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Understanding Psychosis What is psychosis? Psychosis refers to a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. During an episode of psychosis, a person’s thoughts and perceptions are disrupted and they may have difficulty recognizing what is real and what is...
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What are the signs and symptoms of psychosis? People with psychosis typically experience delusions (false beliefs, for example, that people on television are sending them special messages or that others are trying to hurt them) and hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that others do not, such as hearing voice...
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lack of feelings • Decline in self-care or personal hygiene • Disruption of sleep, including difficulty falling asleep and reduced sleep time • Difficulty telling reality from fantasy • Confused speech or trouble communicating • Sudden drop in grades or job performance Alongside these symptoms, a person with psyc...
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The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has information on ways to get help and find a health care provider or access treatment at www.nimh.nih. gov/findhelp. If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline at 988 or chat at 988lifelin...
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For older adults, psychosis symptoms can be part of a physical or mental illness that emerges later in life. Psychosis can also be a symptom of some diseases of older age, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and related dementias. Other possible causes of psychosis include sleep deprivation, certa...
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How is psychosis treated? Studies have shown that it is common for a person to have psychotic symptoms for more than a year before receiving treatment. Reducing this duration of untreated psychosis is critical because early treatment often means better recovery. A qualified psychologist, psychiatrist, or social w...
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Treatment also often includes other elements. There is substantial research support for coordinated specialty care, which is a multi-element, recovery-oriented team approach to treating psychosis that promotes easy access to care and shared decision-making among specialists, the person experiencing psychosis, and ...
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The Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) research project, supported by NIMH, established coordinated specialty care as an effective treatment for early psychosis and identified important elements for helping people lead productive, independent lives. Learn more about the RAISE studies at www.ni...
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Coordinated specialty care consists of multiple components: • Individual or group psychotherapy is tailored to a person’s recovery goals. Cognitive and behavioral therapies focus on developing the knowledge and skills necessary to build resilience and cope with aspects of psychosis while maintaining and achieving ...
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medication costs, and dosage preferences (daily pill or monthly injection). • Supported employment and education services focus on return to work or school, using the support of a coach to help people achieve their goals. • Case management provides opportunities for people with psychosis to work with a case mana...
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It is important to find a mental health professional who is trained in psychosis treatment and who makes the person feel comfortable. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, it is possible to recover from psychosis. Some people who receive early treatment never have another psychotic episode. For other peo...
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Researchers at NIMH and around the country conduct clinical trials with people experiencing psychosis and healthy volunteers. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for you. For more information and to find a clinical trial, visit www.nimh.nih.gov/c...
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For more information about EASA, visit www.easacommunity.org. • Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET): EPINET’s Early Psychosis Intervention Network Clinics provide treatment and services to individuals with early psychosis across 17 states. The list of states with early psychosis clinics is found at ...
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■ Calling 1-800-950-NAMI (6264) ■ Texting “HelpLine” to 62640 ■ Emailing helpline@nami.org For more information about NAMI, visit www.nami.org. • Psychosis-Risk and Early Psychosis Program Network (PEPPNET): PEPPNET supports an Early Psychosis Program Directory that provides services to people at risk for or...
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For more information MedlinePlus (National Library of Medicine) https://medlineplus.gov (en español: https://medlineplus.gov/ spanish) ClinicalTrials.gov www.clinicaltrials.gov (en español: https://salud.nih.gov/ investigacion-clinica) Reprints National Institute of Mental Health Office of Science Policy, P...
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Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know What is ADHD? Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder marked by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Some people mostly have symptoms of inattention. Others mostly have symptoms of hy...
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► Inattention: Difficulty paying attention ► Hyperactivity: Showing too much energy or moving and talking too much ► Impulsivity: Acting without thinking or having difficulty with self-control Signs of inattention can include frequent difficulty with: ► Paying attention to details, leading to careless mistakes a...
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complicated forms ► Losing things, such as backpacks, books, keys, wallets, and phones ► Getting easily distracted by unrelated thoughts or stimuli ► Forgetting about daily activities, such as chores, errands, and events, or other important things, like assignments, appointments, and phone calls Signs of hype...
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► Talking excessively ► Answering questions before they are fully asked or finishing other people’s sentences ► Struggling to wait or be patient, such as when playing a game or waiting in line ► Interrupting or intruding on others, for example, in conversations, games, or meetings What causes ADHD? Researchers...
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How is ADHD diagnosed? Based on their specific symptoms, a person can be diagnosed with one of three types of ADHD: ► Inattentive: Mostly symptoms of inattention but not hyperactivity or impulsivity ► Hyperactive-impulsive: Mostly symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity but not inattention ► Combined: Symptom...
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To be diagnosed with ADHD, a person’s symptoms must also: ► Occur for at least 6 months ► Be present in two or more settings (for example, at home, at work, in school, or with friends) ► Interfere with or impair social, school, or work functioning Stress, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, and other physical ...
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► Examines the person’s mental health and medical history, including their mood and past or current health conditions. ► Looks at the person’s current or, if an adult, childhood behavior and school experiences. To obtain this information, the provider may ask for permission to talk with family, friends, partners, ...
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person meets the criteria for a diagnosis of ADHD. ► Administers psychological tests that look at cognitive skills, such as working memory, executive functioning (abilities such as planning and decision-making), visual and spatial abilities, or reasoning. Such tests can help identify psychological or cognitive (th...
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ADHD symptoms may change as a person gets older. ► Children show hyperactivity and impulsivity as the most common symptoms. As academic and social demands increase, symptoms of inattention often become more prominent and begin to interfere with academic performance and peer relationships. ► Adolescents usually ...
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some people, those symptoms become less severe and less impairing. They may also be irritable, have a low tolerance for frustration and stress, or experience frequent or intense mood changes. Some adults may not have been diagnosed with ADHD when younger because their teachers or family did not recognize the disord...
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Researchers are studying new treatments for people with ADHD, such as cognitive training and neurofeedback. These options are usually explored only after medication and psychotherapy have already been tried. For many people, treatment involves a combination of elements. Medication Stimulants are the most common type...
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Health care providers sometimes prescribe nonstimulant medications like antidepressants to treat ADHD. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved these medications specifically for ADHD. Sometimes, a person must try several different medications or dosages before finding the one that works...
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Therapy is especially helpful if ADHD co-occurs with other mental disorders, such as anxiety, depression, conduct problems, or substance use disorders. You can learn about other mental disorders at www.nimh.nih.gov/health. Several psychosocial interventions have been shown to help manage symptoms and improve functi...
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► Family and marital therapy helps family members learn to handle disruptive behaviors, encourage behavior changes, and improve interactions with children and partners. Some people find it helpful to get support from a professional life coach or ADHD coach who can teach them skills to improve daily functioning. F...
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Mental health professionals can educate parents about the disorder and how it affects a family. They also can help parents develop new skills, attitudes, and ways of relating to their child. Examples include parenting skills training, stress management techniques for parents, and support groups that help parents and...
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To learn more about special education services and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, visit https://idea.ed.gov. Cognitive training Cognitive training approaches involve repeatedly using a program or activity over several weeks to improve specific functions, such as memory or attention. Exercises are ...
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Neurofeedback Neurofeedback is a noninvasive technique in which an electronic device monitors and records a person’s brain activity, providing them with immediate feedback to support self-regulation. The device measures brain activity through such means as EEG or fMRI scans and feeds the information back to the pers...
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For people with ADHD, neurofeedback is used to train and improve specific cognitive functions. Although it is shown to help reduce some ADHD symptoms, the effects of neurofeedback remain lower than those seen from medication and psychotherapy. Additional research is needed to refine the treatment and determine for w...
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For more information, visit the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health at www.nccih.nih.gov/health/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-at-a-glance. How can I find help? If you’re unsure of where to get help, a health care provider is a good place to start. They can refer you to a qualified ...
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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has information about ADHD symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as additional resources for families and providers, at www.cdc.gov/adhd. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) also has resources for finding support at https:...
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7–9 hours of sleep every night. ► Stick to a consistent routine. ► Work on time management and organization. Prioritize time-sensitive tasks and write down assignments, messages, appointments, reminders, and important thoughts. ► Take short breaks during tasks that require sustained attention to help maintain...
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the people in their lives. ADHD may make it hard for your child to perform certain tasks or behaviors. Some children may need to use different strategies to help them succeed. ► Use clear, simple, direct language to explain rules and expectations. Reward behaviors that meet these expectations with positive reinf...
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► Provide opportunities to explore different activities and interests. Help your child discover their unique talents and build confidence in their abilities. If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org. I...
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NIMH supports clinical trials across the United States. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials and whether one is right for you. For more information, visit www.nimh.nih.gov/clinicaltrials. For more information Learn more at www.nimh.nih.gov/health. For information about various health topics, visit t...
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Reprints The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please cite the National Institute of Mental Health as the source. Read our copyright policy to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content at ...
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[Table: table_8_1] | Col0 | Col1 | | --- | --- | | Clinical trials Clinical trials are research studies that look at ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. These studies help show whether a treatment is safe and effective in people. Some people join clinical trials to help doctors and researchers le...
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National Library of Medicine’s MedlinePlus resource at https://medlineplus.gov. Contact us National Institute of Mental Health Office of Science Policy, Planning, and Communications 6001 Executive Boulevard, MSC 9663 Bethesda, MD 20892-9663 Phone: 1-866-615-6464 Email: nimhinfo@nih.gov Website: www.nimh.nih.gov En espa...
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ADHD in Adults: 4 Things to Know From the NATIONAL INSTITUTE of MENTAL HEALTH 1 Adults can have ADHD. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is marked by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity that makes it hard to function in at least two areas of life, such as at ho...
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trouble with self-control Based on their symptoms, a person can be diagnosed with one of three types of ADHD: inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, or combined. Adults with ADHD often have a history of poor academic performance, work problems, or strained relationships. They may find it challenging to stay organiz...
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ADHD is considered a developmental disorder because symptoms must begin in childhood—but many adults also have ADHD. 2 ADHD symptoms can cause problems in daily life. ADHD symptoms interfere with daily functioning. In adults, symptoms can lead to: ► Difficulty paying attention and often getting distracted ► Dis...
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moving or fidgeting ► Feelings of restlessness and a need for constant activity or stimulation ► Choosing immediate rewards over future rewards or consequences Many people show some of these behaviors some of the time. However, for adults with ADHD, they are more severe, frequent, and persistent, interfering...
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Why wasn’t I diagnosed with ADHD earlier? There are many reasons someone may not be diagnosed with ADHD until adulthood. For instance, your teachers and parents may not have recognized the disorder or may have provided supportive environments that helped you thrive despite it. Or you may have a milder form of ...
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You can learn more about getting help at www.nimh.nih.gov/findhelp. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) provides information about finding support at https://findsupport.gov and locating mental health services in your area at https://findtreatment.gov. ADHD can be diagnosed in...
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Diagnosing ADHD in adulthood is complicated by the need to show symptoms before age 12. For this reason, a diagnosis relies heavily on past reports of behavior. To help diagnose ADHD, a primary care provider or mental health professional may ask to talk to people who know you well, such as a partner, family me...
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► Report on your mood and current and past medical conditions to rule out alternative diagnoses and establish an overall treatment plan. 4 Treatment is available for adults with ADHD. Some adults may find it helpful to get support from a life coach or ADHD coach who can teach them executive function skills to imp...
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► Medication, usually stimulant medications ► Psychotherapy, like behavioral and cognitive behavioral therapy Effective treatment often involves a combination of elements. Sometimes, people must try several treatments before finding the one that works for them. NIMH has information on stimulants and other m...
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► Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Hosts a National Resource Center with information, links, and resources at https://chadd.org/nrc ► Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Provides information and resources on ADHD symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options at www.cdc....
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NIMH supports clinical trials across the United States. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials and whether one is right for you. For more information, visit www.nimh.nih.gov/clinicaltrials. For more information Reprints Learn more at www.nimh.nih.gov/ health. For information about various health...
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NIH Publication No. 24-MH-3573 2024 Follow us on social media @NIMHgov
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Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder: When Unwanted Thoughts or Repetitive Behaviors Take Over What is OCD? Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a long-lasting disorder in which a person experiences uncontrollable and recurring thoughts (obsessions), engages in repetitive behaviors (compulsions), or both. People wi...
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● Fear of germs or contamination ● Fear of forgetting, losing, or misplacing something ● Fear of losing control over one’s behavior ● Aggressive thoughts toward others or oneself ● Unwanted, forbidden, or taboo thoughts involving sex, religion, or harm ● Desire to have things symmetrical or in perfect order Compu...
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OCD symptoms may begin anytime but usually start between late childhood and young adulthood. Most people with OCD are diagnosed as young adults. The symptoms of OCD may start slowly and can go away for a while or worsen as time passes. During times of stress, the symptoms often get worse. A person’s obsessions and...
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Everyone rethinks or double-checks things sometimes. Not all repeated thoughts are obsessions, and not all rituals or habits are compulsions. However, people with OCD generally: ● Can’t control their obsessions or compulsions, even when they know they’re excessive. ● Spend more than 1 hour a day on their obsess...
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If you think you or your child may have OCD, talk to a health care provider. If left untreated, OCD symptoms can become severe and interfere with daily life. What are the risk factors for OCD? Although the exact causes of OCD are unknown, various risk factors increase the chances of developing the disorder. ● Gen...
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● Biology: Brain imaging studies have shown that people with OCD often have differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures of the brain, areas of the brain that impact the ability to control behavior and emotional responses. Researchers also have found that several brain areas, brain networks, and bio...
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reserved behaviors, experience negative emotions, and show symptoms of anxiety and depression as children are more likely to develop OCD. ● Childhood trauma: Some studies have reported an association between childhood trauma and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. More research is needed to understand this relationship...
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If you are experiencing symptoms, the first thing you should do is speak with a health care provider. They will examine you and ask about your health history to ensure other illnesses or conditions are not causing your symptoms. A health care provider may refer you to a mental health professional for further evalua...
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Find tips for talking with a health care provider to improve your care and get the most out of your visit at www.nimh.nih.gov/talkingtips. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy can be an effective treatment for adults and children with OCD. Research shows that certain types of psychotherapy, including cognitive behavioral t...
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● Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT is a type of talk therapy that helps people recognize harmful or untrue ways of thinking so they can more clearly view and respond to challenging situations. CBT helps people learn to question these negative thoughts, determine how they impact their feelings and actions, an...
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● Exposure and response prevention therapy (ERP): Research shows that ERP, a specific type of CBT, effectively reduces compulsive behaviors, even for people who do not respond well to medication. With ERP, people spend time in a safe environment that gradually exposes them to situations that trigger their obsession...
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You can learn more about psychotherapies, including CBT, at www.nimh.nih. gov/psychotherapies. Medication Health care providers may prescribe medication to help treat OCD. The most common medications prescribed for OCD are antidepressants that target serotonin, a chemical transmitter in the brain involved in depre...
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Antidepressant treatment can take 8–12 weeks before symptoms begin to improve, and treatment for OCD may require higher doses than are typically used to treat depression. For some people, these medications may cause side effects such as headaches, nausea, or difficulty sleeping. Most people with OCD find that medic...
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The most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings is available on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website at www.fda.gov/drugsatfda. Other treatments In 2018, the FDA approved using a deep form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)—along with medication, psyc...
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Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that uses electricity to directly stimulate sites in the brain. Health care providers may use DBS to treat people with severe OCD when other treatments have not worked. However, this therapy is considered experimental. Although DBS has received FDA approval to t...
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You can learn more about brain stimulation therapies, including rTMS and DBS, at www.nimh.nih.gov/braintherapies. Visit www.fda.gov/medical-devices for the latest information and guidance on brain stimulation devices. Effective strategies for managing stress and anxiety You can do several things to manage the str...
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You can learn more about getting help and finding a health care provider on the NIMH website at www.nimh.nih.gov/findhelp. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) has an online tool at https:// findtreatment.gov to help you find mental health services in your area. If you or someone yo...
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People volunteer for clinical trials for many reasons. Some people join clinical trials to help doctors and researchers learn more about a disease and improve health care. Other people, such as those with health conditions, join to try new or advanced treatments that aren’t widely available. NIMH supports clinical ...
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Where can I learn more? NIMH website www.nimh.nih.gov www.nimh.nih.gov/espanol (en español) MedlinePlus (National Library of Medicine) https://medlineplus.gov https://medlineplus.gov/spanish (en español) ClinicalTrials.gov www.clinicaltrials.gov https://salud.nih.gov/investigacion-clinica (en español) N...
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Depression National Institute of Mental Health What is depression? Everyone feels sad or low sometimes, but these feelings usually pass. Depression (also called major depression, major depressive disorder, or clinical depression) is different. It can cause severe symptoms that affect how a person feels, thinks, a...
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In addition, depression can co-occur with other mental disorders or chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and chronic pain. Depression can make these conditions worse and vice versa. Sometimes, medications taken for an illness cause side effects that contribute to depression symptoms as well. ...
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Other types of depression include the following. ● Seasonal affective disorder comes and goes with the seasons, with symptoms typically starting in the late fall and early winter and going away during the spring and summer. For more information, visit www.nimh.nih.gov/SAD. ● Depression with symptoms of psychosis is a...
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Additional types of depression can occur at specific points in a woman’s life. Pregnancy, the postpartum period, the menstrual cycle, and menopause are associated with physical and hormonal changes that can bring on a depressive episode in some people. ● Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is a more severe form of preme...
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menopause. Women may experience feelings of intense irritability, anxiety, sadness, or loss of enjoyment. What are the signs and symptoms of depression? Common signs and symptoms of depression include: ● Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood ● Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism ● Feelings of irritability, frust...
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physical cause that do not go away with treatment ● Thoughts of death or suicide or suicide attempts Depression can also involve other changes in mood or behavior that include: ● Increased anger or irritability ● Feeling restless or on edge ● Becoming withdrawn, negative, or detached ● Increased engagement in high-ris...
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If you show signs or symptoms of depression and they persist or do not go away, talk to a health care provider. If you see signs of depression in someone you know, encourage them to seek help from a mental health professional. If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the ...
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If you think you may have depression, talk to a health care provider, such as a primary care doctor, psychologist, or psychiatrist. During the visit, the provider may ask when your symptoms began, how long they have lasted, how often they occur, and if they keep you from going out or doing your usual activities. It ...
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Depression can affect people differently depending on their age. ● Children may be anxious or cranky, pretend to be sick, refuse to go to school, cling to a parent, or worry that a parent may die. ● Older children and teens may get into trouble at school, sulk, be easily frustrated‚ feel restless, or have low self-es...
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● Middle-aged adults may have more depressive episodes, decreased libido, middle- of-the-night insomnia, or early morning waking. They often report stomach problems, such as diarrhea or constipation. ● Older adults often feel sadness, grief, or other less obvious symptoms. They may report a lack of emotions rather t...
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For some people, symptoms manifest as physical problems (for example, a racing heart, tightened chest, chronic headaches, or digestive issues). Many men are more likely to see a health care provider about these physical symptoms than their emotional ones. While increased use of alcohol or drugs can be a sign of depr...
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For milder forms of depression, psychotherapy is often tried first, with medication added later if the therapy alone does not produce a good response. People with moderate or severe depression usually are prescribed medication as part of the initial treatment plan. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (also called talk thera...
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Psychotherapy can be effective when delivered in person or virtually via telehealth. A provider may support or supplement therapy using digital or mobile technology, like apps or other tools. Evidence-based therapies to treat depression include cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy. Using other for...
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● Interpersonal therapy (IPT): IPT focuses on interpersonal and life events that impact mood and vice versa. IPT aims to help people improve their communication skills within relationships, form social support networks, and develop realistic expectations to better deal with crises or other issues that may be contri...
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Treatment-resistant depression occurs when a person doesn’t get better after trying at least two antidepressants. Esketamine is a medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment-resistant depression. Delivered as a nasal spray in a doctor’s office, clinic, or hospital, the medication...
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All medications can have side effects. Talk to a health care provider before starting or stopping any medication. For more information, visit www.nimh.nih.gov/medications. Note: In some cases, children, teenagers, and young adults under 25 years may experience an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking...
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Brain stimulation therapy Brain stimulation therapy is an option when other depression treatments have not worked. The therapy involves activating or inhibiting the brain with electricity or magnetic waves. Although brain stimulation therapy is less frequently used than psychotherapy and medication, it can play an i...
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The FDA has approved several types of brain stimulation therapy. The most used are electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Other brain stimulation therapies are newer and, in some cases, still considered experimental. You can learn more about these therapies at www.ni...
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Do not use vitamin D, St. John’s wort, or other dietary supplements or natural products without first talking to a health care provider. Rigorous studies must test whether these and other natural products are safe and effective. How can I take care of myself? Most people with depression benefit from mental health t...
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people who know you well. ● Avoid using alcohol, nicotine, or drugs, including medications not prescribed for you. How can I find help for depression? The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has information on ways to get help, find a health care provider, and access treatment at www.nimh.nih.gov/findhelp....
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prescribed medications. ● Make sure they have transportation or access to therapy appointments. ● Remind them that, with time and treatment, their depression can lift. Clinical trials Clinical trials are research studies that look at ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. These studies help sh...
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For more information Learn more at www.nimh.nih.gov/health. For information about various health topics, visit the National Library of Medicine’s MedlinePlus resource at https://medlineplus.gov. Contact us National Institute of Mental Health Office of Science Policy, Planning, and Communications 6001 Executive ...
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National Institute of Mental Health U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health NIH Publication No. 24-MH-8079 Revised 2024 [Table Data] [Table: table_1_1] | Col0 | Col1 | Col2 | | --- | --- | --- | | Depression National Institute of Mental Health | | | | | | |
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