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or monarchical control. Instead, a presbyterian based religion was the only proper type of religion. To John Shawcross, Milton's experience while writing the piece, along with the two Defences "supplied the experience with the world, that dark world and wide, that seems to have been needed for Milton to move beyond the defiant to degrees of understanding, if not acceptance, of humankind."

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Starting in 1649, Milton began to connect his various prose publications with the plan of a future epic to be composed, and Eikonoklastes was one such work. As such, there are multiple parallels between the actions of Charles I monarchy and Satan's rule in hell found within Paradise Lost. The description of a rise of an antichristian monarchs near the end of Eikonoklastes declares that such individuals rely on an ambiguous language to gain power. Likewise, Milton's Satan relies on the same kind of rhetoric. Likewise, the deviant followers of Charles I are connected to demons in hell who

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followers of Charles I are connected to demons in hell who drink and blaspheme.

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Critical review The work failed: it is the general view that Milton's work did not succeed, at least in terms of rebutting the Eikon Basilike. On the other hand, scholars still debate exactly what the polemic intention of Milton's work was. This book was the first work by Milton to be at all widely read. Public sentiment still supported Charles I, but the tract was able to appeal to a larger audience than many of Milton's previous works.

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After the English Restoration of 1660, Milton and other republicans faced a vindictive new Government, and Eikonoklastes was said to have justified regicides. The Act of Oblivion was enacted on 29 August 1660, and Milton was not among those who were listed to suffer the death penalty for their part in Charles I's execution. On the other hand, a proclamation by the king demanded that Eikonoklastes and Defensio pro Populo Anglicano be burned. The works were soon after burned in public by the public hangman. This did not stop the work attracting readers, and there was a new edition in 1690 after

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readers, and there was a new edition in 1690 after the Glorious Revolution.

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Notes References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . External links Eikonoklastes full text 1649 books Works by John Milton English Civil War

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Halal-TV was a Swedish television show, based on the Dutch show De Meiden van Halal. The program was hosted by three Swedish muslim women who interviewed members of the public on a wide range of subjects through an islamic lens. The show's run consisted of seven episodes and a special debate episode. The program was broadcast on SVT2 in the fall of 2008.

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The program sparked controversy before the first episode had been broadcast. Cherin Awad, one of the hosts, had made a statement in the show Existens five years earlier which some interpreted as her condoning stoning because of sexual infidelity.

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Another controversy emerged when author Carl Hamilton appeared for an interview and insisted on shaking the presenter's hands. Two of the hosts refused, as it would have violated their religious beliefs. This sparked a heated discussion between Hamilton and the hosts which was later published by SVT. Episodes References Sveriges Television original programming

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This page is a list of the episodes of The Outer Limits, a 1995 science fiction/dark fantasy television series. The series was broadcast on Showtime from 1995 to 2000, and on the Sci Fi Channel in its final year (2001–2002). Series overview Episodes Season 1 (1995) Season 2 (1996) {{Episode table |background=#FF5F6C |overall=4 |season=4 |title=19 |director=15 |writer=19 |airdate=14 |episodes=

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{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=39 |EpisodeNumber2=18 |Title=The Light Brigade |DirectedBy=Michael Keusch |WrittenBy=Brad Wright |OriginalAirDate=

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|ShortSummary=In this sequel to episode "Quality of Mercy" (Season 1, Episode 14), the ship The Light Brigade is the last hope of humanity in a war against an alien race. In an attempt to turn the tide of the war, humanity is resorting to a Hiroshima-type strike. The Light Brigade carries a new bomb to be delivered to the enemy homeworld. This bomb works by breaking down the forces which hold subatomic particles together to form an atom. As with the original atomic bomb, a very limited number was made. The first was tested on one of the Martian moons and created an explosion of such power that it was

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moons and created an explosion of such power that it was daylight on Earth for several days. The Light Brigade'''s purpose is to deliver this powerful weapon to destroy the enemy homeworld. The aliens ambush the ship and use their unique methods to trick the survivors of the Light Brigade into failing their mission. This feat is achieved by Robert Patrick's character, John Skokes, whose physical likeness has been assumed by an alien spy, leading one to believe the real Skokes died in captivity (following the events depicted in "Quality of Mercy"). In the closing scene, at huge personal cost,

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of Mercy"). In the closing scene, at huge personal cost, a young cadet (Wil Wheaton) releases the bomb over what he believes to be the alien homeworld. It is in fact Earth, and the mission is not only a failure, but the unleashing of the doomsday weapon on an already crippled humanity.

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}} Season 3 (1997) Season 4 (1998) Season 5 (1999) Season 6 (2000) Season 7 (2001–02) Story arcs and connected episodes

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Story arcs and connected episodes Innobotics Corporation s. 1 ep. 2 "Valerie 23" s. 2 ep. 2 "Resurrection" s. 4 ep. 15 "Mary 25" s. 4 ep. 26 "In Our Own Image". It includes footage from s. 3 ep. 1 "Bits of Love", as well as footage from s. 3 ep. 7 "The Camp". These timelines do not match, though this is partially remedied by the android's statement that the footage from The Camp'' comes from a prison camp during the Second Balkan War.

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Major John Skokes/Earth Defence s. 1 ep. 13 "Quality of Mercy" s. 2 ep. 18 "The Light Brigade" Alien Infiltration s. 1 ep. 20 "Birthright" s. 1 ep. 21 "The Voice of Reason" Time Traveler Dr. Theresa Givens s. 2 ep. 1 "A Stitch in Time" s. 6 ep. 21 "Final Appeal" Genetic Rejection Syndrome s. 2 ep. 3 "Unnatural Selection" s. 4 ep. 1 "Criminal Nature"

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The New Masters s. 3 ep. 7 "The Camp" – The last humans are kept by the android guards, simply because the guards are following the last orders they received. s. 4 ep. 21 "Promised Land" – The remaining humans must interact with aliens still on Earth. Geneticist Dr. Martin Nodel s. 3 ep. 12 "Double Helix" s. 4 ep. 23 "Origin of Species" The Eastern Coalition-Free Alliance Cold War / War s. 4 ep. 24 "Phobos Rising" s. 7 ep. 21 "The Human Factor" s. 7 ep. 22 "Human Trials"

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Jack the Ripper s. 5 ep. 11 "Ripper" s. 5 ep. 22 "Better Luck Next Time" Time Traveler Nicholas Prentice s. 5 ep. 12 "Tribunal" s. 6 ep. 17 "Gettysburg" s. 7 ep. 15 "Time to Time" USAS s. 4 ep. 13 "The Joining" s. 7 ep. 5 "The Vessel" s. 7 ep. 11 "In the Blood" See also List of The Outer Limits (1963 TV series) episodes References Outer Limits, The Outer Limits, The

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This is the list of awards and nominations received by the American television series Ally McBeal (1997–2002). By Awards American Choreography Awards 2000: Outstanding Achievement in Television – Episode (for "I Will Survive", won) American Cinema Editors (ACE) 1999: Best Edited One-Hour Series for Television (for "Car Wash", won) BAFTA Television Awards 1998: Best International Programme or Series (nominated)

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Casting Society of America (CSA) 1999: Best Casting – Episodic Comedy (nominated) 2000: Best Casting – Episodic Comedy (won) Cinema Audio Society (CAS) 1998: Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Television Series (for "Making Spirits Bright", nominated) Costume Designers Guild (CDG) 1999: Excellence in Costume Design for Television – Contemporary (nominated) 2000: Excellence in Costume Design for Television – Contemporary (nominated)

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Directors Guild of America (DGA) 1997: Outstanding Directing – Drama Series, Night (James Frawley for "Pilot", nominated) 2000: Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series (Bill D'Elia for "The Last Virgin", nominated)

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Emmy Awards 1998: Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series (David E. Kelley for "Theme Of Life") 1998: Outstanding Sound Mixing For A Comedy Series Or A Special (Kurt Kassulke, Peter R. Kelsey, Paul Lewis and Nello Torri for "Boy To The World") (won) 1998: Outstanding Single-camera Picture Editing For A Series (Thomas R. Moore for "Cro-Magnon") 1998: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series (Calista Flockhart) 1998: Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series (James Frawley for "Pilot")

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1998: Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series (Allan Arkush for "Cro-Magnon") 1998: Outstanding Comedy Series (David E. Kelley, Mike Listo, Jeffrey Kramer, Jonathan Pontell, Steve Robin and Pam Wisne) 1998: Outstanding Casting For A Series (Jeanie Bacharach and Sharon Jetton) 1998: Outstanding Art Direction For A Series (Diane O'Connell and Peter Politanoff for "Boy To The World") 1998: Outstanding Costumes for a Series (Loree Parral, Shelly Levine and Michelle Roth for "Cro-Magnon")

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1999: Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series (David E. Kelley for "Sideshow") 1999: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Peter MacNicol) 1999: Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (Lucy Liu) 1999: Outstanding Sound Mixing For A Comedy Series Or A Special (Peter R. Kelsey, Paul Lewis and Nello Torri for "Love's Illusions") (won) 1999: Outstanding Single-camera Picture Editing For A Series (Philip Neel for "Angels & Blimps")

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1999: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series (Calista Flockhart) 1999: Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series (Tracey Ullman) (won) 1999: Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series (John Ritter) 1999: Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series (Arlene Sanford for "Those Lips, That Hand") 1999: Outstanding Costumes for a Series (Rachael Stanley for "Making Spirits Bright")

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1999: Outstanding Comedy Series (Peter Burrell, Jeffrey Kramer, David E. Kelley, Mike Listo, Jonathan Pontell, Steve Robin and Pam Wisne) (won) 1999: Outstanding Casting For A Series (Jeanie Bacharach and Sharon Jetton) 1999: Outstanding Art Direction For A Series (Diane O'Connell and Peter Politanoff for "Making Spirits Bright") 2000: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Peter MacNicol)

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2000: Outstanding Sound Mixing For A Comedy Series Or A Special (Paul M. Lewis, Peter R. Kelsey and Nello Torri for "Car Wash") (won) 2000: Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series (Bill D'Elia for "Ally McBeal: The Musical, Almost") 2001: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Peter MacNicol) (won) 2001: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Robert Downey Jr.) 2001: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series (Calista Flockhart)

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2001: Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series(Bernadette Peters) 2001: Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series (Jami Gertz) 2001: Outstanding Cinematography For A Single-camera Series (Billy Dickson for "Cloudy Skies, Chance Of Parade") 2001: Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series (Ken Miller and Nikki Valko) (won) 2002: Outstanding Cinematography For A Single-camera Series (Billy Dickson for "Reality Bites")

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Golden Globe Awards 1997: Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Series (Calista Flockhart for playing "Ally McBeal", won) 1997: Best Series – Musical or Comedy (won) 1998: Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Series (Flockhart, nominated) 1998: Best Series – Musical or Comedy (won) 1998: Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or TV Film (Jane Krakowski for playing "Elaine Vassal", nominated) 1999: Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Series (Flockhart, nominated)

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1999: Best Series – Musical or Comedy (nominated) 2000: Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Series (Flockhart, nominated) 2000: Best Series – Musical or Comedy (nominated) 2000: Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or TV Film (Robert Downey, Jr. for playing "Larry Paul", won) 2001: Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Series (Flockhart, nominated) 2001: Best Series – Musical or Comedy (nominated)

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Producers Guild of America (PGA) 2000: Television Producer of the Year – Episodic Comedy (nominated) Peabody Awards 1998: Peabody Award (won)

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Peabody Awards 1998: Peabody Award (won) Satellite Awards 1998: Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Series (Calista Flockhart for playing "Ally McBeal", nominated) 1999: Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Series (Flockhart, nominated) 2000: Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Series (Jane Krakowski for playing "Elaine Vassal", nominated) 2002: Best Supporting Actor – Musical or Comedy Series (Peter MacNicol for playing "John Cage", nominated)

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Screen Actors Guild (SAG) 1997: Outstanding Actress – Comedy Series (Calista Flockhart for playing "Ally McBeal", nominated) 1997: Outstanding Cast – Comedy Series (nominated) 1998: Outstanding Actor – Comedy Series (Peter MacNicol for playing "John Cage", nominated) 1998: Outstanding Actress – Comedy Series (Flockhart, nominated) 1998: Outstanding Cast – Comedy Series (won) 1999: Outstanding Actor – Comedy Series (MacNicol, nominated) 1999: Outstanding Actress – Comedy Series (Flockhart, nominated)

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1999: Outstanding Actress – Comedy Series (Lucy Liu for playing "Ling Woo", nominated) 1999: Outstanding Cast – Comedy Series (nominated) 2000: Outstanding Actor – Comedy Series (Robert Downey, Jr. for playing "Larry Paul", won) 2000: Outstanding Actor – Comedy Series (MacNicol, nominated) 2000: Outstanding Actress – Comedy Series (Flockhart, nominated) 2000: Outstanding Cast – Comedy Series (nominated)

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References External links Awards won by Ally McBeal at IMDb Ally McBeal Awards

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This page is a list of the episodes of The Outer Limits, a U.S. science fiction television series originally aired on the ABC television network for two seasons from 1963 to 1965. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (1963–64) Season 2 (1964–65) Home releases The following DVD sets were released by MGM Home Entertainment. References External Links Outer Limits, The Outer Limits, The

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Ian Manley Reed (13 July 1927 – 7 August 2020) was a discus thrower, who represented Australia at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He won the gold medal at the 1950 Commonwealth Games in the men's discus throw event. He was born in Victoria.

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He was 25 at the time of the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. During the Olympics he started the qualifying rounds ranked as #21 with the distance of his discus throw being 45.12 metres. This caused him to automatically qualify into group B, which moved his rank to #13. His next throw which took place during round one of group B, was 41.51 metres and moved his ranking to #14. However, during round two of group B was considered Reed's best marked distance which measured 45.12 metres and ranked him at #12, therefore qualifying him into the next round. In spite of just having his best marked

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into the next round. In spite of just having his best marked distance in round 3 of group B, Reed threw the discus a measured 44.24 metres. This caused him not to place in round 3, thus taking him out of the games.

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Reed's personal best ever recorded discus throw is 49.52 metres. World Masters Athletics has ranked Ian Reed world number one in his 85–89 age group for the years 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016. Reed set a new 90–94 age bracket Masters World Record of 28.49 metres at the San Diego Senior Games in September 2017. References current-record

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References current-record 1927 births 2020 deaths Australian male discus throwers Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics Olympic athletes of Australia Athletes (track and field) at the 1950 British Empire Games Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics Sportsmen from Victoria (Australia)

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Geoffrey Hewlett Thompson (called Hewlett; born 14 August 1929) is a retired Anglican bishop. He is a former Bishop of Exeter in the Church of England.

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Thompson was educated at Aldenham School and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. After National Service in the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment, he studied for ordination at Cuddesdon College. He was made a deacon on Trinity Sunday 1954 (13 June) and ordained a priest the next Trinity Sunday (5 June 1955) — both times by Spencer Leeson, Bishop of Peterborough, at Peterborough Cathedral. He began his ordained ministry with a curacy at St Matthew's Northampton after which he was first vicar of St Augustine, Wisbech and subsequently of St Saviour's Folkestone. He was consecrated to the

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of St Saviour's Folkestone. He was consecrated to the episcopate by Michael Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey on 24 January 1974. At first simply suffragan Bishop of Willesden in 1974, he became area bishop upon the foundation of the London area scheme in 1979 and six years later he was translated to diocesan Bishop of Exeter. In retirement he continues to serve the church as an honorary assistant bishop within the Diocese of Carlisle.

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References 1929 births People educated at Aldenham School Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge Alumni of Ripon College Cuddesdon Bishops of Willesden Bishops of Exeter 20th-century Church of England bishops Living people

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Robin Douglas Tait (14 April 1940 in Dunedin, Otago – 20 March 1984 in Auckland) was a discus thrower, who represented New Zealand at two Summer Olympics: 1968 and 1972. He represented New Zealand at six Commonwealth Games: 1962, 1966, 1970, 1974, 1978 and 1982.

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He won the gold medal at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games in the men's discus throw event, and the bronze in the same event in 1966. Tait carried the New Zealand flag at the opening ceremony of the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. External links Profile at New Zealand Commonwealth Games website

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1940 births 1984 deaths New Zealand male discus throwers Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics Olympic athletes of New Zealand Athletes from Dunedin Commonwealth Games gold medallists for New Zealand Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand Athletes (track and field) at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games Athletes (track and field) at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games

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Athletes (track and field) at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games Athletes (track and field) at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games Athletes (track and field) at the 1978 Commonwealth Games Athletes (track and field) at the 1982 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics

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Walddeutsche (lit. "Forest Germans" or Taubdeutsche – "Deaf Germans"; – "deaf Germans") was the name for a group of German-speaking people, originally used in the 16th century for two language islands around Łańcut and Krosno, in southeastern Poland. Both of them were fully polonised before the 18th century, the term, however, survived up to the early 20th century as the designation na Głuchoniemcach, broadly and vaguely referring to the territory of present-day Sanockie Pits, which has seen a partial German settlement since the 14th century, mostly Slavicised long before the term

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the 14th century, mostly Slavicised long before the term was coined.

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Nomenclature The term Walddeutsche – coined by the Polish historians Marcin Bielski, 1531, Szymon Starowolski 1632, Bishop Ignacy Krasicki and Wincenty Pol – also sometimes refers to Germans living between Wisłoka and the San River part of the West Carpathian Plateau and the Central Beskidian Piedmont in Poland.

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The Polish term Głuchoniemcy is a sort of pun; it means "deaf-mutes", but sounds like "forest Germans": Niemcy, Polish for "Germans", is derived from niemy ("mute", unable to talk comprehensibly, i.e. in a Slavic language), and głuchy ("deaf", i.e. "unable to communicate") sounds similar to głusz meaning "wood". History

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History In the 14th century a German settlement called Hanshof existed in the area. The Church of the Assumption of Holy Mary and St. Michael's Archangel in Haczów (Poland), the oldest wooden Gothic temple in Europe, was erected in the 14th century and was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 2003.

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Germans settled in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland (territory of present-day Subcarpathian Voivodeship and eastern part of Lesser Poland) from the 14th to 16th centuries (see Ostsiedlung), mostly after the region returned to Polish sphere of influence in 1340, when Casimir III of Poland took the Czerwień towns.

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Marcin Bielski states that Bolesław I Chrobry settled some Germans in the region to defend the borders against Hungary and Kievan Rus' but the arrivals were ill-suited to their task and turned to farming. Maciej Stryjkowski mentions German peasants near Przeworsk, Przemyśl, Sanok, and Jarosław, describing them as good farmers.

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Some Germans were attracted by kings seeking specialists in various trades, such as craftsmen and miners. They usually settled in newer market and mining settlements. The main settlement areas were in the vicinity of Krosno and some language islands in the Pits and the Rzeszów regions. The settlers in the Pits region were known as Uplander Sachsen. Until approximately the 15th century, the ruling classes of most cities in present-day Beskidian Piedmont consisted almost exclusively of Germans.

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The Beskidian Germans underwent Polonization in the latter half of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century.

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According to Wacław Maciejowski, writing in 1858, the people did not understand German but called themselves Głuchoniemcy. Wincenty Pol wrote in 1869 that their attire was similar to that of the Hungarian and Transylvanian Germans and that their main occupations were farming and weaving. He stated that in some areas the people were of Swedish origin, however, they all spoke flawlessly in a Lesser Poland dialect of Polish. In 1885, Józef Szujski wrote that the Gluchoniemcy spoke only Polish, but there were traces of a variety of original languages which showed that, when they arrived, the

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languages which showed that, when they arrived, the term Niemiec was applied to "everyone". In the modern Polish language, Niemiec refers to Germans, however, in earlier centuries, it was sometimes also used in reference to Hungarians, possibly due to similarity with the word niemy or plural niemi for "mute" or "dumb".

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Settlement Important cities of this region include Pilzno, Brzostek, Biecz, Gorlice, Ropczyce, Wielopole Skrzyńskie, Frysztak, Jasło, Krosno, Czudec, Rzeszów, Łańcut, Tyczyn, Brzozów, Jaćmierz, Rymanów, Przeworsk, Jarosław, Kańczuga, Przemyśl, Dynów, Brzozów, and Sanok. See also Carpathian Germans German minority in Poland Pogórzanie

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References Józef Szujski. Die Polen und Ruthenen in Galizien. Kraków. 1896 (Głuchoniemcy/Walddeutsche S. 17.) Aleksander Świętochowski. Grundriß der Geschichte der polnischen Bauern, Bd. 1, Lwów-Poznań, 1925; (Głuchoniemcy/Sachsen) S. 498

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Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50, hrsg. vom Statistischen Bundesamt, Wiesbaden 1958, pages: 275–276 bis 281 "schlesisch- deutscher Gruppe bzw. die Głuchoniemców (Walddeutsche), zwischen Dunajez und San, Entnationalisierung im 16 Jh. und 18 Jh."

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Wojciech Blajer: Bemerkungen zum Stand der Forschungen uber die Enklawen der mittelalterlichen deutschen Besiedlung zwischen Wisłoka und San. [in:] Późne średniowiecze w Karpatach polskich. red. Prof. Jan Gancarski. Krosno, 2007.

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Sources and notes German diaspora in Europe History of Lesser Poland History of Galicia (Eastern Europe) People from Podkarpackie Voivodeship History of ethnic groups in Poland Polish people of German descent German words and phrases History of Red Ruthenia

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The Erfurter Maschinenfabrik (ERMA) was a German weapons manufacturer founded in 1922 by Berthold Geipel. Prior to and during World War II it manufactured many firearms, including the Karabiner 98k, the MP40 and other submachine guns.

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The company is also noted for having produced various forms of military training rifles, including the famous EL 24 subcaliber "Barrel Insert" training devices that allowed .22 long rifle ammunition to be fired from infantry rifles such as the Karabiner 98 and Steyr-Mannlicher M1895 through use of a special action conversion kit and a thin-walled .22 caliber barrel inserted within the larger rifle's bore. History

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History The Erfurter Maschinen- und Werkzeugfabrik GmbH was formed in 1922 in Erfurt, Thuringia, by Berthold Geipel. At the beginning of the 1930s the company started its firearms business, acquiring licenses to produce Mauser carbines like the 'Karabiner 98k' and rights to manufacture submachine guns ('Machine Pistols'), which received the designation 'EMP' for 'ERMA Maschinenpistole'. Firearms Production

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The 'EMP' series was based on designs by Heinrich Vollmer which had been bought by Geipert in the early 1930s. These SMGs would be produced in different variants from 1932 (as direct copies of the Vollmer models) to 1938 and sold in Germany, but also to Spain, Mexico, China and Yugoslavia. The Spanish acquired a license for domestic production later on. By 1935 a license to produce repeating rifles of the Mauser Model 98 system has been acquired, production would go on until the early 1940s mid-war. Pre-war conversion kits as training devices, with subcaliber 'Insert Barrels' like the type

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devices, with subcaliber 'Insert Barrels' like the type 'Erma EL 24' (EL for 'Einstecklauf'), would also be sold for those weapons systems. In 1933 Berthold's brother Elmar Geipel is hired by the company. In 1934 the enterprise was renamed to Erfurter Maschinenfabrik B. Geipel GmbH, or 'ERMA' for short. In 1937 Berthold Geipel is appointed Wehrwirtschaftsführer of Erfurt by the Nazi regime.

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From the version 'EMP 36' of ERMA the SMG 'MP 38' and the following model 'MP 40' had been developed under the guidance of Vollmer, and been accepted by the German Wehrmacht, been put into production. In 1943 another SMG had been constructed by the 'ERMA-Werke', the 'Erma EMP 44', a very simplified Machine Pistol, which could have been manufactured with speed and in great numbers. Such a crudely designed firearm was not approved by the Wehrmacht at that time. Later reconsiderations on the viability for a setup to manufacture the firearm led to nowhere, although there had been certain demand by

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led to nowhere, although there had been certain demand by the end of the war. Similar designs for such simple SMGs had been met with success and these were issued in numbers to the Soviet army (PPS submachine gun) and the British (Sten gun), to be used effectively for decades.

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During the war part of the Geipel enterprise was located at the Altonaer Straße 25 in Erfurt, an area on the campus of the Fachhochschule Erfurt, founded in 1991. Furthermore, since about 1940 a forced labour camp ('Zwangsarbeitslager') for the nearby weaponry manufacture plants had been erected in the vicinity of said Fachhochschule. Around 2000 workers had been re-settled there in shacks to keep production going. Post war

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In 1945 Geipel was arrested and imprisoned by the Allied occupation forces in Germany due to his involvement with the Nazi party. He was eventually freed and underwent denazification, after which he worked for 'Vollmer GmbH' as assistant director to Heinrich Vollmer. Following the end of the war, the Thuringia region found itself in the Soviet occupation zone. Marshal Zhukov of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany ordered what was left of the 'ERMA' assets to be liquidated on August 31, 1948.

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Geipel re-established the company under the brand name ERMA-Werke in Bavaria in 1949 and in 1952 the company moved to Dachau, near Munich. Geipel's son Rudolf became the Chief Engineer of the new company and for the first few years production was devoted to household appliances. Around 1952 'ERMA' was awarded a contract by the government of West Germany to service and produce parts for the various Allied forces weapons that had been supplied to the German police forces, notably M1 Carbines. The company also commenced manufacture of gas pistols and revolvers (like EGR 66), and rifles a.o.

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of gas pistols and revolvers (like EGR 66), and rifles a.o. with lever actions.

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Following the foundation of the Bundeswehr in May 1955, the Federal government gave ERMA permission to research and develop a new submachine gun; the aim was to replace the weapons given by the Allied forces to both West Germany's police and army. ERMA's design was, however, outbid and out-performed by a submission of the Uzi, which became the 'MP 2' issued to the German Army (Deutsches Heer). In the 1960s the Walther MP would be issued to the German Navy (Bundesmarine) and used by federal police forces. The financial resources expended in developing the new submachine gun had been quite

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in developing the new submachine gun had been quite substantial, and as a consequence 'ERMA-Werke' were taken over in 1961 by 'Fiberglide', a division of Lear-Siegler, which traded under the 'ERMA' brand name. Berthold Geipel and his son left the company.

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In October 1997 'ERMA Werke' commenced bankruptcy proceedings and in 1998 was taken over by 'Suhler Jagd- und Sportwaffen GmbH' (later 'Merkel'), at that time a division of Steyr-Mannlicher. An 'ERMA Suhl' logo was used on their products for a while. By 2004 Heckler & Koch had taken over the Thuringian company forming the 'H&K Jagd und Sportwaffen GmbH' as hunting and shooting sports section under the 'Merkel' brand name, following which the 'ERMA' name and brand ceased to exist for manufacturing firearms.

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Firearms manufactured EMP / MPE MP38 / MP40 EMP 44, experimental low cost SMG EG 70, an M1 Carbine copy, ERMA manufactured parts for these weapons in the early 1950s and produced a .22 caliber training rifle modeled after the carbine that proved so popular it was commercially marketed as the EM-1 and available in .22 WMR Various low cost .22 caliber pistols resembling the Luger pistol KGP 68, .380 (9mm kurz) Luger pistol Clone ESP 85A, target pistol. TP 22, .22 caliber pistols resembling the PPK.

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TP 22, .22 caliber pistols resembling the PPK. TP 25, .25 ACP variant of the TP-22 pocket pistol. ET 22, .22 caliber pistols with 11 inch barrels for the West German Navy. Ithaca Model 72 Saddlegun, in .22LR and .22WMR EGR 66 and 66X, gas revolver, Smith & Wesson-Revolvers Model 36 copy, 66X is the stainless steel version

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Further reading A. J. R. Cormack (1972) Erma Submachine guns, Small Arms Profile 8, Profile Publications Ltd., G. de Vries, B.J. Martens: The MP 38, 40, 40/1 and 41 Submachine Gun, Vol. 2. Special Interest Publicaties BV, Arnhem 2001, Werner Limbrecht: ERMA & FEIMA: Berthold Geipel und seine Erfurter Waffenfabriken, Fachhochsch., 2009, . (German) ERMA-Werke Model E M1 .22 LR Self-Loading Rimfire Rifle References

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References 1922 establishments in Germany Firearm manufacturers of Germany History of Erfurt

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Stainmore is a remote geographic area in the Pennines on the border of Cumbria, County Durham and North Yorkshire. The name is used for a civil parish in the Eden District of Cumbria, England, including the villages of North Stainmore and South Stainmore. The parish had a population of 253 in the 2001 census, increasing to 264 at the Census 2011. Stainmore Forest stretches further east into County Durham, towards Bowes.

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Stainmore is drained by the River Belah and the River Balder. It is crossed by the Roman road from Bowes to Brough, now part of the A66, and formerly by the Stainmore Railway. Each of these lines of communication has made use of the relatively low broad saddle between the higher hills to north and south which is commonly referred to as the Stainmore Gap. The summit of the former railway is around above sea level, though the roads climb to slightly higher elevations. The Gap is coincident with the Stainmore Summit Fault which throws the relatively flat-lying Carboniferous rocks of the area down to

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flat-lying Carboniferous rocks of the area down to the south. It acted as a conduit for Lake District-originated ice to pass eastwards during one or more glacial periods.

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There are several Regionally Important Geological / Geomorphological Sites (RIGS) in the Stainmore area, and Bowes Moor is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The locality gives its name to the Stainmore Trough, a geological structure originating during the Carboniferous period and which lies between the Alston Block to the north and the Askrigg Block to the south.

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History The place-name 'Stainmore' is first attested in a document of circa 990, where it appears as Stanmoir. It appears as Stanmore in the Charter Rolls for the reign of Henry II, and as Staynmor in the Quo Warranto of 1292. The name means 'stony moor'.

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According to Roger of Wendover, it was where Eric Bloodaxe (d. 954), recently expelled from York, was betrayed and killed, an event which some historians believe to have taken place in a great battle. Ancient monuments include a Roman marching camp at Rey Cross and, immediately east of the camp, the Rey Cross itself (), also called Rere Cross (Scheduled monument, no. 32713).

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The Ecclesiastical parish of Brough with Stainmore has two churches: St Michael's, Brough under Stainmore and St Stephen's, South Stainmore. St Stephen's was built by Cuthbert Buckell in 1600 and rebuilt by Henry Tufton, 11th Earl of Thanet in 1842-3. Gallery See also Listed buildings in Stainmore References Further reading External links Cumbria County History Trust: Stainmore (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page) Geography of Cumbria Rey Cross Civil parishes in Cumbria

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The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters (, DKNVS) is a Norwegian learned society based in Trondheim. It was founded in 1760 and is Norway's oldest scientific and scholarly institution. The society's Protector is King Harald V of Norway. Its membership consists of no more than 435 members elected for life among the country's most prominent scholars and scientists.

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The society’s Danish name predates both written standards for Norwegian and has remained unchanged after Norway’s independence from Denmark in 1814 and the spelling reforms of the 20th century.

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History DKNVS was founded in 1760 by the bishop of Nidaros Johan Ernst Gunnerus, headmaster at the Trondheim Cathedral School Gerhard Schøning and Councillor of State Peter Frederik Suhm under the name Det Trondhiemske Selskab (the Trondheim Society). From 1761 it published academic papers in a series titled Skrifter. It was the northernmost learned society in the world, and was established in a time when Norway did not have universities or colleges.

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It received the royal affirmation of its statutes on 17 July 1767, and was given its present name at a ceremony on 29 January 1788, king Christian VII of Denmark's birthday. In 1771, when Johann Friedrich Struensee took over the de facto rule of Denmark-Norway, Johan Ernst Gunnerus was summoned to Copenhagen, where he was given the mission to establish a university in Norway. Gunnerus did not suggest that the university be established in Trondhjem, but in southern Christianssand (Kristiansand), due to its proximity to Jutland. If this happened, he would have the Society of Sciences and

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If this happened, he would have the Society of Sciences and Letters moved to Christianssand, to correspond with the new university. However, the plan was never carried out. Struensee's reign ended in 1772, but he reportedly dismissed the plan before this. (Kristiansand got its university in 2007.)

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The society was housed in the premises of Trondheim Cathedral School until 1866, when it acquired its own localities. Since 1903 its main task was to run a museum. In 1926 there was a split in which the museum became a separate entity, receiving the assets of the learned society. Also in 1926, another publication series Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab Forhandlinger was inaugurated. Ownership of the museum was transferred to the University of Trondheim in 1968, today the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, but DKNVS re-received some assets in a 1984 reorganization,

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