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Clicking a link using selenium using python

driver.find_element_by_xpath('xpath').click()

Counting unique index values in Pandas groupby

count unique index values in column 'A' in pandas dataframe `ex`

ex.groupby(level='A').agg(lambda x: x.index.get_level_values(1).nunique())

Dict of dicts of dicts to DataFrame

Create a pandas dataframe of values from a dictionary `d` which contains dictionaries of dictionaries

pd.concat(map(pd.DataFrame, iter(d.values())), keys=list(d.keys())).stack().unstack(0)

In Python, find out number of differences between two ordered lists

find out the number of non-matched elements at the same index of list `a` and list `b`

sum(1 for i, j in zip(a, b) if i != j)

When the key is a tuple in dictionary in Python

make all keys lowercase in dictionary `d`

d = {(a.lower(), b): v for (a, b), v in list(d.items())}

Sorting a list of tuples with multiple conditions

sort list `list_` based on first element of each tuple and by the length of the second element of each tuple

list_.sort(key=lambda x: [x[0], len(x[1]), x[1]])

trim whitespace

trim whitespace in string `s`

s.strip()

trim whitespace (including tabs)

trim whitespace (including tabs) in `s` on the left side

s = s.lstrip()

trim whitespace (including tabs)

trim whitespace (including tabs) in `s` on the right side

s = s.rstrip()

trim whitespace (including tabs)

trim characters ' \t\n\r' in `s`

s = s.strip(' \t\n\r')

trim whitespace (including tabs)

trim whitespaces (including tabs) in string `s`

print(re.sub('[\\s+]', '', s))

In Django, how do I filter based on all entities in a many-to-many relation instead of any?

In Django, filter `Task.objects` based on all entities in ['A', 'P', 'F']

Task.objects.exclude(prerequisites__status__in=['A', 'P', 'F'])

Background color for Tk in Python

Change background color in Tkinter

root.configure(background='black')

python dict to numpy structured array

convert dict `result` to numpy structured array

numpy.array([(key, val) for key, val in result.items()], dtype)

Pandas - Sorting By Column

Concatenate dataframe `df_1` to dataframe `df_2` sorted by values of the column 'y'

pd.concat([df_1, df_2.sort_values('y')])

rreplace - How to replace the last occurence of an expression in a string?

replace the last occurence of an expression '</div>' with '</bad>' in a string `s`

re.sub('(.*)</div>', '\\1</bad>', s)

How do I compare values in a dictionary?

get the maximum of 'salary' and 'bonus' values in a dictionary

print(max(d, key=lambda x: (d[x]['salary'], d[x]['bonus'])))

How to do many-to-many Django query to find book with 2 given authors?

Filter Django objects by `author` with ids `1` and `2`

Book.objects.filter(author__id=1).filter(author__id=2)

Python regex split case insensitive in 2.6

split string 'fooxyzbar' based on case-insensitive matching using string 'XYZ'

re.compile('XYZ', re.IGNORECASE).split('fooxyzbar')

List comprehension - converting strings in one list, to integers in another

get list of sums of neighboring integers in string `example`

[sum(map(int, s)) for s in example.split()]

How to find duplicate elements in array using for loop in Python?

Get all the keys from dictionary `y` whose value is `1`

[i for i in y if y[i] == 1]

Converting byte string in unicode string

converting byte string `c` in unicode string

c.decode('unicode_escape')

How can I "unpivot" specific columns from a pandas DataFrame?

unpivot first 2 columns into new columns 'year' and 'value' from a pandas dataframe `x`

pd.melt(x, id_vars=['farm', 'fruit'], var_name='year', value_name='value')

add new item to dictionary

add key "item3" and value "3" to dictionary `default_data `

default_data['item3'] = 3

add new item to dictionary

add key "item3" and value "3" to dictionary `default_data `

default_data.update({'item3': 3, })

add new item to dictionary

add key value pairs 'item4' , 4 and 'item5' , 5 to dictionary `default_data`

default_data.update({'item4': 4, 'item5': 5, })

Index the first and the last n elements of a list

Get the first and last 3 elements of list `l`

l[:3] + l[-3:]

How to reset index in a pandas data frame?

reset index to default in dataframe `df`

df = df.reset_index(drop=True)

Merging a list with a list of lists

For each index `x` from 0 to 3, append the element at index `x` of list `b` to the list at index `x` of list a.

[a[x].append(b[x]) for x in range(3)]

how to find the target file's full(absolute path) of the symbolic link or soft link in python

get canonical path of the filename `path`

os.path.realpath(path)

How to check if a dictionary is in another dictionary in python

check if dictionary `L[0].f.items()` is in dictionary `a3.f.items()`

set(L[0].f.items()).issubset(set(a3.f.items()))

How to find the index of a value in 2d array in Python?

find all the indexes in a Numpy 2D array where the value is 1

zip(*np.where(a == 1))

How to find the index of a value in 2d array in Python?

np.where(a == 1)

Python Pandas - How to flatten a hierarchical index in columns

Collapse hierarchical column index to level 0 in dataframe `df`

df.columns = df.columns.get_level_values(0)

Creating a list from a Scipy matrix

create a matrix from a list `[1, 2, 3]`

x = scipy.matrix([1, 2, 3]).transpose()

Regex Python adding characters after a certain word

add character '@' after word 'get' in string `text`

text = re.sub('(\\bget\\b)', '\\1@', text)

Element-wise minimum of multiple vectors in numpy

get a numpy array that contains the element wise minimum of three 3x1 arrays

np.array([np.arange(3), np.arange(2, -1, -1), np.ones((3,))]).min(axis=0)

Pandas (python): How to add column to dataframe for index?

add a column 'new_col' to dataframe `df` for index in range

df['new_col'] = list(range(1, len(df) + 1))

How to set environment variables in Python

set environment variable 'DEBUSSY' equal to 1

os.environ['DEBUSSY'] = '1'

How to set environment variables in Python

Get a environment variable `DEBUSSY`

print(os.environ['DEBUSSY'])

How to set environment variables in Python

set environment variable 'DEBUSSY' to '1'

os.environ['DEBUSSY'] = '1'

Python: updating a large dictionary using another large dictionary

update dictionary `b`, overwriting values where keys are identical, with contents of dictionary `d`

b.update(d)

How to get column by number in Pandas?

get all the values in column `b` from pandas data frame `df`

df['b']

How can I get the color of the last figure in matplotlib?

make a line plot with errorbars, `ebar`, from data `x, y, err` and set color of the errorbars to `y` (yellow)

ebar = plt.errorbar(x, y, yerr=err, ecolor='y')

Python: How can I find all files with a particular extension?

find all files with extension '.c' in directory `folder`

results += [each for each in os.listdir(folder) if each.endswith('.c')]

Concatenating Unicode with string: print '£' + '1' works, but print '£' + u'1' throws UnicodeDecodeError

add unicode string '1' to UTF-8 decoded string '\xc2\xa3'

print('\xc2\xa3'.decode('utf8') + '1')

How to convert the following string in python?

lower-case the string obtained by replacing the occurrences of regex pattern '(?<=[a-z])([A-Z])' in string `s` with eplacement '-\\1'

re.sub('(?<=[a-z])([A-Z])', '-\\1', s).lower()

Setting stacksize in a python script

os.system('ulimit -s unlimited; some_executable')

Python Decimals format

format a string `num` using string formatting

"""{0:.3g}""".format(num)

Add single element to array in numpy

append the first element of array `a` to array `a`

numpy.append(a, a[0])

Return the column name(s) for a specific value in a pandas dataframe

return the column for value 38.15 in dataframe `df`

df.ix[:, (df.loc[0] == 38.15)].columns

Merge 2 dataframes with same values in a column

merge 2 dataframes `df1` and `df2` with same values in a column 'revenue' with and index 'date'

df2['revenue'] = df2.CET.map(df1.set_index('date')['revenue'])

How To Format a JSON Text In Python?

load a json data `json_string` into variable `json_data`

json_data = json.loads(json_string)

Python: converting radians to degrees

convert radians 1 to degrees

math.cos(math.radians(1))

count how many of an object type there are in a list Python

count the number of integers in list `a`

sum(isinstance(x, int) for x in a)

Python: Getting rid of \u200b from a string using regular expressions

replacing '\u200b' with '*' in a string using regular expressions

'used\u200b'.replace('\u200b', '*')

How to run two functions simultaneously

run function 'SudsMove' simultaneously

threading.Thread(target=SudsMove).start()

sum of squares in a list in one line?

sum of squares values in a list `l`

sum(i * i for i in l)

sum of squares in a list in one line?

calculate the sum of the squares of each value in list `l`

sum(map(lambda x: x * x, l))

Create a dictionary with list comprehension

Create a dictionary `d` from list `iterable`

d = dict(((key, value) for (key, value) in iterable))

Create a dictionary with list comprehension

Create a dictionary `d` from list `iterable`

d = {key: value for (key, value) in iterable}

Create a dictionary with list comprehension

Create a dictionary `d` from list of key value pairs `iterable`

d = {k: v for (k, v) in iterable}

Rounding entries in a Pandas DafaFrame

round off entries in dataframe `df` column `Alabama_exp` to two decimal places, and entries in column `Credit_exp` to three decimal places

df.round({'Alabama_exp': 2, 'Credit_exp': 3})

Pycurl keeps printing in terminal

Make function `WRITEFUNCTION` output nothing in curl `p`

p.setopt(pycurl.WRITEFUNCTION, lambda x: None)

Return a random word from a word list in python

return a random word from a word list 'words'

print(random.choice(words))

Find Max in Nested Dictionary

Find a max value of the key `count` in a nested dictionary `d`

max(d, key=lambda x: d[x]['count'])

How to replace empty string with zero in comma-separated string?

get list of string elements in string `data` delimited by commas, putting `0` in place of empty strings

[(int(x) if x else 0) for x in data.split(',')]

How to replace empty string with zero in comma-separated string?

split string `s` into a list of strings based on ',' then replace empty strings with zero

""",""".join(x or '0' for x in s.split(','))

Regular expression syntax for "match nothing"?

regular expression match nothing

re.compile('$^')

Regular expression syntax for "match nothing"?

regular expression syntax for not to match anything

re.compile('.\\A|.\\A*|.\\A+')

Regular expression syntax for "match nothing"?

create a regular expression object with a pattern that will match nothing

re.compile('a^')

Python Pandas drop columns based on max value of column

drop all columns in dataframe `df` that holds a maximum value bigger than 0

df.columns[df.max() > 0]

How can I check if a date is the same day as datetime.today()?

check if date `yourdatetime` is equal to today's date

yourdatetime.date() == datetime.today().date()

How do I print bold text in Python?

print bold text 'Hello'

print('\x1b[1m' + 'Hello')

Renaming multiple files in python

remove 20 symbols in front of '.' in string 'unique12345678901234567890.mkv'

re.sub('.{20}(.mkv)', '\\1', 'unique12345678901234567890.mkv')

Can I get a list of the variables that reference an other in Python 2.7?

Define a list with string values `['a', 'c', 'b', 'obj']`

['a', 'c', 'b', 'obj']

Substitute multiple whitespace with single whitespace in Python

substitute multiple whitespace with single whitespace in string `mystring`

""" """.join(mystring.split())

How to print floating point numbers as it is without any truncation in python?

print a floating point number 2.345e-67 without any truncation

print('{:.100f}'.format(2.345e-67))

Check if a given key already exists in a dictionary

Check if key 'key1' in `dict`

('key1' in dict)

Check if a given key already exists in a dictionary

Check if key 'a' in `d`

('a' in d)

Check if a given key already exists in a dictionary

Check if key 'c' in `d`

('c' in d)

Check if a given key already exists in a dictionary

Check if a given key 'key1' exists in dictionary `dict`

if ('key1' in dict): pass

Check if a given key already exists in a dictionary

Check if a given key `key` exists in dictionary `d`

if (key in d): pass

django filter with list of values

create a django query for a list of values `1, 4, 7`

Blog.objects.filter(pk__in=[1, 4, 7])

read a binary file (python)

read a binary file 'test/test.pdf'

f = open('test/test.pdf', 'rb')

Format string - spaces between every three digit

insert ' ' between every three digit before '.' and replace ',' with '.' in 12345678.46

format(12345678.46, ',').replace(',', ' ').replace('.', ',')

Joining pandas dataframes by column names

Join pandas data frame `frame_1` and `frame_2` with left join by `county_ID` and right join by `countyid`

pd.merge(frame_1, frame_2, left_on='county_ID', right_on='countyid')

How to calculate percentage of sparsity for a numpy array/matrix?

calculate ratio of sparsity in a numpy array `a`

np.isnan(a).sum() / np.prod(a.shape)

Sorting a defaultdict by value in python

reverse sort items in default dictionary `cityPopulation` by the third item in each key's list of values

sorted(iter(cityPopulation.items()), key=lambda k_v: k_v[1][2], reverse=True)

Sorting a defaultdict by value in python

Sort dictionary `u` in ascending order based on second elements of its values

sorted(list(u.items()), key=lambda v: v[1])

Sorting a defaultdict by value in python

reverse sort dictionary `d` based on its values

sorted(list(d.items()), key=lambda k_v: k_v[1], reverse=True)

Sorting a defaultdict by value in python

sorting a defaultdict `d` by value

sorted(list(d.items()), key=lambda k_v: k_v[1])

How to reliably open a file in the same directory as a Python script

open a file 'bundled-resource.jpg' in the same directory as a python script

f = open(os.path.join(__location__, 'bundled-resource.jpg'))

How do I convert LF to CRLF?

open the file 'words.txt' in 'rU' mode

f = open('words.txt', 'rU')

Divide the values of two dictionaries in python

divide the values with same keys of two dictionary `d1` and `d2`

{k: (float(d2[k]) / d1[k]) for k in d2}

Divide the values of two dictionaries in python

divide the value for each key `k` in dict `d2` by the value for the same key `k` in dict `d1`

{k: (d2[k] / d1[k]) for k in list(d1.keys()) & d2}

Divide the values of two dictionaries in python

divide values associated with each key in dictionary `d1` from values associated with the same key in dictionary `d2`

dict((k, float(d2[k]) / d1[k]) for k in d2)

How to specify date format when using pandas.to_csv?

write dataframe `df` to csv file `filename` with dates formatted as yearmonthday `%Y%m%d`

df.to_csv(filename, date_format='%Y%m%d')

How to remove a key from a python dictionary?

remove a key 'key' from a dictionary `my_dict`

my_dict.pop('key', None)

replace values in an array

replace NaN values in array `a` with zeros

b = np.where(np.isnan(a), 0, a)