miguel-kjh/Geography_books_dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

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[1441] G.G. Chisholm, Commercial Geography, pp. 320-324. London, 1904.
Type: overseas territory of France
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
Electricity: 173,000 kW capacity; 525 million kWh produced, 9,340 kWh per capita (1989)
[Sidenote: ERDE (Teut.),]
I don't mean to say that I am vexed.
Direction of the Forces that raised the Continents—Proportion of Land and Water—Size of the Continents and Islands—Outline of the Land— Extent of Coasts, and proportion they bear to the Areas of the Continents—Elevation of the Continents—Forms of Mountains—Forms of Rocks—Connection between Physical Geography of Countries and their Geological Structure—Contemporaneous Upheaval of parallel Mountain Chains—Parallelism of Mineral Veins or Fissures—Mr. Hopkins’s Theory of Fissures—Parallel Chains similar in Structure—Interruptions in Continents and Mountain Chains—Form of the Great Continent—The High Lands of the Great Continent—The Atlas, Spanish, French, and German Mountains—The Alps, Balkan, and Apennines—Glaciers—Geological Notice.
Currant grapes, 341
Constitution: 6 July 1964; republished as amended January 1974
The incline is in classes in coats in whole classes puzzling peculiarly.
Come to why, sit in oil save the sos, all the gone sing in a pin save sit it kit, kit all.
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Cape Verde which has the black star raised above the center of the red band and is framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell
=The Search for an All-Water Route to India.=--Overland routes were out of the question; there were none that could be made available, and so the search was made for a sea-route. Rather singularly the Venetians and Genoese, who had hitherto controlled this trade, took no part in the search; it was conducted by the Spanish and the Portuguese.
[420] Fitz-Roy and Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, Vol. II, pp. 140, 178; Vol. III, pp. 231-236. London, 1839.
Can you praise me.
Climate: tropical; always hot, humid
Organized labor: 35% of labor force in more than 270 unions
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
[Sidenote: ALTUN, or ALTAN (Tartar),]
COR´DIA. A genus of plants of the family of Cordiáceæ. It contains about 150 species.
---------------------------------+------------+-------------+------------- Names of Places, Mountains, &c. \| Heights \| Countries \| Authorities. \| in English \| in which \| \| Feet. \| situated. \| ---------------------------------+------------+-------------+------------- \| \| \| Isle of Bourbon, highest point \| 8,340 \| \| Phys. Atlas. Mount Ambotismene \| 11,506 \|Madagascar \| A. B. L. Adam’s Peak \| 6,152 \|Ceylon \| Mount Slamat or Tajal \| 11,930 \|Java \| Junghuhn. Mount Sumbung \| 11,030 \|Java \| Junghuhn. Mount Gounnong Pasama, or Ophir \| 13,840 \|Sumatra \| Raffles. Volcano of Matua \| 4,500 \|Kurile Is. \| Phys. Atlas. Peak of Unimak \| 8,593 \|Aleutian Is. \| Phys. Atlas. Mowna Kea \| 13,953 \|Sandwich Is. \| Wilkes. Mowna Roa \| 13,760 \|Sandwich Is. \| Wilkes. Tobreonou \| 12,250 \|Otaheite \| Phys. Atlas. Mount Wellington, or Kosciusco \| 6,500 \|New Holland \| Strelizki. Mount Lindsay Lat. 28° 20ʹ S. \| 5,700 \|New Holland \| Mitchell. Mount Canobolas Lat. 33 25 \| 4,551 \|New Holland \| Mitchell. Mount Edgecumbe \| 9,630 \|New Zealand \| Bidwell. Mount Egmont \| 8,840 \|New Zealand \| Dieffenbach. Tongariro Mountain \| 6,200 \|New Zealand \| Dieffenbach. Mount Erebus \| 12,400 \|} Antarctic \| Sir J. C. Ross. Mount Terror \| 10,880 \|} Lands \| Sir J. C. Ross.
[875] David Murray, Story of Japan, p. 156. New York, 1894.
It isn't funny.
Nationality: noun--Israeli(s); adjective--Israeli
OR´CHIS. A genus of plants of the family of Orchid´eæ, named from most of the species being marked by two tubercles.
Labor force: 572,000 (1988); 20% agriculture, 20% manufacturing and mining (1987 est.)
Guienne, corrupt. from _Aquitania_
XXI. CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND 261
Fringillæ, genus of birds, 398.
Leopard, 421.
Constitution: ratified 30 September 1987
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $4.2 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-87), $18.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million; USSR (1970-88), $10.0 billion; Eastern Europe (1970-88), $105 million
In speaking of Mallorca we must remember that there is making acquaintance. They make acquaintance with each other.
- Defense Forces Note: defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are posted at entrances to the Vatican City ---------------------------------------------------- Country: Venezuela - Geography Total area: 912,050 km2; land area: 882,050 km2
_Manchester_ is both a cotton port and a great market for the cotton textiles made in the nearby towns of the Lancashire coal-field. _Leeds_ and _Bradford_ and the towns about them are the chief centres of woollen manufacture. _Wilton_ and _Kidderminster_ are famous for carpets. _Birmingham_ is the centre of the steel manufactures. _Sheffield_ has a world-wide reputation for cutlery. In and near the Staffordshire district are the potteries that have made the names of _Worcester_, _Coalport_, _Doulton_, _Copeland_, and _Jackfield_ famous. _Belfast_ is noted for its linen textiles, and also for some of the largest steamships afloat that have been built in its yards. _Dundee_ is the chief centre of jute manufacture.
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, Bariba); 5,500 Europeans
Coastline: 3,735 km
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
Budget: revenues $1,053 million; expenditures $949 million, including capital expenditures of $159 million (1989)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,656,466; 894,095 fit for military service; 87,478 reach military age (18) annually
[940] J.S. Jenkins, United States Exploring Squadron under Capt. Wilkes, 1838-1842, pp. 401-403. New York, 1855.
Kingsclere, 5
Naha (US Consulate General) Japan Nairobi (US Embassy) Kenya Nampo-shoto Japan Naples (US Consulate General) Italy Nassau (US Embassy) Bahamas, The Natuna Besar Islands Indonesia N'Djamena (US Embassy) Chad Netherlands East Indies Indonesia Netherlands Guiana Suriname Nevis St. Kitts and Nevis New Delhi (US Embassy) India Newfoundland Canada New Guinea Indonesia; Papua New Guinea New Hebrides Vanuatu New Siberian Islands Soviet Union New Territories Hong Kong New York, New York (US Mission United States to the United Nations or USUN) Niamey (US Embassy) Niger Nice (US Consular Agency) France Nicobar Islands India Nicosia (US Embassy) Cyprus Nightingale Island St. Helena North Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Channel Atlantic Ocean Northeast Providence Channel Atlantic Ocean Northern Epirus Albania; Greece Northern Grenadines St. Vincent and the Grenadines Northern Ireland United Kingdom Northern Rhodesia Zambia North Island New Zealand North Korea Korea, North North Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean North Sea Atlantic Ocean North Vietnam Vietnam Northwest Passages Arctic Ocean North Yemen Yemen Arab Republic Norwegian Sea Atlantic Ocean Nouakchott (US Embassy) Mauritania Novaya Zemlya Soviet Union Nuevo Laredo (US Consulate) Mexico Nyasaland Malawi
Literacy: 59.2%
Political parties: none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on 13 October 1978
The following, one of many instances, shows the difficulties in fixing rates that will not be unjust to either party: Danville and Lynchburg compete for a certain trade. The Southern Railway passes through both cities, but the Chesapeake & Ohio makes Lynchburg by another route; Danville, therefore, is not a competing point, while Lynchburg is. As a result, the Southern Railway charged $1.08 for a certain traffic from Chicago to Danville and only 72 cents to Lynchburg, some distance beyond, this being the rate over the other road. The matter finally reached the Court of Appeals, and the latter sustained the Southern Railway. The rate to Danville was shown to be not excessive, but if the railway were required to maintain a rate to Lynchburg higher than 72 cents, it would lose all its traffic to that point, amounting to $433,000 yearly. In a case of this kind there can be no help except by a consolidation of the two roads; by virtue of the consolidation all the Lynchburg freight will then go over the line having the easiest haul.
[Sidenote: ALP, AILPE (Celtic), AIL,]
[458] Diodorus Siculus, Book V, chap. I, p. 304. London, 1814. Strabo, Book V, chap. VI, 6, 7.
From the peculiar structure of the high land and mountain-chains, by far the greater number of important rivers on the globe flow into the ocean in an easterly direction, those which flow to the south and north being the next in size, while those that flow in a westerly direction are small and unimportant.
[1332] L. Higgin, Spanish Life in Town and Country, pp. 27, 29, 292-293. New York, 1902.
Loretto, named from Lauretta, a lady who gave the site for a chapel at that place
Head of Government--Prime Minister Margaret THATCHER (since 4 May 1979); Deputy Prime Minister Geoffrey HOWE (since 24 July 1989)
The most obvious characteristic of any place, whether mountain or plain or valley, would be its shape and size, its relative situation high or low, behind or in the front, its colour, the kind of rock or soil of which it is composed, the climate which it enjoys, the vegetation in which it abounds, and the animals by which it is frequented. Let us take a few familiar examples of each of these cases; and, if we deal more largely in illustrations from the Scottish Highlands than from other parts of the world, it is for three sufficient reasons--because these regions are annually visited by the greatest number of tourists; because, from the general neglect of the Celtic languages, they stand most in need of interpretation; and because they are most familiar--not from book-knowledge only, but by actual inspection--to the present writer. In the matter of size, the tourist will find at GLENELG (from _sealg_, to hunt), in Inverness-shire, opposite Skye, where there are two well-preserved circular forts, the twin designations of GLENMORE and GLENBEG; that is, Glenbig and Glenlittle--a contrast constantly occurring in the Highlands; the word _beag_, pronounced vulgarly in Argyleshire _peek_, signifying little, evidently the same as μικ in the Greek μικρός. As to relative situation, the root _ard_, in Latin _arduus_, frequently occurs; not, however, to express any very high mountain, but either a bluff fronting the sea, as in ARDNAMORCHUAN (the rise of the great ocean, _cuan_, perhaps from ὼκεανός), or more frequently a slight elevation on the shore of a lake, what they call in England a _rise_, as in ARDLUI, near the head of Loch Lomond, ARDVOIRLICH, and many others. The word _lui_, Gaelic _laogh_--the _gh_ being silent, as in the English _sigh_--signifies a calf or a fawn, and gives name to the lofty mountain which the tourist sees on his right hand as he winds up where the railway is now being constructed from Dalmally to Tyndrum. Another frequent root to mark relative situation is CUL, _behind_, Latin _culus_, French _cul_, a word which gives name to a whole parish in Aberdeenshire, to the famous historical site of Culross, the reputed birthplace of St. Kentigern, and many others. This word means simply _behind the headland_, as does also CULCHENZIE (from _ceann_, the head), at the entrance to Loch Leven and Glencoe, which the tourist looks on with interest, as for two years the summer residence of the noble-minded Celtic evangelist Dr. Norman Macleod. But the most common root, marking relative situation, which the wanderer through Celtic countries encounters is _inver_, meaning below, or the bottom of a stream, of which _aber_ is only a syncopated form, a variation which, small as it appears, has given rise to large controversy and no small shedding of ink among bellicose antiquarians. For it required only a superficial glance to observe that while _Abers_ are scattered freely over Wales, they appear scantly in Scotland, and there with special prevalence only in the east and south-east of the Grampians--as in ABERDEEN, ABERDOUR, ABERLEMNO in Fife, and others. On this the eager genius of archæological discovery, ever ready to poise a pyramid on its apex, forthwith raised the theory, that the district of Scotland where the _Abers_ prevailed had been originally peopled by Celts of the Cymric or Welsh type, while the region of _Invers_ marked out the ancient seats of the pure Caledonian Celts. But this theory, which gave great offence to some fervid Highlanders, so far as it stood on this argument, fell to the ground the moment that some more cool observer put his finger on half a dozen or a whole dozen of Invers, in perfect agreement hobnobbing with the Abers, not far south of Aberdeen; while, on the other hand, a zealous Highland colonel, now departed to a more peaceful sphere, pointed out several Abers straggling far west and north-west into the region of the Caledonian Canal and beyond it. But these slippery points are wisely avoided; and there can be no doubt, on the general principle, that relative situation has everywhere played a prominent part in the terminology of districts. Northumberland and Sutherland, and Cape DEAS or Cape South, in Cantire, are familiar illustrations of this principle of nomenclature. In such cases the name, of course, always indicates by what parties it was imposed; Sutherland, or Southern-land, having received this appellation from the Orkney men, who lived to the north of the Pentland Firth.
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,588,750; 4,009,127 fit for military service; 136,042 reach military age (17) annually
Fiscal year: calendar year
[Sidenote: Gradations in the boundary zone.]
Telecommunications: small system administered by French Department of Posts and Telecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radio communications for links with Comoros and international communications; 450 telephones; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV
Environment: deforestation; soil erosion
a fountain, a well; _e.g._ Fontainebleau, corrupt. from _Fontaine-de-belle-eau_ (the spring of beautiful water); Fontenoy (the place of the fountain); Fontenay (the place of the fountain); Les Fontaines, Fontanas (the fountains); Fontenelles (the little fountains); Fontevrault, Lat. _Fons-Ebraldi_ (the well of St. Evrault); Fuente (the fountain), the name of several towns in Spain; Fuencaliente (the warm fountain); Fuensagrada (holy well); Fuente-el-fresna (of the ash-tree); Fuente-alamo (of the poplar); Fontarabia, Span. _Fuentarrabia_, corrupt. from the Lat. _Fons-rapidans_ (the swift-flowing spring); Fuenfrido (cold fountain); Fossano, in Italy, Lat. _Fons-sanus_ (the healing fountain); Hontanas, Hontanares, Hontananza, Hontangas (the place of springs), in Spain; Hontomin (the fountain of the R. Omino), in Spain; Pinos-fuente (pine-tree fountain), in Granada; Saint-fontaine, in Belgium, corrupt. from _Terra-de-centum fontanis_ (the land of the hundred springs); Spa, in Belgium, corrupt. from _Espa_ (the fountain)--its Latin name was _Fons-Tungrorum_ (the well of the Tungri); Fonthill (the hill of the spring). The town of Spalding, Co. Lincoln, is said to have derived its name from a _spa_ of mineral water in the market-place. The Celtic _uaran_ or _fuaran_ takes the form of _oran_ in Ireland: thus Oranmore (the great fountain near a holy well); Knock-an-oran (the hill of the well); Ballynoran (the town of the well); Tinoran, corrupt. from _Tigh-an-uarain_ (the dwelling at the well); Foveran, in Aberdeenshire, took its name from a spring, _fuaran_, at Foveran Castle; Ffynon-Bed (St. Peter’s well), in Wales.
Member of: Nordic Council
[790] E.A. Freeman, Historical Geography of Europe, pp. 201-202, 506-508, 535-536, 541. London, 1882.
Passes, 19
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet
Magnetism is one of those unseen imponderable existences which, like electricity and heat, are known only by their effects. It is certainly identical with electricity, for, although it never comes naturally into evidence, magnets can be made to exhibit all the phenomena of electrical machines.
Everything.
=Punjab.=--The states of the Punjab are mainly at the upper part of the Indus. _Amritsar_ is an important centre for the manufacture of silk rugs and carpets. A large number of these are sold in the United States at prices varying from two hundred to six thousand dollars. The designs for these textiles are often made in New York. _Peshawur_ is important chiefly as a military station.
Flag: two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light blue with three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design centered in the white band
Electricity: 102,000 kW capacity; 225 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1989)
Type: republic
Airports: 179 total, 178 usable; 43 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Infant mortality rate: 49 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
This is the sport.
Continental shelf: not specific;
My gay.
Environment: frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; desertification
Merchant marine: 45 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,126,060 GRT/4,189,948 DWT; includes 10 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 16 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker 1 combination oil/ore, 1 liquefied gas, 13 bulk; note--a flag of convenience registry
Climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
African Flora—Flora of Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and of Polynesia.
For me.
Land boundaries: none
CHAPTER VII
SE´DIMENT. From the Lat. _sedeo_, I sit. That which subsides or settles to the bottom of any liquid.
Industries: fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon production, hydropower
- People Population: 335,082 (July 1990), growth rate 3.5% (1990)
Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
Land boundaries: none
FAR´INHA. Portu. Meal, flour.
Usedom, the Germanised form of _Huzysch_, Sclav. the place of learning
In the morning and the day and the evening and alway.
Although the subsoil is perpetually frozen at the depth of a few feet below the surface beyond the 56th degree of north latitude, yet trees grow in some places up to the 64th parallel. Farther north the gloomy and majestic forests cease, and are succeeded by a bleak, barren waste, which becomes progressively more dreary as it approaches the Arctic Ocean. Four-fifths of it are like the wilds of Siberia in surface and climate, covered many months in the year with deep snow. During the summer it is the resort of herds of rein-deer and bisons, which come from the south to browse on the tender short grass which then springs up along the streams and lakes.
Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil; 19 km refined products; 904 km natural gas
Disputes: southern half of the boundary with Somalia is a Provisional Administrative Line; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis; territorial dispute with Somalia over the Ogaden; separatist movement in Eritrea; antigovernment insurgencies in Tigray and other areas
Legislative branch: Legislative Council
We are equally pleased.
RANUN´CULI. Lat. Plural of ranunculus.
Labor force: 195,000; over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; about 92,000 wage earners (many only intermittently), with 36% agriculture and forestry, 20% community and social services, 14% manufacturing, 9% construction, 21% other; 24,000-29,000 employed in South Africa (1987)
Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 73 years female (1990)
The Aryans and Mongols, leaving their homes in the cool barren highlands of Central Asia where nature dispensed her gifts with a miserly hand, and coming down to the hot, low, fertile plains of the Indian rivers, underwent several fundamental changes in the process of adaptation to their new environment. An enervating climate did its work in slaking their energies; but more radical still was the change wrought by the contrast of poverty and abundance, enforced asceticism and luxury, presented by the old and new home. The restless, tireless shepherds became a sedentary, agricultural people; the abstemious nomads,--spare, sinewy, strangers to indulgence--became a race of rulers, revelling in luxury, lording it over countless subjects; finally, their numbers increased rapidly, no longer kept down by the scant subsistence of arid grasslands and scattered oases.
=Cacao.=--Cacao, the "cocoa" of commerce, consists of the prepared seeds of several species of _Theobroma_, the greater part being obtained from the _Theobroma cacao_. The name is unfortunately confused with that of the cocoa-palm, but there is no relation whatever between the two.
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981)

[1441] G.G. Chisholm, Commercial Geography, pp. 320-324. London, 1904.

Type: overseas territory of France

Organized labor: 2% of labor force

Electricity: 173,000 kW capacity; 525 million kWh produced, 9,340 kWh per capita (1989)

[Sidenote: ERDE (Teut.),]

I don't mean to say that I am vexed.

Direction of the Forces that raised the Continents—Proportion of Land and Water—Size of the Continents and Islands—Outline of the Land— Extent of Coasts, and proportion they bear to the Areas of the Continents—Elevation of the Continents—Forms of Mountains—Forms of Rocks—Connection between Physical Geography of Countries and their Geological Structure—Contemporaneous Upheaval of parallel Mountain Chains—Parallelism of Mineral Veins or Fissures—Mr. Hopkins’s Theory of Fissures—Parallel Chains similar in Structure—Interruptions in Continents and Mountain Chains—Form of the Great Continent—The High Lands of the Great Continent—The Atlas, Spanish, French, and German Mountains—The Alps, Balkan, and Apennines—Glaciers—Geological Notice.

Currant grapes, 341

Constitution: 6 July 1964; republished as amended January 1974

The incline is in classes in coats in whole classes puzzling peculiarly.

Come to why, sit in oil save the sos, all the gone sing in a pin save sit it kit, kit all.

Flag: two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Cape Verde which has the black star raised above the center of the red band and is framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell

=The Search for an All-Water Route to India.=--Overland routes were out of the question; there were none that could be made available, and so the search was made for a sea-route. Rather singularly the Venetians and Genoese, who had hitherto controlled this trade, took no part in the search; it was conducted by the Spanish and the Portuguese.

[420] Fitz-Roy and Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, Vol. II, pp. 140, 178; Vol. III, pp. 231-236. London, 1839.

Can you praise me.

Climate: tropical; always hot, humid

Organized labor: 35% of labor force in more than 270 unions

Extended economic zone: 200 nm;

[Sidenote: ALTUN, or ALTAN (Tartar),]

COR´DIA. A genus of plants of the family of Cordiáceæ. It contains about 150 species.

---------------------------------+------------+-------------+------------- Names of Places, Mountains, &c. | Heights | Countries | Authorities. | in English | in which | | Feet. | situated. | ---------------------------------+------------+-------------+------------- | | | Isle of Bourbon, highest point | 8,340 | | Phys. Atlas. Mount Ambotismene | 11,506 |Madagascar | A. B. L. Adam’s Peak | 6,152 |Ceylon | Mount Slamat or Tajal | 11,930 |Java | Junghuhn. Mount Sumbung | 11,030 |Java | Junghuhn. Mount Gounnong Pasama, or Ophir | 13,840 |Sumatra | Raffles. Volcano of Matua | 4,500 |Kurile Is. | Phys. Atlas. Peak of Unimak | 8,593 |Aleutian Is. | Phys. Atlas. Mowna Kea | 13,953 |Sandwich Is. | Wilkes. Mowna Roa | 13,760 |Sandwich Is. | Wilkes. Tobreonou | 12,250 |Otaheite | Phys. Atlas. Mount Wellington, or Kosciusco | 6,500 |New Holland | Strelizki. Mount Lindsay Lat. 28° 20ʹ S. | 5,700 |New Holland | Mitchell. Mount Canobolas Lat. 33 25 | 4,551 |New Holland | Mitchell. Mount Edgecumbe | 9,630 |New Zealand | Bidwell. Mount Egmont | 8,840 |New Zealand | Dieffenbach. Tongariro Mountain | 6,200 |New Zealand | Dieffenbach. Mount Erebus | 12,400 |} Antarctic | Sir J. C. Ross. Mount Terror | 10,880 |} Lands | Sir J. C. Ross.

[875] David Murray, Story of Japan, p. 156. New York, 1894.

It isn't funny.

Nationality: noun--Israeli(s); adjective--Israeli

OR´CHIS. A genus of plants of the family of Orchid´eæ, named from most of the species being marked by two tubercles.

Labor force: 572,000 (1988); 20% agriculture, 20% manufacturing and mining (1987 est.)

Guienne, corrupt. from _Aquitania_

XXI. CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND 261

Fringillæ, genus of birds, 398.

Leopard, 421.

Constitution: ratified 30 September 1987

Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $4.2 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-87), $18.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million; USSR (1970-88), $10.0 billion; Eastern Europe (1970-88), $105 million

In speaking of Mallorca we must remember that there is making acquaintance. They make acquaintance with each other.

- Defense Forces Note: defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are posted at entrances to the Vatican City ---------------------------------------------------- Country: Venezuela - Geography Total area: 912,050 km2; land area: 882,050 km2

_Manchester_ is both a cotton port and a great market for the cotton textiles made in the nearby towns of the Lancashire coal-field. _Leeds_ and _Bradford_ and the towns about them are the chief centres of woollen manufacture. _Wilton_ and _Kidderminster_ are famous for carpets. _Birmingham_ is the centre of the steel manufactures. _Sheffield_ has a world-wide reputation for cutlery. In and near the Staffordshire district are the potteries that have made the names of _Worcester_, _Coalport_, _Doulton_, _Copeland_, and _Jackfield_ famous. _Belfast_ is noted for its linen textiles, and also for some of the largest steamships afloat that have been built in its yards. _Dundee_ is the chief centre of jute manufacture.

Ethnic divisions: 99% African (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, Bariba); 5,500 Europeans

Coastline: 3,735 km

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

Budget: revenues $1,053 million; expenditures $949 million, including capital expenditures of $159 million (1989)

Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,656,466; 894,095 fit for military service; 87,478 reach military age (18) annually

[940] J.S. Jenkins, United States Exploring Squadron under Capt. Wilkes, 1838-1842, pp. 401-403. New York, 1855.

Kingsclere, 5

Naha (US Consulate General) Japan Nairobi (US Embassy) Kenya Nampo-shoto Japan Naples (US Consulate General) Italy Nassau (US Embassy) Bahamas, The Natuna Besar Islands Indonesia N'Djamena (US Embassy) Chad Netherlands East Indies Indonesia Netherlands Guiana Suriname Nevis St. Kitts and Nevis New Delhi (US Embassy) India Newfoundland Canada New Guinea Indonesia; Papua New Guinea New Hebrides Vanuatu New Siberian Islands Soviet Union New Territories Hong Kong New York, New York (US Mission United States to the United Nations or USUN) Niamey (US Embassy) Niger Nice (US Consular Agency) France Nicobar Islands India Nicosia (US Embassy) Cyprus Nightingale Island St. Helena North Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Channel Atlantic Ocean Northeast Providence Channel Atlantic Ocean Northern Epirus Albania; Greece Northern Grenadines St. Vincent and the Grenadines Northern Ireland United Kingdom Northern Rhodesia Zambia North Island New Zealand North Korea Korea, North North Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean North Sea Atlantic Ocean North Vietnam Vietnam Northwest Passages Arctic Ocean North Yemen Yemen Arab Republic Norwegian Sea Atlantic Ocean Nouakchott (US Embassy) Mauritania Novaya Zemlya Soviet Union Nuevo Laredo (US Consulate) Mexico Nyasaland Malawi

Literacy: 59.2%

Political parties: none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on 13 October 1978

The following, one of many instances, shows the difficulties in fixing rates that will not be unjust to either party: Danville and Lynchburg compete for a certain trade. The Southern Railway passes through both cities, but the Chesapeake & Ohio makes Lynchburg by another route; Danville, therefore, is not a competing point, while Lynchburg is. As a result, the Southern Railway charged $1.08 for a certain traffic from Chicago to Danville and only 72 cents to Lynchburg, some distance beyond, this being the rate over the other road. The matter finally reached the Court of Appeals, and the latter sustained the Southern Railway. The rate to Danville was shown to be not excessive, but if the railway were required to maintain a rate to Lynchburg higher than 72 cents, it would lose all its traffic to that point, amounting to $433,000 yearly. In a case of this kind there can be no help except by a consolidation of the two roads; by virtue of the consolidation all the Lynchburg freight will then go over the line having the easiest haul.

[Sidenote: ALP, AILPE (Celtic), AIL,]

[458] Diodorus Siculus, Book V, chap. I, p. 304. London, 1814. Strabo, Book V, chap. VI, 6, 7.

From the peculiar structure of the high land and mountain-chains, by far the greater number of important rivers on the globe flow into the ocean in an easterly direction, those which flow to the south and north being the next in size, while those that flow in a westerly direction are small and unimportant.

[1332] L. Higgin, Spanish Life in Town and Country, pp. 27, 29, 292-293. New York, 1902.

Loretto, named from Lauretta, a lady who gave the site for a chapel at that place

Head of Government--Prime Minister Margaret THATCHER (since 4 May 1979); Deputy Prime Minister Geoffrey HOWE (since 24 July 1989)

The most obvious characteristic of any place, whether mountain or plain or valley, would be its shape and size, its relative situation high or low, behind or in the front, its colour, the kind of rock or soil of which it is composed, the climate which it enjoys, the vegetation in which it abounds, and the animals by which it is frequented. Let us take a few familiar examples of each of these cases; and, if we deal more largely in illustrations from the Scottish Highlands than from other parts of the world, it is for three sufficient reasons--because these regions are annually visited by the greatest number of tourists; because, from the general neglect of the Celtic languages, they stand most in need of interpretation; and because they are most familiar--not from book-knowledge only, but by actual inspection--to the present writer. In the matter of size, the tourist will find at GLENELG (from _sealg_, to hunt), in Inverness-shire, opposite Skye, where there are two well-preserved circular forts, the twin designations of GLENMORE and GLENBEG; that is, Glenbig and Glenlittle--a contrast constantly occurring in the Highlands; the word _beag_, pronounced vulgarly in Argyleshire _peek_, signifying little, evidently the same as μικ in the Greek μικρός. As to relative situation, the root _ard_, in Latin _arduus_, frequently occurs; not, however, to express any very high mountain, but either a bluff fronting the sea, as in ARDNAMORCHUAN (the rise of the great ocean, _cuan_, perhaps from ὼκεανός), or more frequently a slight elevation on the shore of a lake, what they call in England a _rise_, as in ARDLUI, near the head of Loch Lomond, ARDVOIRLICH, and many others. The word _lui_, Gaelic _laogh_--the _gh_ being silent, as in the English _sigh_--signifies a calf or a fawn, and gives name to the lofty mountain which the tourist sees on his right hand as he winds up where the railway is now being constructed from Dalmally to Tyndrum. Another frequent root to mark relative situation is CUL, _behind_, Latin _culus_, French _cul_, a word which gives name to a whole parish in Aberdeenshire, to the famous historical site of Culross, the reputed birthplace of St. Kentigern, and many others. This word means simply _behind the headland_, as does also CULCHENZIE (from _ceann_, the head), at the entrance to Loch Leven and Glencoe, which the tourist looks on with interest, as for two years the summer residence of the noble-minded Celtic evangelist Dr. Norman Macleod. But the most common root, marking relative situation, which the wanderer through Celtic countries encounters is _inver_, meaning below, or the bottom of a stream, of which _aber_ is only a syncopated form, a variation which, small as it appears, has given rise to large controversy and no small shedding of ink among bellicose antiquarians. For it required only a superficial glance to observe that while _Abers_ are scattered freely over Wales, they appear scantly in Scotland, and there with special prevalence only in the east and south-east of the Grampians--as in ABERDEEN, ABERDOUR, ABERLEMNO in Fife, and others. On this the eager genius of archæological discovery, ever ready to poise a pyramid on its apex, forthwith raised the theory, that the district of Scotland where the _Abers_ prevailed had been originally peopled by Celts of the Cymric or Welsh type, while the region of _Invers_ marked out the ancient seats of the pure Caledonian Celts. But this theory, which gave great offence to some fervid Highlanders, so far as it stood on this argument, fell to the ground the moment that some more cool observer put his finger on half a dozen or a whole dozen of Invers, in perfect agreement hobnobbing with the Abers, not far south of Aberdeen; while, on the other hand, a zealous Highland colonel, now departed to a more peaceful sphere, pointed out several Abers straggling far west and north-west into the region of the Caledonian Canal and beyond it. But these slippery points are wisely avoided; and there can be no doubt, on the general principle, that relative situation has everywhere played a prominent part in the terminology of districts. Northumberland and Sutherland, and Cape DEAS or Cape South, in Cantire, are familiar illustrations of this principle of nomenclature. In such cases the name, of course, always indicates by what parties it was imposed; Sutherland, or Southern-land, having received this appellation from the Orkney men, who lived to the north of the Pentland Firth.

Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,588,750; 4,009,127 fit for military service; 136,042 reach military age (17) annually

Fiscal year: calendar year

[Sidenote: Gradations in the boundary zone.]

Telecommunications: small system administered by French Department of Posts and Telecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radio communications for links with Comoros and international communications; 450 telephones; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV

Environment: deforestation; soil erosion

a fountain, a well; _e.g._ Fontainebleau, corrupt. from _Fontaine-de-belle-eau_ (the spring of beautiful water); Fontenoy (the place of the fountain); Fontenay (the place of the fountain); Les Fontaines, Fontanas (the fountains); Fontenelles (the little fountains); Fontevrault, Lat. _Fons-Ebraldi_ (the well of St. Evrault); Fuente (the fountain), the name of several towns in Spain; Fuencaliente (the warm fountain); Fuensagrada (holy well); Fuente-el-fresna (of the ash-tree); Fuente-alamo (of the poplar); Fontarabia, Span. _Fuentarrabia_, corrupt. from the Lat. _Fons-rapidans_ (the swift-flowing spring); Fuenfrido (cold fountain); Fossano, in Italy, Lat. _Fons-sanus_ (the healing fountain); Hontanas, Hontanares, Hontananza, Hontangas (the place of springs), in Spain; Hontomin (the fountain of the R. Omino), in Spain; Pinos-fuente (pine-tree fountain), in Granada; Saint-fontaine, in Belgium, corrupt. from _Terra-de-centum fontanis_ (the land of the hundred springs); Spa, in Belgium, corrupt. from _Espa_ (the fountain)--its Latin name was _Fons-Tungrorum_ (the well of the Tungri); Fonthill (the hill of the spring). The town of Spalding, Co. Lincoln, is said to have derived its name from a _spa_ of mineral water in the market-place. The Celtic _uaran_ or _fuaran_ takes the form of _oran_ in Ireland: thus Oranmore (the great fountain near a holy well); Knock-an-oran (the hill of the well); Ballynoran (the town of the well); Tinoran, corrupt. from _Tigh-an-uarain_ (the dwelling at the well); Foveran, in Aberdeenshire, took its name from a spring, _fuaran_, at Foveran Castle; Ffynon-Bed (St. Peter’s well), in Wales.

Member of: Nordic Council

[790] E.A. Freeman, Historical Geography of Europe, pp. 201-202, 506-508, 535-536, 541. London, 1882.

Passes, 19

Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

Magnetism is one of those unseen imponderable existences which, like electricity and heat, are known only by their effects. It is certainly identical with electricity, for, although it never comes naturally into evidence, magnets can be made to exhibit all the phenomena of electrical machines.

Everything.

=Punjab.=--The states of the Punjab are mainly at the upper part of the Indus. _Amritsar_ is an important centre for the manufacture of silk rugs and carpets. A large number of these are sold in the United States at prices varying from two hundred to six thousand dollars. The designs for these textiles are often made in New York. _Peshawur_ is important chiefly as a military station.

Flag: two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light blue with three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design centered in the white band

Electricity: 102,000 kW capacity; 225 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1989)

Type: republic

Airports: 179 total, 178 usable; 43 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Infant mortality rate: 49 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)

This is the sport.

Continental shelf: not specific;

My gay.

Environment: frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; desertification

Merchant marine: 45 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,126,060 GRT/4,189,948 DWT; includes 10 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 16 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker 1 combination oil/ore, 1 liquefied gas, 13 bulk; note--a flag of convenience registry

Climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

African Flora—Flora of Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and of Polynesia.

For me.

Land boundaries: none

CHAPTER VII

SE´DIMENT. From the Lat. _sedeo_, I sit. That which subsides or settles to the bottom of any liquid.

Industries: fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon production, hydropower

- People Population: 335,082 (July 1990), growth rate 3.5% (1990)

Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1990)

Land boundaries: none

FAR´INHA. Portu. Meal, flour.

Usedom, the Germanised form of _Huzysch_, Sclav. the place of learning

In the morning and the day and the evening and alway.

Although the subsoil is perpetually frozen at the depth of a few feet below the surface beyond the 56th degree of north latitude, yet trees grow in some places up to the 64th parallel. Farther north the gloomy and majestic forests cease, and are succeeded by a bleak, barren waste, which becomes progressively more dreary as it approaches the Arctic Ocean. Four-fifths of it are like the wilds of Siberia in surface and climate, covered many months in the year with deep snow. During the summer it is the resort of herds of rein-deer and bisons, which come from the south to browse on the tender short grass which then springs up along the streams and lakes.

Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil; 19 km refined products; 904 km natural gas

Disputes: southern half of the boundary with Somalia is a Provisional Administrative Line; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis; territorial dispute with Somalia over the Ogaden; separatist movement in Eritrea; antigovernment insurgencies in Tigray and other areas

Legislative branch: Legislative Council

We are equally pleased.

RANUN´CULI. Lat. Plural of ranunculus.

Labor force: 195,000; over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; about 92,000 wage earners (many only intermittently), with 36% agriculture and forestry, 20% community and social services, 14% manufacturing, 9% construction, 21% other; 24,000-29,000 employed in South Africa (1987)

Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 73 years female (1990)

The Aryans and Mongols, leaving their homes in the cool barren highlands of Central Asia where nature dispensed her gifts with a miserly hand, and coming down to the hot, low, fertile plains of the Indian rivers, underwent several fundamental changes in the process of adaptation to their new environment. An enervating climate did its work in slaking their energies; but more radical still was the change wrought by the contrast of poverty and abundance, enforced asceticism and luxury, presented by the old and new home. The restless, tireless shepherds became a sedentary, agricultural people; the abstemious nomads,--spare, sinewy, strangers to indulgence--became a race of rulers, revelling in luxury, lording it over countless subjects; finally, their numbers increased rapidly, no longer kept down by the scant subsistence of arid grasslands and scattered oases.

=Cacao.=--Cacao, the "cocoa" of commerce, consists of the prepared seeds of several species of _Theobroma_, the greater part being obtained from the _Theobroma cacao_. The name is unfortunately confused with that of the cocoa-palm, but there is no relation whatever between the two.

Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981)