,Goriiculis in qiiibus quam dives fit eopia frug(r„
iiempefaccharj,oJivarum,pecudum, vinearum,omniumqi bo-
iiorum,diciia:otipQilit. RcgnumFeiTac quoque (ficut diximus);*
continet diverfas proviacias , op time inhabitatas . Inter cas
Afga,habet 80. miliaria inlongitudiiie,(Jo in latitudinc: Ela-
isatjCentum 111 jongitudine,icxaginta latitudine . Verum quide
cft,qaod ErifFe provincia prorlus monruofa fir, numerantur^
qoe in cx z 5. Athlantis rami, quj a populis utplurimum indo-
jnimmcoIuntur.Garet eft a/pera & ficca adcoqucLybi3e,quani
Barbanae fimilior. Sed quod amplirudo hujus rcgni^ & valor,
magna cx parte con/iftit in civitate Feffana^cxtra in-ftitutuni>
iion eritjde ea pauca verba faccre. In partes duas divifa eft hxc
civitas,quae a/cinviccm parumdiftant, carumuna Fefia vetus>
altera Fef?a nova appellatur ; vetus Fefia quoq; fluvxolo in duo
corpora finditur Oricixtale dicitur Bckida^habet autcm qua:-
tuof-
S E R I t\ F U S.
^uor familiarum millia.Occidcntalc dicitur propric Fefla vetus
facie 80. & amplius familiarum miJJia, non longe diftat a Fef^
fa nova,qu« 8. Domuum milJia habct. FelFa verus^ft fere toca
in callibus & in vallibus : cotinet fo . t^pla M ahume tana infignis
inagnicudinis,omniafonteshabcnt& columnas ex Aiabadrirc
6c la^idcjUitra ca numcracur fexccnta minora. Inter quae tcm-
plaiJlud, cui vaiJgo nomen cfl Carucen, admirabileeft,fitunru
in mcdkuUio civitatis : ejus ambitus eft dimidijmiliaris; divi-
iuin^ eft in 17. Fornice^ixi latitajdine^uo.inlongitudine^quos
if oo.columnse ex albo niarmore fuftinent. In praecipuo majo-
tcq; fornice (ubi Tribunal eJ(i) vifiturlampasimmenra,quacir-^
cumci©gunt centum minores. AJij Fornices habcnt Lampadcs
va'idemagnaSjinquarumqualibetif 00 lumina prseJucent.Fe^.
fefama eft, omncs illas lampades fadas efle,ex campanis,quas
Arabcs inHiipania.cepenint,q.ui nonfolum inprstdam abftulc-
mnt campanas, fed &x:x>laimnas,a;s, & marmora, rum quidquid
preciofi & muiidi,m cam detulerant Romaniprimu, & demdc
Gothi.Feflk numeratur plus quam ducentae gramatices fcholse:
duceta divcrforia publica,4oo.Moiae aquatic^e influmme^qua-
r.umiingul« quatuor auc quinq; rotis agitantur.Suntinea quo-
que diycrfa coUcgiajinter qux id quod Madaracciae nomcn ha-
bct, pro pulchernma fabnca totius Barbariae habetur: Sunt ibi
fexcentifontes,muris cincti,ex quibus,aquain omnesfere Do-
mus difpargitur. LongumefTet defcribcre Alcaceriam(quani-»
appellant) locus is eft muris cin6ius,cujusport«funtduodc-
cim,dividiturqi in if. vicos,ubi mercatores iua negocia,fub tc-
torijsperagiint. Vixdicipoteftquantaefinthortorum deliciac,
& quanta Viridariorum amoenitas ; viridariaafonnum &flu-
minumaqua refrigerantur . Rex habitat complurimum Feflap,
in qua Arcem,Palatia&Hortushabet,&: quidquid vcnufti com-
modiqueoptariqucat . ex hac nova FelTa , per viam-. fubterra-
ncanijitur ad Fciiaiu ycterem. Vt brevitcr dicam^ h«c civitas
I adeo
S E R r F f u s.
adco & magna atqucmagnificacfl,uceiRcgcsdcfun6lirarunt
privilegjum concelferinCjiiimirum, ut civcs non teneantur ob-
lidioncm fcrrc, nifiRexcampotensriCjUCjuftocxcrcicufcho-
ili valcac opponere, ^clihoftis ad kminuliareurbi appropin-
quafTcc ut ei fc dederepoflint abfqucdcdecorcproditionis auc
pcrfidia: nota; quod hanc ob cauiam fccit,nc urbs praetextu va-
naefidclitaciscxitiumfubircc. Civiras quoq; magni momcnti
cfle perhibecurjficA in planiciCjnon minus frumerito,.oleo,lino,
pecore fcrcili, quamjucunda propter amocnitaccmlocoruma-
quarumque copiam: habetod:ofamiliarummillia,muri validf
iuntj&multis turribus muniti. Incolac induftrij,mercimonijs
dediti,prafCipuepannorum e Lana,ferico,gail7pio, quribi tex-
untur.Primogenitus Regis FcfCxyfc Principcm Mcquinezein-
fcribere folitus erat.Haec regna ultra fertilitatem naturalem,fic
fatis dcdita/lmt mercaturae.Etfi autem Rex Feffaeadmarc Me*
cfiterraneum Portus oportunos non habet, attamenFranci&c
Angli , adPortusad Oceanum commeant praecipue Laracen^
Caput AguerOjCetcrofq;, quorum pars eft regniFeiTxjpars Ma-
rochi.Ferunteo,arma5&: alias Europa£merccs,pro quibus ipfi,
inter alias Saccharum recipiunt. Cum vero regna Marochi&c
FelTaCjaliaeqr Provuiciae Prmcipatufquc,qui inter fc divili fuere,
parvo ab hinctemporc/ub uno Principe coaluerint, qui Serif-
liis dicitur,noneritabs re,refcrrequomodohocaccideritinihil
aliud magis relatu dignum, vel potiusadmirandumnoftrofc-
culo accidilTe puto. Circa annum Chrifti ifog. in regione Nu-
midix inclaruit Alfaique quidam , natus Tigumedcri(qui locus
in Provincia Darra cfl:)vTr ingenio callido j nec minus ambitio-
iiis,quam dot^his in fcientijSjquibus operam dantMahumetani,
ci nomen fiiit Mahumetes Benamettus,qui fc etiam SerifFum
nominarijubcbat. Hie ja£tans fe /anguine Mahumctis-ortum,
Acconfifus tumultjbus Africa?, ac ejus Staruum Rcrumpublica-
fum^ue diftradionibHs(in Africa enim muitum p o terant Lufi-
' ranf
S E R I F ? U S.
eani)Co:pitCogitarc deinvadcndo Mauricani^e Tingirana imv
pcrio.Q£odurefficerepofrcc,mifitprimum trcsfuos fiiios Ab-
delem, Abnercm,Mahumetempcrcgrinatu Mecham &: Medi^
nanijur invi/ercnr atq; colcrcnt Mahumeds fui fedudoris fe-
pulchrum.Feecrunc adolcfccntes hanc pcrcgrinationcm, tan-
ta & rcvcrcntia & exiflimationcianditads & reIigionis(fi con-
vcnicuci his nominibusincaliimpretatc Stineptia) utinipforu
reditu, ipfisobviamircntincolae ipforu vefles dcofctilarentur,
& rcverercncur ranquamSandos. Ipii vcro fingentes fe raptos
in altanT contcmplationemjibantper iJias regiones fulpirantes
clamabantq; vocealta (quamru/|)iria & gemitus intenumpe-
bant)Ala, AIa,nec aliundcjquam cx clecmo/yna vivebant.Gum
pater eos magno cum gaudio voIuptateqr,domunireccpiireCy
ncc applaufum & a^ftnnationcni, quamfibi jllaperegrinatione
conciliarant cvanefcerc^, nec irntam fieri velktjmifit duos i-
prorum,nempe Abnetcm & Mabumercm,Fefram,ubi cum eos
Rex humanitcr & bcnignc excepi/Tct , unus corumfadus ell
ProfelTor Amodoracci2e,fama celeberrimi collegij lUius urbis,
junior autem facSus cfl:,pxdagogus filiorum Regis. Cumque fc
Rcgi' gratos vidcrent, & populiinie bcnevolcntiam perip ice-
rent, ex patris confilio (occafionem capfentes ex^damnis^^quae
Arabes & Maurifubin/ignibui> Lufitanorummirftantes , facie-
bantjiiris qui cranr fuac hserefis petierunt aRege facultatem ex-
pJicandi vexillum adverfus Chriitianos,fpem ei facientes/e fa-
cile ad fe pertraduros Mauros,qu!Lufitanis adhaerebanr,eaque
via,fecuras reddi pofTe Provincias Sus,Heam,Ducafam,MaTo-
chum aliaique a Lufitanis vcxatas Huic petition! contradixic
Mulcjus N'azer,Reg]s fratcr* Si enim hi,dicebat,rubfan<5fimo-.
nix & dcfenfionis legfs praetcxtu, facient ah quern progrefTunx
marmf^,nonerirpofteam tua poteflatceosdeprimere 5 freno-
que contincre; Arma enim homines audaces, vidToriae infokn-
«es;^rorpopuli ambitiofos ferumque no varum cupidosfacit,
C c \ , R ex:
Seriffus.
Rex auccm,apud quern in magna opmione Jfandimoniae cranr,
parvi tacies confilium five raCioncs,quas fratcr allegavcrac, illis
vexilium &:tympanum dedic & quod amplius eftjio equires,qui
coscomitarctur , diploma quoq; adArabcSjPrincipeSj&Barba-
riac civitaces.His mitijs multisq; ad eorum famam concurrenti-
busjcxcurrunt m Deucalam,Comitatum Safini,adAgueri Pro-
montorium ufq; ; quae loca tunc Lufitanis parebant . His quas
diximus rebus , fe gratiofoSjfortes^acmunitosfentienteSjpeti-
verunt a populis, qui tunc utplunmum in libcrtate dcgebanr,
jjfq;>quibus placebatjfavebantjUt ipfis, qui pro lege Mahume*"
tana adverfus Chrjftianos pugnabant, auxiliarenturjClargiren-
turqj decimas Deo debitas, quas(decimas) a populis provinciae
Darrap facile impetrarunt. Sibi itaq, paulatim dominium Taru-
dante (ubi eorum pater Gubernator fad:us fuit) SuSjHesCjDeu^
calje, locoruq; vicmoru occuparunt .Sedemprimu fixeruntjin
Teduerte,pofteain Tefarotc, SuperarunrdeindePraelioLopc*
2i um Barrjgam, fama celebrem,rei militaris Lufitanorum Du-
cem,fed amiferunr fratrcmnatu majorem. PoftmodumcuirL.
blandis verbiSjingre/Ii cfTent civitatemMarochum,veneno ejus
Regem fuftulerunt, quo necato, ejus loco fe Regem Marochi
proclamari fecit Ametcs ScrifFus.Cumhjec fierentjpraelio de«
certabant Arabcs Ducalae & Xarquix, cum Arabibus Garbiar,
pollicebaturq; fibi utraq; pars favorem SerifForum,qui conten-
tionem crefcere videntes & illorum multos cadere,arma fua in
ambos vcrterunt fpoliaq; ampIarctuIerunt.Miferanrhadenus
Seriffi,quintam rerum potitarum partem RegiFe/Tse/edpoft
hanc vidoriamipfum contemnentes,miferunc tantum fex
quos & fexCamclos valde macilentos,quod ille molefte ferens,
mifitab illis petitum,quintamfpoJiorum partem & Tributum,
quod eiRexMarochi pendcre folitus erar,fi non facerent/e eos
bclloperfequuturumminitans. Cumincerea Rex in fata con-
cc/niTcc^Amctcs ejus filius^ quiminoris Scriffi difcipulusfucrar,
non
iion folum acquievitjfcd & confijrmavic Ametcm m <Jominiuitl
Marochi,modo aliqua re,Regcs FcfTarin dominos agnofcerct>
Scd SenffiCquorum poCGntia & cxiftimatio quoridic crefcebat)
cum cempus pcndendi Tributum veni/rer,jufreruncnunciarj,
Rcgi fe Ic^itimos ruccefforesMahumeris eiTe^ideoq; fe nemmi
Tribucam dcbere ; ie plusjuris,quamiJlum in Africam habere,
fi ipfe illos pro amicis veller^bono ei hoe fore ; fi auc ipfos,a bel~
lo adverfus Chriftianos avcrtebat,nonfibi animum, ad fc men-
dum dcforc. Hocsegrefcrcns Rexindixir ejs beJIunijObfeditqj
Marochumjfcdcoadus fuit ab obiidionG difcedere, deindc aut
rediens cum x 8- cquitum milhbus(incer quos eranr duo Sclope-
tariorum millia)ut obfidionem initaurarer^ in itinere,, cum fliB-
men tranfmictcrec, victus fuit a Seriffis, quibus fcptcm tantum
cquitum millia,&ducenrifupra milh Sclopetarij eranr. Elari
ca vi(floria cxcgerunt TriburaiJhus regionrs,fuperantefque Ac-
lanrcm, ceperunt Tafilcrem eivirarcmpra:eJaram,&|>artim^
benevolcnria , parrim vi, fibi obedirccocgerunt diverfosNu-
niidiae & Montjum populos. Anno 15-36'. minor SeriflFus qui
fe RcgemSus dicebac^collcdo porcnri exercrtu >&: magna tor-
mentorum bclJicorum numero, quorum partem KepF€&
cripucrac , partem Franci ApoHatae fuderanr , exped-Jticrfrem^
Promonrorij Agucro fufcepiry Is locus crat maghimbmentij^
poffidebattir a LufitaniSjqui cum exftruxcrant, munitufq; ftjfir,
primum cxpenfis Lapezij fcquier« , dcinde Regis Emanuelisy
poftquam ejus oporrunirarein icognoYifrer.' Pugnatum fmxt
tatrinq,' feracrter, fed cum t-iandem ignk muni tionem pulveri* -
pyri)eorripuifret,idq} milites,qurilhim locum defendebat, per-
terrcfcGmer,mgrcfuis efllocumSeriffus, eepireum , fecitque
captivos maximam praefidiariorum partem. Qua vidtoria po-
titi Seriffi , fubjcccrunr fibj , fere totum Athlanrem , regnum
Marochinum& Arabcs,qm cbronae lufitanise parcbant. Rex
loanncs LuHtanise tcrtjus, vidcns cxpenias acccprunu exec
Serifs us.
dcrc,rcliquit fua fponre Safin, Azamorum, Ar2iIlam,AIca2aru,
loca qiise jn ora; Mauricanise podidebac. Hi Felices progrcfTus
maxiinas difTentiones, & difcordias inter fratrcsprocrearunc,
quiirum exicus fuit, ut cum minor duobuspraeIijs,majorem vi-
ciifcc, (feciindum praelium fad:um fuic anno i5'44.)cepifretquc,
eum in Tafilectemrelcgarit: Vernr deindc arma in Regc FefTae,
c amq; eum capti yum fadu libertati reflituiifct iteru(q, promif^
fis non fletifTec) caprum, cum filio, cos tota didone & vira pri-
yavic,cepirq; opera fiiiorum civicatem Tremifenam. Collcgit
interim valjdum exercitumSal Aries, Prorex Algierae, timens
tantum ruccefTum Senffi, recepitq; primum Tremircnam,pro-
fiigatoq; jerifFo cocpit FelTamjdeditqj ejus dominium Biianoni
Dynaftae Vclez , fed cum hie manus cum SerifFo conferuifrct,
yitam & regnum amillt. Tandem dum Mahumetcs Tarudante
proficifceretur5in itinerc trucidatus eft in fuo tetorio a Turcis,
quos Algiers prorcx fubornaraticorum dux erat Afren,qui cum
iocijs Tarudantem profecflus^dinpuit Regis thefaurosjfed do-
mum reverti volens,a populis neci datus eftcum focijsjexceptis
eorumquuiqj.accidithoc annoif f 7 Rex deindeproclamarus,
falutatufqi Mulejus AbdaIa,Seriffi filius.Haec dixifle lufficiat,dc
engine SeriffijCujus progrefTus fimiles yidctur illis,quos habuic
Ifraael Rex Perfiae. Ambo parvo tempore iubegere regiones;
Ambo crcverunt ruinaPrincipum vicinorum: Ambo magna in-
commoda paffifunt a Turcis, perdideruntq; fuarum ditionum
partem : Selimus cnim cripuit Ifmaeli Garamit diverfafq; alias
Mefopotamiaecivitates. Vicerex Algiers pepulit SeniFFumTrc-
mifena &ejus vicmiarEtficut Selimus occupavitTaurifium ca-
put Perfix, idque dereliquit,ita& Sal Aries cepitFeiTam caput
Mauncanije & dcrcliquir earn.
Cenfus.
5ERIF-
S E R I F F U S .
C ErilFus habet dominium in omncs facuJtares vafiaIIorum»
cciaminipfos va/rallos.quamvis enimeos oneretim^ofitio!
nibustriburisqrgravi/HmisjCoiitra tamcn munrenon audenc.
Percipicdrujs vafallis, triburarijsdcdmam,&primitiasfrua:uii
pecudumqj .Vcrum quidem eft, quod ad primicias Tpcdatjiioii
plus uno exvigmtipercipir,quod autio.cxcedit,quantumvis
adcentum&copJusprimitiae arcenderent,nunquam ultra duo
capic. Exfmgulis terraejugenbus accipit Ducatum,&qumrani
ejus partem,tantumq; ab uno quoq; foco: Adhuc totidem ab
unaquaq; periona,qux if . annum excefferir, mafculo aut foe-
mina.Siopus ell,majoremfummam capic: Vtautpopuli liben-
cius quod exigicur foJvant/emper djmidium plus quam perfol-
vendum el1:,imperat,itaq; ipfis videcur,fibi remitti ea pars, qua
non cogit dilFolvi.^unc camen quidam qui montcs inhabitant,
populi indomiti & immanes, qui propter difficjlem ad cos ac-
ccfrum,cogi nonpofrunt,ut Tributa pendant-Decimam tantu
medium pcrfolvuntjquo in planicie verfari po/Knt. Vltrahos
Reditus habet RexTcIonia & vedigalia civitatum^in quarum
introicu pendunt res vea:igal,nempe civis FefTanus duo excen-
tenario,extraneusdecem. Suntquoq; Reditus molarum,qu3e
magnampecuniarumfummamconficiunt. Quod enimadre-
ditus molarum attinet, pro afmi onerefrumenri(quodFeiTae
niohtur)percipit femi Regalem.SuntFclTaj ut diximus plus qua
'4oo.molx.Templum, Carruven appdlatum,habebat plus qua
8o.^ureorum milJia annuiReditus.MuIta quoq; miJJiahabebac
Collegia & xenodochia Feir«,ea omnia niic percipit Rex. Quia
etiam haeres eil: R ex omnium judicum quos Alcaides appellant,
& omnium fuorum Oificiariorum,cumq; moriuntur,capit pof-
feflioncm equorum, Armorum, veftium,omniumq;bonorum.
Attamenli morruusjpoflfe filios bello aptos reliquit, eis pater-
nam penfionem indulgct: Si veroalijluntimpubereSjeos alic
donee ad maturam «tatem pervencrint, fihas aut aIit,donec
Dd maritis
marins coputentur.Vt manus inijccre poflit bonis (!i*vltum,clat
cis aliqaam gubernacionem,auc munus cum penfione. Ne vero
ejus Fifco bona cadant^ occulcant ipfi fuas opes,nitunturc[uejLit
longc ab AulaRegifque afpedu abfint,ob quam caufam civitati
Fe^nae multum de antiquo fplendore decefEc^
Potentia-..
SErifFus Arcesautmum'rionesvaldc munitas non habct/olw
in Maris ora Caput Aguero, Labace&Tecuanumpoflideu
Praecipuas cnim viresCficuc Turca &Pcrfae faciunt)in militibus^
praecipue in equicatu,ftatuit. Earn ob caufam fe tormentis bcl-
licis non folIicireinfl:ruic,habeccameneorummagnumnume-
rum Fefe, Marochi, & Tarudante; inPortubus fupradidtis
quoq; tormenta quae fui anteceiTores, Luficanis & alijs eripiie-
runt; Alia quoq; cum opus efl fundi curac,nec defunt ei ejus Ar«
tificij magiftri cx Europa. In Marocho ei eft Armamentarium,
quo ioco'quolibet menle, ut minus 4<5'.quintales,ut appellant
pulverispyrij fiunt, confiduntur etiam tormenta manuaria 6c
Balift^. AnnoChriftiij'O-invafitignis.tantoimpetu domos^
in quibus pulvis pyrius eonficiebatur, ut civitatis magna pars
dirutsfuent. Quod ad militiam Scriffi fpedtat, ejus plurafunt
genera.-Primum eft. 2,700 Equitum,&: bis millePyrobolianoru^
quorum partem Fefr3e, fed majorem Marochi, ubi ipfe habitat,,
pro pr^efidio habet. Secundum eft unius AcieiRegalis,fex milli-
umEquitum.qui omnes nobilitate clari,& magnae eftimationis
funt : Vtutur hi equis generofis,phaleris egregie ornatis,funtq;
ipforum arma, turn propter colorum varictatcm venuftiflima^
tum propter ornamentorum divitias praetcr modum fpe6l:abi-
lia. Splendent omnia Auro, Argento,Margaritis,Gemmis,cas^
terisqj rebus: quae aut oculos delc<5tare,aut curiofitatem fped:a-
tium pafeere valent. His militibus praster penfionem frumenti,
Avcnae^butyri^carnis^pro fe,uxoribuS;>filijs &c famulis^numera-
tur
S E R r F r u s.
turinpcCimiaa/o.adccntiim unciseArgenti.Tertiiimmilitum
ccnus cftTimariottorum (uc vulgo nominant ) : SerifFus enim
Juis fiJijs, fratribus, csetenfqj perfonis^alicujus seflimationis ^
authoritatis, apiid Populos African, aut Principes Arabum pof-
fe/Iionem agrorum clienrumq>, pro fuftentaciilo ipforum con-
cedicJJli,qui vulgo Alcaidinuncupantur,curant coliagros,eoI-
iiguntqi Reditus frumenci,Ory2ae,Aven3e>OJejjButyri, Verve-
cum,Gallinariim,pecuniarum,dill:ribuuntqi ea menftrue inter
miliceSjpro cujufqj gradumiliti3e:Dant cis quoq;pannum,tcla^
feryeum ad veflitum,arma quoqj &:equos quibus belio utantur;
Si equi occidantur aut moriantur,danc eis alios, quae res Romse
in ulu fuit,cum ijSjqui equis publicis militabant, Horum militu
Pr«fe^i folJicice curanC;^ut fui rnilites flnt in optimo procin^u^
armis vcflibusqj rede probeq; inflrudi. Praeter hxc recipiunt
himilitesa2,4,ad30L unciai; Argent! annue,. Quartum genus
inilitum conficiunt Arabes, quicontinuo vivuntinfuis Avarls
itavocantfuacaflrra quorum quaeljbecjacen turn, adi^o.tenta-
ria compartita funt Tub diveriis Prsefeais^quos Akaidinuncu^
pantjUt Gum opus eftpatati fint. Hi equis nier€nt,redJatronibp
quam militibus flmiliores iunt. Quintum militix genus milita-
ribus deledlibus Principum Chriilianorum fimileeft . ijs adfcri--
pti Tunc habitatorcs civitatum, pagorumRegni^&montiumj
Verum quidem eft , Reges iilos magni non facere nec Iibenter
cos armare, propter feditionum mocuumvemetum^nifi belU
adverfusChriflianos gerantur j quia tunc prohibere non poffiit^
Cum enim lege Mi^humetica cauturn fit, Mauros a Chriflianis
occiros,& eos qui Chriftianos occiderunt , reda cselum petere^
confluunt certatim viri foeminseqi/pe quaer endse fain tis excjta--
ti , curruntq; mbcUa^utibimorianrur, coelumqi fibi parent/e*>
cundum flultam eorum opinionem. O invcntum diaBolicum,
Non minor quoq;fervor eft,noi]:ro dedecoreinTurcis^maxime
propter defenfion em ilise hserefis . videntur illiiibi adfeJflanu-
'Ddz. : y ptiaruna
S E R I F F U S.
ptiarum, non ad bella proficifci,vixq; pofTunt expc<5l-arcdiem
procinclus. Sandos habent eos, qui arma manu tenentes in
bello caduntjinfoelices vero,nihilique homines'exij[limant,qui
domi inter pland* puerorum,&: ululatus mulierum,diem obe-
unt, Quibus e rebus fatis aperte colligitur, quantum SerifFus
hominum numerum ad bella educere po/fit. Sed exemplo id
clarius ollendi potcft. Mulejus Abdala obfedit Mazaganum cu
ducentis virorum millibus.Explevit foiTam monte e terra con-
gefbo murumqi tormentisbellicisfoloadaequavit. ScdLufita-
norum virtus eumabeoconatu defiflere coegit,acccpto ma-
fno damno cx cuniculis. V crum tame conftat eum Principem
ellum ultra trimeftrecontinuare non polTe ; Nam cum miles
dietim ex ejus commeatu vitam degat , ex ejus commeatu non
folum cibum,fed & veftitum praebet ; commeatus autcm diifi-
culter, quo exigit exerticus uccc/Kiiii> vchipoflitjfitut prae pc-
nuiia commeatus brevi domum revcrtantur. Certum quoquc
eft J cumdiu bclligerari non pofTcjCui defit belli nervus,pecu-
nia.Moluccus Rex Fcfl3e,quifregitSebaftianumLufitani3eRe*
gem, habuitfubiignis 40. Equitum & 8- Peditum ftx-
pendiariorum millia,praeterArabes,uliorq; grc-
gariosmilites,exiftimaturque ipfe 70.
Equitum millia , multum quo-
que plus peditum con»
fcriberc potu-
iffe.
FINIS.
L U B E C iE.
Ex OfficinaTypographica
Laurentij Alberti.
Anno Christi i 6 o o.
r
t!
* uittti; ^dUl««)^ V|jifi (0.1
vawa.^ip,wo:a ao(i bun sipuJt'^
^^AiOjiijiuo .tin YtOj^mo
vittidsm (Woiey umiuiy,.;.
|
Ghazi Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Haripur District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The tehsil, headquartered at the town of Ghazi, is itself divided into 7 Union Councils.
Tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
Douglas Slocombe OBE, BSC, ASC (10 February 1913 – 22 February 2016) was a British cinematographer. He had a long career in the British movie industry. His 84 feature movies span over 47 years. They include everything from early comedies in the late 1940s, and early 1950s, to the first three Indiana Jones movies in the 1980s.
Slocombe died at the age of 103 in a London hospital from complications from a fall on 22 February 2016.
References
Other websites
Douglas Slocombe at the Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers
A BAFTA Tribute to Douglas Slocombe
The British Society of Cinematographers: Douglas Slocombe - Behind the Camera - 12 minute BBC documentary from 1999
1913 births
2016 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
British centenarians
British cinematographers
People from London
BAFTA Award winners |
Arts and crafts describes a wide variety of activities involving making things with one's own hands. Arts and crafts is usually a hobby. Some crafts (art skills) have been practised since preshistoric times, others are more recent inventions. William Morris, John Ruskin and others promoted an "arts and crafts" movement in the late 19th century, which popularized the phrase.
Both children and adults enjoy arts and crafts. Children in schools may learn skills such as woodworking, wood carving, sewing, or making things with all sorts of material. Many community centres and schools have evening or day classes and workshops where one can learn arts and craft skilz
Crafts involving textiles
Banner-making
Calligraphy
Cross-stitch
Crocheting
Embroidery
Felting
Knitting
Lace-making
Macramé
Millinery
Needlepoint
Patchwork
Quilting
Rug making
Sewing
Shoemaking
Spinning (textiles)
String art
Tapestry
Weaving
T-shirt art
Crafts involving wood, metal or clay
Metalworking
Jewelry
Pottery
Sculpture
Woodworking
Cabinet making
Marquetry
Lacquerware
Wood burning
Wood turning
Crafts involving paper or canvas
Bookbinding
Calligraphy
Cardmaking
Card Modelling
Collage
Decoupage
Embossing
Iris Folding
Marbling
Origami
Papercraft
Papier-mâché
Parchment craft
Quilling or Paper Filigree
Scrapbooking
Stamping (with a rubber stamp)
Sketching
Crafts involving plants
Basket weaving
Corn dolly making
Floral Design
Pressed flower craft
Straw marquetry
Other crafts
Balloon animal
Beadwork
Doll making
Dollhouse construction and furnishing
Egg decorating
Etching
Glassblowing
Lapidary
Mosaics
Stained glass
Toy making
Polymer clay
Hobbies
Art |
<p>What are some lightweight options for persistence in Groovy? I've considered serialization and XML so far but I want something a bit more robust than those, at least so I don't have to rewrite the entire file every time. Ideally, it would:</p>
<ul>
<li>Require no JARs in classpath, using Grapes instead</li>
<li>Require no external processes, administration, or authentication (so all embedded)</li>
<li>Support locking</li>
</ul>
<p>I plan on using it to cache some information between runs of a standalone Groovy script. I imagine responses will focus around SQL and NoSQL databases. Links to pages demonstrating this usage would be appreciated. Thanks!</p> |
Tagetes is a genus of flowers commonly called marigold. Tagetes has 56 species of plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae or Compositae). The genus is native to North and South America.
Description
Tagetes species vary in size from 0.1 to 2.2 m tall. Most species have pinnate green leaves. Blooms naturally occur in golden, orange, yellow, and white colors. In horticulture, they are usually planted as annuals.
References
Other websites
Flowers
Asteraceae |
There are 161 state parks and 10 state trails in the U.S. state of Florida. All the parks together are more than . People from anywhere can visit them. Between 2012 and 2013, more than 27,000 volunteers (people who are not paid money) worked to make the parks for better for the 25.2 million people who visit every year. There is a small fee to enter most of Florida's state parks. It costs more to use cabins, marinas, or campsites if the park has them. Florida's state parks together have 3,454 family campsites, 235 cabins, thousands of picnic tables, of beaches, and over 1,625 miles (2,616 km) of trails.
The Florida Park Service is the part of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. They operate the Florida State Parks. The National Recreation and Park Association gave them the Gold Medal honoring the best state park system in the country in 1999 and 2005. The parks are open all year. Some have many things to do other than fishing, hiking and camping. Many parks have facilities for bird watching or horseback riding; there are several battle reenactments; and freshwater (not salty) springs and beaches are some of Florida's very beautiful places.
Several state parks used to be private tourist attractions bought by the state of Florida to preserve (keep from changing) their natural environment. These parks include the Silver River State Park, Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park, Rainbow Springs State Park and Weeki Wachee Springs.
There are state parks in 58 of Florida's 67 counties. Nine of the 161 parks do not have "State Park" in their name. Four are "conservation areas" (reserve, preserve, or wildlife refuge); three are "Historical/Archaeological sites"; one is a fishing pier and one is a recreation area. Seven parks are mostly undeveloped (nothing built there) with few or no facilities (such as water or toilets); 10 parks are accessible only by private boat or ferry; and 13 parks contain National Natural Landmarks. There are also eleven national parks in Florida. The National Park Service controls those.
Florida state parks and reserves
Note: The table of contents only applies when the list is sorted by park name.
"Year" refers to the year the park was opened. If that date is not available, the year the state acquired (started to own) the property will be used.
Left mouse click on the up/down arrows to sort the list by that column. Photo and remarks are unsortable.
References
Other websites
Official state park service website
Map of Florida State Parks
Florida-related lists
Parks in the United States |
1840. ] Lieut. Irwin’s Memoir of Afghanistan. 65
sheep, according to circumstances. Timber is exceedingly
scarce, and hence the houses are generally of the vaulted
kind. A part of the population is in summer under tents, and
in winter they flit to warmer climates. Fodder is moderately
abundant. There are considerable spaces without cultivation,
and the population on a given surface is much inferior to
that in the valley of Cabul.
Jajee.
208. This is a narrow valley, and its climate is cold; the
stream ultimately joins the Koom. The stream natives main-
ly subsist by tillage, and the chief products in their order
are wheat, barley, rice, and pease. The lands are watered.
The chief stock is goats. Timber, fuel, and fodder are abundant,
and some provisions are exported to Cabul, to which they also
send some planks of pine, about six or seven feet long. The
carriage is on mules, for the nearest road to Cabul (with
which they have most intercourse) is not practicable for a
bullock or camel, it is called the road Goubund. The natives
live in flat-roofed houses, and have no tents. The population is
but small, and there is no large village.
Notice of an inscription in Behar, communicated by Mr. Ra-
VENSHAW, as published in the May number of the Journal, 1839.
The Editors of the Journal noted (vol. viii. page 347,) in
announcing the communication by Mr. Ravenshaw of certain
impressions of very ancient inscriptions from Behar, that “ the
most important and interesting of these impressions were so
imperfect, and confused, as to baffle the attempts of the Pundit
Kamala Kanta, who aided Mr. James Prinsep in his valuable
discoveries. We allude particularly to the inscriptions on the
inverted column in the Fort of Behar.”
I have now the pleasure of laying before the readers of the
Journal a rendering of one of these inscriptions as decyphered
by Pundit Kamala Kanta Vidyalanka, and Baboo Hurrinboo-
nath. They succeeded in giving this interpretation after a
great expense of time and labour. The characters are of a class
K
1840. | Mr. Ravenshaw’s Behar Inscription. 67
the creed of the person who caused it to be inscribed, who
was evidently not a Boodhist.*
Nos. | and 2 (duplicates) of the Behar inscriptions have been
for the most part read by Pundit Kamala Kanta, but he is as
yet unable to make out their full meaning. The character is
not the same with that of No. 3, now published. As hopes
are entertained of the arrival of that excellent orientalist, and
able antiquary, the Honorable George Turnour, Secretary to
Government in Ceylon, at this Presidency before the close of
the present year, and as it is believed that he will make a
tour through Behar and elsewhere, for the purpose of exploring
still further the interesting subject of Boodhist antiquity, I trust
to see these remains critically considered by a scholar in
every way competent to pronounce upon their era.
In the mean while, it is our duty to make the most of im-
perfect opportunities, in order to publish (submitting it to the
judgment of abler critics) whatsoever casual research has put
us in possession of.
I may here remark, that circumstances appear hitherto to
have conspired to prevent more than a very cursory inspection
of the remains of Hindoo monarchy in Magadha (Behar) and
Mithela, (Tirhoot and Sarun.) Indeed Mr. Hodgson’s brief,
but interesting note of Simrown in the Turaee (vol. iv. Asiatic
Society’s Journal, p. 121) is the only description we possess
of that ancient city, while the Behar inscriptions, one of which
Mr. Ravenshaw’s discoveries have enabled me to publish, have
been copied in some instances with more haste than was con-
sistent with correctness ; and by the specimen now afforded,
seem rather valuable as tending to excite further investigation,
than as rewarding the search already undertaken. An ample
and untried field is opened for inquiry in these regions, and it
is sincerely to be hoped that no opportunity may be neglected
of engaging in it.
* The injunction No. 8, with its allusion to a conquered, and acquired ter-
ritory, might by conjecture be assumed to point to Jara Sandha, who having
subdued the whole of Prachi “(the eastern region) as we read in the
puranas, fixed his residence at Bali putra.” (Wilford, As. Res. vol. v. p. 281.)
68 Mr. Ravenshaw’s Behar Inscription. [No. 97.
In the month of February last, Captain Burt of the Engineers,
obligingly supplied the officiating Secretary with the fac-simile
of an inscription taken by him at Pinjore; it was discovered
there on the side of a well. The character is, as Captain
Burt observes, different in many letters from all the alphabets
given by Mr. James Prinsep; Kamala Kanta has therefore
prepared an alphabet from it (No 4) and enabled me to give
the accompanying translation.
“The monarch of Shonder Desh, who resembles Kamdeo in
beauty and renown, having again in this manner fully enjoy-
ed, will become ruler of other countries.”
The meaning of the rest is not clear. I have endeavoured
to trace the Shonder Desh herein mentioned, but ineffectu-
ally. The inscription therefore is, like the one above noted,
valuable only philologically speaking. The neighbourhood of
Pinjore to Phanesur might induce the belief that the region
in which it was anciently included would not escape unnoticed
in the Maha Bharat. Ky
Account of Coins found at Bameean.—By Captain Hay, lst
European Regiment, Commanding 5th. Regt. H. M.S. S. M.
Infantry.
Bameean, April 7th, 1840.
SIR,
A doubt having been expressed whether “ Demetrius” ever
reigned in Bactria, the fact of one of his coins having been dis-
covered in digging some trenches at Bameean, may be consi-
dered as likely to strengthen the opinion that he did: and as
this coin I believe differs from the only one of his reign that is
said to have been hitherto discovered, I take the liberty to for-
ward you a sketch of it, in case you may consider it worthy of
notice. The first “ Demetrius” discovered was I think of gold,
having upon the reverse the two horsemen so common and
beautifully executed on the coins of Eukratides. I take these
figures to represent Castor and Pollux, who were entitled, as
Hercules is, to divine honours. My coin, which is of copper,
|
<p>Hi all I'm a newbie for Laravel when I try to insert data to the table paintings which worked fine up-to this point now the browser throwing (1/1) <code>FatalErrorException Class 'Painting' not found in web.php</code> (line 15)
Hoping kind help from you . Thanks!</p>
<p><strong>Here is web.php</strong></p>
<pre><code>Route::get('/', function () {
$painting = new Painting; //line 15
$painting->title = 'Do No Wronge';
$painting->artist = 'D. DoRight';
$painting->year = 2017;
$painting->save();
return view('welcome');
});
</code></pre>
<p><strong>Here is Painting.php in app folder</strong></p>
<pre><code><?php
namespace App;
class Painting extends Eloquent
{
}
?>
</code></pre>
<p>Even the <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31358101">FatalErrorException in routes.php line 22: Class 'Painting' not found</a> doesn't provided the correct answer for the version i'm using</p> |
The Clinton-Lewinsky scandal was an American political sex scandal in 1998. United States President Bill Clinton was said to have had oral sex with 22 year old Monica Lewinsky.
Lewinsky said that she had sex with Bill Clinton nine times from November 1995 to March 1997. According to her published schedule, First Lady Hillary Clinton was at the White House for some of the time on seven of those days. The scandal happened after Linda Tripp leaked the secret phone calls between Clinton and Lewinsky.
Clinton did not admit his affair until the annual White House prayer on September 11, 1998, in the presence of several ministers, priests and his wife, Hillary Clinton, in his "I have sinned" speech. The speech was hand-written by Clinton himself and was delivered on the day of publication of the first report by Independent Counsel Ken Starr, which threatened to impeach President Clinton in the grounds of perjury and his sexual affair with former White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Clinton was eventually impeached, but not removed from office.
References
1998 in the United States
Bill Clinton
Political scandals in the United States |
The fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) is a small fox that lives in sandy deserts. It lives in the Sahara (in northern Africa) and the northern part of Saudi Arabia. Foxes are in the family Canidae. Canidae also includes dogs, wolves, and coyotes.
This fox is agile. It has huge ears and very large eyes. The large ears help the fox lose excess heat. They also help it hear its prey from a long distance away. The fennec fox has hairy feet that protect it from the hot sand.
The fennec fox is nocturnal (most active at night). It rests during the day in a burrow in the sand. It lives in groups of up to 10 animals. It marks its territory with urine. Its life span is 10 to 12 years in the wild, and 10-14 years in captivity.
Fennec foxes can reproduce at the age of about 9 months.
Physical traits
These foxes are small. The head and body can range from . They weigh about . Fennec foxes are famous for their large ears which can reach up to or longer. Their tails can be between long. Most of the time, their fur is a sandy-white color.
Diet
Fennec foxes eat small prey animals, insects, and fruits. Small prey include rodents, such as mice. Sometimes they will eat reptiles. They do not need water as often since they can get it from their food.
References
Other websites
Mammals of Africa
Foxes |
Alan Cedric Page (born August 7, 1945) is an American former professional American football player and judge. He played defensive tackle for the Minnesota Vikings in the 1970s. After his professional career, he was an associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court from 1993 until he retired in 2015.
Page was the first defensive player to win the MVP Award. He is a member of both the College Football Hall of Fame (1993) and the Pro Football Hall of Fame (1988).
In November 2018, President Donald Trump awarded Page the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
References
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1945 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
Minnesota Vikings players
American judges
American political scientists
American philanthropists
Politicians from Ohio
Politicians from Minnesota
Sportspeople from Ohio |
Interrupted Melody is a 1955 American biographical musical drama movie directed by Curtis Bernhardt and is based on the 1949 authbiography. It stars Glenn Ford, Roger Moore, Eleanor Parker, Cecil Kellaway, Peter Leeds, Evelyn Ellis and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for 3 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1956.
Other websites
1955 drama movies
1950s musical movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
American musical movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Curtis Bernhardt |
Kenilworth is a town and civil parish in Warwick District, Warwickshire, England. In 2011 there were 22,413 people living in Kenilworth. It is most famous for its castle which was first built in the 1120s. There is a market held each week and the town has a train station. Nearby towns are Warwick and Leamington Spa. The nearest city is Coventry.
References
GENUKI
Towns in Warwickshire
Civil parishes in England |
Harald Konopka (born 18 November, 1952) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1971-72||rowspan="13"|Köln||rowspan="13"|Bundesliga||33||1
|-
|1972-73||28||1
|-
|1973-74||29||2
|-
|1974-75||32||3
|-
|1975-76||33||5
|-
|1976-77||30||2
|-
|1977-78||31||3
|-
|1978-79||34||2
|-
|1979-80||19||0
|-
|1980-81||24||1
|-
|1981-82||26||1
|-
|1982-83||15||0
|-
|1983-84||1||0
|-
|1983-84||Borussia Dortmund||Bundesliga||17||0
352||21
352||21
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1978||1||0
|-
|1979||1||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}
References
1952 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia |
Exploration is the act of searching an unfamiliar area in order to learn about it. It involves the discovery of new information. Human beings explore even when they have everything they need where they are. They are the only mammal that does this.
Neanderthals existed for hundreds of thousands of years in Eurasia. But their range was limited compared to modern humans. In less than 500,000 years humans have explored and spread out to all the continents. Exploration had its most dramatic rise during the Age of Discovery. This is when European explorers sailed and charted much of the rest of the world. Humans have explored geographically even into outer space. They explore ideas, art, even the very nature of life.
Early historic explorations
Phoenicians
The Phoenicians were a culture that existed in the coastal region of the Levant as early as the 3rd millennium BC. They were not a significant culture until about 1100 bc. By the 9th century BC the Phoenicians had became the dominant culture in the Mediterranean Sea. They grew wealthy through trade. Instead of war they used trade agreements and alliances to expand their colonies. The Phoenicians developed advanced navigational skills and had the best ships in the Mediterranean. They explored over land routes and developed caravan routes to trade with distant places. Carthage got its start as a Phoenician colony on the north coast of Africa. It grew to be their largest and most successful colony.
Carthaginians
Gradually the western Mediterranean Phoenician colonies all came under the control of Carthage. The Carthaginians were explorers too. Two major explorations are are mentioned by early writers. Both took place around 500 BC. Pliny the Elder wrote that Carthage sent an explorer named Himilco to explore the remote parts of Europe. The report, or periplus (sailing record), has not survived but other early writers have seen it. He had as many as 60 ships in his fleet. He would have traveled along the Iberian Peninsula up the coast of Gaul. Avienus, a Roman writer of the 4th century AD, wrote about the expedition. Himilco moved north from Brittany to the British Isles. It is likely he was looking for tin, a rare metal at the time. He reached a land called , “The Holy Island”, generally believed to be Ireland.
About the same time, Hanno the Navigator was sent to explore the western coast of Africa. His periplus has survived and is one of the earliest surviving manuscripts. The periplus records landmarks, ports and sailing distance between them. It is a guide for other ship captains to follow. Hanno's 60 ships moved south along the African coast. He may have reached as far as an island off the coast of Sierra Leone. There is no record of any other explorations of the west Africa coast until the time of Henry the Navigator, the Portuguese explorer.
Greek explorers
One of the first scientific explorers was Pytheas of Massalia. He was an ancient Greek from the then Greek colony of Massalia (now Marseille). He made a voyage to northwestern Europe in about 325 BC. He circumnavigated Great Britain. Pytheas was the first person on record to describe the Midnight Sun. He is the first known scientific visitor and reporter of the Arctic polar ice. His account of the tides is the earliest known to suggest the moon as their cause.
Chinese exploration
During the 2nd century BC, the Han dynasty explored much of the eastern part of the Northern Hemisphere. In 139 BC, the Han diplomat Zhang Qian traveled west in an unsuccessful attempt to secure an alliance with the Da Yuezhi. He discovered countries the Chinese did not even know existed. He had traveled as far as the Indus River in northwestern India.
Medieval explorations
Vikings
During the Viking Age Three different groups of Vikings can be identified from different parts of Scandinavia. The Danes, Swedes (also called the "Rus") and Norwegian vikings. The 'Rus', founded the settlement of Kiev. Named for themselves they called it Russland (later known as Russia). Swedish Viking explorer Garðar Svavarsson was the first to circumnavigate Iceland in 870 and establish that it was an island. About 890 CE Vikings, led by Ohthere of Norway, traveled north above the Arctic Circle to the White Sea.
About 982, the Norwegian Erik the Red explored Greenland. In 986 he returned to Iceland, from where he sailed. He convinced others to follow him and founded the first settlement there. By the year 1000 there were a thousand settlers living there. Erik's second of three sons, Leif Erikson was probably the first European to set foot on North America. He landed at a place he called "Vinland".
Marco Polo
Marco Polo (1254-1324) was a Venetian merchant and explorer. He traveled across Asia during the height of the Mongol Empire. He was one of the first Europeans to explore Eastern Asia. He left Venice at age 17 with his father and uncle. They traveled what later became the Silk Road. They reached Cathay (China) where Marco Polo entered the court of Kublai Khan. He traveled and explored China for 24 years. He brought back ivory, jade, jewels, porcelain and silk. He brought back many other things including noodles from China which the Italians called pasta.
Age of Discovery
This was a period in European history from the early 15th century to the early 17th century. During this relatively short period of time, the way Europeans saw the world was completely changed. The European powers sent ships around the world to search for new trading routes. They were in search of trading goods such as gold, silver and spices. In the process, Europeans discovered new people and lands completely unknown to them. Some of the explorers of this age are:
Christopher Columbus was a Genoese navigator and explorer in the employ of Isabella of Castile. Under the Portuguese flag in 1492 he sailed three ships to discover a trade route to asia. Instead he landed in the Americas. It was thought he was the first European to see America, but Norse explorers had visited the continent centuries earlier. His findings triggered a series of explorations by other Europeans. He made a total of four voyages. The cost was high among the native populations, many of which were wiped out completely. They had no immunities to common diseases of Europe. As many as five million native Americans died due to disease, starvation and war with Europeans.
Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese mariner. He was the first European to sail to India via the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. He made three voyages to India via this new trade route. In 1497 he left Lisbon with four ships plus a storage ship of unknown name. No European explorer before him had sailed further than the place that is now called South Africa. Vasco da Gama sailed around the bottom of the African continent. His voyages put Portugal in a very powerful position to trade with India. The Portuguese set up outposts along the African coast.
Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer. Flying the flag of Spain he found the Strait of Magellan (named for him) connecting the Atlantic ocean with the Pacific. He was the first European to sail the Pacific Ocean. He was killed in the Philippines in 1521. But his ships, under command of the Basque navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano sailed west to Spain completing a circumnavigation of the globe. This proved the earth was round.
Giovanni da Verrazzano was a Florentine explorer of North America who sailed under the French flag. He is known for being the first European (since the Norse) to explore the East Coast of the United States. In 1524 the King of France sent Verrazzano search for a “Northwest Passage” to Asia through North America. He explored the coast between Cape Fear in North Carolina and Newfoundland. He explored what is now New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay. He wrote accounts of lands and inhabitants he found. Some were accurate, but some were not. His return the same year gave France claim to all of North America. He sailed two more times to the Americas. On his last trip he was captured killed and eaten by cannibals. This is believed to be on Guadeloupe in the Caribbean Sea.
Samuel de Champlain was a French navigator, cartographer and explorer. In 1608 he founded Quebec City. He visited lake Champlain (named for him). He is recognized as the father of New France. Champlain explored much of western New York and the eastern Great Lakes.
James Cook was an English explorer, navigator and cartographer. Captain Cook made three voyages to the Pacific Ocean. He mapped many areas and recording several islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He explored the east coast of Australia, and visited the Hawaiian Islands. He was also the first to map parts of Newfoundland and New Zealand. In 1769 he received a gift from a Polynesian priest named Tupaia. It was a map of all the major islands of the South Pacific—the first any European had ever seen. It matched what Cook had already explored and included other parts of the Pacific he had not seen. It allowed him to bring back an accurate map of the Pacific.
Modern explorations
Exploring the universe
There are many reasons humans explore outer space. It was first explored with human eyes. Ancient men mapped the universe they could see. Then came the invention of telescopes. In the mid-20th century man actually began exploring space with rockets and spacecraft. The most important reasons are scientific research and the interest of humans to learn more about the universe. Space exploration has developed new technologies. It has created new products and new industries.
Scientific research
In scientific research, exploration is one of three purposes of empirical research. The other two are description and explanation. The term is commonly used metaphorically. For example, a person may speak of exploring the Internet, exploring sexuality, or concepts one cannot physically explore.
Related pages
Expedition
Explorer
References
Other websites
The Ages of Exploration
Restless Genes
Exploration |
<p>I am trying to center a div <code>#logo_alt</code> containing an image using <code>margin: 40px auto 0px auto;</code>.</p>
<p><strong>Problem:</strong>: On Chrome, it looks perfect, but in IE, this img-containing div is aligned to the left of its parent container <code>#header_organizer</code>. I just cant figure out why this is happening, and how it can be fixed in IE! Any help greatly appreciated :)</p>
<p><strong>HTML</strong></p>
<pre><code><div id="header_organizer">
<div id="user_bar">...</div>
<div id="user_bar_menu">...</div>
<div id="logo_alt"> <!-- <<<<< We are centering this div! -->
<img src="logo.png" \>
</div>
</div>
</code></pre>
<p><strong>CSS</strong></p>
<pre><code>#header_organizer {
width: 100%;
height: 180px;
background: black url(../images/template/header.png);
float: left;
position: relative;
z-index: 1000;
}
#logo_alt {
width: 256px;
height: 55px;
margin: 40px auto 0px auto;
}
#user_bar {
height: 30px;
color: #CCC;
font-size: 13px;
margin-right: 10px;
padding: 0px 5px;
float: right;
cursor: pointer;
position: relative;
z-index: 3000;
}
#user_bar_menu {
width: 200px;
height: 165px;
background: white;
border: 1px solid #BEBEBE;
float: right;
position: absolute;
top: 30px;
right: 10px;
-moz-box-shadow: -1px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);
-webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);
box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);
display: none;
z-index: 1000;
border-image: initial;
}
</code></pre> |
<p>So I'm trying to recreate the Github contribution grid using React.</p>
<p>I'm trying to use insertAdjacentHTML to populate the grid container with a bunch of divs that I can then style.</p>
<p>However, React is throwing me an error "TypeError: Cannot read property 'insertAdjacentHTML' of null"</p>
<p>Here is my simple code:</p>
<pre><code>export default function NewHabit() {
const gridContainer = document.querySelector('.grid-container');
for (let i = 0; i < 365; i++) {
gridContainer.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', `<div id="box></div>`);
}
return (
<div>
<div className="grid-container"></div>
</div>
);
}
</code></pre> |
Franz Jarnach (14 October 1943 – 16 January 2017) was a German actor and musician. He was also known by his stage name Mr. Piggi. He was best for his role as Schildkröte in the improv comedy series Dittsche. He appeared in the series at least 188 times between 2004 and 2014. He was a pianist for the 1960s British beat group Lee Curtis and the All-Stars. He appeared on the music program Beat-Club with the group twice. He was also a member of the rock band The Rattles during the early 1990s.
Jarnach was born in the Bad Godesberg district of Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia. His father, Philipp Jarnach (1892–1982), was a composer.
Jarnach died from a heart attack on 16 January 2017 in Hamburg. He was 73.
References
Other websites
1943 births
2017 deaths
Actors from North Rhine-Westphalia
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from myocardial infarction
German pianists
German rock musicians
German television actors
Musicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
People from Bonn |
<p>I am reading in an XML file in AS3. I need to find out if an attribute exists on a node. I want to do something like:</p>
<pre><code>if(xmlIn.attribute("id")){
foo(xmlIn.attribute("id"); // xmlIn is of type XML
}
</code></pre>
<p>This doesn't work however. The above if statement is always true, even if the attribute id isn't on the node.</p> |
is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Shiso, Hyōgo on the island of Honshu.
History
Iwa jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of the old Harima Province. It serves today as one of the ichinomiya of Hyōgo Prefecture.
This place is special to the kami named
References
Other websites
Shinto shrines
Buildings and structures in Japan |
ZIP codes are numbered with the first number representing a certain group of U.S. states. The second and third numbers represent a region in that group of states or, in some cases, a large city. The fourth and fifth numbers representing a group of delivery addresses within that region. The main town in a region (if applicable) often gets the first ZIP codes for that region. Other towns are often given ZIP codes in numerical order, usually numerically. Often, the biggest city in a prefix is given a zip code ending in 01.
The first digit of the ZIP code is used as follows:
0 = Connecticut (CT), Massachusetts (MA), Maine (ME), New Hampshire (NH), New Jersey (NJ), Puerto Rico (PR), Rhode Island (RI), Vermont (VT), Virgin Islands (VI), APO Europe (AE), FPO Europe (AE)
1 = Delaware (DE), New York (NY), Pennsylvania (PA)
2 = District of Columbia (DC), Maryland (MD), North Carolina (NC), South Carolina (SC), Virginia (VA), West Virginia (WV)
3 = Alabama (AL), Florida (FL), Georgia (GA), Mississippi (MS), Tennessee (TN), APO Americas (AA), FPO Americas (AA)
4 = Indiana (IN), Kentucky (KY), Michigan (MI), Ohio (OH)
5 = Iowa (IA), Minnesota (MN), Montana (MT), North Dakota (ND), South Dakota (SD), Wisconsin (WI)
6 = Illinois (IL), Kansas (KS), Missouri (MO), Nebraska (NE)
7 = Arkansas (AR), Louisiana (LA), Oklahoma (OK), Texas (TX)
8 = Arizona (AZ), Colorado (CO), Idaho (ID), New Mexico (NM), Nevada (NV), Utah (UT), Wyoming (WY)
9 = Alaska (AK), American Samoa (AS), California (CA), Guam (GU), Hawaii (HI), Marshall Islands (MH), Federated States of Micronesia (FM), Northern Mariana Islands (MP), Oregon (OR), Palau (PW), Washington (WA), APO Pacific (AP), FPO Pacific (AP)
This table lists the cities served by each three digit ZIP. If the city name is in CAPITALS, it a three-digit prefix just for that city. If the city is in italics, it is given a zip code that ends in 01.
000s
100s
200s
300s
400s
500s
600s
700s
800s
900s
Postal codes
United States Postal Service
United States-related lists |
Jules Winslow Wright (August 21, 1933 – January 11, 2022) was an American businessman and politician. He was born in Nenana, Alaska. He was a member of the Alaska House of Representatives between 1967 until 1969. Wright was a member of the Republican Party.
Wright died on January 11, 2022 in Wasilla, Alaska at the age of 88.
References
1933 births
2022 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Alaska
Businesspeople from Alaska
US Republican Party politicians |
Isonoe or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation .
Isonoe is about 3.8 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,833,000 km in 751.647 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (169° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.166.
It was named in October 2002 after Isonoe, one of the Danaides in Greek mythology, and a lover of Zeus (Jupiter).
Isonoe belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.
References
Jupiter's moons |
Ernesto "Tino" Brambilla (31 January 1934 – 3 August 2020) was a Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He was a professional race car driver. He was born in Monza.
In 1959, he finished in 10th place in the 350cc Grand Prix motorcycle season. In 1961 he again finished in 10th place in the 350 class.
Brambilla entered in two Formula One Grands Prix, firstly in the 1963 Italian Grand Prix, which he failed to qualify.
Brambilla died on 3 August 2020 in Monza from a heart attack, aged 86.
References
Deaths from myocardial infarction
1934 births
2020 deaths
Italian racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Lombardy
People from Monza |
<p>I have this website that calls data from the API, renders the data in a table but every single cell returns undefined. </p>
<p>The data in the API is inside an array like [] but the there are multiple data sets with {} inside them which I'm not sure how to define in JavaScript. How would I fix this? </p>
<p><a href="http://dummy.restapiexample.com/api/v1/employees" rel="nofollow noreferrer">This is the link to the API</a> from where I wish to render the data. Here is an example of this data:</p>
<pre><code>[
{
"id": "40129",
"employee_name": "EllakZa",
"employee_salary": "56106",
"employee_age": "311",
"profile_image": ""
},
{
"id": "40212",
"employee_name": "Amit Negi111",
"employee_salary": "123456",
"employee_age": "44",
"profile_image": ""
}
]
</code></pre>
<p>My code follows:</p>
<pre><code>$(document).ready(function(){
$.getJSON("http://dummy.restapiexample.com/api/v1/employees", function(data){
var employeeData = '[]';
console.log(data);
$.each(data, function({key, value}){
employeeData += '<tr>';
employeeData += '<td>'+data.id+'</td>';
employeeData += '<td>'+data.employee_name+'</td>';
employeeData += '<td>'+data.employee_salary+'</td>';
employeeData += '<td>'+data.employee_age+'</td>';
employeeData += '<td>'+data.profile_image+'</td>';
employeeData += '<tr>';
});
$('#tracerouteTable').append(employeeData);
});
});
</code></pre> |
Terence Lionel Paine MBE (born 23 March 1939) is an English retired footballer. Paine is best known for his career with Southampton. He later played for Hereford United, and briefly worked at Cheltenham Town as a player-manager.
He played primarily as a winger.
Statistics
Other readings
1939 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Hampshire
English footballers
English football managers |
Supa Dupa Fly is the debut studio album by American rapper Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott. The album features the singles, "The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)", "Sock It 2 Me", "Hit Em wit da Hee" and "Beep Me 911". Guest appearances on the album include rappers Busta Rhymes, Lil' Kim, Timbaland and Magoo and R&B singers Ginuwine, Nicole, 702 and Aaliyah.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits for Supa Dupa Fly adapted from Allmusic.
702 – vocals, performer
Aaliyah – vocals, performer
Kwaku Alston – photography
Gregory Burke – design
Busta Rhymes – vocals, rap, performer
Richard Clark – assistant engineer
Nicole - vocals, performer
Drew Coleman – assistant engineer
Da Brat – vocals, performer
Jimmy Douglas – engineer, audio mixing
Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott – vocals, rap, executive producer
Ginuwine – vocals, performer
Lil' Kim – performer
Magoo – rap
Bill Pettaway – bass, guitar
Herb Powers – mastering
Timbaland – vocals, producer, performer, executive producer, mixing
Charts and certifications
Charts
Certifications
Notes
References
Other websites
Supa Dupa Fly at Discogs
Article at Spin
1997 albums
Debut albums
Hip hop albums
Hip hop soul albums
R&B albums |
<p>I am trying to code a Wikipedia search and return script. What I am trying to achieve is when a user enters a search query in my text box, it searches Wikipedia for that query and returns the result. <em>very simple</em>. I am having problems using Wikipedia API and Don't understand it all. If anyone could help me or knows a tutorial site that would benefit me, I'll be greatfull.</p> |
Pauline Viardot (18 July 1821 – 18 May 1910) was a 19-century French mezzo-soprano of Spanish descent. She also taught and composed. She was instrumental in getting Camille Saint-Saens's Samson and Delilah composed and staged.
French opera singers
1821 births
1910 deaths
French singers |
Stephen Gerald Breyer (; born August 15, 1938) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1994. Breyer is generally associated with the more liberal side of the Court.
In January 2022, Breyer announced that he would be retiring from the Supreme Court at the end of the term.
Background
Breyer is of Jewish descent. He has been an Associate Justice since 1994. Breyer generally favors a liberal interpretation of the law; he is pro-choice and pro-civil liberties. Breyer had the second-longest tenure as the most junior justice on the bench. Breyer is also the only justice to appear on a quiz show (Wait Wait Don't Tell Me). Before being a judge, he was a professor at Harvard Law School and a judge on the First Circuit Court of Appeals. Breyer is an Eagle Scout.
References
1938 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
US Democratic Party politicians
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish judges
Politicians from San Francisco
Stanford University alumni
United States Supreme Court justices
Educators from San Francisco |
<p>I want the textbox to be 6 column on screen greater than sm and 12 column for mobile.</p>
<p>I use the vuetify grid but it does not work as expected.</p>
<p>this is my code:</p>
<pre><code><v-card-text>
<v-layout warp>
<v-flex xs12 sm6 class="pa-1">
<v-text-field
ref="name"
v-model="password.name"
label="Name"
solo
placeholder="Full Name"
counter="25"
></v-text-field>
</v-flex>
<v-flex xs12 sm6 class="pa-1">
<v-combobox
v-model="password.keys"
label="Add keys"
chips
solo
multiple
>
<template slot="selection" slot-scope="data">
<v-chip :selected="data.selected" close @input="remove(data.item)">
<strong>{{ data.item}}</strong>&nbsp;
</v-chip>
</template>
</v-combobox>
</v-flex>
</v-layout>
</code></pre>
<p>In the mobile view, the elements are in the same row.</p>
<p>What can be the reason, and how can I fix it?</p>
<p>This is the mobile version:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/aoQhi.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/aoQhi.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p> |
<p>In Fortran, a clear difference exists between function and subroutine: functions return one value, subroutines return no value. This introduce a cascade of differences between the two. One example is the calling semantics: you can call a function just as in other languages, but in order to call a subroutine you must issue a <code>call</code> statement first.</p>
<p>With the addition of pointers and data types in Fortran95, it appears that there is no technical limitation in making any subprogram a function, and keeping subroutines just for legacy. Functions could return zero (you just return a dummy integer), one, or multiple values (for example, you could return a pointer to an allocated instance of a type, like a C++ STL Pair).</p>
<p>Am I wrong? Do we still need subroutines in Fortran programming due to some feature that subroutines have and functions don't?</p> |
<p>I am looking for some advice on what type of update would be the best in a certain scenario for t-sql DML.</p>
<p>came into a data issue where end dates are one day before the start date on a current record, and need to set the end date to the start date of the next in row for multiple entities</p>
<p>For example<br/></p>
<pre><code>rowid entity id record_type start_date end_date
214 250 1 H 2015-01-01 2014-12-31
329 250 1 H 2015-04-25 2015-04-24
533 250 1 C 2015-11-01 NULL
11 250 2 H 2015-06-01 2014-05-29
292 250 2 H 2015-09-11 2015-09-10
987 250 2 C 2015-10-01 NULL
</code></pre>
<p>What I need to do is update the first record end_date to the next record startdate - 1 on each employee/entity.</p>
<p>Currently, there are over 5K entities affected by this, so I am trying to get this updated on each record somehow to save time on this.</p>
<p>What I can do but is taking a lot of time, is to
1. get a max rowcount of history records for all companies into one number
2. create the same amount of temp tables for the number of total rows
3. insert minimum start date values into first temp table
4. insert minimum value not in temp table 1 into table 2, and so on
5. then update temp table 1's end date to temptable 2's startdate -1 day
6. from there, run an update on the actual table with multiple update statements for each temp table, joined on rowid.</p>
<p>Final output would look like:</p>
<pre><code>rowid entity id record_type start_date end_date
214 250 1 H 2015-01-01 2014-04-24
329 250 1 H 2015-04-25 2015-10-31
533 250 1 C 2015-11-01 NULL
11 250 2 H 2015-06-01 2014-09-10
292 250 2 H 2015-09-11 2015-9-31
987 250 2 C 2015-10-01 NULL
</code></pre>
<p>Any suggestions besides my long list of temp tables/updates would be greatly appreciated! I was thinking something along the lines of possibly a cursor, but I am not too sure if this would be a quicker way of writing an update for this scenario. </p> |
Oakland is the county seat of Garrett County, Maryland, United States.
Towns in Maryland
County seats in Maryland |
"Supalonely" is a song by New Zealand singer Benee. It was first released on her 2019 extended play Stella & Steve. It was later released as a single in December of that year. It became very popular on the online video-sharing app TikTok in March 2020. It had about 6.9 billion plays on the app for that month.
References
2019 songs |
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Commequiers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.
References
Communes in Vendée |
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هذا المعلم وشف اننت واياهد فى الدينخ
أى مكان اجيه ارج ب صاحيده منه أن
كان ذكانا أو وكالخ 0 غبر ذلك وأبغيه
مصيغة على خاطر هذا اللمعلم وميهما أمرك
به أبنيه له ولا خالفه فيما يريك ثم أنه
اليسم يبدل ماكة وأعطاه الف دينار ذهيا
وقال أصرفهم عليك على ما تتم البناية
وأعطاه مملوكين برهم اخدمة وحتصانا
لذن
ساير الالوان يمكى أن تخدمنىئى عندك
بالاجرة وانا أغلمك الالوان لاجل أن تفتخر
بها على كلل طايفة الصباغين قال لهم كن
لا نقيل غريبا يدخل (أصنعدنا أبد!ا نقال
له واذ!ا فتكت لى مصبغة وحدى قال له
ذمكنك من ذلك ابدا فتركم وذوجه
للثانى قال له كدا قال الاول ولا زال الى
أن انطلف الى الاربعين مصيغة ما قيلوه
لا اجيرا ولا. معلما فراح للشيت: بناعهم .قال
له لا نقبل غرييا يدخل فى صنعتنا
ناحمف وطلع يشكى للك تلك اللمدينة
وقال لد يا ملك الزمان انا غريب الديسار
وصنعتى صباغ وجرى لى مع الصياغين ما
مو كذا وكذا وانا أصبغ أجرا واخضرا
وأصفرا واسودا وناركدى ولبمونى وصار يذكر
له الالوان جميبعا وقال يا ملك الزمان كل
2
عشرين درها نقال له كىن نصبغ. هذه فى
بلأدنا بدرهين فقال له روح اصبغها فى
بلادكم وما انا ما اضبغها ألا بعشرين
درها لم ينقصوا شيا فقال له لى لون فى
هرادك تصيغها لى قال له زرقه قال له انا
موادى تبغها لى جرة قال له لا ادرى صباغ
الاجر قال خضرة قال 8 أدرى صباغ الاخضر
قال صفرة قال له لا ادرى صباغ الاصفر وصار
يعد عله ضفخ الالوان قال له كى فى بلادنا
أربعون. معلما ل. يزيد ولا ينقص معنا
واحد! ألا اذا مات احد نعلم ولده وأن
ما.خاف ولد! نيقا ناقصين واحن والذى
له ولديى نعلم واحدا! منع ولا ذعام الثانى
ما لم عجوت أخوه وهذه صنعتنا مزبوطة» ولا
نعرفا نصيغ غمر الازرق من غبر زبادة فقال
0 أعلم أ أذا صنعتى صدياغ وأعرف أصبيغع
وادوأ ده ناديم وتم زال المزيى بسكدىر بواب
الوكالة فى قضنا حاجته مدة اربعة أيام. غاب
عليه الامراض واما أبوا قير حرقه الجسوع
شام وثنشسش أدوأ صببو رأى دعم ألف ذعدف
فض فاخشطذهم وقفل باب الاوضة على ابو
فى السوق فلم رأه حالة خروجه ثم أن
لمسهاي: نصف فضخ وججعسل سدور اي
امدينخ و فرج فراها مدينة ما يوجد
ايض وأزرق من غبهر زيادة الى لصيساغ
رأى جبمبع ما فى ذكانه أزرقا فارج 3
درم وقال با معلم خد هذه المدرمبة
اصيغها وخ اجرتنك قال له هذه كراها
نام ولم يفف حتى وضع له السفرة اثكاق
واكل «قال انا دايخ لا تواخطذئى وقعدوا
على هذه اخالة اربعئن يوما وكل يوم
تمل المزين العدة ويدور فى اطراف اليلد
لل ظالدن حيم السب كبر 1
ويانى يلتقى ابوا قير نايم بفيقه فيقعد
ملهوف على الاكل فياكل اكل من لا يشيع
ولا يقنع وينام. الى مدة أربعين يوما وكلما
قال له اجللس 3 رشاح وأخرج نفساح قللئ
المادينة فانها فيجة وبهجة ولها مهرجان
ولس لها نظير ببن المداين فيقول له لا
تواخذئ انا دايج فلا يرضى يكسر بخاطه
ولا يسمعه كلمخ ذوذيه ولا بقلل عليه شما
وى بوم احدى واربعين ضعف المزوين ولم
يقدر بسرح فسكر بواب الوكالة قضى له
حاجته واأنى لهم دما ياكاون وما بشربون
اه
دايخ قال هات وهو غالقف على الصحى
مشل الرخ وجعل ياكل فتركه أبوا صهر وراج
تعشى عنك القبطان واحظ وشرب قهوة
ورجع الى عند ابوا قير رأه أكل جميع ما
كان فى الصحنى وارمى الصحن فارغا
الليلة:السبعون: والثمائاية::ذليا كان
فى تالى الايام جعل ابوا صير كلف وككلل
ما جاب لم شيا ياكله ويشورب وهو حالس
لا يقوم الا اذا أزال الضرورة وكل ليلخ
كن ملان من عند القبطان وصاروا على
هذه الغالة عشريى يوما ثم انهم طاعوأ
لدينة فاخدذوا خاطر القبطان وخرجوا
من الغليون ذدخلوا المدينة واخذوا لهم
أوضة فى وكالة وفرشها ابوا صير واشترى
حلة وككنا ومعالقا وجاب قطعة لخم
هم
بقاع 0 مل الغول 00 03 5
هفات 0 0 لاعشا ين له دقوم 0
فقال له ما اقدر فراح المزين راى القيطان
عو وجماءةه بسنننوأ الأزديىن ذلما رأك قال له
و بقدر بقوم قال ” باس عابد يعاود يصكا
لك خف ودى له عشاه وتعالى الى باستفاك
وأعطاه دن كباب وحخط كيم مى كل أون
خيسخز ناخل»ه أدوا صبب وأظّ
شها فصار يكذ
ى
الى عنك أدوأ قور أت عهوال يطكىن باذيابه مقل
لثمل ويالحق اللقمخ باللقمخ 0 فقال |
له ما قلت لك لا تاكل فان القبطان
تك مهو انظر ايش بععتث لك ذا 0 3
ا
حاجة يعطوه وبقى عذده اللماء كتير وحائف
للقبطان واشكى لد مى قلة الزوادة فقال له
موديا بك هات رفبيقك وتعالى انعشوا ولا
ملوأ ا ما دمنا مسافردن كل ليلة انعشسوا
عندى لم رجع الى عنك الصباغ رأة لم دول
نايما. فارقفظه ذفان أبوا بر رأى انيه كوم
من أبن لك ذلءك ذقال من ذببض جدود الاك
أراد أن ياكل قال لد أدبوأ صور 9 تاكل يا
اخى وصره ينفعنا وفنا آر وأعلم ألى حاقفت
بك هات رفيقك فى كل ليلة وتعالوا انعشوا
عندى وأكن بقينا الليلة اول عشانا عند
القيطان فقال له أبوا قير انا دايح من البكر
ولا اقدز أقوم من مكدانى دعنى اتعشى من هذا
النئد أنت الى عند القيطان ذقال لودلة
9
كى 5زتت
م
نغنى عى الغوطةخ لاذه فقيهر وشف بين الركاب
فقال له واحىد تعالى يا اسطى احلف لى
خلف له والكر ما فيه فيه خلما حلاف للرجل
أعطاه نصف ذضة فقال له يا اخى والله ها
كان لى حاجةخ بهذا النصف لو كنت اعطيتنى
رغيفا كان أبرك لى فى هذا البكر لان لى رفيقف
وزوادتننا تى قلبل فاعطاه رغيبفا وقطعة جبنى
وملا له الطاسخ ماء فاق لعند ابوا قير وقال
له خف كل فاخذه واأكلد وشرب الاء ثم أنه
شف حالف برغيفين ثالى مرة ولم يزل كلف
لهذا وعذا! ووقع عليه الطلب وبقى كل من
يقول له احلف لى با اسطا يشرط عليه
برغمفين ونصف فضة ولا فى الغلبون غيره
فلا مضى المغرب حتى جمع ذلاتين رغيغا
وثلاثين نصف فضة وبقى عنده جبن
وزيتون وقلب بطارخ وصار كلما يطلب
نزم
والصياغ اعطى الصيغة لصاحبها مقفواتخ
خنومظ وحولوا مصادهم' واصجدوا مسافرين
ونزلوا فى غلهون وسافروا' فى ذلك النهسار
وحصل لهم تعطيف ومى تمام سعد الزين
ما كان معت فى الغليون أحدا من الزينين
وكان فيه ماية وخمسون رجلا غهر الرايس
والنواتية ثم مشى الغليونى قام كزين وقال
لاصباغ با أخى هذا كر -ظ للماكحل
والمشرب وى ما معنا زوادة آلا قلبل وربما
نطول علينا السفرة خاطرى احفل عسدق
واشف. .بين الركاب ردبها أن احدا يقول لى
تعالى با مزبن أحاف لى ناحاقا له برغيف
أو بخنصف فضنة أو بشربة ماء ننتفع بها ذقال
لا باس وحدط راسد الصباغ ونام والزين كلل
عدانه والطاسخة وجعل على كتفه شرموطةء
أ
السفر الى بلاد الناس لان الشاعر قال
ذغورب ع ى الاوطان 0 طلب العلا ؛
وسافر ففى الاسفار خيس ذوادي د ©
ذغو فم وأكننزساب معبث ذا '
وعبليمن واأدذأاب وصكيخ ماحخ د 82
وأن قبل 7 الاسفا خم وخربة ؛
نيبحت دول وأرتئكاب شدأينك ©
ذموت الفنى خبر له م نات
د وض خوار. دك وأش وحسشسيت ,» 6
ولد زال بعظه وكتسى له الغربخ حدى قال له أساغر
مع.ك ذقال أبوا قهبر لبوأ صيور ب جارى كىن
يقمةا أخونا و ذرق دمننا ذفرأ أذا وأذنت فا دخ
صندوى ناذا رجعنا الى اسمكندرية نقميد
بيننا داف والانصاف قال ابوا صير وجيب
م
1 لع من الفظر ب جارى كيف أصذع الصنعخة
يذحر له الكسستاد وقلخ اديت وأدوأ صمر
جدعل ينك له كساكث صنعنه وقول اذا
الصتعة با اخى: فقال 'له. الضباغ : وانا. كرهيت
صنعنى هذه من الحكباد ولأكن با اذى
أنا وأذعت زنقما على هذه اليلد الغبل دعنا
نسائر فى بلاد. الدناس فرج وصذعتننبا فى
باد الفاس صايبة ذنحم العوى وذرتساح
0 هذا الهم العظبعم وعزموأ ع اأسفر
الليلة الناسعة والستوى والتماهاية
بلغذى ايها الك السعيد أن أدوأ هر دعل
سن الى أبوا صير السفر والغربخ. ىه بلاد
الناس ثم انه قال له ما لنا احسىن من
كهز أى برسول_وفقل. باب: الذكان حضرة
جماءخ من المسلميين وختمها لأذك م رأى
ذهها غبجر بعص) موأجبهر محكس رذ ول فبيها
نى يوخ-. يقوم بوقام حاجته ننمها وقال
بإاخل مغناح ويحان: دم أذك رأح فقال أبوأ
صير لابوا قير أننت ذاتقينتك ايش كل من
جاب لك حاجة تعدمه ابإها وحاجخ هذا
الرجل اجبار راحدت فين قال سرقوها يسا
جارى قال أبوا ضير حجايب كل من اناك
بكاجة يسرقوها انث معاد اللصسوصض
ولكن أظى انك تكذب اخيرى بقصتك قال
يا جارى ما احد سرق لى شما قال له
ايش عملت فى متقاع الناس قال له كلل
اجااق ناج ابيعها. واضرفك' ثمنها: .قال
له هذا حلال لك من الله تفعل ذلك قال
7 8
تنطليه ومع ذلك اذك 0-2 جَ ع دده سابر
الكرا سلف. وفى علد تعالى خذييها فتعطيه
السوق ديبع
٠6ه ءثى ٠. 5
ولخضار والدخان والفاكية وما كتاب. اليه
وأذا راى احدا! :وقف على الدكان من
الاق ذل طثال» عفاكة حل يظه ناولا بتؤاريط
نفسة ودام على هذه اذخذالغخ سنين واياما
ألى بوم مى الايام إخك. حاجة من رجحلل
جبار ثم باعها واصرف كمنها وصار ضاخيها
كل يوم ياق فلم .يرد فى الدكان وكلما
دراه أبوا قمر يهرب فى دكان الوسرزيسن
ذاناه موارأ فلمرد: كد» شراج لطرف النشرع
0
ا
نظير ونشرتها على لذبل انسوقت ولا ادرى
مىئ سرقها فان كان صادحب اشاجخ م
اعل الخير يقول له اخلف على الله وأن
وجرسر) و بحخصل لخدا هما وأى أشنحى
عليه و بوال بغعل هذه الفعال حنى تتساع ا
ذكره وبقت النفاس توصى بعضتم عى أبوأ
خبر ويغضاربوا به الامغال ولا بقى بقع معد
الا الغشيم لكى كل يوم 2 بد لم عن
جسة ولنبيكحخ مع خاق الله فصل له
جاره أبوا صهر اطزيى ويقعكد قصاد امصيغخة
مى ذاخيل الدكان ينظر ألى باب المصيغخ
آفان رأى أاحدا|ا غشيما أو أهرائ وقفت عك
باب المصبغة ومعها تى نريكد صبغد يظهر
عم
بواجبهم حتى رأحوا ونضييت وق غداةا
غدا قيل الشمس تعالى الى عندى للها
فهبروح وياتيه ثالث يوم فيقول له عندى
المراة ولدت وطول الفهار وانا أقضى محداخ
ولكى بكره من كل بك وسيب تعالى خذها
فيانى له فموطلع له كيلة من حيبت كان
وجلف له الليلة التامنخة والستون
والتماماية بلغنى ايها املك السعيك أن
الصباغ كلما. جا له صاحب الشى. يطلع
له كيلة من حيث كان وكلف له ويوعده
لبكره حنى يزعهف قلب الؤبون. ويقول له ]|
كام بكرةه اعطنى حاجنى ما بقييت أرديد
صباغا فيقول له والله با اخى انا مستكحى
منك أنا. اخبرك الصكحجم لكى الله يوذى
من بوذى الناس فى مناعها فبقول له اخيرقى
فيقول له حاجنك صيغفهيا صباغا ليس له
جيران بعضهما فى السوى وكان المزدن فى
جاتب دكان الصباغ وكان. الصباغ نصابا
كذابا صاحب شر قوى صدغه ملكم لا
يساكى من عبية يفعلها بين الناس وكان
من عادته: أنه اذا أعطاد احس شيا يعدبعغة
يطلب الكرا سلف لقدام وكفال اذه يشترى
به اجرا يصبغ بهم ذيعطيه الكرا لقدام
فيصرفه على أكل وشرب ثم يبيع الشى
الدى اخذه يصبغده ويصرف تمنه ولا باكل
الا طبيا من اثخر الماكول .فاذ! اناه صاحب
الشى بقول له بكره بدرى تعال تلتقهى
حاجنك مصبوغة مى- قيل الشومس فجروس
صاحب الداجة ويقول يوم من يوم قريب
ثم بانيه ثالى يوم فبقول له بكره انا امس
ها كذمت فاضى كان عندى ضببوفا ديوعت
ترم
الينا تيابا . كثيرة: وفرشا. وخمسماية:.ذينازا
ا
وقال هذا مقدار ما اردت أجريه عليك فى
كل شهر لكى بشرط المنادمة وسماع لذارية
الغلانية قال تدملت الى الدار واذا لل
عمرت بالفرش والقماش وكامت انجارية الى
الدار تم اننى جيت الى البقال رتنه
الخحيث وسالنه أن كجعلنى فى حخلل من
طلاق ابننه من غير ذنب ودنعات الببه
مهرها وما يلؤمنى وأقهحنت مع الهاشهمى على
ذلك مدخ بان وصورت ساب نعي عظبةخ
وعادت <التى الى قريب ما كنت أفيخ أذا
ولمارية وفرب الله الكريم عنا وهذا اخر ما
كان من حديتج حكاية أبوا صير وابوا قير
وهما بححى أن رجلين كانا. فى .موينة
أسكن ريخ وكان احلها صياغا وامهيكة أدوأ
سس
ترعرع
وقالوا انك حى وعائقونى وسالونى عن
قصتى فاخبرتهم بها فقالوا لى ما قلنا لك
الا انك قوى عليك السكر وغرقت فى اماه
واما الجارية فانها شقت ثيابها وحرقت
العود واقيلت على اللطم والنحيب فلما
وردنا الى اليصرة قلنا لها كنا وعدنا
مولاكى بالذى وقع منا ذقالت انا اليبس
السواد. واجعل لئ قبرا قريبا من هذه
الدار واقهيم عنىل القير وانوب عى الغنا
فمكناها مى ذلك وق على كلك احالة عند
القيو الى الآن .تمر اخذونى معهم خلما
وصلت الى الدار ورايتها على تلك اخحالة
وراتنى شهقفت شيقة عظيوة “حنى طنذات
أنها مانت فاعتنقنا عناقا طويلا. ثم قال
الهاشمى خذها فقلت نعم ولكن اعتقها]
كما وعدت وزوجنى بها نفعل ذلك ودفع
فدعانى أن اذزوب بابنته ويشاكصى فى
الدكان نفعلت ودخات دزوجتى ولزمت
الدكان وامال يقوى الا اننى منكسر لخاطر
والقلب ظاهر الحزن. وكان البقال يرب
وددعولى الى ذلك فامتنع حونا فاسفهور سّ
الخال سنتين فالما كان فى بعض الايام واذا
جماعة معهم طعام وشراب فسالت اليقال
عن القصة فقال هذا يوم الشعانين خرج
اهل الحارب واللعب والمغنيات اليه ياكلون
ويشربون على نهر الابلة فدعتنى نفسى
الى عذا وقلت لعلى اجتمع يمن احب
فقلت للبقال الى أريك ذلك فقال لى شانك
واصلم لى طعاما وشرابا ولعيلت 5
الابلة فاذ! الناس منصرغفون فاردت الاذع 0
فاذا بالولال بعينه وهو ساير فى نهر الابلخ
فتصدحت . عايهم فعرذونى وأخدوذ ى البجههم
أ
حبران وكان ما كننت فيه مناما فاجغارت
ى مركب عطيية خملت. فبها ودخلت
المصدرة وما كنك دمت قم اقط خذولمت
اذا و ليت حيبسران إن 3 أدرى أيسى
انوجه ولا أعرف: أحدا مى اقل الدينخ
الليلة السابعة والستونى والثماغاية
قال ذاكبيبيت ل دقال وأخذطت ا دوأ
ورأى قوش 55-08 بدك ع2 ى أمرى فاخي لخن
أ غوبيب فقبر فقال دعل م - دوم
حدساب دذكالى فقلت له اعت وجاست عنده
ودبرت أمره. وضبطت دخله وخرجه فلمسا
كان بعد شهر رأى الورجل دخاه زايدأ
وخرجه ناقصا فشحرنى على ذلك ثم أنه
2
واذا لم يكى من الذل بد ؛
فالف. بالذل أن لقيك الكبارا :5
ليس اجلالك الكريرم بذل؛
انماالخل. أن: تجال المشغيناوا ».
ففرح القوم ى وزأد فرحهم ولم ذول على
مسرة وسرور وأنا أغنى ساعة ولخطارية ساءة
كذلك. الى أن جينا .الى بعض . الشطوط
فارسى الؤلال وصعد. من الزلال كل هن
ذببة وصع دنا أذا أيضا وخنتت سجحك ,اننا
نفعدت ابول فاخذتتى عينى خفنمت وطلع
ين دأره باليضرة..وباى .ننى يعرف فيقيت
رع
مقل ما حط ببن ايديهما ثم اندنعيت
لثارية تغنى بانيساط وتقول
عيروقى بان سفكحست دموي ؛
حين هم اخبيب بالتوديى ©
لم يذوقوا طعم الفراق ولا ما!
احرقت لوعة الاسا من ضلوي ©
انها يعرف -الغرام من اسمو؛
ل علية الغرام بين الربسوي ».
قال فطرب القوم مى ذلك طربا شديدا
وزاد فرح الغتى بذلك حتنى اخيل العسود
مى الكجارية وضرب بم 3ق أحدسى صنعخ
وأنشك وقال
انتال: ,العرف :أن +.سالبت. كويما .؛
لمم يؤل . يعرف الغنا واليسارا ©
فسوال الكريم يورت عرا؛:
وسوال + اللييم .يسورث: عسارا ©
وا ,
بغ لآأد لسماع الغنا وطلب أرزاق من أههر
المومنين وقك بلغدت الامربيسن وكمنا أردت
الأوجوع ألى وطنذى ذذلت أسمع من عخمةفكنا
بغداد شيا ذاش خردبيت هذه امجاريت: وأذأ
كنتما على هذه لذالة ذانى اشهى الله تعالى
على أنى هذه الجارية اذا وصلت الى اليصرة
اعننقها وأزوجك أياها وأجرى علبكهمها ما
يكفيكما وزيادة ولك على شرظ: انائ اذا
وندماى ففرحت بذلك ثم أن الهاشهى
بغلام لد وقال له خك بيك هذا الشاب
ففعل نى ذلك وحط بين يدى الشسراب
الؤلال فقال لها الهاشمئ والله لو كان معنا
ما منئعنه من معاشرتنا ولعله كان خفف
ها بكى وتتتفع بغناكى ولكن هذ!ا بعبد
ثقالت هث! مما لا أسمعد ألة ومولاى معذا قال
الهاشمى فنسال الملاحين قالت افعل فسالع
وقال هلل لتم معمكور - أحنأ*نقالوا :لا
'وخفيت أن ينقطع السوال فصحن نعمم
عو أنا ذقالنت والله حلارم مولاى غانى
الغلمان ويلولى الى الهاشمى فلمسا رأى
عرفنى ذقال وكح.ك ما هذ الذى أننت ثبخ
وما أصابيك الى أن صرت فى هذه اخالء قال
خصلدققه عن أهرى وبحين وعلا حيَب
امجارية من خلف السقارة وبكى هو واخوتة
بكا شديد! رقة له ذقال والله ما هدات
الهوم وانا رنجل موسع على وانما و ردت
القرا فاخرجوه وأاركونا منه الى من ذلك
ألم و عظيرم دهم وضعءمت على ل .بيد ى ٠ الصبر
والتكالد وقلشت أء عمل الدباخ أ" أن أعام 5
بوتخكالنى من الولال لشمنع من أخراجى تم
بالغنا الى ردب ضبعة ذقال. راحب الولال
أصعدوأ نا الى الشط فطلع الوم وكان
فرعلا فقؤيوحتك حنى صدروت خاف الساتار: كٌُ
وغبرت طريقة العود الى طريةة أخرى وكانت
فل تعلمهها هذى تم رجعات الى موضعى من
الولال الليلة السادسة والستنون
والتمافايخة وثرغ ألقوم من حتواجدهم: من
القئط 2 جعوأ والقهر ل أنمسدط ذقنناك
الهاشهى للجارية بالله عليكى 2 ذننغخصى
علمنا عيشنا فاخذت العود وج سس ةم
خرجيت وقالنت 0 أسنفادى. مع تسلى
د
عدّدأ يمن أغواه لمهم بأكرج_وأ 2
وغدت. كان على ترايب خرها؛
جمر الغضا خيساحة يتاججول',
دم غلبيها اليكا ورمعت أأعود وقطعءت ألغنا
أذلى وأم دزالوأ بدارونها ويسالونها الى أن
ذوقفت. اندب للذيى خملوا؛
وكان قاجى بالشقا ينقطع 2
ذل خامت دارهوا ةا عد يسن
والدار خاليخ المنازل بلقع,)
ذم شهقفت شهقة كادت ذموت وارتفع بكاوها
الملاحون. منى فقال الهاشمى كيف 2اتم
هذا الجنون ذقال بعضه اذا وصلتم ليعض
خدمانها فسكن ما كان ىن فقلت اراما
أن جا الهاشمى راكيا ومعده جماعة فنولوا
ب الولال واكدروأ وأخرج الطلعام ذشاكل هو
قال الهاشمى للجاري+ة حدم هذه المدانعخ
عن الغنا ولزوم انحون والبكا ما أننتى اول
من شارق من دب ذعامت مم كان - 5
من 0 م ضرببت ستارة فى جانب الزلال
ضعهم خارج ماه فسالت عنهم ذاذ! م
أخونه ذم ارج لهم ما جحتاجون لبه
من المر والنقل وما زالوا كقوا .امجارية
على الغنا الى ١ ن أستدعمت بالعود وأصلكته
واخءمت تغنى ٠. وتقول فذبي. ن.. النبيتبين
بان أخاليط بم عرذمت فاد جوأ ؛ :
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الى أن يشتغل قلينك ويهدى ما بك فانك
م أولاد .الكناب. وخطك جيك وادبك بارع
فاقصس من شبت من العال واطر حم ففسك
عليه لعل الله جمعك على جاريتك فسمعت
مند وقك قوى عزمى وزأل عنى بعض اله
واعقمدت على الى اقصك واسط لان لى بها
أقارب ناذا زلال مقدم وجرابة وقماش فاخر
ينقل الى الؤلال فسالتهم أن جكملوق الى
وأسط فقالوا هذا الولال ليجل هاشمى لا
عكننا. جلك على هذه الصورة فارغبتهم فى
الاجر فقالوا أن كان ولا بك فاخالع هذه
التهياب والبس تياب اللملاحين واجلس معنا
كانك واحد منا فرجعت واشغريت من تياب
الملاحين وجيت الى الولال بعد أن اشخرييت
الزوادة وجلست معهم ذما كان الا ساعة
حنى رأبيت جازيتى بعينها ومعها جاربنان
م
وصرت ابكى والطام وقاحت فارقت روحتك ومالك
الليلة لخامسة والستوى والتماهاية
وزاد فى الامر الى أن جيت الى الذاجلة
ولحت ذو على وجهى ورميبت روحى ألى
الدجلة ففطى ىن الحاضرون أن ذنلك لغوظ
حدل لى فرموا أرواخهم «خلفى واظلعوقى
0 عن أمرى فاخبرتع فتاسفوا لذلك
آلى أن جالى شيخ منهم وقال ذهب مالك
وتنذمعب. روحءك فتكون من اهل النار قم
معى حتى أرى مذنولك ففعلت ذلك وقعد
عندى دتنى سكن ما ى فشكرده وانصرف
فكدت اققل رودى فتذكرت: الآخرة والخار
فخرجءت مى دتى هاربا الى بعض الاصدقا ||
ناخيوتة ا جرءٍ ولوخاك فيكى ركية لى وأعطانى
خمسين ديفنارا وقال اقيل رايسى واخسرج
الساعة مى بغداد واجعل هذه نفقخ لك
ذو دع لم أكون السديب 3 رجسوى
اليك قال تحدملها الى السوى فكان اول
من وأها رجل عاشهى من أعللى المصسسرة
وامسمابخ دينار قال ذقيضسعت ونكل مس عت
وبكيت انا والجارية وطليت الاقالة خلم
أدرى أبن إذعب فان بيبنى موحش منها
وورد على من البكا واللام والنحيب تى
أبحكى فيرخ وثهما عوات بمفسى كتوسدءرت
وليك اليس خضت راسم كالمشتة .خف
أشعر الا وانسان. قل جلبه من تكساءت
بوجلى مربوطة فى حبل فوقععت على وجهى
رن
تلاصواب حكاية الرجيل اليغدادى .وجاريته
ومما #كى انه كان :فى قديم الزمان
اببده ما جزيلاا وكان يتعشف جارية ذم
اشخدراها وكاننت ذكديكخ كما كان ككدبها وأم
دول ينفقف علبها ماله ألى أن ذعب ماله
بعبش دح فلم يقدر وكان الفتى يق أيام
سعادنه ضر العار ذبين ىق صناعخ الغنا فيلغ
فبها الغايخ فاس شار بعض اخوانه ذقال له
ما أعرف نلك مناءخ أدحسىن من أن دغذنى
انت وانجارية فناخكذ على ذلك المال الكثير
وتاكل وتنشرب فكره ذلك هو واياها فقالت'»
59 رمت ليك رايا قال وما فى قالت 1 -
تييعنى وأآ>+تلص من هذه القحدة اذا وانت
و نميل 4 قار فان متلى ما يشخرينى. الا
دق
اجا لحب اليكى هذا السام أم زوجكى
الغارس ذخلان د له كها قالت للسلطان
فقال الوسول لمن معد من الافرذيم أسمعوا
كلامها ثم قال الى الرسول خل آامرانك
وامضئ فوليت بها كم أنه ارسل خلفى
عاجلا وقال أن امها ارسلت لها منى وديعة
وقالمت أن أاينى ديب فا وى عريانة ا
وأننتهى :أن توصل اليها ذا الجدكان
وتسلمه لها قل فتساو.ت الجدأن ومضبحت
به الى الدار واعطيتم لها ففاكنه توجدت
قماشها بعينه وقك سيرته لها امها
الصرتئين الذهب المسين دينارا واأساية
دينار كما ا بربطنى لم يتغيروا. ومولا
الاولاد منها وق عبش وق الذى عوات
لم الطعام فانيسطنا من حكايته وما حصيل
له من لظ وهذا! اخر حكايتة والله ا موف
1ن
كان أسمرأ من النسا والوجال ولهر دف
عفها 0 ق. السوال , والكبشف: فوقق :»تهنا
شدلة وقكل ذغيء 58 ذقالمت لى ١ بد! لك
و | .اذى ليك ذقلنتنت دا رسول الماك
لا .باس عليك احضرلى اليهم وانا أعرك
الذى اقوله لهم قال فذاخذندها واحضرتها
قاذام -الشلطاى املك الناضن..والرسوق ببجالسن
عن عينه وقلت هذه كران الذدى عندى
فقالءرقيط الملبلب النافيق. وال سطولم زاخيق) 1
بلادكىئ ام الى زوجكىئ فقك فك الله
أشركوب: اناى ١ وغنيوكي :عالت (لاسططا راتفا
اا
فاتيت اليم فنظرت فبها فعرفت انجارية
الافوجية غرجنى فقت أعطوى هذه ناخدذتها
قالك لا فقلت لها انا صاحبكى التاجر
فى الكمان الذتى جرى الى معكى ما جراأ
واخذق منى الذهب وقلتى ما بقيدءت تنظرنقى
ألا سماد ديغار وفك اخذتكى ملحا
بع شرن دنانيو فقالت أمدد يدك اذا اشهكد
أن لجعالء إل2:-الله وأن -5 رسول الل
فاساويتك 6 أسلامها فذقامت والأسك لا
ليان الجا لالاءابافو«العاضو («مرتجتض .اليه
أبن يداد وحكبت له ما جرى وعقدل لل
عليها . دبانت ثلك اللباخ مجم مامت ذم
إقال:(العسكر+.واقيننا <ماتسفم فيناء! كارن بللا
شهور قلايل وانى رسول املك تطلب الاسارى
والسبايا دباتئفاق وقع 0 الملوك فرث مى
اذك
الهدنة ومى. الله سجكانه. وتعالى عسلى
بكسب جيك وصرتء كر فى الجوار عبسو
يذهب ما بقلبى من الافركدية ولازمست
التجارة فين فؤضحت لى ثلاث سنين وجرق
للساطان الملك .الناصر ما جرى من وقعة
حطين واخذه جميع الماوك وفتم بسلاد
الساحل باذن الله تعالى فطلب منى جارية
تاملك الناصر وكان عندى جارية حسنا
فاشتريت له منى دماية دينار فاوصلوا الى
تنسعين ديغارأ وبقى لى عشرة دنانهر فلمم
كجديها فى الحونة ذلك اليوم لانه انفف
الاموال جميعها فشاو روه على ذلك فقال
الملك امضواءبه الى الخرنة الى فيهسا
السبجى مى نسا الافرنج فخيروه فى واحلدة
منهى ياخذها بالعشرة دنانير التى. لله
كك
وكلمتتنى وكأذنت همس اطع بخ وقالنت ودف
المسيم هما بقيمت تفرح به تالالد
إخخمسمابخ دينار أذ تمهوت حيدا ذارذعدت
لذلك وعزهمت أن أغرم تمن انحكحنان
جميعه واذدى نفسى فبينهما انا حكذلك
وأذأ أنا با منادى ينادى معاشر المساوين
وذك أمهانا من 2ذا من المسالوين ألى جيعخ
لمقضوأ امور وينصرفوأ الى بلادم نانقطعيت
عئ: واخذت:ق . خصيل: كمن. الحكنتمان
الذدى 0-1 والمصاكخ على ما بقى منه واخذت
ميج دضاعخة حساخة وخرجدت من عكا وأنا
اهلف م الادر جيه ما حيد متنا شعلده
القحبه ,والعشف: واخة: دراهن : منى .قسال
فوصاءت الى دمشف وبعنت اليضاءة النى
دوسا بل 2 9 حا 1- رشق
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الى اشهحك الى قد عففت عن هذه النصرانية
فى عذه 'الليلغة حبا منك وخونفا مى عقابك
ثم نمت الى الصبح. وقاميت فى السحر وى
غضيانة ومضت ومصضببت انا الى حانوقى
فلسين فية واذا قلس عبرت. على 2
والكجوز وفى مغضبية وكانها القهر ذهلكيت
وقللت فى نفسى مى. هو أنت حتى تنرك
ذه لخارية انت لأنيد او السرى السقطى
كم خفت التجوز.وقلت ارجدى الى بها
فقالت الكجوز وحف الأسجج ما نرجع اليك
الآ بماية دينار فقت نعم ومضبيبيءت وجهرتها
وجات الى ثاى مرة. ثم عادت. إلى ذلدشك
الفكرة وعففت عنها وتركتها لله تعالى ثم
مضست ومضبحك الى موضي ذم عبرت على
زنع
لها ذلك فردت [ها جوابا وقالست سروح
ارواجنا الثلاثة انا وانتى ومو فقلت لها اذا
ذعبيت روحى باجتماي عليها ما هو كتبر
وانغفف الخال على انه يدفع لها خمسين
دينارا صورية وناكى ألبه . قال ذاجهسوت
عيهى 58 موضعك ١و٠ أكى اللبلغة عندك قال
فوضبيت وجهيرت ما قدرت عابك من ماكل
على الكر وكان زم الصبيف ذفردمت على
كلبهزاجالتضى يتنظن فى :الجر عل ع
نفسى 5 عاذ اكى هم اللح وأثحت غريب
ين
الديى وانا شاب نوبة حطين فقلنا لة
وكيف اخذ<تها فقال لها حديث جيب
نقلنا له اتحفنا. به قال نعم اعلموا الى قك
كنت زرعت كتانا فى هذه البلدة وقلعقة
ونفضته واصرفت عليه لممماية دينار ثم
الى اردت بيعه فلم جب لى شيا اكثر من
ذلك فقيل لى بيعه صبرا لعله يرجع اليك
مى الطريف فيعت بعصه صبرا الى ستخ
اشهر فيينها أنا ابيع أذ قك مرت بلى
أمراة أفرذاكيخ زوج بعض الخبال: ونسا
الافونم عهشون فق السعوى بلا نقاب فانت
تشترى منى كنانا فرايت مى جمالها ما
ابهرقى فبعتها وسادتها ثم انصرشت وعادت
الى بعد ايام خبعتها وساكةها اكثر من
المرة الاولى فنكرر صجيثها الى وعرذت الى
احبها فقلنت للكجوز الذى معها اننى قد
الهذايا والتكدف والاكرام: هى ساير لذواجات
وشرح اخد الى صلة8 م الزفان 3 أن
هادم اللذؤات ومقرق الجاعات وخرب 1
والقصور دعر القيه در فانتقلوا من الدنها
بالممات وصاروا 'ى اعداد الاموات فسحان
9 حدى اي جوث حكاي: الشيخ وز زوجديدة
الفرجية ومما حكى أن الاههر تنتجاع الديى
ديك بكرن زق مول القاهرة قال دنا عند
رجل م بعض بلاد. الصعيد فخضيغفنا وأ كرمنا
شيا كبير وحضر لم أولاد حسان فبيعم
صفا لون فقانا له يا خلان هفولا أولادك
بميض وانمت شديك السهرة ذقال هولا امه
أفراكيخ اخذنها قى ايام املك الفاصضر صلا
ل
ادف الدمذخ وكذلك موط هت خلع عامها
واحضيرها ببن يديه واوصاها على نسور
الديى 2 أهر فالعا سمه اله مهدر المت روسخة
الى امرايها وعلمايها وكبرايها: بالوصبة على
بعوذظا وألدءه نور الديى وكذلك أمعد ومن
الحيى
وصيخ اخلبيفة عاببهم خرجوا . الاكابر والامرا
يوما مشهودذا. ماكا عيبب اجتمع
الحب وادبيب وصارت العزومات كيل يوم
كبس
ألا كرام ووالانصاءتك كلما اجنمع ذو ر الديوى
عنهم قا واللشرح وكذلك فردوا بالسيثك
إلا
الماعون وحرقهد فقالت السمت مريم يا امير
المومنين لا تننجس سيفك بدم هذا اللعون
ثم خردت سيفها وضرببت الو زير الملعون
اطاحدت راسه عن جننه واخ_رجوه من
القصر وحرقوه فتكدب الخليفة من. صلاخ
ساعدها وقوة جنانها تم خلع على نور
الديى خلعخ سنيخة وجعله من بعضن ندمايد
وكذ! الست مريم خلع عليها وأغرد لها
1 3 قعفود به وتوارا الادمن :كبتاعا
الأرئبيات وانجوامك والعلوفات وئقل لهسمسا
جميع ما جكتاجون اليه مى المللاببس
والمغارش والانية واقاموا فى بغداد محة من
الؤمان وهما فى ارغد عبش واهناين و بعد
ذلك اشغاق نور الديى الى أمه وادببس>ع
فاعرض الامر على الخليفة وطلب منه
الحستور فاجازه فى النوجه “واتحفه بالهدايا
أ
الكائر وه مسلمة موحدة فيقتلها أشرها
قتلخ لا سيما وفك قناءت الولاده وا ملل اذا |
باوزارها يوم القيامة فقال الوزير الملعون
انجاعل وحف اللسم والديى الصكدجم با
امبر اللومنين لو اسلمت مردم أربعين مرة
فى أربعين مرة لا كىن الى أذوجه من عندك
الا بها وان لم ثرسلها مييى بالرضا والا |
أروح الى ابيها واخليء يرسل لكم جيونشا
الاقبكم بها من البر قبل الكر يكون
أولها مدينقك واخرها الفرات وخربون عليك
بلاد اليمى فلما سمع مولانا الخليفة من
الوزير الملعون ذلك الكلام صار الضببا في
وجهه ظلام وغضب من كلامم غضبا #ديدا
ما عايد من مزيك وقال يا ماعون يا كلب
النصرانية بلغ من قدرك ان تبارزق دملسك
أأروم كلها أهر ادايفخ صرب عنف الوزدر
واجب والله ما بقيت أفرط فبحى ابدأ
وأو أذفقت من اجلكئى تنصديف خراينى
فخطيجى تقية] وذيرى عمما واأنشرحى صدرأ
4 دول! 5 على يي لحك
دعاد وتكولى لم أغلا ذقانت ردم وحكيف
5 أمهر ألأومنين 30 أرضى أن يحون 5 كَّ
بعاد وفك أشخرالى دوال: وأحسىن ألى غاية
الاحسان ومن هام احسانه انه خاطر برو<ة
ل :زرده
من اجلى مرارأ عديدة فروجها به مولانا
أصيبو المومنين وعدلل ذها و أ وأحخضر القاضى
والشهود واكابر دولغمة و كان يوا مشهودا
وكتب الكقاب 8 3 0 ا مومنين ننفت
حخاضرا فى ثلك افيه 0 أ ممعسن
كلامها ذلا يخيغى 3" أن أوساج] الى أبمها
با امير المومنين ان تقيل مكانبة املحدين
ووس لمنى آلى: يبلن الكفار الذين بيشرحكرو 06
بالملك اخجبار ويعظمون الصايان ويعبدون
الاصنام ويعتمدون فى اعتقادهم على الغار
والذور فان فذعامت ين ذلك يا خليفة الله
انعلف باذيالك يوم العرض طلى الله واشكوك
آلى أبن عمك رسول الله تمك أبن عبد
الله يوم لا ينفع مال ولا بنون الا من انى
الله بقلب سليم فقال امير المومنين با مريم
معاذ الله أن ذفعلل ذلك أبذا وارد امسراة
مسامة موحدة آله ورسوله بعد ما نهى
الله عى ذلك فقالت مردم أننى اشهلح الله
وأشهد أن مدا رسول الله فقال لها أعيمر
المومنبين يا مريم بارك الله فبكحى وزادك
عداية للاسلام وحيبث ما انتى مسامة
موددة لله نقكد صسار لكى علينا حف
ا
غاية التجب الزايك وقال با ما تخاطر الرجال |
الليلة الثانية والستون والتمافاية
3 أذكت النفتك ألى الست نه وحم وقءل 59 ب
مريم اعلمى أن اباكى ملك أنرزجه قد
كاثينا دضشبيك ذها نقوايىن قالت با خايفة
الله فى أرضه وقايم سق نبيه امقاضة كيلك
الدوى القويم الصحجم ماخ أبراعيم وذردقه
52 ضَ دعن فاده اللحدون من عبادة اشيج
ونا صدرت موماخة موحيلنا أعبك الله سكدانه
الخليفة اشهد. أن ل اله آلا الله وأاشهك
أن ككيين! رسول الله عيده و رسوأءة أرسله
دا لبحداى 9 ادف لمظهره على 1
عا
والنقم ناتجب اخليفة حسى قوامها وعذوية
الفاظها وسرع ذا جوابها ذقال لها انتى درم
الوذارية دمت مك افرأعجه قالمت له للم با
أهيم و اطلومنبين وأمام الأاوحدبن وحسامسى
8 زه امون وأءن عم سيل الموسابين تعيل
0 افك الخابيفةخ ذوجال على ذور الديى
شانا. ملحا جسنا جهى: الشجن: والثياييا
وهو كاند البدر المنور فى ليلغ تمامه فقال
له تفخ انيت الاسير علل ذور الدون أبن
الك أجد ذاج الحون أباعد. رق 0 بلك ذعهرم د
افقد مسي ادع الفاص يم تقل ا
الختليفخ ححيرق» اخذت فده الصييخ وما
أيه خلها ذم ْ من دعدند نوب أ لكخايف:
مدايية جه ب السلام كالما وصلوأ ألمها
أسناذذوأ بالدخول على غير و المومنين فارون ٠.
الوتتيد فاذن لهم فلما دخلوا عليه قيلوأ
الآرض بين يديه وقالوأ له الذحكاب يا امم
ا مومنين مله هبردم الوؤذار بغ دنت مللمك ١ف
المصرى الاسير الذى انسدها على ابميها
وسرقها من بلاده وارض مملكته وهرب بها الى
دمشف ذوجدنها وقنت دكولهما دمشف
وسالناها عن اممهما فاجابا بالصحم فاتينا
بهما بين يديك فنظر أممر المومنين الى مردم
نوجدها رشيقة القكد والقوام فصكة الكلام
ماكة ال زمانها فريدة عصرها واوانها
حلوة اللسان كابئة الجنان قوية القالسب
فاما وصلت اله قبلت الارض بين يديه
ع
بالطالغات وقك صاروا يفتشو نسار البلاد
على من يكونى عنده الصفخ هذا ما كان
من أمر مولا الملوك وأتياغهم واما ما كان
من “أمى.نور الديى: المضرئى :ومريم! الوفاريظ
بنت ملك أفرجه فانهما لما انهرم منهما
املك وعساكره ركبا من وقنهما وساعتهما
وسارا الى بلاد. الشام وقك سائز عليهما أ
الستار فوصلا الى مدينة دمشف وكانت
الطالعات الذى ارسلها الحليفة عارون
الرشيك قد سيقتهما الى. دمشف ببيوم
بالقيض علبهها متى وجد! احضروها ببيبن
يدى الذايفة خلما كان يوم دخولهما الى
دمشقف اقبلوا علمهما : الجواسيس فذسالوها
عن اسههما فاخبراع بالصحجم وقصا عليهم
قصننهما وجميبع م جر عليهها خلما عرفوأ
نور الحيى ومريمم الوتارية قبضوا عليهما
ثكم سال عن قصر الخليفة امبر الموهنسين
هارو ن اأوشيك ذل لوه عايه كلو وصل الع
طالب أذنا من أهميم المومنيين 3 الدخول
بين يديه وناوله الحناب الذى من ملك
أفرأجهد وقلام لكت الهدايا والكف الكدوايب
ففتح الخايفة الكتناب وفضة” وة فرأه وعرف
مضموذة ومعناد ذفامر أمرأاد من وقنة وساعزه
ان يكننبوا الطالعات الى ساير بلاد المسكمين
ففعلوا. ذلك ووصفوا صفة مردم وصفة ذور
الدين وكتنبوا اسمه واسمها وانهما هاربان
منهزرسان فاق من وجده©ا فذلبقيض عابيها
ورسلهها الى امير المومنين واغخطذر لمم
الخذر أن تعطوا فى ذلك مهلة أ أجالا أو
غفلة ثم خنمت الحتنب وأرسات مع
البويديخ فننائرت اخجاب والنحساب
ارين
ألاع.
م
جعلء موص . كن
الكتاب هم املك وكذتك ارباب دولتة خطوأ
وأمرك أن لانم
خطوط أايديهم وقال فى ضمى اللمكقوثب. ها
اعرف بننى الا منك. يا مولانا؛ الحايفة. ودلذه
أول حواجنا عندكور واذا أرساتوجا لنا
نعرف قيوشكم قى أرسال الهدايا والكف
ورجع دقول لو ار ررق دينيا ذلك عندى
اقطاع اميريى وخلعت عليك خلعة بطرازين
ثم ناوله الكتاب وامرة أن يسافر الى مدينة
بغداد ذار السلام وأرى يعطبيه لامير المومبنين |
من يده لببده ثم سافر الوزير الماعون
وصار يقطع الاودية والاوعار والبرارى والقفار
الى أن وصل الى مدينة بغداد ودخل اليها
ومكدث فيها قلاتة ايام حتى استقر واستواح
انلدي ى على أ ى الخواجه 0 الديى الأصرى
واخذها ليلا وخر بها فى البر الى ناحية
بلاده واننا نسال فضيل مولانا امير اللومنين
ان. ميكتب الى ساير بلاد المسلمينى فى
تخصيلها وارسالها الينا مع قاصك امبين
الليلة. الحادية والستوى والتماهاية
بلغنى ايها الملك السعيد أن هلمك أفرجه
لما أرسل الى الخليفة امير الومنين هارو
الوشبك كتابا يعرفه عى ابنته مريم د
فضله: أن. يكنتب. الى 0 بلاد المسلمين» فى
تخصيلها وارسالها مع قاصك امين من خدام |
حضرة امير الومنين وكنى كعل لكم فى
نظير مساعدتكم أنا تعقيف مديئة نمسه
| ثمارعا. وتينوأ ذيها مسجلا للمسامين
والخصف الثالى تاخذوا منه جزية وخراجا
دمل اللببكم فى كلل سنة وقاس الملك ذا
عاد لذا معها امن ولا امان .والواى عذندى
أن ألزم حرمتى وأرجع ألى مديننى م أزى
الملك الوى عنان فرسده ورجع ألى مد ينه
فلم استقر الملك فى قصره انطاقت فى قلبه
النمزان على قتل اواده الثلاثة وانهسوام
عسكره وكسدر حدرومةءه وحمود ناموسه الذى
كانت الماوك ذهابه فما استقر مقدار نصيف
ساءة حتى طلب ارباب دولته وكيرا مملكنه
لاخوتها وما لقا من القهسرو والماحسون
يمجيابا. لل. خليفة اللدا:قئ أرضة أعوو المومنين
شارون
الوشيك بعلامة بجذه انقضية فكب
انسىه| أسيبو من أسرأ المسامين أسنية ذور
من غمطه وضربته به شطرته نصفين فاغفقنه
باخويه ومجل الله بروحه الى اثغار ودبيس
القرار فلما رات البطارقة والفرسان: الذيبى
كانوا راكبين مع آبيها الى الاولاد التلاتة
فل كنلوا وكاذوا الجع أفل زمانع فوقع
ق قلوبج من السمت هريم الرعب والهبية
والوقار ونكسوا بروس8 الى الارض وايقنوأ
بالهلاك والدمار وانلذل والانيهار فولوا جميعع
الادبار وركنوا الى القوار فلها نظر الملك الى
أولاد»ه القلاقة قلس ذثلوا وآلى عساكر,ه قلس
أنهوموا فاخذده الكيرة والانيهار واحشرق
بالغار وقال ى نفس ان السعت مريم قله
اسئقنات وان قابت عقلى وسرجدييت
الها وحدى وبارزتها فلا اأمن على نفسبى
أن تققلنى اشرما قناخ كما قنللت اخوتها
5
بسيفها . على رقبته فخي ': السييف]» مون لباه
والحقتده باخيه وجالت. فى حومة الميدان
وقالت أبين الفوارس والاقران واين الابطال
والشجغان ابن الوزير الاغدر أبى “الكت
الاخرس الاعور فعند ذلك صاح الملك ابوها
بقلب ربح ودمع يسيم وقال قناءت وأحدى
الاوسط ودف المسجم والدين الصحكسم
ثم انه زعف على ولده الصغير وقال يسا
بطرون اخ .يا ولدى الى قتال اختتنيك
مريم وذ منها بثار اخويك ولا تيقها
واقغلها اشرعا ققلة ومقل بها اقيم مقلخ
فعنك ذلك دبرز أليها أخوها الصغير وحمل
عليها فالتقت كاتة وحجلت؛ عليه بحسن
ضناعتها ونتوداعتها ومعرفتها ونروسيةها
وقالت له با ملعو ن يا عدء. الله وعند.
المسلمين الى ايى ثم انها جذبت سيغها
وجانت فى حومة الببدان وطليمت المسراز
من مناجز 0 بدرز لى الوم با اعدا الديى
كسلان ولا عاجر اليوم با اعد! الحين
دوم الهواهر كالما نظر االمك وده الكبير
فك قنل لطم على وجيه وشف ادتوابه
أبوو با ولدى دبسرءخ ألى قغال انك هرم
وخك مذها بغار أخببيك برطوط وأاينى بها
اأسيرة ذليلة حقبرة ذقال له بأ ابتئ السمع
والطاعة ذم أنه برز الى اخنه الست هريم
وحيلل عايها 5 ننفت حمالنه كخملت عايه
ونقانلت ف واياه قنالاً شديدا اشك من
الققال الاول فراى اخوها الثالى روحه قد
جو فاراد الغرار وألهروب ذلم مكنه ذلك
الكلامم صار الضما قف ويم ظلامم وصبعحي
تتخصت اليه الابصار واخذ8 الانيهار وجلا
ملها واعقركا طويلا وقد صار برطوط كلما
ذم لاخنه مريم بابا م ادرب ومواقع
الطعون:والضرب تيطله عليه وتسده سن
صناءنها وقوةا حركانها ومعرفتها وفروسيتها
ولم يزالا على تلك الحالة حتى انعقد على
روسهما الغبار وغابا الفرسان عن الابجبسار
ولا زالمت هريم تلاصقه ونسكد عليه طرايقه
حتى كل منها وبطلت ته واضموكل عرمه |
نضريته بالسيف على عاتقه مخري السيسف
يلمع من علايقه وتجيل الله بروحه الى النار
نمس الع وار كم أن مريم خالفت ,الظىن
معها مقل به أقيح مال ذقال برطوط المع
والطاعة ثم أنه برز لاخنه مريم من وقنه
وساعته ويل عليها فالتقته وحدميلت عليه
ودنت- م.م وتقربت المه ذقال لها برطوظط
ب ردم هي يكفى ما جرى منك «(نكئن
كصرديويالاار ءإلااجيي امن تع يز اليد جين
يعنى ديى الاسلام ودف امسج والدين
الصكحيح ان لم ترجى لديى أبايكى
واجدادكى الملوك وال قتلنك اشرها قناخ
ومقللت يبكى أقيج مماخ فضد كت هريدم
من كلام اخبها وقالت «يهات «بهات اشحد
احسرات يعود ما فات او يعيش من مات
وأذا والله لميدمت براجعة عن ذبن ديلل
أبى عبد الله ومو دين الهدى ولو سقبيت
]كوس الردا الليلة السنونى والتمافاية
ذلما سي بع االمعون ورطوط هئ اخئنه مفلا
م
مردهم النتجع أل زماذها وفريدة عصرها
واوانها: قل عامها ابوها وق صغدرة الوكوب
على ظهور اليل وخوض المقامع فى النهار
والليل وقالت لنور الديى اركب جوادك
وكى. خلف ظهرى واذأ ندا فاحخرص
على نفس.ك م ن الوقوع شان . جوادك. مهسا
يلحقه لاحف خلما نظر املك الى ابنئه
عرفها غاية اللمعرفة فالتفنت إلى وأحده
الحبير وقال له يا درطوط هذه اتيك
مريم 03 شك فيها ولا ريب قدس خامرت
عابنا وطليت حدربنا وقغالنا فابوز علمهسا
وإدف دينك اذا ظطغرت بها لا تفهلها حخنى
تعرض عايها دين التنصرانية فان رجعست
الى دينها القديم فارجع لنا بها اسيرة وان
ذرجع فاتملها اشرها ققلة ومثلل بهسا
اشرعا مقله وحكذلك ا الملعون الذى
أللى فوع من صردسر الحيكا 9
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عضيل طخلؤ بي : الوارى لصتاو
ثلما وفعت + الست مردم من نور الدين
فل!١ الكحكلار أظهرت ألضكك والابنسام
قاعك مكانك وانا أكفيك شرهم ولو كانوا
ععدد اأرومل دم نْ 2 ذغفرت من وها
5 . ؟ د ذ. )2 ١
العنان وقدمعت السنان خري ذلك لمان
يوخ ةيا كانه الردح أليجيوب أو اذاه اذا
أزال نانفا دن ضيف الانيبوب وفك حصان
8
1
فى المرة الاولى وفك :عرفته جيك اللعرفة وما
خاتء من بدى ألا هذا لوزيو الاعسور
وقك جوزى بفعاه .3م أن .الماك . ادع يخ
أأوذت ماتخ ميم أولاده وحاذوا أدطنالا
تدعانا: كل واحدد مهم مقوم بالف شارس
3 جوم الميدان واج الملك عابعكد هر
ذركبوأ ور ب أ أهلمك كجمانهم مع شخشدواص
بطارقةته وأرباب درولمء وأكابيع ينيعو ادوم
فلكفوق فى. ذلك الوادى-: ذاما رأاذهم هريدم
ن#ضمك وركيت جوادها واشتننهامت يعدن
جلادها وقالت لنور الديى أايش. خانك
وايش حال قلبك .فى .القتال: ولمغرب :والنوال
قال مختل الوتك ف .الخال ثم انشد. وقال
مردم دعينى. وأنركين عتان ١
افقصدركى قعلى .'وطول .غدان 2
ةر أدبن 4 أركيب جوادأ سابقا ١
3
الك عن اله وعن حال ابنقه هرم فقال
لد أبها الك حلم لى بها غبر انها اسقده
قلحا م امن ببد2ا ذها عرفت بروحدى
ألا.قى .هذه الساعة والى لا اعلم ما كان
من أقرها فلما سمع املك كلام الو زبر
بام اتالطياء لجيه طلام, اواجتكلي» اللعيعك |!
من وقنه وضرب بع الوزبر على رأسه خوج
السيف بلمع من اضراسم ثم أن المل.ك
ارسل من ونه وساعءته خلف الغلدهسان
والسياس فلما حضروا طلب الملك منهم
لأصانين فقالا له ايها الملك أن الأصانين
فقد! فى هذه الليلة واميرخور معهما واننا
لما اصجكنا وجدنا الابواب كلها مفتدكخ
فقال الملك وحدف دينى وما اعتقده مسن
يقيق 'ما“اخك الدصانين الا ابنتى ححسى
وأل سي و الذى كا ن لخدم الكنبسخ واخطذها
و
زوس أبنته للوزيز.قى ثلك الليلة واصيبح
الصباح فاراد الك أن يصبح عليهما كما
جرت العادة عنك اللوك وبناتئهم فقام
واخث معد الشقف الكرير ونثر ال٠ذهب
والفضة حنى يتخاطفوه الخدمخغ والواشط
بزل الملك يتمشى
الى أن وصل الى القصر ديك قوجك ألو زير
ملقم على الفرش وهو ذابم ألم بعرف يدده
من رجليه فالتفت املك فى القصر عجينسا
وأم
وتدماا طلهر إل أنه 5 زلبهم ذرك فتكدر
حاله وغاب صوابه وامر الملك باحضار الماء
المسكن : وال 0 والحكندسن خلما
حضوا ذلك الببه جه جميعا وسعط
كفههايبل اجن عي" ود الك سعط الوربر
1
ا الشاعو مخنرذها حيبت قال
وأذأ ونم طيره وغدبسرةه ٠
بيشتاقه الولهان فى الامحار 8
فكاند الفردوس ثقى جنياته ؛
نظل: وفاكهيذ وماء جارى 0
فعنك ذلك ذولت الست مريم وذور الدين
يستركوا فى ذلك الوادى اللبلخ الناسعخة
لهس ن والتماماية فاكلوا وشربوا
واطلقوا للأصانين بإكلان فى امرحا فاكلا وشربا
الوم اوناك بحسا يصادهان دوعن اكران
الخيوحابيديمنا: وما ب ى لعهها وكل مذهها
يبشكوا تصاحبد ما لاقاه مى الم القراق
لكان شد .مى ب البع تت والاشتكباول: كينها
ها كذلك واذا بغبار قد نار حتى سد
الاقطاز وسوعا دبا 8 وقعقعة السلا
3
الاطيف:» الخبير .وها يفكادثان +جدى::وصلا
دبي أءهء
كاذه عفريت وهو ماقم فى التراب فقالمت
مريم لنور الديى أنزل وجرد تابه :وخ
سلاحه فقال لها والله با ستى ١لا أقدر أقيلل
عليه ولا انزل عى ظهر الخصان عنده ولا
فريبا منه وناكجب ذور الدينى مى خلقته
وشكو السمت مريم على فعلها وتاكجب :من
أتجاعتها وقوة قلبها ولم بوالوا سابريى سيرا
عنمفا بقية الليل الى أن اصيح الله بالصباح
واضنا بغورة ولاح ونشرت الشمس على الوواى
والبطاس فوصلا الى مرح افيح وفيه الغولان
تمرح قد اخضر منه ل-لنبات وشكلت جوانيه
كبطون الكحبات والطبور فيه عاكفات
والارض مند #ذنافخ الصفات. كما قال نيه
1
نومه ولم يعرف يديه مى رجايه فذولت
الست مريم عنى. الحصان ولكزته برجلها
غافاق من نذومء وهو مرعوب وقال لها با
ستى اننى جينى الكحمد لله على سلامتكى
فقالت قم على حيلك واركب هذا لصان
أواننت ساكت فذعنك ذلك قام نور الدين
لحان الاخر وخرجوأ من المدينخة وساروأ
ساعة زمانية فعنك ذلك التؤنيت مريم الى
نور الديى وقالت له انا ما قللت لك .لا
تام 2 افلم م ينام ذقال لها ب سخى
والله اذا ما .نميت الآ هى يسرد نوادى
بمبعاددى وأيشس جرى ب ساق ذاحكت
لوااحق يححابة -العين م الميئشل! الى
اللنقهئ .فقال: لها. نور الدين الحمد ثله
با ستنى على السلامة وجدوا فى أيأسهو ولله
52
عم
ذور الديى فشانت رأسها المه ونظرت»ه
وله مناخير كلابريف فصار الضها فى وجهها
ظلام فقالت له دى تكون ب تنام بنى
حام وما سيك دين الانامم ذقال لها ونننا
دمت اللهام أنا أسهى م عوك سادق اخبل
والناس نيام ذها ردت دردهم 500 كلام
حدنى جردت مىن وقنها لساك وضريقه بك
الى الارض وهو ينذبط فى دمد وكلل الله
0 ألى 0 وامس) الشرار تعندل فليننيكها
واحد!ا واجنييت الادضي عل 0 ورجعت
فى الاثر على عقبيها تنفتش على ذور الديى
فلقته راقدا فى المكان اذى اوعدته باللقا
كبك وألقاود قّ دده وى نايهن حاب 3
ألأس ويم لاسرةقهما مور 1 ن العيد تر 3 تاك
اللباخ من الملدينخة 5 الاصطمل بسرق
0 اق لاحعت منه الذفانخ قرا نور
اتديق بناجا ولأصانين فى يذه فقطع المقاود
ونتسوة الاي امد وأذأ حو الست م
أقيامتث 0 حداماخ الوا و كننؤوننيا
فاكعله على الحصان الاخر وى سشاحكدنك
وى نظن أنك نور الدين تم أي السدة
مربوم خرجدت م باب الملدينخ لوو
تاكن :+فالتفت:. الإبوناد الى لاف ةو
مضب وقال 4 أيش ذقفولمى 5 جاريبة
بيعت مرد هم دودرن العيل وثى غبور لخ
(إا
الماسكين فاثة قعك على باب اللوينخ يشظرها
ومقاود. الحصانين 2فى يده فأرس.ل الى عر
وكانت ماوك لاير قّ ذلك الؤمان يبذخلون
لأصانين. أو احلا وقك كان .موجوذا فى
ارايو عذكى ملوك الافوذج وثل كان بعض
مدرو أحيل لخصانين وأن درق الخصانين
اعطود جويرنا كاملة واخلعوا عليه. وقد كن
ذلك أأعيكد له زعان
وشو ادشفى ثلم بقدر على اذل لشصانين
بدور قّ لبا أفراكه
وكا عند الملك قلما وهيهها للوزير ونقلهما
الى اصطيله فرج العيكد: قرا شديد/ نا
عاب من مردك وطمع فيهما وقال و<د ف
لقا
غافلت الوزير وفركته فى القدم وباسته
واعطته للوزير فطار عقله مى الفرح وباس
يدها واخذث القدم وشربه ذما استقر فى
جونه حنى دفنت رأسة الارض كر, الجيلال
ثقامت الست مريم على قدمبها وعمدت
[الى خرجين كيار وملتهها مما خف حمله
وغلى ثمنه مى اجواعر والمواقيت واصناف
المعادن الثمنة ثم انها حمامت معها شيا
مى الماكل والمشرب ولبست الغ السلاح
ولذرب والكفاح واخذت معها لنور الدين
لشرجين على | كشائها وخرجات بهها مىم القصر
ا ديد سرع نومت بهما وحاننت نوأ
قوة ونتجاعة اللبلغة التامنخذ 1
والتماغاية. 56 ما.. كان .هن امن .مل
وأما: م 9 ع أهمرو نور الدون 0
0
تر
باحضار الدماكل والمشرب فقدموا له خواجخ
فمها ما دب وطار وتناكح فى الاوكار من
قطا وسمان وافراجخ المام وخرفانا رضيع
الضان ودجاجا مشوية ووزا سمينا ومن
ساير الالوان فمدت الست مرديم يدها
واكلت وصارت تلقم الوزير باناملها وتبوسه
فى ذمه حنى احتدفى من الاكيل وغساد
ايديهما فعند. ذلك شالوا انجوار من بين
ايديهم الداعام وحطوا سفرة ادام فسارت
هريم دملا وتشرب وتسقى الوزدر والخدمه
خدمخغة حتنى كاد بطير من الفرح واخذذت
عقله وتمكى السكر من دسله نعنل ذلك
مدت السنت مريم يدها الى جييها
واخرجت منه قرص بينم أقريحاشى: مغرق
كانت اعدته لهذه الساءة اذا شم الغقيل
مم
مدورفة حخشية من ريش النعام وهو مسكئ
أن ياق ' البها فاما' نظرنه ناجت: ربها بقليها
وقالت - اللهم لا تبلغه منى أربا ولا خكمر
عق بالنجاسة: بعت الظهارة .ثم جات اليه
وأظهرت له :الاودة وجلس.ت. الى جانبة ولاطفته
وقالت له يا سبدى كل هذا يجب علبينا
ودلال :والمقل : الساير يقول اذا باز الأسلام
سامعت» القعود على القيام: فان خحخنءت با
سيدى ما لجنو الى عندنا فتاكن حسى
الى “عندك. فقال لها الوزير الفضلل: والهبل
لكى يا مالكة الارض فى الحاول: والعرضن
وايش 'أنا الا من يعض <دامبنكى وغامانكى
نساكدى أن ننياكم على خدمتى الكرب+ة
أينها الدرة الونيمة ووجهى ملكى ف الارض
فقالت .له السنت مريم واين الاكل والملشرب
تعنل ذلك زعف الى زدر على جواره وأمو
|
ذانشت وجعل دفول
تاق ,إكتاب بمتكموا اللجدم. .ليلا
فييحي :شوقا اليكمن: : واجاق ه
وَتركرخق عميشا مض
ئْ بوصالكم :0
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- ١ت وبا بالمعءق ل افيد د
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5 حجن علنء< اللامل ومض ى الات الول
نهضن من ونه وساعنته ١ 9 لأصانين
دد ك2 كا بسرجين من أدسىع اليد روج ورج
بومها من “داب الاصطيل وقفل 00 وسار
بيما الى باب الدينة وجلس ينتظر الست
5 9 رع
وأما :ما كان من أمز الاحةخ ردم كاذنا
بوسمجا فى ذلك القص و ذوجلات الوزبر ادعوم
جالسا فى .ذلك الجلس وه .مشكن,غن
مريم تسلم عليك وك كقيرة الشوى اليك
وهذه مراساتيا اليك فساءة وصول ذه
الورقة اليك تنهض من وقنك وساعتن.ك
ونهتم غاية الاعتمام واحذر قم اخذر
ان تنام فاذ! مضيئ ثلث الليل الاول
مون الليل- قلا يكون سعد مى تلك
الساعة قلا يكون لك شغل الا أن تشك
الفرسين وخذهعم وأخري برا دجاب الدولخ
وكل من قال ذلك انمث رايح ذبين فقلل له ألى
قل خرجات بهما اسيرهما فان أغلل هلذه
المدينة مطمينين بقفل ابوابها ثم أى انسحت
ردم لفمت الى رفخ َّ منديل حرير و رمنتها
الى ذور الديىئ من الشباك فاخذها وقراها
وفهم مضموثها وعرف معناها وانها خط
السبت مريم ثقباها ووضعها على عينه
ونذكر ما كان معها فى طيب الوصال
فلم الاببات
منا ن زاف لوس 6ه السنمنتويم:
ضادفت: حى:ذى +القوام :الرظيب:8
وام انه بالعتب عند اللقا ؛
ورب عتب فيه برء. الكييب 9
فقال. ماإهف!!السكرت. القن
صدك عن رد :اجواب الأعسيسب ©
فقامت با مى قك غذا جاهلا ؛
بعلم اهل ألعشف كحااستريب ©
علامخ العاشقا من عشقفهة؛
سكوذد عفن لشاف الحد )ا
فلما ذ.غ ذور الدينى من شعره أاحضيرت
اللما اا مووز كد واه وق لها وهرنانايياء وكتبهفا
فيه بعى البشماظ الشريفة :اما بعك فسشلام
الله عليك :ورحمتة وبركاته فان أجارية
مث
لو كنت أعرف نيكم لسمكيء ته
كانى اخشى أموت باك سولى ١
ودغيتك_ م حلناء إماتنيي ..
فلما سوعك_ الست دروبم من نور الديىن
العاشيف المفارق المسحين عله الاأشعار
حعيل_عنله2ا. من كلامم نانشدت. وجعاءت
تقول هلله الاديبات
تمنييك .فق «اصوطيوفاها مجونئي
ذهاءت كالم املك لسانا ولا طرفا ©
كان عندى . للعتاب دثادر ؛
فاها ا جنتموعنا ما وجدت ولا حرثا ,
فلم سرومع
بحى بحا شديد١ وقال والله أن فذه
دوخ سداق مودعم 9 شك ولا رب اللملغخ
ذور الديى املك رن جم وعرفها
ذرن أن كانيت ف او غييرها تمر أن ذور
عرسم
واذ؟: خاوت دمغولى ا ج<شائمة ©
- 8 22
1 على داع دعا بيعب افييهان
5 ذليمت -منده أسانه لقذاء:_خ ©
لا اعشب الإينام يثى أفعالها)
فلقك رمت قلى بسهم ذقنه ©
فلمن أسمر الى سواكم قاصكا ؛
والقلب فى عرصاتكم خالنته *ه
من همنصفى من ظالم ماتخكم ١
بزداد طلما كلما حكحمت: 8
ملكت روحى لحف ملك ؛
فاضاعنى وأضاع م 21017 3
يايها الوشا المساهم مهاجتى ؛
رثقا على جسدى نقد اعلكته ©
ل
حللت: قلى دون أرباب أله
الى لراض بالذى خااةس» 8
وجرت دموي) مل حرو زأخر ١
دزاركزا
ىُّ نكن على محري . 1 00
ودوعات شعرةه وبديع ذذره حققت فيه العرنة
لها وحف أمُسوج والدين الصحيم هنا
كنك أحدسدب 0 معكى خبر وتهضحت من
وقنها وشاعتها. وقامست من الشياك وبحديت
راجعة ومضيت بنت الو زير ألى بعض شغلها
وصبرت الست مريم ساعة زمانية 22
رجعت الى الشباك: وجلست فيه وصارت
تنظر الى سبدها نور الديى وتتامل لطافة
صنعه ومعانيه : نوجدتنه خاليدر اذا أبدر
فى ليله :أربعة عشر لكنه دايمور اغسرات
جارى العبرات وهو كلما نذكر ما فات
ينشك ويقول هذه الاببات
اقلت لصيل احبى :ما“ نلقنة :
ابدا ومر العيش فى واصلته 8
دمجى محدو با جاردا دين الورى :
وير
نحامءت أعدادها دهاذب* اده
ونابع يا حي مبرءز 3 حوس 0
ألا قفوا
.
7
لى -وأسهعوا مقاللء كه +
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ولهقةمو تومل “شدرانشيشنه 4
أبن دصبرىن واذيق اك الس يفنية م
ونار قلبجى فبهزا ذول حامبتة :
نار قلبى مم ضببء 3
هو بقالبى مى هوى جاريبة ؛
صديدر” عت الأعضا عليها دادب» « -
أ
05
قول بذعت الو زدر صديجم بيقين فهذه صفات
ترئ هل. عو هذا الشاب: الذى. زكرت
والهبام والوجكد والغرام كمي#ضحت من وقنها
وساعننها وشت مع داعت أأسسيو زدسو ألى
الشياك ونظرت مندة ذاذا خو محبيوبه ا
وقل وجددهة من حارة عشق ذمها يانه
شاياخة على جود جاريه +
فيل امخاض وستهادئ. . وا وى
ا
م لحكى ايها اطملكخ صيرخ انصدر مخ
تذكرت ما فذات وانشدت تقول
سد احدور منقاد! على فاجر مناجبى :
واطلف نظم الدمع نقرا على ذثرى 8#
عسى قرب ياق به القادر الذى !
لماكل يوم ق١«خابقنيه انهو
فقالت لها الصبية بننت الو زير ايها الملك.
لا تضيقى صدرك وقومى معى ى ذه
الساعة .الى .شباك: القصئن<خان" عسسنكننتا 43
الاصطبل شاب مليح رشيف القوام حلو
الكلام كانه عاشف مغارق نقالت لها
الست همريم دما عرفتى انه 700 مغارق
فقالت لها بننت الوزير ايها الملكخ عرفت
ذلك بانشاده القصايد والاشعار ليلا مع نهار
وغدوأ وأبكار ذقالت السيك ريم أ كنان
1
الست ردم زوج أبمها ذوأنسه] باغجحيتث
فرواحءت البها فوجدت صدرها ضيقا ودموعها
جاريخة على خدها وى تبكى بكا شديحدا
ما عاببه من مزيثك وكرى دموعها كالسهول
كربواة كاد وتيشينه وتعول
مضنى عمرى وعمر الوجك باق ؛
وصدرى ضاق من فرط اشتياق ؛
يهاب فايبيغ: السمنالمسقتراق
لفطل لاحشون. ايتاض المسنامة::
وجتمع اغبيب على الملناق 4ن
الولف الازشر يان مساب عيب
كيل الجسم من شغف وكرب |
وْلَذاا تلجكوا. عليه بيبحكتز عتببب:؛
فما فى الكونى اشقى من حب؛
وأن وجد الهوئى عذب المذاق. 2
ذقالت الصبيخ دمت الوزيو اليك هرهم
فلما اسعتم .ثور الدين كلامة .وفرغ: من
شعره وانشاده قات الصيية نمت الوزير
ودف المسوحج والدين الصحيج أن فذ!ا
المسلهم شاب مليج وداخل . فى دالعنا. و
شركن' ثيه بو او متيم هفازق الليلغ
الس احا 5200 وم والتماهاية فيا
ترى من 'يعشقه هذا الشاب اللبص مثله
وحل عنده ما عنده أم لا فان كان عشقه
فى ملم حف له ارسال العبرات وأ كان
ل عد ماج ذقك ضيبع حمره فى الدسرات
وكانت :مريم . الزثارية زوج الو زيوا قد
نقامت الى القصى امس ذلك اليوم وكانت
ابئة الوزير رات منها ضيف الصدر ذعزهات
ان نذهب: الها وحدتها عى هذا الغلام
وما سوعدت منت من النظام ذها استتميت
تلك الصبية الحلادم حنى أرسامت ورأها
مفت. 1 والقلب منة غدوق 4
يشكوا هو العقيفق» وزغرانئه ؛
]ها من أأعت.ف وحالائته :
احرق قلبى بكصسيرارات» ©
من ن1الذى بالعشف لم دبيةلى ٠١
ومن - مىئ جيجه ير الهو
ومين بقى 09 سامها خلكل ٠
اها مى العشقا وحالائنه؛
اشرق قلمعى«يشكدباراتب» 8
يا رب دبر من به قد بلى:
واكفلء يا انعم من حافلى ١
وافرغ عليه منك صبرا جلى !
والططض” بذ فى. .كل. اغنابنى؛]
أها مى العشف وحالائبه ؛
07 قلشى. بنححراراضييه: )3
4
اا من العشف و<الائنه؛
احرق قابى بم سكسرارائنه ©
كم فى الورى من مغرم مسنهام ١
سهران مى وجكد بعيك المنام ؛
كم منك اليسعت ذياب الشقام ؛
وقههت أرعى لمرارائيه؛
اها مى العشف وحالات» ؛
أحرق قلبى بكسراراقه 8
كم قل صبرى ودرئ وو :
وسال دمنى منه حالعندمى ؛
كم بالضنا مرر مى مطعمى ؛
ما كان حلوا فى مذاقانه
اها مى العشف وحالات» ١
احرق قلبى بكسرارائه ©
مسكين من فى الناس مغلى عشفا؛
ودات فى جنفح انا الى أرق ؛
قل كنت من قيلك ببين العباد ؛
كمثل ما انت خلى الفواد
لم أعرف العشف حكسى اعنياد :
عطمج بدطايق. لمعقعياضات».:؛
اغا من العشف وحخالائه ؛
احون .قلى.: بنكخراراتنه, 2
لم يدر ما العشف وما ذله ؛
الآ الخض اشليى جيقفتفيل8: :
الفون عياف جالنىرخعليع.ب:
وحكيعق» اضناح دخاته
اغا من العشف وحخالاتهد؛
احرق قابى يفكشسوارانبة 5
كم عبين سب فى الدجى أسهرأ :
والكردوب ليقي زيل المكرا؛
وككين: امال دمعه: الهبواء
رورعق ناخب ابنييراففة؛
ايم
لو عضك الدهر بابيائه؛
لقا|عت من ذوق مسرارئه ١
أها من العشدف وحسالاته :
اخرق قلبى سكسراراته ©
لكى :سلمت ١الَيوْم من غدر !
ومن تناهيه ومصان جور ؛
فلا ثلم من حار فى أمسره ؛
وقال من عظم صباب ائه ؛
اها مى العشف وحخلائهة؛
ادوق : قابجى بكسرارائ» ©
كىن عاذر العشانى فى عشقج ١
ولم مكحي «عوناينن اعذالة :
لا بك أن اتشئكد فى حبلع ؛
ميدع اب مق قطظ ور لوعباتنه ؛
ماين بالتقهة ا لودوالا مي
أحرق قلبى باكب رارانب» ©
“ب
ويطرب وباعر ويفعى على الخدامين اللخيبل
وكل من غاب منع وقةا ولم يعلق على طوالته
التى عليه خدمنها ده ووضريه ضربا
شديد! ويوله وججعل فى رجليه الحديد
وقك فرح الوزير بنور الدين غاية الفرح
الوايك وانشرمح صسدره وانسع ولم يدر ما
الامو اليه عايك وكان نور الدين ينزل
كل يوم الى لأصانين ومسكهما بيده لما
بعلم من قيموتهما عنك الو زير واحيتم لهما
وكان اللو ريو الاعور “جتنت “يكرد كاتها غرال
عطشان أو غصى مايس مى اغصنان البان
فبينها ى جالسة نات يوم همى الايام فى
الشياك أذ سمعمت ذور الدين وهو ينشد
هذه الابيات يسلى نفسه دها وقول
يا عاذلا اصيم فى ذاتع؛
منعما زهوا بسلخائه ؛
عرسم
فى علم.ك ما 5 ع السوال الى أن أضيي
الله. بالضهاح. وأشرقيت الشبيس عق دالزياق
0 أن ا نن 0 9 0 0
دبك اللنك الفاح ذقال لد ألو زدو الاعور ا
مسالم 7 رأبيت ث3 مم الدنما ملك ول
مدل معرفشنك ودف المسيم قل اديتنى
فانه :فك جور عى_ دوا هذل الخصان ,جيل
بيار كان فى ببلددةا دم أن الو زيبو نفام
خيبلء وجعل لى مرثيات وجرايات وستكءه
ديك الذى بماد اسك هرم شياك يطل
على الرحب خاذاء الى فيها نور اتلدبى
أ
واقول للو زير انا أداوى هذا لمأصان واعمل
شها يغور عينيه ونستريجم مى هذه للذياة
القع واو درأو قروا الندون : اتاو الوزيرا
الى ان دخل الى اخصائين نقال له نور
الحين با مولاى ايش دكونى لى: عندك
اذا اننا داوينت لك هذا الخصان وأعمل له
شها يطيب عبنيه فقال له الوزير وحبمات
راس كنت اعتقك من الذبوم واخادك
تاق ع فقال له فك يدى ثامو الو زير
باطلاقه فنهض نور الديى واخ-ء رجاجا
عاء البعيل ووضعه على عبنى لخصان وربطع
وقال فى هذه الساعة تغور عينا لضان
العبشخ 2 ذم 9 ن ذور الدين نسامم
نلك الليلة بنية صائي*ة وتضرع الى الله وقال
وانا أدأويه فاعطاهد له فذنقله الى الاصابكل
الذى ذبيه نور اللديى ديوس فلما فارق
عذا الحضان اخاه صاح وصهلل حتى اقلب
الدنيا من العياط فعام الوزير أن ذلك
تفراقه لاخبيه نجا واعلم الملك بذلك فلما
|[ عقفق الملك ذلك قال اذا كان هذا
حبوان.. وما ضبن :على “فراى الفه ,فكيت
ذوى العقول فامر الملك الغلمان أن ينقلوا
ذلك الخصان عند اذيه بدار الو زبر زوج
مريم وقال (8 قولوا للو زير يقول لك الملنك
أنت فى حل مى الأصانين لاجنل ابنئت»ه
السنت مريم فبمنها نور الدين نايم 3
الاصطبل وهو .مقيك محعيل أن نظر الم
الخصانين فود 55-5 على عبخيدة دماضنا
5
عطشانا يكسر على نفسه ونظر اموت بعبنه
وكان بالامر المقدر والقضا المبرم للمانك
حصانين اخويى اشقا احدها أسمه سابف
والاخر أسمه لاحف وكان ذلك الفصانين
كسرت الملوك الاكاسرة وكان احى: لمأصانين
اشنهب نقى والاخر ادهم كالليل اخالك
وكانوا. ملوك الجراير جميعهم يقولون ككل
هن سرق لنا حضانا من هذيئى الصانين
نعطيه جميع ما يطلبه مى الذهب ولأوهر
فلم يقدر احك منهم يصل الى ذلك لأصانين
فحخصل لاحدهما صفر وبهاض فى عينيبي»
فتاحضر الملك البياطرة فكجروا عن دوأيه
فول الى و الاعو ر الذى ذزوج 2
الللك على الملك فى بعض الساءسنات فسسوأك
مههوما من قبل الخصان فاراد أن يقري عنه
فقال لد ايها الللك أعطينى هذا الخصسان
."الا
الماك ايها الى زيو ودف المسجم الديسى
00 م بقى عندى ألا. هذا الواح
59 أستجرد ىع أذا “+ من ابت ما م
ا فعنل ذلك إذآلل الوزدر تنسور
الود نى ومض دكن أب القصر لبخذبكه 7
8 ناليع
عند 578 فقال (يى الدهانون 5 مسولاى
الوزدو بقى علبنا من لبها ن ومين فاصير
علينا بذبج فل! الاسيبو 5-5-6 نغرغ م
2-0-5 على باب القعير ذوقن العة-بذخ
فعنك ذلك أهمو ألو زدر باكديس نور الدبى
1 1 للخ لا يمك ةو ف والتماهايخة
فاخت5.ه الى الاعصطيل مكنؤا هرما جبعاذا
| الحبى دا 35 أذ يي أب و أيهم ذقال
هذه الساحة بالحجوز قيمة. الكنيسة وقال
يق تعرذه وأن كف 53 عابنا ذنفظر م
البو تس سير ياد وين انيح دنا
موبهم: ذل د لل 3 ثلك الساءخ وباس
الاأرض دين بدى الملك لك وقال أيها المليك
اعلم أن القصر قل فرغ بغيانه وانمت تعلم
أفى قد نذرت للمسي اذا فرغيت بنيبات»
ذكحت على بابه ثلاثة مى السامين قربانا
وى قد سمعت فى هذا الموم أنه قك جا
اليك جماءة 7 له مس ثاتحت
المسييم ويكوذوا عنادى عبلى سج ل القرض
منتى جالى: أسارى هيم لك بكى1ةم :ذقال
ا
المرياكب ليذكيم اللك. ويوقى بهم نذره
|الذى كان نذره من اجل ابئنته مريمز
فوجدوا ذلك الموكب التى فيها نور الدب
فواكوها واسنيسروها واخذو! كيل من فيها
وجاوا. به الى. الملك أبوا مريم فلما احخضروم
بين يديد وجدهم ماية من المسامين ذامر
الملك من ونه وساعنه بجع جوبيعا ومن
جملتهم نور الدينى ذذبحوهم عن بكرة
ابيع:.ولم إيبغك هنا _ غير نور انديين ,تزقدا
اخره اجلاد شفقة عليه لصغر سند ورشافة
قده ذاما راه املك عرنه جيب العرنذة ذقال
لعرما انع جور الحو بعل الخ كيد
عندنا فى المرة الاولى قيل هذه ذقال انبا
اسمى ابراهيم فقال له الك تكذب بل
اذنت على الذى وهبقتك للكجور القيمسة
تساعدها. فى خدهخ الكنوسةخ قال لع نور
البرودم وادخل الى مدبيخخ أشركءه وانخاظيسر
بنفسى كام 53 واما عليها ذقال لم يا
ع ما 0 م وق نس لم 1 وأن
أذ نوأ
المرة الخائية 8 سيما وقد
اللعرفة فقال نور الديى ها
ق هواها سريعا ولا اقثل صبرا وميا وكان
بمصادفة القضا والقدر مركب “جهرة للسفر
فى المنة وق قضمت جميع اشغالها وقلعوا
أوناد2ا وسارت فنزل فيها نور الدين معهم
وى تلك الساءة حلوا الكتان على كف
الوجن وسافرت تلك اامركب مددة ايام وقد
طاب ل8 الريح فبينما م سابرين واذا هم
بوراكب ابوا مريم دابرين فى الكر الكجاج
قلا'يووان «مركبا الا وياسروها. خوفا مون
سراق المساوين وباخ دوا 0 مىئ على
وصول الافرتص الى المبنة خطفوا الحرافة
على 27 ذلما ممع الشيخ العطار من ذور
الدين مفذ|ا الحلام صار الضيا فى وجهه
وال له با ولدى خناءت ذطاعءت بها أل
ديع أدد أدزار ولكنىن م بقى الحلدم
يغبك 5وم وأطلع مع إلى مدبن: أسكذ يح ري
تعل الله تعالى يفك جارد أاحسن مذها
وك
وتفسد بها عنها ولوك 59 ردنا ما ميرد
ذبها بلى حصل لكن لود وأن الانعبال
والانفصال بيك الكبير المتعال نذقال له نور
الحيى د عم والله ألى لا اسلاها ادا ولو
سقبعت من اجلها. كاس الردا فقال لع
الشيحخ العطار 5 ولدى وأبشس ب ذبتنك
وعوالت أن تفعله ذقال لك أرجع إلى يادف
جر لم ولا. احد! يعرف طريف الديسرة
رأقك مغشى عايبة كيياما الناس بم نور
الديى على تلك الحالخ واذ! بالشيخ العطار
اتسمعين:ناق ليحكشف اخبر فوجد تور
الديى راقدأ ببناع وغو معى علدك خلس
قال نعم با عم فقال له أيش هذا اال
الذى أذلتك قيب ذقال 5 أن امجارية اتنى
كارت رادت هذى جبننها م مدياخ ابيها
5 حرأقه ودك قاسببحت م فاس مث خليطتا
وضلنت الى هذه اليئة ربطت الحرافة فى
مى زوجننك حوايج كار بخ لاطلعها بوهم
الى الدينخة ذمع طلوي م الجؤاقع مسع
ا
يقولون با مسامين ما بقى اديخك أسكندري+ة
حرمة حتى بقوا. يدخاوها الافرنم +طفوا
من مينتها ويعودوا على مي الى بلادم ولا
حدر وراعم احد من السلميين ولا .من
الأغازين فقال نور الديى ما ابر فقالوا با
ولدى مركبا مى مراكب الاثرنهم فحت
فى هذه الساءة على المينة واخذوا حراقة
كانت مرسية هنا بمى فيها وراحوا على
حدية ذلما سمع نور الديى كلاميمم وقع
مغشيا عليه ثلما افاق سالوه عن قصةقس»
نابرق بها من الاول آلى الاخىر خلما ذهموأ
حل صار كل منج يشنمك ويسيه ودقول
له أنمت ما توديها الا دادزار ونقاب وشعرية
وصار كل ؤاحك مى الناس يقول كلام
ومنهم من بقول خلوه فى خالد يكفيه ما
لها لى بنايخ القصر برسم الالحخ هرهم
نعمت العال جومعا فى العلل هذا مننا
كان مم أهو الملكخ هر دهم وأبمها وأأى زدر
الاعور وأعا ما كان هن أممر ذور الدين
+اليتت العطا 6 نور الحون ذا نوجد
رجع به الى الكر وقصى الذراقة التى ذبها
الست هرم ذوجيل الدار قفرأ وأمؤار ديعيل
الشعرا
سرى طبيف . سعدى طارقا بستفونقى ١
سكيرا وكبى فى الدفلاة رقود ©
فامنا. انتييةا لاكيال الذى سارى ؛
أرى الدار 5 ّ والءأ 1 لعس مالكل 7 «
أن اقنلكى اشرتها قن وامقان يكى أقيج
علينا حالكن حانى رجعنى الى بمنتانكى دم
على باب القصر ندخل عليه الو زدو الاعور
له ايها املك 2 تفغلها وزء :مجن :ابها ؤانسا
احغرص علاربيها غايخ< الا ةرياص وما ادخعل
علبها حنى ابن لها تدرا من حجر المسى
وأعلى دنهانه 0-2 4 دمة الحتيال مسو
#.
السارقين نا الصعود على. سد كه
وأذا فرغمك من بنقائه. نحجي :غلل ابابا
تلدتخ من المساميين وأجعاهم قربانا لأمسيجم
عنى وعنها ذانعم اللك بوواجها و رس هم
للقسيسين والرهبان واليطارقة أن يزوجوها
٠ 5 5 ١ :
5
ويلكى با خاينة أنتى تركدنى دين ابا
والاجداد وحصى امأسييح الذن عاحنيت»
الاعنماد وتيعتى ديى السواحين يعنى دبى
الاسلام فقالت ١ له مريم ما لى.ذنب لاننى
خرجات ف اللملل الى الكنبسظ لأزور السيلدة
مريم واتبرك بها ذبينهما انا لى غفالة واذأ
بسراقين المسلميين قك هكجموا على. وسلدوا
فى كناد كناق- وحظوقى فى تلك 21 وأقة
وساغروا. نى تخادعمتع وتكاممت مع8 فى دينه
الى أن اطلقوا كتانقى وما صدقت برجالك
انام ادركولى وخاصونى واننى وحفب امسوم
والديى الصركحيج وحف اأصليسب ومسى
صلب عليه قد فرحمت خاب الغرح وانسع
صسدرى وأنشرح الدى خاصيت مم أبدبسسو
ملعونة با عاهرة ودف الاكيل :2 بج لى
نه *
وتقربوا الها فى شيطى صغير من بعسضن
مراكبهم يعوم على ذراعين من الاء وفيه
ماية مقاتئلى من جماتم الو زبر الاعور لاذه
كان جبارا عنيد١ا وشيطان مريك ونص
فال لا يقدر له على احنيال يشبه أبوا
مد البطال ولم بزالوا يقدفوا الى أن
وصلوا الى ثلك الدراقة فيحجموا وجلوا عليها
حمالة. واحدة ذالمر جدوا فييا احدا| ألا
الست مريم فاخذيها فى والدراقة وطلعوا
بها الى الشميطى وعادوا من وقنعج وساعتع
وقد فازوا بغنيمتهم من غير قثال ولا شهر
سماد مج ورجعوا قاصديى الى بلاد الروم |
وساذروأ وذك طاب أأويح وأم بزالوأ سا ورد
على حمية الى أن وصلوا الى مدينخ أفراكه
قصر ميلكته خلما نظر المها أبوها قال لها
عليه ري الرايس من دين يديه ومو
يرعد وانى الى الكنيسة وقال للعجحوز
ان “اليسيق: الذى- كان -عنويكي 3 كي
تسمعبة يقول مى أى اليلاد قالت انا كنت
أسمعه بقول إنا مى مدينة اسكندرية فلما
سهع الرايس كلام. الخجوو. رجع من 'وقنه
وساعتة الى مكله من المينا وزعف على
الرجال الجرية وقال لهم جهزوا العدد
وحلوا القلوع ذفعلوا من ساعتهع ما أامرهم
به ولم بزالوا مسائرين لملا ونهارا حتى
اشرفوا على مديئة اسكندرية فى الساعة
الى .كان طلع نور الديى فيبها من الدراقة
وذرك فيها السست مريم وكان من جملخ
الافوذم الو رب ور لاطا الاعرٍ الذى- كان
مربوطة فعرفوها فربطوا مركبهم بعيد! عنها
هر
فبينما الك يتحدث مع الجوار فى تلك
الساعة واذا م بصرختين حت القصر دوى
لهما المكان فقال الملك ما الخبر فقالوا له
ايها الملك أنه وجكد عشر رجال مقدواين
على ساحل الكر وحراقة املك قد عدمت
وباب الخوخة الذى يفتم من جهة البحر
بتاع الكنيسة مفقوحا ب الذى كان
فى الكنيسخ بخدمها. نقد : قال الملسك
أن كانمت الكراةة الى فى اليكر علاميت
فابنقى مردهم 5 بل شلك ولا ريسب
اللبلة التالعع,و لمعن .والعماغاياة
دم فَّ أ ملك 00 يمى وقنم وساعةه بروأابس
ان لم تلحدف الحراقة. فى هذه الساءة
وناتيغى بمئ ذبيعا والذ تنانكه أنثد سه ع
بتوع القصاردى . واخك معد شها من الدخاير
0 1 و5 قال الاسنت ل وحم -2 ب
مل , مما يع جم ا لة الخراث ى
توق نذفعدت مريم فى الدراقة :وتويز الدوى
دوجى 83 دحك العطار دباحدب أبية لبس تعجر
لها من زوجقه نقادا ون عرد دخ وخفا وأيلها زأرأ
وتركمانيخ ولم يعام ذور دون أنه الى
آق. العرضيات ما لم يكن فى احساب هذا
م ارم من هر نور الحديوى وترم الوناريخ
وأما م كان مو أ
و أبيها مالك أفراجه
فانه نا اصيح الصباح افتقد ابنته مردم
له ها مولاذا انها حر دمت بالليل ورأاحصت
عن*/ ,
واأله با سانى 5 اظلن .قدا الاهر عبسل
0 من ةا انخوف والفزرع ضحكا دن
المدحمت ملم من حلامه وقادست من وها
من القصوص المثم:ءخ والبواقبعت واجواهه
| وأصناف المعادن والدخاير والذهب والفضة
وماآخفا له وغلا ثمنه. الذى ا خبتهم اا
وخادتهم من قصر ابيها وخرانة مسائسه
وعرضتقهم جميعبم على ذور الدين ففرج
بهم غاية القرمح كل ذلك والريم طيب
والأركب سادير وأمم بزائوا سابوريى حتى
[اشرثوا على مدينة اسكندرية وراوا أعلامها
ادنك المشهاة بعامود الصوارى ذلما وصداوا
الى الينة نول ذور الدين من وقنه وساعته
من تلك الخحراقة وربطها فى حجر من الاجار
مراع
لذ ولا اشفى لقابى غلاد.؛
بوم اشكوا من واكم مللا ؛
انا لا اهوا سواكم بكلا :
. عذْبوا قابى وأن شيتم صلوا ه
لى فواد لم كيل عن حديكم ؛
لو ذعانا حسرة كن صحبددكم :
فاجلوا لاا كخنشوا من عند كم :
وافعلوا ما شيتموا فى عبيدكم ؛
ذهو اووس لكم الا يبخلواء +
فلما فرغ ثور الديى من) شعيرة اوسنت
الست عردم وشكرته على قولمه وقالنت له
من هذه حالته يسلمك مسالك الرجال ولا
يفعل: فعل الاراذل. الاندال وقك كان.ت
الست مريم قوية القلب تعرف جميع
اخوال. الجر المالم والاغوية كلها واخختلافها
وجميع طرفات الجر ذقال لها ذور الديى
افا اقيق
حدر فى كبدى يشتعلوا ث8
جديا أى اباحدوا سقهيى '
وسهارى طول بل مظامحى :
كيف راموا بالتذالى عدمى ١
واشاعطايا لق الهو د اناد م !| !
2 فى حكيع قل عدلوا 8
سي خا اللي لكيه
عى فنى يهوأاد م
انا اقسشمزن:#بالدى ١ انشاحويل ؛
ان تنقل +العذال: لمكومل :1
كذبوا والاد. فيما + ناوا
زأج الله عنى عله ؛
الدون مى فذعلها ومن تتداعنها ومن قيوة
قلبها وقكد طار عقلد م..ء الفرج وأتسسع
صدره وأانشرج وقال لها مرحيا ليشن
سوى وغاية: مطلى ثمر قور .الديى هره
الطرب وأيقن ببلوغ الامل والارب فانشهح
وجعل بيقول هذه الابببات
قل أقوم هم ألعشقى جيلوا ؛
فى حييب لم اليه يصلوا؛
أنا دجن الورى ع كه ل النسايية:
قح نطلا نظف : وازين الغو و1 ؛
فى هوى قوم بقلبى تول وا 8ه
نحرهم عندى يزيل السقما
عن ذوادى و ترح الاج وكا
وأقك زاد هيهامى عتندما
أصيح القلب مشوقا مغرماً؛
فى «واعم وهواعم يقتغلوا 8
و
59
روا فى البحر الغجاي وقد ظاب لهم
الويحج كل ذلك ونور الددين ماس.ك الواجع
الدبى على تلك بلذالخ ألم أن أصييج الله
بالعدياح ونور الدين ليم بعام أيبش خى
9 3 الغببب وكلما 5 ألى الشيمز الرأيس
فيه وهو فى تفكر ووسواس ألى أن تضاحى
نطلعت من موضعيا ذتاعلها نو 7 الدون
نوجدها ذقنا زورأ وتامل الرايس وحسور
نظره فبك -فاذأ ّ السرت مريم معت
و ديو ري قابةى وقل تببامت يناك مِئلطة
به .عدف انكام ول زال ذلك لشي
0 وأديس بإضرب عذف واحث! يعلد وأ حسلل
حنى قشل أ لمعنته رن اا خيل جانن: الك ٌ_
0-5 عظيمة أرعب قامة وقال ل أتديعك
أقلع الوتكد اف نور الددنى مهى حبرب
ةق 5
الوتكد وطلع إلى ختراقة اسوع مى البسسرق
الخاطف وقِك صا ر الؤايس بقول له اتعللى
كذا.وكذ! .ودور كذا وحكذا. وينظر ى
الذاكيوم وتور الد دن بفعل جميع ما ببأهمره
بد الريس وقلبه خايف مرعوب وحاوا القلوع
بضوع لدراق سسا رد نا دهم 3 لع عدر التجاج
الليلة الثانية ولتمسون والتماهاية
100
بلغنى أببها 95901 ق اللسعيل أن النشيخ الرايس
عم
هرهم فك ليه من بده مى البر فصار فى
لأرافة فعنك ذلك صاح الشيحم الرايس على
الرجال وقال لهم اقلعوا وتك الراقة من
البو وعوموا بنا قبل أن يطلع التهار فقال
واحد من العشرة الكرية يا سبدى
الرايس كيف نعوم واللك رسمرم أنه في
غداة غدا يركب الجر فى هذه للأراف:
ويكشف الجر لانه ايف على أبنقه مردم
من سراق المسلمين فصات عليهمم الرايشس
وقال لهم وياكم يا كلاب يا ملاعين وبلغ
مى امركم 'انكم: تخالفوا أمرق وثرادوقى ثم
أن ذلك الشيك الرايس سل سيفه مسن
غمهده وضرب ذلك المتكلم على عاتقه فطلع
السيف بلمع مى علايقه فقال له وأحك
وايش عمل صاحبنا ذنيا مى الذمنوب حنى
ضرببيت عنقهد ذيوكل يله إلى السيف ودروب
را
الدين :يا والدق اموس لله الذئى الى
مح شر هذه اللباخ وما زأل نور الديى
بقضى شغله فى الكنيسة الى أن مضصى
الذهار والى اللبل بدياجى الاءتخار فقام
نور الدين وم صن دوق النذر واخذ
ا ةا وك 122 م الجواهر
وصير ألى أن مضى ثلث الليل قام ومشى
الى داب الخوخة 0 درس الى الكر وو
مدر اله ازناء ومطله الى :«البناير + سيف
-5 من نالك الدوخخ وخرس: الى الندسم
٠ ا 5 ل 0 رددد بخ أللى مادق [[#ة لسر
ظويلا وكذيته طويلة ومو واقف :فى جنب
راق على رجاية والعشرة رجال وأة
حولء ذناوله ور الحينى بده حما أمردك
فركبنها ردم وأرخوا عامهنا ذام و سيب هَنْ
اودر واحدقوا بها البمظارقخ وادغاطوا بها |].
وساروأ بها الى أن وعملوا ألى قصر الك
ايها عذا ما كان هئ أهرو مر دهم الوذاريخ
واتكابها وأما ما كان مى أمر نور الدين
الأصرى ذانه لم يول #ذتفى كدت السمارة
العى: كان عو افيها ومريمض" الى أن طلع
النهار وانفتي باب الكنيسة وكترت الفاس
فمها ناخناط : نور الديى بالناس وجا الى
نلك الكجى 3 قيمخ الخزيسخ ذقالتك له
على قال نعم يا امى قالت له أيى كنت
الليلة راقك! قال فى حل جوا الدينة كما
امرتينى قالت له الكجورزر عملت مام يا
ولدى لو انك ذميت هذه اللياة نايم
هنا كنك قنامت أشرها تناخ ذقال لها نور
اللي تعوقف اذتك كله ان مطائني 7ل
القاباخ ومضى تلت اللبل الاول أمضى ّ
نلك الساعءخ الى صندوق الخذر وخك منهد
م نشفيهى ودردبيد وأفقج وناطا اللجكنيبس:
الذى على ادوت: النى كب منها الى
الكى فانك جد حراقخة ذبها حشر رجال
يده فناولهة يدك فانه يطلعك اخراقة: فاقعد
عنده حنى .اجى: اليك . واخذر كم ادكذر
أرى ياحقك النعاس تنكم حببيت 7 ينفعك
نَ
1 الخدم كوو أن الست مر هر وذعحبا ذور
الحيى وخرجت من عنده ق تلك الساءة
وتجيمث جوارها واأجنات من مناه _هسى
واخدنهين وجات الى باب الكتنيسخ ودقت
عليه ففتدت الكجوز الياب فرات انام
والمطارق: وقوفا فقدموا لها بغلخ زرذه ردخ
عم
امت على جل لليسءثيابها ؛
وبدنت دودر يدها بالعيض 8#
جاء الصدياح بوجي المبيبيجن. ١
ودقبت ساطانا شدي القيضن *
بيسن لفاس التوايل كليل !
صدرها وقبيلهه : على تغره وخده وببن عبنيبه
هذه الكندسرخ قال يردي ركز أذافت ذقالمت حل
سرت فى هذه الدينة تعرنها وتعرف طرقاتها |
و#دارسها وابواب المسر الذى لها من ناحيخ
طريف صندون الدذر قال ذعم قالنت (خ
سوقان وهها يقولان ما أقصر لهالى الغلاق
وألبدت م رم 2 ناك الللة العظيمخ وأذأ
بالناقوس 5ل ضوب ذوق سحام الكخيدميل
ثلما موعلت مردم صدروب الأخاقوس قامعت من
له زلمت اام ورد دك غض ٠
أيضا وأولع ثارة بالسعض ©
ودنت جوار<نا تنكو الغمض 0
ضربت ذوافبيس تشابه اهلها ؛
الكنيسة كلها وقرغوا من زيارقها وقد كان
دام الدهوم وازعرت الجوم واطلع: احى
القبوم ذعنل ذلك اللننفنيت الست رهم
الى ذلك البنات وقالنت لين اغلهيوا الى
واتبرك. بها فاثه حصل ل اليها الاشنتيبان
من غبينى ق3ّ د.لذد امسامين وأذشم أسة روأ
وناموا حبتث ذرغتم من الويارة ذقالوا ديا
وكرامة وانتى أافعلى ما اردق تم أنهى
ذفرقوأ عنها فى الكنيسخ وناموا ذعنك ذلك
استغف انهم وم وقاست تيوشتك أ نور
الديى فوجدته على مقالى الجمر وهو لها
3 الانتظار فلما اذيلت قام لها على قدميه
وقيل يليها حلست وقلعت جممع دا
عليها من الى واكآلل والقماش وضوس.ت
نور الدين الى صدرها وجعلته فى حضنها
مفككةذ الازرار كلولة الشعر ©
فقاءت لها ما الاسم قالت انا التى 1
انا الغضة اليوضا انا الذهب الذى ؛
يفك دخ ماسو ر من ضيف الاسر ©
فقلكك لها !ان 'الاضحدر3: اتأابتئ :
: فقلمك الها أن كان :قابل .عخرة ؛
فقك انيع اللد الزلال مى الصضر»,
ل لفق البيتل فتلي للست مزميل جل
فقالوا غلقناه فعنك ذلك اخذت الست
تمر دجم أأيجنات وات بيجم الى مكان بقال
كما يقوتثونى ذلك برعمهم وتمنت فى وابام
افيه وهم دزالوا حكذلنك الى أن ظطنافنبو!
م
يميبيد اميا أأسيىء الأقصر من جناية» ١
فرط الندامخ أن له نفع اأخدم 8
ذعامت م بقخصضمة انب معنينا ؛
فابن م بقتضيبة العفو والحرم 17
و دول ذور الدين عىو وأالسيت مردهم
الؤذاريخة بيت ملك أفراعه فى عناب بطول
تدرحدم وكل فنبيا حى أرفببقه م جرى
له وا ينادان الاشعار ودموعهما. "كرى
لبمعضيها دعضاأ 0 العهوى وألم 96 الى
أن ها بقا لاحك منهما ون ولا حيل وكان
قد ولى واقيل اللييل وقك كان على
اهنا
ا م6
١ 3 1١ 3 78 م
والدر و دقر ول زأث حدس خها وجمالها وصرف
سر
ها لذة .العيش' الا المحجانين +
5-35 و جخولى وهادوأ من حانتك ذخ 5
أن. :كان .يسوئ. جنوق. ل تلوموق . »2
ذقالت كك رم والله با ذور الديى أذنت
وقوعد ذلم تقبل قولى وذبعت هوا نفسك
وأنا ما اخبيرتك من باب الكشف ولا من
باب الفراسة ولا رأيقه فى المنام وانما هو
فعلميت أنه ما دخل: هذه البلدة الا فى
طللجى ذقال لها ذبط: ر الدين 5 ستى مردم
نعوذ بالله من رخ العاقل دم ذزايكد بخور
الديى الال فانشك وجعل يقول ذه
الادبيات
هب لى جناية من زأمت دك القدم ؛
فالعقو دن رك مم ن ساداتها اخومنة 6
21
مرزم وتاملتهه ذعرنته غاية المعرةخ ذقالنت
اللبنات خلوا هذا الشاب ذهو لا شك اذه
“#يجنون وأن جنيته الذى على را اسى تنكاشفه
ثلما ممع نور الدبن من السيحت ردم ةل)
الكلام كشف اسه وعاقف عينيه وفلم
يديه واخب الزبك من فيه وشدقيه فقالمت
الست 'مريم أنا ما قلت لم هذا جنون
احضروة الى عندى وابعدوا عنه حتى ممع
ما بقول الى أعرف كلدم ألعرب وانظر هو
الذى. يتكلر أو اجنية الى على راشة
ذعنك ذلك حجلود البنات الى دين يديهسا
2 من أجلى وخاطرت بمفس.ك وعماستك
روحك #جنون ذقال لها نور الدين با سن
أما موعتى ذول الشاعر حدببيت قال
قالوأا جغنت بمن نهوى فقامت لهم ؛
“نر
علبيك فى عذه الكنبيسخ بقطعوك بالسهبوف
تعنل ذلك الل نور الديى 0-2 الكجور
ألبعنش نا 3 5 .2 وأبس دمادى 00 كّ 0
ساءة زمانية وعاد الى الكنيسخ وأذا هو
اقيات الى ذلك الحكنيسة ومعها أربعايخ
بنت نهدا أبكارا كانينى الاقمار منهن
يذت ألو زدر الاعور وبنات الامرا وأردساب
اتفكووم خلما وقع نظر ذور الديى عليها
06 يمالك سك عدم من عري يدجم قابه
وقال دب مردم 5 رم فلما سوعت الينات
بجاح نور الديوى ىو يتادى با مربهم
مكموا عليه وجردوأ الصنفاح مقرل الصدواعف
وأرادوا قتله فى نلك الكنيسخ فالنفنت الببء ظ
/ 00)
ب
وسطح بالسير وامرته ان لخدم الكنيسخ
غخدم الكنيسةخ ملدة سيعة ايام فبينها و
حكذلك واذا بقلك الكجورة اقبللت غليه
وقالمت لغر يا فتسليل” حخىة نحيادنا لبيك
اليسها وخ هذه العشرة دراهم الغضخ
واخرب فى هذه الساعة تفي فى هذا الهوم
2 تقف ساءخ وأددرة لفات قد روج رو سق
قال لها نور الديى يا امى ابيش ابر
فقالت له الكجوز اعلم با ولدى ان بت
الك السيت ردم الزناريخ نويد أن تديل
هذه الكنيسة تزورها وتغيرك بها وذقرب
ليا قريانا حلاوة السلامخة وخلاصها من بلاد
لاسدلام .وشوق- لها الخكذور ومعها اربعاية
آٌ
بننت ما من واجحدة منهى الا كاملة لملسى
لكك
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هر
3 تلام الكخمسة 4 أن يالى امنا أسارى
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تلك الكحجو ز قببوة الكنيسخ للمالك ودعت
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ووجهد كانه اليدر اذا أبحر فى لياخة أربعة
عشو ذاخللنه و#ضحت دى الى كنب يكنا
وفالنت له با ل دى أقلع تبباديك الى علبك
ذناذ 8 [36- ىم 1 مم تلاط
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غامو الك إضراب رقابههم ذاول من ضربوأ
وأحد! بعد واحدلس حنى ألم ديف الا ذور
الى نطع الهم وارادوا أن يضربوا رقباته واذا
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اأساعخ وقنالنت 5 د مولاى أنست حي
كرت لاكخبسخة ديمس اسارى من المسلميين
7 رد الله عليك ابنقتك الست مريهر
يساءى ونا فى خدمنها والان : فك وتنانت
اليك أينك 5-0 مرحم ذناوق بنرك الذئى
نذرتنه فى هذه الساعة فقال لها اللك با
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رقا عنلداى من الاسارى خور 5 البيسيبر
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عليه شمن أبن ذمدفا وحمت بكو وأ القاجر
الذى اشترانى عددلى بالضرب والقشل وغصينى
صار ألضيا 2 وجهها ظلدم تم أعادت على
أبمها هذا الكلدم قصعب عاببه ٠. كبر ألحبيء
فقالوا 9 أيها أ لك اذهأ تناك يدت روم
الأساويين وما يطهرها الا ضوب. مايخ رقيخ
من الأسامين فعند ذلك امر اللك باحضار
ا
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مللة وأحيل وخدوسين دوم رج علمو
من فمها وادوأ دهم الى مدباخ انتم
لاعور كلما وضل الغراب الى ألد باخ ضلع
الى زدو الى ألدك و لنتيرة بوصول أبنقه م لم
النوناريخة سالة فدقوا البشاير وزدةوا أ باخ
ياحسين ففخ وركب الك 3 جموع عكر"
وطاعنت هريم مع أبمها ألى القصر فاءةنقذها
لادلا
روخ ولكى باوص +وضلك, 1 اعلدي:
ثم أن نور الديى طلع من وقته وساءةه
لأحيق: العنامق ! ,السمو ون ووافة تيع اهملا
ناج اليه للسفر وأقييل على الشييج الوأيس
فلما رأه قال لع يا ولدى ما هذا الذى
معنك قال زوادق يا عم فضكك الشهِخح
وقال. لع
ابييل
دبا ولدى أننتك رأيم نف رس على عسوسود
الصوارى أذمك دك ونعن مطلو بيك .يدير رقا
جردم أذ!ا طاب الوبجم وصفت الاوقات ثم
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عجرا
[اذلك الشيخ كس مركبا: فى :الجر امام
فقال لد يا ولدى لا خف ول حزن فان
مركي مم | دنا 3 مد يندها وبلادها وم
ماي كاجب: من الماساوين الأومنين وما يكون
الا اير وانا اوصلك أليها أن شا الله تعالى
دك بقى لهذا ادك أدامم ونسائر 1 خبير
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وى اللمل ارجو أن يزور خيالها 8
قوائله ا اسلوا عن العشقف ساعخ ؛
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منعمة الاطراف مهضومة اخعشا ؛
لها مقلخ د
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ولفلة اخاقت : اللله .حصسدال: --ججلا لبف :؛
لقت لاذات اسن جل اكلالهان*
ثاما رأى ذلك الشيمخ 750 ن نور الحوى
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مقالة حون قليه عاببه دزت 55 وكان
ا
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يبكى :ويقول. يا مريم...بناا مريما.ؤان!: هو
برجبل شيخ قد طلع مى مركب وافيل
على نور الدون فوجده بيبحكحى وينشد
وقول
با مريم احسى جودى أن لى مقلا ؛
سحايب المزن كجرى من سواكيها 8
تاستضبرف علد دون الانامه نين !
اجفان .غيئ قى :اسودت كولكبها؟».
فقال لك الشيخ با ولدى كانك تيحى
على ذا رب النتى سافرت المارحة .مع الافجى
فلما_سمع نبور الديى كلام الشيخ غشى
عليه ساعة زمانية ثم اناق وبكى بكا
شديد! ما عليه مى مزيك وانشك يقول
هن الابببات
ذرئى بعد هذا البعكد ينتجى وصالها ؛
فيا اسفئ أن منت قبل.-لقاكهم
أذا+لم: اقاصى بالجهماع كف +عهسسواء
ونادى با ممم ا ردم أكانت روينحى
منام أو اضغاث احلام وما زاد به العال
وششوحه طال انشىك وقال
ذرى يعد هلا اليعد عينى ترأكم ؛
وأسمع هئ قرب الديار بن كين 5
وكمعنا الدار التى اننست بنا؛
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خل.ا لعظامى اهبف أبن سرامم ٠
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ذلو كان لى قاببن عشت بواحند”؛
واذرك أي غيم لشهيكو أحكسو)» 9
وأى قيل لى ماذا على الله تنشتهى ؛
أقامت رضا الرحمن ذم رضاحم 3
ل
عليه من مزيك ونظر الى زوايا القاعة والى
اثارها وأنشك يقول
أرى اثارهم فاذوب شوقا؛
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الدموع بمقلنى 7
يا ربع احباى أومعهك صيسوق!
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لغرقخ حا كان غاية مقعصدى ؛
وقلت الهى كى عليه خلبيفتى ١
ظل اسبكل اررق اراي
ولم تنزل مريم. كافا نظرت الى ثى بكعت
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جبارا عنيد! وشيطانا مريلط! واهسسه
يغنش علمها جمببع بلاد المسامجن ويشخردهنا
ولو بهلاا مركيه ذهيا ففتش عليها ذلك
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7 أشغراها مه
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ولم وعوأ لها على -7 وبر وا فرن
“٠
والاموال والتكف ذياعواأ ما أخلءه فى مدياذ
القمر وأن ذوذعءرت ردم ألو ناريخ فييك 2 -5
اتجمنى ناجر .من النجار وقد كان. ذلك
الاتجمى عنينا لا بإنى النسا وأهم يكشف
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نهنا عو رة
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عليك أن لا تبيعنى الا من يشنييه خاطرى
وكباب قلق "قال الها قغون .لكي > نهل اإتاليها
واثله با ردم ألى لم أبعكى الا ذن دربديه
ب
كتير وكان مشغونا كبها أكثر منهيم
شورضمت فى: بعض السنين موضنا صدييت1
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معها يننا من دنات لكاو الى 11 “من
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ازا
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اهو غريب وذلك اذها ثرببيت عند ابمهسا
وامها فى العر والكلال ونعلامت الفصاحت*ة
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في الذعب وجميع صنايع “الرجال والفسا
حنى صارت فريدة زمانها ووحيدة عصرها
وأوانها وقد أاعطاها الله عر وجل من لسن
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بئات ذلك العصر والاوان قغطبوها ملسوك
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عرسم
الليلخ حنى: صددر منى البيع وقلك فرطت
فيكبى أعظم تفربط ولكن عسى مى حكم
بالفواق أن يجن بالقلاق فقالت له قفد
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كوك ان ."قو را الحيى' “اعمذر لتايك. ل-طارية
وقال جا والله بأ ستى مردم جرى القلين
بها حكم وأنى “قل عمل على فى هذه
3
الشمس عند طلوغها ؛
نبيض من فرم القلانى 8
وكذاك عند غروبها ؛
تصغر مون" أالم- الفراق 2"
تم أن مربم الزنارد* بكحت بكا شديدا
ما عليه من مزيند وايقننت بالفراق وقالحت
لووجة العطار يا ستى أنا ما قلت لكدى
أن سيدى ذو ر الديى فك عمل عليه من
]| اجلى وبإاعنى فى متك الليلة مسن مهبلا
الافرناجى وفك كنت حذرتنه منه ولكى الا
عبدنن
الكلام وأذ! بسهدعا ذور الدبوى فك دخيل
عليها فى ثلك الساعة فنظ
5 2
وت الببة جارب:
مربم فوجدته قك نغير لوذه وارتعسدت
فرايصه وخو حتزيدن حيببن ندمان ثقالشت
أ
أبيت ثلك الايلة عندكى اونسكى الى أن
يافى 'اليكى سيدكى ذور اتلديى ثم أن
زوجة العطار سارت ثلاى مريم وتشاغلها
بالكلام الى أن ذهب الليل كله فلما اصبيحج
انصياح نظرت مريم الى سشيدها نور الدين
وهو داخل من الزقاق وذلك الافرجسى
كانيه والجاعة حواليه فلما. راتيحم مريم
أرتعدت فرايصه] وأصغر لونها وصارت ترتعد
كانها السفينة فى الريح البارد خلما راتها
امراة العطار قالت لها يا ستى مريم ما لى
اراكى. قد تغير جسيكى وزاد به الذبول
ووجهمهكى قن علاه الاصغرار فقالت لها]ا
الجارية ا سدى: والله أن قلبى قن حيس
بالفواق وبعد التلاف ثم أن لخارية تاوهت 1.
ونفسعت الصعدا وتكميدت كيدآا تتدييدأ
ا
يا امق-نانى : قغادت: انتظو الى شور
الديى الى هذا! الوقتت فا جا وانا خايفة
أن. يكون عمل عليه من اجلى وباعنى
اليذه الساديدنخة وأ رد بعو. والتماغايخ
قالت. لها روجةخ العطار يها ستى مريم لى
بى ذور الحدين فيكى .ماو هذه
القاعظ ذهيا :ما باعكيى 11 اغرف مم “#كبته
رولتن لها افق عزيم ركنن
انوا المة من مدينة مصر مى عند والده
فعل لهم .عزومة فى امحل" اذى :2 نازلين
أعطوأ ينديبيال 5
شب وأساكى أن عببيم الى فده القاعخ
وأخفى أموك عنع ذبات عند ألى الصياح
وباق اليكى أن .شأ الله تعالى فلا حمق
با ستى مريم نفسكى ها ولا غما وادى
يديب غبابه عنكى 3 ذه اللباخ وما أذا
وتاخف غيرها احسى منها أو نزوجك بنننا
من بناتنا باقل من هذا التمى اجملل منها
ويبقى معك باقى الال سمالا فى يدك ولم
وزالوا نانك .الجاعة التجار على نور الديى
باالاطفة والمخادعة الى أن قبض تسمسى
داري اعشرة الاف دينغار وأحضر الافوتجى
عابة دمع الكاريخة همردم هذ! ما كان من
أهر ذور الديى وأما ما كان من أهر عردم
الؤناري» ذانها. ذعدت انتظر سبيدها ذأ.ك
اليل ذها عاد سببل2] المها فيكلت ربكا
شديح! ما عليه من مويك فسدمعها الشيخ
فل لمت عليها ذوجدنها نيبكى نذقالت
لها د سى مردم ما لكى تبكى فقالنت لها
0
على وليس. عندى جوار فقال له الافرجى
نعم بعتنى جاربتك وهولا التجار يشيدون
عليك بالبيع .فقالوا: التجار نعم يا نور
الديى بعته قدامنا وكى نشيك علميس.ك
انك بعنده جاريقك بعشرة الاف دينار والله
يعوض المغيون البروكة اذكره يا نور الديى
اك شدخ ردمت جارية: ديالف دينار وك سمخ
كل دوم وليل بوخادمتها ووصالها وغضوحت
لك فى هذه االدة عشرة الاف ديغار ذَب
من تمن الؤنار الذى ببعهة 3 كن وهر
بعشردى دينار وبعد ذلك بعننها بع نولا
الاف ديغار نهب حل ذلك وأثنت ذفكره
201 1 0
مسب اكتر نهو بطل اللكسنية يفا
دبينتها ذها أذمت قل ممت 5
أعطيك فمها خوسة الاف ديفغار بسؤيسادة
اربعة الاف فاى ذور الديى ذما زال. ذلك
الافواعجى يسقيه ويطيه ويرغيه بالال حنى
أوصل انجارية عشرة الاف .دينار فقال ذور
الديى وهو قى سكرتنه قدام التجار بعك
اياها هات العشرة الاف دينار فغرس الافوفدجى
بذاءك -القول فرجا. شديد! واشهك عليه
النكجار وباتوا فى اكل وشرب وبسط وانشراح
الى أن اصيم. ,الله تعالى بالصباح فرعيف
الافوكى. من وقتة وساعته على غلمانه: وقال
لهم أيتوى بالمال. فاحضووا له المال تعد الى
ير الويف العهية :الاقم .دينار يذهب نقها
وقال له يا سيبدى نور الدينى تسالم هذا
المال ثمى جاريتك التى بعتها لى اللبلة
بحدضرة هولا النجار الأساميبن تقال ذسور
الدون يا ماعو 5 نا ما يعننيك شيا تكذب.
قير
ومشحكوت ووضع الافركيى فى تلك السفرة
الاوانى والاقداسم وخاص السلاحيات والنقل
والفاكية والمشموم ثم قدم لهم الافرنجى
بقية ملانة من الحمر الاقريطشى وكان ذبص
خازوفا سمينا ثم أن الافرئجى اطلف النار
فى الفكعممرم سياف يشوى من ذلك الاكمم
بايظدون #العاارا ويشفي "عن ديق الأفوز
ويغمرم على نور الديى بنولوا عليه بالشرب
حنى سكر وغاب عى وجوده فذقال سه
الأفنجى: "الامعنا «يا"سيقى اخؤاز الديق لق
هذه 5 والغت مرحبا بك والمكان مكائنك
ثم أن الافرتجى ثقرب مند وانسه بالكلام
وجلس بكانيه وسارقه بالحديث ساحعة
زهاني وقل له يا سبدى نور الدين أذمت
ذيبعى جاريتك الذى أشتريتيا بكدضترة
ود التجار بالف ديغار للا سغخ واذسا
عندى بتية خمر فريطشى خاصس وخار وف
سمين وثاكية ونقل ومشموم ثانتم الجيع
ذقالءا التجار 5 مس على نور الدين ننه يبك
فى مقل هذه الليلة نتحدت وأياك من
فضلك وادسانك تكون معنا وى واياك
ضيوف عنى :هذا الافرنجى انه رجل كريم
ثكم انهم حلفوا علية بالطلاقات حاشوه
بالغصب وقاموا مى وقتنهم وساجتهم قفلوأ
الدكاكين واخذوا نور الديى مع وراحوأ
مع الافتكجى للمحل الذى هو نازل فيه
فدخل الافرجى بالجاعة الى قاعة طييِة
رحية بايوافين واجلسهم ذيها ووضع بين
ايديهم سفرة خوخا. اشكيلاط مقصية فيها
كي
دصو ومكسور وعاتد.ف ومعشون ونا حدمت
الدير. انا والله ما بعنه ذغال لم ناجر من
اكاب التجار اعلم با ولدى أن هذا
المنديل قيمءنه أن كثرت ووجك له راغب
ماية دينار وان هذا الافجى دفع السف
ديغار نهام فركك تسعابة دبنار فاى ردج
نريده اكثر من هذا الربص فالرئى عندنا
انك تببع عذ! المنديل وتاخت الالسف
دينار ودع الذى عملته تعلل لك غيره متاد
واحسى منة واردح انث الالف دينارا من
هذا الافجى الملعون عدو الله وعسلكدو
الديى فاشتحى. نور الدين مى,التجار وباغ
للافوجئى ذلك اللمنديل بالف دبنار ذهب
وقضد التمى فى نلك الساعة وازاد نور
الدين أن ينصرفا ويمضى ألى مسريم
وخبرها بما كان .مى. امو الافرجى فقسال
29 أديعده لك و لخببرك فانها ما عملته ألا
على أسهى ول عململت غيرة وى لى ذقال له
الافرعى بع الى وأنا اعطيبك تمنه ى هذه
الساءئذز حد_مسهايخ ديغار ودع الذى عميلته
لك نعل لك غيره احخسى منه ذقال له
ذور الدين أنا ما أببعه أبك! يا أوس م ْ
تببعة دواد دينار ذهب ولم بزل بزيده
ماية بعد ماية الى أن أوصله تسعه_ايخ
دينار ذهب فقال له نور الديى يفتم الله
انا ما أبيعد ولا بالفين دينار ولا اببع»ه
قط اصلا ولم يزل ذلك الافرئنجى بيرغب
نور الدين بامال فى ذلك المنديل الى أن
أوصله الف دينار ذهب فقالشت جماعخ مم
التجار الخون كانوا حاضرين كلهم حن
بعناك هذا المنديل فادفع ثمنه فقال نور
الدكان ووجيه ملفوف بذلك المنديل
وطرفه قى يده فجلس الافركجى عنده
ومنسك المنديل وقايه بيده ساعة فاستحس
ف اقوار الشين: ثانا .من :قوهد. ونظر إليه
فوجل» الاذ
رجى
بعيبنه جالسا عنده فصدمرخ
ولد الحيين امك عط ريع الزطيطا اللا ٠
الافؤجتى لنور الدين لاى ثى تصرخ علينا
نحن اخنذنا ذك شيا فقال .نور الدين والله
يا ملعون لو كنين ياخذت: ل ايا لكننت
وديتك للوالى. فقال الافرجى يا مسلم بحف
دينك ونم نعبد» وما تعتقده من يقبنك هذا
المنديئل مى اين لك فقال له نور الدين عذا
شغل والدق عملته لى عمولة وتمنعت فيه
فقال له الافركجى تبيعه لى وتاخف ذمنه
منى فقال له نور الديى والله يا ملعون
فقال لها ذور الديى يا سعت املاح
وقع نظرى على هذا الافركى قتلته 0
قنلة ومقلت بح اشدها مثاخة فقالنت لك
ردم يا سيدى نور الديى *8 تقتله وه
تكلمم ولا ذيايعه ولا تشاريه وذ تعامله ولا
"كالسم ولا ماشيه ولا حكادته بكامة واحدرة
ولا بانجواب الشرج وادعوا الله أن يكفينا
شره ومكره لما أصيج الصباح اخ ذور
الدين الزثار من مردمم وراح آلى السوق
لمببعه على جرى عادته وجلس على دكن
يكحدث مع بعض ألولاد التجار فاخ-ءت»ه
سذة من النوم قنام على مصطبة الذكان
فيينها عو نايم واأذا عو بذلك الافردى
الذى وصفتد لهم مريم بعينه قك عبرا فى
نلك الساعة الى السونى وحدوله سيعة من
الأفرخج فنوجد ذور الديى ناما ا مصطيخ
حس قلبى به فقال با ست اكلام ومن هو
الذى يفرق بيننا وانا الان احث- احالف
اليكى واعشقهم فيكى فقالت له عندى ما
عندك ولكى حسن الظى بالايالى يوفع
القاسن" فى .الاسف وقس ادسن القايتل
حدبت قال
حسن.تك طنك بالايام أن ححتسنن ؛
ولم “خف سوء ما بإتى به القدر ©
وسالمتك اللهالى فاغتيررت بسبها؛
وعنك صفو الليالى ددت الكدر
تم قالت يا سيدئ ذو را الدين أذا كنت
نوعم ذلك خذظ حطرك من «رجل افركى
اعور باليمين. اعرب بالشمال وهو شيخ
اغمش اغبش الوجه اكتم اللحية فهو
الذى يكون سببا لغراقنا وقد رأيته حضرا
الى هذه المدينة ولا أظنذ جا آلا ى طلبى
التجار والناس مى ساير البلاد يقفون
عنده صغفوثا ويتفرجون على ذلك المنديل
وعلى حسن صنعتة ذيينما نور الدين نايم
ذات ليلة مى بعض اللبالى قام من منامه
فوجل جاريته ذبكى بكا شديدا. وننشد
وتقول هذه الاببات !
دنا فراق احبيب واقتربا ؛
وأحربا للفراق واحبوبا 8
نفتتنت مهاجتى فوا أسفى ١
على لهال كانت لنا طربا ©
لا بد أن ينظر الحسود لنا ؛
بعبين سوء ويبلخ الاربا ©
فما علينا أضر من حسيد؛
ون عبون الوشاة والرقيا. ,
فقال لها نور الديى با ستى مريم ما لكى
تيكى فقالك له ابى من الم الفراق فقد
1ك
تعمل فى كل ليلخ زنارا ويصبج بمبعبه
بعشردى دينارا ذهبا ينفف منها ما هاج
اليه والباق يعطيه لها تنشيله عندها الى
وقت الحاجذ اليه وبعد نمام السنة قات
له انجارية يا سيدى اذا بعت الوننار فى
أغداة غداء نخذ لى من حقد حريرا ملونا
سننة الوان فالى فى خاطرى اعمل لك منديلا
كعله على حنفك ما فرحت أولاد التجار
بمثلد ولا اولاد الملوك فعند ذلك خري نور
الديى الى السوق وداع الؤنار واشتشسرى
الخرير الملون .كما ذكرت له انجارية فعند
ذلك قعدت مريم الؤذارية تعل.فة المنحيل
جمعة كاملة وهى كلما ذرغت زنارا فى
ليلة قعل فى المنديل شيا الى أن خلصةه
ىك
5
الجارية فقال له نور الحين
كيف أبيع روحى من ببن جنى دم أن
نور الدين حكى للشيخ العطار. الحكاية
من المتدا الى المنتهيئ واخيره كمع ما
جرا لد مع الجارية مريم الزنارية من أوله
| الى اخك ففرح الشيي العطار فرحا شديدا
ما عليه من 'مزين -وقال له والله با ولدئ
فنك افرحتننى وداجا واننت كبر فالى اود لك
لخير والبركة خياى مى والدك وبقا تدبتى
معد ثم أن نور الدين فارق الشيخ العطار
وراح من وقته وساعتة الى السوق واشترى
اللكم والشراب والفاكهة وجميع ما تاج
اليه على جرى عادته والى الى تلك انجارية
ولم بزل نور الدينى هو وجاريقه مريم
الؤذارية فى أكل وشرب ولعب .وانشراح وداد
تمان وتدبلل سبقان مللة سعيفئة كاميلخ: وش
1م
ابيتك مهجورا نخاف ملا لهياء»,
ول يوالا . على .ذلك الى . ان غلك عليت:
السكر ونام نقامت الجارية من وقنها
وساعننها عملت شغلها فى الزنار على جرى
عادتها ولما فرغته واصلكمه لفتة فى ورقة
وقلعت. ثيابها. ونامنت بجانيه. الى الصبا
الليلة الرابعة وأهربعون والتماهاية
وكان بينهما: ما كان من 'الوصال وا مزاح
واللعب والانشراس: فلما اصيم الله الى
بالصباح قام نور الديى وقضى شغسلته
وناولنه الؤنار وقالت له<امضى به الى
السونق وبيبعه مل العادة ذعنك: ذلبيك
اخذه نور الديى ومضى به ألى السوق
وباعد بعشريى دينارا وأنى الى العطار ودفع
له الثمانين. :درهما : الذيى له وشبكر “فضله
يدها! لذتهال. ونيا ولهاو افيا 0
الديى ثم انها اصلحت سفرة المدام
وقعدت نشرب «ى واأياه وك دملا وتسقبه
فانشدت تقول
أقول لافيف:خنا: بكناس :
لها هن ريف ميسوها خنام ©
ل المطا يدي صم هارع ؛
متى عصرت من الورد ابدام 7
ولم ذزل تلك الجارية مريم تنادم “نور
الديى وينادمها وتملاا وتسقيه وجمجكد
ويسقيها وى نوانسه ويوانسها وتطلب منه
الكاس وأذ!ا وضع يذه عليها تنفر منه دلالا
فانشك وجعل يقول عذيى البيتين
وفمفاء. تهوى الراح قالت لتصبها؛
مجلس انس ومو لخشى ملالها ©
للقي عور يكل لبدلا رتسوف ::
والله اقوى من التجارة بالف مرة فضاكحكت
ذلك لذارية من كلامه وقالت له با سيدى ).
نور الديى امضى الى صاحيك العطسار
واقغرض مغه ثلاتين درهما ننقوت منهسا
وفى غداة غدا أدنعها له من ثمن الزنار
والخمسين درهما الى قيلها فقام ذور
وقال لديا عم افرضنى ثلاثين درهما وفى
غداة غد! أن شا الله تعالى أنيك بالتمانين
درها سوا ذعناك ذلك وزن الشيم العطار
ثلائين درها فاخذها نور الديى وأ بها
الى السوق واشترى منها اللحم. والنقسل
والفاكية والشراب والمشهوم حكم العادة
الزنارية فقامست هئ وقنها وساعتها طيخت
ااذلك الطعام ووضعتهة قدام سيدها نور
رو
ذلك اخل نور الديى الزنار من اجارية
وأنى به الى السون ودخيلل الى فيسارية
الاأعكامر وأعطى الؤنار لالدلال الوص
بنادى عليه وقعد نور الديى على مصطيء
دكان فغاب الدلال عنه وانى اليد وقال له
با سيدى قمر أقبض عشريى دينارا سالة
ليدك خلما سمع نور الدينى كلام الحلال
يفيض العشرين ديغارا وثو بين معمادقن
ومكذب فاما قيضهم قام: من ساعنه
واشترى بالعشريى دينارا كلها ' خريرا من
ساير الالوان نعله كله زنانير ثم رجع
الى البيت واعطاها الحرير وقال لها أعمليه
كله زنانمر وعلذينى أيضا اعمل معك ذلى
طول عودري ما رأيعت صنعخة قط احسى
من هذه الصنع ولا اكثر مكسما منها وانها
م
دور الدين من نومك وقامسحت أدضرت الإناد
:| واغفسيل هو واياها وقضى ما عليه من الصادة
لربه واننه بما نيبسر من الماكول ففطر ثيم
ادخلت الجارية يدها تحت الماخلة
واخرجت الؤنار الذى صنعته بالليل وناولته
له وقالت له با سيدى خف هذا الونار
نقال لها ايش يكون هذا الزنار قاللت له
با شيدى هو لمأرير الذى اشتريته البارحة
بالعشريبى درهما فقم وامضى الى فببساري»ة
الكجم وأعطيه لادلال ينادى عليه ولا تبعه
آلا بعشريى دبنارا سالخ .ليدك فقال لهسسا.
نوو الحيى با سحت أ لدج نم شى بعشرين
درنها دباع بعشريى دينارا فى لباخ واحيدة
قالت له اجارية با سبدى اننت ما ذعرف
فبوخ هذا ولكن أمضى به الى السوى
واعطيه الى الدلال يبان لك قيمته ذعند
الوصال كثرة القيل والقال كما قال الشاعرأً"
المفضال
ليس سود على الهوى مساءك. 0
لبان اف الورك أحسوى منظر ؛
م عاشقين على فسراش واحلىد ©
متعائقين عليهما حلل الرضسا؛
متوسديىن بموعصم وبساعد 8
واذا تالفت القلوب على الهوى ؛
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با من يلوم على الهوى ال الهوا؛
واذا صفا لك من زمانك واحدا:
لعم الؤمان وعش بذاك الواحد 7
غلما أصيج الصباح وطلع بضجهاب» ولاح أذشية
قال .فيها. الشاعر
والله قد كنيت طول الدهر ناسيها ؛
ولا دنوت إلى من ليس يدنيهسا ©
كائها البدر فى تكوين صورتها ؛
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صرت ولا .ننب لى آلا #ديغقها؛
فكيف خال الذى قد .بات ناسيها ©
وصيرتى حزينا ساهرا دنفا؛
والقلب. قك حار منى فى معانيها +
وانتشدت. يبت شعر اليبس يعترفك» ؛
آلا :فتى: لقواق الشعر يرويهسا 6
ل يعرف الشوى الا من يحابده ؛
ولا الصيابة الا من يعانيهسا.
ونام -.ذور. الدين هو وتلك لخارية الى الصياح
وا فى لذة وانشراح منتعانقين على عقود اللالى || '
| الليلة التالتة والاربعون والتماهاية
8
ومص 0 لي 05 دضع التكنانيبة+
ذو جلها د درة 7 ذقممت د لغببسرة
هما رحبت نزال بكارتها ونال منها الوصال
ووقعت بينهما الدبخ بلا انفصال فاعطته
ثم انها عميلنه قصخ رفقمخ الحصاضفت أو
مشط. شالته للذقى وقك كان ذلك الث.اب
نور الديى مشمان الى أعةناق الذعور
وعض د وقرص اي مح طرف 0
كب ورد دمباطية وحدرارة صعي ال ب وثخرة
اسكندرانيخ وكانت هذه اغارية جامعخة
ليده الخصبال مع فوط لجال وأالدلال كما
وعرفها نه وقدها غقين ؛
وانفها افنى ولفظها سكر ©
وؤصلها:. حلو وعجرها مر؛
وذغرها در ووجهدها بحر
وكما قال فيها بعض الشعرا ادضنا
بدت .قمرأا وماسمت غصدقع بان ١
وئا تمت عغيرا ورنست غصوال 1
لها وجه يفون على النسرببا
وقدر جنينها. فاق “الؤجسلدة .. ع
وقل بعضهم أدضنا
سفرن بدورا وانجاين اقاله !
ومشى:- غصونا -والتفندن . <أنارا ©
ومين كحلات العبو نََ دجينها: 3
قود الشرمل بان اتكيوووع .له :هنا
نعتك ذلك النفت نور الديى من وقئ»ه
وساعمة الى ذلك الذارية وضهها الى مره
وا
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ابعد صقله وتنظيفه وجعاته كحت اللمخدة
ثم قادمت ذعرت وناهممت جانب نور الديون
وكبسته فاستفان من نومم كحك كنيد
صبية كانها فضة نقية انعم من ادرب
واظزاف سورت اللبجر موعلا اشمر نهر قاتشي
واحسى من عنم خماسية القك عاقدة
النهك كبين كانه هلال شعبان وحدواجب
كانهما قسى السهام وعميون كانهما عويون
غزلان وخدود كانهها شقايف النعمان
وبحانى لينة ناعمة كانما شال يده منها فى
ذلك الساءة الكجان وسرة تساع أوقية من
دهفى البان واأخان كانهما خدا'ت حشو
بريش النعام وبينهما شى كانه عقب ليان
كما قال فيها دعضن واصفيها هذه الاببات
[ قشعرها: .ثيل :وفرقها. جر ؛.
ار
خد لنا بعشردت درها حريرا ملونا خيسة
الوان وهات ١لنا بالقلاثين .درع. الاخر :نما
وشوابا وفاكية ومشموما وخيرا ذعنك ذلك
مضى ذور الدينى الى السوق واشترى ؛هفنه
جميع ما طلبته تلك لذارية وانى بم البيها
فقامت مى وقتها وساءتها شموسرت عسى
يديهناء وطيطين ؛ ولحسشكى -طعافهلاا قفون
قدمس له الطعام فاكلل - واحكامت معة
حنى اكنفيا ثم قدمت الدام: وشربيت 28
واباه ولم ثول. نسقيه وتوانسه الى أن سكر
ونام ذقامءت لذارية م وقنها وشاع ةذ هسنا
بقاكدنيا ففتكت نلك لذولب وأخرجيت مخ
مسهارسن وفاست 3 خابط قدرأ تعره
ودقمت المسهارين وتعلدانا عمواءت. شغاها الى
ان فرغدت فخري زنارا. فليا فلفته :فى ورقة
الغود. والى .أردبك منك. ومن فضلاك واخسانك
رضنى خميسين دينارا .أنفقهنا الى غداة
غدا خحدتنى ابيع الكارية واردها اليك من
قهنها فقال الشيخ بسم الله با ولدى ثم
وزن له خمسين درها وقال لهءيا ولدى
دا نور الدين أننت شاب صغير السى
وهذه لأارية ماكة ويكون قد وقع نك
فيها غرض فما يهون عليك أن تبيعهسا
واذنث ما معك شد
ى تنفقد فر 3 52507
هذه الحمشين :درهم فاق الى فاقرضك اول
مر وثانى مرظة وثالث مرة الى.. عشر م-رات
كين تاتجف »بعد عذلك .فامرا اسالمن :-عنليئك
السلام. الشريى وتضيع
كم ناوله الشيم الخمسين درعما فاخذهم.
صدكبننا مع ادك
نور الديى وجا بهم آلى لداريخ ذقالت له
با سببيدى روج أب السوق فى قله الضاء+
نشغرى: فود جازيخ . بالف دينار فيا ذرى
ايش تحكصوة نم مله الكارية ذقال له ذور
الديى يا عم انها جارية من اولاد الافرذج
قال لم الشيخ با ولدى اعلام. أن «خهار
أولاك الافرذج عندنا ب ى عذه الدينة بمانين
دينار ولكن والله ها ولدى قد عهلل علبك
فى.هذه الثارية فانى كنت حبيتها فبات
معها اللخ عذه واقضى غرضك منها وأصيدم
فى غداة غذ! انزل بها السوى وديعها وأو
حكنت تخسر فبها مانين دينار ودع افك
غرقت فى الكر او. قطعوا : علبيبك. الحاريق
اللصوصس فقال 'نور_الديى با. عم .كلامك
ديمح ولكى يا عم انك تعلم أن ما كان
غير الالف دينار التى اشتريت بها
دى
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الى بادك ولكى:يا سيدى بالله :عليك
قوط هاضة: لما شيا من + اللحر+ الشوئ
والمدام والنقل والفاكية نقال لها نور
الحين .والله. يا ست. اللا اننى. ما كان
ميى +من. المال.. غمر ذلك يل الذى وزنته
يق ثتمنى وا أملك غيرها وكان فجى بغض
مصروف. فقل :بالامسن فقانت له الجارية يا
سيدى. أنت ما لك-قى هذه الديدكةة
صديف ولا صاحب تقفرص لنا.منة ذيسين
درهما: :وتاتينئ .بهم . حتى: اقول لك ايثن
تفعل -فيهم فقال لها نعم ثمر- مضئ من
وقند. وساءعنه الى .صاحب ابيه العظار. وقال
له السلام. عايك يا عم فرد عليه السلام
وقال .له يا ولدى. ايشء :اتريبت. اللببسومر
'بالالف.ديناز قال يا عم . اشغربت بهن
جاري: فقال .له با ولدئى اننت اجنو 2-7
فعند ذلك أساحى نور الديى من التناجار
وقام من وقنه وساعقه وزن الالف ديغار
الذى كانت عنده مودوعة عنك. صاحب
أبيه العطار واخك اللجارية. واى بهناءابك
البيت الذى اسكنه فيد الشيخ العطار
ذلما دخلت الاجارية الى «البيك وج_دت
به خلمف بساط ونطعا' عنيقا ذقالمت له
يا سيدى أنا ما بقيت اسوى عندك أن
نودينى الى بيتك الاصلانى الذى فيه مصاك.ك
وما دخات كن" الا. لييبت. غلاممنك ذقال.لها
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تور الديى والله دا سيت املاح هنا بينى
الذى انا فيه وهو لافسان شيخ عطار من
امل هذه المدينئة.. وفك اخلاه 9 لى واسكننى
فيه وقك نقدم لكى أننى غريب وأنلى من
اولاد مدينة مصر فقالت له الجارية يا
سيبدى أقل الببوت يحفى الى أن ترجع
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بالف دديضاز فسكات نون الديىئ ذقال و
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اب ملعون من يزود ولا يشتفرى: وقال آخر
]| انهذا وصلحان لبعضيما بعضا فا.درئ نور
اللديوي لكلا" واليجلال عض رن هال قص اننا مشينية
وكتببوا عقن «اللمبيلع ..واللشيرا فى ذلا رق /وناولهبا
اله وقال: لد الجلال تنسلم جاريتك الامه
جعليا :مياركة عليك وقايدة بيات الببك
أنهى ما تصلم الا لك وه تصلخ اننت الا
لها وانتشك :الدلال. وجعل .يقول .عذه الاببات
انك السعادة 'هد_فادة ؛
جور بالسعب اذيالهنا ©
فلم تك “تصليم الا اليك !
ولع ' نك تصلص .الا لها :.“.
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واحدا مححانتك 5 عم ىق دور نحي م
اجيتك فقال لها ها شنكىا لو كفن فى
بلدى كيت اشهربنك عجميع ذا .ذيواته:
بدى م المال ثقاك ل اتلجارية نينا
ستيحْ انا جل قفين :لاناجتر ينا بنالغعنن
وأو كنت زددت 3 توذى يها كنك جبرت
تشتريدنى ابل حنى. يقولوا. هولا النجار لولا
ىس مله الجارية ماكدة. ما ؤأد 57 ةل!ا
الحواجة, المصرى اخ اقل مغدر لهم خيرة
فى. لثوار نعنت ذلك اساكحدى نور الديى من |
وقال. لإذلال. حر معك ذيها قال معبسى
النلطان. “على البايع “فقال: لها نور “الدين
يا دلال خليها على بالف '"دينار تمام دلالة |
كب
ونازعنى حريرف من رحببقف :
عتيقى اللما كدم الغوالى 6
دوام الووح 5 بده وجدييهى ١
هلالقى هلال فى : فادلل 8
ومنطقه 0ل يل د + سسكا وفسسيي ؛
لال فيىن لال.ففئئ الالتسى. ©
ونشرب مقاناه ووجنتهيه ١
دمى وموم بغخبر هوك عاخ ةن
فقتلى عنده ودمى و#اكرى ؛
حبلا لق "جطلال. 3 رعجاه ل +
نم نظرت أباجارية ألى ذور الديى وقالت
له يا سبجدى :بالله علبك ما أنا ماك بخ
ذقال “لها يا سنك املاح وايتن بقا فى الدنا
أاحدى منكىق ذقالمت 9 الجاريخة أل رأيعتثك
التجخاز كله ازدادوا فى ثمنى وانت شاكت
ما تكامت بشى ولا زدت قى. ثمنى دبنارأ
ودينى لعنس هذا الشاب الملج فاخ اشتراى
كان .لك هذا الخائم فى نظير تعيك فى
هذا اليوم معنا ففوي الدلال والى بها الى
نور الديى فتاملته الحجارية ذوجدنه كانه
بحر الثمام وهو ظريف. الأجال كما قال فيه
بعضن. الشعرا
.ضفا فى+وجهد ماء. امجسال ؛
وفئو جفنه قسرط ادال ©
وحبب جسمء لبس الترالق !
وحلا لفظه حلو الوسالى ©
فغرتة وقامته وعبسشقسى ؛
كمال خى“كمال فى..كنالك:ه
وأآن 'غلايل الاثتواب: مبنه ؛
مؤررة على طون الهسلالى 8
ومقلئنه وخسالاه وتصاى ٠ ٠”
لغال.ق: ليال فى تيال ©
كيل الشقبرف . بتقظة :سشوداةء “
فلا .نظرت كلك الكجارية نور الديى حال
وتعلف قليها يمنكبيته اللبلذ الخاديخة
والاربعون والتمامايذ فالتفتت الى
الدلال وقالت له هذا الشاب التاجر الذى
العودى ما زا وا تمنى شما فقال فعننا
الدىلال يا سرك الملدح فل! شاب ..غريب
مصرى ووالده من أاكابر التجار دبمصر وله
الشاب مدة يسيرة فى .هذه المدينة عند
رجئل من :اتداب ابيه .وهو ألم يتكلم فيكى
3 بزيادة و نقصان ذلهما سمعيت الجارية
والقضا جومم على ذور الدينى الأصبرى |
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والجال والظرف والدلال وهو كانه البدر
فوجدته شابا ملكا نة
اذا أبحر فى .لما اربعة عشر بين أزشر
وخد امور وعنفشف كالرمر وسنايا كالاعكوغر
وربقف احلا من السكر كوا قال فيه بعض
الشعرا
أرادت نضاك دساح ودو اله |
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وقال بعض الشعرا
ومهفهف من شعرةه وجيبنته )
لا تنكروا الخال الذئ *ى. ده ؛
فوادت اللكيخ فى هببته 8
ألا وما ينقص من عقلد»م ؛
الكعر هما وافمتق ! نه 07
وادضا قال بعض الشعرا ق. المعنى
لها" أصريق الع اظي عد
طولها.. الله بلا ذايدة ©
كانها يعض لبالى الشتنا؛
١ طويلة مظلمة جاردة»,
تعن ذلك اخذها الدلال ورجع نقائدت أ
له الىااين راجع قال (4ا الى سيدكى
الاتجمى ويكفى ما جرا: علينا من حت
أأراسك فى هذا النهار وقك قطعتى ررقدئ
ورزق سيدكى من ثمفكى كم أن .الجارية
نظرت: فى السوى ونامعلت دمينا وشالا
وخلفا وقدام فوقع .نظرها بالامر القسحر,
ريز
فعنه ذلك اسرع -الببها الدلال وانخذها واق |
بها الى ناجر غيره“وقال: لها ابناى : الى هذا
فقالس أن قذا اعمش وقك قال ذيه بعض
رمد أبن ويل رمدة ؛
عدت قواه ينه 4
أ
هذا اخخرا فى عينه» ,
با قوم قوموا فانظرو
فعند ذلك اخذها الدلال وأنى بها الى تاجر
اخر وقال لها ابقاي الى هذا فنظرت اليه
واذا كتهنه كبيرة فقالك للدلال وله كان
عذا الرجلل. اكديش وطلع يلا قى حاقه
ويلك ا طن «الندلالين اعانت! ما سيعين
أن كلل طويل “الذقنى قليل العقل وعلى
قدر لول اللكية يكون نقص العقلل كما
قال بعض .الشعرا
556 لشارية أدضّنا على تاجو صاححب عتبل
علاى الديقن: فنظرته الدارية: قراته احدبا
ذقالت عذا احدب وقى .قال. فيه الشاغر
قصدرت مناحيء وظال فقاره ؛
فكانم . مدوقب . أن يضربا +
أأوكما قال فيه بعضن الشعرا: أيضا
لها فى إخويرحمر : بغلة ؛
صار بها بين الورى متلء ©
اما له الصضكحك فلا تككجبوا ؛
أن اجغلوا من خكتد اليغلم .
وكها قال فيه .بعض الشعرا أبيضأ
كان غصنى جروع إه ١
فى ظهره انرجذخ كبهرة » ,
*إبة
3
أصك.تك اللدنهما دلا عائم 44
55 سوم الناجر تهاب الحين فاكوه باذذه
من ذكن لخاري: ذول من على الدكان ومسك
طوق الدلال وقال له با ادس الدلائين
تاقى المنا ججارية نوسى علينا واحدا يعد
واحد وتهاكينا بالاشعار والكلام الفشار
نعند ذلك اخذها الدلال ومضصى من دين
يديد وقال لها والله. اننئ ما رايت ضول
عمرى وأنا فى هذه الصناعة جارية أقفلل
ادب منى: ولا ااحس على . منى وانبك قد
5 ,ءءء | ف يكس ا 3 * م 6
صبفع أنقفا وأخل الاطواق ذم أرن الدلال وقف
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السدرة وقدلك ستر الله عليه ذالمم يفنشه
لصداة البابن .مسن نور الحيى وخاز
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وقالت له يا وتلدى خل هذه الاية ديار
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تعلمنى ارسل لك غبرعا وترسل لنا اخيارك
سوا لعل الله أن- يقدر لك امرا وتعود الى
منؤلك ثم انها ودعته وبكت. بكا شاديى!
ها عليه من موزيك فعنك ذلك اخل ذور
الديى الكيس من امم بالماية ديغار واراد
أت حر ذرائ كبسا كبيرا قك نسببد إمم
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وسطه وخرج من اأؤقاق وطلب ذا خ ته
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الديى ايش قعادك الى هذا الوقت والله
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ذقل ممت له لنقيلة دين عبينيه فخنشويت منه
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شربنا وعفو الله من كلل جانب ؛ ظ
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نضكا فانشلل يقول
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بصغفر مى مطائلعه ا ل
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فشاكتد شوكة .من الو رد: ف" أبهامه. فانشح
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-- من مسح سريع لجرا 22
ل معدو الرجاحين جندى ٠
الدين “فاخثها وكانت. وردا أصفر وانشك
يقول. شعرا. واجاد فبه واطنب واغرب
زعخ: الله . ورذا “غد!- أصفرا ؛
وحسن غصوون به أذمرت ٠
وحوان مك تتدهوسه ا صغار 22 1
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وقد مالت الاغصان من شدة اشرب 8
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تم انهم طووا الفرش وادخلوه فى #خدع
ومضحت ألى بيت مسرور فقعل هو واياها
فى اكل وشرب مذدة تثلاتة ايام واذا بووجها.:
اليهودى أقبل من سفره ودق ألياب عليه
فقالت له هبوب من بالياب قال سيبك كى
ففاكت لهم الياب فوجك دموعها تجخرى
فقال ما يبحبى نقالت له أن سنى قد
مانت فلما سمع متها ذلك اجواب كير
فى أمره وبكى وقال لها با هبوب أرينى قبرها
ناخذته ومضعت بخ الى المقبرة واورته قيرها
فيكى عند ذلك القبر بكا شديذدا ثمر
انشل يقول هذه الابيات
مات اذيبب وما بقى لى عبشخ ١
ثم
فصاروأ يتذاحكرون الذى جرى لهم من
اوه الى اخره ثم اذها أخبرته باسلامها
فرح وأسلم وتادوا الى الله 'تعالى كلما أصيج
الله بالصباس امرت باحضار القضاة والشهود
واخبرتههز انها عازنة وقك 'وفت العندة
ومرادها أأر وأج بمسرور فكتيوا كتابها علبيء
وضازوا فى اهعنى عيش هذا ما كان من"أمر
زين. المواصف. وأما ما كان هى امهر زوجها
الاول المهودى فانه ما زال مسافرا حتى
بقى بيند ودين الديئة ثلاتة ايام فاخبرت
زب المواضف.. ذلك فادعنك ' بجاريةتهسا
عيوب وقالت لها امضى: الى. أللقبرة واحغفرى
قبرا واجعلى عاية: الركان والباسهين ورثى 1
حوله الماه واذ! جا سيدكى وسالكى' عنى
انر ل سين بون عه فاضيو رين عبيقيا
وكان اخر ما نشك مى الشعر فى زقاق
زدن الأواأصف نشم مذه الروايم الرزحي:
- فرحا -شديدأ.
وأنمتك هيوب اليبده وسلومت عليه وقيانيتك
صدر , الؤقاى. فلما: رأها ذ
يديد وبشرده بقدوم ستنها زدى الواأصف
وقالت .له انها ارسلتنى فى. طابك' المهنا
ففرس بذملك فرحا شديدا! ما عليه مسىح
مويك فرجعدت به اليها فلما نظرتنه زيسى
المواصف ذولت اليه من على سريرها. وقيلته
وقبلها وعائقند وعانقها وغشى عليهما ساعخ
مى_النهار. من شحة المدبة. والفراق.فلما
افاقوا مى ذلك امرت -جاريتها باحضسار
سلطانية سحت وسلطانية شراب اللجمون
فاحدضرت اجارية الذئى .طلبته ستها ذاكلوا
لحوا العواتل فيك ما طاوعتيهم ؛
وسددت كل مشامى وصممتهم 2١
وحفظت ميثاق الذى احببتهم 2١
قالوا عشقفت معى الملدح أاجيتهم أ
حفوا اذأ ذيل القضا عمى اليصر,.
كم أنه رجع الى منواء وقعد بيكى فغلب
النوم عينه فراى كان زدى المواصف انت
الى الدار فانتيه مى تومه وهو يبكى وسار
قاصد! الى مغزل زيى اللواصف. وهو يفشك
ويقول هذه الاببات
اشير وأسرى فى الهوى قد ملك اسرى ؛
وقلئ على نار اخر مسسى الهسشرة
أريد فناة يشتكى الدهر حالها؛
متى نلتقى دا غاية القلب والملنفا؛
وتحظى عجمع الشمل با طلعة البدر,»,
الى عمدو ءار وتفظر م حو قبع وكان تعمد رار
هما دقر له قوار ولا ياخده أصطيار ذلها زأد
عابك الود والغرام صار بساك دضنك سل
الاشتعار ويمضى ألى حل النوديع ويبكى
ودعل ينشد وبيقول هذه الابببات
أخفبت ما القاده منك وقك ظهسره
والنوم من عيبنى تبدل بالسهر:
ناديت ذا أن ملى قلبى نحي
يا دفر لا تيقى على ولا تذر!
ها مهاكجنى بين المشقخ والخطر ه
لو كان سلطان الخبة منصفى 1.
يا سادق رقوا لعيد مدنفى؛ ”
شرع الهوى وعزيز قوم افتقسر 8
1
الدار هر أرست الى اخهها ذميدب بهم ذلما
بجعت اخنها بذنلك فرحىت فرحا شديدأ
واجضبزت لها بالفرائن .والقماش: كمز انها
الابواب واطلقت العود وألذد وأأس.ك الادثر
وقك عبف المكان من تلك الراكة اعظم |
بعلم بقدومها دلى انه فى 5 وحزن تدكدللى
اللبلة: لخاديخ والتلاتون والتماهاية
تم دمسنت زد الماواصف نكرت مع
لها من الاول أن الاخى تم :انها الننفنت
الى :هبوب جاريتها واعظتها دراهم. وامرتها
أن نمضى الى لها بنى با كلوه ذلهبت
وانت #لالذى طلبته من الاككل والشرب
انه انشس وجعلل بيقول هذه الاببات
وجددت احزانى وفارقست: اأسذنى ©
الى الله اكوا ما الاقى إحبها؛
على ذلك الى أن انام هادم اللذات ومغرق
المجاغات هذا ما كان من هولا واما ما
كان من أهو زدن ا موأاأصف فانها سارت
تريك كبو بها زور وما زألمت سمابيرة ألى
أ
اشكوا اليك من البعاد غرايمئ ؛
صيبرتنى بعدك طريم #جسوده 8
مار :اليه سابل غير اليسوى ؛
بارقاقل إمنتتعياته وصبية.0ه 2
ثم أن الراعب السابع انشىد يقول هذه
الاديبات :
أسو الفواد_ودمع عينى اطلقا!؛
والوجد جدده وصيرى موقا |
حلو الشمايل ما امير صدوده؛
برعى ذوادى سهمه عنك اللقا ©
يا عاذلى اقصير وئب .عن ما مضى 4
الاين ة تحني 3 موفقا #
فان! تنظم باسمسا من تغيرء ؛
ميا يثرك السالى الى أن . يعشقا»
وأها حبيرهم دامس فانه زاد يم البحا
2
بن
با بدر نم فى الدحجا يا متلفى ؛
قل زاد فيك صحيتى وفيسامبى . 2
تم أن الراعب الخامس انشك يقول هذه
الابييات
وى قورا عادل القد رثبي ةف '؛
والخصر خيل يشكلا الفشحررة
والريرف _له شبد سلاف ورحبيف ؛
والردف تقبل يوذى الين ىر ©
والقلب غدا لى من إلحب :جريف؛
والصببَ قنييل بين أبس هسر 3
والدمع على الخد قانى حعقيف ١
فى امج ديسيل سمل !نطب ا
تم أن “الراعب السادس انشى يقول هذه
| الابيبات
يا غصدن بان لاج كم سعبوده 6
روم
اخدوا ذوادى 0 قلبى 4ع جس مم "
بها ليتهم كانوا بحكلى أجمى ٠.
الابييات
خيالكر- نعبا لعبى رمسم
كلو امناو
وذكركم أحلى من الشهى فى فمى
و#اكجركووا رصن وسيم :
حي
02 ياج». ىَّ سج
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5
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شزوره
الادبات
خرس اللسان ول كن _كلامى :
والقالب - اكبية نوجي ا
تغالوا: السا ييا #عناق فتانيى!
فاحشاى فيها الخار من لوعخ الهوا ؛
وديدى به من شونا اذب قائل ©
مى اجل فناة قد المت بارضنا؛
لها البدر فى انف الها .عاد ذاهل ©
ورأحدمت وخلتى قتيل 'جماسهسا؛
طريح سدهساهم مى ججفون قواتل 04
ثم “أن ,الراهب القالى انشك يقول مسلذه
الاديمات
ب رلتحليون بويواكانى رضقفا فدل :
رادو ذرأ حدمت راحنى ىن بعد2هم ٠
شطوا فشط مم أ روم يبا ليتجنيهة
. . 05
دوما بعودوأ للديار واسسر حسمي 98
إلا
تممعتهم وهم يأاكدتون بكديتها وذكروا
فى الدينة قضاة وشهودا غير واطلقوأ زوج
زدين المواصف من اديس فلما سمعيت زين
المواصف الكلام التفتت الى جوارها وقاليت
جاريتها عبوب الا تسميى هذا الكلام فقالت
لها جاريتها اذا كان الرعبان افتتنوا في
مواكى كيف حال القضاة ولكن ادن
امضبى بنا إلى أوطائنا بطول ملم أن حالنا
مكتوم ثم أنهم ساروا وجدوا: فق" السيزز
هذا ما كان من أمر زيى الأوأصف واما
ما كان من امو الرعبان انهم لما اصبح
الله والصيا ح أذوأ ألى زدى اللواصف لاجيل
السلام فراوا المكان خاليا فاخذهم المرض
تق 00 دم أن الرواهب الاول مقا ثبابه
وبكى 'وانشد بقول ١:
عى شعرهد تنعيد وقول
يا طاليا. للوضال. خانك الامالل؛
اكفف سوالك عنا ايها اليرجل ©
تطمع النقس ذيما لجس تفعله ؛
أن السوال فلا عحصلل به الامسل.2
ذلما سمع شعرها رجع الى صومعته وفسو
متفكرا حيف يصنع فى أهر زين المواأصف
وباك تلك الليلة فى اسوى خال واس حال
فلما جى اللمل قامنت زيى المواصفت وقاللت
جار بنيها عيوب وسكوب قوهوا بنا فها كن
- أربعبين رجلا راعيا وكل منهم براودئى
ىن نفسى فقالوا لها حبا وكرامة ثم انه
ركبوأ على دوابهم وخرجوا من باب الدير
الليلة التلانوى والتماهاية واذا هم
بقافاخة سايرة ناخخاطوا بها واذأ خم من
مدينة عدن الننى كاذنت فيها زدى أأوأصهفك
ايام النى وأعدها بها كلما وضع بسسين
يديها قال سمدم أله ذمدت يدلنها وقالمت
دبيددهم أللة ابوكن 1 وحتببم 02 أكلشت فى
وجوارها فاها فرغءت من الاكل قال لها با
سنى أريد انك .دكحى اببانا من الشعبو
ذقالعتك [ة شول فانئةتل يقغول فذه الادهبات
25257 ادح أسيي فرك بابيشالى :
وأصغى ببدعنى لنكحوى دم أبباخ ©
إحتسنك م 5ل مدير ذعهو رم ب مايال 0
لذ 2 وركوق قتناد 2 مينر تت ور
5 سادة يا 56 قابى وساذالا :
نَ نوتضوأ نات اق لذب فك دمى
نا*سائق . تح خلوا حت الخطياق: ع
|
ثلما يلدي .انثا زذىن الأواصيف دعر ه ادابنت
الطريف وكببة راشب كمور أسية دامس وعللدله
أربععون بطريف 2 الديو ذلما رأى مال
زدن المواصف فنزل لها وعزمم عليها وقال
لها اسدركوا عندنا. عشرة ايام وسافروأ
وقد راي ححدسنها وجمالها نانفتتى. وافسدت
عقيدته وسار يرسل لها من البطارقة واحد!
بعك واحك لكى يوافها 6 فصار كل من
نول اليها يراودها عن نفسها له فما زال
دامس برسل واحد! بعك وأحدل دتنى أرسل
الاربعين بطردةا وكل واحد يراودها لنفسى
ولا بالجكا ب اسعوق اند اهن :امارد هامر للخل
جواب حتنى عيبلل صصير دامس وضاق صدره
فقال فى نفس امل يقول ما حك جسمى
بلذة غير طفر يدى ولا سعتن فى الكبة
غير رجلى دى ثم نهض قايما على قدميه
وصنع طعاما مفتخرا وحمله ووضعه بيين
وتدرف دمعها فى لل هامى ©
سومعت لامها ونظرت فيها ؛
يبديلك قلبى بغر وأبتسامسى 12
وجدت رحيلها والقلب معها؛
وخلتى رهينا 3 غسراه
فه-ه قصنى فارتوا او
وحخطلوا قاضيا ككم عقامى 0
دم أذ< شيف شيقد شارقت روحه الدنيا
جهزوه وكفنوه ودفنوه وترجوا عايه وتوجهوأ
مى كان ر أها مرضوا جميعا وماذوا هئ
شدة حبها رهعم الله اجمعين: هذا ما
حان هن أمرم وأما ما كان مى أهمر
دين ا مواصف. ذانها خدت فى السهر عى
وجوازها. مدة ايام فاجتازوا على ديسر ىق
لمأ
اثانه ققاة تشنكى الدهر حالها ؛
ودادثها والدمع كخرى إخبال يمن 9
وولست فول القلب معها رهينها:
وراحوا ذراح القلب مع ليعدمم2,
ثم انهم نركجوا عليه وانصرنفوا الى القاضى
بقضيند خلاموه وعو على نلك لذال: ناجابع
يناك القالخ بقول هذه الابيبيات
يلوصونى ومتلى لا يلام ؛
ريمت بنياخ من كفة رأمى ©
نعك الدهر عاما بعد عامى ©
: ومعها طفلة خودا كغصىن !
تغوق البدر فى جنم الظلامى ©
زعلا
قك عمها لسن من قرق الى قدم ©
واللد. ما نظرت عبنى شبيبا لهجا :
من المرية 3 عسوب ول لهو 9
يا احشن ما اوعدتتى. وعى- قايلة ؛'
لا خاب وعدك با قاضى على الامم 8
هنا مقالى وعذا ما--بليى :»به ؛ ظ
تكن دعن :لفو رى نباب الريك الهنم +
فلما فرغ القاضى مى هذه الابيات بحكى
بكا شديدا ثم انه شيف شهقة ذارقت
الروح الجسن ثم انهم اخذوا فى أجيبزه
وكففنوه وصلوا عليه ودفنوة وكتبوا على
قهرة هذه الابهيات
هذا صفات العاشقين بساسيعهم ؛
بمودوا بيعك الدب عنقع وصك2م ©
لقد كان :هذا قاضيا فى زمانه ؛
وأقلدم» بابر جرى أسدع له مم ا
علب دبعض أجداره بسامءو رم عابه وأس ةيرود
حفوا ملدهمبى وعبخو 4 على سقهى 0
هئ جاء. يعذلى. فى ين يعدرنى ١
ولأديلمخ قينل بلكب لمل جلميبه
قد حكنت قاضى والايام نسعفنى ؛
على المراتب اف خطئ وى قل .8
حنى رميت بسهم لا طبيب له ؛
من: طوف جارية جاءت بشفك دم 8
جاءت" مسلمة تشكئ: ملتنامة ؛
وتغرها خلنه خالدر.منتظرم 8
ينظرت كدت حذياها وقد سفت ؛
بهرا بها خم حي الليل فى الظلم +
وجها منيرا وتغرا باسها تجبيا؛
“*زم]
أن التى ملكتى فى الهوى ملكت ؛
مشت ١غروالا وثاحدت روضة وبدت ؛
شهسا وماجعت غديرا وائثنت غصنا »,
كموداق اناد قال :وائله بها عولاق _ مدن
حين انصرفت من الخضرة الشريفة ما نظرتها
عينى أبد! وقك ملكت لى وعقلى وصار
فيها حديقى وشغلى وقد مضيبت الى مغولها
أفلم. إجدما ول اجى احذا: بخبرق عنها
وكانها باتك ما صكيت فلما سمع القاضى
كلامه شهف شهقة كادت روحه لخر ام 5
وقال والله ما كان لنا حاجة بروياها
فانصرف الحداد ووقغع القاضى على فرشه
وعاد لاجلها فى فنا وكذلك باقى الشهود |
والقضاة الاربع وترددت الككما عليع وما
به .مِن. مرض ولا الم خلما عبدلل صبره دخلل
“لمأ
كدض و آلى أ حل منغ ثم أن القاضئى الأول
قال اذا أريكد ألببؤم اذغ رج خارج 2
لان لى حاجةخ ثم انه ركب بغلته واخط
غلم وصار يدور ف أزقخ الملحينة اظددة
وعرضا يفئشس على زلبون الأواأصف فلم وفع
لها على خبر نبينما هو كذلك اذا لقى
كل وأا ديل يم ألى مذوله ضعيقا ورقدواأ
على فرش الضنا ثم أن قاضى القضصاة
تنذكر ا نخدحاد فا رسعل البه فلما حضر بين
يديد قال يا حداد. هل تعرف شيا من
حبر لإارية .الى دللتها. علينا فوالله ان لم
تطلعنى عاهها وال ضربننك بالسهاط كلما
ممع اراد كلام القاضى انشك يقول
وأذف تعديت عليها وشتتها عن اوطانها
و بذلك فكتيوا على اقراره ذخ واخدوا
هنة ألال ودشعوه ألى زون الاواأصيف واخذت
الكثاب وخرجءت قصار كل من رأى حسذها
ودمائها حار ّ عقاه وفل ظَئ كل واد
هم القضاة انها ل<. خاما وصلت الى مخولها
أن جم 00 فاخذت ما خف 2ل
اللبل مدة ثلاتة ايام 8 هذا مسا
35 هم أذ و زن ألأواأصف وأما ما كان
ى أهمو القضاة خانذهيم بعد مضيها أمصروا
كيس المهودى زوجها الليلة الناسعخز
والعشرون والثمانماية ونا ابم
الصياج صارت القضاة والشهود كل واحد
يننظر "ازين المواصف أن ثانى اليه لمر
من أمرك انك فعلت ما فعاءت وابعسدت
هفولا عن اوطانهم وسرقت مالهم وتريد
تجعاع يهود اكفر خلف الله فقال اليهودى
يا مولاى هذه زوجنى ذلما سمعوا القضناة
|أمنه ذلك الكلام صاحوا باجمعه :أرما هذا
الحلب على الارض ودوسوا على وجهه
بنعالكم :واضربوه ضربا . وجيعا فهذ! ذنيه لا
يغقر فنوعوا عند تياب الخرير والبيسوه تياب]|
الشعر وداسوا على دنه وضردوه ضربا وجيعا
تجضوة فى« ايل البدن وطناةوا: فيه أل
القاضّى وهو فى ذل عظيم خححيوا ذبيه
القضاة الاريع بإن تقطلع يديه ورجلبيه
وبعك ذلك يصلب فاندغل اللعون مسن
ذلك القول وغاب عقله وقال يا سادات
القضاة ما تريدون منى فقالوا له قلل أن
عله اجازية م فى زوجنى وأن اال مالها
1
فق غد كىن وأثمت قدام حاكرم ' الدينة
وداموأ عن ذلك ألى الصباح ففهض البيهودى 1
وجا ل أ خدحاد لوصنع لهممر القييبود ذعل
ذلك قاممت زدى اللواصف 2 وجوارتها واذت
الى ذار القاضى ودخات وسامت قفردوا
عليها جميع القضاة السلامم ذقال القاضى
رأها بها وضع غخسنها وجمالها كوو
ان القاضى ميم من الرسسل أربعخ
وم شرفا. وقال لي احضروا غردمها فى أسوء
حال واما اليهودى لما ضصنع (2© القيود الى
الى انول فلم جم فاحتار ى امره فييينما
عو كذلك واذا هو بالرسل قل تعلقوا بم
وضربوه ضربا شديد! وسحدبوه سكيا حنى
اتوا به إلى القاضى فلما راوه القضاة صركوا
فى .وسجيله وقالوا وحك يا عدو الله وصل ١|
معهم اليهودئ من الاول الى الاخر. وطوت
الكتاب وناولته جاريتها عبوب وقالت لها
احفظى هذ! الكتاب فى جيبك حتنى نرسله
لسزوور قبينما © كذلك واذ! باليهودى قد
دخل عليهم فوجدعم فرحانين فقال ما لى
اراكم فرحانين كانه جاكم كتاب من عند
سحن ما لنا معبين إلا الله سكانه وتعالى
هو الذى #لصنا من جورك وأن لم ذردنا
الى أوطانذنا وبلادنا وال دى فى غداة غدا
كىن وانت. قداما: حاكرم الدينة قال
المهودى من خالص القبود من أرجلكم وأذا ١
عشرن أرطال واطوف بكورمر دادر ادبن
نقالت هيوب جمهع ما تفعله ينا نافع قبع
أن شنا الله تعالى كما أدعددنا عن أوطاننا
بيدأ
لو كنت يا مسرور تعلم حالنا ؛
ما كنت.: ترضى ذانتى وهسواق 5
وحبوب: فى فيك الحديد اسيك :
مع كاغر بالواحد إل باق 0
وزغدت فى ديى المهود وداره م ؛
واألببوم ذبى امأسلمين يسرضب الى 5
و#جدات أكو الشوق جدة عايد ؛
وملاحكحن دينا واكك كك © 7
2
ل 9
هسوور لا ننسى الودة يباتنا؛
واحفظ كذاك العبى والايفانى ©
أذاببت ديدنى ىق فواك واننى ؛
من فرط حدى ألم بزل كتمالى ©
بادر ألينا أن حفظ ات وذادنا؛
وعل الكرام و نكن ال
ثم انها كتبت الشعر وجميع ما عمله
أ
من يكنب فذوقع القامم مى يده وبعضهم
كان. يدث فارتج” لسانة ومنهمل من
كسب فغاظ .فى حسابه. فعنس ذليك قالوا
لها: با ظريفة الغصال طيى . قلبك. بتخليمن
حفقكى وتبلغئ فموادك ذودعننهم وأنصرفيت
اللبلة التامنة والعشروى والتماهاية
عذا كلد والبهودئ مقيم: غنك اعدابد: ليس
له :علم: بذلك. وزيى المواضف تدعوا. رب
الارباب. أن ينضرها على. عذا!. الكاذز المرتاب
وان بخاصها من الغذاب' ثم بكاك اواندت
نقول . عله الابياتث
دا عيبن شى
عمئ يعد ليسى . الكصردر محلهيبنا
احه اليه
ادن لباسئى, مليسن السترهنياابق 8
وروابح الكبريمت للا نلا
هل
خلف هذ! الكائر واخلص لكى .حقكى
اذك متمطيى . هبه للحن :: بوجت لنت
واتصرفت من عند»ه .وخلمت الناضسئ فى
كرب وقيام وشوق. وغرام وبعد أن انصرذت
من .عنده سالت على دار القاضى التاى
فولوها عليه فاعلمتة ذلك وكذلك القالث
والوابع. حتى .انقذت امرها عند الاربعة وكل
واحل يسالها أن بخنزوج بها فتقول له نعم
ولم يعرف بعضهم بعضا وكل واحك طمع
قلبه ذيها ولم .بعام- المهودى بشى من
ذلك لانه كان فى العرومة فلها اطيص الله
بالضباح , نهست نجارياتها .وافرغت. عليها
خلة من اخر الملابس .ودخاءت «ها على
القضاة.خلما .رات القضاة .حاضرين اسفرت
كد اؤونات يننا 'قياهها: وبيلسيين: لهام «فردوا
عليها السلام وكل منهم عرفها وكان مفهم
يهودية فوالله لاعرفى الدولذة:بك: فغضسب
مى مقالتها : واخث_ . امال :وهرب .وعنك. مهنا
سمعنا بد أنه ىق مدينئخظ عدن جينسا ى
طليه خلما اجتيعنا عليه فى هلذه. الديتخ
ذكر انمه يناجر فى بضاعة: و يشترى يضاعة
فصدلقناه فنصب علينا حنى حبسنا وقبدنا
وعذبنا باشك العذاب وان غربا ولا لنا
معين غير الله سحاند وتعالى ثم مولانا
القاضى فلما سمع القاضى. هذه الشكاية
قال جاريتها يا هيوب هذه ستكىئ: واثتمر
غربا وليس لها بعلل فروجينى بها واأنسا
العتقف يازمنى اخلص لكم حقكم من
معذا الحلب بعد أن أجازيه بما فعل
نقالت قبوب. لك السمع. والطاعخة رضيبت
يذلك فقال القاضى روحدى وطبمبى قليكى
وفى غد أن شا الله_تعالى وانا أرسيل. لكى
“ل
جاريى. اسمها؛ هبوب فقال. القاضئ: اشمكى
'أمثل حسنى وهو سم على جسم فتبيمت
وذاركا' وجههًا فقال. لها نا.زيى المواصفكن
الك بعل: ام :ا فقالت. ما:لى - بعل قال وما
دينكى . قالت : مسلمة .فقال. لها اقيمى
بالشريعة . فاقسيعن وتشهدت .فقال. القاضى
كيف نضبي: شبابك :مع هذا اللبهودى
فقالت أغلم ايها القاضى.. ادام: الله
أيامنك. وختر بالصنانحات اعمالك أن أى
خلف لل عنك وفانه كسة عش رء الف
ديغار وجعلها فى يد عذا الميهودى يسان
يناجر فيها والحكسب بيبننا وبينه ورأاس
الثال..كابت:فعنل ماه ماث ان ' حط :اليهوذق
يده على وطلبنى من أمى لينزوب بى فقالت
له ام كيف اخرجها .كن. دينها واجعلها
بأ
هته الحكالة كم فيصن الحداد من وقنه
وساعنه وصنع لهم مفادكا ثم فظم الهاب
وفئج: القيود .من ارنجلهم .واخرجيتم«ودلهم
على ببت. القاضى ثم أن جاريتها هيوب
نوعنت ما كان على سنها .مى القباب الشعر
وتعسنا أ بهاعاج: الخصاء ب ولعي" ولستغينا
لدرير فرجع لونها .ليها ومى ثمام السعادة
كان زوجها فى عزومة عند بعض الجار
فنوديندت زدى المواصف ومضحت بها ألى ديت
القاضئ فلما ذظر اليها القاضى :قام. قابيها
على قدميهد فسلمت عليه يعذوبة كلام
|| وخلاوة الفاظ : وقالت ١له ادامر الله ايام
مولانا. القاضى. على الدوام .كم اخبرته بامر
لدان وما صنع معها. هئ . طريقف الاجواد
وبما صنع بها اليهودى من العذاب وقد
أراث. بهم العلاك فقال القاضى يا جارية ماع
ذابنت غ وأب لبن مذبو 3 ةنا
عدم علمنا أو حسبير دناحا « م
فلما. سمع الحداد هذ! الشعر والنظام. بكى
وطرق عاههم الياب ذقالوأ هيع دالياب قال :
لهم. اذا. لمحا ثم اخبرع بما قالح القاضى
الليلة السابعة والعشرون والتماهاية
فقاليت زين المواص.ئف كيف ذروم والياب
| مقفول غلينا والقيود فى ارجلنا والمفاتيج
مع اليهودى خقال لهم الحداد: انا أعمل
لكم مفاتيج تفاكوا: بهم الباب والقبود
قالث ذنى يعرثنا بت القاضى فقال الأداد
افك اوضفت؛ لكم. أياد,.وادلكم .علية' فقاليك
|أزدى: ال مواصف وكيف نمضى عنك القاضى
ذلفا: لابشة:الشعن . وراججتى رأجدة.: الكبريت
فقال. لهم أن القاضى لا يعتب عاهكم فى
والقبود وقلة الواد .فقال القاضى ديا. خداد
دلها. علينا _واوصلها البنا. وهذه ذبمقفى
خداب:*ها في رقبقتك أن حنت ما تدلهسا
علينا. حتى ناخد حقها ممىئ ظلمها فقال
لداد سمعا وطاعة وسار من وقته وساعته
الى .عنس داأر زدى الواصف.فوجل الياب
مغلوقا وسمع كلدم رخيها مى حبك زبين
انا. كنت والحبوب والشمل تيع ؛
وعود وقغدابل وشمعا وأقداحيا 23
ر.علينا. سكرة بعد سكحرةة ؛
بننقير . عيدأن. وصوت. أذ صاخا 8
رمالى زسالى والميرور لشلد جلاسيارة.
.ويا طول ما كنا وصللا. وافراجا 4
ذنفرق جمع الشمل من بعد قربه؛
وبعد الغنا واللعب والليو قد راحيا 0
بك
أ
<-
دنست أقدام مسولا دخنتي حكن ؟
اقبي /خيلقلت أمرل اياي ا اوها
لوادكنلثك مغضقح .ما كافلشرة خلا كل 4ه |
نوم لشديد وقك كانت من الذعب 3
والله ' ل شافها , قناضئ: الاك رق ؛
لها واجاسها يها على اللرتسب 2
وكان “قاضئ القضاة. مارا. على دار :الكحداد
فسمعد يكور هذه الابيات ذقال القاضى: با
حذاد من هذه النى نهذى بها وقليك
مشغول بإكبها . فنهض الحداد قايما على
قدميد الى القاضى وقبل يحية وقال ادام
الله ايام مولانا القاضى وفسح. فى عمره ثم
وصف. له انجارية ومعانيها .وما ى فيه من
والأجال والبها والكمال والقى والاعتدال
بوجه جهيبل وخصر كيل وردفا تقيل تم
جريب ودبع بطي .م الىل لشبس
وفذه ما فى صفخ سارقة ول تقدر .عس1كن
الحديد ته ساله أن ل يقيدفا: وتندخيل
عليه .خفاما نظرت الحداد وهو يشفع فيها
قالت لليهودى سالتك باللة 2 خرجسسئ
قدام هذا الرجل الغريب فقال. لها وكيف
اخرنجق- قكنام مسرو ر. فلم ترد علبية “جبوات
ووضع. فى رجلها. حلقا صغارا لاجلل الحداد
وقببل الجوار وكان نوين م كوا صف حسور:
اذا مسهد خشنه تنعوميته فلم درل لابرسخ
الشعر فى وجوارها لجلا ونهارا الى أن اناعاات
جسومهن ونغيرت: الوانهن قل واما: الكحداد
فانه وقع فى قلبه من زين الواصف أمسر
عظيم فسار الى منول: وغ ينتصعد - لأسرات
وانشك يقول
شلت يوبنك يا عبرا بما وتقنت ؛
ثلك. القيوذ على الاقدام والعصب ©
0
مالى : وأعطيتوة لمسرور فكل ثى راح لى
اخذته منكم حتى انظر أن كان مسرور
ينفعكم أو يقدر على خلاسكم ثم أنه
مضى الى الحداد وصنع . لهم . ثلاذة .قبود
من الحديد وى بهم الى عندهم ونوع ما
كان .علي من التباب الخرير . والبسه. كباب
من..الشعر وصار يباخرم بالحبريت وجا
بالخداد اليهم _وقال له ضع هذه القيود فى
ارجلهم : فاول ما قدم. زين . المؤاصف فلما
راها- داك عاب. صوابه وعض. على انامله
وعدم عقله وذهل لبه وزاد. غرامه وكثر
غياهه وقال . لليهودى ما ذننب هذه اجوار
قال.ثم جؤارى قس سرقوا مالى وهربوا. منى
فقال له الحداد خيب الله ظنك والله لو
كانت هذه الجارية عند قاضى. القضاة
واذنيسير كل :يوم الف ذنب ما وأخذها
1
ولم ادر شرب الكمر مراولا خلوى:©
حرام على العيش من بعد بعدكم؛
فانى على التفريف والله لا اقوى *
اذوب لذاك البين واليعك والاسا؛
فيا لبت هذ1 ل يكون لن اغوئى ,2
ثم .خنيت الكناب بسكيق المسك والعفير
وأرسلته مع بعض التجار وقالت له 0 نسام
هذا الا لاخنى نسيم ذلها وصل الى مسرور
قبله وحطه على عينيه وبكى حنى غشئ ||
عليه ذيذا ما كان منهما .وأما ما كان مِن
أهو زوج زد ا مواصيف فانكة ذا علم المراسلات
ببدونا: بطبلل ينيخل بإقمن: بسو ابنزي ا صل
فقالمتك له زيى المواصف يا سكان الله الى
أب تسير بنا وتبعدنا عى الاوطان قال الى
هممد يبون سنخ حيى لا يصل اليكمر مراسلات
مسرور حى. انظر ديف اخذتر جميع
و
بلغى. ادها املك السعيد أن زدى ا مواصف
كننت جواب كناب مسرور وتقول له هذا
كناب الى سيدى ومولاى ومالك رق
وأكنواى اما بغد فقس اقلقنى السهر وزاد
أن الفكر وما لى .على بعدك مصطير يا من
يغوق الشمس والقمر الشوق يقل قنى
والافكار تؤلكى وكيف:لا اكون كذلك وانا
فى صغات هالك فيا بيك الدنبا والحباة
عل 7 تقطعين. انفاسد من. الحخسرات ذفلا
اهو مع الاحيا ولا هو مع الاموات تئلم
انشدت وجعلت: نقول هذه الابيات
الجالووية رسزووم جد مي البلوى]
فوالله ما لى عنك .ضبر ولا : سلوئى ©
ولا قرات اخط حنت جوارحى ١
ودميئ لما فاضش عشب الفلا أروى .©
ولويكنت طيرا طرت فى جنم ليله ؛ '
خ]؛]
نعاليكم مى السلامة يخ ؛
مسكية فى. الليل. والاشراقى ,,
فتكجيت اختها نسدم. من. فصاحخ لساذه
وحسىى معانيه واشغاره فرتدت له وخنويت
الكتاب بالمستك الادفر وخرتنه بالنك والعنبر
وأوصلتدء الى بعض الاتجار وقا كشت له لا: تسلم
هذا الكتاب.الا. لاخنى أو جاريتها هبوب
فقال” حبا وكرام 'قلما وصل الكناب الى
عنك زدى ألأوأصضصف عرفت انه .من نطيءف
عينيها واجرت الدموع من عجفنيها وأم نول
ووضف .الشؤك .ال «الاحبابَواشكيفي! خالها
اليه وما ثالهنا من" .الوجد غليه. اللياتخ
0
وبعادت. كوكم حدليت صبابق؟
وبكاس ديكم سقالى الساقى 8
وعلى رحيلكم .وبعد دياركم ؛
حجرت أجفون بدمعها المهراقى ©
55 حادى الاضعان عوج بالحيفلا:؛ :
#اقالقشبه بش ' لوط الامصراط ليله
وأقرا الكبخ 25 وكفل لخ
فنتكي له.. خييز / شان عنول: رأقيت با
ورهدى دشاشته بسهرم فراقى 8
بلع أجهر وجدى وشدة الوعنى ١
فسها لكين يتجهنا لنتخد :
ولا خلس اكظ ولا انيت اواك ؛
“ا
جوابا. ليطيب ؛ خاطرى. وتنطفى القار التى
فى ضمايرى فقالت له دبا وكرامة واخمئت
اشواقه .وما يكابده مى الم فراقه. ويقول
عذا كناب الهايم الدزين. والمفارن المسكيين
الذى لا يقر له قرار لا فى ليل ولا فى نهار
تاسفه وكتر قالقه كمال طير فقكد: الفه
وتجل تلفه فيا. اسفى على معاةسرتحكى
النكول وذمعى “جاريا..مهمول فضاقت غلى
اجيال والسهول. خام سبيت من عظام فكرق
أقول
زأدت الى سبكانها اشوافى 8
لي
ولا سهعدت غراب البيبن ينغيها .
فيك مسزور بكا شديدا ما سمع. هذا
الكلام والشعر والنظام وكانت انها ,تعرف
ما عم فيه مى العشقف والغرام. والوجد
والهيامر فقالت له بالله يا مسورور:ءحكف
عن منذا المنول ليلا يظى احد انك اناق
من اخولى لاننك رحدلات اذى وذويكد ترحلنى
انا الاخرى.:وانت تعلمم أن: لول . انت لا
ذاءت الدبار دى : سكانها نتسلى. عنهيا
وخليها فقد. مضيئن ما مضى ثلما سمع
تتددل1!: ما علية عم مؤبيد وقال. لها.ءيا
نسهم _لو“قدرت اطير .لطزسا, إليهنا, 'فكيفا
اتنسلى عنها :قالت لم ما لك حيلخ الا
الصبر افقال. .لها شالتك بالله الا-ما .كنبى
اليها حنابا يمبكون. مى..عندذك وترد أنا
حبيبتى با ذرى ثانى ليالهيها 8
فيا نسيم الصبا ان زرتهم سكراة -
سام عليهم وقف بالذار حييها. 2
وقد كان ازيى المواأصف اخات تيهوسى
نسم :وخكانت. تنظر اليه :من -مكان, غالى
فاما نظرته على ذلك اكالة بت وتذكرت
وسرت وانشدت تقول هلله الابيهات
كم ذا الغردد فى الاوطاى تبكيها:
والدار ذنددب بالاحرزان با نيبا ©
كان السرور بها من قبل أن رحلوا ,
سحانها ونتموس اشرقت ذبها 98
اين اليدور الذى كانت طوالعة ؛
صارت صروف دهور فى معانهيها ©
دع ما مضبى من ملاح كنت تالفها ؛
وانظر عسى رجع الايام ذيديها ©
لولاك ما رحاءت <+سخانها أابدا؛
5 -
.بربع. خلا منه انيساى وخلالى ©
ايت رلةاك: لين والبعل الاب"
ونكين عيهى القديم باخوانى 8
احن الى الاوطان أبكىئ. صبات: ؛
فيا حسرق من طول فى واحزاق ».
فلما فرغ 'مسرور من شعره سمع غرابا يزعق
على جانب الدار فيكى وقال سكان الله
مما يزعف الغراب الا على الدان اراب تم
سر وننهيك وأنشلدك يقول هذه الابيات
ها للغراب بدار خب ينعيهاة
والغار تكرق احشائ وتكويها 8
على زمان تقضى يق حب-تمهم '
فضاق صدرى وقلت غديلتى فيها ©
امواقا الوا ونان الشووى .ق. كبادى::
واكذب الكتب ما لى مى دوديها ©
1
من «الطيف): الا الؤعلة اوسرامي ©
فادي بمكجنون اذا ما رايتئها؛
وأصيج سكرانا بغير مال |مسسى 0
ألا يا ددم الويج باللك بل غخسى
يغ _مشنانق لهم وسلامكى 8
سداد صروفا الدهر كاس حمامى 0
وما زأل يبحى حنى الى الى منولها فنظر
وكان نتخصها أمامه فاشتعاءت نيرانه وزادت
أحدوانه ووقع مغشيأ عابيه لدي ذا
فلما أثاى . دعل دقول هذه الابيبات
نشافءت ديم العطر من ذلك اليالى ؛
ذرحيءت بقابى زايد الوجدك سكرالى 0
بده
موجوع فانشس بيقول هذه الابيات
سلامى على مى زار فى النوم طيفها ؛
شهمم -اشوافى وزاد غسرامى ©
وقك .بت هن ذاك المقام مولعا ؛
11 ب طيفب طار طيف مما مس ى ©
دترى تصددن الا حدم تون اديه ؛
وبشغى غليلى 2 الهوأ وسقامسى 9
فشارة دتتنى ولأسسارة فصول د
ذاءة تعائيد. يطنب كحكلهام_
عع ماى - لدبب
وذ نقضصى 3 أخخام عتهاسيبة
وصارت عمو بالدموع دوام
دفيقا وفك ذت على فب اهم
ر تسوب
٠
0
فيا 5 م 00 ف الخويم دممضنا
ذقضمحت مخها مب فى لله برأصسدى 13
٠
0
ذفبهيت من ذاك المنام ذاهم أرى
كو
دربت بعك الهوى كاسا له ضرر؛
لانه. ق: اخشنا! قى اقن سراق
فاها وصل الى زيى المواصفا الكناب اخذنه
لها شيايه نعلم زوجها. انيما يتراسالسونى
! ذاذئذ. 0 ا مأواصيف وجوارها وسائذر بيهم
م8 عشردن دبوما وذول م ف بعض ادن
فل! ما كان من أهمر زدن المواصيف وأماأ م
وقد اختلى بها وف تعانقه فاستيبقظ من
نومه فلم جدها نطار عقله ونهل ليه
وحيلدت عمناة بالدموع ول أصيح قلبه
مةأ
ذلك باكى مضرور مدة عشرة أيام هذا ما
اواج بتر مسووو واما بها كاف من +اهودزية
المواصضف فانها عرفت أن الديلة قل ثييعت
عليها وان زوجها ما زال سايرا بهم محدة
عشرة أيام واذولهم فى بعض المدن فكنيت
زيى للمواصف كتابا لمسرور وناولته جاريتها
عيوب وقالت لها أرسلى هذا للسرور تعرنه
كيف دمت اأخيلة عايهم وكيف غلرهم
فاخذت لذارية منها الكتاب وارسلته لمسرور
فلما وصل البه عظم عليه هذ١ اغخطاب
فبكى حتئن بل التراب وكنب كتابا
وأرساذ الى زين المواصف وختوة بهسله
الأدبيات
كيف الطريف إلى ابواتب سلوأن ؛
وكيف يسلا كبيب معد نيران ©
اوقات .راقت لهم يا .ليتهم. داموا ؛
|
ورجع مسَرور وهو مغرور ألى الدار فراتا
خالية موحشة من الاحياب فيكى حنى
بل النراب وغشى عاببه وكادت حرج روحه
مى جنييه فلما اثاق انشك يقول عله
الادببات
يا ربع رق لذلتى وخضصوع ؛
كول جسمى أنهفال دموعى ©
واعدى المنا هئ عببر نسيوهم ؛
ارجا ليشفى خاطرى اللوجوي ©
فلامزجى مداميى يدم عسى ؛
أن الؤمان يرودد.م برجصوعي 0
يوم الخميس ترحلوا فتخافت ؛
نار الغرام دمياكتى وضلوين ©
لابين كاس ما امر مذاقذ؛
يوم الغراق وساعة التوديي ٠2٠
ورجع مسرور الى منزله غير مسرور من أجل
*زوىا
ثانى مرة وغشى عليه ساعة زمائية فلمها
افاق فها وجدعم فسار كو مسبرهرم
وتفسمم ردح القبول فبكى وانشد وجعل
يقول هذه الاببات
ما هب ربح القرب للمشتان ؛
ألا شكى مى لوعة الاواق 8
وثنا عليه نس د-مة ساكصرية ؛
ليكفون ؛“ممة :فبياون: بق.. الإفتكاى: 3
ملقى على فرش السقام : مى الضنى ؛
يبكى الدما من دمعه المهراق ©
مى جيرة رحلوا وقلبى معهوووا؛
حك الرحكاب يسان بالسواق 8
والله ما فى القرب هببست نسهخة ؛
ألا..وقفك لهسا على الاحجدان 8
١ سي بول ريني تسيوب!!
مود حكبب: نطبب للع ب تشاوع 97
:زه
وانشكد يقول هذه الاببات”
نادى الرحيل “حبرا فى الدجا الهادى ؛
فيل الصباح وهبيت نسوة الوادى ©
نندوا المطايا وجدوا فى١«رحيليم ؛
وسار ذ!االوكب :لما رموض المجادى.ه
وعطروا دورهم من كل ناحبس ؛
وزينوا ظعنهم فى ذلك النادى ©
تملكوا ميكنتى حقا وقد رحدوا ؛
وخلفوى على اثارهم غادى 8#
ياشضيزة كان دكضاوافل جلا لفاوقههرا:
حنى بلاءت الترى من دمعى ١ لعادف 9
يا ويم قلبى بعد البعك ما صنعت !
يد الغراق على رغمى باكبادى , .
وما زآل مسرور ملازم القفل وهو يبكى
ويناخب وهى تساله أن يرجع قبل الصباح
ثيبخ الافغضاح فتنقدم الى الهودج وودعها |]
أهأ
حين زادت على فيك الغبونا ©
فوجدت الديار 1
وسالشتك ألغرواب عن حل. قتسدى :
من بقلى وعنده عقلى رهينا #2
قال ساروأ عسىن السنسازل حت ؛
صيروا الوجد فى احشاءه كمبنا ©
خلن شدعرأ على اتجحدار سسطو راض :
نعود اع لدان الع سمنيا ”
ذاها بدو ولك نز الأواميف ذلك الشعر عاويت
اذك مدرو ر اللبيلخذ الرأبعذ والعشرون
ل ب بمميدرة و سالك بالله درجع عنا بماد
تنفضحنا قدام هذا الملعون فذالى #خايفة]
5 براك أو برألى كلها بجع ميد ورور 51
غشى عليه فلما أفاق ودعوا بعضهم بعضنا
وساعننه وجا الى منولها فوجل الياب
مقفولا ووجّد الابيات النى كحكتبتها زين
المؤاصف ببد2ا على الياب الاول فلمما
عاينها خر على الآرض مغشيما عليبة ساعخ
زمانية ثم أنه افاق من غشوته وتتح
الياب الأول ودخل الى الياب الانى فوحجد
ما كتيئه وكذلك الباب الثالت خلما قرام
زأد 4 الغرام والشوق والهبام مج على
اثرها يسرع قتخطاء +حئ كدق بالضعىن
فوجدها فى آخره وزوجها فى اوله لاجسيل
حوايج له فلما رأها نعلف بالهودج دباكبا
يقول هذه الابيات
لبيتك شعرى باى ذنب رمينا:
يسهام الصدود طول السنينتنا ©
يا منى القلب: جيبت للدار فومنا 4
زمالى غلبت العر فيك تصدرمت ؛
لجاليه حنى ان اموت وافتلا ©
رغمت على سيرى وبعدى لوطى ؛
شغفت به لم أآدر ما قك 'خصلا 8
فيا ليت شعرى هل ارى فيه عودة ؛
افإؤيخ .كبا راقو لما جقط اولك 7
فقال لها زوجها يا زيى المواصف لا تحزن
على فراق منولكى فانكى ستعودى اليه
ان شنا الله تعالى عى قريب وصار يطيب
خاطرفا ويطمنها بالكلام ويلاطفها وساروا
حنى خرجوا إلى ظافر اليلد واستقيالوا
الطويف وعلمت أن . الفراق قل “وقع لها
خقيف نعظرم ذلك عايها هذا ومسرور
جالس فى. منزله متفكرا فى أمره وامر
ديوبنه دس خاطره بيعد زدن اللواصف
م
وانشدت .تقول
عليك سلام الله يا منولا خلا ؛
لقك قضدت الايام فيك سرورها ©
آلا يا حمام الدوم نوحى- لغربتى !
بدار خلت أقمارها وبسدورها ©
رويدك يا مسرور ابكحكى لفقدنا ١
فقك غابت الايام عنك بنورها ©
ولو نظرت عبيناك يوم رحيابيتا؛
وزاد دمو نار قلبى سعمرهسا ©
ولا تنس -ذاك العهد فى روضة لما ؛
وظيب ليالينا وظل ست ورعسا..
ثم حضرت ببن يدى زوجها خملها على
الهودج الذى صدذزعة 53 ذاها أن مبسارت
على ظهر البعور انشددت تقول هذه الابببات
عليكةء سلامة _ اللدزياء تاولا بحيلا ؟
فقك راق قلبى فييك يوما وقك حاد ©
ود
وساف الأقطار البلا لاحفل يل
اير الينا. قاطعنا لتبوزفكا »©
لق دعوو هنا تناك ب حينا تس ]| :
وهلت لياى الهج رمن بعد ذورها ©
يكن انا إن !الى إمنايما :
بامرو قدير سيرته .سطورها ©
رين الله أياما مضمت ما أسرها؛
بروض صفا ى جودها ورزهورها 8
رميت يسع البعد من بعك وصلنا؛
قرى ليمت شتعرى ما الذئى فى صدورها ©
فهل ترجع الايام تجمع شملنا؛
وأوفى اذا ثدست جميع نذورهاء'
تم بكت بكا شديدا ورجعت الى الدار
| تبكى
سكان. الله على ما حكم لقك حكم علينا
بهذا وناسفنت على فراق الاحباب والديار
وتنتتاكدب وق كن م مضى وقالنت
وأبكى أذ حققت معنى كلام» ؛
وطيل البكا واخورن ايضا وخبرا © أ
وأن لم كل صيرأ !ا قل (تبن ,م
وسائر ألى ثدرشق اليلاد وغرّبها؛
وعيش فريدا همكذا الله قدرا ,2
ثم بكعت بحا شديدا واذمت إلى الياب
الثالث وكنيت عليه هذه الابيات
روبدككم ب ومسروة رو الدار زورها:؛
ولا ننس عهد الود أن كندت صادق ؛
وأصور على هو لالم وجورفا 09
فقد قضت الايام عنا شرورها: ©
اه وانفة عياف الوصبالت وظك يع ينا؛
آلا با جام الدار بلغ سلامنا؛
مى الخب للمكبوب عنك فراقنا ©
وبلغد عنى لا يزال متيما؛
حرينا على ما فات من طيب وقتنا ©
كذلك الى لم ازال حوينت
على زمن كنا بطبب سرورنا ؟
لقك طال ما كنا بائرام دايم ؛
85 وضل خياب سنا وصبات +
فهنا. كان حتى صاح للعين صايح ؛
عاهنا غراب البين ينعى تراقفنا 8#
زحلنا. وخلينا الديار شنيعة؛
موحشة الابواب ثم المساكنحا .
شير تت : الى الباب .الثانى .وكبنتن؛ علب
هذه الابببات
أنيا واصلا تلباب بالله فانظسيا ؛
خط حبيب ف الدجا سار واعثرا ©
عع(
بصاعته ومتاعد :وجهن عغالة 'للسفر, واميبا
زدى المواصف فانها صارت تبكى وتندب
وى #2 يقر لها ذرار لا فى ليل ولا فى نهار
فلا راق :زوجها .ذلك لم - ينك زعليها. فلها
رات! وق اللواصضف أن رزيجها. لا زح اللادين
8 السفر لمت 'قماشها ومتاعها واودعتع عذد
اخنها واخبرتها بما قد جرى لها وودعتها
وخرجت من عندها وى تبكى وانت
ضع عابها الاحمال وعزل نوين المواصسف
احسى الجال. وا رات :زين: المواصسف؛ أن
زوجها احضر إمأجال ورات اذها مفارقسة
لسروز. 2 حبالة :وكان. زوجها. قن خري
لبعض اشغاله فدرجيتن للياب الاول الليلغ
وكتبت عليه هذه الابيات
رع
لاعما هم فيه ابد! ثم أنه صار ينيع ما
عنده فلما باع جميع ما نماحه يذاه
حنب ورقة مزورة واديى اذه جاه كناب
من عنكل أولاد عمكم برسم الزيارة ثم قراأه
عليها فقالت له كم نقيم عند قال اتنى
عشر بوما فانععت له بذلك وقالت لك آنا
ااخط معى من جوارى واحدة قال خذى
جاريتكى هيوب وسكوب ودعى هنا خطوب
ثم هيا لهم هودجا ملجا وعزم بهم على
الوحبل فاارسلات زين اللمواصف الى مسرور
تعرفه بهذا الامر وقالت له يا مسرور أن
فات الميعاد الذى بيننا ولم ناقى فاعلم
أنه قك عمل علينا حيلة ودبر محكيبدة
وابعدنا عن بعضنا خلا تنسى العنيسود
وا موائيق الخى بيننا فاى اخساف أن
يكون ذل عليم 57 وصار زوجها سبع َّ
-
وفك أبصدرت عبنى أمو ) حجببة ؛
تنيه طرثى بعد ما كان نايها ©
رأيت حبيى قد اباح مودق ؛
وطير هرزارى لم يكن غير حايما ©
وحدف اله العالليبى الذى اأذا؛
اراد أهورا فى العباد نقهوما ©
لافعل ما يسنوجب الظالم الذى ؛
بدا جيالات وللنفس اظلمساغ .
فلها سمعيت زدن الواأصف شعرّه أرنعدت
فرايصها واصفر لونها وقالت نجاريتها أسمعى
هذا الشعر ذالى. ما سمعته فى عمرى ذقالت
انجارية بل هو بيت شعر وقالت.دعبه
يقول ما يقول فلما .ذكخطصقفاف زوج زيسن
المواصف أن هذا الآأمر ددجم صار يبيع
كلما تملكه يداه وقال فى نفسه أن ذم
هذ
ما يصبفع ول#آلى على خاطره وقال ق نفس
حتى الهزار انكرى واجوار اغلقوا الباب فى
وجهى والفوا الى غيرى ثم انه أانشك من
قورت .ددنت قذه الابيات
56 حيرم وو
ولذة ايام وعيش تصسيما ©
نواعت الايام فيمدن احيهة ؛
وقلبى على نار يزيد تنضس يما ©
صفا لك ذهر باللكة قد مضى ؛
ولا زلت فى ذاك المجال مهيما ©
ثقض عايننت عيناى امرا أغالها؛
فيا له من امر صعوب معظطمسا 6
رايت فتاة الى تسقى حبييها ؛
.بثغر رحيقف سلسبيلاً منسها 6
كذلك' يا طير الهزار تركتنى
وصرت لغيرى فى الهوا متحكينا ©
6
فاح الجلس وزوجها ينظر ذلك ويتتجب
غيظا مما قبل رأه وحقه الغصب وغار غيرة
عظيمة فذاق الى الياب فذوجلده مغلوقا فطرقه
طرقا قويا من شكة غيظه فقالت الجارية
با ستى ةس جا سبدى ذقالت انتكحى له
الباب فد كان الله رده بسلامخ ذوضيت
سكوب آلى الباب ففتكحنهد نقال لها ما
لكى اوتقنى الباب نقائت هكذا! فى غبابك
لد يول مقفولا و يفتم لا لبك ولا ذهجارأ
فقال بكدوبنى ذلك تبون" دخل عابة وسو
سمعا وطاعخ افعل -ما ذريد ثم أنهها نغارقا
9 ذلك ومصضى. د ذخ ألى مذوله وبقى
زوج زين المواصف متفكرا فى أم لا يدرى
.]
بدا لك. فقام زوج زدن اللوأصف وخسرج
من الدار ودار منى ورا المجلس اللبلغة
الثانية والعشرون والتمانماية وكان
هناك طاقة تشيف عليهم فكا اليها وصار
ونظرهم وم له ينظرونه وأذأ ددن أأواصسيف
قالنت جاريقها سكوب أبن رأح سبركحى
قالئت. إلى خار 5 الدار قالت لها اغلقى
الياب ومكنيء باخديد ولا تفتكحى له
حدى
يدن الباب وخبرينى قالت ذعهم
اخذت الحداس وطبيةه ابجاو زه والكبريقف
اسك 38 الى عند معدو ر فقام #الببها
ع1 الشراب فقالنت له دونك وصارت ثملا
ع 2 م د من فرقه الى قدمهم حنى
را
وكرامة ذلما وصلوا الى المنزل تقدم واخير
زوجنه بقدوم مسرور وانه يريد «ننضاوا
هو وايانا وقال لها هيى لنا. #جلسا حسنا
ولا بد أنكئى تحضصرى وتنظرى كيف
تكون المحاواة فقالت لم بالله عليك 5"
تتاخضينى قدام هذا الرجل الغريب ذما لى
غرض اقف قدامه فسكت عنها وامر الجوار
أن يقدموا الطعام والشراب ذم انه استدعي
بالطير الهزار فنزل فى حر مسرور ولم يعرف
صاحبه ذعنك ذلك قال له ب مولاى ما اسه.ك
قال الحو معدرور فذكر همذيان زوجقد. بهذا
فعرف أن الكديلة قد تهمت عليه فقال يا
مولاى تمعل على حاى أجبب أولاد عهى
بز
صاحيد انكره ولم يعرفه فس خاطر زوج
زدبى المواصف وصار متفكرا فى أامر ذلك
الطير وبعده عنه وأما زيى المواصف فانها
لم ننم وقلبها مشغول بمسرور وكذ! ثافى
| ليلة وتالث لببلة فافوز المهودى عليها
ونحظ بها ومهى مشغولة البال فانكر ذلك
عليها وى رابع ليلة أستيقظ مى منامة
وى : ثايمة فى حضنه فانئحكر ذلك وكتم
امره. قلما أضيع الصباح قام .الى السسوى
فيس اق دكانء قبينما هو بجالين: راذا
بمسرور قد أقييل عليه وسلم عليه فرد علبه
| السلام وقال له مرحيا يا اخئى والله أنى
مشنان اليك تجلس يتحدت معه ساعة
رملئية همل :قال كم يداح قمر :م ىلك
مهنول حدنضى دعل المخاواة فقال معسدرواو حيا
ا
سر
أعرفة فظن زوجها انها صادقة فى قولها فما
زأل زوجها يعافها حنى قامت وثلفلف.تك
به فاطرق راسة الى الارض خانده مساكى
فنظر الرجل الى اطراقده فقال 8 شك أن
هذا زاعد فاكلوا كفايتهم وشالوا الطعام
وقدموأ المدام تواست زنين الموأاصف قيال
2 2 قصدارت مره وينظرها الى أن مم
الفهار فانصيوف معدرء و الى مغوله وصار )2
قلبد الغار وأما زوج 6 الأوأضصف ميار
اللبيل قدمت له زوجفد طعاما ينعشسى
حعادته وكان عنده فى الدار طير هزار
حين ياكل ياى اليد الطير وينقض فى
حجره وياكل معد ويرفرف عايم وعلى رأسه
خين غاب تالف على مسرور فلما حضر
هآ
27
اخطله وجابه الى منوله واجلسه فى الدعلمز
.ودخل الى زوجنه زين المواصف وقال. لها
فكجهرى أنا ضيائة حسنةخة: ففرحيت زدين
المواصف بذلك وعرذت أنذ مسرور جهوت
لد ولبم فاحرة وصذعست طعاما دسنا من
فرحتها بمسرور وتدبير حيلتها فلما حضر
مسرور عند زوجها قال لها اخيجى متى
بطعاما ألببه ورحى به وقوللى لك دوم مبارك
فغضبعت زدن الأواصف وقالنت له 2>ضرلى
قطعننى قطعا ما احضر قدامم فقال لها
زوجها من اأى شى تساكى وإأذن نصبير
اخوة واتكابا فقالت لم أذا ما اشتشيى
اخضر قداممك فكيف خضرقى قدام الرجيل
الاأجنبى الذى ما نظرته عينى قط ولا
سر
بمسرور قك اقيل وسام عليه وجلمس الى
جانيبه وعظم قدره وتحدث معم ساعبة
زمانية وحل كيسا واخرب منه ذهبا ودفعه
الى زوج زين المواصف وقال له اعطنى بهذه
الدراهم بزورات ابيعها فى دكانى فقال له
ممعا وطاعة واعطاه الذى طلبه وصار يننردد
عابك ابإما ذالتئفت البده زوج زين المواصف
وقال له انا هرادى احدا! اشاركه ويشاركنى
فى المتجر فقال له مسرور وانا: الاخر موادى
اخد! أشاركه لان اى كان تناجرا فى بلاد
اليمن 'وخلف ل مالا عظيما وانا خايف
على ذتمابه فالتفت اليه زوج زين المواصف
وقال له هل لك أن تكون ل رفيقا واكون
لك صاخبا وصديقا فى السفر وا#_-ضسر
وأعلمك البيع والشرا والاخط. والعطا فعند
ذلك قال له مسرور خديا وكرامة تم انه
وبتك به وسلمعت عليه فنظر فى وجهها
فولى فيه لون الاصفرار وكانت غسلت
وجهها بالؤعفران وعملت فيء بعض حيلل
النسا فسالها عى حالها فذكرت له انه
أمن وقنت سافر وى مريضة فى وانجوار وقلينا |
مشغول عليك لطول غبابك. وصارت تشكى
اليدخ وى تبكى بغبر دموع وتقول لو كان
معك رفيف ما ملت على قلبى 2 خبالله
عليك بإسيبدى لا تبقى تا" ألا بصديرفقف
يردد أخبارك ونيقا مطمينة القلب عليبك
واخاطر : اللبلز الخاديخ والعشرون
والتمانمايخة فقال لها حبا وكرامة والله
أن رايى رشيد وقولكى سديك وحياتكى
على قابى ما يكون الا ما تريدى ثم أنه
خرب بيضاءته آلى دكانه ونذتكها وجلس
يبيع فى السوق فبينها هو فى دكانه واذأ
معها قالت له يا مسرور قد ورد علهنا
كناب باخبار زوجى أنه قادم من سغره
عن قريب فكيف يكون اليلل وما لاحد
منا عى صاحيه صير فقال لها لسيث ادرى
ما يكون بل انتى اخبر وأدرى باخللاق
زوجكى ولا سما النسا الحتالون كتالون
بما لا جنالون به الرجال ذقالت انه رجحل
صعب الحتواس وله الغيرة علن امحل بيْئنه
ولكى اذا قدم مى سفره ومهعت إخبره
فاقكم عليه 'وسلم عليه واجلس الى 'جانيه
وفقل له يا اخى انا رجبل عطار واشخترى
منه بزارات وتردد عليه مرارا وحكلمد مدة
ومهما امرك به لا تخالفه فلعل يكون ما
احناله مضادفا فقال لها مسرور سمعا وطاعة
٠ وخر مسرور من عندها وقد اشتعلت فى
قلبه نار الْحية فلما. وصل زوجها الى الدار
رأ
اردق تعبا
ثم أن زيى المواصف طربت طريا عظيها
وحصل لها الافراحم وغاية الانشراح وقاليت
يا مسرور ذذى الصياح .ولا يقى الا الرواح
من خشيبة الافنضاح فقال حبا وكرامة
ونهضن قايما. على قدميه واى بها الى أن
اوصلها الى منزلها ومضى الى تله وبات وهو
متفكر فى حعاسنها ونا اصبح الصياح واضا
دمو ره ولاح هيا اليها هديخ مغفدخية وأق
بهنا اليها وجلس عندها. ودأاموا على ذلك
مدة أيام ْ وهم فى أرغد عيش وى
بعض ١ الايام ورد عليها مى عند زوجها
كتاب انه وأصل عن قريب فقالت
نفست السلامة فلا احياه الله أن يصيل
الهنا فلقك تكدر عوشنا وقك كنت أبست
الجا ملبطا ارك اندها معيروارن ملل جديا
يرل
أمرد يروم . القفنالى ©
ينببك عند مليح:
بيهاجة وجسهسالى 8
كمثل زين المواصف!
ملبكة فى الكماللى 5
اتيت ليلا الهيها:
ونانمت شما حالا لى ©
والمقها فلي البلا دويق
فاقت جمميع اللمبالى ©
لما أنى الصيح . قاممت ؛
ووجهها 2اله الى 5
تهئر حت الغلايل ؛
هر الغصون اللسعوالى ©
وودعتاى وقالعت ؛
منى تعود الليالى ©
فقلت يا نور عينى؛
لَه شغباف كبسار :
وقورة ح2ّاليغس الى 8 .
مى وجهه يبك غيظا :
خذوا لخر يا رجالى ©
نذا اتبريين الشيطة:
مقي نم1
أتجده _حامى الملاقا:
بقوة وهقاالى 8
فنرجع عن قفنالهد؛
مخلول حؤغم القدال +
جلاع تبيلبهرسنيييهةه
بشارب وخسلالى ©
وتارة عغطلممقيحد؛
بلكحبة . حالرجساللى ه
57
اا
وريقها كالرلالى 5
حانها رأس- ميم ٠
خوى: ننظبام :الت ادل 0
وعنقها.ع عق طبيسىئى:”:
ملتكحفان . الصكيل و ستاةية
9
ونيّدها :نك ال ساد ؟
وبطنهسا ضيه سسيرة ؛
ثليه :الها فى اعتسدالل:
م ١5 حم
5 2-4 مما لسن تبي باس ّدس 3 -
ا
مق الشارةة قناك 6
أظهرت صبرا جميل ؛
من بعك أصراف مسالى ©
فانعيست لى بوصل؛
وذاك ابسهسى سسوالى 8
حظيت منها بوصل؛
ف البلنة نم مسلا هت
أن لامنى الغير فيها؛
فقلن يا لل وسوالم ©
لها شعور طوال؛
واللون لون الليالى ©
وخدرها نيه ورد؛
موق .با تعناق:6
وجفنها نيه سيف ؛
وانفها كاخ لال ة
فقللثك زيى المسوأاأصف ؛
بالله. رقى الكسال:»
فان عندى غيرامسا:
هيهات صب يتسالى ©
قالتك فان كنت _تهوى ؛
وظامعنا فى التوصتالم 8
اريك عودا جسزياد ؛
أن كنت تهوى_العوالى 3
اربع خاسع قرموزية!
من الجرير الغسوالى ©
وأريع نوافسح اماق فده
برسم ليالبة وصالحى ©
وغالسيسة ومسرادى ؛
يا سيك يا حب غالى ©
||
قال ححيا وكرامخة وانشد بغقول
وصرت خلف أ<ةةهيالى ©
أبصرتها فى وسط روض ؛
تبدوا بقكد أععش .الى 0
سامت قاليت سلام ا ؛
بلا "صسيغ نوين ٠ 'ملسقصاف: ©
أسهى لحب جهنا 5
در
وحنيبن صوت مى ذواد متيم ؛
طاب الهوا. بننهيتك الاستار ©
رقت معانيها عكحسى صفائتنها؛
كالشوس "كلى فى يي الاقمار ©
لبلة جادت لنا بسرورها؛
نحانما قسمثت مى الاعمسارء
فلمنا فرغنت من شعرها قاليت يا مسسروور
انشدنا شبا مى اشعارك خلا عاش مسن
غافلك فانشك يقول
طربنا على بدر يدير مدامنا؛
ونغمة عود فى :رياض مقامنا ©
وغنت قماريها ومالمت غصونها :
“كيرا وقك بلغ بها غايةخ المناء,
فلما فرغ مى شعره قاللت له زين اللمواأصف
انشد لنا شعرا فيما وقع لنا أن كنت عن
بحبنا الليلة العشرونى والتمانماية
“ردر]
ما اخذتنه منه له وقالت لخ يا مسسرور
عل لك روضخ ذانلى المها وذتغرج غاهها فقال
نعم يا ستى أنا لى روضة وأى روضة ثم
ل أ منوله وأهر جوارة أن دعدنع و
طعاما مفتخرا وأن يهيوا مجلسا حستا
وتكية عظيمة ثم أنذ دعاها الى منوله
ضرت ف وجوارها فاكلوا وشربوا ولذرأ
وطربوا ودار بينهم الكاس وطابيت الائفاس
وخلى كل حبيب كبيبه فقالت با مسرور
خطر بيالى شعر اقوله على العود فقال لها
مسرور قوليه فاخذت العود ببديها
واصلحت اللدوى وحتركدت الاوتار وحييد كت
النغمات وانشدت تقول هذا الكلام البليغ
وجعلت تقول هذه الابيات ظ
طرب النديم على غنا الاوتار؛
ولق الصباح نسيوة الاأسكحسار ©
وما ين الحذها سوى من أخكيدة؛
يكون قريبا منك كى تكحكما 8
ولا ثهجانا الصبحم قامست وودعت ؛
بوجد هلال فايقا قمر السها©»
وقك انشدت عند الوداع ودمعها ؛
على اخد منتور حعقد منظيا © |
فلا ننس عهد الله ان كنيعت صادقا ؛
قفر ألقه اديه و اويا بانع هدهب ا
فعنك ذلك أطربت زين المواصف وقاللت
يا مسرور ما احسى معانيك ولا عاش من
يشانيك تم دخلت المقصورة وأدعسفت
بمسرور فلخل عندها واحتضنها وعانقها
وقبلها وواصلها وفرح مسرور بما نال مسن
طيب الوصال فعنك ذلك قالت له زين
المواصفأيا مسرور مالك حرام علينا خلال
لك وقس صرنا احبابا ذم أنها ردت جميع
بكبيكف مشغوف القواد متيسما ©
وعاينت 'مى “عبت اللتام حجمالها :
بقيس. كبيب اللب :متها -مغرما ©
ا.ولت. حت الستر اخضع شاكيا ؛
كثير غرام فى الفواد تخحكيا +
قلما. رات حالى وطول العبص يعت
رى. قلبهنا. 'والتغر .ذاك نيسرما ©
وهب . لناء ريح الؤصال .وعسطسرت.؛
نوافص عطر المسك عنقا ومعصما 8 |
فقبات فى تلك اكيوب محكاسنا:
وقبلحته هىدبينالرنحيها: وفنسيبا.ة
ومالك كغصى البان حت غلايل !
واحللت مم ذاك. الوصال. الكرما 8
وبننا جمع الشمل والشمل جامع ٠١
بضمم ولتم وارتشاف من اللما ©
دروم وصالى اننك مم غير : مخاهى١!
يسرك هذا الفعل تصبص نادما 3
وتالعب بالدينين قل جيل فى الهوى ؛
ويصبح مثكى فى الانام. ملوما 4 |
وذنهزى به “الاديان. فى كل مسلك ١
وذمقفى على “دينى- وذيسك _ماكجرما 8
فان كنت تيوانى نهود محبيذ)؛
وانت لغيرئ فى الوصال مكرما 8
واتخلف بالاكيل قولا محقفقفا؛
لحفظ سرئ فى هواك وتكتما
واحلف بالتوراة ايمان مادق ؛
اكون على العيكد الذى قد “تقرما 8
حلفت على -دينى وشري وملفى ؛
وحلفتها متلى البمين الملعظدها ©
وقلنث لهادها الإسهواا يا ضايخا؛نالى:؛
فقالت أنا: زين المواصف ' فى انما 8
1
فعاينتها ها ببن سضر وروضة ؛
بوجه يقوق اليدر فى افق السها ©
وقغت لها شبد الاسير مسايِك ؛
وقلت سلاما من يكون بذى لما ©
فردت سلامى بال#ردد رغبة؛
ولطفت حديث الدر حين تنظما ©
فباديتها بالقول منى تحققفت؛!
كلامى وصار الفكر ذيها مصمما 6
وقالت أما هذا الحلام جهيالة ؛
فقلت لها كفى عن الصدب الوما 8
فان تقبلينى ها انا عيك حسنك ؛
فمتلك معشوى ومتلى متيماة
فلم رات ذ! القصصس منى نبسمت ؛
وقالت ورب خالف الارض والميها ©
نهودية افسى التهود دينها؛
بوانت على دين النصارى ميمها ©
أ
لنا #جلسا آخر فنهضيت الجارية فيسوب
وجددت مجلسا وزينته وعطرته على
غرضها وجددت الطعام واحضوت ادام
ودار بينهمر الكاس وطاببت الانفاس
الليلة الناسعة عشرة والتماماية
فقالت زدن المواصف با مسرور دنا اللقا
والتدافنى فان كنت فى حبنا عالى. فانشد
لنا شعرا هن المعانى فانشد مسرور يقول
اسرت وقى قلبى لهبب تسضص.يما؛
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بحب نتاة قك قلى قواهمها؛
وقد سلبت عقلى خلس تننعاة
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وثغر جاكى البرن حين نيسما 8
لها من سنين العر عشر واربع ؛
بقك كغصى فوقه الطير مهما
1
ع
بغورقف مضبى فيه يدوا هلدلها ت
اذا خطرت 3 الارض يعيقف نشرها ؛
نسبيهاأ ذإيكيبى أرضها وجبالها 75
كلما ذرغ يدوو و ير تعره كال با مسدورو ار
كل من أمس.ك على اديند وذ كل خبيزذا
وملكنا وجب حقى علدنا حن عنك هذه
ٍ الامور واذا ارد عليك املاكك وجميع. ما
اخدناد منك ذقال مدر ور يادسيى لفكت ري
حل مها نكرتيه وان خنتى غدرقى فى
دادتها هبوب با ستى أنت صغيرة السمن
تطيعينى فى امرى وجبرى خاطرى ما انام
الليلة عندكى قى. الدار فقاليت با يوب
ما بكحكرون إلا منا تريدى قومى حددادى
9
“فما مضبى انجوع آلا قمست منعكفا؛
على الهرايس ضيقن الاماليم 8
با لجف قلى على لونين من نمك ؛
ومع رغيفين هى خبز الدواريدم,,
ثم انهم اكلوا وشربوا ولدوا وطربوا ورفعت
سفرة الطعام وقدموا سفرة الدام ودار
الكباس.بينه والطاس: وظابت الاثفاس “وملا
الكاس مطروور وقال يا من انا عيدهنا
وانشى وقول هذه الابينات ظ
تجبت لعينى أن ثمل مبلالها؛
وانسوة/ما ميلا :يق رتاف 1سا
ولطف: معائيها وحسن “خخضالها:9
جعلتاغطم البنان ميل وا هنلا
اذا خطرت فى “خلة باعتدالها ©
بوجه منير كل البدر فى الدجا ؛
ويموت ذيها داعيا حيائهيا#
فشكرتها زين المواصف ثم افبلتك زدن
فلما رأها مسرور نهض قادما على قدمبه
وقال أن صدقتنى طنى ما فك انسية 'وائما
من عرايس دخ ذم أنها أدءمت بالمايكدة
خضرت واذ! مكتوب على اطراف المايدة
عم بالملاعف فى رع السحاريع :
ولك بنوع القلايا والحطاياهيم 5
علب سهان قطا ما زلمت أعشقيا ١
مع الفراخ العوالى .فى الدراريم 5
والبقل يغمس فى خلل السحاردم 2
والرز باللين الحاوب قل غمستات ؛
فيه الكفوف الى حد الدمالهج 0
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والدواقيت وأرخت من دمت العصابخ سالفين
الوهاي وارخت شعيها كانه الليل الداج
وذبخرت بالعود وتعطرت بالمسك والعنيسر
فقالت ١ لها جاريتها هبوب الله كفطحكى
أمن. كل عيبن تلعظكى تجعلت تمشى
وتنوقف وق خطواتها تنقطف فانشدت
الجارية من بديع ابياتها تقول هذه
الابيات ١
خجلت غصون البان مى خطواتها ؛
والعاشقين ذموت من لكطاتهسا 8
قمر ذبدى فى غيباعب شسعيرفا؛
شمس وما للشمس بعض صفاتها 8
ورد: الكتاب . فسرنا. مسهصونته ؛
وارت :الى فى الغواد اصونه ©
وأزددنا شوفا قد ما اشماق فى الكرا ؛
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فاخذنه وانت به الى عنك ستهسا زيسى
المواضف ذلمها وضامت الها امجاري* صدارت
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زدى المواصف فغساموا عليه ودر حب وأ بسك
واجلسته الى جانيها ثم قات جاريتها .بوب
قدمى لنا-«بدجالخ من احسى ما يحون
فقامعت هبوب:وانت؛ببدلخ ملم ميخ ناخ ذنها
نرى ياننى مى عندها ما يسرنى ؛
وابلغ ما ارجود من نيل بغيسنى 6
وتطوى ليالى الصد مى بعد مجرها ؛
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الليلة التامنة عشرة والتماه ايخ
بلغنى ايها المنك . السعيك ١أن: مسرو رالا
زاد به الهيام وانشى الاشعار وهو فى غاية
الشونى فبينما عو يتردد فى هذه الابيبات
فسمعتد هيوب فطرقت غليه الباب فقام
مسرور وفص لها. فدخامت وناولته الكاتاب
فاخذه وقراهد فقال لها يا هبوب ما وراكى
مى الاخبار با سيدة انجوار ذقالت له ابشر
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ذوى الالباب ثم أن مسرور فرح فرحا
شنديكا وانشكس بيغول
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لانك ذوا صبر وفباك جلادة ؛
على جور يبوب يسوك بلا غدل 8
فيادر لتغنم وصلنا: ولك الهينا؛
وال اتدل اقطالا يتعبين نيما الافيل 8
فلم :'الينا مسرعا غير منطنى:
واجنى ثمار الوصل فى غيبة البعل»,
ثم انها طوت الكتاب واعطته جاريتها
عيوب ناخ-طده منها ومضيت به الى مسرور
فوجدته يبى ومو يفشك ويقول
تقس زاد نى وجدى ببعد احيتى ؛
وفاضدت دموين كالدما فوق وجنتى 28
وب عل قابى نسيم م وم اجو :: :
1 دالا ككياق من فرط لوعتى 8
وعندى مى الاوهام با صاح لو بدت ٠
أهدم لخصى والصخر لان بسرعنى 8
لا حيلة فى خضنا الله تعالى ما وجّد هذا
اليجل قلب رحيم عندنا فقالت لها هبوب
ياست والله: ما :سهل علبنا_جاله واخيل
ماله ولكن ما عندهنا الا انا وجارويتحى
سكوب من بيقدر ينكام فيكى وأكن جواركى
فعنس ذلك اطوقمت راسها الى الاأرض ساعة
فقالوا لها. يا ستى الراى عندنا. أن .ترسلى
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الى الأرض وادعت بدواأة وقرطاس وكنيت
البَع هذه الابببات ش
دى الوصل يا مسرور فابشر بلا مطل ؛
أذا اسود جا اللبل فانات بالفعل ©
ولا تسال الاندال فى امال با فتى؛
فقل كنت فى سكرى وؤلل رذ لى عقلى 8
ذمالك مردود عليك جسهبيعه :
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فالنئغت فرالى خلفه هيوب على بعد وى
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بها قالت زيى المواصف من اولخ الى أره
فقال. لها واللة يا هبوب ما بقن يدى
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أوعدتها فقال وعد بوعكد ومطل بمطل ولذفا
والماكران 52 بلى مئة ثلما ممعت فيسوب
ذلك منه ةالشت (كم يا مسرؤر طب نفسسمها
وثر عينا والله 9 كوذن سييا لانصالك بها
الى سخنع ا فيكت بحا شديدا وقا لمت 53
عذل ايناس فقالنت لها سنذها زدى ا مواأصف
لها'يا سئ 'اطلئ: ولكئ على 'مهها طلبنى
جبيت لك به واحضره بين يديكى فقالت
لد يا مسرور هل بقى معك تى من امال
فقال لها يا منتهى الامال واذا لم يكن
معى تى+ نساعدق الرجال ذقالت دا معدرور
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قرأيب واعداب ومهما :طليبت يعطوى نقالت
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اوأنى من الغالية واربع أواق من العنير لكام
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هذ! على هين يا مخجلة الاقمار ثم أن
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خلفه هيوب حنى تنظر قيمته عنك الذين:
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على اللناصر ل خوفا ولا ثرا 8
لا ولعت أطمع قلجى فى الوصال لها؛
حنى بقبت من احالين معت ذرا: ©
وقليحه من لهيب الشوى مندمرا ©
ويرجع اغبي ٠ل دما و مط ليون
أشيهو دون اللفحة مم بلغ وطرأ عن
غلما ميععتك زدن ا موأصف هذه الابهات
ذكدجيتك من فصاحدخ لسانه وقالت له يا
مسرور دع عنك. هذا أنجنان وارجع .الى
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غرضك ما حصل ألا بذهاب الاموال ومالك
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وخيرتنى ما بين :اجيوش فماء
أخانرت ألا جبوش البيض مقتمرا ©
وقلت هذا جيوش البيض تصلح ل ؛
عم منايى وانتى تاخذى الدمرا ©
ولأعبتنى على رهن رضياات بة؛
ولم أكن عن رضاها ابلغ الوطرا ©
نا لهفت قلى. ويا. شوقى ' ويا حزق !
على وصال فتاة وجهها قمرا ©
ما القلب فى حرى ايضا ولا اسف ؛
على نغاذف عقارق يا اولى النظرا ©
وصرت حيرأآن مبهوتا على وجل ؛
أعاتب الدهر ذبهما نم لى وجرا ©
قاللت خما لك مبهوتنا فقلت لها؛
اأشارب الُمر قد يصحى اذا سكرا ©
انسية سلبت عقلى بقامتها؛
وقليها رطب عند اللقا عجرا ©
اشكوا' الؤمان .وما قد حل فى وجرا ؛
ضيوعت مالى فى الشطردم والنظرا ©
فى حب جازية .غيدا منحية؛
ما مقلها.ى الورى انثتى ولا ذكرا ©
فابوزت الى _سهاما: مى علواحظسهبما؛
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وأبهفنتنى اذا مرت اناملها؛
- فى جنع ليل بهيم تنسيف القمرا ©
لم استطع خلاص البيض انقلها ؛
والقلب فى شغل والعبين منهاهمسرا ©
تسسأت درخ وفرسسان. صصيادمخ ؛
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وأبرزت لى سهاما من لواحطظعها؛
فصرت فى حووخ والقلب متنقطما 8
فلما رأها القاضى طاش عقله وذحعب لبه
وتبلبل خاطره. .من خشى .أناملها 'وقال لها
با ستى بعد أن 'نشترى الاملاك والمعقارات
وانجوار كن .فى :تصريقكى وت طاعتكى
فقالت له ما لك بنا حاجة* ولكنى أاكفب لى
حجة بان ملك مشرور وجوارة وما تمكلد يداه
ينقل الى ملك زيى المواصف بتمن جملتد ||
كذ! وكذا فكتب. القاضئ: ووضعوا الشهود
خطوطيم على. ذلك واخذت لدلحجة زين
المواصف الليلة السابعة عشسة
والثمانماية بلغى ايها الملك السعيك أن
زدن_المواصف ما اخذت لدي .من القاضى
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النفتت اليه زين للواصف وقالت له هل
بقى معك ثى من امال تلعب به فقال لها
وحنف من أوقعنى معك فى أشراك المحية ما
بقيت يدى تملك ولا حبة من ال مال ولا
غيره فقالت له يا مسرور كل تى يكون
اوله رضى لا يكون اخره ندامة فان كنت
ندمت خخ مالك وامضى عنا الى حسال
سبيانك وانا اجعلك فى حل من قيلى قال
لها مسرور وحف من قضى علينا بهذه
الامور لو اردق روحى لكانت قليلة فى
رضاكى ذما اعشقف -احدا سواكئ فقالت
لوديا امسموو ز “اربص :«أن)تمصفى يبب +
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فقال لها ححتبا وكرامة ثم نهض فايما. على
اقدامة فى الوقت. والساعة وجاب التقاضى
والشهود . وحضر بهم عند زين المواأصف
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رايت طبرا 5 أ المنام ؛
ىق روض أنس زهره ذو ابنسام 8
لحكيم: منات | صحعلضية ]
منك الوفا تأويل هذا المنام ,
خلما الى مسرور إجميع ماله صار يالعب
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فقعس ثلاثة ايام فى لعب الشطرنم وى
فرع ماله قال “لديا .مسوور ما/ الشذنى
تريك قال الاخبكى على ذكان- العطارة “الت
كم نسوى قال تمسهمايخ دينار ذلعبي بها
| خمسة: اشواط فغليته ثم لعب معها على
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يَملك عقلا فلما نظرت زين المواصف الى
حاله نذاخذت منه البيض واعطتم الكمر
ذلعب بها فغليته ولم يزل يلعب معها
وك تغلبه ويدفع لها فى كل مرة العشة
ذنانير فلما عرفت زيى المواصف اذه مشغول
بهوأها قالت له يا مسرور ما بقييت تنال
منى أمالا ألا ان تغلينى كما عو شرطنا
ولا بقييت العب معنك فى كل مرة ألا بماية
دينار فقال لها حبا وكرامة فصارت تلاعبه
وق نغليه مرارا. وهو يدفع لها الماية دينار
فى كل مرة وداموا على ذلك الى الصباح
فلم يغليها فنهض قايما على أقدامم فقالت
له ما الذى تريك يا مسرور قال أمضبى
ألى منزلى وأقى بمالى وابلغ امالى فقالت له
]| افعل ما"تريس وما بد! لك فضى الى منوله
منا ا يغدر بصباحية تحلفا معا نقالشتث له
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نظن أنه يغلبها ذقال لها با ستى لا تنغدرى
فى يمينكى ذالى أراكى اقوى منى فى اللعب
ذقالت له رضيت بذلك فلعبوا وتسابقوا
بالبيادى واغقتهم بالفرازين وجات الخيل
واقثرنا بالرخاح سكت النفس بتقديم
الافراس .وكان على راس زيى المواصف وشاح
من الديباج الازرق عطنه عن رأسها وشهرت
عى معصم كانه عامود نور ومرت بحفها
الى القطع الجمر وقالت: له خف حسذرك
اندهش مسرور وطار عقلمه وذهب ليه
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الكمر فقالت با مسرور أيى عقلك الكحمر
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فاخذت الكدمر ووضعت مقابلة البيض ومدت
يدها زيى المواصف الى القطع تننقل فى أول
الموة وؤ:فئظر الى اناملها كانهم مى جين
ذيهعت مسرور فى حسن أناملها و زى تمايلها
فالتفنمت اليه وقالت يا مسرور لا ثييت
وأصبر واتبيت فقال لها يا ذات الحسسى
وهال اذا ما انحب ينظر اليى ما له اصطبار
فلم يدرى الا وقالت له الشاه مات ذغليته
عند ذلك تعليت زد المواأصيف أنكى نون
نقالت (.ى ب محمد زور ألم يقبت ألعب مرع.ك
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والطاعخة لكحئى دبا وكرامخ فقولى الذى
نقوليه كقالت 3 5 تمعد وار ألعب معك كل
هرظ بعشرة دنائهر فقال لها حديا وكرام
| فقالت له احلف لى واحلف لك أن كلا
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الشمع اللكونر دم بعد ذلك قالت زين
المواصف واللة أن صدرى الليلة ضيف وانا
ديوومخ فقال لها #بعدرر ر د الاح صدركى
وكشف فغمحكى فقفالت لك يا معد زور أذا
معودة بلعب الشطرنج فهلل تشعرف شيا فى
لعبد قال دعم أنا عارف د فامرت جارينتها
هبوب أن. تانيها بالشطرني فقامست وعادت
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الوهاج وعليه جبدوش مى ذهب ومى فضخ
الليلة السادسة عشرة والتمانماية
كالما رأه مسرور وضعنه حار فكره والننفندت
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واجابته على شعه وقالت قله الابيات
ل نوجئ بوصال مى فك قلتنها؛
واقطع مطامعك التى املاتها ©
ودر الذى ترجوه انك لم .نطف :
صى التى فى الغانيات عشقتنهيا 8
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يعظمر على مقالة قلس قلتسيساء 2
للنة هقد مووز كلانه الى اوططير وكتم
امرها فى سره وتنكر وقال فى نفسه ما
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مجم الليل ذامرت بالمايدة ضرت وعليها
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وساهم عليها فردت عليبة اأسلاممر بعكو ىو
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با فى غطك وجناتها ورد الخجا.ة
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فصدودكى امر عظيم مزجا »©
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وأقد “حكحكم فى فوادى حبكمر ؛
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وصدف نيك قبا صياحا ابلك 54
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شكوت لة ما وى عسى يعرف لتقا ,
ولم دؤالوأ ى العاتية. حتى اشرق الصباح
ذعند ذلك خقاذثشت زدى ا مواأصف ب ميم رو ر
أن ليك الزواح حنى لا ينظرك أحد من
| الناس فيبةا علينا قبجم فقام مسرور ودادتها
عبوب يتمشوا الى أن وصلوا. أل منزل .مسرور
ثم انه تكلم. مع الجارية هيوب وقال لها]
جميع ما تطلبيه منى. حاضر وأوصلينى لها
فقالت له هيوب طيب خاطرك نقام واعطى
لها ماية دينار وقال لها يا هيوب. عندى
حلة دماية دينار ذقالت لم يا مسرور تجل
بالكلل والوعك قيلل أن شرية خاطرها
ناننا ما نقدر ناخ-ذها الا بالمخادعة ولشيلة
وق 'تحبب قول الشعر فقال لها مسرور المع
ول
إخاف عليك الهومفيم: حبما تشقى ه.ا
ويصيح نكر الناس. ذينا عببسة؛
وتضرب بنا الامثال غربا كذ!ا شرقاءه
فلا تنتهى فى حب مالى ثلايم :
وترجع عن كلل الانام ثنا حقاه |
بيعي الانساب نافيك حيهفا؛
وتصبح مشهورا ولم ثر مشفقاة 1
وانا بنيت غازى تخشى الناس,. سطوق ؛
فيا لهقتنى يقضى على ولمر ايقاء» |[
قال فعنك ذلك انشس مسرور: وجعل يقول
هذه الابيات
دعولى بهمى قد رضييت بكم عشقا ؛
ولا تعذلونى فالهوا زادى عشقا |
خصممر! فى ميجن مثل طالمز :
واصكحت لا غرنا اروم ولا شترقسا 8 |
قما حل فى شرع الغرام بققاسنى ٠
ء
مى سكره لعله يفيف فقالت ديا وكرام
قال فعندل ذلك أنذتّ.دت ودعامت تقول هذه
الابيات
أن كندت عاشف حبيب الورن .ولذلل ؛
فاصفى ودادك <دتى تبلغ الآمال 8
واخلى بظى ككيل الطرف ميتس م ؛
قوامه مل غصى البان فى المبلل ©
وانظو اليها ثرى فى وصفها ختجبيا؛
وتسكب الروس من قيبل انقضا الاجبل ©
غذا صفات الهوى أن كنت تعرند :
أن غرك المال خلى امال وارخسئل ع5
فعنك ذلك فهم مسرور وقال سمعا وفهمنا
وما شم شدة الا وبعدها ذرج والذى أابلى
يدبر فعنك ذلك انشدت زيى المواصسف
وصارت تقول هذه الاببيات
ذخمع أدبا #مد رار من سحكرة العشقا ١
ث1
وانا احلت لك ايمين صادقة فيه الى
لا اغدرك ق- ذلك . خلف: لها .متسسرورور
يمبنا وخلفئت له على ذلك واتفقا. علببه
اللبلة الخامسة عشرة والتماهايخة
فعند ذلك قالت (دادتها هيوب روحسى
غدا مع مسرور الى منوله واطلى شما من
المسك وللعنير والعود والنك وماء الو رد
وانظرئى "ما .لة-قانى كان: م و:ممكن :واصلناة
وأن كان غمر ذلك ترحكناه ثم قالت يا
مسرور أريك شبا من المسك والعنير والعود
والنك ترسله مع هيوب قال دبا وكرام
وممعا وطاعة فان دكالى فى امرحكى نعند
ذلك دارت الخهرا. ينهم وطاب #جلسهم
وقلب مسرور مشوش ما عنده من الوجد
والشوى فلما ابصرته زين المواصف على نلك |
لذالة قالتك جاريتها سكوب ذبهى مسرور
1
حلا ومذأا العوى 5 الخفىئ 1ن الغناسن ١
وشك نفسدى وعشمرل فصار معد ورور بارت
لم-يرد جواب تم بعد ذلك قات أن
اللمن. ايك اذ١ا سرى ما يسرن الا .ما
يساوى رقيةه ودحكنق أمراة تعيل قبكا مع
غير بعلها فهى تسمى لصخ والا أن كان
و ديك هرم ذلك أبس ظلب ختناطشيقق
تعطينى هوم امال ولق و لخدن وغير ذلك
ثقال لها معمدروار لو كاذنت الدنما كحذافيرها
مى. شرفها إلى غربها لى كانت فلبلا فى
رضاكى ذقالنت مسرور أريد من.ك قلات
حلل كل. حلة دالتف دينار مصرية وتكون
مذهبة من احسى لل واحسى ما يكون
من الملابس واللولو وانجوهر والماقوت واريك
مك 5 جلغيزا لمى. حكن نلدك وتحمين
سرى ولا. بم بلذملك ولا تصاحب غيرى
وكسيتنى فى الحب ثوب #وانى ©
كيف السلو وقد غلك مهيجنى؛
من خرط حبك جمرة النيران ٠
فعنن. ذلك قالت زيى المواصف حيل عنى
لان..قال,القل. حمن اطلعية اناطز : ؟تعبنتب
خاظن:,قائله الله لقح تطلل. معلك. اديت
والعتاب وانك تظمع نفسك. بما لا يضير
لك لو اعطيتتى وزقى مالا 0 تنال هنى امالا
وانا ما اعرف سببًا من اسباب. الدنيا غير
العيش الطيب. من نعية الله تعالى فقال
لها يااستى ريى المواصف اشتهى على ما
احبيتى من الدنيا قالت له ايش اشتهى
عليك ولا بك أن ترب الى الطريف وأصير
انا ضخمكة. بين الناس وتتمثل ١ن الاشعار
وانا بجنت كبير التجار وى معروف من
اكابر القوم ولا أنا لا عاوزة لا مالا ولا
كم
خذى لك شوأاب و ناخذى مند: شما ذا
تقول شعرا
دع ها بدا لك ايها الانسسان 1
ولا ثيل تطرايف الطعيبان ©
ن الهوى شرك تقع ذى صيده:
وألدوم تصدياح بعك ذأ تعبان 8
: وتصهر أيرضا - الحلار رقبينا
ويعبصيونى بك كاب زمالى 8
للا نكجيى ذأ 2و بعت ملكتكن:
ك3 رق الاسدود يصبح ها الغولان ٠ > >
تعنل ذلك 6 لمعمو وار وقال شعرأ
:يا غصىن بان زدن الأغصسان ؛
رذقا بقابى تكد ملمكتك. جناقى ©
وسقيشنى كاين الذب منترعا ؛
4م
وحرقنى قلبى من حدبكى ذغضبت زدن
المواصف غضيا. شدديد! وقالمت. اعوف بالله
من ذلك روس بالله: عليك الى حال. سييلك
ن تفظرك جيرا ن #قيكوارى :لغلا رعبايا
0-0 تم قالت با هذا 0 نطمع: نفسك
بها لا تصل له تتنعب. وذلك انا امراة خواجخة
وبنمت خواجه واننت رجيل عطار ماتى. رايت
عظارا وابنة. ناجر فى هذا المعنى ذقال لها
يا ستى ما زالت المجبذ ا نين اناس خثيلا
تنقطى الرجا مى ذلك وايش ما طلينى
عندى من امال وا#لى والخلل: وغير ذلك
أعطيذة لك وامتئك معها فى الكلام. والعانيخة
وى .لا نؤداد الا غيظا وما. زالت على-ذلك
حنى «عجمر الليل فقال يا ستى خذى
عذا الدينار وايتينى: بقليل شراب لالى
عطشان ومهمومز :فقالت خاريتها هيوب
/ا/
الناس جرا كتير ولا نقدر حابيد ترج اللبلخ
فقالت زين اللواأصف أنا مرعوبة مى منام
رأبيته وانا خايفة منة نقال لها مسرور ما
الذى راينى الله لا يرعب للك قلبا فقالنت
إلداى كنعت ثادوة. نصف الليل واذأ دبعقاب
انقض: على مى أعلا السكاب واراد عخطفى
0 السثشر وانا مرعوبة منم والى انتيهنت
6 وأمر تت 0 يقدموا لى اللايدة
انام ذعنل ذلك 111 را . واخبرها
بمنامه وحددتها بقصته وكيف ثم له فى
صيبد الخحمامة مى الأول الى. الاخر فنتجيت
من كلامه جبا عظيما مد معسها فى
الحديث .وقال الان حدققفت منامى فانكى
انتى الحخمامة وانا العقاب ولا بد الى من
ذلك فانكى من حين رايت ملكتى فوادى
ثم
تحب من 'يفاشدها الاشعار وتحخب وصف
الحاسن فى حدسنها وجمالها ولا نقدر عليها
الا با خديعة وطيب الدديت ولمأياة فقاست
هيوب وراحت الى عندها ذلما وصلت لها
واختلت بها قضارت تتقلب معها فى لحريث
تم قاللت لها يا ستى انظرى الى هذا
الفتى النضرالى ما احقى .حديته وما ابهى
قده فعنك ذلك التفتت وقالت لهسا أن
كان اتجبى .حسنه فاعشقيه لما تساحى
منى تقول لمتلى هذا الكلام روحى قو له
دروح الى حال سبيلة وال اقيم عليه نعنكد
ذلك راجت هيوب الى عنده ولمم لديسرة
بذلك ثم أمرت الصبية عبوب أن تروح
الى الباب تنظر أن كانت ترى احدا من
الناس ليلا يكون عليهم قبيع فراحت
جبوب ورجعيت وقالت لها يا سنى أن
ولا يطلع احى على عخفاليا: فقان انا قنَوتَ
أن أوصلتيتى اليها اكون الى عبذا وغلاما
واخدمك طول حباق واعطيئى مهما تطلبين
منى فقالت له يا مسرور انع هذه ليست
ترغب فى مال ولا فى رجال لان ستى زين
المواصف حاكوبة عن الخروب مى :باب دارها
خاف عليها أن تنظرها الناس ولولا ما
لراتساله والة ميق:. الخل:: انبلة لعزي مؤاله هق
حكنت اخوها ما خاتك تعير داب الدار
فقال لها مسرور بأ هبوب أن توسطنى بيننا
كان : لى عندى حا بماية دينار ومايخ
ديناز ذهب لان :حيها قد ملك قلبى
فلما سوعت هيوب ذلك قاللنت لم يما
هذا دعى اخاليها فى بعض الحديثك
الابلة الرابعة عشرة: والتما مايخ
وارد عليك الجواب واعرفك خطابها ذانها
غم
مكايها» اقبي ي يتما لول +.
طوك لمى باسها أو بات يطويها ,؛
وصار مسرور واجارية عيوب غنك السفر
وامتك معها فى الحديت تم قال يا عيوب
ستكى لها بعل ام 8 فقالت ذعم لها دعل
ولكند' مسافرا اف مجارهة. لم يقلن ضع امصزوز
بأن زوجها مسافر طمع قلبه فيها وقال يا
هبوب سجكان من: خلف هذه الجسارينة
وضورها قما .احلى حُسْنها وجمالها وقدها ]
واعتدالها فلقك وقع فى قلى منها امر عظيم
يا هبوب كيف الوضول. المها ولكى عندى
ما محبين: مع المال-وغيز ذليك :خقالت لء
عيوب با مد / سيعت :تكن عذا
فى #دناجة الى المال وانها. مداكوبغ عليها
“زيم
مداس من ذهب مكنوب علبية هذا الشعر
النفييس
داس كدت أقدام رطاب ؛
بوينها الى القوام ©
أذ خطرت ومالت فى صياها ؛
تغفون الهدر ّ جنم الظلام
ثم أن زبدى المواصف. تمشت فى الروضخ
وخلفها جوارثها وبقىئ مسرور وجاريتها
هيوب عند الستر فنظر مسرور الى الستر
واذ! على' حاشيته مكتوب هذه الابببات
فى الستر جارية غيدا مذعبة ؛
كان رق ما احلى معانيها 8
ا جدرسها والطير يونسها ؛
واكمر يطربها. والكاس: كليها 8
نفاح والمان. مغروز بوجنتئها؛
والدر يقطف. معنى من معانيها: ©
:إىم
فى امره من هذه المحاسى. وهذه الاوصاف
]| واخذته الدعشة فقالت له زين المواصف ||
ام عما الى حال. سبيلك ذلا تشمع| :يننا
الجيران فينسبوذا الى القبيح فقال لها يا
ستى بالله دعينى امتقع ناظرى فى حسنك
وجماكى فغضبدت منه زدن المواصف وتركنه
وكاميقا تمش تاق يضاف خنظر , وى بام
كم قميصها واذا هو مكتدوب عليه هذه
الابيات
ر
وبياض معصموها على الديباج ©
وكفونها..منخ ذصظ كك زينيت ؟
بانامل خكى بياض العاج 8
وانامل قد صورت من درة ؛
ذرهوا حاسنها بليل داحجء.
ثم نظو اليها. وقد ادخليت اقدامها فى
5
عصادخ من الذعب الوحاج وش مم وخمعاة بالدر
0016 وو شر والهواقييت وعلى صدد رها عقد مى
سادر الاذواع والقصوصس واللعادن و باط
من ا هد كر ومنقاره مى الفضخ البيبضا
2 56 -0- عدا 0
اد وى 0 مقامى 2
والعزنق بشكوا الى تنا سانا
0 ألوعخ وناسف وغرامسى 0
“نظو #مدرور الى صدر قمموصهسا واذا
مكذوب عليه بالذهب ادير له 57
نفج امسن مى جببوب ا ادح
' فاح م خم يكل ب عذتل بلي 7
كاسا ليشرب وكان اسم جوارها الواحدة
هبوب .والثانية' .خطوث< والثالظة الكرب
والبتى : قباولتدا-الكاغن يفوي #فاحنف الشوكاس]
ونظر اليه وإذا منقوش عليه هذه الاببات
لا قشرب. الكاش. الا :مع مواليها؟ ١
بالاطف مغك وكاس (١١ راح كجليها ©
واحذ ر عليها . اذا دببت عقاربهها ؛
«الحفط: السافك !فيا لاااتعاد يوطي ,».
ودور الكاس وخلاه حنى بيشرب واذا فى
باطن الكامن. مكتوب
واحخذر عليها اذا دببت عقاربها :
واكنم سرايرها عن اجواسيس 2
ذعندك ذلك نيسم مسرور ضاححا فذقاانت
له ما يصحكك ننقال من عظم الظرب
الذى اط 2-5 دم وب الستبم شوقع
٠1
خلقة واحدة. فقالت فق أسقبه ذاسقنه
الليلة التالئة عش.ة والتمانماية |
ثم انها ادغت: بالمايدة نحضروا اربع جوار
حاملين اربع خوجات واربع قنائ ' مذديات
فهها مى الراسح العتيق القديم الذى من
رقنه كانه دمع ينيم وعلى ذايرة المايدة
طوز مكنوب فيه هلذه الابيات
جاوا بمايدة للاكل قد نصبيت ؛
بين. الجلوس بانواع:مى التبر ©
كانها جنز اخلد الى جمعت ؛
ما نشتهى النفس من أكل ومن مر .
وقدامها تلك اجوار النهد الابكار ذعند
ذلك قالت له قد طلبت أن تنشرب مى
شرابنا فدوتك والطعام والشراب ذما صدى
أن يسمع كلامها «فى انخال جلس على
المايدة فذعنكس ذلك أمرت دادتها أن تعطيه
كا
با روضد كملنيا اقفن صغاتيها:؛
فاليدر حكلى حت ظل غصونها ؛
وبلابل قد هيجت اللتجالى ©
3 حسدزها كاكبر السكحران 57 .'
لها يا ستى ما قلت شبا رديا فقاليت ذه
طليت النفرج فتفرجات فسروح الب بجيال
سبيلك فقال لها با سنى عسى تدرب ماء
ثانى عطشان نقالتنت حيف تنشرب مساء
اليهود واثنت ذصرالى فقال لها يا ستى لا
نماء كم علينا حرام ولد ماءنا عليكم درام وكلنا
خبر أجازة أتكابها فقال لها با ستى رأيمت
هذه الروضة ذاتجينى اخضرارها وف أزهارها
وترنمر أظبارعا. فدخات فيها.كى اتفري
ساهة :مرج #الؤضان:وازو نبالل تحال السيكى
فقالت له مرحبا وكرامة فلما سمع مسرور
الاجر كلامها ونظر الى غنم “طرفها ورشاقة
قدها والى' جماله) وخستها والى الروضة والى
الطير فطار عقله من ذلك وذهغب صبسسه
وصار حيران فى امك فعنك ذلك انشد وجعل
يفول
ظهرت ملالا فى منازل روضخ ؛
به ياسمين دهم 59 وريسان 5
والاس مقتيلاا غصون د
وشقايف النعان
بشميمها هب 5 معطرا ؛
قاحح.ي.ت روأجكد عم الاغصسان 0
بقيت فى الع والاقبال يا دار؛
/
وتامل الى الابوان الوابع واذا!ا مكنوب عليه
بالاصفر هذ! الييت
هذه روضة وهذا غدير؛
#دلس طبب ورب غفور..
وى ذلك الروضة طيور ملونة من قمرى
وام وبليل ويمام وكل طير يغرد بصوةه
والصبية كتملهق اق خسم جونج اليا وكوف
واعتدالها وثفتن. كل. من راهنا تسم
قالت له ايها الرجل ما الذى اقدمك الى
دار غير دارك والى جوار غير جوارك من
1,6
اودعت جميع الاشتجار بالا زهار وألاه مكدر
من أربع لواويى متقابلة بعضها بيعسض
فتاميل الى الايوان الاول واذ! عليه مكنوب
بالواجفر الاجر بيقين يقول فيهما
الا يا دار ما يدخلك حون ؛
ولا يغدر بصاحبكك الوزمان ©
فنعم الدار ثاوى كل ضييبف ؛
اذا ما الضيف ضاق به المكان,.
تم نامل الى الايوان: الثانى واذا مكتوب
عليه بالذهب هذه الابيات
بالسعد دامت لك الاوقات يا دار؛
ما غردت فى غصون الروض اطهار ©
ودام فبك عببيرات معطي ؛
وينقضى للهوينا فيك اوطار 8 ]:
وغاش" اهلك والايام تبشرفم !؛
ملالا تمن حل /العلياء سيتشار م
ثلها سمع مسرور ذلك الصبوت نظر مسسىم
داخيل الباب رأى روضة مى احسى الوياضص
فى باطنها سر مى ديباج اجر مكدل بالدر
واجوهر وعليه اربع جوار ودينهيم صبيخ
امثير ليلخ أربعظ عشر بعبنينى حككحبالتين
وحاجبين ادجيبن خكانهما حد السقام أو
الخسام وفم كانه خاتئم سليمان وك تسلب
العقول من دسنها وحومالها خلها رأها محمد ورور
الناجر جا الى الدار وبلع فى الدخول الى
الستتر فرفعمت راسها ونظرته فعند ذلك سام
عاببها ذردت عليه السلام بعذوبة كلام
فاما نظرها وتاملها طاش عقله وذهب ونظر]
الليلة التانية عشة والتمانهاية
فلم يد مى يفسر له هذا المنام فعنك
ذلك ,طلبن اأرجوع الى منوله واذا به فى
رجوعه مال الى دار مى .دور التجار ولك
الذار لاقوام تجار اغنيا واذا به يسمبع
صوت أنين من حبك حرزين وثو ينيد
ويبقول
نسيم الصيا بيت لنا مى رسومها؛
معطرة يشفى العلبل شميميا 8
أموققيية :بها ءوقف #الإسين سيشائلا::
وأقبل مى ثلك الكنون نعيمها ©
فقلت نسيحم ون بالله خيرى ؛
ترى الب مثلى فى الغرام حيبها ©
نظئ. سى عقلى بالين قوامه؛
يفوت قضيب البان ميل غصونهاء ,
'؟
جكى أذه حكن فى قددم التومان وسالف
العصر والاوان رجحلل تاجر أسمه مسسروز
وكان احسى أمل زمانة وكان كتير |
امال واسع الخال :'وكان كب النرعة .فى
الوياض والمساتين ويلنهى بهوأ النسا مادج
وكان ناجا ليلخ مى بعض الابالى فواى
فى .منامه أنه فى روضة مم ى أحسىن أل وياض
وذيها أربع طهور وثييعم جامة بيضا مقل
الفضة المجليخ فاتجيتد تلك الدمامخ وصار فى
قليه منها شى عظيم -وبعكد ذلك رأى أنسة
نول عالبة طبر عظيم خطف ثلك الدمامخة
من يده فعظم ذلك عليه .بعك هحذ| اننيد
من نومه فلم كيك الحمامة. فصار يعاادم
أشواقه الى الصسياح فقال فى نفسد لا بد أن
أروج الموم الى مى يفسر لى هذا المنسام
اجلسر لله بدو نات اين لبان الصية
على الملكحخ جوهرة وزينت المدينة ودقس
البشاير واطلقوا كل من فى ابوس وكسوا
الأرامل والايمام وأخلع على أرباب الدولة |
بنسع خاع قم دخلل بها فوجية*ا بكرا ما
قربها خل شفرج بذلك وأقروت عبنه واديها
والمعبعة كا خلع نضل نابيهنا املك انهم
ويشربون وحم فى الل عيش وامنى ايام |
الى أن انام هادم اللذات ومغرق الجاعاتك
وفذ! آخر حكايتج رجة الله عليع. اجمعين
خلف بدر وأعلمته بماجى املك المسهندل
فقام املك بدر باسم للملك السهندل وسلم
عليه وترحب به وساله عن ابنته جوضرة
فقال له ف فى خدمنك وجاريتك وبين
يديك تم أن الملك أرسل بعض اتدابه الى
بلاده وامرثم كضور ابنته جوهرة ويعلموها
انه عند الملك بدر باسم ابى جاناز الكرية
فطاروا فى الهوى : ساعة واخضروا الملكح<
جوهرة فلما عاينت اباما تقدمت اليه
واعقنقته فنظر اليها وقال: لها يا ابنتى
اغلمى اننى قد زوجثك بهذ؟ الملك الهمام
والاسد الدرغام أللك بدر بِاسمم أبى املك
شهرمان وائه احسئى امل زمانه واجملهم
وارفعهم قدرا ومكانا ولا يصلح الا لكى
ولا 'تصلكحى الا له فقالت له با ابتى انا
ما اقدر اخالفك افعل ما تريك فقك زال
يا ولدى نعم ما قلت لكنى كتى نسال
على مى يصاع من بنات الملوك فقالشت سلكنه
فراشة وبنات عمه وخاله كى با بدر كلنا
فى هذا الوقت نساعدك على ما ثريد ثم
أن كل واحدة من نهضعت ومضدت نفدش
| الهلاد وان جاناز الكرية بعت جوارها
على اعناق العفاريت وقاللت لهم ا تخلوأ
مدينة ولا أقليما ولا قصر! من قصور
الملوك حتى تيصروا ما فيها مى الينسات
الحسان فلما راى اللك بدر باسم ما
صنعوا فقال لامع جاناز با اماه ابطلى
هذا الامر ذانها لبِست ترضينى الا جوهرة
بت أللك السوندل لانها جوهرة على اسهها
فقالت لم أمىه بالغحت قصدك ومقصسودك
فارسلت فى الحال مى :بإنيها بالملك السيهندل
ففى الوقت اخضروه ببن يللديها نارسلست
قامت الببه وأعفنقنه شيكى رحا شديدا
وكذلك خاله صاح وسنه فراشة وبنات عمك
خلف٠ الشيخ عبد الله وشكرته على فعله
الجيل مع ابنها وزوجت الشيخ بانجارية |
التى جات اليها واخيرتنها ودخل بهسا
ودعلته ملك نلك الدينة وأحضرت أخلها
المسلمين ببن يديها وبايعتهم وحلفتهم أن
يكونوأ ِ/ طوع الشياخ عدل الله وح 8 7
تلقوهم بالبشاير والفرح وزينوا الدينةخ
قلاتخ أيام لشدة ذرحتهم بملكهم بدر ببأسم
وفرحوا بم فرحا شديدا ثم بعك ذلك قال
الملك بدر باسم لامه با اماد ما بقى الا
مانا أجمعين ذقالنت
41
فى أول الحديث الى آخره فقاميت اليها
جاناز وشكرتها ودقت اليشاير قى. المدينة
وأعامتهم أن الماك بحر باسم قل وجل
صالح أحضروأ جميمع قيايل لخناوم. وجنود
الجكر لد ملوك اد فك اطاعوعم ألما
أسروا المليك السمفدل دم انهم طاروا فى
الهوى وذؤلوأ على مدينة الساحرة وكيسوأ
القصر وقتلوأ جميع من فيه ومن فى المدينذخ
من الكفرة ن. اقل .من طرفة عبين. وقالت
واتمت به بيجن يديها واخرجته من القفص
الأناخذت الملكخ جاناز ببدها ماء ورشته به
وقالنث له أخرج من هذه الصو رة الى الصو رة
التى كنت .عليها فلم تتم كلامها حنى |[
اذقاب وصار برأ فلما رائه: أمده على صورته
11
ثم أن لداريةة وجدت لسننها غفلخ رجت
واخبرثه ان الملخخ. لاب عازمة على هلاك
أبن بيك فشكرها الشيخ وقال لا دل ما
ااخث المدينة منها واجعلك ملكتها تم
صفر صفرة عظيمخ رج له عفريت له أربعة
اجنكدة فقال له خث: ذه الجاريخ وأمضى
بها الى مدينة جاناز الكرية وأمها فرأاشيخ
فهم أسكر من ككل ما على وجه الارض
واخهزينة إن الملتك :ور ماس رقي اله للك
لاب ثدملها العفريت وطار بها ولثم يكن
الا ساعة حنى ذول. .بها على قصر الماك
جاذاز الجحرية فنولت لخارية من على سطع
القصر ودخكلت الى الملكخ جلناز وقيلءت
الارضن وأعائئتها بما قكدك جرى على ولدها
ه41
العظيم نخاف الملك بدر منه ووقف فركيت
الكجور على ظهره واردفت ابنتها. خلفهسا
واخذت. الملك بدر باسم .وطار بهم فما
مضى عليهم غير ساعة الا وهم فى قصم
الملكة لاب خلما جاست على كرسى المملكخ
نظرت الى اللك بدر وقالت له يا علسف
وصلءت الى هذ! المكان ونلت أنا ما ممنيت
وأنا اوريك ما افعل بك وبهذا الشببخ
الياقلانى فكم احسن اليه ومو يسىء حاله
معى وات ما وصلت الى مرادك الا بواسطتة
تم انها أخذت. ماء ورشته بد وقالت له
اخري من هذه الصورة التى انث عليها
الى صورة طير قبيم المنظر اقبج ما: يكون
فى الطيور فانقلب فى الحال وضار طيرا وهو
قبيج المنظر تبجعلته فى قفص وقطعمت عنه
الكل والشرب ذنظرت اليه جارية فريته
42
وا
نظر الملك بحر باسم. الى ذلك «قال يا امى انا
امو ح[ معيك . ما أقدر أبببعها ففظر البسبة
لشم وقال لت دا ولدئ أ هذه ألياللى
7 اين فبها ادنك وكل مب ن كذب قّ
عله البلك قناوه ففزل املك نكا هى . على
البغلة الايلة لمادية عشدة والتهاهاية
كلما دول من على البغلخة -وسامها أيكى المالا
الى أخرجت اللكام هئ نمها واخئيديت
3 يدعا ماء ورشهه عليها وقالمتن لها يا
بغتى اخرجئ مى فده الصورة الى الصى ,فا
النشوئة كانقانيت 3 اال وعادت إلى دا
ا
الكجور أمينا. وذلن ” نومت الدماخة علع 5أأاك
أن يعرب- واذأ بالكجور صغرت صفرة. عظرمغ
قدء ال دعن بحدها عف رذحت اذه أل .ل
1
وسار ثلاتة .أيام فاشيف على مدينة فلقيه
شيخ ماج الشمية فقال له يا ولدى م
أبن اقياءنت قال مى مدينخ فنه الساحرة
فقال_له أنت ضيفى فاجاب فبينها هم فى
الطريف وأذا حم بأمراظ جوز ذلها نظرت
ألى اليغاخة وح وقانت لذ ألة ألا اللة
هذه اليغلة تشيه بغلة ابنى التى مائنادت
وقايه نوش عليهها فباللة علبيك ا سبدى
نيعنى أياها فقال للها والله ب أهمى- مسا
اقدر أبيعها . قالت ذم بالله علبيك لا ترد
أشترى له هذه البغلة: تم انها اطنيت
عليه فى السوال ذقال (2ا ما أديعها ألا بالف
دينغار وقال اتلك دز ىق نفسخ من أبن
ليذه 1( جوز ذلك فعنك ذلك اخرجسات
الكجوز م على وسطها الف دينار فلم
1
كفده ماء وضرب به وجهها وقال لها اخرجى
مى. هذه الصورة اليشرية الى صورة بغلخة
زرزورية فلما نظرت الى نفسها وهى فى تلك
الحالغ صارت دموعها تنكحدر على خدها
وصارت. تمرغخ خدودها على رجليه نقسام
يلجمها فلم تقيل اللجام فتركها وأئى الى
الشيخ واعلمه بما جرى فقام: الشيئ
واخري له نجاما وقال له خف هذ! اللجام
ونجها به ناخذه وانقى. به افى عندها فلمسا
راته تقدمت اليه وحط اللجام فى فمها]
وركبها وخر من القصر واقى. الى الشيخ
عبد الله فلما راها قام لها وقال لها خزاكى
الله تعالى يا ملعونة كم قال له الشي ايا
ولدى ما بقى لك قى هذه البلك اقامسخ
فاركبها” وسَيى, اكيقن "نيش :واياك: ان قشل
اللجام الى احد فشكره .يدر باسم وودعة
“|
فقال .لها كنك عند عمى واطعنى من
هذا السويف نقالت له وحى عندنا
طلؤيةك" اجنس إمنذ: كم ١ انها اختظطيك شيو يقه
فى كن وسويقها فى كن آاخر ثم قالت
لداكل مو عذ! فانه اطبيت فى :سويقك
فاظهز لها أنه ببياكل مند ذاما. غلمت اذه
أكلعمنه اخذت .يدها ماء وضرنتم به
وقالنت له اتخري من هذه الصو رة با.علف
باه اميم تبقى بغد أعور قَبج الأمنظمر ذلهسن
ينغير فاما راته على حاله ولم يتغير قاعث
أفية«الإقيلكد تؤقالك" قد بها مبويق (حكتدن
بامرح معك ايش اتغير ما عندك فقال. لها
والله يا ستى ما تغيبر عندى تى بل أن
كنتت" ا كحببئ فكق فى سويقى .مى حك |
فاخذت منه لقموخ واكلتها فاما استقرت فى
| بطنها أضطاربينت ذاخ_. اللمكن دار معدم قّ
حبذ واحدة فيتمكى فعلها منك ونس كرك
الى أى صورة أرادت وان ثم ناكسيل
فتخجل هى غاية. احخجل وتقول. للك انا
باموم معك وتقر لك باتدبة والمودة وكل
ذلك نفان وغدر .ثم _تدقول [ها اننت با
ستنى ونور عينى كلى من هذا السويف
واظهر لها الب ذاذا اكلت منه ولو حبة
وقل لها اخرجى من هذه الصو را الى تأى
صورة أردت اننت وخايها وتعالى الى عندى
له وقبلته وقالت لد ابطييث على با سيدى
ه
عور دبل ه] وددرتها ذوقن اراب وأسؤنه
م ذلك ألناء فصار ؤرعنا مسنيلا تاخذ_ئ»
وطكنتهى ذثيقا ثم شالنه ووضعقه فى موضع
ورجعيت ذاميتن عند بحر ببأسم الى الصدباح
فلما أصيح الصياح قام بدر وغسل وجيد
واستناذن الملكة فى الوواح الى الشيت” فانذنت
له فانى أ الشيمخ وأعلوة دها جرى منها
وما عاين كلما رع عه الشيخ كلدمك 0
وقال والله قد غدرت بك هذه الحافة
لكن لا تفكر فيها ابدا قم أخرج له قدر
انها نقول لك: ايش قعل بهذا قل لهسا
زيادة الخير خير وكل منه فاذ! اخرجدتك
ىق سويقها وقالت لك كلل من عذا
السويف ذاريها اذك تاكل مك وكل م
لياق
فطلع بوم لجارية من بعص جوارى فغرت
وساكرته وجعلته طيرا أسوذا . وأما انجارية
فاى: قتلتها .واقى- لليوم لم اصبر عنه ساعة
واروح له واخليه ينط على ويتمكن منى
كما رايت وانت لاجيل هذا مغقاظ منى
حب وجعلانك نصيبى مى. الدنيا تقال وهو
سكوان كل. هذا كان .فى خاطرى فضئنه
وقبلاته وأظهرت لخ المدية ونامحنت ونام الاخر
جنيها فلما كان نصف الليل قاميت من
انه نايم وصار يفقم عينيه وينظر ما تفعل
فوجدها قد اخرجك من كيس. أجر ذرابا
أجرا وفرشته فى وسط القصر فاذ! هو صار
نهرا يكرئى مثل الكر واخذت كبش
بكي
معها: دم أن الملك بحر ب.أشسم ودع الشيمخ
0
اورجع لها فوجدلء2ا فى اننظاره جالسخ -خلما
ْ رأقه فاميت لى وزحييت 5 وأحاسننه وحَابيت
لد.فىن_الماكل والمشرب . واكلوا |كفايتهمز
ندا أيديهم ثم قدموا الشراب فشرب
فوم وازاها :الى انف اللبل..كم. ملت عليه
بالافدات» وؤادت: فسبكر :وغاب .عن . وعنيه
وعقلد 'فلما راته كذلك قالت له الله . عليك
وكدقف معبودك ار :سالتك عن 'ثى تصددقنى
لقا وتطودي فك قو دقان لبمار شين :نيزنا
سنى ومو غانب عن الصواب ما يدرى ما
يفول قالت لد .يا .سيدى" ونور عيىئ لما
افتقدتى وما: لقيتى وننشت عق وجيتنى
فى اليسفان. ورايتنى فى صورة طيرة يوضنا
ورايت الطيز الاسود الذى قفر على هو من |
بعض ,مماليى وكنت. احبة كدبخ عظزيخ
الجوار . فسكرته ' وجعلك: ..هلى ضفخ » الطهز
اللبلة. العاشرة: والتماهايخ::. وكامنن
نشتاق اليه. تسكر نفشها .طيرة ويواقعها
وى حبذ ولما.غلمت اذك:.علميت +بها هنا
بقت..تصفق .لنك ولكى. ما :عليّك ,متها طول
مل :انا :وراك لا. كف ذالى: وجل مسنلم:واهمق
عبد الله وما فى زمانى اسكر منى ولكى
ما.أساكر إلا وقفتن حاجة ضرورزيخة واخالدن
اكنر الناس مى: عذه الملعونة. الساحسرة
لانها .ما لها على مى..سبيل. وتخاف مخئ
قوى وكل مى ف المدينة مثليا. على هذا
الشنحكل. وكل امى: فى المدينة 'مثلها. على
دبنيا: يعبدوى. النار دون لكلك, إجبار فاذا
كان ' فى غك . قعال: الى .عندى..وأعلوخئ- دما
نويف نيل معك فانها ى-هذه الليلة تعلل
على هلاكك :وانا اقول لك “على ما تفعل
زعلع
[إنانى قد نشوقت اليه ولى أربعين 0001
رايته .فقالت له روح ولا تبطى ذاى ما اقدر
أفازقك ولا أصبر عنك ساعة واحدة فقال
لها سمعا. وطاعة ثم انه ركب واقى ألى دكان
الشيخ الباقلاى فرحب به وقام اليه وعانقه
وقال له كيف انت مع هذه الكافرة فقال ١|
له طيب .ى خير وعافية الا انها اللبلة
كانت جانى ناعة فقيت خلم أراهسا
فليست ١. اثوائ. :وذورت عليها الى أن اتيت
الئ البستان :وعلمت بامرها وامر الطايير
الذى على الشجرة فلما ممع الشيم كلامه
قال: لذ اخذر منها وأعلم أن الطيوار الذنى
على الشجرة كلهم شباب غربا عشقتهم
وجعلتم طيورا وذلك الطير الاسود الذى
رأيقه كان مى بعض مماليكها وكانت ||
ابم مدية اعظيمة ذمدل عينم الى بعض
أسدود ذل الى الطببرة اليييضنا وصار يزقها
ثلك الطيرة البيضا ثلاث .هرات ولما كان
بعد ساعة واذ١! يثلك الطيرة انقليبات فى
صو را البشر فتاملها واذ! بها الملكة لاب
فعلم أن الطير الاسود انسان مسكور و
نعشقه. وتجعل روكها طببرة وجامعبا ناخذنءه
الغبرة فاغتاظ على الملكخ لاب من اجل
الطهر الاسود ثم أذة أل وجلس على دراش
يكلمها كليّة ابدا فعلمت ما به وحققت
انه راها حين صارت طيرة وكيف واقعها
ذلك الطير فلم 'تظهر له شيا وكنمدت ما
بها فلما تنضاحا النهار قال لها يا ملكخ
اريت :"أن فادن: ل ى“الروا- الى : دكا علط
(ة
الالكحان الى المسا ولم يزالوا فى اكل: وشربب
ال مح أربعين بوما دم قاليت له يا ددر
هذا المكان اطيب أو دكان عمنك الباقلانى
قال لها والله يا ملكة: هك1 أطيب.. وذلك 1
أن عمى رجلل صعلوك دجمع الماقل خض اككمت
مى كلامه قم أن رقدوا و فى ارغكد عيش
أل الصباح فانتيع الملك بدر باسم مىئ توم
فلم دل الملكخ لاب كانيه ذقال يا ذرى
أبى راحمت وصار بيستنوحش منها وينتظرها
فلم فرجع فقفال (نفسع أبن ذهبثك تم آذه
لين ثهابه وصار يُفدش: عليها فلم. ججدها
فضئى الى اليسنان وأذ!:هوء بنهر ماء جازى
| وجانبه طيرة بيضا والى جانب النهر تجرة
|| وعلى اعلاها. طيور ختلفين. الالوان. فعنار
ينظر الببهم مو حببا: 0 يرو واذ!' بطاير
*إنخ
أن أمسى المسا ووقدت القناديل والشموع
واأطلقوا البخور ولم يزالوا يشربوا الى أن
سكؤو؟' والمغالى تغنى فلما سكارت“ !المكة: لاب
قامت مم موضعها وناهت على السوير وامرث
امجتوار بالانصواف .ثم امرث المليك. بدر باسم
بالنوم . الى جانيها خنام معها :ى<“اطبلت
عبش. الى أن أصيج أذلد ب أحديج ذقامت
الملكة مى. النوم . ودخلتك امام فى القصر
خرجوا مى الكمام افرغوا علبومر الفماشن
ان.التملكة :قامت واخدت::بيدك الملك بحر
العام ذاكلوا. وغسلوا ايديتع وقدمعت (هم
يؤالوا باكلوا ويشربوا .والجواز. تغى باختتلاف
م
مايدة م الذهب الاجر مرصعخ بار
ولأوهر وهأ م ساير الاطيخ تاكلوا ا
أحكنفوا وغسالوا ايديهم ثم أحضروا أنية
الذهب والفضة وانية البلور وجميع اجناس
الازهار واطباق النقل ثم انها احضرت عشرة
جوار: .كانهى ٠ الاغار وبااي مى ساير
اللاق'كم: أن الملكة ملات قدحا وشربته
وهات آخر وناولته للملك بحر باسم فاخذه
ال جبدازوا كقطف يقري و وج اماد
ثم أمرت الجوار أن يغنوا فغنوا بسايم
الاخان وتخيل للملك بدر باسم أن يرقص
بده. القصدر طربا.فطاش-عقله وانشرم صدره
ونسئى الغربة وقال. أن هذه اللكة شابخ
ملك ما دقبيت أروح من عندها ابدا لآن
ملكها اسع من ملكى وق أاحسن من
الملكة جوهرة ولم يزل. يشرب كذلك الى
واكابر الدولة وقد امرت. الخحجاب أن يامروا
ارباب الدولة كلهم بالانصراف ذقبلوا الارض
وأنصرفوا ودخات اللملكة والخدام والجوار الى
القصر فلما نظر الملك بجر باسم الى القضر
رأى قصرا لم ير مثل حيطانه وك مينية
بالذهب. وى وسط. القصر بركة عظيمة من
الماه. غزيرة وبستان عظيم فنظر الملك بحر
باسم “ال «البستان +واذ!. فيه طيور' 'تناغ
بساير اللغات والاصوات: المفرحة والمحونة
وفيها انواع الملابس :والالوان فنظر المللك الى
ملك عظيم فقال سجكان .الله .هن كرمه
ىن حلمه يرزق من يعبد غيره تجلسيك
د لاب فى شباك يشرف على اليسغان و2
على سرير من العاي وفوق السربر فرش عالى
وجلس الملك: بدر باسم الى . جانبها. 'ذقيلته
وضمنه آلى صندرها ثم أمرت امجوار فاحضرت
تنكدى غلبيد خلفت لم انها ما توديه ؤلا |
نشكرد ثم أأمرت أن يقدموأ د ذرسا ملكا
مشرجا. بلجام من ذهب وكل ما١كان: علبه
ذعب واوعبت للشيح الف دينار وقالت
له ااستعى بها ثمم أن الملكة .لاب أخذث
المنك :باز باسم وراحت معد وهو كاذه
ضوه البلذر ألى: جانبّها والناس. كلما نظردا
الخ وألى حجيبراية بنتوجعو ن 556 وسشهمل
يقولو ن والله ما يستامل خذا الشاب الملج
أن. عمد احتره مله الماعوذة والللك ببدر بأسم
الى القصر اللبلخة الناسعخة -
بلغتنى ايها الملك السعيد أن اللك ببددر
ةلل هَل -سايزا هو والملك لامب إلى أن
وصلوا الى باب القصر ترجلوا الامرا. والخدام
م
وق 0 راح 0 0 و 0
جارية راحب 7 فرس عرك ل بسر :ذهب
مرصع بانواع انجوامر والبواقييت الى أن اذوا
الجوار الى دكان الشيح وساجوأ عاب 5
نودهوا واذ! بالمالتخ لاب فك اقيانت فى
موكب عظيم وما زألمت مقباء الى أن وصامت
كك دكان الب فرات الملك بدر دباسيهم ظ
وو جالس على دكان اشيم كاذه الججار
فى “ثمامه كلما رأنه الملحخ لاب حارت 4+
لك عذا. الملبيج فقال م١ أبى اخى انى:]
الَئْ فقالت دعه يحون عندى الامءخ
اتخدت انا واياه ذقال لها ناخذليه مى.ولا
2
الملاح- فقال لهم الشيم ان. الملكة لا
تعططى ,امرفى. ولا تخالفم: وه :تراحتنء يتخب |
الشيخ مدة. شهر ق أكل ورب وأحديع
جالس عق دكان الشيخ ذأت بوم . على
جرى -.عادنه واذأ بالف خادم وبإياه ميك
'وسشطهمس: «المناطقف. المرضعة .باجواهر وهم
رأحبين الكبيول. العربيخة بسبوف. مهيل
مملوك وبايدي8 سيوف مسالولة ختقدموا الى
ظ الشيح وسلهوا عليه 3 ممرضوأ وجاز 0
8
فلما نظر الشيخ الببه .فاه قد اشيك كونه
نقال له .يا ولحدى: قم :واجلس -على _عتية
الدكان وانظر الى نلك. لخلايف والى. لباسع ||
والوانهم. وما ©: فيه مى الساكر ولا خف ||
فان الملكة وكل من ذيها كيوى ويراعوى ْ
ولا يرجفوا لى قليبا ولا خاطرا فلما. شيع |
الملك بدر باسم كلدم الشيم خاب وقعد
على باب ذلك الدكان ينفج نجاز عليه
النان فنظر. الى عالم لا حصئ علدده قلماأ
نظرود الناس. تقدموا الى الشيم وقالوا .له
قال له هذا ابى. اذى وشمعت بان اناه ||
فى مات فارسات خلفه واحضرته لاجل شوق
به فقالوا .دن هذ! شاب مليم. الشباب |
ولكى كىن حاف عليه من الملك+ لاب
ليلا. ترجع-تاخذه مننك لانها حب الشباب
أأ و جخارا..من:ذلك الحبتوانات الذيى تنظزع فى
جانب الجر الليلخ النامنذة والتمانمايذ
بلغنى ايها .الملك السعيف ان الشيض البقال
لما خكى. للملك بدر باسم عاى الملكخ
السخارة قال. !ذخ كل امل هذه المدينبة
فوعوا. عليك واشاروا لك لا .تطلع. تقع فبك
فشؤفوا علبك يماد نيا 5 هله الماطعونة غبيك
متلعج وهذه المدياخ ملكتها م حل زمانها
فلما سمغ : الملك بدر باسم .ذلك الكلام من
الشيمخ خاف. خوفا . تتديدا وصار يرتعد
مثل. القصيخ الرجيخة وقال أنا ما صندقت
أنى. خاصيت من لمك الذى كنت فيه مى
السحر نارمةتى المقادين فى مكان اجس
8 وصار منفكرا فى أمره وما جرى عليه
عم
الشياخ وجا لع بنشى أكالء وقال ارة ونخنا
ولدى اد لل جوا ألدكا.. ن فسبكان 32
سشمفك مح تلك الشيطاذخ فاف الملك بدر
باسدهم خونا تنديك! تم “0-7 مم8 ىن طعام
الشيخ حنى اكنفى وغس.ل يدده ونظى أللى
0 وقال ل ب سبادىن م يلدي لب 25
7
الكلاز نقد خونتنى مى هذه المدين+ه
ومن أتهلها. فقال له..الشيخ با ولدى أعلم
أن هذه المدينغ مدينة السكرة وبهسا
ملكنة كافها القمرّ وق شاظرة ستكارة مكارة
رة والذين تنظرم من الخيل 0
ع كليم مقلك ومثلى من بئ
لكى غربا لان كل.هى يدخل هذه 9
وهو شاب مقلك ناخذه هذه الكاف.ة
الساحرة وتقعك معد أربعين دوما وبعسد
رع
خلف تلك المديدة وطلع الى الير فسالهم
جل فيها. احدا فناتخِب وقال يا نرى لى
هذه المدينة ولا لها ملك ولا فيها احد
وذلك البغال واغمير ولثيول الذى منعوى
عن الطلوع وصار متفكرا وهو ماثى ولا
يدرى ايى يذهب قراى شيضا بقالا خلما
زاه الملك بحر باسم سلم عليه فرد عليه
السلام. ونظر اليه الشيخ فراة جميلا فقال
له يا. غلامز .من أيى: اقبانت .وما .النذى
اوضلك الى هذه المدينة عجدتم بحديت»
موع. أوله الى آخرهد _نتكجب منه وقال (ب»
با ولدى ما رايت احذا فى طريقك. فقال
له لا.والله يا والدى وانما نتجيبت لكون
هذه المدينة خالية من الناس فقال لد]
الشيخ با ولدى أطلع الى الدكان لا تهلك
فجالمع بدر باسم. وقعك فون الدكان . فقام
37
آى الكر و يدرى ألى أبن ذو ذنافسب
وليس له حيلة مع اللوسم بل كلما ضربه
الوييحج سار ولم بزل كذلك مللدة -قلاتخ أيام
وفى ألهوم الرابع طلع اللوح آلى ساحل الكر
وازمى به فنظر املك بدر باسم. ذرأى على
ساحل الكر مدينة:'بيضا مثل اكدمامبة
الراعية وق مركية. على ساخل: الكر عالي:
الاركان ملكة اليغبان . رفيعخ الخيطان والكر
يضرب قى ضو رها خلما عايى املك در
باسم: ذلك انجزيرة التى فيها . المدينة فرج
وكان .قد“ اشرف. .على الهلاك. مى انجوع
يصعد الى المدينة فاق لد بغال .وكير وخيهول
عدد . الرمل فصاروا : يضربونه. ويمنعونف»ه اع
يطلع من الجكر الى املدينخة _ تم أنه عام
جونهنا +علئ بلانها:.ل تدرى اينع أنا .وبجنل
]انا حى أم ميات وانا- اشالك ايها الملك
أن “انتما احسبانك. علئ: فلما .نظر' الملك ؛ الى
سمعا وطاءخ تم أنه جيز له مركيا ونذقل
فيها هنا اشاح البدد وسور معد جماءخ هئ
املك وسار فى" الجر برد طبية عشرة ايام
الكر هياجا شديد!. وصارت المركب اترتفع
ولم يزالوا على هذه احالة والامواي تلعب
بهم حتى قربوا. الى ضرة من كور الكر
كان : ى المركب. الا الملك بدر باسم 'فانه
ركب على لوس م الالواح بعل أن شرف
صورتنه المشرية , فنظ, . الملك “الى. شاب هسنا
على وجد الارض: احسى مند: ثم أن" الملك
بدر باسم لما- نظا الى: هذه الحالة:.قال: الا
اله آلا الله هد ارسول .الله سجحان. خالقك
الخلايف ومقدر ارزاقهم وااجالهم ثم انه
قبل يدئى: الملك : واجزاه خيرا وقبتل ال ملدلك
راس بجر باسم وقال له يا بدر: حدتى
بحديتك هن اوله الى آخره. أددته املك
بدر باسم بحديته ولم يكم منه شيا
نفكتجب_ الملك مى. ذلك..تم“:.قال. له على
ماذ!: عولت . وايش كريد قال. لد'يا..ملك
الؤمان اريك احسانك واريك .أنى-نسير مين
مركبا وجماعخ هرا خدلامك وجميع دما
احناج البيد فان 3 زمان غايب واخداف أن
نووح. المملكة منى وما اطى والدق 'يالحباة
من أجل فراقى والاقرب أنها مانت مسن
ص
أفقال لها الملك بكباقى عليكى حليه مسن
أسكه ولا تخليه معذبا قطع الله يدمنا
| القيتكة ما اقل ذيتها واكثر خداعها. ومكرها
قالت له زوجته قل له.يا بجر باسم اذخل
اعذه اخرانة خامره. الملك ان بحخل الخرانة
فلما سيع كلام الملك أقى الى التخوانة وفاحها
ودلخل فيها كم أن زوجة .اللك تريسرت
وستئرت وجهها واأخذت فى يدها طاسة ماء
ودخلت الخرانة وتكلمت على الماه بكلام
لاديفج ورشننه عليه وقالت له بحف. هذه
الامتما :العظام . والاقسام الكرام .وباللعة تعالى
خالف. السموات. والارضص ومكيئ الاموات
ومهبت. الاحيا ومقسم الارزاق والاجسال
اخري: م .هذه الصورة التى انث فيها الى]
الصورة الذى خلقك. الله. تعالى عليها فلم
تتئم كلامها حنى اننفض نفضة ورجع الى
10
ْ الجوار والخدام الذى لك ثلما ممعت كلامه
قالمت له ايها الملك أن هذا الطيهر ليس
بطاير وانما هو رجل مقلاك خلما سمع كلام
زوجننه قال لها .تكذن ما اكثر ما تموحى
كيف :قفنلا ها هو طاير نقالت له زوجنه
واللد ما فوحيت معك ولا قلت. لك اله حقا
ميل! الطير املك بدر بأسم أبن الملك شهرمان
صاحب :بلاآد الككمم وامه جاناز الكريبخ
الليلة السابعخة والتماماية. وقد سحرده
الملكخ جوهرة بنت. الملك المهمندل ثكم
جدتنم يما لجزق. له من + !وليل الى “!تدز
وكيف. خطب. جوهرة من ابهها. ولم يرض
الملك واتاحير صالم عليبد وأسيرة فلمنا سموع
الملك. كلام . زوجنه تكجب غاية الكجب
وكانت هذه الملكة زوجته اسكر ال زمانها
سر
الذى قدام الملك فبهست له اللك: وتخجب
مى اكلده وكذلك الحاضرون كم قال الملكئك
لمن حوله. من الخدام وال مماليك. عمرئ ما
رأيت. طيرا ياكل مثل “هذا الطير ثم أمر
الملك أن خَلسيَت:
شاد 0007 وقال لروجة الملك
بإ سئ الملك يطلبك لاجل أر.
على هذا الطير الذى. اشترامه فاننا لما
حضينا بالطعام طار فى القفص وسقط على
المايدة واكل مى جميعها قومى يا ستى
اتفرجى عليه فانه مليع اللنظرا وهو اليب
من أعاجيب الزمان فلما سبعت كلام
| اخاذم انت بسرعة فلما 'نظرت الى الطمر
وكققته أطت وجهها وول زاجعة فقال
لها الملك بعد .أن قام البيها من أى شى
غطيتى وجهك ورجعتى وما عندك غبسر
ليشتريه. منذ! فاق : الخادم: الى :.الصنياك: .وقال
له اتبيع هذ! الطايزٌ فقال مو الم الملك
عدية منى .البذ. فاخذه الخادم وان . به إلى
الملك ناخلكه الملنك وأعطى الضبياد عشدرنا
دنائير ذهب ناخطذها وقييل الارص وانصرف
وألى لخادم بالطاير أي قصر ألولمك ووضع»ه
فى كفس مليح وعاقه وخط غنده ما .باكل
وما يشرب فلما نزل الملك قال للخسادم
أبن الطايو أحدضدره حنى أنظره والله اسه
لهج ذالى د لخادم ووضعد بين بابخ
فرااى الذ ككل الذدى عنئله تمن باكل ممه
شيا فذقال الملك والله ها أدرى ما ياكل
حنى اطعءه ثم اذه أمر باحضار .الطعام
فاحضرت الموايد بين يديه فاحكلل.. الملك
ولثاوبات والفواكه فاكل من جميع السهاظ
هر
حمند ولا شكله ثم انه رمى الشيكة عليه
واصطاده والى. به الى المدينخة ذقال ى نفسه
أبيعه وااخل ذمنه تقابله واحد من أهل
المدينخ, وقال لد بكم .يا صباد هذا الطاير
فقال له العدياد ان1؟.اشتريته ما تعل .به
فقال له اذكه وااكله نقال الصياد مسن
يطيبب: قليءة أن يذبع هذا الطايو وباكله
نقال له الرجيل با قليل العقل ولآى..تى ذقال
الصياد اريك اأعديه الى اللك فيعطينى اكثرز
1 وعلى -900 وجمالة لان طول عورىن وأنا
صيداك ما رأبعت ملك ولد رأديمت له نظيبسمأ
.وما تعطينى ١انت فيه قدر جهدك تعطيىق
الصياد الى به الى دار اللك: فاجيه حسنه
وكرة مخقاره ورجلبه فارسل اله خادما
عاد
والثمانماية هذا:ما كان.من. أمرها.واما
ما كان مى امر الملك. بحر باسم فائد. لما ]أ
سحترته الملكة جوضرة . وارسلته مع جاريتها
الى الجزيرة المعطشةخ وقالت لعا دعيد فيها ]ا
يموت عطشا ولم «تضعم. الجارية الاق
جريرة مثمرة خضرا ذات انهاز وانتجار فضار ||
باكل. من الثماز: الما؛ ان .شبع: .ولمم :يل
لا .يعرف أين ينوجه ولا كيف يطير خبينها
الكجويرة ضيبا من بعضن الصياددن يصطاد
ثنيا ينقوت. مند فنظر - إل الملك بدر باسم ||
وهو فى صنو رة: طاير ابيض.ء الراس اهو المنقار
فنظر الية, الصيناد فاجبه: وقال فى “نفسع أن
علا الطاير شالج وما رأينا احد!ا مخله. ولا ظ
ولدها “حزنا. شديد! واشتس عصبهاا عدلى ||
اخيها صالخ لكونذه اخ ولدها ونول به
الجر بغير علمها. تمل انها قالت يا :اناه
اق بنخايذة» غل) الك الطذئ لقا الاق انين
اليكمر نما اأعلمت أحدا بمى اقل امملكة
واخشئ- أن ابطيت عليهم - يفستة: الملك
والامر.علينا: وتخري المملكة من .ايدينا وما
فى الامر اله الى 3 وغيف لني 0
يدير الله الامور ولا دنسوا ولدئى ولا
تتهاونوا فى أمره فانه أن عدم #جلكنت ولا
بالخ الى لا ارى الدنيا الا “به ول الك الا
كباته فقالوا لها دبا وكرامة يا جلناز لا
نسالى على ما عندنا من فراقه وغيبقه ثم
انها مور مي ع ميد ميل ) عايبة د رجعينت أمعى
حرينة القلب باكيخ العبين الى الملكخة وقد
ضاقفت بها الدذهما اللبلذ اناوس
وقبلتها واعتنقتها وكذلك بنات عمها ثم
انها سالب جين .اهلك ادر جالفيد :الت الهلةا
با ايبنى قفص أنى هو وخاله .وخالء قد ايل
بواقينا وجوادر,! وأعداغا للملك. الميمةسدل
وخطب ابنده فلم ججبه وشكاد .على اذيك
فى الكلام فارسلنت الى اخييك القت" فارسشْ
ووقع. ادرب ببنهم والقفال فنصئ الله اخببك
علية وقئل أاعوانه واجناد»ه واسر : السلشيك
السمندل فيلغ ذلك الى ولدك فكانه خاف
على نفسه فهرب من عندى بغير اخنبارى
ولم يعد بعك ذلك ولم بسمع له كير
تمل أن جلنار سالتها عن اخيها اضالتام
فاخبرتها اذه جلس على. كرسىئى المفلكخ .جيل
السمندل وقد .أرسل- الى جميع أنجهات دور
عذى ولحدك وعلى املك جونرنا ثامنا سنيوعءتن.
جانغاز دى امها هذا الحلام حوديرت على
وخرى. بينكم اروب والقتال. فرع وهرب |
فلما سمع صالح كلام امم حرزن. على. أبن
الكهد وعال بجا امام اواللم ماع فنا شيا يق
فرطنا ف الملك. واخاف أن يهلك أو يقع
به احد مى جنود الملك. أو تنقع بيى. أبنخ
الك جوهرة وما جرى لنا مع امه خيرا
لانه قد. اخدته: بغير اذنها ثم أنه بعت
خلغذ الاغوان والاجناد الى جهة اكر وغيره
فلم يقعوا له على خير فرجعوا واعلموا الملك
صالم : ذلك فواد . حرنم . وغمه وقد ضاق
صحره على .املك وأما ما. كان من أمر
الملحخ جلناز الكرية لما نول أبنها بحر
دأيهم مع خاله سالج اننظرته. ذلم يبرجع
الهها وابطا خبيره .عنها ناقامت أباما معدودة |
فى اننظاره ثم .انها قامست وذولت الكسور
واذنت الى أمها ذالما نظرنها أمها قاميت لها
ور
ينوت عطشا فاخائتة واوصلته إلى اجزيرة|
وارادت الرجوع مى عنده فقالت ف:نفسيا]
والله أنه ما يستاهل صاحب هق! الحسّن
والجمال انه يعطش ثم انبا اخذنه مى
لدويرة المعطشة وانت به الى جزيرة -كثيرة
الاننتجار والاثمار والانهار فوضعته ذيها: ورجعت |
الى الملكة جوهرة وقالت لها وضعته فى لأزيرة
المعطاشة هذا ما جرى .لبدر: باسم اماما
كان مى امور صالج خال الملك بدر باستم
ثانه لما احتوى على الملك السهندل وققل
أاعوانه وخدمه وصار كيت استره طساب
جومرة بنت اللك فام جكجدها فرجع الى
قصكد عند أمد وقال يا اماه ابى أبن اختى
الملك ابن .ناشت! حقالين نينا أولدى أنزاللة مأ
بلغد أنكك
8
ها اننى غليه مى امال وله رفع فبسراط
ضيوهةة وتكاكت بكادمم 2 بغييوة . تفانت 3
اليشودة الى صو رن طايو أحسى ما يكون
مم الطبوز:اببضن- الويتن “أجر الماء_قهشار
والرجاين ذهنأ ذم كلامها : حنى انقلب 2
الطهيور وانتئفض: ووقف على وت ا أل
جوهرة وكان عندها جارية من جوارها
ذميمى هر سيب ةا فنظرت البها وقالنت والله لول
اخاف أن يكون نع أى. أسهوا . غند .خالء: ولا
كنات قناهه خفلا <: وأ الله خم ذهنا كان
ايشم قدومه علينا فيذه الفتئة كلها من
درن رأسهة ولكحنىن 5 << 4 ألم -525
0 0
وأذهى ده الى أجريرة المعطتةخ وأث خحكييو
و
5
ولا 'عجبر له قلبا ولاءردك له غربغ أن كان
يريك أاحسن منك واححسن مسن دنه
الشمايل الظراف واللهد: اند قايئل العقفلل
واللتدبير. كم ققالت" لغ تاملك الومان:الا
تنواخك ان .فيما فغل وان' كنت .اننتك
احبيفنى شبرا فانا دبيتك ذراءنا وققفلل
وقعده” فى شرك ٠ ضواك واذا 5977 من جماخ
قتلاك وقد انقليت اكب الى كانبك عندك
فصارت عنفدى وما بقى عندى أضعساف
ما عندك ثم انها نولت .من على الشاجرة
وقرنمت مله ,وانت“: لبه وأعتنقتة وضنوننه. الى
صدرنا وصارشة تقبله فلما راى. الملك بدر
باسم فعلها فيع زادت حيته فيها واشتد
وصار يضمها ويقبلها خم انه قال لها يسا
[ملكة والله لم وضف <الى مالم ربع معشار
ينا
ووقع : هذا. الانفاق فقومى انزلى. الى عندى
حتى. أروح. أنا وانت الى _قصر ابيك واسال
خالى صالح فى أطلاقه واذزوج بك فى أخلال
قلما سيعت جوهرة كلام بدر.باسم قالت
فى نفسها على شان هذ١ العلقا اللبيم
كانت هذه القضية وأسر أن. وققل: جاب
وحت هه وتنشانت أذا عم قصرى وخرجيت ١
مسشيية الى تلك أجويرة وأن ألم أعمل عليه
حيلة والا تمكن منى هذا العلف وينال]
غرضد: لانه .عاشف والعاشف مهما فعله لا
يلام .عليه ثم انها خدعته بالكلام ونين
الخطاب. وهو لا يدرى ما الامر ثم أنها
قالت. لد يا سيدى ونور عينى أنمت املك
بحر باسم ابن الملكة جلناز فقال 'لها نعم يا
سبدلل. اللبلخ اكدامسئز ف والتمانمايخ
فقاليت قطع الله يد أى وازال ملكه عند |
جوهرة بنت أللك السمندل وفك هرببت الى
عذا المكان لان صالم وجنده تقاتلوا مع
اتى وقتلوا جنلده وأسروه وقبدوه فهربت أنا
قالت للملك در باسم واذا.ما أذبيت الى
ادر ما فعل. الؤمان باق: فلما سمع الملك
بدر ببأسم كلاهها نكعجب ايخ التجب هر
هذ! الاتفاى . الغريب وقال. لا شاه: الى نلمت
لها أنوِل يا سادى ألى عندى فا تنبل
مواكى وأسير عيناكى .وعلى شالى. وشانكى
كانت هذه الفتنة ول اخروب وأعلمى
صالج خو خالى وهو الذى الى. الى أببسك
وخطيك منه وانا قك اخليت ملكى لاجلك
كي
البديعة. وهئ.خالف. كل تى وهو على. كل
شن 'قاديز سبحان اللذ العظيم اذامف
البارئ:. المعو ن..والاه .أن صدقنى ' خنذرى
ددج انثا با رب والقنال ببنهما ديرت واذيت
ى. مله الجريرة واختفت فى هذه الشاكرة
واذا! لم .نكى هذه الملكة جوهرة ذيله
احسى. متها :كم انه ضار منتفكرا . فى : أمرها
وقال ى نفسة اقفوم 5 وأسالها عن
خالها واخطبّها أن كاتنت ٠ك مى : نفسها
فهذه بغيتى نقام قايها على قدميه: وقال
جوهرة .يا نغاية امنا مى :انتى. ومن ألى بيك
: الى. قذ! اللكان فنظرت جوهرة الى بحر باسم
فراته كبانة القمو اذا..ظهر من لت الغمام |
الاأسود ومو رشيف القوام ملم الابنسام
فقالت لعا يا.مليم' الشمايل انا الملكخ
جاربجن فراعم در ب.أسم فسالع ع حال
فاخبروه بها وقع لهم فاما سمح أن اللادى.كن
المهندل قبض عليه ولى هاربا وخاف على
نفسه وقال هلله القننة حانت من لجى
وما. المطلوب آله أنا قولى' هاربا والى..الفجاة
المقادير الازليخ الى '.الجزيرة الى ١ قبها .جوهرة
بنت .املك" السمندل فالى الى عنك تتكسرة
وهو مقل. السكران مى شذة غمه فرسى
نفسه كنت الشاكرة وهو مقثل . القتبل بواراد
الراجة ولا يعلم :أن.كل من كارن :طالب
ومطلوب لم يشتريع' ولا يعلم,ما. خفى ال
ق الغيب"'مى التقادير كلما رقد على ظهرة
رفع. بصرد: لنكى. الشاكرة فوقعيت عيفه فى
عيبن جوهرة فنظر اليهنا :فراها : كانها: القم
اذا ارى فقال سكان: خالف هذة الصورة
رن
السطوة فنرجلوا غنى خيولع وجذبوا سيوفع
ودخلوا معد الى املك السمندل فراوه جالسا
على كرسى مملكته غافل عن مولا وهو
شديدك الغيظ .على صالحج وخدمهة: وغلمانهة
غير مستعدابيى ندخلوا هولا وبايدييمر
الشيوف الجذبة خلما راهم الملك. السهندل
زعف على قومه ويلكم خذوا روس قولة هذه
الملك السهتحل :وركنوا إلى الفوار وكان. صا
وأقاربه. قيضوا .على. اللك السمندل: وكتفوه
اللبلخ الرابعة والتماهاية .كم أن جوهرة
اتتبهيت وعلمبثك أن. أباها :قل أسسر وأن
أعوانه قلس كثلوا درجت مى . القصر هاربة
الى بغصض الجزاير ثم انها انث الى تتجرة عالبنة
واختفت فيها وكانوا هولا الطايقتين نا
ذأ
أن ري مىى جسده. وقال. لمه يا كلب
اليجال مثلك خاطبنى, بهذا الحظاب وتذكرا
ابنثى فى إأجالس وتقول ان ابى اخنك جلناز
كفيو لها من هو اننت ومن «تى اختفك
ومن هو أبنها وضل هو أبوه الا من الكلاب
حائ: نفول لى ه-ذ!. الكلام: وتخاظبنى. بهذا
أنخطاب وزعقف على غاهانه وقال “يا غلمان
خذءط!:راس هذا الغلف..فاخذوا السيوف
وجردوها. وطلبوه فولى هاربا ظالبا باب القصر
فنظر الى: أولاد عمد والواهه وقرئانه وقلمانه
وكانوا أكثر مى . الفا فارس. غارفين فى
اخديد والزرد. النضيك وبايكيهمر الماح
وض -الصفاح- فلمنا :راوا .صالم. على .تلك
اأخالة قالوا له ما؛ اخبر فخدثيم بكديثهة
وكانت' اهذ قد ارسلتيهم إلى نصرثه فلما
سمعوا كلامه علموا أن املك اجف شديد
عظيم فلك :بحر باسم كذلك واعظم وأن
قلت أن .ابتك جميلة ذالملك بدر باسم |
اسن “متها واتجمال صورة وافضل :واظرف
واأطبب وهو فارس أل زمانه واحرمهم
وافضلغ . واعدل فان فعلت .ذلك .واجيث
|ألى.ما سالتك فية تكن :يا ملك: فعلت
الشئ الذى فى جاه ووضعتة فى . حله وان
الف اتكاظييب ينا اونا اتصعب نت[ جنا
[أشلكت بنا الطريقفا الصضكيجم وانت تعلم
ايها اللك أن هذه الملكخ جوهرة بثث
[أفولانا: املك لا. بن .لها من السزواج
الطدحكيم: يقول لا بلا لليبنت. م م
او. القبرفان كنت طزمنت: على :زوائجها فان
ابن أخدى. اخفت من اكل الناش:.فها: فلما
ممع الملك .كلام ..ضالخ: اغناظغيظسا
شديدا وخرج عن حمر العقل: وكادت روجد
حنى استلقى على قفاد اسنهر! بذ وقال له
با صالج كنت احسيك أنك. رجلا عاقله
وتشابا فاضلا ل تتكلم آلا يسدان ول تنطاف
الا برشاد وما الذى صاب عقل.ك ومس
جلك على. هذا الامر العظيم: والخطات
الاكسيم. حنى . انك خطب بنات الماسوك
اكاب البلدان والاقاليم وبلغ.هى قدرك
الى عذه الدرجة العالية ونقص .عقلك. الى
الغاية حنى انك ذواجهنى بهذا الكلام
فقال صالج أصاءص الله الملك الى لم :اطليها
لنفسى ولى ا لنفسى كنت حفوا
لها :واكشر لانك تعلم أن أنى ملك مى ملوك
الآرض : البكرية وانسا الموم ملكنا ولكى
انا ما خطبتها الا للملك بحر باسم صداحب
اقاليم الكجم وابوه الملك شهرمان. وات
نعونه وتعرف سطوته وأن زعميت أن ملكك
الساعة ولا تحوجك الى تعب ولا نخينب |
وأن :كنت غاجر.ءعى قضايها خلا . يكلف
الله نقسا الا وسعها فقام” ضالح وقبنل
الارض تالت مرة .وقال يا ملك. الؤمان بل
حاجتى انت قاذر غليها وهى نحت حورك
وائت! مالكها ولم اكلف الملك حاجة ولم
اكن جنونا اخاطب الملك ىق شى لا
يقدر عليه فان بعض: الحكما فل قال اذا
ارداتة أن لا “تطاع اسال ماءلا يسنطاع
وحاجنى التى جيت فيها وفى طليها الملك
حفظه الله قادر.عليها فقال: الملك اسال
حاجنك واشرح قضيتك واطلب مرادك. فقال
له يا ملك الزمان: اعلم الى اتيتك. خاطب
راغب للدرة اليتبية والجوهرة المكنونة:
الماك جوهرة ابنذ مولانا فلا خبب أيها
الملك قاصدك الما سمع الملك كلامه كك
الغييئة ما حاجنك حنى انك اتببت البنا
قل لى على حاجتك ختنى اننا. نقضيبها لك
فقام وقبل الارض وقال يا ملك الزؤمسان
حاجى: الى : اللة: تعالى .والى : الملك. الهمسام
والاسيد الضرغام الذى بعدله وببذلكه
سارت الروكيان : وشاع: عخيره .فى إلا قالكيمر
والبلى'ن بالجود. والاحسان والعفو والصفح
والامتنان ثم انه فتج. الجرابين. واخرج :
منهما الجواعر وغيرعا. ونشرها: قدام المللك
السمندل «قال: له يا .ملك الزمان عنساك
تقيل. علايتى : وتنفضل اعلى واجبر قلسي
بقبولها مى الليلخ التالتة والتمانماية
قال لد المدك السمندل ما ليذه البدية*
وادخديث ولاى. ينبب افدين“لى هذه
اليدريخ قل إلى غلى 5صبنترك وحاجنتك :فان
كنبت قادر على قضايها قضيتها لك فى هلله
ما أرميته :فى كار :العشف .انا- اسعنئ: فى
زواجها لذ والله تعاى يساعدق على .ذلكه
فقالت: لم أمه افعل منا كرك واأياك» تغلظط
علبه الكلام او انجواب اذا كلمقتد خانسك
نعرفت 'حاقنه ' وشطوته واخاف أن يبظعش
بكالانه الم يعرف قدز احد فقال لهسا
السمع . والطاءة ثم أنه نهضص واخك معد
جرابين ملانين عقودا. وجواعرا ويواقيتا
وَفَضبَان “شرن وقصوصا: وحجارة ناس وجاهم
لغلمانة وسار بهم ' الى :قصب الك الشمندل
وأسقاذن : الدخول عليه فاذنن لغ ثم أنه
دخيل :وقبل الارض بين يديه وسلام باحسئىن
لام دلماءتواها المدك! النعمضق ل ناقام :لد وا كرا
أغاية الاكرام.. .وام بالجاوس: نجلس خلما
استفر به الجلوس قال له اللك السمهندل
ظ قثوم مبارك اوحشتنا يا صَالم فى هذه
هذه البنت لما ذكرتها لاخاق جلناز وقال
لآ بد ان 'خطبها مى ابيها ولو ابذل جمبع
ملكى وان لم يروي بها فانه دموت فيها
عشقا وغراما ثم أن صالح قال لامه اعلمى
أن:ابى اختى احسى واجميل منها وأن. آباة
كان ملك الكجم باسرة وهو الان ملكهم
ولا تصلص جوضرة ألا له ولا يصلخ الا
لها وقد عومت على الى اخف جواعر ويواقيننا
وعقودا وقدية تضلم له واخطبها هنه فان
احتنص علينا بالملك فهو ملك أبى ملك وأن
32
"احنم علينا باجمال فهو اجمل منها وأن
ملكه وعسكد اكير مى ملك ابيها ولا بد
ما اسعى فى فضا شغله ولو أن روحتى
تذخحهب الى 06 سيب هذه القضيخ ومقل :
عاب سوف الخ تايا جح جبمو اي .
اولها الى آخرها: وانه ما الى الا ليخطيها
مى ابيها و ينروجها ذلها بمعرت ست اللك
بدر باسر حلام صالح أغشاطك غيظا
شديك! كم انها انرجات وقالت يا ولدى
لقد اخطات بذك الملكخ جوفرة أينة
املك السمندل. قدام أبى اآختك لانك تعلم
أن اللك السمندل ايف ديار قلهل العقل
بكحه ما له قرار شديد السطوة ضنيبسى
لهم ما انتم كفوا لها لا فى الحسن ولا |
فى الجمال واخاف أن خطبها ف أ بها
فهردنا كما رد غبرنا وكى عندنا نفس
فنوجعوا مكسوريى الخاطر فلما سيع صالم
كلدم أمه قال لها يا أمى كيف يحون
العل فان الملك بدر باسم قد عشف |
اجعل هذا فى أصبعك تامن من الغرق وتامن
من خجره ومن تمر ذواب الكر وحتبناذس»ه
فاخل اللكن دحل ر باأسم اقائيد هئ اله
وجعله فى اصبعه ثم انهما غطسا في مط
اللبلة التانيذ والثمانماية ولم بزالا
سابرين الى أن. وضلا الى قصر صالم فرخلا
اليه فرانه ساته أم أمم وك قاعدة وعندها
اقاربها فلما ذخلا عليهم سلما عليهم وقيلا
أيديعم خلما الل سانه قامت واعدنقئن»ه
وقيللت ما بين عيبنيبه وقالنت له خغدوممر
مبارك د وأدئ كيف خلفت امك جاناز
قال لها طبية خير وعائية وق تسلم علبيك
وعلى بنات عمها ثم : أن صاح أخبر أمع
بكر باسهم عشف اللكخ حو رن دنعت اللك
حب د اانه باع يده -
00
معها لانى أكون السيب ق فراقكم كما الى
كنت السبب قى فرافها منا وتبقى المدينة
بلا ملك ولا عندثم مى يسوسهم وينظر فى
احوالهم ويفسد عليك امر الملكة وخر
لأن يلاك لما سمخ اجر فاسم كلام لخَاذة
| صالح قال. له أعلم يا خالى الى متى رجعت
واو رتها فى ذلك لم تلمكا مى ذلك فلا
ارجع آليها ولا أشاورها ابك! وبكى قدام
أفلما سهع صالخ كلام أبن اختمد_ حار فى
أمموت وقال ا مستعان بالله تعالى على دكل
حال كم أن خاله صالح 5 رأى أبن نزم
على هذه ا وعلم أنه ما بقى يرجع
ألى أمد ولة روح آلآ معد ار ح من أصبيعة
خاتما ا عابه أسما مى أسها الليدة
ذات وجه كالشمس بل هو اجهلل 8
كان قلى مرقيا مستعصسحسا:
فننعلف بحب أبنت السيندل )2
فلما سمع خاله صام مقالته دى يدا على
بك وقال لا اله الا الله محمد رسول. الله .لا
حول ولا قوة ألا بالله العلى العظيم ذم قال
له :سيعنن ايا وى ما اتكلت نق انا
ولمك مى حديت اللكخةخ جوهرة ووصفى
لها فقال بدر باسم نعم يا خالى وعشق:
على السماع وسمععت ما قلت من الكسلام
وقد ذعلف قلى بها ولا بقا لى رجوع عنها
فقال له يا ملك دعنا فرجع الى أمسك ونعلمها
بالقضية واقول لها اى ااخذك الى عندى
واخطب: لك الملكة جوهرة ونودعها وارجع
انا وأنت لانى اخاف أن !اخذك واسير من
غير مشورتها نغضب على ويكون الحف
فقال الملك بدر باسم اله صالم أقعيد
عندنا هذ! اليوم فامتثل كلامه ثم أنه قال
قوم بنا. يا خال. واخري بنا الى اليستدان
ويتنزهون نجلس املك بكر باسم نحت
ما قاله خاله صالم من أمر الحجارية وما
فيها مى اسن والجمال فيبكى بدموع
غزار وصار ينال ودقول
والنار ى القلب والاحشاء تضطرم 2
اهم احب اليك أن تشامدم <١
أم. شرية مى زلال الماء قلت هم
ثم شى وأن وبى وتنهك الصعد! وتمقل
بهذين البينين
8 جيرف , مر جور جو رام إنفن '
“خطبيها. له فان انعم .بها دنا الله تعالى |
وان ردنا ولمر يروجها لابنك فنستري م
واخطب غبرها ذالم سوعحدت جلناز جلامس
اخيها صالح قالت. له نعم الراى الذى
رايته ثم انهم سحهوا. وباتوا تلك الليلخ
واذللك ددر باسدهم ف قلبء لهبب الخار من
عشف اللكخ جودرة وكتكم حديك: ولمن
امجمر فلما اصكوا دخل الملك وخاله امام
وتغسلوا وخرجوا وشربوا. الشراب وقدموا |
بيجن أيديهم الطعام فذاكل الملك. بدر بأسهم
ثم ان صالح قام :على جيله وقال للملك
بحر بأسم وأمد جلناز دسخ و ركم قل عرست :
على الرواح الى الوالدة فان الى عفدكم مدة
أيام وخاطرع مشتغل :على وم فى انتظارى
للا 00
امعو يواد بو بيو موه
كل م نَظرو علبخ المراشف لبينة المعاطف
فلما سمعت كلام اخيها قالت له صدرقت
با أخى والله الى رأيتها مرارا عديدة وكانت
صاحينى وكى صغار ولبس لنا اليوم مع
بيعضنا لموجب البعك ولى الوم سبعة عشرأ
سذخة ما رايتها والله ما يصلح لولادى الا فى
غلما سمع بدر باسم كلامهم وفهم ما قالوه
مع أوله ألى آخره فى وصف الينت التى
ذكرها صالم وق جوهرة بنت الك السمتدل
فعشقها على السماع واظهز لهم انه نايم
أوصار فى قلبه مى أاجلها لهيب النار إلتى لا
تطفى الليلغ الاولى بعد التمانماية
قم أن صانحا نظر الى اخنته جلناز وقال. لها
واللذ يا اختى ما فى ملوك الجر ولا الير].
احمف من ابيها ولا اكثر سطوة منه فلا
تعلمى ولدك حديث هذه أنجارية حنى
له خطيتها من ابيها ولو الى اذهب جميع
ما تماكه يدى عليها فاخبرنى بها ولا
الخشى شيا فان ولدى نايم فقال اخاف
أن يكونىن يقظانا والشاعر قال
فقن تعشف الاذن قبل العين أاحيانا ,؛,
فقالت له جاناز قول ولا خف يا اخى
وأوجو فقال والله يا اختى ها يصلم لابنك
الا الملكة جوهرة بنت الملك. السمندل
وك مثله فى الحسىن واجمال وألبها والهال
احلى شتمايل منها لانها ذات حسى وجمال
وقد واعتدال وخد أجر وجبين أزهر وثخغر
كانه اجوهر وطرف احور وردف» ثقيال
وخصر كيل ووجه جميل أن التفاتستك
جل الاغصان والغزلان وان خطرت يغار
غصى البان وأن اسفرت خجل القمر وتنسى
أعرف. واحدة من بئات ملوك الكر وقد
لديا لشب اكتر مو مايه نينس تواكيق ما
يتجيك احدى منهنى انظرى: با اخنى أن
كان أبنك نايم ام لا فقالت .له نايم ذما
عندك وما قصدك بنومء ذقإل لها با أخنى
أعلمى الى قد تذكيت قن هذه الساعة
ابنة مى نات الجبو تصلم لابنك. واخاف
5 0 فيكو. ولدك منتبها فيتعلق
قليه كبها ولا يكون لنا وصول بها فيتعب
هو واحنا وارباب دولته ويضير لنا شغسل
شاغل لان الشاعر يقول
العف اليلةها وكوى: يحاجن :
فإذا, يحكم. .ضار جترا. واسعنيا “,
فلها ممعت اخنه كلامه قالت له قل لى من
هذه الينت وما هو اعهها فانا اعرف بنات
|| الكر من الملوك وغيريم فاذ! راينتها تصلح
وجيهك ثم انها قدمتن له شبا من الاكل
اكل ودار الحديث بيناع وذكروا الملك. بحر
باسور وح سد وجمالة وقد واعتأاسه
وذروسبينه وعقله وأذدة وكان اك بدر بأمدم
متكيا. فلما سمع امه وخاله يذكووا شيا
فقال. صالح ا لاخقة جلناز ان -عمر ولدك
سائة. عشر سنة ولم يتزوي واخاف عليه أن
ججرى عليه امراولم. يكن لد ولد واريد
أن أزوجه لملكة من ملوك الجر تكون فى
حيدده اوجماله :ققافيت :1ل لجلناره اك ابل
فانى أعرفهم فصار يعدهم لها واحدة . بعد
واحدة وى تقول ما ارضى بهذه لولدى
ولالاريجة بالا يميت تكون 1 متلذ :اق البطين
ولأمال والعطا والعقل والدين والادب وامروة
والملك وللسب والنسب فقال لها ما بقيت
وخاظرئا بوالدك فانه قد مات وخلفك ومن
خلف مثلك ما مات ثم انهم حلفوا غليه
وادخلوه أ#مام ورج هبن ايام ليسس
بدلة فاخرة كلها ذهب مرصعة بالجوم
والماقوت ووضع تاي اللك على راسه وجلس
على سوير ملكه وقضى أشغال الناس وأنصف
بين القوى والضعيف واخد للغفقير حقه
مى الغنى فاحبوه الناس ولمم. يزل كذلك
مدة سنة كاملة وق كل مدة قليلة تزوره
اهلة الحكرية فطاب عيشه وقر عيبنه ولمر
3 على هذه اخالغ مدة ذفلما كان ليلخ
من اللباى دخل خاله على جلناز وسلم
ليها افقاضيب ونوا تنعكه وا خلس سل أن
جانبها وقالت له يا اخى كيف حالك |
وحال والدتى وبنات عمى ذقال لها با اختى
طيبين .ولم يعدموا الا النظر الببسك والى
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معلم اللغة العربية فى المدرسة
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رملاد خسها الله
والأن بعد وفاته قام مقامة الفقير الى رجه
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Antonio Marchesano (7 November 1930 – 24 January 2019) was a Uruguayan lawyer and politician. He was born in Montevideo. Marchesano was President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1985 to 1986 and Interior Minister from 1986 to 1989.
Marchesano died on 24 January 2019 in Montevideo from lung cancer, aged 88.
References
1930 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Uruguayan politicians
Uruguayan lawyers |
Vauchassis is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
Population
References
Communes in Aube |
Annaba is a small province in the north-eastern corner of Algeria. Its capital, Annaba is Algeria's main port for mineral exports.
Divisions
The province has 6 districts and 12 municipalities.
The districts are:
Annaba
Aïn El Berda
El Hadjar
Berrahal
Chetaïbi
El Bouni
References
Provinces of Algeria |
<p>I want to write a portable module that can be reused between the node.js server and the browser. </p>
<p>It's the modularization thing that's stopping me atm. I'm reading <a href="http://caolanmcmahon.com/posts/writing_for_node_and_the_browser/" rel="nofollow">http://caolanmcmahon.com/posts/writing_for_node_and_the_browser/</a> and it looks straightforward, however is getting tsc to generate something like that possible?</p> |
Milan Moguš () (April 27, 1927 – November 19, 2017) was a Croatian linguist and academician. He was born in Senj, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Croatia). He studied at the University of Zagreb. He served as the Chairman of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts from January 1, 2004 through November 11, 2010.
Moguš died on November 19, 2017 in Zagreb of coronary artery disease, aged 90.
References
Other websites
Milan Moguš biography at the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts website
1927 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from coronary artery disease
Croatian people
Educators
Linguists |
Kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus), also known as horned melon, is a sweet tropical fruit. It is an annual vine in the cucumber and melon family, Cucurbitaceae. It is also called "horned melon" since its fruit has horn-like spines. Ripe fruit has orange skin and lime green, jelly-like flesh. Kiwano is native to Sub-Saharan Africa. It is now grown in the United States, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Chile, Australia, and New Zealand.
Kiwano is a traditional food plant in Africa. Along with the Gemsbok cucumber (Acanthosicyos naudinianus) and Tsamma (Citron melon), it is one of the few sources of water during the dry season in the Kalahari Desert. In northern Zimbabwe, it is called gaka or gakachika. There it is primarily used as a snack or salad, and rarely for decoration.
Cucurbitaceae
Melons |
In ancient times, Bosnia and Herzegovina was called Illyricum. It was taken over by the Roman Empire. They were conquered in the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D. The Romans occupied the area until their fall in the 6th century, but only to be conquered by the Byzantine Empire. After that era it was a part of Hungary. Around 1200 A.D., they revolted and won their independence. They went on to become a Christian state for some 260 years. This was during the crusades where the Europeans would travel around and kill those not a part of the Catholic Church.
After that era, the Ottoman Empire was on the rise. It headed towards the Balkans, which due to cultural diffusion introduced new culture and ways of life to that area. The Turkish defeated the Serbians at the great battle of Kosovo in 1389. They later conquered Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1463. They spread the teachings of Muhammad the prophet and Muslim ways in that area. Jewish people also flooded into the area of Sarajevo (the capital). As parts of the Ottoman borders shrank, Bosnia-occupied parts shrank apart. Some countries next to Bosnia fought for their land, like Serbia and Montenegro. At the Berlin Congress in 1878, after the Russo-Turkish War, Austria-Hungary was given the rights to occupy and govern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnia was still with the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary annexed them. This brought them into a feud with the Serbs and caused one Serb nationalist to assassinate the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on June 18, 1914. This assassination was one of the causes of World War I. Bosnia and Herzegovina was annexed to Serbia. The newly formed kingdom was called Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. Later it changed to Yugoslavia.
When Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany 1941, Bosnia and Herzegovina was made a part of Nazi-controlled Croatia. Resistance fighters of Bosnia fought against fascist troops from Croatia in guerrilla battles. At the end of World War II, they were reunited back into Yugoslavia but this time under communist rule. Their leader at this point was Marshall Tito. As Marshall Tito died, so did the economy. Economic dissatisfaction grew in Yugoslavia and the Berlin Wall came down, marking an end to an era of the communist rule in much of East Europe.
Yugoslavia began to fall apart. In December 1991, Bosnia was on the brink of war as they declared independence from Yugoslavia. They demanded recognition into the European Union. In 1992, the Bosnian president, Alija Izetbegovic, declared independence. Both Croatia and Serbia claimed parts of Bosnia and had a war to see who occupies Bosnia. Serbia started to execute Muslims. The United Nations stepped in and started to bomb Serbian camps because of the terror-like things the Serbs were doing. The United States set up a peace talk headquarters in Dayton, Ohio. In 1995, the war ended. The Muslim Bosnian President is still in power and a three-part democracy was set up in Bosnia. These three countries still face problems after the war and NATO takes over peace acts. They are now producing a new government through a time of deadlock and the Bosnian Serb president in charge for counts of genocide was found in Belgrade on put on trial. They are currently working for a spot in the European Union. |
T46 disability sport classification is a group for track and field athletes missing their arm from near the top of their arm. Similar disability sport classification groups are T40, T42, T43, T44, T45.
References
Paralympic Games
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T46 |
<p>I am storing various filenames in my array which are partitioned by null bytes. When debugging, I am only able to see the first filename. So, for instance if my array is like this: <code>hello.txt00000hello2.txt</code>, I am only able to see <code>hello.txt</code>. How can I print the entire array? I have trouble finding such command elsewhere.</p> |
Argleton is a place name of a village that does not really exist. It is a phantom settlement that was shown on Google Maps. It was located in the parish of Aughton, Lancashire. An employee of Edge Hill University noticed this in 2008, and could show that at the location, there are only empty fields.
Some people have suggested that Google added a fake village to Google Maps on purpose to catch out other people in case they plagiarised their work. However, other people have suggested that Google Maps just made a mistake. Argleton had been removed from Google Maps by May 2010.
References
Internet memes
Lancashire
Google
Fictional locations |
IIARVARI> COLLEGE
LIBIíARY
FROMTHE LIBRARYOF
KONILVD VON MAVRER
OF MVNICH
THE GIFT OF
\RCHIBALD CAR>TXX)UIX3E
— CLASS OF 1887 —
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OFHISTORY
1904
IUlJililL
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• H-Wt*. yt-rW. ct* . /IftvrmL yvu
-4H !-►-•-
LTSIN& ISLAEDS
eptir
þorvald Thoroddsen.
Gefin út
af
hinn íslenzka fjjóövinafjelagi.
Kaupmannahöfn.
Prentuð hjá L Cohen.
1881.
*-4H \+
f
-4H
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Digilized by Google
*
LÝSOGr ÍSLAÍíDS
eptir
þorvald Thoroddsen.
Gefin út
af
hinn íslenzka pjóðvinafjelagi.
Kaupmannahöfu.
Prentuð hjá L Cohen.
1881.
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3 MM 0.
HarvMiO. CJi.«K« "‘ y
Von Maurer Collecllon
tiiítof A.C. C’ooUdge
Jun. 13, 1904
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Formáli.
í fyrra vor, þegar J>jóðvinafélagið gaf út uppdrátt
íslands, mæltist forseti félagsins til þess við mig,
að eg skrifaði dálitla íslandslvsingu, er fylgja
skyldi uppdrættinum ; en þá var svo skammt til
þess að vorskip færu með bækur heim til íslands
frá Höfn, að eigi var til þess hugsandi að rita
bæklinginn svo fljótt, svo í nokkru lagi færi, og
tókst eg því á hendur að hafa hann tilbúinn til
næsta vors. í sumar eð var var eg á sífelldu ferða-
lagi, og síðan eg kom hingað að Möðruvöllum hefi
eg haft um margt að hugsa og margar anniraðrar;
af þessu leiðir, að bæklingurinn er eigi að sumu
leyti eins fullkominn eins og eg liefði viljað vera
láta.
Ýmsum mun ef til vill þylq’a lýsing þessi nokkuð
með öðru sniði, en slíkar bækur hafa áður verið
hér á landi, og eru ýmsar orsakir til þess. Eg hefi
reynt að haga henni þannig, að hún gæti verið
kennslubók og um leið lestrarbók fyrir alþýðu.
1 *
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IY
Allt hið almenna, er læra þarf, er prentað með
stórum stýl, en í smáastýlsgreinir er sett ýmislegt
til fræðslu og skýringar, og er það engan veginn
ætlað beinlínis til lærdóms, ef bókin er notuð sem
skólabók. Eg befi haft sem fæst nöfn að verða
mátti; þau getur hver og einn séð á uppdrætti
landsins; ef mörgum nöfnum á fjörðum, presta-
köllum o. fl. væri hrúgað saman í svo lítinn bækling,
yrði hann að eins registur en engin lýsing; slíkt
á heima í staðalýsing (topografi), en eigi í almennri
landafrœði; auk þess er það leiðinlegt og til lítils
gagns fyrir þá, er læra eiga. f»að er mest áríðandi
að menn fái glöggt yfirlit yfir lögun landsins og
náttúru þess, íbúana og atvinnnuvegi þeirra. Til
þess að geta skilið í sköpulagi landsins, er alveg
ómissandi að þekkja dálítið myndunarsögu þess,
jarðlögin og krapta þá, sem á þau verka. Af
því lögun landsins sést bezt af hæðamismuninum,
þá hefi og sett ýmsar fjallabæðir til skýringar en
eigi til náms. Af því bæklingurinn er svo stuttur,
hefir að eins orðið að benda á ýmislegt, sem eg
ef til vill hefði átt að vera íjölorðari um; en svo
verður opt að vera í kennslubókum , því þær eru
eptir eðli sínu eigi annað en leiðarvísir við kennsl-
una, og kennslan er til lítilla nota, ef kennarinn
eigi segir meira til skýringar en í bókinni stendur.
|>ar sera talað er um atvinnuvegi, hefi eg sett í skýr-
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y
ingargreinir eigi allfáar tölur; því af tölum sést
ástand landsmanna og atvinnuveganna bezt; eins
er þar ýmislegt, sem eiginlega heyrir til sögu
landsins; en ástand það, sem nú er, er eðlilegt
áframhald af því, sem áður hefur verið, og verður
eigi skilið án þess.
Nú sem stendur er það mjög torvelt að rita
um nátturu og landafræði íslands, af því landið
er mjög lítið rannsakað. Óbyggðir og öræfi eru
nærri ókunn, og því fer fjarri, að þeir landspartar,
sem í byggð liggja, séu rannsakaðir sem skyldi. Ef
lýsa ætti t. d. ánum á íslandi, þá er eigi ndg að
vita hvað þær heita og hvert þær renna, heldur
og margt annað: hallann, vatnsmegnið, hve mikið
þær bera fram af sandi og aur, hæð fossanna,
áhrif ánna á landið í kring, breytingar á rennslinu,
stærð á því sviði, er vötnum veitir að þeim o. s.
frv. J>að þyrfti að rannsaka jöklana, eldfjöllin, hraunin,
jarðveginn, aldurshlutföll jarðlaganna, loptslagið,
sjóinn, straumana, sjávarfoll, mararbotninn, dýralífið,
jurtalífið og margt fleira og bera allt þetta saman
við náttúm aunara landa. |>að er eigi hægt að
rita íslands-lýsingu svo í góðu lagi sé, fyr en
þetta er orðið nokkurn veginn kunnugt.
J>ó ýmislegt í hækling þessum sé ófullkomnara
en vera ætti, þá bið eg góða menn að virða á
betra veg og muna eptir því, að öll frumsmíði
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VI
standa til bóta ; en ef alþýða manna fær af bækling
þessnm einhveija nytsama fræðslu um landiö, er
tilganginum náð. Að endingu er mér skylt að
geta þess með þakklátsemi, að skólaskjdri Jón A.
Hj altalín hefir gefið mér ýms vinsamleg ráð
og bendingar, einkum við seinni hluta lýsingar
þessarar.
Möðruvöllum í Hörgárdal 25. febrúarm. 1881.
|>orvaldur Thoroddsen.
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Landið.
Milli hins nýja og hins gamla heims frá einu
heimsskauti til annars liggur geysimikill og djúpur
dalur fylltur sjó; heitir mestur hluti þessa dals
Atlantshaf, en íshöf fyrir norðan og sunnan heims-
skautabaugana. Norðarlega í Atlantshafi gengur
flallahryggur mikill neðansjávar þvert yfir dalinn frá
Skotlandi norðvestur til Grænlandsstranda. Á þeim
fjallahrygg er ísland vestarlega uppi við norðurheims-
skautsbaug, milli 63Va° og 66 Va 0 norðurbreiddar,
40 mílur austur frá örænlandi, 130 mílur í vestur
frá Noregi og 119 mílnr í norðvestur frá Skotlandi.
Hádegisbaugurinn um Ferró liggur yfir landið mitt,
rétt fyrir austan Landeyjar, en heimsskautsbaugurinn
nyrðri snertir Melrakkasléttu. ísland liggur því
allt í Atlantshafi, nema hvað Norður-íshafið snertir
nyrztu tanga landsins. Sökum þess að ísland er
svo norðarlega á hnettinum, er þar mikill munur
á lengd dags og nætur eptir árstímum. Syðst á
landinu er stytztur sólargangur rúmar 3 stundir,
en lengstur rúmar 20; nyrzt á landinu sezt eigi
sól i viku um sólhvörf á sumnim, en kemur eigi
upp fyrir sjóndeildarhring í viku um vetrarsólhvörf.
Austasti höfði á íslandi er Gerpir á Austur-
landi fyiir norðan Reyðarfjörð, vestast Bjargtangar
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2
syðst Dyrhóla-ey (Portland), nyrzt Rifstangi
á Sléttu.
ísland er 1867 Q míhir á stærð. f>að er
66 mílur á lengd í austur og vestur frá öndverðar-
nestá til Gerpis og 42 mílur í suður og norður frá
Dalatá við Siglufjörð til Dyrhólaeyjar. Landið er
mjög vogskorið, einkum þó á Vestjörðum, og strand-
lengjan öll inn í hvern fjörð er hér um bil 800
mílur.
Fornmeun töldu svo, að 7 daga sigling væri frá
Staði í Noregi vestur til Horns á austanverðu íslandi ;
frá Snæfellsnesi 4 daga sigling til Hvarfa á Grænlandi,
og frá Reykjanesi 3 daga sigling til ölduhlaups áírlandi.
Byggt land á íslandi, heimalönd og bófjárhagar, eru
um 764 □ mílur, 6S2 □ mílur afréttir, 421 □ míla
óbyggðir; þó eru eigi nema 4 eða 5 □ mílur ræktað
land (tún og kálgarðar) á öllu landinu. Jöklar eru
268 □ mílur, hraun 120 □ mílur.
Beztur og mestur uppdráttur íslands er eptirBjörn
Gunnlaugsson; hann mældi landið á 13 sumrum
(1831—43). Guðbrandur biskup þorláksson áHólum
mældi fyrstur roanna hnattstöðu íslands 1585, en sá
sem fyrstur byijaði nákvæmari mælingu landsins var
MagnúsArason, íslenzkur maður í danskri herþjónustu,
en hann drukknaði á Breiðafirði 1728; þá var sendur til
landsinB danskur maður Knopf að nafni, hann mældi
nokkuð af ströndum landsins og gjörði fyrstur uppdrátt
íslands 1734, en þó mjög ónákvæman og skakkan; en
hans uppdrætti var lengi fylgt. En af því menn eigi
þekktu strendur íslands nógu vel til skipaferða, var
1772 stofnað embætti til slíkra rannsókna á íslandi; hét
sá Eyólfur Jónssou, er fyrstur hlaut; skoðunarstaður
(observatorium) var fyrst á [Staðarstað, en var síðan
fiuttur til Lambhúsa við Bessastaði. Eptir Eyólf kom
danskur maður, en af því litlu varð ágengt var embættið
tekið af 1805. Um sama leyti mældu ýmsir danskir
menn töluvert af ströndum íslands; helztir þeirra voru
Minor og Löwenörn. Reglulegar strandmælingar
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3
voru gjörður árin 1800—1819; þeir sem áttu mestan þátt
í því, voru þeir FrisakogScheel, ogá strandamæl-
ingum þeirra byggði Björn Gunnlaugsson mælingar sínar
á innri blutum laudsins.
Að íslandi liggja tveir stórstraumar, aunar
suðvestan úr Mexíkóflóa; hann kallast Golf-
straumur (Flóastraumur) ; hinn norðan úr Íshaíi
og heitir Pólstraumur. Golfstraumurinn ber
heitt vatn norður og austur eptir Atlantshafi. pessi
heiti vatnsstraumur er fyrst mjór og djúpur, er
hann streymir út um mjótt sund við Flórída-skaga,
en breikkar meir og meir, eptir því sem norðar
dregur, og má svo að orði kveða, að hann þeki
allt yfirborð hafsins milli íslands og Skotlands; en
við hrygg þann neðansjávar, er fyrr var getið,
breytist hann nokkuð, af því að þar verður hann
fyrir nokkurri mótsöðu; fyrir sunnan hrygginn er
heitt vatn, niður undir botn, en fyrir norðan hann
heit vatnsskán ofan á. Nyrzta meginkvísl Golf-
straumsins streymir vestan að íslandi, og fyllir þar
alla flóa, en hinar kvíslarnar halda áfram fyrir
sunnan land norður og austur í höf. Lítil kvísl af
Golfstraumnum kemstnorður fyrirHorn, og streym-
ir svo austur með Norðurlandi og austur fyrir
Langanes og svo suður raeð. Pólstraumurinn kemur
norðan úr óbyggðum og streymir suðvestur um
Danmerkursund (Grænlandshaf), og ber með sér hafís
og kulda. Fjalljakar þeir, sem berast með straumnum,
myndast af geysistórum skriðjöklum í Grænlands-
óbvggðum og Spitzbergen ; þeir ganga niður í sjó
og brotnar framau af þeira. Hafísinn rekur að
nyrztu oddum landsins og vestur, undir Horn með
Pólstraumnum, en svo tekur nyrzta kvísl Golf-
straumsins við og færir hann nær Norðurlandinu
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austur með. Sá hafís sem rekur suður fyrir,
kemur ávallt austan um land, en eigi að vestan.
Inn á Breiðafjörð og Faxaflóa kemur aldrei hafís
til muna, stundum einn og einn jaki sunnan að.
Kvísl af Pólstraumnum mætir Golfstraumnum fyrir
austan ísland úti í hafi og ber þangað ís; sá ís,
sem berst austur með Norðurlandi, kemur og þar
inn í aðalkvísl straumsins og bráðnar þar. Af
þessu koma miklar og stöðugar þokur fyrirAustur-
landi.
Af rennsli Golfstraumains kringum ísland leiðir, að
sjórinn við strendur landsins er á vetrum miklu heitari
en í öðrum löndum jafn-norðarlega, og því leggja nærri
aldrei hafnir og firðir á Yesturlandi og Suðurlandi. Hin
mjóa kvísl, er rennur fyrir norðan land, gjörir og hita
sjávarins þar á vetrum miklu meiri en við mætti búast.
í Grímsey er meðalhiti sjávarins í janúarmánuði 4°, 5.
Með Golfstraumnum berast við og við sunnan úr höfum
ýmsir munir, svo sem trjáviður (t. d. mahóní) og suðrænar
hnetur (lausnarsteinar) ; með Pólstraumnum kemur eigi
all-lítið af ýmsum rekavið; það er barrviður, er vex með-
fram fljótunum í Siberíu. þokan við Austurland við
straumamótin kemur af uppgufun þar sem hiti og
kuldi mætast. Við Berufjörð eru árlega nærri 200 þoku-
dagar, en við Stykkishólm 8 til 10.
Út frá landi liggja margar rastir, og erLátra-
röst þeirra mest; auk þess eru rastir fram af
flestum nesjum, t. d. Reykjanesi, öndverðarnesi,
Horni og Langanesi. Sumstaðar eru harðir straumar
inni á fjörðura, einkum á Breiðafirði; þar eru eyja-
klasar og grynningar fyrir framan Hvammsfjörð og
Gilsfjörð, og þegar vatnið af áhrifum flóðs og
Qöru sogast út og inu, á millum eyjanna, myndast
harðir straumar.
Sem alkunnugt er, verður flóð og fjara af
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völdum tunglsin8; aðdráttarafl þess verkar á sjóinn
og hann dregst að þeim stað, sem tunglið ber yfir,
og verður þar bunga á hafinu, en það grynnist að
sama hlutfalli sem ijaer dregur; hinu megin á
jörðinni myndast og bunga á sama hátt; tunglið
dregur minnst að sér þann hluta sjávar og jarðar, sem
firrstur er; vatnið verður þar eptir, og Qarlægð
þess frá jarðmiðju eykst, þar fellur að bungunni, og
flóð og fjara verður eins og hinu megin. Af ferð
tunglsins kringum hnöttinn breytast þessir staðir á
hverri stundu, og af því koma sjávarföllin. Verkun
flóðs og fjöru er eigi alstaðar eins ; í þröngum hafsbotn-
um, sundum og fjörðum, er liggja beint fyrir
stóru hafi, er hreyfing þessi mest; í úthöfum er hún
jafnari og áhrifaminni, og er því eigi mikil við
ísland. Hæðav-munur sjávarins um flóð og fjöru
við íslandsstrendur er 6 — 12 fet. Sjávarföll við
strendur landsins verða sumstaðar nokkuð óregluleg,
af því hvernig hinir heitu og köldu straumar og
flóð og fjara verka hvert á annað.
Loptslag. Straumar þeir, er liggja að land-
inu, hafa mikil áhrif á alla veðráttu. það er
Golfstraumnum að þakka, að loptslag hér á landi
er miklu mildara én við mætti búast eptir hnatt-
stöðu landsins. Á íslaudi er eyja.lopt; í þeim
löndum, þar sem eyjalopt er, er svo háttað, að
vetrarkuldi er lítill og sumarhiti lítill, litlar
daglegar hitabreytingar, mikill loptraki; hvass-
viðri einkum á vetrum, skýalopt, regn mikið
og snjóasamt. Sjórinn er orsök allrar slíkrar
veðráttu. |>ó verður meiri hitaraunurinn uppi til
sveita, er dregur frá sjó. í þröngum dölum verða
stundum ofsa-hitar á sumrum, en miklar hörkur á
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vetrum. Töluverður munur er á loptslagi fyrir norðan
. og sunnau, eins og við er að búast eptir legu straum-
anna; sunnanstraumurinn liitar haf og land fyrir
fyrir vestan, sunnan og austan, en norðanstraumur-
inn og hafÍ3ar kæla Norðurland. f>ó er alstaðar á
landinu miklu heitara en fyrir vestan haf á sama
breiddarstigi.
Votviðrasamara er fyrir sunnan og austan, en
á Norðurlandi, og veldur hafsbitinn því; þokur eru
tíðari fyrir austan og sunnan en fyrir vestan og
norðan; þó eru þokur optast kringum hafís, hvar
sem hann er við strendur landsins. Veðrabreyt-
ingar eru mjög tíðar, vindar eru mjög óstöðugir
og breytilegir. í höfunum fyrir sunnan og austan
ísland eru þó tíðastir suðaustan- og norðaustanvind-
ar, en á landi er rniklu breytilegra veðurlag eptir
landslagi, fjöllum og jöklum, og misjöfnum hita-
breytingum. Norðaustanviudar eru þó tíðastir á
Beraíirði, Stykkishólmi og í Grimsey. Á íslandi,
Færeyjum og Skotlandi eru þrumur og eldingar
eigi tíðar, og því nær eingöngu á vetrum, einkum
í desember og janúar (í nyrztu heimskautslöndum
heyrast aldrei þrumur); hagl fellur sjaldan og þá
optast sraátt. Norðurljós eru mjög tíð.
Golfstraumurinn hitar eigi að eins íslarnl, heldur og
allar norðvesturstrendur Evrópu; þess vegna nær hitinn
þar miklu lengra norður á við en iyrir vestan haf.
Hitamuninn má hezt sjá & línum, sem menn hugsa sér
dregnar um alla þá staði, er hafa jafn-mikinn árshita,
hitalínur (isoþermæ). Eptir sólarganginum ætti allar
þessar hitalínur að ganga jafnhliða við breiddarbaugana,
en margar orsakir eru til þess, að eigi er svo.
Meðalhiti ársins er í Stykkishólmi 2°. 7 (Celsius), í
Reykjavík 4°, í Vestmannaeyjum 5°, á Beruíirði 2°. 8, í
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I
Grímsey 1°.4. Mismunur á hæsta og lægsta hitastigi er
í Stykkisliólmi 45°, í Grímsey 42°, á Beruíirði 39°, en
sumstaðar inni í landinu er mismunurinn miklu meiri. —
Af þessu má sjá, að sjórinn hefur einna mest áhrif við
Austurland, en Stykkishólmur er fjærst áhrifum hans.
Heitasti mánuðurinn á íslandi er vanalega júlí; þá er
hitinn á Stykkishólmi 9°, 6; í Grímsey 7°, 1; á Berufirði
8°, 3; í Vestmannaeyum 10°, 5; kaldasti mánuðurinn er
marz; þá er -j-2°,8 í Stykkishólmi, í Grímsey -|-3 C, ,5, á
Berufirði -f- 1°,3, á Vestraannaeyjum + 0°, 4. Á Vest-
mannaeyjum er enginn mánuður svo að meðaltali, að
hitamælirinn sé fyrir neðan frostdepilinn. Til þess að
bera saman, hve mikill munur er á hita fyrir vestan og
austan haf, má taka til dæmis, að í Nain á Labrador
rúmum 10 jarðstigum sunnar en Grímsey er meðalhiti í
janúar -j-19° C., í Grímsey + 2°, á vesturströnd Noregs
4* 2°, en í Stokkhólmi -j- 5°,0, af því þar nær hafloptið
eigi að verka á. ísland ætti eptir legu sinni að hafa
miklu kaldara loptslag. Mismunur sá eða skakki, sem
er á loptslagi einhverB staðar, frá því er eptir breiddinni
ætti að vera, kallast á útlendu máli „thermisk anomali u ;
í Stykkishólmi er meðalhiti ársins 8° rneiri en eptir
hnattstöðunni ætti að vera, meðalhiti í janúar 19° meiri
og meðalhiti í júlí IV 2 0 minni. Haffsar og veðrabreyt-
ingar, er af þessu leiðir, gjöra þá verkun, að opt getur
meðalhiti mánaða 1 ýmsum árum verið mjög mismunandi;
þannig hefir hæstur meðalhiti í Stykkishólmi í marz-
mánuði verið 4°, 4, en minnstur -f-9°,9. Regndýptin er
áBerufirði árlega38'/i", í Stykkishólmi 25Vs"» > Grímsey
19", í Reykjavík 28". Á belti kring um heimsskautið
eru norðurljós langtíðust, en fækka fyrir norðan og
sunnan; þetta norðurljósabelti gengur yfir ísland.
Prá suðausturhluta íslands gengur. eins og
áður er getið, breiður íjallahryggur neðansjávar til
Pæreyja 0 g Skotlands; á honum er víðast hér um
bil 2ö0 faðma dýpi, en fyrir sunnan og norðan
eru djúpir hylir, fram uudir 2000 faðmar á dýpt.
L't frá Reykjanesi til suðausturs gengur tangi
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8
neðansjávar langt til hafs, en fyrir norðan og vestan
hann skerst djúpur áll upp í Danmerkursund,
milli íslands og Grænlands; þó er grynnra norðan
til í sundinu; og norður frá íslandi gengur annar
tangi nedansjávar norður undir eyjuna Jan Mayen.
ísland er allt mjðg vogskorið, en þ<5 einkum
að vestan. Beint vestan í landið ganga tveir flóar:
Faxaflói (12 mílur á breidd, 9álengd), ogBreiði-
fjörður (10 mílur ábreidd, 18 á lengd) og inn úr
þeim skerast aptur margir firðir og víkur. Norð-
vesturhorn íslands er ákaflega vogskorið, og kallast
sá landskjálki Vestfirðir. |>að er geysimikið nes,
sem nærri er laust frá landinu; veldurþví að vestan
Breiðifjörður , en Húnaflói að norðan. |>ar sem
tanginn er mjóstur gengur úr Breiðafirði að vestan
Gilsfjörður, en Bitrufjörður suðvestur úr
Húnaflóa; á milli þeirra er eigi nema hér um bil
míla. Nes þetta er um 170 □ mílur að flatar-
máli. |>ar era þessir firðir helztir: Patreks-
fjörður, Tálknafjörður, A rnar fj örður,
Dýrafjörður, Önundarfjðrður, Súganda-
fjörður og ísafjarðardjúp. Norðausturhliðin
á nesi þessu heitir Strandir; þar skerast inn margir
firðir og víkur, en þó flestir smáir; helztir eru:
Rey kj arfjörður og Steingrímsfjörður, inn
úr Húnaflóa. Að norðan skerast inn í ísland
margir íirðir, og eru þessir helztir: Húnaflói (7
mílur á breidd, og 10 á lengd), Skagafjörður,
Eyjafjörður (8 mílur á lengd), Skjálfandi,
Axarfjörður og J>istilfjörður. Að austan er
landið mjög vogskorið, og heitir þar Austfirðir;
helztir firðir þar eru: Vopnafjör ður, Seyðis-
fjörður, Reyðarfjörður og Berufjörður.
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9
SuÖurstrðnd ísland er sendin, og eru þar nærri
engir firðir, en hér og hvar lón og sandrif fyrir
framan;' þó er Hornafjörður eigi alllítill fjörður
austast, þó hann mætti og lón kallast.
Hafnir eru víða góðar á íslandi, þó einkum á
Vestfjörðum, en öll suðurstrðnd landsins má heita
hafnlaus, því þar eru engir firðir, og mjög brima-
samt fram með ströndinni.
Við strendur íslands eru víða eyjar og sker.
Fyrir sunnan land eru Vestmannaeyjar, og
Fuglasker fram undan Keykjanesi. Á Faxaflóa eru
ýmsar eyjar með landi fram, og er Viðey þeirra
merkust. Á Breiðafirði er mikiil grúi af eyjum og
skerjum ; þar eru tveir eyjaklasar, annar fyrir mynn-
inu á Hvammsfirði, og binn fyrir framan Gilsfjörð ;
á ísafjarðardjúpi liggja tvær eyjar, Æ ðey og Vigur,
á Skagafirði Drangey, á Eyjafirði Hrísey,
Grímsey 7 mílur undan landi, Flatey á Skjálf-
andaflóa og Papey suður frá Berufirði. Auk þess
era ýmsar eyjar og sker fyrir AustQörðum.
í>ar sem landið er svo vogskorið, eru nes mörg,
einkum þó á Vestfjörðum og AustQörðum. Hér
skal aðeins getið nokkurra af hinum helztu. Stærst
era Keykjanes og Snæfellsnes vestan á
landinu; á Norðurlandi eru þessi helzt: Tjörnes,
Melrakkaslétta, Langanes, og þrjú nes, sem
eigi er sérstakt nafn gefið, milli Húnaflóa, Skaga-
flarðar, Eyjafjarðar og Skjálfanda.
Landslag. ísland er svo að segja allt eitt
bunguvaxið hálendi, sem firðir og dalir skerast
inn í á alla vegu. Hlutfallið á milli undirlendis
og hálendis er hér ura bil eins og 1:15. Hálendi
þetta er að meðaltali 2000 fet yfir sjávarflöt, en
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10
þó liæst um miðbikið, og að sunnan og austan.
Svo má nærst heita, að firðir skeri hálendið í
sundur á einum stað, og við það skiljast Vestfirðir
frá meginlandinu, og myndast svo tvö hálendi,
misjöfn að stærð og lögun. Vestfjarðahálendið er
að meðaltali 2000 fet yfir sjávarmál; ofan á því
eru tvær stórar bungurþaktar snjó, Glámujökull
og Dr angajökull; en hitt er að mestu leyti flatar
og hrjóstugar heiðar, en þó standa víða upp tindar,
einkum úti undir brúnunum. Af því svo margir
firðir skerast inn í landið á allar hliðar, mætti
ætla, að Vestfirðir væri að eins kvíslir úr einum
fjallgarði; en þegar að er gáð, má sjá, að firðirnir
skerast eins og geysimiklar glufur niður í gegnum
lárétt hamrabelti. J>ykkum lögum af stuðlabergi og
stallagijótier hlaðið hverju ofan á annað, og dala- og
fjarðarifur skerast beint niður í gegnum þau, og stefna
eins og geislar í allar áttir út frá hæstu bungunum ; á
milli Qarðanna verða því opt eins og örmjóir
kambar, með ýmsum skörðum, lægðum og tindum,
en þó optast nokkuð flatir að ofan, vatnsrennslið hefir
myndað dali niður til beggja hliða, og líkjast því
þessir hryggir opt stuttum fjallgörðum; en jarð-
myndunin bendir til þess að það sé marg-sundurklofið
hálendi. Land er hér alstaðar mjög sæbratt, víða
þverhnýptir hamrar í sjó fram. Suðurbrún hálend-
isins kallast Barðastrandarfjöll, en austur-
brúnin Strandafjöll. Hér og hvar í brúnunum
eru allhá fjöll og nýpur, þó fæst af þeim sé enn
mæld; á Barðastrandarfjöllum er t. d. Stálfjall
(2144), á Ströndum fyrir sunnan Reykjarfjörð Háa-
f e 1 1 (2482')> og Snæfjall (2414') fyrir austau ísa-
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11
íjarðardjúp á Snæfjallaströnd. Undirlendi er hér
svo að segja ekkert, optast örmjöar landræmur með
sjó fram, dalir stuttir og ár fáar og smáar. Sum-
staðar eru björg þverhnýpt niður í sjó, svo er t. d.
Hornbjarg og Látrabjarg.
Aðalhluti íslands er bunguvaxið hálendi, sem
hallar til norðurs og suðurs. Ef vér hugsum oss
línu dregna frá Hornafirði í HvammsQarðarbotn,
verður um hana hérumbil hæsti hryggur landsins;
og þaðan falla ár til suðurs og norðurs. Inn 1
þetta hálendi skerast víða dalir, einkum þó að
austan og norðan, og kvíslast úr því langar tungur
milli dalanna fram í sjó. Suðvestan til um miðjuna er
breið geil inn í hálendið, og myndast við það
töluvert láglendi. Hæstu bungurnar á hálendinu
ná upp fyrir snjólínu, og eru því huldar miklum
jökulflákum: Vatnajökull austast, svo Tunguafells-
jökull, svo Hofsjökull, svo Langjökull, Eiríksjökull
og ýmsir fieiri. Hæsta brún hálendisins' er að
suðaustan; þar ganga jöklar nærri fram í sjó, og
síðan er hæðin mest um miðbikið til norðvesturs;
þó verða hæðirnar sumstaðar miklar fram við sjó,
þar sem tangar ganga út úr hálendinu; þannig
gengur mikil spilda til suðurs, og hækkar eins og
geysimikill höfði er nær dregur sjó, og er þar
huliun miklum jökulflákum; þar er EyjaQallajökull
og Mýrdalsjökull. Frá jöklunum um miðbikið er
hálendið víðast hvar smátt og smátt aflíðandi niður
að sjó. Ef vér t. d. förum beina leið af Tjörnesi
upp í Vatnajökul, þá er landslaginu svo háttað, að
norðan hækkar landið smátt og smátt upp undir
Vatnajökul. Á Tjörnesi milli Skjálfanda og Axar-
Qarðar eru hamrar með sjó fram, síðan taka við
2
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12
lág fjöll um 700- 800' á hæð, þ<5 ýmsir hærri
tindar á milli; síðan hækkar smátt o g smátt upp
eptir. Mývatn er um 1000' yfir sjávarfiöt; fyrir
ofan Mývatnssveit uppi undir Sellandafjalli og
Bláfjalli er hálendið orðið um 1600', og hækkar
svo smátt og smátt upp að Dyngjufjöllum ; þar er
það orðið um 3000 fet, og uppi við Vatnajökul allt
að 3500 fetum. Á líkan hátt hallast landið allt
út frá miðhryggnum, einna minnst austur á við,
og því verður ströndin þar víða mjög sæbrött, en
einna mest til suðurs og vesturs niður að Rangár-
völlum. Millum jöklanna eru breið skörð eða stór
hlið, Vonarskarð milli Vatnajökuls og Tungna-
fellsjökuls, Sprengisandur (2000') milli Tungna-
fellsjökuls og Hofsjökuls, Kjölur (um 1800')
milli Hofsjökuls og Langjökuls, Flosaskarð mill-
um Langjökuls og Eiríksjökuls, og siðan taka við
víðátturaiklar heiðar og sandar, Stórisandur,
Arnarvatnsh’eiði, Tvídægraog Holtavörðu-
heiði 1000 — 1500' yfir sjávarmál. Hálendið er
svo að segja allt óbyggt og að mestu ókannað enn.
Miöbluti þess er hrjóstugur og gróðrarlítill, mestallt
sandar og öræfi og víða svo, að varla sést stingandi
strá; óvíða er alveg slétt, en melar og urðaröld-
ur, dældir og smáhálsar á víxl; nálægt jöklunum,
og af völdum þeirra eru víðafiatar leirur ogsandar
með ótal smáum og stórum ám og lækjakvíslum.
Víða eru stórir hraunflákar illir yfirferðar og gróðr-
arlausir; stærst er Odáðahraun (GO □ mílur),
svomá telja Kjalhraun og Hallmundarhraun.
Ár falla víða undan hraununum og stöðuvötn eru
á víð og dreif. Sumstaðar hallast landið niður að
stóránum, er um hálendið renna, og við þær eru
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hér og hvar nokkrir hagar; afréttir manna era
hingað og þangað í brúnum og aflíðanda hálend-
isins.
Uppi á hálendinu standa hér og hvar háir
tindar og einstök fjöll; eru sum gömul eldfjöll og
strýtumynduð, önnur flatvaxin og bungulöguð. Austan
til er Herðubreið (5290'), hátt fjall og fagurt;
efzt á henni er svart hamrabelti, og ofan á því há
mjallahvít jökulstrvta. .er Snæfell (5800'),
einstakt fjall norður undan Vatnajökli austauverð-
um, og Dyngjufjöll (4500'), mikill og eldbrunn-
inn fjallaklasi í suðausturhorni odáðahrauns.
Sunnan undir Langjökli eru mörg há fell og fjöll,
þar sem hálendið tekur að lækka, er dregur niður
undir sveitir; þar er Ok (3800'), Hlöðufell (3700')
og Skjaldbreið (3300').
Eins og fyrr var getið, ganga ótal tangar og
kvíslir út úr hálendinu, bæði norður, austur og
vestur, en að eins fáar til suðurs. Langar kvíslir
eða fjallgarðar ganga vestur úr því, fram á Keykja-
nes og Snæfellsnes. Sá fjallgarður, sem gengur
vestur og suður á Reykjanes, er mjög breiður og
flatur að ofan, og eru þar víða a ðistórar heiðar,
svo sem M osfellshei ði og Hellisheiði; þegar
fram eptir nesinu dregur, lækka flatneskjur þesaar
meir og meir og verða eigi meir en 400' yfir
sjávarmál; fram eptir nesinu endilöngu er röð af
fjallatindum ; þeir eru flestir gömul eldfjöll og eru
sumir allt að 2000 fetum á hæð og þar yfir; þar
er Hengill (2458'), Lönguhlíðarfjall (1926')
og Keilir (1239'). Á milli fjalla þessara eru
eintóm hraun að mestu gróðurlaus. Norður frá
fjallgarði þessum fyrir botninum á Faxaflóa hverfa
2 *
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fram úr hálendinu ýmsar tungur, hálsar og fjalla-
múrar. Eitt hið helzta Qall þar er Esja (20000,
sem gengur fram á Kjalarnes, hún er mjög þver-
hnýpt á þrjá vegu, en ýms fell sameina hana að
austan við hálendið. J>á er fyrill og ýms fleiri
fjöll og hálsar norðar, og gengur inn Hvalfjörður
á milli þeirra og Esju, og er Akrafjall fremst á
nesinu norðan við flörðinn. Fyrir botninum á
Hvalfirði er Botnsheiði og á henni eru háir
fjallstindar Botnssúlur (35000» þá er Skarðs-
heiði hin syðri (33000, síðan taka við ýmsir
lágir hálsar fyrir ofan Borgarfjörð og hallar þar
smátt og smátt upp að jöklum. Norðar og vestar
er Baula (29000, strýtulagaður tindur, og svo
Skarðsheiði hin vestari; fyrir neðan er lág-
lendi eigi alllítið er nefnist Mýrar. |>á tekur við
Ijallgarður sá, er gengur vestur úr hálendinu út á
Snæfellsnes. Fremst á nesinu er Snæfellsjökull
(45770; það er gamalt eldfjall. Fjallgarður Þ essr
er miklu mjórri, en aptur töluvert hærri en Reykja-
nesfjallgarður ; á honum eru ýmsir tindar, sumir
3000 fet á hæð (Rauðukúlur 2625', Skyrtunna
3016'). Utan í ijallgarði þessum hafa víða verið
eldsumbrot, og ýms hraun eru hér og hvar á nesinu,
einkum þó sunnan við fjallgarðinn og fremst á
því. Fram á nesið milli HvammsQarðar og Gils-
Qarðar gengur breið tunga út úr hálendinu og er
hún að framan brött, og sumstaðar háir fjallamúrar,
t. d. Klofningur (1598'); víða skerast fagrir og
grösugir dalir inn í hana og sumstaðar eru þar
háir tindar (Hafratindur 2940'). Byggðin kallast
þar einu nafni Dalir.
Norður úr hálendinu ganga margir fjallahryggir
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og heiðakvíslir frara í sjó; á millum þeirra eru
breiðir og fijóvsamir dalir inn af hverjum firði; úr
þeim eru aptur ótal kvíslir og afdalir, svo flalla-
hryggir og heiðar á millum dalanna margskiptast
í hálsa og fell. Inn af Húnaflöa ganga ýmsir
dalir ; hinir vestustu eru mjóir, en austar myndast
töluvert undirlendi með sjó fram, þar sem Víðidal-
ur, Vatnsdalur og Blöndudalur koma saman.
Nesið á milli Húnaflóa og Skagaljarðar er hálent
og fjöllótt; við austurbrún þess er Tindastóll,
og er það einstakt aflangt fjall, en sunnarlega er
Mælifellsh núkur (3476'). Inn af Skagafirði ganga
ýmsir dalir og við það myndast breið sveit, er einu
nafni kallast Skagafjörður. Millum Skagafjarðar og
Eyjafjarðar gengur fram breiður skagi, mjög há-
lendur og fjöllóttur, og ganga inn dalir á þrjá vegu,
að norðan, vestan og austan; merkastir og stærstir
af þeim eru Svarfaðardalur og Hðrgárdalur
austan frá Eyjafirði. Á skaga þessum eru hæðir
svo miklar, að sumstaðar tekur aldrei snjó úr
fjöllum, og liggja þar töluverðar fannir á sumrum;
Unadalsjökull, Myrkárjökull og Vind-
heimajökull eru þar, og mörg önnur mjög há
fjöll. Fremst á nesinu vestanverðu er Illviðra- ,
hnúkur (3476‘), en austarlega fyrir austan Skaga-
Qarðardali er Hvammsfell ( 3785 ') og Heljar-
fjall ( 3991 ') norðar og austar, og Rímar ( 4020 ')
fyrir austan Svarfaðardal. Inn af Eyjafirði gengur
alllangur dalur, og austan við hann taka við há
§öll ; það er enn þá ein breið kvísl út úr hálendinu,
sem geugur fram ísjó; Bárðardalur takmarkar
hana að austan; hann er einn af hinum lengstu
dölum á landinu (um 12 mflur); inn í þessa fjalla-
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bungu miðja skerst Fnjóskárdalur. Landið
hækkar hér eptir því sem norðar dregur og t-angi
sá, er gengur út á milli Eyjafjarðar og Skjálfanda-
flóa, er að framan mjög hálendur og ijöllóttur, og
að austan ákaflega sæbrattur, því að þar ganga
Kinnarfjöll nærri þverhnýpt niður í sjó; vestan
á nesinu er Kaldbakur (3699')- Frá Bárðardal
og austur að Jökuldal má svo heita, semhálendið
lækki smátt og smátt niður að sjó, en þó skerast
nokkrir dalir upp í það að vestan og austan. Vestan
til skerast inn í það Reykjadalur og Laxár-
dalur, o g að austau ýmsir dalir upp frá Vopna-
firði. Ýms byggðarlðg eru þar á fjöllum uppi, t. d.
Mývatnssveit í dálítilli lægð 1000' yfir sjávar-
flöt; en flest byggðarlög eru fram undir sjó. Uppi
á hálendinu eru á þessum kafla ýmsir Qallgarðar
eigi alllitlir; einn gengur fram eptir Langanesi, og
millum Norðurlands og Austurlands er Dimmifjall-
garður, þar eru og ótal hnúkar og fjalladyngjur.
Við Mývatn er Hlíðarfjall ( 2400 '), Gæsadals-
fjöll ( 2809 ') og Krafla; einna hæst er Smjör-
fjall ( 3859 ') raillum Vopnafjarðar og Jökuldals; á
Tjörnesi, Melrakkasléttu og Langanesi eru ótal háir
og lágir tindar og fjöll. Austurhluti landsins kallast
einu nafni Austfirðir; er þar að mörgu leyti líkt
landslag og á Vestfjðrðum, vogskorið, íjöllótt,
sæbratt og bömrótt, en þó langir og frjóvsamir
dalir hér og hvar. Mestir þeirra eru Jökuldalur
o g Fljótsdalur, þeir eru lengstir og me3tir
dalir á Iandinu. Fljótsdalur er mjög breiður um
miðjuna og heitir þar Fljótsdalshérað. f>ar sem
þessir dalir ganga fram að sjó, er nokkuð undir-
lendi, og sandar fram með Héraðstíóa; eru þar víða
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torsóttir vegir milli sveita, einkum á vetrum; fjöll
eru hrjóstug, en í dölunum er land gott og grösugt.
Fyrir austan og sunnan Fljótsdalshérað eru margir
firðir og upp frá þeim ýmsir smádalir, en milli
þeirra há Qöll og nýpur í sjó fram. Fjalleudi þessi
hækka er sunnar dregur, suður undir Vatnajökul;
þá eru margir háir tindar á þeim; þar eru t. d.
Dyrfjöll (3606') og Beinageitarfjall (3517')
norðarlega á fjallgarði þeim, er sbilur Fljótsdals-
hérað frá Fjörðum, og Búlandstindur (3388') við
Berufjðrð. Austur af Vatnajökli eru tveir sérstakir
jöklar, J>rándarjökull og Hofsjökull.
Suðurbrúnin á Vatuajökli er lág að austan, en
hækkar um miðjuna og þegar dregur vestur á við.
Ganga skriðjöklar víða nærri í sjó fram, en sura-
staðar eru háir höfðar framan á jöklinum, og er
Öræfajökull (6241') þeirra hæstur, og hæsta fjall
á landinu. Víða standa jQöll og tindar fram í jökul-
röndinni, og lítið eitt fyrir framan hann: Afrétt-
artindur (3842') fyrir sunnan og vestan Hofsjökul,
Birnudalstindur (4300') vestar uppi í jökulrönd-
inni fyrir ofan Suðursveit, Stórhöfði (4500')
fram af Öræfajökli, og L ó m a g n ú p u r (2455') vestan
við Núpsvötn. Sunnan með öllum Vatnajökli er
láglendi, en fyrir sunnan Lómagnúp tekur lágt flat-
vaxið hálendi að ganga út undan jöklinum fyrir ofan
Fljótshverfi, og stefnir rönd þess suðvestur að Mýr-
dalsjökli; á hálendi þessu úti við brúnirnar er fyrst
Síðumanna-afrétt og svo Skaptártunga. Mýrdals-
jökull er hinn fremsti höfði á þeirri hinni miklu
tungu, er gengu suðvestur úr hálendinu, eins og
vér fyrr gátum um ; þar er stór jöklaklasi og hefir
ýmsnöfn. Eyjafjallajökull er þar hæstur (5432').
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Fyrir vestan Eyjafjallajökul dregst hálendið frá sjó.
f>ar er allmikill dalur millum EyjaQallajökuls og
Tindafjallajökuls, og rennur Markarfljót eptir dalnum.
f>aðan í norður er Torfajökull, aflaugur fjallaklasi,
og Hekla (4961 '). Fyrir vestan og norðan Heklu
dregst hálendið enn þá meir norður á við, og verður
þar fjærst sjó, og þar fremur lágt og hallandi suð-
ur af, enn þó nokkur fell utan í brúnuuum. Beygir
hálendið síðan í suður aptur, því þá ganga úr því
heiðar, er mynda hinn efsta hluta af fjallgarði þeim,
sem gengur suður og vestur á Reykjanes.
Undirlendið. Undirlendi er lítið á íslandi, mest
á Suðurlandi, og þó sumstaðar að eins mjó ræma
með sjó fram. Á Norðurlandi er undirlendi mjög
lítið, og að eins þar sem stórir dalir ganga í sjó
fram, og hefir þess áður verið getið. Undirlendið
á Suðurlandi hefst vestanvert við Hornafjörð, og
er eins og ein saraföst spilda vestur að fjall-
garði þeim, er gengur út á Reykjanes, en er þó
mjög misbreitt, og ýmislegt að útliti og eðli. Sunnan
undir jöklunum frá Hornafirði vestur fyrir Eyjafjöll
eru nærri eintómir sandar með sjó fram, og að eins
hér og hvar grösugir og byggðir blettir. Sandar
þessir eru smátt og smátt myndaðir af jökulhlaupum
jökulánna, og daglegum framburði jöklanna, og má
sumstaðar sjá töluverðan mun á stærð þeirra og
útliti síðan land byggðist, einkum þó framan undir
Mýrdalsjökli; þar hefir Katla við eldgos borið fram
geysimikið af sandi og stórgrýti. Hjörleifshöfði
var á landnámstíð út við sjó, en er nú eigi lítinn
kipp uppi í landi, og fyrir austan hann var þá
fjörður, sem nú er horfinn ; þar hafa og heilar sveitir
eyðzt við eldgos og jökulhlaup, og eins fram undan
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Öræfajökli. Sandar þessir eru mjög ófrjóir, melar,
stórar urðaröldur, holt og leirur fram með ánum;
sumstaðar smár roksandur, er vindurinn ber saman
í hóla, og feykir fram og aptur, svo að skemmast
tún og engjar í næstu byggðarlögum; sumstaðar
heptir melgresi þó nokkuð sandfokið. Sandarnir
heita ýmsum nöfnum: austast er Breiðumerkur-
sandur, svoSkeiðarársandur(Lómagnúpssandur);
hann er breiðastur og mestur allra sandanna; þá
Brunasandur, Mýrdalssandur (Kötlusandur),
Sólheimasaudur og ýmsir fleiri. Á þessu svæði
eru þessi helzt byggðarlög: austast Hornafjörður,
8vo Mýrar, þá Suðursveit, Öræfi, Fljóts-
hverfi, Síða, Landbrot, Meðalland, Álpta-
ver, Mýrdalur og Eyjafjallasveit. Skaptár-
tungan er utan í rönd hálendisins, sem fyrr var
getið. Fyrir vestan Eyjafjallasveit tekur við hið
mesta og grösugasta undirlendi íslands, hór um bil
70 □ mílur á stærð. Láglendi þetta er eigi al-
staðar jafnhátt, lægst að sunnan, en hækkar eptir
því sem norðar og auslar dregur; það er óvíða
alveg slétt, heldur eru hér og hvar holt og hryggir,
og sumstaðar einstök fell. (HestQall 1016', Búrfelí
1672', bæði í örímsnesi; íngólfsfjall 1742'). Mjóir
sandar eru hér með sjó fram (Landeyjasandur eða
Eyjasandur), en ofar grösugt land, en þó mýrlent.
Byggðarlög hafa hér ýms nöfu, og eru þessi hin
helztu: austast Landeyjar, millum kvíslanna áMark-
arfljóti og í>jórsá, Fljótshlíð norður uppi undir
Tindafjöllum , þá Rangárvellir, Flói millum
J>jórsár og Ölfusár, þaðan í norður eru Biskups-
tungur, en Grímsnes og Ölfus vestar.
Fyrir vestan Skarðsheiði hina syðri hefst
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annað mesta undirlendi landsins (rúmar 20 □ mílur
á stærð); það skerst æðimikið upp í hálendið, og
nær norður og vestur að Snæfellsiresfjallgarði; upp
frá því ganga margir dalir, og eru hálsar fram úr
hálendinu á millum þeirra. Af dölum skal að eins
nefua: Skorradal, Lundareykjadal, Reyk-
holtsdal og Norðurárdal. Neðar er mjög flatt
land og mýrlent, þó holt og hamrar sé hér og hvar.
Kallast eystri hlutinn Borgarfjörður, en hinn
vestari Mýrar. Vestari hlutinn er víða mjög vot-
lendur, og sumstaðar sökkvandi fen og foræði, svo
að illt er þar yfirferðar, og eru þar og mest farnir
Qallvegir hið efra; holt og borgir eru hér og bvar
á mýrlendi þessu, einkum austantil, og við þau og
á þeim eru flestir bæir. Fram með sjó er mjög
aðgrunnt, og mikið útfiri, er kallast Löngufjörur.
Jöklar. Eins og fyrr er getið þekja jöklar
allar hinar hæstu bungur á íslandi, og má svo
heita, að eigi leysi snjó af jörðu þegar hæðir eru
meir en 2800'; þó getur út af þessu brugðið, því
sumstaðar eru Qöll og nýpur svo brattar, að eigi
tollir snjór á þeim, eða loptslag er svo þurrt og
rakalítið, að eigi er nóg efni í jökul, þó það sé
sjaldan hér á landi; á sumum fjöllum eru fannir
og skaflar sem aldrei leysir, en enginn eiginlegur
jökull. .Jöklum er svo háttað, að efst eru stórir
fannflákar, freðinn snjór og hjarn, er aldrei bráðnar
til muna, þó heitt sé á sumrum, en neðar, þar sem
hitinn er meiri, myndast glerungur og blár jökulís.
Niður um dali og gil ganga víða jökultangar,
sumstaðar niður í byggð, og heita skriðjöklar eða
falljöklar, af því að þeir hreyfast hægt og hægt
niður á við, en af því jafnóðum bráðnar neðan af,
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lengjast þeir eigi að heldur. Hreyfing þessi kemur
sumpart af því, að allt af aukast jökulbunguruar
að ofan, og þrýsta því, sem neðar er, niður á við,
og sumpart af sífelldu vatnsrennsli og hitabreytingum
innan í neðstu röndum jökulsins. Hraði jökultang-
anna er mjög misjaí'n, eptir landslagi og veðráttufari,
en ekkert slíkt er enn þá rannsakað á íslandi.
Skriðjöklar haga sér fullkomlega eptir landslaginu,
eins og vatnsfall; þeir eru þykkir þar sém þeir fara
yfir þrengsli og djópa dali, en fletjast ót á slétt-
lendi. Niður á jöklana detta opt björg, stórgrýti
og smásteinar úr hömrum og hlíðum kringum þá,
og berast steinarnir svo niður á undirlendið. Sumt
verður fyrir framau jökulinn, og ekst saman í stórar
öldur og holt, en sumt fer gegnum jökulsprungurnar,
molnar allt sundur undir jöklinum, og verður að
smágjörvu steindusti eða leir, sem árnar bera á burt
og fá af því jökullit. Klettar þeir, sem jðklar fara
yfir, verða fágaðir og með ótal rispum af núningnum
eptir grjótið undir jöklinum. J>ar sem halli er
mikill , koma á skriðjökulinn stórar og rnargar
sprungur, þær falla aptur saman og nýjar myndast;
innau um þær er vatnið á sífelldu iði. Sumstaðar
eru á jökulröndinni flöldi af háum strýtum, urð
og sandi að utan, en ís innan í. |>essar strýtur
myudast svo, að hiti sólargeislanna getur eigi farið
í gegnum þykkt lag af möl, sem hefir hrúgazt saman
einhverstaðar á jöklinum, ísinn bráðnar í kring,
en það stendur sem sandurinn hylur. Á hinu bóg-
inu er það svo, að einstakir svartir smásteinar hitna
mjög og brœða undan sér, við það koma hér og
hvar kringlóttar djúpar holur í jðkulinn. Sumir
skriðjöklar eru gráir af grjóti, möl og sandi. Und-
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irlag jöklanna á íslandi er víðast hvar móberg,
sumstaðar þó hraungrjót og stallagrjót. Jöklarnir
naga fjöllin smátt og smátt, og bera niður grjót og
leir, og því eru ávallt í kringum þá stórir sandar,
leirur, melar og holt. Jökulhlaup koma þegar ár
eða stöðuvötn í jöklinum bólgna upp, og brjóta stór
stykki úr þeim, og bera niður á sléttlendi. Hin
geigvænlegustu jökulhlaup koma við eldsumbrot,
þar sem eldíjöll eru hulin ísi og snjó. Flestir
jöklar eru breiðir og bunguvaxnir til að sjá, af því
landslagi er svo háttað undir þeim, þó standa hér
og hvar brattir tindar upp úr snjónum. Jöklar á
íslandi taka yfir 268 □ mílur.
Hinn stærsti jökull á íslandi er Vatnajökull
eða Klofajökull (150 □ mílur á stærð); hann þekur
nærri alla suðausturbrún hálendisins; undan honum
falla flestar stórár íslands. Vatnajökull liggur
hvergi að byggð nema í Skaptafellssýslum, og fylgir
ströndinni suður og vestur að Öræfajökli, og er
það hinn hæsti höfði fram úr honum; síðan dregst
hann meir frá sjó, og liggur frá Fljótshvei*fi allur
í óbyggðum. Víða ganga út úr honum miklir
skriðjöklar, setn fallnir eru niður á undirlendi, og
heita þeir ýmsum nöfnum. Heinabergsjökull
er austur við Hornafjörð, vestar Breiðumer kur-
jökull, þá Öræfajökull og út úr honum margir
smáir skriðjöklar; svo Skreiðarárj ökull, sem er
mestur allra skriðjökla á landinu, hann er lágur og
flatvaxiun og grár af sandi og grjóti, af því að
hann er allur fallinn fram á sandinn. Efst er hann
mjór, er hann fer niður á milli ijallanúpa, en breikk-
ar mjög niður á sandinum. Neðsta röndin er um
4 mílur á lengd; uppi við jökulinn eru háar öldur,
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o g holt af hnullungagrjóti, sem jöhullinn hefir borið
fram. Fyrir vestan eru í byggðum engir jöklar
svo teljandi sé. Austast er suðurrönd Vatnajökuls
lægst, og fyrir ofan Hornaíjörð ber lítið á sjálfum
aðaljöklinum, en skriðjöklar eru fallnir fram í
hvern dal; en vestar hækkar hann og er breiðastur
og hæstur vestantil um miðjuna. Vestur- og
norðurrönd jökulsins eru en ókannaðar; frá norður-
brúninni ganga og margir skriðjöklar út frá hájökl-
inum, en vesturbrúnin er víðast hvar hjarnjökull
niður á jafnsléttu, og heitir Skaptárj ökull, eða
Síðujökull. Víða standa upp úr jökulbungunum
hraundrangar, og opt hafa þar eldsumbrot orðið,
bæði sem menn hafa sögur af, og þó einkum fyrir
landnámstíð. |>rándarjökull og Hofsjökull
austur af Vatnajökli eru litlir jöklar einstakir, og
eru eins og áframhald af Vatnajökli, en þó auðir
dalir á milli. Á Snæfelli og Herðubreið norður af
Vatnajökli er nokkur jökull.
Tungnafellsjökull (Fljótsjökull) er lítill
jökull vestur af Vatnajökli, og er Vonarskarð á milli
þeirra. Út frá honum ganga ýmsir fjallahryggir bæði
suður og austur; þar er Nýidalur.
Hofsjðkull er mikil jökulbunga vestur af
Sprengisandi, (um 25 □ m.). Að honum liggja
öræfi á allar hliðar, og út við randirnar og fyrir
utan þær eru hér og hvar háir tindar. Austurhluti
jökulsins heitir Arnarfellsjökull; þarerArnar-
fell hið mikla. Suðurhlutinn heitir Blá-
gnýpujökull; þar eru Kerlingarfjöll (39800
nálægt jöklinum.
Langjökull er aflangur og bunguvaxinn
jöklaklasi vestur og suður af Hofsjökli (26 □ mflur
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á stærð) og heita vmsir hlutar hans ýmsum nöfu-
um. Vesturjökullinn heitir að norðan Ball-(eða
Bald-)jökull , en sunnar er Geitlandsjökull,
suðurendinn heitir Skj aldbr eiðarj ökull, og svo
er Bláfellsjökull þar austuraf; þar fyrir neðan
standa tindar, er kallast Jarlhettur (3395').
Sjálfur er aðaljökullinn um 4500' á hæð yfir
sjávarmál. í Geitlandsjökli er J>órisdalur; þar
var Grettir sterki eitt sinn, eptir því sem sagan
segir. Dalurinn er hömróttur, hrjóstugur og
graslaus með öllu, og skriðjöklar ganga niður í
hann á alla vegu.
Lengi vissu menn ekkert um dalinn, þangað til tveir
prestar íóru þangað rannsóknarferð árið ln64, en varð
litlu ágeugt, því þeir komust ekki niður í hann fyrir
hömrum og jöklum. Björn Gunnlaugsson skoðaði dalinn
fyrstur manna 1835.
Eiríksjökull (5730') er einstakur jökull fyrir
vestan Langjökull (nærri 2 □ mílur), snarbrattur,
hengitiug og hamrar allt í kring; jökulbunga er
ofau á fjallinu, og þaðan ganga niður smáir skrið-
jöklar. Á Oki, Skjaldbreið og Hlöðufelli er og
nokkur jökull. Á millum Oks og Geitlandsjökuls
heitir Kaldidalur.
Snæfel Isjökull (4577') fremst á Snæfells-
nesi er strýtumyndaður, gamalt eldfjall, og sést
langar leiðir í burtu; efst á honum eru tværjökul-
þúfur; ekki falla þaðan neinar ár, en brunahraun
eru allt í kring, og fer svo vatnið frá jöklinuin
burtu neðanjarðar.
Mýrdalsjökull er mikill jökulklasi sunnan
á tungu þeirri er gengur suður úr hálendinu (rúmar
18 □ mílur), eins og fyrr er getið. Eiginlega
kallast að eins austurhlutinn Mýrdalsjökull, og hafa
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aðrir hlutar þessa jöklaklasa ýms nöfn; vestast er
Eyj afjallaj ökull og uyrzt Botnjökull (Merk-
uijökull í uppdrætti Bjerns Gunnlaugsson). EyjaíjaUa-
jðkull er hæstur (54320, en fyrir austan hann er
lægð mikil í jökulinn, og svo smáhækkar austur á
við ; í austurhlutanum er Katla. Undan jöklum
þessum falla margar stórár, sem opt gjöra jökul-
hlaup, en jþó verða hlaupin langstærst er Katla gýs.
Torfajökull er langur tjallahryggur (hér
um bil 2 □ mílur), þakinn jökli; hann er norður
frá Botnjökli, þar eru margir hverar, bæði í kring
um jökulinn og í honum sjálfum. Millum Torfa-
jökuls og Eyjaijallajökuls er Tindafjallajök ull.
Á norðvesturtanga íslands eru tveir jöklar, sem
fyr er getið:
Glámujökull (8 □ mílur) er heldur lágur
jökull (2800'), og er farið yfir hann sumstaðar á
milli sveita; eru þar heiðar í kring, en þó alstaðar
skammt til byggða.
Drangajökull (15 □ mílur) er aflangur jökull
eigi hár (2800')- Sumstaðar ganga úr honum skrið-
jöklar nærri því niður í sjó, t. d. við Kaldalón.
Hraun og eldfjöll. Hraun á íslandi taka yfir
120 □ mílur. fau eru einkura um miðbik lands-
ins, en hvorki á Austijörðum né Vestfjörðum.
Hraun eru öll fram komin við eldgos; af sumum
hafa menn sögur, bvenær þau mynduðust, en flest
hafa brunnið fyrir landnámsstíð. Flest eru gróður-
lítil eða gróðurlaus. J>au er myndazt hafa síðan
land bvggðist eru flest enn þá graslaus, en að eins
hulin mosa hér og hvar, en sum hinna eru á eiu-
staka stað grasi vaxin, þó óvíðast sé það svo, að
það sé til gagns og nytsemdar fyrir landsbúa.
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Hraunin eru ýmisleg að lögun og ásigkomulagi,
eptir því, hvernig þau hafa myndazt. Sumstaðar
eru þau slétt, með rákum og öldum eptir rennslið,
þar sem hallinn hefir verið lítill, en sumstaðar, þar
sem óslétt hefir verið eða brattlendi, eru þau ófær
yfirferðar, því að þar er hrauuspildum, gjalli, ösku
og stórgrýti brúgað svo saman, að það er eigi
líkara öðru en því, að stórsjór í hafróti og roki hefði
allt í einu orðið að steini. Efsta skánin á hrauni
kólnar og storknar fyrst af loptkuldanum, en neðar
rennur áfram miklu lengur brætt hraun. J>egar nú
eldgosinu slotar, verður hraunskánin efsta opt á
huldu og fellur sumstaðar niður, en sumstaðar
myndast ýmislegir hellar og holur, en hér og hvar
rifnar hraunið, er það kólnar og dregst saman, og
verða þar stórar sprungur og gjár. Hraun eru eigi
nein serstök steintegund, heldur samanbrædd hella
af ýmsum steinum og bergtegundum.
Hin h elztu og mestu hraun á landinu eru þessi:
Odáðahraun (60 □ mílur) norðan undir
Vatnajökli, það nær frá Skjálfandafljóti að vestan
austur undir Jökulsá í Axarfirði, og hinar nyrztu
álmur þess ganga allt norður undir Mývatn. Hraun
þetta hefir mestan part myndast fyrir landnámstíð
úr ótal eldfjöllum og gígum, og hefir hver hraun-
breiðan runnið yfir aðra, svo það er víða mjög
þykkt, og hækkar, er nær eldfjöllunum dregur.
Allt er það því nær gróðurlaust, en þó eru hagar
og grösugir blettir í röndum þess, einkum fyrir
ofan Bárðardal nálægt Skjálfandafljóti. f*ar eru
og sumstaðar sandhólar og roksandur, er spillir
högum og túnum manna.
f>að má svo beita, að Mývatnshraunin
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séu áfðsi við Ódáðahraun að ofan, þau eru víðast
hvar í kringum vatnið, og nær ein álman niður
allan Laxárdal nærri fram í sjó.
Kjalhraun er mikið hraun á milli Hofsjökuls
og Langjökuls í óbyggðum. Hallmundarhraun
er fyrir vestan Balljökul og norðan Eiríksjökul.
Ein kvísl þess hefir runnið vestur og suður fyrir
Eiríksjökul niður í byggð. f>ar er Surtshellir;
hann er talinn 839 faðmar á lengd, 50 faðmar á
breidd, 34 faðmar á hæð þar sem hann er víðastur;
það er mestur hellir á íslatidi; á honum eru sum-
staðar göt, þar sem loptið hefirfallið niður; nokkrir
afhellar liggja út úr honum; sumstaðar eru þar
frosnar tjarnir.
Snæfellsneshrauu eru mörg og smá ósam-
anhangandi fram eptir öllu nesinu; sum eru á
Mýrum vestantil, svo sem Eldborgarhraun og
Skarðsheiðarhraun.
Rey kj aneshraunin eru samanhangandi
hraunfláki, er nær norðan frá Langjökli út á
Reykjanestá. f>að eru ótal smá og stór hraun í
stórum spildum og kvíslum, og hafa komið frá
ýmsum eldfjöllum, flest fyrir landnámstíð. í þeim
eni víða stórar sprungur og gjár, hverar og laugar.
Merkasta hraun á þeim hraunfláka er pingvalla-
hraun.
Hekluhraunin í kring um Heklu vestan
undir Torfajökli; flest eru þau runnin frá Heklu,
eða hnúkunum kring um hana. Austurhluti þess-
ara hrauntiáka nefnist Hrafntinnuhraun, af því
að í því finnst mikið af hrafntinnu. |>að er eitt
hið merkasta hraun á íslandi að mjmdun, samsetn-
ingu og efni.
3
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Skaptárhraunin eru mifeil hraun, er mynd*
uðust 1783, og eru í tveim stórum kvíslum, hefir
önnur runnið niður Skaptárgljúfur, og svo breiðzt út
á undirlendiuu fyrir neðan, einkum um Meðalland;
hin kvíslin hefir runnið niður með Hvei-fisfljóti, og
er breiðust fyrir neðan Fljótshverfi, og austan
Síðu.
Auk þessara hrauna, sem nú hafa verið talin,
eru ýms smáhraun hér og hvar um landið, og hafa
flest brunnið fyrir landnámstíð.
Eldfjöll. Hér um bil á 20 stöðum hafa eldgos
orðið á íslandi, svo menn hafi sögur af, en þó hefir
eflaust gosið víðar síðan land byggðist. Sumstaðar
hafa há flöll brunnið, en þó hafa sumstaðar myndazt
hraun á jafnsléttu. Jörðin hefir rifnað og hraun
ollið upp um sprungurnar; við það hafa þá hlaðizt
upp háar borgir og gígir, og svo hraun, vikur og
aska kastazt út á alla vegu. Flest eldfjöll eru upp-
mjó og strýtulöguð, raeð skál (gíg) niður í toppinn
eða hlíðina; sum eru þó aflangir fjallahryggir með
mörgum opum, og er svo víða á íslandi. Hraun-
leðja spennist upp úr eldfjðllunum af vatnsgufu-
krapti; af henni kemur reykur og gufa úrfjöllunum.
Margt sýnist benda til þess, að það sé sjór, er fellur
á glóaudi grjót, er veldur eldgosunum; á hraunin
setjast t. d. þegar þau kólua ýms efni (salttegundir)
úr vatnsgufunum sem eigi geta verið annarstaðar
að en úr sjó. Eptir Heklugos hafa hraunin stundum
verið alþakin matarsalti og salmíaki. pegar gufu-
krapturinn er mjög mikill, myndast ekkert hraun, en
allt sundrast í smáagnir og mola, sem fljúga víðs-
vegar (öskufall). J>ar sem jökull liggur á eldfjalli
myndast vatnsgufa úr nokkru af ísnum, og eykur
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öfl þau er verka að neðah; við það verður hraun-
leðjan öll að ösku. Af þessu leiðir, að þau eldfjöll
á íslandi sem eru liulin jökli (Katla, Öræfajökull
og fl.) aldrei gjósa brauni. Nokkuð af jöklinum
bráðnar eigi en brotnar í sundur, og rennur niður
hlíðarnar með geysilegum flýti, það kallast jökulhlaup ;
berast þá niður á undirlendið jakar, stórgrýti, aur,
og leðja, og ekkert stenzt er fyrir verður. Vikur
er ekkert annað en hraun, sem mjög er út blásið af
vatnsgufum ; hrafntinna er hraun, sem hefir storknað
ákaflega fljótt, aska og sandur smámulið hraungrýti.
Askan berst opt langar leiðir, með vindum og lopt-
straumum. Við Dyngjufjallagosið 1875 barst aska
austur og suður til Noregs og Svíþjóðar. Eldur sá er
sést upp úr eldfjöllum er að eins glampi af bræddu
hrauni í gígnum, er slær á öskumökkinn fyrir ofan.
Hæð eldfjallanna breytist stnndnm við gos. Gíga-
raðir og eldfjallasprungur á íslandi hafa vissa
stefnu, sem eigi bregður út af. Eldfjöllin á Suður-
landi stefna frá suðvestri til norðausturs, en eld-
fjöllin á Norðurlandi beint frá suðri til norðurs.
]?essi eru hin helztu eldQöll á íslandi. Á Suður-
landi :
Hekla (4961') er hið mesta og nafnkunnasta
eldfjall á íslandi, vestur frá Torfajökli; það er hár
og langur fjallahryggur er stefnir frá norðaustri til
suðvesturs, og uppi á hryggnum eru gígirnir. Jafn-
hliða Heklu ganga ýms fell og hálsar(KXX) — 1500')
þráðbeint í sömu stefnu, og víða utan í þeim eru
eldgígir. Hraun hafa runnið á allar hliðar frá
Qallinu. Hekla hefir gosið 18 sinnum, svo menn
viti með vissu; auk þess hafa gos komið 8 eða 4
sinnum úr gígum í nánd við hana.
3 *
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Fyrsta Heklugos sem menn hafa sögur af varð 1104;
eitt hið mesta gos var 1300; þá rifnaði fjallið niður úr
gegn, og aska féll um allt Norðurlaud; fylgdi því gosi
myrkur mikið og landskjálptar svo bæir féllu. 1510 var
eldgangur svo mikill, að stórir hraunsteinar bárust vestur
að Skálholti, og rotaðist þar maður. 1597 sáust 18 eldar
í fjallinu í einu, og aska féll nálega yíir hálft land; 1693
varð og mikið gos og 176G eyddust 5 bæir. Seinasta
Heklugos varð 1845; þá harst askan til Hjaltlands og
mokkurinn varð 14000 feta hár upp frá fjallinu. Árið
1878 gaus í óbyggðum norðaustur af Heklu.
Ranðukambar í norður og vestur frá Heklu;
þar hefir að eins gosið einu sinni (1343); en við það
gos eyddist heil sveit: Jýórsárdalur.
Á Reykjanesi eru mörg eldfjöll og eldgígir,
og hefir þar án efa gosið síðan land byggðist, en
litlar sögur fara af því; þó eru mikil líkindi til
að Trölladvngja, norður af Krisuvík, hafi gosið
nokkrum sinnum eptir landnámstíð. Á Hellisheiði
gaus upp hraun árið 1000, sem segir í Kristnisögu,
og rann austur af hcnni um skarð niður á slétt-
una að bænum Hjalla. Fyrir framan nesið eru
Fuglasker; þar hefir gosið 9 eða 10 sinnum á
mararbotni. Yztu skerin heita Geirfuglasker, en
Eldeyjar nær landi; þar skautupp eyju eigi alllítilli
1783, en hún hvarf skömmu síðar aptur.
Eldborg er stór gígur á undirlendinu (179'
á hæð og 636' að þvermáli) í krikanum þar sem
Snæfellsnesflallgarður gengur út frá hálendinu. f>ar
kom upp eldur á 10. öld þar sem bærinn Hrípur
var og myndaðist þá Borgarhraun.
Katla eða Kötlugjá, austan til í Mýrdals-
jökli, hefir gosið 13 sinnum; hún er ókönnuð enn,
en eptir því sem menn bezt vita hafa gosin komið
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úr mikilli jarðsprungu eða gjá, sem milli gosanna
fyllist jökli. Við Kötlugos koma áköf jökulhlaup,
sem stundum hafa gjört mikið tjón. Með hlaup-
unum berst fram ógrynni af sandi, gijóti og aur og
við það breikkar landræman fyrir neðan hana meir
og meir. Firðir og víkur hafa fyllzt og horfið, og
klettar og hamrar, sem áður voru við sjó, eru nú
uppi í landi.
Fyrsta Kötlugos er menn hafa sögur af varð 894; þá
eyddist allt land milli Eyjarár og Hólmsár og heilt hérað,
Dynskógahverti. Við annað Kötlugos 934 myndaðist að
sögn Sólheimasandur. 1311 eyddist héraðið Lágeyjarhverfi
og 51 bær féllu í jarðskjálftum. 1625 varð mikið gos og
barst askan til Noregs. 1660 barst fram sro mikið af
grjóti og sandi við jökulhlaup, að þar sem iyrr var fiskað
á 20 faðma dýpi, varð eptir þurr fjörusaudur og ströndin
óx 1000 iaðma út á við. 1721 sópaðist við hlaup burt
grjótháls og eptir varð fáguð hella, 5 kyrfóðurs vellir á
stærð; auk þess tók hlaupið stóran jarðfastan drang.
1755 mikið gos og aska féll svo mikil, að eyddust 50
bæir. Seinast gaus Katla 1860.
Eyj afj allajökull er á sama jökulflákanum
og Iíatla; hann hetir gosið tvisvar, en eigi gjört
mikinn skaða.
Fyrir austan Skaptárgljúfur, á Síðumanna-afrétt,
er Varmárdalur; þar urðu svo mikil gos 1783,
að eigi hafa önnur verið skaðlegri og meiri síðan
land byggðist. Iiann hraun niður Skaptárgljúfur
niður í byggð, og breiddist út á undirlendinu. f»að
er rúmar 10 rnílur á lengd og nærri 3 mílur á breidd
þar sem það er breiðast. Skömmu seinna sama ár
gaus ofarlega við Hverfisfljót og féll hraun þaðan
niður í byggð, nokkru minna en hitt, en þó ákaflega
mikið. Menn vita eigi til að nokkurstaðar á jörð-
unni hafi í einu komið fram jafn mikil hraun og
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kom við þetta gos. Árin eptir gosið urðu mikil
harðindi (Móðuharðindi) og sóttir á mðnnum og fé;
þá féllu menu og peningur um allt land.
Sagt er að í hrauni þessu sé jafnraikið gijót, eða
meira, en í öllu fjallinu Mont Blanc, sem er hæst í
Norðurálfunni. Hraunið er ákaflega þykkt, því það fyllti
sumstaðar gljúfur, er voru 500' á dj-pt, og rann þó útaf
börmunum.
1 suðurröndinni á Yatnajökli, fyrir norðan og
austan Fljótshverfi, hefir opt gosið, en öll eru þar
eldsupptök ókunn enn. Hið mesta eldQall í Vatna*
jökli er Öræfajökull; þó hann hafi eigi opt gosið,
þá hefir hann gjört mikinn skaða, og frá honum
komið geigvænleg jökulhlaup.
Gos úr Öræfajökli á miðri 14. öld tók af tvær
kirkjusóknir og kirkjurnar með (að Hofi og Rauðalæk),
eyddist algjörlega Litlahérað af jökulhlaupum, sópuðust
þá fram í sjó á einum morgni 40 bæir með öllu er í var
og er sagt, að að eins fáir menn hafi komizt af. Svo
mikið barst frarn af grjóti, aur og sandi, að þar sem
áður hafði verið þrítugt djúp, urðu sléttir sandar. þá
eyddist og mikið af Ilornafirði ogLónshverfi af öskufalli,
og vikur og aska bárust norður og vestur í land. Seinast
gaus Öræfajökull 1727, og eyddi þá marga bæi og drap
fénað. Opt er þess getið í annálum, að gosið hafi við
Grímsvötn, en eigi vita menn glöggt hvar þau eru. þó
ætla margir að svo hafi heitið vatn það, sem er fyrir ofan
Núpsstaðaskóg sunnan undir Vatnajökli, en allt er þar
enn ókannað.
Norðan í Vatnajökli hefir oggosiö, en lítt vita
menn þar um eldstöövar. Kverkfjöll heita fjöll
norðan í jöklinum miðjum, og norður af þeira ganga
eldbrunuir hálsahryggir; þar hafa að öllum líkind-
um orðið vms eldgos, bæði á þessari öld og fyrr.
(Jm haustið 1717 gaus nálægt upptökum Jökulsár í
Axartirði og féll svo mikil aska í þingeyjarþingi að tók
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fyrir allan heyskap , og varð askan þar í miðjan legg,
askan barst og um Eyjafjörð og Svarfaðardal og lengra
vestur. þetta gos hefir verið úr Kverkfjöllum eða þar i
nánd og hið sama er að segja um gosin 1867 og 1873.
1876 sáust reykir úr fjöllum þessum.
í ódáðabrauni eru margir eldgígir og eldfjöll,
en lítið vita menn um gos þaðan. DyngjufjÖll
(4500') austan til í hrauninu gusu 1875. Dyngju-
Qöllin eru mikill fjallaklasi og lykja um kringlóttan
dal (1 □ mílu á stærð), er kallast Askja; í dal-
verpi þessu hefir opt gosið og allur dalbotninn er
hulinn mörgum hraunlögum, og gígir eru hér og
hvar óti við íjallshlíðarnar. 1 dalnum er að suð-
austan nærri 800 feta djúpt jarðfall, og í því tjörn
með volgu vatni, en í börmum þess að sunnan og
norðan eru gígir þeir, sem gusu 1875. Öllum
dalnum hallar til austurs, og er þar lítið op eða
hlið í fjðllin niður að Ódáðahrauni.
Askan féll um allt Auaturland og gjörði mikið tjón,
nokkuð barst til Noregs og Svíþjóðar og var rúman
sólarhring á leiðinni. Dalbotninn í Öskju er 3100 - 3500'
yfir sjávarmál og hallast lítið eitt austur á við (1 0 26').
Beint í norður frá DyngjuQöllum, á M ý v a t n s-
öræfum, gaus 1875 upp eldur í jarðfalli er nefnd-
ist Sveinagjá, kom þar upp mikið hraun og margar
gosborgir.
Gos þetta varð á jafnsléttu og eyddi nokkuð búfjár-
högum manna í kring, en gjörði annars eigi mikinn skaða.
Borgirnar eru 70 — 108' á hæð, en sléttan þar sem gaus
er 1100—1400' yfir sjávarmál.
Við Mývatn, einkum austan við vatnið, eru
fleiri eldborgir og jarðeldamerki en nokkurstaðar á
Islandi á jafnlitlu svæði. J>ar voru áköf gos
1724 — 30. Gaus fyrst Krafla, og svo mynduð-
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ust gígir fyrir vestan og norðan Leirhnúk, og
rann þaðan mikið hraun niður í byggð.
Krafla heíir eigi gosið hrauni, en mikið öskufall varð
úr gíg á henni, er heitir Víti; nú er í honum vatn, en
sncrama á öldinni var þar vellandi leirhver og af því kom
nafnið. Hraunið, sem kom upp við Leirhnúk, varð stór
breiða norður og vestur til Gæsadalsfjalla, en ein kvísl
rann niður í byggð og fram í Mývatn ; eyddist þá Reykja-
hlíð og fleiri bæir. Um sama leyti gaus í Hrossadal , i
Bjarnarflagi og við Reykjahlíðarsel. 1477 urðu mikil
eldgos á Norðurlandi , svo til stórvandræða horfði; var
þá sarokoma manna leikra og lærðra á Grund í Eyjafirði
og heitdagur ákveðinn. það ætla sumir menu að þá hatí
gosið við Mývatn.
Um allt ísland eru á víð og dreif eldfjöll, sem
gosið hafa fyrir landnámstíð, og má sjá mikil vegs-
ummerki eptir gos þeirra, svo er t. d. um Snæfells-
jökul, Skjaldbreið og mörg fleiri.
Landskjálptar eru tíðir á íslandi, þósjald-
an gjöri þeir mikiun skaða, ganga þeir vanalega á
undan eldgosum, einkum í kring um eldfjöll. Mestir
hafa jarðskjálptar á íslandi orðið í Ölfusi, Flóa og
Jnngeyjarsýslu norðantil. I landskjálptum gengur
jörðin í bylgjum fram og aptur eða upp og niður,
og eru þá kippirnir tíðir og harðir; stórar sprungur
koma í jarðvegitm, og úr þein gýs stundum eldur,
reykur og lopttegundir, hverar hverfa og færast
úr stað, og vatn verður gruggugt í brunnum. í
miklum jarðskjálptum heyrast opt dunur og dynkir
neðanjarðar, eyjar og sker koma upp eða hverfa,
sjórinn sogast frá landi og kemnr aptur hvítfyssandi
og gleypir allt sem fyrir verður.
1706 urðu miklir jarðskjálptar í Ölfusi og Flóa, féllu
þá ‘24 bæir. Arið 1755 fyrir Iíötlugosið urðu harðir
jarðskjálptar í 6 daga á Norðurlandi, einkum norðarlega
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í f>ingevjar8ýslu, og kring umHúsavik; þá féllu 20 bæir.
Við Húsavík voru og jarðskjálptar 1872. Aldrei bafa þó
eins harðir jarðskjálptar komið á íslandi eins og 1784,
14. — 16. ágúst, árið eptir gosin í Varraárdal ; harðastir
voru kippirnir í Árnessýslu, þar íéllu 69 bæir til grunna,
og 372 bæir og 11 kirkjur skemmdust; í Rangárvallasýslu
féllu til grunna 23 bæir, og auk þess 94 einstök hús á
bæjum. Skólinn í Skálholti féll, og fiest bæjarhús, en
dómkirkjan stóð. Vötn hurfu og önnur komu ný, margir
nýir hverar komu fram , jarðvegur raskaðist og skriður
féllu úr fjöllum (14. ágúst íéllu 36 skriður úr Vörðufelli
á Skeiðum). Bylgjuhreylingarnar voru stórar og tíðar.
Maður uokkur, sem var að skera torf í mýri, stóð stundum
á þurru, stundum í vatni í kné. 1789 urðu og töluverðir
jarðskjálptar , breyttist þá nokkuð landið við þingvelli.
Hraunið milli Almanngjár og Hrafnagjár sökk aliu eða
litlu meir.
Hverar og laugar. j>egar eldgosi slotar, gufar
upp úr heitu hraunuuum eða í nánd við þau upp
um sprungur og glufur ýmsar gufutegundir, og úr
þeim setjast \ms efni á sprungubarmana. Fyrst
framan af setjast á hraunin ýmsar salttegundir,
síðan koma fram annaðhvort gufur mettar brenni-
steinssúrum efnum, vatnsgufur eintómar og heitt vatn,
eða þá kolsýra. Hverar, Iaugar, ölkeldur og brenni-
steinsnámur bafa líkan uppruna, og eru að eins þar
sem eldur hefir áður verið í jörðu, þó menn eigi
fullkomlega viti um uppruna þeirra.
Hverar eru þar sem vatn síast gegnum
jarðlögin og fellur á heitt grjót neðanjarðar, þá
myndast vatnsgufur og spennast upp í gegnum
holur o g rifur jarðarinnar. Ákaflega heitt vatn
streymir neðan að og hitar upp nœstu vatnslög
fyrir ofan unz þau eru orðin að gufu þrátt
fyrir vatnsþungann ofan á, þá kastast efstu
vatnslögin í lopt upp; heita vatnið ofan á hvernum
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kólnar aptur og jafnvægi kemst á, en hitinn er þó
jafn að neðan. Eptir nokkra stund byrjar hveriun
á nýjan leik og svo fæðist gos af gosi. Hveravatn
er sjaldnast alveg lireint. Sjóðandi vatn (blandað
kolasýru) leysir upp nokkuð af bergtegundunum í kring
og verða því í því ýmsar uppleystar steinategundir
og málmar. í hveravatni má því optast fínna öll
bin sömu efni sem eru í berginu, er hverinn brýst
upp um; í íslenzkum bergtegundum er mikið af
efni því, er kallast kísill, hann fellur úr vatninu er
það kólnar og því hlaðast opt kringum hvera háar
strýtur og skálar af hverahrúðri (kísilsinter) ; hlutir
er vatnið rennur um verða steindir. J>egar jarð-
hitinn minnkar, hætta gosin og í hvernum verður
þá að eins volgt vatn, þá kallast hann laug. Opt
verða breytingar á hverura við eldgos og land-
skjálpta; færast þeir þá stundum úr stað; sumir
þorna upp, en aðrir gjósa meir en áður. Við
landskjálpta fær vatn neðanjarðar aðra framrás um
gljúfur og gjár, er myndast í jarðveginum, og af
því breytast hverarnir. Ovíða eru jafnmargir hverar
og laugar og á íslandi, en þó eru annarstaðar
stærrí hverar, t. d. við Yellowstone River (National
Park) í Bandaríkjunum og á Nýa-Sjálandi. Hverar
og laugar á íslandi eru á víð og dreif um allt
land, þó einkum um miðbikið.
Nafnkunnastur og merkastur allra hvera er
Geysir í Haukadal norðantil í Árnessýslu, og
eptir honum eru hverar nefndir á útlendum tungum.
I>ar eru um 50 hverar stórir og smáir undir
austurhlíöinni á Laugafelli. Jarðvegur þar í kring
erallur soðinn sundur af hita; hvítgulur hverahrúður,
leir og hverasteinar þekja jörðina, en sjóðandi
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hverar, laugar og vellandi leirpyttir eru hver við
annan og gufustrókarnir sjást langt að. Geysirhefur
myndað stóra skál af hverahrúðri og er hún vana-
lega full af sjóðandi vatni; á undan gosi lieyrast
duuur og dynkir neðanjarðar, gufurnar aukast og
vatnið sýður út af skálarbörmunum ; allt í einu
þeytist vátnsstrókur þráðbeint í lopt upp, síðan
annar upp fyrir hinn og svo koll af kolli; vatns-
strókarnir sjást innan um gufuna eins og beinir
stöplar, en allt í einu falla þeir allir niður aptur í
skálina; hún er þá tóm nokkra stund og sést þá
pípa niður úr henni; brátt fyllist skálin aptur og
er þá kyrrð um stund. Vatnsstrókarnir verða allt
að 100 fetum á hæð. Strokkur þar í nánd er
eigi eins stór en gýs optar; nafnið hefur hann
fengið af lögun sinni.
í iornsöpum er eigi getið um Geysi og mjög lítið
um hvera yfir höfuð að tala. þess er þó getið í annálum,
að hverar í Haukadal hati breytzt við Heklugosið 1294.
Um Geysi er l'yrst getið snemma á 17. öld, en hann er
þó eflaust miklu eldri. Við landskjálptann 1789 urðu
töluverðar breytingar á hverunum kring um Geysi; áður
bar lítið á Strokki, en hann hefur gosið ákaft siðan.
Nálægt Geysi er stór heit laug, er kallast Blesi; hún
var fyrir landskjálptann stór hver og gaus vatni í allar
attir30— 40' í lopt upp, en er nú kyrr og full afblágrænu
vatni. — Hrúðurstrýtan á Geysi er 20' á hæð, skálin er
54' að þvermáli, pípan eða holan niður úr er 9V a ' að
þvermáli og 70 fet á dýpt, en úr henni ganga æðar og
sprungur dýpra niður. — Hitinn á ytirborðinu er 76— 86° C.,
en meiri er neðar dregur ; það vatn sem upp gýs , er
120—130° heitt. — Menn liafa reiknað, að Geysir hafi
sama afl og gufuvél með 600—700 hesta krapti er hann
gýs. Fyrrum gaus Geysir optar og meir en nú.
Við Reyki i Ölfusi eru ýmsir hverar ; merkastur
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þeirra er Litli-Geysir; hann gaus fyrrum sjöttu
hverja stund og þeytti vatninu 20 fet í lopt upp,
en nú er hann hættur gosum. Vatnið sýður nú
og bullar en kastast ekki nema — Va alin upp.
Litli-Geysir er rétt fyrir ofan túnið á Reykjum,
en var áður fyrir sunnan það. 1 annálum er svo sagt,
að um Heklugosið 1597 hafi orðið miklir jarðskjálptar í
Ölfusi: „þá hvarf stóri hverinn í Hveragerði fyrir sunnan
Reyki og kom upp annar hver fyrir ofan túnið á Reykjum,
sem er enn í dag og gýs mjög, þó eigi sem hinn sá stóri
hafði áðurr gosið, því um veginn haíði eigi verið óhætt
að ferðast, sem lá mjög nærri honum, svo sem nú má
sjá vöxt og merki til , því þar er enn eptir hverastæðið
vítt með vellandi vatni. u — Við londskjálpta 1829 gaus
Litli-Geysir eigi minna en Geysir í Biskupstungum ( 1 00')-
Við Reyki eru margir fleiri hverar sjóðandi og leirpyttir.
Við jarðskjálpta hafa þar opt orðið miklar breytingar á
hverunum; nú eru þeir að fjölda og stærð í minnsta lagi.
í þessum hlutalslands eru margir hverar á víð og dreif,
t. d. á Reykjanesi, í Henglafjöllum og Laugardal í Gríms-
nesi; þar er Reykjalaug í Laugardal, scm um er getið í
Kristnisögu; þar voru allir Norðlendingar og Sunnlend-
ingar skírðir, er þeir riðu af þingi, því þeir vildu ekki
fara í kalt vatn, en Vestfirðingar voru flestir skírðir í
Reykjalaug (Krosslaug) i Syðra - Reykjadal (Lundar-
Reykjadal).
í Reykholtsdal upp af Borgarfirði eru margir
hverar og er Skrifla hjá Reykholti þeirra merkast-
ur. Frá hver þessum lét Snorri Sturlusou gjöra
stokk aí gijóti niðri í jöröinni, og veitti svo heitu
vatni í laug, er kallast Snorjralaug. Laugin er
kringlótt, hlaðin upp úr hveragrjóti og steinbekkir
allt í kring og steinþrep niður að ganga; hún er
rétt við Reykholtsbæinn undir hól. Neðar í dalu-
um er Deildartunguh ver og Sturlu-Rey kir.
Á Sturlu-Reykjum er húskofi byggður yfir hver og
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hellur í gólfinu, verður þar því inni mjög heitt og
hefir það reynzt gott fyrir gigtveika að vera þar
inni. í Reykjadalsá er Árhver; vatnið gýs þar
upp úr kletti í miðri ánni. Auk þessa eru ótal
fleiri hverar smáir og stórir í dalnum.
Norður og austur afLangjökli eru Hveravellir.
par eru margir hverar og er Öskurhólsh ver
merkastur. Gufustrókur spvtist þar upp úr hól
með miklu öskri; þegar hann gýs gjósa hverarnir
kringum hann líka, sumir vatni sumir guf'u. í
Reykjahverfi, suður af Skjálfanda, eru ýmsir hverar
og er Uxahver þeirra mestur; hann breyttist
töluvert við jarðskjálftann 1872.
Ölkeldur eru flestar á íslandi nálægt Snæfells-
nesQallgarðinum oger Rauðamelsölkelda þeirra
merkust. í ölkelduvatni er mikið af kolasýru. |>að
ólgar þegar þunga er lypt af því snögglega, því þá
rýkur kolasýran burt; þegar flaska er of-fylt með
ðlkelduvatni getur hún sprungið af því kolasýran
leitast við af öllu afli að komast burt.
Brennisteinsnámur. Sumstaðar streyma upp
um rifur í jörðinni brennisteinssúrar gufur og
myndast brennisteinn er þær kólna. Jörð og
bergtegundir breytast margvíslega af slíkum gufum :
upplitast, soðna, jetast og deilast í sundur á ýmsan
hátt og þá myndast nýjar steina- og bergtegundir
(gips, álún, marglitar leirtegundir o. fl.). Af
verkun þessarar heitu gufu koma fram vellandi
leirhverar, jarðvegurinn verður að blásvörtum graut,
leirbarmar hlaðast kringum upprásina, en að innan
sýður eins og í grautarpotti, blöðrur kastast upp
og springa, detta út á barmana og kólna eða falla
niður aptur og byrja síðan nýjan leik. par sem
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brennisteÍDSvatnsefni kemur upp úr jörðinni, myndast
hrúgur af brennisteini, og þær koma aptur þd þær
séu teknar burt (heitar námur), nema gufustraum-
arnir að neðan séu hættir (kaldar námur). Slíkar
brennisteinsnámur eru opt í gömlum gígum og
utan í hlíðum eða sprungum eldfjalla.
í J>ingeyjarsýslu eru Keykjahlíðarnámur
á sléttu fyrir neðan Námafjall og nokkrar utan í
fjallinu og fyrir vestan það. Við Kröflu er og
nokkuð af brennisteini. Við þ>eistareyki norður frá
Mývatni eru brennisteinsnámur, og Fremrinámur
uppi á Öræfurn, fyrir sunnan Mývatnssveit, nálægt
Bláfelli, utan í og kringum gamla stóra eldborg,
sem heitir Ketill. Á Reykjanesi eru Krisuvíkur-
n á m u r.
Fljót og ár. Upp af hafi og stöðuvötnum
stíga sí og æ vatnsgufur og ský, þau þéttast ylir
löndunum þegar þau kólna og falla til jarðar,
stundum sem rennandi vatn eða regn, stundum
frosin sem snjór. Vatn, snjór og ís hafa mikil
áhrif á lögun landanna, því klettarnir molna smátt
og smátt af áhrifum lopts og lagar. f>ó vatns-
droparnir eða snjókornin séu eigi stór eða mikil í
fyrstu, þá vinnur þó Qöldinn allt. Snjórinn á
fjöllunum verður að jökli, jökullinn bráðnar að
neðan og frá honum fallar ár og lækir. Jökulárnar
bera fram grjót, sand og aur, sem fyrr er getið;
síðan taka lækir og ár við því og færu það leugia
á burt, stórir steinar fara skammt, sandur lengra,
og leir eða jökulaur lengst; hann uppleysist í vatn-
inu og berst með ánum til hafs; al' jökulleir eru
allar jökulár skol-mórauðar á lit eða hvítleitar.
Vötn, sem eigi koma frá jöklum, eru tær (bergvötn),
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þ<5 aldrei sé þau alveg hrein. fað rennandi vatn,
sem fellur á jðrðina, sígur niður í sprungur og
rifur um berg og mold, sumt safnast strax í lækjar-
sprænur eða polla, sumt sígur neðanjarðar niður
á við ; það sem fellur á Qöllum uppi kemur aptur
fram neðan i fjallshlíðunum, þess vegna er þar
opt mýrlent og margar uppsrettur; nokkuð vatn
safnast í holur og hella neðanjarðar, og nokkuð
stððvast í sandlögum, þar sem vatnsheld
jarðlðg eru í kring, þess vegna er þar bezt
að grafa brunna. Lækir og uppsprettur safn-
ast saman og úr þeim verð ár. Árnar gjöra sitt
til að mvlja og nudda utan úr fjöllunum og bera
grjót og leir til sjávar; kraptur þeirra er misjafn
eptir vatnsmegni og hallanum. Halli ánna er optast
mestur efst; þar streyma ár og lækir niður frá
mikilli hæð og hafa smátt og smátt grafið djúpan
farveg, en neðar er áin lygnari. Leir og sandur
myndar eyrar við ármynnið, en vatnsbarðir hnull-
ungar fvlla árfarveginn og bakkana; þegar hallandi
eða bretta árinnar er mikil, grefst farvegurinn niður
af 8traumhraðanum, en þar sem áin er lygnari,
hleður hún smátt og smátt undir sig. Efst falla
árnar því vanalega í djúpum gljúfrum, en ueðar í
dölunum eru engi, eyrar, hólar og hjallar til beggja
hliða. par sem sprungur eða dalir eru í jarðveginn
áður, renna árnar eptir þeim og dýpka þær eða
fylla með grjóti og sandi, en þegar eigi er svo
háttað, grafa þær sér sjálfar farveg gegnum hamra
og hæðir.
Á íslandi falla flestar stórár suður og norður
af hrygg landsins og hafa flestar upptök sín í
jöklum, sumar beinlínis, en sumar myndast af því
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vatni , er þaðan hefir sígið gegnum sand og urðir
neðanjarðar og er við það orðið tært og hreint
bergvatn; þar sem jökulvatn fellur gegnum stöðu-
vötn fellur jöklaleirinn aptur til botns í vatninu
sökum kyrrðarinnar, sem þar er, en áin fellur úr
vatninu miklu hreinni en fyrr. |>ar sem stór hraun
eru, sígur allt vatn í gegn og koma þá fram ár og
lækir út undan hraunröndunum. |>ær stórár, er
norður falla, renna frá suðri til norðurs, en flestar
stórár, sem suður íalla, renna frá norðaustri til
suðvesturs, og orsakast það af lögun og jarðmyndun
landsins. Hér skal að eins getið hinna helztu.
Undan Vatnajökli að sunnan falla margar ár;
þær eru flestar stuttar; í þeim öllum er jökulvatn
og eru flestar þeirra mjög illar vfirferðar; þær
breytast nærri daglega, eru grunnar og renna í
mörgum kvíslum; beggja vegna eru aurar og eyrar,
en á botninum sandbleyta og kviksandur; eyrar og
sandrif í ám þessum flytjast úr stað við jökul-
hlaup. Skriðjöklarnir falla niður og stífla árnar
svo þær breyta farveg sínum, eru stundum vatns-
litlar, en stundum hlaupa þær fram með jakaburði,
og eru þá með öllu ófærar. J>essar ár falla til
suðurs hinar heiztu:
Jökulsá í Lóni austast; þá H ornafjarðar-
fljót, þau eru lygn og full af sandbleytu; eru
það margar smáár, er falla undan jöklinum, og
verður ákaflega breiður vaðall, er þær koma saman,
falla þær síðan út í HornaQörð; í Hornafjarðarfljóti
eru margar eyrar og eyjar neðantil og er Skógey
þeirra helzt. J ökulsá á líreiðumerkursaudi,
stutt en hættuleg sökum sandbleytu, þyngdar og
8traumhörku. Skeiðará (Jökulsá á Sandi) fellur
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undan Skeiðarárjökli fyrir austan Skeiðarársand, en
Núpsvötn (Lómagnúpsá) falla í mörgum kvíslum
til hafs fyrir vestan sandinn; rennur sainan við þau
að vestan Hverfisfljót. Skaptá rennur ofan til
í gljúfrum til suðvesturs, en beygir svo suður á við
og rennur síðan til austurs fyrir sunnan Síðu og
beygir að lokum aptur til suðurs og myndar lón
er hún fellur til sjávar. Eigi vita menn glöggt
upptök hennar; farvegur hennar hefir mjög breytzt
og raskazt við jarðeldana 1783; falla sumar kvíslar
hennar undir hraunið og suður undan rönd þess
aptur. en sumar falla vestur og myndast af þeira
og öðrum smáám Kúðafljót; er það mikið vatns-
fall, breitt og illt yfirferðar og fellur til sjávar railli
Meðallands og Álptavers.
Á Mýrdalssandi eru margar ár illar yfirferðar
og undan Mýrdalsjökli falla ýrasar ár; er Jökulsá
á Sólheimasaudi (Fúlilækur) þeirra raerkust;
það er örstutt á en ill yfirferðar, og hleypur opt
fram með miklum jaka- og grjótburði.
Markaríljót kemur undan Torfajökli, og í
það falla ýmsar ár úr Mýrdalsjökli; kvíslast það
mjög, er neðar dregur, heitir ein kvíslin J>verá og
rennur vestur í pjórsá.
fjórsá er ein af hinum stærstu ám landsins,
24 mílur á lengd; kemur hún undan Hofsjðkli í
mörgum kvíslum og rennur síðan til suðvesturs og
er ákaflega breið að neðan, eptir að J>verá er runnin
í hana. í hana renna að austan Kaldakvísl og
Tungná.
Hvítá, meginupptök hennar eru í Hvítárvatni
austan undir Langjökli; í hana falla margar ár og
vatnsmiklar: Laxá að austau, en Tungufljót,
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Brúará og Sog (úr í>ingvallavatni) að vestan. í
Sogi eru stórir fossar; þegar það er fallið í Hvítá
heitir hún Ölfusá. í Hvítá er mikill foss, G'ull-
foss, ofarlega í Biskupstungum.
Yestur um landið falla:
Hvítá íBorgarfirði; það erein með vatnsmestu
ám á landinu ; koma sumar kvíslar hennar frá Lang-
jökli, sumar frá Eiríksjökli. í hana falla neðantil
margar ár og stórar, og er Norðurá þeirra mest,
rennur í Hvítá að vestan og kemur norðan af Holta-
vörðuheiði. Eptir að Norðurá er fallin í Hvítá er
hún skipgeng, en svo miklar grynningar og sand-
bleyta er í firðinum af fraraburði árinnar, að sæta
verður sjávarföllum til þess að komast inn í ósinn.
Norðurá er vel skipgeng neðantil, upp fyrir Staf-
holt. Flóðs og fjöru borð má sjá á Hvítá meir en
mílu frá sjó. Við Hvítá var í fornöld kauptún hjá
Hvítárvöllum og voru þangað miklar siglingar.
Vestur um Mýrar falla ýmsar ár og eru Langá
og Hítá þeirra mestar.
Á Vestfjörðum er engin á svo teljandi sé.
Norður um landið falla margar ár og stórar;
helztar þeirra eru:
B 1 a n d a ; hún kemur upp fyrir norðan Kjöl og
falla í hana ár bæði frá Arnarfellsjökli ogLangjökli;
hún er 15 mílur á lengd og fellur út í Húnaflóa
austanverðan.
Héraðsvötn koma upp í Arnarfellsjökli norðan-
verðum og renna niður í SkagaQðrð og deilast að
neðan í tvær kvíslir og falla síðan út í Skagafjörð.
TJt í Eyjafjörð falla Hðrgá, Eyjafjarðará
og Fnjóská.
Skjálfandafljót er mikil á, 24 mílur á lengd;
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kemur það undan jöklum um miðbik landsins, en
lítt eru upptök þess knnn; það fellur beint norður
í Skjálfandaflóa. í það falla margar smáár að
austan undan Ódáðahrauni. í því eru þessir fossar:
Ald eyj arfoss, Goðafoss og Ullarfoss.
Laxá fellur úr Mývatni norður í Skjálfanda.
Jökulsá á Fjöllum (eða í Axarfirði) hefir
upptök sín í Vatnajökli, rétt fyrir vestan KverkQöll.
í hana falla margar ár og jökulkvíslar ofan til, eu
engin þegar niður eptir dregur. Jökulsá rennur
mest um óbyggðir og öræfi og fellur út í Axarfjörð.
Hún er 25 mílur á lengd og talin lengst á á landinu.
1 henni er Dettifoss, mestur foss á íslandi.
Austur um landið falla:
Jökulsá á Brú (Jökulsá á Dal); hún kemur
í ýmsum kvíslum undan Vatnajökli og fellur niður
Jökuldal út í Héraðsflóa.
Lagarfljót kemur undan Vatnajökli litlu austar
og rennur niður eptir Fljótsdalshéraði endilöngu út
í Héraðsflóa. Ofarlega á héraðinu verður það breitt,
lygnt og djúpt sem stöðuvatn, og er þó á því nokkur
jökullitur ; en það mjókkar þegar niður eptir dregur
og er þar í því foss, svo eigi er það skipgengt
frá sjó.
Auk fossa þeirra, er þegar hafa verið taldir í
stóránum, eru víða háir og fagrir fossar í smáám;
helztir þeirra eru Skógafoss og Seljalandsfoss
undir EyjaQöllum og Hengifoss í Fljótsdal.
Stððuvötn eru mörg á íslandi; hin helztu eru
þessi :
þingvallavatn sunnan á landinu, 300fetum
yfir sjávarmál; það er stærst vatn áíslandi og hefir
auðsjáanlega myndazt við eldsumbrot, þaunig að
4 *
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stór landspilda hefir sigið eða fallið niður og í
lægðina svo runnið vatn; að landskikiun milli Al-
mannagjár og Hrafnagjár norðaustur af vatninu
hefir sigið niður, er auðséð. í jþingvallavatui er
Sandey.
Skorradalsvatn í Borgarfirði er langt og
mjótt, og skógi vaxnar fjallshlíðar á báða vegu.
Hvítárvatn, er Hvítá reunur úr austan undir
Langjökli (1500' yfir sjávarmál); gengur skriðjökull
út í vatnið og er það því opt fullt af smáum og
stórum jökum.
Á Arnarvatnsheiði eru Fiskivötn; erArnar-
vatn þeirra stærst; þar er töluverð silungsveiði;
þar var Grettir. í vestur frá Skaptárjökli eru mörg
vötn lítt kunn, kallast þau og Fiskivötn, er
Stórisjór þeirra mest.
Austanvert við Húnaflóa eru ýms vötn og er
Miðhóp þeirra stærst; þar eru og Húnavatn og
Sví navatn.
Mývatn í |>ingeyjarsvslu 1000' yfir sjávarflöt,
gengur næst fnngvallavatni að stærð. J>að hefir og
að öllum líkindum myndazt við jarðelda, þannig að
jarðfall hefir orðið á hraunspildum. Hraun eru
umhverfis vatnið; er það mjög vogskorið og fullt
af hólmum , skerjum og evjum, grynningum og
flúðum ; sumar eyjarnar eru gamlar grasi vaxnar eld-
borgir; surair hólmarnir eru mjög grösugir og víði
vaxnir. Stærsta eyjan heitir Mikley. í Mvvatni
er mikil siluugsveiði og töluvert varp í hólmunum;
þar er mikið mýbit á sumrum, sem nafn vatnsins
ber með sér. Landið kringum Mývatn er rajög
einkennilegt og ákaflega eldbrunnið.
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Mörg fleiri vötn stór og sraá eru á íslandi hér
og hvar um allt land.
Jarðvegur og jarðmyndun íslands. Lögun
og eðli hvers lands er komið undir því, hver efni
eru í landinu, hvernig þau hafa myndazt uppruna-
lega og hvernig ytri áhrif lopts og lagar hafa á
þau verkað. Yfirborð og lögun landa er því engin
tilviljun, heldur byggist beinlínis á myndunarsögu
þess. Öll jarðlög eru annaðhvort mynduð af eldi
eða vatni, og lögun landanna er komin undir, hvor
þessara krapta hefur verkað og hvernig samband
og barátta þeirra á milli heíir verið. Vatnið leitast
við að jafna allt og slétta, en eldkraptarnir að
neðan reyna optast að heíja, breyta og beygja þau
jarðlöir, sem vatnið hefir myndað smátt og smátt.
J>ó gjöra eldsumbrot opt flöt jarðlög, þegar hraun
og bræddar bergtegundir renna yfir ttatt Iand, þá
hleðst hver spildan ofan á aðra; verða þá opt eld-
brunnin grjótlög og ösku- og sandlög á víxl; síðan
brjótast aðrav bergtegundir neðan að gegnum það,
sem þegar vav myndað, upp um glufur og holur og
reyna að gjöra sem mestar misjöfnur, en vatn, snjór
og ís jafna aptur eptir megni.
ísland er að mestu myndað af stallagrjóti, hvauna-
og öskulögum, sem hlaðiztliafa hvert ofan á annað,
og af því kemur, að landið er mestan part kúpu-
vaxin háslétta. Vestfirðir og Austfirðir eru elztu
hlutar landsins; þar er nærri eiugöngu hlaðið hrika-
lega stórum stallagrjótslögum hverju ofan á annað;
það má sjá í þeim landshlutum, að þverhnýptir
hamrar eru eins og stórir hlaðnir steinveggir með
ótal þykkum og þunnum nærri láréttum lögum;
þetta eru eigi annað en hraunlög, er hvert hefir
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runnið yfir annað. Miðbik landsins er að mestu
leyti móberg, þó stallagrjót og hraunbreiður séu
á milli. Móberg þetta er samlímd eldfjalla-
aska, opt margvislega umbreytt af áhrifum vatns
og sjávar. Hæstu bungur landsins, sem jöklarnir
hvíla á, eru flestar úr móbergi. Upp úr básléttu
þessari standa víða hvassir tindar af brunagrjóti
(hraungrýti) og hvítleitum eða mórauðum baulusteini
(trachýt), sem seinna hafa brotizt gegnum jarðlögin.
Við storknun og samdrátt stallagrjótslaganna hafa
víða komið stórar sprungur og upp um þær eiga
eldkraptarnir hægast með að komast neðan að; það
má sjá, að þær fylgja vissum lögum; eldfjallagígir
og sprungur á Suðurlandi ganga allar frá suðvestri
til norðausturs , en á Norðurlandi frá suðri til
norðurs ; eins er um fjalladrög, dali og ár um miðbik
landsins, að þær fylgja sömu stefnu, og út frá
landinu ganga á báða vegu hæðahryggir neðansjávar
ísömuáttir; trachyt-tiudar, hverar, laugar, ölkeldur
og brennisteiusnámur fylgja sama lögmáli; jarð-
skjálptar eru og að mestu eptir þessum stefnum.
Áhrif vatnsins á lögun landanna eru komin undir
lögun, halla og glufum jarðlaganna og hörku berg-
tegundanna. Vatnið leitar þangað, sem lægst er,
og holar út þær rifur, sem áður eru í bergið; þar
sein harðar steintegundir eru í tjöllum, eru fjöllin
hvöss og brött. dalirnir hömróttir og brattar hlíðar;
svo er þar, sem stallagrjót er á íslandi; þar sem
jarðvegurinn er linur, verða lágir og kollóttir hálsar,
breiðir dalir og atlíðandi hlíðar; svo verður þar
sem móberg er i jörðu. Víkur og firðir koma
sumpart af því, hvernig bergtegundir eru við sjóinn;
þar sem þær eru linar, vinnur sjórinn belur á og
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þar myndast víkur, en hamrar ganga fram þar sem
gijótið er harðara og stenzt betur hafrótið. J>ar
sem fjöllótt land liggur út að stóru hafi, er vanalega
mjög sæbratt, því þar er sjávarkrapturinn mestur
og þar molast því mest úr og færist á burt. Regn-
vatnið sígur niður í jörðina og smámolar steinana
og færír steindust á burt; fljót og ár leita að þeim
sprungum, sem upprunalega voru í bergið, stækka
þær og víkka, og bera sand og leir til sjávar, en
hlaða sumu í dalina og gjöra hjalla og hæðir á
árbökkunum; stundum grefur vatnið sig undir kletta,
svo skriður falla úr hlíðunum, og stundum holar
það undan stórum landspildum , sem síðau síga
niður. Kuldinn hjálpar vatninu til að vinna fljótara
og betur á steinunum; þegar vatnið í glufunum
frýs, eykst rúmtak þess og glufan stækkar uuz
steinninn spriagur. Snjór verður að jökli og nýr
og skefur Qöllin undir sér og ber fram leir og urð.
|>ar sem jöklar ganga næst sjó áíslandi, eru stórir
sandar með sjó fram, og fjarðalaust og hafnlaust,
af því að framburður jöklanna er svo mikill. Jökul-
árnar bera fram leir og leðju og mynda við ósana
leirur og eyrar, grynna svo sjóinn fyrir utan og
fylla firði, þá sem áður voru, og skriðjöklarnir aka
stórgrýti á undan sér og mynda holt og grjótöldur.
Mestur hluti íslands hefir myndazt af eldsum-
brotum og líkar eldsmyndanir finnast bæði í norður
og suður frá landinu; norður frá íslandi er Jan
Mayen, eldbrunnin ey, og suður frá því er suður
eptir öllu Atlantshafi á ijallahryggjum neðansjávar
röð af eldbrunnum eyjum, svo ísland virðist vera
middepill á stórri eldhæð, er nær að kalla heims-
skautanna á milli. Elztu jarðmyndanir landsins eru
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fyrir vestan og austan, sem fyrr var getið, og þ<5
er landið að tiltölu mjðg ungt að myndun sinni.
Blágrýtis- og stallagrjóts-lögin fyrir austan og vestan
eru að mestu óröskuð, og þó hefir sumstaðar seinna
runnið bráðið grjót upp um glufur þeirra. Móbergs-
Iögin eru að öllum líkindum mörg mynduð við eldgos
og öskufall á mararbotni.
ísland hefir mestallt verið ofansjávar á þeirri
jarðöld, er jarðfræðingar nefna »miocene«, og hefir
þá verið skógi vaxið; menjar þess finnast í surtar-
brandslögunum (og kringum þau), t. d. við Stein-
grímsfjörð, Brjámslæk og Hreðavatn. þ>á var lopts-
lag og jarðargróður hér líkur því, sem ná er um
miðbik Ameríku (í Flórida og Mexikó); þá uxu hér
eikur, hlynir, platanviðir, vínviður o. fi., og finnast
blðð þessara trjáa ,heil og ósködduð í leirlögum
þeim, er surtarbrandinum fylgja, en sjálfur er surtar-
brandurinn samþrýstir trjástofnar og jurtir frá þeim
tíma. Sumstaðar (t. d. í Hallbjarnarstaðakambi á
Tjörnesi) finnast leifar dýra og jurta frá nokkuð
seinni tíma (pliocene) ; þá uxu á íslandi barrskógar.
Síðan gekk ísöldin yfir landið, eins og öll Norður-
lönd. |>á var allt hulið einum jökulfiáka, líkt og
þeim, er nú þekur mestan hluta Grænlands. Má á
íslandi sjá mörg merki þessarar ísaldar. Dalir og
firðir grófust niður og stækkuðu af ágangi íssins,
jöklar báru fram urð og stórgrýti, sand og leir, og
hlóðu svo upp holt og hæðir, dýpkuðu suma dali,
en fylltu aðra raeð leir og grjóti. Holtin og melarnir,
sem sjást um allt ísland, mynduðust þá. Sumstaðar
hafa grjóthryggir og jökulöldur stíflað dalina og
svo hefir myndazt vatn fyrir ofan þegar jökullinn
bráðnaði; sumstaðar ná breiðir grjótgarðar út í sjó
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yfir fjarðarmynni og er þá ágætar hafnir fyrir ofan.
Eldsumbrot, ár, jöklar og sjór hafa hjálpazt að við
myndnn fjarða og dala. fegar ísinn bráðnaði af
landinu, fór það að líkjast því, sem nú er; norrænar
jurtir og viðir fluttust hingað og þær jarðmyndanir
og breytingur urðu sem enn verða fyrir augum
vorum. Einstöku brunahraun eru mynduð fyrir
ísöldina, en flest eptir hana, þó fyrir’landnámstíð;
þau hraun, er ísinn hefir yfir farið, hafa orðið sléttari
og hæfilegri til gróðurs, og gígir og gjallhrúgur
sópazt á burt. Sumstaðar hafa mýrar myndazt, þar
sem vatnsrennsli var að og jurtagróður nógur. Af
jurtaleifum hetir myndazt mór og í honum eru opt
stórir lurkar af sams konar viði þeim er nú vex
hér á landi. Nokkuð af lurkum þessum er eflaust
af viði, sem vaxið hefur fyrir laudnámstíð; í sögunum
er getið um fauskagröpt (í Landnámu og víðar).
Leirinn, sem jökulárnar breiddu út um dalina seinast
á ísöldinni, þegar jöklarnir voru að hörfa aptur og
hverfa, hefur myndað undirstöðu þess jarðvegs, sem
ræktaður er og gras grær á, en moldin hefir smátt
og smátt myndazt af rotnuðum jurtaleifum. Jarð-
vegurinn á ísiandi er engu ófrjórri en í nálægum
fjalllðndum, þó hann sé lítt ræktaður. Síðan land
byggðist er það eigi sjáanlegt, að eðli og náttúra
þess hafi breytzt að neinum mun.
Steinaríkið. Lítið er um málma á íslandi,
og þó nokkrir sé, svarar það naumlega kostnaði að
vinna þá. í stallagrjótinu , hraungrýtinu og mó-
berginu er töluvert af járni, og það sumstaðar svo
mikið, að leiðarsteinninn vísar eigi rétt til átta
sökum þess; en svo illt er að vinna það og landið
svo eldiviðarlaust, að það mun naumlega nokkurn
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tíma koma svo, að eigi sé ódýrara járn frá útlöndum.
Mýrajárn (rauði) er víða í mýrum og dýjum, og í
fornöld höfðu menn sumstaðar rauðablástur. Surtar-
brandur og mókol finnast víða, einkum á Vestur-
landi. Mótekja er bér og hvar um allt land.
Silfurberg (kalkspath, dobbelspath) er í Helgu-
staðafjalli við Reyðarfjörð; silfurbergsnáman er nú
landseign. Silfurberg er notað til ýmsra verkfæra
sökum þess, að því er svo háttað, að ljósgeislar,
sem í gegnum það falla, skiptast í tvennt og hefir
hver geislakvísl sérstakt eðli. í holur og sprungur
gamalla hraunsteina og stallagrjóts hafa víða safnazt
ýmsar krystallategundir (geislasteinar — zeólithar — ,
kvarts og kalk), eu eigi eru þær til neinna nota.
Kalk er víða ekki alllítið í stórum ijallasprungum ;
mest kveður að því í Esjunui, og hefir það verið
brennt og notað hin síðustu árin. Silfurbergið er
hinn hreinasti kalksteinn sem til er. Brenni-
steinn er á nokkrum stöðum, eins og fyrr var getið,
og fyrrum hefir verið flutt töluvert af honum úr
landinu, en minna á seinni tímum. Saltbrennsla
hefir áður verið nokkur á íslandi.
1 Eglu þess er getið, að Skallagrímur var járnsmiður
mikill og haiði rauðablástur mikinn á vetrum; rauða er
víðar getið t. d. í Konungsskuggsjá, Grettlu, o. fl. sögum.
Brennisteinn var snemma fluttur frá íslandi; erkibiskup
í Niðarósi hafði, eptir því sem sjá má af Árna biskups
sögu, eiukarétt til að flytja út brennistein frá íslandi
1284. Saltgjörðar á íslandi í fornöld er getið í Land-
námu, í máldaga frá 1181 og víðar; árið 1773 var byrjuð
saltgjörð á Reykjanesi í ísafjarðarsýslu , en hætt við
hana aptur !3árum síðar. þá átti og að byrja saltsuðu á
Reykhólum, en varð eigi af.
Jurtaríkið. Á íslandi vaxa eigi margar jurtir
sem eðlilegt er, í jafnnorðlægu landi. Af blóm-
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grösum eru hér rúmar 400 tegundir, en lægri
plöntur eru lítt kunnar. Jarðargróður er hér nærri
hinn sami og í heimskautalönduuum, Grænlandi,
Noregi norðantil og Síberíu. Af jurtum, sem að
eins vaxa mjög norðarlega, eru þessar algengastar
á íslandi: grasvíðir, rjúpnalauf, og fjalldrapi; all-
flestar hinar 3ömu grastegundir vaxa um land allt
jafnt á sléttum sem hálendi; þó finnast einstöku
jurtir, sem að eins vaxa í fjöllum (t. d. fjallasóley).
Jurtagróðinn fer í hverjum landshluia mikið eptir
landslagi og jarðvegi, og mætti skipta jurtunum í
flokka eptir því, hvert þær vaxa í túnum, holtum,
hrauuum, mýrum, við sjó, í sendinni jörð, eða á
harðvelli o. s. f'rv. Að jarðargróður á íslandi
eigi er Qölskrúðugur eða- stórvaxinn, kemur af lopts-
lagiuu; eyjalopt, storrnar og saltir sjávarviudar
standa miklum jurtavexti fyrir þrifum. Sökum
hnattstöðunnar geta að eins þær jurtir þroskazt,
sem þurfa stuttan tíma til vaxtarins, því vetrar eru
langir en sumur stutt. Grasjurtirnar eru algengastar
á íslandi og á þeim er öll velmegun landsins byggð,
og grasræktin ætti því að vera í fyrirúmi fyrir öllu.
Gras á íslandi stendur þéttara og er kjarnbetra en
í suðlægari löndum. Mörg fögur blóm vaxa á
íslandi og gjöra þau víða mikið til að prýða land-
ið á sumrum; má nefna sóleyjar, fífla, blágresi,
melasól, fjólur, mjaðurt, engjarós og eyrarrós. Fáir
ætir ávextir spretta á íslandi; þó er sumstaðar
mikil gnótt af bláberjum og! krækiberjura ; jarðarber
vaxa á einstðku stað. Uppi á heiðum vaxa fjalla-
grös, sem böfð eru til manneldis og lækninga, og
við sjó fást söl. Víða vaxa ýmsar ætar sveppa-
tegundir, en þær eru eigi notaðar. Af útlendum
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ætijurtum, sem ræktaðar eru, eru jarðepli merkust
og spretta víða ágætlega; þau voru fyrst ræktuð á
íslandi 1758. Eófur og vmsar káltegundir vaxa
hér o g hvar, og margar ætijurtir og skrautjurtir
gæti vaxið á íslandi, ef menn hefði nokkurn hug
og vilja á að gjöra tilraunir með þær.
Skógar eru fáir og smáir á íslandi og víðast
eru þeir eigi nema kræklótt kjarr. Stærstur og
merkastur skógur á íslandi er Hallormsstaðar-
skógur við Lagarfljót. Núpsstaðarskógur
sunnan undir Vatnajökli er luktur jöklum á alla
vegu. í skógum þessum er að eins birki. Um
landnámstíð er það auðséð af sögunum, að tðluvert
meiri skógar hafa verið um allt land, en þeir hafa
eyðzt af hirðuleysi og trassaskap landsbúa; opt er
getið um skógarbrennur í sögunum, og fram á
þenna tíma hafa skógar víðast verið höggnir til
kolagjörðar, án þess hirt væri um að halda þeim
við ; þar sem sauðfé gengur í skógum er það til
stórskemmda, því að kindurnar bíta frjóangana af
ungviðinu, svo það getur aldrei vaxið framar að
neinum mun. Skógarviðir eru hér fáir utan birki ; á
stöku stað vex reynir, víðir og fjalldrapi. Revnir
verður allra skógarviða hæstur á íslandi.
í íslendingabók Ara prests hins fróða er sagt að
ísland hafi verið viði vaxið milli fjalls og fjöru er það
byggðist; en að öllum líkindum er það uokkuð ýkt. Arn-
grímur ábóti á þingeyrum ritar 1350 um ísland: „skógr
er þar engi utan björk, ok þó litils vaxtar.“ í Ölkofra-
þætti er getið um miklar skógabrennur , og í Svarfdælu,
Vopnfirðingasögu, Njálu og fleirum sögum má sjá, hvernig
farið var með skógana þegar í fornöld. Reyniviðarhríslur
allháar eru hér og hvar áíslandi, einkum á Norðurlandi,
t. d. á Akureyri og í Skriðu í Hörgárdal. Víðihríslur
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ero allstórar á eyjum i Mývatni, í Kelduhverfi og í Bárðar-
dal; sumstaðar er smávíðir sleginn og gefinn peningi.
Akuryrhja var nokkur í fornöld á íslandi á
stöku stað, þó aldrei hafi hón veríð að nokkrum
mun. Árið 1350 segir Arngrímur ábóti um ísland:
„korn vex á fáum stððum sunnanlands og eigi
nema bygg“. í mörgum fornsögum er getið um
kornyrkju og mörg örnefni bera hennar vott; en
akuryrkjan hefir verið bæði stopul og örðug. Vitaz-
gjati í J>verárlandi í Eyjafirði var frægur fyrir það,
að „hann var aldrei úfrærr“ hvernig sem áraði.
Víða, þar sem jörð er sendin, vex töluvert af
melgrasi; heptir það sandfok og gjörir með því
mikið gagn. í Skaptafellssýslu er korninu af
melnum safnað og það baft til brauðgjörðar. Sum-
staðar hafa menn mel í reiðinga; en þegar hann er
rifinn upp með rótum, er það til raikils skaða fyrir
jarðveginn.
Dýraríkið. J>að gefur að skilja, að dýralífið
getur eigi verið fjölskrúðigt í jafnnorðlægu og
afskekktu landi um ísland er, enda vantar þar og
heila dýraflokka, sem þó eru í nálægum löndum t. d.
öll skriðdýr (reptilia).
Spendýr eru eigi mörg á íslandi upprunaleg,
en nokkur eru hingað flutt af mönnum, tamin eða
ótamin. |>að mun eigi efamál, að rottur og mýs
hafa flutzt hinga ósjálfrátt með varningi frá útlönd-
um. Héra og kauínur hafa menn reynt að láta
tímgast hér á landi, en það hefir eigi lánazt vel;
árið 1770 var hreindýrum frá Noregi sleppt á
land í Gullbringusýslu og hafa þau síðan fjölgað
töluvert, en halda sér uppi í óbyggðum og koma
lítt til nota. Ali-dýr á íslandi eru: naut og
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sauðfénaður, hestar, hundar, kettir, og geitfé; svín
hafa verið algeng á íslandi fyrrum, en eru nú mjög
óvíða. Alidýranna verður allra getið síðar, þar
sem lýst er atvinnuvegum landsbúa. Landvillidýr
á íslandi eru fá og varla teljandi önnur en refar,
því hvítabirnir koma að eins stöku sinnum með
ís frá Grænlandi og Spitzbergen. eigi sé landið
auðugt af spendýrum, þá eru þess fleiri í sjónum
við strendur landsins. Við íslands strendur eru
vöðuselir, útselir, landselir, blöðruselir
og fleiri selategundir. Sumir þeirra ganga upp í
ár og spilla laxveiði. Bostungar koma stöku
sinnum til íslands með hafísum. Af hvalategundura
eru margar í höfunum kringum landið, þó eigi
komi þeir aðþeimnotum, sem verða mætti ; af þeim
eru algengastar hnýsur, marsvín, höfrungar,
háhyrnur, andarnefjur, sléttbakar og
steypireyðir.
Hvítabiruir voru stundum í fornöld tamdir á íslandi
og þóttu þá konungsgersemi. Insimundur gamli gaf
Haraldi Hárfagra húna, sem hann tók við Húnavatn.
ísleifur prestur Gissurarson, sem seinna varð biskup á
íslandi, hafði með sér hvítabjörn, er hann var á suður-
ferð sinni, og gaf hann Hinriki keisara. það má og sjá
af Grágás, að birnir voru tamdir þegar menn á íslandi
hættu að temja birni og senda þá og gefa til útlanda,
þá voru skinnin seld dýrum dómum. Friðrik annarDana-
konungur gjörði 1563 þá ákvörðun, að konungur skyldi
einn hafa rétt til allra bjarnarfelda; þetta boð var endur-
nýjað 1648 og fram undir seinustu aldamót voru öll bjarn-
dýraskinn, er fengurt á íslandi, send til landfógeta, og
keypti hann þau fyrir konung.
Fuglar era margir á íslandi (um 100 tegundir).
|>ó tegundirnar eigi séu mjög margar, þá ber mikið
á fuglunum, af því svo mikill aragrúi er af ein-
staklingunum. Mest kveður að því í fuglabjörgunum,
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við sjó fram; þar er mikill fjöldi sjófugla, sem eru
til mikilla nota fyrir landsbúa, bæði eggin, fiðrið
og fuglarnir sjálfir. Fuglabjörg eru: Látrabjarg,
Hornbjarg, Drangey, Grímsey og Vestmannaeyjar.
Bjargfuglar og sjófuglar, sem menn hafa not af,
eruaf ýmsum tegundum, t. d. fýlungar, langvíur,
teistur, kríur, ritur, svartbakar og lundar.
Af lunda-ungunum, sem kallast kofur eða pysjur,
fæst ágætt fiður, og kjöt þeirra er haft til mann-
eldis. Mest er af þeim á Breiðafirði og í Vest-
mannaeyjum. Æðarfuglinn er víðast við strendur
íslands, einkum þar sem margar eyjar og sker eru,
og því er mest af honum á Breiðafirði; dúnn er i
háu verði og hefir verið verzlunarvara síðan á miðri
átjándu öld. Margs konar endur eru á íslandi;
en þó hvergi eius margar tegundir eins og við
Mývatn. Álptir eru margar á íslandi; þær verpa
á ijöllum í vatnahólmur, en þegar þær fella fjaðrir,
fara þær í hópum niður til sjávar. Álptahamir og
álptafjaðrir hafa stundum verið verzlunarvara.
Helsingjar, grágæsir, lómar og himbrimar
eru eigi óalgengir fuglar, og til tölaverðra nota.
Geirfugl var algengur við ísland fyrr á öldum,
en er nú horfinn og að öllum líkindum útdauður;
seinast var hann í Geirfuglaskerjum fyrir utan
Reykjanes, en af því fuglinn var eigi fleygur og
viðkoman lítil, en mikið var drepið, eyddist hann
fljótt. Af landfuglum er rjúpan arðmest fyrir
landsbúa; húu er stundum á vetrum skotin og
snöruð þúsundum saman. Auk þess eru algengar
margar spörfuglategundir, og svo lóur, selningar,
spóar o. fl. Hrafnar eru á hverjum bæ; ernir,
smyrlar og fálkar eru hér og hvar í hömrum;
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láta af vinnu, þegar verst gegnir. Mýflugur eru
tvenns konar: rykmý (culex), meinlaust en í
fjarskalegum grua, og bitvargur (simulia), skaðlegur
mðnnum ogskepnum. Grasmaðkur, sem er ham-
skiptingur af fiðrildi, gjörir víða mikinn skaða á
túnum ; ýmsir aðrir hamskiptingar eru skaðlegir
jurtagróðurnum , sumir eru í túnum og engjum,
aðrir leggjast á skóga, einkum víði. Villibýflugur
(randaflugur) eru víða, en til engra nota, og mikill
urmull af ýmsum flugnategundum ððrum. Mörg
smádýr leggjast á menn og skepnur og orsaka
sjúkdóma og óþrif, t. d. kláðamaur og bendilormar,
sem i ýmsum myndbreytingum gjöra raönnum
sullaveiki og lifrarveiki.
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Landsmenn.
íslendingar teljast til hins gotneska eða ger-
manska þjóðflokks, og til þeirrar kvíslar af honura,
er byggir Norðurlönd. Eins og alkunnugt er, komu
hinir fyrstu landnámsmenn frá Noregi, og þaðan
byggðist landið á árunum 874 — 930. Af því lands-
menn eiga kyn sitt að rekja til Norðmanna, eru
þeir að mörgu svipaðir þeim að siðum og háttsemi.
Meginfjöldi landnámsmanna kom frá Noregi, en
nokkrir komu þó frá öðrum löndum, einkum þó frá
írlandi; sést það bæði beinlínis af Landnámu,
ýmsum írskum mannanöfnum í fornsögunum o. fl.,
o g áður en Norðmenn komu hingað, þekktu írar
landið og nokkrir munkar þaðan höfðu tekið sór
hér bólfestu; kölluðu Norðmenn þá Papa, en þeir
stukku af landi burt, af því þeir vildu eigi búa
hér með heiðnum mönnum. írskur munkur Dicu-
ilus að nafni hefur ritað bók áríð 825, og getur
þar íslands; segir hann að klerkar nokkrir hafi
fyrir 30 árum sagt sér, að þeir hafi komið á ey-
land raikið uorður í höfum og eptir lýsingu hans
hlýtur það að hafa verið ísland. Naddoddur (eða
Naddaður) kom fyrst til íslands af Norðmönnum
um 860, en Ingólfur Arnarsou fór hingað út til
landnáms 874.
5*
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Grískur maður, Strabó að nafni, er ritkð hefur
landafræði á fyrstu öld eptirKrists burð, segir, að norður
af Bretlandi hinu mikla sé land, er hann kallar Thule,
oghefur það eptir manni frá Marsilíu (Marseille), Py theas
að nafni, er ferðaðist allmikið um norðurhluta Európu á
4. öld fyrir Krists burð. Pytheas segir, að eigi sé hægt
að sigla um sjóinn þar nyrðra (fyrir ís?) og segir afstöðu
Thule hérumbil þar sem ísland er. Seinna höfðu róm-
verskir og grískir rithöfundar nafnið Thule um ýmsnorður-
lönd og voru hugmyndir manna um þau mjög á reiki.
J>að eitt virðist að eins nokkurn veginn víst, að menn í
suðurhluta Európu á Pytheasar dögum hafi haft óljósa
hugmynd um að einhver Btór lönd lægju norður afSkot-
landi, en gátu eigi gjört sér grein fyrir meiru.
íslendingar hafa einir haldið hinni fornu tungu,
er töluð var um öll Norðurlðnd á landnámstíð, og
er hún mjög lítið breytt frá fornmálinu; er bók-
málið talað af allri alþýðu og á það sér óvíða
stað í útlöndum. Engar sérstakar mállýzkur eru á
íslandi ; það eru að eins einstaka orð, sem einkennileg
eru fyrir ýmsa landsparta.
íslendingar eru nokkuð líkir alþýðu upp til
sveita í Noregi að siðum og háttsemi; þó eru ís-
lenzkir hændur í heild sinni að sumu betur mannað-
ir, enda er nærri öll alþýða af bændastétt, því
fiskimenn og iðnaðarmenn eru örfáir. Sá mismunur
á siðum og landsvenju, sem orðinn er í sveitum í
Noregi og íslandi, hefur orsakazt af Qarlægðinni,
misjöfnu eðli landanna og ýmislegum áhrifum utan
að. Loptslag, landslag, og rás viðburðanna hefur
alstaðar mikil áhrif á vaxtarlag manna, yfirbragð,
viðmót, háttsemi og hugsunarhátt, og er því þjóðerni
íslendinga að sumu fleiru en málinu einkeunilegt
og frábrugðið þjóðerni skyldra þjóða.
Af landsbáttum á ísland skalhér að eins lítið
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sagt. Leikir þeir, sem tíðkuðust í fornöld, eru nú
flestir lagðir niður, nema glímur hafa menn hér
og hvar; þar sem glímt er erlendis hafa menn að
eins lausatök og hryggspennu, en á íslandi alls
konar brögð og er því meira komið undir lipurð
og fimleika en kröptum. Ijtlendir dansar hafa
fengið nokkra útbreiðslu á seinni tímum, en inn-
lendir dansar (vikivakar) lögðust niður á 18. öld.
Mjög er lítiö um innlenda þjóðsöngva; en nú á
seinni árum hefur þó sönglistin breiðzt allmikið út
um landið, þó kunnáttu og þekking í söng sé enn
víða mjög ábótavant. |>að er nú orðinn gamall
siður á íslandi að fara í tvísöng; tíðkast hann nú
eigi annarstaðar, að minnsta kosti ekki í nálægum
löndum, að því er vér vitum. j>ó þjóðsöngvar og
lög séu eigi mörg á íslandi, þá hafa þó gengið
manna á milli margar fagrar þjóðsögur, æfintýri,
þulur og hetjukvæði með einkennilegum blæ ; hefur
sumt af því sprottið upp í landinu sjálfu, sumt
komið frá öðrum löndum, og sumt orðið til af
hjátrú, sem nú er mjðg á förum. Rímnakveðskapur
er nú víðast farinn að leggjast niður, og þó illt sé
er sögulestur líka víðast orðinn miklu minni en
áður var.
Hjátrft hefur aldrei verið ein8 mikil á íslandi og á
17. öld. Árin 1660 —90 voru 16 menn brenndir fyrir galdra.
Páll Björnsson, prófastur í Selárdal, sem var einhver
hinn lærðasti guðfræðingur á sínum tíma á íslandi, og
þorleifur lögmaður Kortsson, gengust mest fyrir þessum
galdra-ofsóknum og létu dæma marga saklausa menn til
dauða. Fyrsta galdrabrenna var 1625, hinn seinasti
brennudómur fyrir galdur var dæmdur á alþingi 1690. A
íslandi hættu menn þó fyrr að brenna menn fyrir galdra
en víðast hvar annarstaðar.
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Búningur kvenna á íslandi er öðru vísi en í
öðrum löndum og iunlendur að mestu, en búningar
karla eru líkir því, sem tíðkast um alla Európu.
Faldbúningur kveuna hefur tekið mörgum breyting-
um á ýmsum tímum; hann var víða orðinn mjög
afskræmdur á þessari öld, en hefur nú á seinni
árum breytzt mjög til batnaðar. Hversdagsbúningur
kvenna er upprunalega hollenzkur, en húfan er
innlend.
Húsakynnum manna er enn víða mjög ábóta-
vant á íslandi; fiestir bæir eru úr torfi, og mjög
lítið hefir alþýða manna hugsað um að gjöra hýbýii
sín hentug og snotur til íbúðar. Menn eru þó nú
farnir að byggja timburhús til íbúðar á einstöku
stöðum, einkum þó á Reykjauesi suður af Hafnar-
firði; einna lélegust húsakynni eru í Skaptafells-
sýslum. Ofnar eru enn mjög óvíða á bæjum.
íslendingar lifa mest á kjöti, fiski (hðrðum,
eða blautura, þ. e. nýum; saltfiskur er nærri allur
fluttur til útlanda), og svo af mjölmat og mjólkur-
mat; kálmeti er lítt notað, og hvorki fjallagrös né
söl eins nikið og áður. Hvergi erlendis hafa menn
skvr eins tilbúið og á íslandi; súrblanda (drukkur)
er víðast höfð til drykkjar á sumrum.
Heilbrigðisástand manna á íslandi er misjafnt;
barnadauði er víða mikill, einkum af barnaveiki. Á
vorin ganga opt ýmsar landfarsóttir, kvefsóttir,
lungnabólga og taugaveiki, og hjálpar það mjög til
útbreiðslu þeirra, að þrifnaður er víða hvergi nærri
í góðu lagi. Sullaveiki er alltíð. Mislingar eru
eigi innlendir og ganga mjög sjaldan. Stórsóttir
hafa engar gengið hér um land á þessari öld;
kólera t. d. hefur aldrei flutzt til íslands, þó hún
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hafi gengið annarstaðar í Európu. Holdsveiki, sem
var mjðg algeng á íslandi áður á tímum, fer
nú óðum minnkandi ár frá ári. Svartidauði
(plágan mikla) gekk hér um land allt 1402 — 1404,
og er sagt, að þá hafi dáið tveir þriðjungar af
öllum landslyð; 1493 kom plágan seinni og var
litlu óskæðari. Bóla hefur opt valdið miklum
manndauða á íslandi, einkum þó árið 1707 (Stóra-
bóla). Nú eru flestir bólusettir; prestar hafa bólu-
setningu helzt á hendi.
Svo er sagt, að Svarti-dauði hafi komið hingað með
Hvala-Einari nokkrum Herjúlfssyni ; segir svo í árbókum
Espólíns, að „sú bráðasótt hafi verið svo mikil, að menn
lágu dauðir innan þriggja nátta, þar tii heitit var þremr
lofmessum með sæmilegu bænahaldi oc ljósbruna; þá var
oc heitit þurraföstu fyrir Kyndilmessu, en vatnsföstu íyrir
jól, saltarasöngum, Maríusöngum oc at gefa bálf vætt silfurs
til Hóla til aðbúa með skrín Guðmundar hins góða; er síðan
mælt, að flestir næðu að skriptast áðurendóu; gekk drep-
sóttin um haustit fyrir sunnan land með svo mikilli ógn oc
ákefð, at aleyddi bæi víða, en fólk var ekki sjálfbjarga eptir
í mörgum stöðura, þat er iifði, oc þó 12 eða 15 færi með
einn til graptar eða tvo í fyrstu, komu stundum lífs ei nema
4 eða 5. Á Kirkjubæ á Síðu dó abbadís oc 7 systur, oc
eyddi þann stað þrisvar at mannfólki, svo at um síðir
mjóikuðu systurnar búfénaðinn, þær til voru, oc kunnu
flestallar lítt til, sem von var; komu þar til kirkju 675
bráðdauðra líka, svo talið varð, en síðan gat enginn
talið fyrir fjölda sakir. Ekki lifðu þá eptir nema þrír
prestar norðanlands, þrír djáknar oc einn bróðir á þing-
eyrum. Tvö ungmenni lifðu í Aðalvík oc Grunnavík, er
giptust síðan, Ögmundur löðurkúfur oc Helga beinrófa."
Plágan seinni gekk 1493 og kom með enskum kaup-
mönnum í Hafnarfirði, og segir Espólín að þá hafi eyðzt
bæir nálega um allar sveitir vestur að Gilsfirði, og var
víða að eigi lifðu eptir fleiri en 2 eða 3 menn, sumstaðar
ungbörn og sugu mæður sínar dauðar, er til var komið.
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Konur sátu dauðar með skjólum sínum undir kum á
stöðlum eða við keröld í búrum; þó voru sumir bæir
mitt í sveitum, sem engin kom sótt á eða manndauði.
Skæðastar voru bólusóttirnar 1555 (Miklabóla), 1616,
og Stórabóla 1707; úr henni dóu 18000 manns; 1786—87
dóu 1425 úr bólu; bólusóttir töluverðar gengu og 1309,
1693, 1742, 1762—64 o. s. frv. Bólusetning var lögboðin á
íslandi 1821 (sbr. lagaboð 18. júlí 1821 og 24. marz 1830).
Mislingar gengu fyrst á íslandi 1644, komu út á Eyrar-
bakka og dóu margir; mislingar gengu og 1694, 1790—93,
1797 — 98 og optar. Seinasta mislingasótt, sem gekk um
land allt, kom hingað 1846; en á Austfjörðum gengu misl-
ingar 1869. Holdsveiki hefur áður verið töluvert algeng
á íslandi; um síðustu aldamót voru 200 holdsveikir á
íslandi, 1829 120, en 1872 að eins 43, og þó hefur fólks-
fjöldinn á þessu tímabili vaxið nærri um helming.
Fólksfjöldi. Landsmenn eru rúm 70 þús-
und að tölu (1. október 1880 um 72,440) o g landið
er því mjög strjálbyggt í samanburði við önnur
lðnd, enda er meginpartur landsins ekki annað en
Qöll o g firrnindi, er að eins byggð í dðlunum
og á láglendinu. Tala landsmanna hefur vaxið
mikið á þessari öld og eins á seinni árum, þó
vesturferðir hafi verið alltíðar; á árunum frá
1870 — 80 hafa fæðzt nærri helmingi fleiri en dáið
hafa. Hjónabönd eru alltíð og víða auka þau mjög
sveitarþyngsli, af því fátæklingar giptast, er eigi
geta fram fært afkvæmi sitt; þó er nærri Vs hluti
allra barna óskilgetinn.
Atvinnuvegir. Aðalbjargræðisvegir landsbúa
eru laudbúnaður og sjávarafli; þó er það einkuin
kvikfjárræktin, sem fæðir íslendinga.
Landbúnað stunda meira en 50 þúsund manna;
en enginn efi er á því, að landið gæti borið marg-
fallt meiri fólksijölda, ef það væri vel ræktað.
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Grasræktin, sem ðll velmegun manna er undir
komin, er enn á mjög lágu stigi; þó framfarir
nokkrar hafi orðið í þá stefnu á seinni árum, þá
fara þær mjög hægt. fegar litið er til þess, að
það eru eigi meir en 20 □ milur af grasiendi og
það lítt ræktuðu, sem allur peninguv lifir af á
vetrnm, má sjá, að ef allt væri vel ræktað, það
sem gras vex nú á, og meira land yrkt, þá gæti
miklu meiri kvikfénaður lifað hér, og með því fleira
fólk. Túnin (3—4 □ mílur á öllu landinu) eru
hinir einu ræktuðu blettir, þó á mörgum megi
naumlega kalla ræktun. Túngarðahleðslu og túna-
sléttun fer dálítið fram, þó það sé hægt og bítandi,
en sumstaðar eru menn til mikils hagnaðar
farnir að skera fram mýrar og engjar, t. d. Staðar-
hyggðarmýrar í Eyjafirði. Við helzta búnaðarfélag
landsins er Búnaðarfjelag suðuramtsins, og auk
þess eru minni búnaðarfélög og samtök til fram*
fara í sveitum hér og hvar.
Garðarækt er nokkur hér og hvar, einkum
þó jarðeplarækt, og geta þau víða náð miklum
þroska, einkum þar sem jörð er sendiu; minna er
um kálgarða, þó þeir séu nokkrir; skrautplöntur og
berjabuskar eru varla nokkurstaðar til neinna muna,
nema í Reykjavík og lítið eitt á Akureyri. Jarð-
eplarækt er mest á Suðurlandi, en eiuna minnst á
Norðurlandi.
Svo hafa menn talið, að á öllu landinu sé 424 □
mílur byggt heimaland og 332 □ mílur afréttir; 3—4 □
mílur tún, 16 □ mílur engjar. Iíálgarðar voru alls á
öllu landinu 1876 rúmar 272 dagsláttur. Eptir jarðamat-
inu 1861 voru allar jarðir á landinu metnar til 86,755
hundraða; sé nú öllu landinu skipt í eintómar 20 hundraða
jarðir, verða þær 4,338; árið 1876 voru hiaðnir túngarðar
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13,503 faðmar á lengd, 66,548 □ faðmar sléttaðir og
22,522 faðma langir skurðir stungnir til vatnsveitinga;
eptir því hefur að meðaltali verið hlaðinn 3 faðma tún-
garður á hverri 20 hundraða jörð, 5 faðma skurður verið
grafinn og 15 □ faðmar sléttaðir; með jöfnu áframhaldi
þyrfti 60 ár til þess að slétta eina dagsláttu á hverri
20 hundraða jörð. Svo er ræktunin misjöfn á þeim túnum,
er ræktuð kallast, að af þeim hinum lökustu fást að eins
3 — 4 hestar af dagsláttunni," en þar sem bezt er ræktað
fást allt að því 30hestar; ræktun þykir í góðu lagi þegar
12 — 14 hestar fást af dagsláttunni. Iíúamykja er mest
höfð til áburðar; sauðataði er víða brennt. Dagslátta í
túni er 900 □ faðmar, engja-dagslátta 1600 □ íaðmar.
N autpeningur er eigi mikill á íslandi í
samanburði við það sem var í fornöld; nú eru þau
bú mjög fá á landinu, þar sem eru um 20 kýr; í
fornöld er það eigi sjaldgæft, að taldar séu Qörutíu,
sextíu, og jafnvel yfir 1 00 kýr á búi, auk geldneyta;
nautpeningsíjöldanum hefur smátt og smátt fækkað,
en að því skapi hefur fjölgað sauðpeningi. Af því
kýr hafa hér svo kjarngott fóður, mjólka þær víða
allvell. Mjólkin er mest höfð til fæðis beinlínis
og svo til smjörs; sumstaðar er þó farið að búa
til osta.
Landnámsmenn fluttu hingað með sér nautgripi eins
og allan annan kvikfénað frá Noregi. Flóki kom fyrstur
maunahingað með pening, en af því Vatnsfiörður, þar sem
þeir höfðu vetrarsetu, var fullur af veiðiskap, gáðu þeir
eigi fyrir veiði að fá heyanna og dó allt kvikfé þeirra
um veturiun. Landnámsmenn höfðu með sér búsmala
sinn, og þess er getið i Landnámu, að komið hafi út skip
hlaðið kvikfé. Guðmundur ríki á Möðruvöllum í Eyjafirði
bafði þar hundrað hjóna og hundrað kúa. Veturinn 1225
féllu fyrir Snorra Sturlusyni á einu búi hans (í Svigna-
skarði) stórt hundrað nauta. par sem fornmenn stunduðu
akuryrkju, létu þeir naut draga plóginn, og eins voru
nautin látin ganga fyrir sleðum á vetrum; þess er og
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getið um ögmund biskup Pálsson í Skálholti, að hann
hafi látið draga tré til kirkjusmíðis í Skálholti á járnuðum
nautum. Um miðja 18. öld áttu enn nokkrir menn á Aust-
fjörðum uxa, sem gengu úti eins og gaddhestar og voru
sumir járnaðir til aksturs. Nautgripunum ior smátt og
' smátt að fækka; þó voru 1703 nærri 36 þúsund nautgripa,
en 1876 eigi meir en rúm 20 þúsund. {>að má nú víst
telja meðalkú, sem mjólkar 1800—2000 potta á ári;
Ólafur stiptamtmaður Stephensen telur á fyrri öid meðalkú
mjólka HOOpotta. Víðast mun kúnni vera ætlaðir25 — 30
töðuhestar til fóðurs um veturinn, og sumstaðar meir,
eptir bandinu.
Sauðfjárrækt er einn af helztu atvinnu-
vegum landsbúa og hefur henni tðluvert farið fram
á seinni tímum. Sauðfjárkyn vort er að eðli sínu
mjög samsvarandi náttúru þeirri, er það lifir í, en
þó er það nokkuð misjafnt í ýmsum landshlutum
eptir landslagi, fóðri og hirðingu; ullin er i stór-
gerðara lagi og fremur togmikil. Sauðfé á íslandi
telst undir þá tegund, sem algengust er um norð-
urhluta Európu (Ovis brachyura borealis Pall); á
þeirri sauðfjártegund er stutt rófa og snoðin, líkt
og höfuð og fætur; víðast erlendis er þetta kyn nú
blandað öðrum, nema í einstöku eyjum og fjalllend-
um. Náskyld sauðakyn eru á hásléttunum í Mið-
Asíu og i Himalaya-íjöllum. fað er að eins einstaka
kind á íslandi, sem er ferhyrnd eða marghyrnd,
en það hefur í útlðndum verið talið einkenni á ís-
lenzkum sauðfénaði. Sauðfé fluttist hingað úr
Noregi, en norska féð er nú víðast hvar orðið
töluvert ólíkt að vaxtarlagi og halalengd, sökum
kynblöndunar, og er það yfir höfuð að tala lakara
en íslenzkt fé. J>að mun mega telja allt að 800
þúsund fjár á landinu, eptir þeirri ull, sem út er
flutt, þó eigi sé fram talið svo mikið. Fjárrækt
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er töluvert mismunandi i ýmsum landshlutum; bezt
mun hún vera og flest fé að tiltðlu 1 Múlasýslum
og |>ingeyjarsýslu, enda eru þar víða upp af dölun-
um góð og víðlend beitilönd og útigangur mikill,
stundum eru þar því heimtur misjafnar. Sumstaðar
er töluverð fjörubeit J>að vill eigi sjaldan til að
fé fennir eða tiæðir sumstaðar, en eigi er sá missir
mikill í samanburði við þann, sem verður af ýmsum
pestum, íjárkláða, bráðasótt og ýmsum óþrifum og
sjúkdómum öðrum. Fjárkláðinn hefurtvisvar geysað
hér um land, í fyrra skiptið 1761 — 1780, í seinna
skiptið 1856 — 1877. Einstöku menn hafa reynt að
bæta fé sitt með útlendu fjárkyni og hefir tekizt
misjafnlega. Ullin er mest flutt út úr landinu og
svo töluvert af gærum, skinnum og tólg. Sauða-
mjólkin er hðfð til skvrs og smjörs, sumstaðar til
osta. Á seinni árum hefur verið flutt töluvert af
lifandi sauðfé til Englands.
Fornmenn höfðu mikið sauðfé. þorsteinn rauðnefr
lét t. d. telja sauði sína úr rétt 20 hundruð (stór), «en
þá hljóp alla réttina"; víða gekk þá fé sjálfalaí skógunum,
sem þá voru töluvert meiri, enda hefur sauðfénaður átt
góðan þátt í að eyða þeim litlu skógum er hér voru.
Arið 1703 voru talin á landinu öllu 279 þúsund fjár,
1770 um fjárkláðann fyrri 140 þúsund, 1783 236 þús., en
árið eptir að eins tæp 50 þúsund sökum Móðuharðind-
anna miklu, 1853 á undan flórkláðanum 700 þúsund og
1876 415 þúsund, sem þó varla getur verið nærri sanni.
Af þessum mismun á fjárflöldanum má sjá, að sauðfjár-
ræktin getur verið nokkuð stopul; áður á öldum féll fé
hröunum, ef harður vetur kom, af því menn gáðu þess
lítt að vera byrgir að heyjum og búnir við öllu; nú er
varla hætt við því, og fjárræktin þarf eigi að vera stopul,
ef hirðingin á fénu er einB og hún á að vera. Hús
vantaði víða handa fé fram undir miðja 19. öld og voru
því að eins hlaðnir skjólgarðar og gefið á gaddi. Víðast
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eru lömb færð frá 4 vikna gömul, þegar 9 vikur eru af
8umri, og rekin á afrétti; ærnar eru haíðar heima við
og mjólkaðar; sjaldan látnar ganga með dilkum. Meðal-
ærnyt um sumarið má víða telja 40 potta; 1 ® af smjöri
fæst úr 9 pottum af mjólk. Fastar kvíar hafa menn
víða, en færikvíum er farið að fækka sumstaðar. Árið
1879 fluttU8t frá íslandi 1,727,000 ‘ð' af ull, 50 þúsund
söltuð sauðskinn og 400 þúsund '3' af tólg. Meðalreyfi
af öllu fé upp og niður má telja 2— 2’/* ‘ð'. Víða er nú
farið að klippa fé, annarstaðar er það rúið. Sumarið
1880 fluttust til Englands frá íslandi um 10 þús. fjár.
Fjárkláðinn fyrri kom til íslands með spönskum
hrútum 1760, en fór eigi að breiðast út fyrr en árið
eptir, gekk hann yfir allt land frá Jökulsá á Sólheima-
sandi og þaðan vestur og norður yfir land að Jökulsá á
fjöllum. Fjárkláðinn seinni gekk um Suðurland og nokkum
hluta Norðurlands, en komst hvorki á Vesturland né
Austurland. Bráðapest hefir viða gjört mikinn skaða;
veturinn 1870 — 71 fórust úr henni yfir 11000 fjár. Eigi
vita menn með vissu, að bún hafi gengið hér á landi fyrr
en hún snemma á þessari öld fór að stinga sér niður
sunnantil á Austfjörðum, en síðan hefur hún við og við
gjört mikið tjón um allt land. Ýmsir aðrir minni sjúk-
dómar skemma sauðfé á íslandi , t. d. höfuðsótt , sem
orsakast af blöðruormum í heilanum. þeir taka eins og
flestir aðrir innýfla-ormar mörgum myndbreytingum og
koma í fé úr hundum’; eggin komast með saurindum
hundanna á gras það, er féð etur; hundarnir eta sulli
úr kindunum þegar þeim er slátrað og fá svo orminn
aptur; þar þroskast hann og myndar mikinn eggjagrúa.
Stundum geta egg þessi komið í menn og valdið miklum
sjúkdómum, þegar hundar eru látnir sleikja matarílát og
þau eigi nægilega hreinsuð á eptir. Við eldgos og ösku-
fall fá kindur ýmsa sjúkdóma í hold og bein af óhollri
fæðu og smáu steindusti er sezt i tannhold og garnir;
algengastur þeirra er gaddur, nokkurs konar ofvöxtur í
tönnum og mein í munninum; drápust af slíkum sjúk-
dómum margar kindur eptir eldgosin 1783. það ár og
árið eptir féllu af harðindum á íslandi 9,238 menn, 11,461
nautgripur, 190,448 Qár og 28,013 hestar.
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Hross eru mörg á íslandi, enda er það eigi
undarlegt, þar sem menn verða að fara allt og
flytja allt á hestum. Hestarnir eru komnir frá
Noregi, eins og allur annar peningur; vestan og
norðan til í Noregi er enn þá mjög líkt hestakyn
(Fjordracen). íslenzkir hestar eru smáir og í loðn-
ara lagi, þýðir, hraustir, þolgóðir, fótvissir og ekki
fóðurfrekir; þeir eru mjög hentugir eptir öllu eðli
landsins bæði til reiðar og áburðar. Hross verða
víðast hvar fyrir lítilli hirðingu; aðalQöldi þeirra
gengur þar sem nokkur hagaganga er sjálfala vetur
og sumar; gengur þetta vel þegar vel viðrar, en í
hörðum árum kveljast margir og falla úr hor.
Hestafjöldi og stóð er eigi til mikilla búbóta, því
við það eyðast og skemmast víða grösug og fðgur
lönd. Einstöku menn hafa reyndar töluverðan
ágóða af hrossasölu, en spilla líka með því högum
fyrir sér og öðrum. Töluvert af hestum er flutt
úr landi, einkum til Skotlands og Englands; er
meginQöldi þeirra brúkaður í kolanámunum, en
sumir látnir ganga fyrir vögnum. Fornmenn voru
mestu reiðmenn og hestamenn, og voru þá hestavig
eða hestaþing ein af helztu skemmtunum manna.
í fornöld hugsuðu menn mikið um að hafa sem bezta
hesta, bæði til reiðar og hestavíga. Stundum riðu menn
kappreiðir og lögðu við töluvert fé, sem sjá má afLand-
námu. Við hestaöt voru hestarnir knáðir fram og látnir
berjast og bítast. Hestavíg héldust við á landi hér nokkuð
fram á 17. öld. Seinasta hesta-at á íslandi var háð í
Fnjóskadal 1623. þess er og getið, að menn fengu hesta
langtað; í Gull-þórissögu er getið um gauzkan hest, sem
alinn var á korni vetur og sumar. Sumir höfðu mikið
stóð; Blundketill lét t. d. eitt sinn í harðindum reka heim
160 hesta og drepa 40, til þess stóðið yrði eigi of þungt
á fóðrunum. Árið 1703 voru hér á landi 27 þúsund hesta;
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1876 rúml. 31 þúsund. Hestar eru nú á íslandi í háu
verði. f>að ber eigi sjaldan við, að góðir reiðhestar eru
seldir iyrir 3—400 krónur og jafnvel meira; Tóli'-dala-
Brúnn, sem Jón biskup Vídalín átti, var á þeim tíma
(um 1700) dýrasti hestur á íslandi. Á miðri 18. öld áttu
margir bændur 150 — 200 hesta, en þá voru þeir eigi í
hærra verði en svo, að hver seldist vanalega á 1— 2 dali.
Hrossakjöt er haft til hákarlabeitu, og sumstaðar jainvel
geíið kúm og kindum; einstöku fátæklingar eta hrossa-
kjöt þegar hart er í ári.
Af ððrum alidýrum má nefna geitur; þær
eru nú að eins hafðar á einstaka stað, einkum i
J>ingeyjarsýslu. Svín voru mjög algeng á íslandi
i fornöld, sem sjá má alstaðar af sögunum, en á
þessari öld hafa þau hvergi verið höfð nema ein-
staka sinnum i kaupstöðum og sjöplássum. Hundar
eru mjög margir á íslandi og eflaust miklu fleiri
en þörf gjörist íslenzkir hundar eru fremur litlir,
hvatir og skynugir, með upprétt eyru og hringaða
rófu. Sams konar eða mjög líkir hundar eru norðan
til í Noregi og á Finnlandi. Hundar í heimskauta-
löndunum, t. d. Grænlandi, eru töluvert öðruvísi.
Hundapest með ýmsum hætti hefur opt gengið á
íslandi, einkum þö á Austíjörðum. Kettir eru á
hverjum bæ. Mjög óvíða hafa menn alifugla; forn-
menn höfðu miklu fleiri. Hæns eru víðast, einkum
í kaupstöðum og sumstaðar í varplöndum, því æðar-
fugl hænist að þeim. Endur hafa menn á ein-
staka stað, en gæsir varla nokkursstaðar.
Fiskiveiðar er einn af aðalbjargræðisvegum
landsbúa, enda er mesti aragrúi af alls konar fiski-
tegundum (einkum þó þorski) við íslands strendur á
grynningum og fiskimiðum Qær og nær landi. Lands-
menn gætu eflaust fengið ógrynni Qár úr sjóuum
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ef þeir gætu sótt sjó á þilskipum eins og þyrfti;
af því þilskip eru fá en fiskibátar smáir, þá leiðir
af því, að miklu minna fæst en orðið gæti, og að
fjöidi af mannvænlegustu og hraustustu mönnum
fer árlega í sjóinn; gæftaleysi hindrar menn og opt
frá því að fiska á smábátum þegar þilskip geta
dregið ógrynni fiskjar. Sumstaðar spilla fiskiveiðar
landbúnaðinum, af því menn leita til sjávar og
sækjast eptir stopulum afla, þó þeir gætu haft miklu
meiri ágóða og vissari af jarðræktinni, ef hún væri vel
stunduð; sá ágóði kemur reyndar smátt og smátt,
en sjómennskan getur gefið meiri ábata í svipinn,
ef heppnin er í aðra hönd. Frakkar og Englend-
ingar veiða á þilskipum sínum mest af þeim fiski,
sem dreginn er við strendur landsins. Af engri fiski-
tegund er veitt eins mikið og af þorski. Saltaður
þorskur er einhver hin helzta verzlunarvara frá ís-
landi, en harður fiskur er mest brúkaður innanlands,
en minna flutt til útlanda. Mikið af íslenzkum
fiski er flutt til Spánar. Næst þorskinum má telja
ýsu, löngu, steinbít, hrognkelsi, heilagfiski, upsa,
síld, sköta, háf og hákarl. Fiskiveiðar eru mest
stundaðar við Faxaflóa sunnanverðan, á Snæfellsnesi
og við ísafjarðardjúp; auk þess má telja aðrar
veiðistöðvar, t. d. Vestmanneyjar, Eyjafjörð, Seyðis-
Qörð og víðar. Margir, sem annars lifa af kvikfjár-
rækt, leita til fiskiveranna síðari hluta vetrar til
að róa um vertíðina. Síldarveiði hefur verið tðlu-
verð hin seinustu ár, einkum á Austfjörðum; mest
hefur hún verið stunduð af Norðmönnum, en ís-
lendingar hafa gefið sig lítt við henni. Færeyingar
hafa á seinni árum haft fiskistöðvar á sumrum við
SeyðisQörð og Reyðarfjörð. Hákarlaveiði er stunduð
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með töluverðu kappi, einkum á Vestfjörðum og við
Eyjafjörð; menn fara á sumrin í hákarlalegur vana-
lega á þilskipum, en á opnum skipum stórum á
vetnim. Hákarlslýsi er töluverð verzlunarvara ;
kjötið er etið gamalt og kasað, en skrápurinn hafð-
ur í skó. Laxveiði er í ýmsum stórám á landinu,
en silungsveiði víða í ám og vötnum. f Mý-
vatni og J>ingvallavatni er mikil silungsveiði; í
Mývatni er silungurinn einna mest veiddur á haustin
o g fram undir jól, og er hann þar víða hertur eins
og þorskur. Lax hefur verið fiuttur úr landi salt-
aður og niðursoðinn eða í klaka; nú eru einstðku
menn farnir að Ieigja árnar á sumrum enskum
ferðamönnum, er veiða sér til skeramtunar. Af
skelfiskum er lítið eða ekkert notað til manneldis,
þó margir væri góðir til þess; kræklingur er víða
hafður til beitu. Af spendýrum þeim, er í sjó
lifa, er heldur lítið veitt á Tslandi; hvalaveiðar
hafa aldrei verið stundaðar að neinum mun, en
að eins það hagnýtt, sem á land rekur; marsvín
o g höfrungar, sem Færeyingar hafa svo mikið gagn
af, koma íslendingum til lítilia nota, enda bera
þeir sig varla eptir björginni. Selveiði er tðlu-
verð, þó hvergi eins mikil og við Breiðafjörð.
það má sjá af Böguíslands á seinni öldum, að fiski-
veiðar hafa opt verið landinu meir til niðurdreps en fram-
fara, þvert á móti því, sem verið gat. Meðan einokunar-
verzlunin var á íslandi, kærðu kaupmenn sig miklu
minna um landvöruna en um sjóvöruna; af því leiddi, að
menn, sem annars hefðu ræktað landið, urðu þurrabúðar-
menn og lifðu á fiskiveiðum, og urðu þær stopular, af því
útbúningurinn var í alla staði lélegur. Ef menn stunduðu
hver sína atvinnu, sumir landbúnað eingöngu, aðrir að
eins fiskiveiðar, og kæmu sér upp nógum þilskipum, gæti
sjórinn orðið ótæmandi auðsuppspretta. Seinast á fyrri
6
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Cld áttu íslendingar engin þilskip og þá gaf konungur
landinu tvær duggur 1752, en svo var illa á baldið og svo
var óheppnin mikil, að þær urðu landinu til stórskaða.
1876 voru 58 þilskip á landinu og 3208 opin skip. 1878
höfðu Frakkar 367 þilskip á fiskiveiðum við ísland með
4723 mönnum á og fiskuðu 81 þÚB. skippunda af fiski.
1880 fluttust frá íslandi nær 49 þús. Bkippunda af saltfiski og
af því rúmur helmingur til Spánar; af hörðum fiski fluttust
að eins út 1038 skpd. Á 17. og 18. öld var harði fiskurinn
aðalverzlunarvaran, en útflutningur hans hefur farið smá-
minnkandi ár frá ári ; á miðri 18. öld var eigi flutt
úr landi meir en 2— 300 skpd árlega. Fiskverzlun hefur
vérið snemma frá íslandi, því 1294 voru settar skorður
við því, að skreið væri flutt úr landi meðan hallæri væri.
Á 15. öld höfðu Englendingar miklar fiskiveiðar og fisk-
verzlun viðísland, og síðan Hamborgarar þangað til 1602,
að hið fyrsta danska verzlunarfélag tók við allri verzl-
uninni. Til Kaupmannahafnar fluttust 1880 rúml. 9 þús.
tunnur af lýsi. Sumarið 1880 veiddu Norðmenn á Seyðis-
firði og þar í kring 45,000 tunnur af síld.
Sumstaðar hafa menn nokkra atvinnu af dvra-
veiðum, einkum fugladrápi; ijúpnaveiði er viða
töluverð á haustin, einkum þegar hart er, og eru
ijúpurnar bæði skotnar og snaraðar; bjargfuglaveiði
er töluverð hér og hvar, einkum í Yestmanneyjum,
Grimsey, Drangey og í fuglahjörgum á Vesturlandi
og á einstaka stað á Austurlandi. Lundatekja er
mest í Vestmanneyjum og á Breiðafirði. Æðar-
fuglinn er mjög arðsamur landsbúum, því dúnn er
í háu verði. Meatur er æðarfugl á Breiðafirði, en
víða er þó ágætt varp hér og hvar við strendur
landsins, t. d. á ísafjarðardjúpi í Æðey og Vigur,
við Laxamýri á Tjörnesi, á Hólmum í Reyðarfirði,
í Viðey o. s. frv.
Árið 1734 voru fiutt úr landi 172 B af hreinsuðum
og 5,936 ÍT af óhreinsuðum æðardún ; síðan um aldamótin
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hefur varla flutzt neittnemahreinsaður dúnn, 1880 7600 ÍT.
Auk þess er fiður af ýmsum fuglum eigi alllítil verzl-
unarvara.
|>að má svo heita, að iönaöur sé enginn á
íslandi, þegar litið er til annara landa. Hér og
hvar ofið lítið eitt af vaðmálum til heimabrúkunar,
og prjdnles (sokkar og vetlingar) hefur flutzt úr
landi einkum að norðan. Handiðnamenn (gullsmiðir,
húsasmiðir, trésmiðir, sððlasmiðir o. s. frv.) eru
nokkrir í kaupstöðum, en upp til sveita verða
bændur víða sjálfir að fremja þær handiðnir, sem
þeim eru nauðsynlegar. Smiðjur hafa verið á
flestum bæjum, en nú er þeim farið að fækka,
síðan menn fengu enska ljái og hættu að dengja
ljái sína og spíkur. Gull- og silfursmíði á íslandi
er betra en við mætti búast, en af því svo margs
konar málmprýði þarf við kvennbúninginn íslenzka
hefur þessi handiðnagrein haldizt við og þroskazt.
Árið 1751 kom út maður þýzkur að konungs boði, er
gjöra skyldi ýmislegan klæðnað; hann kom með verk-
smiðju sína og settist að áLeirá, Árið eptir voru stofn-
aðar ullarverksmiðjur o. fl. í Reykjavík, einkum að undir-
lagi Skúla fógeta Magnússonar, en þær urðu að litlum
notum ýmsra hluta vegna, einkum sökum þess, að alþýða
manna var eigi hlynnt fyrirtækjunum og skildi eigi þær
framfaratilraunir, sem höiðingjarnir gjörðu; enda var
það engin furða þótt verksmiðjurnar eigi þróuðust, þegar
þær gátu hvorki haft dúkana jafngóða né jafnódýra og
þeir fengust frá öðrum löndum. það má telja til fram-
fara, að á seinni tímum eru víða notaðar sanmavélar á
íslandi og einstöku prjónavélar.
Verzlun. verzlnn á íslandi sé enn ófull-
komin, þá hefur bún komizt í miklu betra horf en
áður var. Islendingar, sem ekkert áttu hér við
verzlun áður á dögum, eru nú meir og meir að fá
6 *
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yfirráð yfir verzlun sinni, og dönskum kaupmönnum
er að fækka; við það dregst sá ágóði, sem áður
fór til Danmerkar, meir og meir til landsbúa sjálfra;
þó er verzlun vor enn þá mjðg bundin við
Danmörku; þaðan koma flest skip og mest af vörum
og helmingur af öllum kaupmönnum er danskur.
Verzlun við Englendinga er að ryðja sér meir og
meir til rúms á seinni árum. fað sem mest tálmar
framförum í verzlunarsökura er það, að peninga-
verzlun er svo lítil, en mest að eins skipti á ís-
lenzkum vörum gegn útlendum, og þvi næst kaup-
staðarskuldir bænda. Verzlunarvörur frá íslandi
hafa flestar verið taldar áður, t. d. ull, tólg, smjör,
kjöt, skinn, saltfiskur, lýsi, fiður, dúnn, lifandi
peningur (sauðfé og hross) o. s. frv. Inn í landið
er flutt kornvara af ýmsum tegundum, salt, stein-
kol, tjara, járn og járnáhöld, timbur, klæði, lérept,
glysvarningur, brennivín, tóbak, kaffi, sykur og margt
fleira nauðsvnlegt og ónauðsynlegt. Verzlunarfélög
hafa verið stofnuð hér og hvar, en fæstþeirra hafa
átt sér langan aldur, nema Gránufélagið á Norður-
landi, sem aukizt hefur og magnazt ár frá ári.
Verzlun innanlands er engin, einkum sökum stijál-
byggðar og vegaleysis. Verzlunarstaðir með fasta-
kaupmönnum eru rúmir 30 og auk þess nokkrar
löggildar liafnir. Mestir verzlunarstaðir eru Reykja-
vík, ísafjörður og Akureyri; þessir 3 hafa kaup-
staðarréttindi ; þeim næst ganga Seyðisfjörður,
Hafnarfjörður og Stykkishólmur. Peningar, vigt
og mál eru hin sömu sera í Danmðrku. Landaura-
reikningur er hafður i viðskiptum manna á milli
og hefur haldizt síðan í fornöld.
í fornðid ráku landsmenn sjálfir ásamt Norðmönnum
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alla verzlun hér á landi og síðar mest Björginarkaup-
menn; á 15. og 16. öld verzluðu hér mest Englendingar
og svo Hamborgarmenn, og var sú verzlun að mörgu
leyti hagstæð landsmönnum. Afskipti Danakonunga af
verzlun íslands byijuðu með því að Friðrik annar leigði
3 haf'nir. Árin 1602 til 1786 stóð einokunarverzlunin
danska, er gjörði landinu ómetanlegan skaða og drap
niður hug og þrek hjá landsbúum. Voru þá lagðar þungar
refsingar við því að verzla við aðra en hina lögboðnu
kaupmenn, íslenzkir menn máttu ekkert eiga við verzlun,
enginn íslenzkur maður varð verzlunarfuiltrúi og varla
verzlunarþjónn. {>að var og í fyrstu mikið grunnhyggni
landsmanna sjállra að kenna, að þeir komust eigi að
verzluninni. 1576 veitti Friðrik annar Guðbrandi biskup
þorlákssyni leyfi til að hafa skip i förum; biskup keypti
þá skip af Hamborgarmönnum, en svo segir í árbókum
Espólíns, að „lögmenn báðir ok lögréttan lögðust á móti
slíku fyrirtæki biskups, ok kærðu fyrir konungi, kváðu
mikinn óþarfa ok hættu að landsmenn ætti sjálfir kaupfar,
en því var ekki svarað“. Skipið fórst litlu síðar. Árið
1670 kom hingað út Jens Rodsteen aðmíráll og var sendur
af Kristjáni konungi 5. „Aðmírállinn birti það Brynjúlfi
biskupi, að konungr viidi að íslendingar hefði nokkrar
kauphöndlan sjálfir, sem aðrir þegnar hans, og bað hann
auglýsa það prestum í öllu hans biskupsdæmi, og vita
hvað þeir treystu sér til að leggja, svo upplagðir peningar
eða höfuðstóll mætti verða; þar um ritaði biskup próföstum
til, og bað þá halda prestastefuur í héruðum, og senda
sér aptur svar bréflegt, fyrir sumarmál hin næstu; fýsti
hann þá að taka því náðarboði konungs með þökk og
hlýðni, kallaði það bæði mildilegt og nytsamlegt, og óvíst
hvert betur færi ef neitað væri; en flestir töldu vankvæði
á fyrir fátæktar sakir að taka því boði, og kom það fyrir
ekki“ (Espolíns Árb.). 1786 — 1854 var verzlunin frjáls
fyrir alla danska þegna, en síðan 1854 hefur verzlunin
verið frjáls fyrir allar þjóðir.
Brennivín fór fyrst að flytjast til íslands á 17. öld;
kaffi 1772, þá voru hingað send 110 'B' til reynslu; te
brúkuðu heldri menn áður stundum á hátíðum og tylli-
dögum. Tóbak fór fyrst að flytjast til nokkurra muna
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seinast á 17. öld. Árið 1875 komu til íslands um 200
kaupskip , er báru um 18,000 smálestir. J»á voru 39
innlendir fastakaupmenn hér á landi og 31 útlendur.
Utfluttur varningur frá jslandi 1879 var bérumbil 4 1 /*
miljón króna virði.
Landaurareikningur byrjaði svo, að goðar í íornöld
lögðu verð á varning manna bæði innlendan og útlendan
og var þá talið eptir álnum vaðmála, sem þá var lög-
mætur gjaldeyrir; hundrað var þá 120 álnir vaðmála, bver
alin var jafngildi 2 tiska, því harður fiskur var líka gjald-
eyrir, hver tiskur átti að vega 4 merkur. Alin var að lengd
hið sama sem hálf stika ensk (yard) eða 17'/a þuml.
danskur. Lögmætur kvarði var, að því er sagt er, markaður
á stein í kirkjuveggi á {>ingvöllum. Um 1200 kom Páll
biskup Jónsson því til leiðar, að tekið var npp stikumál;
var stika þá tvær álnir fornar. Á 15. öld, þegar verzl-
unin jókst við ftjóðverja, fóru menn að nota Hamborgar-
alin, sem seinna var kölluð íslenzk alin; hún var nærri
22 þumlungar á lengd og hélzt til 1776.
Samgöngur. Vegir eru mjög lélegir á íslandi,
og af því leiðir, að samgöngur eru litlar; þó hefur
nokkuð bætzt úr þessu síðan gufuskipaferðir komust
á kriug um strendur landsins. Vegir eru víðast
hvar eigi annað en niðurtroðnir stigir eptir hesta;
upphlaðnir vegir eru mjög óvíða; beztir eru þeir
í kringum líeykjavík. Á ijallvegum eru eigi óvíða
hlaðnar vörður til leiðbeiningar á vetrum. Götur
eru víða ruddar við og við, en sjaldan er það til
mikilla bóta, því vegirnir verða brátt jafn-grýttir
eptir sem áður, sökum þess að þeir eru niður
grafnir, í stað þess að vera upp hækkaðir.
Göturnar eru auk þess opt óþarflega krókóttar.
Fjallvegir millum Suðmlands og Norðurlands eru
þessir helztir: Holtavörðuheiði vestast, millum
Norðurárdals og Hrútafjarðar. Upp úr júngvalla-
sveit liggur vegur norður á Kaldadal og þaðan til
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Kalmanstungu og síðan norður og austur á Arnar-
vatnsheiði; við Arnarvatn skiptast vegir og liggur
einn norður Grímstungnaheiði niður í Vatns-
dal, en annar austur Sand niður í Skagafjðrð. Upp
úr Biskupstungum liggur vegur norðurKjðl millum
Langjökuls og Hofsjökul, og kallast Kjalvegur;
liggur hann niður í Skagafjörð; upp við jökla
greinist frá Vatnahjalla vegur niður í Evjafjörð,
og er hann mjög sjaldfariun. |>á er Sprengi-
sandsvegur upp meðUjörsáog niður í Bárðardal.
Vatnajökulsvegur (eða Bárðargata) frá Suður-
landi til Austurlands um Vonarskarð fyrir norðan
Vatnajökul er langur, torsóttur og hættulegur, og
hefur ekki verið farinn nema tvisvar á þessari öld.
Vegur frá Norðurlandi austur liggur yíir Mývatns-
öræfi og Jökulsáá Qöllum að Grímsstöðum, og má
þá annaðhvort fara beint austur Dimmafjall-
garð niður í Vopnaljðrð eða suður á við til
Möðrudals og þaðan niður í Jökuldal. Brýr eru
mjög óvíða, enda er varla hægt að brúa margar ár
nema með ærnum kostnaði, en víða mætti hafa
stórar dragfeijur. Póstferðir eru fáar innanlands
og eigi margar til útlanda; en þó er því miklu
betur farið en íyrr á þessari öld. Hafnir eru
margar og góðar, einkum þó á Vestfjörðum. Hinn
eini viti á landinu er á Reykjanesi. Sæluhús eru
mjög fá; hér og hvar við þjóðvegi eru nú veitinga-
hús og greiðasala.
Árið 1776 hói'ust hér fyrst póstferðir landsfjórðuuga
á milli, og um sama leyti byrjuðu póstskipsferðir milli
íslands og Danmerkur. Fyrst framan af fór póstskipið
að eins einu sinni á ári milli Danmerkur og íslands.
1858 kom hið fyrsta gufupóstskip til landsins.
Gnúpa-Bárður fór fyrsturVonarskarð, sem segir í Land-
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námu, en eigi hefur sá vegur verið tíðfarinn þangað til
Björn Gunnlaugsson og Sigurður Gunnarsson fóru hann
1839; árið eptir fóru þeir Sigurður Gunnarsson og Schythe,
danskur náttúru-fræðingur, samaveg, ogfengu hin verstu
illviðri og ófærð um hásumar. Pétur Bryiyólfsson fór
mestan hluta af Vatnajökulsvegi 1794, en þó eigi Vonar-
skarð; hann fór niður í Kiðagil. Stundum var áður farið
af Jökuldal norður yfir Odáðahraun til Kiðagils (Hrafn-
kelssaga), og þann veg fóru Skálholtsbiskupar opt á
vísitazíu-ferðum, og það jafnvel á 17. öld. Um aldamótin
sáust enn vörður á þeim vegi. Mælt er að vegur hafi
verið til forna yfir Vatnajökul í slakkanum suður og
austur af Snæi'elln Kjalveg fóru menn þegar á land-
námstíð. Haustið 1780 urðu þar úti 5 menn með 200 fjár
(Reynistaðarbræður).
Meimtun. Hin lægri alþýðumenntun á ís-
landi er í betra lagi í samanburði við mörg önnur
lönd, sem stærri eru, og þó eru hér mjög fáir
skólar. J>að má víst með sanni segja, að allir Is-
lendingar, sem komnir eru af barnsaldri, kunni að
lesa og allflestir að skrifa; einkum er þó kvenn-
fólkinu ábótavant í hinu síðarnefnda. Fróðleiksfýsn
alþýðu er víða mikil. en skammt eru íslendingar
komnir í verklegri kunnáttu. Eptir lögum 9. janúar
1880 eru prestar skyldir að sjá um, að öll börn,
sem til þess eru hæf, læri að lesa, skrifa og reikna.
Barnaskólar eru fáir og ekki nema í kaupstöðum
og nokkrum sjóplássum, einkum á Suðurlandi.
Kvennaskólar eru þrír á landinu, í Reykjavík, á
Laugalandi í Eyjafirði og hinn þriðji í Skagafirði.
Gagnfræðaskóli er nýstofnaður á Möðruvöllum í
Hörgárdal. í Reykjavík er latínuskóli. Embættis-
próf í guðfræði og læknisfræði geta menn tekið á
prestaskólanum og læknaskólanum í Reykjavík.
J>eir, sera nema vilja lögfræði eða önnur vísindi,
verða að leitá til háskólans í Kaupmannahöfn og
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fá þeir þar nokkurn styrk til bóknáms. Á fyrri öldum
bundu íslendingar sig eigi við einn háskóla, en
stunduðu bókmenntir víðsvegar um Európu. Bókasöfn
eru mest íReykjavík, skiptsbókasafnið á 15 þúsund
binda; þar næst gengur bókasafn bins lærða skóla;
minni bókasöfn eru á Akureyri og ísafirði og
lestrarfélög hér og hvar um sveitir. Prentsmiðjur
eru nú sem stendur 5 á landinu og 7 blöð. Bók-
menntafélagið (stofnað 1816) er hið eina vísindafélag
á landinu; það skiptist í tvær deildir og er önnur
í Reykjavík, hin í Kaupmannahöfn; pjóðvinafélgið
hefur ásamt Bókmenutafélaginu tekið að sér upp-
fræðslu alþýðu. Fornleifafélag er nýstofnað í Reykja-
vík, og þar er forngripasafn. Bókagjörð er meiri
á íslandi en við mætti búast af svo fámennri þjóð.
Ýmsir íslendingar í fornöld voru miklir fræðimenn og
á 12. og 13. öld voru skráð flest þau sagnarit, er
gjört hafa ísland svo frægt í útlöndum. Hið mesta
safn, sem til er af íslenzkum handritum á skinni
og pappír, er safn Árna Magnússonar í Kaupmanna-
höfn í bókhlöðu háskólans; töluvert er og af göml-
um íslenzkum handritum í Stokkhólmi og litið eitt hér
og hvar í öðrum söfnum. Af yngri haudritum, er snerta
sögu og bókmenntir íslands, er töluvert í stipts-
bókasafninu í Reykjavík, einkum þó síðan landið
eignaðist hið merka handrita- og bókasafn Jóns
Sigurðssonar.
ísleifur Gizurarson biskup hélt fyrstur skóla á íslandi
í Skálbolti; hann hafði menntazt á Saxlandi o g kenndi
sjálfur í skólanum ; lærðu þar ýmsir, sem síðar urðumeðal
hinna helztu manna landsins. Jón Ögmundsson (biskup
1105 — 1121) setti fyrstur skóla á Hólum; auk þess voru
skólar í Haukadal og Odda. Eptir að klaustur voru
stofnuð, voru víðast hvar skólar við þau. pað sem kennt
var í skólum hér á landi í þann tíma var reyndar eigi
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margt eða mikið, en þó menntuðust þar margir þeirra
manna, sem mestan sóma hafa gjört íslandi og uppi
munu vera meðan land er byggt. Menn lærðu saltara,
bóklestur, rit og latínu, grammatík, versagjörð á latínu
og söng, Á 12. öld og öndverðri 13. öld var gullöld
íslenzkra bókmennta. Á þeim tímum voru mjög tíðar
utanferðir íslenzkra manna og margir klerkar og kenni-
menn leituðu til skóla víðsvegar um Európu. ísleifur
biskup lærði í Herfurðu á Saxlandi; fór síðan til Róms
og var vígður í Brimum. Gizur biskup var líka í Her-
furðu; fór til Róms og var vígður í Magdeburg. Sæmundur
fróði fór bæði um fjýskaland og Frakkland og var lengi
við bóknám í París. Jón Ögmundsson ferðaðist um I)an-
mörk og Noreg, og fór tvisvar suður til Róms. Hallur
Teitsson biskupsefni andaðistí Trektí Niðurlöndum (1150).
Gizur Hallsson ferðaðist um Ítalíu og reit bók um þá
ferð. |>orlákur helgi var 6 ár í Frakklandi og Englandi.
Páll biskup Jónsson var lengi í Orkneyjum og í skóla á
Englandi; í Noregi var opt fjöldi íslenzkra manna; 1096
voru 300 íslendingar í Niðarósi. Svo voru tíðar utan-
ferðir presta, að Páll biskup lét telja presta í sínu
umdæmi til þess hann gæti séð um, að eigi færu fleiri
en 8vo, að nógir væru eptir í hverri sýslu. Ai' öllu þessu
leiddi, að andiegt líf á íslandi var í þann mund með
miklu meira fjöri og blóma, en annarstaðar á Norður-
löndum og ef til vill þó víðar væri leitað. Á seinni
öldum hefir það verið íslendingum til mikils meins og
fyrirstöðu , að þeir hafa haft svo litlar samgöngur við
önnur lönd og því kynnt sér lítt hagi annara þjóða. A
13. öld fór skólum og bókmenntum að hnigna, bæði af
þeirri óöld, sem þá var í landi, og sökum hirðuleysis,
grunnhyggni og stjórnleysis sumra biskupanna, og var
það þó einkum Guðmundur biskup Arason, sem var hinu
andlega lífi til niðurdreps og fordjörfunar. Hnignun
lærdóms og kunnáttu hjá klerkum var þá bvo mikil, að
1307 voru sendir hingað „visitatores“, og varð þá að setja
marga presta af sökum fáfræði. Einstöku menn voru þó
vel að sér, t. d. biskuparnir Lárentíus Kálfsson og Jón
Halldórsson, sem hafði verið við lærdóm í París og Bon-
onia. Töluvert er enn til af ritum frá 14. öld, en mest
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af því, 8em frumsamið var, var helgra manna sögur og
annað því um líkt. Frá miðri 14- öld hnignaði óðum
aptur, því nú þyngdi allt á landsmönnum : útlendir biskupar
fégjarnir og lítt menntaðir, stórir sjúkdómar, eldgos,
harðindi og óstjórn; þá voru helzt ritaðar lygilegar og
klúrar riddarasögur og rímur. Um siðabótina var menntun
manna á íslandi orðin mjög léleg; skólar höfðu aldrei
verið fastar stofnanir, en að eins komið undir vilja biskupa
og annara lærðra manna, hvort þeir höfðu menn til kennslu
eða ekki; framan af gekk allt vel eins og fyrr er sagt,
en þegar hér var komið sögunni, gekk allt á tréfótum
bæði andiegt og veraldlegt; biskupar skeyttu Htt eða
ekkert um uppfræðslu, því þeim þótti það til kostnaðar
sér og óhagræðis. Fyrir fortölur Gizurar biskups ætlaði
Kristján 3. árið 1542 að stofna tvo latínuskóla, í Yiðey
og áHelgafelli, og 3barnaskóia á þrem öðrum klaustrum
í Skálholtsbiskupsdæmi ; en þegar Gizur var farinn frá
Höfn, tók konungur það aptur, af því hann mundi þá
eptir, að Ótta Stígsson hirðstjóra vantaði ábýlisjörð, og
fekk honum Viðey. {>ó voru 1553 stofnaðir tveir latínu-
skólar, á Hólum og í Skálholti. íslenzkir stúdentar voru
hvattir til utanferðar með því, að þeir fengu meðan þeir
voru við háskólann viðurværi ókeypis. Árið 1618 bauð
Kristján 4. biskupunum að láta að minnsta kosti einn
pilt frá hverjum skóla fara; til háskólans á ári. það sem
þá var kennt var að eins lestur og nokkuð í söng og af
málum ekkert annað en latína, og var lagt ríkt á, að
ekki væri talað annað; lítið eitt var farið um 1600 að
kenna í grísku þeim, sem lengst voru komnir. Svo var
þá lítið um lærða menn á íalandi, að framan af varð að
fá danska kennara til skólanna. Um byrjun 17. aldar
voru hér þó nokkrir merkir fræðimenn, t. d. Guðbrandur
þorláksson, Brynjólfur Sveinsson, þorlákur Skúlason,
Björn á Skarðsá og Arngrímur Jónsson. Arngrímur
Jónsson lærði (1568—1648) var mikill fræðimaður og hinn
fyrsti, sem fræddi útlendinga um ísland og íslendinga,
en áður höfðu gengið mestu skröksögur um landið; varð
hann mjög frægur fyrir rit sín. þá fór fyrst erlendis að
útbreiðast nokkur þekking á íslenzkum og norrænum
fornfræðum, eiukum fyrir tilstilli Óla Worms í Kaup-
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mannahöfn; en það var þó einkum um næstu aldamót,
að menn fóru betur að rannsaka sagnarit íslenzk, og voru
þeir f>ormóður Torfason (f 1719) og Árni Magnússon
(t 1730) mestir frumkvöðlar þess; þeir lifðu báðir erlendis.
þó einstakir menn um þetta leyti héldi uppi sóma þjóðar-
innar, þá var þó skólunum mjög ábótavant; þá varHarbó
sendur upp til íslands og var þar 1741—45 til þess að
líta eptir ásigkomulagi skóla, kirkna o. s. frv. ; var að
hans tilstilli samin ný reglugjörð fyrir skólana 3. maí
1743, og var hún mjög til bóta; átti eptir henni að bæta
við mörgum vísindagreinum og se(ja betri reglu á allt;
en þó tilgangurinn væri góður, þá var reglugjörð þessari
eigi vel framfylgt, bæði sökum skeytingarleysis biskupa
og af andlegri og líkamlegri eymd og vesöld landsbúa.
Árið 1785 eptir harðindin miklu var Skálholtsskóli fluttur
til Reykjavíkur, og Hólaskóli 1801, og voru þeir þá sam-
einaðir; skólarnir voru áður orðnir lítt nýtir, en eigi tók
betra við þegar kom til Reykjavíkur ; skólahúsið var eins
og hjallur og í því alveg ólifandi á vetrum; kennarar
voru fákunnandi; viðurværi pilta dýrt og illt og allur
aðbúnaður hinn lakasti. 1805 var skólinn fluttur til
Bessastaða og var þar til 1846; þá var hann fluttur til
Reykjavíkur. Gagnfræða-skóli á Möðruvöllum var stofn-
aður með lögum 17. nóv. 1879 og byrjaði þar kennsla
1. októberl880. Jón forkelsson skólameistari í Skálholti
gaf 1759 eigur sínar allar til að stofna barnaskóla
(Thorchillii-sjóður).
Hið fyrsta vísindafélag var stofnað á íslandi 1760 og
hét „hið ósýnilega félag u , og var Hálfdán Einarsson ein-
hver helzti frumkvöðull þess; gaf það sig einkum við
fornfræði. J>ví næst var stofnað hið íslenzka lærdóms-
listafélag 1779, og hið íslenzka landsuppfræðingarfélag
1794. Bókmenntafélagið var stofnað 1816 og varRasmus
Rask hinn fyrsti frumkvöðull þess. þjóðvinafélagið var
stofnað 1870. Hið fyrsta tímarit, sem út kom á íslandi,
var á dönsku, og var nefnt Islandske Maanedstidender (í
Hrappsey 1774 — 75), en Minnisverð Tíðindi byrjuðu 1795
og síðan tók við Klausturpósturinn 1818.
Jón biskup Arason fékk fyrsta prentara til íslands,
sænskan prest Jón Mathíasson; fékk hann Breiðabólsstað
í Yesturhópi og er mælt að þar hafi ein eða tvær bækur
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verið prentaðar. Sá sem mest og bezt notaði prentlistina
var Guðbrandur biskup þorláksson og var Jón Jónsson
Mathíassonar prentari hans; lét hann prenta bækur á
Núpufelli í Eyjafirði og svo á Hólum, og á hans tíma
stóð prentverkið í mesta blóma. þórður biskup þorláksson
flutti það 1685 til Skálholts, en Steinn biskup Jónsson
aptur til Hóla 1712 og þar var það til 1799. Árið 1772
útvegaði Ólalur Olavius konungsleyfi til að stofna prent-
smiðju í Hrappsey og hafði Bogi Benediktsson hana þar
þangað til 1794; þá keypti Björn Gottskálksson hana með
styrk landsuppfræðingarfélagsins ogflutti aðLeirárgörðum;
þangað komu og 1799 leifar Hólaprentsmiðjunnar ; á
Beiti8töðum varhún 1817 og 1818, svo í Viðey 1819 — 1844;
síðan var hún flutt til Reykjavíkur. Nú eru 2 prent-
smiðjur (með hraðpressum) í Reykjavík, 2 á Akureyri og
ein á Eskifirði. A Elliðavatni var prentsmiðja 1872, þó
leyfislaust.
Trúarbrögð. íslendingar eru allir Lúters-
trúar og hin evangelisk-lúterska kirkja er þjóðkirkja
á íslandi. Eins og alkunnugt er, var kristni lög-
tekin hér á alþingi árið 1000; þó höfðu ýmsir kristnir
menn verið hér á landi áður. Lúterstrú kom
hingað á miðri 16. öld. Kaþólskir menn frá Frakk-
landi hafa eptir miðja þessa öld gjört nokkrar til-
raunir til að boða trú sína hér á landi, en hefur
ekki orðið ágengt. Mormónar hafa aptur á móti
getað snúið ýmsum, einkum i Vestmanneyjum.
Trúarfrelsi komst fyrst í lög með stjórnarskránni
1874.
Árin 1056—1106 var að eins einn biskup á
íslandi, en síðan urðu tveir biskupsstólar á land-
inu, annar í Skálholti, hinn á Hólmu; en biskups-
dæmin voru sameinuð aptur 1801. Nú situr biskup
i Reykjavík og hefur hann ásamt amtmanninum í
suðurumdæminu (stipsyfirvöld) yfirstjórn kirkju- og
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kennslumála. Undir biskup lúta prdfastar og prestar;
landinu er skipt í 20 prdfástsdæmi og 141 presta-
kall. í bverri kirkjusókn á (eptir lögum 27. febr.
1880) að vera sóknarnefnd og i hverju prófastsdæmi
héraðsnefnd til þess að annast kirkjuleg málefni.
J>au brauð, sem metin eru 1400 kr. og þar yfir,
veitir konungur; hin landshöfðingi. Árið 1877 voru
299 kirkjur alls á íslandi. Allflestar eru nú úr
timbri, nokkrar úr torfi og fáeinar úr steini. Orgön
eða harmonia eru í mörgum kirkjum. Prestaskólinn
í Reykjavík komst á stofn árið 1847; áður höfðu
stúdentar frá latínuskólunum beinlínis orðið prestar.
Sagt er um Ketil fíflska, er nani land á Síðu, að
hann hati verið vel kristinn; hann bjó íKirkjubæ, þar er
áður höfðu setið Papar, „ok eigi máttu þar heiðnir menn
búa“. örlygur gamli gerði kirkju að Esjubergi, og hefur
það líklega verið hin fyrsta kirkja hér á landi. Árið
1203 lét Páll biskup Jónsson í Skálholti telja presta og
kirkjur í sínu biskupsdæmi og voru þar þá 220 kirkjur
og presta þurfti 290; befur eptir því að líkindum verið
nærri hálft §órða hundrað kirkna á öllu landinu. Árið
1877 voru hér 299 kirkjur, þar af 7 steinkirkjur , 217
timburkirkjur og 75 torfkirkjur. Fyrsta organ á íslandi
setti Magnús Stephensen í Leirárkirkju árið 1800. þing-
eyraklaustur var hið fyrsta klaustur sem stofnað var á
íslaudi (árið 1133); hið síðasta klaustur var stofnað í
Skriðu í Fljótsdal um 1493.
LœknasJcipun. Landlœknir í Reykjavík hefur
nmsjón yfir heilbrigðisástandi og læknum á öllu
íslandi og erjafnframt forstöðumaður læknaskólans;
hann fær skýrslur frá öllum héraðslæknum og sendir
árlega aðalskýrslu til heilbrigðisráðsins í Kaup-
mannahöfn. Landinu er skipt í 20 læknishéruð.
Sérhverri sýslu er skipt í fleiri eða færri yfirsetu-
kvennadæmi, og ákveður amtsráðið, hve margar
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skuli vera í hverri sýslu, en amtmaður skipar þær eptir
tillðgum sýslunefndar. Sjúkrahús eru að eins í Reykja-
vík og á Akureyri. Læknaskóli er í Reykjavík,
og er kennslutími þar 4 ár; þó verða kandídatar
þaðan að vera einn vetur á eptir við spítala í
Kaupmannahöfn. prjár eru lyijabúðir á íslandi, í
Reykjavik, Stykkishólmi og á Akureyri.
Fyrstur landlæknir á íslandi varð Bjarni Pálsson
1760 og bjó hann 1 Nesi við Seltjörn; 1766 voru fyrst
settir héraðslæknar á íslandi og voru þá að eins tveir,
annar fyrir vestan, hinn fyrir norðan; 1772 var settur
læknir á Austurlandi. Fyrsta lyfjabúð var stofnuð 1772.
Árið 1761 kom út hingað dönsk yfirsetukona og var hér
lengi ; 1766 voru 100 dalir veittir til að launa íslenzkum
yósmæðrum. Læknaskólinn var stofnaður með lögum 11.
febr. 1876, áður var læknakennsla hjá landlækni um
nokkur ár, en enginn fastur skóli. Árið 1652 var ákveðið
að 4 spítalar fyrir holdsveika menn skyldu stofnaðir á
íslandi, sinn 1 hverjum landsfjórðingi, og voru gefnar
jarðir til; alþjða lagði seinna til nokkuð af fiskiafla
sínum og öðru , en optast var það af skornum skammti,
svo opt lá við sjálft, að þeir færu á vonarvöl. Hinn
27. maí 1746 kom út lagaboð um spítalahluti og hefur
haldizt síðan nokkuð breytt. Með opnu bréfi 23. ág.
1848 var stofnaður læknasjóður; var þá fyrir skipað að
engan holdsveikan mann skyldi framar taka á spítalana,
en afgjöld jarðanna og spítalatekjurna skyldu renna í
læknasjóðinn.
StjórnarsJcipun. Stjórnarskrá landsins er
dagsett 5. janúarl874, og er hún að mörgu frjáls-
leg. „ísland er óaðskiljanlegur hluti Danaveldis
með sérstökum landsréttindum“ og lýtur Dana-
konungi; sérstakur ráðgjafi er fyrir ísland, en
dómsmálaráðgjafi Dana hefuv enn það embætti á
hendi, svo ráðgjafi íslands er þannig bundinn við
aðra stöðu og við vilja ríkisþingsins danska. Æðsta
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framkvæmdarvald innanlands hefur landshöfðingi,
en þó á ábyrgð ráðgjafans. Löggjafarvald
hefur konungur með alþingi. Á alþingi sitja 30
þjóðkjörnir þingmenn og 6 konungkjörnir; þing er
haldið annaðhvort ár, þingmenn eru kosnir til 3
þinga (6 ára). Alþingi er í 2 deildum; í efri deild
sitja hinir konungkjörnu og 6 þjóðkjörnir, en í
neðri deild 24 þjóðkjörnir. Hæstiréttur Dana í
Kaupmannahöfn hefur æðsta dómsvald; landsyfir-
rétturinn í Reykjavík er yfirdóraur landsins; í
honum sitja 3 menn. Sýslumenn og bæjarfógetar
eru dómarar í héraði; mál millum einstakra manna
skal leggja til sátta, en ef eigi gengur saman, er
málinu vísað til dóms og laga. Landinu er skipt
í 3 ömt eða umdæmi, suðururadæmið, vesturum-
dæmið, og norður- og austurumdæmið , en eigi
eru nema tveir amtmenn, annar í suður- og
vesturumdæminu og situr í Reykjavík, en hinn
yfir norður- og austurumdæminu og situr á
Akureyri. Landinu er skipt í 18 sýslur, 3 kaup-
staði og 171 hrepp. Æðstur embættismaður innan-
lands er landshöfðingi, svo amtmenn, og þarnæst
sýslumenn og bæjarfógetar. Sýslumenu og bæjar-
fógetar eru dómarar og lögreglustjórar; þeir heimta
saman skatta og tolla og skipta dánarbúum; að-
stoðarmenn sýslumanna eru hreppstjórar. í hverju
amti er amtsráð, í hverri sýslu sýslunefnd,
og í hverjum hrepp hreppsnefnd. Land-
fógeti er aðalféhirðir landsins; hann tekur við
tekjum landssjóðs og greiðir gjöld hans. Tekjur
hefur landssjóður mestar af tolli á áfengum dryklg-
um og tóbaki og svo af ýmsum sköttum, ábúðar-
skatti og lausafjárskatti, tekjuskatti, o. fl.; þar við
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bætist árgjald úr ríkissjóði Dana, tekjur af við-
lagasjóði o. s. frv. Útgjöld eru raest til dómgæzlu
og lögreglustjórnar, þar næst til skóla, gufuskips-
ferða, vegabóta, brauðauppbótar o. fl. Til almennings-
þarfa eru ýmsir sjóðir, t. d. viðlagasjóðurinn, lækna-
sjóðurinn, jafnaðarsjóðir, búnaðarsjóðir, Thorchillii
barnaskólasjóður,JónsSigurðssonar legat, styrktarsjóð-
ur Kristjáns 9., jarðeldasjóður, prestsekknasjóður o. fl.
Á íslandi eru þessar sýslur. í suðurum-
dæminu Skaptafellssýsla frá Lónsheiði (austur
frá Hornaíirði) að Jökulsá á Sólheimasandi, þá
Kangárvallasýsla, sem nær vestur að |>jórsá.
Fyrir utan Landeyjar er Vestmanneyjasýsla,
en Árnessýsla nær frá Jpjórsá vestur fyrirSelvog;
því næst er Gullbringu- og Kjósarsýsla að
Hvalfjarðarbotni ; svo Borgarfjarðarsýsla að
Hvítá í Borgarfirði og er hún saraeinuð Mýra-
sýslu í vesturumdæminu, sem nær vestur að Hítará.
Snæfellsnes- og Hnappadalssýsla nær frá
Hítará að Gljúfurá, er rennur í Hvammsfjörð
sunnanverðan, en Dalasýsla þaðan í Gilsfjarðar-
botn ; þá er Barðastrandarsýsla að Langanestá
í Arnarfirði, í safj arðarsýsla að Geirólfsgnúp á
Ströndum, og Strandasýsla þaðan að Hrúta-
fjarðará. í norðurumdæminu er Húnavatns-
sýsla vestast; hún nær frá Hrútafjarðará að
Skagatá á nesinu milli Húnaflóa og SkagaQarðar;
því næst er Skagafjarðarsýsla og nær hún að
Almenningsnöf fyrir vestan Siglufjörð, þá Eyja-
fjarðarsýsla að Eyjafarðarbotni og Vaðlaheiði,
svo J>ingeyjarsýsla að Gunnólfsvíkurfjalli. í
austurumdæminu er Norðurmúlasýsla fráGunn-
ólfsvíkurfjalli að Dalatanga millum Seyðisfjarðar
7
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og Mjdafjarðar, og Suðurmúlasýsla suður að
Lónsheiði.
Nokkrir merkisstaðir á íslandi.
Reykjavík er höfuðstaður landsins, fjöl-
mennastur og mestur verzlunarstaður, við suð-
austurhornið á Faxaflóa, á norðanverðu Seltjarnarnesi ;
og þó hann sé eigi nema lítið þorp í saraanburði
við bæi erlendis, þá er haun þó stærstur bær á ís-
landi. far er alþingi haldið; þar bvr landshöfð-
ingi, amtmaður suður- og vesturumdæmisins, bisk-
up, landlæknir, landfógeti og ýmsir fleiri embættis-
menu. J>ar er landsyfirréttur, læknaskóli, presta-
skóli, latínuskóli, kvennaskóli og barnaskóli; tvær
prentsmiðjur, hegningarhús, lyfjabúð, sjúkrahús,
stiptsbókasafn og forngripasafn ; þar er aðsetur
annarar deildar Bókmenntafélagsins. Meginhluti
bæjarins stendur í kvos milli tveggjahæða; sunnan
í kvosinn er tjörn og eru því flest hús á grandanum
milli tjarnarinnar og sjávar og svo utan í hæðunum
beggja megin. Úr tjörninni rennur lækur um miðj-
an bæinn til sjávar. Flest hús eru úr timbri, með
helluþaki, að eins fá úr steiui. Fyrir utan bæinn eru
margir torfbæir, en þó er þeim farið að fækka.
Götur eru flestar nokkurn veginn beinar og vegir í
kringum bæinn í betra lagi; áðu voru alstaðar
hrjóstug holt, en mörg af þeim eru smátt og
smátt að verða að túnum. í miðjum bænum er
umgirtur grasi vaxinn flötur, Austurvöllur, og á
honum miðjum líkneskja af Albert Thorvaldsen úr
bronze. Helztu hús í Reykjavík eru: dómkirkjan,
fyrir sunnan Austurvöll; þar er skírnarfontur úr
marmara eptir Thorvaldsen, hið mesta listasmíði;
litlu vestar stendur al þingishúsið; það er mikið
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hús, nýreist úr höggnu grjóti; þangað á að flytja
stiptsbókasafnið og forngripasafnið ; latínuskólinn
er iir tirabri og stendur í brekkunni austan við
kvosina, við hann er bókklaða úr steini ; og lands-
höfðingjahúsið, nokkru norðaustar í brekkunni
við kvosina. Skipalægi er allgott í Revkjavík, en
þó nokkuð útgrynni og töluverður sjór í norðanátt,
því þá stendar beint uppá hafnarmynnið. Fyrir
utan höfnina er Effersey (Örfirisey) og er þaðan
giandi til lands, sem er þurr um fjöru; á þessari
ey stóðu verzlunarhúsin þangað til 1780; uppruna-
lega er sagt að þau hafi verið á Rtlum bólma
suður o g vestur af eynni, en þar fellur nú sjór
yfir. Austanvert við hafnarmynnið er Engey,
og þá Viðey; þar var klaustur og seinna prent-
smiðja.
Reykjavík hefur mjög vaxið á þessari öld;
nokkuru eptir aldamótin voru þar um 300 íbúar;
nú eru þar fram undir 2600 í bænura (kaupstaðnum),
en í Rvíkursókn allri nær 3000.
Bessastaðir eru suður frá Reykjavík á Álpta-
nesi norðanverðu; þar var latínuskóli (1805 — 1846)
og þar sátu höfuðsmenn á íslandi. Hafnar-
fjörður, nokkru snnnar og austar, er töluverður
verzlunarstaður og þar er góð höfn; verzlunarstaður
þessi er allQölmennur og stendur undir hraunrönd,
eru margir torfbæir fyrir utan tiraburhúsin innan
um hraungjóturnar.
1 Borgarfjarðarsýslu í Reykholtsdal er Reyk-
holt, þar bjó hinn nafnfrægi sagnaritari Snorri
Sturluson og var þar myrtur 1241. Engar forn-
leifar eru þar eptir, nema Snorralaug.
í Árnessýslu norðan við J>ingvallavatn eru
7*
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f>ingvellir; það er einn af merkustu stððum
landsins; þar var alþingi haldið 930 — 1800. Norður
af pingvallavatni eru stórir hraunflákar og hafa að
öllum líkindum runnið úr Skjaldbreið; í hrauni
þessu em margar gjár og sprungur, og eru þeirra
merkastar Almannagjá og Hrafnagjá; hefur land-
spildan milli gjánna sigið niður, svo vestari barm-
urinn á Almannagjá og eystri barraurinn á Hraftia-
gjá eru hærri en hinir. Á hraunum þessum er
mikil og einkennileg náttúrufegurð, og af því
staðurinn lá vel við samgöngum og var að mörgu
hentugur, kaus Geitskór hann til þingstaðar.
Öxará fellur niður vestari barminn á Almannagjá,
síðan nokkra stund eptir gjánni og brýzt svo gegn-
um eystri barminn, og eru þar litlir fossar; áður
en áin fellur úr gjánni er hylur, sem kallaðar er
Drekkingarhylur, af því að þar var fvrrum konum
drekkt, er fyrir farið höfðu bðrnum sínum. Fyrir
neðan fossana kvíslast áin og myndar hólma og
eyrar; fvrrum var hólmurinn aðeinseinn; þar háðu
menn einvígi; nú eru hólmarnir fleiri. Öxará fellur
síðan út í þ>ingvallavatn. Fyrir norðan ána, þar
sem hún fellur austur úr gjánni, eru sléttir vellir;
þar hefur lögréttan líklega verið í fornöld; á 16.
öld var hún í Öxarárhólma og um 1700 fyrirvestan
ána. Fyrir vestan ána undir brekkunni, þar sem
hallar niður af eystri barmi Almannagjár, eru
ýmsar búðarústir, þó líklega flestar frá seinni öldum;
ýmsar búðir voru fyrrum beint á móti fyrir austan
ána og 8vo norðar. í fornöld var brú á ánni.
Norður af J>ingvallabæ, þar sem lægst er, er hraun-
tangi mikill og djúpar gjár á 3 vegu og vatn í;
þar kalla menn Lögberg; út á hrauntanga þennan
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er að eins gangandi að sunnan; eystri gjáin kallast
Flosagjá, hin vestari Nikulásargjá. Eigi eru menn
á eitt sáttir um það, hvar Lögberg hafi verið í fornöld;
segja sumir það hafi hér verið, en aðrir á Almanuagjár-
barminum eystri suður af fossinum fyrir ofan búðirnar.
Suður frá pingvallavatni er Eyrarbakki
fyrir austan mvnnið á ölfusá; þar er töluverð
verzlun, en höfnill; eru skip þar bundin til beggja
hliða í sker. Austur af pingvöllum í Eiskups-
tungum er Skálholt, skammt fyrir ofan ármótin
þar sem Brúará fellur í Hvíta. Skálholt er einn
af hinum merkustu bæjum í sögu landsins. Gizur
hvíti bjó þar kringum árið 1000 og síðan ísleifur
sonur haus, er fyrstur varð biskup á íslandi; liann
kvað svo á, að þar skyldi vera biskupssetur og þar
sátu biskupar síðan (1056 — 179C5); þar var latínu-
skóli stofnaður 1553, en 1785 var hanu fluttur til
Keykjavíkur. par var prentsmiðja um tíma
(1685—1699); bæriun var þar áður ágætlega hús-
aður og mikil timburkirkja, en nú sér þess lítt
merki.
í Skálholti hafa raargir viðburðir gjörzt, er merkir
þykja í sögu landsins. þar var ráðizt á Jón biskup
Gerriksson 1433 og honum síðan drckkt í Brúará. þar
varl>idrik von Minden veginnl539, og Jón biskup Arason
og synir hans höggnir 1550. Kirkja brann í Skáiholti
1309 og 1526, og 1630 öll bæjarhús raeð miklu af bókum
og skjölum. ^
Austur af Eyrarbakka í Rangárvallasýslu er
Oddi, í tungu þar sem Kangár falla í pverá;
þar var lengi höfðingjasetur ; þar var t. d. Sæmund-
ur fróði og Jón Loptsson, sem var einbver rnestur
höfðingi á íslandi á þeim tíma; hjá honum lærði
Snorri Sturluson.
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Fyrir Landeyjum liggja Vestmanneyjar og
cru sýsla sér. Að eins ein ey er byggð og kallast
Heimaey (eða Heimalandið). Vestmanneyjar eru
mjög sæbrattar; hæstur er Heimaklettur (916‘), þver-
bnýptur upp úr sjó, og tengir lágur grandi hann
við Heimaey. Austan til á miðri eynni er Helga-
fell; það er gamalt eldQall og hefur töluvert hraun
runnið vestur af því. í kringum Heimaey eru
margir sæbrattir hólmar og sker; einkennilegast er
Súlusker, suöur af Heimaev; þar verpa súlur; sker
]»etta stendur á fjórum súlum og má róa í gegn um
það. Sjórinn hefir etið sig í gegn um stallagrjótið
og myndað svo göt og hvelfingar; svo ersumstaðar
á íslandi, t. d. Dyrhólaey fyrir framan Mýrdal, og
á Snæfellsnesi. Eyjamenn hafa helzt fuglaveiði,
fiskiveiði og eggjatekju til bjargræðis sér; kaup-
staður er á evnni og allgóð höfn. Evjarnar tóku
nafn af írskum ])rælum, er drepið höfðu Hjörleif
fóstbróður íngólfs landnámsmanns og flýðu þangað.
Tyrkneskir víkingar frá Alzír í Afríku rændu Vest-
manneyjar 1627.
í vesturumdæminu er Stykkishólmur á
skaga er gengur norður úr Snæfellsnesi innanverðu;
það er töluverður verzlunarstaður og eigi allfáar
snotrar byggingar. Milli Súgandiseyjar og lands er
höfnin; er hún lítil en allgóð fyrir smá skip þegar
inn er komið. Jw er lyfjabúð.
Á Breiðafirði er mesti aragrúi af eyjum og
skerjum; eru sumar eyjarnar hálendar, t. d.
Hrappsey; þar var prentsmiðja á 18. öld; fleiri
eru þó láglendar, t. d. Brokey. Af nyrðri eyja-
klasanum er Flatey merkust; þar er verzlunarstaður
og höfn lítil, en örugg. þar var klaustur á 1 2. öld
(1172 — 84), en yar síðau flutt að Helgafelli nálægt
Stykkishólmi. í norðaustur af Flatey eru á landi
Reykhólar; það er ein með mestu jörðum á
landinu; ]iar er dúntekja, seladráp, hverar o. s. frv.
Suður og vestur úr ísaQarðardjúpi framarlega
skerstinn SkutulsQörður; þar er verzlunarstaður all-
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mikill, er heitir ísafjörður; gengur hann næst
Keykjavík að stærð og hiísabyggingu. ísafjörður
hefur kaupstaðarréttindi og bæjarstjórn sér. Fölks-
tala 520. Bærinn er Byggður á eyri, er gengur
að vestanverðu út í fjörðinn. Fj 7 rir ofan tangann er
ágæt höfn (Pollurinn), ef til vill bezta liöfn á
landinu; innsiglingin er örmjó, en öruggt skipalægi
fyrir jjölda skipa fyrir innan.
í Húnasatnssýslu verzla menn á Skagaströnd
02 Blönduós. Skagaströnd er tveir verzlunarstaðir
(Höfðakaupstaður og Hólanes); þar er mjög illt og
hættulegti skipalægi, fyrir opuu hafi. í Skagafjarðar-
sýslu eru Hofsós, Grafarós og Sandárkrókur
verzlunarstaðir og er á öllum illt skipalægi. í firöiuum
miðjum er I) r a n g e y, og M á 1 m e y austar og norðar.
Drangeyer girt snarbröttum hundrað faðma hám hömr-
um á alla vegu. Suður frá eynni er uppmjór drangur,
er kallast Kerling, en fyrir noröan hana er drangur
eða sker, sem heitir Karl; hann var áður hár, en
er nú fallinn. Beit dálítil er uppi á eynni og mesti
grúi af fugli í björgunum; er þar tekið mikið af
bjargfugli og eggjum; mest af fugli er veitt á fiekurn
kringum eyna í hrossbárssnörum. par var Grettir.
Hólar í Hjaltadal voru biskupssetur 1106 til
1801; þar var latínuskóli og prentsmiðja. Hóla-
kirkja er stór og mjög merkileg bygging, af rauðum
steini úr Hólabyrðu; þar eru margar leifar frá fyvri
tímum, útskorin altaristafia úr tré, altarisklæði með
myndum af þrem íslenzkum dýrölingum (porláki,
Jóni og Guðmundi), skírnarfontur úr steini frá Tinda-
stóli , myndir af biskupum , legsteinar o. m. fi. í
túninu má enn sjá nokkrar menjar af byggingum
Jóns biskups Arasonar. Á Reynistað var nunnu-
klaustur stofnað 1295; þar dó Gizur jarl (1268).
Yestast og nyrzt í Eyjafjarðarsýslu er Siglu;
fjörður; þar er verzlunarstaður og góð höfn. Á
Möðruvöllum í Hörgárdal er gagnfræðaskóli; þar
var áður klaustur (1296—1546) og amtmannssetur
á þessari öld.
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Innst við Eyjafjörð vestanverðan er Akureyri,
o g stendur bærinn strandlengis undir brekku; þar
er allmikil verzluu og eíns á Oddeyri, sem telst
þar undir og er litlu utar. Fólkstala 4 40. Höfnin
er góð, því Oddeyri lykur um hana að utan, en
smátt og smátt grynnist hún þó ofantil, því Eyja-
Qarðará ber fram mikið af sandi og aur. Akureyri
hefur bæjarstjórn sér og kaupstaðarréttindi ; þar er
amtmaður, sýslumaður, læknir og lyfjabúð. J>ar
eru tvær prentsmiðjur. Utarlega á Eyjafirði er
Hrísey, og Grímsey nærri 6 mílur undan landi,
fyrir norðan lieimskautsbaug; þar . er prestssetur, og
lifa eyjarskeggjar mest á bjargfugli og fiskiveiðum.
I I>ingevjarsýslti er Húsavík helztur verzl-
unarstaður; þar er skipalægi fyrir opnu hafi. Á
Skjálfandafióa er Flatey. Vestanvert við Jökulsá
í Axarfirði norðarlega er^Ásbyrgi, er þykir einn
með fegurstu stöðurn á íslandi.
í Norðurmúlasýslu er Vopnafjörður norðar-
lega; þar er töluverð verzlun, en höfn eigi góð.
Sev ðisfj Örðu r, töluvert sunnar, er nú orðinn all-
mikið þorp, einkum síðan síldarveiðin fór að verða
þar svo mikil. J>ar er undirlendi mjög lítið; húsin
standa fyrir fjarðarbotninum og strjált fram með
sjónum beggja megin; utar með firðinum norðan-
verðum er Vestdalseyri, sem telja má tilSeyðis-
fjarðar, þó þav sé eiginlega sérstakur verzlunar-
staöur. I Suðurmúlasýslu eru tveir verzlunárstaðir:
Eskifjörður, við lítinn Qörð, er skerst norðvestur
úr Reyðarfirði ; þar er prentsmiðja. Nokkru sunnar
framarlega við BeruQörð er Djúpivogur; þar er
ágæt höfn, hömrum lukt, og hlé fyrir öllum vindum.
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Legal education is the education of people who wish to become legal professionals or those who wish to earn their law degree.
Education by subject
ja:法学部 |
"Extreme Spots" is the first part of the 9th season of SpongeBob SquarePants. It was first shown on television on July 21, 2012. In the episode, SpongeBob and Patrick try to join an extreme sports team. The episode guest stars Johnny Knoxville as Johnny Krill.
The episode was a part of a television marathon called "The Super Spongy Square Games". The marathon was watched by 3.7 million people. This made the marathon the most watched kids program for the week it was shown. The episode was released on a DVD named Extreme Kah-Rah-Tay on January 15, 2013.
Story
SpongeBob and Patrick are playing in sand and see an extreme sports team named The Drasticles (short for The Drastic Radicals). The members of The Drasticles are two fish named Grand Maul Granny and Not Dead Ted and a krill named Johnny Krill. A British fish tells SpongeBob and Patrick that they are part of an extreme sports team. Patrick thinks that the fish said "extreme spots" because of the fish's lisp, so he stings himself with a jellyfish to get "extreme spots". Johnny Krill tells SpongeBob to get on a motorbike to see if SpongeBob can play extreme sports. Patrick sandboards down a mountain with Grand Maul Granny. Both SpongeBob and Patrick are not able to keep up with the sports and are told that the sports are too extreme for them.
SpongeBob and Patrick try jump roping. The Drasticals show "extreme" jump rope by having Not Dead Ted being put on fire and having him jump to an airplane. SpongeBob tries blowing a bubble next. The Drasticals make Johnny Krill ride a motorcycle inside a bubble, which hits a building. SpongeBob tries to do boxing with a pillow and loses. Johnny puts the pillow in a washing machine and gets attacked by a mattress. Patrick shows himself dumpster diving. Grand Maul Granny shows "extreme" dumpster diving by having herself compacted with the waste. SpongeBob and Patrick tell The Drasticals that they like to catch jellyfish. The Drasticals try catching jellyfish and get injured and covered in spots. The British fish comes back and says that extreme spots come from extreme sports.
Reception
Paul Mavis of DVD Talk said that the episode "gets big laughs from some very funny bits" but called the "stereotypical" British fish "a scream." Joe Corey of Inside Pulse calls the episode "equally dangerous" as the rest of the episodes in the Extreme Kah-Rah-Tay DVD.
References
Other websites
SpongeBob SquarePants episodes
2012 television episodes |
Piatra Neamț (), , ) is the capital city of Neamț County, in the historical region of Western Moldavia, in northeastern Romania.
References
Cities in Romania |
Etterbeek is a municipality in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007, 42342 people lived there.
It is at 50° 49 North, 04° 23 East.
References
Municipalities of Brussels-Capital Region |
Army is a 1996 Hindi movie. It was directed by Raam Shetty. The movie stars Shahrukh Khan and Sridevi in the lead role.
Plot
Arjun and Geeta are a young couple, who are deeply in love with each other. They get married, and soon have a child. Arjun gets in trouble with a well known gangster named Nagraj, and is killed. When Geeta finds out she decides to avenge Arjun's death. When Nagraj finds out that Geeta is out for vengeance, he does not believe that a lone defenseless widow can do him any harm. But Nagraj is in for a surprise when he comes face to face with Geeta and a group of young men who are dedicated to bring him down - even if they die trying.
Soundtrack
The music for the soundtrack was written by Anand-Milind. Sameer wrote all the lyrics for the songs.
1996 action movies
1996 drama movies
1990s Indian movies
Hindi-language movies
Movies directed by Raam Shetty |
The Sorcerer is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the third of their fourteen operettas. It opened in London at the Opera Comique on 17 November 1877. It ran for 178 performances. The play is about the effects of a love potion on the residents of an English village.
References
Bradley, Ian. 2001. The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford University Press. pp. 43-45.
Operettas by Gilbert and Sullivan |
Subsets and Splits