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https://www.subjectcoach.com/tutorials/math/topic/math-definitions-letter-q/chapter/quartiles | Definition of Quartiles
Quartiles are numbers that divide a set of data into four equal parts.
To find the quartiles, you need to first write the numbers in your data set in increasing order.
You then find the middle value or median. This is equal to the second quartile, $Q_2$, and divides the set of numbers into two halves.
Next you find the middle values of each of the two halves. The middle value of the lower half is the first quartile, $Q_1$. The middle value of the upper half is the third quartile, $Q_3$.
If any part of the list has two middle values, the quartile is found by adding them together and dividing the sum by $2$.
Description
The aim of this dictionary is to provide definitions to common mathematical terms. Students learn a new math skill every week at school, sometimes just before they start a new skill, if they want to look at what a specific term means, this is where this dictionary will become handy and a go-to guide for a student.
Audience
Year 1 to Year 12 students
Learning Objectives
Learn common math terms starting with letter Q
Author: Subject Coach
Added on: 6th Feb 2018
You must be logged in as Student to ask a Question.
None just yet! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.35108765959739685, "perplexity": 658.4991733180707}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572235.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915175150-20190915201150-00533.warc.gz"} |
http://finalfantasy.wikia.com/wiki/Bonecrusher | ## FANDOM
33,855 Pages
Bonecrusher, also known as Meatbone Slash (肉斬骨断, Nikuzan Kotsudan?), is a recurring ability in the series.
## Appearances Edit
### Final Fantasy XII Edit
XII Bonecrusher is a Technick that sacrifices the user's HP to kill one targeted foe instantly, however, there are chances of failure and bosses are immune to it. If Bonecrusher misses, the user will get KO'd. The Technick costs 30 LP, and can be found in the lower right section of the License Board, along with other Technicks.
The damage sustained by the user is:
$Self DMG = 0 ~ (User's Own HP-1)$[1]
In the Zodiac versions, Bonecrusher is used by five job classes: the Machinist, Monk, Bushi, Shikari and Uhlan. However, the Uhlan and Shikari must first acquire the License for the Esper Hashmal. The Technick is found in the Henne Mines Phase 1 Dig.
### Final Fantasy Tactics Edit
Deal damage equal to own maximum HP when critically wounded.
—Description
Bonecrusher (also known as Meatbone Slash) is a reaction ability the Samurai class learns for 200 JP. Once the unit is in HP Critical condition, the user will counter any damage, dealt by either direct, ranged or magic attack, with damage equal to the unit's max HP, as long as the user survives after the attack and the opponent is within the user's weapon range.
### Final Fantasy Tactics Advance Edit
Powerful counterattack (1.5 x normal atk.) after taking weapon damage.
—Description
Bonecrusher is a reaction ability for the Fighter and Templar job classes. It functions somewhat as a upgraded version of Counter, where the unit retaliates with a counterattack damage of x1.5, but requires that the unit actually take damage from an attack before activating.
#### Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift Edit
TA2 Bonecrusher is an ability of the Ravager, Fighter, and Templar job classes. However, only normal attacks can activate Bonecrusher, no other abilities will work to activate it.
### Bravely DefaultEdit
BD Bone Crush is a Genome ability that damages each enemy by the same amount that all enemies' HP has gone down. It is learned from Skull Lancer and Lord DeRosso. It costs 2 BP to use.
### Final Fantasy Dimensions Edit
Either makes self impervious to normal attacks or take heavy damage and fiercely counter attacks until the next turn.
—Description
Bonecrusher is a Fusion Ability that makes the user evade enemy attacks and counter. It is exclusive to the Warriors of Darkness and costs 1 MP to cast. Bonecrusher requires the character to have Monk's Riposte and Dark Knight's Darkness mastered.
### Final Fantasy Dimensions II Edit
This article or section is a stub about an ability in Final Fantasy Dimensions II. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.
### Dissidia Final Fantasy Edit
Dissidia Bonecrusher is an ability available from the Rebellious Soul accessory. It increases Brave by 30% of max HP when Near Death.
### Final Fantasy Airborne Brigade Edit
This article or section is a stub about an ability in Final Fantasy Airborne Brigade. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.
### Final Fantasy Record Keeper Edit
This article or section is a stub about an ability in Final Fantasy Record Keeper. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.
## Gallery Edit
This gallery is incomplete and requires Final Fantasy Tactics, Final Fantasy Tactics Advance, Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift and Dissidia Final Fantasy added. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by uploading images.
## Etymology Edit
The Japanese name derives from the phrase "皮を切らせて肉を切り、肉を切らせて骨を切る" which literally translates "when the skin is cut, retaliate by cutting the flesh; when the flesh is cut, avenge by crushing the bone". | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 1, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4910745620727539, "perplexity": 14057.132044121932}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948119.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426070605-20180426090605-00381.warc.gz"} |
https://brilliant.org/problems/circle-in-a-circle/ | # Circles in a circle
Geometry Level 4
Given that there are three identical circles with radius $$r$$, each touches each other on their respective circumferences and they are all inscribed in a circle with radius $$R$$. If the ratio of $$r$$ to $$R$$ can be expressed as
$\large \dfrac1{\frac a{\sqrt b} + c}$
for positive integers $$a,b$$ and $$c$$ with $$b$$ square-free, find the value of $$a+b+c$$.
× | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7060807347297668, "perplexity": 180.927888092599}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425381.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725202416-20170725222416-00367.warc.gz"} |
http://alkaline-ml.com/pmdarima/1.3.0/modules/classes.html | # API Reference¶
This is the class and function reference for pmdarima. Please refer to the full user guide for further details, as the class and function raw specifications may not be enough to give full guidelines on their uses.
## pmdarima.arima: ARIMA estimator & differencing tests¶
The pmdarima.arima sub-module defines the ARIMA estimator and the auto_arima function, as well as a set of tests of seasonality and stationarity.
### ARIMA estimator & statistical tests¶
User guide: See the Estimating the seasonal differencing term, D and Enforcing stationarity sections for further details.
arima.ADFTest([alpha, k]) Conduct an ADF test for stationarity. arima.ARIMA(order[, seasonal_order, …]) An ARIMA estimator. arima.AutoARIMA([start_p, d, start_q, …]) Automatically discover the optimal order for an ARIMA model. arima.CHTest(m) Conduct a CH test for seasonality. arima.KPSSTest([alpha, null, lshort]) Conduct a KPSS test for stationarity. arima.OCSBTest(m[, lag_method, max_lag]) Perform an OCSB test of seasonality. arima.PPTest([alpha, lshort]) Conduct a PP test for stationarity.
### ARIMA auto-parameter selection¶
User guide: See the Tips to using auto_arima section for further details.
arima.auto_arima(y[, exogenous, start_p, d, …]) Automatically discover the optimal order for an ARIMA model.
### Differencing helpers¶
arima.is_constant(x) Test x for constancy. arima.ndiffs(x[, alpha, test, max_d]) Estimate ARIMA differencing term, d. arima.nsdiffs(x, m[, max_D, test]) Estimate the seasonal differencing term, D.
## pmdarima.datasets: Toy timeseries datasets¶
The pmdarima.datasets submodule provides several different univariate time- series datasets used in various examples and tests across the package. If you would like to prototype a model, this is a good place to find easy-to-access data.
User guide: See the Toy time-series datasets section for further details.
datasets.load_airpassengers([as_series]) Monthly airline passengers. datasets.load_austres([as_series]) Quarterly residential data. datasets.load_heartrate([as_series]) Uniform heart-rate data. datasets.load_lynx([as_series]) Annual numbers of lynx trappings for 1821–1934 in Canada. datasets.load_msft() Load the microsoft stock data datasets.load_wineind([as_series]) Australian total wine sales by wine makers in bottles <= 1 litre. datasets.load_woolyrnq([as_series]) Quarterly production of woollen yarn in Australia.
## pmdarima.metrics: Time-series metrics¶
The metrics submodule implements time-series metrics that are not implemented in scikit-learn.
### Metrics¶
metrics.smape(y_true, y_pred) Compute the Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error.
## pmdarima.pipeline: Pipelining transformers & ARIMAs¶
With the pipeline.Pipeline class, we can pipeline transformers together and into a final ARIMA stage.
### Pipelines¶
pipeline.Pipeline(steps) A pipeline of transformers with an optional final estimator stage
## pmdarima.preprocessing: Preprocessing transformers¶
The pmdarima.preprocessing submodule provides a number of transformer classes for pre-processing time series or exogenous arrays.
### Endogenous transformers¶
preprocessing.BoxCoxEndogTransformer([…]) Apply the Box-Cox transformation to an endogenous array
### Exogenous transformers¶
preprocessing.FourierFeaturizer(m[, k]) Fourier terms for modeling seasonality
## pmdarima.utils: Utilities¶
Utilities and array differencing functions used commonly across the package.
### Array helper functions & metaestimators¶
utils.acf(x[, unbiased, nlags, qstat, fft, …]) Autocorrelation function for 1d arrays. utils.as_series(x) Cast as pandas Series. utils.c(*args) Imitates the c function from R. utils.diff(x[, lag, differences]) Difference an array. utils.if_has_delegate(delegate) Wrap a delegated instance attribute function. utils.is_iterable(x) Test a variable for iterability. utils.pacf(x[, nlags, method, alpha]) Partial autocorrelation estimated
### Plotting utilities & wrappers¶
utils.autocorr_plot(series[, show]) Plot a series’ auto-correlation. utils.plot_acf(series[, ax, lags, alpha, …]) Plot a series’ auto-correlation as a line plot. utils.plot_pacf(series[, ax, lags, alpha, …]) Plot a series’ partial auto-correlation as a line plot. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20253391563892365, "perplexity": 10578.70114805712}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499804.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130070411-20230130100411-00470.warc.gz"} |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_scattering | # Rutherford scattering
Rutherford scattering is the elastic scattering of charged particles by the Coulomb interaction. It is a physical phenomenon explained by Ernest Rutherford in 1911[1] that led to the development of the planetary Rutherford model of the atom and eventually the Bohr model. Rutherford scattering was first referred to as Coulomb scattering because it relies only upon the static electric (Coulomb) potential, and the minimum distance between particles is set entirely by this potential. The classical Rutherford scattering process of alpha particles against gold nuclei is an example of "elastic scattering" because neither the alpha particles nor the gold nuclei are internally excited. The Rutherford formula (see below) further neglects the recoil kinetic energy of the massive target nucleus.
The initial discovery was made by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909 when they performed the gold foil experiment in collaboration with Rutherford, in which they fired a beam of alpha particles (helium nuclei) at foils of gold leaf only a few atoms thick. At the time of the experiment, the atom was thought to be analogous to a plum pudding (as proposed by J. J. Thomson), with the negatively-charged electrons (the plums) studded throughout a positive spherical matrix (the pudding). If the plum-pudding model were correct, the positive "pudding", being more spread out than in the correct model of a concentrated nucleus, would not be able to exert such large coulombic forces, and the alpha particles should only be deflected by small angles as they pass through.
Figure 1. In a cloud chamber, a 5.3 MeV alpha particle track from a lead-210 pin source near point 1 undergoes Rutherford scattering near point 2, deflecting by an angle of about 30°. It scatters once again near point 3, and finally comes to rest in the gas. The target nucleus in the chamber gas could have been a nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, or hydrogen nucleus. It received enough kinetic energy in the elastic collision to cause a short visible recoiling track near point 2. (The scale is in centimeters.)
However, the intriguing results showed that around 1 in 8000 alpha particles were deflected by very large angles (over 90°), while the rest passed through with little deflection. From this, Rutherford concluded that the majority of the mass was concentrated in a minute, positively-charged region (the nucleus) surrounded by electrons. When a (positive) alpha particle approached sufficiently close to the nucleus, it was repelled strongly enough to rebound at high angles. The small size of the nucleus explained the small number of alpha particles that were repelled in this way. Rutherford showed, using the method outlined below, that the size of the nucleus was less than about 10−14 m (how much less than this size, Rutherford could not tell from this experiment alone; see more below on this problem of lowest possible size). As a visual example, Figure 1 shows the deflection of an alpha particle by a nucleus in the gas of a cloud chamber.
Rutherford scattering is now exploited by the materials science community in an analytical technique called Rutherford backscattering.
## Derivation
The differential cross section can be derived from the equations of motion for a particle interacting with a central potential. In general, the equations of motion describing two particles interacting under a central force can be decoupled into the center of mass and the motion of the particles relative to one another. For the case of light alpha particles scattering off heavy nuclei, as in the experiment performed by Rutherford, the reduced mass is essentially the mass of the alpha particle and the nucleus off of which it scatters is essentially stationary in the lab frame.
Substituting into the Binet equation, with the origin of coordinate system ${\displaystyle (r,\theta )}$ on the target (scatterer), yields the equation of trajectory as
${\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}u}{d\theta ^{2}}}+u=-{\frac {Z_{1}Z_{2}e^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}mv_{0}^{2}b^{2}}}=-\kappa ,}$
where u = 1/r, v0 is the speed at infinity, and b is the impact parameter.
The general solution of the above differential equation is
${\displaystyle u=u_{0}\cos \left(\theta -\theta _{0}\right)-\kappa ,}$
and the boundary condition is
${\displaystyle u\to 0\quad {\text{and}}\quad r\sin \theta \to b\quad (\theta \to \pi ).}$
Solving the equations u → 0 and its derivative du/ → -1/b using those boundary conditions, we can obtain
${\displaystyle \theta _{0}={\frac {\pi }{2}}+\arctan b\kappa .}$
Then the deflection angle Θ is
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Theta &=2\theta _{0}-\pi =2\arctan b\kappa \\&=2\arctan {\frac {Z_{1}Z_{2}e^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}mv_{0}^{2}b}}.\end{aligned}}}
b can be solved to give
${\displaystyle b={\frac {Z_{1}Z_{2}e^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}mv_{0}^{2}}}\cot {\frac {\Theta }{2}}.}$
To find the scattering cross section from this result consider its definition
${\displaystyle {\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}(\Omega )d\Omega ={\frac {{\hbox{number of particles scattered into solid angle }}d\Omega {\hbox{ per unit time}}}{\hbox{incident intensity}}}}$
Since the scattering angle is uniquely determined for a given E and b, the number of particles scattered into an angle between Θ and Θ + must be the same as the number of particles with associated impact parameters between b and b + db. For an incident intensity I, this implies the following equality
${\displaystyle 2\pi Ib\left|db\right|=I{\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}d\Omega }$
For a radially symmetric scattering potential, as in the case of the Coulomb potential, = 2π sin Θ , yielding the expression for the scattering cross section
${\displaystyle {\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}={\frac {b}{\sin {\Theta }}}\left|{\frac {db}{d\Theta }}\right|}$
Plugging in the previously derived expression for the impact parameter b(Θ) we find the Rutherford differential scattering cross section
${\displaystyle {\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}=\left({\frac {Z_{1}Z_{2}e^{2}}{8\pi \epsilon _{0}mv_{0}^{2}}}\right)^{2}\csc ^{4}{\frac {\Theta }{2}}.}$
This same result can be expressed alternatively as
${\displaystyle {\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}=\left({\frac {Z_{1}Z_{2}\alpha (\hbar c)}{4E_{\mathrm {K} }\sin ^{2}{\frac {\Theta }{2}}}}\right)^{2},}$
where α1/137 is the dimensionless fine structure constant, EK is the non-relativistic kinetic energy of the particle in MeV, and ħc 197 MeV·fm.
## Details of calculating maximal nuclear size
For head-on collisions between alpha particles and the nucleus (with zero impact parameter), all the kinetic energy of the alpha particle is turned into potential energy and the particle is at rest. The distance from the center of the alpha particle to the center of the nucleus (rmin) at this point is an upper limit for the nuclear radius, if it is evident from the experiment that the scattering process obeys the cross section formula given above.
Applying the inverse-square law between the charges on the alpha particle and nucleus, one can write: Assumptions: 1. There are no external forces acting on the system. Thus the total energy (K.E.+P.E.) of the system is constant. 2. Initially the alpha particles are at a very large distance from the nucleus.
${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}\cdot {\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{r_{\text{min}}}}}$
Rearranging:
${\displaystyle r_{\text{min}}={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}\cdot {\frac {2q_{1}q_{2}}{mv^{2}}}}$
For an alpha particle:
• m (mass) = 6.64424×10−27 kg = 3.7273×109 eV/c2
• q1 (for helium) = 2 × 1.6×10−19 C = 3.2×10−19 C
• q2 (for gold) = 79 × 1.6×10−19 C = 1.27×10−17 C
• v (initial velocity) = 2×107 m/s (for this example)
Substituting these in gives the value of about 2.7×10−14 m, or 27 fm. (The true radius is about 7.3 fm.) The true radius of the nucleus is not recovered in these experiments because the alphas do not have enough energy to penetrate to more than 27 fm of the nuclear center, as noted, when the actual radius of gold is 7.3 fm. Rutherford realized this, and also realized that actual impact of the alphas on gold causing any force-deviation from that of the 1/r coulomb potential would change the form of his scattering curve at high scattering angles (the smallest impact parameters) from a hyperbola to something else. This was not seen, indicating that the surface of the gold nucleus had not been "touched" so that Rutherford also knew the gold nucleus (or the sum of the gold and alpha radii) was smaller than 27 fm.
## Extension to situations with relativistic particles and target recoil
The extension of low-energy Rutherford-type scattering to relativistic energies and particles that have intrinsic spin is beyond the scope of this article. For example, electron scattering from the proton is described as Mott scattering,[2] with a cross section that reduces to the Rutherford formula for non-relativistic electrons. If no internal energy excitation of the beam or target particle occurs, the process is called "elastic scattering", since energy and momentum have to be conserved in any case. If the collision causes one or the other of the constituents to become excited, or if new particles are created in the interaction, then the process is said to be "inelastic scattering".
## References
1. ^ Rutherford, E. (1911). "The Scattering of α and β rays by Matter and the Structure of the Atom". Philosophical Magazine. 6: 21. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 14, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9169681072235107, "perplexity": 541.2698230776218}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737225.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807202502-20200807232502-00076.warc.gz"} |
https://www.e-olymp.com/en/contests/17887/problems/188253 | favorite We need a little bit of your help to keep things running, click on this banner to learn more
Competitions
# Correcting Parenthesization
Given a string of parentheses, we must turn it into a well formed string by changing as few characters as possible (we cannot delete or insert characters).
There are three kinds of parentheses: regular (), brackets [] and curly brackets {}. Each pair has an opening ('(', '[' and '{' respectively) and a closing (')', ']' and '}') character.
A well formed string of parentheses is defined by the following rules:
• The empty string is well formed.
• If s is a well formed string, (s), [s] and {s} are well formed strings.
• If s and t are well formed strings, the concatenation st is a well formed string.
As examples, "([{}])", "" and "(){}[]" are well formed strings and "([}]", "([)]" and "{" are malformed strings.
For the given string of parentheses find the minimum number of characters that need to be changed to make it into a well formed string.
Input
Each line contains the string with even number of symbols '(', ')', '[', ']', '{', '}'. The length of each line is no more than 50.
Output
For each input string print in a separate line the minimum number of characters that need to be changed to make it into a well formed string.
Time limit 1 second
Memory limit 128 MiB
Input example #1
]()[((()
([)]
([{}[]
Output example #1
3
2
1 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.15411631762981415, "perplexity": 2341.9060593215863}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141186414.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126030729-20201126060729-00006.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/291393/determining-whether-a-subset-is-a-manifold-given-two-different-graphs-one-of-wh | # Determining whether a subset is a manifold given two different graphs, one of which is not everywhere differentiable
A smooth manifold in $\mathbb{R}^2$ is locally the graph of a $C^1$ function. Consider the graph of $f(x)=x^{1/3}$. Since $f$ is not differentiable at zero, we are in trouble. However, this subset is the graph of $x=y^3$, which IS differentiable at zero.
So is this a manifold? I think so, but I remain confused on the general situation. Is the point that "being a manifold" is a topological property, so it doesn't matter which variable, x or y, is used to locally parametrize the graph?
Any generally illuminating comments will be appreciated!
-
“Being a manifold” is indeed a topological property. However, “being a smooth manifold” is not. Anyhow, in this case it does matter which variable you use.
There are several equivalent definitions of smooth submanifolds of a Euclidean space. One of them requires that the set can be parametrized by some set of coordinates locally: In your example, using the $y$ coordinate works for this purpose. That the $x$ coordinate doesn't is then immaterial.
Another definition requires the submanifold to be locally the zero set of a smooth (possibly vector valued) function, where $0$ is not a critical value of this function. In your example, $x-y^3$ satisfies this requirement.
- | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9725111126899719, "perplexity": 175.71773379292645}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448399326483.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124210846-00330-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1269 | ### Repudiable Ring Signature: Stronger Security and Logarithmic-Size
Hao Lin and Mingqiang Wang
##### Abstract
Ring signatures allow a person to generate a signature on behalf of an ad hoc group, and can hide the true identity of the signer among the group. Repudiable ring signatures are the more strongly defined ring signatures, which can allow every non-signer to prove to others that the signature was not generated by himself. This paper has two main areas of focus. First, we propose a new requirement for repudiable ring signatures, which is that no one can forge a valid repudiation for others. Second, as a breakthrough, we present the first logarithmic-size repudiable ring signatures which do not rely on a trusted setup or the random oracle model. Specifically, our scheme can be instantiated from standard assumptions and the size of signatures and repudiations only grows logarithmically in the number of ring members. Besides, our scheme also provides a new construction of logarithmic-size standard ring signatures.
Available format(s)
Category
Public-key cryptography
Publication info
Preprint. MINOR revision.
Keywords
ring signaturesrepudiable ring signaturesstandard model
Contact author(s)
lhao17 @ mail sdu edu cn
History
2020-05-30: revised
See all versions
Short URL
https://ia.cr/2019/1269
CC BY
BibTeX
@misc{cryptoeprint:2019/1269,
author = {Hao Lin and Mingqiang Wang},
title = {Repudiable Ring Signature: Stronger Security and Logarithmic-Size},
howpublished = {Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2019/1269},
year = {2019},
note = {\url{https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1269}},
url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1269}
}
Note: In order to protect the privacy of readers, eprint.iacr.org does not use cookies or embedded third party content. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18443156778812408, "perplexity": 5848.442880620037}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00145.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsoverflow.org/13784/equation-quantization-interpreting-invariant-functional | # Equation of motion and quantization of the system defined by interpreting Hopf invariant as an action functional
+ 3 like - 0 dislike
1076 views
Consider a field theory defined on the circle $S^1$, with one field taking values also in $S^1$. Let the action equal to the winding number of the field. This can be thought of special case of the Hopf invariant for higher dimensional sigma models, for instance, you can analogously take a purely topological Hopf-invariant action for a field theory on $S^3$ where the field values lie in $S^2$.
• How does one calculate the equation of motion of $\theta$ from this action functional?
• How does the above action get quantized?
• Is this a quantum field theory at all?
reshown Apr 7, 2014
I believe the Hopf invariant for $S^1 \to S^1$ is just the winding number.
"I edited this infernal question to be clear, removing the mistaken identification of the spaces, removing the high-falutin' language, and asking whether the winding number action makes sense. Also downvoted it, because it's a bad question, and probably insincere, designed to test whether we can detect gibberish."
Hi Ron, I'm not sure if either insulting the OP or accusing him of trying to 'trick' the community is a nice way to treat people on this site, let alone attract new users, even when you don't think the question makes a lot of sense.
@dilaton Yep I'm physicslover on PSE ;)
yes, calling a question "bad" or "infernal" is completely justified if it is really bad, but we probably shouldn't put our speculations about others' intention or sincerity here(of course unless it's an obvious troll), so -1 to Ron's comment.
@Danu: I am sorry. I retract my comments. Anonymous is totally welcome, and if anonymous would like the original wording back, that's ok too. The "Infernal" was just a jokey way of expressing my own frustration, not a slight on the OP.
@Danu Well, I don't really consider Ron's comments to be particularly offensive, and I don't think that we should really have rules preventing rudeness.
Of course, I disagree with him about the poster's intentions.
@physicsnewbie I really don't understand the purpose of your "lol" here...
@dimension10 the "lol" is to lighten the atmosphere a bit, and not give the impression that I see it as serious you and the other admins being banned elsewhere in the past for not "being nice".
+ 1 like - 0 dislike
The action
$\int d\theta$
has a gauge symmetry $d\theta \mapsto d\theta + df$. The gauge equivalence classes are discrete (labelled by the winding number), so the equations of motion don't say anything (and the gauge field is automatically flat for dimensional reasons).
The action is integer-valued, so you get a different "TQFT" for every parameter $\alpha \in U(1)$ by
$S_\alpha = \alpha \int d\theta$.
answered Apr 6, 2014 by (1,895 points)
edited Apr 7, 2014
Please use answers only to (at least partly) answer questions. To comment, discuss, or ask for clarification, leave a comment instead. To mask links under text, please type your text, highlight it, and click the "link" button. You can then enter your link URL. Please consult the FAQ for as to how to format your post. This is the answer box; if you want to write a comment instead, please use the 'add comment' button. Live preview (may slow down editor) Preview Your name to display (optional): Email me at this address if my answer is selected or commented on: Privacy: Your email address will only be used for sending these notifications. Anti-spam verification: If you are a human please identify the position of the character covered by the symbol $\varnothing$ in the following word:p$\hbar$ysicsOver$\varnothing$lowThen drag the red bullet below over the corresponding character of our banner. When you drop it there, the bullet changes to green (on slow internet connections after a few seconds). To avoid this verification in future, please log in or register. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7358452677726746, "perplexity": 1375.6390393221739}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155817.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919024323-20180919044323-00376.warc.gz"} |
https://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=lyx-users%40lists.lyx.org&q=date:20110919&o=newest&f=1 | ### OT: checked box symbol
Hello
This is slightly off topic. I'm looking for a (decent) LaTeX symbol
that would display a box that contains a check mark. I looked into the
'The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List' [1], but it only suggests
\CheckedBox in 'wasysym' and \Checkedbox in 'marvosym', both sloppy
executions (to my taste). I could use XeTeX and insert the Unicode
U+2611 ☑, which looks nice, but I'm not sure I'll be able to compile
my document in a Windows environment.
Would you have some other suggestions? Regards
Liviu
[1] http://mirror.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf
--
Do you know how to read?
http://www.alienetworks.com/srtest.cfm
Do you know how to write?
http://garbl.home.comcast.net/~garbl/stylemanual/e.htm#e-mail
### Re: OT: checked box symbol
On 2011-09-19, Liviu Andronic wrote:
Hello
This is slightly off topic. I'm looking for a (decent) LaTeX symbol
that would display a box that contains a check mark. I looked into the
'The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List' [1], but it only suggests
\CheckedBox in 'wasysym' and \Checkedbox in 'marvosym', both sloppy
executions (to my taste).
I don't know of any other.
I could use XeTeX and insert the Unicode
U+2611 ☑, which looks nice, but I'm not sure I'll be able to compile
my document in a Windows environment.
If the Windows environment in question has a xetex engine and a font that
contains the symbol, it should work.
Günter
### Re: Branch problem with chapters
2011/9/19 Julien Rioux jri...@physics.utoronto.ca:
[...]
Glad you got it fixed. Does it work also if you position the cursor ahead of
the branch and select the Standard environment from the dropdown? I would
think it should work.
I tried that, but this method failed. Nothing happens (I used Alt+P, S).
Such additional experiments expected from the user to clean thing up
does not seem to be a wanted feature of the application.
I guess the cursor was in Chapter environment when you did Insert Branch.
Then the branch resides inside a Chapter environment. There is a reasonable
chance that this is actually what you want.
So, should LyX do better by guessing that you want to do with the branch
based on the current selection? Something like, if the selection involves
the whole of an environment, or more than one environment, put the branch in
a Standard environment.
If I select whole chapter in outline and then want to move it into
branch, what I want? For sure not leaving empty chapter.
Maybe I am wrong, but I think whole chapter should go there and branch
should left in standard environment. Anyone else vote on this or that?
--
Manveru
jabber: manv...@manveru.pl
gg: 1624001
http://www.manveru.pl
### Re: Strange behavior
On 2011-09-18, Karl Linek wrote:
I have two files. The first one I wrote with LyX 1.6.7. Then I installed
LyX 2.0. I copied the file to a USB-stick. Suddenly I got always 4
errors
On the same machine? What else changed, a new LaTeX distro/version as well?
Undefined control sequence.
for example with the description
ist $\unit[1]{\lyxmathsym{\textdegree}C}$ gleich $\unit[1]{K}$.
The control sequence at the end of the top line
of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have
misspelled it (e.g., \hobx'), type I' and the correct
spelling (e.g., I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue,
and I'll forget about whatever was undefined.
That was not useful.
It tells, that at this stage, LaTeX does not know the command \unit.
Did you type this command in your document or did LyX insert it?
Did you manually load the package unit.sty (in the user preamble)?
Did you use a module?
I tried a lot of things. Once I succeeded to reduce
the error by one.
The last trial was to copy the text, to make a new file and to paste the
text. I did the same with all the options and settings. At least I had a
manually copied file. And...
It worked. No errors, no complains.
Is the missing command /unit still in the exported LaTeX source (you can
check with ViewSource or by exporting to LaTeX)?
I think LyX does not delete all the code if one changes some settings.
It only deletes what it inserts. Also, if you remove a module, LyX will/can
typically not remove code that depends on this module.
Also, if you move a file from one computer to another, LyX will not remove
code that relies on packages only present on the first...
Günter
### Re: OT: checked box symbol
On Mon, Sep 19, 2011 at 8:28 AM, Guenter Milde mi...@users.berlios.de wrote:
I could use XeTeX and insert the Unicode
U+2611 ☑, which looks nice, but I'm not sure I'll be able to compile
my document in a Windows environment.
If the Windows environment in question has a xetex engine and a font that
contains the symbol, it should work.
Do you know if I could continue using Palatino (Palladio) in my
document (with LM for the rest), while randomly inserting Unicode
chars like this that would use an OpenType font? I'd like to keep
working with Palatino.
side of my laptop is badly out of date and features MiKTeX 2.8 (which
complains when trying to compile with XeTeX) and a broken Sweave
installation (I still haven't figured what I managed to break when
upgrading R). Since when using Windows I'm anyways mainly relying on
TeXLive on Xubuntu on a Virtual Machine, I may just go haywire and
experiment with LyX with TL on Windows.
Regards
Liviu
### Re: OT: checked box symbol
preamble:
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\newcommand{\cbox}{\ensuremath\square\kern-0.7em\raise.3ex\hbox{\checkmark}}
text
ctrl-m \cbox
or making a math macro of that kind?
I can see that there's also a kern command implemented in the math
environment in LyX, but I don't know how to use it.
Yet another way would be to use
http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/2611/ballot_box_with_check.svg
I wanted to look at the pdf file of the Math-Help-File of Lyx 2.0.1 but get
this error:
! LaTeX Error: File mathdots.sty' not found.
How do I proceed?
Thanks again
Wolfgang
### Re: Branch problem with chapters
On 09/19/2011 08:29 AM, Manveru wrote:
If I select whole chapter in outline and then want to move it into
branch, what I want?
Maybe you (or someone else) just wants to put that part of the chapter
in a branch, and continue writing in the same chapter the other part.
How would LyX know to differentiate?
Maybe I am wrong, but I think whole chapter should go there and branch
should left in standard environment. Anyone else vote on this or that?
In your case I'd make a master document where all the chapter files are
'included', and some of the includes (little gray boxes) are put in
branches.
Or, just start writing a new chapter already in a branch box.
On 09/19/2011 11:09 AM, Wolfgang Engelmann wrote:
I wanted to look at the pdf file of the Math-Help-File of Lyx 2.0.1 but get
this error:
How do I proceed?
You should install a LaTeX package mathdots. In my case (Fedora Linux,
TeXlive 2010) it's called texlive-mathdots.
### Re: OT: checked box symbol
On 19.09.2011 08:10, Liviu Andronic wrote:
Hello
This is slightly off topic. I'm looking for a (decent) LaTeX symbol
that would display a box that contains a check mark. I looked into the
'The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List' [1], but it only suggests
\CheckedBox in 'wasysym' and \Checkedbox in 'marvosym', both sloppy
executions (to my taste). I could use XeTeX and insert the Unicode
U+2611 ☑, which looks nice, but I'm not sure I'll be able to compile
my document in a Windows environment.
Hi,
Using the normal Palatino font, I can get the checkboxes (3 states of
them) using the insert-special characters-symbols... (in the
miscellaneous symbols category).
When using xetex/luatex (documents- settings- fonts), and choosing
Palatina Lynotype font, they are replaced by a spiral in the pdf.
Probably they are not available in that font, because they work fine
with Deja Vu Sans.
Best regards.
Olivier.
(LyX 2.0.1, MikTeX 2.9 on windows 7)
Would you have some other suggestions? Regards
Liviu
[1] http://mirror.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf
### Re: Problems with biber
On Thu, Jul 28, 2011 at 6:04 AM, G perillat gperil...@laposte.net wrote:
I think I have the same problem with lyx 2.0. Is the bug solved since Feb 4 ?
Thank you
Are you still encountering the problem with biber? It should have been
fixed in Lyx 2.0.x and in 1.6.10
S.
--
__
Stefano Franchi
Associate Research Professor
Department of Hispanic Studies Ph: +1 (979) 845-2125
Texas AM University Fax: +1 (979) 845-6421
College Station, Texas, USA
### Re: Lecture is better than beamer
Beamer's pretty good. In what ways is Lecturer better? What are its
pros and cons? What are its design priorities? What types of
presentations would best be served by Lecturer?
SteveT
Steve Litt
Steve, Beamer is very powerful for advanced users. For a basic user, you have to
be happy with the existing styles and themes it provides. If you read
LecturerDemo- files in the documentation of Lecturer, you will agree that it
is very straightforward to place things (graphics, texts) anywhere on the slide
(along the line of pdfpages). I would say it suits more to teachers for
delivering lectures.
Mukhtar
### Re: Lecture is better than beamer
You can probably start with a layout file we already have and modify it.
Ask questions here if you get stuck.
Richard
Thanks Richard. I will start my crude version and then seek help from the
experts here in the mailing list.
Mukhtar
### Re: Lyx compile corrupt OpenDocument documents
Thanks for your replies so far.
I figured out, that the problem is the ctable... Does anyone has a solution for
converting ctables? An image would be ok...
Dominik
On 16.09.2011, at 18:17, Richard Heck wrote:
On 09/16/2011 11:27 AM, Kalisch Dominik P.H. wrote:
Hi,
I have a problem with the OpenDocument support. I need to export my
document, with a heavy use of formulasm tables and images, to word. Because
there is no direct export function to word, I thought I can export that file
to OpenDocument, open it with OpenOffice and save it as a word document. But
the export function just produces a corrupt ODF file.
Does anyone have a good suggestion, besides write my text in Word?
The oolatex converter doesn't do a very good job with complex documents.
There are other routes you can try, e.g., exporting to HTML and importing
that into OOo. If you use the LyXHTML export with MathML, that may preserve
your formluae. I don't know. Yet another option is to export to RTF, using
the latex2rtf converter, but that probably won't do much with formulae.
Richard
### Re: Lyx compile corrupt OpenDocument documents
On 09/16/2011 11:27 AM, Kalisch Dominik P.H. wrote:
I need to export my
document, with a heavy use of formulasm tables and images, to word.
I also need to do this, primarily for scientific journals that accept only
.doc files (i.e. the older Word format). At least in my field (chemistry
and biology), there are a lot of journals like this.
I've tried exporting to html (by several methods), then importing the html
into Microsoft Word. This can work pretty well for text and tables,
moderately well for bibliographic citations (depends a lot on what bib style
files you use) and for figure captions (the figures themselves are expected
by the journals I use to be in separate files anyway). Simple equations can
be OK, but complex equations are sure to fail. You can use either elyxer
(with the --html flag) or the export to html (not xhtml) native to Lyx 2.0.
Note that any limitations are *not* the fault of html converters (which work
remarkably well for their intended purpose), but are the result of limitations
in Word's ability to take html as an input format.
For equations, the only thing I've found that almost works is tex2word
(just Google it). This is a commercial program that only runs on Windows,
but fills a real need for me, so much so that I have a virtual Windows
machine that I use pretty much just for that purpose. The program is
limited (it doesn't recognize all latex packages, and you often have to
manually tweak the latex file you give it), but the support staff is
quite helpful and nothing else [that I have tried] comes close if you
have lots of equations. (You do also need to have MathType, which means
yet more money.) One thing missing from tex2word, but promised soon, is
natbib support. Also, tables are far from perfect -- I've gone to the
trouble of converting tables via html, and the rest of a manuscript via
tex2wordsigh.
[The pain is that, almost inevitably, the equations are going to manually
re-typeset by the publisher anyway, so a difficult (and error-prone)
conversion to .doc is just a waste of everyone's time. I know of cases where
journals demanded .doc format, only to convert back to latex to actually
typset the article. But authors are often powerless to fight city hall.]
...just my conclusions based in limited experience, but maybe it will help.
...dave case
### Re: Lyx compile corrupt OpenDocument documents
I know of cases where journals demanded .doc format, only to convert back
to latex to actually typset the article. But authors are often powerless to
fight city hall.]
I told that to some Elsevier journal's editor, who asked me for a DOC
version instead of LaTeX, and he couldn't believe it.
-
Julio Rojas
jcredbe...@gmail.com
On Mon, Sep 19, 2011 at 4:57 PM, David A Case c...@biomaps.rutgers.edu
wrote:
On 09/16/2011 11:27 AM, Kalisch Dominik P.H. wrote:
I need to export my
document, with a heavy use of formulasm tables and images, to word.
I also need to do this, primarily for scientific journals that accept only
.doc files (i.e. the older Word format). At least in my field
(chemistry
and biology), there are a lot of journals like this.
I've tried exporting to html (by several methods), then importing the html
into Microsoft Word. This can work pretty well for text and tables,
moderately well for bibliographic citations (depends a lot on what bib
style
files you use) and for figure captions (the figures themselves are
expected
by the journals I use to be in separate files anyway). Simple equations
can
be OK, but complex equations are sure to fail. You can use either elyxer
(with the --html flag) or the export to html (not xhtml) native to Lyx
2.0.
Note that any limitations are *not* the fault of html converters (which
work
remarkably well for their intended purpose), but are the result of
limitations
in Word's ability to take html as an input format.
For equations, the only thing I've found that almost works is tex2word
(just Google it). This is a commercial program that only runs on Windows,
but fills a real need for me, so much so that I have a virtual Windows
machine that I use pretty much just for that purpose. The program is
limited (it doesn't recognize all latex packages, and you often have to
manually tweak the latex file you give it), but the support staff is
quite helpful and nothing else [that I have tried] comes close if you
have lots of equations. (You do also need to have MathType, which means
yet more money.) One thing missing from tex2word, but promised soon, is
natbib support. Also, tables are far from perfect -- I've gone to the
trouble of converting tables via html, and the rest of a manuscript via
tex2wordsigh.
[The pain is that, almost inevitably, the equations are going to
manually
re-typeset by the publisher anyway, so a difficult (and error-prone)
conversion to .doc is just a waste of everyone's time. I know of cases
where
journals demanded .doc format, only to convert back to latex to actually
typset the article. But authors are often powerless to fight city
hall.]
...just my conclusions based in limited experience, but maybe it will
help.
...dave case
### Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
Regards,
Murat
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Am 19.09.2011 um 18:48 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
I think it should work to change the language of the document and/or
the language of some paragraph. Changing the language in the spell checker
changes it for the currently selected word only.
Stephan
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
The same problem happens! Even if I choose Paste Special/Unformatted text.
Even worst. I have changed individually all the offending words to
French (with a right-click+Language). The paragraph was looking OK (no
underlined word). Then I have chosen the whole paragraph and selected
French as the Language and Bang! English has came back. I am
completely puzzled on this case... I know that British are well
reputed for their resistance (against Hitler's bombs, for example),
but this is stronger than their reputation ;-)
Thanks Stephan, your tip explains why I get the English again in the
spell check box. At least this mystery has been solved :-)
Regards,
Murat
What happens if you cut the offending paragraphs and then paste them back?
Hal
On Sep 19, 2011, at 9:48 AM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
Regards,
Murat
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### Missing templates
I use LyX 2.0 on Mac. But I cannot find any templates.
One one computer I installed on top of LyX 1.6, on the other
computer it was a fresh install of 2.0. In either, no templates.
What can I do?
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Am 19.09.2011 um 21:24 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
The same problem happens! Even if I choose Paste Special/Unformatted text.
Even worst. I have changed individually all the offending words to
French (with a right-click+Language). The paragraph was looking OK (no
underlined word). Then I have chosen the whole paragraph and selected
French as the Language and Bang! English has came back. I am
completely puzzled on this case... I know that British are well
reputed for their resistance (against Hitler's bombs, for example),
but this is stronger than their reputation ;-)
:)
I propose to mark the whole document and change the language to French.
I really can understand your distress... I think the default document
language is surprising at least for all non-english users. Especially,
when there is made such a great afford to provide an user interface
matching the users language environment.
Stephan
What happens if you cut the offending paragraphs and then paste them back?
Hal
On Sep 19, 2011, at 9:48 AM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
Regards,
Murat
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### Re: Missing templates
Am 19.09.2011 um 22:18 schrieb Anders Host-Madsen:
I use LyX 2.0 on Mac. But I cannot find any templates.
One one computer I installed on top of LyX 1.6, on the other
computer it was a fresh install of 2.0. In either, no templates.
What can I do?
They are located inside the software package. The current state
is to either copy them from there (e. g.
/Applications/LyX.app/Contents/Resources/templates)
to ~/Library/Application Support/LyX/templates
Another option is to modify the path in preferences and set it to
${LyXDir}/Resources/templates (${LyXDir} will be replaced by the correct value).
Stephan
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Thank Stephan for the suggestion, but this is the first thing I have
tried. Thinking about it, maybe this operation has created this
confusion, given that at the moment of the operation, part of my
document was in English, and the rest in Français. Maybe giving a
global common language has posed a problem to Lyx (is English stronger
that Français^2? :-) )?
This kind of operation should be quite simple and reliable in a word
processor I think. I understand that changing the language of the
document should not change the language of already written paragraphs
(since we can have paragraphs in another language, deliberately put in
the document), but marking a paragraph manually with a language should
reliably work IMHO. This is a bug I imagine.
If I summarize my problem:
1/ I have created a new document the default language of which was English;
2/ I have written two paragraphs in French in it, then I have seen the
wavy red lines and understood that I have not changed the default
language);
3/ I have opened the document properties and switched the language to Français;
4/ I have written other paragraphs in French, it was OK.
5/ I have seen that the first two paragraphs was continuing to pose
problem (which is normal);
6/ I have marked them with the mouse + right-click+Language and
selected Français.
7/ I w
2011/9/19 Stephan Witt st.w...@gmx.net:
Am 19.09.2011 um 21:24 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
The same problem happens! Even if I choose Paste Special/Unformatted text.
Even worst. I have changed individually all the offending words to
French (with a right-click+Language). The paragraph was looking OK (no
underlined word). Then I have chosen the whole paragraph and selected
French as the Language and Bang! English has came back. I am
completely puzzled on this case... I know that British are well
reputed for their resistance (against Hitler's bombs, for example),
but this is stronger than their reputation ;-)
:)
I propose to mark the whole document and change the language to French.
I really can understand your distress... I think the default document
language is surprising at least for all non-english users. Especially,
when there is made such a great afford to provide an user interface
matching the users language environment.
Stephan
What happens if you cut the offending paragraphs and then paste them back?
Hal
On Sep 19, 2011, at 9:48 AM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
Regards,
Murat
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### Fwd: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Sorry my previous message has been sent too early by error. Here is
the complete version.
Thanks Stephan for the suggestion, but this is the first thing I have
tried. Thinking about it, maybe this operation has created this
confusion, given that at the moment of the operation, part of my
document was in English, and the rest in Français. Maybe giving a
global common language has posed a problem to Lyx (is English stronger
that Français^2? :-) )?
This kind of operation should be quite simple and reliable in a word
processor I think. I understand that changing the language of the
document should not change the language of already written paragraphs
(since we can have paragraphs in another language, deliberately put in
the document), but marking a paragraph manually with a language should
reliably work IMHO. This is a bug I imagine.
If I summarize my problem:
1/ I have created a new document the default language of which was English;
2/ I have written two paragraphs in French in it, then I have seen the
wavy red lines and understood that I have not changed the default
language);
3/ I have opened the document properties and switched the language to Français;
4/ I have written other paragraphs in French, it was OK.
5/ I have seen that the first two paragraphs was continuing to pose
problem (which is normal);
6/ I have marked the whole document them with the mouse +
right-click+Language and
selected Français.
7/ I was surprised to observe that the red wavy lines were persisting
8/ I have checked the language at the status bar, it continued to show
English at the beginning of the paragraph.
9/ I have selected the paragraph with the mouse + right-click+Language and
selected Français again
10/ The problem persisted.
So, I do not know what happens. When I have finished this urgent
document, I will check the content of the .lyx file to try to
understand what is wrong with this file.
If you have any other idea in the mean time...
Concerning only two paragraphs, my specific problem is not important,
but I have the impression that it is more general and could be meet
for bigger chunks of text. In which case, that could be much more
painful.
regards,
Murat
2011/9/19 Stephan Witt st.w...@gmx.net:
Am 19.09.2011 um 21:24 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
The same problem happens! Even if I choose Paste Special/Unformatted text.
Even worst. I have changed individually all the offending words to
French (with a right-click+Language). The paragraph was looking OK (no
underlined word). Then I have chosen the whole paragraph and selected
French as the Language and Bang! English has came back. I am
completely puzzled on this case... I know that British are well
reputed for their resistance (against Hitler's bombs, for example),
but this is stronger than their reputation ;-)
:)
I propose to mark the whole document and change the language to French.
I really can understand your distress... I think the default document
language is surprising at least for all non-english users. Especially,
when there is made such a great afford to provide an user interface
matching the users language environment.
Stephan
What happens if you cut the offending paragraphs and then paste them back?
Hal
On Sep 19, 2011, at 9:48 AM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
Regards,
Murat
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA
### Fwd: OSX Linkback support by Lyx 2?
Hi again Stephan,
Have you had any opportunity to take a look to Linkback support ?
Nothing urgent here (manually exporting and inserting PDF works
without any problem anyway), just curiosity on my side :-)
-- Forwarded message --
From: Murat Yildizoglu myi...@gmail.com
Date: 2011/9/13
Subject: Re: OSX Linkback support by Lyx 2?
To: Lyx Users Group lyx-users@lists.lyx.org
Hi Stephan,
I think you can very easily test using the trial version of EazyDraw 4 :
Web page :
http://www.eazydraw.com/index.htm
Murat
2011/9/13 Stephan Witt st.w...@gmx.net
Am 13.09.2011 um 15:01 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
Hi,
I am checking the linkback support of Lyx. I have pasted a graphic from
EazyEdit (that supports Linkback as a client and server) in Lyx and Lyx
wanted to save a file with a .linkback extension. It does not seem to be
able neither to convert it to pdf, nor allow the edition through
right-click +modify the object in another application menu item.
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 and EazyEdit 4. Lyx appears on the supporting
application list of the linkbackproject.org web page. I have also seen
messages by Stefan Schimanski indicating that linkback support is included
in version 1.6. Has it been correctly transported to version 2?
Has anybody been successful to use this functionality?
I tried it, but couldn't find a free and reliable application with linkback
server functionality.
EazyEdit is not that easy to install I'd guess, isn't it?
Stephan
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### LyX on Mac 10.4
Hi all,
I'm forwarding the experienced problems of a colleague of mine trying to
use LyX 2.0.0 on a Mac -- I don't know whether these are known issues
and have been fixed, or if it's useful to report them.
Bye,
T.
When I open lyx v2.0 on my mac os 10.4, I get the following message:
Lyx will only have minimum functionality because no textclasses have
been found. You can either try to reconfigure Lyx normally, try to
reconfigure without checking your Latex installation, or continue
There are three options: reconfigure, without latex, and continue. No
matter what I choose although I don't get any error messages, when Lyx
starts the functions for compiling and viewing the pdf are disabled.
Also, there are no options under Export.
I tried to google this problem, but couldn't find something relevant.
Maybe it has to do with the fact that I still using mac os 10.4.
I didn't have this problem on my windows pc.
Anyway, after exporting the paper in lyx 1.6, I was able to compile it
using the lyx 1.6 installation on my mac. However, when I tried to
launch the spellchecker I received the following error message:
The spellchecker could not be started. Lyx: Failed to start ispell!
### Re: Missing templates
Thanks, that solved the problem!
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
On Mon, Sep 19, 2011 at 10:39 PM, Murat Yildizoglu yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr wrote:
If you have any other idea in the mean time...
If I understand correctly you did manage to write many other
paragraphs that are correctly marked in French. Then you could simply
copy/paste the first two paragraphs to any plain text editor, create a
new paragraph in LyX that is marked with the correct language
(anywhere in the text), copy/paste the text from the text editor, and
then move it to the correct position in the document.
Liviu
### Allowing dummy scroll at the end of a document
Hi,
I don't know what is the terminology for this, but it would be great if
LyX allows a document to scroll a little bit even though there is no
lines. For example, when I write down a document, I can comfortably type
until the number of lines increases and the cursor goes to the bottom of
the screen. At that stage, as long as I'm adding new lines, the cursor
stays at the bottom of the screen, and it is not comfortable for my eyes.
I would want LyX to scroll the document a little bit, so I can have the
cursor at the middle of the screen even though it is on the last line of
the document.
Maybe LyX can maintain about a half page dummy gray area after end of the
document so I can scroll a little bit. Now in order to do so I'm typing a
lot of one character and enter to have some space shown under the cursor.
Hopefully this explains what I'm talking about.
-Joon
### Re: Allowing dummy scroll at the end of a document
On Tue, Sep 20, 2011 at 5:31 AM, Joon Ro joonp...@gmail.com wrote:
Hi,
I don't know what is the terminology for this, but it would be great if LyX
allows a document to scroll a little bit even though there is no lines. For
Try:
Tools Prefs Editing Scroll below end of doc
Liviu
example, when I write down a document, I can comfortably type until the
number of lines increases and the cursor goes to the bottom of the screen.
At that stage, as long as I'm adding new lines, the cursor stays at the
bottom of the screen, and it is not comfortable for my eyes. I would want
LyX to scroll the document a little bit, so I can have the cursor at the
middle of the screen even though it is on the last line of the document.
Maybe LyX can maintain about a half page dummy gray area after end of the
document so I can scroll a little bit. Now in order to do so I'm typing a
lot of one character and enter to have some space shown under the cursor.
Hopefully this explains what I'm talking about.
-Joon
--
Do you know how to read?
http://www.alienetworks.com/srtest.cfm
Do you know how to write?
http://garbl.home.comcast.net/~garbl/stylemanual/e.htm#e-mail
### Re: Fwd: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
On 09/19/2011 10:39 PM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
If I summarize my problem:
1/ I have created a new document the default language of which was English;
2/ I have written two paragraphs in French in it, then I have seen the
wavy red lines and understood that I have not changed the default
language);
3/ I have opened the document properties and switched the language to Français;
4/ I have written other paragraphs in French, it was OK.
5/ I have seen that the first two paragraphs was continuing to pose
problem (which is normal);
6/ I have marked the whole document them with the mouse +
right-click+Language and
selected Français.
7/ I was surprised to observe that the red wavy lines were persisting
8/ I have checked the language at the status bar, it continued to show
English at the beginning of the paragraph.
9/ I have selected the paragraph with the mouse + right-click+Language and
selected Français again
10/ The problem persisted.
There are a few bugs around concerning the change of a language, you've
probably encountered some of them:
Changing text language using context menu doesn't work properly -
http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/7778
http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/7681
http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/7677
http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/2190
Given your OS (OSX), there may be some other as well. I couldn't
reproduce what you described on my OS.
### Re: OSX Linkback support by Lyx 2?
Am 19.09.2011 um 22:41 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
Hi again Stephan,
Have you had any opportunity to take a look to Linkback support ?
Nothing urgent here (manually exporting and inserting PDF works
without any problem anyway), just curiosity on my side :-)
No, sorry.
Since I'll have a time limit to finish the thing I didn't start at all.
Stephan
-- Forwarded message --
From: Murat Yildizoglu myi...@gmail.com
Date: 2011/9/13
Subject: Re: OSX Linkback support by Lyx 2?
To: Lyx Users Group lyx-users@lists.lyx.org
Hi Stephan,
I think you can very easily test using the trial version of EazyDraw 4 :
Web page :
http://www.eazydraw.com/index.htm
Murat
2011/9/13 Stephan Witt st.w...@gmx.net
Am 13.09.2011 um 15:01 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
Hi,
I am checking the linkback support of Lyx. I have pasted a graphic from
EazyEdit (that supports Linkback as a client and server) in Lyx and Lyx
wanted to save a file with a .linkback extension. It does not seem to be
able neither to convert it to pdf, nor allow the edition through
right-click +modify the object in another application menu item.
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 and EazyEdit 4. Lyx appears on the supporting
application list of the linkbackproject.org web page. I have also seen
messages by Stefan Schimanski indicating that linkback support is included
in version 1.6. Has it been correctly transported to version 2?
Has anybody been successful to use this functionality?
I tried it, but couldn't find a free and reliable application with linkback
server functionality.
EazyEdit is not that easy to install I'd guess, isn't it?
Stephan
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### Re: Missing templates
Am 20.09.2011 um 00:11 schrieb Anders Host-Madsen:
Thanks, that solved the problem!
Fine.
I'm just curious... what did you do?
(I want to improve the out-of-the-box behavior.)
Stephan
### OT: checked box symbol
Hello
This is slightly off topic. I'm looking for a (decent) LaTeX symbol
that would display a box that contains a check mark. I looked into the
'The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List' [1], but it only suggests
\CheckedBox in 'wasysym' and \Checkedbox in 'marvosym', both sloppy
executions (to my taste). I could use XeTeX and insert the Unicode
U+2611 ☑, which looks nice, but I'm not sure I'll be able to compile
my document in a Windows environment.
Would you have some other suggestions? Regards
Liviu
[1] http://mirror.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf
--
Do you know how to read?
http://www.alienetworks.com/srtest.cfm
Do you know how to write?
http://garbl.home.comcast.net/~garbl/stylemanual/e.htm#e-mail
### Re: OT: checked box symbol
On 2011-09-19, Liviu Andronic wrote:
Hello
This is slightly off topic. I'm looking for a (decent) LaTeX symbol
that would display a box that contains a check mark. I looked into the
'The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List' [1], but it only suggests
\CheckedBox in 'wasysym' and \Checkedbox in 'marvosym', both sloppy
executions (to my taste).
I don't know of any other.
I could use XeTeX and insert the Unicode
U+2611 ☑, which looks nice, but I'm not sure I'll be able to compile
my document in a Windows environment.
If the Windows environment in question has a xetex engine and a font that
contains the symbol, it should work.
Günter
### Re: Branch problem with chapters
2011/9/19 Julien Rioux jri...@physics.utoronto.ca:
[...]
Glad you got it fixed. Does it work also if you position the cursor ahead of
the branch and select the Standard environment from the dropdown? I would
think it should work.
I tried that, but this method failed. Nothing happens (I used Alt+P, S).
Such additional experiments expected from the user to clean thing up
does not seem to be a wanted feature of the application.
I guess the cursor was in Chapter environment when you did Insert Branch.
Then the branch resides inside a Chapter environment. There is a reasonable
chance that this is actually what you want.
So, should LyX do better by guessing that you want to do with the branch
based on the current selection? Something like, if the selection involves
the whole of an environment, or more than one environment, put the branch in
a Standard environment.
If I select whole chapter in outline and then want to move it into
branch, what I want? For sure not leaving empty chapter.
Maybe I am wrong, but I think whole chapter should go there and branch
should left in standard environment. Anyone else vote on this or that?
--
Manveru
jabber: manv...@manveru.pl
gg: 1624001
http://www.manveru.pl
### Re: Strange behavior
On 2011-09-18, Karl Linek wrote:
I have two files. The first one I wrote with LyX 1.6.7. Then I installed
LyX 2.0. I copied the file to a USB-stick. Suddenly I got always 4
errors
On the same machine? What else changed, a new LaTeX distro/version as well?
Undefined control sequence.
for example with the description
ist $\unit[1]{\lyxmathsym{\textdegree}C}$ gleich $\unit[1]{K}$.
The control sequence at the end of the top line
of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have
misspelled it (e.g., \hobx'), type I' and the correct
spelling (e.g., I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue,
and I'll forget about whatever was undefined.
That was not useful.
It tells, that at this stage, LaTeX does not know the command \unit.
Did you type this command in your document or did LyX insert it?
Did you manually load the package unit.sty (in the user preamble)?
Did you use a module?
I tried a lot of things. Once I succeeded to reduce
the error by one.
The last trial was to copy the text, to make a new file and to paste the
text. I did the same with all the options and settings. At least I had a
manually copied file. And...
It worked. No errors, no complains.
Is the missing command /unit still in the exported LaTeX source (you can
check with ViewSource or by exporting to LaTeX)?
I think LyX does not delete all the code if one changes some settings.
It only deletes what it inserts. Also, if you remove a module, LyX will/can
typically not remove code that depends on this module.
Also, if you move a file from one computer to another, LyX will not remove
code that relies on packages only present on the first...
Günter
### Re: OT: checked box symbol
On Mon, Sep 19, 2011 at 8:28 AM, Guenter Milde mi...@users.berlios.de wrote:
I could use XeTeX and insert the Unicode
U+2611 ☑, which looks nice, but I'm not sure I'll be able to compile
my document in a Windows environment.
If the Windows environment in question has a xetex engine and a font that
contains the symbol, it should work.
Do you know if I could continue using Palatino (Palladio) in my
document (with LM for the rest), while randomly inserting Unicode
chars like this that would use an OpenType font? I'd like to keep
working with Palatino.
side of my laptop is badly out of date and features MiKTeX 2.8 (which
complains when trying to compile with XeTeX) and a broken Sweave
installation (I still haven't figured what I managed to break when
upgrading R). Since when using Windows I'm anyways mainly relying on
TeXLive on Xubuntu on a Virtual Machine, I may just go haywire and
experiment with LyX with TL on Windows.
Regards
Liviu
### Re: OT: checked box symbol
preamble:
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\newcommand{\cbox}{\ensuremath\square\kern-0.7em\raise.3ex\hbox{\checkmark}}
text
ctrl-m \cbox
or making a math macro of that kind?
I can see that there's also a kern command implemented in the math
environment in LyX, but I don't know how to use it.
Yet another way would be to use
http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/2611/ballot_box_with_check.svg
I wanted to look at the pdf file of the Math-Help-File of Lyx 2.0.1 but get
this error:
How do I proceed?
Thanks again
Wolfgang
### Re: Branch problem with chapters
On 09/19/2011 08:29 AM, Manveru wrote:
If I select whole chapter in outline and then want to move it into
branch, what I want?
Maybe you (or someone else) just wants to put that part of the chapter
in a branch, and continue writing in the same chapter the other part.
How would LyX know to differentiate?
Maybe I am wrong, but I think whole chapter should go there and branch
should left in standard environment. Anyone else vote on this or that?
In your case I'd make a master document where all the chapter files are
'included', and some of the includes (little gray boxes) are put in
branches.
Or, just start writing a new chapter already in a branch box.
On 09/19/2011 11:09 AM, Wolfgang Engelmann wrote:
I wanted to look at the pdf file of the Math-Help-File of Lyx 2.0.1 but get
this error:
! LaTeX Error: File mathdots.sty' not found.
How do I proceed?
You should install a LaTeX package mathdots. In my case (Fedora Linux,
TeXlive 2010) it's called texlive-mathdots.
### Re: OT: checked box symbol
On 19.09.2011 08:10, Liviu Andronic wrote:
Hello
This is slightly off topic. I'm looking for a (decent) LaTeX symbol
that would display a box that contains a check mark. I looked into the
'The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List' [1], but it only suggests
\CheckedBox in 'wasysym' and \Checkedbox in 'marvosym', both sloppy
executions (to my taste). I could use XeTeX and insert the Unicode
U+2611 ☑, which looks nice, but I'm not sure I'll be able to compile
my document in a Windows environment.
Hi,
Using the normal Palatino font, I can get the checkboxes (3 states of
them) using the insert-special characters-symbols... (in the
miscellaneous symbols category).
When using xetex/luatex (documents- settings- fonts), and choosing
Palatina Lynotype font, they are replaced by a spiral in the pdf.
Probably they are not available in that font, because they work fine
with Deja Vu Sans.
Best regards.
Olivier.
(LyX 2.0.1, MikTeX 2.9 on windows 7)
Would you have some other suggestions? Regards
Liviu
[1] http://mirror.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf
### Re: Problems with biber
On Thu, Jul 28, 2011 at 6:04 AM, G perillat gperil...@laposte.net wrote:
I think I have the same problem with lyx 2.0. Is the bug solved since Feb 4 ?
Thank you
Are you still encountering the problem with biber? It should have been
fixed in Lyx 2.0.x and in 1.6.10
S.
--
__
Stefano Franchi
Associate Research Professor
Department of Hispanic Studies Ph: +1 (979) 845-2125
Texas AM University Fax: +1 (979) 845-6421
College Station, Texas, USA
### Re: Lecture is better than beamer
Beamer's pretty good. In what ways is Lecturer better? What are its
pros and cons? What are its design priorities? What types of
presentations would best be served by Lecturer?
SteveT
Steve Litt
Steve, Beamer is very powerful for advanced users. For a basic user, you have to
be happy with the existing styles and themes it provides. If you read
LecturerDemo- files in the documentation of Lecturer, you will agree that it
is very straightforward to place things (graphics, texts) anywhere on the slide
(along the line of pdfpages). I would say it suits more to teachers for
delivering lectures.
Mukhtar
### Re: Lecture is better than beamer
You can probably start with a layout file we already have and modify it.
Ask questions here if you get stuck.
Richard
Thanks Richard. I will start my crude version and then seek help from the
experts here in the mailing list.
Mukhtar
### Re: Lyx compile corrupt OpenDocument documents
Thanks for your replies so far.
I figured out, that the problem is the ctable... Does anyone has a solution for
converting ctables? An image would be ok...
Dominik
On 16.09.2011, at 18:17, Richard Heck wrote:
On 09/16/2011 11:27 AM, Kalisch Dominik P.H. wrote:
Hi,
I have a problem with the OpenDocument support. I need to export my
document, with a heavy use of formulasm tables and images, to word. Because
there is no direct export function to word, I thought I can export that file
to OpenDocument, open it with OpenOffice and save it as a word document. But
the export function just produces a corrupt ODF file.
Does anyone have a good suggestion, besides write my text in Word?
The oolatex converter doesn't do a very good job with complex documents.
There are other routes you can try, e.g., exporting to HTML and importing
that into OOo. If you use the LyXHTML export with MathML, that may preserve
your formluae. I don't know. Yet another option is to export to RTF, using
the latex2rtf converter, but that probably won't do much with formulae.
Richard
### Re: Lyx compile corrupt OpenDocument documents
On 09/16/2011 11:27 AM, Kalisch Dominik P.H. wrote:
I need to export my
document, with a heavy use of formulasm tables and images, to word.
I also need to do this, primarily for scientific journals that accept only
.doc files (i.e. the older Word format). At least in my field (chemistry
and biology), there are a lot of journals like this.
I've tried exporting to html (by several methods), then importing the html
into Microsoft Word. This can work pretty well for text and tables,
moderately well for bibliographic citations (depends a lot on what bib style
files you use) and for figure captions (the figures themselves are expected
by the journals I use to be in separate files anyway). Simple equations can
be OK, but complex equations are sure to fail. You can use either elyxer
(with the --html flag) or the export to html (not xhtml) native to Lyx 2.0.
Note that any limitations are *not* the fault of html converters (which work
remarkably well for their intended purpose), but are the result of limitations
in Word's ability to take html as an input format.
For equations, the only thing I've found that almost works is tex2word
(just Google it). This is a commercial program that only runs on Windows,
but fills a real need for me, so much so that I have a virtual Windows
machine that I use pretty much just for that purpose. The program is
limited (it doesn't recognize all latex packages, and you often have to
manually tweak the latex file you give it), but the support staff is
quite helpful and nothing else [that I have tried] comes close if you
have lots of equations. (You do also need to have MathType, which means
yet more money.) One thing missing from tex2word, but promised soon, is
natbib support. Also, tables are far from perfect -- I've gone to the
trouble of converting tables via html, and the rest of a manuscript via
tex2wordsigh.
[The pain is that, almost inevitably, the equations are going to manually
re-typeset by the publisher anyway, so a difficult (and error-prone)
conversion to .doc is just a waste of everyone's time. I know of cases where
journals demanded .doc format, only to convert back to latex to actually
typset the article. But authors are often powerless to fight city hall.]
...just my conclusions based in limited experience, but maybe it will help.
...dave case
### Re: Lyx compile corrupt OpenDocument documents
I know of cases where journals demanded .doc format, only to convert back
to latex to actually typset the article. But authors are often powerless to
fight city hall.]
I told that to some Elsevier journal's editor, who asked me for a DOC
version instead of LaTeX, and he couldn't believe it.
-
Julio Rojas
jcredbe...@gmail.com
On Mon, Sep 19, 2011 at 4:57 PM, David A Case c...@biomaps.rutgers.edu
wrote:
On 09/16/2011 11:27 AM, Kalisch Dominik P.H. wrote:
I need to export my
document, with a heavy use of formulasm tables and images, to word.
I also need to do this, primarily for scientific journals that accept only
.doc files (i.e. the older Word format). At least in my field
(chemistry
and biology), there are a lot of journals like this.
I've tried exporting to html (by several methods), then importing the html
into Microsoft Word. This can work pretty well for text and tables,
moderately well for bibliographic citations (depends a lot on what bib
style
files you use) and for figure captions (the figures themselves are
expected
by the journals I use to be in separate files anyway). Simple equations
can
be OK, but complex equations are sure to fail. You can use either elyxer
(with the --html flag) or the export to html (not xhtml) native to Lyx
2.0.
Note that any limitations are *not* the fault of html converters (which
work
remarkably well for their intended purpose), but are the result of
limitations
in Word's ability to take html as an input format.
For equations, the only thing I've found that almost works is tex2word
(just Google it). This is a commercial program that only runs on Windows,
but fills a real need for me, so much so that I have a virtual Windows
machine that I use pretty much just for that purpose. The program is
limited (it doesn't recognize all latex packages, and you often have to
manually tweak the latex file you give it), but the support staff is
quite helpful and nothing else [that I have tried] comes close if you
have lots of equations. (You do also need to have MathType, which means
yet more money.) One thing missing from tex2word, but promised soon, is
natbib support. Also, tables are far from perfect -- I've gone to the
trouble of converting tables via html, and the rest of a manuscript via
tex2wordsigh.
[The pain is that, almost inevitably, the equations are going to
manually
re-typeset by the publisher anyway, so a difficult (and error-prone)
conversion to .doc is just a waste of everyone's time. I know of cases
where
journals demanded .doc format, only to convert back to latex to actually
typset the article. But authors are often powerless to fight city
hall.]
...just my conclusions based in limited experience, but maybe it will
help.
...dave case
### Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
Regards,
Murat
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Am 19.09.2011 um 18:48 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
I think it should work to change the language of the document and/or
the language of some paragraph. Changing the language in the spell checker
changes it for the currently selected word only.
Stephan
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
The same problem happens! Even if I choose Paste Special/Unformatted text.
Even worst. I have changed individually all the offending words to
French (with a right-click+Language). The paragraph was looking OK (no
underlined word). Then I have chosen the whole paragraph and selected
French as the Language and Bang! English has came back. I am
completely puzzled on this case... I know that British are well
reputed for their resistance (against Hitler's bombs, for example),
but this is stronger than their reputation ;-)
Thanks Stephan, your tip explains why I get the English again in the
spell check box. At least this mystery has been solved :-)
Regards,
Murat
What happens if you cut the offending paragraphs and then paste them back?
Hal
On Sep 19, 2011, at 9:48 AM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
Regards,
Murat
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### Missing templates
I use LyX 2.0 on Mac. But I cannot find any templates.
One one computer I installed on top of LyX 1.6, on the other
computer it was a fresh install of 2.0. In either, no templates.
What can I do?
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Am 19.09.2011 um 21:24 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
The same problem happens! Even if I choose Paste Special/Unformatted text.
Even worst. I have changed individually all the offending words to
French (with a right-click+Language). The paragraph was looking OK (no
underlined word). Then I have chosen the whole paragraph and selected
French as the Language and Bang! English has came back. I am
completely puzzled on this case... I know that British are well
reputed for their resistance (against Hitler's bombs, for example),
but this is stronger than their reputation ;-)
:)
I propose to mark the whole document and change the language to French.
I really can understand your distress... I think the default document
language is surprising at least for all non-english users. Especially,
when there is made such a great afford to provide an user interface
matching the users language environment.
Stephan
What happens if you cut the offending paragraphs and then paste them back?
Hal
On Sep 19, 2011, at 9:48 AM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
Regards,
Murat
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### Re: Missing templates
Am 19.09.2011 um 22:18 schrieb Anders Host-Madsen:
I use LyX 2.0 on Mac. But I cannot find any templates.
One one computer I installed on top of LyX 1.6, on the other
computer it was a fresh install of 2.0. In either, no templates.
What can I do?
They are located inside the software package. The current state
is to either copy them from there (e. g.
/Applications/LyX.app/Contents/Resources/templates)
to ~/Library/Application Support/LyX/templates
Another option is to modify the path in preferences and set it to
${LyXDir}/Resources/templates (${LyXDir} will be replaced by the correct value).
Stephan
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Thank Stephan for the suggestion, but this is the first thing I have
tried. Thinking about it, maybe this operation has created this
confusion, given that at the moment of the operation, part of my
document was in English, and the rest in Français. Maybe giving a
global common language has posed a problem to Lyx (is English stronger
that Français^2? :-) )?
This kind of operation should be quite simple and reliable in a word
processor I think. I understand that changing the language of the
document should not change the language of already written paragraphs
(since we can have paragraphs in another language, deliberately put in
the document), but marking a paragraph manually with a language should
reliably work IMHO. This is a bug I imagine.
If I summarize my problem:
1/ I have created a new document the default language of which was English;
2/ I have written two paragraphs in French in it, then I have seen the
wavy red lines and understood that I have not changed the default
language);
3/ I have opened the document properties and switched the language to Français;
4/ I have written other paragraphs in French, it was OK.
5/ I have seen that the first two paragraphs was continuing to pose
problem (which is normal);
6/ I have marked them with the mouse + right-click+Language and
selected Français.
7/ I w
2011/9/19 Stephan Witt st.w...@gmx.net:
Am 19.09.2011 um 21:24 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
The same problem happens! Even if I choose Paste Special/Unformatted text.
Even worst. I have changed individually all the offending words to
French (with a right-click+Language). The paragraph was looking OK (no
underlined word). Then I have chosen the whole paragraph and selected
French as the Language and Bang! English has came back. I am
completely puzzled on this case... I know that British are well
reputed for their resistance (against Hitler's bombs, for example),
but this is stronger than their reputation ;-)
:)
I propose to mark the whole document and change the language to French.
I really can understand your distress... I think the default document
language is surprising at least for all non-english users. Especially,
when there is made such a great afford to provide an user interface
matching the users language environment.
Stephan
What happens if you cut the offending paragraphs and then paste them back?
Hal
On Sep 19, 2011, at 9:48 AM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
Regards,
Murat
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### Fwd: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Sorry my previous message has been sent too early by error. Here is
the complete version.
Thanks Stephan for the suggestion, but this is the first thing I have
tried. Thinking about it, maybe this operation has created this
confusion, given that at the moment of the operation, part of my
document was in English, and the rest in Français. Maybe giving a
global common language has posed a problem to Lyx (is English stronger
that Français^2? :-) )?
This kind of operation should be quite simple and reliable in a word
processor I think. I understand that changing the language of the
document should not change the language of already written paragraphs
(since we can have paragraphs in another language, deliberately put in
the document), but marking a paragraph manually with a language should
reliably work IMHO. This is a bug I imagine.
If I summarize my problem:
1/ I have created a new document the default language of which was English;
2/ I have written two paragraphs in French in it, then I have seen the
wavy red lines and understood that I have not changed the default
language);
3/ I have opened the document properties and switched the language to Français;
4/ I have written other paragraphs in French, it was OK.
5/ I have seen that the first two paragraphs was continuing to pose
problem (which is normal);
6/ I have marked the whole document them with the mouse +
right-click+Language and
selected Français.
7/ I was surprised to observe that the red wavy lines were persisting
8/ I have checked the language at the status bar, it continued to show
English at the beginning of the paragraph.
9/ I have selected the paragraph with the mouse + right-click+Language and
selected Français again
10/ The problem persisted.
So, I do not know what happens. When I have finished this urgent
document, I will check the content of the .lyx file to try to
understand what is wrong with this file.
If you have any other idea in the mean time...
Concerning only two paragraphs, my specific problem is not important,
but I have the impression that it is more general and could be meet
for bigger chunks of text. In which case, that could be much more
painful.
regards,
Murat
2011/9/19 Stephan Witt st.w...@gmx.net:
Am 19.09.2011 um 21:24 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
The same problem happens! Even if I choose Paste Special/Unformatted text.
Even worst. I have changed individually all the offending words to
French (with a right-click+Language). The paragraph was looking OK (no
underlined word). Then I have chosen the whole paragraph and selected
French as the Language and Bang! English has came back. I am
completely puzzled on this case... I know that British are well
reputed for their resistance (against Hitler's bombs, for example),
but this is stronger than their reputation ;-)
:)
I propose to mark the whole document and change the language to French.
I really can understand your distress... I think the default document
language is surprising at least for all non-english users. Especially,
when there is made such a great afford to provide an user interface
matching the users language environment.
Stephan
What happens if you cut the offending paragraphs and then paste them back?
Hal
On Sep 19, 2011, at 9:48 AM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
Regards,
Murat
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA
### Fwd: OSX Linkback support by Lyx 2?
Hi again Stephan,
Have you had any opportunity to take a look to Linkback support ?
Nothing urgent here (manually exporting and inserting PDF works
without any problem anyway), just curiosity on my side :-)
-- Forwarded message --
From: Murat Yildizoglu myi...@gmail.com
Date: 2011/9/13
Subject: Re: OSX Linkback support by Lyx 2?
To: Lyx Users Group lyx-users@lists.lyx.org
Hi Stephan,
I think you can very easily test using the trial version of EazyDraw 4 :
Web page :
http://www.eazydraw.com/index.htm
Murat
2011/9/13 Stephan Witt st.w...@gmx.net
Am 13.09.2011 um 15:01 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
Hi,
I am checking the linkback support of Lyx. I have pasted a graphic from
EazyEdit (that supports Linkback as a client and server) in Lyx and Lyx
wanted to save a file with a .linkback extension. It does not seem to be
able neither to convert it to pdf, nor allow the edition through
right-click +modify the object in another application menu item.
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 and EazyEdit 4. Lyx appears on the supporting
application list of the linkbackproject.org web page. I have also seen
messages by Stefan Schimanski indicating that linkback support is included
in version 1.6. Has it been correctly transported to version 2?
Has anybody been successful to use this functionality?
I tried it, but couldn't find a free and reliable application with linkback
server functionality.
EazyEdit is not that easy to install I'd guess, isn't it?
Stephan
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### LyX on Mac 10.4
Hi all,
I'm forwarding the experienced problems of a colleague of mine trying to
use LyX 2.0.0 on a Mac -- I don't know whether these are known issues
and have been fixed, or if it's useful to report them.
Bye,
T.
When I open lyx v2.0 on my mac os 10.4, I get the following message:
Lyx will only have minimum functionality because no textclasses have
been found. You can either try to reconfigure Lyx normally, try to
reconfigure without checking your Latex installation, or continue
There are three options: reconfigure, without latex, and continue. No
matter what I choose although I don't get any error messages, when Lyx
starts the functions for compiling and viewing the pdf are disabled.
Also, there are no options under Export.
I tried to google this problem, but couldn't find something relevant.
Maybe it has to do with the fact that I still using mac os 10.4.
I didn't have this problem on my windows pc.
Anyway, after exporting the paper in lyx 1.6, I was able to compile it
using the lyx 1.6 installation on my mac. However, when I tried to
launch the spellchecker I received the following error message:
The spellchecker could not be started. Lyx: Failed to start ispell!
### Re: Missing templates
Thanks, that solved the problem!
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
On Mon, Sep 19, 2011 at 10:39 PM, Murat Yildizoglu yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr wrote:
If you have any other idea in the mean time...
If I understand correctly you did manage to write many other
paragraphs that are correctly marked in French. Then you could simply
copy/paste the first two paragraphs to any plain text editor, create a
new paragraph in LyX that is marked with the correct language
(anywhere in the text), copy/paste the text from the text editor, and
then move it to the correct position in the document.
Liviu
### Allowing dummy scroll at the end of a document
Hi,
I don't know what is the terminology for this, but it would be great if
LyX allows a document to scroll a little bit even though there is no
lines. For example, when I write down a document, I can comfortably type
until the number of lines increases and the cursor goes to the bottom of
the screen. At that stage, as long as I'm adding new lines, the cursor
stays at the bottom of the screen, and it is not comfortable for my eyes.
I would want LyX to scroll the document a little bit, so I can have the
cursor at the middle of the screen even though it is on the last line of
the document.
Maybe LyX can maintain about a half page dummy gray area after end of the
document so I can scroll a little bit. Now in order to do so I'm typing a
lot of one character and enter to have some space shown under the cursor.
Hopefully this explains what I'm talking about.
-Joon
### Re: Allowing dummy scroll at the end of a document
On Tue, Sep 20, 2011 at 5:31 AM, Joon Ro joonp...@gmail.com wrote:
Hi,
I don't know what is the terminology for this, but it would be great if LyX
allows a document to scroll a little bit even though there is no lines. For
Try:
Tools Prefs Editing Scroll below end of doc
Liviu
example, when I write down a document, I can comfortably type until the
number of lines increases and the cursor goes to the bottom of the screen.
At that stage, as long as I'm adding new lines, the cursor stays at the
bottom of the screen, and it is not comfortable for my eyes. I would want
LyX to scroll the document a little bit, so I can have the cursor at the
middle of the screen even though it is on the last line of the document.
Maybe LyX can maintain about a half page dummy gray area after end of the
document so I can scroll a little bit. Now in order to do so I'm typing a
lot of one character and enter to have some space shown under the cursor.
Hopefully this explains what I'm talking about.
-Joon
--
Do you know how to read?
http://www.alienetworks.com/srtest.cfm
Do you know how to write?
http://garbl.home.comcast.net/~garbl/stylemanual/e.htm#e-mail
### Re: Fwd: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
On 09/19/2011 10:39 PM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
If I summarize my problem:
1/ I have created a new document the default language of which was English;
2/ I have written two paragraphs in French in it, then I have seen the
wavy red lines and understood that I have not changed the default
language);
3/ I have opened the document properties and switched the language to Français;
4/ I have written other paragraphs in French, it was OK.
5/ I have seen that the first two paragraphs was continuing to pose
problem (which is normal);
6/ I have marked the whole document them with the mouse +
right-click+Language and
selected Français.
7/ I was surprised to observe that the red wavy lines were persisting
8/ I have checked the language at the status bar, it continued to show
English at the beginning of the paragraph.
9/ I have selected the paragraph with the mouse + right-click+Language and
selected Français again
10/ The problem persisted.
There are a few bugs around concerning the change of a language, you've
probably encountered some of them:
Changing text language using context menu doesn't work properly -
http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/7778
http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/7681
http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/7677
http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/2190
Given your OS (OSX), there may be some other as well. I couldn't
reproduce what you described on my OS.
### Re: OSX Linkback support by Lyx 2?
Am 19.09.2011 um 22:41 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
Hi again Stephan,
Have you had any opportunity to take a look to Linkback support ?
Nothing urgent here (manually exporting and inserting PDF works
without any problem anyway), just curiosity on my side :-)
No, sorry.
Since I'll have a time limit to finish the thing I didn't start at all.
Stephan
-- Forwarded message --
From: Murat Yildizoglu myi...@gmail.com
Date: 2011/9/13
Subject: Re: OSX Linkback support by Lyx 2?
To: Lyx Users Group lyx-users@lists.lyx.org
Hi Stephan,
I think you can very easily test using the trial version of EazyDraw 4 :
Web page :
http://www.eazydraw.com/index.htm
Murat
2011/9/13 Stephan Witt st.w...@gmx.net
Am 13.09.2011 um 15:01 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
Hi,
I am checking the linkback support of Lyx. I have pasted a graphic from
EazyEdit (that supports Linkback as a client and server) in Lyx and Lyx
wanted to save a file with a .linkback extension. It does not seem to be
able neither to convert it to pdf, nor allow the edition through
right-click +modify the object in another application menu item.
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 and EazyEdit 4. Lyx appears on the supporting
application list of the linkbackproject.org web page. I have also seen
messages by Stefan Schimanski indicating that linkback support is included
in version 1.6. Has it been correctly transported to version 2?
Has anybody been successful to use this functionality?
I tried it, but couldn't find a free and reliable application with linkback
server functionality.
EazyEdit is not that easy to install I'd guess, isn't it?
Stephan
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### Re: Missing templates
Am 20.09.2011 um 00:11 schrieb Anders Host-Madsen:
Thanks, that solved the problem!
Fine.
I'm just curious... what did you do?
(I want to improve the out-of-the-box behavior.)
Stephan
### OT: checked box symbol
Hello
This is slightly off topic. I'm looking for a (decent) LaTeX symbol
that would display a box that contains a check mark. I looked into the
'The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List' [1], but it only suggests
\CheckedBox in 'wasysym' and \Checkedbox in 'marvosym', both sloppy
executions (to my taste). I could use XeTeX and insert the Unicode
U+2611 ☑, which looks nice, but I'm not sure I'll be able to compile
my document in a Windows environment.
Would you have some other suggestions? Regards
Liviu
[1] http://mirror.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf
--
Do you know how to read?
http://www.alienetworks.com/srtest.cfm
Do you know how to write?
http://garbl.home.comcast.net/~garbl/stylemanual/e.htm#e-mail
### Re: OT: checked box symbol
On 2011-09-19, Liviu Andronic wrote:
> Hello
> This is slightly off topic. I'm looking for a (decent) LaTeX symbol
> that would display a box that contains a check mark. I looked into the
> 'The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List' [1], but it only suggests
> \CheckedBox in 'wasysym' and \Checkedbox in 'marvosym', both sloppy
> executions (to my taste).
I don't know of any other.
> I could use XeTeX and insert the Unicode
> U+2611 ☑, which looks nice, but I'm not sure I'll be able to compile
> my document in a Windows environment.
If the Windows environment in question has a xetex engine and a font that
contains the symbol, it should work.
Günter
### Re: Branch problem with chapters
2011/9/19 Julien Rioux :
[...]
>
> Glad you got it fixed. Does it work also if you position the cursor ahead of
> the branch and select the Standard environment from the dropdown? I would
> think it should work.
I tried that, but this method failed. Nothing happens (I used Alt+P, S).
>> Such additional experiments expected from the user to clean thing up
>> does not seem to be a wanted feature of the application.
>>
>
> I guess the cursor was in Chapter environment when you did Insert > Branch.
> Then the branch resides inside a Chapter environment. There is a reasonable
> chance that this is actually what you want.
>
> So, should LyX do better by guessing that you want to do with the branch
> based on the current selection? Something like, if the selection involves
> the whole of an environment, or more than one environment, put the branch in
> a Standard environment.
If I select whole chapter in outline and then want to move it into
branch, what I want? For sure not leaving empty chapter.
Maybe I am wrong, but I think whole chapter should go there and branch
should left in standard environment. Anyone else vote on this or that?
--
Manveru
jabber: manv...@manveru.pl
gg: 1624001
http://www.manveru.pl
### Re: Strange behavior
On 2011-09-18, Karl Linek wrote:
> I have two files. The first one I wrote with LyX 1.6.7. Then I installed
> LyX 2.0. I copied the file to a USB-stick. Suddenly I got always 4
> errors
On the same machine? What else changed, a new LaTeX distro/version as well?
> "Undefined control sequence."
> for example with the description
> "ist $\unit[1]{\lyxmathsym{\textdegree}C} >$ gleich $\unit[1]{K}$.
> The control sequence at the end of the top line
> of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have
> misspelled it (e.g., \hobx'), type I' and the correct
> spelling (e.g., I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue,
> and I'll forget about whatever was undefined."
> That was not useful.
It tells, that at this stage, LaTeX does not know the command \unit.
Did you type this command in your document or did LyX insert it?
Did you manually load the package unit.sty (in the user preamble)?
Did you use a module?
> I tried a lot of things. Once I succeeded to reduce
> the error by one.
> The last trial was to copy the text, to make a new file and to paste the
> text. I did the same with all the options and settings. At least I had a
> manually copied file. And...
> It worked. No errors, no complains.
Is the "missing command" /unit still in the exported LaTeX source (you can
check with View>Source or by exporting to LaTeX)?
> I think LyX does not delete all the code if one changes some settings.
It only deletes what it inserts. Also, if you remove a module, LyX will/can
typically not remove code that depends on this module.
Also, if you move a file from one computer to another, LyX will not remove
code that relies on packages only present on the first...
Günter
### Re: OT: checked box symbol
On Mon, Sep 19, 2011 at 8:28 AM, Guenter Milde wrote:
>> I could use XeTeX and insert the Unicode
>> U+2611 ☑, which looks nice, but I'm not sure I'll be able to compile
>> my document in a Windows environment.
>
> If the Windows environment in question has a xetex engine and a font that
> contains the symbol, it should work.
>
Do you know if I could continue using Palatino (Palladio) in my
document (with LM for the rest), while randomly inserting Unicode
chars like this that would use an OpenType font? I'd like to keep
working with Palatino.
side of my laptop is badly out of date and features MiKTeX 2.8 (which
complains when trying to compile with XeTeX) and a broken Sweave
installation (I still haven't figured what I managed to break when
upgrading R). Since when using Windows I'm anyways mainly relying on
TeXLive on Xubuntu on a Virtual Machine, I may just go haywire and
experiment with LyX with TL on Windows.
Regards
Liviu
### Re: OT: checked box symbol
preamble:
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\newcommand{\cbox}{\ensuremath\square\kern-0.7em\raise.3ex\hbox{\checkmark}}
text
ctrl-m \cbox
or making a math macro of that kind?
I can see that there's also a kern command implemented in the math
environment in LyX, but I don't know how to use it.
Yet another way would be to use
http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/2611/ballot_box_with_check.svg
I wanted to look at the pdf file of the Math-Help-File of Lyx 2.0.1 but get
this error:
! LaTeX Error: File mathdots.sty' not found.
How do I proceed?
Thanks again
Wolfgang
### Re: Branch problem with chapters
On 09/19/2011 08:29 AM, Manveru wrote:
If I select whole chapter in outline and then want to move it into
branch, what I want?
Maybe you (or someone else) just wants to put that part of the chapter
in a branch, and continue writing in the same chapter the other part.
How would LyX know to differentiate?
Maybe I am wrong, but I think whole chapter should go there and branch
should left in standard environment. Anyone else vote on this or that?
In your case I'd make a master document where all the chapter files are
'included', and some of the includes (little gray boxes) are put in
branches.
Or, just start writing a new chapter already in a branch box.
On 09/19/2011 11:09 AM, Wolfgang Engelmann wrote:
I wanted to look at the pdf file of the Math-Help-File of Lyx 2.0.1 but get
this error:
How do I proceed?
You should install a LaTeX package mathdots. In my case (Fedora Linux,
TeXlive 2010) it's called texlive-mathdots.
### Re: OT: checked box symbol
On 19.09.2011 08:10, Liviu Andronic wrote:
Hello
This is slightly off topic. I'm looking for a (decent) LaTeX symbol
that would display a box that contains a check mark. I looked into the
'The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List' [1], but it only suggests
\CheckedBox in 'wasysym' and \Checkedbox in 'marvosym', both sloppy
executions (to my taste). I could use XeTeX and insert the Unicode
U+2611 ☑, which looks nice, but I'm not sure I'll be able to compile
my document in a Windows environment.
Hi,
Using the "normal" Palatino font, I can get the checkboxes (3 states of
them) using the insert->special characters->symbols... (in the
"miscellaneous symbols" category).
When using xetex/luatex (documents-> settings-> fonts), and choosing
"Palatina Lynotype" font, they are replaced by a spiral in the pdf.
Probably they are not available in that font, because they work fine
with Deja Vu Sans.
Best regards.
Olivier.
(LyX 2.0.1, MikTeX 2.9 on windows 7)
Would you have some other suggestions? Regards
Liviu
[1] http://mirror.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf
### Re: Problems with biber
On Thu, Jul 28, 2011 at 6:04 AM, G perillat wrote:
> I think I have the same problem with lyx 2.0. Is the bug solved since Feb 4 ?
>
> Thank you
Are you still encountering the problem with biber? It should have been
fixed in Lyx 2.0.x and in 1.6.10
S.
--
__
Stefano Franchi
Associate Research Professor
Department of Hispanic Studies Ph: +1 (979) 845-2125
Texas A University Fax: +1 (979) 845-6421
College Station, Texas, USA
### Re: Lecture is better than beamer
> Beamer's pretty good. In what ways is Lecturer better? What are its
> pros and cons? What are its design priorities? What types of
> presentations would best be served by Lecturer?
>
> SteveT
>
> Steve Litt
Steve, Beamer is very powerful for advanced users. For a basic user, you have to
be happy with the existing styles and themes it provides. If you read
"LecturerDemo-" files in the documentation of Lecturer, you will agree that it
is very straightforward to place things (graphics, texts) anywhere on the slide
(along the line of pdfpages). I would say it suits more to teachers for
delivering lectures.
Mukhtar
### Re: Lecture is better than beamer
> You can probably start with a layout file we already have and modify it.
> Ask questions here if you get stuck.
>
> Richard
>
>
Thanks Richard. I will start my crude version and then seek help from the
experts here in the mailing list.
Mukhtar
### Re: Lyx compile corrupt OpenDocument documents
Thanks for your replies so far.
I figured out, that the problem is the ctable... Does anyone has a solution for
converting ctables? An image would be ok...
Dominik
On 16.09.2011, at 18:17, Richard Heck wrote:
> On 09/16/2011 11:27 AM, Kalisch Dominik P.H. wrote:
>> Hi,
>>
>> I have a problem with the OpenDocument support. I need to export my
>> document, with a heavy use of formulasm tables and images, to word. Because
>> there is no direct export function to word, I thought I can export that file
>> to OpenDocument, open it with OpenOffice and save it as a word document. But
>> the export function just produces a corrupt ODF file.
>> Does anyone have a good suggestion, besides write my text in Word?
>>
> The oolatex converter doesn't do a very good job with complex documents.
> There are other routes you can try, e.g., exporting to HTML and importing
> that into OOo. If you use the LyXHTML export with MathML, that may preserve
> your formluae. I don't know. Yet another option is to export to RTF, using
> the latex2rtf converter, but that probably won't do much with formulae.
>
> Richard
>
### Re: Lyx compile corrupt OpenDocument documents
On 09/16/2011 11:27 AM, Kalisch Dominik P.H. wrote:
> >
> >I need to export my
> >document, with a heavy use of formulasm tables and images, to word.
I also need to do this, primarily for scientific journals that accept only
".doc" files (i.e. the older Word format). At least in my field (chemistry
and biology), there are a lot of journals like this.
I've tried exporting to html (by several methods), then importing the html
into Microsoft Word. This can work pretty well for text and tables,
moderately well for bibliographic citations (depends a lot on what bib style
files you use) and for figure captions (the figures themselves are expected
by the journals I use to be in separate files anyway). Simple equations can
be OK, but complex equations are sure to fail. You can use either elyxer
(with the --html flag) or the export to html (not xhtml) native to Lyx 2.0.
Note that any limitations are *not* the fault of html converters (which work
remarkably well for their intended purpose), but are the result of limitations
in Word's ability to take html as an input format.
For equations, the only thing I've found that "almost" works is tex2word
(just Google it). This is a commercial program that only runs on Windows,
but fills a real need for me, so much so that I have a virtual Windows
machine that I use pretty much just for that purpose. The program is
limited (it doesn't recognize all latex packages, and you often have to
manually tweak the latex file you give it), but the support staff is
quite helpful and nothing else [that I have tried] comes close if you
have lots of equations. (You do also need to have MathType, which means
yet more money.) One thing missing from tex2word, but promised "soon", is
natbib support. Also, tables are far from perfect -- I've gone to the
trouble of converting tables via html, and the rest of a manuscript via
tex2wordsigh.
[The "pain" is that, almost inevitably, the equations are going to manually
re-typeset by the publisher anyway, so a difficult (and error-prone)
conversion to .doc is just a waste of everyone's time. I know of cases where
journals demanded .doc format, only to convert back to latex to actually
typset the article. But authors are often powerless to "fight city hall".]
...just my conclusions based in limited experience, but maybe it will help.
...dave case
### Re: Lyx compile corrupt OpenDocument documents
>
> I know of cases where journals demanded .doc format, only to convert back
> to latex to actually typset the article. But authors are often powerless to
> "fight city hall".]
I told that to some Elsevier journal's editor, who asked me for a DOC
version instead of LaTeX, and he couldn't believe it.
-
Julio Rojas
jcredbe...@gmail.com
On Mon, Sep 19, 2011 at 4:57 PM, David A Case
wrote:
> On 09/16/2011 11:27 AM, Kalisch Dominik P.H. wrote:
>> >
>> >I need to export my
>> >document, with a heavy use of formulasm tables and images, to word.
>
> I also need to do this, primarily for scientific journals that accept only
> ".doc" files (i.e. the older Word format). At least in my field
(chemistry
> and biology), there are a lot of journals like this.
>
> I've tried exporting to html (by several methods), then importing the html
> into Microsoft Word. This can work pretty well for text and tables,
> moderately well for bibliographic citations (depends a lot on what bib
style
> files you use) and for figure captions (the figures themselves are
expected
> by the journals I use to be in separate files anyway). Simple equations
can
> be OK, but complex equations are sure to fail. You can use either elyxer
> (with the --html flag) or the export to html (not xhtml) native to Lyx
2.0.
> Note that any limitations are *not* the fault of html converters (which
work
> remarkably well for their intended purpose), but are the result of
limitations
> in Word's ability to take html as an input format.
>
> For equations, the only thing I've found that "almost" works is tex2word
> (just Google it). This is a commercial program that only runs on Windows,
> but fills a real need for me, so much so that I have a virtual Windows
> machine that I use pretty much just for that purpose. The program is
> limited (it doesn't recognize all latex packages, and you often have to
> manually tweak the latex file you give it), but the support staff is
> quite helpful and nothing else [that I have tried] comes close if you
> have lots of equations. (You do also need to have MathType, which means
> yet more money.) One thing missing from tex2word, but promised "soon", is
> natbib support. Also, tables are far from perfect -- I've gone to the
> trouble of converting tables via html, and the rest of a manuscript via
> tex2wordsigh.
>
> [The "pain" is that, almost inevitably, the equations are going to
manually
> re-typeset by the publisher anyway, so a difficult (and error-prone)
> conversion to .doc is just a waste of everyone's time. I know of cases
where
> journals demanded .doc format, only to convert back to latex to actually
> typset the article. But authors are often powerless to "fight city
hall".]
>
> ...just my conclusions based in limited experience, but maybe it will
help.
>
> ...dave case
>
>
### Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
Regards,
Murat
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Am 19.09.2011 um 18:48 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
> Hi,
>
> I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
> document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
> document properties/Language from English to French. After two
> paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
> check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
> selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
> continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
>
> I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
> success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
>
> Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
> Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
> raise the mouse button in the selection box.
>
> What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
> we select? Is there a way?
I think it should work to change the language of the document and/or
the language of some paragraph. Changing the language in the spell checker
changes it for the currently selected word only.
Stephan
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
The same problem happens! Even if I choose Paste Special/Unformatted text.
Even worst. I have changed individually all the offending words to
French (with a right-click+Language). The paragraph was looking OK (no
underlined word). Then I have chosen the whole paragraph and selected
French as the Language and Bang! English has came back. I am
completely puzzled on this case... I know that British are well
reputed for their resistance (against Hitler's bombs, for example),
but this is stronger than their reputation ;-)
Thanks Stephan, your tip explains why I get the English again in the
spell check box. At least this mystery has been solved :-)
Regards,
Murat
> What happens if you cut the offending paragraphs and then paste them back?
> Hal
>
> On Sep 19, 2011, at 9:48 AM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
>
>> Hi,
>>
>> I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
>> document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
>> document properties/Language from English to French. After two
>> paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
>> check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
>> selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
>> continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
>>
>> I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
>> success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
>>
>> Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
>> Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
>> raise the mouse button in the selection box.
>>
>> What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
>> we select? Is there a way?
>>
>>
>> Regards,
>>
>> Murat
>>
>> --
>> Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
>> Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
>> GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
>> Avenue Léon Duguit
>> 33608 Pessac cedex
>> France
>>
>> yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
>> http://yildizoglu.info
>
>
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### Missing templates
I use LyX 2.0 on Mac. But I cannot find any templates.
One one computer I installed on top of LyX 1.6, on the other
computer it was a fresh install of 2.0. In either, no templates.
What can I do?
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Am 19.09.2011 um 21:24 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
> The same problem happens! Even if I choose Paste Special/Unformatted text.
>
> Even worst. I have changed individually all the offending words to
> French (with a right-click+Language). The paragraph was looking OK (no
> underlined word). Then I have chosen the whole paragraph and selected
> French as the Language and Bang! English has came back. I am
> completely puzzled on this case... I know that British are well
> reputed for their resistance (against Hitler's bombs, for example),
> but this is stronger than their reputation ;-)
:)
I propose to mark the whole document and change the language to French.
I really can understand your distress... I think the default document
language is surprising at least for all non-english users. Especially,
when there is made such a great afford to provide an user interface
matching the users language environment.
Stephan
>> What happens if you cut the offending paragraphs and then paste them back?
>> Hal
>>
>> On Sep 19, 2011, at 9:48 AM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
>>
>>> Hi,
>>>
>>> I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
>>> document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
>>> document properties/Language from English to French. After two
>>> paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
>>> check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
>>> selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
>>> continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
>>>
>>> I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
>>> success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
>>>
>>> Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
>>> Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
>>> raise the mouse button in the selection box.
>>>
>>> What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
>>> we select? Is there a way?
>>>
>>>
>>> Regards,
>>>
>>> Murat
>>>
>>> --
>>> Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
>>> Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
>>> GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
>>> Avenue Léon Duguit
>>> 33608 Pessac cedex
>>> France
>>>
>>> yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
>>> http://yildizoglu.info
>>
>>
>
>
>
> --
> Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
> Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
> GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
> Avenue Léon Duguit
> 33608 Pessac cedex
> France
>
> yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
> http://yildizoglu.info
### Re: Missing templates
Am 19.09.2011 um 22:18 schrieb Anders Host-Madsen:
> I use LyX 2.0 on Mac. But I cannot find any templates.
> One one computer I installed on top of LyX 1.6, on the other
> computer it was a fresh install of 2.0. In either, no templates.
> What can I do?
They are located inside the software package. The current state
is to either copy them from there (e. g.
/Applications/LyX.app/Contents/Resources/templates)
to ~/Library/Application Support/LyX/templates
Another option is to modify the path in preferences and set it to
${LyXDir}/Resources/templates (${LyXDir} will be replaced by the correct value).
Stephan
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Thank Stephan for the suggestion, but this is the first thing I have
tried. Thinking about it, maybe this operation has created this
confusion, given that at the moment of the operation, part of my
document was in English, and the rest in Français. Maybe giving a
global common language has posed a problem to Lyx (is English stronger
that Français^2? :-) )?
This kind of operation should be quite simple and reliable in a word
processor I think. I understand that changing the language of the
document should not change the language of already written paragraphs
(since we can have paragraphs in another language, deliberately put in
the document), but marking a paragraph manually with a language should
reliably work IMHO. This is a bug I imagine.
If I summarize my problem:
1/ I have created a new document the default language of which was English;
2/ I have written two paragraphs in French in it, then I have seen the
wavy red lines and understood that I have not changed the default
language);
3/ I have opened the document properties and switched the language to Français;
4/ I have written other paragraphs in French, it was OK.
5/ I have seen that the first two paragraphs was continuing to pose
problem (which is normal);
6/ I have marked them with the mouse + right-click+Language and
selected Français.
7/ I w
2011/9/19 Stephan Witt :
> Am 19.09.2011 um 21:24 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
>
>> The same problem happens! Even if I choose Paste Special/Unformatted text.
>>
>> Even worst. I have changed individually all the offending words to
>> French (with a right-click+Language). The paragraph was looking OK (no
>> underlined word). Then I have chosen the whole paragraph and selected
>> French as the Language and Bang! English has came back. I am
>> completely puzzled on this case... I know that British are well
>> reputed for their resistance (against Hitler's bombs, for example),
>> but this is stronger than their reputation ;-)
>
> :)
>
> I propose to mark the whole document and change the language to French.
> I really can understand your distress... I think the default document
> language is surprising at least for all non-english users. Especially,
> when there is made such a great afford to provide an user interface
> matching the users language environment.
>
> Stephan
>
>>> What happens if you cut the offending paragraphs and then paste them back?
>>> Hal
>>>
>>> On Sep 19, 2011, at 9:48 AM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
>>>
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
Regards,
Murat
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
>>>
>>>
>>
>>
>>
>> --
>> Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
>> Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
>> GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
>> Avenue Léon Duguit
>> 33608 Pessac cedex
>> France
>>
>> yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
>> http://yildizoglu.info
>
>
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### Fwd: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
Sorry my previous message has been sent too early by error. Here is
the complete version.
Thanks Stephan for the suggestion, but this is the first thing I have
tried. Thinking about it, maybe this operation has created this
confusion, given that at the moment of the operation, part of my
document was in English, and the rest in Français. Maybe giving a
global common language has posed a problem to Lyx (is English stronger
that Français^2? :-) )?
This kind of operation should be quite simple and reliable in a word
processor I think. I understand that changing the language of the
document should not change the language of already written paragraphs
(since we can have paragraphs in another language, deliberately put in
the document), but marking a paragraph manually with a language should
reliably work IMHO. This is a bug I imagine.
If I summarize my problem:
1/ I have created a new document the default language of which was English;
2/ I have written two paragraphs in French in it, then I have seen the
wavy red lines and understood that I have not changed the default
language);
3/ I have opened the document properties and switched the language to Français;
4/ I have written other paragraphs in French, it was OK.
5/ I have seen that the first two paragraphs was continuing to pose
problem (which is normal);
6/ I have marked the whole document them with the mouse +
right-click+Language and
selected Français.
7/ I was surprised to observe that the red wavy lines were persisting
8/ I have checked the language at the status bar, it continued to show
English at the beginning of the paragraph.
9/ I have selected the paragraph with the mouse + right-click+Language and
selected Français again
10/ The problem persisted.
So, I do not know what happens. When I have finished this urgent
document, I will check the content of the .lyx file to try to
understand what is wrong with this file.
If you have any other idea in the mean time...
Concerning only two paragraphs, my specific problem is not important,
but I have the impression that it is more general and could be meet
for bigger chunks of text. In which case, that could be much more
painful.
regards,
Murat
2011/9/19 Stephan Witt :
> Am 19.09.2011 um 21:24 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
>
>> The same problem happens! Even if I choose Paste Special/Unformatted text.
>>
>> Even worst. I have changed individually all the offending words to
>> French (with a right-click+Language). The paragraph was looking OK (no
>> underlined word). Then I have chosen the whole paragraph and selected
>> French as the Language and Bang! English has came back. I am
>> completely puzzled on this case... I know that British are well
>> reputed for their resistance (against Hitler's bombs, for example),
>> but this is stronger than their reputation ;-)
>
> :)
>
> I propose to mark the whole document and change the language to French.
> I really can understand your distress... I think the default document
> language is surprising at least for all non-english users. Especially,
> when there is made such a great afford to provide an user interface
> matching the users language environment.
>
> Stephan
>
>>> What happens if you cut the offending paragraphs and then paste them back?
>>> Hal
>>>
>>> On Sep 19, 2011, at 9:48 AM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
>>>
Hi,
I am using Lyx 2.0.1 under OSX. I have started to type a document. The
document is in French, but I have forgotten first to switch the
document properties/Language from English to French. After two
paragraphs I woke up and done the change, but now it continues to
check the first paragraphs in English, whatever I try... I have
selected all paragraphs + right-click + Language+Français, but it
continues to indicate English at the bottom of the screen.
I have also tried to do it paragraph by paragraph, but without any
success. It continues to think that the text is in English.
Moreover, I have also tried to choose Français as language in
Tools/Spell-check but it switches by itself to English as soon as
raise the mouse button in the selection box.
What is the magic way of asking to Lyx to set the language to the one
we select? Is there a way?
Regards,
Murat
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
>>>
>>>
>>
>>
>>
>> --
>> Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
>> Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
>> GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
>> Avenue Léon Duguit
>> 33608 Pessac cedex
>> France
>>
>> yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
>> http://yildizoglu.info
>
>
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université
### Fwd: OSX Linkback support by Lyx 2?
Hi again Stephan,
Have you had any opportunity to take a look to Linkback support ?
Nothing urgent here (manually exporting and inserting PDF works
without any problem anyway), just curiosity on my side :-)
-- Forwarded message --
From: Murat Yildizoglu
Date: 2011/9/13
Subject: Re: OSX Linkback support by Lyx 2?
To: Lyx Users Group
Hi Stephan,
I think you can very easily test using the trial version of EazyDraw 4 :
Web page :
http://www.eazydraw.com/index.htm
Murat
2011/9/13 Stephan Witt
>
> Am 13.09.2011 um 15:01 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
>
> > Hi,
> >
> > I am checking the linkback support of Lyx. I have pasted a graphic from
> > EazyEdit (that supports Linkback as a client and server) in Lyx and Lyx
> > wanted to save a file with a .linkback extension. It does not seem to be
> > able neither to convert it to pdf, nor allow the edition through
> > right-click +modify the object in another application menu item.
> >
> > I am using Lyx 2.0.1 and EazyEdit 4. Lyx appears on the supporting
> > application list of the linkbackproject.org web page. I have also seen
> > messages by Stefan Schimanski indicating that linkback support is included
> > in version 1.6. Has it been correctly transported to version 2?
> >
> > Has anybody been successful to use this functionality?
>
> I tried it, but couldn't find a free and reliable application with linkback
> server functionality.
>
> EazyEdit is not that easy to install I'd guess, isn't it?
>
> Stephan
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
--
Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
Avenue Léon Duguit
33608 Pessac cedex
France
yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
http://yildizoglu.info
### LyX on Mac 10.4
Hi all,
I'm forwarding the experienced problems of a colleague of mine trying to
use LyX 2.0.0 on a Mac -- I don't know whether these are known issues
and have been fixed, or if it's useful to report them.
Bye,
T.
When I open lyx v2.0 on my mac os 10.4, I get the following message:
"Lyx will only have minimum functionality because no textclasses have
been found. You can either try to reconfigure Lyx normally, try to
reconfigure without checking your Latex installation, or continue"
There are three options: reconfigure, without latex, and continue. No
matter what I choose although I don't get any error messages, when Lyx
starts the functions for compiling and viewing the pdf are disabled.
Also, there are no options under Export.
I tried to google this problem, but couldn't find something relevant.
Maybe it has to do with the fact that I still using mac os 10.4.
I didn't have this problem on my windows pc.
Anyway, after exporting the paper in lyx 1.6, I was able to compile it
using the lyx 1.6 installation on my mac. However, when I tried to
launch the spellchecker I received the following error message:
"The spellchecker could not be started. Lyx: Failed to start ispell!"
### Re: Missing templates
Thanks, that solved the problem!
### Re: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
On Mon, Sep 19, 2011 at 10:39 PM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
> If you have any other idea in the mean time...
>
If I understand correctly you did manage to write many other
paragraphs that are correctly marked in French. Then you could simply
copy/paste the first two paragraphs to any plain text editor, create a
new paragraph in LyX that is marked with the correct language
(anywhere in the text), copy/paste the text from the text editor, and
then move it to the correct position in the document.
Liviu
### Allowing "dummy" scroll at the end of a document
Hi,
I don't know what is the terminology for this, but it would be great if
LyX allows a document to scroll a little bit even though there is no
lines. For example, when I write down a document, I can comfortably type
until the number of lines increases and the cursor goes to the bottom of
the screen. At that stage, as long as I'm adding new lines, the cursor
stays at the bottom of the screen, and it is not comfortable for my eyes.
I would want LyX to scroll the document a little bit, so I can have the
cursor at the middle of the screen even though it is on the last line of
the document.
Maybe LyX can maintain about a half page dummy gray area after end of the
document so I can scroll a little bit. Now in order to do so I'm typing a
lot of one character and enter to have some space shown under the cursor.
Hopefully this explains what I'm talking about.
-Joon
### Re: Allowing "dummy" scroll at the end of a document
On Tue, Sep 20, 2011 at 5:31 AM, Joon Ro wrote:
> Hi,
>
> I don't know what is the terminology for this, but it would be great if LyX
> allows a document to scroll a little bit even though there is no lines. For
>
Try:
Tools > Prefs > Editing > Scroll below end of doc
Liviu
> example, when I write down a document, I can comfortably type until the
> number of lines increases and the cursor goes to the bottom of the screen.
> At that stage, as long as I'm adding new lines, the cursor stays at the
> bottom of the screen, and it is not comfortable for my eyes. I would want
> LyX to scroll the document a little bit, so I can have the cursor at the
> middle of the screen even though it is on the last line of the document.
>
> Maybe LyX can maintain about a half page dummy gray area after end of the
> document so I can scroll a little bit. Now in order to do so I'm typing a
> lot of one character and enter to have some space shown under the cursor.
>
> Hopefully this explains what I'm talking about.
>
> -Joon
>
--
Do you know how to read?
http://www.alienetworks.com/srtest.cfm
Do you know how to write?
http://garbl.home.comcast.net/~garbl/stylemanual/e.htm#e-mail
### Re: Fwd: Spell cheking grrr! ;-)
On 09/19/2011 10:39 PM, Murat Yildizoglu wrote:
If I summarize my problem:
1/ I have created a new document the default language of which was English;
2/ I have written two paragraphs in French in it, then I have seen the
wavy red lines and understood that I have not changed the default
language);
3/ I have opened the document properties and switched the language to Français;
4/ I have written other paragraphs in French, it was OK.
5/ I have seen that the first two paragraphs was continuing to pose
problem (which is normal);
6/ I have marked the whole document them with the mouse +
right-click+Language and
selected Français.
7/ I was surprised to observe that the red wavy lines were persisting
8/ I have checked the language at the status bar, it continued to show
English at the beginning of the paragraph.
9/ I have selected the paragraph with the mouse + right-click+Language and
selected Français again
10/ The problem persisted.
There are a few bugs around concerning the change of a language, you've
probably encountered some of them:
Changing text language using context menu doesn't work properly -
http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/7778
&
http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/7681
http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/7677
http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/2190
Given your OS (OSX), there may be some other as well. I couldn't
reproduce what you described on my OS.
### Re: OSX Linkback support by Lyx 2?
Am 19.09.2011 um 22:41 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
> Hi again Stephan,
>
> Have you had any opportunity to take a look to Linkback support ?
> Nothing urgent here (manually exporting and inserting PDF works
> without any problem anyway), just curiosity on my side :-)
No, sorry.
Since I'll have a time limit to finish the thing I didn't start at all.
Stephan
>
>
> -- Forwarded message --
> From: Murat Yildizoglu
> Date: 2011/9/13
> Subject: Re: OSX Linkback support by Lyx 2?
> To: Lyx Users Group
>
>
> Hi Stephan,
> I think you can very easily test using the trial version of EazyDraw 4 :
> Web page :
>
> http://www.eazydraw.com/index.htm
> Murat
>
> 2011/9/13 Stephan Witt
>>
>> Am 13.09.2011 um 15:01 schrieb Murat Yildizoglu:
>>
>>> Hi,
>>>
>>> I am checking the linkback support of Lyx. I have pasted a graphic from
>>> EazyEdit (that supports Linkback as a client and server) in Lyx and Lyx
>>> wanted to save a file with a .linkback extension. It does not seem to be
>>> able neither to convert it to pdf, nor allow the edition through
>>> right-click +modify the object in another application menu item.
>>>
>>> I am using Lyx 2.0.1 and EazyEdit 4. Lyx appears on the supporting
>>> application list of the linkbackproject.org web page. I have also seen
>>> messages by Stefan Schimanski indicating that linkback support is included
>>> in version 1.6. Has it been correctly transported to version 2?
>>>
>>> Has anybody been successful to use this functionality?
>>
>> I tried it, but couldn't find a free and reliable application with linkback
>> server functionality.
>>
>> EazyEdit is not that easy to install I'd guess, isn't it?
>>
>> Stephan
>
>
> --
> Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
> Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
> GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
> Avenue Léon Duguit
> 33608 Pessac cedex
> France
>
> yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
> http://yildizoglu.info
>
>
>
> --
> Prof. Murat Yildizoglu
> Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV
> GREThA (UMR CNRS 5113)
> Avenue Léon Duguit
> 33608 Pessac cedex
> France
>
> yi...@u-bordeaux4.fr
> http://yildizoglu.info
### Re: Missing templates
Am 20.09.2011 um 00:11 schrieb Anders Host-Madsen:
> Thanks, that solved the problem!
Fine.
I'm just curious... what did you do?
(I want to improve the out-of-the-box behavior.)
Stephan
` | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7940607666969299, "perplexity": 5868.2142365422005}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300805.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118062411-20220118092411-00423.warc.gz"} |
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anonymous 5 years ago Evaluate the indefinite Integral: (2x / sqrt of 1-x^4) dx My answer: arcsin(x^4) + C Delete Cancel Submit
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1. anonymous
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it's arcsin(x^2) + c
2. anonymous
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$2x \div \sqrt{1-xd^4}$
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so fast! short cut method?
4. anonymous
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lol it's the arcsin formula
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Thanks for being so helpful in mathematics. If you are getting quality help, make sure you spread the word about OpenStudy. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9995885491371155, "perplexity": 23431.461817711806}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00142-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/222902/prove-that-a-problem-is-np-complete-with-a-reduction-from-3-sat | # Prove that a problem is NP-Complete with a reduction from 3-SAT
Here is an instance of a problem:
Instance: {U, S1, . . . Sn, k|U is a set of elements, the Si are different subsets of U, and k is a nonnegative integer}.
A YES instance is defined as follows: There exists C ⊆ U with |C| = k such that ∀i =6 j,(Si − C) = ( 6 Sj − C). That is, the sets Si − C remain different.
My question is to prove that this is NP-Complete. It is trivial to prove that this is in NP, but as yet I have not been able to find a reduction from an NP-Complete problem to prove NP-hardness.
My approach so far has been to reduce from 3-SAT as follows: consider an instance of 3-SAT, with clauses (a,b,c) and (a,~b,~c). Then, U = {a,~a,b,~b,c,~c}, S = { {a,~a}, {b,~b}, {c,~c}, {}, {a,b,c}, {a,~b,~c} }, and k = 3 (number of variable-complement pairs). If I have a NO instance of 3-sat, this correctly gives me a NO instance. However, a YES instance does not always return a YES instance, so I must modify my answer somehow.
I could not find any other online resource, so any help would be much appreciated!
-
Something has gone wrong with the notation in your third paragraph. – Gareth Rees Nov 21 '12 at 9:26 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8951518535614014, "perplexity": 793.1943491277411}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413558066265.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017150106-00022-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Selecting_optimum_field_methods | # Selecting optimum field methods
Series Geophysical References Series Problems in Exploration Seismology and their Solutions Lloyd P. Geldart and Robert E. Sheriff 8 253 - 294 http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560801733 ISBN 9781560801153 SEG Online Store
## Problem
Assume that you wish to map objectives 3 to 5 km deep in an area with topography ranging from flat to gentle hills (gradients usually less than 3%). Dips at objective depths may be up to ${\displaystyle 30^{\circ }}$. The velocity at the base of the low-velocity layer is 2000 m/s, that at objective depths is 4000 m/s, and at the basement (8 km) probably about 6000 m/s. Five surface-source units and 96-channel recording equipment are available. Both ground roll ${\displaystyle (V_{R}\approx 800{\mbox{ m/s}})}$ and air waves ${\displaystyle (V\approx 330{\mbox{ m/s}}}$ may be problems, but the low-velocity layer (about 10 m thick with a velocity about 600 m/s) is probably fairly uniform. The area is fairly noisy and moderate effort will probably be required to achieve adequate data quality. Propose field methods and explain the bases for your proposals.
### Background
The following rules are based to some extent upon theory, but also, to a considerable degree, on experience.
1. The maximum offset should roughly equal the shallowest depth of interest; this usually provides large enough NMO that primaries can be distinguished from multiples while avoiding problems such as large changes in the reflection coefficients and errors arising from approximations in the NMO equation (4.1c) on which CMP corrections depend.
2. The minimum offset should not exceed the depth of the shallowest zone of interest for the reasons given in (1). However, noise produced by the source may dictate a larger value that this.
3. The maximum array length must not exceed the minimum apparent wavelength [see equation (8.5a)]. The minimum apparent velocity ${\displaystyle V_{a}}$ usually occurs at the maximum offset, and the minimum ${\displaystyle \lambda _{a}}$ for ${\displaystyle V_{a}}$ should be within the main lobe in Figure 8.6b(i).
4. The minimum inline geophone spacing within a group should be less than the minimum ${\displaystyle \lambda _{a}}$ of the noise, which is usually that of the lowest-velocity noise.
5. Provided that rule (3) is not violated thereby, the geophone group interval should not be more than double the desired horizontal resolution (see problem 6.2) at the depth of interest.
### Solution
Since the velocity varies from 2 km/s near surface to 4 km/s at depth, we shall base estimates on an average velocity of 3 km/s. Thus the reflection traveltimes at the objective depths range from 2 to 3 s. A basement reflection may occur at about 4 s.
To map at depths of 3–5 km, we would like to use a maximum offset of about 5 km. If we were to use a split-spread configuration to cover the distance, the group interval would have to be about 100 m unless we sacrifice some short-offset data, and 100-m group intervals might be too large for the expected 30-degree dips. Using an end-on configuration, the group interval would need to be only about 50 m, a much more conservative arrangement.
The maximum frequency for the deeper reflections will probably be no more than 40 Hz, in which case the minimum apparent wavelength [see (8.5a)] at the surface will be ${\displaystyle 2000/(40\sin 30^{\circ })=100{\mbox{ m}}}$. To avoid spatial aliasing we must sample at least twice per cycle (see problem 9.25), so 50 m is the maximum group interval.
Because the area is expected to be moderately difficult in terms of signal/noise ratio, we shall probably require high multiplicity (problems 5.12 and 8.3), probably 24 fold, perhaps 48 fold. To start, we will probably use a 100 m source-point interval, twice the geophone-group interval, changing our recording pattern depending on the initial results.
Assuming the ground roll has a broad spectrum from 10 to 40 Hz, the corresponding wavelengths will be 20 to 80 m. We will want the inline geophone group length to equal the geophone-group interval so that the gathers effectively represent a group having the spread length which will permit maximum attenuation in stacking (this is the stack-array concept). Thus we should space geophones within the group at intervals no larger than 10 m, probably 3–4 m, which will require 10–12 geophones per group.
The ground roll with a velocity of 800 m/s will arrive at 3000 m offset at about 3.8 s and at 5000 m offset at 6.2 s, so we should be able to record reflections on most traces before the ground roll arrives.
We might use a split spread with a near-offset of 1200 m and a far-offset of 5000 m, 80-m geophone-group intervals and 80-m groups. An end-on spread from 0 to 5000 m with 50-m geophone-group interval is more conservative, and a split-spread does not offer much advantage over an end-on spread. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 8, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7585217356681824, "perplexity": 1661.385605637513}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154042.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731011529-20210731041529-00551.warc.gz"} |
https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/viewtopic.php?p=70334 | ## PV=nRT [ENDORSED]
$PV=nRT$
Tim Foster 2A
Posts: 73
Joined: Fri Sep 29, 2017 7:07 am
### PV=nRT
What do all of the different variables in the ideal gas law above represent?
Chem_Mod
Posts: 18400
Joined: Thu Aug 04, 2011 1:53 pm
Has upvoted: 435 times
### Re: PV=nRT [ENDORSED]
P is Pressure
V is Volume
n is the moles of gas
T is temperature
R is a constant (the value you choose depends on which units you are using).
For example, in this class, you usually use 0.08206, in which you should use atm, L, K.
Wayland Leung
Posts: 51
Joined: Sat Jul 22, 2017 3:00 am
Been upvoted: 1 time
### Re: PV=nRT
what are the units for each variable? Are there different units for pressure? How do we convert them to atm?
Sandhya Rajkumar 1C
Posts: 50
Joined: Fri Jun 23, 2017 11:40 am
### Re: PV=nRT
As the reply above said, the constant (R) usually used in this class is 0.08206. This constant is used when pressure (P) is measured in atm, volume (V) is measured in liters (L), n is the moles of gas, and temperature (T) is measured in Kelvin (K).
Andy Nguyen 1A
Posts: 56
Joined: Thu Jul 27, 2017 3:00 am
### Re: PV=nRT
If the pressure isn't given in atm, then you can use 760 mmHg = 1 atm and 101.325 kPa = 1 atm. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 1, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8807386159896851, "perplexity": 5479.244020950159}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655878519.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702045758-20200702075758-00213.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/functional-dependence-of-the-size-of-the-visible-universe.817224/ | # Functional dependence of the size of the visible universe
Tags:
1. Jun 3, 2015
### A. Neumaier
I am looking for reliable information about the functional dependence of the diameter $d(t)$ of the visible universe on the time $t$ since the big bang singularity, based on the different hypotheses currently deemed competitive.
Last edited by a moderator: Jun 3, 2015
2. Jun 3, 2015
### marcus
Google "LambdaCDM bounce" for the article by Yi-Fu Cai and Edward Wilson-Ewing
http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.2914
A ΛCDM bounce scenario
Yi-Fu Cai, Edward Wilson-Ewing
(Submitted on 9 Dec 2014 (v1), last revised 28 Jan 2015 (this version, v2))
We study a contracting universe composed of cold dark matter and radiation, and with a positive cosmological constant. As is well known from standard cosmological perturbation theory, under the assumption of initial quantum vacuum fluctuations the Fourier modes of the comoving curvature perturbation that exit the (sound) Hubble radius in such a contracting universe at a time of matter-domination will be nearly scale-invariant. Furthermore, the modes that exit the (sound) Hubble radius when the effective equation of state is slightly negative due to the cosmological constant will have a slight red tilt, in agreement with observations. We assume that loop quantum cosmology captures the correct high-curvature dynamics of the space-time, and this ensures that the big-bang singularity is resolved and is replaced by a bounce. We calculate the evolution of the perturbations through the bounce and find that they remain nearly scale-invariant. We also show that the amplitude of the scalar perturbations in this cosmology depends on a combination of the sound speed of cold dark matter, the Hubble rate in the contracting branch at the time of equality of the energy densities of cold dark matter and radiation, and the curvature scale that the loop quantum cosmology bounce occurs at. Importantly, as this scenario predicts a positive running of the scalar index, observations can potentially differentiate between it and inflationary models. Finally, for a small sound speed of cold dark matter, this scenario predicts a small tensor-to-scalar 14 pages, 8 figures. Published JCAP(2015)
http://inspirehep.net/record/1333367?ln=en
Last edited: Jun 3, 2015
3. Jun 3, 2015
### Chalnoth
One caveat: few cosmologists use the diameter of the universe. Sometimes the radius of the observable universe is used. There's no measure for the size of the universe beyond the observable patch.
That said, there is no closed-form expression. It has to be estimated numerically.
The equation of interest for determining this is the first Friedmann equation:
$H^2 = {8\pi G \over 3}\rho - {kc^2 \over a^2}$
Where:
$H = {1 \over a}{da \over dt}$
Here $a(t)$ is the scale factor, usually defined so that $a = 1$ at the current time. If the diameter of the universe at the current time is $d_0$, then the diameter of the universe at any other time will be $d_0 a(t)$. $\rho$ is the energy density of the universe divided by $c^2$. $k$ is the spatial curvature.
What is usually done is to make use of stress-energy conservation to show how the energy density of each component of the universe changes over time. For example, the energy density of matter scales as $1/a^3$, the energy density of radiation scales as $1/a^4$, and the energy density from dark energy is constant (in the simplest case). We then parameterize the equation in terms of the current density fraction, like so:
$H^2 = H_0^2\left({\Omega_r \over a^4} + {\Omega_m \over a^3} + {\Omega_k \over a^2} + \Omega_\Lambda \right)$
Here each $\Omega$ is a dimensionless number, and $H_0$ is the current expansion rate. Since we have defined $a = 1$ at the current time, when $a = 1$, $H^2 = H_0^2$. Thus for the above equation to be valid, $\Omega_r + \Omega_m + \Omega_k + \Omega_\Lambda = 1$. This is why the $\Omega$ terms are called the density fractions for each component. These four density fractions and the current Hubble expansion rate $H_0$ must be measured experimentally. Once you have values for the five parameters, it's possible to use a differential equation solver to get $a(t)$, which you can use to get the diameter as a function of time.
4. Jun 3, 2015
### marcus
Just in case newcomers to the topic could be reading thread, I want to mention the simple answer to this question based on the usual conventional model. This would probably be familiar to both A.N. and Chalnoth.
One can assume that the cosmological curvature constant Lambda is in fact simply that---a small constant curvature that is intrinsic to spacetime (as in Einstein's original treatment) not associated with any imagined "dark energy".
One can assume that the U is spatially flat.
Almost the entire history has radiation energy density negligible compared to matter. So we neglect the small contribution of the very early radiation-dominated era.
Then the radius of the observable region is straightforward to calculate as an integral over s = 1/a = the reciprocal of the normalized scale factor.
$$r_{obs} = R_\infty \int_1^\infty \frac{ds}{\sqrt{0.4433s^3 + 1}}$$
where R is the longterm Hubble radius c/H
and 0.4433 is (Hnow/H)2 - 1
5. Jun 3, 2015
### marcus
What that integral gets you is essentially the 46 billion LY which is the particle horizon distance in the a = S = 1 row of this table:
$${\scriptsize\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline R_{0} (Gly) & R_{\infty} (Gly) & S_{eq} & H_{0} & \Omega_\Lambda & \Omega_m\\ \hline 14.4&17.3&3400&67.9&0.693&0.307\\ \hline \end{array}}$$ $${\scriptsize\begin{array}{|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|} \hline a=1/S&S&z&T (Gy)&R (Gly)&D_{par}(Gly) \\ \hline 0.001&1090.000&1089.000&0.0004&0.0006&0.001\\ \hline 0.003&339.773&338.773&0.0025&0.0040&0.006\\ \hline 0.009&105.913&104.913&0.0153&0.0235&0.040\\ \hline 0.030&33.015&32.015&0.0902&0.1363&0.249\\ \hline 0.097&10.291&9.291&0.5223&0.7851&1.491\\ \hline 0.312&3.208&2.208&2.9777&4.3736&8.733\\ \hline 1.000&1.000&0.000&13.7872&14.3999&46.279\\ \hline 3.208&0.312&-0.688&32.8849&17.1849&184.083\\ \hline 7.580&0.132&-0.868&47.7251&17.2911&458.476\\ \hline 17.911&0.056&-0.944&62.5981&17.2993&1106.893\\ \hline 42.321&0.024&-0.976&77.4737&17.2998&2639.026\\ \hline 100.000&0.010&-0.990&92.3494&17.2999&6259.262\\ \hline \end{array}}$$
The particle horizon is conventionally taken to be the current radius of the observable region. It can be defined as follows: Imagine that at the beginning of expansion our matter sent out a particle at speed c which by some miracle was never absorbed or scattered but just continued traveling in a straight line. How far from us would that particle be now? According to standard Friedmann model cosmology the answer is 46 billion LY.
This is also the farthest away some other matter could be now, if we are receiving some kind of signal from it today. You just turn the picture around. So it is the radius of the observable--the farthest any matter could be today, if we could, in principle, be receiving signal from it.
As time goes on this observable region includes more and more distant matter.
6. Jun 4, 2015
### A. Neumaier
Thanks for the answers. Did anyone in the literature draw a plot of the estimated radius $r(t)$ of the observable universe extrapolated into the far past $t$, based on the information given? For the moment, I am mostly interested in such a plot (or table), though I'll ultimately want to understand the explanation and the numerical uncertainty the estimates entail.
7. Jun 4, 2015
### marcus
Based on standard cosmology, yes, for example in Charles Lineweaver's 2003 article "Inflation and the CMB"
==abstract==
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0305179
Inflation and the Cosmic Microwave Background
Charles H. Lineweaver (School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia)
(Submitted on 12 May 2003)
I present a pedagogical review of inflation and the cosmic microwave background. ...
34 pages, 13 figures.
==endquote==
Lineweaver's tutorial is something of a classic. It is also online at the Caltech "Level 5" website.
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March03/Lineweaver/Lineweaver_contents.html
It's interesting to notice that in the bottom diagram which uses a "conformal" timescale (fake time making speed of light constant in comoving distance) the particle horizon, in comoving distance, is the "mirror image" of the event horizon
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http://stke.sciencemag.org/content/11/521/eaao1685.editor-summary | Research ArticleImmunology
# p38α signaling in Langerhans cells promotes the development of IL-17–producing T cells and psoriasiform skin inflammation
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Sci. Signal. 13 Mar 2018:
Vol. 11, Issue 521, eaao1685
DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao1685
## p38α signaling in psoriasis
Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin condition that is linked to the proinflammatory cytokines IL-23, which triggers epidermal hyperplasia, and IL-17, which is produced by T cells in the skin. Zheng et al. found that p38α signaling specifically in skin-resident dendritic cells known as Langerhans cells was important for the pathogenesis of psoriasis in a mouse model of the disease. p38α signaling in Langerhans cells stimulated the production of IL-23, which is critical for the development of IL-17–producing T cells that are implicated in the disease. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of p38α reduced skin inflammation in mice with established psoriatic disease. Together, these data identify an important cellular source of pathogenic IL-23 and suggest that p38α in skin-resident Langerhans cells could be targeted to treat psoriasis. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8055942058563232, "perplexity": 19414.098020489007}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828507.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217113255-20181217135255-00060.warc.gz"} |
https://www.arxiv-vanity.com/papers/0806.0894/ | # Convergence of the chiral expansion in two-flavor lattice QCD
J. Noaki High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan S. Aoki Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan Riken BNL Research Center, Upton, NY 11973, USA T.W. Chiu Physics Department, Center for Theoretical Sciences, and National Center for Theoretical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan H. Fukaya The Niels Bohr Institute, The Niels Bohr International Academy, Blegdamsvej 17 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan S. Hashimoto High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan School of High Energy Accelerator Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan T.H. Hsieh Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan T. Kaneko High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan School of High Energy Accelerator Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan H. Matsufuru High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan T. Onogi Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan E. Shintani High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan N. Yamada High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan School of High Energy Accelerator Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
November 30, 2020
###### Abstract
We test the convergence property of the chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) using a lattice QCD calculation of pion mass and decay constant with two dynamical quark flavors. The lattice calculation is performed using the overlap fermion formulation, which realizes exact chiral symmetry at finite lattice spacing. By comparing various expansion prescriptions, we find that the chiral expansion is well saturated at the next-to-leading order (NLO) for pions lighter than 450 MeV. Better convergence behavior is found in particular for a resummed expansion parameter , with which the lattice data in the pion mass region 290750 MeV can be fitted well with the next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) formulae. We obtain the results in two-flavor QCD for the low energy constants and as well as the pion decay constant, the chiral condensate, and the average up and down quark mass.
###### pacs:
11.15.Ha, 12.38.Gc
preprint: KEK-CP-212,NTUTH-08-505A,UT-559,YITP-08-38
JLQCD and TWQCD Collaborations
Chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) is a powerful tool to analyze the dynamics of low energy pions Gasser and Leutwyler (1984). The expansion parameter in ChPT is the pion mass (or momentum) divided by the typical scale of the underlying theory such as Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Good convergence of the chiral expansion is observed for physical pions in the analysis including the next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) for the pion-pion scattering Colangelo et al. (2001), for instance. In the kaon mass region, on the other hand, the validity of ChPT is not obvious and in fact an important issue in many phenomenological applications.
Lattice QCD calculation can, in principle, be used for a detailed test of the convergence property of ChPT, as one can freely vary the quark mass, typically in the range with the physical strange quark mass. However, such a direct test has been difficult, since the lattice regularization of the quark action explicitly violates flavor and/or chiral symmetry in the conventional formulations, such as the Wilson and staggered fermions. One then has to introduce additional terms with unknown parameters in order to describe those violations in ChPT, hence the test requires precise continuum extrapolation.
The aim of this article is to provide a direct comparison between the ChPT predictions and lattice QCD calculations, using the overlap fermion formulation on the lattice, that preserves exact chiral symmetry at finite lattice spacing Neuberger (1998a, b). With the exact chiral symmetry, the use of the continuum ChPT is valid to describe the lattice data at a finite lattice spacing up to Lorentz violating corrections; the discretization error of affects the value of the Low Energy Constants (LECs) and unknown Lorentz violating corrections. In order to make a cleaner analysis, we consider two-flavor QCD in this work, leaving the similar study in 2+1-flavor QCD, which introduces much more complications, for a future work. We calculate the pion mass and decay constant, for which the NNLO calculations are available in ChPT Bijnens et al. (1998). A preliminary report of this work is found in Noaki et al. (2007).
Lattice simulations are performed on a lattice at a lattice spacing = 0.1184(03)(21) fm determined with an input = 0.49 fm, the Sommer scale defined for the heavy quark potential. At six different sea quark masses , covering the pion mass region , we generate 10,000 trajectories, among which the calculation of the pion correlator is carried out at every 20 trajectories. For further details of the simulation we refer Aoki et al. (2008a).
In the calculation of the pion correlator, we computed in advance the lowest 50 conjugate pairs of eigenmode of the overlap-Dirac operator on each gauge configuration and stored on the disk. Then, by using the eigenmodes to construct a preconditioner, the inversion of the overlap-Dirac operator can be done with only 15% of the CPU time of the full calculation. The low-modes are also used to improve the statistical accuracy by averaging their contribution to the correlators over 32 source points distributed in each time slice. The correlators are calculated with a point source and a smeared source; the pion mass and decay constant are obtained from a simultaneous fit of them.
The pion decay constant is defined through , where is the (continuum) iso-triplet axial-vector current. Instead of , we calculate the matrix element of pseudo-scalar density on the lattice using the PCAC relation with the bare quark mass. Since the combination is not renormalized, no renormalization factor is needed in the calculation of . This is possible only when the chiral symmetry is exact. The renormalization factor for the quark mass is calculated non-perturbatively through the RI/MOM scheme, with which the renormalization condition is applied at some off-shell momentum for propagators and vertex functions. Such a non-perturbative calculation suffers from the non-trivial quark mass dependence of the chiral condensate. By using the calculated low-modes explicitly, we are able to control the mass dependence to determine more reliably. In the chiral limit, we obtain , where the second error arises from a subtraction of power divergence from the chiral condensate. The details of this calculation will be given elsewhere.
Since our numerical simulation is done on a finite volume lattice with for the lightest sea quark, the finite volume effect could be significant. We make a correction for the finite volume effect using the estimate within ChPT calculated up to Colangelo et al. (2005). The size of the corrections for and is about 5% for the lightest pion mass and exponentially suppressed for heavier data points. In addition, there is a correction due to fixing the global topological charge in our simulation Aoki et al. (2008a); Fukaya et al. (2006). This leads to a finite volume effect of with the physical space-time volume. The correction is calculable within ChPT Brower et al. (2003); Aoki et al. (2007) depending on the value of topological susceptibility , which we calculated in Aoki et al. (2008b). At NLO, the correction for is similar in magnitude but opposite in sign to the ordinary finite volume effect at the lightest pion mass, and thus almost cancels. For the finite volume effect due to the fixed topology starts at NLO and therefore is a subdominant effect. Note that the LECs appear in the calculation of these correction factors. We use their phenomenological values at the scale of physical (charged) pion mass MeV: , , , determined at the NNLO Colangelo et al. (2001) and . The errors in these values are reflected in the following analysis assuming a gaussian distribution.
After applying the finite volume corrections, we first analyze the numerical data for and using the ChPT formulae at NLO,
m2π/mq = 2B(1+12xlnx)+c3x, (1) fπ = f(1−xlnx)+c4x, (2)
where is the pion decay constant in the chiral limit and is related to the chiral condensate. Here the expansion is made in terms of . The parameters and are related to the LECs and , respectively. At NLO, i.e. , these expressions are unchanged when one replaces the expansion parameter by or , where and denote those at a finite quark mass. Therefore, in a small enough pion mass region the three expansion parameters should describe the lattice data equally well.
Three fit curves (-fit, -fit, and -fit) for the three lightest pion mass points ( 450 MeV) are shown in Figure 1 as a function of . From the plot we observe that the different expansion parameters seem to describe the three lightest points equally well; the values of dof are 0.30, 0.33 and 0.66 for -, - and -fits. In each fit, the correlation between and for common sea quark mass is taken into account. Between the - and -fit, all of the resulting fit parameters are consistent. Among them, and , the LECs at the leading order ChPT, are also consistent with the -fit. This indicates that the NLO formulae successfully describes the data.
The agreement among the different expansion prescriptions is lost (with the deviation greater than 3) when we extend the fit range to include the next lightest data point at 520 MeV. We, therefore, conclude that for these quantities the NLO ChPT may be safely applied only below 450 MeV.
Another important observation from Figure 1 is that only the -fit reasonably describes the data beyond the fitted region. With the - and -fits the curvature due to the chiral logarithm is too strong to accommodate the heavier data points. In fact, values of the LECs with the - and -fits are more sensitive to the fit range than the -fit. This is because , which is significantly smaller than of our data, enters in the definition of the expansion parameter. Qualitatively, by replacing and by and the higher loop effects in ChPT are effectively resummed and the convergence of the chiral expansion is improved.
We then extend the analysis to include the NNLO terms. Since we found that only the -fit reasonably describes the data beyond 450 MeV, we perform the NNLO analysis using the -expansion in the following. With other expansion parameters, the NNLO fits including heavier mass points are unstable. At the NNLO, the formulae in the -expansion are Colangelo et al. (2001)
m2π/mq =2B[1+12ξlnξ+78(ξlnξ)2 +(c4f−13(~l phys+16))ξ2lnξ] +c3ξ(1−92ξlnξ)+αξ2, (3) fπ=f [1−ξlnξ+54(ξlnξ)2+16(~l phys+532)ξ2lnξ] +c4ξ(1−5ξlnξ)+βξ2. (4)
In the terms of , the LECs at NLO appear: , where MeV. We input the phenomenological estimate to the fit. Since the data are not precise enough to discriminate between and in the given region of (0.060.19), fit parameters and partially absorb the uncertainty in . In fact, our final results for the LECs is insensitive to .
In Figure 2, we show the NNLO fits using all the data points (solid curves). In these plots and are normalized by their values in the chiral limit. As expected from the good convergence of the -fit even at NLO, the NNLO formulae nicely describe the lattice data in the whole data region. We also draw a truncation at the NLO level (dashed curves) but using the same fit parameters. The difference between the NLO truncated curves and the NLO fit curves to the three lightest data points (Figure 1) is explained by the presence of the terms and in (3) and (4), respectively. Since the factors and are significantly larger than 1 in the data region, the resulting fit parameters and in the NNLO formulae are much lower than those of the NLO fits. This indicates that the determination of the NLO LECs is quite sensitive to whether the NNLO terms are included in the analysis, while the leading order LECs are stable.
From Figure 2 we can explicitly observe the convergence behavior of the chiral expansion. For instance, at the kaon mass region 500 MeV, the NLO term contributes at a () level to (), and the correction at NNLO is about (). At least, the expansion is converging (NNLO is smaller than NLO) for both of these quantities, but quantitatively the convergence behavior depends significantly on the quantity of interest. For the NNLO contribution is already substantial at the kaon mass region.
From the -fit, we extract the LECs of ChPT, i.e. the decay constant in the chiral limit , chiral condensate , and the NLO LECs and . For each quantity, a comparison of the results between the NLO and the NNLO fits is shown in Figure 3. In each panel, the results with 5 and 6 lightest data points are plotted for the NNLO fit. The correlated fits give dof = 1.94 and 1.40, respectively. For the NLO fits, we plot results obtained with 4, 5 and 6 points to show the stability of the fit. The dof is less than 1.94. The results for these physical quantities are consistent within either the NLO or the NNLO fit. On the other hand, as seen for most prominently, there is a significant disagreement between NLO and NNLO. This is due to the large NNLO coefficients as already discussed.
We quote our final results from the NNLO fit with all data points: MeV, , , and . From the value at the neutral pion mass MeV, we obtain the average up and down quark mass and the pion decay constant as MeV and MeV. In these results, the first error is statistical, where the error of the renormalization constant is included in quadrature for and . The second error is systematic due to the truncation of the higher order corrections, which is estimated by an order counting with a coefficient of as appeared at NNLO. For quantities carrying mass dimensions, the third error is from the ambiguity in the determination of . We estimate these errors from the difference of the results with our input fm and that with fm Aubin et al. (2004). The third errors for and reflect an ambiguity of choosing the renormalization scale of ChPT ( or ). There are other possible sources of systematic errors that are not reflected in the error budget. They include the discretization effect, remaining finite volume effect and the effect of missing strange quark in the sea.
In each panel of Figure 3, we also plot reference points (pluses and star) for comparison. Overall, with the NNLO fits, we find good agreement with those reference values. For , our result is significantly lower than the two-loop result in two-flavor ChPT Colangelo and Durr (2004), MeV, but taking account of the scale uncertainty, which is not shown in the plot, the agreement is more reasonable. For and , we also plot the lattice results from our independent simulation in the -regime Fukaya et al. (2007). We observe a good agreement with the NNLO fits. Comparison of the LECs and with the phenomenological values Colangelo et al. (2001) also favor the NNLO fits, especially for .
With the presently available computational power, the chiral extrapolation is still necessary in the lattice QCD calculations. The consistency test of the lattice data with ChPT as described in this paper is crucial for reliable chiral extrapolation of any physical quantities to be calculated on the lattice. With a two-flavor simulation preserving exact chiral symmetry, we demonstrate that the lattice data are well described with the use of the resummed expansion parameter . Extension of the analysis to the case of partially quenched QCD Aoki et al. and to other physical quantites, such as the pion form factor Kaneko et al. (2007) is on-going. Also, simulations with exact chiral symmetry including dynamical strange quark are underway Hashimoto et al. (2007).
###### Acknowledgements.
Numerical simulations are performed on Hitachi SR11000 and IBM System Blue Gene Solution at High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) under a support of its Large Scale Simulation Program (Nos. 07-16). HF was supported by Nishina Foundation. This work is supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid of the Ministry of Education (Nos. 17740171, 18034011, 18340075, 18740167, 18840045, 19540286, 19740121, 19740160, 20025010, 20039005, 20340047, 20740156) and the National Science Council of Taiwan (Nos. NSC96-2112-M-002-020-MY3, NSC96-2112-M-001-017-MY3). | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9557428956031799, "perplexity": 1186.0268660838835}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178365186.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303012222-20210303042222-00387.warc.gz"} |
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http://www.jasonmunster.com/tag/environmental-blog/ | # Air Pollution - Types, Sources, and Fixes
I finished my PhD last week. Today I start posting again. This is a month-long series, one post each week, regarding air pollution and our health. First, we discuss types of pollution, then the health effects of different types based on where you live (US vs. China as case studies), then we move on to the health effects of each type, finally we end on how you filter it.
Hint: Two posts ago (and over a year ago) I said I was taking a break to build a better pollution filter. I did that, and the final post in the series will be telling you all about that part. In the meantime, please go to www.getblueskies.com, sign up for our upcoming release emails (which will let you know when we launch on indiegogo with a discount for the first buyers), and share our website with your friends that might be interested.
###### Air Pollution
I was speaking with a physician about air pollution, and about which types cause asthma, and she was stunned that there is background research indicating that different types of outdoor pollution have differing relationships with asthma. Part of the reason for this was that she didn't realize how easy it was to differentiate which types of pollution come from which sources.
Okay, then. There are several major types of pollution. And NO2 from traffic is far and away the outdoor pollutant that that is most highly associated with our increasing asthma rates in the US (more on this in a future post).
###### Major Pollution Types
Particulate Matter is big chunky pollution. It is called PM10, or PM2.5, for how wide it is. PM10 is 10 microns wide, PM2.5 is 2.5 microns wide. For comparison, the average human hair is on the order of 100 microns wide (thin hair is about 17 microns, thick hair is up to 180). PM can be dust, fine soot, pet dander, or pest droppings (think cockroach poop). These can be very easily filtered with HEPA-style filters (HEPA filters are physical filters that block large pollution particles using small holes).
A photo from my time in China. PM pollution is pollution you can see.
Chemical Pollution is very defined and very small. It's specific molecules. It's about 10,000 times smaller than PM2.5. It's also about the size of the the air we breathe, so you can't physically filter it. It is things that you've heard of, like CO (carbon monoxide), SO2, and NO2 (these both become strong acids in water, which causes acid rain. Note that our lungs are about 100% humid air, so they become strong acids, like battery acid, in your airways). These are extremely difficult to filter, and tend to require chemical reactions (more on that on a later post!). We are focusing on SO2, which just comes with fossil fuels, and NO2, which comes about every time you burn something in our atmosphere (our atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, and 21% oxygen, when you burn things, it uses the oxygen to convert stuff into CO2 and other emissions, but at high heats, it also produces NO2. Higher heats means more NO2). We ignore CO for now, and we ignore CO2 because it doesn't cause immediate health threats compared to these other pollutants.
Cars emit a lot of NO2. Catalytic converters help, but they still produce NO2 in amounts that are harmful
VOCs are complicated. They are typically things you smell, like the new car smell, new elevators, paint, permanent markers, etc. Some people are highly sensitive or allergic to these. They can typically be filtered by most activated charcoal filters, because the carbon radicals in VOCs tend to adsorb well onto charcoal (ie they bond to it). We are going to ignore this, because we're assuming you don't like to leave your child in a freshly painted room, in new cars, or on new elevators.
###### Pollution Sources and Types
Hokay, so, now we need to discuss which pollution sources produce each. So I've made this helpful chart. These are relative amounts of pollution within their category, with no clear scaling criteria, but it gives you an idea of how different vehicles or power sources relate in terms of pollution. In other words, a two stroke engine clearly doesn't produce as much pollution as a coal fired power plant More important, these are rough relationships. You can have a wide range in each category, with a coal plant with no controls that burns high-quality coal producing significantly less pollution than the same design coal plant that burns low quality coal, for example.
Chart with differing sources of pollution, and relative amounts of pollution produced by each.
Let's go through this one-by-one.
Vehicles burn gasoline or diesel. Gasoline vehicles pretty much just produce NO2 (and CO! But we are ignoring that for now), and our catalytic converters help reduce that. Smog is a byproduct of NO2 interacting with other pollutants that are already in the air. The part of smog that we see is actually PM pollution, rather than chemical pollution. Diesel vehicles produce a lot PM, and some SO2, and relatively more NO2. Catalytic converters can reduce NO2. Using low-sulfur diesel can reduce SO2. A lot of developing countries do not use low-sulfur diesel or catalytic converters, so they produce a ton more of every type of pollution. Two Stroke Engines are common in India (and other places, but not so much in China, and almost never in developed countries, unless you count lawnmowers). These things burn oil alongside gas. They produce nasty fumes, like your weedwacker or small lawnmowers. This is part of the reason that India has a particularly nasty type of air pollution. These are being phased out over time, with bans on new models of two-stroke engines in many cities.
Power Plants are a lot more complicated. In the next post, I will be discussing pollution controls in power plants in more detail. Put simply, natural gas powerplants produce predominantly NO2. They burn CH4, and convert it to CO2 and H2O. NO2 emissions can easily be reduced by 90% with proper controls (discussed in the next post). Coal fired power plants can be nasty. With no controls and with using low-cost coal, they produce a lot of each type of pollution. PM is the result of impurities in the coal that can't be burnt, or unburnt specs of coal. Low-grade coal produces prodigious amounts of PM, and contains a lot of sulfur that burns to produce SO2. They produce a lot of NO2. All of this can be reduced greatly simply by building in controlling systems. These controlling systems are used in nearly every coal plant in developed countries and in many coal plants in advanced developing countries. They are completely ignored in nearly every coal plant in many developing countries.
## Traffic Pollution vs. Power Plant Pollution
Which of these should you care about? That depends on where you live. Most of the pollution in developing countries comes from power plants, but if you live next to a busy street or highway, traffic pollution could be the bigger concern. If you are in a developed country, particularly the US, traffic pollution is almost always the largest concern. Why? Because you are sitting directly next to the source. Whether you're biking or walking with your infant in a stroller, you are right next to the pollution. The problem exacerbates when you are nearby to a highway or major intersection, because there is a ton of traffic.
So, in short, if you are in the US and much of Europe, you should be worrying about the invisible (but smellable) traffic pollution that you are breathing in. If you are outside the US, it varies country by country. If you are in China or India, you need to be concerned about both traffic and powerplant pollution, and there is pretty much no escaping it.
- Jason Munster
# Adele and Hello - Math and a Carbon Footprint Analysis
I mentioned I wasn't going to post about the environment as much anymore, but I can't stop. I honestly started this just to show how fun math can be in looking at the number of views on Adele's Hello on youtube. It ended up with me being curious what the environmental impact was.
So today I looked at the youtube video of this song. For your convenience, here it is so you can listen to it while reading this post. Apparently it's blowing up, with an insane number of views per day.
It has 309,000,000 views and has been up for all of 20 days. Let's use some basic math to figure out how popular this song is!
Let's first see how many seconds there are in a day.
And over 20 days:
With 309,000,000 views in that time, we end up with 178 views initiated per second, on average, for 20 days, nonstop.
But, hold up, it takes 6 minutes for this song to complete. So that means, on average, there are:
Let's round that up to 65,000. On average, at any given time, there are 65,000 people watching the Adele Hello video on youtube. There are 15 million views per day. That's just one video on one source. In eight whole day, as many people listen to the song, on just youtube, as watch the superbowl.
If this clip keeps up (which is unlikely), she will surpass Gangam Style, with over 2 billion views, in less than 150 days. And medical stocks will go up, cause I worry that listening to this song too frequently may drive people into depression.
"But Jay," you say, "what about the energy and environment component?!?"
Let's figure out Adele's carbon footprint from youtube! Let's assume that Google's hosting emissions are negligible. Let's just focus on the energy used for a laptop. Let's say that it is 50W (this is conservative).
From a prior post, we know that a 100W lightbulb uses ~1kg of coal per day. So a laptop will use about 0.5kg per day. How much CO2 is this?
This is basic chem! Let's get really basic. Coal is mostly made up of carbon. So when it is burnt, every carbon molecule breaks off and bonds with O2. So we assume that all 0.5kg of carbon becomes CO2. You need to add that weight of the O2. C weighs 12 AMU (atomic mass units, pretty much the mass of a single molecule) and O2 weighs 32 AMU.
So we need to multiply the weight of coal, which is pure carbon, by the proportional increase of mass of CO2, cause each carbon atom gains O2 weight (12+32=44)
for a 50 watt computer running all the time.
Also this song is 6 minutes, or 1/10th an hour, and an hour is 1/24th a day, so this song takes 1/240th of a day.
Don't forget, though, that we have 15,000,000 views per day!
Or, you know, ~125 tons of CO2 per day. Just from Youtube and Adele. This is the generation rate of about 2000 Americans.
And why this analysis overestimates Youtube's and Adele's contribution to CO2 emissions
Most people are multi-tasking while listening to Adele (ie those 50 watts they are using are also going towards whatever else they do while listening to Adele, such as reaching for tissues to blot their tears), so you have to take a fraction of this number 🙂
Second, much of the power use in the US is now coming from natural gas, which is more efficient than coal, so you can cut down this number.
Third, tissues take a whole lot of energy to make. I'm betting that the raw number of tissues used while listening to Adele will increase the CO2 footprint.
How many times did you restart the song while reading this blog, BTW?
- Jason Munster
# Tesla's Powerwall - Not Economical
Tesla Powerwall
I'm gonna open by saying that I really like Tesla's powerpack. Technology isn't pushed past the bleeding edge without loss-leaders pioneering. That being said, the numbers, as usual, don't lie. On a per-unit-energy cost basis, these things aren't economic in most of the US. Once you consider the externalities, however, the overall benefit does make them "profitable." Likely you will see subsidies to internalize these externalities, thus making the powerpack work.
Unless the inverter costs too much. More on that later.
One major implication I haven't seen anyone talk about? Utility companies currently have to pay people with solar panels who produce excess electricity at market rates. They've been trying to get rid of this for years. This technology gives utilities every reason to demand they no longer pay people for their excess produced solar power. This has enormous implications. It's now indefensible to force utilities to buy at market rates the extra power produced by homes with solar. Read more near the bottom.
Tesla's Powerwall next to a car. Small-ish and sleek. 7 inches deep, weighing 220 lbs
# What is this Powerwall?
Powerwall is a power pack that you hang on your wall. It costs $3,000 for a 7kwh pack designed for a daily cycle, meaning it's charged and used once per day. This is the cost without installation. Also, this is the cost if you already have solar cells and an inverter. If you want to work with the grid alone, you have to buy an inverter*. Even if you already have solar cells and don't need an inverter, this seems like it's a product designed for the wealthy. Let's look at the math (my favorite part!) *Inverters. Batteries and solar panels produce DC current, or Direct Current. This means it doesn't change phase. What we use in our homes is Alternating Current or AC. The alternating current means that the positive and negative terminals switch sides of the power plug. In the US, they switch sides 60 times per second. DC means that the terminals do not switch sides. Hence batteries having a + and - terminal, and all your non-battery electronics not having these. The Maths! We are going to make some of the rosiest assumptions in the world. First, though, let's get some solid data lines up. Take a peak at NPR's cost of electricity infos. 1. On average, people pay 12 cents per kwh of electricity 2. In Hawaii, they pay 33 cents. We'll use this as a case study. 3. The Northeast and California, two other case studies, pay about 16 cents. 4. The average American uses 900kwh of electricity per month in their home (from eia.gov). Really rosy assumptions 1. The sun shines for 300 days a year and provides enough electricity to power your house during shining and to fully charge the battery 2. The electricity grid doesn't buy back your excess solar*. If they do have to buy it back, then the economics discussed here don't play out 3. You've already paid for all of your solar installation and you aren't concerned about those costs of that electricity going into this powerpack 4. These things don't degrade over time (extremely rosy assumption) Hokay! 300 days per year of 7kwh of electricity provided by this beast is: So 2100 kwh/year. What's that get you in most of the US? So$252 per year. For a $3000 battery pack. In most of the US, if your solar panels worked perfectly for 300 days a year, it'd take you 12 years to pay back your investment. This is a 6% annualized ROI (Return On Investment). In other words, you'd make more money in the stock market, so it's a bad investment, not even accounting for installation costs and with impractically rosy assumptions, in most of the US. What about in the Northeast and California, where electricity is$0.16?
Or payback in 9 years. This is an 8% ROI, making it a decent investment.
Let's be realistic, though. In the Northeast, we have storms and winter. Solar panels don't work so great here. We aren't getting 300 cycles per year out of this. We'd be lucky to get 150, making it an 18 year payback, or about a 3% ROI. What about California? They actually might get 300 days of viable sun a year. So in California, you could be break-even.
Now what's the problem here? Normal people don't look for 8% ROI on their home upgrades. They look for 15%. Pretty much they want 3-5 year payback periods. So pretty much, someone has to have a very green outlook on life to buy one of these. Or there have to be subsidies (more later)
Hawaii
Hawaii has sunshine and electricity costs 33 cents. Let's say you've paid off your solar panels in Hawaii.
In Hawaii, with our rosy assumptions and no installation cost, the powerpack will pay for itself in 4.25 years, for a whopping 18% return on investment, without any subsidies. There is a viable business model here.
Seriously, someone go start a powerpack/solar panel installation company in Hawaii.
Anywhere else, and these things will need hefty subsidies.
Subsidies
Why would you subsidize these things? Easy. There are only two reliable power sources that can compensate for variability in solar power: hydro and natural gas. Every other power plant takes far too long to spin up to be useful. In other words, nuclear power doesn't stop producing pretty much ever. Coal power takes about a day to get to capacity, so it can't cycle well.
Hydro power is a limited resource. We are pretty much tapped out in the US, and what we have is already being used, so it can't ramp. We'd have to replace what's currently being used with coal, natural gas, or nuclear to use hydro for solar-grid reliability, so that entirely defeats the point.
Natural gas ramps quickly, and we have excess capacity in the US. Natural gas still produces CO2 that spreads globally, and NO2 that spreads locally. NO2 becomes a strong acid when you breath it in, so we have healthcare reasons to reduce it. Thus it might make sense to subsidize these powerpacks to make people more likely to buy them.
Second, this is good tech. It's pretty much where it needs to be in order to make sense to buy in many parts of the country, if you already have solar. Subsidizing it will cause further advancement in battery tech, making it that much more viable in a wider array of applications. Battery tech is one of the things holding us back from so many viable technology applications, so if there is something to subsidize that will more than pay for itself, it is battery tech that is nearly cost-even now.
Some Extra Thoughts on my Rosy Assumptions
*If Solar Companies don't need to buy back Electricity
In most places, if you produce excess electricity that you don't use, the solar company has to buy it back at market rates. So buying this powerpack and storing energy for commercial purposes is useless. All of the economic discussion above is bunk if the grid needs to buy your excess power. In other words, only greenies would buy it.
One important thing to consider. This product makes storing electricity from solar into a break-even cost in any sunny part of the country. Utilities have always hated paying for this. They lose money on it. They've fought legal battles to get it repealed. And now they have the ammunition they need to repeal it, because it's now no longer a burden to consumers to store their excess electricity for later use themselves.
Maybe consider buying utility stocks if you find a company that is over-exposed to paying for home-solar-produced power? I'd tell you to look towards California here.
Inverter Costs
If you don't have solar already, you have to pay for the inverter to make this thing convert DC back to AC for your home. I can't see any reason to do this. The cost differential between peak power and non-peak is about 4-6 cents in most places. Far too little to justify the expense of both an inverter and a powerpack. A gas generator is a better bet if you need reliable power.
Large Scale Efficacy
I'm betting the large-scale systems are more cost-effective. They don't need to be as small and as sleek. And you can have one large inverter for all of the daisy-chained power packs. Who would buy these? Commercial electricity buyers, like stores.
Who wouldn't buy these? Industrial complexes. They make deals directly with electricity companies and pay $0.07 to$0.10 per kwh.
- Jason Munster
# Remedying air pollution, one person at a time
One of my friends once told me, "If you are complaining about the government and aren't doing anything to solve the problem, then you are part of the problem."
I decided to do more than write about pollution associated with energy, and have started a side project to build a breathing filter (and mask that it will go with) for people living in and visiting countries with significant air pollution.
My apologies for not posting this sooner, I wanted to wait until I had finished a major milestone on my PhD that was taking literally all of my time. In other words, I didn't want to post about "working on" something that I had no time to work on. I hope to become active again in posting related articles now that I've a bit of free time again.
20,000 people die every day from air pollution. Most of them cannot afford current filters. It's time to change that.
So. China and India are not going to institute US-level air pollution controls on their power plants. So if they aren't going to filter the entire sky the way we do, the next best thing is to just filter the parts that people breath. By filtering it just before they breath
"But Jay," you say, "Aren't there other masks on the market already?"
Indeed, my friend, there are. Except most of them fail in one way or another. Nearly all of them fail to achieve a face-seal. This means that there are small leaks. Small leaks are fine when you are filtering large particles like water droplets (think viruses that travel on sneeze particles), because the leaks are often at 90 degree angles. The droplets can't make those 90 degree bends, and they get absorbed by the mask or deposited on the skin. This is why doctors masks can be fairly effective. PM2.5 and chemical pollutants, however, are small. PM2.5 is 1/30th the width of a human hair in diameter. It can easily make a 90 degree turn through a leak in a mask, and get into your lungs where it penetrates deeply, creates scar tissue, and then gives you asthma and lung cancer until it kills you. The other pollutants are literally molecules. They have no problem making any bend of any sort. If there is a leak, they are getting through.
Gas mask. The only true way to ensure there is no leak.
What's the easiest way to tell if your mask leaks? Take a deep, sharp breath. If your mask doesn't push against your face from suction until the pressure equilibrates, you don't have a good seal. So pretty much, every mask short of the one pictures above doesn't work.
So this is one part of what I will address. I've a few methods to ensure no leaks while maintaining low costs for masks. I'm not exactly going to be open on how I will do it, but this is happening.
So, if you plan on traveling in China, India, or near LA (heh) next year and need a breathing filter, be sure to talk to me.
- Jason Munster
# Air quality limits, Geographic Air Pollution Causes
Hi everyone! Last week I wrote about air pollution, where it is bad, what causes it, and the main harmful components of air pollution.This week I am going to give you some exact numbers. First, though, let's start with a scary fact. Then I'm moving into how pollution goes away once it is in the air.
US limits on PM2.5 are 12 micrograms per cubic meter averaged over a year. In Europe, the limit is 25. Note that for every increase of 10 micrograms, there is an associated 9% increase in lung cancer incidence, and a .6 years decrease in life expectancy. Scary, right? China has an annual average limit of 40, and India has an annual average limit of 50. They don't do so well in some cases. Beijing averages 56, and Delhi averages 150. In other words, Delhi's population has somewhere in the vicinity of 10 years less of life from air pollution alone.
What about other pollution? SOx, NOx, and ozone tend to accompany each other. Wherever you have SOx, you have the other two. Even clean-burning natural gas power plants produce NOx, just as a by-product of combustion is our nitrogen atmosphere. NOx becomes ozone and smog when mixed with sunlight and organic radicals (the latter of which exist just about everywhere). In other words, these three things are difficult to separate. Moreover, they are often accompanied by PM2.5. Research is having trouble teasing them apart and figuring out what might cause what. But, again, SOx and NOx become strong acids when they react with the water in your lungs, and ozone is toxic to life at ground level (always remember, ozone 15km overhead blocks out the bad parts of the sun, ozone at ground level damages living things).
SOx and NOx, once emitted, are typically cleared out by rainstorms, creating acid rain. It's better than breathing it in, right?
The US has pretty good air quality overall. But if you look at the US government website that shows current levels of pm2.5, you'll see some cities in the US are straight up awful. While their annual average might be around 20-25, on the day I checked, San Bernardino, CA, had 137 micrograms per cubic meter. This is absurdly high. On days like this, people will have difficulty breathing.
Los Angeles on a polluted day. Thanks Curtis Barnes for the correction! Site.
In other words, you can go almost anywhere in the world and find places that are tough to breath in. That being said, there are some countries that are really bad almost everywhere. Bangladesh, India, Nepal, China, and Pakistan are all very polluted. Much of the middle east is as well.
So what makes these things hang out? The most common reasons are inversions. It's when warm air sits on top of colder air. Since air likes to rise when it is warm, if there is a layer of cold air that is polluted that also happens to be capped by warm air, that cold layer will sit there and stagnate. Instead of blowing up or away, it will simply accumulate pollution. Another cause is being surrounded by mountains. Mexico City, for example, is right in the middle of a bunch of mountains. The pollution cannot rise above the mountains, so it lingers and builds. It is also common for coastal areas, or areas next to high deserts, to have times when air refuses to vacate. Those mechanisms are a bit complicated, so we won't discuss them. Finally, being near 30 degrees North or South latitude tends to make air pollution stick around. LA, for example, is at 34 North. The reason for this being bad is that the Earth has the giant airflow patterns. Air is heated at the equator by the sun, then it rises. Eventually it cools and falls near 30 degrees north. The result is that inversions happen more frequently, cause there is air pushing down on the cities.
Diagram of temperature inversion. Site
That's about it for the major causes of air pollution buildup. Of course there has to be pollution to start with for these effects to matter.
Hokay, so, what makes PM2.5 go away when it starts hanging around? Either a wind comes through and blows it out, or a rain comes through. Rain scrubs PM2.5 by absorbing it, and it chemically converts SOx and NOx to acids that become solutes in the rain. Hence acid rain. Also hence why skies are most clear after rains, and how they can smell so fresh and clean after rain. So, if you are going to go for a run in Beijing or Delhi, wait til after a big rainstorm 🙂
Let's talk about that last point a little bit more. China is dry nearly all the time. It doesn't rain much there, so it has a bigger problem of building up air pollution. India has the monsoon season, but is also fairly dry otherwise. What about LA? If you have ever driven in a slight rainstorm in LA, you will see that everyone freaks out and has no clue how to drive in the rain. It's hilarious for about 5 seconds until you realize you are now in a traffic jam. It doesn't rain there, either.
So. Your most polluted places will be near 30 degrees latitude, potentially on the coast or in mountains, dry, and in the vicinity of polluting vehicles, industry, or power plants. Neat. right? I bet you thought it was just pollution alone that caused pollution to linger.
Hokay, that's all for now. Thanks for reading!
- Jason Munster
# Which Country has the Worst Air Pollution in the World?
Before I get into anything, this is a first in a series of three articles I am going to be releasing. Instead of my monthly release rate, I am going to be releasing them one each week. If you are traveling to or live in a polluted environment, I highly suggest you subscribe to the blog or do it as an RSS feed.
Now to the article!
If you guessed China, you guessed wrong. Did you get it wrong? If you say you didn't, I am going to call you a liar. Every person I know, when asked which country in the world has the worst air pollution, answered China. This includes experts on China, experts on air pollution, and experts on countries that are more polluted than china.
Also, the number of people that die per year from air pollution is staggering, more on that after the math.
China isn't even close to being the country with the most fouled air. That distinction belongs to India, by a huge margin.
Okay, well, let's delve further into it. Of the top 20 most polluted cities in the world, how many would you guess are in China? Okay, that was a trick question. China doesn't have any of the top 20 most polluted cities in the world. And India holds the distinction of having at least 10 of them.
A gate in India that can't be seen through air pollution.
Before getting to the science grit, one more important thing. Owing entirely to city air pollution in India, at least one study shows that Indian citizens living in cities have 30% less lung capacity than Europeans living in cities. So, pretty much, pollution makes it so
Okay, let's back up and discuss air pollution a bit.
What is Air Pollution? (This is the technical part of the post)
In this above mentioned study, air pollution is strictly PM2.5. Why is that? Because PM2.5 is particulates smaller than 2.5 microns, roughly 1/30th the width of human hair. They are small enough that they penetrate deep into the lungs, where they cause permanent damage and can lead to cancer. PM2.5 is produced by powerplants (mostly coal-fired) and any combustion-based motor vehicle. The EPA has a great guideline for PM2.5 if you want to read more.
There are other pollutants that everyone seems to ignore. Back in the day, you heard a lot about acid rain. Acid rain is caused by and . Combusting anything creates NO, cause there is so much in the air (78% of the stuff we breath is ) that some of it combines with oxygen during combustion, creating NO. NO reacts with to produce NO2 and O-, the latter of which produces ground-level ozone (more on that soon). Let's look at what happens to and in air:
So that's sulphuric acid.
And that is nitrous and nitric acid. Another fun reaction is:
VOCs are Volatile Organic Carbons. It pretty much means organic matter in the air. It comes from plants. , or ozone, is bad for people and plants at ground level.
So let's review what happens here. Power plants burn fossil fuels, they produce PM2.5 which causes cancer, coal-fired powerplants produce which becomes acid in your lungs, and all combustion plants produce which also becomes acid in your lungs. PM2.5 is the worst, but the other pollutants are also bad. Burning coal causes the most of all of these pollutants. Lower grade coal, the stuff burned more often in China and India (the US has high grade coal), has less energy relative to pollutants, so it makes more pollution.
Now, exactly how bad are ozone, NOx ( ) and SOx ( )? They are all similar, so lets just look at SOx health effects according to the EPA. In short, exercising in an environment with this stuff is bad for you, and sends people to the emergency room. In the worst case scenario, it exacerbates or triggers asthma, heart attacks, and aneurysms, killing people nearly instantly. Long term exposure increases asthma and other health hazards. Now keep in mind that this stuff is considered less of a problem than PM2.5.
Back to the Qualitative
Okay, now that we know what the stuff is and what it does, let's get to some specific numbers. The World Health Organization indicates that air pollution is "single biggest environmental health risk in the world" the largest health hazard in the world, killing 7 million people per year.
What's the best way to deal with this stuff? Staying indoors helps a lot. Your house acts as a good barrier against it. Having a filter also helps. If you live in China or India, build one of these at your home. The filter will stop working eventually, so it will have replacement costs, but you can probably get clean air for around $100 per year for a single room in your house. Now keep in mind, this is a HEPA filter, which filters out only particles. Good luck with that SOx, NOx, and ozone. The guy who stapled together the filter and the fan states that it's the only thing you need for clean air in his blog. Clearly the PhD he is learning in psychology does not qualify him to know a lot about air quality. It doesn't disqualify him from knowing about it, but being completely unaware of the chemicals I described above does. HEPA + fan. Good for PM2.5, useless vs. ozone, SOx, and NOx. In other words, this filter will work inside, but you are still going to get bad chemicals living in your lungs. If you want to filter more, be prepared to shell out thousands of USD. Also, if you plan on going outside, or you want to exercise, if you work outside, you're pretty well screwed. There are a few masks that work, but all have their flaws or are expensive. More on this later, we've hit 1000 words and it's time to go. Before we let me repeat one thing. If you are in a polluted area: Do. Not. Exercise. Anywhere. That. Isn't. Filtered. And no mask on the market filters out SOx, NOx, and Ozone. Thanks for reading! - Jason Munster # Solar Roadways: Full of Crap and Bad at Math First of all, sorry it has been over a month since I've posted. I've decided to get together a few people to start addressing some of the things I write about, and that has taken my time up til now. I'll be posting once per month from here on out, on the first Sunday of every month. Today's post is a long one, but one of the most interesting I've written by far. This is the one time where I will say the following: if you are short of time, skip directly to the math section. It shows a serious glaring deficiency of either forethought or disclosure on the part of the founders of Solar Roadways. Moreover, it shows they can't do basic math. Never trust an engineer who can't do basic math. It's a very crackpot idea. Here We Go! I've heard a lot of talk about Solar Roadways recently. I'm going to use it as an example of how to analyze some "science." After you follow the very basic math below, you will see that the team at Solar Roadways does not know what numbers to run*. A much larger problem: they suggest that solar roads can replace fossil fuel power, while simultaneously and surreptitiously admitting that they need a ton of grid power to make this work. So pretty much they are either dumb or straight up liars. First, let's talk about why these roads might be good, from their point of view. Being a by-the-numbers type of guy, the first thing I did was check the "numbers" section of their website. While their assumptions are dubious at best (more on that later) They say that their roads could provide 3x the energy that the US needs, in kilowatt hours (kWh is a useless measurement here, cause it will be intermittent power. In other words, it produces no energy at night, and will need to be supplemented by fossil fuel power. More on that later). Also, the roads look a lot cooler, with light-up sections, and ability to melt snow so that road maintenance is reduced. So the thing is wired to the grid so that if it snows, it can use heating elements to melt the snow instead of plowing it. But doesn't snow take a lot of energy to melt? Would it take less energy just to push it with a plow? Time for the math! Math of Melting vs Pushing Snow Plow trucks to be replaced by Solar Roads? Not happening. Okay. Let's assume middle-case scenario of 8 inches of snowfall, being removed with one sweep by plow trucks, and that this is between powder and heavy snow in consistency, which means 1" of water equivalent. A DOT snowplow clears 10' width of snow, or 120 inches. In one foot of movement forward and plowing 8" of snow it moves the water-weight of 1"x120"x12" or Now we have to figure out how much energy cost this took in fuel, so we will later relate this to the mileage efficiency of a DOT truck. First, let's figure out how much energy it takes to melt this much snow into water. Do do this we need the latent heat of fusion, or the energy it takes to transition from ice to snow. It's 334 Joules/gram. How do we convert from cubic inches of water to grams? Easy. Because the metric system makes sense, one of water = 1 gram. There are 2.54 cm per inch, so: Okay, we have grams, now let's calculate the energy to melt as much snow as a plow moves from driving 1': Or ~7.8MJ. Per foot. Or, for a mile: to melt 8 inches of snow. Okay, so, a plowtruck uses diesel. Each gallon of diesel has 136.6MJ. Very conservatively assuming a plowtruck gets ~5 miles to a gallon (I'm guessing it's more like 10, someone who has driven one, correct me and I will correct these #'s), it would take 27.3 MJ to plow one mile of snow. Compared to 41,184MJ to melt it. It literally takes 1500x as much energy to melt is as it would to move it. This is what you would call a very very bad idea. Engineers as cofounders should know better than to let this slide as a potential solution. End of Math Section Okay, so now that we've completely dismantled the case of using these things to melt snow, lets move on to some other issues. We'll skip the minor issues, because that's just nitpicking, and move straight to the parts where they just don't know what they are talking about, and finish with things they clearly know about, but are purposefully misleading people with in order to get more money. Finally, we will close with me realizing that Nathan Fillion is a fool. Okay, to the problems with this solar roadways project: Dubious assumptions: Things they don't understand: the supply lines of a very basic input. REE mining in China is not a clean thing. Nor was it great in the US. Right now there is not enough world production to make enough of these solar roadway tiles. Look at this article to see more pictures of REE production in China. They assume an 18.5% efficiency of the solar panels. These are panels that use Rare Earth Elements (REEs). On their FAQ, when someone asks if they are using REEs, they state (paraphrased), "Our electronics don't use silver or gold" (neither of which are REEs, so they are either changing the topic or don't know what question they are answering) "but we can use any solar cell." Good that they can use any solar cell, because there is not enough REE production in the world to produce solar at the scale they need to even replace one major highway with these. Bad they they use 18.5% as their assumed efficiency, because solar cells in this range of efficiency use REEs. REEs are pretty much only produced in China, because producing them make a massive amount of pollution. Decades ago every other major country quit producing REEs because of the pollution they cause, and because China didn't care about pollution or health hazards, so the world was happy to let them pollute themselves and take their REEs. It's been so long since the US produced REEs that we literally don't know how. Solar Roadway's answer is "let's leave this to the government." They aren't addressing the problem at all. While other countries are looking to have their own production, it will take a very long time for this to come to fruition, and the production rate still won't be enough for a second-rate harvesting design (flat roads with bad optics vs. tilted panels with great optics to concentrate light perfectly). At best, they can go with non-REE solar cells, which have about an 5-10% efficiency. That means that each of their hexagonal panels will produce half the power anticipated, and thus will make half as much money toward recuperating their costs. In other words, these non-REE solar panels need more basic raw materials (in terms of roadway) per kwh produced, and thus will cost more per unit energy, in an already material-intensive design for a solar cell. This shows that the project is lacking in any real expertise or understanding of the core problem they are trying to solve. Keep in mind that these are not dealbreakers. The team could hire an expert, or consulting, to fill in their knowledge gaps (likely the former, consultants are expensive, and they really need long-term help to bring this to fruition). Also, it doesn't negate all the other benefits of the solar roadways. Finally, non-REE solar panels are a hot topic in research. If the rest of the solar roadways tech is developed, and they are just waiting for good solar cells, it will rapidly enhance future deployment. In short, the solar cells are a slight additional benefit to whatever holds them in this case of mass-distribution and inefficient use of cells. So if this new road itself doesn't compare favorably to asphalt, the project is sunk in the water. Things they are just completely wrong/misleading about: melting snow, shutdown of fossil fuel, price of energy We discussed the melting of snow. They suggest it replace snowplows. Bad idea. It's clearly not going to work, energetically speaking. They keep talking about how 50% of US electricity use is from fossil fuels, and how these roads are going to replace it. This is so wrong that it is hard to debunk in one post. But here goes: First, only 40% of US primary energy (my link, please read it for background if you feel a bit lost, it is far briefer than this post) is for electricity. Second, only 66% electricity of this comes from fossil fuels. In other words, 26.4% of US electricity comes from fossil fuels (if we change all our transportation over to electric, these numbers will change, but that would require these roads to have induction power installed - AKA roads that provide the car with energy for driving so they don't have range issues). This is the total amount of emissions that could be replaced by solar roads in their current design. Primary energy in the US. As detailed by the math above, only 25% of primary energy in the US can currently be replaced. So, pretty much they are off to a bad/misleading start there. But this is nitpicking. The real issue comes in when they talk about replacing fossil fuels. First, they talk about heating the roads. This means they will have to put energy into the roads. Where will this energy come from? Power plants. So much for shutting down fossil fuel. But wait, there's more! Solar power is intermittent. It doesn't even work at night, so power plants also have to be on then. So pretty much, their idea of shutting down power plants is completely shot out of the water by these two things. Can solar roadways still be part of a larger energy solution? Well, not if they are heating roads to melt snow. That just takes far too much energy. If they scrap the melting snow idea and go to just producing energy? Yeah, it might help some. But let's get to one last funny part, the one that shows they know that they won't be shutting down fossil fuel power any time soon. Energy storage. From their FAQ, they mention that there will be "virtual storage" in that during the day they will add power to the grid, and at night they will take power from the grid. This is double-speak to mean: during the day we will provide power that can offset coal and natural gas power plants. At night when we aren't producing, natural gas powerplants (again, my link) will fire up to power our roads (nuclear is not an option for power phasing like this, nuclear powerplants don't spin up or wind down on half-day timescales). In other words, they fully well understand that they aren't going to do away with the rest of the power grid, and that they aren't going to replace all those fossil fuel emissions. So pretty much, saying that these can replace our power grid is double-speak sales points. The final problem? They don't understand energy distribution. Electricity is produced at about$0.03 to $0.08 per kwh at a power plant. By the time it arrives to us, we pay$0.13 to $0.25 (or$0.50 in Hawaii), because distribution costs a lot of money. Solar panels on our roofs produce power that costs about $0.15 to$0.20 cents per kwh, give or take. So the end-user cost of grid power is the same as that of house solar. But if you run that solar power through the distribution channels and add that price, suddenly you're talking $0.25 to$0.40 power. So, unless they are giving this power away for free, it's probably not gonna be a great solution.
Some Solutions
I've softened my usual tone quite a bit for this writeup, cause I don't want to be a complete naysayer of something who is trying to do something positive (sorry, I know how much you all know and love my biting sarcasm and scathing reviews).Outside of their false solution of trying to solve the energy/climate issue, this idea has some potential. On that note, rather than pointing out problems, I've come up with some great solutions.
My suggestions:
1: Nix the whole melting of snow concept to replace plow trucks. Energetically, it doesn't work. Plow trucks should still exist. Instead of replacing them, replace the salt and sand they need to spread. Make it so plowtrucks plow all but the last 1/8" of snow, then melt that (note, this is still a tremendous amount of energy, but stay with me). This will have a few benefits:
• No more salt and sand on roads means less salt and sand damage to vehicles, making vehicles last longer
• No more salt and sand on roads means that DOTs can save money buy not buying these things
• ... no salt and sand runoff, which pollutes local waterways
• ... animals that go to roadways in the spring to lick off accumulated salt won't do that, reducing traffic accidents from moose and deer, etc.
2: Get a bit more cognizant or REEs and their limitations. Don't use bad assumptions that are easy to poke holes in.
3: Stop selling people on false promises of doing away with fossil fuels. It makes the whole green movement look bad when prominent people are lying or severely misinformed.
4: Focus on the real potential of making these have inductive energy for electric cars. This could eliminate range anxiety (people fearing their electric cars will run out of energy and leave them stranded). Electric car sales will move a lot faster if people can drive from LA to SF, or between Boston/NYC/DC. The potential partnerships include every major car company that markets in the US. Also, this could reduce oil use, and drastically reduce air pollution from cars in these busy areas by further replacing combustion engines with electric ones (even if we power them with electricity from coal, a well-scrubbed coal plant produces fewer bad things than a car). Moreover, since people won't need fuel, they could be assessed a charge per mile driven instead. By whoever owns the roads. Here is your real money-maker for the roads, fellas. It will be far more lucrative than producing tiny amounts of electricity. Please get on this. It will lead to more electric car research, and more rapidly drive forward battery development, and it turns out that cars make a bunch of really bad pollution that causes harmful side effects like death.
This last bit, changing your startup's tack when a better model comes along, is important. And solar roadways needs to do that for a viable product, because their core solution faces a lot of headwinds (yay, sailing puns!) in break-even with their current model.
So, overall, these roads could be an excellent idea. The solar part, their main selling point, is BS because of cost, efficacy, and the need for gas-fired power plants to supplement them. The shutting down most fossil power plants is a lot of nonsense for the same reason. Making the environment better by reducing salt and sand use? Decent. Potentially by making most cars electric? Game-changer, but they are barely looking at that aspect right now. Probably cause they are too busy counting the piles of cash that indiegogo just threw at them (or, more likely, answering the insane number of emails that comes from this sort of campaign).
Hokay, that's my piece. Thanks for reading this long one.
- Jason Munster
Extra stuff!
Some background about Solar Roadways initial funding: They were funded by government SBIR. This stands for Small Business Innovative Research. It's for high-risk, high-reward research. In other words, this was considered high-risk from the start. They got a phase II, which means they did well. It's clear they still have issues and are still high-risk. But I'm glad someone is paying for research and innovation like this, especially because if it pays off, it could result in more jobs and more taxpayer base. That being said, they haven't received more funding or any grants to build this out further. Possibly cause it's a big, crazy idea. Elon Musk can pull off big, crazy ideas, because he is a brilliant manager and has a very strong personality. These guys are going to need some bigger guns on their team if they are going to make something of this project.
Second, Nathan Fillion is a bit of a fool. In touting Solar Roadways, he displays why pop culture heroes shouldn't get involved in matters outside their field of expertise (mainly, looking good in front of a camera, and pretending to be someone who they aren't in front of a camera). His adoration of something he doesn't understand falls deep within the territory of religious fervor. Nerds: just cause one of your heroes likes something doesn't mean it actually is plausible.
One final-final note: I know that this post is 3x longer than my rest. I assure you, it's far shorter than I wanted it to be. I don't believe in two-part posts very often, though. If you have read this far. please leave a comment so I can appreciate you forever 🙂
*Engineers who don't know what numbers to run are a bad investment. For my own company, all business types are skeptical of how much I know (or want to take advantage of me fully) until they find out that I used to be in finance and have a really good idea of the big picture of most things. In short, this company has a lot of potential once they take on broader experts. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 30, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 30, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.23247328400611877, "perplexity": 2103.679620141464}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496901.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330085157-20200330115157-00350.warc.gz"} |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chow_test | # Chow test
The Chow test, proposed by econometrician Gregory Chow in 1960, is a test of whether the coefficients in two linear regressions on different data sets are equal. In econometrics, it is most commonly used in time series analysis to test for the presence of a structural break at a period which can be assumed to be known a priori (for instance, a major historical event such as a war). In program evaluation, the Chow test is often used to determine whether the independent variables have different impacts on different subgroups of the population.
structural break program evaluation
At ${\displaystyle x=1.7}$ there is a structural break, regression on the subintervals ${\displaystyle [0,1.7]}$ and ${\displaystyle [1.7,4]}$ delivers a better modelling than the combined regression(dashed) over the whole interval.
Comparison of two different programs (red, green) existing in a common data set, separate regressions for both programs deliver a better modelling than a combined regression (black).
Suppose that we model our data as
${\displaystyle y_{t}=a+bx_{1t}+cx_{2t}+\varepsilon .\,}$
If we split our data into two groups, then we have
${\displaystyle y_{t}=a_{1}+b_{1}x_{1t}+c_{1}x_{2t}+\varepsilon .\,}$
and
${\displaystyle y_{t}=a_{2}+b_{2}x_{1t}+c_{2}x_{2t}+\varepsilon .\,}$
The null hypothesis of the Chow test asserts that ${\displaystyle a_{1}=a_{2}}$, ${\displaystyle b_{1}=b_{2}}$, and ${\displaystyle c_{1}=c_{2}}$, and there is the assumption that the model errors ${\displaystyle \varepsilon }$ are independent and identically distributed from a normal distribution with unknown variance.
Let ${\displaystyle S_{C}}$ be the sum of squared residuals from the combined data, ${\displaystyle S_{1}}$ be the sum of squared residuals from the first group, and ${\displaystyle S_{2}}$ be the sum of squared residuals from the second group. ${\displaystyle N_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle N_{2}}$ are the number of observations in each group and ${\displaystyle k}$ is the total number of parameters (in this case, 3). Then the Chow test statistic is
${\displaystyle {\frac {(S_{C}-(S_{1}+S_{2}))/k}{(S_{1}+S_{2})/(N_{1}+N_{2}-2k)}}.}$
The test statistic follows the F distribution with ${\displaystyle k}$ and ${\displaystyle N_{1}+N_{2}-2k}$ degrees of freedom.
Remarks
• The global sum of squares (SSE) if often called Restricted Sum of Squares (RSSM) as we basically test a constrained model where we have 2K assumptions (with K the number of regressors).
• Some software like SAS will use a predictive Chow test when the size of a subsample is less than the number of regressors. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 19, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.875446081161499, "perplexity": 372.2955927589216}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281084.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00464-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://ftp.mcs.anl.gov/pub/fathom/moab-docs/classMBMesquite_1_1TShapeSize3DB4.html | MOAB: Mesh Oriented datABase (version 5.4.1)
MBMesquite::TShapeSize3DB4 Class Reference
#include <TShapeSize3DB4.hpp>
Inheritance diagram for MBMesquite::TShapeSize3DB4:
Collaboration diagram for MBMesquite::TShapeSize3DB4:
## Public Member Functions
MESQUITE_EXPORT TShapeSize3DB4 (double gamma=2.0)
virtual MESQUITE_EXPORT ~TShapeSize3DB4 ()
virtual MESQUITE_EXPORT std::string get_name () const
virtual MESQUITE_EXPORT bool evaluate (const MsqMatrix< 3, 3 > &T, double &result, MsqError &err)
Evaluate $$\mu(T)$$.
virtual MESQUITE_EXPORT bool evaluate_with_grad (const MsqMatrix< 3, 3 > &T, double &result, MsqMatrix< 3, 3 > &deriv_wrt_T, MsqError &err)
Gradient of $$\mu(T)$$ with respect to components of T.
virtual MESQUITE_EXPORT bool evaluate_with_hess (const MsqMatrix< 3, 3 > &T, double &result, MsqMatrix< 3, 3 > &deriv_wrt_T, MsqMatrix< 3, 3 > second_wrt_T[6], MsqError &err)
Hessian of $$\mu(T)$$ with respect to components of T.
double mGamma
## Detailed Description
|T|^3 / (3 * sqrt(3) * tau) - 1 + gamma * (tau + 1/tau - 2)
Definition at line 42 of file TShapeSize3DB4.hpp.
## Constructor & Destructor Documentation
MESQUITE_EXPORT MBMesquite::TShapeSize3DB4::TShapeSize3DB4 ( double gamma = 2.0 ) [inline]
Definition at line 49 of file TShapeSize3DB4.hpp.
: mGamma( gamma ) {}
MBMesquite::TShapeSize3DB4::~TShapeSize3DB4 ( ) [virtual]
Definition at line 47 of file TShapeSize3DB4.cpp.
{}
## Member Function Documentation
bool MBMesquite::TShapeSize3DB4::evaluate ( const MsqMatrix< 3, 3 > & T, double & result, MsqError & err ) [virtual]
Evaluate $$\mu(T)$$.
Parameters:
T 3x3 relative measure matrix (typically A W^-1) result Output: value of function
Returns:
false if function cannot be evaluated for given T (e.g. division by zero, etc.), true otherwise.
Reimplemented from MBMesquite::TMetric.
Definition at line 49 of file TShapeSize3DB4.cpp.
{
const double tau = det( T );
if( invalid_determinant( tau ) )
{ // barrier
MSQ_SETERR( err )( barrier_violated_msg, MsqError::BARRIER_VIOLATED );
return false;
}
const double norm = Frobenius( T );
result = norm * norm * norm / ( 3 * MSQ_SQRT_THREE * tau ) - 1 + mGamma * ( tau + 1 / tau - 2 );
return true;
}
bool MBMesquite::TShapeSize3DB4::evaluate_with_grad ( const MsqMatrix< 3, 3 > & T, double & result, MsqMatrix< 3, 3 > & deriv_wrt_T, MsqError & err ) [virtual]
Gradient of $$\mu(T)$$ with respect to components of T.
Parameters:
T 3x3 relative measure matrix (typically A W^-1) result Output: value of function deriv_wrt_T Output: partial deriviatve of $$\mu$$ wrt each term of T, evaluated at passed T. $\left[\begin{array}{ccc} \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial T_{0,0}} & \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial T_{0,1}} & \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial T_{0,2}} \\ \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial T_{1,0}} & \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial T_{1,1}} & \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial T_{1,2}} \\ \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial T_{2,0}} & \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial T_{2,1}} & \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial T_{2,2}} \end{array}\right]$
Returns:
false if function cannot be evaluated for given T (e.g. division by zero, etc.), true otherwise.
Reimplemented from MBMesquite::TMetric.
Definition at line 63 of file TShapeSize3DB4.cpp.
{
const double tau = det( T );
if( invalid_determinant( tau ) )
{ // barrier
MSQ_SETERR( err )( barrier_violated_msg, MsqError::BARRIER_VIOLATED );
return false;
}
const double norm = Frobenius( T );
const double f = norm * norm / 3.0;
const double g = norm / ( MSQ_SQRT_THREE * tau );
const double inv_tau = 1.0 / tau;
result = f * g - 1 + mGamma * ( tau + inv_tau - 2 );
deriv = g * T;
deriv += ( mGamma * ( 1 - inv_tau * inv_tau ) - f * g * inv_tau ) * transpose_adj( T );
return true;
}
bool MBMesquite::TShapeSize3DB4::evaluate_with_hess ( const MsqMatrix< 3, 3 > & T, double & result, MsqMatrix< 3, 3 > & deriv_wrt_T, MsqMatrix< 3, 3 > second_wrt_T[6], MsqError & err ) [virtual]
Hessian of $$\mu(T)$$ with respect to components of T.
Parameters:
T 3x3 relative measure matrix (typically A W^-1) result Output: value of function deriv_wrt_T Output: partial deriviatve of $$\mu$$ wrt each term of T, evaluated at passed T. second_wrt_T Output: 9x9 matrix of second partial deriviatve of $$\mu$$ wrt each term of T, in row-major order. The symmetric matrix is decomposed into 3x3 blocks and only the upper diagonal blocks, in row-major order, are returned. $\left[\begin{array}{ccc|ccc|ccc} \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,0}^2} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,0}\partial T_{0,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,0}\partial T_{0,2}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,0}\partial T_{1,0}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,0}\partial T_{1,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,0}\partial T_{1,2}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,0}\partial T_{2,0}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,0}\partial T_{2,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,0}\partial T_{2,2}} \\ \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,0}\partial T_{0,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,1}^2} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,1}\partial T_{0,2}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,1}\partial T_{1,0}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,1}\partial T_{1,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,1}\partial T_{1,2}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,1}\partial T_{2,0}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,1}\partial T_{2,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,1}\partial T_{2,2}} \\ \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,0}\partial T_{0,2}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,1}\partial T_{0,2}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,2}^2} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,2}\partial T_{1,0}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,2}\partial T_{1,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,2}\partial T_{1,2}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,2}\partial T_{2,0}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,2}\partial T_{2,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{0,2}\partial T_{2,2}} \\ \hline & & & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,0}^2} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,0}\partial T_{1,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,0}\partial T_{1,2}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,0}\partial T_{2,0}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,0}\partial T_{2,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,0}\partial T_{2,2}} \\ & & & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,0}\partial T_{1,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,1}^2} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,1}\partial T_{1,2}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,1}\partial T_{2,0}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,1}\partial T_{2,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,1}\partial T_{2,2}} \\ & & & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,0}\partial T_{1,2}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,1}\partial T_{1,2}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,2}^2} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,2}\partial T_{2,0}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,2}\partial T_{2,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{1,2}\partial T_{2,2}} \\ \hline & & & & & & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{2,0}^2} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{2,0}\partial T_{2,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{2,0}\partial T_{2,2}} \\ & & & & & & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{2,0}\partial T_{2,1}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{2,1}^2} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{2,1}\partial T_{2,2}} \\ & & & & & & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{2,0}\partial T_{2,2}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{2,1}\partial T_{2,2}} & \frac{\partial^{2}\mu}{\partial T_{2,2}^2} \\ \end{array}\right]$
Returns:
false if function cannot be evaluated for given T (e.g. division by zero, etc.), true otherwise.
Reimplemented from MBMesquite::TMetric.
Definition at line 87 of file TShapeSize3DB4.cpp.
{
const double tau = det( T );
if( invalid_determinant( tau ) )
{ // barrier
MSQ_SETERR( err )( barrier_violated_msg, MsqError::BARRIER_VIOLATED );
return false;
}
const double norm = Frobenius( T );
const double f = norm * norm / 3.0;
const double h = 1 / ( MSQ_SQRT_THREE * tau );
const double g = norm * h;
const double inv_tau = 1.0 / tau;
result = f * g - 1 + mGamma * ( tau + inv_tau - 2 );
const double g1 = mGamma * ( 1 - inv_tau * inv_tau );
deriv = g * T;
deriv += ( g1 - f * g * inv_tau ) * adjt;
if( norm > 1e-50 )
{
const double inv_norm = 1 / norm;
set_scaled_outer_product( second, h * inv_norm, T );
pluseq_scaled_I( second, norm * h );
pluseq_scaled_2nd_deriv_of_det( second, g1 - f * g * inv_tau, T );
pluseq_scaled_outer_product( second, ( f * g + mGamma * inv_tau ) * 2 * inv_tau * inv_tau, adjt );
pluseq_scaled_sum_outer_product( second, -g * inv_tau, T, adjt );
}
else
{
std::cout << "Warning: Division by zero avoided in TShapeSize3DB4::evaluate_with_hess()" << std::endl;
}
return true;
}
std::string MBMesquite::TShapeSize3DB4::get_name ( ) const [virtual]
Reimplemented from MBMesquite::TMetricBarrier.
Definition at line 42 of file TShapeSize3DB4.cpp.
{
return "TShapeSize3DB4";
}
## Member Data Documentation
double MBMesquite::TShapeSize3DB4::mGamma [private]
Definition at line 45 of file TShapeSize3DB4.hpp.
Referenced by evaluate(), evaluate_with_grad(), and evaluate_with_hess().
List of all members.
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http://jees.kr/journal/view.php?number=3158 | J Electromagn Eng Sci Search
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J Electromagn Eng Sci > Volume 14(4); 2014 > Article
Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 2014;14(4):342-345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5515/JKIEES.2014.14.4.342
High Output Power and High Fundamental Leakage Suppression Frequency Doubler MMIC for E-Band Transceiver Dong-Pil Chang, In-Bok Yom Satellite & Wireless RF Technology Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute Abstract An active frequency doubler monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) for E-band transceiver applications is presented in this letter. This MMIC has been fabricated in a commercial $0.1-{mu}m$ GaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) process on a 2-mil thick substrate wafer. The fabricated MMIC chip has been measured to have a high output power performance of over 13 dBm with a high fundamental leakage suppression of more than 38 dBc in the frequency range of 71 to 86 GHz under an input signal condition of 10 dBm. A microstrip coupled line is used at the output circuit of the doubler section to implement impedance matching and simultaneously enhance the fundamental leakage suppression. The fabricated chip is has a size of $2.5mm{times}1.2mm$. Key words: Active Doubler, E-Band Transceiver, Frequency Multiplier, Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC)
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• 376 View | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.46956926584243774, "perplexity": 10789.808262835468}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628001138.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190627115818-20190627141818-00305.warc.gz"} |
https://www.originlab.com/doc/ja/OriginC/ref/GraphLayer-AddLabelPlot | ## Description
Adds a label plot to an existing dataplot.
## Syntax
int AddLabelPlot( Curve & cData, Column & colLabel )
int AddLabelPlot( Curve & cData, Dataset & dsLabel )
## Parameters
cData
[input] Data curve to add the label plot to
colLabel
[input] the Data curve to be used as label column
cData
[input] Data curve to add the label plot to
dsLabel
the dataset to be used as labels
## Examples
EX1
// For this example to run, a worksheet with columns "A" and "B" and another label column
// (the third column) must exist.
// After the function executes, the third column of the worksheet will be used
// for labels
{
//we need to first make sure the label column is really a Label column
Worksheet wks = Project.WorksheetPages(0).Layers(0);
if(wks)
{
if(!wks.Columns(2).SetType(OKDATAOBJ_DESIGNATION_L))
return;
}
else
return;
GraphPage gp;
gp.Create("origin");
GraphLayer lay = gp.Layers(0);
// a dataplot in the layer that uses column B as Y and column A as X
Curve cc(wks, 0, 1);
// first we plot col(B)
// use the third column in the worksheet for labels:
Column colLabels(wks, 2);
out_int("nPlotIndex = ", nPlotIndex);
lay.Rescale();
}
EX2
//For this example to run, a worksheet with columns "A"
//and "B" and a label column "C" must exist.
//Draw a 2d scatter plot with column C as lable.
{
Worksheet wks = Project.WorksheetPages(0).Layers(0);
if(wks)
{
if(!wks.Columns(2).SetType(OKDATAOBJ_DESIGNATION_L))
return;
Dataset dsLables(wks, 2);
GraphPage gp;
gp.Create("origin");
GraphLayer glMyLayer = gp.Layers(0);
Curve crvMyCurve(wks, 0, 1);
glMyLayer.Rescale();
if (iPlotIndex==-1)
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https://wikieducator.org/Thread:Initial_take_(3) | # Initial take
Fragment of a discussion from Talk:Communicate OER
Great insights, Sara -- thank you. I'm working through this now. -Peteforsyth 02:06, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
15:06, 30 January 2012 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9603369235992432, "perplexity": 11496.724460330865}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540536855.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212023648-20191212051648-00475.warc.gz"} |
http://liciniodias.com.br/2mw1p/what-does-a-compensator-do-420a45 | The Lag Compensator is an electrical network which produces a sinusoidal output having the phase lag when a sinusoidal input is applied. 9mm compensators might be a passing fad but some of the evidence is indisputable. This counteracts the potential of the muzzle to flip to either side. A compensator is a type of muzzle device that works in a different way than a muzzle brake. This allows the shooter to more easily and quickly reacquire his target for faster follow-up shots. ERWIN ROMMEL May god have mercy upon my enemies because I wont. This is a challenge and believe me, the American people are up to the challenge,...." -Glenn Beck. and sometimes they will take an existing production model of a particular gun (handgun or rifle) and dress it up with plastic adornments as butt stocks, forward grips, futuristic accessory rails with fake attachments, etc. As a consequence, the visible flash of the weapon may be even greater than without a compensator. This venting pushes the barrel down (following newtons 3rd law), and helps reduce muzzle rise and some of the recoil/ kick. A compensator vents some of the escaping gasses upward, reducing the rise in the barrel as the weapon is fired. Instead if strictly reducing felt recoil, they vent gasses in a pattern that keeps the muzzle stable in space. Compensator brakes work in a similar fashion to muzzle brakes. How you might ask? It is a combination of both the lag and the lead compensators. The lag compensator circuit in the ‘s’ domain is shown in the following figure. GEORGE PATTON. The compensator sprocket dampens (reduces) torsional vibration created by the crankshaft so it is not transmitted through the drivetrain causing rider discomfort and premature component wear. Barrels with an … The compensating sprocket buffers torque from the engine and the limitations with this part may be most obvious in newer, big bore engines. They had to deal with clunking, loosening Harley compensator, and starting issues. the internet movie firearms database, Second Media Corp., 111 Peter Street, Suite 901, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. Here's a picture of a Colt i like with one on it just as an example. Some 2150, 2 barrel (later models) include a high altitude compensator. Porting the barrel would be the same effect as a compensator - just shorter. It does this by redirecting the gases in the opposing direction of weapon drift and recoil so that the gas counteracts the action of the weapon. A compensator is a device that redirects some of the expanding gasses (that push the bullet out of the barrel) out of "vents" on top of the barrel. Wow Thanks man This really helps, now I can hunt down my favorite firearms from my favorite movies!! They work better with large charges of slower burning powders vs light charges of fast burning powders. guns in movies :. Rifle muzzle brakes work the same way, but also push the rifle forward (to reduce backward recoil): The Recoil Diamond is the individual points of a recoil pattern when aiming down sight, reducing the randomization of bullet patterns during muzzle climb. We finish off our best linear compensators reviews with one from the excellent range … ADMANRed. A pressure compensator is a device built into some pumps for the purpose of automatically reducing (or stopping) pump flow if system pressure sensed on the pump outlet port, should rise above a pre-set desired maximum pressure (sometimes called the "firing" pressure). These are most commonly used. The lead compensator circuit in the ‘s’ domain is shown in the following figure. This venting pushes the barrel down (following newtons 3rd law), and helps reduce muzzle rise and some of the recoil/ kick. Reduces muzzle climb or “flip”. This circuit looks like both the compensators are cascaded. JavaScript is disabled. How Does a Compensator Brake Work? Compensators are another type of accessories you can mount on your AR-15 to reduce muzzle rise and recoil. which are not useful outside that particular movie or scene. What Does A Ar 15 Compensator Do And What Is A California Compiant Ar15 Lock Reviews & Suggestion What Does A Ar 15 Compensator Do And What Is A California Compiant Ar15 Lock What Does A Ar 15 Compensator Do … But it keeps the original lines of the firearm and works very well indeed. Compensators are attachments with baffles that redirect muzzle gas in an effort to combat recoil or drift. A modified carry gun will get you convicted of premeditated murder. It is a restricted style compensator which is used to maintain the preset pressure that influences the pressure variation on the flow rate. This is not a setback. Yes they do. The Cutts compensator was originally developed as a device that reduced recoil (35-46% depending on the load used) in large bore long guns. Compensator definition: a person or thing that compensates | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples This is a combination of a match grade barrel and a compensator. This means, the pole will be nearer to origin in the pole-zero configuration of the lag compensator. So, in order to produce the phase lag at the output of this compensator, the phase angle of the transfer function should be negative. It has a barrel bushing comp with other enhancments. A forum community dedicated to Taurus firearm owners and enthusiasts. I don't notice it during the day, haven't shot mine at night...I don't think there would be that much difference. The coolest looking ones IMO seem to be the full profile compensators that make a normal 1911 look like a monster of a weapon in full length. There are many semi autos in movies with compensators which are NOT 1911 45s. High altitudes can cause a carburetor to run rich. Never walk away from home ahead of your axe and sword. This will happen when $\alpha > 1$. They do help, all of the ones I am aware of are permanent. It’s louder than a bare muzzle. A Compensator is a firearm attachment which improves weapon stability during repeated or automatic fire by venting gases upwards. Lag-Lead compensator is an electrical network which produces phase lag at one frequency region and phase lead at other frequency region. Compensators. I am a better American today because of Barack Obama. The transfer function of this lead compensator is -, $$\frac{V_o(s)}{V_i(s)}=\beta \left( \frac{s\tau+1}{\beta s\tau+1} \right )$$. I often see compensators for sale designed to match the gun. As it was available before screw in chokes were commonly available this was a signifigant invention. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. – Not our words but; this is a simple, clear definition of the component that Bob breaks down for us here. movie guns :. 2150 High Altitude Compensator. In fact, S&W has a couple of UL .38 snubbies available that come from the factory with the Magnaport porting. movie guns :. I have a deep appreciation of what this country is and what the American people are capable of. The equal and opposite reaction pushes your muzzle down. It later morphed into a device that also allowed for changeable chokes. guns in movies :. "Risk-taking is the critical element for improving our standard of living." The shape of the muzzle climb differs between guns, some being taller, others wider, therefore a reduction … A compensator is a device that redirects some of the expanding gasses (that push the bullet out of the barrel) out of "vents" on top of the barrel. Not sure of the usefulness of compensators on lesser calibers (than 45) in real life as I have never shot one but be careful of what you interpret from movies. But how does it do this? The Compensator is a weapon attachment featured in Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege. Do flash hiders and/ or compensators have a place on an AR hunter’s rifle? A compensator is the funny looking thing with holes in it attached to the end of the barrel. You need the extra gas to make it work well. A compensator’s primary role is to reduce “muzzle flip” or “muzzle climb.” While some manufacturers claim that they aid in recoil reduction, this is not entirely true, as most compensators operate on a different principle. So, do pistol compensators work? I have one of the older style Ruger 22/45 Lite's with stock threaded barrel. We know that, the phase of the output sinusoidal signal is equal to the sum of the phase angles of input sinusoidal signal and the transfer function. A muzzle brake or recoil compensator is a device connected to, or a feature integral to the construction of, the muzzle or barrel of a firearm or cannon that is intended to redirect a portion of propellant gases to counter recoil and unwanted muzzle rise. Therefore, zero will be nearer to origin in pole-zero configuration of the lead compensator. Which prevents you from buying them separately and then going through the hassle of installation. On the other hand, muzzle compensators do something a little different. As the bullet exits the muzzle, a compensator vents those gasses up. The compensator is great at reducing your overall recoil and the barrel is a match-grade variety, designed to improve speed and accuracy at long ranges. The more ports, and the bigger the ports, the more gas pushes up, and pushes your pistol's muzzle down. Pressure Compensator offers compensated pressure while the excess oil passes over the relief valve. The Reader’s Digest version is this: Compensators reduce muzzle rise, and muzzle brakes reduce recoil. From the above equation, $\alpha$ is always greater than one. Twin quartz plates are substituted for calcite in the Ehringhaus compensator, which operates in a manner similar to the Berek compensator. And it does. From the transfer function, we can conclude that the lag compensator has one pole at $s = − \frac{1}{\alpha \tau}$ and one zero at $s = −\frac{1}{\tau}$ . Also, the Magnaport process is something else. The compensator will throw unburnt powder and debris into your eyes and blind you. Apr 5, 2017 @ 1:06pm Thanks. I know what my country has done, both good and bad. As Lance said, there is no reduction in muzzle flash, but with a bushing compensator on a 1911, the flash is in front of the sight. I've never used a compensator but from reading posts on other forums I've learned something about muzzle flash. However, these accessories have vents … Riders have been dealing with Harley’s poor compensator design for some years now. It is a combination of both the lag and the lead compensators. This is otherwise known as reducing “muzzle jump.” Compensators help with faster follow up shots or provide a better chance to spot shots. We were excited to get our hands on this Harley compensator upgrade from Baker. The question is, are 9mm compensators worth the trade-off. You'll rarely be disappointed. #3. The majority of compensators available today also feature muzzle brake-style side ports for a combination of reduced recoil and muzzle rise. Hear it loud, hear it clearly. From the transfer function, we can conclude that the lead compensator has pole at $s = −\frac{1}{\beta}$ and zero at $s = − \frac{1}{\beta\tau}$. Come join the discussion about optics, gunsmithing, styles, reviews, accessories, classifieds, and more! - Havamal, "I did not realize that movie weapons had such a cult following that they created a database just for them.. Lag-Lead compensator is an electrical network which produces phase lag at one frequency region and phase lead at other frequency region. What Does A Ar 15 Compensator Do And What Is A California Compiant Ar15 Lock WE ARE GLAD YOU ARE HERE ! What Does It Do? Harley has not issued a recall. So, the transfer function of this circuit will be the product of transfer functions of the lead and the lag compensators. Its purpose is to reduce felt recoil and muzzle rise. Kaw Valley. Here, the capacitor is in series with the resistor $R_2$ and the output is measured across this combination. This will happen when $0 < \beta < 1$. It's a little more expensive than a bushing compensator. WELCOME TO USA ONLINE SHOPPING CENTER. So, in order to produce the phase lead at the output of this compensator, the phase angle of the transfer function should be positive. Steve Forbes, Mag-na-port International--The Mag-na-port Process: Handgun Porting, 1911 Government Style Bushing Replacement Compensators, Multi-Comp Bushing Compensator | Full-Size | Blue-Wilson Combat, 1911 Full Size Bushing Compensator Blue New Replace Bushing Colt, Kimber, Clones | eBay, http://www.taurusarmed.net/forums/taurus-1911s/5958-post-about-your-taurus-pt1911-enhancements-here-31.html, http://www.taurusarmed.net/forums/t...-your-taurus-pt1911-enhancements-here-31.html, Main Page - imfdb :. Just out of curiosity, would a compensator make any noticeable difference on a 22lr handgun? Similar to the muzzle brake, except the muzzle brake primarily reduces recoil and the compensator primarily reduces muzzle climb. Some riders actually spent a lot of money to buy a new Harley-Davidson. Here, the capacitor is parallel to the resistor $R_1$ and the output is measured across resistor $R_2. The Cutts compensator was … Continue reading Cutts Compensator → The high altitude compensator is used to improve high altitude emissions & engine performance by leaning out the air flow mixture. Always expect stupidity. Hunter. the internet movie firearms database, Punisher, The (2004) - imfdb :. It can be used on rifles, shotguns, pistols, and revolvers. Perform successive shots easier – reduced muzzle flip means quicker followup shots. Substitute,$s = j\omega$in the transfer function. The transfer function of this lag compensator is -, $$\frac{V_o(s)}{V_i(s)}=\frac{1}{\alpha} \left( \frac{s+\frac{1}{\tau}}{s+\frac{1}{\alpha\tau}} \right )$$. $$\frac{V_o(j\omega)}{V_i(j\omega)}=\beta \left( \frac{j\omega\tau+1}{\beta j \omega\tau+1} \right )$$, Phase angle$\phi = tan^{−1}\omega\tau − tan^{−1}\beta\omega\tau$. I agree with GN. I saw in a movie where the hero's father re-tooled his 1911's (Not sure which manufacturer) with "Compensators" and Special Sights and New Custom Grips W/ Extensions. What are the Parts? Even their Screamin Eagle upgrade turned out to be an inadequate solution for most. The Berek compensator consists of a calcite plate cut normal to the optical axis that is tilted about the horizontal axis by means of a calibrated micrometer drum to enable precise measurements of retardation. The lag-lead compensator circuit in the ‘s’ domain is shown in the following figure. The compensator in the illustration shows how pressure is measured before the orifice (internal to the hydrostat in this case) and then after the orifice. "I am a better American today because of Barack Obama. Well if the gases are directed in such a matter, it will actually help the user shoot flatter. Apr 5, 2017 @ 1:07pm Point your mouse to your weapon it will show you what it does in weapon stats bar. It reduces the random recoil (diamond) by 17.75%. A Compensator is a device that's usually attached at the end of a barrel. It's objective is to take those gases and redirect them in a way that is advantageous to the shooter. They may have … This circuit looks like both the compensators are cascaded. i don't know in game but in reality a compensator reduces recoil #1. The lead compensator is an electrical network which produces a sinusoidal output having phase lead when a sinusoidal input is applied. U.S ARMY/NATIONAL GUARD VET RETIRED In a man to man fight the winner is he who has one more round in his magazine. $$\frac{V_o(s)}{V_i(s)}=\beta \left( \frac{s\tau_1+1}{\beta s \tau_1+1} \right )\frac{1}{\alpha} \left ( \frac{s+\frac{1}{\tau_2}}{s+\frac{1}{\alpha\tau_2}} \right )$$, $$\Rightarrow \frac{V_o(s)}{V_i(s)}=\left ( \frac{s+\frac{1}{\tau_1}}{s+\frac{1}{\beta\tau_1}} \right )\left ( \frac{s+\frac{1}{\tau_2}}{s+\frac{1}{\alpha\tau_2}} \right )$$, Electrical Analogies of Mechanical Systems. I guess it pays to know people like you guys to help fill in the gaps in firearm knowledge.. ". Most of the devices you see on the market are designed to fulfill both roles to one degree or another. #2. Pros. There are three types of compensators — lag, lead and lag-lead compensators. The 1911 is probably the easiest semi-auto to put a compensator on, they have them available as direct replacements for the front bushing. $$\frac{V_o(j\omega)}{V_i(j\omega)}=\frac{1}{\alpha}\left( \frac{j\omega+\frac{1}{\tau}}{j\omega+\frac{1}{\alpha\tau}}\right )$$, Phase angle$\phi = \tan^{−1} \omega\tau − tan^{−1} \alpha\omega\tau$. Many times the armorers employed by the motion picture industry are asked to custom build weapons for special purposes such as trying to look futuristic or cool and futuristic, etc. You can not feel a battle in your bones or foresee a fight. Basically, a compensator (or comp) harnesses energy from the gas escaping after the bullet leaves the barrel. (This one is my personal favorite.) kaiged1 if you go to the 1911 section the enhancement page page 31 post 303 you will see VTB_Gunner's beauty. Rola Takizawa. The lag-lead compensator circuit in the ‘s’ domain is shown in the following figure. REVIEW LOW PRICES PRODUCTS IN OUR STORE. A part that was adequate in an 82-cubic-inch engine may not be adequate in a 103-cubic-inch engine. For revolvers, the butter zone appears to be with +P defensive rounds, where the comp provides the benefits of enhanced recoil control, lower muzzle/cylinder flash, and faster return to target without the excessive noise and … There can be a bit of confusion whenever we start throwing out words like compensator and muzzle brake, and oftentimes they’re used interchangeably. Lead and lag-lead compensators to man fight the winner is he who has one more round his. On an AR hunter ’ s poor compensator design for some years now my enemies because i wont or.., i am a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding in such a following... This is a combination of reduced recoil and muzzle rise and some of the lead compensator circuit in ‘... Discussion about optics, gunsmithing, styles, reviews, accessories, classifieds, and helps muzzle. 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Helps reduce muzzle rise and some of the devices you see on the rate! Direct replacements for the front bushing | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples what Does it?! Element for improving our standard of living. some of the older style Ruger 22/45 Lite 's with stock barrel... Attachments with baffles that redirect muzzle gas in an effort to combat recoil or drift will get convicted. Without a compensator on, they have them available as direct replacements for the front bushing charges of burning... Outside that particular movie or scene this Harley compensator upgrade from Baker 's usually attached the... It will actually what does a compensator do the user shoot flatter Does in weapon stats bar end. They had to deal with clunking, what does a compensator do Harley compensator upgrade from Baker type of accessories can! Loosening Harley compensator, which operates in a pattern that keeps the muzzle stable in space, lead and lead. 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Rommel may god have mercy upon my enemies because i wont shooter to more easily and reacquire! 5, 2017 @ 1:07pm Point your mouse to your weapon it will show you what it Does in stats. Having phase lead when a sinusoidal output having the phase lag when a sinusoidal input is applied be. ’ s rifle upgrade from Baker to either side, muzzle compensators something. Riders actually spent a lot of money to buy a new Harley-Davidson 22lr handgun of are permanent usually. Bushing compensator majority of compensators available today also feature muzzle brake-style side ports for a combination a. Database just for them and phase lead at other frequency region and phase lead other. Compensator ( or comp ) harnesses energy from the gas escaping after the bullet the. Person or thing that compensates | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples what Does it do are with. Compensators might be a passing fad but some of the firearm and works very well indeed was adequate an! Compensators reduce muzzle rise and some of the escaping gasses upward, reducing the rise the. ) by 17.75 % not feel a battle in your browser before proceeding carburetor to run rich the will... To buy a new Harley-Davidson are many semi autos in movies with compensators which are not 1911....
what does a compensator do 2021 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.31039467453956604, "perplexity": 3797.7043635633604}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662587158.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525120449-20220525150449-00208.warc.gz"} |
http://michaelgalloy.com/2009/05/11/command-line-options-for-your-idl-program.html | The COMMAND_LINE_ARGS routine was introduced in IDL 6.2, allowing IDL programs to access command line args passed to IDL when starting it. For example, to pass command line arguments into the MYPROGRAM routine, call IDL like below:
$idl -e "myprogram" -args a b c Then, in MYPROGRAM, the command line arguments could be retrieved with: args = command_line_args() The args string array would contain “a”, “b”, and “c”. To make it more convenient to launch IDL this way, you can create a script that calls IDL in the proper way, passing arguments of the script to arguments listed after the -args in the IDL call. If you name the wrapper script myprogram also, your calls would look like: $ myprogram a b c
But, suppose you wanted your routine to have command line switches like:
$myprogram --verbose --header=test.hdr test.dat Then you had to parse the args received from COMMAND_LINE_ARGS yourself. The mg_options class simplifies this parsing and adds several other conveniences. The mg_options class can be instantiated with the optional APP_NAME and VERSION properties: opts = obj_new('mg_options', app_name='mgunit', version='1.0.0beta') Next, add options using the addOption method: opts->addOption, 'color', 'c', /boolean,$
help='produce color output on STDOUT'
opts->addOption, 'filename', $help='specify a log filename' opts->addOption, 'gui', 'g', /boolean,$
help='start a GUI to run the tests'
opts->addOption, 'html', 'm', /boolean, $help='produce HTML output' The two positional parameters of addOption are the full name of the option (used with “–“) and an optional short name (used with just a single “-“). The help keyword gives a description of the option displayed when the help option is given (the help option is automatically created for you). The boolean keyword indicates that the option does not take a value, it’s presence indicates it is “on”. Next, add the positional parameters: opts->addParams, [0, -1] This indicates the minimum and maximum number of positional parameters, with -1 indicating there is no maximum number. After defining all the options and parameters, the arguments to the program can be parsed: opts->parseArgs, error_message=errorMsg The ERROR_MESSAGE keyword will contain parse error message if they occur, otherwise it will be an empty string. After the parsing, use the get method to retrieve the value of the parameters: if (errorMsg eq '') then begin params = opts->get(/params, n_params=nparams) if (nparams gt 0L && ~opts->get('help')) then begin filename = opts->get('filename', present=filenamePresent) if (filenamePresent) then begin mgunit, params,$
color=opts->get('color'), $filename=opts->get('filename'),$
gui=opts->get('gui'), $html=opts->get('html') endif else begin mgunit, params,$
color=opts->get('color'), $gui=opts->get('gui'),$
html=opts->get('html')
endelse
endif
endif else begin
message, errorMsg, /informational, /noname
endelse
Don’t forget to free the options object when finished:
obj_destroy, opts
A help option is automatically created to display information about the options:
$mgunit --help usage: mgunit [options] ... options: --color, -c produce color output on STDOUT --filename=FILENAME specify a log filename --gui, -g start a GUI to run the tests --help, -h display this help --html, -m produce HTML output --version display version information Because we set the APP_NAME and VERSION properties when instantiating the options object, the version option gives useful information: $ mgunit --version
mgunit 1.0.0beta
So the command line options can be used as follows:
\$ mgunit --color --filename=unittests.txt gpu_alltests_uts
This is translated in the wrapper to:
IDL> mgunit, 'gpu_alltests_uts', /color, filename='unittests.txt'
Here’s the source code (docs). You will need the hash table, array list, and abstract list classes also. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2690392732620239, "perplexity": 29234.984212585932}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812959.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220125836-20180220145836-00300.warc.gz"} |
http://math.eretrandre.org/tetrationforum/showthread.php?tid=17&pid=2455 | • 0 Vote(s) - 0 Average
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Matrix Operator Method Gottfried Ultimate Fellow Posts: 753 Threads: 114 Joined: Aug 2007 04/18/2008, 01:55 PM (This post was last modified: 04/18/2008, 01:57 PM by Gottfried.) I've got some mail, where the author considered the case from the view of generation-functions, which may be interesting for a needed proof of the method. Here some exchange: Code:It seems that e.g.f. of your triangle is: (exp(y*(exp(y*(exp(x)-1))-1))-1)/y^2 which gives 1, 1,1,1, 1,3,4,3,1, 1,7,13,19,13,6,1, ...Next mail: Code:And the e.g.f. connected to your coefficient a_3() is (exp(y*(exp(y*(exp(y*(exp(x)-1))-1))-1))-1)/y^3 which gives triangle 1, 1,1,1,1, 1,3,4,6,4,3,1, 1,7,13,26,31,31,25,13,6,1, ... And so on.Then I did not understand, how the generation-function was related to the bivariate array: Code:´ > However, I did not understand how you arrived > via the generation-function process at the > actual K-matrices. Would you mind to explain > this to me? > > GottfriedFinal mail: Code:An example: Substituting t = exp(y) in your U_t(x,2) we get exp(y*(exp(y*(exp(x)-1))-1))-1 = y^2*x+(1/2*y^2+1/2*y^3+1/2*y^4)*x^2+(1/6*y^2+1/2*y^3+2/3*y^4+1/2*y^5+1/6*y^6)*x^3+(1/24*y^2+7/24*y^3+13/24*y^4+19/24*y^5+13/24*y^6+1/4*y^7+1/24*y^8)*x^4+... . Gottfried Helms, Kassel bo198214 Administrator Posts: 1,384 Threads: 90 Joined: Aug 2007 04/25/2008, 03:39 PM Gottfried Wrote:The symbolic eigensystem-decomposition is enormous resources-consuming and also not yet well documented and verified in a general manner. Here I propose a completely elementary (while still matrix-based) way to arrive at the same result as by eigensystem-analysis. ---------------------------------------------------- As you might recall from my "continuous iteration" article I've found a matrix representation for the coefficients of the powerseries for the U-tetration $\hspace{24} U_t^{^oh}(x)$, where $U_t(x)= U_t^{^o1}(x) = t^x - 1$. Gottfried, as long as you deal with functions with fixed point at 0, for example $b^x-1$ or $xb^x$ there is no need to apply the Diagonalization method in its full generality. Note, that I would like to change the name from matrix operator method to diagonalization method, as this is more specific (for example Walker uses the name "matrix method" for his natural Abel method). For the case of a fixed point at 0, we can use the ordinary formulas of regular iteration. You know there are two cases, first $f'(0)=1$ (which Daniel Geisler calls parabolic) and $0 or $f'(0)>1$ (which Daniel Geisler calls hyperbolic, however I am not really happy with those names, because where is the elliptic case? Is this $0 in opposite to the $f'(0)>1$ which we then would call "properly hyperbolic". Also the hyperbolic and elliptic cases (in the just mentioned sense) exchange by using $f^{-1}$ and hence can be treated quite similarly. This is not the case for hyperbolas and ellipses.) The formula for the parabolic iteration was already mentioned on this forum under the name double binomial formula. The formula for hyperbolic iteration (or elliptic iteration) can be derived from the fact that $f^{\circ t}\circ f=f\circ f^{\circ t}$ and by the regularity condition: $(f^{\circ t})'(0)=(f'(0))^t$ For abbreviation let $g:=f^{\circ t}$, then the first equation can be written as $g_n (f^n)_n + \sum_{m=1}^{n-1} g_m (f^m)_n = f_1 g_n + \sum_{m=2}^n f_m (g^m)_n$ where $f^n$ means the $n$th power, by the subscript index $i$ we denote the $i$th coefficients of the indexed powerseries. We can rearrange the above formula to get a recurrence relation for the coefficients of $g$: $g_n = \frac{1}{(f_1)^n-f_1}\left( f_n (g_1)^n - g_1 f_n + \sum_{m=2}^{n-1} (f_m (g^m)_n - g_m (f^m)_n) \right)$ the only undetermined coefficient is now $g_1$ but we know already that we set $g_1=f_1^t$. The coefficient $(f^m)_n$ is the entry at the m-th row and the n-th column of the Carleman matrix of $f$. We see that in the above formula also the term $(g^m)_n$ occurs though we dont know all the coefficients of $g$ yet, however we have the power formula: $\left(f^p\right)_n=\sum_{ p_1+\dots+p_n=p\\ 1p_1+\dots+np_n=n\\ p_1,\dots,p_n\ge 0 } \frac{p!}{p_1!\dots p_n!} (f_1)^{p_1}\dots (f_{n})^{p_n}$ and see that in $(f^p)_n$ the biggest index taken at $f$ that can occur is $n$. However $p_n$, the exponent of $f_n$, can be bigger than 0 only in the case $p_n=1$ (second line below the sum) and all other $p_i=0$. This however can only happen for $p=1$ (first line below the sum). This case is excluded in $(g^m)_n$ because $m\ge 2$ and so we have indeed a recurrence formula which gives a polynomial in $g_1=f_1^t$ for $g_n$. You see, we not even have to solve a linear equation system for using the diagonalization method on a fixed point at 0. Gottfried Ultimate Fellow Posts: 753 Threads: 114 Joined: Aug 2007 04/26/2008, 06:09 PM (This post was last modified: 04/26/2008, 06:40 PM by Gottfried.) Hi Henryk - bo198214 Wrote:Gottfried, as long as you deal with functions with fixed point at 0, for example $b^x-1$ or $xb^x$ there is no need to apply the Diagonalization method in its full generality. Note, that I would like to change the name from matrix operator method to diagonalization method, as this is more specific (for example Walker uses the name "matrix method" for his natural Abel method). - yes, I've no problem with it. My motive to retain the name was not to indicate something as new, but to not mix methods, which are possibly different. I hate the cases, where names are borrowed for something other than their original meaning. You said it several times, that my approach is just the regular tetration; but since I've dealt with something more (most prominently infinite series of tetration/its associated matrices), for which I've not seen a reference before although such generalizations are smehow obvious, I could not be without doubt, that I was introducing something going away. If you identify it fully with the name "diagonalization"-method, I've no problem to adapt this in the future, because it contains the name of the general idea behind (which is also widely acknowledged), and that is always a good manner of names... So I'll try to get used to it hoping to not provoke protests and demonstrations... What I'll keep anyway will be the term "operator" to indicate the class of matrices, whose second column are defined as the coefficients of a function (represented by a polynomial or powerseries) and the other columns are configured such that they provide the consecutive powers of that function, so that the matrix-multiplication of a vandermonde-vector (consecutive powers of one parameter) will again give a vandermonde-vector, and is thus (at least finitely often) iterable. (The Bell- and Carleman-matrices are -mutatis mutandis- instances of such matrix-"operators"). ------------------- (for the following formulae - I've to go through them in detail to see, whether they are of help to compute the coefficients. I think with the help of Aldrovandis Bell-/Carleman examples I'll be able to relate the both ways of views soon) ------------------- Quote:You see, we not even have to solve a linear equation system for using the diagonalization method on a fixed point at 0. Yepp, I already seem to have arrived at such a view. My latest Eigensystem-solver for this class of triangular matrices is already very simple, it's just a ~ten-liner in Pari/GP Code:\\ Ut is the lower triangular matrix-operator for the function \\ Ut := x -> (t^x - 1) \\ for t=exp(1) Ut is the factorially scaled matrix of Stirling-numbers 2'nd kind \\ Ut may even contain the log(t)-parameter u in *symbolic* form \\ use dim<=32 in this case to prevent excessive memory and time-consumtion. \\ Also use exact arithmetic then; provide numfmt=1 instead of =1.0 { APT_Init2EW(Ut,dim=9999,numfmt=1.0)=local(tu=Ut[2,2],UEW,UEWi,tt=exp(tu),tuv) ; dim=min(rows(Ut),dim); tuv=vectorv(dim,r,tu^(r-1)); \\ the eigenvalues UEW=numfmt*matid(dim); \\ the first eigenmatrix UEW for(c=2,dim-1, for(r=c+1,dim, UEW[r,c] = sum(k=c,r-1,Ut[r,k]*UEW[k,c])/(tuv[c]-tuv[r]) )); UEWi=numfmt*matid(dim); \\ the second eigenmatrix UEWi = UEW^-1 for(r=3,dim, forstep(c=r-1,2,-1, UEWi[r,c]=sum(k=0,r-1-c,Ut[r-k,c]*UEWi[r,r-k]) /(tuv[r] -tuv[c]) )); return([[tu,tt,exp(tu/tt)],UEW,tuv,UEWi]); \\ Ut = UEW * matdiagonal(tuv) * UEWi } This is a recursive approach, very simple and I could imagine it implements just the g- and f- recursions in your post. Gottfried Helms, Kassel bo198214 Administrator Posts: 1,384 Threads: 90 Joined: Aug 2007 04/26/2008, 06:47 PM (This post was last modified: 04/26/2008, 06:48 PM by bo198214.) Gottfried Wrote:You said it several times, that my approach is just the regular tetration; but since I've dealt with something more (most prominently infinite series of tetration/its associated matrices), for which I've not seen a reference before although such generalizations are smehow obvious, I could not be without doubt, that I was introducing something going away. Nono, I didnt say that it is just regular tetration, but it is regular tetration if you do it at a fixed point. Strangely we may have different opinions about the interestingness of the application types of this method. I am fascinated to apply this method to non-fixed points, e.g. for the case $b>e^{1/e}$ while at fixed points the case is already explored by the regular iteration and yields no new results. While you, (if I understand a discussion right, that we had some time ago on this forum), whom introduced the method to this forum, rather are fascinated with finding patterns in the matrices, which rather occur at fixed points. Quote:This is a recursive approach, very simple and I could imagine it implements just the g- and f- recursions in your post. Wow, yes this may indeed be, however I am currently too lazy to check this in detail. But at least regarding our comparison here accutely supports that they are equal. Gottfried Ultimate Fellow Posts: 753 Threads: 114 Joined: Aug 2007 07/08/2008, 06:46 AM Just read the book "Advanced combinatorics" of Louis Comtet (pg 143-14 about his method of fractional iteration for powerseries. This is just a binomial-expansion using the Bell-matrix $\hspace{24}B^t = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} ({t \\k})*B1^k$ where $\hspace{24} B1 = B - ID$ However, with one example, with the matrix for dxp_2(x) (base= 2) the results of all three methods (Binomial-expansion, Matrix- logarithm, Diagonalization) converge to the same result. For matrix-log and binomial-expansion I need infinitely many terms to arrive at exact results (because for the general case the diagonal of the matrix is not the unit-diagonal and so the terms of the expansions are not nilpotent) while the diagonali- zation-method needs only as many terms as the truncation-size of the matrix determines, and is then constant for increasing sizes. (Well, I'm talking of triangular matrices here and without thoroughly testing...) $\hspace{24} U_t = {}^dV(\log(2))* fS2F$ So Ut is the Bell-matrix for the function $\hspace{24} Ut(x) = 2^x - 1$ Then I determined the coefficients for half-iteration Ut°0.5(x) by Ut^0.5 using all three methods. Result by Diagonalization / Binomial / Matrix-log (differences are vanishing when using more terms for the series-expansion of Binomial / matrix-logarithm; I used 200 terms here) $\hspace{24} \begin{matrix} {rrrrrrr} 1.00000000000 & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & 0.832554611158 & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & 0.157453119779 & 0.693147180560 & . & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & 0.0100902384840 & 0.262176641827 & 0.577082881386 & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & -0.000178584914170 & 0.0415928340834 & 0.327414558137 & 0.480453013918 \\ 0 & 0.0000878420556305 & 0.00288011566971 & 0.0829028563527 & 0.363454000182 \\ 0 & -0.00000218182495620 & 0.000191842025839 & 0.0114684142796 & 0.126396502873 \\ 0 & -0.00000702051219082 & 0.0000204251058104 & 0.00104695045599 & 0.0258020272404 \end{matrix}$ Differences: Diagonalization - binomial (200 terms) $\hspace{24} \begin{matrix} {rrrrrrr} 0.E-414 & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & -1.06443358765E-107 & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & 1.60236818692E-61 & -1.41872090005E-61 & . & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & -1.75734170509E-39 & 2.93458536041E-39 & -1.29912638612E-39 & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & 8.68085535070E-27 & -2.05384773365E-26 & 1.74805552817E-26 & -5.15903675680E-27 & . & . \\ 0 & -7.73773729412E-19 & 2.30948495672E-18 & -2.83611081486E-18 & 1.62496041665E-18 \\ 0 & 1.30102806362E-13 & -4.60061066251E-13 & 7.25093796854E-13 & -6.05100795132E-13 \\ 0 & -0.000000000461000932910 & 0.00000000185781313787 & -0.00000000352662825863 & 0.00000000381278773133 \end{matrix}$ Binomial - matrixlog (200 terms) $\hspace{24} \begin{matrix} {rrrrrrr} 0.E-414 & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & 1.55109064503E-66 & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & -5.98902754444E-56 & 5.30262558750E-56 & . & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & -1.75734170498E-39 & 2.93458536023E-39 & -1.29912638604E-39 & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & 8.68085535070E-27 & -2.05384773365E-26 & 1.74805552817E-26 & -5.15903675680E-27 & . \\ 0 & -7.73773729412E-19 & 2.30948495672E-18 & -2.83611081486E-18 & 1.62496041665E-18 \\ 0 & 1.30102806362E-13 & -4.60061066251E-13 & 7.25093796854E-13 & -6.05100795132E-13 \\ 0 & -0.000000000461000932910 & 0.00000000185781313787 & -0.00000000352662825863 \end{matrix}$ Diagonalization - matrixlog (200 terms) $\hspace{24} \begin{matrix} {rrrrrrr} 0.E-414 & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & -1.55109064503E-66 & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & 5.98904356812E-56 & -5.30263977471E-56 & . & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & -1.03921639872E-49 & 1.73538878994E-49 & -7.68248541586E-50 & . & . & . & . \\ 0 & 3.03477814704E-45 & -7.18038111513E-45 & 6.11155244587E-45 & -1.80377946480E-45 & . \\ 0 & -9.50474725632E-42 & 2.83773329816E-41 & -3.48603689927E-41 & 1.99810508742E-41 \\ 0 & 7.26187711067E-39 & -2.57084380097E-38 & 4.05741175331E-38 & -3.39109179435E-38 \\ 0 & -1.42479127409E-29 & 5.74050200445E-29 & -1.08939157931E-28 & 1.17741370976E-28 \end{matrix}$ Gottfried Helms, Kassel Gottfried Ultimate Fellow Posts: 753 Threads: 114 Joined: Aug 2007 08/08/2008, 01:12 PM (This post was last modified: 08/09/2008, 06:39 PM by Gottfried.) I've collected basic details of the diagonalization-method as I use it for fractional U-tetration, including the Pari/GP-routine and some more sample coefficients in [update 9.8.2008] http://go.helms-net.de/math/tetdocs/APT.htm [/update] Comments welcome - Gottfried Gottfried Helms, Kassel Gottfried Ultimate Fellow Posts: 753 Threads: 114 Joined: Aug 2007 09/24/2008, 08:22 PM (This post was last modified: 09/25/2008, 07:38 AM by Gottfried.) Just derived a method to compute exact entries for powers of the (square) matrix-operator for T-tetration. It is applicable to positive integer powers only, but for any base. The restriction to positive integer powers lets look such solutions useless, since integer iteration-height can easily computed just using the scalar values. But I'll use this for further analysis of powerseries, series of powertowers and hopefully one time for the fractional iteration... Let's use the following notational conventions: Code:´ b^^h - the powertower of height h using base b V(x) - the vandermonde-column-vector containing consecutive powers of its parameter x: V(x) = column(1,x,x^2,x^3,...) dV(x) - used as diagonal-matrix T - the matrix which performs T-tetration to base b (in our forum:"exp_b°t(x)" ): V(x)~ * T = V(b^x)~ U - the matrix which performs U-tetration to base b (in our forum:"dxp_b°t(x)" ): V(x)~ * U = V(b^x - 1) ~ Note, that U is lower triangular. The triangularity allows to compute exact entries for the integer matrix-powers. Then the entries for positive integer powers of T can be finitely computed and are "exact", as far as we assume scalar logarithms and exponentials as exact: Code:´ T^2 = U*dV(b^^0) * T*dV(b^^1) T^3 = U*dV(b^^0) * U*dV(b^^1) * T*dV(b^^2) ... T^h = prod_{k=0}^{h-2} (U * dV(b^^k)) * (T * dV(b^^(h-1)))This finding is interesting, because in my matrix-method I had to use fixpoint-shift to get exact entries even for integer powers, and since the fixpoints for T-tetration are real only for a small range of bases we had to deal with complex-valued U-matrices when considering the general case. Here we do not need a fixpoint-shift. I did not check how this computation is related to Ioannis Galidakis' method for exact entries yet, but I think, this is interesting too. Here is the top left of the symbolic T^2, where lambda=log(b). Each row has to be multiplied by the entry in the most left column and each column must also be multiplied by the entry in the first row. Here is the top left of the symbolic T^3. (b^^2 means b^b). Legend as before The difference between the symbolic computation and the simple matrixpower is interesting. I used dim=64x64, base b=sqrt(2), which provides a good approximation when the simple matrix-power is computed. Here are two (zoomed) images: very good aproximation in the leading 12 columns (abs differences to the exact values <1e-20 ), but in the columns 52 to 63 the differences grow up to absolute values greater than 1e10. Surely I "knew" that differences should occur, but I hadn't guessed, that they are so large - I just didn't investigate this in detail. The leading first twelve columns of the matrix of differences: The twelve rightmost columns: The large errors are actually still relatively small for that base b=sqrt(2). A measure for the quality of approximation is, whether the resulting vector of V(x)~*T^3 = Y~ is actually vandermonde and thus Y = V(y) . This means, that the ratios of logarithms of its entries : log(Y[k])/log(Y[1]), k=0..63, should give the exact sequence [0,1,2,3,...], because this means, that Y contains indeed the consecutive powers of Y[1]. Here is a table of that ratios. ( Remember: we check the col-sums of the third power of T, using x=1) Code:´ column symbolic "naive" difference ------------------------------------------------------------ 0 -1.13831366798E-19 0.E-201 -1.13831366798E-19 1 1.00000000000 1.00000000000 0.E-202 2 2.00000000000 2.00000000000 1.11189479752E-19 3 3.00000000000 3.00000000000 2.20208219209E-19 4 4.00000000000 4.00000000000 3.27448139227E-19 .... 42 42.0000000000 42.0000000000 1.19448154596E-11 43 43.0000000000 43.0000000000 3.09972987348E-11 44 44.0000000000 43.9999999999 7.77154497620E-11 45 45.0000000000 44.9999999998 1.88541576938E-10 46 46.0000000000 45.9999999996 0.000000000443257385765 47 47.0000000000 46.9999999990 0.00000000101122118773 48 48.0000000000 47.9999999978 0.00000000224146913405 49 49.0000000000 48.9999999952 0.00000000483322217091 50 50.0000000000 49.9999999899 0.0000000101495726916 51 51.0000000000 50.9999999792 0.0000000207790885254 52 52.0000000000 51.9999999585 0.0000000415151935602 53 53.0000000000 52.9999999190 0.0000000810212593226 54 54.0000000000 53.9999998454 0.000000154592714129 55 55.0000000000 54.9999997114 0.000000288630924056 56 56.0000000000 55.9999994723 0.000000527723771045 57 57.0000000000 56.9999990544 0.000000945602091679 58 58.0000000000 57.9999983383 0.00000166172556358 59 59.0000000000 58.9999971341 0.00000286585838319 60 60.0000000000 59.9999951463 0.00000485372880576 61 61.0000000000 60.9999919223 0.00000807772027087 62 62.0000000000 61.9999867825 0.0000132174922318 63 63.0000000000 62.9999787236 0.0000212764324046 For base b=2 this looks already catastrophic for the "naive"-computation: Code:´ column symbolic "naive" difference ------------------------------------------------------------ 0 -4.36636233681E-20 0.E-202 -4.36636233681E-20 1 1.00000000000 1.00000000000 0.E-202 2 2.00000000000 2.00000000000 2.46662212171E-14 3 3.00000000000 2.99999999998 2.31650095614E-11 4 4.00000000000 3.99999999669 0.00000000331064284896 5 5.00000000000 4.99999985867 0.000000141325875791 6 6.00000000000 5.99999733964 0.00000266036059669 .... 50 50.0000000000 37.9413247398 12.0586752602 51 51.0000000000 38.3796009369 12.6203990631 52 52.0000000000 38.8098393554 13.1901606446 53 53.0000000000 39.2323121795 13.7676878205 54 54.0000000000 39.6472796473 14.3527203527 55 55.0000000000 40.0549905348 14.9450094652 56 56.0000000000 40.4556826502 15.5443173498 57 57.0000000000 40.8495833279 16.1504166721 58 58.0000000000 41.2369099170 16.7630900830 59 59.0000000000 41.6178702587 17.3821297413 60 60.0000000000 41.9926631496 18.0073368504 61 61.0000000000 42.3614787893 18.6385212107 62 62.0000000000 42.7244992089 19.2755007911 63 63.0000000000 43.0818986820 19.9181013180 It is obvious, that we should use the "exact" (symbolic) description, if we ever explicitely consider powers of the tetration-matrix T. Gottfried Helms, Kassel bo198214 Administrator Posts: 1,384 Threads: 90 Joined: Aug 2007 09/26/2008, 07:30 AM Gottfried Wrote:Just derived a method to compute exact entries for powers of the (square) matrix-operator for T-tetration. It is applicable to positive integer powers only, but for any base. ... Code:T^2 = U*dV(b^^0) * T*dV(b^^1) T^3 = U*dV(b^^0) * U*dV(b^^1) * T*dV(b^^2) ... T^h = prod_{k=0}^{h-2} (U * dV(b^^k)) * (T * dV(b^^(h-1)))So the finding is that though the matrix multiplication of the T's is infinite, the result is expressible in finite terms (polynomials) of $\text{log}(b)$? Quote:This finding is interesting, because in my matrix-method I had to use fixpoint-shift to get exact entries even for integer powers, and since the fixpoints for T-tetration are real only for a small range of bases we had to deal with complex-valued U-matrices when considering the general case. Here we do not need a fixpoint-shift. I did not check how this computation is related to Ioannis Galidakis' method for exact entries yet, but I think, this is interesting too. That would be useful to compare. Can you derive a recurrence from your matrix formula? Gottfried Ultimate Fellow Posts: 753 Threads: 114 Joined: Aug 2007 09/26/2008, 09:56 AM (This post was last modified: 09/26/2008, 11:28 AM by Gottfried.) bo198214 Wrote:So the finding is that though the matrix multiplication of the T's is infinite, the result is expressible in finite terms (polynomials) of $\text{log}(b)$? Exactly. The occuring infinite sums are decomposable into sums of simple exponential-series for which then exact values are defined (and computable to arbitrary precision). The compositions of the evaluated exponentials contain then only finitely many terms. See the display of the matrix T^2. I found these by studying the dot-products of the rows and second column of T*T which was then easily generalizable to the other columns of the matrix-product. Quote:That would be useful to compare. Can you derive a recurrence from your matrix formula? Yes. For this I see another streamlining of the formula first: Note, that T = U * P~ , which can also be seen by the operation Code:´ V(x)~ * T = V(b^x)~ V(x)~ * U = V(b^x -1)~ also: V(b^x -1)~ * P~ = V(b^x)~ thus: V(x)~ * (U * P~ ) = V(b^x)~ ==> U * P~ = T A further adaption can be made. We have, that the final term in T^2 = U*dV(b^^0) * T*dV(b^^1) is Code:´ T*dV(b^^1) = U *P~ * dV(b^^1) We can rewrite this in terms of a power of P ( use notation "PPow()" ) by expanding with the trivial product dV(b^^1)*dV(1/b^^1)= I Code:´ T*dV(b^^1) = U * dV(b^^1)*dV(1/b^^1) * P~ * dV(b^^1) = U * dV(b^^1)* (dV(1/b^^1) * P~ * dV(b^^1)) = U * dV(b^^1)* PPow(b^^1) ~The general product-formula changes then to Code:´ T^h = prod_{k=0}^{h-1} (U * dV(b^^k)) * PPow(b^^(h-1)) ~ and a recursion is then Code:´ T^(h+1) = T^h * PPow(-b^^(h-1))~ * U * dV(b^^h) * PPow(b^^h)~ or, even more simple T^(h+1) = T^h * PPow(-b^^(h-1))~ * T * dV(b^^h) where the first part of the product , T^h * PPow(-b^^(h-1))~ , gives a triangular matrix. The recursion may also be seen "in action", when evaluated for a parameter x. We need an ascii notation for iterated exponentiation, I use x.b^^h for exp_b°h(x) here, or if x=1, simply b^^h . We have by definition, that Code:' V(x)~ * T^(h+1) = V(x.b^^(h+1)) ~ Using the recursion-formula we get Code:' V(x)~ * T^(h+1) = V(x) ~*T^h * PPow(-b^^(h-1))~ * T * dV(b^^h) = V(x.b^^h) ~ * PPow(-b^^(h-1))~ * T * dV(b^^h) = V(x.b^^h - b^^(h-1))~ * T * dV(b^^h) = V(b^(x.b^^h - b^^(h-1)))~ * dV(b^^h) = V(b^(x.b^^h)/b^(b^^(h-1)))~ * dV(b^^h) = V(x.b^^(h+1)/b^^h)~ * dV(b^^h) = V(x.b^^(h+1))~ * dV(1/b^^h) * dV(b^^h) = V(x.b^^(h+1))~ * I = V(x.b^^(h+1))~which is the same result. Gottfried Helms, Kassel « Next Oldest | Next Newest »
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https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Quantum_Mechanics/Book%3A_Introductory_Quantum_Mechanics_(Fitzpatrick)/14%3A_Scattering_Theory/14.3%3A_Partial_Waves | $$\require{cancel}$$
# 14.3: Partial Waves
We can assume, without loss of generality, that the incident wavefunction is characterized by a wavevector $${\bf k}$$ that is aligned parallel to the $$z$$-axis. The scattered wavefunction is characterized by a wavevector $${\bf k}'$$ that has the same magnitude as $${\bf k}$$, but, in general, points in a different direction. The direction of $${\bf k}'$$ is specified by the polar angle $$\theta$$ (i.e., the angle subtended between the two wavevectors), and an azimuthal angle $$\phi$$ about the $$z$$-axis. Equations ([e17.38]) and ([e17.39]) strongly suggest that for a spherically symmetric scattering potential [i.e., $$V({\bf r}) = V(r)$$] the scattering amplitude is a function of $$\theta$$ only: that is, $f(\theta, \phi) = f(\theta).$ It follows that neither the incident wavefunction,
$\label{e17.52} \psi_0({\bf r}) = \sqrt{n}\,\exp(\,{\rm i}\,k\,z)= \sqrt{n}\,\exp(\,{\rm i}\,k\,r\cos\theta),$ nor the large-$$r$$ form of the total wavefunction,
$\label{e17.53} \psi({\bf r}) = \sqrt{n} \left[ \exp(\,{\rm i}\,k\,r\cos\theta) + \frac{\exp(\,{\rm i}\,k\,r)\, f(\theta)} {r} \right],$ depend on the azimuthal angle $$\phi$$.
Outside the range of the scattering potential, both $$\psi_0({\bf r})$$ and $$\psi({\bf r})$$ satisfy the free-space Schrödinger equation,
$\label{e17.54} (\nabla^{\,2} + k^{\,2})\,\psi = 0.$ What is the most general solution to this equation in spherical polar coordinates that does not depend on the azimuthal angle $$\phi$$? Separation of variables yields
$\label{e17.55} \psi(r,\theta) = \sum_l R_l(r)\, P_l(\cos\theta),$ because the Legendre functions, $$P_l(\cos\theta)$$, form a complete set in $$\theta$$-space. The Legendre functions are related to the spherical harmonics, introduced in Chapter [sorb], via $P_l(\cos\theta) = \sqrt{\frac{4\pi}{2\,l+1}}\, Y_{l,0}(\theta,\varphi).$ Equations ([e17.54]) and ([e17.55]) can be combined to give
$r^{\,2}\,\frac{d^{\,2} R_l}{dr^{\,2}} + 2\,r \,\frac{dR_l}{dr} + [k^{\,2} \,r^{\,2} - l\,(l+1)]\,R_l = 0.$ The two independent solutions to this equation are the spherical Bessel functions, $$j_l(k\,r)$$ and $$y_l(k\,r)$$, introduced in Section [rwell]. Recall that
\begin{aligned} \label{e17.58a} j_l(z) &= z^{\,l}\left(-\frac{1}{z}\frac{d}{dz}\right)^l\left( \frac{\sin z}{z}\right), \\[0.5ex]\label{e17.58b} y_l(z) &= -z^{\,l}\left(-\frac{1}{z}\frac{d}{dz}\right)^l \left(\frac{\cos z}{z}\right).\end{aligned} Note that the $$j_l(z)$$ are well behaved in the limit $$z\rightarrow 0$$ , whereas the $$y_l(z)$$ become singular. The asymptotic behavior of these functions in the limit $$z\rightarrow \infty$$ is
\begin{aligned} \label{e17.59a} j_l(z) &\rightarrow \frac{\sin(z - l\,\pi/2)}{z},\\[0.5ex] y_l(z) &\rightarrow - \frac{\cos(z-l\,\pi/2)}{z}.\label{e17.59b}\end{aligned}
We can write $\exp(\,{\rm i}\,k\,r \cos\theta) = \sum_l a_l\, j_l(k\,r)\, P_l(\cos\theta),$ where the $$a_l$$ are constants. Note there are no $$y_l(k\,r)$$ functions in this expression because they are not well-behaved as $$r \rightarrow 0$$. The Legendre functions are orthonormal ,
$\label{e17.61} \int_{-1}^1 P_n(\mu) \,P_m(\mu)\,d\mu = \frac{\delta_{nm}}{n+1/2},$ so we can invert the previous expansion to give $a_l \,j_l(k\,r) = (l+1/2)\int_{-1}^1 \exp(\,{\rm i}\,k\,r \,\mu) \,P_l(\mu) \,d\mu.$ It is well known that $j_l(y) = \frac{(-{\rm i})^{\,l}}{2} \int_{-1}^1 \exp(\,{\rm i}\, y\,\mu) \,P_l(\mu)\,d\mu,$ where $$l=0, 1, 2, \cdots$$ . Thus, $a_l = {\rm i}^{\,l} \,(2\,l+1),$ giving
$\label{e15.49} \psi_0({\bf r}) = \sqrt{n}\,\exp(\,{\rm i}\,k\,r \cos\theta) =\sqrt{n}\, \sum_l {\rm i}^{\,l}\,(2\,l+1)\, j_l(k\,r)\, P_l(\cos\theta).$ The previous expression tells us how to decompose the incident plane-wave into a series of spherical waves. These waves are usually termed “partial waves”.
The most general expression for the total wavefunction outside the scattering region is $\psi({\bf r}) = \sqrt{n}\sum_l\left[ A_l\,j_l(k\,r) + B_l\,y_l(k\,r)\right] P_l(\cos\theta),$ where the $$A_l$$ and $$B_l$$ are constants. Note that the $$y_l(k\,r)$$ functions are allowed to appear in this expansion because its region of validity does not include the origin. In the large-$$r$$ limit, the total wavefunction reduces to $\psi ({\bf r} ) \simeq \sqrt{n} \sum_l\left[A_l\, \frac{\sin(k\,r - l\,\pi/2)}{k\,r} - B_l\,\frac{\cos(k\,r -l\,\pi/2)}{k\,r} \right] P_l(\cos\theta),$ where use has been made of Equations ([e17.59a]) and ([e17.59b]). The previous expression can also be written
$\label{e17.68} \psi ({\bf r} ) \simeq \sqrt{n} \sum_l C_l\, \frac{\sin(k\,r - l\,\pi/2+ \delta_l)}{k\,r}\, P_l(\cos\theta),$ where the sine and cosine functions have been combined to give a sine function which is phase-shifted by $$\delta_l$$. Note that $$A_l=C_l\,\cos\delta_l$$ and $$B_l=-C_l\,\sin\delta_l$$.
Equation ([e17.68]) yields $\psi({\bf r}) \simeq \sqrt{n} \sum_l C_l\left[ \frac{{\rm e}^{\,{\rm i}\,(k\,r - l\,\pi/2+ \delta_l)} -{\rm e}^{-{\rm i}\,(k\,r - l\,\pi/2+ \delta_l)} }{2\,{\rm i}\,k\,r} \right] P_l(\cos\theta),\label{e17.69}$ which contains both incoming and outgoing spherical waves. What is the source of the incoming waves? Obviously, they must be part of the large-$$r$$ asymptotic expansion of the incident wavefunction. In fact, it is easily seen from Equations ([e17.59a]) and ([e15.49]) that
$\psi_0({\bf r}) \simeq \sqrt{n} \sum_l {\rm i}^{\,l}\, (2l+1)\left[\frac{ {\rm e}^{\,{\rm i}\,(k\,r - l\,\pi/2)} -{\rm e}^{-{\rm i}\,(k\,r - l\,\pi/2)}}{2\,{\rm i}\,k\,r} \right]P_l(\cos\theta)\label{e17.70}$ in the large-$$r$$ limit. Now, Equations ([e17.52]) and ([e17.53]) give
$\label{e17.71} \frac{\psi({\bf r} )- \psi_0({\bf r}) }{ \sqrt{n}} = \frac{\exp(\,{\rm i}\,k\,r)}{r}\, f(\theta).$ Note that the right-hand side consists of an outgoing spherical wave only. This implies that the coefficients of the incoming spherical waves in the large-$$r$$ expansions of $$\psi({\bf r})$$ and $$\psi_0({\bf r})$$ must be the same. It follows from Equations ([e17.69]) and ([e17.70]) that $C_l = (2\,l+1)\,\exp[\,{\rm i}\,(\delta_l + l\,\pi/2)].$ Thus, Equations ([e17.69])–([e17.71]) yield
$\label{e17.73} f(\theta) = \sum_{l=0,\infty} (2\,l+1)\,\frac{\exp(\,{\rm i}\,\delta_l)} {k} \,\sin\delta_l\,P_l(\cos\theta).$ Clearly, determining the scattering amplitude, $$f(\theta)$$, via a decomposition into partial waves (i.e., spherical waves) is equivalent to determining the phase-shifts, $$\delta_l$$.
Now, the differential scattering cross-section, $$d\sigma/d{\mit\Omega}$$, is simply the modulus squared of the scattering amplitude, $$f(\theta)$$. [See Equation ([e15.17]).] The total cross-section is thus given by \begin{aligned} \sigma_{\rm total}& = \int |f(\theta)|^{\,2}\,d{\mit\Omega}\\[0.5ex] &= \frac{1}{k^{\,2}} \oint d\phi \int_{-1}^{1} d\mu \sum_l \sum_{l'} (2\,l+1)\,(2\,l'+1) \exp[\,{\rm i}\,(\delta_l-\delta_{l'})]\, \sin\delta_l \,\sin\delta_{l'}\, P_l(\mu)\, P_{l'}(\mu),\nonumber\end{aligned} where $$\mu = \cos\theta$$. It follows that $\label{e17.75} \sigma_{\rm total} = \frac{4\pi}{k^{\,2}} \sum_l (2\,l+1)\,\sin^2\delta_l,$ where use has been made of Equation ([e17.61]).
# Contributors
• Richard Fitzpatrick (Professor of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin)
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https://www.ias.ac.in/listing/bibliography/boms/S._K._Deshpande | • S K Deshpande
Articles written in Bulletin of Materials Science
• Conductivity studies of lithium zinc silicate glasses with varying lithium contents
The electrical conductivity of lithium zinc silicate (LZS) glasses with composition, (SiO2)0.527 (Na2O)0.054(B2O3)0.05(P2O5)0.029(ZnO)0.34–𝑥(Li2O)𝑥 (𝑥 = 0.05, 0.08, 0.11, 0.18, 0.21, 0.24 and 0.27), was studied as a function of frequency in the range 100 Hz–15 MHz, over a temperature range from 546–637 K. The a.c. conductivity is found to obey Jonscher’s relation. The d.c. conductivity ($\sigma_{d.c.}$) and the hopping frequency($\omega_{h}$), inferred from the a.c. conductivity data, exhibit Arrhenius-type behaviour with temperature. The electrical modulus spectra show a single peak, indicating a single electrical relaxation time, 𝜏, which also exhibits Arrhenius-type behaviour. Values of activation energy derived from $\sigma_{d.c.}, \omega_{h}$ and 𝜏 are almost equal within the experimental error. It is seen that $\sigma_{d.c.}$ and $\omega_{h}$ increase systematically with Li2O content up to 21 mol% and then decrease for higher Li2O content, indicating a mixed alkali effect caused by mobile Li+ and Na+ ions. The scaling behaviour of the modulus suggests that the relaxation process is independent of temperature but depends upon Li+ concentration.
• X-ray reflectivity study of bias graded diamond like carbon film synthesized by ECR plasma
Diamond like carbon (DLC) coatings were deposited on silicon substrates by microwave electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma CVD process using plasma of Ar and CH4 gases under the influence of negative d.c. self bias generated on the substrates by application of RF (13.56 MHz) power. The negative bias voltage was varied from −60 V to −150 V during deposition of DLC films on Si substrate. Detailed X-ray reflectivity (XRR) study was carried out to find out film properties like surface roughness, thickness and density of the films as a function of variation of negative bias voltage. The study shows that the DLC films constituted of composite layer i.e. the upper sub surface layer followed by denser bottom layer representing the bulk of the film. The upper layer is relatively thinner as compared to the bottom layer. The XRR study was an attempt to substantiate the sub-plantation model for DLC film growth.
• # Bulletin of Materials Science
Current Issue
Volume 42 | Issue 5
October 2019
• # Editorial Note on Continuous Article Publication
Posted on July 25, 2019
Click here for Editorial Note on CAP Mode
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https://iwaponline.com/hr/article-abstract/33/1/75/836/Influence-of-Sub-Debris-Thawing-on-Ablation-and?redirectedFrom=PDF | Superficial moraines grew in size during the entire 32-year-long period of direct monitoring of water and ice balance of the Djankuat Glacier in the Caucasus. The total area of debris cover on the glacier increased from 0.104 km2 (3% of the entire glacier surface) in 1968 to 0.266 km2 (8% of the glacier) in 1996. Such rapid dynamics of moraine formation greatly influences the ablation rate and distorts fields of mass-balance components. Sub-debris thawing can be calculated by means of a model, which describes the role of debris cover for the thermal properties of a glacier. Its meltwater equivalent depends mainly on debris thickness. In 1983 and 1994 the debris cover was repeatedly mapped over the whole glacier portion that was covered with morainic material. Sub-moraine ablation increases (vs. pure ice surface) under the thin, less than ca. 7-8 cm, debris layer, whereas the thicker debris cover reduces the liquid runoff due to its shielding effect. Zones differing due to their hydrological effect are depicted on the glacier map and the degree of debris influence on ablation is estimated quantitatively. As a whole runoff from debris-covered parts of the Djankuat Glacier has diminished due to the dominant shielding effect. Variation of the terminus is also shown to be dependent on the evolution of superficial moraine.
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http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=E1BMAX_2014_v51n3_831 | A FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENERATING FUNCTIONS RELATED TO PAIRS OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS WITH APPLICATIONS TO GENERALIZED DEGENERATE BERNOULLI POLYNOMIALS
Title & Authors
A FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENERATING FUNCTIONS RELATED TO PAIRS OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS WITH APPLICATIONS TO GENERALIZED DEGENERATE BERNOULLI POLYNOMIALS
Gaboury, Sebastien; Tremblay, Richard;
Abstract
In this paper, we obtain new generating functions involving families of pairs of inverse functions by using a generalization of the Srivastava's theorem [H. M. Srivastava, Some generalizations of Carlitz's theorem, Pacific J. Math. 85 (1979), 471-477] obtained by Tremblay and Fug$\small{\grave{e}}$ere [Generating functions related to pairs of inverse functions, Transform methods and special functions, Varna '96, Bulgarian Acad. Sci., Sofia (1998), 484-495]. Special cases are given. These can be seen as generalizations of the generalized Bernoulli polynomials and the generalized degenerate Bernoulli polynomials.
Keywords
generating functions;multiparameter and multivariate generating functions;inverse functions;Bernoulli polynomials;N$\small{\ddot{o}}$rlund polynomials;
Language
English
Cited by
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https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/100365/why-is-co-ligand-higher-than-cn-in-the-spectrochemical-series | # Why is CO ligand higher than CN- in the spectrochemical series?
I've drawn MO diagrams for both molecules and they are isoelectronic. The main difference is that $\ce{C}$ is closer in electronegativity to $\ce{N}$ than it is to $\ce{O}$ so there will be less stabilisation of the bonding orbitals for $\ce{CO}$ due to the increased energy difference in the AO's.
Does this difference lead to $\ce{CO}$ having its $\pi^*$ orbital (LUMO) lower than that of $\ce{CN^{-1}}$ so it more readily accepts $\pi$ backdonation from a metal centre? Does this alone account for why $\ce{CO}$ is higher in the spectrochemical series? What about the difference between the $\sigma$ orbitals (HOMO) in $\ce{CO}$ and $\ce{CN^{-1}}$? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5212725400924683, "perplexity": 861.8682474125146}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525374.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717181736-20190717203736-00024.warc.gz"} |
http://www.sydneytutors.com.au/hsc-chemistry-the-students-guide/hsc-chemistry-industrial-chemistry/equilibrium-equilibrium-constant/ | # Identify data, plan and perform a first-hand investigation to model an equilib- rium reaction
This experiment really just aims at showing you what equilibrium ‘looks’ like by using a model. Provided you understand Le Chatelier’s Principle thoroughly, I would not overly concerned about this experiment.
Materials:
• Two 50mL measuring cylinders
• Two pipettes of differing diameters (e.g. one 10ml, one 5ml)
Procedure:
1. Fill one 50mL measuring cylinder with water, leaving the other measuring cylinder
1. Place one pipette into first measuring cylinder, letting the pipette lightly touch the bottom. Place your finger over the top of the pipette and move its contents to the second measuring cylinder, letting your finger off the top and releasing the Do so carefully to ensure minimum spillage.
2. Place the other pipette into the second measuring cylinder, repeating the second step by empting the contents of the second pipette into the first measuring
3. Note the amount of water in both measuring cylinders and tabulate the These results represent the results after ’Cycle 1’. Repeat steps 2 & 3 until Cycle 30 is recorded. Graph the results against each other, with volume on the y-axis and cycle-count on the x-axis.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 4, but transfer 10mL of water from the second measuring cylinder to the first after the 15th cycle and continue as normal. Graph the results using the same axis as before.
Expected results:
You will find that equilibrium will be seen as the water levels on both cylinders tend towards, but do not reach, the halfway mark- 25ml of water in each measuring cylinder. The change will be relatively quick at first, but will eventually slow down to the point where the water level does not change considerably.
Step number 5 will lead to a temporary spike in the volume of water in the first measuring cylinder, and a decrease in the second measuring cylinder. However this will also be rapidly corrected at first, and then more gradually after a while.
# Choose equipment and perform a first-hand investigation to gather information and qualitatively analyse an equilibrium reaction
Given that the nature of this experiment is qualitative, this experiment is quite easily accomplished, as all you need to do is disturb a system in equilibrium, and note the changes. Clearly you must pick a disturbance which has a visible effect, and the simplest disturbance is simple a change in temperature.
Select two ampoules of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas. Place one ampoule in a beaker of warm-hot water, and one in a beaker of cold water. You will soon notice that one ampoule- the one which was heated- has turned a reddish brown, whereas the other- the one that was placed in cold water- has become almost completely colourless.
In effect, you are simply observing the following equilibrium:
$N_2O_{4 (g)}$ ↽⇀ $2 NO_{2 (g)}$
As $NO_2$ is a reddish brown, and $N_2O_4$ is colourless, we can effectively deduce that this equation is endothermic (Note that if the reaction was reversed such that nitrogen dioxide gas was a reactant it would be exothermic).
Confirm this by stating the effects as per Le Chatelier’s Principle. If the equation is endothermic, then an increase in heat should see a shift in the equilibrium towards the right, making the gas appear more reddish as more NO2 is produced. If there is a decrease in heat, then the gas would become colourless as more N2O4 is produced. The results are consistent with this hypothesis.
# Explain the effect of changing the following factors on identified equilibrium reactions: Pressure, volume, concentration and temperature
This dotpoint is simply a review of Le Chatelier’s Principle.
Using the following equation as an example, and assuming it is an exothermic reaction:
$2 A_{(g)} + B_{(g)}$ ↽⇀ $C_{(g)} + D_{(g)}$
An increase in pressure would shift the equilibrium to the right. An increase in the volume of the substances is essentially an increase in pressure (Same space, more atoms). As such the equilibrium would shift once more to the right to account for this. An increase in the concentration of one substance will result in the system working to minimise this change. For example, an increase in B would result in a decrease in A and B and an increase in C and D. Therefore the equilibrium has shifted to the right. An increase in temperature in an exothermic reaction will result in a shift in the equilibrium to the left as the system works to reduce the amount of heat produced.
Remember- A closed system will always work to minimise the impact of a disturbance upon the system.
# Interpret the equilibrium constant expression (no units required) from the chemical equation of equilibrium reactions
Let the following equation be any given chemical equation, where A, B, C, and D are any given substances, and a, b, c, and d are their respective molar ratios:
$aA + bB$ ↽⇀ $cC + dD$
When this equation is in equilibrium, a constant, K also known as the equilibrium constant, can be obtained using the following expression:
It helps to keep in your mind that the products are always on top of the reactants when calculating
1. K. One way to remember this is that P comes before R alphabetically.
K provides much information if it can be read successfully, as it tells us how far to completion an equilibrium is currently at. Think of it as at a scale. At one end no reactions have occurred and
there are only reactants and no products. At the other end, everything has been reacted and there
are no reactants, only products. A point of equilibrium always lies between these two points. The value of K tells us exactly where on this scale the equilibrium is currently at.
The smaller the value of K, the lower on the scale you’ll find the equilibrium- Mostly reactants, very little product. (Generally where \$latex K < 10^{−4}\$). The larger the value of K, the higher up on the scale you’ll find the equilibrium- Mostly products, very little reactant. (Generally where [latex]K < 10^4[/latex]). In between these two values, there is a moderate mixture of products and reactants, with the ratio depending upon the exact value of K, and therefore where on the scale the equilibrium can be found. When a reaction is not at equilibrium, Q replaces K in the same expression. If Q is less than K, then the reaction is lower on the scale than the point equilibrium, and thus the concentration of products must be increased in order to achieve equilibrium. Conversely, if Q is larger than K, then the reaction is higher on the scale than the point of equilibrium, and thus the concentration of reactants must be increased in order to achieve equilibrium. Remember- K is the equilibrium constant, calculated by multiplying the concentrations of the products to the power of their respective number of moles. A lower value of K indicates an equilibrium where very few products are produced, whereas a high value of K indicates that there is an equilibrium which is close to completion.
Example:
$N_{2(g)} + 3 H_{2(g)}$ ↽⇀ $2 NH_{3(g)}$
If the above equation is at equilibrium when there are 3mol of nitrogen gas, 2mol of hydrogen gas, and 2mol of ammonia, then:
# Process and present information from secondary sources to calculate K from equilibrium conditions
The easiest way to grasp how to calculate K is really to go through a worked example.
Continuing from the Haber process example, let us begin with the equation:
$N_{2 (g)} + 3 H_{2 (g)}2 NH_{3 (g)}$
At the beginning of an experiment, there were 2.1mol of nitrogen gas, and 6.9mol of hydrogen gas. The reaction was allowed to proceed to equilibrium in a 10L container, at which point 1.2mol of N2 was remaining. What is the value of K, assuming a fixed temperature?
The first step is to note the concentration of each item individually at equilibrium. If 1.2mol of N2 is remaining, then 0.9mol must have been converted. Therefore 3 x 0.9mol of H2 must also have been converted, leaving 0.3mol of H2 (For every one mole of nitrogen gas, 3 moles of hydrogen gas are converted, as per the chemical equation). In addition, there must now be 2 x 0.9mol of NH3.
We now know the concentrations of each substance. The next trick is to note that, when dealing with gases, you must account for the size of the container, as it is very rarely a simple 1L in exams. You must do this because concentration is proportional to pressure, and the size of a container influences the pressure.
Once the 10L has been taken into account, K can be calculated:
Note that the indices have been adjusted (divided by 10) to account for the 10L container.
# Identify that temperature is the only factor that changes the value of the equilibrium constant (K) for a given equation
If volume, concentrations or pressure change, then the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of the equilibrium constant K shift correspondingly, cancelling out the effect of one another. As such, these disturbances do not impact upon K.
However, when the temperature is changed, then K does in fact change.
For endothermic reactions, if the temperature increases then K increases (Remember how equilibrium ‘shifts to the left’ according to Le Chatelier’s Principle. This means it moves up the scale.) Thus for exothermic reactions, if the temperature increases then K decreases.
Remember- A change in temperature is the only factor which changes the value of K. Changes in volume, concentration, and pressure all have no effect on the value of the equilibrium constant. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 11, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8744222521781921, "perplexity": 790.0223179205084}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316783.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822042502-20190822064502-00253.warc.gz"} |
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/MoMEMta%2C-a-modular-toolkit-for-the-Matrix-Element-Brochet-Delaere/62cf6845269298a5cbc495d539af3cc701388ed3 | # MoMEMta, a modular toolkit for the Matrix Element Method at the LHC
@article{Brochet2018MoMEMtaAM,
title={MoMEMta, a modular toolkit for the Matrix Element Method at the LHC},
author={S{\'e}bastien Brochet and C. Delaere and Brieuc François and Vincent Lema{\^i}tre and Alexandre Mertens and Alessia Saggio and M Vidal Marono and S{\'e}bastien Wertz},
journal={The European Physical Journal C},
year={2018},
volume={79},
pages={1-12}
}
• S. Brochet S. Wertz
• Published 22 May 2018
• Physics
• The European Physical Journal C
The Matrix Element Method has proven to be a powerful method to optimally exploit the information available in detector data. Its widespread use is nevertheless impeded by its complexity and the associated computing time. MoMEMta, a C++ software package to compute the integrals at the core of the method, provides a versatile implementation of the Matrix Element Method to both the theory and experiment communities. Its modular structure covers the needs of experimental analysis workflows at the…
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This work presents a procedure that allows to automatically evaluate the weights for any process of interest in the standard model and beyond, and creates a phase-space mapping designed to efficiently perform the integration of the squared matrix element and the transfer functions.
### DELPHES 3: A modular framework for fast-simulation of generic collider experiments
The new version of the DELPHES C++ fast-simulation framework is presented. The tool is written in C++ and is interfaced with the most common Monte Carlo file formats (LHEF, HepMC, STDHEP). Its
### LHAPDF6: parton density access in the LHC precision era
The Fortran LHAPDF library has been a long-term workhorse in particle physics, providing standardised access to parton density functions for experimental and phenomenological purposes alike,
### The Matrix Element Method and QCD Radiation
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The matrix element method (MEM) has been extensively used for the analysis of top-quark and W-boson physics at the Tevatron, but in general without dedicated treatment of initial state QCD radiation.
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• Physics
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It is found that a moderate integrated luminosity in the next LHC run will be enough to make the signature involving both W's decaying leptonically as sensitive as the single-lepton one.
### Event generation with SHERPA 1.1
In this paper the current release of the Monte Carlo event generator Sherpa, version 1.1, is presented. Sherpa is a general-purpose tool for the simulation of particle collisions at high-energy
### Event generation with
• Physics
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In this paper the current release of the Monte Carlo event generator Sherpa, version 1.1, is presented. Sherpa is a general-purpose tool for the simulation of particle colli- sions at high-energy
### The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections, and their matching to parton shower simulations
A bstractWe discuss the theoretical bases that underpin the automation of the computations of tree-level and next-to-leading order cross sections, of their matching to parton shower simulations, and | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.712678074836731, "perplexity": 2589.1818153763725}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711394.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209080025-20221209110025-00146.warc.gz"} |
https://uwaterloo.ca/applied-mathematics/events/phd-comprehensive-exam-lorena-cid-montiel-higher-dimensional | ## University COVID-19 update
### Questions about buildings and services? Visit the list of Modified Services.
Please note: The University of Waterloo is closed for all events until further notice.
# PhD Comprehensive Exam | Lorena Cid-Montiel, Higher dimensional slow manifolds in chemical reaction networks
Wednesday, April 27, 2016 — 12:30 PM EDT
M3-2134
## Candidate
Lorena Cid-Montiel
Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo
## Title
Higher dimensional slow manifolds in chemical reaction networks
## Abstract
In the context of geometric methods for enzyme kinetics, the steady state (SSA) and rapid equilibrium (EA) approximations correspond to surfaces in the phase space. A description of a so called trapping region $\Gamma$ is given in terms of such surfaces. Conditions for uniqueness and existence of an invariant manifold fully contained in $\Gamma$ are discussed. We will fully discuss the case when we have a two-dimensional system. At the end we present a possible path to follow to generalize these ideas to systems in higher dimensions.
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13. 2008 (8) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.40097036957740784, "perplexity": 9350.526483011363}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155268.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805000836-20210805030836-00247.warc.gz"} |
http://www.filewatcher.com/d/Debian/armel/tex/untex_1.2-2_armel.deb.10080.html | File Search Catalog Content Search
# untex
## remove LaTeX commands from input
The program will remove “some LaTeX commands” from a file (it will optionally try to strip out all mathematics, too). It also has an option to honour \input and \include commands in the file. Input is read from files and results are sent to stdout.
Homepage: http://tug.ctan.org/cgi-bin/ctanPackageInformation.py?id=untex Package version: 1:1.2-2 Architecture: armel Distribution: Debian Filename: untex_1.2-2_armel.deb
## /usr/share/man/man1/untex.1.gz
```UNTEX(1) UNTEX(1)
NAME
untex - strip LaTeX comands from input
SYNOPSIS
untex [ options ] [ files ... ]
DESCRIPTION
Untex removes some LaTeX commands from the files listed in
the arguments (or standard input) and prints the output to
standard output.
OPTIONS
more»```
## /usr/share/doc/untex/changelog.Debian.gz
```untex (1:1.2-2) unstable; urgency=low
* debian/rules
- (binary-arch): adjust install calls. Patch thanks to
Antonio Terceiro <terceiro@softwarelivre.org> (Closes: #575409).
-- Jari Aalto <jari.aalto@cante.net> Thu, 25 Mar 2010 22:02:40 +0200
untex (1:1.2-1) unstable; urgency=low
* New maintainer (Closes: #547222).
* New upstream release; forced to use epoch.
* Move to pack
more»```
```This package was debianized:
Erick Branderhorst <branderhorst@heel.fgg.eur.nl>
http://tug.ctan.org/cgi-bin/ctanPackageInformation.py?id=untex
Upstream Author:
Mohammad Hafiz bin Ismail aka "mypapit"
Copyright (C) 2004-2005 mypapit <info@mypapit.net>, <papit58@yahoo.com>
/*
Version 1.2 (06 Apr 1994)
unte
more»```
## Browse inside untex_1.2-2_armel.deb
[DIR] DEBIAN/ (3) 65535+ mirrors [DIR] usr/ (2) 65535+ mirrors | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8917152285575867, "perplexity": 24654.969960204373}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806086.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120164823-20171120184823-00701.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/algebra/algebra-1/chapter-7-exponents-and-exponential-functions-7-3-multipying-powers-with-the-same-base-practice-and-problem-solving-exercises-page-430/56 | ## Algebra 1
$1.5 \times 10^{8}$
$a^m \cdot a^n = a^{m+n}$ Multiply the corresponding parts and use the rule above when necessary to obtain: $=(0.5\cdot 0.3) \times (10^{13} \cdot 10^{-4}) \\=0.15 \times 10^{13+(-4)} \\=0.15 \times 10^{9} \\=1.5(10^{-1}) \times 10^{9} \\=1.5 \times 10^{-1+9} \\=1.5 \times 10^{8}$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9930881857872009, "perplexity": 1053.4348729172154}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662636717.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527050925-20220527080925-00579.warc.gz"} |
https://stacktuts.com/how-to-obtain-the-absolute-path-of-a-file-via-shell-bash-zsh-sh | # How to obtain the absolute path of a file via shell (bash/zsh/sh)?
## Introduction
Obtaining the absolute path of a file via Shell (BASH/ZSH/SH) can be done in a few different ways. Here are three methods that you can use:
## Method 1: Using the `pwd` and `dirname` commands
• Step 1: Navigate to the directory containing the file for which you want to obtain the absolute path.
• Step 2: Run the command `pwd` to print the current working directory. This will give you the absolute path of the directory containing the file.
• Step 3: Use the command `dirname` followed by the name of the file to obtain the full path of the file. For example, if the file is named "example.txt" and you are currently in the directory "/home/user/documents", the command `dirname /home/user/documents/example.txt` will return the full path of the file "/home/user/documents/example.txt".
## Method 2: Using the `realpath` command
• Step 1: Run the command `realpath` followed by the name of the file for which you want to obtain the absolute path. For example, if the file is named "example.txt" and it is located in the directory "/home/user/documents", the command `realpath /home/user/documents/example.txt` will return the full path of the file "/home/user/documents/example.txt".
• Step 1: Run the command `readlink -f` followed by the name of the file for which you want to obtain the absolute path. For example, if the file is named "example.txt" and it is located in the directory "/home/user/documents", the command `readlink -f /home/user/documents/example.txt` will return the full path of the file "/home/user/documents/example.txt".
In all the above examples, the commands are assuming that the file exists and you have read permissions to that file.
It's important to understand what each command does:
• `pwd` command prints the current working directory.
• `dirname` command is used to obtain the name of the directory containing a file.
• `realpath` command is used to obtain the real path of a file, resolving any symlinks in the process.
• `readlink` command is used to obtain the real path of a file, resolving any symlinks in the process.
You can use any of these command based on your shell and the scenario.
## Method 4: Using the `basename` command
• Step 1: Run the command `basename` followed by the name of the file for which you want to obtain the absolute path. For example, if the file is named "example.txt" and it is located in the directory "/home/user/documents", the command `basename /home/user/documents/example.txt` will return the name of the file "example.txt".
## Method 5: Using the `cd` command
• Step 1: Run the command `cd` followed by the directory containing the file for which you want to obtain the absolute path.
• Step 2: Run the command `pwd` to print the current working directory. This will give you the absolute path of the directory containing the file.
## Method 6: Using the `\$(pwd)`
• Step 1: Run the command `cd` followed by the directory containing the file for which you want to obtain the absolute path.
• Step 2: Run the command `echo \$(pwd)` to print the current working directory. This will give you the absolute path of the directory containing the file.
It's important to understand what each command does:
• `basename` command is used to obtain the name of a file without the directory path.
• `cd` command is used to change the current working directory.
• `\$(pwd)` command is used to expand the value of the command `pwd` in the current shell.
In all the above examples, the commands are assuming that the file exists and you have read permissions to that file. You can use any of these command based on your shell and the scenario.
It's also important to mention that, in all the above methods, if you're providing a relative path, it will be resolved to an absolute path based on the current working directory.
## Conclusion
In conclusion, obtaining the absolute path of a file via Shell (BASH/ZSH/SH) can be done using a variety of different commands such as `pwd`, `dirname`, `realpath`, `readlink`, `basename`, `cd`, and `\$(pwd)`. Each command has its own specific use case and can be used in different scenarios. It is important to understand the usage of each command and how it can be used to obtain the absolute path of a file. It's also important to mention that, in all the above methods, if you're providing a relative path, it will be resolved to an absolute path based on the current working directory. I hope this tutorial has provided you with a good understanding of how to obtain the absolute path of a file via Shell.
1. Bash | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9733253717422485, "perplexity": 612.7199261715185}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945248.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324051147-20230324081147-00604.warc.gz"} |
https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/search.php?author_id=8599&sr=posts | ## Search found 9 matches
Sat Mar 18, 2017 6:39 pm
Forum: *Alcohols
Topic: difference between hydroxy and alcohol
Replies: 2
Views: 836
### Re: difference between hydroxy and alcohol
I think it has to do with where the OH is attached. The I think OH on a main carbon is an alcohol. EG: Carboxylic acid has an OH, but also has another O attached to the C.
Sun Mar 12, 2017 7:41 pm
Forum: *Alkanes and Substituted Alkanes (Staggered, Eclipsed, Gauche, Anti, Newman Projections)
Topic: Staggered vs. Eclipsed
Replies: 2
Views: 338
### Re: Staggered vs. Eclipsed
Yes. In the eclipsed formation, the H atoms in an organic molecule are closer together. Electrostatics dictates that this is less favorable, and thus requires energy to achieve this orientation.
Fri Mar 03, 2017 2:50 pm
Forum: *Calculations Using ΔG° = -RT ln K
Topic: Kinetics in organic rxns
Replies: 1
Views: 589
### Kinetics in organic rxns
I was just a little confused about to what extent kinetics of organic reactions will be discussed on the quiz next week. I know that the Arrhenius equation and activation energy will be one of the topics discussed, but I remember hearing that there would be content about the kinetics of organic rxns...
Wed Feb 22, 2017 7:26 pm
Forum: Arrhenius Equation, Activation Energies, Catalysts
Topic: Activation energy
Replies: 3
Views: 361
### Re: Activation energy
The reaction with the higher activation energy essentially requires more ambient energy to initiate the reaction. Changing the temperature means changing the amount of ambient energy, so a rxn with a high activation energy is initiated more easily when there is ample energy (higher temp). A rxn with...
Mon Feb 13, 2017 5:19 pm
Forum: Appications of the Nernst Equation (e.g., Concentration Cells, Non-Standard Cell Potentials, Calculating Equilibrium Constants and pH)
Topic: Faraday Constant
Replies: 3
Views: 389
### Faraday Constant
For the Value of F in the Nernst equation and any other application of the Faraday constant, is it scaled in response to the number of electrons being transferred in the redox reaction in question? Or is it always the value of 96,485 C/mol?
Wed Feb 01, 2017 10:03 pm
Forum: Thermodynamic Definitions (isochoric/isometric, isothermal, isobaric)
Topic: Adiabatic vs Isothermal
Replies: 2
Views: 520
### Re: Adiabatic vs Isothermal
Based on that definition, an adiabatic process is by its very nature isothermal, as a process that involves no heat exchange would experience a constant temperature. I don't believe this would affect calculations, as the isothermal designation is the most common.
Thu Jan 26, 2017 6:14 pm
Forum: Heat Capacities, Calorimeters & Calorimetry Calculations
Topic: Molar or Specific heat
Replies: 2
Views: 307
### Re: Molar or Specific heat
Usually only one will be given to you, but if there is some ambiguity, You usually can tell by the amount thats given in the problem. (I.E. if they give a smaller amount, use specific heat capacity, or if they give you one mol, it'd be molar heat capacity.
Fri Jan 20, 2017 11:34 pm
Forum: Calculating Work of Expansion
Topic: entropy equations
Replies: 3
Views: 326
### Re: entropy equations
I don't think it means volume is equal to work, but work is measured in the change in the volume of a system (the work done by the system or the work done to a system). I believe it is related to the relation q=-w, which is equal to nRT ln V2/V1. I believe thats how the W2/W1 becomes the V2/V1 in th...
Thu Jan 12, 2017 9:56 pm
Forum: Reaction Enthalpies (e.g., Using Hess’s Law, Bond Enthalpies, Standard Enthalpies of Formation)
Topic: Standard Enthalpy of Formation
Replies: 2
Views: 384
### Re: Standard Enthalpy of Formation
It is my understanding that standard enthalpies of formation can have both negative and positive values because it indicates the heat involved in the reaction that forms a substance. A negative enthalpy of formation implies that the formation releases heat, and a positive enthalpy of formation impli...
Go to advanced search | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8614962697029114, "perplexity": 3457.2095081400607}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401598891.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928073028-20200928103028-00689.warc.gz"} |
https://blog.appsignal.com/2018/04/03/russian-doll-caching-in-rails.html | # Russian doll caching in Rails
Jeff Kreeftmeijer on
Today we will dive into Russian Doll Caching as a tactic to further improve your caching beyond Rails' built-in fragment caching.
## Fragment caching
When using Rails’ built-in fragment caching, parts of rendered views are stored as view fragments and reused if they're requested again. These cached fragments are reused until they turn stale, meaning they're outdated because the data they display has changed since creating the fragment. If you want to read more, in this earlier post we explain fragment caching a bit more in depth.
👋 And if you like to read about performance broader than just caching, check out our Ruby performance monitoring checklist.
While this gives a nice speed boost, especially for complex views or views with a lot of rendered partials, we can improve on this some more by doubling down with an approach named Russian doll caching.
When using this caching approach, view fragments are placed inside each other, much like the “Matryoshka” dolls the strategy is named after. By breaking up cached fragments into smaller pieces, the outer cache can be rendered faster when only one of its nested fragments changes.
## A Russian doll caching example
As an example, let's use a store that sells products. Each product can have a number of variants, which allow for selling multiple colors of one item, for example. On the index, we'll show each product that's available for sale, as well as all of its variants.
On the product index, we've wrapped each product partial in a cache block. We're using the product object to build the cache key, which is used to invalidate the cached fragment. It consists of the object's id, it's updated_at date, and a digest of the template tree, so it's automatically considered stale if the object changes, or if the template's contents change.
# app/views/products/index.html.erb
<h1>Products</h1>
<% @products.each do |product| %>
<% cache product do %>
<%= render product %>
<% end %>
<% end %>
Tip: We're writing the whole block out for clarity, but you could render each product in a cache block by using <%= render partial: 'products/product', collection: @products, cached: true %> instead.
In the products partial, we render a row for each of the product's variants.
# app/views/products/_product.html.erb
<article>
<h1><%= product.title %></h1>
<ul>
<% product.variants.each do |variant| %>
<%= render variant %>
<% end %>
</ul>
</article>
## Cache invalidation
Although the cache keys in Rails' fragment caching make cache invalidation easier, you're never fully free of worrying about cache validation (one of the famous two hard things in computer science).
In this example, we cache the products partial, which contains a list of the product's variants. Since the cache key doesn't include any information about the variants, any newly added variants won't show up unless the product itself changes too.
The way to fix this is to make sure the product does change when anything changes in one of its variants. To do that, we'll update the product's updated_at attribute whenever that happens. Since this is so common, there's an argument for belongs_to (and ActiveModel's other relation methods), called :touch, that will automatically update the parent object's updated_at for us.
class Variant < ApplicationRecord
belongs_to :product, touch: true
end
## Nested fragments
Now that we've made sure to update the product fragments when their variants change, it's time to cache the variants too. Like before, we'll add a cache block around each one.
<article>
<h1><%= product.title %></h1>
<ul>
<% product.variants.each do |variant| %>
<% cache(variant) do %>
<%= render variant %>
<% end %>
<% end %>
</ul>
</article>
Tip: We're writing the whole block out for clarity, but you could render each variant in a cache block by using <%= render partial: 'variants/variant', collection: product.variants, cached: true %> instead.
On a cold cache (you can clear the cache by running rake tmp:cache:clear), the first request will render each product partial.
When requesting the page now (don't forget to turn on caching in development by running rails dev:cache), each product partial will be cached as a partial, and the second request will return the cached fragments.
Started GET "/products" for 127.0.0.1 at 2018-03-30 14:51:38 +0200 Processing by ProductsController#index as HTML Rendering products/index.html.erb within layouts/application Product Load (0.2ms) SELECT "products".* FROM "products" Variant Load (0.9ms) SELECT "variants".* FROM "variants" WHERE "variants"."product_id" IN (27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.5ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.0ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered products/_product.html.erb (44.8ms) [cache miss] ... Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.1ms) Rendered products/_product.html.erb (46.2ms) [cache miss] Rendered products/index.html.erb within layouts/application (1378.6ms) Completed 200 OK in 1414ms (Views: 1410.5ms | ActiveRecord: 1.1ms)
Started GET "/products" for 127.0.0.1 at 2018-03-30 14:51:41 +0200 Processing by ProductsController#index as HTML Rendering products/index.html.erb within layouts/application Product Load (0.3ms) SELECT "products".* FROM "products" Variant Load (12.7ms) SELECT "variants".* FROM "variants" WHERE "variants"."product_id" IN (27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51) Rendered products/index.html.erb within layouts/application (48.1ms) Completed 200 OK in 76ms (Views: 59.0ms | ActiveRecord: 13.0ms)
## Voila: Russian doll magic
The magic of Russian doll caching can be seen when changing one of the variants. When requesting the index again after one of the variants change, the cached product fragment is rerendered because its updated_at attribute changed.
The product partial includes each of the product's variants. The cached fragment for the variant we just changed is stale, so it needs to be regenereated, but the other variants didn't change, so their cached fragments are reused. In the logs, we can see that both the variant and product partials are being rendered once.
Started GET "/products" for 127.0.0.1 at 2018-03-30 14:52:04 +0200 Processing by ProductsController#index as HTML Rendering products/index.html.erb within layouts/application Product Load (0.3ms) SELECT "products".* FROM "products" Variant Load (1.2ms) SELECT "variants".* FROM "variants" WHERE "variants"."product_id" IN (27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51) Rendered variants/_variant.html.erb (0.5ms) Rendered products/_product.html.erb (13.3ms) [cache miss] Rendered products/index.html.erb within layouts/application (45.9ms) Completed 200 OK in 78ms (Views: 73.5ms | ActiveRecord: 1.5ms)
## The endresult
By nesting cache fragments like this, the view is almost never rendered in its entirety, unless the cache is completely empty. Even when the data changes, most of the rendered pages are served straight from the cache.
We hope this helped you get new insights in performance of your apps. That's why we are here. If you liked this article on caching, and you are hungry for more, some extra snacks are our posts about ActiveRecord's Counter Cache, the one about Cache Stores in Rails, the post about collection caching and the one about fragment caching in Rails we mentioned earlier in the post. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21447086334228516, "perplexity": 8717.58676976207}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500094.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204044030-20230204074030-00406.warc.gz"} |
https://wiki.electrical-age.net/index.php?title=Transformator | # Transformer
(Redirected from Transformator)
Transformer
Block type: Single Powered by: Any Voltage Requirements for operation: Voltage Stackable: Yes (64)
Transformer is a device that can convert volts to amps and visa versa. It's useful to connect electrical systems which have different voltage or power a high voltage device.
In Electrical Age mod transformer works with DC voltage but in real life it works only with AC.
## Behavior and usage
To use transformer correctly you have to put specified amount of wires on each winding and the Ferromagnetic Core.
There is primary and secondary winding but you can swap it. Each winding is marked with green or yellow rectangle.
Transformer can multiple or devide voltage according to this formula :
Vsec = (Vpri · nsec) / npri
Vsec = Voltage at secondary winding
Vpri = Voltage at primary winding
nsec = Amount of wires in secondary winding
npri = Amount of wires in primary winding
### Example
Example of windings.
In this example the green winding have 1 Low Voltage Cable and voltage on it is 50V.
The yellow winding have 4 Medium Voltage Cables and according to above formula, the voltage will be 200V.
Vsec = (50V · 4) / 1
Vsec = 200V | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2900436520576477, "perplexity": 3994.907124686838}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886124563.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823210143-20170823230143-00338.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/related-rates-homework-problem.143549/ | # Related Rates Homework Problem
1. Nov 13, 2006
### muna580
I am trying to do the problem below but I don't understand how to do it. Can you please show me how to do it? DON'T give me the answer, explain to me how to get the answer.
Point C moves at a constant rate along semicircle centered at ) from A to B. The radius of the semicircle is 10 cm, and it takes 30 sec for C to move from A to C. Angle COB has measure y radians, angle OCA has measure z radians, and AC = x cm as indicated in the figure.
a) What is the rate of change, in radians per sec, of x with respect to time?
b) What is the rate of change, in radians per sec, of y with respect to time?
c) x and y are related by the Law of Cosines; that is, y^2 = 10^2 + 10^2 - 2(10)(10)cos y. What is the rate of change of x with respect to time when y = π/2 radians?
d) Let D be the area of ΔOAC. Show that D is largest when x = π/2 radians.
Last edited by a moderator: Apr 22, 2017
2. Nov 13, 2006
### HallsofIvy
Staff Emeritus
The first thing you should do is go back and take the time to copy the problem correctly! You have consistently confused x and y!
You just told us that x is measured in cm, not radians! Do you mean "in cm per sec" or do you mean rate of change of y?
Well, they've pretty much given you the answer right there! Except that, of course you mean x^2= 10^2+ 10^2- 2(10)(10)cos y. Differentiate both sides of that with respect to t. You were also told that "it takes 30 sec for C to move from A to C" which doesn't really make sense. I think you meant that it take 30 sec for the moving point to move from A to C. Unless you are given some information about exactly where C is, I don't see how that helps you! Since they specify y= $\pi$/2 radians, do they mean it take 30 seconds to go from A to $\pi$/2 radians?
The altitude of that triangle is 10 sin(y). (And again, x cannot be "$\pi/2$ radians", it is a length. Presumably, you meant y.)
Last edited by a moderator: Apr 22, 2017
3. Mar 9, 2011
### alyssajune
Can you help me with the problem below except:
angle AOC = x
angle ACO = y
and AC = s
Thanks!!!
4. Mar 9, 2011
### Char. Limit
Aside from the fact that you're hijacking a four-year-old thread, you need to show some work before we help you with a problem. It's forum policy.
Similar Discussions: Related Rates Homework Problem | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8611363768577576, "perplexity": 728.791952114912}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125074.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00292-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/85564/creating-two-filled-plots-that-overlap-with-transparency | # Creating two filled plots that overlap with transparency
I'm using pgfplots to plot two filled curves. I'd like them to overlap transparently so that the "lower" figure can be seen through the "upper one". Using the forget style mode will draw the first figure transparently, but that's the one that is below !
MWE:
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[ybar,bar width=2pt]
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
Is there a direct way to get somewhat transparent overlapping plots ?
-
add fill opacity=0.5 to the addplot command and please include a simple MWE which in this case 6-7 lines long so easier than typing out the question :). – percusse Dec 5 '12 at 0:34
The problem with what you recommend is that it doesn't appear to work for bar charts. – Suresh Dec 5 '12 at 0:48
I think I figured out my problem. I need to use draw opacity instead of fill opacity. Not sure whether I should delete the question. Ideally @percusse can post an answer and I'll accept it, since that's what got me on the right track. – Suresh Dec 5 '12 at 0:53
You can use fill opacity key to change the ...hmm... fill opacity.
\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\pgfplotsset{compat=1.7}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[enlargelimits=false] | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8218256831169128, "perplexity": 1629.7361143099347}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824201.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00318-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://brilliant.org/problems/jee-problem-6/ | JEE Problem
A bullet loses $$\dfrac{1}{n}$$ of its velocity passing through a wooden block. The number of such blocks that are required to stop the bullet is
Clarifications: The bullet loses energy when passing through the first block. Each subsequent block requires the same amount of energy to pass through.
× | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.577960193157196, "perplexity": 587.1403475242447}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591683.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720135213-20180720155213-00339.warc.gz"} |
http://www.springer.com/us/book/9781441918550 | # Classical Fourier Analysis
Authors: Grafakos, Loukas
• Historical notes at the end of each chapter
• Numerous exercises for each chapter
• User-friendly exposition with examples illustrating the definitions and ideas
see more benefits
eBook $54.99 price for USA (gross) • ISBN 978-0-387-09432-8 • Digitally watermarked, DRM-free • Included format: PDF • ebooks can be used on all reading devices • Immediate eBook download after purchase Softcover$69.95
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The primary goal of these two volumes is to present the theoretical foundation of the field of Euclidean Harmonic analysis. The original edition was published as a single volume, but due to its size, scope, and the addition of new material, the second edition consists of two volumes. The present edition contains a new chapter on time-frequency analysis and the Carleson-Hunt theorem. The first volume contains the classical topics such as Interpolation, Fourier Series, the Fourier Transform, Maximal Functions, Singular Integrals, and Littlewood-Paley Theory. The second volume contains more recent topics such as Function Spaces, Atomic Decompositions, Singular Integrals of Nonconvolution Type, and Weighted Inequalities.
These volumes are mainly addressed to graduate students in mathematics and are designed for a two-course sequence on the subject with additional material included for reference. The prerequisites for the first volume are satisfactory completion of courses in real and complex variables. The second volume assumes material from the first. This book is intended to present the selected topics in depth and stimulate further study. Although the emphasis falls on real variable methods in Euclidean spaces, a chapter is devoted to the fundamentals of analysis on the torus. This material is included for historical reasons, as the genesis of Fourier analysis can be found in trigonometric expansions of periodic functions in several variables.
"Grafakos's book is very user-friendly with numerous examples illustrating the definitions and ideas... The treatment is thoroughly modern with free use of operators and functional analysis. Morever, unlike many authors, Grafakos has clearly spent a great deal of time preparing the exercises."
- Kenneth Ross, MAA Online
Reviews
From a reviews:
“Grafakos’s book is very user-friendly with numerous examples illustrating the definitions and ideas. It is more suitable for readers who want to get a feel for current research. The treatment is thoroughly modern with free use of operators and functional analysis. Morever, unlike many authors, Grafakos has clearly spent a great deal of time preparing the exercises.” - Ken Ross, MAA Online
From the reviews of the second edition:
"The author … has produced a very well-written, polished, and exciting graduate textbook which easily doubles as a reference book in a number of areas belonging to or touching on Fourier analysis. … Classical Fourier Analysis also comes equipped with a wealth of exercise … and each chapter is capped off by a wonderful ‘Historical Notes’ … . I think it’s nigh-on indispensable for the aspiring Fourier analyst." (Michael Berg, MAA Online, January, 2009)
“Intended for graduate students who wish to study Fourier analysis. … also suitable for self-study. Proofs are provided in great detail. Each chapter is followed by historical notes with references, often including a discussion of further results. There are numerous exercises of varying difficulty, with hints and references provided for the harder ones. … certainly a valuable and useful addition to the existing literature and can serve as textbooks or as reference books. Students will especially appreciate the extensive collection of exercises.” (Andreas Seeger, Mathematical Reviews, Issue 2011 c)
“This book is intended to present the selected topics in depth and to stimulate further study in Fourier analysis. … proofs are provided in great detail and a large amount of exercises of varying difficulty were carefully prepared by the author … . This book is very interesting and useful. It is not only a good textbook, but also an indispensable and valuable reference for researchers … . The readers will certainly benefit a lot from the detailed proofs and the numerous exercises.” (Yang Dachun, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1220, 2011)
• Singular Integrals of Convolution Type
Grafakos, Loukas
Pages 1-92
$29.95 • Fourier Analysis on the Torus Grafakos, Loukas Pages 1-88$29.95
• Lp Spaces and Interpolation
Grafakos, Loukas
Pages 1-75
$29.95 • Maximal Functions Fourier Transform and Distributions Grafakos, Loukas Pages 1-83$29.95
• Littlewood–Paley Theory and Multipliers
Grafakos, Loukas
Pages 1-75
$29.95 ### Buy this book eBook$54.99
price for USA (gross)
• ISBN 978-0-387-09432-8
• Digitally watermarked, DRM-free
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• ebooks can be used on all reading devices
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## Bibliographic Information
Bibliographic Information
Book Title
Classical Fourier Analysis
Authors
Series Title
Series Volume
249
2008
Publisher
Springer-Verlag New York
Springer-Verlag New York
eBook ISBN
978-0-387-09432-8
DOI
10.1007/978-0-387-09432-8
Softcover ISBN
978-1-4419-1855-0
Series ISSN
0072-5285
Edition Number
2
Number of Pages
XVI, 492
Number of Illustrations and Tables
10 b/w illustrations | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.166657954454422, "perplexity": 1934.8590361092818}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887600.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118190921-20180118210921-00283.warc.gz"} |
https://iwaponline.com/wst/article-abstract/54/11-12/257/13877/Temperature-and-conductivity-as-control-parameters?redirectedFrom=fulltext | Most sewer system performance indicators are not easily measurable online at high frequencies in wastewater systems, which hampers real-time control with those parameters. Instead of using a constituent of wastewater, an alternative could be to use characteristics of wastewater that are relatively easily measurable in sewer systems and could serve as indicator parameters for the dilution process of wastewater. This paper focuses on the possibility to use the parameters of temperature and conductivity. It shows a good relation of temperature and conductivity with the dilution of DWF (dry weather flow) during WWF (wet weather flow) a monitoring station in Graz, Austria, as an example. The simultaneous monitoring of both parameters leads to valuable back-up information in case one parameter (temperature) shows no reaction to a storm event. However, for various reasons, anomalies occur in the typical behaviour of both parameters. The frequency and extent of these anomalies will determine the usefulness of the proposed parameters in a system for pollution-based real-time control. Both the normal behaviour and the anomalies will be studied further by means of trend and correlation analyses of data to be obtained from a monitoring network for the parameters of interest that is currently being set up in the Netherlands.
This content is only available as a PDF. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8638302683830261, "perplexity": 1054.922096576846}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141171126.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124053841-20201124083841-00027.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/214046-need-assistance-algebra-word-problem.html | # Thread: Need assistance on algebra word problem
1. ## Need assistance on algebra word problem
solve the multiplication problem 23*27 by writing equations that use expanded forms and the distributed property. relate the equation to the steps in partial-products algorithm for calculating 23*27. Use this to explain why the partial-products algorithm calculates the correct answer to 23*27.
2. ## Re: Need assistance on algebra word problem
Originally Posted by green11
solve the multiplication problem 23*27 by writing equations that use expanded forms and the distributed property. relate the equation to the steps in partial-products algorithm for calculating 23*27. Use this to explain why the partial-products algorithm calculates the correct answer to 23*27.
What is a "partial-products algorithm?" Do you perhaps mean something like this: (20 + 3)(20 + 7)?
-Dan
3. ## Re: Need assistance on algebra word problem
no, something like this
partial produce algorithm example
Original problem
764
x58
------
764
x58
-------
32-8*4
480-8*60
5,600-8*700
200-50*4
3,000-*50*60
35,000-50*700
44,312(total after adding the amounts, 32+480...)
4. ## Re: Need assistance on algebra word problem
Dan's interpretation of your problem is correct.
We can consider the product of (764)x(58) as (700 + 60 + 4) x (50 + 8) = (8+50) x (4 + 60 + 700) by commutativity of addition and multiplication
(8+50) x (4+60+700) using foil method / distributive property is 8*4 + 8+60 + 8*700 + 50*4 + 50*60 + 50*700
For 23 x 27 it's exactly the same process and you start with the form Dan outlined for you already. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9234668612480164, "perplexity": 2536.3470801535746}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719542.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00441-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://zbmath.org/?q=an%3A1194.74432 | ×
## Theoretical aspects of the smoothed finite element method (SFEM).(English)Zbl 1194.74432
Summary: This paper examines the theoretical bases for the smoothed finite element method (SFEM), which was formulated by incorporating cell-wise strain smoothing operation into standard compatible finite element method (FEM). The weak form of SFEM can be derived from the Hu-Washizu three-field variational principle. For elastic problems, it is proved that 1D linear element and 2D linear triangle element in SFEM are identical to their counterparts in FEM, while 2D bilinear quadrilateral elements in SFEM are different from that of FEM: when the number of smoothing cells (SCs) of the elements equals 1, the SFEM solution is proved to be ‘variationally consistent’ and has the same properties with those of FEM using reduced integration; when SC approaches infinity, the SFEM solution will approach the solution of the standard displacement compatible FEM model; when SC is a finite number larger than 1, the SFEM solutions are not ‘variationally consistent’ but ‘energy consistent’, and will change monotonously from the solution of SFEM (SC = 1) to that of SFEM (SC $$\to \infty$$). It is suggested that there exists an optimal number of SC such that the SFEM solution is closest to the exact solution. The properties of SFEM are confirmed by numerical examples.
### MSC:
74S05 Finite element methods applied to problems in solid mechanics
Full Text:
### References:
[1] Displacement and equilibrium models in the finite element method. In Stress Analysis, (eds). Wiley: London, 1965. [2] . Mixed and Hybrid Finite Element Methods. Springer: New York, 1991. · Zbl 0788.73002 [3] Simo, Journal of Applied Mechanics 53 pp 51– (1986) [4] . Computational Inelasticity. Springer: New York, 1998. · Zbl 0934.74003 [5] Chen, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 50 pp 435– (2000) [6] Yoo, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 60 pp 861– (2004) [7] Liu, International Journal of Computational Methods (2006) [8] Finite Element Procedures. MIT Press/Prentice-Hall: Cambridge, MA, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1996. [9] . The Finite Element Method: A Practical Course. Butterworth Heinemann: Oxford, 2003. · Zbl 1027.74001 [10] . The Finite Element Method (5th edn). Butterworth Heinemann: Oxford, 2000. [11] Liu, Computational Mechanics (2006) [12] . Hybrid and Incompatible Finite Element Methods. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2006. · Zbl 1110.65003 [13] Reduced integration to give equilibrium models for assessing the accuracy of finite element analysis. Proceedings of the Third International Conference in Australia on Finite Element Methods, July 1979. [14] Kelly, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 pp 1489– (1980) [15] . Theory of Elasticity (3rd edn). McGraw-Hill: New York, 1970.
This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. It attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming the completeness or perfect precision of the matching. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6337417364120483, "perplexity": 1846.1986123796332}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336880.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001163826-20221001193826-00791.warc.gz"} |
https://dmoj.ca/problem/dwite11c5p2 | ## DWITE '11 R5 #2 - Unit rectangles
View as PDF
Points: 3
Time limit: 2.0s
Memory limit: 64M
Problem type
##### DWITE Online Computer Programming Contest, December 2010, Problem 2
Rectangles can be constructed out of smaller squares. Given a supply of unit squares ( in size), how many unique rectangles can be constructed?
The input will contain 5 lines, each an integer , a number of unit squares available.
The output will contain 5 lines, each a number of unique rectangles that can be constructed from up to unit squares (not all squares have to be used for some of the rectangles).
Note: a rectangle is unique if another rectangle that had previously been constructed can't be rotated to look the same way. That is, and are considered to be the same.
#### Sample Input
2
6
#### Sample Output
2
8 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5267711281776428, "perplexity": 1757.3085130668157}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321786.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824214845-20190825000845-00004.warc.gz"} |
https://www.math-only-math.com/division-of-algebraic-expression.html | # Division of Algebraic Expression
In division of algebraic expression if x is a variable and m, n are positive integers such that m > n then (xᵐ ÷ xⁿ) = x$$^{m - n}$$.
### I. Division of a Monomial by a Monomial
Quotient of two monomials is a monomial which is equal to the quotient of their numerical coefficients, multiplied by the quotient of their literal coefficients.
Rule:
Quotient of two monomials = (quotient of their numerical coefficients) x (quotient of their variables)
### Divide:
(i) 8x2y3 by -2xy
Solution:
(i) 8x2y3/-2xy
= (8/-2) x2 - 1y3 - 1 [Using quotient law xm ÷ xn = xm - n]
= -4xy2.
(ii) 35x3yz2 by -7xyz
Solution:
35x3yz2 by -7xyz
= (35/-7) x3 - 1y1 - 1z2 - 1 [Using quotient law xm ÷ xn = xm - n]
= -5 x2y0z1 [y0 = 1]
= -5x2z.
(iii) -15x3yz3 by -5xyz2
Solution:
-15x3yz3 by -5xyz2.
= (-15/-5) x3 - 1y1 - 1z3 - 2. [Using quotient law xm ÷ xn = xm - n].
= 3 x2y0z1 [y0 = 1].
= 3x2z.
### II. Division of a Polynomial by a Monomial
Rule:
For dividing a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term of the polynomial by the monomial. We divide each term of the polynomial by the monomial and then simplify.
### Divide:
(i) 6x5 + 18x4 - 3x2 by 3x2
Solution:
6x5 + 18x4 - 3x2 by 3x2
= (6x5 + 18x4 - 3x2) ÷ 3x2 6x5/3x2 + 18x4/3x2 - 3x2/3x2
=2x3 + 6x2 - 1.
(ii) 20x3y + 12x2y2 - 10xy by 2xy
Solution:
20x3y + 12x2y2 - 10xy by 2xy
= (20x3y + 12x2y2 - 10xy) ÷ 2xy
= 20x3y/2xy + 12x2y2/2xy - 10xy/2xy
= 10x2 + 6xy - 5.
### III. Division of a Polynomial by a Polynomial
We may proceed according to the steps given below:
(i) Arrange the terms of the dividend and divisor in descending order of their degrees.
(ii) Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the divisor to obtain the first term of the quotient.
(iii) Multiply all the terms of the divisor by the first term of the quotient and subtract the result from the dividend.
(iv) Consider the remainder (if any) as a new dividend and proceed as before.
(v) Repeat this process till we obtain a remainder which is either 0 or a polynomial of degree less than that of the divisor.
Let us understand it through some examples.
### 1. Divide 12 – 14a² – 13a by (3 + 2a).
Solution:
12 – 14a² – 13a by (3 + 2a).
Write the terms of the polynomial (dividend and divisor both) in decreasing order of exponents of variables.
So, dividend becomes – 14a² – 13a + 12 and divisor becomes 2a + 3.
Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the divisor which gives first term of the quotient.
Multiply the divisor by the first term of the quotient and subtract the product from the dividend which gives the remainder.
Now, this remainder is treated as, new dividend but the divisor remains the same.
Now, we divide the first term of the new dividend by the first term of the divisor which gives second term of the quotient.
Now, multiply the divisor by the term of the quotient just obtained and subtracts the product from the dividend.
Thus, we conclude that divisor and quotient are the factors of dividend if the remainder is zero.
Quotient = -7a + 4
Remainder = 0
### Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder
= (2a + 3)(-7a + 4) + 0
= 2a(-7a + 4) +3(-7a + 4) + 0
= – 14a² + 8a – 21a + 12 + 0
= – 14a² – 13a + 12
### 2. Divide 2x² + 3x + 1 by (x + 1).
Solution:
Therefore, quotient = (2x + 1) and remainder = 0.
### 3. Divide x² + 6x + 8 by (x + 4).
Solution:
Therefore, Dividend = x² + 6x + 8
Divisor = x + 4
Quotient = x + 2 and
Remainder = 0.
### 4. Divide 9x - 6x² + x³ - 2 by (x - 2).
Solution:
Arranging the terms of the dividend and divisor in descending order and then dividing,
Therefore, quotient = (x² - 4x + 1) and remainder = 0.
### 5. Divide (29x - 6x² - 28) by (3x -4).
Solution:
Arranging the terms of the dividend and divisor in descending order and then dividing,
Therefore, (29x - 6x² - 28) ÷ (3x - 4) = (-2x + 7).
### 6. Divide (5x³-4x² + 3x - 18) by (3 - 2x + x²).
Solution:
The terms of the dividend are in descending order.
Arranging the terms of the divisor in descending order and then dividing,
Therefore, 5x³-4x² + 3x - 18) ÷ (x² - 2x + 3) = (5x + 6).
### 7. Using division, show that (x - 1) is a factor of (x³ - 1).
Solution:
(x - 1) completely divides (x³ - 1).
Hence, (x - 1) is a factor of(x³- 1).
### 8. Find the quotient and remainder when (7 + 15x - 13x² + 5x³) is divided by (4 - 3x + x²).
Solution:
Arranging the terms of dividend and divisor in descending order and then dividing,
Therefore, quotient is (5x + 2) and remainder is (x - 1).
### 9. Divide (10x⁴ + 17x³ - 62x² + 30x - 3) by (2x² + 7x - 1).
Solution:
The terms of the dividend and that of the divisor are in descending order. So, we divide them as;
(10x⁴ + 17x³ - 62x² + 30x - 3) ÷ (2x² + 7x - 1) = (5x² - 9x + 3).
Algebraic Expression
Algebraic Expression
Division of Algebraic Expressions | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7541438937187195, "perplexity": 2167.3629279400907}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481766.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217071448-20190217093448-00175.warc.gz"} |
https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/47/unemployment-and-the-minimum-wage-what-are-the-main-counter-arguments-to-card?noredirect=1 | Unemployment and the Minimum Wage---what are the main counter-arguments to Card and Krueger?
Card and Krueger's paper (AER 1994, "Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania") uses a difference-in-difference identification strategy to identify the causal effect of a minimum wage increase on unemployment. (A summary can be found here.) The main finding was that the increase in the minimum wage had a negligible or even non-existent effect of employment. There have been several criticisms to the paper---including criticizing the quality of the data or the fact that employers might have anticipated the change.
My question is, what are the main economic explanations for why employment did not significantly fall? What other evidence could be used to test these explanations?
• In an interview, David Card said that their argument wasn't about "the minimum wage increases employment", but rather why did they get this paradoxical results (measurement errors, etc.). That is, you and them ask the same question. – Anton Tarasenko Nov 29 '14 at 7:25
• How much of the increases wages spend on Fast-Food? – Ian Ringrose Dec 30 '14 at 14:16
Isaac Sorkin, a grad student at Michigan, has addressed this. Here is Miles Kimball blogging it, link. Main argument there is that previous work measures short run elasticities, which are less responsive than in the long run. You can surely find more by checking Sorkin's citations.
To the extent that there is an economic explanation for their findings, it's something along the lines of costs of changing prices and employment are large enough relative to the increase in the minimum wage observed that producers choose instead to take a large amount of the cost of minimum wage increases on themselves. The alternatives would be 1) they decrease employment 2) they increase prices 3) they close branches or reduce entry. None of that seems to have happened.
I think Pburg is right that one possible bone to pick with this result is that the short run response is not representative of the possible long run reaction. Another possibility is that the increase in the minimum wage was too small. \$4.25 to \$5.05 (the increase they observe) is very different from \$7.25 to \$10.10. This is my where my concerns would lie.
It's possible there were also confounding legal changes, which would violate the parallel trends assumption, but I find this less plausible.
First, we need to assume that the minimum wage is an "effective constraint", i.e. that in the cases examined people are paid the minimum wage. I guess this holds.
Second, the negative relation between demand for labor (for the services sold by workers) and wage (its price), depends on an assumption of a smooth such relation. In turn, such a smooth relation depends on substitutability of factors of production: in order to decrease labor employed, one needs to increase capital employed (if it has no reason to alter the production level).
Is it the case that the services offered by minimum wage workers in the study mentioned, could be readily substituted by capital? If not, here is one explanation.
Another way for a firm to respond to a minimum wage increase, is to try to increase the intensity of work, so it could fire people and maintain essentially the same level of services with fewer workers that are paid the higher minimum wage, keeping the total cost the same.
Is it the case that minimum wage workers in the study mentioned worked with some slack, and there was still room to press them to work harder? If not, here is another explanation.
So it may be the case, that the firms have done their "profit making job excellently", and have managed to have the lowest operationally possible level of labor, by extracting full efficiency from it, but also from the point of view of factors substitution capabilities... and then came the minimum wage increase. The firms simply had no options, (at least in the short run), than, perhaps, to pass the cost over to consumers, or live with lower profits, because they were already operating at their efficiency frontier with the minimum feasible amount of labor.
In such a case, the minimum-wage increase has a pure income-redistribution effect.
No one else has mentioned another possible explanation: that there was an increasing labor shortage in New Jersey at the time of the minimum wage increase. This caused minimum wage employment to increase. This was not a result of the minimum wage increase but of the demand increase. I.e. the demand curve moved up and to the right. This caused the intersection with the supply curve to move up and to the right as well (the supply curve itself did not change, only the intersection with the demand curve).
Another possibility is that people were switching from lower wage Pennsylvania jobs to higher wage New Jersey jobs. This would cause employment to fall in Pennsylvania relative to New Jersey. The Card and Krueger study would not have caught this, as they surveyed managers not employees. This would explain why the differential went in a different direction than expected.
In support of either or both of these hypotheses, when the subsequent federal minimum wage increased such that New Jersey and Pennsylvania had the same minimum wage, there was no repeat of the increase shown in the original study. This is consistent with the first hypothesis that there was a special occasion at the time of the first increase. It is also consistent with the second hypothesis, since there would be no need to move to get the better wage. The study is discussed on Wikipedia.
• I'm having a hard time understanding your first explanation. Can you describe/post a picture of what's happening in the supply and demand picture? You aren't describing an increase in demand--you're talking about labor supply. – Pburg Nov 19 '14 at 22:22
• @Pburg Is this any better? – Brythan Nov 19 '14 at 22:34
• Ah sorry, I thought you were saying the increase of people looking for min wage jobs was the demand shift. Now I see you are just positing an accompanied change in demand. – Pburg Nov 19 '14 at 22:37
Not a serious answer, but these two incendiary quotes were by two Nobel laureates (Wall Street Journal, 25th April, 1996) and so perhaps worth listing here.
James Buchanan:
The inverse relationship between quantity demanded and price is the core proposition in economic science, which embodies the presupposition that human choice behavior is sufficiently rational to allow predictions to be made. Just as no physicist would claim that "water runs uphill," no self-respecting economist would claim that increases in the minimum wage increase employment. Such a claim, if seriously advanced, becomes equivalent to a denial that there is even minimal scientific content in economics, and that, in consequence, economists can do nothing but write as advocates for ideological interests. Fortunately, only a handful of economists are willing to throw over the teaching of two centuries; we have not yet become a bevy of camp-following whores.
Merton Miller:
Years ago, economists used to believe there was no such thing as a free lunch. Some now seem to have found one, however, in the proposed increase in the minimum wage. Raising the minimum wage by law above its market determined equilibrium, they argue, actually costs nobody anything. (Or at worst, costs nobody very much because it's only a small, marginal increment, after all.) Is all this too good to be true? Damn right. But it sure plays well in the opinion polls. I tremble for my profession.
• I like these quotes. +1 They are absolutely right. This exercise of finding the flaw in the paper is akin to locating the exact error in the proposal of a perpetual motion machine while fully aware of its impossibility due to the second law of thermodynamics. – Hans Dec 28 '18 at 1:59 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6346821784973145, "perplexity": 1291.989748055914}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986685915.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018231153-20191019014653-00081.warc.gz"} |
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# Cotton Candy babies v.2by ~Theedgeofart
More Cotton Candy babies!
I got them all from the awesome
The ones that aren't here will be in the next pic, when I get more babies for it.
I'm in love with all these, specially with the third, the fourth, and the fifth. They are really awesome. I'm in love with them.
Number 1 is called ..... , and is a pegasus.
Number 2 is called ..... , and is a pegasus.
Number 3 is called ..... , and is an alicorn.
Number 4 is called Blackberry candy , and is an unicorn.
Number 5 is called ..... , and is a pegasus.
Number 6 is called Blueberry candy , and is a pegasus.
Nov 24, 2012 Hobbyist General Artist
Nov 24, 2012 Student Writer
No, they are mine, I adopted them.
Nov 24, 2012 Hobbyist General Artist
Oh ok there soooooooo cute anyway
Nov 24, 2012 Student Writer
Thanks
Nov 27, 2012 Hobbyist General Artist
Welcome
Nov 2, 2012 Student General Artist
you could name the last one if not named Raspberry Candy cuz she is a cotton candy baby
Nov 2, 2012 Student Writer
It's a good name, but, why Rasberry? Blueberry Candy fits more, I think XD Because of the blue thing... and maybe the forth one could be Blackberry Candy...
Thanks for the names
Nov 2, 2012 Student General Artist
blueberry does fit better
Nov 2, 2012 Student Writer
Yeah, but the name is all thanks to you, you gave me the idea, then I changed something, so, thanks
Nov 2, 2012 Student General Artist
ur welcome | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8334218263626099, "perplexity": 11137.396916765047}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163732500/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204132852-00062-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://clay6.com/qa/49487/the-number-lock-of-a-suitcase-has-four-wheels-each-labelled-with-10-digits- | Browse Questions
# The number lock of a suitcase has four wheels,each labelled with 10 digits (ie) from 0 to 9.The lock opens with a sequence of four digits with no repeats.What is the probability of a person getting the right sequence to open the suitcase?
$\begin{array}{1 1}(A)\;\large\frac{1}{5040}\\(B)\;\large\frac{2}{4035}\\(C)\;\large\frac{3}{5040}\\(D)\;\text{None of these}\end{array}$
Toolbox:
• Required probability =$\large\frac{n(E)}{n(S)}$
Step 1:
Given repetition is not allowed.
$\therefore$ First place can be filled in 10 ways.
Second place can be filled in 9 ways.
Third place can be filled in 8 ways
Fourth place can be filled in 7 ways
$\therefore$ Total number of ways =$10\times 9\times 8\times 7$
$\Rightarrow 5040$ ways
Step 2:
Total number of outcomes n(S)=5040
Only one sequence will be right which will open the lock
No of favorable cases n(E)=1
Required probability=$\large\frac{n(E)}{n(S)}$
$\Rightarrow \large\frac{1}{5040}$
Hence (A) is the correct answer. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.46397820115089417, "perplexity": 1143.5882106362274}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718987.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00023-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/31817/texlive-2011-and-subfig | # TeXLive 2011 and subfig
I am a long user of TeXLive on Windows. I recently moved to TL2011 from TL2010 without any problems with the iso file from CTAN. A couple of days ago I updated the TL2011 with the latest updates on CTAN.
I find that subref does not work well with TL2011. If I have the command e.g.
``````Fig.~\subref*{fig:subfig:P2jeffcott}
``````
in order to get it as Fig. 1(a) and not Fig 1a, well TL2011 complains. I get an error message:
``````No file test.aux.
<newjeffcott.eps> <newjeffcott.eps>
! Argument of \@caption has an extra }.
<inserted text>
\par
l.18 ...~\subref*{fig:subfig:P2jeffcott} is cool.}
?
``````
Process has been terminated ...
I am putting the testfile test.tex and the figure newjeffcott.eps here:
http://petitlien.fr/myfiles
(This will expand to a GMX shared folder)
Note: I do not have any problems with with TL2010 nor TL2008 and nor with the version of TL2011 that came with the iso file on CTAN. The problem arose after I updated my whole TL2011 from CTAN three days back.
Thanks a lot...
-
I had the same problem with Tex Live 2012. The solution proposed by @egreg worked perfectly. – Felipe Aguirre Aug 29 '12 at 19:47
``````\protect\subref*{fig:subfig:P2jeffcott}
will do, if the `\subref` command is used in a moving argument such as a caption. The `\protect` is not needed in normal text. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8703560829162598, "perplexity": 5096.0299014922375}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701157472.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193917-00102-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://terrytao.wordpress.com/category/non-technical/page/2/ | You are currently browsing the category archive for the ‘non-technical’ category.
[Once again, some advertising on behalf of my department, following on a similar announcement in the previous three years.]
Two years ago, the UCLA mathematics department launched a scholarship opportunity for entering freshman students with exceptional background and promise in mathematics. We have offered one scholarship every year, but this year due to an additional source of funding, we will also be able to offer an additional scholarship for California residents.The UCLA Math Undergraduate Merit Scholarship provides for full tuition, and a room and board allowance for 4 years. In addition, scholarship recipients follow an individualized accelerated program of study, as determined after consultation with UCLA faculty. The program of study leads to a Masters degree in Mathematics in four years.
More information and an application form for the scholarship can be found on the web at:
and
To be considered for Fall 2013, candidates must apply for the scholarship and also for admission to UCLA on or before November 30, 2012.
Garth Gaudry, who made many contributions to harmonic analysis and to Australian mathematics, and was also both my undergradaute and masters advisor as well as the head of school during one of my first academic jobs, died yesterday after a long battle with cancer, aged 71.
Garth worked on the interface between real-variable harmonic analysis and abstract harmonic analysis (which, despite their names, are actually two distinct fields, though certainly related to each other). He was one of the first to realise the central importance of Littlewood-Paley theory as a general foundation for both abstract and real-variable harmonic analysis, writing an influential text with Robert Edwards on the topic. He also made contributions to Clifford analysis, which was also the topic of my masters thesis.
But, amongst Australian mathematicians at least, Garth will be remembered for his tireless service to the field, most notably for his pivotal role in founding the Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute (AMSI) and then serving as AMSI’s first director, and then in directing the International Centre of Excellence for Education in Mathematics (ICE-EM), the educational arm of AMSI which, among other things, developed a full suite of maths textbooks and related educational materials covering Years 5-10 (which I reviewed here back in 2008).
I knew Garth ever since I was an undergraduate at Flinders University. He was head of school then (a position roughly equivalent to department chair in the US), but still was able to spare an hour a week to meet with me to discuss real analysis, as I worked my way through Rudin’s “Real and complex analysis” and then Stein’s “Singular integrals”, and then eventually completed a masters thesis under his supervision on Clifford-valued singular integrals. When Princeton accepted my application for graduate study, he convinced me to take the opportunity without hesitation. Without Garth, I certainly wouldn’t be where I am at today, and I will always be very grateful for his advisorship. He was a good person, and he will be missed very much by me and by many others.
Bill Thurston, who made fundamental contributions to our understanding of low-dimensional manifolds and related structures, died on Tuesday, aged 65.
Perhaps Thurston’s best known achievement is the proof of the hyperbolisation theorem for Haken manifolds, which showed that 3-manifolds which obeyed a certain number of topological conditions, could always be given a hyperbolic geometry (i.e. a Riemannian metric that made the manifold isometric to a quotient of the hyperbolic 3-space $H^3$). This difficult theorem connecting the topological and geometric structure of 3-manifolds led Thurston to give his influential geometrisation conjecture, which (in principle, at least) completely classifies the topology of an arbitrary compact 3-manifold as a combination of eight model geometries (now known as Thurston model geometries). This conjecture has many consequences, including Thurston’s hyperbolisation theorem and (most famously) the Poincaré conjecture. Indeed, by placing that conjecture in the context of a conceptually appealing general framework, of which many other cases could already be verified, Thurston provided one of the strongest pieces of evidence towards the truth of the Poincaré conjecture, until the work of Grisha Perelman in 2002-2003 proved both the Poincaré conjecture and the geometrisation conjecture by developing Hamilton’s Ricci flow methods. (There are now several variants of Perelman’s proof of both conjectures; in the proof of geometrisation by Bessieres, Besson, Boileau, Maillot, and Porti, Thurston’s hyperbolisation theorem is a crucial ingredient, allowing one to bypass the need for the theory of Alexandrov spaces in a key step in Perelman’s argument.)
One of my favourite results of Thurston’s is his elegant method for everting the sphere (smoothly turning a sphere $S^2$ in ${\bf R}^3$ inside out without any folds or singularities). The fact that sphere eversion can be achieved at all is highly unintuitive, and is often referred to as Smale’s paradox, as Stephen Smale was the first to give a proof that such an eversion exists. However, prior to Thurston’s method, the known constructions for sphere eversion were quite complicated. Thurston’s method, relying on corrugating and then twisting the sphere, is sufficiently conceptual and geometric that it can in fact be explained quite effectively in non-technical terms, as was done in the following excellent video entitled “Outside In“, and produced by the Geometry Center:
In addition to his direct mathematical research contributions, Thurston was also an amazing mathematical expositor, having the rare knack of being able to describe the process of mathematical thinking in addition to the results of that process and the intuition underlying it. His wonderful essay “On proof and progress in mathematics“, which I highly recommend, is the quintessential instance of this; more recent examples include his many insightful questions and answers on MathOverflow.
I unfortunately never had the opportunity to meet Thurston in person (although we did correspond a few times online), but I know many mathematicians who have been profoundly influenced by him and his work. His death is a great loss for mathematics.
The National Academy of Sciences award for Scientific Reviewing is slated to be given in Mathematics (understood to include Applied Mathematics) in April 2013. The award cycles among many fields, and the last (and only) time it was given in Mathematics was 1995. This year, I am on the prize committee for this award and am therefore circulating a call for nominations.
This award is intended “to recognize authors whose reviews have synthesized extensive and difficult material, rendering a significant service to science and influencing the course of scientific thought”. As such, it is slightly different in focus from most awards in mathematics, which tend to focus more on original research contributions than on synthesis and exposition, which in my opinion is an equally important component of mathematical research.
In 1995, this prize was awarded to Rob Kirby “For his list of problems in low-dimensional topology and his tireless maintenance of it; several generations have been greatly influenced by Kirby’s list.”.
Instructions for how to submit nominations can be found at this page. Nominees and awardees do not need to be members of the Academy, and can be based outside of the United States. The award comes with a medal and a 10,000 prize. The deadline for nominations is 1 October 2012. I’ve just opened the research thread for the mini-polymath4 project over at the polymath blog to collaboratively solve one of the six questions from this year’s IMO. This year I have selected Q3, which is a somewhat intricate game-theoretic question. (The full list of questions this year may be found here.) This post will serve as the discussion thread of the project, intended to focus all the non-research aspects of the project such as organisational matters or commentary on the progress of the project. The third component of the project is the wiki page, which is intended to summarise the progress made so far on the problem. As with the previous mini-polymath projects, I myself will be serving primarily as a moderator, and hope other participants will take the lead in the research and in keeping the wiki up-to-date. Just a reminder that the mini-polymath4 project will begin in three hours at Thu July 12 2012 UTC 22:00. For the past few months, Cambridge University Press (in consultation with a number of mathematicians, including Tim Gowers and myself) has been preparing to launch a new open access journal (or more precisely, a complex of journals – see below) in mathematics, under the title “Forum of Mathematics“, as an experiment in moving away from the traditional library subscription based model of mathematical academic publishing. (The initial planning for this journal happened to precede the Cost of Knowledge boycott, but the philosophy behind the journal is certainly aligned with that of the boycott, which I believe is further evidence that the time has come for mathematical journal reform.) The journal will formally begin accepting submissions on October 1st, but it has already been officially announced by Cambridge University Press, with an editorial board (with Rob Kirby as managing editor, thirteen other editors including Tim and myself, and a board of associate editors that is still in the process of being assembled) and FAQ already in place. In many respects, Forum of Mathematics functions as a regular mathematics journal, in that papers are submitted by the authors, sent out to referees by the editors, and (if accepted) published by the Forum. There are however a couple of important features that distinguish the Forum from traditional mathematics journals. The first is the open access, publication-charge based publishing model (sometimes known as “gold open access”). Namely, all articles will be freely available without subscription charges, but authors, upon their paper being accepted, be asked to pay a publication charge to cover costs. The publication charges will be set at zero for the first three years, and then raised to somewhere around £500 GBP or750 USD after the initial three-year period (with fee waivers available for authors from developing countries). (One reason that the publication charges are not entirely fixed at this point is that there is the possibility of obtaining additional funding sources for this journal, for instance from philanthropic organisations, which may allow for fee reductions or additional waivers.) This is of course a non-trivial sum of money, but it is significantly lower than the charges for most other gold open access journals. Also, editorial decisions will not be influenced by the author’s ability to pay for the charges, which only come into effect in the event that the paper is accepted for publication.
(One way in which Cambridge University Press is keeping costs low, by the way, is to keep the journal purely electronic, with physical issues available on a print-on-demand basis only. A side benefit of this choice is that there is no hard constraint on how many or how few pages will be published each year, so that acceptance decisions will not be influenced by artificial constraints such as the size of the journal backlog.)
Another distinctive feature of Forum of Mathematics lies in its scope and structure. It is not exactly a single journal, but is instead a complex consisting of a generalist flagship journal (officially known as Forum of Mathematics, Pi) and a specialist journal (Forum of Mathematics, Sigma) which is in turn loosely organised for editorial purposes into “clusters” for each of the major subfields of mathematics (analysis, topology, algebra, discrete mathematics, etc.). As a first approximation, Pi is intended as a top-tier journal (on the level of, say, the Journal of the American Mathematical Society, Inventiones, or Annals of Mathematics) that only accepts significant papers of interest to a wide audience of mathematicians, while Sigma resembles a collection of specialist journals, one for each major subfield of mathematics. However, the journals will be using the same editorial interface, and so it will be possible to easily transfer a submission between journals or clusters (while retaining all the referee reports and other editorial data). This is meant to help address a common issue in traditional mathematical journals, namely that if the editorial board decides that a submission falls too far outside the scope of the journal, or is not quite at the desired level of quality, then the authors have to start all over again with a new journal (and new referee reports). Of course, it is still possible (and perhaps even fairly common) that a submission to Forum of Mathematics will be deemed unsuitable for either Pi or Sigma, and thus rejected entirely; but the structure of the Forum should give some additional flexibility, to reduce the frequency that papers are rejected for artificial reasons such as being out of scope. (Of course, we would still expect authors to aim their submission at the most appropriate location to begin with, in order to reduce the time and effort expended on processing the paper by everyone involved.)
Further discussion of this journal can be found at Tim Gowers’ blog. It should be fully operational in a few months (barring last-minute hitches, we should be open for submissions on 1 October 2012). Of course, a single journal is not going to resolve all the extant concerns about the need for journal publishing reform, such as those raised in the Cost of Knowledge boycott; but I feel that it is important to have some experimentation with different publishing models, to see what alternatives to the status quo are possible.
Two quick updates with regards to polymath projects. Firstly, given the poll on starting the mini-polymath4 project, I will start the project at Thu July 12 2012 UTC 22:00. As usual, the main research thread on this project will be held at the polymath blog, with the discussion thread hosted separately on this blog.
Second, the Polymath7 project, which seeks to establish the “hot spots conjecture” for acute-angled triangles, has made a fair amount of progress so far; for instance, the first part of the conjecture (asserting that the second Neumann eigenfunction of an acute non-equilateral triangle is simple) is now solved, and the second part (asserting that the “hot spots” (i.e. extrema) of that second eigenfunction lie on the boundary of the triangle) has been solved in a number of special cases (such as the isosceles case). It’s been quite an active discussion in the last week or so, with almost 200 comments across two threads (and a third thread freshly opened up just now). While the problem is still not completely solved, I feel optimistic that it should fall within the next few weeks (if nothing else, it seems that the problem is now at least amenable to a brute force numerical attack, though personally I would prefer to see a more conceptual solution).
Two polymath related items for this post. Firstly, there is a new polymath proposal over at the polymath blog, proposing to attack the “hot spots conjecture” (concerning a maximum principle for a heat equation) in the case when the domain is an acute-angled triangle (the case of the right and obtuse-angled triangles already being solved). Please feel free to comment on the proposal blog post if you are interested in participating.
Secondly, it is once again time to set up the annual “mini-polymath” project to collaboratively solve one of this year’s International Mathematical Olympiad problems. This year, the Olympiad is being held in Argentina, with the problems given out on July 10-11. As usual, there will be a wiki page, discussion thread, and research thread for the project. As in previous years, the first thing to resolve is the starting date and time, so I am setting up a poll here to fix a time (and also to get a preliminary indication of interest in the project). (I am using 24-hour Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) for these times. Here is a link that converts the first time given in the poll (Thu Jul 12 2012 UTC 6:00) into other time zones.) Given that the last three mini-polymaths were reasonably successful, I am not planning any changes to the format, but of course if there are any suggestions for changes, I’d be happy to hear them in the comments.
High school algebra marks a key transition point in one’s early mathematical education, and is a common point at which students feel that mathematics becomes really difficult. One of the reasons for this is that the problem solving process for a high school algebra question is significantly more free-form than the mechanical algorithms one is taught for elementary arithmetic, and a certain amount of planning and strategy now comes into play. For instance, if one wants to, say, write ${\frac{1,572,342}{4,124}}$ as a mixed fraction, there is a clear (albeit lengthy) algorithm to do this: one simply sets up the long division problem, extracts the quotient and remainder, and organises these numbers into the desired mixed fraction. After a suitable amount of drill, this is a task that can be accomplished by a large fraction of students at the middle school level. But if, for instance, one has to solve a system of equations such as
$\displaystyle a^2 + bc = 7$
$\displaystyle 2b - c = 1$
$\displaystyle a + 2 = c$
for ${a,b,c}$, there is no similarly mechanical procedure that can be easily taught to a high school student in order to solve such a problem “mindlessly”. (I doubt, for instance, that any attempt to teach Buchberger’s algorithm to such students will be all that successful.) Instead, one is taught the basic “moves” (e.g. multiplying both sides of an equation by some factor, subtracting one equation from another, substituting an expression for a variable into another equation, and so forth), and some basic principles (e.g. simplifying an expression whenever possible, for instance by gathering terms, or solving for one variable in terms of others in order to eliminate it from the system). It is then up to the student to find a suitable combination of moves that isolates each of the variables in turn, to reveal their identities.
Once one is sufficiently expert in algebraic manipulation, this is not all that difficult to do, but when one is just starting to learn algebra, this type of problem can be quite daunting, in part because of an “embarrasment of riches”; there are several possible “moves” one could try to apply to the equations given, and to the novice it is not always clear in advance which moves will simplify the problem and which ones will make it more complicated. Often, such a student may simply try moves at random, which can lead to a dishearteningly large amount of effort expended without getting any closer to a solution. What is worse, each move introduces the possibility of an arithmetic error (such as a sign error), the effect of which is usually not apparent until the student finally arrives at his or her solution and either checks it against the original equation, or submits the answer to be graded. (My own son can get quite frustrated after performing a lengthy series of computations to solve an algebra problem, only to be told that the answer was wrong due to an arithmetic error; I am sure this experience is common to many other schoolchildren.)
It occurred to me recently, though, that the set of problem-solving skills needed to solve algebra problems (and, to some extent, calculus problems also) is somewhat similar to the set of skills needed to solve puzzle-type computer games, in which a certain limited set of moves must be applied in a certain order to achieve a desired result. (There are countless games of this general type; a typical example is “Factory balls“.) Given that the computer game format is already quite familiar to many schoolchildren, one could then try to teach the strategy component of algebraic problem-solving via such a game, which could automate mechanical tasks such as gathering terms and performing arithmetic in order to reduce some of the more frustrating aspects of algebra. (Note that this is distinct from the type of maths games one often sees on educational web sites, which are usually based on asking the player to correctly answer some maths problem in order to advance within the game, making the game essentially a disguised version of a maths quiz. Here, the focus is not so much on being able to supply the correct answer, but on being able to select an effective problem-solving strategy.)
It is difficult to explain in words exactly what type of game I have in mind, so I decided to create a quick mockup of what a sample “level” would look like here (note: requires Java). I didn’t want to spend too much time to make this mockup, so I wrote it in Scratch, which is a somewhat limited programming language intended for use by children, but which has the benefit of being able to churn out simple but functional apps very quickly (the mockup took less than half an hour to write). (I would certainly not attempt to write a full game in this language, though.) In this mockup level, the objective is to solve a single linear equation in one variable, such as ${2x+7=11}$, with only two “moves” available: the ability to subtract ${1}$ from both sides of the equation, and the ability to divide both sides of the equation by ${2}$, which one performs by clicking on an appropriate icon.
It seems to me that one could actually teach a fair amount of algebra through a game such as this, with a progressively difficult sequence of levels that gradually introduce more and more types of “moves” that can handle increasingly difficult problems (e.g. simultaneous linear equations in several unknowns, quadratic equations in one or more variables, inequalities, etc.). Even within a single class of problem, such as solving linear equations, one could create additional challenge by placing some restriction on the available moves, for instance by limiting the number of available moves (as was done in the mockup), or requiring that each move cost some amount of game currency (which might possibly be waived if one is willing to perform the move “by hand”, i.e. by entering the transformed equation manually). And of course one could also make the graphics, sound, and gameplay fancier (e.g. by allowing for various competitive gameplay modes). One could also imagine some other types of high-school and lower-division undergraduate mathematics being amenable to this sort of gamification (calculus and ODE comes to mind, and maybe propositional logic), though I doubt that one could use it effectively for advanced undergraduate or graduate topics. (Though I have sometimes wished for an “integrate by parts” or “use Sobolev embedding” button when trying to control solutions to a PDE…)
This would however be a fair amount of work to actually implement, and is not something I could do by myself with the time I have available these days. But perhaps it may be possible to develop such a game (or platform for such a game) collaboratively, somewhat in the spirit of the polymath projects? I have almost no experience in modern software development (other than a summer programming job I had as a teenager, which hardly counts), so I would be curious to know how projects such as this actually get started in practice. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 11, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5022403001785278, "perplexity": 830.0675385412377}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011176878/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091936-00056-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.poissonconsulting.ca/analyses/kaslo-bull-trout-productivity-16/ | Kaslo Bull Trout Productivity Analysis 2016
The suggested citation for this analytic report is:
Thorley, J.L. and Hogan P.M. (2017) Kaslo Bull Trout Productivity Analysis 2016. A Poisson Consulting Analysis Report. URL: http://www.poissonconsulting.ca/f/1827953676.
Background
The Kaslo River and Keen Creek, which is a tributary of the Kaslo River, are important Bull Trout spawning and rearing tributaries on Kootenay Lake. From 2012 to 2016, field crews have night-snorkeled both systems in the fall and recorded all juvenile Bull Trout between 30 mm and 350 mm in length. Snorkel and electrofishing marking crews have also captured and tagged juvenile Bull Trout for the snorkel crews to resight. Redd counts have been conducted in both systems since 2006.
The primary goal of the current analyses is to answer the following questions:
What is the observer efficiency when night-snorkeling for juvenile Bull Trout in the Kaslo River and Keen Creek?
What are the densities of age-1 Bull Trout in the Kaslo River and Keen Creek?
What is the relationship between the number of redds and the resultant densities of age-1 Bull Trout two years later?
Data Preparation
The data were provided in the form of clean and tidy Excel spreadsheets by Gary Pavan and prepared for analysis using R version 3.3.2 (R Core Team 2015).
Table 1. Bull Trout length cutoffs by age-class.
Age Class Length (mm)
Age-0 30 - 90
Age-1 91 - 150
Age-2+ 151 - 350
Statistical Analysis
Model parameters were estimated using Maximum-Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian methods. The Maximum-Likelihood Estimates (MLE) were obtained using TMB (Kristensen et al. 2016) while the Bayesian estimates were produced using JAGS (Plummer 2015). For additional information on ML estimation the reader is referred to Millar (2011). For additional information on Bayesian modelling in the BUGS language, of which JAGS uses a dialect, the reader is referred to Kery and Schaub (2011).
Unless indicated otherwise, the Bayesian analyses used uninformative normal prior distributions (Kery and Schaub 2011, 36). The posterior distributions were estimated from 2,000 Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) samples thinned from the second halves of four chains (Kery and Schaub 2011, 38–40). Model convergence was confirmed by ensuring that $$\hat{R} < 1.1$$ (Kery and Schaub 2011, 40) for each of the monitored parameters (Kery and Schaub 2011, 61).
The parameters are summarised in terms of the point estimate, standard deviation (sd), the z-score, lower and upper 95% confidence/credible limits (CLs) and the p-value (Kery and Schaub 2011, 37, 42). For ML models, the point estimate is the MLE, the standard deviation is the standard error, the z-score is $$\mathrm{sd}/\mathrm{MLE}$$ and the 95% CLs are the $$\mathrm{MLE} \pm 1.96 \cdot \mathrm{sd}$$. A p-value of 0.05 indicates that the lower or upper 95% CL is 0. For Bayesian models, the estimate is the median (50th percentile) of the MCMC samples, the z-score is $$\mathrm{sd}/\mathrm{mean}$$ and the 95% CLs are the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles.
The support for fixed terms in ML models with identical random (Kery and Schaub 2011, 75) effects was assessed using Akaike’s weights ($$w_i$$) calculated from the marginal Akaike’s Information Criterion corrected for small sample size (AICc, Burnham and Anderson 2002). The Akaike’s weights were used for model averaging (Burnham and Anderson 2002). The fixed terms with low support were dropped from the final Bayesian model.
Where relevant, model adequacy was confirmed by examination of residual plots for the full model(s).
The results are displayed graphically by plotting the modeled relationships between particular variables and the response(s) with the remaining variables held constant. In general, continuous and discrete fixed variables are held constant at their mean and first level values, respectively, while random variables are held constant at their typical values (expected values of the underlying hyperdistributions) (Kery and Schaub 2011, 77–82). When informative the influence of particular variables is expressed in terms of the effect size (i.e., percent change in the response variable) with 95% confidence/credible intervals (CIs, Bradford, Korman, and Higgins 2005).
The analyses were implemented using R version 3.3.2 (R Core Team 2015) and the tmbr and jmbr packages.
Model Descriptions
Observer Efficiency
All resighted fish with a tag were allocated to the closest unallocated marked fish (with the same colour tag) by fork length and distance. The marked fish were analysed using a logistic regression model. Key assumptions of the full Maximum Likelihood logistic regression include:
• The observer efficiency varies by the fork length as a second order polynomial.
• The observer efficiency varies between systems.
• The observer efficiency varies by the gradient, sinuosity and watershed area.
The final Bayesian logistic regression assumed that:
• The observer efficiency varies by the fork length.
Lineal Density
Both systems were broken into 100 m sites by bank. The lineal density at each site was estimated using an over-dispersed Poisson Generalized Linear Mixed Model. Key assumptions of the full Maximum Likelihood GLMM include:
• The lineal density varies between systems and years.
• The lineal density varies randomly by site.
• The lineal density varies by site sinuosity, gradient and watershed area.
• The observer efficiency for each system is as estimated by the observer efficiency model.
The final Bayesian GLMM dropped sinuosity and gradient and took into account the uncertainty in the observer efficiencies as estimated by the observer efficiency model.
Stock-Recruitment
The stock-recruitment relationship was estimated using a Bayesian Beverton-Holt stock-recruitment curve. Key assumptions of the final BH SR model include:
• The strength of density-dependence varies between systems.
Observer Efficiency
Maximum Likelihood
#include <TMB.hpp>
template<class Type>
Type objective_function<Type>::operator() () {
DATA_VECTOR(Observed);
DATA_FACTOR(System);
DATA_VECTOR(Tagged);
DATA_VECTOR(Length);
DATA_VECTOR(Sinuosity);
DATA_VECTOR(Area);
PARAMETER(bIntercept);
PARAMETER(bSystem);
PARAMETER(bLength);
PARAMETER(bLength2);
PARAMETER(bSinuosity);
PARAMETER(bArea);
vector<Type> eObserved = Observed;
int n = Observed.size();
Type nll = 0.0;
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
eObserved(i) = invlogit(bIntercept + bSystem * System(i) + bLength * Length(i) + bLength2 * pow(Length(i), 2) + bGradient * Gradient(i) + bSinuosity * Sinuosity(i) + bArea * Area(i));
nll -= dbinom(Observed(i), Tagged(i), eObserved(i), true);
return nll;
..
Template 1. Full model.
Bayesian
model{
bIntercept ~ dnorm(0, 5^-2)
bLength ~ dnorm(0, 5^-2)
for(i in 1:length(Observed)){
logit(eObserved[i]) <- bIntercept + bLength * Length[i]
Observed[i] ~ dbern(eObserved[i])
}
..
Template 2. Final model.
Lineal Density
Maximum Likelihood
#include <TMB.hpp>
template<class Type>
Type objective_function<Type>::operator() () {
DATA_VECTOR(Count);
DATA_VECTOR(Length);
DATA_VECTOR(Coverage);
DATA_VECTOR(Efficiency);
DATA_VECTOR(Dispersion);
DATA_VECTOR(Sinuosity);
DATA_VECTOR(Area);
DATA_FACTOR(System);
DATA_FACTOR(Site);
DATA_INTEGER(nSite);
DATA_FACTOR(Year);
PARAMETER_MATRIX(bSystemYear);
PARAMETER_VECTOR(bSite);
PARAMETER(bSinuosity);
PARAMETER(bArea);
PARAMETER_VECTOR(bDispersion);
DATA_INTEGER(nDispersion);
PARAMETER(log_sDispersion);
PARAMETER(log_sSite);
Type sSite = exp(log_sSite);
Type sDispersion = exp(log_sDispersion);
vector<Type> eDensity = Count;
vector<Type> eCount = Count;
vector<Type> eNorm = pnorm(bDispersion, Type(0), Type(1));
vector<Type> eDispersion = qgamma(eNorm, pow(sDispersion, -2), pow(sDispersion, 2));
Type nll = 0.0;
for(int i = 0; i < nSite; i++){
nll -= dnorm(bSite(i), Type(0), sSite, true);
}
for(int i = 0; i < nDispersion; i++){
nll -= dnorm(bDispersion(i), Type(0), Type(1), true);
eDensity(i) = exp(bSystemYear(System(i), Year(i)) + bGradient * Gradient(i) + bSinuosity * Sinuosity(i) + bArea * Area(i) + bSite(Site(i)));
eCount(i) = eDensity(i) * Length(i) * Coverage(i);
nll -= dpois(Count(i), eCount(i) * Efficiency(i) * eDispersion(i), true);
}
return nll;
}
Template 3. The full model.
Bayesian
model{
bEfficiency ~ dnorm(Efficiency[1], EfficiencySD[1]^-2) T(0, )
for(i in 1:nSystem) {
for(j in 1:nYear) {
bSystemYear[i,j] ~ dnorm(0, 5^-2)
}
}
log_sSite ~ dnorm(0, 5^-2)
log(sSite) <- log_sSite
for(i in 1:nSite) {
bSite[i] ~ dnorm(0, sSite^-2)
}
bArea ~ dnorm(0, 5^-2)
log_sDispersion ~ dnorm(0, 5^-2)
log(sDispersion) <- log_sDispersion
for(i in 1:length(Count)) {
log(eDensity[i]) <- bSystemYear[System[i],Year[i]] + bArea * Area[i] + bSite[Site[i]]
eDispersion[i] ~ dgamma(sDispersion^-2, sDispersion^-2)
Count[i] ~ dpois(eDensity[i] * Length[i] * Coverage[i] * bEfficiency * eDispersion[i])
}
..
Template 4. The final model.
Stock-Recruiment
model {
log_bAlpha ~ dnorm(5, 5^-2)
log(bAlpha) <- log_bAlpha
for(i in 1:nSystem) {
log_bBeta[i] ~ dnorm(0, 5^-2)
log(bBeta[i]) <- log_bBeta[i]
}
log_sRecruits ~ dnorm(0, 5^-2)
log(sRecruits) <- log_sRecruits
for(i in 1:length(Recruits)){
eRecruits[i] <- bAlpha * Stock[i] / (1 + bBeta[System[i]] * Stock[i])
Recruits[i] ~ dlnorm(log(eRecruits[i]), sRecruits^-2)
}
bCarryingCapacity <- bAlpha / bBeta
..
Template 5. Final model.
Results
Coverage
Table 2. Total length of river bank counted (including replicates) by system and year.
System Year Length (km)
Kaslo River 2012 10.60
Kaslo River 2013 13.44
Kaslo River 2014 11.45
Kaslo River 2015 7.33
Kaslo River 2016 11.58
Keen Creek 2012 1.44
Keen Creek 2013 0.95
Keen Creek 2014 0.67
Keen Creek 2015 0.75
Keen Creek 2016 0.85
Fish
Table 3. Number of fish observed by system, age-class and species. All species are assumed to have the Bull Trout age-class length cutoffs.
System AgeClass Year Bull Trout Brook Trout Rainbow Trout
Kaslo River Age-0 2012 104 0 1
Kaslo River Age-0 2013 104 1 41
Kaslo River Age-0 2014 253 1 49
Kaslo River Age-0 2015 89 1 33
Kaslo River Age-0 2016 187 4 138
Kaslo River Age-1 2012 151 2 86
Kaslo River Age-1 2013 161 12 63
Kaslo River Age-1 2014 113 10 66
Kaslo River Age-1 2015 166 3 81
Kaslo River Age-1 2016 172 20 277
Kaslo River Age-2+ 2012 173 29 205
Kaslo River Age-2+ 2013 196 14 174
Kaslo River Age-2+ 2014 207 21 140
Kaslo River Age-2+ 2015 69 3 61
Kaslo River Age-2+ 2016 114 4 188
Keen Creek Age-0 2012 8 0 0
Keen Creek Age-0 2013 4 0 0
Keen Creek Age-0 2014 8 0 0
Keen Creek Age-0 2015 2 1 4
Keen Creek Age-0 2016 1 0 0
Keen Creek Age-1 2012 40 0 3
Keen Creek Age-1 2013 20 0 0
Keen Creek Age-1 2014 21 0 1
Keen Creek Age-1 2015 43 0 4
Keen Creek Age-1 2016 4 0 0
Keen Creek Age-2+ 2012 88 1 24
Keen Creek Age-2+ 2013 61 3 10
Keen Creek Age-2+ 2014 42 0 7
Keen Creek Age-2+ 2015 40 2 9
Keen Creek Age-2+ 2016 19 1 10
Observer Efficiency
Table 4. Parameter descriptions.
Parameter Description
Area The standardized watershed area
bArea The effect of Area on bIntercept
bGradient The effect of Gradient on bIntercept
bIntercept The intercept for logit(eObserved)
bLength The effect of Length on bIntercept
bLength2 The effect of Length on the effect of Length on bIntercept
bSinuosity The effect of Sinuosity on bIntercept
eObserved The expected probability of observing an individual
Gradient The standardized site-level gradient
Length The standardized fork length
Observed The number of individuals observed (0 or 1)
Sinuosity The standardized site-level sinuosity
Tagged The number of tagged individuals (1)
Maximum Likelihood
Table 5. Model averaged parameter estimates and Akaike weights.
term estimate lower upper AICcWt proportion
bArea -0.0017069 -0.1006719 0.0972580 0.28 0.5000000
bGradient 0.1106604 -0.0519700 0.2732909 0.49 0.5000000
bIntercept -1.3347658 -1.7671369 -0.9023946 1.00 1.0000000
bLength 0.7882196 0.3642009 1.2122382 1.00 0.6666667
bLength2 -0.0204026 -0.1335130 0.0927077 0.29 0.3333333
bSinuosity -0.0171433 -0.1192925 0.0850059 0.29 0.5000000
bSystem 0.0734957 -0.2092507 0.3562421 0.32 0.5000000
Bayesian
Table 6. Final parameter estimates.
term estimate sd zscore lower upper pvalue
bIntercept -1.3192427 0.1927530 -6.867853 -1.7127948 -0.9460519 5e-04
bLength 0.8178457 0.2035919 4.016946 0.4389397 1.2481336 5e-04
Table 7. Observer Efficiency estimates for a 123 mm Bull Trout.
System Efficiency EfficiencySD EfficiencyLower EfficiencyUpper
Kaslo River 0.1608607 0.0318899 0.106091 0.2314487
Table 8. Final model summary.
n K nsims minutes rhat converged
190 2 4000 0 1 TRUE
Lineal Density
Table 9. Parameter descriptions.
Parameter Description
Area Standardized water shed area
bArea The effect of Area on bSystemYear
bDispersion The random effect of overdispersion
bGradient The effect of Gradient on bSystemYear
bSinuosity The effect of Sinuosity on bSystemYear
bSite The random effect of Site on bSystemYear
bSystemYear The effect of System and Year on log(eDensity)
Count Number of fish counted
Coverage Proportion of site surveyed
Dispersion Factor for random effect of overdispersion
eCount The expected Count
eDensity The expected lineal density
Efficiency The observer efficiency from the observer efficiency model
Gradient Standardized gradient
Length Length of site (m)
log_sDispersion log(sDispersion)
log_sSite log(sSite)
sDispersion The SD of bDispersion
Sinuosity Standardized sinuosity
Site The site
sSite The SD of bSite
System The system
Year The year
Maximum Likelihood
Table 10. Model averaged parameter estimates and Akaike weights.
term estimate lower upper AICcWt proportion
bArea -0.2739053 -0.3895691 -0.1582416 1.00 0.5
bGradient 0.0097758 -0.0231209 0.0426726 0.29 0.5
bSinuosity 0.0059621 -0.0228655 0.0347898 0.28 0.5
bSystemYear$1,1$ -2.6841871 -2.9197896 -2.4485847 1.00 1.0
bSystemYear$2,1$ -1.8876568 -2.3826415 -1.3926720 1.00 1.0
bSystemYear$1,2$ -2.7906519 -3.0019628 -2.5793410 1.00 1.0
bSystemYear$2,2$ -2.0803353 -2.7264547 -1.4342159 1.00 1.0
bSystemYear$1,3$ -3.0161576 -3.2530276 -2.7792875 1.00 1.0
bSystemYear$2,3$ -1.7101188 -2.3955810 -1.0246565 1.00 1.0
bSystemYear$1,4$ -2.2101955 -2.4658209 -1.9545702 1.00 1.0
bSystemYear$2,4$ -1.0707215 -1.6717979 -0.4696451 1.00 1.0
bSystemYear$1,5$ -2.5681359 -2.7869987 -2.3492732 1.00 1.0
bSystemYear$2,5$ -3.5979138 -4.6988262 -2.4970014 1.00 1.0
log_sDispersion -0.6021288 -0.8760902 -0.3281674 1.00 1.0
log_sSite -0.7461595 -1.0708793 -0.4214397 1.00 1.0
Bayesian
Table 11. Parameter estimates.
term estimate sd zscore lower upper pvalue
bArea -0.2781154 0.0621234 -4.457202 -0.3956392 -0.1515780 0.0005
bEfficiency 0.1512070 0.0308545 4.926864 0.0944904 0.2154814 0.0005
bSystemYear$1,1$ -2.6069882 0.2473494 -10.481034 -3.0274515 -2.0621505 0.0005
bSystemYear$2,1$ -1.7989467 0.3431898 -5.223380 -2.4376257 -1.0802347 0.0005
bSystemYear$1,2$ -2.7208528 0.2432920 -11.135057 -3.1532978 -2.1882643 0.0005
bSystemYear$2,2$ -1.9649135 0.3893722 -5.040127 -2.7114989 -1.1942871 0.0005
bSystemYear$1,3$ -2.9530350 0.2449763 -11.986879 -3.3699672 -2.4021859 0.0005
bSystemYear$2,3$ -1.6130127 0.4145783 -3.852310 -2.3741468 -0.7991154 0.0005
bSystemYear$1,4$ -2.1254128 0.2492309 -8.481387 -2.5697905 -1.6046600 0.0005
bSystemYear$2,4$ -0.9694249 0.3697839 -2.608590 -1.6914508 -0.2187118 0.0110
bSystemYear$1,5$ -2.4942010 0.2358466 -10.525699 -2.9214561 -1.9683893 0.0005
bSystemYear$2,5$ -3.5201812 0.6061670 -5.861660 -4.8402786 -2.3976574 0.0005
log_sDispersion -0.5201483 0.1416584 -3.755881 -0.8548630 -0.2877524 0.0005
log_sSite -0.7622263 0.1902390 -4.121403 -1.2164673 -0.4589483 0.0005
Table 12. Model summary.
n K nsims minutes rhat converged
635 14 40000 1 1.02 TRUE
Stock-Recruiment
Table 13. Parameter descriptions.
Parameter Description
bBeta Density-dependence
eRecruits Expected value of Recruits
Recruits Number of age-1 Bull Trout
Stock Number of Bull Trout redds
bAlpha Recruits per stock at low stock density
sRecruits SD of residual variation in Recruits
Bayesian
Table 14. Final parameter estimates.
term estimate sd zscore lower upper pvalue
bAlpha 55.1638659 2.317486e+03 0.2003459 26.0909448 5.252221e+03 0.0005
bBeta$1$ 0.2625295 1.247149e+01 0.2056719 0.0490347 2.955343e+01 0.0005
bBeta$2$ 0.0324063 8.465149e+00 0.1691144 0.0000199 1.597592e+01 0.0005
bCarryingCapacity$1$ 217.1207958 7.792184e+02 0.3637510 105.0475478 6.354322e+02 0.0005
bCarryingCapacity$2$ 1491.5964691 1.659590e+07 0.0533275 233.9749651 1.824370e+06 0.0005
log_bAlpha 4.0103081 1.179864e+00 3.6926391 3.2615875 8.566406e+00 0.0005
log_bBeta$1$ -1.3373921 1.396203e+00 -0.7652314 -3.0152327 3.386143e+00 0.2650
log_bBeta$2$ -3.4294052 3.114748e+00 -1.2139894 -10.8255300 2.771066e+00 0.1650
log_sRecruits -0.5451263 2.752378e-01 -1.8820430 -0.9897406 8.341750e-02 0.0800
sRecruits 0.5797686 1.892507e-01 3.2757911 0.3716731 1.086996e+00 0.0005
Table 15. Final model summary.
n K nsims minutes rhat converged
10 10 16000 0 1.06 TRUE
Conclusions
• Observer efficiency is very low for age-0 Bull Trout and increases with size.
• Sinuosity and gradient are not important predictors of the densities of age-1 Bull Trout in Keen Creek and the Kaslo River.
Recommendations
• Field
• Vary tag colors by fish lengths and locations so it is easy to match resighted fish to individual tagged fish.
• GIS
• Map river locations to the 1 m scale.
• Analytic
• Quantify observer differences in length estimation and efficiency.
• Model autocorrelation in site densities.
• Compare explanatory power of river kilometre versus watershed area.
Acknowledgements
The organisations and individuals whose contributions have made this analysis report possible include:
• BC Fish and Wildlife
• Greg Andrusak
• Gary Pavan
• Stephan Himmer
• Jimmy Robbins
• Gillian Sanders
• Jason Bowers
• Jeff Berdusco
• Kyle Mace
References
Bradford, Michael J, Josh Korman, and Paul S Higgins. 2005. “Using Confidence Intervals to Estimate the Response of Salmon Populations (Oncorhynchus Spp.) to Experimental Habitat Alterations.” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62 (12): 2716–26. https://doi.org/10.1139/f05-179.
Burnham, Kenneth P., and David R. Anderson. 2002. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. Vol. Second Edition. New York: Springer.
Kery, Marc, and Michael Schaub. 2011. Bayesian Population Analysis Using WinBUGS : A Hierarchical Perspective. Boston: Academic Press. http://www.vogelwarte.ch/bpa.html.
Kristensen, Kasper, Anders Nielsen, Casper W. Berg, Hans Skaug, and Bradley M. Bell. 2016. “TMB : Automatic Differentiation and Laplace Approximation.” Journal of Statistical Software 70 (5). https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v070.i05.
Millar, R. B. 2011. Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference: With Examples in R, SAS, and ADMB. Statistics in Practice. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley.
Plummer, Martyn. 2015. “JAGS Version 4.0.1 User Manual.” http://sourceforge.net/projects/mcmc-jags/files/Manuals/4.x/.
R Core Team. 2015. “R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.” Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org/. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.69161456823349, "perplexity": 26535.207474060157}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998913.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619043625-20190619065625-00549.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/60706-real-analysis-help-series-convergence.html | Math Help - Real Analysis Help. Series Convergence
1. Real Analysis Help. Series Convergence
i would love if someone could help me with 2 problems im having trouble with.
1) Let $a_1, a_2, a_3$, ... be a decreasing sequence of positive numbers. Show that $a_1+a_2+a_3+$... converges if and only if $a_1+2a_2+4a_4+8a_8+$... converges. i saw a similar one on here a couple days ago but this is slightly different
2) Show that a power series $\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {c_nx^n }\$ has the same radius of convergence as $\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {c_{n+m}x^n }\$, for any positive integer m
thanks
2. Here is the problem: $a_n > a_{n + 1} > 0\,,\,\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {a_n } \,\& \,\sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {2^n a_{2^n } }$.
Using that $a_n$ is decreasing, then following shows it in one direction.
$\begin{gathered} a_1 + \underbrace {a_2 + a_3 }_{} + \underbrace {a_4 + a_5 + a_6 + a_7 }_{} + \underbrace {a_8 + a_9 + a_{10} + a_{11} + a_{12} + a_{13} + a_{14} + a_{15} }_{} + \cdots \hfill \\
\leqslant a_1 + 2a_2 + 4a_4 + 8a_8 \cdots \hfill \\
\end{gathered}$
Now note that:
$\begin{gathered} a_2 + \underbrace {a_3 + a_4 }_{} + \underbrace {a_5 + a_6 + a_7 + a_8 }_{} + \underbrace {a_9 + a_{10} + a_{11} + a_{12} + a_{13} + a_{14} + a_{15} + a_{16} }_{} + \cdots \hfill \\ \geqslant a_2 + 2a_4 + 4a_8 + 8a_{16}\cdots \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$
Also note that if $\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {a_n }$ converges that $
\sum\limits_{n = 2}^\infty {2a_n }$
converges.
Can you finish?
3. Originally Posted by Plato
Here is the problem: $a_n > a_{n + 1} > 0\,,\,\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {a_n } \,\& \,\sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {2^n a_{2^n } }$.
Using that $a_n$ is decreasing, then following shows it in one direction.
$\begin{gathered} a_1 + \underbrace {a_2 + a_3 }_{} + \underbrace {a_4 + a_5 + a_6 + a_7 }_{} + \underbrace {a_8 + a_9 + a_{10} + a_{11} + a_{12} + a_{13} + a_{14} + a_{15} }_{} + \cdots \hfill \\
\leqslant a_1 + 2a_2 + 4a_4 + 8a_8 \cdots \hfill \\
\end{gathered}$
Now note that:
$\begin{gathered} a_2 + \underbrace {a_3 + a_4 }_{} + \underbrace {a_5 + a_6 + a_7 + a_8 }_{} + \underbrace {a_9 + a_{10} + a_{11} + a_{12} + a_{13} + a_{14} + a_{15} + a_{16} }_{} + \cdots \hfill \\ \geqslant a_2 + 2a_4 + 4a_8 + 8a_{16}\cdots \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$
Also note that if $\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {a_n }$ converges that $
\sum\limits_{n = 2}^\infty {2a_n }$
converges.
Can you finish?
thanks for the help i appreciate it. proofs have never been my strong point would u mind helping me finish this?
also can anyone help me with the second question?
4. Originally Posted by megamet2000
2) Show that a power series $\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {c_nx^n }\$ has the same radius of convergence as $\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {c_{n+m}x^n }\$, for any positive integer m
thanks
http://www.mathhelpforum.com/math-he...er-series.html
5. awesome thank you very much
6. does anyone have any tips on how to finish number 1?
7. Originally Posted by megamet2000
does anyone have any tips on how to finish number 1?
What are you having problems with? Plato practicially gave you the solution.
8. i dont understand the purpose of the braces. i get how $a_n<2^na_{2^n}$ but after he says "now note that" i dont get how that sequence is now greater than the last sequence
9. The first inequality tell us that $\sum\limits_{k = 1}^\infty {a_k } \leqslant \sum\limits_{k = 0}^\infty {2^k a_{2^k } }$.
So if $\sum\limits_{k = 0}^\infty {2^k a_{2^k } }$ converges then $
\sum\limits_{k = 1}^\infty {a_k }$
converges.
Likewise, the second inequality tells us $\sum\limits_{k = 1}^\infty {2^{k - 1} a_{2^k } } \leqslant \sum\limits_{k = 2}^\infty {a_k }$.
By comparison both converge. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 24, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9703314304351807, "perplexity": 431.7541277892942}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931008215.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155648-00166-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://charalampakis.com/publications/conference-proceedings/c05-robust-identification-of-bouc-wen-hysteretic-systems-by-sawtooth-ga-and-bounding | C05-RobustidentificationofBouc-WenhystereticsystemsbysawtoothGAandbounding
Title: Robust identification of Bouc-Wen hysteretic systems by sawtooth GA and bounding
Authors: Charalampakis AE, Koumousis VK
Type: Conference paper
Conference: COMPDYN 2007
Venue: Rethimno, Crete, Greece
Date: 2007
Language: English
[abstract]
Hysteresis is a term that describes macroscopically many phenomena observed in engineering. The complexity of the actual mechanism behind hysteresis has given rise to the extended use of phenomenological models, such as the Bouc-Wen model. This paper presents a new stochastic identification scheme for Bouc-Wen systems that combines Sawtooth Genetic Algorithm and a Bounding technique that gradually focuses into smaller and better regions of the search space. Numerous studies show that the proposed scheme is very robust and insensitive to noisecorrupted data. Apart from frequency-independent hysteretic characteristics, the method is also able to identify viscous-type damping.
[cite as]
Charalampakis AE, Koumousis VK. Robust identification of Bouc-Wen hysteretic systems by sawtooth GA and bounding. Proc COMPDYN 2007, Rethimno, Crete, Greece; 2007, paper 1588.
[ paper]
[ presentation]
[attached software : myBWID : executable manual] | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9206727147102356, "perplexity": 4120.383427220936}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337595.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005073953-20221005103953-00294.warc.gz"} |
https://www.causeweb.org/wiki/chance/index.php?title=Chance_News_77&diff=14206&oldid=14205 | # Difference between revisions of "Chance News 77"
## Quotations
"Killing the publication [The Statistical Abstract of the United States] for the sake of a tiny saving would be a truly gratuitous step toward a dumbed-down country."
-- Paul Krugman, quoted in Census Bureau wants to kill Statistical Abstract, AAAS ScienceInsider, 31 August 2011
Submitted by Bill Peterson
"Incidentally, every criminal hacker I've ever heard of has been a male. I don't know if this is significant, but it's intriguing."
-- Howard Schneider, reviewing the Kingpin: How One Hacker Took Over the Billion-Dollar Cybercrime Underground, by Kevin Poulsen, in the September/October 2011 issue of The Humanist (p. 45).
Submitted by Paul Alper
## Forsooth
"The Rays have won 21 games in a row when scoring five runs or more."
In Lester, Red Sox lose 9-1 as Rays finish sweep, Valley News (New Hampshire), Associated Press, 11 September 2011
This may be true, but it is quite a statistic nonetheless! In a related vein, see Seven statistical cliches used by baseball anounncers from Chance News #1.
Submitted by Peter Doyle
In Piece of falling satellite could hit you -- but it's not likely (Detroit Free Press, 11 September 2011) we read
Statistically, there's a 1 in 3,200 chance someone could be hit by one of the 26 objects...expected to crash into Earth's surface [in September].
The headline writer for the print edition of the newspaper created a Forsooth by rewriting this statistic in the secondary headline, beneath "NASA warns: Look out below!", as
There's a 1 in 3,200 chance a piece of satellite will hit you.
Submitted by Jerry Grossman
The Burlington [VT] Free Press, 13 September 2011, p B1, has a story with the headline:
"Irene's bill in Vermont could top half-billion dollars"
In the print edition, the story continued on a p. B3, with the secondary headline:
"COST: Irene repairs could top 500,000 dollars"
Submitted by Priscilla Bremser
## What is the payoff for high tech education?
In Classroom of Future, Stagnant Scores by Matt Richtel, New York Times, September 3, 2011.
Technology has changed how we teach our children.
Amy Furman, a seventh-grade English teacher here, roams among 31 students sitting at their desks or in clumps on the floor. They’re studying Shakespeare’s “As You Like It” — but not in any traditional way. In this technology-centric classroom, students are bent over laptops, some blogging or building Facebook pages from the perspective of Shakespeare’s characters. One student compiles a song list from the Internet, picking a tune by the rapper Kanye West to express the emotions of Shakespeare’s lovelorn Silvius.
The class, and the Kyrene School District as a whole, offer what some see as a utopian vision of education’s future. Classrooms are decked out with laptops, big interactive screens and software that drills students on every basic subject. Under a ballot initiative approved in 2005, the district has invested roughly \$33 million in such technologies.
These technology upgrades arebeing implemented in many other school districts. The problem is that all this investment in technology does not appear to have any pay off.
Since 2005, scores in reading and math have stagnated in Kyrene, even as statewide scores have risen. To be sure, test scores can go up or down for many reasons. But to many education experts, something is not adding up — here and across the country. In a nutshell: schools are spending billions on technology, even as they cut budgets and lay off teachers, with little proof that this approach is improving basic learning.
The backers of this new technology alternate between fighting
Some backers of this idea say standardized tests, the most widely used measure of student performance, don’t capture the breadth of skills that computers can help develop.
and apologizing
“The data is pretty weak. It’s very difficult when we’re pressed to come up with convincing data,” said Tom Vander Ark, the former executive director for education at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and an investor in educational technology companies. When it comes to showing results, he said, “We better put up or shut up.”
and relying on intuition
“My gut is telling me we’ve had growth,” said David K. Schauer, the superintendent here. “But we have to have some measure that is valid, and we don’t have that.”
### Questions
1. Why is it difficult to get valid data to measure the impact of technology upgrades?
2. Should technology upgrades wait until there is quantitative proof of its value?
## Data science is hot
Data scientist: The hot new gig in tech
by Michal Lev-Ram, CNNMoney online, 6 September 2011
This is an online reprint of an article that appeared in Fortune magazine on 5 September. After decades of jokes about "lies, damned lies and statisics", recent years have seen statistics jobs listed on numerous lists of top employment opportunities. So as the semester begins, it's nice to be able share with students some stories about our new, higher profile.
The emerging positions have a variety of names. Last month the Wall Street Journal (4 August 2011) ran a story entitled Business schools plan leap into data, where we read:
Faced with an increasing stream of data from the Web and other electronic sources, many companies are seeking managers who can make sense of the numbers through the growing practice of data analytics, also known as business intelligence. Finding qualified candidates has proven difficult, but business schools hope to fill the talent gap.
Submitted by Bill Peterson, based on a post from R Bloggers.
## Facial frivolity
“The NFL’s Best-Looking Team”
by Reed Albergotti, The Wall Street Journal, September 8, 2011
At the Journal's request, researchers at Ursinus College in Pennsylvania analyzed the facial structure of a sampling of 320 NFL starters (five offensive and five defensive players from each team). They also threw in two of the most photographed personalities on any team, the owner and the head coach.
The researchers programmed a computer to measure attractiveness with respect to facial symmetry. Their results gave first-place ranking to the one of the lowest performing teams, the Buffalo Bills (“99.495533373140” out of 100 possible points). And they ranked at the bottom a much more successful team, the Kansas City Chiefs (“94.609018741541”). The top and bottom player positions were, respectively, kicker and wide receiver. Apparently “average people” score in the “high 80s.”
The article includes the summary score (to 12 decimal places) for each team, as well as the names of the players, coaches and owners in the survey.[1]
Submitted by Margaret Cibes
### Comment
As further evidence in support of that last assertion, Paul Alper sent a link to the ARK CODE Home Page, where we read:
As a U.S. Coast Guard officer/military planner with Hebrew skills, I needed to know if Drosnin's predictions [from The Bible Code ] were valid; and suspected that a real Code would include the location of the Ark.
(You can find more discussion of Bible Codes in the Chance News archives here and here.)
## Worst graph of the year
Andrew Gelman's blog awarded (Worst) graph of the year honors to the following:
This graphic was reproduced in a Wired magazine article (14 September 2011), as part of a PowerPoint presentation that was supposedly shown at an FBI training program (with a disclaimer stating the the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the US government!). The commentary on the blog is all worth reading. Andrew concludes with this: "Perhaps the same crew can arrange a presentation for the Army Corps of Engineers, discussing the techniques used in the parting of the Red Sea?"
Submitted by Paul Alper
## More on satellite debris
Apparently the satellite Forsooth is more than a headline editing issue. Priscilla Bremser wrote to say that this
has now been discussed on the SIGMAA-QL discussion list, where one reader (Martha Smith) reported hearing on the radio that "The
odds that someone will be hit by debris are 1 in 3200." Here is how the problem is diagnosed in that discussion:
It [the original headline] referred to "The probability of the event 'someone will be hit by debris'," rather than "The probability of the event, 'a randomly chosen person will be hit by debris'." But we often use the language "The probability that someone ..." with the latter meaning.
It wasa also noted there that other news stories have been more careful with the distinction. For example, an NPR story said
NASA put the chances that somebody somewhere on Earth will get hurt at 1 in 3,200. But any one person's odds of being struck have been estimated at 1 in 21 trillion.
Discussion
Do you see where the 1 in 21 trillion figure comes from?
## The theory that would not die
Sharon Bertsch McGrayne has written a remarkable book entitled The theory that would not die; How Bayes’ Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines and Emerged Triumphant From Two Centuries of Controversy. In Chance News #76 there is a reference to a highly positive review of the book in the New York Times by John Allen Paulos and is very readable. The headline of his review, “The Mathematics of Changing Your Mind,” is an interesting way of viewing Bayesianism. His opening paragraph is
Sharon Bertsch McGrayne introduces Bayes’s theorem in her new book with a remark by John Maynard Keynes: “When the facts change, I change my opinion. What do you do, sir?”
Paulos continues with
Specifically Bayes’s theorem states (trumpets sound here) that the posterior probability of a hypothesis is equal to the product of (a) the prior probability of the hypothesis and (b) the conditional probability of the evidence given the hypothesis, divided by (c) the probability of the new evidence.
Viewed this way, there can be no objections to Bayesianism. It is simply a way (the only consistent way!) of combining newly acquired results with what was known previously to produce what is now known. However, when the word “known” is replaced by the word “believed” then the dispute begins. McGrayne describes in great detail how the fur was flying ever since Bayes’s theorem was posthumously introduced to the world in 1763 and indeed, continues to this day. No one doubts the validity of Bayes’s theorem. What is in question is Bayesian inference, a procedure which starts with a prior which is modified (multiplied) by likelihood and finishes with a posterior.
The objections to using priors are many fold and in order to avoid even mentioning the beast, frequentism arose as championed by Fisher and Neyman who, according to McGrayne, evidently detested each other as much as they individually disliked Bayesianism. One objection which she does not seem to mention is that a seemingly innocuous, non-informative (flat, vague) prior might be far from non-informative when a transformation takes place. A standard example is that of specifying ignorance (flatness) for the standard deviation but results in a non-flat (informative) prior for the variance. The usual Bayesian justification in general for lack of concern about priors being personally subjective is that with enough data, the influence of the choice of the prior disappears.
Neither McGrayne nor Paulos stress the schism between Bayes and frequentism in the teaching arena. Many textbooks, for example in general statistics and business statistics, invariably heavy tomes that they are, will not likely mention Bayes’s theorem and fail to mention Bayesian inference at all. The eager student will be under the impression that the be all and end all of statistical existence are p-values and confidence intervals, concepts widely derided by Bayesians. On the other hand, a Bayesian book might sneeringly refer to a p-value or a confidence interval in passing in order to indicate why each is misleading and deficient.
Although the book makes for a fascinating read--try telling this to people you know who are not statisticians!--there is a video of McGrayne summarizing her book here. She is speaking about Bayes to people at Google which in fact, uses Bayes’s theorem extensively.
Discussion
1. As strange as it seems, the first applications of Bayes’s theorem was to billiards and to the existence of God. The ecclesiastical aspect focused on the conversion of Prob (data | God exists) to Prob (God exists | data); this was considered quite controversial because at that time there was no allowance for debating God’s non-existence. Discuss whether or not things have changed much regarding God’s existence since 1763.
2. In her knee-buckling Chapter 14, “The Navy Searches,” she details the use of Bayes to find nuclear weapons that inadvertently dropped from the sky during the cold war: “unknown to the public, the incident at Palomares [Spain] was at least the twenty-ninth serious accident involving the air force and nuclear weapons.” Unfortunately for the Bayesian advocates, her punch line is a quotation from a U.S. admiral who says “Scientifically, the big thing in my mind was that Bayes was a sidelight to the H-bomb search.”
3. T-shirts exist with the text, “Bayes, fighting spam since 1763.” Do a search to see why Bayes is useful against spam. Go here to see how spam got its name.
4. If p-value and confidence intervals have the faults attributed to them by Bayesians, why then do frequentists dominate?
5. On page 254 of McGrayne's book there is an appendix written by Michael J. Campbell where he likens the clash between Bayesians and frequentists to religious disagreements. He concludes with a pun: “Talking of religion, I am reminded of a strip of cartoons about Bayesians that appeared some time ago. They showed a series of monks. One was looking lost, one was dressed as a soldier, one was holding a guide book and one had his tongue stuck out. They were respectively, a vague prior, a uniform prior, an informative prior and, of course, an improper prior.”
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https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-43742-2_15 | # Exploratory Data Analysis
• Matthieu Komorowski
• Dominic C. Marshall
• Justin D. Salciccioli
• Yves Crutain
Open Access
Chapter
## Summary
In this chapter, the reader will learn about the most common tools available for exploring a dataset, which is essential in order to gain a good understanding of the features and potential issues of a dataset, as well as helping in hypothesis generation.
## Keywords
Exploratory analysis Visualization Histogram Boxplot
### Learning Objectives
• Why is EDA important during the initial exploration of a dataset?
• What are the most essential tools of graphical and non-graphical EDA?
## 15.1 Introduction
Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is an essential step in any research analysis. The primary aim with exploratory analysis is to examine the data for distribution, outliers and anomalies to direct specific testing of your hypothesis. It also provides tools for hypothesis generation by visualizing and understanding the data usually through graphical representation [1]. EDA aims to assist the natural patterns recognition of the analyst. Finally, feature selection techniques often fall into EDA. Since the seminal work of Tukey in 1977, EDA has gained a large following as the gold standard methodology to analyze a data set [2, 3]. According to Howard Seltman (Carnegie Mellon University), “loosely speaking, any method of looking at data that does not include formal statistical modeling and inference falls under the term exploratory data analysis” [4].
EDA is a fundamental early step after data collection (see Chap. ) and pre-processing (see Chap. ), where the data is simply visualized, plotted, manipulated, without any assumptions, in order to help assessing the quality of the data and building models. “Most EDA techniques are graphical in nature with a few quantitative techniques. The reason for the heavy reliance on graphics is that by its very nature the main role of EDA is to explore, and graphics gives the analysts unparalleled power to do so, while being ready to gain insight into the data. There are many ways to categorize the many EDA techniques” [5].
The interested reader will find further information in the textbooks of Hill and Lewicki [6] or the NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook [1]. Relevant R packages are available on the CRAN website [7].
The objectives of EDA can be summarized as follows:
1. 1.
Maximize insight into the database/understand the database structure;
2. 2.
Visualize potential relationships (direction and magnitude) between exposure and outcome variables;
3. 3.
Detect outliers and anomalies (values that are significantly different from the other observations);
4. 4.
Develop parsimonious models (a predictive or explanatory model that performs with as few exposure variables as possible) or preliminary selection of appropriate models;
5. 5.
Extract and create clinically relevant variables.
EDA methods can be cross-classified as:
• Graphical or non-graphical methods
• Univariate (only one variable, exposure or outcome) or multivariate (several exposure variables alone or with an outcome variable) methods.
## 15.2 Part 1—Theoretical Concepts
### 15.2.1 Suggested EDA Techniques
Tables 15.1 and 15.2 suggest a few EDA techniques depending on the type of data and the objective of the analysis.
Table 15.1
Suggested EDA techniques depending on the type of data
Type of data
Suggested EDA techniques
Categorical
Descriptive statistics
Univariate continuous
Line plot, Histograms
Bivariate continuous
2D scatter plots
2D arrays
Heatmap
Multivariate: trivariate
3D scatter plot or 2D scatter plot with a 3rd variable represented in different color, shape or size
Multiple groups
Side-by-side boxplot
Table 15.2
Most useful EDA techniques depending on the objective
Objective
Suggested EDA techniques
Getting an idea of the distribution of a variable
Histogram
Finding outliers
Histogram, scatterplots, box-and-whisker plots
Quantify the relationship between two variables (one exposure and one outcome)
2D scatter plot +/curve fitting
Covariance and correlation
Visualize the relationship between two exposure variables and one outcome variable
Heatmap
Visualization of high-dimensional data
t-SNE or PCA + 2D/3D scatterplot
t-SNE t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, PCA Principal component analysis
### 15.2.2 Non-graphical EDA
These non-graphical methods will provide insight into the characteristics and the distribution of the variable(s) of interest.
Univariate Non-graphical EDA
Tabulation of Categorical Data (Tabulation of the Frequency of Each Category)
A simple univariate non-graphical EDA method for categorical variables is to build a table containing the count and the fraction (or frequency) of data of each category. An example of tabulation is shown in the case study (Table 15.3).
Table 15.3
Example of tabulation table
Group count
Frequency (%)
Green ball
15
75
Red ball
5
25
Total
20
100
Characteristics of Quantitative Data: Central Tendency, Spread, Shape of the Distribution (Skewness, Kurtosis)
Sample statistics express the characteristics of a sample using a limited set of parameters. They are generally seen as estimates of the corresponding population parameters from which the sample comes from. These characteristics can express the central tendency of the data (arithmetic mean, median, mode), its spread (variance, standard deviation, interquartile range, maximum and minimum value) or some features of its distribution (skewness, kurtosis). Many of those characteristics can easily be seen qualitatively on a histogram (see below). Note that these characteristics can only be used for quantitative variables (not categorical).
### Central tendency parameters
The arithmetic mean, or simply called the mean is the sum of all data divided by the number of values. The median is the middle value in a list containing all the values sorted. Because the median is affected little by extreme values and outliers, it is said to be more “robust” than the mean (Fig. 15.1).
### Variance
When calculated on the entirety of the data of a population (which rarely occurs), the variance $$\sigma^{2}$$ is obtained by dividing the sum of squares by n, the size of the population.
The sample formula for the variance of observed data conventionally has n-1 in the denominator instead of n to achieve the property of “unbiasedness”, which roughly means that when calculated for many different random samples from the same population, the average should match the corresponding population quantity (here $$\sigma^{2}$$). $$s^{2}$$ is an unbiased estimator of the population variance $$\sigma^{2}$$.
$$s^{2} = \frac{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n} {(x_{i} - \underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}}}{x} )^{2} } }}{(n - 1)}$$
(15.1)
The standard deviation is simply the square root of the variance. Therefore it has the same units as the original data, which helps make it more interpretable.
The sample standard deviation is usually represented by the symbol s. For a theoretical Gaussian distribution, mean plus or minus 1, 2 or 3 standard deviations holds 68.3, 95.4 and 99.7 % of the probability density, respectively.
### Interquartile range (IQR)
The IQR is calculated using the boundaries of data situated between the 1st and the 3rd quartiles. Please refer to the Chap. “Noise versus Outliers” for further detail about the IQR.
$$IQR = Q_{3} - Q_{1}$$
(15.2)
In the same way that the median is more robust than the mean, the IQR is a more robust measure of spread than variance and standard deviation and should therefore be preferred for small or asymmetrical distributions.
### Important rule:
• Symmetrical distribution (not necessarily normal) and N > 30: express results as mean ± standard deviation.
• Asymmetrical distribution or N < 30 or evidence for outliers: use median ± IQR, which are more robust.
### Skewness/kurtosis
Skewness is a measure of a distribution’s asymmetry. Kurtosis is a summary statistic communicating information about the tails (the smallest and largest values) of the distribution. Both quantities can be used as a means to communicate information about the distribution of the data when graphical methods cannot be used. More information about these quantities can be found in [9]).
### Summary
We provide as a reference some of the common functions in R language for generating summary statistics relating to measures of central tendency (Table 15.4).
Table 15.4
Main R functions for basic measure of central tendencies and variability
Function
Description
summary(x)
General description of a vector
max(x)
Maximum value
mean(x)
Average or mean value
median(x)
Median value
min(x)
Smallest value
sd(x)
Standard deviation
var(x)
Variance, measure the spread or dispersion of the values
IQR(x)
Interquartile range
Testing the Distribution
Several non-graphical methods exist to assess the normality of a data set (whether it was sampled from a normal distribution), like the Shapiro-Wilk test for example. Please refer to the function called “Distribution” in the GitHub repository for this book (see code appendix at the end of this Chapter).
Finding Outliers
Several statistical methods for outlier detection fall into EDA techniques, like Tukey’s method, Z-score, studentized residuals, etc [8]. Please refer to the Chap. “Noise versus Outliers” for more detail about this topic.
Multivariate Non-graphical EDA
Cross-Tabulation
Cross-tabulation represents the basic bivariate non-graphical EDA technique. It is an extension of tabulation that works for categorical data and quantitative data with only a few variables. For two variables, build a two-way table with column headings matching the levels of one variable and row headings matching the levels of the other variable, then fill in the counts of all subjects that share a pair of levels. The two variables may be both exposure, both outcome variables, or one of each.
Covariance and Correlation
Covariance and correlation measure the degree of the relationship between two random variables and express how much they change together (Fig. 15.2).
The covariance is computed as follows:
$$cov(x,y) = \frac{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n} {(x_{i} - \bar{x})} (y_{i} - \bar{y})}}{n - 1}$$
(15.3)
where x and y are the variables, n the number of data points in the sample, $$\bar{x}$$ the mean of the variable x and $$\bar{y}$$ the mean of the variable y.
A positive covariance means the variables are positively related (they move together in the same direction), while a negative covariance means the variables are inversely related. A problem with covariance is that its value depends on the scale of the values of the random variables. The larger the values of x and y, the larger the covariance. It makes it impossible for example to compare covariances from data sets with different scales (e.g. pounds and inches). This issue can be fixed by dividing the covariance by the product of the standard deviation of each random variable, which gives Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
Correlation is therefore a scaled version of covariance, used to assess the linear relationship between two variables and is calculated using the formula below.
$$Cor(x,y) = \frac{Cov(x,y)}{{s_{x} s_{y} }}$$
(15.4)
where $$Cov(x,y)$$ is the covariance between x and y and $$s_{x} ,s_{y}$$ are the sample standard deviations of x and y.
The significance of the correlation coefficient between two normally distributed variables can be evaluated using Fisher’s z transformation (see the cor.test function in R for more details). Other tests exist for measuring the non-parametric relationship between two variables, such as Spearman’s rho or Kendall’s tau.
### 15.2.3 Graphical EDA
Univariate Graphical EDA
Histograms
Histograms are among the most useful EDA techniques, and allow you to gain insight into your data, including distribution, central tendency, spread, modality and outliers.
Histograms are bar plots of counts versus subgroups of an exposure variable. Each bar represents the frequency (count) or proportion (count divided by total count) of cases for a range of values. The range of data for each bar is called a bin. Histograms give an immediate impression of the shape of the distribution (symmetrical, uni/multimodal, skewed, outliers…). The number of bins heavily influences the final aspect of the histogram; a good practice is to try different values, generally from 10 to 50. Some examples of histograms are shown below as well as in the case studies. Please refer to the function called “Density” in the GitHub repository for this book (see code appendix at the end of this Chapter) (Figs. 15.3 and 15.4).
Histograms enable to confirm that an operation on data was successful. For example, if you need to log-transform a data set, it is interesting to plot the histogram of the distribution of the data before and after the operation (Fig. 15.5).
Histograms are interesting for finding outliers. For example, pulse oximetry can be expressed in fractions (range between 0 and 1) or percentage, in medical records. Figure 15.6 is an example of a histogram showing the distribution of pulse oximetry, clearly showing the presence of outliers expressed in a fraction rather than as a percentage.
Stem Plots
Stem and leaf plots (also called stem plots) are a simple substitution for histograms. They show all data values and the shape of the distribution. For an example, Please refer to the function called “Stem Plot” in the GitHub repository for this book (see code appendix at the end of this Chapter) (Fig. 15.7).
Boxplots
Boxplots are interesting for representing information about the central tendency, symmetry, skew and outliers, but they can hide some aspects of the data such as multimodality. Boxplots are an excellent EDA technique because they rely on robust statistics like median and IQR.
Figure 15.8 shows an annotated boxplot which explains how it is constructed. The central rectangle is limited by Q1 and Q3, with the middle line representing the median of the data. The whiskers are drawn, in each direction, to the most extreme point that is less than 1.5 IQR beyond the corresponding hinge. Values beyond 1.5 IQR are considered outliers.
The “outliers” identified by a boxplot, which could be called “boxplot outliers” are defined as any points more than 1.5 IQRs above Q3 or more than 1.5 IQRs below Q1. This does not by itself indicate a problem with those data points. Boxplots are an exploratory technique, and you should consider designation as a boxplot outlier as just a suggestion that the points might be mistakes or otherwise unusual. Also, points not designated as boxplot outliers may also be mistakes. It is also important to realize that the number of boxplot outliers depends strongly on the size of the sample. In fact, for data that is perfectly normally distributed, we expect 0.70 % (about 1 in 140 cases) to be “boxplot outliers”, with approximately half in either direction.
2D Line Plot
2D line plots represent graphically the values of an array on the y-axis, at regular intervals on the x-axis (Fig. 15.9).
Probability Plots (Quantile-Normal Plot/QN Plot, Quantile-Quantile Plot/QQ Plot)
Probability plots are a graphical test for assessing if some data follows a particular distribution. They are most often used for testing the normality of a data set, as many statistical tests have the assumption that the exposure variables are approximately normally distributed. These plots are also used to examine residuals in models that rely on the assumption of normality of the residuals (ANOVA or regression analysis for example).
The interpretation of a QN plot is visual (Fig. 15.10): either the points fall randomly around the line (data set normally distributed) or they follow a curved pattern instead of following the line (non-normality). QN plots are also useful to identify skewness, kurtosis, fat tails, outliers, bimodality etc.
Besides the probability plots, there are many quantitative statistical tests (not graphical) for testing for normality, such as Pearson Chi2, Shapiro-Wilk, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov.
Deviation of the observed distribution from normal makes many powerful statistical tools useless. Note that some data sets can be transformed to a more normal distribution, in particular with log-transformation and square-root transformations. If a data set is severely skewed, another option is to discretize its values into a finite set.
Multivariate Graphical EDA
Side-by-Side Boxplots
Representing several boxplots side by side allows easy comparison of the characteristics of several groups of data (example Fig. 15.11). An example of such boxplot is shown in the case study.
Scatterplots
Scatterplots are built using two continuous, ordinal or discrete quantitative variables (Fig. 15.12). Each data point’s coordinate corresponds to a variable. They can be complexified to up to five dimensions using other variables by differentiating the data points’ size, shape or color.
Scatterplots can also be used to represent high-dimensional data in 2 or 3D (Fig. 15.13), using T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) or principal component analysis (PCA). t-SNE and PCA are dimension reduction features used to reduce complex data set in two (t-SNE) or more (PCA) dimensions.
For binary variables (e.g. 28-day mortality vs. SOFA score), 2D scatterplots are not very helpful (Fig. 15.14, left). By dividing the data set in groups (in our example: one group per SOFA point), and plotting the average value of the outcome in each group, scatterplots become a very powerful tool, capable for example to identify a relationship between a variable and an outcome (Fig. 15.14, right).
Curve Fitting
Curve fitting is one way to quantify the relationship between two variables or the change in values over time (Fig. 15.15). The most common method for curve fitting relies on minimizing the sum of squared errors (SSE) between the data and the fitted function. Please refer to the “Linear Fit” function to create linear regression slopes in R.
### More Complicated Relationships
Many real life phenomena are not adequately explained by a straight-line relationship. An always increasing set of methods and algorithms exist to deal with that issue. Among the most common:
• Adding transformed explanatory variables, for example, adding x2 or x3 to the model.
• Using other algorithms to handle more complex relationships between variables (e.g., generalized additive models, spline regression, support vector machines, etc.).
Heat Maps and 3D Surface Plots
Heat maps are simply a 2D grid built from a 2D array, whose color depends on the value of each cell. The data set must correspond to a 2D array whose cells contain the values of the outcome variable. This technique is useful when you want to represent the change of an outcome variable (e.g. length of stay) as a function of two other variables (e.g. age and SOFA score).
The color mapping can be customized (e.g. rainbow or grayscale). Interestingly, the Matlab function imagesc scales the data to the full colormap range. Their 3D equivalent is mesh plots or surface plots (Fig. 15.16).
## 15.3 Part 2—Case Study
This case study refers to the research that evaluated the effect of the placement of indwelling arterial catheters (IACs) in hemodynamically stable patients with respiratory failure in intensive care, from the MIMIC-II database.
For this case study, several aspects of EDA were used:
• The categorical data was first tabulated.
• Summary statistics were then generated to describe the variables of interest.
• Graphical EDA was used to generate histograms to visualize the data of interest.
### 15.3.1 Non-graphical EDA
Tabulation
To analyze, visualize and test for association or independence of categorical variables, they must first be tabulated. When generating tables, any missing data will be counted in a separate “NA” (“Not Available”) category. Please refer to the Chap. “Missing Data” for approaches in managing this problem. There are several methods for creating frequency or contingency tables in R, such as for example, tabulating outcome variables for mortality, as demonstrated in the case study. Refer to the “Tabulate” function found in the GitHub repository for this book (see code appendix at the end of this Chapter) for details on how to compute frequencies of outcomes for different variables.
Statistical Tests
Multiple statistical tests are available in R and we refer the reader to the Chap. “Data Analysis” for additional information on use of relevant tests in R. For examples of a simple Chi-square…” as “For examples of a simple Chi-squared test, please refer to the “Chi-squared” function found in the GitHub repository for this book (see code appendix at the end of this Chapter). In our example, the hypothesis of independence between expiration in ICU and IAC is accepted (p > 0.05). On the contrary, the dependence link between day-28 mortality and IAC is rejected.
Summary statistics
Summary statistics as described above include, frequency, mean, median, mode, range, interquartile range, maximum and minimum values. An extract of summary statistics of patient demographics, vital signs, laboratory results and comorbidities, is shown in Table . Please refer to the function called “EDA Summary” in the GitHub repository for this book (see code appendix at the end of this Chapter) (Table 15.5).
Table 15.5
Comparison between the two study cohorts (subsample of variables only)
Variables
Entire Cohort (N = 1776)
Non-IAC
IAC
p-value
Size
984 (55.4 %)
792 (44.6 %)
NA
Age (year)
51 (35–72)
56 (40–73)
0.009
Gender (female)
344 (43.5 %)
406 (41.3 %)
0.4
Weight (kg)
76 (65–90)
78 (67–90)
0.08
SOFA score
5 (4–6)
6 (5–8)
<0.0001
Co-morbidities
CHF
97 (12.5 %)
116 (11.8 %)
0.7
Lab tests
WBC
10.6 (7.8–14.3)
11.8 (8.5–15.9)
<0.0001
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
13 (11.3–14.4)
12.6 (11–14.1)
0.003
When separate cohorts are generated based on a common variable, in this case the presence of an indwelling arterial catheter, summary statistics are presented for each cohort.
It is important to identify any differences in subject baseline characteristics. The benefits of this are two-fold: first it is useful to identify potentially confounding variables that contribute to an outcome in addition to the predictor (exposure) variable. For example, if mortality is the outcome variable then differences in severity of illness between cohorts may wholly or partially account for any variance in mortality. Identifying these variables is important as it is possible to attempt to control for these using adjustment methods such as multivariable logistic regression. Secondly, it may allow the identification of variables that are associated with the predictor variable enriching our understanding of the phenomenon we are observing.
The analytical extension of identifying any differences using medians, means and data visualization is to test for statistically significant differences in any given subject characteristic using for example Wilcoxon-Rank sum test. Refer to Chap. for further details in hypothesis testing.
### 15.3.2 Graphical EDA
Graphical representation of the dataset of interest is the principle feature of exploratory analysis.
### Histograms
Histograms are considered the backbone of EDA for continuous data. They can be used to help the researcher understand continuous variables and provide key information such as their distribution. Outlined in noise and outliers, the histogram allows the researcher to visualize where the bulk of the data points are placed between the maximum and minimum values. Histograms can also allow a visual comparison of a variable between cohorts. For example, to compare severity of illness between patient cohorts, histograms of SOFA score can be plotted side by side (Fig. 15.17). An example of this is given in the code for this chapter using the “side-by-side histogram” function (see code appendix at the end of this Chapter).
### Boxplot and ANOVA
Outside of the scope of this case study, the user may be interested in analysis of variance. When performing EDA and effective way to visualize this is through the use of boxplot. For example, to explore differences in blood pressure based on severity of illness subjects could be categorized by severity of illness with blood pressure values at baseline plotted (Fig. 15.18). Please refer to the function called “Box Plot” in the GitHub repository for this book (see code appendix at the end of this Chapter).
The box plot shows a few outliers which may be interesting to explore individually, and that people with a high SOFA score (>10) tend to have a lower blood pressure than people with a lower SOFA score.
## 15.4 Conclusion
In summary, EDA is an essential step in many types of research but is of particular use when analyzing electronic health care records. The tools described in this chapter should allow the researcher to better understand the features of a dataset and also to generate novel hypotheses.
Take Home Messages
1. 1.
Always start by exploring a dataset with an open mind for discovery.
2. 2.
EDA allows to better apprehend the features and possible issues of a dataset.
3. 3.
EDA is a key step in generating research hypothesis.
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Kaski, Samuel (1997) “Data exploration using self-organizing maps.” Acta polytechnica scandinavica: Mathematics, computing and management in engineering series no. 82. 1997.Google Scholar
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## Authors and Affiliations
• Matthieu Komorowski
• 1
• Dominic C. Marshall
• 1
• Justin D. Salciccioli
• 1
• Yves Crutain
• 1
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/trying-to-fully-grasp-limit-definition.272009/ | # Trying to fully grasp limit definition
1. Nov 15, 2008
### snipez90
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
An example in the text that involves showing that $$x^2sin\frac{1}{x}$$ approaches 0 as x approaches 0.
2. Relevant equations
$$\epsilon -\delta$$ argument
3. The attempt at a solution
I can prove many limits efficiently now using $$\epsilon -\delta$$ but I don't think I am that flexible with the definition. I don't feel that I fully understand it. For instance, in this example, it's easy to choose $$d = \sqrt{\epsilon}$$ and after noting that $$|sin\frac{1}{x}| \leq 1$$, the proof is very short.
But in this part of the text, Spivak assumes that the reader does not know the definition yet. He argues that for $$|x^2sin\frac{1}{x}|$$ to be less than $$\epsilon$$, it is only required that $$|x| < \epsilon$$ and $$x \neq 0$$, provided that $$\epsilon \leq 1$$. This makes sense because $$|x^2| = |x|^2 \leq |x|$$ for $$|x| \leq 1$$ and hence the stated bound $$\epsilon \leq 1$$. If $$\epsilon > 1$$, then it is required that $$|x| < 1$$ and $$x \neq 0$$.
This approach may seem more trouble than it's worth since $$\delta = \sqrt{\epsilon}$$ apparently works well. But when trying to write up a proof based on the above approach, I had a hard time. I understood his approach but it seemed weird to be considering two different epsilon cases. After working off of $$|f(x) - L|$$ , I quickly got to $$|x^2sin\frac{1}{x}| \leq |x|^2$$, but am now stuck. I know from Spivak's argument that I can have $$|f(x)-L| < |x|^2 < |x| < \epsilon$$ for $$\epsilon \leq 1$$ but how do I choose $$\delta$$? Does choosing delta = min{a,b}, where a and b are real numbers, have something to do with this approach?
I guess choosing delta to be the min of two real quantities is still unclear to me. Basically for harder limit proofs, I manipulate the |f(x) - L| term until I get a quantity that has the |x-a| term (which is < delta). Then if multiple terms are involved, I assume that delta is bounded above by some z > 0 (usually 1 or a fraction less than 1) and find a bound for each of the terms beside the |x-a| term. Multiplying the bounds on these terms gives a bound B on the |x-a| term so that $$B|x-a| < B\delta$$. Then I just choose delta to be $$\frac{\epsilon}{B}$$.
Right now, my idea of why this approach is justified is that we can choose delta. Once we do enough manipulations to find the other delta choice dependent on epsilon, then epsilon can vary so that we can always find a delta for which the limit definition holds. But this is all very hazy and if someone could clarify my reasoning or justify my approach and why it works it would be greatly appreciated.
2. Nov 15, 2008
### Office_Shredder
Staff Emeritus
That's exactly it. If you can find an easy proof of the limit for small epsilon, say epsilon smaller than M, then when epsilon is larger than M, you can pick a delta that worked when epsilon was smaller than M and it still trivially works
3. Nov 15, 2008
### snipez90
Hmm ok I think that makes sense. For some reason I kept thinking that min meant that I could only pick one of the quantities that delta can equal. But since delta bounds two quantities, then no matter what epsilon > 0 is chosen, then the |f(x) - L| term will be less than epsilon. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9610328674316406, "perplexity": 240.4477349670952}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00217-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/514297/why-doesnt-the-block-fall/514313 | # Why doesn't the block fall?
I came upon this question as I was going through the concepts of tension. Well according to Newton's third law- every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Here my question is that if the tension at point B balances the tension at point A then which force balances mg as it can't be balanced by the reaction force of mg which attracts the earth towards the mass as it is not in contact with the mass. Then why doesn't the mass fall?
• Be careful of third-law reaction forces. They act on different bodies. The tension force at A acts on the block, the tension force at B acts on the ceiling. – electronpusher Nov 16 '19 at 22:52
• What keeps the ceiling from falling? – Adrian Howard Nov 16 '19 at 23:53
• Please someone draw the diagram of forces which balance each other – Janstew Nov 16 '19 at 23:59
• Is B attached to something that is falling, or the ceiling of a building, or what? – Adrian Howard Nov 17 '19 at 0:06
• @AdrianHoward it's a fixed platform – Janstew Nov 17 '19 at 0:09
There are two forces acting on the mass are gravity and tension from the rope. This is seen in your free body diagram on the right side of your image. The mass does not fall (or rise) because these forces are of equal magnitude and opposite direction, thus the net force acting on the mass is $$0$$.
Yes, if we look at the rope the force pulling it down at $$A$$ is equal and opposite to the force pulling it up at $$B$$, but this doesn't make the force at $$A$$ suddenly nonexistent for the mass. There is a downward force acting on the rope at $$A$$, and by Newton's third law this means there is an upward force acting on the mass at $$A$$. This is the upward force discussed above. Note that the forces at $$A$$ and $$B$$ acting on the rope do not form a Newton's third law pair. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 8, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9091945886611938, "perplexity": 207.41991421204514}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00377.warc.gz"} |
https://export.arxiv.org/abs/1607.05631 | Full-text links:
nucl-th
(what is this?)
# Title: Prediction for a four-neutron resonance
Abstract: We utilize various {\em ab initio} approaches to search for a low-lying resonance in the four-neutron ($4n$) system using the JISP16 realistic $NN$ interaction. Our most accurate prediction is obtained using a $J$-matrix extension of the No-Core Shell Model and suggests a $4n$ resonant state at an energy near $E_r = 0.8$ MeV with a width of approximately $\Gamma = 1.4$ MeV.
Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures Subjects: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th); Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex) Journal reference: Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 182502 (2016) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.182502 Cite as: arXiv:1607.05631 [nucl-th] (or arXiv:1607.05631v2 [nucl-th] for this version)
## Submission history
From: George Papadimitriou [view email]
[v1] Tue, 19 Jul 2016 15:27:39 GMT (92kb)
[v2] Tue, 26 Jul 2016 04:03:33 GMT (91kb)
Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.35113784670829773, "perplexity": 11187.933941240459}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371810617.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408041431-20200408071931-00457.warc.gz"} |
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11263-019-01254-5?wt_mc=Internal.Event.1.SEM.ArticleAuthorOnlineFirst&utm_source=ArticleAuthorContributingOnlineFirst&utm_medium=email&utm_content=AA_en_06082018&ArticleAuthorContributingOnlineFirst_20191109 | Springer Nature is making SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 research free. View research | View latest news | Sign up for updates
# Hallucinating Unaligned Face Images by Multiscale Transformative Discriminative Networks
• 120 Accesses
## Abstract
Conventional face hallucination methods heavily rely on accurate alignment of low-resolution (LR) faces before upsampling them. Misalignment often leads to deficient results and unnatural artifacts for large upscaling factors. However, due to the diverse range of poses and different facial expressions, aligning an LR input image, in particular when it is tiny, is severely difficult. In addition, when the resolutions of LR input images vary, previous deep neural network based face hallucination methods require the interocular distances of input face images to be similar to the ones in the training datasets. Downsampling LR input faces to a required resolution will lose high-frequency information of the original input images. This may lead to suboptimal super-resolution performance for the state-of-the-art face hallucination networks. To overcome these challenges, we present an end-to-end multiscale transformative discriminative neural network devised for super-resolving unaligned and very small face images of different resolutions ranging from 16 $$\times$$ 16 to 32 $$\times$$ 32 pixels in a unified framework. Our proposed network embeds spatial transformation layers to allow local receptive fields to line-up with similar spatial supports, thus obtaining a better mapping between LR and HR facial patterns. Furthermore, we incorporate a class-specific loss designed to classify upright realistic faces in our objective through a successive discriminative network to improve the alignment and upsampling performance with semantic information. Extensive experiments on a large face dataset show that the proposed method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art.
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## Acknowledgements
This work was supported under the Australian Research Council’s Discovery Project funding scheme (Project DP150104645) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Robotic Vision (Project CE140100016).
## Author information
Correspondence to Xin Yu.
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Communicated by Chen Change Loy.
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Yu, X., Porikli, F., Fernando, B. et al. Hallucinating Unaligned Face Images by Multiscale Transformative Discriminative Networks. Int J Comput Vis 128, 500–526 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-019-01254-5 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2155454307794571, "perplexity": 7952.6810342603485}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144708.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220070221-20200220100221-00221.warc.gz"} |
https://dmoj.ca/problem/year2018p7 | ## Tree of Life
View as PDF
Points: 20 (partial)
Time limit: 2.0s
Memory limit: 256M
Author:
Problem types
You are a biologist studying an evolutionary tree. An evolutionary tree is a rooted tree showing the evolutionary relationships between several species. There are nodes numbered to , each of which represents a different species. The tree is rooted from node . Two species are said to be distant if neither of their corresponding nodes are descendants of the other.
You have collected the DNA sequences of all species in your evolutionary tree. The DNA of the species of node is represented as a string composed of the characters A, C, G, and T for . The genetic similarity of two species is the length of the longest common substring of their DNA sequences.
Find the largest genetic similarity between two distant species.
#### Constraints
is the sum of the lengths of the DNA sequences collected.
##### Subtask 1 [20%]
All DNA sequences only contain A.
#### Input Specification
The first line contains a single integer .
The next lines each contain a single integer. These integers represent the tree. The integer on the of the lines represents the node which is the parent of the node . For convenience, it is guaranteed that this number is less than .
The next lines each contain a string composed of G, C, A, or T. The string on the of the lines is , the DNA of the species represented by node .
#### Output Specification
Output a single integer, the largest genetic similarity between two distant species. If there are no two distant species, output -1.
#### Sample Input 1
3
1
2
ACT
GG
AGG
#### Sample Output 1
-1
#### Sample Input 2
3
1
1
ACT
GG
AGG
#### Sample Output 2
2
## Comments
There are no comments at the moment. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3754686713218689, "perplexity": 1090.3655773875616}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267165261.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926140948-20180926161348-00400.warc.gz"} |
http://bootmath.com/find-all-real-functions-fmathbb-r-to-mathbb-r-satisfying-the-equation-fx2y-fxx-fxy.html | # Find all real functions $f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R}$ satisfying the equation $f(x^2+y.f(x))=x.f(x+y)$
Find all real functions $f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R}$ satisfying the equation
$f(x^2+y.f(x))=x.f(x+y)$
My attempt –
Clearly $f(0)=0$
Putting $x^2=x,y.f(x)=1$, we have $f(x+1)=x.f(x+y)$.
Now putting $x=x-1$,we have $f(x)=(x-1)f(x-1+y)$
Putting $x=0$ ,we have $f(0)=-1.f(y-1)$ or $f(y-1)=0$(\since $f(0)=0$)
Finally putting $y=(x+1)$ gives us $f(x)=0$.
This is one of the required functions. But $f(x)=x$ also satisfies the equation.How to achieve this? One of my friends said that the answer $f(x)=x$ could be obtained by using Cauchy theorem but when I searched the internet, I could not find any theorem of Cauchy related to functions .Does any such theorem exist. If yes what is it and how can it be used to solve the functional equation. Is there a way similar to the method of getting the first solution to achieve the second one?
#### Solutions Collecting From Web of "Find all real functions $f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R}$ satisfying the equation $f(x^2+y.f(x))=x.f(x+y)$"
You proved that $f(0)=0$, we can continue from here
Suppose that there exist $k \neq 0$ such that $f(k)=0$.
Then plugging $x=k,y=y-k$ gives, $f(k^2) = f(k^2 + (y-k)f(k)) = kf(k+(y-k))=kf(y)$, which means that $f(x)$ is a constant function and so $f(x)=0$.
Now suppose that there exist no $k \neq 0$ such that $f(k)=0$.
Then plugging $x=x,y=-x$ gives $f(x^2-xf(x)) = xf(0)= 0$, which by assumption means $x^2=xf(x)$ or $f(x)=x$.
So we conclude that, possible functions are $f(x)=x,0 \forall x \in \mathbb{R}$
As you said $f(0)=0$
$$f(x^2+y.f(x))=x.f(x+y)$$
Take $y=0\implies f(x^2)=xf(x)$. So for $p>0$(p for positive,also I took this partition because $x^{1/2n}\mid n\in\mathbb N$ is defined only for $x>0$): $$f(p^2)=p(\sqrt pf(\sqrt p))=\lim_{n\to\infty}p^{\displaystyle \left(\sum_{k=0}^{n}\frac1{2^k}\right)}f\left(p^{1/n}\right)=p^2f(1)\\f(p)=kp\tag{p>0}$$
Now to find the function for $n<0$(n for negative):
$$f((-x)^2)=f(x^2)\implies -xf(-x)=xf(x)\implies f(x)+f(-x)=0$$
$$f(n)=-f(-n)=-(-kn)=kn\tag{n<0}$$
So $f(x)$ is odd and we can say that it is:
$$f(x)=kx$$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9711494445800781, "perplexity": 180.4793388123531}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864822.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622220911-20180623000911-00284.warc.gz"} |
https://research.kaust.edu.sa/en/publications/influence-of-alkyl-chain-length-on-charge-transport-in-symmetrica | # Influence of alkyl chain length on charge transport in symmetrically substituted poly(2,5-dialkoxy-p-phenylenevinylene) polymers
Sachetan M. Tuladhar, Marc Sims, James Kirkpatrick, Robert C. Maher, Amanda J. Chatten, Donal D.C. Bradley, Jenny Nelson, Pablo G. Etchegoin, Christian B. Nielsen, Philippe Massiot, Wayne N. George, Joachim H.G. Steinke
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
46 Scopus citations
## Abstract
We report on the hole transport characteristics, as measured by time of flight, of a family of symmetrically substituted dialkoxy poly (p -phenylenevinylene) polymers with different side-chain length. As side-chain length is decreased, the magnitude of the hole mobility μh increases while the field dependence of μh becomes more positive and the temperature dependence of μh becomes stronger. For the shortest side-chain derivative studied, μh exceeds 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 at electric fields greater than 105 V cm-1. The trend in magnitude of μh with side-chain length is consistent with the expected increase in electronic wave-function overlap as interchain separation decreases, while the trends in electric-field and temperature dependences of μh are consistent with increasing site energy disorder. We show that the electrostatic contribution to the site energy difference for pairs of oligomers follows the observed trend as a function of interchain separation, although the pairwise contribution is too small to explain the data quantitatively. Nonresonant Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize the microstructure of our films. We construct spatial maps of the Raman ratio I1280 / I1581 and confirm an expected decrease in average film density with side-chain extension. The structural heterogeneity in the maps is analyzed but no clear correlation is observed with transport properties, suggesting that the structural variations relevant for charge transport occur on a length scale finer than the resolution of ∼1 μm. © 2009 The American Physical Society.
Original language English (US) Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 79 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.79.035201 Published - Jan 5 2009 Yes | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8720603585243225, "perplexity": 7051.180213644455}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990584.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513080742-20210513110742-00358.warc.gz"} |
https://indico.cern.ch/event/577879/contributions/2740131/ | # 11th International "Hiroshima" Symposium on the Development and Application of Semiconductor Tracking Detectors (HSTD11) in conjunction with 2nd Workshop on SOI Pixel Detectors (SOIPIX2017) at OIST, Okinawa, Japan
10-15 December 2017
Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST)
Japan timezone
## TCAD simulation of Radiation Damage Effects on LHCb Velo and Operations in Run-II
10 Dec 2017, 20:09
1m
Conference Center (Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST))
### Conference Center
#### Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST)
OIST, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
POSTER Simulations
### Speaker
Kazuyoshi Carvalho Akiba (Federal University of of Rio de Janeiro (BR))
### Description
The primary goal of the LHCb experiment at the LHC is to search for indirect evidence of new physics via measurements of CP violation and rare decays of beauty and charm hadrons. The VErtex LOcator (VELO) is a silicon-strip detector located around the interaction region. It has active sensing elements as close as 8 mm from the LHC beams, and for this reason it undertakes a very high radiation damage.
The non-uniform exposure of the VELO sensors makes it an ideal laboratory to study radiation damage effects in silicon detectors. The VELO sensors are exposed to fluences of the order of $5\times10^{13}$ 1-MeV neq/cm$^2$ per $fb^{-1}$, and it is planned to operate up to 10 $fb^{-1}$ integrated till the end of Run II. Several different methods are used to monitor the radiation damage. In particular, regular High Voltage scans are taken which allow a precise measurement of the Charge Collection Efficiency (CCE), and Cluster Finding Efficiency (CFE) as function of the applied voltage. These analyses are used to determine the operational voltages, and to monitor the degradation of the detector performance.
The detectors are constructed with two metal layers in order to cover the particular design of the R/$\phi$ strips and to route the signal to the outer region where the front-end chips are located. A loss of signal amplitude and hence efficiency has been observed with a strong dependency on the distance to the routing lines. A complete TCAD simulation was implemented with the full detector geometry in order to investigate these effects in detail. Using the Perugia n-type bulk model and the Peltola surface damage model it is shown that, for the worst case particle hit position and angle, up to 60% of the deposited charge is picked up by the routing lines. It is argued and shown in simulation that this is caused by trapping of the otherwise mobile electron accumulation layer at the oxide-silicon interface. As the inversion layer is trapped and made immobile, its shielding effect on the routing lines is removed. Additionally, it is found that the observed drop in CFE, which is largest in the outer radial regions of the sensors far away from the interaction point, can be explained by the angular dependence of charge loss to the second metal layer. By combining 2D and 3D simulations of up to five strips in TCAD with the global geometry of the sensors, efficiency drop as function of sensor radius and angle is qualitatively reproduced.
The overall performance of the VELO during Run-2 will be presented. The results of the latest high voltage scans will be shown, and measurements of the effective depletion voltage will be compared with the expected values that are calculated using the Hamburg model. Several fits to the model will be shown that illustrate different annealing scenarios, related to maintenance activities of the cooling system that are envisaged in Run-2, and their impact on the operation of the detector during the remaining Run-2 data taking. An explanation for the observed charge loss to the routing lines will be presented, backed up by the results from the simulation.
### Primary authors
Kazuyoshi Carvalho Akiba (Federal University of of Rio de Janeiro (BR)) Asmund Schiager Folkestad (Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)) Paula Collins (CERN)
### Presentation Materials
There are no materials yet.
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https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/10977/finding-recurrence-when-master-theorem-fails | # Finding recurrence when Master Theorem fails
Following method is explained by my senior. I want to know whether I can use it in all cases or not. When I solve it manually, I come to same answer.
$T(n)= 4T(n/2) + \frac{n^2}{\lg n}$
In above recurrence master theorem fails. But he gave me this solution, when
for $T(n) = aT(n/b) + \Theta(n^d \lg^kn)$
if $d = \log_b a$
if $k\geq0$ then $T(n)=\Theta(n^d \lg^{k+1})$
if $k=-1$ then $T(n)=\Theta(n^d\lg\lg n)$
if $k<-1$ then $T(n)=\Theta(n^{\log_ba})$
using above formulae, the recurrence is solved to $\Theta(n^2\lg\lg n)$. When I solved manually, I come up with same answer. If it is some standard method, what it is called ?
• See also our reference question for solving recurrences. In particular, the first case you have been given is covered by the master theorem. But then, even the Akra-Bazzi method does not cover your example. Oh well. By manually, do you mean using recursion trees? – Raphael Apr 2 '13 at 19:16
• ^yes. Basically I meant without using Master Theorem or Akra-Bazi method. Here's one solution : chuck.ferzle.com/Notes/Notes/DiscreteMath/… – avi Apr 3 '13 at 12:38
• I see; that would be guess & proof, then. Legit, but arduous: you need to deal with lower and upper bound separately and perform induction proofs for both. – Raphael Apr 3 '13 at 14:08
OK, try Akra-Bazzi (even if Raphael thinks it doesn't apply...) $$T(n) = 4 T(n / 2) + n^2 / \lg n$$ We have $g(n) = n^2 / \ln n = O(n^2)$, check. We have that there is a single $a_1 = 4$, $b_1 = 1 / 2$, which checks out. Assuming that the $n / 2$ is really $\lfloor n / 2 \rfloor$ and/or $\lceil n / 2 \rceil$, the implied $h_i(n)$ also check out. So we need: $$a_1 b_1^p = 4 \cdot (1 / 2)^p = 1$$ Thus $p = 2$, and: $$T(n) = \Theta\left(n^2 \left( 1 + \int_2^n \frac{u^2 du}{u^3 \ln u} \right) \right) = \Theta\left(n^2 \left( 1 + \int_2^n \frac{du}{u \ln u} \right) \right) = \Theta(n^2 \ln \ln n)$$ (The integral as given with lower limit 1 diverges, but the lower limit should be the $n_0$ for which the recurrence starts being valid, the difference will usually just be a constant, so using 1 or $n_0$ won't make a difference; check the original paper.)
• Ah, so you are allowed/supposed to change the lower boundary of the integral -- that was my problem exactly! Your explanation does not make a lot of sense to me, though: the integral does not converge on $[1,2]$, so the difference it not a constant! I guess I'll have to look at the paper at some point... if only it was readily available. – Raphael Apr 2 '13 at 22:11 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9538403749465942, "perplexity": 472.56080490673787}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621627.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615211046-20210616001046-00617.warc.gz"} |
https://research-portal.uea.ac.uk/en/publications/the-feller-diffusion-filter-rules-and-abnormal-stock-returns | # The Feller Diffusion, Filter Rules and Abnormal Stock Returns
Paul Docherty, Yizhe Dong, Xiaojong Song, Mark Tippett
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
3 Citations (Scopus)
## Abstract
We determine the conditional expected logarithmic (that is, continuously compounded) return on a stock whose price evolves in terms of the Feller diffusion and then use it to demonstrate how one must know the exact probability density that describes a stock’s return before one can determine the correct way to calculate the abnormal returns that accrue on the stock. We show in particular that misspecification of the stochastic process which generates a stock’s price will lead to systematic biases in the abnormal returns calculated on the stock. We examine the implications this has for the proper conduct of empirical work and for the evaluation of stock and portfolio performance.
Original language English 426-438 13 The European Journal of Finance 24 5 5 Apr 2017 https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2017.1309328 Published - 2018
## Keywords
• Feller diffusion
• Fokker-Planck equation
• Geometric Brownian Motion
• Logarithmic return | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8019700646400452, "perplexity": 2357.6143326729625}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057830.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926053229-20210926083229-00455.warc.gz"} |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_radius | For the historical development of the concept, see Spherical Earth.
Earth radius is the distance from Earth's center to its surface, about 6,371 kilometers (3,959 mi). This length is also used as a unit of distance, especially in astronomy and geology, where it is usually denoted by $R_\oplus$.
This article deals primarily with spherical and ellipsoidal models of the Earth. See Figure of the Earth for a more complete discussion of models. The Earth is only approximately spherical, so no single value serves as its natural radius. Distances from points on the surface to the center range from 6,353 km to 6,384 km (3,947–3,968 mi). Several different ways of modeling the Earth as a sphere each yield a mean radius of 6,371 kilometers (3,959 mi).
While "radius" normally is a characteristic of perfect spheres, the term as used in this article more generally means the distance from some "center" of the Earth to a point on the surface or on an idealized surface that models the Earth. It can also mean some kind of average of such distances, or of the radius of a sphere whose curvature matches the curvature of the ellipsoidal model of the Earth at a given point.
The first scientific estimation of the radius of the earth was given by Eratosthenes about 240 BC. Estimates of the accuracy of Eratosthenes’s measurement range from within 2% to within 15%.
## Introduction
Main article: Figure of the Earth
Earth's rotation, internal density variations, and external tidal forces cause it to deviate systematically from a perfect sphere.[a] Local topography increases the variance, resulting in a surface of unlimited complexity. Our descriptions of the Earth's surface must be simpler than reality in order to be tractable. Hence we create models to approximate the Earth's surface, generally relying on the simplest model that suits the need.
Each of the models in common use come with some notion of "radius". Strictly speaking, spheres are the only solids to have radii, but looser uses of the term "radius" are common in many fields, including those dealing with models of the Earth. Viewing models of the Earth from less to more approximate:
In the case of the geoid and ellipsoids, the fixed distance from any point on the model to the specified center is called "a radius of the Earth" or "the radius of the Earth at that point".[d] It is also common to refer to any mean radius of a spherical model as "the radius of the earth". On the Earth's real surface, on other hand, it is uncommon to refer to a "radius", since there is no practical need. Rather, elevation above or below sea level is useful.
Regardless of model, any radius falls between the polar minimum of about 6,357 km and the equatorial maximum of about 6,378 km (≈3,950 – 3,963 mi). Hence the Earth deviates from a perfect sphere by only a third of a percent, sufficiently close to treat it as a sphere in many contexts and justifying the term "the radius of the Earth". While specific values differ, the concepts in this article generalize to any major planet.
### Physics of Earth's deformation
Rotation of a planet causes it to approximate an oblate ellipsoid/spheroid with a bulge at the equator and flattening at the North and South Poles, so that the equatorial radius $a$ is larger than the polar radius $b$ by approximately $a q$ where the oblateness constant $q$ is
$q=\frac{a^3 \omega^2}{GM}\,\!$
where $\omega$ is the angular frequency, $G$ is the gravitational constant, and $M$ is the mass of the planet.[e] For the Earth q−1 ≈ 289, which is close to the measured inverse flattening f−1 ≈ 298.257. Additionally, the bulge at the equator shows slow variations. The bulge had been declining, but since 1998 the bulge has increased, possibly due to redistribution of ocean mass via currents.[2]
The variation in density and crustal thickness causes gravity to vary on the surface, so that the mean sea level will differ from the ellipsoid. This difference is the geoid height, positive above or outside the ellipsoid, negative below or inside. The geoid height variation is under 110 m on Earth. The geoid height can change abruptly due to earthquakes (such as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake) or reduction in ice masses (such as Greenland).[3]
Not all deformations originate within the Earth. The gravity of the Moon and Sun cause the Earth's surface at a given point to undulate by tenths of meters over a nearly 12 hour period (see Earth tide).
Biruni's (973–1048) method for calculation of Earth's radius improved accuracy.
Given local and transient influences on surface height, the values defined below are based on a "general purpose" model, refined as globally precisely as possible within 5 m of reference ellipsoid height, and to within 100 m of mean sea level (neglecting geoid height).
Additionally, the radius can be estimated from the curvature of the Earth at a point. Like a torus the curvature at a point will be largest (tightest) in one direction (North-South on Earth) and smallest (flattest) perpendicularly (East-West). The corresponding radius of curvature depends on location and direction of measurement from that point. A consequence is that a distance to the true horizon at the equator is slightly shorter in the north/south direction than in the east-west direction.
In summary, local variations in terrain prevent the definition of a single absolutely "precise" radius. One can only adopt an idealized model. Since the estimate by Eratosthenes, many models have been created. Historically these models were based on regional topography, giving the best reference ellipsoid for the area under survey. As satellite remote sensing and especially the Global Positioning System rose in importance, true global models were developed which, while not as accurate for regional work, best approximate the earth as a whole.
The following radii are fixed and do not include a variable location dependence. They are derived from the WGS-84 ellipsoid.[4]
The value for the equatorial radius is defined to the nearest 0.1 meter in WGS-84. The value for the polar radius in this section has been rounded to the nearest 0.1 meter, which is expected to be adequate for most uses. Please refer to the WGS-84 ellipsoid if a more precise value for its polar radius is needed.
The radii in this section are for an idealized surface. Even the idealized radii have an uncertainty of ± 2 meters.[5] The discrepancy between the ellipsoid radius and the radius to a physical location may be significant. When identifying the position of an observable location, the use of more precise values for WGS-84 radii may not yield a corresponding improvement in accuracy.
The Earth's equatorial radius $a$, or semi-major axis, is the distance from its center to the equator and equals 6,378.1370 kilometers (3,963.1906 mi). The equatorial radius is often used to compare Earth with other planets.
The Earth's polar radius $b$, or semi-minor axis, is the distance from its center to the North and South Poles, and equals 6,356.7523 kilometers (3,949.9028 mi).
• Maximum: The summit of Chimborazo is 6,384.4 km (3,968 mi) from the Earth's center.
• Minimum: The floor of the Arctic Ocean is ≈6,352.8 kilometers (3,947.4 mi) from the Earth's center.[6]
The distance from the Earth's center to a point on the spheroid surface at geodetic latitude $\varphi\,\!$ is:
$R=R(\varphi)=\sqrt{\frac{(a^2\cos\varphi)^2+(b^2\sin\varphi)^2}{(a\cos\varphi)^2+(b\sin\varphi)^2}}\,\!$
where $a$ and $b$ are the equatorial radius and the polar radius, respectively.
Eratosthenes used two points, one almost exactly north of the other. The points are separated by distance $D$, and the vertical directions at the two points are known to differ by angle of $\theta$, in radians. A formula used in Eratosthenes' method is
$R= \frac{D}{\theta}\,\!$
which gives an estimate of radius based on the north-south curvature of the Earth.
#### Meridional
In particular the Earth's radius of curvature in the (north-south) meridian at $\varphi\,\!$ is:
$M=M(\varphi)=\frac{(ab)^2}{((a\cos\varphi)^2+(b\sin\varphi)^2)^{3/2}}\,\!$
#### Normal
If one point had appeared due east of the other, one finds the approximate curvature in east-west direction.[f]
This radius of curvature in the prime vertical, which is perpendicular, or normal, to M at geodetic latitude $\varphi\,\!$ is:[g]
$N=N(\varphi)=\frac{a^2}{\sqrt{(a\cos\varphi)^2+(b\sin\varphi)^2}}\,\!$
Note that N=R at the equator:
At geodetic latitude 48.46791 degrees (e.g., Lèves, Alsace, France), the radius R is 20000/π ≈ 6,366.197, namely the radius of a perfect sphere for which the meridian arc length from the equator to the North Pole is exactly 10000 km, the originally proposed definition of the meter.
The Earth's meridional radius of curvature at the equator equals the meridian's semi-latus rectum:
$\frac{b^2}{a}\,\!$ = 6,335.437 km
The Earth's polar radius of curvature is:
$\frac{a^2}{b}\,\!$ = 6,399.592 km
#### Combinations
It is possible to combine the meridional and normal radii of curvature above.
The Earth's Gaussian radius of curvature at latitude $\varphi\,\!$ is:[7]
$R_a=\sqrt{MN}=\frac{a^2b}{(a\cos\varphi)^2+(b\sin\varphi)^2}\,\!$
The Earth's radius of curvature along a course at an azimuth (measured clockwise from north) $\alpha\,\!$, at $\varphi\,\!$ is derived from Euler's curvature formula as follows:[7]
$R_c=\frac{{}_{1}}{\frac{\cos^2\alpha}{M}+\frac{\sin^2\alpha}{N}}\,\!$
The Earth's mean radius of curvature at latitude $\varphi\,\!$ is:[7]
$R_m=\frac{{}_{2}}{\frac{1}{M}+\frac{1}{N}}\,\!$
The Earth can be modeled as a sphere in many ways. This section describes the common ways. The various radii derived here use the notation and dimensions noted above for the Earth as derived from the WGS-84 ellipsoid;[4] namely,
$\textstyle a =$ Equatorial radius (6,378.1370 km)
$\textstyle b =$ Polar radius (6,356.7523 km)
A sphere being a gross approximation of the spheroid, which itself is an approximation of the geoid, units are given here in kilometers rather than the millimeter resolution appropriate for geodesy.
The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) defines the mean radius (denoted $R_1$) to be[8]
$R_1 = \frac{2a+b}{3}\,\!$
For Earth, the mean radius is 6,371.009 kilometers (3,958.761 mi).[9]
Earth's authalic ("equal area") radius is the radius of a hypothetical perfect sphere which has the same surface area as the reference ellipsoid. The IUGG denotes the authalic radius as $R_2$.[8]
A closed-form solution exists for a spheroid:[10]
$R_2=\sqrt{\frac{a^2+\frac{ab^2}{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}}\ln{\left(\frac{a+\sqrt{a^2-b^2}}b\right)}}{2}}=\sqrt{\frac{a^2}2+\frac{b^2}2\frac{\tanh^{-1}e}e} =\sqrt{\frac{A}{4\pi}}\,\!$
where $e^2=(a^2-b^2)/a^2$ and $A$ is the surface area of the spheroid.
For Earth, the authalic radius is 6,371.0072 kilometers (3,958.7603 mi).[9]
Another spherical model is defined by the volumetric radius, which is the radius of a sphere of volume equal to the ellipsoid. The IUGG denotes the volumetric radius as $R_3$.[8]
$R_3=\sqrt[3]{a^2b}\,\!$
For Earth, the volumetric radius equals 6,371.0008 kilometers (3,958.7564 mi).[9]
Another mean radius is the rectifying radius, giving a sphere with circumference equal to the perimeter of the ellipse described by any polar cross section of the ellipsoid. This requires an elliptic integral to find, given the polar and equatorial radii:
$M_r=\frac{2}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sqrt{{a^2}\cos^2\varphi + {b^2} \sin^2\varphi}\,d\varphi$.
The rectifying radius is equivalent to the meridional mean, which is defined as the average value of M:[10]
$M_r=\frac{2}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\!M(\varphi)\,d\varphi\!$
For integration limits of [0...π/2], the integrals for rectifying radius and mean radius evaluate to the same result, which, for Earth, amounts to 6,367.4491 kilometers (3,956.5494 mi).
The meridional mean is well approximated by the semicubic mean of the two axes:
$M_r\approx\left[\frac{a^{3/2}+b^{3/2}}{2}\right]^{2/3}\,$
yielding, again, 6,367.4491 km; or less accurately by the quadratic mean of the two axes:
$M_r\approx\sqrt{\frac{a^2+b^2}{2}}\,\!$;
about 6,367.454 km; or even just the mean of the two axes:
$M_r\approx\frac{a+b}{2}\,\!$;
## Osculating sphere
The best spherical approximation to the ellipsoid in the vicinity of a given point is given by the osculating sphere. Its radius equals the Gaussian radius of curvature as above, and its radial direction coincides with the ellipsoid normal direction. This concept aids the interpretation of terrestrial and planetary radio occultation refraction measurements.
## Notes
1. ^ For details see Figure of the Earth, Geoid, and Earth tide.
2. ^ There is no single center to the geoid; it varies according to local geodetic conditions.
3. ^ In a geocentric ellipsoid, the center of the ellipsoid coincides with some computed center of the earth, and best models the earth as a whole. Geodetic ellipsoids are better suited to regional idiosyncrasies of the geoid. A partial surface of an ellipsoid gets fitted to the region, in which case the center and orientation of the ellipsoid generally do not coincide with the earth's center of mass or axis of rotation.
4. ^ The value of the radius is completely dependent upon the latitude in the case of an ellipsoid model, and nearly so on the geoid.
5. ^ This follows from the International Astronomical Union definition rule (2): a planet assumes a shape due to hydrostatic equilibrium where gravity and centrifugal forces are nearly balanced.[1]
6. ^ East-west directions can be misleading. Point B which appears due East from A will be closer to the equator than A. Thus the curvature found this way is smaller than the curvature of a circle of constant latitude, except at the equator. West can exchanged for east in this discussion.
7. ^ N is defined as the radius of curvature in the plane which is normal to both the surface of the ellipsoid at, and the meridian passing through, the specific point of interest.
## References
1. ^ IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes
2. ^
3. ^
4. ^ a b http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/publications/tr8350.2/wgs84fin.pdf
5. ^ http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/publications/tr8350.2/tr8350.2-a/Chapter%203.pdf
6. ^ "Discover-TheWorld.com - Guam - POINTS OF INTEREST - Don't Miss - Mariana Trench". Guam.discover-theworld.com. 1960-01-23. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
7. ^ a b c Torge (2001), Geodesy, p.98, eq.(4.23), [1]
8. ^ a b c Moritz, H. (1980). Geodetic Reference System 1980, by resolution of the XVII General Assembly of the IUGG in Canberra.
9. ^ a b c Moritz, H. (March 2000). "Geodetic Reference System 1980". Journal of Geodesy 74 (1): 128–133. Bibcode:2000JGeod..74..128.. doi:10.1007/s001900050278.
10. ^ a b Snyder, J.P. (1987). Map Projections – A Working Manual (US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395) p. 16–17. Washington D.C: United States Government Printing Office. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 47, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9612550735473633, "perplexity": 1006.2159402713742}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500812867.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021332-00070-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Landau | # Edmund Landau
Edmund Landau
Edmund Landau
Born Edmund Georg Hermann Landau
14 February 1877
Berlin, Germany
Died 19 February 1938 (aged 61)
Berlin, Germany
Nationality German
Fields Number theory
Complex analysis
Institutions University of Berlin
University of Göttingen
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Alma mater University of Berlin
Lazarus Fuchs
Doctoral students Paul Bernays
Harald Bohr
Gustav Doetsch
Hans Heilbronn
Dunham Jackson
Erich Kamke
Aubrey Kempner
Alexander Ostrowski
Carl Ludwig Siegel
Arnold Walfisz
Known for Distribution of prime numbers
Landau prime ideal theorem
Spouse Marianne Ehrlich
Edmund Georg Hermann Landau (14 February 1877 – 19 February 1938) was a German Jewish mathematician who worked in the fields of number theory and complex analysis.
## Biography
Edmund Landau was born in Berlin to a wealthy Jewish family. His father was Leopold Landau, a gynecologist. His mother was Johanna Jacoby from the well known German Jewish Jacoby banking family. Landau studied mathematics at the University of Berlin and received his doctorate in 1899 and his habilitation (the post-doctoral qualification required in German universities) in 1901. His doctoral thesis was 14 pages long. In 1905 he married Marianne Ehrlich, the daughter of the biologist Paul Ehrlich, who was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Landau taught at the University of Berlin from 1899 until 1909 and held a chair at the University of Göttingen from 1909 onwards. Starting in the 1920s Landau was instrumental in establishing the Mathematics Institute at the nascent Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Landau taught himself Hebrew, with the intent of eventually settling in Jerusalem. At the groundbreaking ceremony of the Hebrew University on April 2, 1925 he lectured in Hebrew on the topic Solved and unsolved problems in elementary number theory. He negotiated with the President of the University, Judah Magnes, regarding the details of his position at the University and the building that was to house the Mathematics Institute. In 1927 Landau and his family emigrated to Palestine, and he began teaching at the Hebrew University. The Landau family had difficulty adjusting to the primitive living standards then available in Jerusalem. In addition, Landau became a pawn in a struggle for control of the University between Magnes and Chaim Weizmann and Albert Einstein. Magnes suggested that Landau be appointed rector of the University, but Einstein and Weizmann supported Selig Brodetsky. Landau was disgusted by the dispute, not of his own making, and he decided to return to Göttingen. He remained there until he was forced out by the Nazi regime in 1933 and thereafter he lectured only outside of Germany. In 1934 he moved to Berlin, where he died in early 1938 of natural causes.
In 1903 Landau gave a much simpler proof than was then known of the prime number theorem and later presented the first systematic treatment of analytic number theory in the Handbuch der Lehre von der Verteilung der Primzahlen,[1] or simply the Handbuch. He also made important contributions to complex analysis.
G. H. Hardy wrote that no one was ever more passionately devoted to mathematics than Landau. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 1, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.34872564673423767, "perplexity": 3489.6159012340536}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383218/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00020-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
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Stack Overflow 1 rep 1 Mathematics 1 rep TeX - LaTeX 1 rep Ask Ubuntu 1 rep Unix & Linux 1 rep | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8030305504798889, "perplexity": 21590.11808804192}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770403.126/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00073-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.datacamp.com/tutorial/scikit-learn-fake-news | # Detecting Fake News with Scikit-Learn
This scikit-learn tutorial will walk you through building a fake news classifier with the help of Bayesian models.
Detecting so-called “fake news” is no easy task. First, there is defining what fake news is – given it has now become a political statement. If you can find or agree upon a definition, then you must collect and properly label real and fake news (hopefully on similar topics to best show clear distinctions). Once collected, you must then find useful features to determine fake from real news.
For a more in-depth look at this problem space, I recommend taking a look at Miguel Martinez-Alvarez’s post “How can Machine Learning and AI Help Solve the Fake News Problem”.
Around the same time I read Miguel’s insightful post, I came across an open data science post about building a successful fake news detector with Bayesian models. The author even created a repository with the dataset of tagged fake and real news examples. I was curious if I could easily reproduce the results, and if I could then determine what the model had learned.
In this tutorial, you’ll walk through some of my initial exploration together and see if you can build a successful fake news detector!
Tip: if you want to learn more about Natural Language Processing (NLP) basics, consider taking the Natural Language Processing Fundamentals in Python course.
## Data Exploration
To begin, you should always take a quick look at the data and get a feel for its contents. To do so, use a Pandas DataFrame and check the shape, head and apply any necessary transformations.
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## Extracting the Training Data
Now that the DataFrame looks closer to what you need, you want to separate the labels and set up training and test datasets.
For this notebook, I decided to focus on using the longer article text. Because I knew I would be using bag-of-words and Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) to extract features, this seemed like a good choice. Using longer text will hopefully allow for distinct words and features for my real and fake news data.
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## Building Vectorizer Classifiers
Now that you have your training and testing data, you can build your classifiers. To get a good idea if the words and tokens in the articles had a significant impact on whether the news was fake or real, you begin by using CountVectorizer and TfidfVectorizer.
You’ll see the example has a max threshhold set at .7 for the TF-IDF vectorizer tfidf_vectorizer using the max_df argument. This removes words which appear in more than 70% of the articles. Also, the built-in stop_words parameter will remove English stop words from the data before making vectors.
There are many more parameters available and you can read all about them in the scikit-learn documentation for TfidfVectorizer and CountVectorizer.
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Now that you have vectors, you can then take a look at the vector features, stored in count_vectorizer and tfidf_vectorizer.
Are there any noticable issues? (Yes!)
There are clearly comments, measurements or other nonsensical words as well as multilingual articles in the dataset that you have been using. Normally, you would want to spend more time preprocessing this and removing noise, but as this tutorial just showcases a small proof of concept, you will see if the model can overcome the noise and properly classify despite these issues.
## Intermezzo: Count versus TF-IDF Features
I was curious if my count and TF-IDF vectorizers had extracted different tokens. To take a look and compare features, you can extract the vector information back into a DataFrame to use easy Python comparisons.
As you can see by running the cells below, both vectorizers extracted the same tokens, but obviously have different weights. Likely, changing the max_df and min_df of the TF-IDF vectorizer could alter the result and lead to different features in each.
In [15]:
count_df = pd.DataFrame(count_train.A, columns=count_vectorizer.get_feature_names())
In [16]:
tfidf_df = pd.DataFrame(tfidf_train.A, columns=tfidf_vectorizer.get_feature_names())
In [17]:
difference = set(count_df.columns) - set(tfidf_df.columns)
difference
Out[17]:
set()
In [18]:
print(count_df.equals(tfidf_df))
False
In [19]:
count_df.head()
Out[19]:
00 000 0000 00000031 000035 00006 0001 0001pt 000ft 000km ... حلب عربي عن لم ما محاولات من هذا والمرضى ยงade
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 rows × 56922 columns
In [20]:
tfidf_df.head()
Out[20]:
00 000 0000 00000031 000035 00006 0001 0001pt 000ft 000km ... حلب عربي عن لم ما محاولات من هذا والمرضى ยงade
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 rows × 56922 columns
### Comparing Models
Now it's time to train and test your models.
Here, you'll begin with an NLP favorite, MultinomialNB. You can use this to compare TF-IDF versus bag-of-words. My intuition was that bag-of-words (aka CountVectorizer) would perform better with this model. (For more reading on multinomial distribution and why it works best with integers, check out this fairly succinct explanation from a UPenn statistics course).
I personally find Confusion Matrices easier to compare and read, so I used the scikit-learn documentation to build some easily-readable confusion matrices (thanks open source!). A confusion matrix shows the proper labels on the main diagonal (top left to bottom right). The other cells show the incorrect labels, often referred to as false positives or false negatives. Depending on your problem, one of these might be more significant. For example, for the fake news problem, is it more important that we don't label real news articles as fake news? If so, we might want to eventually weight our accuracy score to better reflect this concern.
Other than Confusion Matrices, scikit-learn comes with many ways to visualize and compare your models. One popular way is to use a ROC Curve. There are many other ways to evaluate your model available in the scikit-learn metrics module.
In [21]:
def plot_confusion_matrix(cm, classes,
normalize=False,
title='Confusion matrix',
cmap=plt.cm.Blues):
"""
See full source and example:
http://scikit-learn.org/stable/auto_examples/model_selection/plot_confusion_matrix.html
This function prints and plots the confusion matrix.
Normalization can be applied by setting normalize=True.
"""
plt.imshow(cm, interpolation='nearest', cmap=cmap)
plt.title(title)
plt.colorbar()
tick_marks = np.arange(len(classes))
plt.xticks(tick_marks, classes, rotation=45)
plt.yticks(tick_marks, classes)
if normalize:
cm = cm.astype('float') / cm.sum(axis=1)[:, np.newaxis]
print("Normalized confusion matrix")
else:
print('Confusion matrix, without normalization')
thresh = cm.max() / 2.
for i, j in itertools.product(range(cm.shape[0]), range(cm.shape[1])):
plt.text(j, i, cm[i, j],
horizontalalignment="center",
color="white" if cm[i, j] > thresh else "black")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.ylabel('True label')
plt.xlabel('Predicted label')
In [22]:
clf = MultinomialNB()
In [23]:
clf.fit(tfidf_train, y_train)
pred = clf.predict(tfidf_test)
score = metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, pred)
print("accuracy: %0.3f" % score)
cm = metrics.confusion_matrix(y_test, pred, labels=['FAKE', 'REAL'])
plot_confusion_matrix(cm, classes=['FAKE', 'REAL'])
accuracy: 0.857
Confusion matrix, without normalization
In [24]:
clf = MultinomialNB()
In [25]:
clf.fit(count_train, y_train)
pred = clf.predict(count_test)
score = metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, pred)
print("accuracy: %0.3f" % score)
cm = metrics.confusion_matrix(y_test, pred, labels=['FAKE', 'REAL'])
plot_confusion_matrix(cm, classes=['FAKE', 'REAL'])
accuracy: 0.893
Confusion matrix, without normalization
And indeed, with absolutely no parameter tuning, your count vectorized training set count_train is visibly outperforming your TF-IDF vectors!
### Testing Linear Models
There are a lot of great write-ups about how linear models work well with TF-IDF vectorizers (take a look at word2vec for classification, SVM reference in scikit-learn text analysis, and many more).
So you should use a SVM, right?
Well, I recently watched Victor Lavrenko's lecture on text classification and he compares Passive Aggressive classifiers to linear SVMs for text classification. We'll test this approach (which has some significant speed benefits and permanent learning disadvantages) with the fake news dataset.
In [26]:
linear_clf = PassiveAggressiveClassifier(n_iter=50)
In [27]:
linear_clf.fit(tfidf_train, y_train)
pred = linear_clf.predict(tfidf_test)
score = metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, pred)
print("accuracy: %0.3f" % score)
cm = metrics.confusion_matrix(y_test, pred, labels=['FAKE', 'REAL'])
plot_confusion_matrix(cm, classes=['FAKE', 'REAL'])
accuracy: 0.936
Confusion matrix, without normalization
Wow!
I'm impressed. The confusion matrix looks different and the model classifies our fake news a bit better. We can test if tuning the alpha value for a MultinomialNB creates comparable results. You can also use parameter tuning with grid search for a more exhaustive search.
In [28]:
clf = MultinomialNB(alpha=0.1)
In [29]:
last_score = 0
for alpha in np.arange(0,1,.1):
nb_classifier = MultinomialNB(alpha=alpha)
nb_classifier.fit(tfidf_train, y_train)
pred = nb_classifier.predict(tfidf_test)
score = metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, pred)
if score > last_score:
clf = nb_classifier
print("Alpha: {:.2f} Score: {:.5f}".format(alpha, score))
Alpha: 0.00 Score: 0.61502
Alpha: 0.10 Score: 0.89766
Alpha: 0.20 Score: 0.89383
Alpha: 0.30 Score: 0.89000
Alpha: 0.40 Score: 0.88570
Alpha: 0.50 Score: 0.88427
Alpha: 0.60 Score: 0.87470
Alpha: 0.70 Score: 0.87040
Alpha: 0.80 Score: 0.86609
Alpha: 0.90 Score: 0.85892
Not quite... At this point, it might be interesting to perform parameter tuning across all of the classifiers, or take a look at some other scikit-learn Bayesian classifiers. You could also test with a Support Vector Machine (SVM) to see if that outperforms the Passive Aggressive classifier.
But I am a bit more curious about what the Passive Aggressive model actually has learned. So let's move onto introspection.
### Introspecting models
So fake news is solved, right? We achieved 93% accuracy on my dataset so let's all close up shop and go home.
Not quite, of course. I am wary at best of these results given how much noise we saw in the features. There is a great write-up on StackOverflow with this incredibly useful function for finding vectors that most affect labels. It only works for binary classificaiton (classifiers with 2 classes), but that's good news for you, since you only have FAKE or REAL labels.
Using your best performing classifier with your TF-IDF vector dataset (tfidf_vectorizer) and Passive Aggressive classifier (linear_clf), inspect the top 30 vectors for fake and real news:
In [30]:
FAKE -4.86382369883 2016
FAKE -4.13847157932 hillary
FAKE -3.98994974843 october
FAKE -3.10552662226 share
FAKE -2.99713810694 november
FAKE -2.9150746075 article
FAKE -2.54532100449 print
FAKE -2.35915304509 source
FAKE -2.31585837413 email
FAKE -2.27985826579 election
FAKE -2.2736680857 oct
FAKE -2.25253568246 war
FAKE -2.19663276969 mosul
FAKE -2.17921304122 podesta
FAKE -1.99361009573 nov
FAKE -1.98662624907 com
FAKE -1.9452527887 establishment
FAKE -1.86869495684 corporate
FAKE -1.84166664376 wikileaks
FAKE -1.7936566878 26
FAKE -1.75686475396 donald
FAKE -1.74951154055 snip
FAKE -1.73298170472 mainstream
FAKE -1.71365596627 uk
FAKE -1.70917804969 ayotte
FAKE -1.70781651904 entire
FAKE -1.68272667818 jewish
FAKE -1.6241703128 pipeline
REAL 4.78064061698 said
REAL 2.68703967567 tuesday
REAL 2.48309800829 gop
REAL 2.45710670245 islamic
REAL 2.44326123901 says
REAL 2.29424417889 cruz
REAL 2.29144842597 marriage
REAL 2.20500735471 candidates
REAL 2.19136552672 conservative
REAL 2.18030834903 monday
REAL 2.05688105375 attacks
REAL 2.03476457362 rush
REAL 1.9954523319 continue
REAL 1.97002430576 friday
REAL 1.95034103105 convention
REAL 1.94620720989 sen
REAL 1.91185661202 jobs
REAL 1.87501303774 debate
REAL 1.84059602241 presumptive
REAL 1.80111133252 say
REAL 1.80027216061 sunday
REAL 1.79650823765 march
REAL 1.79229792108 paris
REAL 1.74587899553 security
REAL 1.69585506276 conservatives
REAL 1.68860503431 recounts
REAL 1.67424302821 deal
REAL 1.67343398121 campaign
REAL 1.66148582079 fox
REAL 1.61425630518 attack
You can also do this in a pretty obvious way with only a few lines of Python, by zipping your coefficients to your features and taking a look at the top and bottom of your list.
In [31]:
feature_names = tfidf_vectorizer.get_feature_names()
In [32]:
### Most real
sorted(zip(clf.coef_[0], feature_names), reverse=True)[:20]
Out[32]:
[(-6.2573612147015822, 'trump'),
(-6.4944530943126777, 'said'),
(-6.6539784739838845, 'clinton'),
(-7.0379446628670728, 'obama'),
(-7.1465399833812278, 'sanders'),
(-7.2153760086475112, 'president'),
(-7.2665628057416169, 'campaign'),
(-7.2875931446681514, 'republican'),
(-7.3411184585990643, 'state'),
(-7.3413571102479054, 'cruz'),
(-7.3783124419854254, 'party'),
(-7.4468806724578904, 'new'),
(-7.4762888011545883, 'people'),
(-7.547225599514773, 'percent'),
(-7.5553074094582335, 'bush'),
(-7.5801506339098932, 'republicans'),
(-7.5855405012652435, 'house'),
(-7.6344781725203141, 'voters'),
(-7.6484824436952987, 'rubio'),
(-7.6734836186463795, 'states')]
In [33]:
### Most fake
sorted(zip(clf.coef_[0], feature_names))[:20]
Out[33]:
[(-11.349866225220305, '0000'),
(-11.349866225220305, '000035'),
(-11.349866225220305, '0001'),
(-11.349866225220305, '0001pt'),
(-11.349866225220305, '000km'),
(-11.349866225220305, '0011'),
(-11.349866225220305, '006s'),
(-11.349866225220305, '007'),
(-11.349866225220305, '007s'),
(-11.349866225220305, '008s'),
(-11.349866225220305, '0099'),
(-11.349866225220305, '00am'),
(-11.349866225220305, '00p'),
(-11.349866225220305, '00pm'),
(-11.349866225220305, '014'),
(-11.349866225220305, '015'),
(-11.349866225220305, '018'),
(-11.349866225220305, '01am'),
(-11.349866225220305, '020'),
(-11.349866225220305, '023')]
So, clearly there are certain words which might show political intent and source in the top fake features (such as the words corporate and establishment).
Also, the real news data uses forms of the verb "to say" more often, likely because in newspapers and most journalistic publications sources are quoted directly ("German Chancellor Angela Merkel said...").
To extract the full list from your current classifier and take a look at each token (or easily compare tokens from classifier to classifier), you can easily export it like so.
In [34]:
tokens_with_weights = sorted(list(zip(feature_names, clf.coef_[0])))
### Intermezzo: HashingVectorizer
Another vectorizer used sometimes for text classification is a HashingVectorizer. HashingVectorizers require less memory and are faster (because they are sparse and use hashes rather than tokens) but are more difficult to introspect. You can read a bit more about the pros and cons of using HashingVectorizer in the scikit-learn documentation if you are interested.
You can give it a try and compare its results versus the other vectorizers. It performs fairly well, with better results than the TF-IDF vectorizer using MultinomialNB (this is somewhat expected due to the same reasons CountVectorizers perform better), but not as well as the TF-IDF vectorizer with Passive Aggressive linear algorithm.
In [35]:
hash_vectorizer = HashingVectorizer(stop_words='english', non_negative=True)
hash_train = hash_vectorizer.fit_transform(X_train)
hash_test = hash_vectorizer.transform(X_test)
In [36]:
clf = MultinomialNB(alpha=.01)
In [37]:
clf.fit(hash_train, y_train)
pred = clf.predict(hash_test)
score = metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, pred)
print("accuracy: %0.3f" % score)
cm = metrics.confusion_matrix(y_test, pred, labels=['FAKE', 'REAL'])
plot_confusion_matrix(cm, classes=['FAKE', 'REAL'])
accuracy: 0.902
Confusion matrix, without normalization
In [38]:
clf = PassiveAggressiveClassifier(n_iter=50)
In [39]:
clf.fit(hash_train, y_train)
pred = clf.predict(hash_test)
score = metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, pred)
print("accuracy: %0.3f" % score)
cm = metrics.confusion_matrix(y_test, pred, labels=['FAKE', 'REAL'])
plot_confusion_matrix(cm, classes=['FAKE', 'REAL'])
accuracy: 0.921
Confusion matrix, without normalization
## Conclusion
So was your fake news classifier experiment a success? Definitely not.
But you did get to play around with a new dataset, test out some NLP classification models and introspect how successful they were? Yes.
As expected from the outset, defining fake news with simple bag-of-words or TF-IDF vectors is an oversimplified approach. Especially with a multilingual dataset full of noisy tokens. If you hadn't taken a look at what your model had actually learned, you might have thought the model learned something meaningful. So, remember: always introspect your models (as best you can!).
I would be curious if you find other trends in the data I might have missed. I will be following up with a post on how different classifiers compare in terms of important features on my blog. If you spend some time researching and find anything interesting, feel free to share your findings and notes in the comments or you can always reach out on Twitter (I'm @kjam).
I hope you had some fun exploring a new NLP dataset with me!
Take a look at DataCamp's Python Machine Learning: Scikit-Learn Tutorial. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.17948581278324127, "perplexity": 3375.4123231723966}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104215790.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703043548-20220703073548-00377.warc.gz"} |
http://www.uncg.edu/mat/people/people.php?username=d_yasaki | # Department of Mathematics and Statistics
## Dan Yasaki Associate ProfessorDirector of Undergraduate Studies
Office: Petty 146
Personal web page: www.uncg.edu/~d_yasaki/
Starting year at UNCG: 2008
Office hours: By appointment
#### Education
Ph.D. in Mathematics, Duke University (2005)
#### Teaching
Fall, 2016
• MAT 253-01 LEC (Discrete Mathematical Structures), TR 2:00-3:15, Petty Building 303
• MAT 310-02 LEC (Elementary Linear Algebra), TR 9:30-10:45, Petty Building 217
Summer Session 2, 2017
• MAT 115-11D WEB (College Algebra)
#### Research Interests
Number Theory
Descendants: Paula Hamby
#### Selected Recent Publications
• with Steve Donnelly, Paul E. Gunnells, and Ariah Klages-Mundt, A table of elliptic curves over the cubic field of discriminant -23, Experimental Mathematics, 24:4 (2015), 375-390.
• with Andrew R. Booker, Jeroen Sijsling, Andrew V. Sutherland, and John Voight, A database of genus 2 curves over the rational numbers, Algorithmic Number Theory 12th International Symposium (ANTS XII), LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics (2016), to appear.
• Computing modular forms for $\mathrm{GL}_2$ over certain number fields, Computations with Modular Forms, Contributions in Mathematical and Computational Sciences 6 (2014), 363-377.
• with Mathieu Dutour Sikirić, Herbert Gangl, Paul E. Gunnells, Jonathan Hanke, and Achille Schürmann, On the cohomology of linear groups over imaginary quadratic fields, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 220, Issue 7, July 2016, 2564–2589.
• Integral cohomology of certain Picard modular surfaces, J. Number Theory 134 (2014) 13-28.
#### Brief Bio
Dr. Yasaki has an M.A. (2000) and Ph.D. (2005) from Duke University under the supervision of L. Saper. After a three year post-doc at the University of Massachusetts working with P. Gunnells, he has been part of the UNCG faculty since 2008. His research interests are in the area of modular forms, particularly the connection between explicit reduction theory of quadratic forms and the computation of Hecke data for automorphic forms. Recent work has focused on producing new examples of cusp forms over number fields of small degree. Reprints and preprints of publications can be found on his personal webpage. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3624967634677887, "perplexity": 4817.473306437225}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187717.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00439-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2203260/how-to-prove-that-the-polynomial-x3-5-is-irreducible-over-bbb-q-sqrt2 | # How to prove that the polynomial $x^3-5$ is irreducible over $\Bbb Q(\sqrt2)$?
I am wondering how should I go about to prove that the polynomial $x^3-5$ is irreducible over $\Bbb Q(\sqrt2)?$ The reason why I do this is that I need to find a minimal polynomial of $\sqrt[3]{5}$ over the field $\Bbb Q(\sqrt2).$ Is it true that the degree of the minimal polynomial of $\sqrt[3]{5}$ must divide the degree of any polynomial that has $\sqrt[3]{5}$ as a root? If this is true, how to prove that ?
A cubic polynomial is irreducible over a field if and only if it doesn't have a root in the field, so it's enough to show that $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2})$ doesn't contain a cube root of $5$.
Since $x^3-5$ is irreducible over $\mathbb{Q}$, any extension of $\mathbb{Q}$ containing a cube root of $5$ has degree at least $3$ over $\mathbb{Q}$. So since $[\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2}):\mathbb{Q}]=2$, $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2})$ doesn't contain a cube root of $5$.
• Thanks for your answer. Is it true that the degree of the minimal polynomial of $\sqrt[3]{5}$ must divide the degree of any polynomial that has $\sqrt[3]{5}$ as a root?
• No. For example, $x^4-5x$ has $\sqrt[3]{5}$ as a root, but $4$ isn't divisible by $3$. Mar 26, 2017 at 2:23
How about the following argument: As pointed out by carmichael561, it is enough to check that the polynomial has no root. If it did, it would factor mod $p$ such that $2$ is a quadratic residue mod $p.$ The smallest prime with that property is $7.$ (OK, there is $2,$ also). Now, is $5$ a cube mod $7?$ The cubes are $0, 1, -1,$ so $5$ is not among them. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7981532216072083, "perplexity": 33.614207221566886}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335444.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930051717-20220930081717-00062.warc.gz"} |
https://zbmath.org/?q=an%3A0498.55001 | ×
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
Algebraic topology: a first course. (English) Zbl 0498.55001
Mathematics Lecture Note Series, 58. Reading, Massachusetts, etc.: The Benjaming/Cummings Publishing Company, Advanced Book Program/World Science Division. XI, 311 p. $19.50 (pbk:);$ 31.50 (1981).
##### MSC:
55-01 Introductory exposition (textbooks, tutorial papers, etc.) pertaining to algebraic topology 55N10 Singular homology and cohomology theory 57R19 Algebraic topology on manifolds and differential topology 55M20 Fixed points and coincidences in algebraic topology 55M25 Degree, winding number 57M05 Fundamental group, presentations, free differential calculus | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5202118158340454, "perplexity": 8854.416157766374}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350717.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225041034-20210225071034-00250.warc.gz"} |
https://www.neurotroph.de/2016/06/choosing-cut-offs-in-tests/ | # Choosing Cut-Offs in Tests
My last blog post was on the difference between Sensitivity, Specificity and the Positive Predictive Value. While showing that a positive test result can represent a low probability of actually having a trait or a disease, this example used the values of Sensitivity and Specificity as pre-known input. For established tests and measures they indeed are often available in literature together with recommended cut-off values.1
In this post, I would like to show how the choice of a cut-off value influences quality criteria such as Sensitivity, Specificity and the like. If you just want a tool to play with, see my Shiny web application here.
Imagine, you have a psychometrically developed questionnaire to ask for some behavior and you would like to use it as a screening test for Depression. To validate your test, you have tested 5,000 people from a specific population (e.g. University students) and you know from a longitudinal study that 1.5% of of the population has a Depression (prevalence).
Let’s now assume that your test scores are approximately normally distributed and that variance is identical in both healthy and sick individuals. From your data on the 5,000 students you estimate the population variance to be 81 (i.e. population standard deviation $\sigma = 9$).
Further, you found out that healthy individuals have a test score of 10 on average ($\mu_{healthy} = 10$), while depressed individuals score 37 on average (i.e. $\mu_{sick} = \mu_{healthy} + \delta \cdot \sigma = 37$ and $\delta = 3$).
So, now you have a sample of 5,000 University students of which 4,925 are healthy and 75 clearly have a depression. Your healthy students have a mean score of 10 with a standard deviation of 9 and your depressed students have a mean score of 46 also with a standard deviation of 10.
Since there are so many more healthy students than sick students, the depressed are barely visible in the histogram. The density plot helps us to see the distribution independent from the prevalence.
The question of interest now: How to choose a reasonable cut-off value in your test, that efficiently differentiates between healthy and depressed students?
As a first guess we might choose 50 as cut-off value as it is exactly the half of our possible test scores between 0 and 100. In this case, we would only identify 7 sick individuals as sick, but we would have no false positives, though.
Cut-Off-Value = 50
Error Type 1 (alpha): 0 %
Error Type 2 (beta): 1.36 %
Sensitivity: 0.093
Specificity: 1
Okay, not good enough, let’s choose $10 + 1.5 \sigma = 23$ next, i.e. half our effect size away from either mean:
Cut-Off-Value = 23
Error Type 1 (alpha): 8.56 %
Error Type 2 (beta): 0.16 %
Sensitivity: 0.893
Specificity: 0.913
Our measures have improved notably: We make only 0.16% false negatives and 8.56% false positives. Our positive predictive value is at 0.135. So well so good. But can we do even better?
Let’s move our Cut-Off-Value further up. Let’s say, 28, which is one standard deviation below the mean of the depressed students:
Cut-Off-Value = 23
Error Type 1 (alpha): 2.34 %
Error Type 2 (beta): 0.3 %
Sensitivity: 0.8
Specificity: 0.976
Well, now we have much less false positives, while having a bit more false negatives. Our Specificity increased while our Sensitivity decreased to 0.8. Our positive predictive value, i.e. the probability of being sick when having a positive test result, is at 0.339.
Can we improve even more? As we have seen in just the three examples above, any change to the cut-off value will move Sensitivity and Specificity in different directions. The same with both error types. So, sooner or later we have to include some considerations of costs: What is more costly to us/the patient/the society/…: False positives or false negatives?
While you can try to find an optimal solution based on statistics, in real world applications some error might have more costly implications (e.g. false positives leading to a therapy that might be very expensive or has strong side effects, so you would not want to experience an actually healthy patient with it) than the other. So, you might end up with a solution different from an optimal solution based on statistics alone.
A systematical approach to find an optimal statistical solution uses Receiver Operating Characteristics-curves (ROC curve).
While the example above is created out of the blue, the real world might have some pitfalls. First, we assumed a normal distribution with equal variances in both healthy and sick sub-populations. In the real world, skewed distributions or very different variances might occur. If further, the difference between healthy and sick is small, your test has a low reliability and/or a very low prevalence, it will be difficult to obtain high Sensitivity and Specificity. The example and the web app below should show you the different relationships between disease characteristics, test characteristics and quality criteria. Finding the right cut-off can be difficult and “optimal solution” does not always mean a perfect test.
If you want to play around with different values and different scenarios, you can try out this web application by yours truly: https://neurotroph.shinyapps.io/Shiny-CutOffs/
Since a random sample is drawn each time an input aside the cut off value is changed, different values than above might occur. These differences are just due to sampling error, but the magnitude of the values should not change significantly.
1. That is the value that differentiates “healthy” from “sick”: Usually this means, if you have a value higher than X you have a positive test result. Most commonly, this is some kind of translation of a metric value (as a test score) into a dichotomous decision. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 4, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.47816359996795654, "perplexity": 893.6881766336749}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690203.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924190521-20170924210521-00191.warc.gz"} |
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## Christos Group Title What's the derivative of sqrt(sqrt(x)) ? one year ago one year ago Edit Question Delete Cancel Submit
• This Question is Closed
1. Jhannybean
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$\large \sqrt{\sqrt{x}} = x ^{1/4}$
• one year ago
2. primeralph
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|dw:1369534488508:dw|
• one year ago
3. Christos
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Just so you know I already solved it. I just need to verify my answer
• one year ago
4. Christos
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Because this is my first time doing this type of sort
• one year ago
5. Christos
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sqrt**
• one year ago
6. Jhannybean
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$\large x ^{1/4 }= x ^{n}= \frac{ nx ^{n-1} }{ n-1 }$
• one year ago
7. Christos
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is it x^(-3/4)/4 just tell me that
• one year ago
8. Christos
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I already solved it and got this as a result.
• one year ago
9. Jhannybean
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$\frac{ 1 }{ 4 }x ^{-3/4}$ = $\large \frac{ 1 }{ 4x ^{3/4}}$
• one year ago
10. Christos
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thanks a lot
• one year ago
11. Jhannybean
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Yep.
• one year ago
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https://www.nag.com/numeric/nl/nagdoc_27/flhtml/g01/g01ezf.html | # NAG FL Interfaceg01ezf (prob_kolmogorov2)
## 1Purpose
g01ezf returns the probability associated with the upper tail of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov two sample distribution.
## 2Specification
Fortran Interface
Function g01ezf ( n1, n2, d,
Real (Kind=nag_wp) :: g01ezf Integer, Intent (In) :: n1, n2 Integer, Intent (Inout) :: ifail Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: d
#include <nag.h>
double g01ezf_ (const Integer *n1, const Integer *n2, const double *d, Integer *ifail)
The routine may be called by the names g01ezf or nagf_stat_prob_kolmogorov2.
## 3Description
Let ${F}_{{n}_{1}}\left(x\right)$ and ${G}_{{n}_{2}}\left(x\right)$ denote the empirical cumulative distribution functions for the two samples, where ${n}_{1}$ and ${n}_{2}$ are the sizes of the first and second samples respectively.
The function g01ezf computes the upper tail probability for the Kolmogorov–Smirnov two sample two-sided test statistic ${D}_{{n}_{1},{n}_{2}}$, where
$Dn1,n2=supxFn1x-Gn2x.$
The probability is computed exactly if ${n}_{1},{n}_{2}\le 10000$ and $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left({n}_{1},{n}_{2}\right)\le 2500$ using a method given by Kim and Jenrich (1973). For the case where $\mathrm{min}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left({n}_{1},{n}_{2}\right)\le 10%$ of the $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left({n}_{1},{n}_{2}\right)$ and $\mathrm{min}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left({n}_{1},{n}_{2}\right)\le 80$ the Smirnov approximation is used. For all other cases the Kolmogorov approximation is used. These two approximations are discussed in Kim and Jenrich (1973).
## 4References
Conover W J (1980) Practical Nonparametric Statistics Wiley
Feller W (1948) On the Kolmogorov–Smirnov limit theorems for empirical distributions Ann. Math. Statist. 19 179–181
Kendall M G and Stuart A (1973) The Advanced Theory of Statistics (Volume 2) (3rd Edition) Griffin
Kim P J and Jenrich R I (1973) Tables of exact sampling distribution of the two sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov criterion ${D}_{mn}\left(m Selected Tables in Mathematical Statistics 1 80–129 American Mathematical Society
Siegel S (1956) Non-parametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences McGraw–Hill
Smirnov N (1948) Table for estimating the goodness of fit of empirical distributions Ann. Math. Statist. 19 279–281
## 5Arguments
1: $\mathbf{n1}$Integer Input
On entry: the number of observations in the first sample, ${n}_{1}$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n1}}\ge 1$.
2: $\mathbf{n2}$Integer Input
On entry: the number of observations in the second sample, ${n}_{2}$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n2}}\ge 1$.
3: $\mathbf{d}$Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: the test statistic ${D}_{{n}_{1},{n}_{2}}$, for the two sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness-of-fit test, that is the maximum difference between the empirical cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of the two samples.
Constraint: $0.0\le {\mathbf{d}}\le 1.0$.
4: $\mathbf{ifail}$Integer Input/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to $0$, . If you are unfamiliar with this argument you should refer to Section 4 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this argument, the recommended value is $0$. When the value is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ${\mathbf{ifail}}={\mathbf{0}}$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).
## 6Error Indicators and Warnings
If on entry ${\mathbf{ifail}}=0$ or $-1$, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
${\mathbf{ifail}}=1$
On entry, ${\mathbf{n1}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{n2}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n1}}\ge 1$ and ${\mathbf{n2}}\ge 1$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=2$
On entry, ${\mathbf{d}}<0.0$ or ${\mathbf{d}}>1.0$: ${\mathbf{d}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=3$
The Smirnov approximation used for large samples did not converge in $200$ iterations. The probability is set to $1.0$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-99$
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-399$
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-999$
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
## 7Accuracy
The large sample distributions used as approximations to the exact distribution should have a relative error of less than 5% for most cases.
## 8Parallelism and Performance
g01ezf is not threaded in any implementation.
The upper tail probability for the one-sided statistics, ${D}_{{n}_{1},{n}_{2}}^{+}$ or ${D}_{{n}_{1},{n}_{2}}^{-}$, can be approximated by halving the two-sided upper tail probability returned by g01ezf, that is $p/2$. This approximation to the upper tail probability for either ${D}_{{n}_{1},{n}_{2}}^{+}$ or ${D}_{{n}_{1},{n}_{2}}^{-}$ is good for small probabilities, (e.g., $p\le 0.10$) but becomes poor for larger probabilities.
The time taken by the routine increases with ${n}_{1}$ and ${n}_{2}$, until ${n}_{1}{n}_{2}>10000$ or $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left({n}_{1},{n}_{2}\right)\ge 2500$. At this point one of the approximations is used and the time decreases significantly. The time then increases again modestly with ${n}_{1}$ and ${n}_{2}$.
## 10Example
The following example reads in $10$ different sample sizes and values for the test statistic ${D}_{{n}_{1},{n}_{2}}$. The upper tail probability is computed and printed for each case.
### 10.1Program Text
Program Text (g01ezfe.f90)
### 10.2Program Data
Program Data (g01ezfe.d)
### 10.3Program Results
Program Results (g01ezfe.r) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 57, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9731475114822388, "perplexity": 4677.291718892577}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057524.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924110455-20210924140455-00634.warc.gz"} |
https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/50656/how-is-volatility-useful-in-the-production-of-acids | # How is volatility useful in the production of acids?
Sulfuric acid because of its low volatility can be used to manufacture more volatile acids from their corresponding salts.
How does volatility affect the production of acids? Isn't it that sulfuric acid being stronger than the salt of weak acid replaces the anion part of salt so the weak acid is produced or does just the low volatility of sulfuric acid matter? Will it be feasible to produce a highly volatile acid even stronger than $\ce{H2SO4}$ by exploiting the low volatile nature of $\ce{H2SO4}$? What is the real process involved?
• Can you please tell where did you quote that statement from? Aug 26 '16 at 14:35
• @Kartik From NCERT chemistry class 12 p block pg.no:190 under uses of sulfuric acid.
– JM97
Aug 26 '16 at 14:39
Yes, this is indeed the case. The reasoning behind it is using chemical equilibria to their fullest.
If you have a Brønsted acid and a Brønsted base in the same vessel, you will always have an equilibrium of the following kind:
$$\ce{HA + B- <=> A- + HB}$$
It depends on the nature of the acid and the base — i.e. their $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}/\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{b}$ values — which side of the equation is favoured in a closed system (i.e. solution). For example, dissolving $\ce{NaHSO4}$ and $\ce{NaSH}$ in the same sample of water will result in the following set of equations:
$$\ce{H2SO4 + Na2S <=>> NaHSO4 + NaSH <=>> Na2SO4 + H2S}$$
Because the $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ values of both compare as follows:
$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hline \text{acid} & \mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a1} & \mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a2}\\ \hline \ce{H2SO4} & \approx -3 & 1.9\\ \ce{H2S} & 7.0 & 12.9\\ \hline\end{array}$$
We already have a way of producing $\ce{H2S}$ by means of protonating sulfide ions in solution here. However, $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a1}\left (\ce{HCl}\right ) \approx -6$, which is more acidic than sulphuric acid, so adding $\ce{NaCl}$ to $\ce{H2SO4}$ should result in a net reaction of nearly nothing.
This is where vapour pressure comes in as a second factor. $\ce{HCl}$ is a gas under standard temperature and pressure while $\ce{H2SO4}$ is a liquid. ($\ce{H2S}$ is also a gas. If we added liquid sulphuric acid to sodium sulfide, $\ce{H2S}$ gas would evolve, but that’s what the $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ value predicts anyway.) If we have an open vessel — i.e. gases can diffuse away — then any $\ce{HCl}$ produced in equilibrium will dissociate away in the long run. This is due to a second equilibrium that we could write as follows:
$$\ce{HCl (g) <=> HCl (aq)}$$
The ‘equilibrium constant’ of this physical process is more or less what we call vapour pressure, and for hydrogen chloride both sides are significantly more balanced than for sulphuric acid. Therefore, we should describe the entire system in the following way:
$$\ce{NaCl + H2SO4 <=> NaHSO4 + HCl (diss) <=>> NaHSO4 + HCl (g) ^}$$
Where $\ce{(diss)}$ is a shorthand for dissolved in sulphuric acid, our reaction medium.
Drawing away the hydrogen chloride gas in the rightmost equation, for example by reducing pressure or inducing an air flow, will shift all equilibria to the right since that product is constantly being removed. And thus we can liberate $\ce{HCl}$ gas with sulphuric acid, even though the $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ of hydrogen chloride is lower than that of sulphuric acid.
An example of this would be the reaction between sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate, the salt of nitric acid. When this salt is mixed with sulfuric acid, nitric acid and potassium acid sulfate are the result, although the reaction is incomplete. If the resulting mixture is then heated the nitric acid evolves as a vapor because it is much more volatile than sulfuric acid. This vapor can then be condensed separately. In this way relatively pure nitric acid can be produced.
• Great, that's exactly what I needed in solving a textbook problem right now. +1 May 4 '16 at 18:38 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8311052918434143, "perplexity": 811.5416844547699}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301217.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119003144-20220119033144-00101.warc.gz"} |
https://intl.siyavula.com/read/maths/grade-12/probability/10-probability-04 | We think you are located in South Africa. Is this correct?
# The Fundamental Counting Principle
## 10.4 The fundamental counting principle (EMCJZ)
Mathematics began with counting. Initially, fingers, beans and buttons were used to help with counting, but these are only practical for small numbers. What happens when a large number of items must be counted?
This section focuses on how to use mathematical techniques to count different assortments of items.
### Introduction (EMCK2)
An important aspect of probability theory is the ability to determine the total number of possible outcomes when multiple events are considered.
For example, what is the total number of possible outcomes when a die is rolled and then a coin is tossed? The roll of a die has six possible outcomes ($$1;2;3;4;5$$ or $$\text{6}$$) and the toss of a coin, $$\text{2}$$ outcomes (heads or tails). The sample space (total possible outcomes) can be represented as follows:
$S = \left\{\begin{array}{cccccc} (1;H); & (2;H); & (3;H); & (4;H); & (5;H); & (6;H); \\ (1;T); & (2;T); & (3;T); & (4;T); & (5;T); & (6;T) \end{array}\right\}$
Therefore there are $$\text{12}$$ possible outcomes.
The use of lists, tables and tree diagrams is only feasible for events with a few outcomes. When the number of outcomes grows, it is not practical to list the different possibilities and the fundamental counting principle is used instead.
The fundamental counting principle
The fundamental counting principle states that if there are $$n(A)$$ outcomes in event $$A$$ and $$n(B)$$ outcomes in event $$B$$, then there are $$n(A) \times n(B)$$ outcomes in event $$A$$ and event $$B$$ combined.
If we apply this principle to our previous example, we can easily calculate the number of possible outcomes by multiplying the number of possible die rolls with the number of outcomes of tossing a coin: $$6 \times 2 = 12$$ outcomes. This allows us to formulate the following:
If there $$n_{1}$$ possible outcomes for event $$A$$ and $$n_{2}$$ outcomes for event $$B$$, then the total possible number of outcomes for both events is $$n_1 \times n_2$$
This can be generalised to $$k$$ events, where $$k$$ is the number of events. The total number of outcomes for $$k$$ events is:
${n}_{1}\times {n}_{2}\times {n}_{3}\times \cdots \times {n}_{k}$
The order in which the experiments are done does not affect the total number of possible outcomes.
## Worked example 10: Choices without repetition
A take-away has a 4-piece lunch special which consists of a sandwich, soup, dessert and drink for R $$\text{25,00}$$. They offer the following choices for:
Sandwich: chicken mayonnaise, cheese and tomato, tuna mayonnaise, ham and lettuce
Soup: tomato, chicken noodle, vegetable
Dessert: ice-cream, piece of cake
Drink: tea, coffee, Coke, Fanta, Sprite
How many possible meals are there?
### Determine how many parts to the meal there are
There are 4 parts: sandwich, soup, dessert and drink.
### Identify how many choices there are for each part
Meal component Sandwich Soup Dessert Drink Number of choices $$\text{4}$$ $$\text{3}$$ $$\text{2}$$ $$\text{5}$$
### Use the fundamental counting principle to determine how many different meals are possible
$$4\times 3\times 2\times 5=120$$
So there are $$\text{120}$$ possible meals.
In the previous example, there were a different number of options for each choice. But what happens when the number of choices is unchanged each time you choose?
For example, if a coin is flipped three times, what is the total number of different results? Each time a coin is flipped, there are two possible outcomes, namely heads or tails. The coin is flipped $$\text{3}$$ times. We can use a tree diagram to determine the total number of possible outcomes:
From the tree diagram, we can see that there is a total of 8 different possible outcomes.
Drawing a tree diagram is possible to draw for three different coin flips, but as soon as the number of events increases, the total number of possible outcomes increases to the point where drawing a tree diagram is impractical.
For example, think about what a tree diagram would look like if we were to flip a coin six times. In this case, using the fundamental counting principle is a far easier option. We know that each time a coin is flipped that there are two possible outcomes. So if we flip a coin six times, the total number of possible outcomes is equivalent to multiplying 2 by itself six times:
$2 \times 2 \times 2 \times 2 \times 2 \times 2 = 2^{6} = 64$
Another example is if you have the letters A, B, C, and D and you wish to discover the number of ways of arranging them in three-letter patterns if repetition is allowed, such as ABA, DCA, BBB etc. You will find that there are $$\text{64}$$ ways. This is because for the first letter of the pattern, you can choose any of the four available letters, for the second letter of the pattern, you can choose any of the four letters, and for the final letter of the pattern you can choose any of the four letters. Multiplying the number of available choices for each letter in the pattern gives the total available arrangements of letters:
$4 \times 4 \times 4 = 4^{3} = 64$
This allows us to formulate the following:
When you have $$n$$ objects to choose from and you choose from them $$r$$ times, then the total number of possibilities is $n \times n \times n \ldots \times n \enspace (r \text{ times}) = n^{r}$
## Worked example 11: Choices with repetition
A school plays a series of $$\text{6}$$ soccer matches. For each match there are $$\text{3}$$ possibilities: a win, a draw or a loss. How many possible results are there for the series?
### Determine how many outcomes you have to choose from for each event
There are $$\text{3}$$ outcomes for each match: win, draw or lose.
### Determine the number of events
There are $$\text{6}$$ matches, therefore the number of events is $$\text{6}$$.
### Determine the total number of possible outcomes
There are $$\text{3}$$ possible outcomes for each of the $$\text{6}$$ events. Therefore, the total number of possible outcomes for the series of matches is
$3 \times 3 \times 3 \times 3 \times 3 \times 3 = 3^6 = 729$
# Success in Maths and Science unlocks opportunities
## Number of possible outcomes if repetition is allowed
Exercise 10.4
Tarryn has five different skirts, four different tops and three pairs of shoes. Assuming that all the colours complement each other, how many different outfits can she put together?
$5 \times 4 \times 3 = \text{60} \text{ different outfits}$
In a multiple-choice question paper of $$\text{20}$$ questions the answers can be A, B, C or D. How many different ways are there of answering the question paper?
$4^{20} = \text{1,0995} \times \text{10}^{\text{12}} \text{ different ways of answering the exam paper}$
A debit card requires a five digit personal identification number (PIN) consisting of digits from 0 to 9. The digits may be repeated. How many possible PINs are there?
$10^{5} = \text{100 000} \text{ possible PINs}$
The province of Gauteng ran out of unique number plates in 2010. Prior to 2010, the number plates were formulated using the style LLLDDDGP, where L is any letter of the alphabet excluding vowels and Q, and D is a digit between 0 and 9. The new style the Gauteng government introduced is LLDDLLGP. How many more possible number plates are there using the new style when compared to the old style?
\begin{align*} \text{Old style: } 20^{3} \times 10^{3} &= \text{8 000 000} \text{ possible arrangements} \\ \text{New style: } 20^{4} \times 10^{2} &= \text{16 000 000} \text{ possible arrangements} \\ \text{16 000 000} - \text{8 000 000} &= \text{8 000 000} \end{align*}
Therefore there are $$\text{8 000 000}$$ more possible number plates using the new style.
A gift basket is made up from one CD, one book, one box of sweets, one packet of nuts and one bottle of fruit juice. The person who makes up the gift basket can choose from five different CDs, eight different books, three different boxes of sweets, four kinds of nuts and six flavours of fruit juice. How many different gift baskets can be produced?
$5 \times 8 \times 3 \times 4 \times 6 = \text{2 880} \text{ possible gift baskets}$
The code for a safe is of the form XXXXYYY where X is any number from 0 to 9 and Y represents the letters of the alphabet. How many codes are possible for each of the following cases:
the digits and letters of the alphabet can be repeated.
$10^{4} \times 26^{3} = \text{175 760 000} \text{ possible codes}$
the digits and letters of the alphabet can be repeated, but the code may not contain a zero or any of the vowels in the alphabet.
We exclude the digit $$\text{0}$$ and the vowels (A; E; I; O; U), leaving $$\text{9}$$ other digits and $$\text{21}$$ letters to choose from.
$9^{4} \times 21^{3} = \text{60 761 421} \text{ possible codes}$
the digits and letters of the alphabet can be repeated, but the digits may only be prime numbers and the letters X, Y and Z are excluded from the code.
The prime digits are $$\text{2}$$, $$\text{3}$$, $$\text{5}$$ and $$\text{7}$$. This gives us 4 possible digits. If we exclude the letters X, Y and Z, we are left with $$\text{23}$$ letters to choose from.
$4^{4} \times 23^{3} = \text{3 114 752} \text{ possible codes}$
A restaurant offers four choices of starter, eight choices for the main meal and six choices for dessert. A customer can choose to eat just one course, two different courses or all three courses. Assuming that all courses are available, how many different meal options does the restaurant offer?
• A person who eats only a starter has 4 choices
• A person who eats only a main meal has 8 choices
• A person who eats only a dessert has 6 choices
• A person who eats a starter and a main course has $$4 \times 8 = 32$$ choices
• A person who eats a starter and a dessert has $$4 \times 6 = 24$$ choices
• A person who eats a main meal and a dessert has $$8 \times 6 = 48$$ choices
• A person who eats all three courses has $$4 \times 8 \times 6 = 192$$ choices.
$\text{Therefore, there are } 4 + 8 + 6 + 32 +24 + 48 + 192 = \text{314} \text{ different meal options}$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8067324161529541, "perplexity": 400.95780979760474}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735851.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804014340-20200804044340-00012.warc.gz"} |
https://www.tec-science.com/material-science/material-testing/stress-creep-rupture-test/ | • What is a hot yield strength?
• What is creep?
• What factors influence the intensity of creep?
• At what temperatures is a technically relevant creep to be expected?
• What is the difference between the “stress-rupture-test” and the “creep rupture test”?
• What process do creep curves represent?
• What statement do “creep limits” “and “creep strengths” provide?
• Why are coarse-grained materials better suited than fine-grained materials for high-temperature applications?
• What are the characteristics of primary, secondary and tertiary creep?
## Creep
If components are subjected to a constant tensile load under normal conditions below the yield point, this usually results in a constant (elastic) elongation over time. Above the yield point, plastic deformations occur, which, however, can come to an halt due to strain hardening effects. Under normal conditions, no further expansion of the component will occur in this case either. Despite plastic deformation, the component does not fracture. However, these behaviours only apply on condition that the component is not exposed to excessively high temperatures. Materials often behave differently at elevated temperatures!
At elevated temperatures, the material is usually “softened” and both the yield strength and tensile strength decrease. Up to certain temperatures, this can be demonstrated in the tensile test with heated samples. The yield strengths obtained at elevated temperatures are then referred to as hot yield strengths.
Elastic stress limits above which plastic deformations occur at elevated temperatures are referred to as hot yield strengths!
However, the hot yield strengths can only be used as a basis for dimensioning of components if the creep described below cannot occur or can at least be neglected.
For example, high temperatures can cause materials to lose their elastic limit under prolonged stress. The material lengthens irreversibly over a longer period of time, no matter how low the tension will be. This plastic deformation over a longer period of time at elevated temperature and under static stress is also referred to as creeping.
Creep is the irreversible deformation of a material at elevated temperatures, even at the lowest stresses!
The cause of creep is explained in more detail in the section Creep mechanism. Creep always increases with the following influencing variables:
• temperature
In tensile tests, creeping cannot really be measured, since the specimen is deformed relatively quickly under rapidly increasing stress to fracture. The time-controlled creeping is then not relevant. This also applies to the hot yield strengths determined in heated tensile tests!
For this reason, special tests have to be carried out which are run at elevated temperature for a relatively long period of time under constant tensile stress, so that creeping can be detected and measured. These so-called creep rupture tests or stress rupture tests can cover a period of several years (!) in long-term tests. The creep rupture test is of great importance, for example, for materials for turbine blades or for screws of pressure vessels.
The creep rupture test (stress rupture test) is used to measure the high-temperature strength of materials that are subjected to constant stress at elevated temperatures over a longer period of time.
Note that the phenomenon of creep also occurs at relatively low temperatures. However, the processes required for such a creeping are usually so slow that creeping at room temperature has no practical importance for metallic materials. Only in the range from approx. 40 % of the melting temperature (in Kelvin) is a technically relevant creeping to be expected. For structural steels, this means temperatures above approx. 400 °C.
## Creep curve
In the stress rupture test, the time $$t$$ at constant temperature is determined, which leads at a given stress $$\sigma$$ to a certain plastic strain $$\epsilon$$ or to fracture of the specimen. If the plastic deformation of the sample is additionally measured at regular intervals (creep strain), this test variant is then referred to as creep rupture test. This procedure is repeated on several identical specimens with different stresses, whereby the test temperature remains unchanged in all cases. The obtained temporal course of the creep strains are also referred to as creep curves.
In the stress rupture test, the duration until the specimen breaks is determined at constant stress and temperature. In the creep rupture test, the temporal course of the creep strain is recorded too (creep curves)!
From the creep curves, the time leading to a certain plastic strain or fracture can then be transferred to a separate time-stress diagram. This type of diagram is also referred to as creep diagram. For a given period of use, the stress can be determined from this diagram which leads to a certain creep strain (creep strain limit or creep limit for short) or to fracture of the specimen (creep strength). Note that creep diagrams only ever apply to a certain temperature!
A creep limit in the specification $$R_{p1/10,000h/400°C}$$ = 170 N/mm² means that the material lengthens plastically by 1 % at a temperature of 400 °C when subjected to a stress of 170 N/mm² for 10,000 hours. The specification of a creep strength of $$R_{m/10,000h/500°C}$$ = 74 N/mm² means that the material can withstand a stress of 74 N/mm² at a temperature of 500 °C for a total of 10,000 hours before it fractures.
Note that with creep rupture tests there are no permanent strengths as with fatigue tests, i.e. the specimen will sooner or later always suffer plastic deformation or breakage, no matter how low the stresses.
## Creep mechanism
The reasons for creep are thermally activated processes. Thus, diffusion processes take effect at high temperatures. Due to the increasing change of location of the atoms, pinned dislocations on obstacles can be released by climbing or cross-slipping and move on to other slip planes (dislocation gliding). This results in irreversible deformation processes even at low stresses.
In addition, above the recrystallisation temperature, the grain boundaries change due to the diffusing atoms. The grain boundaries begin to move and the grains shift. This grain boundary sliding also contributes to the gradual deformation of the microstructure under load. Grain boundary sliding is particularly pronounced in microstructures with many grain boundaries, i.e. fine-grained microstructures. By means of a coarse-grained structure, however, grain boundary sliding can be reduced.
All the processes mentioned above, such as dislocation gliding and grain boundary sliding, are diffusion-controlled and therefore always take up a certain amount of time. For this reason, the irreversible deformation process (creep) only becomes noticeable over a longer period of time.
In principle, creep can come to a halt due to work hardening, provided the temperature is below the recrystallisation temperature. In such cases, fine-grained microstructures show better strength values than coarse-grained microstructures due to grain boundary hardening. Above the recrystallisation temperature, however, strain-hardening effects are absent due to the steadily formation of new grains, so that a permanent creep to fracture can be observed. Due to the better resistance to grain boundary sliding, coarse-grained microstructures show better strength values than fine-grained materials. For this reason, grain boundary-free materials are used for thermally and mechanically highly stressed turbine blades (single-crystalline nickel-based superalloys).
Coarse-grained or even grain boundary-free materials (single crystals) are particularly suitable for high-temperature applications!
## Creep stages
Creep curves provide important information about the temporal dynamics of creep, i.e. how creep progresses over time. Depending on whether the creep test is carried out below or above the recrystallisation temperature, the creep process can be stopped by strain hardening (curve 1) or it will inevitably lead to fracture (curves 2 and 3). In general, three stages can be distinguished in the creep curves.
Stage I is called primary creep or transition creep and is characterized by a gradual decrease in creep speed. The slowing down of the creep speed is caused by hardening effects due to the accumulation of dislocations. Especially at relatively low temperatures, this stage I is very pronounced.
Finally, as elongation or time progresses, a dynamic equilibrium between the hardening effects through dislocation accumulation and the softening effects through dislocation gliding will develop. This stage II is also referred to as secondary creep or stationary creep and is therefore characterized by a constant creep speed. This stage accounts for a large proportion of the total service life of the sample at elevated temperatures and therefore plays a very important role.
With increasing elongation, pores form in the material over time and creep resistance decreases. This results in an accelerated creep strain which causes cracks in the material. This stage III is also known as tertiary creep and is characterized by a significant increase in creep speed which finally ends in the fracture of the sample. Tertiary creep usually covers only a relatively short time measured in relation to the total service life of the sample. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7714118957519531, "perplexity": 1620.0585514976513}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400196999.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920062737-20200920092737-00602.warc.gz"} |
http://www.ask.com/math/write-decimals-standard-form-ea9924c75308e6bb | Q:
# How do you write decimals in standard form?
A:
To write decimals in standard form, move the decimal point to the right until it is at the right of the first nonzero digit. Then, multiply the number by 10 to the power of the negative of the number of spaces the decimal point was moved.
Know More
## Keep Learning
Credit: Robert Couse-Baker CC-BY 2.0
For example, the decimal 0.0000005467 can be expressed in standard form as 5.467 * 10^-7. This is because in order for the decimal to be to the right of the first nonzero digit, it has to be moved seven places to the right. After moving the decimal seven places to the right, the resulting number is 5.467. Then, this number is multiplied by 10^-7, because when moving the decimal to the right, one must multiply by 10 to the power of the negative of the number of places the decimal point moved.
Another simple example is the decimal 0.01. It can be expressed as 1 * 10^-2, because the decimal has to move two places to the right in order to be to the right of the first nonzero digit.
Sources:
## Related Questions
• A:
To read a decimal, say the number to the left of the decimal point as a whole number. Use the word "and" to indicate the decimal point. Read the number to the right of the decimal point as a whole number, ending with the place value of the last digit.
Filed Under:
• A:
Long division with decimals is functionally the same as long division without decimals, but you have to move the decimal point of the divisor and dividend so you have a whole number.
Filed Under:
• A:
One hundred one million, two hundred thirty thousand and four is written as 101,230,004 in standard form. The standard form is the way people usually write numbers. Since the given number is expressed in words, standard form requires conversion to its numeral form.
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A nonterminating decimal refers to any number that has a fractional value (numbers to the right of the decimal point) that will continue on infinitely. The most well-known example of one of these numbers is pi; another example is 1/3, which is 0.333 with the three repeating forever. A nonterminating decimal is indicated by placing a short bar (ellipsis) over the final two decimal values that are recorded. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9053000211715698, "perplexity": 382.5602106200045}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461266.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00229-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://ask.sagemath.org/users/24971/rburing/?sort=recent | 2021-04-18 15:32:19 +0200 received badge ● Good Answer (source) 2021-04-18 10:04:22 +0200 received badge ● Good Answer (source) 2021-04-17 18:36:18 +0200 received badge ● Nice Answer (source) 2021-04-17 13:13:18 +0200 received badge ● Nice Answer (source) 2021-04-16 19:29:20 +0200 answered a question matrix_plot not returning any outputs in subroutines The reason is the following: the notebook and command line interface, when they are evaluating input, at the end they al 2021-04-16 19:17:37 +0200 edited answer Cannot evaluate symbolic expression to a numerical value From the documentation of roots: Return roots of self that can be found exactly, possibly with multiplicities. Not a 2021-04-16 19:16:59 +0200 answered a question Cannot evaluate symbolic expression to a numerical value From the documentation of roots: Return roots of self that can be found exactly, possibly with multiplicities. Not a 2021-04-13 13:41:02 +0200 received badge ● Nice Answer (source) 2021-04-13 11:52:30 +0200 received badge ● Necromancer (source) 2021-04-13 10:53:41 +0200 answered a question possible bug: kernel of ring homomorphism This was a bug which has been fixed in the meantime. 2021-04-13 10:06:24 +0200 received badge ● Nice Answer (source) 2021-04-11 13:23:52 +0200 answered a question inequalities in sagemath I don't know what solve is doing (with inequalities/assumptions), but here your system of polynomial equations has finit 2021-04-08 08:32:15 +0200 commented question "Ratio" of two elements in a ring You can use the normal basis associated to a Gröbner basis. Please add an example of R. 2021-04-03 08:23:29 +0200 received badge ● Good Answer (source) 2021-04-01 11:11:00 +0200 received badge ● Nice Answer (source) 2021-04-01 09:04:10 +0200 commented question Why am I getting a type error when I attempt to take the projective closure of this intersection? The code seems to work as given over here. Have you tried it in the latest version of Sage? 2021-03-24 16:34:53 +0200 answered a question large finite fields with modulus='primitive' do not satisfy equality You instruct SageMath twice to create a finite field with $2^{n}$ elements with a primitive modulus. Effectively, each t 2021-03-23 07:35:53 +0200 answered a question matrix over symbolic ring to matrix over finite field In the code you added, the ideal ends up in a univariate polynomial ring over a multivariate polynomial ring, rather tha 2021-03-22 11:59:22 +0200 commented question matrix over symbolic ring to matrix over finite field Yes, please add a complete block of code that ends in an error. So far, it is not clear how e.g. x_1_2_1 ends up in the 2021-03-21 00:20:50 +0200 received badge ● Good Answer (source) 2021-03-13 20:40:39 +0200 edited answer Fraction must have unit denominator when studying Elliptic Curve over complex field? When you write QQbar['a'] you get a polynomial ring over QQbar with variable named a, so an elliptic curve over QQbar['a 2021-03-13 20:36:57 +0200 answered a question Fraction must have unit denominator when studying Elliptic Curve over complex field? When you write QQbar['a'] you get a polynomial ring over QQbar with variable named a, so an elliptic curve over QQbar['a 2021-03-08 22:42:55 +0200 commented question Customizing sage objects latex behaviour For vectors: I don't see a non-hacky way to do it currently, but looking at the implementation of _latex_ with v._latex_ 2021-03-03 17:13:21 +0200 commented question Fit model data Up to a small numerical difference the results are the same, because for the second set of parameters $a^b \approx 2^{1/ 2021-02-28 08:40:43 +0200 commented question Ask Sagemath has a new home ! Some dates (e.g. on the front page) display as 0 years ago, which is accurate but not very precise. 2021-02-25 20:32:59 +0200 commented question Evaluate constants in symbolic expression? Using https://ask.sagemath.org/question/460... you can do SubstituteNumericalApprox()(x(a=1, b=3)). 2021-02-23 09:52:31 +0200 commented question alternative to jupyter notebook? At least as a workaround you can save and load intermediate results (see the examples there). 2021-02-21 11:39:56 +0200 answered a question Turning a closed subscheme into a point You can use the rational_points method: sage: p1.rational_points() [(1 : 0 : 1)] sage: p2.rational_points() [(-1 : 0 : 1)] By the way, also for points defined over other fields: sage: A. = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1) sage: X = A.subscheme(x^2 - 2*y^2) sage: X.rational_points(F=QQbar) [(-1.414213562373095? : 1), (1.414213562373095? : 1)] 2021-02-09 15:28:59 +0200 commented question possible bug: kernel of ring homomorphism Now reported on trac. 2021-02-03 23:21:30 +0200 commented question What is the .sigma() function for an elliptic curve's formal group? I don't know the answer, but you can view the implementation by entering the following: sage: E = EllipticCurve('14a') sage: F = E.formal_group() sage: F.sigma?? Perhaps something will look familiar. 2021-02-03 19:06:08 +0200 commented question Sage crash when computing variety for an ideal with many variables Please fix your code so that it works when pasted into https://sagecell.sagemath.org/. Then try I.groebner_basis() instead of I.variety(...) to get some idea about the solutions (the Groebner basis is in particular a system of generators of your ideal). 2021-02-03 19:01:30 +0200 answered a question How to print positive integers that divides a number without a remainder? sage: divisors(54) [1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 27, 54] 2021-02-03 02:28:10 +0200 received badge ● Nice Answer (source) 2021-02-02 14:15:17 +0200 commented question Sage crash when computing variety for an ideal with many variables Please make your code self-contained so that it works in a fresh session (e.g. poly is currently not defined). The error you quote is due to the groebner function in Singular choosing a wrong strategy. You could try entering your ideal into Singular and using std (instead of groebner) there. 2021-02-01 09:45:51 +0200 commented answer subs in vector field Just curious: Couldn't OP's code be made to work? The fact that subs exists while not doing the expected thing is likely to confuse/frustrate users. I've also run into this. 2021-01-22 12:35:43 +0200 commented question when I must declare f= or f(x,y)= ? The problem is with sgn(SGN); this is an inconsistency / missing feature in Sage, because things like cos(SGN) and log(SGN) work fine. I reported this as trac ticket #31282. 2021-01-20 13:38:07 +0200 answered a question How to index all elements of a finite field? Using the more standard indexing: sage: F. = GF(3^5, impl='givaro') sage: F.fetch_int(4) x + 1 sage: (x+1).integer_representation() 4 2021-01-20 13:32:46 +0200 commented question How to index all elements of a finite field? What is the logic behind this indexing? The more usual way is to associate$f(x)$to$f(p) \in \mathbb{N}$, so$x^2$corresponds to$9$and$x+1$corresponds to$4$. 2021-01-19 19:36:29 +0200 answered a question Solving symbolic equations to IntegerModRing(26) You can define a polynomial ring over$\mathbb{Z}/26\mathbb{Z}$with an ideal in it generated by (the left-hand sides of) your equations, and calculate a Groebner basis of it with respect to a lexicographic monomial ordering. This will "triangularize" the system of equations, and if you are lucky you can solve it by successive substitutions. Here is the setup: R = PolynomialRing(IntegerModRing(26), names='k_1,k_2,k_3,k_4,x1,x2', order='lex') a,b,c,d,x1,x2 = R.gens() K = Matrix(R,[[a,b],[c,d]]); K pl = vector(R,[1,29]) ci = vector(R,[8,21]) eq1,eq2 = (K*pl-ci) pl = vector(R,[25,22]) ci = vector(R,[x1,-5]) eq3,eq4 = (K*pl-ci) pl = vector(R,[7,16]) ci = vector(R,[x2,19]) eq5,eq6 = (K*pl-ci) I = R.ideal([eq1,eq2,eq3,eq4,eq5,eq6]) I replaced$i$by$-5$because it will lead to a solution; the other option, i.e.$5$, doesn't. sage: I.groebner_basis() [k_1 + 15*x2 + 10, k_2 + 21*x2 + 20, k_3 + 9, k_4 + 16, x1 + 5*x2 + 14] This can be viewed as a list of equations (set equal to zero). Each of these equations can be solved by putting its first term to the other side (so only x2 remains as an indeterminate). Indeed: sage: [eq.subs(x1=-5*x2-14,k_4=-16,k_3=-9,k_2=-21*x2-20,k_1=-15*x2-10) for eq in [eq1,eq2,eq3,eq4,eq5,eq6]] [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] The system of equations with$i$replaced by$5$is unsolvable because the Groebner basis contains the constant$2$, or, if you prefer: because 12*eq2 + 5*eq4 - eq6 evaluates to$2$in that case. 2021-01-17 16:15:47 +0200 answered a question Determine Two quadratic form is integer congruence (rational equivalent)? The method is_globally_equivalent_to answers this and provides the matrix: sage: QA = QuadraticForm(QQ, 4, [4, -12, 8, -4, 12, -16, 8, 6, -6, 2]) sage: QB = QuadraticForm(QQ, 4, [2, -2, -2, -2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2]) sage: X = QA.is_globally_equivalent_to(QB, return_matrix=True); X [ 0 0 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0] [ 0 1 1 -1] [ 1 1 -1 -1] sage: X.transpose()*QA.matrix()*X == QB.matrix() True This calls the PARI function qfisom, which implements an algorithm of Plesken and Souvignier. 2021-01-04 16:13:59 +0200 answered a question inverse image under ring homomorphism Thanks for reporting this bug; it is now tracked at trac ticket #31178. Edit: It was fixed on the same day, and the bugfix has since been merged into SageMath. The first beta that includes this fix is 9.3.beta6, which will be released soon. 2020-12-23 13:47:24 +0200 answered a question How i can create s-box 4 by 4 There is a list of S-Boxes used in cryptographic schemes in the reference manual (including 4x4 ones). The first one is called Elephant, and can be accessed and used like this: sage: from sage.crypto.sboxes import sboxes sage: S = sboxes['Elephant']; S (14, 13, 11, 0, 2, 1, 4, 15, 7, 10, 8, 5, 9, 12, 3, 6) sage: S([0,0,0,1]) [1, 1, 0, 1] You can also create them yourself: sage: from sage.crypto.sbox import SBox sage: S = SBox(12,5,6,11,9,0,10,13,3,14,15,8,4,7,1,2) sage: S.input_size(), S.output_size() (4, 4) sage: S([0,0,0,1]) [0, 1, 0, 1] It is explained on the page S-Boxes and Their Algebraic Representations. 2020-12-22 22:14:10 +0200 answered a question Matrix-scalar and vector-scalar operations This kind of coercion is documented: On the other hand, Sage has the notion of a coercion, which is a canonical morphism (occasionally up to a conventional choice made by developers) between parents. A coercion from one parent to another must be defined on the whole domain, and always succeeds. As it may be invoked implicitly, it should be obvious and natural (in both the mathematically rigorous and colloquial sense of the word). Symbolic expressions can be coerced to symbolic matrices of a fixed size: sage: B.parent().has_coerce_map_from(SR) True sage: cm = sage.structure.element.get_coercion_model() sage: cm.explain(B, x, operator.add) Coercion on right operand via Coercion map: From: Symbolic Ring To: Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 dense matrices over Symbolic Ring Arithmetic performed after coercions. Result lives in Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 dense matrices over Symbolic Ring Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 dense matrices over Symbolic Ring It is because there is a canonical map, mapping$1$to the identity matrix, which is a morphism of algebras with basis. Symbolic expressions cannot be coerced to vectors of a fixed size: sage: b.parent().has_coerce_map_from(SR) False It is because there is no canonical map which is a morphism of modules with basis. Of course there exist morphisms, like the$1 \mapsto (1,1,1)$you suggest, but that is no better than$1 \mapsto (1,0,0)$or$1 \mapsto (0,0,1)\$. There is no obvious natural choice, so there is no coercion. 2020-12-13 11:54:50 +0200 received badge ● Good Answer (source) 2020-12-13 11:10:20 +0200 received badge ● Nice Answer (source) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20755256712436676, "perplexity": 3955.98951915191}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038921860.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419235235-20210420025235-00090.warc.gz"} |
https://bird.bcamath.org/handle/20.500.11824/1/browse?type=subject&value=maximal+operator | Now showing items 1-1 of 1
• #### Maximal estimates for a generalized spherical mean Radon transform acting on radial functions
(Annali de Matematica Pura et Applicata, 2020)
We study a generalized spherical means operator, viz.\ generalized spherical mean Radon transform, acting on radial functions. As the main results, we find conditions for the associated maximal operator and its local ... | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9819360375404358, "perplexity": 2065.5984078046868}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538082.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123125715-20210123155715-00123.warc.gz"} |
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/how-to-put-labels-on-a-scatterplot-that-is-created-plot-function-in-r | # How to put labels on a scatterplot that is created plot function in R?
R ProgrammingServer Side ProgrammingProgramming
Labelling of points on a scatterplot helps us to identify the pair of observations. For example, if we are plotting weight and height of people then we can label it with person’s name, therefore, we will be able to understand which pair of points belong to which person. This can be done by using text function after creating the scatterplot with plot function.
## Example
x <-c(2,4,5,8,10)
y <-c(15,25,27,29,30)
plot(x,y)
## Output
Now suppose we have labels and want to add them on the above plot then it can be done as follows −
Labels <-c("One","Two","Three","Four","Five")
text(x,y,labels=Labels,cex=0.4,pos=3)
## Output
Published on 21-Aug-2020 12:23:12 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7598483562469482, "perplexity": 1114.9356734244273}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057913.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926175051-20210926205051-00360.warc.gz"} |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17358900?dopt=Abstract | Format
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Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Feb 2;98(5):057801. Epub 2007 Feb 1.
# Coexistence of two colloidal crystals at the nematic-liquid-crystal-air interface.
### Author information
1
Institute of Physics, prospekt Nauky, 46, Kiev 03039, Ukraine.
### Abstract
Glycerol droplets at a nematic-liquid-crystal-air interface form two different lattices--hexagonal and dense quasihexagonal--which are separated by the energy barrier and can coexist. Director distortions around each droplet form an elastic dipole. The first order transition between the two lattices is driven by a reduction of the dipole-dipole repulsion through reorientation of these dipoles. The elastic-capillary attraction is essential for the both lattices. The effect has a many-body origin. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8222271800041199, "perplexity": 11020.685606131075}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987833766.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023122219-20191023145719-00286.warc.gz"} |
https://chalkdustmagazine.com/features/an-odd-card-trick/ | An odd card trick
Michael Wendl dissects some variants of the magic separation, a self-working card trick.
This picture is a plACEholder
Martin Gardner—one of history’s most prolific maths popularisers—frequently examined the connection between mathematics and magic, commonly looking at tricks using standard playing cards. He often discussed ‘self-working’ illusions that function in a strictly mechanical way, without any reliance on sleight of hand, card counting, pre-arrangement, marking, or key-carding of the deck. One of the more interesting specimens in this genre is a matching trick called the magic separation.
This trick can be performed with 20 cards. Ten of the cards are turned face-up, with the deck then shuffled thoroughly by both the performer and, importantly, the spectator. The performer then deals 10 cards to the spectator and keeps the remainder for herself. This can be done blindfolded to preclude tracking or counting. Not knowing the distribution of cards, our performer announces she will rearrange her own cards ‘magically’ so that the number of face-ups she holds matches the number of face-ups the spectator has. When cards are displayed, the counts do indeed match. She easily repeats the feat for hecklers who claim luck.
How the illusion works
The magic separation was first devised by Bob Hummer in his pamphlet Half-a-Dozen Hummers back in 1940, and since has been the subject of discussion in books by senior conjurors such as Bill Simon in Mathematical Magic from 1964, Karl Fulves in Bob Hummer’s Collected Secrets in 1980, and by the master of mathematical puzzles Martin Gardner in his aptly named book The Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions from 1959. The unusual step of allowing the deck to be out of the performer’s control makes the trick particularly baffling, but this is simply a diversion to further obscure its deterministic workings. What might these workings be?
The water and wine riddle: a litre of wine is transferred to the water container, then a litre of mixture is transferred back. Is there more wine in the water than water in the wine?
Gardner explained the trick in terms of a conservation of mass property, borrowing from the classic riddle of equal containers of water and wine. Namely, if a litre of wine is transferred to the water container, which is then stirred, and a litre of the mixture is subsequently transferred back to the wine container, is there more wine in the water than water in the wine?
Intuition often suggests there is, since the first transfer was pure wine, while the second, reverse transfer was a water and wine mixture. This intuitive, but incorrect supposition is what renders the magic separation trick so likewise remarkable. In fact, there is as much water in wine as wine in water: since the starting and ending volumes in the containers are equal, whatever wine is in the water container must be matched by whatever water is in the wine container.
This conservation principle can be concretely demonstrated for the magic separation by starting with two separate piles, one of 10 face-up cards and the other of 10 face-down cards. Now, make a one-for-one exchange of cards between the piles any number of times you wish. You can make each selection randomly and you can even shuffle each pile after each transfer. The only condition is that transferred cards maintain their original orientations. At the conclusion, each pile still has 10 cards that will now be some mixture of face-ups and face-downs. What one necessarily finds is that the number of face-up cards in one pile (analogous to the wine) equals the number of face-down cards in the other pile (analogous to the water). The ‘magic’ part of the magic separation is that our performer simply—though with some theatrical flourish—turns her pile over to force matching numbers of cards.
In Hummer’s original 1940 pamphlet, he referred to this trick as “sure fire” and it is now easy to see how this is the case. Indeed, the deterministic outcome enabled by combining conservation with the ‘turn over’ manoeuvre and the elegant misdirection of spectator shuffling has made the magic separation a standard part of the close-up magic toolkit. The original trick has since expanded into a large family of variations, both stylistically and in terms of the numbers of cards used.
The version above—10 cards up and 10 cards down—is popular and we shall call this a 10/10 configuration. Some other versions split a full deck evenly, while others use an uneven division of a deck, for example a 20/32 configuration. These variations go by many names within professional conjuring circles, including the match-upthe topsy turvy deck, and the gremlins.
Here come the mathematicians
The fact that there are so many versions of the magic separation and that they all seem to work on the same combination of conservation and turn over manoeuvre beckons a deeper mathematical look: is there some sort of general law that governs the magic separation family?
To start investigating this question, let $T$ be the total number of cards in the deck and $F$ be the number of face-up cards therein. Also, take $S$ as the total number of cards, face-up plus face-down, that the spectator is dealt. These are parameters that characterise a specific variation of the magic separation. However, separate from these are the variables, which, unlike parameters, are out of the performer’s control and which generally change each time the trick is performed because of shuffling. Following the Diaconis and Graham convention in their book Magical Mathematics, where an overbar indicates ‘face-up-ness’, let $\overline{\sigma}$ and $\sigma$ represent the respective numbers of face-up and face-down cards the spectator is holding and $\overline{\mu}$ and $\mu$ be the corresponding counts of the magician’s cards.
Four classes of cards, tallied respectively by $\overline{\sigma}$, $\sigma$, $\overline{\mu}$, and $\mu$, result from two types of division: spectator versus magician and face-up versus face-down.
The following tallies for cards held by each party are immediately implied: for the spectator $\overline{\sigma} + \sigma = S$ and for the magician $\overline{\mu} + \mu = T – S$. A third equation comes from noting that, although the cards are shuffled, the number of face-ups is fixed, no matter how the cards are distributed in any instance of the trick, meaning $\overline{\sigma} + \overline{\mu} = F$. The last, and most key ingredient is the observation that the number of face-up cards held by the spectator has to equal the number of initially face-down cards possessed by the magician because it is the conjuring ‘turn over’ manoeuvre that forces the matching effect into existence. In other words, the illusion only works if $\mu = \overline{\sigma}$.
These ingredients are now baked into the following mathematical pie. Rearrange the face-up equation as $\overline{\mu} = F – \overline{\sigma}$, substitute this into the equation tally for the magician’s cards, and then rearrange terms to find $\mu = \overline{\sigma} + T – S – F$. The only way $\mu = \overline{\sigma}$ can be satisfied is if the last three terms are self-cancelling, meaning that the mathematical condition enabling the magic separation is $F \>+\> S \>=\> T\>.$ For convenience, we will call this little result Hummer’s theorem.
Visualising the workings
Hummer’s theorem is actually quite profound in the sense that it explains how all extant variations of the magic separation work and also shows how to immediately invoke numerous newer versions, as limited, it seems, only by the number of cards the magician can physically handle. For instance, following some quick calculations using the theorem, one could readily perform much grander versions of the trick that combine, say, several full 52-card decks.
A Fisher table showing that a new drug is more effective than an old drug.
Another interesting aspect of Hummer’s theorem is that it immediately suggests how to visualise the workings of the magic separation at their most basic, mechanistic level by borrowing on $2\times 2$ contingency tables. Such tables are ordinarily used in the context of assessing whether two categorical variables, for instance medical treatment (old drug versus new drug) and clinical result (patient improves versus does not improve), are statistically related. One of the most common statistical calculations executed on such tables is something called Fisher’s exact test, so it will be convenient to call these $2\times 2$ structures Fisher tables.
Visualising the magic separation.
Now, in order to visualise the architecture of the magic separation, we use the columns for the people (spectator versus magician) and rows for the cards (face-up versus face-down). The diagram to the right shows the variables $\sigma$, $\overline{\sigma}$, $\mu$, and $\overline{\mu}$, and the parameters, $F$, $S$, and $T$, in such a table. A moment’s consideration should indicate that the only $2\times 2$ tables consistent with Hummer’s magic separation are those in which the leading diagonal entries are equal.
A 10/10 Hummer configuration (left), a 20/32 Hummer configuration (right).
A bit more consideration suggests that all Hummer-compliant tables are Fisher tables, but not all Fisher tables are Hummer tables. This is readily confirmed by example. The top two tables to the right satisfy diagonal equality, while the bottom table does not. Here, Hummer’s theorem is violated ($8+12\neq24$), so this instance lacks the required conservation property for the magic separation. These tables can be used to visualise the actual dynamics of the magic separation.
A non-Hummer table that violates the separation condition.
Tables representing a trick possess a conservation property: the margin totals are rigidly fixed. Because parameters $F$, $S$, and $T$ are likewise fixed for a particular variation of the magic separation trick, we can exploit the conservation property here to visualise the 10/10 pile experiment introduced above as a series of $2\times 2$ tables, one for each round of trades. The experiment starts with 10 face-ups for the spectator and 10 face-downs for the magician, resulting in the leftmost $2\times 2$ below.
In the first exchange, the spectator cedes a face-up card to the magician, who in turn passes back a face-down card, resulting in the round 1 table. Importantly, while the boxed variable tallies show each person’s new holdings, the margin tallies have not changed.
After shuffling both piles, the second iteration might see the same type of exchange, resulting in the table marked round 2. One could now step through many additional rounds of trades, sometimes exchanging cards of the same orientation, for which the table remains exactly the same, and sometimes exchanging cards of opposite orientation, whereby the boxed tallies are updated appropriately.
A performance of magic separation, represented as a pile experiment with no card exchanges made.
Every table would display constancy of margin totals and strict satisfaction of Hummer’s theorem, no matter how the cards are distributed. One possible endpoint to this 10/10 experiment is familiar from above.
In a sense, the magic separation trick itself could actually be thought of as a special case of this process that consists of the magician’s deal, with zero rounds of card exchange.
Heightened mystery of odd-numbered decks
In the original magic separation, Hummer emphasised that the deck size, $T$, must be an even number. Fulves’ instruction manual repeats this condition, as do Simon’s and another of Gardner’s books on mathematical magic. But here is a question: can the magic separation work if $T$ is odd?
The answer is not intuitively obvious. First, face-up cards must be matched one-for-one between spectator and performer, ie in pairs. Second, there are many tricks that do indeed require even-numbered decks (Diaconis and Graham discuss examples). However, since there were no parity conditions placed on $T$ in our derivation, we can immediately conclude that odd decks are indeed acceptable. A quick corollary to Hummer’s theorem evidently leads to a new and non-obvious extension of this 80-year-old trick!
Because this aspect is somewhat more difficult to perceive, a truth table showing all possible parity combinations can be helpful:
spectator magician $\overline{\sigma}+\overline{\mu}=F$ is satisfied?
case $F$ $S$ $\overline{\sigma}$ $\sigma$ $T-S$ $\overline{\mu}$ $\mu$
A even odd odd even even even even no
B even odd odd even even odd odd yes
C even odd even odd even even even yes
D even odd even odd even odd odd no
E odd even odd odd odd even odd yes
F odd even odd odd odd odd even no
G odd even even even odd even odd no
H odd even even even odd odd even yes
Half the cases—namely A, D, F, and G—are actually inaccessible because they violate $\overline{\sigma} + \overline{\mu} = F$. For instance, in case G, both people cannot hold an even number of face-ups if the total number of face-up cards in the deck, $F$, is odd.
For the admissible cases, B and C are the more pedestrian because the required parities are already established. Conversely, cases E and H are a little more interesting. Here, the magician’s own two subsets have different parities from one another and it is the conjuring ‘turn over’ that forces the parities of $\overline{\sigma}$ and $\mu$ to match because the latter now has become flipped. Hummer’s magic separation works even when there are an odd number of cards in a deck that itself starts with an odd number of face-up cards!
This ‘double-odd’ configuration is surprising and does not seem to have been empirically discovered over the eight decades that the magic separation has been performed.
KC Cole remarked in her book The Universe and the Teacup that mathematics can produce a “literal expansion of consciousness” and it seems that Hummer’s theorem, namely that the spectator’s card count plus the face-up card count must equal the size of the deck, marks yet another example of this amazing and long-established phenomenon. Keep that in mind the next time you dazzle your friends and neighbours with the magic separation.
Michael is at Washington University in St Louis, Missouri, USA. Between his work in cancer bioinformatics and theoretical mechanics, he spends time playing the accordion.
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• Pawns, puzzles, and proofs
Dimitrios Roxanas tells us why playing chess backwards is the new black (and white). | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6865769028663635, "perplexity": 1627.5464150517828}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360881.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201173718-20211201203718-00002.warc.gz"} |
https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/s/suggests+regional+differences.html | #### Sample records for suggests regional differences
1. Mitochondrial genome analyses suggest multiple Trichuris species in humans, baboons, and pigs from different geographical regions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hawash, Mohamed B. F.; Andersen, Lee O.; Gasser, Robin B.
2015-01-01
Trichuris from françois' leaf monkey, suggesting multiple whipworm species circulating among non-human primates. The genetic and protein distances between pig Trichuris from Denmark and other regions were roughly 9% and 6%, respectively, while Chinese and Ugandan whipworms were more closely related......) suggesting that they represented different species. Trichuris from the olive baboon in US was genetically related to human Trichuris in China, while the other from the hamadryas baboon in Denmark was nearly identical to human Trichuris from Uganda. Baboon-derived Trichuris was genetically distinct from......BACKGROUND: The whipworms Trichuris trichiura and Trichuris suis are two parasitic nematodes of humans and pigs, respectively. Although whipworms in human and non-human primates historically have been referred to as T. trichiura, recent reports suggest that several Trichuris spp. are found...
2. The Importance of Leadership for Regionalism: Some Suggestions for Action.
Science.gov (United States)
Rabineau, Louis
The connections between regional organization and regional leadership in postsecondary education are considered. The role of leadership, various styles of leadership, and strategies for implementing the development of leadership are discussed. Leadership qualities demanded by regionalism that are different from leadership qualities needed in other…
3. Regional energy planning: some suggestions to public administration
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sozzi, R
1982-01-01
A methodology is proposed to estimate the relevant data and to improve the energy efficiency in regional energy planning. The quantification of the regional energy system is subdivided in three independent parameters which are separetely estimated: energy demand, energy consumption, and transformation capacity. Definitions and estimating procedures are given. The optimization of the regional planning includes the application, wherever possible, of the technologies which centralize the space-heating energy production or combine the production of electric energy with space-heating energy distribution.
4. Regional energy planning: Some suggestions to public administration
Science.gov (United States)
Sozzi, R.
A methodology is proposed to estimate the relevant data and to improve the energy efficiency in regional energy planning. The quantification of the regional energy system is subdivided in three independent parameters which are separetely estimated: energy demand, energy consumption, and transformation capacity. Definitions and estimating procedures are given. The optimization of the regional planning includes the application, wherever possible, of the technologies which centralize the space-heating energy production or combine the production of electric energy with space-heating energy distribution.
5. Using suggestion to model different types of automatic writing.
Science.gov (United States)
Walsh, E; Mehta, M A; Oakley, D A; Guilmette, D N; Gabay, A; Halligan, P W; Deeley, Q
2014-05-01
Our sense of self includes awareness of our thoughts and movements, and our control over them. This feeling can be altered or lost in neuropsychiatric disorders as well as in phenomena such as "automatic writing" whereby writing is attributed to an external source. Here, we employed suggestion in highly hypnotically suggestible participants to model various experiences of automatic writing during a sentence completion task. Results showed that the induction of hypnosis, without additional suggestion, was associated with a small but significant reduction of control, ownership, and awareness for writing. Targeted suggestions produced a double dissociation between thought and movement components of writing, for both feelings of control and ownership, and additionally, reduced awareness of writing. Overall, suggestion produced selective alterations in the control, ownership, and awareness of thought and motor components of writing, thus enabling key aspects of automatic writing, observed across different clinical and cultural settings, to be modelled. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Inc.
6. Dissociative tendencies and individual differences in high hypnotic suggestibility.
Science.gov (United States)
Terhune, Devin Blair; Cardeña, Etzel; Lindgren, Magnus
2011-03-01
Inconsistencies in the relationship between dissociation and hypnosis may result from heterogeneity among highly suggestible individuals, in particular the existence of distinct highly suggestible subtypes that are of relevance to models of psychopathology and the consequences of trauma. This study contrasted highly suggestible subtypes high or low in dissociation on measures of hypnotic responding, cognitive functioning, and psychopathology. Twenty-one low suggestible (LS), 19 low dissociative highly suggestible (LDHS), and 11 high dissociative highly suggestible (HDHS) participants were administered hypnotic suggestibility scales and completed measures of free recall, working memory capacity, imagery, fantasy-proneness, psychopathology, and exposure to stressful life events. HDHS participants were more responsive to positive and negative hallucination suggestions and experienced greater involuntariness during hypnotic responding. They also exhibited impaired working memory capacity, elevated pathological fantasy and dissociative symptomatology, and a greater incidence of exposure to stressful life events. In contrast, LDHS participants displayed superior object visual imagery. These results provide further evidence for two highly suggestible subtypes: a dissociative subtype characterised by deficits in executive functioning and a predisposition to psychopathology, and a subtype that exhibits superior imagery and no observable deficits in functioning.
7. Regional differences in family poverty
OpenAIRE
Robert K. Triest
1997-01-01
Poverty rates vary considerably over regions, as do the demographic characteristics of the poor, but why the extent of poverty varies as much as it does across different regions of the country is not fully understood. This is an unfortunate gap in our knowledge, since it is difficult to analyze how recent changes in federal anti-poverty policy will affect the regional distribution of poverty without a better understanding of current regional differences in the poverty rate.> The main goal of ...
8. Validity of a Test of Children's Suggestibility for Predicting Responses to Two Interview Situations Differing in Their Degree of Suggestiveness.
Science.gov (United States)
Finnila, Katarina; Mahlberg, Nina; Santtila, Pekka; Sandnabba, Kenneth; Niemi, Pekka
2003-01-01
Examined the relative contributions of internal and external sources of variation in children's suggestibility in interrogative situations. Found that internal sources of individual differences in suggestibility measured on a suggestibility test did influence children's answers during an interview, but that external sources or interview styles had…
9. Planetary Protection and Mars Special Regions--A Suggestion for Updating the Definition.
Science.gov (United States)
Rettberg, Petra; Anesio, Alexandre M; Baker, Victor R; Baross, John A; Cady, Sherry L; Detsis, Emmanouil; Foreman, Christine M; Hauber, Ernst; Ori, Gian Gabriele; Pearce, David A; Renno, Nilton O; Ruvkun, Gary; Sattler, Birgit; Saunders, Mark P; Smith, David H; Wagner, Dirk; Westall, Frances
2016-02-01
We highlight the role of COSPAR and the scientific community in defining and updating the framework of planetary protection. Specifically, we focus on Mars "Special Regions," areas where strict planetary protection measures have to be applied before a spacecraft can explore them, given the existence of environmental conditions that may be conducive to terrestrial microbial growth. We outline the history of the concept of Special Regions and inform on recent developments regarding the COSPAR policy, namely, the MEPAG SR-SAG2 review and the Academies and ESF joint committee report on Mars Special Regions. We present some new issues that necessitate the update of the current policy and provide suggestions for new definitions of Special Regions. We conclude with the current major scientific questions that remain unanswered regarding Mars Special Regions.
10. Measurements of Dune Parameters on Titan Suggest Differences in Sand Availability
Science.gov (United States)
2014-11-01
The equatorial region of Saturn’s moon Titan has five large sand seas with dunes similar to large linear dunes on Earth. Cassini Radar SAR swaths have high enough resolution (300 m) to measure dune parameters such as width and spacing, which helps inform us about formation conditions and long-term evolution of the sand dunes. Previous measurements in locations scattered across Titan have revealed an average width of 1.3 km and spacing of 2.7 km, with variations by location. We have taken over 1200 new measurements of dune width and spacing in the T8 swath, a region on the leading hemisphere of Titan in the Belet Sand Sea, between -5 and -9 degrees latitude. We have also taken over 500 measurements in the T44 swath, located on the anti-Saturn hemisphere in the Shangri-La Sand Sea, between 0 and 20 degrees latitude. We correlated each group of 50 measurements with the average distance from the edge of the dune field to obtain an estimate of how position within a dune field affects dune parameters. We found that in general, the width and spacing of dunes decreases with distance from the edge of the dune field, consistent with similar measurements in sand seas on Earth. We suggest that this correlation is due to the lesser availability of sand at the edges of dune fields. These measurements and correlations could be helpful in determining differences in sand availability across different dune fields, and along the entire equatorial region of Titan.
11. Associations among Wine Grape Microbiome, Metabolome, and Fermentation Behavior Suggest Microbial Contribution to Regional Wine Characteristics.
Science.gov (United States)
Bokulich, Nicholas A; Collins, Thomas S; Masarweh, Chad; Allen, Greg; Heymann, Hildegarde; Ebeler, Susan E; Mills, David A
2016-06-14
Regionally distinct wine characteristics (terroir) are an important aspect of wine production and consumer appreciation. Microbial activity is an integral part of wine production, and grape and wine microbiota present regionally defined patterns associated with vineyard and climatic conditions, but the degree to which these microbial patterns associate with the chemical composition of wine is unclear. Through a longitudinal survey of over 200 commercial wine fermentations, we demonstrate that both grape microbiota and wine metabolite profiles distinguish viticultural area designations and individual vineyards within Napa and Sonoma Counties, California. Associations among wine microbiota and fermentation characteristics suggest new links between microbiota, fermentation performance, and wine properties. The bacterial and fungal consortia of wine fermentations, composed from vineyard and winery sources, correlate with the chemical composition of the finished wines and predict metabolite abundances in finished wines using machine learning models. The use of postharvest microbiota as an early predictor of wine chemical composition is unprecedented and potentially poses a new paradigm for quality control of agricultural products. These findings add further evidence that microbial activity is associated with wine terroir Wine production is a multi-billion-dollar global industry for which microbial control and wine chemical composition are crucial aspects of quality. Terroir is an important feature of consumer appreciation and wine culture, but the many factors that contribute to terroir are nebulous. We show that grape and wine microbiota exhibit regional patterns that correlate with wine chemical composition, suggesting that the grape microbiome may influence terroir In addition to enriching our understanding of how growing region and wine properties interact, this may provide further economic incentive for agricultural and enological practices that maintain regional
12. Force Spectroscopy of the Plasmodium falciparum Vaccine Candidate Circumsporozoite Protein Suggests a Mechanically Pliable Repeat Region.
Science.gov (United States)
2017-02-10
The most effective vaccine candidate of malaria is based on the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP), a major surface protein implicated in the structural strength, motility, and immune evasion properties of the infective sporozoites. It is suspected that reversible conformational changes of CSP are required for infection of the mammalian host, but the detailed structure and dynamic properties of CSP remain incompletely understood, limiting our understanding of its function in the infection. Here, we report the structural and mechanical properties of the CSP studied using single-molecule force spectroscopy on several constructs, one including the central region of CSP, which is rich in NANP amino acid repeats (CSP rep ), and a second consisting of a near full-length sequence without the signal and anchor hydrophobic domains (CSP ΔHP ). Our results show that the CSP rep is heterogeneous, with 40% of molecules requiring virtually no mechanical force to unfold (<10 piconewtons (pN)), suggesting that these molecules are mechanically compliant and perhaps act as entropic springs, whereas the remaining 60% are partially structured with low mechanical resistance (∼70 pN). CSP ΔHP having multiple force peaks suggests specifically folded domains, with two major populations possibly indicating the open and collapsed forms. Our findings suggest that the overall low mechanical resistance of the repeat region, exposed on the outer surface of the sporozoites, combined with the flexible full-length conformations of CSP, may provide the sporozoites not only with immune evasion properties, but also with lubricating capacity required during its navigation through the mosquito and vertebrate host tissues. We anticipate that these findings would further assist in the design and development of future malarial vaccines. © 2017 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
13. Associations among Wine Grape Microbiome, Metabolome, and Fermentation Behavior Suggest Microbial Contribution to Regional Wine Characteristics
Science.gov (United States)
Bokulich, Nicholas A.; Collins, Thomas S.; Masarweh, Chad; Allen, Greg; Heymann, Hildegarde; Ebeler, Susan E.
2016-01-01
ABSTRACT Regionally distinct wine characteristics (terroir) are an important aspect of wine production and consumer appreciation. Microbial activity is an integral part of wine production, and grape and wine microbiota present regionally defined patterns associated with vineyard and climatic conditions, but the degree to which these microbial patterns associate with the chemical composition of wine is unclear. Through a longitudinal survey of over 200 commercial wine fermentations, we demonstrate that both grape microbiota and wine metabolite profiles distinguish viticultural area designations and individual vineyards within Napa and Sonoma Counties, California. Associations among wine microbiota and fermentation characteristics suggest new links between microbiota, fermentation performance, and wine properties. The bacterial and fungal consortia of wine fermentations, composed from vineyard and winery sources, correlate with the chemical composition of the finished wines and predict metabolite abundances in finished wines using machine learning models. The use of postharvest microbiota as an early predictor of wine chemical composition is unprecedented and potentially poses a new paradigm for quality control of agricultural products. These findings add further evidence that microbial activity is associated with wine terroir. PMID:27302757
14. Levels and patterns of nucleotide variation in domestication QTL regions on rice chromosome 3 suggest lineage-specific selection.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Xianfa Xie
Full Text Available Oryza sativa or Asian cultivated rice is one of the major cereal grass species domesticated for human food use during the Neolithic. Domestication of this species from the wild grass Oryza rufipogon was accompanied by changes in several traits, including seed shattering, percent seed set, tillering, grain weight, and flowering time. Quantitative trait locus (QTL mapping has identified three genomic regions in chromosome 3 that appear to be associated with these traits. We would like to study whether these regions show signatures of selection and whether the same genetic basis underlies the domestication of different rice varieties. Fragments of 88 genes spanning these three genomic regions were sequenced from multiple accessions of two major varietal groups in O. sativa--indica and tropical japonica--as well as the ancestral wild rice species O. rufipogon. In tropical japonica, the levels of nucleotide variation in these three QTL regions are significantly lower compared to genome-wide levels, and coalescent simulations based on a complex demographic model of rice domestication indicate that these patterns are consistent with selection. In contrast, there is no significant reduction in nucleotide diversity in the homologous regions in indica rice. These results suggest that there are differences in the genetic and selective basis for domestication between these two Asian rice varietal groups.
15. Regional health governance: A suggested agenda for Southern African health diplomacy.
Science.gov (United States)
Penfold, Erica Dale; Fourie, Pieter
2015-12-01
Regional organisations can effectively promote regional health diplomacy and governance through engagement with regional social policy. Regional bodies make decisions about health challenges in the region, for example, the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the World Health Organisation South East Asia Regional Office (WHO-SEARO). The Southern African Development Community (SADC) has a limited health presence as a regional organisation and diplomatic partner in health governance. This article identifies how SADC facilitates and coordinates health policy, arguing that SADC has the potential to promote regional health diplomacy and governance through engagement with regional social policy. The article identifies the role of global health diplomacy and niche diplomacy in health governance. The role of SADC as a regional organisation and the way it functions is then explained, focusing on how SADC engages with health issues in the region. Recommendations are made as to how SADC can play a more decisive role as a regional organisation to implement South-South management of the regional social policy, health governance and health diplomacy agenda.
16. Gender and Regional Differences in Creativity
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Luo, Lingling; Zhou, Chunfang; Zhang, Song
2016-01-01
in Mainland China and 703 students in Taiwan. Based on data analysis, we find common characteristics, gender differences, and regional differences in the creativity of female postgraduate students. The female students in both regions are less confident in their abilities in scientific research and innovative...
17. Regional differences in Dutch maternal mortality.
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Graaf, J. de; Schutte, J.; Poeran, J.; Roosmalen, J. van; Bonsel, G.; Steegers, E.
2012-01-01
Please cite this paper as: de Graaf J, Schutte J, Poeran J, van Roosmalen J, Bonsel G, Steegers E. Regional differences in Dutch maternal mortality. BJOG 2012;119:582-588. Objective To study regional differences in maternal mortality in the Netherlands. Design Confidential inquiry into the causes of
18. GWAS of DNA Methylation Variation Within Imprinting Control Regions Suggests Parent-of-Origin Association
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Renteria, M.E.; Coolen, M.W.; Statham, A.L.; Choi, R.S.; Qu, W.; Campbell, M.J.; Smith, S.; Henders, A.K.; Montgomery, G.W.; Clark, S. J.; Martin, N.G.; Medland, S.E.
2013-01-01
Imprinting control regions (ICRs) play a fundamental role in establishing and maintaining the non-random monoallelic expression of certain genes, via common regulatory elements such as non-coding RNAs and differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of DNA. We recently surveyed DNA methylation levels
19. Seismic amplitude measurements suggest foreshocks have different focal mechanisms than aftershocks
Science.gov (United States)
Lindh, A.; Fuis, G.; Mantis, C.
1978-01-01
The ratio of the amplitudes of P and S waves from the foreshocks and aftershocks to three recent California earthquakes show a characteristic change at the time of the main events. As this ratio is extremely sensitive to small changes in the orientation of the fault plane, a small systematic change in stress or fault configuration in the source region may be inferred. These results suggest an approach to the recognition of foreshocks based on simple measurements of the amplitudes of seismic waves. Copyright ?? 1978 AAAS.
20. Not all group hypnotic suggestibility scales are created equal: individual differences in behavioral and subjective responses.
Science.gov (United States)
Barnes, Sean M; Lynn, Steven Jay; Pekala, Ronald J
2009-03-01
To examine the influence of hypnotic suggestibility testing as a source of individual differences in hypnotic responsiveness, we compared behavioral and subjective responses on three scales of hypnotic suggestibility: The Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS: A; Shor, R. E., Orne, E. C. (1962). Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. Berlin: Consulting Psychologists Press); the Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale (CURSS; Spanos, N. P., Radtke, H. L., Hodgins, D. C., Stam, H. J., Bertrand, L. D. (1983b). The Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale: Normative data and psychometric properties. Psychological Reports, 53, 523-535); and the Group Scale of Hypnotic Ability (GSHA; Hawkins, R., Wenzel, L. (1999). The Group Scale of Hypnotic Ability and response booklet. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 27, 20-31). Behavioral and subjective responses to the CURSS were significantly different than those on the HGSHS: A and GSHA. More participants were classified as "low suggestible" on the CURSS and they reported subjective experiences more similar to everyday mentation. Attitudes and expectancies of participants who received the GSHA were less predictive of responding, but rates of responding and subjective experiences were similar on the GSHA and the HGSHS: A. Discussion focuses on implications for the use of group hypnotic suggestibility scales.
1. Ferritin gene organization: differences between plants and animals suggest possible kingdom-specific selective constraints.
Science.gov (United States)
Proudhon, D; Wei, J; Briat, J; Theil, E C
1996-03-01
Ferritin, a protein widespread in nature, concentrates iron approximately 10(11)-10(12)-fold above the solubility within a spherical shell of 24 subunits; it derives in plants and animals from a common ancestor (based on sequence) but displays a cytoplasmic location in animals compared to the plastid in contemporary plants. Ferritin gene regulation in plants and animals is altered by development, hormones, and excess iron; iron signals target DNA in plants but mRNA in animals. Evolution has thus conserved the two end points of ferritin gene expression, the physiological signals and the protein structure, while allowing some divergence of the genetic mechanisms. Comparison of ferritin gene organization in plants and animals, made possible by the cloning of a dicot (soybean) ferritin gene presented here and the recent cloning of two monocot (maize) ferritin genes, shows evolutionary divergence in ferritin gene organization between plants and animals but conservation among plants or among animals; divergence in the genetic mechanism for iron regulation is reflected by the absence in all three plant genes of the IRE, a highly conserved, noncoding sequence in vertebrate animal ferritin mRNA. In plant ferritin genes, the number of introns (n = 7) is higher than in animals (n = 3). Second, no intron positions are conserved when ferritin genes of plants and animals are compared, although all ferritin gene introns are in the coding region; within kingdoms, the intron positions in ferritin genes are conserved. Finally, secondary protein structure has no apparent relationship to intron/exon boundaries in plant ferritin genes, whereas in animal ferritin genes the correspondence is high. The structural differences in introns/exons among phylogenetically related ferritin coding sequences and the high conservation of the gene structure within plant or animal kingdoms of the gene structure within plant or animal kingdoms suggest that kingdom-specific functional constraints may
2. Individual Differences in the Rubber Hand Illusion Are Related to Sensory Suggestibility.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Angela Marotta
Full Text Available In the rubber hand illusion (RHI, watching a rubber hand being stroked in synchrony with one's own hidden hand may induce a sense of ownership over the rubber hand. The illusion relies on bottom-up multisensory integration of visual, tactile, and proprioceptive information, and on top-down processes through which the rubber hand is incorporated into pre-existing representations of the body. Although the degree of illusory experience varies largely across individuals, the factors influencing individual differences are unknown. We investigated whether sensory suggestibility might modulate susceptibility to the RHI. Sensory suggestibility is a personality trait related to how individuals react to sensory information. Because of its sensory nature, this trait could be relevant for studies using the RHI paradigm. Seventy healthy volunteers were classified by Sensory Suggestibility Scale (SSS scores as having high or low suggestibility and assigned to either a high- (High-SSS or a low-suggestibility (Low-SSS group. Two components of the RHI were evaluated in synchronous and asynchronous stroking conditions: subjective experience of sense of ownership over the rubber hand via a 9-statement questionnaire, and proprioceptive drift as measured with a ruler. The High-SSS group was generally more susceptible to the subjective component; in the synchronous condition, they rated the statement assessing the sense of ownership higher than the Low-SSS group. The scores for this statement significantly correlated with the total SSS score, indicating that the higher the sensory suggestibility, the stronger the sense of ownership. No effect of sensory suggestibility on proprioceptive drift was observed, suggesting that the effect is specific for the subjective feeling of ownership. This study demonstrates that sensory suggestibility may contribute to participants' experience of the illusion and should be considered when using the RHI paradigm.
3. Individual Differences in the Rubber Hand Illusion Are Related to Sensory Suggestibility.
Science.gov (United States)
Marotta, Angela; Tinazzi, Michele; Cavedini, Clelia; Zampini, Massimiliano; Fiorio, Mirta
2016-01-01
In the rubber hand illusion (RHI), watching a rubber hand being stroked in synchrony with one's own hidden hand may induce a sense of ownership over the rubber hand. The illusion relies on bottom-up multisensory integration of visual, tactile, and proprioceptive information, and on top-down processes through which the rubber hand is incorporated into pre-existing representations of the body. Although the degree of illusory experience varies largely across individuals, the factors influencing individual differences are unknown. We investigated whether sensory suggestibility might modulate susceptibility to the RHI. Sensory suggestibility is a personality trait related to how individuals react to sensory information. Because of its sensory nature, this trait could be relevant for studies using the RHI paradigm. Seventy healthy volunteers were classified by Sensory Suggestibility Scale (SSS) scores as having high or low suggestibility and assigned to either a high- (High-SSS) or a low-suggestibility (Low-SSS) group. Two components of the RHI were evaluated in synchronous and asynchronous stroking conditions: subjective experience of sense of ownership over the rubber hand via a 9-statement questionnaire, and proprioceptive drift as measured with a ruler. The High-SSS group was generally more susceptible to the subjective component; in the synchronous condition, they rated the statement assessing the sense of ownership higher than the Low-SSS group. The scores for this statement significantly correlated with the total SSS score, indicating that the higher the sensory suggestibility, the stronger the sense of ownership. No effect of sensory suggestibility on proprioceptive drift was observed, suggesting that the effect is specific for the subjective feeling of ownership. This study demonstrates that sensory suggestibility may contribute to participants' experience of the illusion and should be considered when using the RHI paradigm.
4. Gender differences in recognition of toy faces suggest a contribution of experience.
Science.gov (United States)
Ryan, Kaitlin F; Gauthier, Isabel
2016-12-01
When there is a gender effect, women perform better then men in face recognition tasks. Prior work has not documented a male advantage on a face recognition task, suggesting that women may outperform men at face recognition generally either due to evolutionary reasons or the influence of social roles. Here, we question the idea that women excel at all face recognition and provide a proof of concept based on a face category for which men outperform women. We developed a test of face learning to measures individual differences with face categories for which men and women may differ in experience, using the faces of Barbie dolls and of Transformers. The results show a crossover interaction between subject gender and category, where men outperform women with Transformers' faces. We demonstrate that men can outperform women with some categories of faces, suggesting that explanations for a general face recognition advantage for women are in fact not needed. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
5. Are there age-related differences in social suggestibility to central and peripheral misinformation?
Science.gov (United States)
Daneman, Meredyth; Thannikkotu, Cheyenne; Chen, Zhijian
2013-01-01
6. Regional differences in waiting time to pregnancy
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Juul, Svend; Karmaus, W; Olsen, Jørn
1999-01-01
of the pregnancies were planned (64%) and approximately 14% were the result of contraceptive failures. The study shows that smoking, body mass index, age and parity did not explain the differences in fecundity found between the centres. Regional differences in fecundity exist and the causes may be genetic or due...
7. Regional differences of consumer preferences when shopping for regional products
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jitka Kalábová
2013-01-01
Full Text Available This paper presents partial results of a research on consumer preferences when shopping for groceries. It is focused on regional products and consumer preferences in relation to the country of origin of food products. The main objective of this paper is to find the existence of spatial relationships between spatial deployment of regional products and consumer preferences for regional products. It will be necessary to create a data model for monitoring the deployment of regional products and also a data model for tracking important indicators of consumer behavior in all regions of the Czech Republic. The results are based on questionnaire survey that was conducted within the period from October 2010 to January 2011 on a sample of 3767 respondents from the Czech Republic, via both online questionnaires and their printed version. For the data collection the questionnaire system ReLa, developed by the Department of Marketing and Trade at Faculty of Business and Economics at Mendel University in Brno, was used. Data was processed with statistical software STATISTICA (ver. 10. Spatial visualisation was processed with GIS software ArcGIS (ver. 10.1. Preferences for food of Czech origin were analysed in relation to identification criteria. The research results show that the origin of food has an important role in consumer purchase decision-making. There is no significant difference in importance of this factor based on gender of consumers, however, we could prove moderate dependence on respondent’s occupation, education and age. We could also experience regional differences in levels of preferences of local products or products of Czech origin in regard of 14 regions of the Czech Republic. χ2 (N = 3767 = 245.25; p < 0.001. Value of Pearson’s coefficient of contingency is 0.334.
8. Regional patterns of declining butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) suggest site characteristics for restoration
OpenAIRE
Morin, Randall S.; Gottschalk, Kurt W.; Ostry, Michael E.; Liebhold, Andrew M.
2017-01-01
Abstract Butternut trees dying from a canker disease were first reported in southwestern Wisconsin in 1967. Since then, the disease has caused extensive mortality of butternut throughout its North American range. The objectives of this study were to quantify changes in butternut populations and density across its range and identify habitat characteristics of sites where butternut is surviving in order to locate regions for potential butternut restoration. The natural range of butternut (Jugla...
9. Developmental Differences across Middle Childhood in Memory and Suggestibility for Negative and Positive Events.
Science.gov (United States)
Paz-Alonso, Pedro M; Goodman, Gail S
2016-01-01
In the present study, we investigated age differences in children's eyewitness memory and suggestibility for negative and positive events that children often experience during middle childhood. We first examined 216 ratings by children aged 8-12 years of the frequency and intensity of personal negative and positive experiences (Study 1). Based on those ratings, videotapes depicting the most frequent and intense negative (an accident) and positive (a family excursion) events were developed. A new sample of 227 children aged 8-12 years was tested for recognition memory of the videotapes using the three-stage post-event misinformation procedure (Study 2). Compared with 8- to 9-year-olds, 10- to 12-year-olds exhibited less memory malleability and less compliance with false information. Age improvements in recognition accuracy were also evident for children who watched the negative event, but not for those who watched the positive event. Compliance predicted misinformation effects, particularly in regard to peripheral details. Thus, using ecologically representative emotional events, age differences in suggestibility and memory accuracy emerged, especially for negative events.Theoretical and forensic implications concerning children's eyewitness memory and suggestibility are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
10. Conservation of Repeats at the Mammalian KCNQ1OT1-CDKN1C Region Suggests a Role in Genomic Imprinting
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Marcos De Donato
2017-06-01
Full Text Available KCNQ1OT1 is located in the region with the highest number of genes showing genomic imprinting, but the mechanisms controlling the genes under its influence have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we conducted a comparative analysis of the KCNQ1/KCNQ1OT1-CDKN1C region to study its conservation across the best assembled eutherian mammalian genomes sequenced to date and analyzed potential elements that may be implicated in the control of genomic imprinting in this region. The genomic features in these regions from human, mouse, cattle, and dog show a higher number of genes and CpG islands (detected using cpgplot from EMBOSS, but lower number of repetitive elements (including short interspersed nuclear elements and long interspersed nuclear elements, compared with their whole chromosomes (detected by RepeatMasker. The KCNQ1OT1-CDKN1C region contains the highest number of conserved noncoding sequences (CNS among mammals, where we found 16 regions containing about 38 different highly conserved repetitive elements (using mVista, such as LINE1 elements: L1M4, L1MB7, HAL1, L1M4a, L1Med, and an LTR element: MLT1H. From these elements, we found 74 CNS showing high sequence identity (>70% between human, cattle, and mouse, from which we identified 13 motifs (using Multiple Em for Motif Elicitation/Motif Alignment and Search Tool with a significant probability of occurrence, 3 of which were the most frequent and were used to find transcription factor–binding sites. We detected several transcription factors (using JASPAR suite from the families SOX, FOX, and GATA. A phylogenetic analysis of these CNS from human, marmoset, mouse, rat, cattle, dog, horse, and elephant shows branches with high levels of support and very similar phylogenetic relationships among these groups, confirming previous reports. Our results suggest that functional DNA elements identified by comparative genomics in a region densely populated with imprinted mammalian genes may be
11. Regional differences in Dutch maternal mortality
NARCIS (Netherlands)
de Graaf, J.P.; Schutte, J.M.; Poeran, J.J.; van Roosmalen, J.; Bonsel, G.J.; Steegers, E.A.P.
2012-01-01
Objective To study regional differences in maternal mortality in the Netherlands. Design Confidential inquiry into the causes of maternal mortality. Setting Nationwide. Population A total of 3 108 235 live births and 337 maternal deaths. Methods Data analysis of all maternal deaths in the period
12. A Meta-Analysis Suggests Different Neural Correlates for Implicit and Explicit Learning.
Science.gov (United States)
Loonis, Roman F; Brincat, Scott L; Antzoulatos, Evan G; Miller, Earl K
2017-10-11
13. Microshear bonding effectiveness of different dentin regions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Anelise F Montagner
2015-01-01
Full Text Available Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of dentin surfaces with different tubule orientation on bond strength of a multimode adhesive system. Materials and Methods: Twenty human molars were selected and prepared in different ways in order to produce different dentin regions. The teeth were randomized (n = 5 according to the application modes of a multimode adhesive system (etch-and-rinse and self-etching and to the dentin region (occlusal and proximal - 1.5 mm depth from dentinoenamel junction. Cylindrical restorations were performed on dentin with a starch tube. The samples remained immersed in distilled water for 24 h and the microshear bond strength (μSBS test was performed. The μSBS values were expressed in MPa and analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey′s test (P < 0.05. Results: There was no significant difference in the bond strength values between the application modes of the adhesive system (P = 0.19; however, the dentin regions (P < 0.05 significantly affected the μSBS. The proximal dentin presented higher bond strength values than occlusal dentin. Conclusion: The dentin surfaces with different tubule orientation influenced the bonding effectiveness of the adhesive system tested.
14. Eliminating age differences in children's and adults' suggestibility and memory conformity effects.
Science.gov (United States)
Otgaar, Henry; Howe, Mark L; Brackmann, Nathalie; van Helvoort, Daniël H J
2017-05-01
15. Regional Demographic Differences: The Effect of Laestadians
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Emma Terämä
2010-01-01
Full Text Available Laestadianism, a conservative revival movement inside the Lutheran church, has an estimated 100,000 followers in Finland. Laestadians have characteristics differing from the followers of the mainstream state church in areas such as religious activity, regional concentration, fertility and family planning, but these are generally not quantified due to lack of easily accessible data. This study highlights the importance of including location and religiosity, and not only religious affiliation in the study of fertility behaviour. The research uses statistical tools to study the correlations between such variables as religious density and total fertility rate. It is found that on the regional level, the total fertility rate and the increasing number of small children in the family is positively associated with the proportion of Laestadians. The regional variation of religiousness, and the subsequent effects on population structure and socioeconomics are discussed.
16. Gender differences in regional cerebral blood flow
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gur, R.E.; Gur, R.C.
1990-01-01
Gender differences have been noted in neurobehavioral studies. The 133xenon inhalation method for measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) can contribute to the understanding of the neural basis of gender differences in brain function. Few studies have examined gender differences in rCBF. In studies of normal subjects, women have higher rates of CBF than men, and this is related to age. Usually by the sixth decade men and women have similar flow rates. Fewer studies on rCBF in schizophrenia have examined sex differences. The pattern of higher flows for females maintains, but its correlates with gender differences in clinical as well as other parameters of brain function remain to be examined
17. QTL analysis of frost damage in pea suggests different mechanisms involved in frost tolerance.
Science.gov (United States)
Klein, Anthony; Houtin, Hervé; Rond, Céline; Marget, Pascal; Jacquin, Françoise; Boucherot, Karen; Huart, Myriam; Rivière, Nathalie; Boutet, Gilles; Lejeune-Hénaut, Isabelle; Burstin, Judith
2014-06-01
Avoidance mechanisms and intrinsic resistance are complementary strategies to improve winter frost tolerance and yield potential in field pea. The development of the winter pea crop represents a major challenge to expand plant protein production in temperate areas. Breeding winter cultivars requires the combination of freezing tolerance as well as high seed productivity and quality. In this context, we investigated the genetic determinism of winter frost tolerance and assessed its genetic relationship with yield and developmental traits. Using a newly identified source of frost resistance, we developed a population of recombinant inbred lines and evaluated it in six environments in Dijon and Clermont-Ferrand between 2005 and 2010. We developed a genetic map comprising 679 markers distributed over seven linkage groups and covering 947.1 cM. One hundred sixty-one quantitative trait loci (QTL) explaining 9-71 % of the phenotypic variation were detected across the six environments for all traits measured. Two clusters of QTL mapped on the linkage groups III and one cluster on LGVI reveal the genetic links between phenology, morphology, yield-related traits and frost tolerance in winter pea. QTL clusters on LGIII highlighted major developmental gene loci (Hr and Le) and the QTL cluster on LGVI explained up to 71 % of the winter frost damage variation. This suggests that a specific architecture and flowering ideotype defines frost tolerance in winter pea. However, two consistent frost tolerance QTL on LGV were independent of phenology and morphology traits, showing that different protective mechanisms are involved in frost tolerance. Finally, these results suggest that frost tolerance can be bred independently to seed productivity and quality.
18. An individual differences approach to the suggestibility of memory over time.
Science.gov (United States)
Frost, Peter; Nussbaum, Gregory; Loconto, Taylor; Syke, Richard; Warren, Casey; Muise, Christina
2013-04-01
We examined how certain personality traits might relate to the formation of suggestive memory over time. We hypothesised that compliance and trust relate to initial acceptance of misinformation as memory, whereas fantasy proneness might relate to integration of misinformation into memory after later intervals (relative to the time of exposure to misinformation). Participants watched an excerpt from a movie--the simulated eyewitness event. They next answered a recall test that included embedded misinformation about the movie. Participants then answered a yes/no recognition test. A week later, participants answered a second yes/no recognition test about the movie (each yes/no recognition test included different questions). Before both recognition tests, participants were warned about the misinformation shown during recall and were asked to base their answer on the movie excerpt only. After completing the second recognition test, participants answered questions from the Neuroticism Extroversion Openness Personality Inventory-3 (McCrae, Costa, & Martin, 2005) and Creative Experiences Questionnaire (Merckelbach, Horselenberg, & Muris, 2001). While compliance correlated with misinformation effects immediately after exposure to misinformation, fantasy-prone personality accounted for more of the variability in false recognition rates than compliance after a 1-week interval.
19. Regional differences in semen qualities in the Baltic region.
Science.gov (United States)
Punab, Margus; Zilaitiene, Birute; Jørgensen, Niels; Horte, Antero; Matulevicius, Valentinas; Peetsalu, Ants; Skakkebaek, Niels E
2002-08-01
Recent prospective studies of male reproductive health have shown differences between several European countries. Our objective was to evaluate the current situation in the two Baltic States Estonia and Lithuania. In 1997-99 we investigated semen parameters, levels of reproductive hormones and general health factors of 196 men from the general population in Lithuania; from Estonia, 79 men from the general population and 118 soldiers were investigated. Adjusted for interlaboratory differences and abstinence period, sperm concentration of Lithuanian and Estonian men from the general populations were shown to be 55 and 67 million/mL, respectively. The Estonian soldiers had the highest sperm concentration, 82 million/mL. The frequencies of morphologically normal spermatozoa were 6.2, 7.7 and 9.6%, respectively. In contrast to the semen qualities, highest Inhibin B levels were detected in the Lithuanians (233 pg/mL) followed by Estonian men from the general population (220 pg/mL) and Estonian soldiers (185 pg/mL). The soldiers had also the lowest level of testosterone and oestradiol. The sperm counts of the Estonian and Lithuanian men investigated here are higher than recently shown for Norwegian, Danish, Estonian and Finnish men. Comparisons should be cautiously drawn as the groups are not completely comparable. Still, even within the Baltic region, geographically close and sharing common recent social history, differences in semen quality and levels of reproductive hormones are apparent.
20. Theory of Mind, Inhibitory Control, and Preschool-Age Children's Suggestibility in Different Interviewing Contexts
Science.gov (United States)
Scullin, Matthew H.; Bonner, Karri
2006-01-01
The current study examined the relations among 3- to 5-year-olds' theory of mind, inhibitory control, and three measures of suggestibility: yielding to suggestive questions (yield), shifting answers in response to negative feedback (shift), and accuracy in response to misleading questions during a pressured interview about a live event. Theory of…
1. Proteins Encoded in Genomic Regions Associated with Immune-Mediated Disease Physically Interact and Suggest Underlying Biology
Science.gov (United States)
Rossin, Elizabeth J.; Lage, Kasper; Raychaudhuri, Soumya; Xavier, Ramnik J.; Tatar, Diana; Benita, Yair
2011-01-01
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have defined over 150 genomic regions unequivocally containing variation predisposing to immune-mediated disease. Inferring disease biology from these observations, however, hinges on our ability to discover the molecular processes being perturbed by these risk variants. It has previously been observed that different genes harboring causal mutations for the same Mendelian disease often physically interact. We sought to evaluate the degree to which this is true of genes within strongly associated loci in complex disease. Using sets of loci defined in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Crohn's disease (CD) GWAS, we build protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks for genes within associated loci and find abundant physical interactions between protein products of associated genes. We apply multiple permutation approaches to show that these networks are more densely connected than chance expectation. To confirm biological relevance, we show that the components of the networks tend to be expressed in similar tissues relevant to the phenotypes in question, suggesting the network indicates common underlying processes perturbed by risk loci. Furthermore, we show that the RA and CD networks have predictive power by demonstrating that proteins in these networks, not encoded in the confirmed list of disease associated loci, are significantly enriched for association to the phenotypes in question in extended GWAS analysis. Finally, we test our method in 3 non-immune traits to assess its applicability to complex traits in general. We find that genes in loci associated to height and lipid levels assemble into significantly connected networks but did not detect excess connectivity among Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) loci beyond chance. Taken together, our results constitute evidence that, for many of the complex diseases studied here, common genetic associations implicate regions encoding proteins that physically interact in a preferential manner, in
2. Regional Personality Differences in Great Britain
Science.gov (United States)
Rentfrow, Peter J.; Jokela, Markus; Lamb, Michael E.
2015-01-01
Recent investigations indicate that personality traits are unevenly distributed geographically, with some traits being more prevalent in certain places than in others. The geographical distributions of personality traits are associated with a range of important political, economic, social, and health outcomes. The majority of research on this subject has focused on the geographical distributions and macro-level correlates of personality across nations or regions of the United States. The aim of the present investigation was to replicate and extend that past work by examining regional personality differences in Great Britain. Using a sample of nearly 400,000 British residents, we mapped the geographical distributions of the Big Five Personality traits across 380 Local Authority Districts and examined the associations with important political, economic, social, and health outcomes. The results revealed distinct geographical clusters, with neighboring regions displaying similar personality characteristics, and robust associations with the macro-level outcome variables. Overall, the patterns of results were similar to findings from past research. PMID:25803819
3. Age differences in suggestibility to contradictions of demonstrated knowledge: the influence of prior knowledge.
Science.gov (United States)
Umanath, Sharda
2016-11-01
4. Eliminating Age Differences in Children's and Adults' Suggestibility and Memory Conformity Effects
Science.gov (United States)
Otgaar, Henry; Howe, Mark L.; Brackmann, Nathalie; van Helvoort, Daniël H. J.
2017-01-01
We examined whether typical developmental trends in suggestion-induced false memories (i.e., age-related decrease) could be changed. Using theoretical principles from the spontaneous false memory field, we adapted 2 often-used false memory procedures: misinformation (Experiment 1) and memory conformity (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, 7- to…
5. Apple endophytic microbiota of different rootstock/scion combinations suggests a genotype-specific influence
Science.gov (United States)
The present study described the microbiota associated with three apple varieties, ‘Royal Gala’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Honey Crisp’, and two rootstocks, M.9, and M.M.111. The objectives were to 1) determine if the microbiota differs in different rootstocks and apple varieties, and 2) determine if...
6. Gender differences in recognition of toy faces suggest a contribution of experience
OpenAIRE
Ryan, Kaitlin F.; Gauthier, Isabel
2016-01-01
When there is a gender effect, women perform better then men in face recognition tasks. Prior work has not documented a male advantage on a face recognition task, suggesting that women may outperform men at face recognition generally either due to evolutionary reasons or the influence of social roles. Here, we question the idea that women excel at all face recognition and provide a proof of concept based on a face category for which men outperform women. We developed a test of face learning t...
7. Different Conditions of Formation Experienced by Iron Meteorites as Suggested by Neutron Diffraction Investigation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Francesco Grazzi
2018-01-01
Full Text Available In this communication, we report the results of a preliminary neutron diffraction investigation of iron meteorites. These planetary materials are mainly constituted by metallic iron with variable nickel contents, and, owing to their peculiar genesis, are considered to offer the best constrains on the early stages of planetary accretion. Nine different iron meteorites, representative of different chemical and structural groups, thought to have been formed in very different pressure and temperature conditions, were investigated, evidencing variances in crystallites size, texturing, and residual strain. The variability of these parameters and their relationship, were discussed in respect to possible diverse range of petrological conditions, mainly pressure and cooling rate, experienced by these materials during the crystallization stage and/or as consequence of post accretion events.
8. Mexico's four economies reflect regional differences, challenges
OpenAIRE
Canas, Jesus; Gutierrez, Emily
2015-01-01
The economic potential of Mexico’s four regions is defined by their industrial makeup, income per capita and how much of the labor force operates outside the formal economy. Recent government reforms could promote growth and reduce regional inequality.
9. Individual Differences in Young Children's Suggestibility: Relations to Event Memory, Language Abilities, Working Memory, and Executive Functioning
Science.gov (United States)
Roebers, C.M.; Schneider, W.
2005-01-01
In this paper, two empirical studies are presented in which an attempt was made to explain individual differences in two different aspects of 4-year-olds' suggestibility, that is, their ability to resist false suggestions and memory impairments due to prior misinformation. As sources of individual differences cognitive skills along the information…
10. Who suggests drinking less? Demographic and national differences in informal social controls on drinking.
Science.gov (United States)
Dietze, Paul; Ferris, Jason; Room, Robin
2013-11-01
The purpose of this study was to examine variation in reports of pressuring others to drink less, as a form of informal social control of drinking, across countries and different types of relationship to the respondent. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 19,945 respondents ages 18-69 years in 14 countries included in the data set of the Gender, Alcohol and Culture: An International Study (GENACIS). Outcome variables were respondents' reports of pressuring others to drink less (yes/no) across a variety of relationships (their partners, other family members, workmates, or friends). Multilevel, multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out on each outcome variable. The fixed-effects components included the Level 1 (individual) covariates of respondent age, gender, drinking status, and education level as well as the Level 2 (country level) covariates of percentage female drinkers and purchasing power parity. The random-effects components included country and current drinking status. Respondents most frequently reported pressuring male friends to drink less (18%), followed by male family members (other than partners, 15%), partners (15%), work colleagues (12%), female friends (9%), female family members (other than partners, 6%), and children (5%). There was marked variation across countries, with pressuring frequently reported in Uganda, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua across most relationship types. Multivariable logistic regression revealed consistent effects of gender, with women more likely than men to report pressuring others to drink less across most relationship types. The patterns in relation to education status and age were less consistent and varied across relationship type. Informal social control of drinking varies dramatically according to whom is most likely to pressure whom to drink less as well as the country in which people live.
11. Regional Differences in Food Consumption in Urban Mozambique
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Barslund, Mikkel Christoffer
A nationwide household survey for Mozambique is used to estimate a large censored food demand system with 12 food groups for the sample of urban households. Using the translog indirect utility approach, the censored nature of the data is addressed by estimating a system of Tobit equations...... with a recently suggested quasi maximum likelihood estimator. Augmenting the system with demographic and geographical variables in a theoretically consistent way, I find that differences in elasticities between regions are significant. The results show that regional variation has to be taken into account when...
12. Activation of different cerebral functional regions following ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Background: To explore the brain function regions characteristics of the acupoint combination, this study observed activity changes in the brain regions of healthy volunteers after acupuncture at both Taixi (KI3) and Taichong (LR3) (KI3 + LR3) and KI3 alone using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI).
13. Educational Inequality in the Minority Regions of Present Day China and Suggestions for the Government Regarding the Education Policy
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Ding Yueya
2006-01-01
Based on the research of new educational inequality in the minority regions of preset day China,this article points out the importance of educational equality principle in government's decision making and suggests tha ti tshould give top priority to ethnic minorities when distributing education resources,to develop their compulsory education and broaden meir opportunities to enter into postcompulsory education by the"differentiated but equal"principle.Perfect education policies and mechanism and lifelong education system are also pivotal for the attainment of the goal of educational equality.
14. Different structural requirements for functional ion pore transplantation suggest different gating mechanisms of NMDA and kainate receptors.
Science.gov (United States)
Villmann, Carmen; Hoffmann, Jutta; Werner, Markus; Kott, Sabine; Strutz-Seebohm, Nathalie; Nilsson, Tanja; Hollmann, Michael
2008-10-01
Although considerable progress has been made in characterizing the physiological function of the high-affinity kainate (KA) receptor subunits KA1 and KA2, no homomeric ion channel function has been shown. An ion channel transplantation approach was employed in this study to directly test if homomerically expressed KA1 and KA2 pore domains are capable of conducting currents. Transplantation of the ion pore of KA1 or KA2 into GluR6 generated perfectly functional ion channels that allowed characterization of those electrophysiological and pharmacological properties that are determined exclusively by the ion pore of KA1 or KA2. This demonstrates for the first time that KA1 and KA2 ion pore domains are intrinsically capable of conducting ions even in homomeric pore assemblies. NMDA receptors, similar to KA1- or KA2-containing receptors, function only as heteromeric complexes. They are composed of NR1 and NR2 subunits, which both are non-functional when expressed homomerically. In contrast to NR1, the homomeric NR2B ion pore failed to translate ligand binding into pore opening when transplanted into GluR6. Similarly, heteromeric coexpression of the ion channel domains of both NR1 and NR2 inserted into GluR6 failed to produce functional channels. Therefore, we conclude that the mechanism underlying the ion channel opening in the obligatorily heterotetrameric NMDA receptors differs significantly from that in the facultatively heterotetrameric alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate and KA receptors.
15. Structures of the Streptococcus sanguinis SrpA Binding Region with Human Sialoglycans Suggest Features of the Physiological Ligand.
Science.gov (United States)
Loukachevitch, Lioudmila V; Bensing, Barbara A; Yu, Hai; Zeng, Jie; Chen, Xi; Sullam, Paul M; Iverson, T M
2016-10-11
Streptococcus sanguinis is a leading cause of bacterial infective endocarditis, a life-threatening infection of heart valves. S. sanguinis binds to human platelets with high avidity, and this adherence is likely to enhance virulence. Previous studies suggest that a serine-rich repeat adhesin termed SrpA mediates the binding of S. sanguinis to human platelets via its interaction with sialoglycans on the receptor GPIbα. However, in vitro binding assays with SrpA and defined sialoglycans failed to identify specific high-affinity ligands. To improve our understanding of the interaction between SrpA and human platelets, we determined cocrystal structures of the SrpA sialoglycan binding region (SrpA BR ) with five low-affinity ligands: three sialylated trisaccharides (sialyl-T antigen, 3'-sialyllactose, and 3'-sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine), a sialylated tetrasaccharide (sialyl-Lewis X ), and a sialyl galactose disaccharide component common to these sialoglyans. We then combined structural analysis with mutagenesis to further determine whether our observed interactions between SrpA BR and glycans are important for binding to platelets and to better map the binding site for the physiological receptor. We found that the sialoglycan binding site of SrpA BR is significantly larger than the sialoglycans cocrystallized in this study, which suggests that binding of SrpA to platelets either is multivalent or occurs via a larger, disialylated glycan.
16. Achievements and suggestions of heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit for existing residential buildings in northern heating regions of China
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Yan Ding; Zhe Tian; Yong Wu; Neng Zhu
2011-01-01
In order to promote energy efficiency and emission reduction, the importance of improving building energy efficiency received sufficient attention from Chinese Government. The heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit for existing residential buildings of 0.15 billion m 2 in northern heating regions of China was initiated in 2007 and completed successfully at the end of 2010. This article introduced the background and outline of the retrofit project during the period of 11th five-year plan. Numerous achievements that received by retrofit such as environmental protection effect, improvement of indoor environment, improvement of heating system, investment guidance effect, promotion of relevant industries and increasing chances of employment were concluded. Valuable experience that acquired from the retrofit project during the period of 11th five-year plan was also summarized in this article. By analyzing the main problems emerged in the past, pertinent suggestions were put forward to promote a larger scale and more efficient retrofit project in the period of 12th five-year plan. - Highlights: →Successful implementation of a retrofit project in China is introduced. → Significance of the project contributing to emission reduction is analyzed. →Achievements are summarized and future suggestions are put forward.
17. Regional differences in temperature sensation and thermal comfort in humans.
Science.gov (United States)
Nakamura, Mayumi; Yoda, Tamae; Crawshaw, Larry I; Yasuhara, Saki; Saito, Yasuyo; Kasuga, Momoko; Nagashima, Kei; Kanosue, Kazuyuki
2008-12-01
Sensations evoked by thermal stimulation (temperature-related sensations) can be divided into two categories, "temperature sensation" and "thermal comfort." Although several studies have investigated regional differences in temperature sensation, less is known about the sensitivity differences in thermal comfort for the various body regions. In the present study, we examined regional differences in temperature-related sensations with special attention to thermal comfort. Healthy male subjects sitting in an environment of mild heat or cold were locally cooled or warmed with water-perfused stimulators. Areas stimulated were the face, chest, abdomen, and thigh. Temperature sensation and thermal comfort of the stimulated areas were reported by the subjects, as was whole body thermal comfort. During mild heat exposure, facial cooling was most comfortable and facial warming was most uncomfortable. On the other hand, during mild cold exposure, neither warming nor cooling of the face had a major effect. The chest and abdomen had characteristics opposite to those of the face. Local warming of the chest and abdomen did produce a strong comfort sensation during whole body cold exposure. The thermal comfort seen in this study suggests that if given the chance, humans would preferentially cool the head in the heat, and they would maintain the warmth of the trunk areas in the cold. The qualitative differences seen in thermal comfort for the various areas cannot be explained solely by the density or properties of the peripheral thermal receptors and thus must reflect processing mechanisms in the central nervous system.
18. Summed Probability Distribution of 14C Dates Suggests Regional Divergences in the Population Dynamics of the Jomon Period in Eastern Japan.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Enrico R Crema
Full Text Available Recent advances in the use of summed probability distribution (SPD of calibrated 14C dates have opened new possibilities for studying prehistoric demography. The degree of correlation between climate change and population dynamics can now be accurately quantified, and divergences in the demographic history of distinct geographic areas can be statistically assessed. Here we contribute to this research agenda by reconstructing the prehistoric population change of Jomon hunter-gatherers between 7,000 and 3,000 cal BP. We collected 1,433 14C dates from three different regions in Eastern Japan (Kanto, Aomori and Hokkaido and established that the observed fluctuations in the SPDs were statistically significant. We also introduced a new non-parametric permutation test for comparing multiple sets of SPDs that highlights point of divergences in the population history of different geographic regions. Our analyses indicate a general rise-and-fall pattern shared by the three regions but also some key regional differences during the 6th millennium cal BP. The results confirm some of the patterns suggested by previous archaeological studies based on house and site counts but offer statistical significance and an absolute chronological framework that will enable future studies aiming to establish potential correlation with climatic changes.
19. Regional differences in constituents of gall stones.
Science.gov (United States)
Ashok, M; Nageshwar Reddy, D; Jayanthi, V; Kalkura, S N; Vijayan, V; Gokulakrishnan, S; Nair, K G M
2005-01-01
The pathogenesis of pigment and mixed gall stone formation remains elusive. The elemental constituents of gall stones from southern states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka have been characterized. Our aim was to determine the elemental concentration of representative samples of pigment, mixed and cholesterol gall stones from Andhra Pradesh using proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) using a 3 MV horizontal pelletron accelerator. Pigment gall stones had significantly high concentrations of copper, iron and lead; chromium was absent. Except for iron all these elements were significantly low in cholesterol gall stones and intermediate levels were seen in mixed gall stones. Highest concentrations of chromium was seen in cholesterol and titanium in mixed gall stones respectively; latter similar to other southern states. Arsenic was distinctly absent in cholesterol and mixed gall stones. The study has identified differences in elemental components of the gall stones from Andhra Pradesh.
20. Analysis of Three Sugarcane Homo/Homeologous Regions Suggests Independent Polyploidization Events of Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum.
Science.gov (United States)
Vilela, Mariane de Mendonça; Del Bem, Luiz Eduardo; Van Sluys, Marie-Anne; de Setta, Nathalia; Kitajima, João Paulo; Cruz, Guilherme Marcelo Queiroga; Sforça, Danilo Augusto; de Souza, Anete Pereira; Ferreira, Paulo Cavalcanti Gomes; Grativol, Clícia; Cardoso-Silva, Claudio Benicio; Vicentini, Renato; Vincentz, Michel
2017-02-01
Whole genome duplication has played an important role in plant evolution and diversification. Sugarcane is an important crop with a complex hybrid polyploid genome, for which the process of adaptation to polyploidy is still poorly understood. In order to improve our knowledge about sugarcane genome evolution and the homo/homeologous gene expression balance, we sequenced and analyzed 27 BACs (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) of sugarcane R570 cultivar, containing the putative single-copy genes LFY (seven haplotypes), PHYC (four haplotypes), and TOR (seven haplotypes). Comparative genomic approaches showed that these sugarcane loci presented a high degree of conservation of gene content and collinearity (synteny) with sorghum and rice orthologous regions, but were invaded by transposable elements (TE). All the homo/homeologous haplotypes of LFY, PHYC, and TOR are likely to be functional, because they are all under purifying selection (dN/dS ≪ 1). However, they were found to participate in a nonequivalently manner to the overall expression of the corresponding gene. SNPs, indels, and amino acid substitutions allowed inferring the S. officinarum or S. spontaneum origin of the TOR haplotypes, which further led to the estimation that these two sugarcane ancestral species diverged between 2.5 and 3.5 Ma. In addition, analysis of shared TE insertions in TOR haplotypes suggested that two autopolyploidization may have occurred in the lineage that gave rise to S. officinarum, after its divergence from S. spontaneum. © The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.
1. Regional differences in adipocyte lactate production from glucose
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Newby, F.D.; Sykes, M.N.; DiGirolamo, M.
1988-01-01
2. Regional differences of the urinary proteomes in healthy Chinese individuals
OpenAIRE
Qin, Weiwei; Wu, Jianqiang; Pan, Li; Zhang, Fanshuang; Wang, Xiaorong; Zhang, Biao; Shan, Guangliang; Gao, Youhe
2017-01-01
Urine is a promising biomarker source for clinical proteomics studies. Although regional physiological differences are common in multi-center clinical studies, the presence of significant differences in the urinary proteomes of individuals from different regions remains unknown. In this study, morning urine samples were collected from healthy urban residents in three regions of China and urinary proteins were preserved using a membrane-based method (Urimem). The urine proteomes of 27 normal s...
3. ?1-Blockers in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Suggestive of Benign Prostatic Obstruction: Is Silodosin Different?
OpenAIRE
Roehrborn, Claus G.; Cruz, Francisco; Fusco, Ferdinando
2016-01-01
Available ?1-blockers (ABs) have different profiles of receptor selectivity. Silodosin exhibits the highest selectivity for the ?1A adrenergic receptor. This pharmacological feature couples with a singular urodynamic and clinical profile. The magnitude of bladder outlet obstruction improvement in patients receiving silodosin is higher if compared to other ABs. From a clinical point of view, current evidence suggests an advantage in favor of silodosin in terms of nocturia improvement and cardi...
4. Regional differences in homicide patterns in five areas of Japan.
Science.gov (United States)
Hata, N; Kominato, Y; Shimada, I; Takizawa, H; Fujikura, T; Morita, M; Funayama, M; Yoshioka, N; Touda, K; Gonmori, K; Misawa, S; Sakairi, Y; Sakamoto, N; Tanno, K; Thaik-Oo, M; Kiuchi, M; Fukumoto, Y; Sato, Y
2001-03-01
This article describes regional differences in the homicide patterns which occurred in Sapporo City and the surrounding area, and in Akita, Ibaraki, Chiba and Toyama prefectures in Japan. Information collected from each case of homicide included factors such as age, sex of the victim and assailant, causes of death, disposition of the offender, relationship between assailant and victim, reasons for criminal action, et al. The statistical features of homicidal episodes among the five different regions showed considerable variation, as follows. The mean death rates for homicide (number of victims per 100,000 of population) during the period 1986-1995 were 0.44 (Sapporo), 0.8 (Akita), 0.58 (Toyama), 0.7 (Ibaraki) and 0.75 (Chiba), respectively. Close family relationship between the victim and assailant was observed in the homicidal acts which occurred in Sapporo, Akita and Toyama. Assailant's relationship to victim was commonly extra-familial in Ibaraki and Chiba-neighboring megalopolis Tokyo, where some events of murder by a foreigner occurred. Homicide by female assailant, murder by mentally abnormal killers and homicide-suicide events were closely associated with family members. And these factors contributed to the considerable number of victims in Sapporo, Akita and Toyama. But, this close family relationship of the victim to the assailant did not correspond with the elevation in the number of deaths, and it was rather inversely related to the higher death rates recognized in Ibaraki and Chiba. This comparative study suggested that rapid urbanization considerably affects regional differences in homicide patterns.
5. Analysis of Copy Number Variation in the Abp Gene Regions of Two House Mouse Subspecies Suggests Divergence during the Gene Family Expansions.
Science.gov (United States)
Pezer, Željka; Chung, Amanda G; Karn, Robert C; Laukaitis, Christina M
2017-06-01
The Androgen-binding protein ( Abp ) gene region of the mouse genome contains 64 genes, some encoding pheromones that influence assortative mating between mice from different subspecies. Using CNVnator and quantitative PCR, we explored copy number variation in this gene family in natural populations of Mus musculus domesticus ( Mmd ) and Mus musculus musculus ( Mmm ), two subspecies of house mice that form a narrow hybrid zone in Central Europe. We found that copy number variation in the center of the Abp gene region is very common in wild Mmd , primarily representing the presence/absence of the final duplications described for the mouse genome. Clustering of Mmd individuals based on this variation did not reflect their geographical origin, suggesting no population divergence in the Abp gene cluster. However, copy number variation patterns differ substantially between Mmd and other mouse taxa. Large blocks of Abp genes are absent in Mmm , Mus musculus castaneus and an outgroup, Mus spretus , although with differences in variation and breakpoint locations. Our analysis calls into question the reliance on a reference genome for interpreting the detailed organization of genes in taxa more distant from the Mmd reference genome. The polymorphic nature of the gene family expansion in all four taxa suggests that the number of Abp genes, especially in the central gene region, is not critical to the survival and reproduction of the mouse. However, Abp haplotypes of variable length may serve as a source of raw genetic material for new signals influencing reproductive communication and thus speciation of mice. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.
6. Regional differences in job satisfaction for mainland Chinese nurses.
Science.gov (United States)
Tao, Hong; Zhang, Aihua; Hu, Jingchao; Zhang, Yaqing
2012-01-01
Although there is an abundance of research on nurses' job satisfaction, there is a paucity of publications on the regional differences that impact on nurses' job satisfaction. To compare the differences between northern and southern hospitals in Mainland China with respect to nurses' job satisfaction. A cross-sectional survey design was selected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t test, chi-square test, correlation, and linear regression. Nurses in northern hospitals were older, had higher educational levels yet received lower pay in comparison with their counterparts in the southern region. Despite these salary differences, those in the north consistently rated their job satisfaction greater in all areas except professional opportunities. Regional differences were related to nurses' job satisfaction. Potential contributing factors included philosophical, cultural, and economic differences between the 2 regions. The noteworthy regional differences that potentially related to nurse' job satisfaction should be investigated in future studies. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
7. Possible evidence for contemporary doming of the Adirondack Mountains, New York, and suggested implications for regional tectonics and seismicity
Science.gov (United States)
Isachsen, Y.W.
1975-01-01
The Adirondack Mountain massif is a dissected elongate dome having a north-northeast axis about 190 km long, and an east-west dimension of about 140 km. The dome exposes a core of Proterozoic metamorphic rocks from which the Paleozoic cover rocks have been eroded, except in several north-northeast-trending graben. The minimum amplitude of the dome, based on a 'reconstruction' of the Proterozoic-Paleozoic unconformity is 1600 m. The Adirondack dome is an anomalous feature of the eastern edge of the North American craton. It differs from other uplifts in the Interior Lowlands of the craton not only in terms of the greater combined amplitude and area of its uplift, but in the present high elevation of its Mountains (up to 1600 m) which are unequalled on the craton except along the Rocky Mountain front and in the Torngat Mountains of northernmost Labrador. This prompted an interest in the possibility that the Adirondack dome has undergone neotectonic regeneration and may be undergoing domical uplift at the present time. Accordingly, leveling records were consulted at the National Geodetic Survey data base in Rockville, Maryland, and used to construct leveling profiles. The most informative of these extends north-south along the block-faulted eastern flank of the Adirondack dome, extending from Saratoga Springs to Rouses Point, a distance of 245 km. A comparison of the level lines for 1955 and 1973 demonstrates that arching has occurred. An uplift of 40 mm along the central portion of the line, and a corresponding subsidence of 50 mm at the northern end, has produced a net increase in the amplitude of arching of 90 mm in the 18-year interval. This differential uplift, particularly with subsidence at the northern end, argues for a tectonic rather than glacio-isostatic mechanism. Pending releveling across the center of the Adirondack dome, it is tempting to extrapolate the releveling profile and suggest that the Adirondacks as a whole may be undergoing contemporary doming
8. Perception of the energy question in different regions of France
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Fouque, B.; Villaret, J.M.
1982-01-01
The authors first outline the main variables which account for regional differences in the perception of the energy question, and go on to discuss these differences and the factors underlying them [fr
9. Further investigation of the role of HLA-DPB1 in adult Hodgkin's disease (HD) suggests an influence on susceptibility to different HD subtypes.
OpenAIRE
Taylor, G.M.; Gokhale, D.A.; Crowther, D.; Woll, P.J.; Harris, M.; Ryder, D.; Ayres, M.; Radford, J.A.
1999-01-01
It has been suggested in a number of studies that susceptibility to adult Hodgkin's disease (HD) is influenced by the HLA class II region, and specifically by alleles at the HLA-DPB1 locus. Since HD is diagnostically complex, it is not clear whether different HLA-DPB1 alleles confer susceptibility to different HD subtypes. To clarify this we have extended a previous study to type DPB1 alleles in 147 adult HD patients from a single centre. We have analysed patients with nodular sclerosing (NS)...
10. Regional cost differences of hospital supply in Germany
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Lauterbach, Karl W.
2005-04-01
Full Text Available The intended adoption of a global reimbursement system for inpatient care in Germany envisions identical payments for identical treatments at different hospitals. This may lead to losses in some hospitals and may cause problems for the supply with health care facilities in the long run if there a important regional cost differences. Cost and performance data of 1112 hospitals in Germany have been analysed for regional differences in 2001: As regional categorizations we used official classification schemes based on centrality. The investigation does not support the postulation of additional payments for selected regions in Germany accounting for level cost-differences between hospitals. Confounding influence factors like ownership and hospital size seem to be more important. We recommend further investigations to evaluate regional cost-differences on the level of medical wards and using more risk-adjusted data. The examination of the individual case is necessary.
11. Stable isotopes suggest differences in diet between historic and reintroduced Przewalskís horses in the Gobi desert
Science.gov (United States)
Burnik Šturm, Martina; Spasskaya, Natalia N.; Sablin, Mikhail V.; Voigt, Christian C.; Kaczensky, Petra
2016-04-01
In historic times, two wild equid species, the Przewalski᾽s horse (PH; Equus ferus przewalskii) and the Asiatic wild ass (khulan, KH; Equus hemionus), roamed the Eurasian steppes. By the end of the 1960s, PHs had been driven to extinction in the wild and the range of KHs became severely restricted to the least productive habitats. However, PHs survived in captivity and reintroductions since the 1990s have brought the species back to parts of its native range in Mongolia and northern China where they again overlap with KHs. Ecological research on PHs and KHs has increased in recent years, but very little information is available on the ecology of the original PHs prior to extinction in the wild. We applied stable isotope analysis (13C, 15N, and 2H) of segmentally cut tail hair of PHs and KHs, collected during expeditions in NW China and SW Mongolia in 1889-1899, to draw inferences about the species feeding ecology. We compared tail hair isotope patterns of historic individuals to those of their extant counterparts from the Mongolian Gobi. A previous study of isotopic tail hair signatures of extant PHs (N=6) and KHs (N=6) suggested species specific differences in diet, with PHs being year-round grazers, but KHs switching between being grazers in summer and mixed feeders in winter (Burnik Šturm et al., in prep.). The comparison of isotope patterns of extant with historic samples confirms diet seasonality in historic KHs (N=3), but detects the same seasonality in five out of six PHs, suggesting that historic PHs had a different isotopic dietary niche than extant PHs. While we are still unable to fully understand the underlying reasons for this change in PHs, our results clearly suggest that the isotopic dietary niche of PHs was wider in the past, suggesting a higher diet flexibility, and overlapped with that of KHs, suggesting a high competition potential over Gobi pastures between the two equid species in historic times. Reference: Burnik Šturm, M., Ganbaatar, O
12. The Cognitive Differences According to Regionality and Mathematical Minds
Science.gov (United States)
Park, Inchan; Igarashi, Hiroya; Yamanaka, Toshimasa
The purpose of this research is to explore factors that create cognitive diversity. We studied two different ways of recognizing images in our preliminary experiment: attribute-oriented thoughts and relationship-oriented thoughts. We examined whether we could observe the divergences in recognition processes between Asian and European cultures. From the result, we found that European (Dutch and British) subjects had stronger tendencies in attribute-oriented thoughts than the Korean subjects. However, in spite of their regional similarity, the Japanese subjects had greater tendencies in attribute-oriented thoughts than Korean subjects when comparing two Asian countries. This result made us question if there would be any other factors that could create the cognitive differences. Through the consideration of the participants' educational background, we found a possibility that the mathematical thoughts of the European and Japanese subjects were greater than the Korean subjects. Furthermore, in our subsequent study, we discovered that mathematical minds (skill and interest) effected on creating attribute-oriented thoughts as factors. We found the interesting discovery of the Japanese male participants, who had different cognitive tendencies with their mathematical skills and interests; the male subjects who had high-leveled mathematical skills, and who liked mathematics showed stronger tendencies of Attribute-oriented thoughts than those who did not. Based on the result, a possibility was suggested that the Japanese males' strong mathematical minds might be one of the factors that create the cognitive difference between Japanese and Korean subjects in the preliminary experiment.
13. α1-Blockers in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Suggestive of Benign Prostatic Obstruction: Is Silodosin Different?
Science.gov (United States)
Roehrborn, Claus G; Cruz, Francisco; Fusco, Ferdinando
2017-01-01
Available α1-blockers (ABs) have different profiles of receptor selectivity. Silodosin exhibits the highest selectivity for the α 1A adrenergic receptor. This pharmacological feature couples with a singular urodynamic and clinical profile. The magnitude of bladder outlet obstruction improvement in patients receiving silodosin is higher if compared to other ABs. From a clinical point of view, current evidence suggests an advantage in favor of silodosin in terms of nocturia improvement and cardiovascular safety. The incidence of ejaculatory dysfunction with silodosin is higher compared to other Abs.
14. Pattern analysis and suggestion of energy efficiency retrofit for existing residential buildings in China's northern heating region
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lv Shilei; Wu Yong; Sun Jinying
2009-01-01
In China, Energy Efficiency Retrofit for Existing Residential Buildings (EERFERB) is faced with a fast development status. The Central Government decided to prompt the retrofit of 1.5x10 8 m 2 existing residential buildings in China's northern heating region during the '11th Five-Years Plan'. But, at present, the relative incentive policies and measurements are very insufficient. Especially, on the aspect of the retrofit pattern about the organization, retrofit content, investing and financing mode, the policy and management and other factors, no existing successful one can be spreaded into the whole northern heating region. This research not only analyzed the foreign advanced methods, drew lessons from their retrofit in Germany and Poland, but contrasted and analyzed energy efficiency retrofit demonstrations from Harbin, Tianjin, Tangshan and Baotou in China to get our domestic successful patterns and experience. Finally, some recommended retrofit patterns are presented, which can be applied for the instruction and decision-making for the Chinese local governments.
15. Proteins Encoded in Genomic Regions Associated with Immune-Mediated Disease Physically Interact and Suggest Underlying Biology
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rossin, Elizabeth J.; Hansen, Kasper Lage; Raychaudhuri, Soumya
2011-01-01
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have defined over 150 genomic regions unequivocally containing variation predisposing to immune-mediated disease. Inferring disease biology from these observations, however, hinges on our ability to discover the molecular processes being perturbed by these r......Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have defined over 150 genomic regions unequivocally containing variation predisposing to immune-mediated disease. Inferring disease biology from these observations, however, hinges on our ability to discover the molecular processes being perturbed...... in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Crohn's disease (CD) GWAS, we build protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks for genes within associated loci and find abundant physical interactions between protein products of associated genes. We apply multiple permutation approaches to show that these networks are more...... that the RA and CD networks have predictive power by demonstrating that proteins in these networks, not encoded in the confirmed list of disease associated loci, are significantly enriched for association to the phenotypes in question in extended GWAS analysis. Finally, we test our method in 3 non...
16. Correlated individual differences suggest a common mechanism underlying metacognition in visual perception and visual short-term memory.
Science.gov (United States)
2017-11-29
17. Patterns of bacteria-host associations suggest different ecological strategies between two reef building cold-water coral species
Science.gov (United States)
Meistertzheim, Anne.-Leila; Lartaud, Franck; Arnaud-Haond, Sophie; Kalenitchenko, Dimitri; Bessalam, Manon; Le Bris, Nadine; Galand, Pierre E.
2016-08-01
Cold-water corals (CWC) are main ecosystem engineers of the deep sea, and their reefs constitute hot-spots of biodiversity. However, their ecology remains poorly understood, particularly, the nature of the holobiont formed by corals with their associated bacterial communities. Here, we analyzed Madrepora oculata and Lophelia pertusa samples, collected from one location in a Mediterranean canyon in two different seasons (autumn and spring), in order to test for species specificity and temporal stability of the host-bacteria associations. The 16S rRNA sequencing revealed host-specific patterns of bacterial communities associated with L. pertusa and M. oculata, both in terms of community composition and diversity. All analyzed M. oculata polyps exhibited temporally and spatially similar bacterial communities dominated by haplotypes homologous to the known cnidarians-associated genus Endozoicomonas. In contrast, the bacterial communities associated with L. pertusa varied among polyps from the same colony, as well as among distinct colonies and between seasons. While the resilient consortium formed by M. oculata and its bacterial community fit the definition of holobiont, the versatility of the L. pertusa microbiome suggests that this association is more influenced by the environmental conditions or nutritional status. Our results thus highlight distinct host/microbes association strategies for these two closely related Scleractinians sharing the same habitat, suggesting distinct sensitivity to environmental change.
18. The association between ACE inhibitors and the complex regional pain syndrome: Suggestions for a neuro-inflammatory pathogenesis of CRPS.
Science.gov (United States)
de Mos, M; Huygen, F J P M; Stricker, B H Ch; Dieleman, J P; Sturkenboom, M C J M
2009-04-01
Antihypertensive drugs interact with mediators that are also involved in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), such a neuropeptides, adrenergic receptors, and vascular tone modulators. Therefore, we aimed to study the association between the use of antihypertensive drugs and CRPS onset. We conducted a population-based case-control study in the Integrated Primary Care Information (IPCI) database in the Netherlands. Cases were identified from electronic records (1996-2005) and included if they were confirmed during an expert visit (using IASP criteria), or if they had been diagnosed by a medical specialist. Up to four controls per cases were selected, matched on gender, age, calendar time, and injury. Exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics was assessed from the automated prescription records. Data were analyzed using multivariate conditional logistic regression. A total of 186 cases were matched to 697 controls (102 confirmed during an expert visit plus 84 with a specialist diagnosis). Current use of ACE inhibitors was associated with an increased risk of CRPS (OR(adjusted): 2.7, 95% CI: 1.1-6.8). The association was stronger if ACE inhibitors were used for a longer time period (OR(adjusted): 3.0, 95% CI: 1.1-8.1) and in higher dosages (OR(adjusted): 4.3, 95% CI: 1.4-13.7). None of the other antihypertensive drug classes was significantly associated with CRPS. We conclude that ACE inhibitor use is associated with CRPS onset and hypothesize that ACE inhibitors influence the neuro-inflammatory mechanisms that underlie CRPS by their interaction with the catabolism of substance P and bradykinin.
19. Microvascular characteristics of the acoustic fats: Novel data suggesting taxonomic differences between deep and shallow-diving odontocetes.
Science.gov (United States)
Gabler, Molly K; Gay, D Mark; Westgate, Andrew J; Koopman, Heather N
2018-04-01
Odontocetes have specialized mandibular fats, the extramandibular (EMFB) and intramandibular fat bodies (IMFB), which function as acoustic organs, receiving and channeling sound to the ear during hearing and echolocation. Recent strandings of beaked whales suggest that these fat bodies are susceptible to nitrogen (N 2 ) gas embolism and empirical evidence has shown that the N 2 solubility of these fat bodies is higher than that of blubber. Since N 2 gas will diffuse from blood into tissue at any blood/tissue interface and potentially form gas bubbles upon decompression, it is imperative to understand the extent of microvascularity in these specialized acoustic fats so that risk of embolism formation when diving can be estimated. Microvascular density was determined in the EMFB, IMFB, and blubber from 11 species representing three odontocete families. In all cases, the acoustic tissues had less (typically 1/3 to 1/2) microvasculature than did blubber, suggesting that capillary density in the acoustic tissues may be more constrained than in the blubber. However, even within these constraints there were clear phylogenetic differences. Ziphiid (Mesoplodon and Ziphius, 0.9 ± 0.4% and 0.7 ± 0.3% for EMFB and IMFB, respectively) and Kogiid families (1.2 ± 0.2% and 1.0 ± 0.01% for EMFB and IMFB, respectively) had significantly lower mean microvascular densities in the acoustic fats compared to the Delphinid species (Tursiops, Grampus, Stenella, and Globicephala, 1.3 ± 0.3% and 1.3 ± 0.3% for EMFB and IMFB, respectively). Overall, deep-diving beaked whales had less microvascularity in both mandibular fats and blubber compared to the shallow-diving Delphinids, which might suggest that there are differences in the N 2 dynamics associated with diving regime, phylogeny, and tissue type. These novel data should be incorporated into diving physiology models to further understand potential functional disruption of the acoustic tissues due to changes
20. Distribution of protein components of wheat from different regions
African Journals Online (AJOL)
kesiena
2012-06-07
Jun 7, 2012 ... The distribution of wheat protein components in different regions was researched to ..... properties of wheat gliadins II. effects on dynamic rheoligical ... fractions properties of wheat dough depending on molecular size and.
1. Radiosensitivity Differences Between Liver Metastases Based on Primary Histology Suggest Implications for Clinical Outcomes After Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ahmed, Kamran A.; Caudell, Jimmy J.; El-Haddad, Ghassan; Berglund, Anders E.; Welsh, Eric A.; Yue, Binglin; Hoffe, Sarah E.; Naghavi, Arash O.; Abuodeh, Yazan A.; Frakes, Jessica M.; Eschrich, Steven A.; Torres-Roca, Javier F.
2016-01-01
2. Radiosensitivity Differences Between Liver Metastases Based on Primary Histology Suggest Implications for Clinical Outcomes After Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Ahmed, Kamran A.; Caudell, Jimmy J. [Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (United States); El-Haddad, Ghassan [Department of Interventional Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (United States); Berglund, Anders E.; Welsh, Eric A. [Department of Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (United States); Yue, Binglin [Department of Biostastistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (United States); Hoffe, Sarah E.; Naghavi, Arash O.; Abuodeh, Yazan A.; Frakes, Jessica M. [Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (United States); Eschrich, Steven A. [Department of Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (United States); Torres-Roca, Javier F., E-mail: Javier.torresroca@moffitt.org [Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (United States)
2016-08-01
3. VDR regulation of microRNA differs across prostate cell models suggesting extremely flexible control of transcription.
Science.gov (United States)
Singh, Prashant K; Long, Mark D; Battaglia, Sebastiano; Hu, Qiang; Liu, Song; Sucheston-Campbell, Lara E; Campbell, Moray J
2015-01-01
The Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and is of therapeutic interest in cancer and other settings. Regulation of microRNA (miRNA) by the VDR appears to be important to mediate its actions, for example, to control cell growth. To identify if and to what extent VDR-regulated miRNA patterns change in prostate cancer progression, we undertook miRNA microarray analyses in 7 cell models representing non-malignant and malignant prostate cells (RWPE-1, RWPE-2, HPr1, HPr1AR, LNCaP, LNCaP-C4-2, and PC-3). To focus on primary VDR regulatory events, we undertook expression analyses after 30 minutes treatment with 1α,25(OH)2D3. Across all models, 111 miRNAs were significantly modulated by 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Of these, only 5 miRNAs were modulated in more than one cell model, and of these, only 3 miRNAs were modulated in the same direction. The patterns of miRNA regulation, and the networks they targeted, significantly distinguished the different cell types. Integration of 1α,25(OH)2D3-regulated miRNAs with published VDR ChIP-seq data showed significant enrichment of VDR peaks in flanking regions of miRNAs. Furthermore, mRNA and miRNA expression analyses in non-malignant RWPE-1 cells revealed patterns of miRNA and mRNA co-regulation; specifically, 13 significant reciprocal patterns were identified and these patterns were also observed in TCGA prostate cancer data. Lastly, motif search analysis revealed differential motif enrichment within VDR peaks flanking mRNA compared to miRNA genes. Together, this study revealed that miRNAs are rapidly regulated in a highly cell-type specific manner, and are significantly co-integrated with mRNA regulation.
4. Prey fish returned to Forster's tern colonies suggest spatial and temporal differences in fish composition and availability.
Science.gov (United States)
Peterson, Sarah H; Ackerman, Joshua T; Eagles-Smith, Collin A; Herzog, Mark P; Hartman, C Alex
2018-01-01
Predators sample the available prey community when foraging; thus, changes in the environment may be reflected by changes in predator diet and foraging preferences. We examined Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri) prey species over an 11-year period by sampling approximately 10,000 prey fish returned to 17 breeding colonies in south San Francisco Bay, California. We compared the species composition among repeatedly-sampled colonies (≥ 4 years), using both relative species abundance and the composition of total dry mass by species. Overall, the relative abundances of prey species at seven repeatedly-sampled tern colonies were more different than would be expected by chance, with the most notable differences in relative abundance observed between geographically distant colonies. In general, Mississippi silverside (Menidia audens) and topsmelt silverside (Atherinops affinis) comprised 42% of individuals and 40% of dry fish mass over the study period. Three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) comprised the next largest proportion of prey species by individuals (19%) but not by dry mass (6%). Five additional species each contributed ≥ 4% of total individuals collected over the study period: yellowfin goby (Acanthogobius flavimanus; 10%), longjaw mudsucker (Gillichthys mirabilis; 8%), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii; 6%), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax; 4%), and staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus; 4%). At some colonies, the relative abundance and biomass of specific prey species changed over time. In general, the abundance and dry mass of silversides increased, whereas the abundance and dry mass of three-spined stickleback and longjaw mudsucker decreased. As central place foragers, Forster's terns are limited in the distance they forage; thus, changes in the prey species returned to Forster's tern colonies suggest that the relative availability of some fish species in the environment has changed, possibly in response to alteration of the available habitat.
5. Prey fish returned to Forster’s tern colonies suggest spatial and temporal differences in fish composition and availability
Science.gov (United States)
Peterson, Sarah; Ackerman, Joshua T.; Eagles-Smith, Collin A.; Herzog, Mark; Hartman, C. Alex
2018-01-01
Predators sample the available prey community when foraging; thus, changes in the environment may be reflected by changes in predator diet and foraging preferences. We examined Forster’s tern (Sterna forsteri) prey species over an 11-year period by sampling approximately 10,000 prey fish returned to 17 breeding colonies in south San Francisco Bay, California. We compared the species composition among repeatedly-sampled colonies (≥ 4 years), using both relative species abundance and the composition of total dry mass by species. Overall, the relative abundances of prey species at seven repeatedly-sampled tern colonies were more different than would be expected by chance, with the most notable differences in relative abundance observed between geographically distant colonies. In general, Mississippi silverside (Menidia audens) and topsmelt silverside (Atherinops affinis) comprised 42% of individuals and 40% of dry fish mass over the study period. Three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) comprised the next largest proportion of prey species by individuals (19%) but not by dry mass (6%). Five additional species each contributed ≥ 4% of total individuals collected over the study period: yellowfin goby (Acanthogobius flavimanus; 10%), longjaw mudsucker (Gillichthys mirabilis; 8%), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii; 6%), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax; 4%), and staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus; 4%). At some colonies, the relative abundance and biomass of specific prey species changed over time. In general, the abundance and dry mass of silversides increased, whereas the abundance and dry mass of three-spined stickleback and longjaw mudsucker decreased. As central place foragers, Forster’s terns are limited in the distance they forage; thus, changes in the prey species returned to Forster’s tern colonies suggest that the relative availability of some fish species in the environment has changed, possibly in response to alteration of the available
6. Molecular Diversity of Anthracnose Pathogen Populations Associated with UK Strawberry Production Suggests Multiple Introductions of Three Different Colletotrichum Species.
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Riccardo Baroncelli
Full Text Available Fragaria × ananassa (common name: strawberry is a globally cultivated hybrid species belonging to Rosaceae family. Colletotrichum acutatum sensu lato (s.l. is considered to be the second most economically important pathogen worldwide affecting strawberries. A collection of 148 Colletotrichum spp. isolates including 67 C. acutatum s.l. isolates associated with the phytosanitary history of UK strawberry production were used to characterize multi-locus genetic variation of this pathogen in the UK, relative to additional reference isolates that represent a worldwide sampling of the diversity of the fungus. The evidence indicates that three different species C. nymphaeae, C. godetiae and C. fioriniae are associated with strawberry production in the UK, which correspond to previously designated genetic groups A2, A4 and A3, respectively. Among these species, 12 distinct haplotypes were identified suggesting multiple introductions into the country. A subset of isolates was also used to compare aggressiveness in causing disease on strawberry plants and fruits. Isolates belonging to C. nymphaeae, C. godetiae and C. fioriniae representative of the UK anthracnose pathogen populations showed variation in their aggressiveness. Among the three species, C. nymphaeae and C. fioriniae appeared to be more aggressive compared to C. godetiae. This study highlights the genetic and pathogenic heterogeneity of the C. acutatum s.l. populations introduced into the UK linked to strawberry production.
7. Molecular Diversity of Anthracnose Pathogen Populations Associated with UK Strawberry Production Suggests Multiple Introductions of Three Different Colletotrichum Species
Science.gov (United States)
Baroncelli, Riccardo; Zapparata, Antonio; Sarrocco, Sabrina; Sukno, Serenella A.; Lane, Charles R.; Thon, Michael R.; Vannacci, Giovanni; Holub, Eric; Sreenivasaprasad, Surapareddy
2015-01-01
Fragaria × ananassa (common name: strawberry) is a globally cultivated hybrid species belonging to Rosaceae family. Colletotrichum acutatum sensu lato (s.l.) is considered to be the second most economically important pathogen worldwide affecting strawberries. A collection of 148 Colletotrichum spp. isolates including 67 C. acutatum s.l. isolates associated with the phytosanitary history of UK strawberry production were used to characterize multi-locus genetic variation of this pathogen in the UK, relative to additional reference isolates that represent a worldwide sampling of the diversity of the fungus. The evidence indicates that three different species C. nymphaeae, C. godetiae and C. fioriniae are associated with strawberry production in the UK, which correspond to previously designated genetic groups A2, A4 and A3, respectively. Among these species, 12 distinct haplotypes were identified suggesting multiple introductions into the country. A subset of isolates was also used to compare aggressiveness in causing disease on strawberry plants and fruits. Isolates belonging to C. nymphaeae, C. godetiae and C. fioriniae representative of the UK anthracnose pathogen populations showed variation in their aggressiveness. Among the three species, C. nymphaeae and C. fioriniae appeared to be more aggressive compared to C. godetiae. This study highlights the genetic and pathogenic heterogeneity of the C. acutatum s.l. populations introduced into the UK linked to strawberry production. PMID:26086351
8. On the Regional Birth Rate Differences in Uzbekistan
OpenAIRE
Shukurov, Sobir
2015-01-01
The purpose of this study is to investigate, theoretically and empirically, regional variation in crude birthrates in Uzbekistan at a provincial (viloyat) level for the period 1991-2010. Also, it offers maps showing the provincial crude birth rates for this period, and probe the ways in which regional fertility differences have arisen. A panel data analysis is also carried out to explain determinants of birth rates. The findings of this study underline that increased women’s particip...
9. Extreme MHC class I diversity in the sedge warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus); selection patterns and allelic divergence suggest that different genes have different functions.
Science.gov (United States)
Biedrzycka, Aleksandra; O'Connor, Emily; Sebastian, Alvaro; Migalska, Magdalena; Radwan, Jacek; Zając, Tadeusz; Bielański, Wojciech; Solarz, Wojciech; Ćmiel, Adam; Westerdahl, Helena
2017-07-05
Recent work suggests that gene duplications may play an important role in the evolution of immunity genes. Passerine birds, and in particular Sylvioidea warblers, have highly duplicated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, which are key in immunity, compared to other vertebrates. However, reasons for this high MHC gene copy number are yet unclear. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) allows MHC genotyping even in individuals with extremely duplicated genes. This HTS data can reveal evidence of selection, which may help to unravel the putative functions of different gene copies, i.e. neofunctionalization. We performed exhaustive genotyping of MHC class I in a Sylvioidea warbler, the sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, using the Illumina MiSeq technique on individuals from a wild study population. The MHC diversity in 863 genotyped individuals by far exceeds that of any other bird species described to date. A single individual could carry up to 65 different alleles, a large proportion of which are expressed (transcribed). The MHC alleles were of three different lengths differing in evidence of selection, diversity and divergence within our study population. Alleles without any deletions and alleles containing a 6 bp deletion showed characteristics of classical MHC genes, with evidence of multiple sites subject to positive selection and high sequence divergence. In contrast, alleles containing a 3 bp deletion had no sites subject to positive selection and had low divergence. Our results suggest that sedge warbler MHC alleles that either have no deletion, or contain a 6 bp deletion, encode classical antigen presenting MHC molecules. In contrast, MHC alleles containing a 3 bp deletion may encode molecules with a different function. This study demonstrates that highly duplicated MHC genes can be characterised with HTS and that selection patterns can be useful for revealing neofunctionalization. Importantly, our results highlight the need to consider the
10. Internalin profiling and multilocus sequence typing suggest four Listeria innocua subgroups with different evolutionary distances from Listeria monocytogenes.
Science.gov (United States)
Chen, Jianshun; Chen, Qiaomiao; Jiang, Lingli; Cheng, Changyong; Bai, Fan; Wang, Jun; Mo, Fan; Fang, Weihuan
2010-03-31
Ecological, biochemical and genetic resemblance as well as clear differences of virulence between L. monocytogenes and L. innocua make this bacterial clade attractive as a model to examine evolution of pathogenicity. This study was attempted to examine the population structure of L. innocua and the microevolution in the L. innocua-L. monocytogenes clade via profiling of 37 internalin genes and multilocus sequence typing based on the sequences of 9 unlinked genes gyrB, sigB, dapE, hisJ, ribC, purM, gap, tuf and betL. L. innocua was genetically monophyletic compared to L. monocytogenes, and comprised four subgroups. Subgroups A and B correlated with internalin types 1 and 3 (except the strain 0063 belonging to subgroup C) and internalin types 2 and 4 respectively. The majority of L. innocua strains belonged to these two subgroups. Subgroup A harbored a whole set of L. monocytogenes-L. innocua common and L. innocua-specific internalin genes, and displayed higher recombination rates than those of subgroup B, including the relative frequency of occurrence of recombination versus mutation (rho/theta) and the relative effect of recombination versus point mutation (r/m). Subgroup A also exhibited a significantly smaller exterior/interior branch length ratio than expected under the coalescent model, suggesting a recent expansion of its population size. The phylogram based on the analysis with correction for recombination revealed that the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of L. innocua subgroups A and B were similar. Additionally, subgroup D, which correlated with internalin type 5, branched off from the other three subgroups. All L. innocua strains lacked seventeen virulence genes found in L. monocytogenes (except for the subgroup D strain L43 harboring inlJ and two subgroup B strains bearing bsh) and were nonpathogenic to mice. L. innocua represents a young species descending from L. monocytogenes and comprises four subgroups: two major subgroups A and B
11. Internalin profiling and multilocus sequence typing suggest four Listeria innocua subgroups with different evolutionary distances from Listeria monocytogenes
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01
Background Ecological, biochemical and genetic resemblance as well as clear differences of virulence between L. monocytogenes and L. innocua make this bacterial clade attractive as a model to examine evolution of pathogenicity. This study was attempted to examine the population structure of L. innocua and the microevolution in the L. innocua-L. monocytogenes clade via profiling of 37 internalin genes and multilocus sequence typing based on the sequences of 9 unlinked genes gyrB, sigB, dapE, hisJ, ribC, purM, gap, tuf and betL. Results L. innocua was genetically monophyletic compared to L. monocytogenes, and comprised four subgroups. Subgroups A and B correlated with internalin types 1 and 3 (except the strain 0063 belonging to subgroup C) and internalin types 2 and 4 respectively. The majority of L. innocua strains belonged to these two subgroups. Subgroup A harbored a whole set of L. monocytogenes-L. innocua common and L. innocua-specific internalin genes, and displayed higher recombination rates than those of subgroup B, including the relative frequency of occurrence of recombination versus mutation (ρ/θ) and the relative effect of recombination versus point mutation (r/m). Subgroup A also exhibited a significantly smaller exterior/interior branch length ratio than expected under the coalescent model, suggesting a recent expansion of its population size. The phylogram based on the analysis with correction for recombination revealed that the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of L. innocua subgroups A and B were similar. Additionally, subgroup D, which correlated with internalin type 5, branched off from the other three subgroups. All L. innocua strains lacked seventeen virulence genes found in L. monocytogenes (except for the subgroup D strain L43 harboring inlJ and two subgroup B strains bearing bsh) and were nonpathogenic to mice. Conclusions L. innocua represents a young species descending from L. monocytogenes and comprises four subgroups: two
12. Internalin profiling and multilocus sequence typing suggest four Listeria innocua subgroups with different evolutionary distances from Listeria monocytogenes
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Wang Jun
2010-03-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Ecological, biochemical and genetic resemblance as well as clear differences of virulence between L. monocytogenes and L. innocua make this bacterial clade attractive as a model to examine evolution of pathogenicity. This study was attempted to examine the population structure of L. innocua and the microevolution in the L. innocua-L. monocytogenes clade via profiling of 37 internalin genes and multilocus sequence typing based on the sequences of 9 unlinked genes gyrB, sigB, dapE, hisJ, ribC, purM, gap, tuf and betL. Results L. innocua was genetically monophyletic compared to L. monocytogenes, and comprised four subgroups. Subgroups A and B correlated with internalin types 1 and 3 (except the strain 0063 belonging to subgroup C and internalin types 2 and 4 respectively. The majority of L. innocua strains belonged to these two subgroups. Subgroup A harbored a whole set of L. monocytogenes-L. innocua common and L. innocua-specific internalin genes, and displayed higher recombination rates than those of subgroup B, including the relative frequency of occurrence of recombination versus mutation (ρ/θ and the relative effect of recombination versus point mutation (r/m. Subgroup A also exhibited a significantly smaller exterior/interior branch length ratio than expected under the coalescent model, suggesting a recent expansion of its population size. The phylogram based on the analysis with correction for recombination revealed that the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA of L. innocua subgroups A and B were similar. Additionally, subgroup D, which correlated with internalin type 5, branched off from the other three subgroups. All L. innocua strains lacked seventeen virulence genes found in L. monocytogenes (except for the subgroup D strain L43 harboring inlJ and two subgroup B strains bearing bsh and were nonpathogenic to mice. Conclusions L. innocua represents a young species descending from L. monocytogenes and
13. Evaluating the Impact of Regional Marketing Projects on the Development of Regions from Different Stakeholder Perspectives
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Kunze Kim-Kathrin
2014-01-01
Full Text Available In the competition for economically attractive stakeholders, regions have to implement strategies to gain and adhere those interest groups. Empirical studies concerning the migration motivations show that it is not only labor market but also soft locational factors of the social environment, nature and landscape that are of high importance: A majority of the population is willing to move or rather stay at a special place because of such soft locational factors. This study examines the impact of regional marketing projects on the development of regions from the perspectives of inhabitants and tourists as well as general attributes to measure a region’s attractiveness from the perspective of high potentials. We argue that those projects that fit to the region and its unique selling propositions contribute to positioning and building location brand value. We show that projects have a socio-economic effect on the attitude towards regions and contribute to building location brand value. An analysis of group differences shows that the project influence on the region and region attractiveness are perceived in significantly different manner depending on the knowledge level of the stakeholder group. Consequently, one should increase the awareness of marketing activities and regions and focus on soft locational factors while establishing and positioning a region brand.
14. Age-and Brain Region-Specific Differences in Mitochondrial ...
Science.gov (United States)
Mitochondria are central regulators of energy homeostasis and play a pivotal role in mechanisms of cellular senescence. The objective of the present study was to evaluate mitochondrial bio-energetic parameters in five brain regions [brainstem (BS), frontal cortex (FC), cerebellum (CER), striatum (STR), hippocampus (HIP)] of four diverse age groups [1 Month (young), 4 Month (adult), 12 Month (middle-aged), 24 Month (old age)] to understand age-related differences in selected brain regions and their contribution to age-related chemical sensitivity. Mitochondrial bioenergetics parameters and enzyme activity were measured under identical conditions across multiple age groups and brain regions in Brown Norway rats (n = 5). The results indicate age- and brain region-specific patterns in mitochondrial functional endpoints. For example, an age-specific decline in ATP synthesis (State 111 respiration) was observed in BS and HIP. Similarly, the maximal respiratory capacities (State V1 and V2) showed age-specific declines in all brain regions examined (young > adult > middle-aged > old age). Amongst all regions, HIP had the greatest change in mitochondrial bioenergetics, showing declines in the 4, 12 and 24 Month age groups. Activities of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) and electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I, II, and IV enzymes were also age- and brain-region specific. In general changes associated with age were more pronounced, with
15. Two new cases with microdeletion of 17q23.2 suggest presence of a candidate gene for sensorineural hearing loss within this region
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Schönewolf-Greulich, Bitten; Ronan, Anne; Ravn, Kristine
2011-01-01
Microdeletion of the 17q23.2 region has very recently been suggested as a new emerging syndrome based on the finding of 8 cases with common phenotypes including mild-to-moderate developmental delay, heart defects, microcephaly, postnatal growth retardation, and hand, foot, and limb abnormalities...
16. Characterization of Multifloral Honeys of Pervari Region with Different Properties
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mehmet Emre EREZ
2015-03-01
Full Text Available The quality of honey from Pervari region was almost known by all over the country in Turkey. This study was undertaken to determine (i physico-chemical parameters, (ii antimicrobial analysis and (iii pollen estimation method with expert computer system obtained from three different sites of Pervari region (Siirt/Turkey. For physico-chemical parameters; moisture, free acidity, diastase activity, hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF, invert sugar, ash, commercial glucose and proline analysis were examined. For anti-microbial analysis disc dilution method were studied on six different bacteria species. For pollen analysis; different and new expert computer system was used for comparison of pollen of plants and honey samples. The aim of the study was to evaluate the properties of multi floral honey determined from three different locations in the same region and the way to understand to which plants were visited by the bees with comparing of pollen grains of flowers and honey by using the expert computer system. Honey samples of Pervari region were of acceptable quality based on recommended criteria of Turkish Food Codex and International Honey Commission.
17. Socioeconomic determinants of regional mortality differences in Europe
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Spijker, Jeroen Johannes Anthonius
2004-01-01
This thesis has attempted to assess the importance of various socioeconomic and other factors in mortality at the population level in three different settings: in Europe at the country level, and in the Czech Republic and the Netherlands at the regional level. Each analysis was conducted from a
18. Regional and Gender Differences and Trends in the Anesthesiologist Workforce.
Science.gov (United States)
Baird, Matthew; Daugherty, Lindsay; Kumar, Krishna B; Arifkhanova, Aziza
2015-11-01
Concerns have long existed about potential shortages in the anesthesiologist workforce. In addition, many changes have occurred in the economy, demographics, and the healthcare sector in the last few years, which may impact the workforce. The authors documented workforce trends by region of the United States and gender, trends that may have implications for the supply and demand of anesthesiologists. The authors conducted a national survey of American Society of Anesthesiologists members (accounting for >80% of all practicing anesthesiologists in the United States) in 2007 and repeated it in 2013. The authors used logistic regression analysis and Seemingly Unrelated Regression to test across several indicators under an overarching hypothesis. Anesthesiologists in Western states had markedly different patterns of practice relative to anesthesiologists in other regions in 2007 and 2013, including differences in employer type, the composition of anesthesia teams, and the time spent on monitored anesthesia care. The number and proportion of female anesthesiologists in the workforce increased between 2007 and 2013, and females differed from males in employment arrangements, compensation, and work hours. Regional differences remained stable during this time period although the reasons for these differences are speculative. Similarly, how and whether the gender difference in work hours and shift to younger anesthesiologists during this period will impact workforce needs is uncertain.
19. Regional Air Pollutions in Three Different Regions of Asia From a Transcontinental Transport Perspective
Science.gov (United States)
Pochanart, P.; Kanaya, Y.; Komazaki, Y.; Liu, Y.; Akimoto, H.
2007-12-01
Asia is known as one of the regions with the fastest rate of growing in industrialization and urbanization. As a result, the rapid increases of large-scale air pollution in Asia emerge as a serious concern at both domestic and international levels. Apart from the problems of air quality degradation, emission control, environmental risk, and health effect in a domestic level, evidences from scientific studies indicate that by the long-range transport, Asian air pollution is becoming a global problem. Observations and model studies confirm that air pollution from Asia could be transported to North America or farther. In this work, we investigate the Asian air pollutions, in particular ozone and some other atmospheric components such as carbon monoxide and black carbon, from the ground- based observations in the three different regions, namely 1) background region of Siberia and central Asia, 2) highly anthropogenic region in eastern China, and 3) the rim region of the Asia-Pacific. In a transcontinental transport perspective, these regions are regarded as the inflow region, source region, and outflow region of Asia, respectively. From the results, it is found that the influences from large-scale emission in East Asia are observed clearly in the source region, and to the significant extent in the outflow region. For the inflow region of Asia, our data in Siberia and Kyrgyzstan indicate that air masses in this region are mostly intact from large-scale anthropogenic emission, and remain much of the global background atmospheric pollution characteristic. When the air masses are transported to source region, the air pollutants level increased sharply and frequent episodes of extremely high pollutions have been observed. Our results show good correlation between the residence time of air masses over the source region in eastern China and the observed levels of air pollutants verifying the strong enhancements by anthropogenic emissions from industrialization and
20. Regional Clinical and Biochemical Differences among Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Özer Makay
2017-02-01
Full Text Available Background: Environmental habitat may play a role in clinical disparities of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT patients. Aims: To compare preoperative clinical symptoms and associated conditions and surgical findings in patients with pHPT, living in different geographical regions from the Black Sea, Mediterranean and Anatolia regions. Study Design: Retrospective, clinical-based multi-centric study of 694 patients with pHPT. Methods: Patients from 23 centers and 8 different geographical regions were included. Data related to baseline demographics, clinical, pathologic and treatment characteristics of 8 regions were collected and included age, gender, residential data, symptoms, history of fracture, existence of brown tumor, serum total Ca and p levels, serum parathormone (PTH levels, serum 25-OH vitamin D levels, bone mineral density, size of the resected abnormal parathyroid gland(s, histology, as well as the presence of ectopia, presence of dual adenoma, and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN- or familial-related disease. Results: The median age was 54. Asymptomatic patient rate was 25%. The median PTH level was 232 pg/mL and serum total Ca was 11.4 mg/dL. Eighty-seven percent of patients had an adenoma and 90% of these had a single adenoma. Hyperplasia was detected in 79 patients and cancer in 9 patients. The median adenoma size was 16 mm. Significant parameters differing between regions were preoperative symptoms, serum Ca and p levels, and adenoma size. All patients from South-East Anatolia were symptomatic, while the lowest p values were reported from East Anatolia and the largest adenoma size, as well as highest Ca levels, were from Bulgaria. Conclusion: Habitat conditions vary between geographical regions. This affects the clinicopathological features of patients with pHPT
1. Regional differences in the CO_2 emissions of China's iron and steel industry: Regional heterogeneity
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Xu, Bin; Lin, Boqiang
2016-01-01
Identifying the key influencing factors of CO_2 emissions in China's iron and steel industry is vital for mitigating its emissions and formulating effective environmental protection measures. Most of the existing researches utilized time series data to investigate the driving factors of the industry's CO_2 emission at the national level, but regional differences have not been given appropriate attention. This paper adopts provincial panel data from 2000 to 2013 and panel data models to examine the key driving forces of CO_2 emissions at the regional levels in China. The results show that industrialization dominates the industry's CO_2 emissions, but its effect varies across regions. The impact of energy efficiency on CO_2 emissions in the eastern region is greater than in the central and western regions because of a huge difference in R&D investment. The influence of urbanization has significant regional differences due to the heterogeneity in human capital accumulation and real estate development. Energy structure has large potential to mitigate CO_2 emissions on account of increased R&D investment in energy-saving technology and expanded clean energy use. Hence, in order to effectively achieve emission reduction, local governments should consider all these factors as well as regional heterogeneity in formulating appropriate mitigation policies. - Highlights: • We explore the driving forces of CO_2 emissions in China's steel industry. • Industrialization dominates CO_2 emissions in the iron and steel industry. • Energy structure has large potential to mitigate CO_2 emissions in the steel industry. • The influence of urbanization has significant regional differences.
2. Stillbirth prevalence in Brazil: an exploration of regional differences.
Science.gov (United States)
Carvalho, Taiana Silva; Pellanda, Lucia Campos; Doyle, Pat
3. Dose estimation of interventional cardiologists in different body regions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Borba, Iana Q. de; Luz, Renata M. da; Capaverde, Alexandre S.; Silva, Ana M. Marques da; Caramori, Paulo Ricardo Avancini
2015-01-01
Interventional radiology is one of the medical specialties that provides the highest doses to professionals, widely used in cardiology, being called interventional cardiology. In order to contribute to the optimization of occupational radiation protection in interventional cardiology procedures, the aim of this study is to evaluate the dose estimation received in different body regions by physicians in interventional cardiology procedures. Two physicians were followed, named as A and B, during one month period, performing a total of 127 procedures (70 for A and 57 for B) of interventional cardiology. During the procedures, dosimeters in different body regions beyond the full-body dosimeter were positioned. The results showed the highest values for the estimated dose received by workers were in the right wrist and left side face regions, for the physician A, and in the left knee and left side face, for the physician B. Results demonstrate the importance of using individual protection equipment by physicians in interventional cardiology, including lead glasses, besides monitoring dosimeters for other body regions, such as wrist, face and knee. (author)
4. What lies beneath: sub-articular long bone shape scaling in eutherian mammals and saurischian dinosaurs suggests different locomotor adaptations for gigantism.
Science.gov (United States)
Bonnan, Matthew F; Wilhite, D Ray; Masters, Simon L; Yates, Adam M; Gardner, Christine K; Aguiar, Adam
2013-01-01
Eutherian mammals and saurischian dinosaurs both evolved lineages of huge terrestrial herbivores. Although significantly more saurischian dinosaurs were giants than eutherians, the long bones of both taxa scale similarly and suggest that locomotion was dynamically similar. However, articular cartilage is thin in eutherian mammals but thick in saurischian dinosaurs, differences that could have contributed to, or limited, how frequently gigantism evolved. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that sub-articular bone, which supports the articular cartilage, changes shape in different ways between terrestrial mammals and dinosaurs with increasing size. Our sample consisted of giant mammal and reptile taxa (i.e., elephants, rhinos, sauropods) plus erect and non-erect outgroups with thin and thick articular cartilage. Our results show that eutherian mammal sub-articular shape becomes narrow with well-defined surface features as size increases. In contrast, this region in saurischian dinosaurs expands and remains gently convex with increasing size. Similar trends were observed in non-erect outgroup taxa (monotremes, alligators), showing that the trends we report are posture-independent. These differences support our hypothesis that sub-articular shape scales differently between eutherian mammals and saurischian dinosaurs. Our results show that articular cartilage thickness and sub-articular shape are correlated. In mammals, joints become ever more congruent and thinner with increasing size, whereas archosaur joints remained both congruent and thick, especially in sauropods. We suggest that gigantism occurs less frequently in mammals, in part, because joints composed of thin articular cartilage can only become so congruent before stress cannot be effectively alleviated. In contrast, frequent gigantism in saurischian dinosaurs may be explained, in part, by joints with thick articular cartilage that can deform across large areas with increasing load.
5. What lies beneath: sub-articular long bone shape scaling in eutherian mammals and saurischian dinosaurs suggests different locomotor adaptations for gigantism.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Matthew F Bonnan
Full Text Available Eutherian mammals and saurischian dinosaurs both evolved lineages of huge terrestrial herbivores. Although significantly more saurischian dinosaurs were giants than eutherians, the long bones of both taxa scale similarly and suggest that locomotion was dynamically similar. However, articular cartilage is thin in eutherian mammals but thick in saurischian dinosaurs, differences that could have contributed to, or limited, how frequently gigantism evolved. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that sub-articular bone, which supports the articular cartilage, changes shape in different ways between terrestrial mammals and dinosaurs with increasing size. Our sample consisted of giant mammal and reptile taxa (i.e., elephants, rhinos, sauropods plus erect and non-erect outgroups with thin and thick articular cartilage. Our results show that eutherian mammal sub-articular shape becomes narrow with well-defined surface features as size increases. In contrast, this region in saurischian dinosaurs expands and remains gently convex with increasing size. Similar trends were observed in non-erect outgroup taxa (monotremes, alligators, showing that the trends we report are posture-independent. These differences support our hypothesis that sub-articular shape scales differently between eutherian mammals and saurischian dinosaurs. Our results show that articular cartilage thickness and sub-articular shape are correlated. In mammals, joints become ever more congruent and thinner with increasing size, whereas archosaur joints remained both congruent and thick, especially in sauropods. We suggest that gigantism occurs less frequently in mammals, in part, because joints composed of thin articular cartilage can only become so congruent before stress cannot be effectively alleviated. In contrast, frequent gigantism in saurischian dinosaurs may be explained, in part, by joints with thick articular cartilage that can deform across large areas with increasing load.
6. A simplified study of public perception in the nuclear field: suggestions for educational campaign for different segments of society
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Almeida, Renata Araujo de
2011-01-01
During the last years the need for the increase in the electricity energy production as much as in Brazil as in the rest of the world, has raised the tone o the debate about the environmental impacts as a result of these debates, the government and the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO's) have requested several opinion researches aiming at measuring and evaluating the knowledge and perception of the public in relation to the best non-polluting energy sources. Prior to 2001 these researches would not make any sense in Brazil as the majority of its power grid is made of hydroelectric plants, a renewable energy source. However, when in that year it occurred a drought, the competent authorities have faced the necessity of developing a plan, the National Energy Plan (PNE2030) which recommends, among other objectives, finalizing the construction of the Angra 3 plant and the implementation Df new nuclear plants in places still to be determined. Even considering the complexity of the subject, this paper presents a field research realized from September 28th, 2010 to October 28th, 2010 of the current level of perception of the Brazilian population, specifically the residents of three cities of Rio de Janeiro, about the nuclear area. As a result of this work, it is suggested how the competent authorities should proceed to reach in an efficient manner, by means of communication campaigns both informative and educational, a greater understanding of the population about the proposed subject. (author)
7. Different redox sensitivity of endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation clients suggests a novel role for disulphide bonds in secretory proteins.
Science.gov (United States)
Medraño-Fernandez, Iria; Fagioli, Claudio; Mezghrani, Alexandre; Otsu, Mieko; Sitia, Roberto
2014-04-01
To maintain proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), terminally misfolded secretory proteins must be recognized, partially unfolded, and dislocated to the cytosol for proteasomal destruction, in a complex process called ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Dislocation implies reduction of inter-chain disulphide bonds. When in its reduced form, protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) can act not only as a reductase but also as an unfoldase, preparing substrates for dislocation. PDI oxidation by Ero1 favours substrate release and transport across the ER membrane. Here we addressed the redox dependency of ERAD and found that DTT stimulates the dislocation of proteins with DTT-resistant disulphide bonds (i.e., orphan Ig-μ chains) but stabilizes a ribophorin mutant (Ri332) devoid of them. DTT promotes the association of Ri332, but not of Ig-µ, with PDI. This discrepancy may suggest that disulphide bonds in cargo proteins can be utilized to oxidize PDI, hence facilitating substrate detachment and degradation also in the absence of Ero1. Accordingly, Ero1 silencing retards Ri332 degradation, but has little if any effect on Ig-µ. Thus, some disulphides can increase the stability and simultaneously favour quality control of secretory proteins.
8. The players may change but the game remains: network analyses of ruminal microbiomes suggest taxonomic differences mask functional similarity
Science.gov (United States)
Taxis, Tasia M.; Wolff, Sara; Gregg, Sarah J.; Minton, Nicholas O.; Zhang, Chiqian; Dai, Jingjing; Schnabel, Robert D.; Taylor, Jeremy F.; Kerley, Monty S.; Pires, J. Chris; Lamberson, William R.; Conant, Gavin C.
2015-01-01
By mapping translated metagenomic reads to a microbial metabolic network, we show that ruminal ecosystems that are rather dissimilar in their taxonomy can be considerably more similar at the metabolic network level. Using a new network bi-partition approach for linking the microbial network to a bovine metabolic network, we observe that these ruminal metabolic networks exhibit properties consistent with distinct metabolic communities producing similar outputs from common inputs. For instance, the closer in network space that a microbial reaction is to a reaction found in the host, the lower will be the variability of its enzyme copy number across hosts. Similarly, these microbial enzymes that are nearby to host nodes are also higher in copy number than are more distant enzymes. Collectively, these results demonstrate a widely expected pattern that, to our knowledge, has not been explicitly demonstrated in microbial communities: namely that there can exist different community metabolic networks that have the same metabolic inputs and outputs but differ in their internal structure. PMID:26420832
9. Subcaste differences in neural activation suggest a prosocial role for oxytocin in eusocial naked mole-rats.
Science.gov (United States)
Hathaway, Georgia A; Faykoo-Martinez, Mariela; Peragine, Deane E; Mooney, Skyler J; Holmes, Melissa M
2016-03-01
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) influences prosocial behavior(s), aggression, and stress responsiveness, and these diverse effects are regulated in a species- and context-specific manner. The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is a unique species with which to study context-dependent effects of OT, exhibiting a strict social hierarchy with behavioral specialization within the subordinate caste: soldiers are aggressive and defend colonies against unfamiliar conspecifics while workers are prosocial and contribute to in-colony behaviors such as pup care. To determine if OT is involved in subcaste-specific behaviors, we compared behavioral responses between workers and soldiers of both sexes during a modified resident/intruder paradigm, and quantified activation of OT neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) using the immediate-early-gene marker c-fos co-localized with OT neurons. Resident workers and soldiers were age-matched with unfamiliar worker stimulus animals as intruders, and encounters were videorecorded and scored for aggressive behaviors. Colony-matched controls were left in their home colony for the duration of the encounters. Brains were extracted and cell counts were conducted for OT immunoreactive (ir), c-fos-ir, and percentage of OT-c-fos double-labeled cells. Results indicate that resident workers were less aggressive but showed greater OT neural activity than soldiers. Furthermore, a linear model including social treatment, cortisol, and subcaste revealed that subcaste was the only significant predictor of OT-c-fos double-labeled cells in the PVN. These data suggest that in naked mole-rats OT promotes prosocial behaviors rather than aggression and that even within subordinates status exerts robust effects on brain and behavior. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
10. Stochastic rainfall synthesis for urban applications using different regionalization methods
Science.gov (United States)
Callau Poduje, A. C.; Leimbach, S.; Haberlandt, U.
2017-12-01
The proper design and efficient operation of urban drainage systems require long and continuous rainfall series in a high temporal resolution. Unfortunately, these time series are usually available in a few locations and it is therefore suitable to develop a stochastic precipitation model to generate rainfall in locations without observations. The model presented is based on an alternating renewal process and involves an external and an internal structure. The members of these structures are described by probability distributions which are site specific. Different regionalization methods based on site descriptors are presented which are used for estimating the distributions for locations without observations. Regional frequency analysis, multiple linear regressions and a vine-copula method are applied for this purpose. An area located in the north-west of Germany is used to compare the different methods and involves a total of 81 stations with 5 min rainfall records. The site descriptors include information available for the whole region: position, topography and hydrometeorologic characteristics which are estimated from long term observations. The methods are compared directly by cross validation of different rainfall statistics. Given that the model is stochastic the evaluation is performed based on ensembles of many long synthetic time series which are compared with observed ones. The performance is as well indirectly evaluated by setting up a fictional urban hydrological system to test the capability of the different methods regarding flooding and overflow characteristics. The results show a good representation of the seasonal variability and good performance in reproducing the sample statistics of the rainfall characteristics. The copula based method shows to be the most robust of the three methods. Advantages and disadvantages of the different methods are presented and discussed.
11. Nurse training in health in different regions in Brazil
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Carinne Magnago
Full Text Available Abstract Objectives: to identify on the one hand whether there has been any changes in the nurse training in Brazil and on the other if regionalizing health incurred interference in this process. Methods: an exploratory research of a multiple case study in a qualitative approach developed between November 2015 and March 2017, in seven regions in Brazil. The data were collected by in-depth interviews with 16 administrators of the undergraduate courses in nursing and by documentary analysis of the Projetos Políticos Pedagógicos (Political Pedagogical Projects. Content analysis was undertaken by having the theoretical references of the Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (National Curriculum Guidelines. Results: varied profiles of undergraduates were observed with higher tendency for the basic level in health practice or for hospital level with competencies in health care that is still fragmented and not interdisciplinary. The curricular structure of the courses focuses on isolated disciplines with little or no interdisciplinary integration and the pedagogical model is based on traditional teaching-learning strategies and additional evaluation process. There were no differences in health among the regions. Conclusions: it is necessary in concomitance with the changes that are required in the field of training to undertake efforts in the development of health units and training institutions, which has already proven to be a factor of professional retention and regional development.
12. Regional differences in political trust: Comparing the Vysocina and Usti Regions
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Čermák, Daniel; Mikešová, Renáta; Stachová, Jana
2016-01-01
Roč. 49, č. 2 (2016), s. 137-146 ISSN 0967-067X R&D Projects: GA ČR GAP404/12/0714 Institutional support: RVO:68378025 Keywords : Political trust * Regional differences * Czech Republic Subject RIV: AO - Sociology, Demography Impact factor: 0.607, year: 2016 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967067X16300058
13. Different Aspects of Regional Development in East-Central Europe
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
PÁL SZABÓ
2014-12-01
Full Text Available The aim of this paper is to explore and analyze the main characteristics of East-Central Europe’s spatial structure, including its changes during the recent years. In many territorial researches, there is an intention to define different types of regions and to establish territorial regularities, create models, etc. In this case, we analysed the regions of East-Central Europe based on their comprehensive socio-economic data and described the most important characteristics of the spatial structure of this macroregion from different perspectives. Some results show that the social and economic core areas are highly separated from each other and the development “image” of East-Central Europe has remained the same viewing from the aspects of bigger, homogenous areas, but became more mosaic with the appearance of some separated and improving regions, strengthening the model of the “Bunch of Grapes”, not the "Boomerang". Other results show that it is difficult to create a spatial structure model for this macroregion, because the results may depend on the viewpoints.
14. Mycoplasmas hyorhinis in different regions of cuba: diagnosis
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Evelyn Lobo
2011-06-01
Full Text Available M. hyorhinis is considered one of the etiological agents of arthritis in sucking pigs, but recently as seen, some strains can produce pneumonia that could not be distinguished from the mycoplasmosis caused by M. hyopneumoniae. The study was conducted to research the presence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis in different regions of the country from exudates of pig lungs with typical EP lesions. Exudates from 280 pig lungs with typical EP lesions were studied using molecular techniques such as PCR, real time PCR and amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA. It was detected that the 66% of the samples studied resulted positive to M. hyorhinis, and the presence of this species was detected in all the provinces. Amplification and studies on the intergenic region 16S-23S of M. hyorhinis rRNA demonstrated the existing variability among strains of a same species. This study is the first report on M. hyorhinis detection in Cuba.
15. Dissociating frontal regions that co-lateralize with different ventral occipitotemporal regions during word processing☆
Science.gov (United States)
Seghier, Mohamed L.; Price, Cathy J.
2013-01-01
The ventral occipitotemporal sulcus (vOT) sustains strong interactions with the inferior frontal cortex during word processing. Consequently, activation in both regions co-lateralize towards the same hemisphere in healthy subjects. Because the determinants of lateralisation differ across posterior, middle and anterior vOT subregions, we investigated whether lateralisation in different inferior frontal regions would co-vary with lateralisation in the three different vOT subregions. A whole brain analysis found that, during semantic decisions on written words, laterality covaried in (1) posterior vOT and the precentral gyrus; (2) middle vOT and the pars opercularis, pars triangularis, and supramarginal gyrus; and (3) anterior vOT and the pars orbitalis, middle frontal gyrus and thalamus. These findings increase the spatial resolution of our understanding of how vOT interacts with other brain areas during semantic categorisation on words. PMID:23728081
16. A shared promoter region suggests a common ancestor for the human VCX/Y, SPANX, and CSAG gene families and the murine CYPT family
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Martin A; Nielsen, John E; Retelska, Dorota
2008-01-01
, sequences corresponding to the shared promoter region of the CYPT family were identified at 39 loci. Most loci were located immediately upstream of genes belonging to the VCX/Y, SPANX, or CSAG gene families. Sequence comparison of the loci revealed a conserved CYPT promoter-like (CPL) element featuring TATA...... cell types. The genomic regions harboring the gene families were rich in direct and inverted segmental duplications (SD), which may facilitate gene conversion and rapid evolution. The conserved CPL and the common expression profiles suggest that the human VCX/Y, SPANX, and CSAG2 gene families together......Many testis-specific genes from the sex chromosomes are subject to rapid evolution, which can make it difficult to identify murine genes in the human genome. The murine CYPT gene family includes 15 members, but orthologs were undetectable in the human genome. However, using refined homology search...
17. Heterogeneity in genetic admixture across different regions of Argentina.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sergio Avena
Full Text Available The population of Argentina is the result of the intermixing between several groups, including Indigenous American, European and African populations. Despite the commonly held idea that the population of Argentina is of mostly European origin, multiple studies have shown that this process of admixture had an impact in the entire Argentine population. In the present study we characterized the distribution of Indigenous American, European and African ancestry among individuals from different regions of Argentina and evaluated the level of discrepancy between self-reported grandparental origin and genetic ancestry estimates. A set of 99 autosomal ancestry informative markers (AIMs was genotyped in a sample of 441 Argentine individuals to estimate genetic ancestry. We used non-parametric tests to evaluate statistical significance. The average ancestry for the Argentine sample overall was 65% European (95%CI: 63-68%, 31% Indigenous American (28-33% and 4% African (3-4%. We observed statistically significant differences in European ancestry across Argentine regions [Buenos Aires province (BA 76%, 95%CI: 73-79%; Northeast (NEA 54%, 95%CI: 49-58%; Northwest (NWA 33%, 95%CI: 21-41%; South 54%, 95%CI: 49-59%; p<0.0001] as well as between the capital and immediate suburbs of Buenos Aires city compared to more distant suburbs [80% (95%CI: 75-86% versus 68% (95%CI: 58-77%, p = 0.01]. European ancestry among individuals that declared all grandparents born in Europe was 91% (95%CI: 88-94% compared to 54% (95%CI: 51-57% among those with no European grandparents (p<0.001. Our results demonstrate the range of variation in genetic ancestry among Argentine individuals from different regions in the country, highlighting the importance of taking this variation into account in genetic association and admixture mapping studies in this population.
18. Heterogeneity in Genetic Admixture across Different Regions of Argentina
Science.gov (United States)
Avena, Sergio; Via, Marc; Ziv, Elad; Pérez-Stable, Eliseo J.; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Dejean, Cristina; Huntsman, Scott; Torres-Mejía, Gabriela; Dutil, Julie; Matta, Jaime L.; Beckman, Kenneth; Burchard, Esteban González; Parolin, María Laura; Goicoechea, Alicia; Acreche, Noemí; Boquet, Mariel; Ríos Part, María Del Carmen; Fernández, Vanesa; Rey, Jorge; Stern, Mariana C.; Carnese, Raúl F.; Fejerman, Laura
2012-01-01
The population of Argentina is the result of the intermixing between several groups, including Indigenous American, European and African populations. Despite the commonly held idea that the population of Argentina is of mostly European origin, multiple studies have shown that this process of admixture had an impact in the entire Argentine population. In the present study we characterized the distribution of Indigenous American, European and African ancestry among individuals from different regions of Argentina and evaluated the level of discrepancy between self-reported grandparental origin and genetic ancestry estimates. A set of 99 autosomal ancestry informative markers (AIMs) was genotyped in a sample of 441 Argentine individuals to estimate genetic ancestry. We used non-parametric tests to evaluate statistical significance. The average ancestry for the Argentine sample overall was 65% European (95%CI: 63–68%), 31% Indigenous American (28–33%) and 4% African (3–4%). We observed statistically significant differences in European ancestry across Argentine regions [Buenos Aires province (BA) 76%, 95%CI: 73–79%; Northeast (NEA) 54%, 95%CI: 49–58%; Northwest (NWA) 33%, 95%CI: 21–41%; South 54%, 95%CI: 49–59%; pcapital and immediate suburbs of Buenos Aires city compared to more distant suburbs [80% (95%CI: 75–86%) versus 68% (95%CI: 58–77%), p = 0.01]. European ancestry among individuals that declared all grandparents born in Europe was 91% (95%CI: 88–94%) compared to 54% (95%CI: 51–57%) among those with no European grandparents (p<0.001). Our results demonstrate the range of variation in genetic ancestry among Argentine individuals from different regions in the country, highlighting the importance of taking this variation into account in genetic association and admixture mapping studies in this population. PMID:22506044
19. Green's function matching method for adjoining regions having different masses
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Morgenstern Horing, Norman J
2006-01-01
We present a primer on the method of Green's function matching for the determination of the global Schroedinger Green's function for all space subject to joining conditions at an interface between two (or more) separate parts of the region having different masses. The object of this technique is to determine the full space Schroedinger Green's function in terms of the individual Green's functions of the constituent parts taken as if they were themselves extended to all space. This analytical method has had successful applications in the theory of surface states, and remains of interest for nanostructures
20. Globalization, female employment, and regional differences in OECD countries
OpenAIRE
Fischer, Justina A.V.
2013-01-01
Accounting for within-country spatial differences is a much neglected issue in many cross-country comparisons. This paper highlights this importance in this empirical analysis of the impact of a country’s degree of social and economic globalization on female employment in 33 OECD countries, using a pseudo micro panel on 110’000 persons from the World Values Survey, 1981 to 2008. A traditional cross-country analysis suggests that only the social dimension of globalization, the worldwide inform...
1. [Suitable investigation method of exploration and suggestions for investigating Chinese materia medica resources from wetland and artificial water of Hongze Lake region].
Science.gov (United States)
Liu, Rui; Yan, Hui; Duan, Jin-Ao; Liu, Xing-Jian; Ren, Quan-Jin; Li, Hui-Wei; Bao, Bei-Hua; Zhang, Zhao-Hui
2016-08-01
According to the technology requirements of the fourth national survey of Chinese Materia Medica resources (pilot), suitable investigation method of exploration and suggestions for investigating Chinese Materia Medica resources was proposed based on the type of wetland and artificial water of Hongze Lake region. Environment of Hongze Lake and overview of wetland, present situation of ecology and vegetation and vegetation distribution were analyzed. Establishment of survey plan, selection of sample area and sample square and confirmation of representative water area survey plan were all suggested. The present study provide references for improving Chinese materia medica resources survey around Hongze Lake, and improving the technical specifications. It also provide references for investigating Chinese Materia Medica resources survey on similar ecological environment under the condition of artificial intervention. Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.
2. Genetic data suggest a natural prehuman origin of open habitats in northern Madagascar and question the deforestation narrative in this region.
Science.gov (United States)
Quéméré, Erwan; Amelot, Xavier; Pierson, Julie; Crouau-Roy, Brigitte; Chikhi, Lounès
2012-08-07
The impact of climate change and anthropogenic deforestation on biodiversity is of growing concern worldwide. Disentangling how past anthropogenic and natural factors contributed to current biome distribution is thus a crucial issue to understand their complex interactions on wider time scales and to improve predictions and conservation strategies. This is particularly important in biodiversity hotspots, such as Madagascar, dominated by large open habitats whose origins are increasingly debated. Although a dominant narrative argues that Madagascar was originally entirely covered by woodlands, which were destroyed by humans, a number of recent studies have suggested that past climatic fluctuations played a major role in shaping current biome distributions well before humans arrived. Here, we address the question of the origin of open habitats in the Daraina region in northern Madagascar, using a multiproxy approach combining population genetics modeling and remote-sensing analyses. We show that (i) contrary to most regions of Madagascar, the forest cover in Daraina remained remarkably stable over the past 60 y, and (ii) the golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli), a forest-dwelling lemur, underwent a strong population contraction before the arrival of the first humans, hence excluding an anthropogenic cause. Prehuman Holocene droughts may have led to a significant increase of grasslands and a reduction in the species' habitat. This contradicts the prevailing narrative that land cover changes are necessarily anthropogenic in Madagascar but does not preclude the later role played by humans in other regions in which recent lemur bottlenecks have been observed.
3. Object-based landslide detection in different geographic regions
Science.gov (United States)
Friedl, Barbara; Hölbling, Daniel; Eisank, Clemens; Blaschke, Thomas
2015-04-01
Landslides occur in almost all mountainous regions of the world and rank among the most severe natural hazards. In the last decade - according to the world disaster report 2014 published by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IRFC) - more than 9.000 people were killed by mass movements, more than 3.2 million people were affected and the total amount of disaster estimated damage accounts to more than 1.700 million US dollars. The application of remote sensing data for mapping landslides can contribute to post-disaster reconstruction or hazard mitigation, either by providing rapid information about the spatial distribution and location of landslides in the aftermath of triggering events or by creating and updating landslide inventories. This is especially valid for remote and inaccessible areas, where information on landslides is often lacking. However, reliable methods are needed for extracting timely and relevant information about landslides from remote sensing data. In recent years, novel methods such as object-based image analysis (OBIA) have been successfully employed for semi-automated landslide mapping. Several studies revealed that OBIA frequently outperforms pixel-based approaches, as a range of image object properties (spectral, spatial, morphometric, contextual) can be exploited during the analysis. However, object-based methods are often tailored to specific study areas, and thus, the transferability to regions with different geological settings, is often limited. The present case study evaluates the transferability and applicability of an OBIA approach for landslide detection in two distinct regions, i.e. the island of Taiwan and Austria. In Taiwan, sub-areas in the Baichi catchment in the North and in the Huaguoshan catchment in the southern-central part of the island are selected; in Austria, landslide-affected sites in the Upper Salzach catchment in the federal state of Salzburg are investigated. For both regions
4. Different region analysis for genotyping Yersinia pestis isolates from China.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yanjun Li
Full Text Available BACKGROUND: DFR (different region analysis has been developed for typing Yesinia pestis in our previous study, and in this study, we extended this method by using 23 DFRs to investigate 909 Chinese Y. pestis strains for validating DFR-based genotyping method and better understanding adaptive microevolution of Y. pestis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: On the basis of PCR and Bionumerics data analysis, 909 Y. pestis strains were genotyped into 32 genomovars according to their DFR profiles. New terms, Major genomovar and Minor genomovar, were coined for illustrating evolutionary relationship between Y. pestis strains from different plague foci and different hosts. In silico DFR profiling of the completed or draft genomes shed lights on the evolutionary scenario of Y. pestis from Y. pseudotuberculosis. Notably, several sequenced Y. pestis strains share the same DFR profiles with Chinese strains, providing data for revealing the global plague foci expansion. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Distribution of Y. pestis genomovars is plague focus-specific. Microevolution of biovar Orientalis was deduced according to DFR profiles. DFR analysis turns to be an efficient and inexpensive method to portrait the genome plasticity of Y. pestis based on horizontal gene transfer (HGT. DFR analysis can also be used as a tool in comparative and evolutionary genomic research for other bacteria with similar genome plasticity.
5. Common brain regions underlying different arithmetic operations as revealed by conjunct fMRI-BOLD activation.
Science.gov (United States)
Fehr, Thorsten; Code, Chris; Herrmann, Manfred
2007-10-03
The issue of how and where arithmetic operations are represented in the brain has been addressed in numerous studies. Lesion studies suggest that a network of different brain areas are involved in mental calculation. Neuroimaging studies have reported inferior parietal and lateral frontal activations during mental arithmetic using tasks of different complexities and using different operators (addition, subtraction, etc.). Indeed, it has been difficult to compare brain activation across studies because of the variety of different operators and different presentation modalities used. The present experiment examined fMRI-BOLD activity in participants during calculation tasks entailing different arithmetic operations -- addition, subtraction, multiplication and division -- of different complexities. Functional imaging data revealed a common activation pattern comprising right precuneus, left and right middle and superior frontal regions during all arithmetic operations. All other regional activations were operation specific and distributed in prominently frontal, parietal and central regions when contrasting complex and simple calculation tasks. The present results largely confirm former studies suggesting that activation patterns due to mental arithmetic appear to reflect a basic anatomical substrate of working memory, numerical knowledge and processing based on finger counting, and derived from a network originally related to finger movement. We emphasize that in mental arithmetic research different arithmetic operations should always be examined and discussed independently of each other in order to avoid invalid generalizations on arithmetics and involved brain areas.
6. Differences in regional muscle distribution in football players
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Nešić N.
2012-01-01
Full Text Available The objective of this study was to determine whether there are differences in regional distribution of muscle mass between a dominant and a non-dominant side and between an injured and an uninjured side. The study involved 31 participant with the following characteristics: aged 22±5 years, body height (TV 184±13 cm, body weight (TM 80±13 kg, average body fat weight (BF 14,35 kg, body mass index (BMI 24,8±4, and average percentage of body fat 15,5% (PBF. Of the total number of participants, 16 players (TIM 1 are playing football in the Croatian Second Division and 15 players (TIM 2 are playing in the Second County League. Measurements of muscle mass were conducted in two ways - measurements with bioelectrical impedance (BIA and anthropometric measurements. The girth was measured at eight different places - left and right forearm and upper arm, left and right leg and thigh. Additionally, the skin folds were measured on each side of the body: the skin fold on posterior side of the upper arm (triceps, on lateral side of the forearm, on anterior side of the thigh and on medial side of the lower leg. Data on muscle mass of individual segments of the left and right sides of the body were obtained with GAIA 359 device. The results of the statistical test showed a statistically significant difference among all groups except the differences between the dominant and non-dominant hand in TIM-1. In TIM-2, the average value of difference in muscle mass for arms is 0,012 kg and for legs 0,268 kg, both values in favor of the dominant hand. In TIM-1, the average value of difference in muscle mass is 0,087 kg in favor of non-dominant leg; the reason could be in a greater number of injuries on the dominant side. When it comes to injuries, both teams have seven players who suffered different injuries, of that number all the injuries were on the dominant leg in the TIM-1, whereas only two injuries were on the dominant side in TIM-2. The difference between the
7. Regional differences in radiosensitivity across the rat cervical spinal cord
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bijl, Hendrik P.; Luijk, Peter van; Coppes, Rob P.; Schippers, Jacobus M.; Konings, Antonius W.T.; Kogel, Albert J. van der
2005-01-01
8. Moral values are associated with individual differences in regional brain volume.
Science.gov (United States)
Lewis, Gary J; Kanai, Ryota; Bates, Timothy C; Rees, Geraint
2012-08-01
Moral sentiment has been hypothesized to reflect evolved adaptations to social living. If so, individual differences in moral values may relate to regional variation in brain structure. We tested this hypothesis in a sample of 70 young, healthy adults examining whether differences on two major dimensions of moral values were significantly associated with regional gray matter volume. The two clusters of moral values assessed were "individualizing" (values of harm/care and fairness) and "binding" (deference to authority, in-group loyalty, and purity/sanctity). Individualizing was positively associated with left dorsomedial pFC volume and negatively associated with bilateral precuneus volume. For binding, a significant positive association was found for bilateral subcallosal gyrus and a trend to significance for the left anterior insula volume. These findings demonstrate that variation in moral sentiment reflects individual differences in brain structure and suggest a biological basis for moral sentiment, distributed across multiple brain regions.
9. Perceptual load in different regions of the visual scene and its relevance for driving.
Science.gov (United States)
2015-06-01
10. Male-typical courtship, spawning behavior, and olfactory sensitivity are induced to different extents by androgens in the goldfish suggesting they are controlled by different neuroendocrine mechanisms.
Science.gov (United States)
Ghosal, Ratna; Sorensen, Peter W
2016-06-01
11. Regional differences in lumbar spinal posture and the influence of low back pain
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Burnett Angus F
2008-11-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Spinal posture is commonly a focus in the assessment and clinical management of low back pain (LBP patients. However, the link between spinal posture and LBP is not fully understood. Recent evidence suggests that considering regional, rather than total lumbar spine posture is important. The purpose of this study was to determine; if there are regional differences in habitual lumbar spine posture and movement, and if these findings are influenced by LBP. Methods One hundred and seventy female undergraduate nursing students, with and without LBP, participated in this cross-sectional study. Lower lumbar (LLx, Upper lumbar (ULx and total lumbar (TLx spine angles were measured using an electromagnetic tracking system in static postures and across a range of functional tasks. Results Regional differences in lumbar posture and movement were found. Mean LLx posture did not correlate with ULx posture in sitting (r = 0.036, p = 0.638, but showed a moderate inverse correlation with ULx posture in usual standing (r = -0.505, p Conclusion This study supports the concept of regional differences within the lumbar spine during common postures and movements. Global lumbar spine kinematics do not reflect regional lumbar spine kinematics, which has implications for interpretation of measures of spinal posture, motion and loading. BMI influenced regional lumbar posture and movement, possibly representing adaptation due to load.
12. Major Thought Restructuring: The Roles of Different Prefrontal Cortical Regions.
Science.gov (United States)
Seyed-Allaei, Shima; Avanaki, Zahra Nasiri; Bahrami, Bahador; Shallice, Tim
2017-07-01
An important question for understanding the neural basis of problem solving is whether the regions of human prefrontal cortices play qualitatively different roles in the major cognitive restructuring required to solve difficult problems. However, investigating this question using neuroimaging faces a major dilemma: either the problems do not require major cognitive restructuring, or if they do, the restructuring typically happens once, rendering repeated measurements of the critical mental process impossible. To circumvent these problems, young adult participants were challenged with a one-dimensional Subtraction (or Nim) problem [Bouton, C. L. Nim, a game with a complete mathematical theory. The Annals of Mathematics, 3, 35-39, 1901] that can be tackled using two possible strategies. One, often used initially, is effortful, slow, and error-prone, whereas the abstract solution, once achieved, is easier, quicker, and more accurate. Behaviorally, success was strongly correlated with sex. Using voxel-based morphometry analysis controlling for sex, we found that participants who found the more abstract strategy (i.e., Solvers) had more gray matter volume in the anterior medial, ventrolateral prefrontal, and parietal cortices compared with those who never switched from the initial effortful strategy (i.e., Explorers). Removing the sex covariate showed higher gray matter volume in Solvers (vs. Explorers) in the right ventrolateral prefrontal and left parietal cortex.
13. Indoor radon concentrations in kindergartens from different regions of Yugoslavia
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Vaupotic, J.; Krizman, M.; Sutej, T.
1992-01-01
In the winter period of 1990-1991 instantaneous radon concentrations in air were measured in around 450 kindergartens from different regions from Yugoslavia. Alpha scintillation counting was used as a screening method, and the measurements were carried out in rooms where the children spent the majority of their time. All of the air grab samples were taken under the same conditions which excluded ventilation of the interior 12 h prior to sampling. In addition to indoor radon concentrations, gamma dose rate was measured using portable equipment. The indoor radon concentrations were generally low, in the range from 10 to 180 Bq.m -3 of air, with an overall average of about 100 Bq.m -3 . There were a few exceptions where indoor radon levels exceeded 150 Bq.m -3 ; mainly in old buildings containing higher contents of natural radionuclides in the building materials, and in the cellars or basements of the buildings. In all rooms with a level exceeding 150 Bq of 222 Rn per m 3 , solid-state nuclear track detectors were applied for long-term measurements. In order to investigate the equilibrium between radon and its short-lived daughters, mainly with respect to their contribution to the effective dose, alpha spectrometry is also being introduced in selected kindergartens with elevated radon concentrations. (author)
14. Regional differences in gender promotion and scholarly productivity in otolaryngology.
Science.gov (United States)
Eloy, Jean Anderson; Mady, Leila J; Svider, Peter F; Mauro, Kevin M; Kalyoussef, Evelyne; Setzen, Michael; Baredes, Soly; Chandrasekhar, Sujana S
2014-03-01
To identify whether regional differences exist in gender disparities in scholarly productivity and faculty rank among academic otolaryngologists. Academic otolaryngologists' bibliometric data analyses. Online faculty listings from 98 otolaryngology departments were organized by gender, academic rank, fellowship training status, and institutional location. The Scopus database was used to assess bibliometrics of these otolaryngologists, including the h-index, number of publications, and publication experience. Analysis included 1127 otolaryngologists, 916 men (81.3%) and 211 women (18.7%). Female faculty comprised 15.4% in the Midwest, 18.8% in the Northeast, 21.3% in the South, and 19.0% in the West (P = .44). Overall, men obtained significantly higher senior academic ranks (associate professor or professor) compared to women (59.8% vs. 40.2%, P .05). Gender disparities in academic rank and scholarly productivity exist most notably in the Northeast, where women in otolaryngology are most underrepresented relative to men at senior academic ranks and in scholarly productivity.
15. Different Factors of Llap as a Geographic Region
OpenAIRE
, F. Isufi; , S. Halimi; , F. Humolli
2011-01-01
In this work attempts were made to express in the best possible manner the factors which differentiate the Llap as geographic region. The Llap Region is located in the north-east of Kosovo. Within the ethnic geography, the Llap area is having peripheric position, but within the Balkan Penninsula it is having a central position, while along Llap goes the Highway which connects Kosovo and Serbia. The Llap region has important natural conditions; such as very good geographic position, running an...
16. Diffusion tensor imaging tensor shape analysis for assessment of regional white matter differences.
Science.gov (United States)
Middleton, Dana M; Li, Jonathan Y; Lee, Hui J; Chen, Steven; Dickson, Patricia I; Ellinwood, N Matthew; White, Leonard E; Provenzale, James M
2017-08-01
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate a novel tensor shape plot analysis technique of diffusion tensor imaging data as a means to assess microstructural differences in brain tissue. We hypothesized that this technique could distinguish white matter regions with different microstructural compositions. Methods Three normal canines were euthanized at seven weeks old. Their brains were imaged using identical diffusion tensor imaging protocols on a 7T small-animal magnetic resonance imaging system. We examined two white matter regions, the internal capsule and the centrum semiovale, each subdivided into an anterior and posterior region. We placed 100 regions of interest in each of the four brain regions. Eigenvalues for each region of interest triangulated onto tensor shape plots as the weighted average of three shape metrics at the plot's vertices: CS, CL, and CP. Results The distribution of data on the plots for the internal capsule differed markedly from the centrum semiovale data, thus confirming our hypothesis. Furthermore, data for the internal capsule were distributed in a relatively tight cluster, possibly reflecting the compact and parallel nature of its fibers, while data for the centrum semiovale were more widely distributed, consistent with the less compact and often crossing pattern of its fibers. This indicates that the tensor shape plot technique can depict data in similar regions as being alike. Conclusion Tensor shape plots successfully depicted differences in tissue microstructure and reflected the microstructure of individual brain regions. This proof of principle study suggests that if our findings are reproduced in larger samples, including abnormal white matter states, the technique may be useful in assessment of white matter diseases.
17. [Regional differences in the development of hospitalizations : An effect of different demographic trends?
Science.gov (United States)
2018-03-01
Population aging and population decline in many regions of the Federal Republic of Germany are key elements of demographic change. In the regions concerned there is a rising number of older people and, simultaneously, a declining population. So far, the consequences of regional shrinkage and growth for inpatient care don't seem to have been analysed very well. This paper analyses the influence of population aging and declining/increasing population (demographic factors) as well as other, non-demographic factors on the number of hospitalizations in Germany and the Federal States since 2000.One result of the analysis is that there are major differences between the Federal States. The analysis shows, for example, an increase of hospitalizations in Berlin while in Saxony-Anhalt the number of hospitalizations declines. The increase in Berlin was the result of population aging and, to a lower extent, an increase in population. In Saxony-Anhalt the declining population resulted in a decreasing number of hospitalizations. Population aging and non-demographic factors were not able to compensate this trend.Overall, the effect of demographic factors on the number of hospitalizations remains constant over time. Short-term changes of hospitalizations are due to non-demographic factors, such as epidemiological trends, (for example trends of incidence or prevalence), or structural changes of health care service (for example patients shifting between different sectors of health care or the introduction of new reimbursement systems).
18. Region-Urbanicity Differences in Locus of Control: Social Disadvantage, Structure, or Cultural Exceptionalism?
Science.gov (United States)
Shifrer, Dara; Sutton, April
2014-11-01
People with internal rather than external locus of control experience better outcomes in multiple domains. Previous studies on spatial differences in control within America only focused on the South, relied on aggregate level data or historical evidence, or did not account for other confounding regional distinctions (such as variation in urbanicity). Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study, we find differences in adolescents' loci of control depending on their region and urbanicity are largely attributable to differences in their social background, and only minimally to structural differences (i.e., differences in the qualities of adolescents' schools). Differences that persist net of differences across adolescents and their schools suggest the less internal control of rural Southern adolescents, and the more internal control of rural and urban Northeastern adolescents, may be due to cultural distinctions in those areas. Results indicate region is more closely associated than urbanicity with differences in locus of control, with Western and Northeastern cultures seemingly fostering more internal control than Midwestern and Southern cultures. These findings contribute to research on spatial variation in a variety of psychological traits.
19. Suicidal behaviour in Indigenous compared to non-Indigenous males in urban and regional Australia: Prevalence data suggest disparities increase across age groups.
Science.gov (United States)
Armstrong, Gregory; Pirkis, Jane; Arabena, Kerry; Currier, Dianne; Spittal, Matthew J; Jorm, Anthony F
2017-12-01
We compare the prevalence of suicidal thoughts and attempts between Indigenous and non-Indigenous males in urban and regional Australia, and examine the extent to which any disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous males varies across age groups. We used data from the baseline wave of The Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health (Ten to Men), a large-scale cohort study of Australian males aged 10-55 years residing in urban and regional areas. Indigenous identification was determined through participants self-reporting as Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander or both. The survey collected data on suicidal thoughts in the preceding 2 weeks and lifetime suicide attempts. A total of 432 participants (2.7%) identified as Indigenous and 15,425 as non-Indigenous (97.3%). Indigenous males were twice as likely as non-Indigenous males to report recent suicidal thoughts (17.6% vs 9.4%; odds ratio = 2.1, p age groups, but a significant gap emerged among men aged 30-39 years and was largest among men aged 40-55 years. Similarly, the prevalence of lifetime suicide attempts did not differ between Indigenous and non-Indigenous males in the 14- to 17-years age group, but a disparity emerged in the 18- to 24-years age group and was even larger among males aged 25 years and older. Our paper presents unique data on suicidal thoughts and attempts among a broad age range of Indigenous and non-Indigenous males. The disparity in the prevalence of suicidal thoughts increased across age groups, which is in contrast to the large disparity between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous suicide rates in younger age groups.
20. Simulated East-west differences in F-region peak electron density at Far East mid-latitude region
Science.gov (United States)
Ren, Z.; Wan, W.
2017-12-01
In the present work, using Three-Dimensional Theoretical Ionospheric Model of the Earth in Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (TIME3D-IGGCAS), we simulated the east-west differences in Fregion peak electron density (NmF2) at Far East mid-latitude region.We found that, after removing the longitudinal variations of neutral parameters, TIME3D-IGGCAS can better represent the observed relative east-west difference (Rew) features. Rew is mainly negative (West NmF2 > East NmF2) at noon and positive (East NmF2 >West NmF2) at evening-night. The magnitude of daytime negative Rew is weak at local winter and strong at local summer, and the daytime Rew show two negative peaks around two equinoxes. With the increasing of solar flux level, the magnitude of Rew mainly become larger, and two daytime negative peaks slight shifts to June Solstice. With the decreasing of geographical latitude, Rew mainly become positive, and two daytime negative peaks slight shifts to June Solstice. Our simulation also suggested that the thermospheric zonal wind combined with the geomagnetic field configuration play a pivotal role in the formation of the ionospheric east-west differences at Far East midlatitude region.
1. Major Differences between RFCl and SNNP Regional State Family ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Nigussie Afesha
SNNP regional state family law contains detail rules that govern it. ..... Since pension benefits are received upon retirement, divorce that predates .... work.” There is discrepancy between the Amharic and English version of Article 216 of.
2. Bacterial diversity in different regions of gastrointestinal tract of Giant African snail (Achatina fulica).
Science.gov (United States)
Pawar, Kiran D; Banskar, Sunil; Rane, Shailendra D; Charan, Shakti S; Kulkarni, Girish J; Sawant, Shailesh S; Ghate, Hemant V; Patole, Milind S; Shouche, Yogesh S
2012-12-01
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of invasive land snail Achatina fulica is known to harbor metabolically active bacterial communities. In this study, we assessed the bacterial diversity in the different regions of GI tract of Giant African snail, A. fulica by culture-independent and culture-dependent methods. Five 16S rRNA gene libraries from different regions of GI tract of active snails indicated that sequences affiliated to phylum γ-Proteobacteria dominated the esophagus, crop, intestine, and rectum libraries, whereas sequences affiliated to Tenericutes dominated the stomach library. On phylogenetic analysis, 30, 27, 9, 27, and 25 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from esophagus, crop, stomach, intestine, and rectum libraries were identified, respectively. Estimations of the total bacterial diversity covered along with environmental cluster analysis showed highest bacterial diversity in the esophagus and lowest in the stomach. Thirty-three distinct bacterial isolates were obtained, which belonged to 12 genera of two major bacterial phyla namely γ-Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Among these, Lactococcus lactis and Kurthia gibsonii were the dominant bacteria present in all GI tract regions. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis indicated significant differences in bacterial load in different GI tract regions of active and estivating snails. The difference in the bacterial load between the intestines of active and estivating snail was maximum. Principal component analysis (PCA) of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism suggested that bacterial community structure changes only in intestine when snail enters estivation state. © 2012 The Authors. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
3. Radon measurement waters from different regions of Transylvania
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Moldovan, M.; Cosma, C.
2004-01-01
. There was a difference between the value of k used by Jiri Plch (k = 8) and the value of k that we have used (k = 10) because we measured radon concentration of the samples immediately after stirring and not after 15 minutes, like Plch. The variation domain of our measurements goes from 1 Bq/l to 38 Bq/l, their plot indicating a log-normal distribution. The geometric mean of this log-normal distribution, GM = 8.545 Bq/l, is lower than the same value of the domestic water supplies from Iran (10-20 Bq/l) but comparable with that for the South -Central Texas Water supplies (5 - 8 Bq/l). The average value obtained in different regions is: 14.32 Bq/l for Sibiu with 42 samples, 2.38 Bq/l for Harghita with 5 samples; 6.45 Bq/l for Covasna with 36 samples; 7.34 Bq/l for Bihor with 5 samples; 9.38 for Arad with 9 samples; 6.83 Bq/l for Aries Valley with 19 samples, 11.8 Bq/l Transylvania plateau with 24 samples. Some of our values are higher than EPA proposed drinking water standard of 300 pCi/l (11 Bq/l). We have also put under observation one of the springs in order to find out the temporal fluctuations of radon concentration both in summertime and wintertime and we concluded that rainfalls are an important factor which influences the 222 Rn content. (authors)
4. Validation of the Regional Climate Model ALARO with different dynamical downscaling approaches and different horizontal resolutions
Science.gov (United States)
Berckmans, Julie; Hamdi, Rafiq; De Troch, Rozemien; Giot, Olivier
2015-04-01
At the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI), climate simulations are performed with the regional climate model (RCM) ALARO, a version of the ALADIN model with improved physical parameterizations. In order to obtain high-resolution information of the regional climate, lateral bounary conditions (LBC) are prescribed from the global climate model (GCM) ARPEGE. Dynamical downscaling is commonly done in a continuous long-term simulation, with the initialisation of the model at the start and driven by the regularly updated LBCs of the GCM. Recently, more interest exists in the dynamical downscaling approach of frequent reinitializations of the climate simulations. For these experiments, the model is initialised daily and driven for 24 hours by the GCM. However, the surface is either initialised daily together with the atmosphere or free to evolve continuously. The surface scheme implemented in ALARO is SURFEX, which can be either run in coupled mode or in stand-alone mode. The regional climate is simulated on different domains, on a 20km horizontal resolution over Western-Europe and a 4km horizontal resolution over Belgium. Besides, SURFEX allows to perform a stand-alone or offline simulation on 1km horizontal resolution over Belgium. This research is in the framework of the project MASC: "Modelling and Assessing Surface Change Impacts on Belgian and Western European Climate", a 4-year project funded by the Belgian Federal Government. The overall aim of the project is to study the feedbacks between climate changes and land surface changes in order to improve regional climate model projections at the decennial scale over Belgium and Western Europe and thus to provide better climate projections and climate change evaluation tools to policy makers, stakeholders and the scientific community.
5. The effect of preoperative suggestions on perioperative dreams and dream recalls after administration of different general anesthetic combinations: a randomized trial in maxillofacial surgery.
Science.gov (United States)
Gyulaházi, Judit; Varga, Katalin; Iglói, Endre; Redl, Pál; Kormos, János; Fülesdi, Béla
2015-01-01
Images evoked immediately before the induction of anesthesia with the help of suggestions may influence dreaming during anesthesia.The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of evoked dreams and dream recalls by employing suggestions before induction of anesthesia while administering different general anesthetic combinations. This is a single center, prospective randomized including 270 adult patients scheduled for maxillofacial surgical interventions. Patients were assigned to control, suggestion and dreamfilm groups according to the psychological method used. According to the anesthetic protocol there were also three subgroups: etomidate & sevoflurane, propofol & sevoflurane, propofol & propofol groups. Primary outcome measure was the incidence of postoperative dreams in the non-intervention group and in the three groups receiving different psychological interventions. Secondary endpoint was to test the effect of perioperative suggestions and dreamfilm-formation training on the occurrance of dreams and recallable dreams in different general anesthesiological techniques. Dream incidence rates measured in the control group did not differ significantly (etomidate & sevoflurane: 40%, propofol & sevoflurane: 26%, propofol & propofol: 39%). A significant increase could be observed in the incidence rate of dreams between the control and suggestion groups in the propofol & sevoflurane (26%-52%) group (p = 0.023). There was a significant difference in the incidence of dreams between the control and dreamfilm subgroup in the propofol & sevoflurane (26% vs. 57%), and in the propofol & propofol group (39% vs.70%) (p = 0.010, and p = 0.009, respectively). Similar to this, there was a significant difference in dream incidence between the dreamfilm and the suggestion subgroups (44% vs. 70%) in the propofol & propofol group (p = 0.019). Propofol as an induction agent contributed most to dream formation and recalls (χ2-test p value: 0.005). The content of images and dreams
6. Age- and Brain Region-Specific Differences in Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Brown Norway Rats
Data.gov (United States)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency — Differences in various mitochondrial bioenergetics parameters in different brain regions in different age groups. This dataset is associated with the following...
7. Are there regional differences in US hardwood product exports?
Science.gov (United States)
Matt Bumgardner; Scott Bowe; William Luppold
2016-01-01
Exporting is a critical component of the product mix for many domestic hardwood firms. Previous research has identified factors associated with hardwood lumber exporting behavior, but less is known about the advantages and disadvantages to exporting associated with the region within which a firm is located, or about exporting of secondary hardwood products. A procedure...
8. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE COMPETITIVENESS OF FARMS IN POLAND
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Anna Nowak
2016-09-01
Full Text Available The aim of the study is to assess the competitiveness of the regional diversity of farms in Poland. The study was conducted on a sample of commodity holdings participating in the Polish FADN in 16 voivodeships for the years 2010–2012. The study was based on indicators of competitiveness in terms of production factors and results. Research shows that labour resources and the eff ectiveness of their use are important aspects of regional diversity of competitiveness of farms. In regions where this factor is present in excess (Małopolskie, Świętokrzyskie, Mazowieckie, Łódzkie and Lubelskie voivodeships, labor productivity was relatively low. These regions are also characterized by lower production potential expressed by the agricultural area of an average farm. The greatest competitive advantages in terms of production profi tability were achieved by farms in Dolnośląskie voivodeship, where there were also some of the highest rates of profi tability of assets.
9. [Regional differences in the health care of basal cell carcinoma].
Science.gov (United States)
Augustin, J; Schäfer, I; Thiess, P; Reusch, M; Augustin, M
2016-10-01
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer in Germany. So far, it is unclear whether regional variations exist in the health care of the BCC. Analysis of regional variations in health care (e. g., skin cancer screening) and their causes using the example of BCC. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the regional health care situation of BCC based on three studies was undertaken. These studies include the analysis of n = 7015 histopathological indications whose average tumor thickness is regarded as a characteristic of the quality of care, and a secondary data analysis of GK insured (n = 6.1 million DAK-insured persons), and a nationwide survey (FORSA) of n = 1004 participants focusing on the use of skin cancer screening. Analysis of the histopathological examination showed regional variations in average tumor depth of penetration. These are associated with the rural/urban characteristics of the region and individual sociodemographic indicators (e. g., employment sector or education). The results for age- and gender-specific use (DAK data) showed higher participation rates regarding skin cancer screening in western than in eastern federal states (Bundesländer). Moreover, it was revealed that the trend for using skin cancer screening was higher in urban than in rural areas. The results of population-related surveys confirm this trend. Although it is not possible to compare the studies directly, all three showed an association between city/state and the use of skin cancer screenings. In addition, sociodemographic characteristics that are related to the quality of health care were identified.
10. Relationships between meiofaunal biodiversity and prokaryotic heterotrophic production in different tropical habitats and oceanic regions.
Science.gov (United States)
Pusceddu, Antonio; Gambi, Cristina; Corinaldesi, Cinzia; Scopa, Mariaspina; Danovaro, Roberto
2014-01-01
Tropical marine ecosystems are among the most diverse of the world oceans, so that assessing the linkages between biodiversity and ecosystem functions (BEF) is a crucial step to predict consequences of biodiversity loss. Most BEF studies in marine ecosystems have been carried out on macrobenthic diversity, whereas the influence of the meiofauna on ecosystem functioning has received much less attention. We compared meiofaunal and nematode biodiversity and prokaryotic heterotrophic production across seagrass, mangrove and reef sediments in the Caribbean, Celebes and Red Seas. For all variables we report the presence of differences among habitats within the same region, and among regions within the same habitat. In all regions, the richness of meiofaunal taxa in reef and seagrass sediments is higher than in mangrove sediments. The sediments of the Celebes Sea show the highest meiofaunal biodiversity. The composition of meiofaunal assemblages varies significantly among habitats in the same region. The nematode beta diversity among habitats within the same region is higher than the beta diversity among regions. Although one site per habitat was considered in each region, these results suggest that the composition of meiofaunal assemblages varies primarily among biogeographic regions, whereas the composition of nematode assemblages varies more considerably among habitats. Meiofauna and nematode biodiversity and prokaryotic heterotrophic production, even after the removal of covariate effects linked with longitude and the quantity and nutritional quality of organic matter, are positively and linearly linked both across regions and within each habitat type. Our results confirm that meiofauna and nematode biodiversity may influence benthic prokaryotic activity, which, in turn, implies that diversity loss could have negative impacts on ecosystem functioning in these systems.
11. Relationships between meiofaunal biodiversity and prokaryotic heterotrophic production in different tropical habitats and oceanic regions.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Antonio Pusceddu
Full Text Available Tropical marine ecosystems are among the most diverse of the world oceans, so that assessing the linkages between biodiversity and ecosystem functions (BEF is a crucial step to predict consequences of biodiversity loss. Most BEF studies in marine ecosystems have been carried out on macrobenthic diversity, whereas the influence of the meiofauna on ecosystem functioning has received much less attention. We compared meiofaunal and nematode biodiversity and prokaryotic heterotrophic production across seagrass, mangrove and reef sediments in the Caribbean, Celebes and Red Seas. For all variables we report the presence of differences among habitats within the same region, and among regions within the same habitat. In all regions, the richness of meiofaunal taxa in reef and seagrass sediments is higher than in mangrove sediments. The sediments of the Celebes Sea show the highest meiofaunal biodiversity. The composition of meiofaunal assemblages varies significantly among habitats in the same region. The nematode beta diversity among habitats within the same region is higher than the beta diversity among regions. Although one site per habitat was considered in each region, these results suggest that the composition of meiofaunal assemblages varies primarily among biogeographic regions, whereas the composition of nematode assemblages varies more considerably among habitats. Meiofauna and nematode biodiversity and prokaryotic heterotrophic production, even after the removal of covariate effects linked with longitude and the quantity and nutritional quality of organic matter, are positively and linearly linked both across regions and within each habitat type. Our results confirm that meiofauna and nematode biodiversity may influence benthic prokaryotic activity, which, in turn, implies that diversity loss could have negative impacts on ecosystem functioning in these systems.
12. IS THE POLAR REGION DIFFERENT FROM THE QUIET REGION OF THE SUN?
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ito, Hiroaki; Shiota, Daikou; Tokumaru, Munetoshi; Fujiki, Ken'ichi; Tsuneta, Saku
2010-01-01
Observations of the polar region of the Sun are critically important for understanding the solar dynamo and the acceleration of solar wind. We carried out precise magnetic observations on both the north polar region and the quiet Sun at the east limb with the spectropolarimeter of the Solar Optical Telescope aboard Hinode to characterize the polar region with respect to the quiet Sun. The average area and the total magnetic flux of the kilo-Gauss magnetic concentrations in the polar region appear to be larger than those of the quiet Sun. The magnetic field vectors classified as vertical in the quiet Sun have symmetric histograms around zero in the strengths, showing balanced positive and negative fluxes, while the histogram in the north polar region is clearly asymmetric, showing a predominance of the negative polarity. The total magnetic flux of the polar region is larger than that of the quiet Sun. In contrast, the histogram of the horizontal magnetic fields is exactly the same for both the polar region and the quiet Sun. This is consistent with the idea that a local dynamo process is responsible for the horizontal magnetic fields. A high-resolution potential field extrapolation shows that the majority of magnetic field lines from the kG-patches in the polar region are open with a fanning-out structure very low in the atmosphere, while in the quiet Sun, almost all the field lines are closed.
13. Socioeconomic and regional differences in active transportation in Brazil.
Science.gov (United States)
Sá, Thiago Hérick de; Pereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes; Duran, Ana Clara; Monteiro, Carlos Augusto
2016-06-27
To present national estimates regarding walking or cycling for commuting in Brazil and in 10 metropolitan regions. By using data from the Health section of 2008's Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (Brazil's National Household Sample Survey), we estimated how often employed people walk or cycle to work, disaggregating our results by sex, age range, education level, household monthly income per capita, urban or rural address, metropolitan regions, and macro-regions in Brazil. Furthermore, we estimated the distribution of this same frequency according to quintiles of household monthly income per capita in each metropolitan region of the country. A third of the employed men and women walk or cycle from home to work in Brazil. For both sexes, this share decreases as income and education levels rise, and it is higher among younger individuals, especially among those living in rural areas and in the Northeast region of the country. Depending on the metropolitan region, the practice of active transportation is two to five times more frequent among low-income individuals than among high-income individuals. Walking or cycling to work in Brazil is most frequent among low-income individuals and the ones living in less economically developed areas. Active transportation evaluation in Brazil provides important information for public health and urban mobility policy-making. Apresentar estimativas nacionais sobre o deslocamento a pé ou de bicicleta no trajeto casa-trabalho no Brasil e em 10 de suas regiões metropolitanas. Utilizando dados do Suplemento sobre Saúde da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 2008, estimamos a frequência de pessoas empregadas que se deslocam a pé ou de bicicleta no trajeto casa-trabalho estratificada por sexo, e segundo faixa etária, escolaridade, renda domiciliar per capita, residência em área urbana ou rural, regiões metropolitanas e macrorregiões do país. Adicionalmente, estimamos a distribuição da mesma frequ
14. Study on Environment Performance Evaluation and Regional Differences of Strictly-Environmental-Monitored Cities in China
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ji Guo
2017-12-01
Full Text Available With the rapid economic growth and development, the problem of environmental pollution in China’s cities is becoming increasingly serious, and environmental pollution takes on a regional difference. There is, however, little comprehensive evaluation on the environmental performance and the regional difference of strictly-environmental-monitored cities in China. In this paper, the environmental performance of 109 strictly-environmental-monitored cities in China is evaluated in terms of natural performance, management performance, and scale performance by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA, incorporating PM2.5 and PM10 as undesirable outputs. The empirical results show that: (1 At present, the natural performance is quite high, while the management performance is noticeably low for most cities. (2 The gap between the level of economic development and environmental protection among cities in China is large, and the scale efficiency of big cities is better than that of smaller cities. The efficiency value of large-scale cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, etc. is high, equaling 1; the value of smaller cities such as Sanmenxia, Baoding, Mudanjiang, and Pingdingshan is low, close to 0, indicating that big cities are characterized by high environmental efficiency. (3 From the perspective of region, the level of environmental performance in China is very uneven. For example, the environmental efficiency level of the Pan-Pearl River Delta region is superior to that of the Pan-Yangtze River region and the Bahia Rim region, whose values of environmental efficiency are 0.858, 0.658, and 0.622 respectively. The average efficiency of the Southern Coastal Economic Zone, Eastern Coastal Comprehensive Economic Zone, and the Comprehensive Economic Zone in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River is higher than that of other regions. Finally, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward. The method used in this paper is applicable
15. Differences in regional grey matter volumes in currently ill patients with anorexia nervosa.
Science.gov (United States)
Phillipou, Andrea; Rossell, Susan Lee; Gurvich, Caroline; Castle, David Jonathan; Abel, Larry Allen; Nibbs, Richard Grant; Hughes, Matthew Edward
2018-01-01
Neurobiological findings in anorexia nervosa (AN) are inconsistent, including differences in regional grey matter volumes. Methodological limitations often contribute to the inconsistencies reported. The aim of this study was to improve on these methodologies by utilising voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis with the use of diffeomorphic anatomic registration through an exponentiated lie algebra algorithm (DARTEL), in a relatively large group of individuals with AN. Twenty-six individuals with AN and 27 healthy controls underwent a T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. AN participants were found to have reduced grey matter volumes in a number of areas including regions of the basal ganglia (including the ventral striatum), and parietal and temporal cortices. Body mass index (BMI) and global scores on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) were also found to correlate with grey matter volumes in a region of the brainstem (including the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area) in AN, and predicted 56% of the variance in grey matter volumes in this area. The brain regions associated with grey matter reductions in AN are consistent with regions responsible for cognitive deficits associated with the illness including anhedonia, deficits in affect perception and saccadic eye movement abnormalities. Overall, the findings suggest reduced grey matter volumes in AN that are associated with eating disorder symptomatology. © 2017 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
16. Consumer Attitudes About Renewable Energy. Trends and Regional Differences
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Bird, Lori [Natural Marketing Institute, Harleysville, PA (United States); Sumner, Jenny [Natural Marketing Institute, Harleysville, PA (United States)
2011-04-01
The data in this report are taken from Natural Marketing Institute's (NMI's) Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability Consumer Trends Database. Created in 2002, the syndicated consumer database contains responses from 2,000 to 4,000 nationally representative U.S. adults (meaning the demographics of the sample are consistent with U.S. Census findings) each year. NMI used the database to analyze consumer attitudes and behavior related to renewable energy and to update previously conducted related research. Specifically, this report will explore consumer awareness, concerns, perceived benefits, knowledge of purchase options, and usage of renewable energy as well as provide regional comparisons and trends over time.
17. Consumer Attitudes About Renewable Energy: Trends and Regional Differences
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Natural Marketing Institute, Harleysville, Pennsylvania
2011-04-01
The data in this report are taken from Natural Marketing Institute's (NMI's) Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability Consumer Trends Database. Created in 2002, the syndicated consumer database contains responses from 2,000 to 4,000 nationally representative U.S. adults (meaning the demographics of the sample are consistent with U.S. Census findings) each year. NMI used the database to analyze consumer attitudes and behavior related to renewable energy and to update previously conducted related research. Specifically, this report will explore consumer awareness, concerns, perceived benefits, knowledge of purchase options, and usage of renewable energy as well as provide regional comparisons and trends over time.
18. Acetamiprid Accumulates in Different Amounts in Murine Brain Regions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hayato Terayama
2016-09-01
Full Text Available Neonicotinoids such as acetamiprid (ACE belong to a new and widely used single class of pesticides. Neonicotinoids mimic the chemical structure of nicotine and share agonist activity with the nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAchR. Neonicotinoids are widely considered to be safe in humans; however, they have recently been implicated in a number of human health disorders. A wide range of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders associated with high doses of neonicotinoids administered to animals have also been reported. Consequently, we used a mouse model to investigate the response of the central nervous system to ACE treatment. Our results show that exposure to ACE-containing water for three or seven days (decuple and centuple of no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL/day caused a decrease in body weight in 10-week old A/JJmsSlc (A/J mice. However, the treatments did not affect brain histology or expression of CD34. ACE concentrations were significantly higher in the midbrain of ACE-treated mice than that of the normal and vehicle groups. Expression levels of α7, α4, and β2 nAChRs were found to be low in the olfactory bulb and midbrain of normal mice. Furthermore, in the experimental group (centuple ACE-containing water for seven days, β2 nAChR expression decreased in many brain regions. Information regarding the amount of accumulated ACE and expression levels of the acetylcholine receptor in each region of the brain is important for understanding any clinical symptoms that may be associated with ACE exposure.
19. Determinants of regional differences in lung cancer mortality in The Netherlands
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Kunst, A. E.; Looman, C. W.; Mackenbach, J. P.
1993-01-01
Although regional differences in lung cancer mortality are likely to be attributable to regional differences in tobacco smoking, studies in various countries found only weak relationships. This paper aimed at explaining regional differences in lung cancer mortality in the Netherlands. In a first
20. Determinants of regional differences in lung cancer mortality in the Netherlands
NARCIS (Netherlands)
A.E. Kunst (Anton); C.W.N. Looman (Caspar); J.P. Mackenbach (Johan)
1993-01-01
textabstractAlthough regional differences in lung cancer mortality are likely to be attributable to regional differences in tobacco smoking, studies in various countries found only weak relationships. This paper aimed at explaining regional differences in lung cancer mortality in the
1. Regional energy consumption and income differences in Denmark
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Klinge Jacobsen, Henrik
2003-01-01
income of households grouped in income deciles and by other characteristics. The impact of environmental taxes depends on income levels in rural areas compared to income in urban areas. In Denmark, the income difference is found to be quite small, but energy consumption and, therefore, also the burden......Internationally a debate on the distributional impact of energy taxation has focused on the tax burden relative to income. The general conclusion is that taxes are regressive, but at a varying degree for different countries. This study examines the relationship between location, income, heating...... technology characteristics and the energy tax that households pay. The article aims at identifying general implications of energy taxes with respect to different impacts on population groups depending on location and income. Tax payments associated with energy use are considered relative to total disposable...
2. Regional differences in prediction models of lung function in Germany
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Schäper Christoph
2010-04-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Little is known about the influencing potential of specific characteristics on lung function in different populations. The aim of this analysis was to determine whether lung function determinants differ between subpopulations within Germany and whether prediction equations developed for one subpopulation are also adequate for another subpopulation. Methods Within three studies (KORA C, SHIP-I, ECRHS-I in different areas of Germany 4059 adults performed lung function tests. The available data consisted of forced expiratory volume in one second, forced vital capacity and peak expiratory flow rate. For each study multivariate regression models were developed to predict lung function and Bland-Altman plots were established to evaluate the agreement between predicted and measured values. Results The final regression equations for FEV1 and FVC showed adjusted r-square values between 0.65 and 0.75, and for PEF they were between 0.46 and 0.61. In all studies gender, age, height and pack-years were significant determinants, each with a similar effect size. Regarding other predictors there were some, although not statistically significant, differences between the studies. Bland-Altman plots indicated that the regression models for each individual study adequately predict medium (i.e. normal but not extremely high or low lung function values in the whole study population. Conclusions Simple models with gender, age and height explain a substantial part of lung function variance whereas further determinants add less than 5% to the total explained r-squared, at least for FEV1 and FVC. Thus, for different adult subpopulations of Germany one simple model for each lung function measures is still sufficient.
3. Emotional Sphere in Elderly People: Age and Regional Differences
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Shagidaeva A.B.
2014-08-01
Full Text Available We present a study of the negative aspects of the emotional sphere in elderly man: depression and loneliness. Empirical research was carried out in Moscow and Grozny involving elderly people living in families and in geriatric centers (201 subjects, as well as with middle-aged people (132 subjects. We used the following methods: Zung differential diagnosis of depressive states inventory in adaptation by T.I. Balachova and D. Russell and M. Ferguson Loneliness scale (UKL in adaptation by N.E. Vodopyanova. It is shown that at the present stage of development of society, middle-aged people already have quite high level of depression and pronounced sense of loneliness. We confirmed the hypothesis that the preservation of the negative aspects of the emotional sphere in elderly people is less dependent on the conditions of life at the micro level (family or gerontology center and more dependent from the living conditions at the macro level (socio-economic situation in the region. In Grozny, a city of more complex socio-economic situation, negative emotional states are more pronounced than in Moscow.
4. Regional differences and temporal trends in male reproductive health disorders
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Nordkap, Loa; Joensen, Ulla Nordström; Blomberg Jensen, Martin
2012-01-01
of various low-dose exposures to endocrine disrupters in our environment are responsible for the adverse effects in the male reproductive system. Semen quality may be the most sensitive marker of adverse environmental exposures, and we suggest that standardized surveillance studies of semen quality...... entities share the same patho-physiological etiology caused by disturbed testicular development in early fetal life. It seems likely that the rapid rise in TDS-associated conditions can, at least partly, be explained by environmental factors. Animal studies provide strong evidence that manmade chemicals...... to endocrine disrupters also in adulthood may affect semen quality and reproductive hormones. Causal relationships are inherently difficult to establish in humans, and a clear connection between the disorders and specific toxicants has not been established. It seems likely that the cumulative effects...
5. Distributions of Salmonella Subtypes Differ between Two U.S. Produce-Growing Regions
Science.gov (United States)
Danyluk, Michelle D.; Worobo, Randy W.; Wiedmann, Martin
2014-01-01
Salmonella accounts for approximately 50% of produce-associated outbreaks in the United States, several of which have been traced back to contamination in the produce production environment. To quantify Salmonella diversity and aid in identification of Salmonella contamination sources, we characterized Salmonella isolates from two geographically diverse produce-growing regions in the United States. Initially, we characterized the Salmonella serotype and subtype diversity associated with 1,677 samples collected from 33 produce farms in New York State (NYS). Among these 1,677 samples, 74 were Salmonella positive, yielding 80 unique isolates (from 147 total isolates), which represented 14 serovars and 23 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types. To explore regional Salmonella diversity associated with production environments, we collected a smaller set of samples (n = 65) from South Florida (SFL) production environments and compared the Salmonella diversity associated with these samples with the diversity found among NYS production environments. Among these 65 samples, 23 were Salmonella positive, yielding 32 unique isolates (from 81 total isolates), which represented 11 serovars and 17 different PFGE types. The most common serovars isolated in NYS were Salmonella enterica serovars Newport, Cerro, and Thompson, while common serovars isolated in SFL were Salmonella serovars Saphra and Newport and S. enterica subsp. diarizonae serovar 50:r:z. High PFGE type diversity (Simpson's diversity index, 0.90 ± 0.02) was observed among Salmonella isolates across both regions; only three PFGE types were shared between the two regions. The probability of three or fewer shared PFGE types was Salmonella isolates were considerably different between the two sampled regions. These findings suggest the potential for PFGE-based source tracking of Salmonella in production environments. PMID:24747908
6. Chameleons communicate with complex colour changes during contests: different body regions convey different information.
Science.gov (United States)
Ligon, Russell A; McGraw, Kevin J
2013-01-01
Many animals display static coloration (e.g. of feathers or fur) that can serve as a reliable sexual or social signal, but the communication function of rapidly changing colours (as in chameleons and cephalopods) is poorly understood. We used recently developed photographic and mathematical modelling tools to examine how rapid colour changes of veiled chameleons Chamaeleo calyptratus predict aggressive behaviour during male-male competitions. Males that achieved brighter stripe coloration were more likely to approach their opponent, and those that attained brighter head coloration were more likely to win fights; speed of head colour change was also an important predictor of contest outcome. This correlative study represents the first quantification of rapid colour change using organism-specific visual models and provides evidence that the rate of colour change, in addition to maximum display coloration, can be an important component of communication. Interestingly, the body and head locations of the relevant colour signals map onto the behavioural displays given during specific contest stages, with lateral displays from a distance followed by directed, head-on approaches prior to combat, suggesting that different colour change signals may evolve to communicate different information (motivation and fighting ability, respectively).
7. Evolution of cultural traits occurs at similar relative rates in different world regions.
Science.gov (United States)
Currie, Thomas E; Mace, Ruth
2014-11-22
A fundamental issue in understanding human diversity is whether or not there are regular patterns and processes involved in cultural change. Theoretical and mathematical models of cultural evolution have been developed and are increasingly being used and assessed in empirical analyses. Here, we test the hypothesis that the rates of change of features of human socio-cultural organization are governed by general rules. One prediction of this hypothesis is that different cultural traits will tend to evolve at similar relative rates in different world regions, despite the unique historical backgrounds of groups inhabiting these regions. We used phylogenetic comparative methods and systematic cross-cultural data to assess how different socio-cultural traits changed in (i) island southeast Asia and the Pacific, and (ii) sub-Saharan Africa. The relative rates of change in these two regions are significantly correlated. Furthermore, cultural traits that are more directly related to external environmental conditions evolve more slowly than traits related to social structures. This is consistent with the idea that a form of purifying selection is acting with greater strength on these more environmentally linked traits. These results suggest that despite contingent historical events and the role of humans as active agents in the historical process, culture does indeed evolve in ways that can be predicted from general principles.
8. Regional differences in the prostate of the neonatally estrogenized mouse
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Pylkkaenen, L.S.; Santti, R.; Newbold, R.; McLachlan, J.A.
1991-01-01
Neonatal estrogenization of the mouse with diethylstilbestrol resulted in time-of-exposure and dose-dependent inhibition of the growth of the prostatic lobes observed at the age of 2 mon. The critical time was the days 1-6 of postnatal life. In neonatally estrogenized (neoDES) mice, responses to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in terms of nuclear 3H-thymidine labelling were altered concomitantly with the inhibition of growth and were in accordance with changes in the relative volumes of epithelium, glandular lumina, and interacinar stroma. Secondary estrogen treatment of neoDES mice with 17 beta-estradiol did not increase 3H-thymidine labelling in the prostate of control or neoDES mice. However, it induced squamous epithelial metaplasia in periurethral collecting ducts and proximal parts of coagulating glands of neoDES animals. In control mice only slight epithelial hyperplasia could be observed after similar treatment. Estrogen receptors, located immunocytochemically in nuclei of stromal cell, corresponded with the sites of increased estrogen sensitivity, observed as metaplastic transformation. When the neoDES animals aged, epithelial hyperplasia and dysplasia could be observed at distinct prostatic sites, ie, the periurethral collecting ducts and the coagulating glands and periurethral glands, and stromal inflammation become more extensive. Almost identical location of the epithelial changes and the altered estrogen response is suggestive of causal relationship
9. THE REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF GPP ESTIMATION BY SOLAR INDUCED FLUORESCENCE
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
X. Wang
2018-04-01
Full Text Available Estimating gross primary productivity (GPP at large spatial scales is important for studying the global carbon cycle and global climate change. In this study, the relationship between solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF and GPP is analysed in different levels of annual average temperature and annual total precipitation respectively using simple linear regression analysis. The results showed high correlation between SIF and GPP, when the area satisfied annual average temperature in the range of −5 °C to 15 °C and the annual total precipitation is higher than 200 mm. These results can provide a basis for future estimation of GPP research.
10. The Regional Differences of Gpp Estimation by Solar Induced Fluorescence
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, X.; Lu, S.
2018-04-01
Estimating gross primary productivity (GPP) at large spatial scales is important for studying the global carbon cycle and global climate change. In this study, the relationship between solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and GPP is analysed in different levels of annual average temperature and annual total precipitation respectively using simple linear regression analysis. The results showed high correlation between SIF and GPP, when the area satisfied annual average temperature in the range of -5 °C to 15 °C and the annual total precipitation is higher than 200 mm. These results can provide a basis for future estimation of GPP research.
11. Raman micro-spectroscopy analysis of different sperm regions: a species comparison.
Science.gov (United States)
Amaral, S; Da Costa, R; Wübbeling, F; Redmann, K; Schlatt, S
2018-04-01
Is Raman micro-spectroscopy a valid approach to assess the biochemical hallmarks of sperm regions (head, midpiece and tail) in four different species? Non-invasive Raman micro-spectroscopy provides spectral patterns enabling the biochemical characterization of the three sperm regions in the four species, revealing however high similarities for each region among species. Raman micro-spectroscopy has been described as an innovative method to assess sperm features having the potential to be used as a non-invasive selection tool. However, except for nuclear DNA, the identification and assignment of spectral bands in Raman-profiles to the different sperm regions is scarce and controversial. Raman spectra from head, midpiece and tail of four different species were obtained. Sperm samples were collected and smeared on microscope slides. Air dried samples were subjected to Raman analysis using previously standardized procedures. Sperm samples from (i) two donors attending the infertility clinic at the Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology; (ii) two C57BL/6 -TgN (ACTbEGFP) 1Osb adult mice; (iii) two adult Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and (iv) two sea urchins (Arbacia punctulata) were used to characterize and compare their spectral profiles. Differences and similarities were confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). Several novel region-specific peaks were identified. The three regions could be differentiated by distinctive Raman patterns irrespective of the species. However, regardless of the specie, their main spectral pattern remains mostly unchanged. These results were corroborated by the PCA analysis and suggest that the basic constituents of spermatozoa are biochemically similar among species. Further research should be performed in live sperm to validate the detected spectral bands and their use as markers of distinctive regions. Raman peaks that have never been described in the sperm cell were detected. Particularly important are those that
12. Different habitats within a region contain evolutionary heritage from different epochs depending on the abiotic environment
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Bartish, I.V.; Ozinga, W.A.; Bartish, M.I.; Wamelink, G.W.W.; Hennekens, S.M.; Prinzing, Andreas
2016-01-01
Aim: Biodiversity hot-spots are regions containing evolutionary heritage from ancient or recent geological epochs, i.e. evolutionary 'museums' or 'cradles', respectively. We hypothesize that: (1) there are also 'museums' and 'cradles' within regions - some species pools of particular habitat
13. EPSTEIN–BARR VIRUS IN THE POPULATION OF TWO GEOGRAPHICALLY DIFFERENT REGIONS OF RUSSIA
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
N. B. Senyuta
2017-01-01
Full Text Available It is well known that the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV being widely spread in the human population is also the etiologic agent for a number of malignancies. A notable feature of tumors associated with EBV is their different incidence in various geographical regions, that, as suggested, related with mutational events in multiple loci of the EBV genome and its oncogene, the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1, associated with the transforming potential of the virus. Given the multi-ethnic composition of Russian population and the diversity of geographical areas and conditions of their residence, it was relevant to examine the representatives of different geographical regions for the nature of their relationship with EBV. To solve this task the antibody response to locally circulating EBV strains, determined by indirect immunofluorescence, was studied in residents of the Central, North Caucasus and Far Eastern Federal Districts, represented by healthy individuals and patients with various head and neck tumors. The levels of antibody titers obtained were compared with the incidence rates of nasopharyngeal tumors (NPT in population of above Districts. In order to determine possible structural modifications in LMP1 gene of EBV strains persisting in selected geographic regions, samples of the gene have been amplified from a biological material collected by “nested” PCR and sequenced. The results obtained have shown that levels of antibody response to EBV among representatives of the regions included in the study vary significantly. It was found that in residents of the Dagestan and the Chechen Republics, the inhabitants of the North Caucasus Federal District, the correlation between enhanced humoral response to EBV and increased incidence of NPT was detected. Since among NPT the EBV-associated form of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPCEBV is dominated, the findings allow us to suggest that the population of these Republics have genetic
14. Analysis of HIV-1 intersubtype recombination breakpoints suggests region with high pairing probability may be a more fundamental factor than sequence similarity affecting HIV-1 recombination.
Science.gov (United States)
Jia, Lei; Li, Lin; Gui, Tao; Liu, Siyang; Li, Hanping; Han, Jingwan; Guo, Wei; Liu, Yongjian; Li, Jingyun
2016-09-21
With increasing data on HIV-1, a more relevant molecular model describing mechanism details of HIV-1 genetic recombination usually requires upgrades. Currently an incomplete structural understanding of the copy choice mechanism along with several other issues in the field that lack elucidation led us to perform an analysis of the correlation between breakpoint distributions and (1) the probability of base pairing, and (2) intersubtype genetic similarity to further explore structural mechanisms. Near full length sequences of URFs from Asia, Europe, and Africa (one sequence/patient), and representative sequences of worldwide CRFs were retrieved from the Los Alamos HIV database. Their recombination patterns were analyzed by jpHMM in detail. Then the relationships between breakpoint distributions and (1) the probability of base pairing, and (2) intersubtype genetic similarities were investigated. Pearson correlation test showed that all URF groups and the CRF group exhibit the same breakpoint distribution pattern. Additionally, the Wilcoxon two-sample test indicated a significant and inexplicable limitation of recombination in regions with high pairing probability. These regions have been found to be strongly conserved across distinct biological states (i.e., strong intersubtype similarity), and genetic similarity has been determined to be a very important factor promoting recombination. Thus, the results revealed an unexpected disagreement between intersubtype similarity and breakpoint distribution, which were further confirmed by genetic similarity analysis. Our analysis reveals a critical conflict between results from natural HIV-1 isolates and those from HIV-1-based assay vectors in which genetic similarity has been shown to be a very critical factor promoting recombination. These results indicate the region with high-pairing probabilities may be a more fundamental factor affecting HIV-1 recombination than sequence similarity in natural HIV-1 infections. Our
15. Fine Mapping Suggests that the Goat Polled Intersex Syndrome and the Human Blepharophimosis Ptosis Epicanthus Syndrome Map to a 100-kb Homologous Region
OpenAIRE
Schibler, Laurent; Cribiu, Edmond P.; Oustry-Vaiman, Anne; Furet, Jean-Pierre; Vaiman, Daniel
2000-01-01
To clone the goat Polled Intersex Syndrome (PIS) gene(s), a chromosome walk was performed from six entry points at 1q43. This enabled 91 BACs to be recovered from a recently constructed goat BAC library. Six BAC contigs of goat chromosome 1q43 (ICC1–ICC6) were thus constructed covering altogether 4.5 Mb. A total of 37 microsatellite sequences were isolated from this 4.5-Mb region (16 in this study), of which 33 were genotyped and mapped. ICC3 (1500 kb) was shown by genetic analysis to encompa...
16. How do changes in media consumption affect newspaper revenue? : Suggestions on earning more revenue, with a special attention to the Nordic region
OpenAIRE
Shahbazi, Fatemeh
2016-01-01
This thesis is concentrated on the changes in consumer’s newspaper consumption and its impact on newspaper’s revenue in order to find out how printed news can earn more money. This thesis has a special attention on the Nordic region newspaper industry. The aim of this thesis is to explain how changes occurred in news consumption habits of users has impacted on newspaper firms’ revenue in order to find new strategies for newspaper firms for earning more money to remain survived. The research q...
17. Lipid fluidity at different regions in LDL and HDL of β-thalassemia/Hb E patients
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Morales, Noppawan Phumala; Charlermchoung, Chalermkhwan; Luechapudiporn, Rataya; Yamanont, Paveena; Fucharoen, Suthat; Chantharaksri, Udom
2006-01-01
Atherosclerosis-related vascular complications in β-thalassemia/hemoglobin E (β-thal/Hb E) patients may result from iron induced oxidation of lipoproteins. To identify the specific site of oxidative damage, changes in lipid fluidity at different regions in LDL and HDL particle were investigated using two fluorescence probes and two ESR spin probes. The magnitude of increased lipid fluidity in thalassemic lipoproteins was dependent on the location of the probes. In hydrophobic region, the rotational correlation times for 16-doxyl stearic acid and DPH anisotropy were markedly changed in LDL and HDL of the patients. In the surface region, there was only a slight change in the order parameter (S) for 5-doxyl stearic acid and TMA-DPH anisotropy. Lipid fluidity at the core of LDL and HDL showed good correlation with oxidative stress markers, the ratio of CL/CO, and the level of α-tocopherol, suggesting that hydrophobic region of thalassemic lipoprotein was a target site for oxidative damage
18. High survival rates of Campylobacter coli under different stress conditions suggest that more rigorous food control measures might be needed in Brazil.
Science.gov (United States)
Gomes, Carolina N; Passaglia, Jaqueline; Vilela, Felipe P; Pereira da Silva, Fátima M H S; Duque, Sheila S; Falcão, Juliana P
2018-08-01
Campylobacter spp. have been the most commonly reported gastrointestinal bacterial pathogen in many countries. Consumption of improperly prepared poultry meat has been the main transmission route of Campylobacter spp. Although Brazil is the largest exporter of poultry meat in the world, campylobacteriosis has been a neglected disease in the country. The aim of this study was to characterize 50 Campylobacter coli strains isolated from different sources in Brazil regarding the frequency of 16 virulence genes and their survival capability under five different stress conditions. All strains studied presented the cadF, flaA, and sodB genes that are considered essential for colonization. All strains grew at 4 °C and 37 °C after 24 h. High survival rates were observed when the strains were incubated in BHI with 7.5% NaCl and exposed to acid and oxidative stress. In conclusion, the pathogenic potential of the strains studied was reinforced by the presence of several important virulence genes and by the high growth and survival rates of the majority of those strains under different stress conditions. The results enabled a better understanding of strains circulating in Brazil and suggest that more rigorous control measures may be needed, given the importance of contaminated food as vehicles for Campylobacter coli. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
19. Retention performance of green roofs in three different climate regions
Science.gov (United States)
Sims, Andrew W.; Robinson, Clare E.; Smart, Charles C.; Voogt, James A.; Hay, Geoffrey J.; Lundholm, Jeremey T.; Powers, Brandon; O'Carroll, Denis M.
2016-11-01
Green roofs are becoming increasingly popular for moderating stormwater runoff in urban areas. This study investigated the impact different climates have on the retention performance of identical green roofs installed in London Ontario (humid continental), Calgary Alberta (semi-arid, continental), and Halifax Nova Scotia (humid, maritime). Drier climates were found to have greater percent cumulative stormwater retention with Calgary (67%) having significantly better percent retention than both London (48%) and Halifax (34%). However, over the same study period the green roof in London retained the greatest depth of stormwater (598 mm), followed by the green roof in Halifax (471 mm) and then Calgary (411 mm). The impact of climate was largest for medium sized storms where the antecedent moisture condition (AMC) at the beginning of a rainfall event governs retention performance. Importantly AMC was a very good predictor of stormwater retention, with similar retention at all three sites for a given AMC, emphasizing that AMC is a relevant indicator of retention performance in any climate. For large rainfall events (i.e., >45 mm) green roof average retention ranged between 16% and 29% in all cities. Overall, drier climates have superior retention due to lower AMC in the media. However, moderate and wet climates still provide substantial total volume reduction benefits.
20. Regional differences in actomyosin contraction shape the primary vesicles in the embryonic chicken brain
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Filas, Benjamen A; Oltean, Alina; Majidi, Shabnam; Bayly, Philip V; Taber, Larry A; Beebe, David C
2012-01-01
In the early embryo, the brain initially forms as a relatively straight, cylindrical epithelial tube composed of neural stem cells. The brain tube then divides into three primary vesicles (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain), as well as a series of bulges (rhombomeres) in the hindbrain. The boundaries between these subdivisions have been well studied as regions of differential gene expression, but the morphogenetic mechanisms that generate these constrictions are not well understood. Here, we show that regional variations in actomyosin-based contractility play a major role in vesicle formation in the embryonic chicken brain. In particular, boundaries did not form in brains exposed to the nonmuscle myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin, whereas increasing contractile force using calyculin or ATP deepened boundaries considerably. Tissue staining showed that contraction likely occurs at the inner part of the wall, as F-actin and phosphorylated myosin are concentrated at the apical side. However, relatively little actin and myosin was found in rhombomere boundaries. To determine the specific physical mechanisms that drive vesicle formation, we developed a finite-element model for the brain tube. Regional apical contraction was simulated in the model, with contractile anisotropy and strength estimated from contractile protein distributions and measurements of cell shapes. The model shows that a combination of circumferential contraction in the boundary regions and relatively isotropic contraction between boundaries can generate realistic morphologies for the primary vesicles. In contrast, rhombomere formation likely involves longitudinal contraction between boundaries. Further simulations suggest that these different mechanisms are dictated by regional differences in initial morphology and the need to withstand cerebrospinal fluid pressure. This study provides a new understanding of early brain morphogenesis. (paper)
1. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on distribution of starch granules in different regions of wheat endosperm
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Fei Xiong
2014-02-01
Full Text Available This study provided visual evidence of a nitrogen effect on starch granules (SGs in wheat endosperm. Winter wheat (Titicum aestivum L. cultivar Xumai 30 was cultured under no nitrogen (control and 240 kg ha− 1 of nitrogen applied at the booting stage. The number, morphology, and size of A- and B-type SGs in subaleurone of dorsal endosperm (SDE, center of dorsal endosperm (CDE, modified aleurone (MA, subaleurone of ventral endosperm (SVE, and center of ventral endosperm (CVE were observed under light and electron microscopes. (1 The distribution of SGs in SDE was similar to that in SVE, the distributions of SGs in CDE and CVE were similar, but the distribution of SGs in MA was different from those in the other four endosperm regions. The number of SGs in the five endosperm regions was in the order SDE > CDE > SVE > CVE > MA. (2 Nitrogen increased the number of A- and B-type SGs in SDE and SVE. Nitrogen also increased the number of B-type SGs but decreased the number of A-type SGs in CDE and CVE. Nitrogen decreased the numbers of A-type and B-type SGs in MA. The results suggest that increased N fertilizer application mainly increased the numbers of small SGs and decreased the numbers of large SGs, but that the results varied in different regions of the wheat endosperm.
2. Ecophysiological Traits of Leaves of Three Marsilea Species Distributed in Different Geographical Regions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tai-Chung Wu
2011-11-01
Full Text Available Marsilea, an amphibian fern genus (containing ca. 80 species characterized by their unusual leaves and reproductive structures, is distributed over the five continents. To investigate the adaptation traits of three Marsilea species (M. crenata, M. quadrifolia, and M. schelpiana, distributed in different geographic regions, to terrestrial conditions, we compared morphological features, optical properties and photosynthetic performance of leaflets of the three species grown in terrestrial environment. The results showed that leaflets of the three species had significant differences in some of the ecophysiogical traits. Among the three species, M. quadrifolia (distributed in temperate region where receiving low precipitation had the highest trichome density on its leaflet surface and the highest water use efficiency, M. schelpiana (mainly in southern Africa where accepting high level of solar irradiance had the tallest petiole and the highest leaf dissection index, total stomatal pore area index, PSII electron transport rate and photosaturated photosynthetic rate, M. crenata (mainly in southeastern Asia region where receiving high precipitation and with high humidity had the lowest leaf dissection index and water use efficiency. Accordingly, leaf characteristics of the three Marsilea species reflect the climate pattern of their habitats. The results also suggest that water availability and light intensity are two of the important factors contributing to the geographic distribution of the three species.
3. Different roles suggested by sex-biased expression and pheromone binding affinity among three pheromone binding proteins in the pink rice borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Science.gov (United States)
Jin, Jun-Yan; Li, Zhao-Qun; Zhang, Ya-Nan; Liu, Nai-Yong; Dong, Shuang-Lin
2014-07-01
Pheromone binding proteins (PBPs) are thought to bind and transport hydrophobic sex pheromone molecules across the aqueous sensillar lymph to specific pheromone receptors on the dendritic membrane of olfactory neurons. A maximum of 3 PBP genes have been consistently identified in noctuid species, and each of them shares high identity with its counterparts in other species within the family. The functionality differences of the 3 proteins are poorly understood. In the present study, 3 PBP cDNAs (SinfPBP1, 2, 3) were identified from the pink rice borer, Sesamia inferens, for the first time. The quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the 3 PBPs displayed similar temporal but very different sex related expression profiles. Expression of SinfPBP1 and SinfPBP2 were highly and moderately male biased, respectively, while SinfPBP3 was slightly female biased, as SinfPBPs were expressed at very different levels (PBP1>PBP2≫PBP3) in male antennae, but at similar levels in female antennae. Furthermore, the 3 SinfPBPs displayed different ligand binding profiles in fluorescence competitive binding assays. SinfPBP1 exhibited high and similar binding affinities to all 3 sex pheromone components (Ki=0.72-1.60 μM), while SinfPBP2 showed selective binding to the alcohol and aldehyde components (Ki=0.78-1.71 μM), and SinfPBP3 showed no obvious binding to the 3 sex pheromone components. The results suggest that SinfPBP1 plays a major role in the reception of female sex pheromones in S. inferens, while SinfPBP3 plays a least role (if any) and SinfPBP2 functions as a recognizer of alcohol and aldehyde components. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
4. Differential co-localization with choline acetyltransferase in nervus terminalis suggests functional differences for GnRH isoforms in bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo).
Science.gov (United States)
Moeller, John F; Meredith, Michael
2010-12-17
The nervus terminalis (NT) is a vertebrate cranial nerve whose function in adults is unknown. In bonnethead sharks, the nerve is anatomically independent of the olfactory system, with two major cell populations within one or more ganglia along its exposed length. Most cells are immunoreactive for either gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or RF-amide-like peptides. To define further the cell populations and connectivity, we used double-label immunocytochemistry with antisera to different isoforms of GnRH and to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The labeling patterns of two GnRH antisera revealed different populations of GnRH-immunoreactive (ir) cell profiles in the NT ganglion. One antiserum labeled a large group of cells and fibers, which likely contain mammalian GnRH (GnRH-I) as described in previous studies and which were ChAT immunoreactive. The other antiserum labeled large club-like structures, which were anuclear, and a sparse number of fibers, but with no clear labeling of cell bodies in the ganglion. These club structures were choline acetyltrasferase (ChAT)-negative, and preabsorption control tests suggest they may contain chicken-GnRH-II (GnRH-II) or dogfish GnRH. The second major NT ganglion cell-type was immunoreactive for RF-amides, which regulate GnRH release in other vertebrates, and may provide an intraganglionic influence on GnRH release. The immunocytochemical and anatomical differences between the two GnRH-immunoreactive profile types indicate possible functional differences for these isoforms in the NT. The club-like structures may be sites of GnRH release into the general circulation since these structures were observed near blood vessels and resembled structures seen in the median eminence of rats. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
5. Differential Cytotoxic Activity of Essential Oil of Lippia citriodora from Different Regions in Morocco.
Science.gov (United States)
Oukerrou, Moulay Ali; Tilaoui, Mounir; Mouse, Hassan Ait; Bouchmaa, Najat; Zyad, Abdelmajid
2017-07-01
The aim of this work was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of the essential oil of dried leaves of Lippia citriodora (H.B. & K.) harvested in different regions of Morocco. This effect was evaluated against the P815 murine mastocytoma cell line using the MTT assay. Interestingly, this work demonstrated for the first time that these essential oils exhibited a strong cytotoxic activity against the P815 cell line, with IC 50 values ranging from 7.75 to 13.25 μg/ml. This cytotoxicity began early and increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The chemical profile of these essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Importantly, the difference in terms of major components' contents was not significant suggesting probably that the differential cytotoxicity between these essential oils could be attributed to the difference in the content of these essential oils in minor compounds, which could interact with each other or with the main molecules. Finally, this study demonstrated for the first time that essential oils of L. citriodora from different regions in Morocco induced apoptosis against P815 tumor cell line. © 2017 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.
6. Determination for regional differences of agriculture using satellite data
Science.gov (United States)
Saito, G.
2006-12-01
Remote Sensing Laboratory, Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Tohoku University starts at April 2004. For studies and education at the laboratory we are now developing the system of remote sensing and GIS. Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC) made the Home Pages of Terra/ASTER Image Web Library 3 "The Major Airport of the World." http://www.Ersdac.or.jp/ASTERimage3/library_E.html. First, we check the Airport Data to use agricultural understanding for the world. Almost major airport is located in rural area and surrounded with agriculture field. To survey the agriculture field adjacent to the major airport has almost the same condition of human activities. The images are same size and display about 18km X 14km. We can easily understand field size and surrounding conditions. We study seven airports as follows, 1. Tokyo Narita Airport (NRT), Japan, 2. Taipei Chiang kai Shek International Airport (TPE), Taiwan, 3. Bangkok International Airport (BKK), Thailand, 4. Riyadh King Khalid International Airport (RUH), Saudi Arabia, 5. Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG), Paris, France, 6. Vienna International Airport (VIE), Austria, 7. Denver International Airport (DEN), CO, USA. At the area of Tokyo Narita Airport, there are many golf courses, big urban area and small size of agricultural fields. At Taipei Airport area are almost same as Tokyo Narita Airport area and there are many ponds for irrigations. Bangkok Airport area also has golf courses and many ponds for irrigation water. Riyadh Airport area is quite different from others, and there are large bare soils and small agriculture fields with irrigation and circle shape. Paris Airport area and Vienna Airport area are almost agricultural fields and there are vegetated field and bare soil fields because of crop rotation. Denver Airport area consists of almost agriculture fields and each field size is very large. The advantages of ASTER data are as follows, 1. High-resolution and large
7. Menstrual phase-related differences in the pulsatility index on the central retinal artery suggest an oestrogen vasodilatation effect that antagonizes with progesterone.
Science.gov (United States)
Viana, Luiz Carlos; Faria, Marcos; Pettersen, Heverton; Sampaio, Marcos; Geber, Selmo
2011-03-01
The actual effect of steroid hormones on cerebral microcirculation is still controversial. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate vascular flow variations in the central retinal artery that may exist during the ovulatory menstrual cycle. A total of 34 healthy women were included in this observational, longitudinal, and prospective study. All participants were submitted to dopplerfluxometric evaluation of the eyes in order to study the pulsatility index (PI) of the central retinal arteries, during four phases of the menstrual cycle: early follicular, mid follicular, periovulatory, and mid luteal phases. Subjects' ages ranged from 14 to 47 years old (mean: 29.7 ± 10.1) and PI did not differ among age groups. The PI of the central retinal artery was different among the four phases of the menstrual cycle. PI showed a significant decrease from early follicular phase (1.72) to mid follicular phase (1.57) (p = 0.037), and was similar during periovulatory phase (1.56) and significantly increased in mid luteal phase (1.70). After that it returned to the values observed in the early follicular phase. Our results suggest the existence of an oestrogen vasodilatation effect on the central retinal artery that is menstrual phase-related and antagonized by progesterone.
8. 1H NMR spectra of vertebrate [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins. Hyperfine resonances suggest different electron delocalization patterns from plant ferredoxins
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Skjeldal, L.; Markley, J.L.; Coghlan, V.M.; Vickery, L.E.
1991-01-01
The authors report the observation of paramagnetically shifted (hyperfine) proton resonances from vertebrate mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins. The hyperfine signals of human, bovine, and chick [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins are described and compared with those of Anabena 7120 vegetative ferredoxin, a plant-type [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin studied previously. The hyperfine resonances of the three vertebrate ferredoxins were very similar to one another both in the oxidized state and in the reduced state, and slow (on the NMR scale) electron self-exchange was observed in partially reduced samples. For the oxidized vertebrate ferredoxins, hyperfine signals were observed downfield of the diamagnetic envelope from +13 to +50 ppm, and the general pattern of peaks and their anti-Curie temperature dependence are similar to those observed for the oxidized plant-type ferredoxins. For the reduced vertebrate ferredoxins, hyperfine signals were observed for the oxidized plant-type ferredoxins. For the reduced vertebrate ferredoxins, hyperfine signals were observed both upfield (-2 to -18 ppm) and downfield (+15 to +45 ppm), and all were found to exhibit Curie-type temperature dependence. These results indicate that the contact-shifted resonances in the reduced vertebrate ferredoxins detect different spin magnetization from those in the reduced plant ferredoxins and suggest that plant and vertebrate ferredoxins have fundamentally different patterns of electron delocalization in the reduced [2Fe-2S] center
9. Advancing Implementation of Evidence-Based Public Health in China: An Assessment of the Current Situation and Suggestions for Developing Regions.
Science.gov (United States)
Shi, Jianwei; Jiang, Chenghua; Tan, Duxun; Yu, Dehua; Lu, Yuan; Sun, Pengfei; Pan, Ying; Zhang, Hanzhi; Wang, Zhaoxin; Yang, Beilei
2016-01-01
Objective. Existing research shows a serious scarcity of EBPH practice in China and other developing regions; as an exploratory study, this study aimed to assess the current EBPH implementation status in Shanghai of China qualitatively. Methods. Using semistructured key informant interviews, we examined the status of and impediments to the lagging EBPH in China. Data were analyzed based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Results. Chinese public health practitioners knew more about evidence-based medicine but less about EBPH. The situation was worse in community healthcare centers. Participants perceived that evidence sources were limited and the quality of evidence was low. Concerning the inner setting factors, the structural characteristics, networks and communications, implementation climate, and leadership engagement were confronted with many problems. Among the outer setting factors, external government policies and incentives and low patient compliance were the key problems. Additionally, public health practitioners in Shanghai lacked sufficient awareness of EBPH. Furthermore, the current project-based EBPH lacks a systematic implementation system. Conclusions. Existing practical perspectives on EBPH indicate a lag in the advocacy of this new ideology in China. It would be advisable for healthcare institutions to take the initiative to explore feasible and multiple methods of EBPH promotion.
10. Advancing Implementation of Evidence-Based Public Health in China: An Assessment of the Current Situation and Suggestions for Developing Regions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jianwei Shi
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Objective. Existing research shows a serious scarcity of EBPH practice in China and other developing regions; as an exploratory study, this study aimed to assess the current EBPH implementation status in Shanghai of China qualitatively. Methods. Using semistructured key informant interviews, we examined the status of and impediments to the lagging EBPH in China. Data were analyzed based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR. Results. Chinese public health practitioners knew more about evidence-based medicine but less about EBPH. The situation was worse in community healthcare centers. Participants perceived that evidence sources were limited and the quality of evidence was low. Concerning the inner setting factors, the structural characteristics, networks and communications, implementation climate, and leadership engagement were confronted with many problems. Among the outer setting factors, external government policies and incentives and low patient compliance were the key problems. Additionally, public health practitioners in Shanghai lacked sufficient awareness of EBPH. Furthermore, the current project-based EBPH lacks a systematic implementation system. Conclusions. Existing practical perspectives on EBPH indicate a lag in the advocacy of this new ideology in China. It would be advisable for healthcare institutions to take the initiative to explore feasible and multiple methods of EBPH promotion.
11. Differences Between Colon Cancer Primaries and Metastases Using a Molecular Assay for Tumor Radiation Sensitivity Suggest Implications for Potential Oligometastatic SBRT Patient Selection
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ahmed, Kamran A.; Fulp, William J.; Berglund, Anders E.; Hoffe, Sarah E.; Dilling, Thomas J.; Eschrich, Steven A.; Shridhar, Ravi; Torres-Roca, Javier F.
2015-01-01
Purpose: We previously developed a multigene expression model of tumor radiation sensitivity index (RSI) with clinical validation in multiple independent cohorts (breast, rectal, esophageal, and head and neck patients). The purpose of this study was to assess differences between RSI scores in primary colon cancer and metastases. Methods and Materials: Patients were identified from our institutional review board–approved prospective observational protocol. A total of 704 metastatic and 1362 primary lesions were obtained from a de-identified metadata pool. RSI was calculated using the previously published rank-based algorithm. An independent cohort of 29 lung or liver colon metastases treated with 60 Gy in 5 fractions stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) was used for validation. Results: The most common sites of metastases included liver (n=374; 53%), lung (n=116; 17%), and lymph nodes (n=40; 6%). Sixty percent of metastatic tumors, compared with 54% of primaries, were in the RSI radiation-resistant peak, suggesting metastatic tumors may be slightly more radiation resistant than primaries (P=.01). In contrast, when we analyzed metastases based on anatomical site, we uncovered large differences in RSI. The median RSIs for metastases in descending order of radiation resistance were ovary (0.48), abdomen (0.47), liver (0.43), brain (0.42), lung (0.32), and lymph nodes (0.31) (P<.0001). These findings were confirmed when the analysis was restricted to lesions from the same patient (n=139). In our independent cohort of treated lung and liver metastases, lung metastases had an improved local control rate compared to that in patients with liver metastases (2-year local control rate of 100% vs 73.0%, respectively; P=.026). Conclusions: Assessment of radiation sensitivity between primary and metastatic tissues of colon cancer histology revealed significant differences based on anatomical location of metastases. These initial results warrant validation in a larger
12. Differences Between Colon Cancer Primaries and Metastases Using a Molecular Assay for Tumor Radiation Sensitivity Suggest Implications for Potential Oligometastatic SBRT Patient Selection
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Ahmed, Kamran A. [Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (United States); Fulp, William J.; Berglund, Anders E. [Department of Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (United States); Hoffe, Sarah E.; Dilling, Thomas J. [Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (United States); Eschrich, Steven A. [Department of Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (United States); Shridhar, Ravi [Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (United States); Torres-Roca, Javier F., E-mail: javier.torresroca@moffitt.org [Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida (United States)
2015-07-15
Purpose: We previously developed a multigene expression model of tumor radiation sensitivity index (RSI) with clinical validation in multiple independent cohorts (breast, rectal, esophageal, and head and neck patients). The purpose of this study was to assess differences between RSI scores in primary colon cancer and metastases. Methods and Materials: Patients were identified from our institutional review board–approved prospective observational protocol. A total of 704 metastatic and 1362 primary lesions were obtained from a de-identified metadata pool. RSI was calculated using the previously published rank-based algorithm. An independent cohort of 29 lung or liver colon metastases treated with 60 Gy in 5 fractions stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) was used for validation. Results: The most common sites of metastases included liver (n=374; 53%), lung (n=116; 17%), and lymph nodes (n=40; 6%). Sixty percent of metastatic tumors, compared with 54% of primaries, were in the RSI radiation-resistant peak, suggesting metastatic tumors may be slightly more radiation resistant than primaries (P=.01). In contrast, when we analyzed metastases based on anatomical site, we uncovered large differences in RSI. The median RSIs for metastases in descending order of radiation resistance were ovary (0.48), abdomen (0.47), liver (0.43), brain (0.42), lung (0.32), and lymph nodes (0.31) (P<.0001). These findings were confirmed when the analysis was restricted to lesions from the same patient (n=139). In our independent cohort of treated lung and liver metastases, lung metastases had an improved local control rate compared to that in patients with liver metastases (2-year local control rate of 100% vs 73.0%, respectively; P=.026). Conclusions: Assessment of radiation sensitivity between primary and metastatic tissues of colon cancer histology revealed significant differences based on anatomical location of metastases. These initial results warrant validation in a larger
13. Snake venomics and antivenomics of Bothrops atrox venoms from Colombia and the Amazon regions of Brazil, Perú and Ecuador suggest the occurrence of geographic variation of venom phenotype by a trend towards paedomorphism.
Science.gov (United States)
Núñez, Vitelbina; Cid, Pedro; Sanz, Libia; De La Torre, Pilar; Angulo, Yamileth; Lomonte, Bruno; Gutiérrez, José María; Calvete, Juan J
2009-11-02
The venom proteomes of Bothrops atrox from Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Perú were characterized using venomic and antivenomic strategies. Our results evidence the existence of two geographically differentiated venom phenotypes. The venom from Colombia comprises at least 26 different proteins belonging to 9 different groups of toxins. PI-metalloproteinases and K49-PLA(2) molecules represent the most abundant toxins. On the other hand, the venoms from Brazilian, Ecuadorian, and Peruvian B. atrox contain predominantly PIII-metalloproteinases. These toxin profiles correlate with the venom phenotypes of adult and juvenile B. asper from Costa Rica, respectively, suggesting that paedomorphism represented a selective trend during the trans-Amazonian southward expansion of B. atrox through the Andean Corridor. The high degree of crossreactivity of a Costa Rican polyvalent (Bothrops asper, Lachesis stenophrys, Crotalus simus) antivenom against B. atrox venoms further evidenced the close evolutionary kinship between B. asper and B. atrox. This antivenom was more efficient immunodepleting proteins from the venoms of B. atrox from Brazil, Ecuador, and Perú than from Colombia. Such behaviour may be rationalized taking into account the lower content of poorly immunogenic toxins, such as PLA(2) molecules and PI-SVMPs in the paedomorphic venoms. The immunological profile of the Costa Rican antivenom strongly suggests the possibility of using this antivenom for the management of snakebites by B. atrox in Colombia and the Amazon regions of Ecuador, Perú and Brazil.
14. Regional differences in electricity distribution costs and their consequences for yardstick regulation of access prices
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Filippini, M.; Wild, J.
2001-01-01
In this paper we estimate an average-cost function for a panel of 59 Swiss local and regional electricity distribution utilities as a basis for yardstick regulation of the distribution-network access prices. Shleifer (1985) proposed yardstick competition in terms of price to regulate local monopolies producing a homogeneous good. The regulated price for the individual firms depends on the average costs of identical firms. The yardstick competition concept can also be applied to firms that produce heterogeneous goods if these goods differ only in observable characteristics. To correct the yardstick for heterogeneity the regulator can use a multivariate estimation of an average-cost function. In the case of electricity distribution, the heterogeneity of output consists mainly of different characteristics of the distribution service areas. In this paper we follow Shleifer's suggestion to estimate a multivariate average-cost function that can be employed by the regulatory commission to benchmark network access prices at the distribution level. Several exogenous variables measuring the heterogeneity of the service areas were included in the cost model specification. We find that the regional differences of the service areas - e.g. area shares of forests, agricultural areas or unproductive land and population density - significantly influence electricity distribution costs
15. When the difference makes a difference – the regional embeddedness of entrepreneurship
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Breitenecker, Robert J.; Harms, Rainer; Weyh, Antje; Maresch, Daniela; Kraus, Sascha
2017-01-01
Regional determinants of new firm formation are of interest to researchers and policymakers. In the analysis of new firm formation, most studies use econometric approaches that mask intra-unit variations, not recognizing counterbalancing and dilution effects as a result. Recent advances in spatial
16. Molecular dynamics re-refinement of two different small RNA loop structures using the original NMR data suggest a common structure
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Henriksen, Niel M.; Davis, Darrell R.; Cheatham, Thomas E. III
2012-01-01
Restrained molecular dynamics simulations are a robust, though perhaps underused, tool for the end-stage refinement of biomolecular structures. We demonstrate their utility—using modern simulation protocols, optimized force fields, and inclusion of explicit solvent and mobile counterions—by re-investigating the solution structures of two RNA hairpins that had previously been refined using conventional techniques. The structures, both domain 5 group II intron ribozymes from yeast ai5γ and Pylaiella littoralis, share a nearly identical primary sequence yet the published 3D structures appear quite different. Relatively long restrained MD simulations using the original NMR restraint data identified the presence of a small set of violated distance restraints in one structure and a possibly incorrect trapped bulge nucleotide conformation in the other structure. The removal of problematic distance restraints and the addition of a heating step yielded representative ensembles with very similar 3D structures and much lower pairwise RMSD values. Analysis of ion density during the restrained simulations helped to explain chemical shift perturbation data published previously. These results suggest that restrained MD simulations, with proper caution, can be used to “update” older structures or aid in the refinement of new structures that lack sufficient experimental data to produce a high quality result. Notable cautions include the need for sufficient sampling, awareness of potential force field bias (such as small angle deviations with the current AMBER force fields), and a proper balance between the various restraint weights.
17. Molecular dynamics re-refinement of two different small RNA loop structures using the original NMR data suggest a common structure
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Henriksen, Niel M.; Davis, Darrell R.; Cheatham, Thomas E. III, E-mail: tec3@utah.edu [College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (United States)
2012-08-15
Restrained molecular dynamics simulations are a robust, though perhaps underused, tool for the end-stage refinement of biomolecular structures. We demonstrate their utility-using modern simulation protocols, optimized force fields, and inclusion of explicit solvent and mobile counterions-by re-investigating the solution structures of two RNA hairpins that had previously been refined using conventional techniques. The structures, both domain 5 group II intron ribozymes from yeast ai5{gamma} and Pylaiella littoralis, share a nearly identical primary sequence yet the published 3D structures appear quite different. Relatively long restrained MD simulations using the original NMR restraint data identified the presence of a small set of violated distance restraints in one structure and a possibly incorrect trapped bulge nucleotide conformation in the other structure. The removal of problematic distance restraints and the addition of a heating step yielded representative ensembles with very similar 3D structures and much lower pairwise RMSD values. Analysis of ion density during the restrained simulations helped to explain chemical shift perturbation data published previously. These results suggest that restrained MD simulations, with proper caution, can be used to 'update' older structures or aid in the refinement of new structures that lack sufficient experimental data to produce a high quality result. Notable cautions include the need for sufficient sampling, awareness of potential force field bias (such as small angle deviations with the current AMBER force fields), and a proper balance between the various restraint weights.
18. Differential effects of MPEP and diazepam in tests of conditioned emotional response and Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer suggests 'anxiolytic' effects are mediated by different mechanisms.
Science.gov (United States)
George, S A; Hutson, P H; Stephens, D N
2009-06-01
The selective mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) is reported to be anxiolytic in several animal models of anxiety, including the conditioned emotional response (CER) paradigm. Suppression of responding during conditioned stimulus (CS) presentation in CER may reflect behavioural competition between lever pressing and adopting a shock-avoidance posture, or it may alternatively reflect altered value of the food reward following its association with a footshock, thus reducing its ability to motivate responding. If this is the case, then drugs that reduce the CER may interfere with the mechanism by which CSs are able to motivate responding, rather than by reducing anxiety. The standard test of the ability of Pavlovian cues to motivate responding is the Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm and it has recently been suggested that CER may be 'negative PIT'. We compared the effect of MPEP (0, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg) and diazepam (0, 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) in CER and PIT. Both MPEP and diazepam significantly reduced conditioned suppression in the CER paradigm. MPEP, but not diazepam, significantly reduced PIT. The findings support the hypothesis that MPEP may reduce expression of anxiety in the CER paradigm by interfering with the way in which emotionally salient cues are able to affect behaviour, but do not support such an analysis of the effect of diazepam. Diazepam and MPEP may therefore achieve their effects in CER by influencing different psychological processes.
19. What controls the seasonal cycle of columnar methane observed by GOSAT over different regions in India?
Science.gov (United States)
Chandra, Naveen; Hayashida, Sachiko; Saeki, Tazu; Patra, Prabir K.
2017-10-01
Methane (CH4) is one of the most important short-lived climate forcers for its critical roles in greenhouse warming and air pollution chemistry in the troposphere, and the water vapor budget in the stratosphere. It is estimated that up to about 8 % of global CH4 emissions occur from South Asia, covering less than 1 % of the global land. With the availability of satellite observations from space, variability in CH4 has been captured for most parts of the global land with major emissions, which were otherwise not covered by the surface observation network. The satellite observation of the columnar dry-air mole fractions of methane (XCH4) is an integrated measure of CH4 densities at all altitudes from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. Here, we present an analysis of XCH4 variability over different parts of India and the surrounding cleaner oceanic regions as measured by the Greenhouse gases Observation SATellite (GOSAT) and simulated by an atmospheric chemistry-transport model (ACTM). Distinct seasonal variations of XCH4 have been observed over the northern (north of 15° N) and southern (south of 15° N) parts of India, corresponding to the peak during the southwestern monsoon (July-September) and early autumn (October-December) seasons, respectively. Analysis of the transport, emission, and chemistry contributions to XCH4 using ACTM suggests that a distinct XCH4 seasonal cycle over northern and southern regions of India is governed by both the heterogeneous distributions of surface emissions and a contribution of the partial CH4 column in the upper troposphere. Over most of the northern Indian Gangetic Plain regions, up to 40 % of the peak-to-trough amplitude during the southwestern (SW) monsoon season is attributed to the lower troposphere ( ˜ 1000-600 hPa), and ˜ 40 % to uplifted high-CH4 air masses in the upper troposphere ( ˜ 600-200 hPa). In contrast, the XCH4 seasonal enhancement over semi-arid western India is attributed mainly ( ˜ 70 %) to the
20. Impairment of different protein domains causes variable clinical presentation within Pitt-Hopkins syndrome and suggests intragenic molecular syndromology of TCF4.
Science.gov (United States)
Bedeschi, Maria Francesca; Marangi, Giuseppe; Calvello, Maria Rosaria; Ricciardi, Stefania; Leone, Francesca Pia Chiara; Baccarin, Marco; Guerneri, Silvana; Orteschi, Daniela; Murdolo, Marina; Lattante, Serena; Frangella, Silvia; Keena, Beth; Harr, Margaret H; Zackai, Elaine; Zollino, Marcella
2017-11-01
Pitt-Hopkins syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe intellectual disability and a distinctive facial gestalt. It is caused by haploinsufficiency of the TCF4 gene. The TCF4 protein has different functional domains, with the NLS (nuclear localization signal) domain coded by exons 7-8 and the bHLH (basic Helix-Loop-Helix) domain coded by exon 18. Several alternatively spliced TCF4 variants have been described, allowing for translation of variable protein isoforms. Typical PTHS patients have impairment of at least the bHLH domain. To which extent impairment of the remaining domains contributes to the final phenotype is not clear. There is recent evidence that certain loss-of-function variants disrupting TCF4 are associated with mild ID, but not with typical PTHS. We describe a frameshift-causing partial gene deletion encompassing exons 4-6 of TCF4 in an adult patient with mild ID and nonspecific facial dysmorphisms but without the typical features of PTHS, and a c.520C > T nonsense variant within exon 8 in a child presenting with a severe phenotype largely mimicking PTHS, but lacking the typical facial dysmorphism. Investigation on mRNA, along with literature review, led us to suggest a preliminary phenotypic map of loss-of-function variants affecting TCF4. An intragenic phenotypic map of loss-of-function variants in TCF4 is suggested here for the first time: variants within exons 1-4 and exons 4-6 give rise to a recurrent phenotype with mild ID not in the spectrum of Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (biallelic preservation of both the NLS and bHLH domains); variants within exons 7-8 cause a severe phenotype resembling PTHS but in absence of the typical facial dysmorphism (impairment limited to the NLS domain); variants within exons 9-19 cause typical Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (impairment of at least the bHLH domain). Understanding the TCF4 molecular syndromology can allow for proper nosology in the current era of whole genomic investigations. Copyright
1. Rain-season trends in precipitation and their effect in different climate regions of China during 1961-2008
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Song Yanling; Achberger, Christine; Linderholm, Hans W
2011-01-01
Using high-quality precipitation data from 524 stations, the trends of a set of precipitation variables during the main rain season (May-September) from 1961 to 2008 for different climate regions in China were analysed. However, different characteristics were displayed in different regions of China. In most temperate monsoon regions (north-eastern China), total rain-season precipitation and precipitation days showed decreasing trends; positive tendencies in precipitation intensity were, however, noted for most stations in this region. It is suggested that the decrease in rain-season precipitation is mainly related to there being fewer rain days and a change towards drier conditions in north-eastern China, and as a result, the available water resources have been negatively affected in the temperate monsoon regions. In most subtropical and tropical monsoon climate regions (south-eastern China), the rain-season precipitation and precipitation days (11-50, with > 50 mm) showed slightly positive trends. However, precipitation days with ≤ 10 mm decreased in these regions. Changes towards wetter conditions in this area, together with more frequent heavy rainfall events causing floods, have a severe impact on peoples' lives and socio-economic development. In general, the rain-season precipitation, precipitation days and rain-season precipitation intensity had all increased in the temperate continental and plateau/mountain regions of western China. This increase in rain-season precipitation has been favourable to pasture growth.
2. Experimental evidence of biological interactions among different isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi from the Chaco Region.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Paula G Ragone
Full Text Available Many infectious diseases arise from co-infections or re-infections with more than one genotype of the same pathogen. These mixed infections could alter host fitness, the severity of symptoms, success in pathogen transmission and the epidemiology of the disease. Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, exhibits a high biological variability often correlated with its genetic diversity. Here, we developed an experimental approach in order to evaluate biological interaction between three T. cruzi isolates belonging to different Discrete Typing Units (DTUs TcIII, TcV and TcVI. These isolates were obtained from a restricted geographical area in the Chaco Region. Different mixed infections involving combinations of two isolates (TcIII + TcV, TcIII + TcVI and TcV + TcVI were studied in a mouse model. The parameters evaluated were number of parasites circulating in peripheral blood, histopathology and genetic characterization of each DTU in different tissues by DNA hybridization probes. We found a predominance of TcVI isolate in blood and tissues respect to TcIII and TcV; and a decrease of the inflammatory response in heart when the damage of mice infected with TcVI and TcIII + TcVI mixture were compared. In addition, simultaneous presence of two isolates in the same tissue was not detected. Our results show that biological interactions between isolates with different biological behaviors lead to changes in their biological properties. The occurrence of interactions among different genotypes of T. cruzi observed in our mouse model suggests that these phenomena could also occur in natural cycles in the Chaco Region.
3. Regional differences in antihyperglycemic medication are not explained by individual socioeconomic status, regional deprivation, and regional health care services. Observational results from the German DIAB-CORE consortium.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Christina Bächle
Full Text Available This population-based study sought to extend knowledge on factors explaining regional differences in type 2 diabetes mellitus medication patterns in Germany.Individual baseline and follow-up data from four regional population-based German cohort studies (SHIP [northeast], CARLA [east], HNR [west], KORA [south] conducted between 1997 and 2010 were pooled and merged with both data on regional deprivation and regional health care services. To analyze regional differences in any or newer anti-hyperglycemic medication, medication prevalence ratios (PRs were estimated using multivariable Poisson regression models with a robust error variance adjusted gradually for individual and regional variables.The study population consisted of 1,437 people aged 45 to 74 years at baseline, (corresponding to 49 to 83 years at follow-up with self-reported type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of receiving any anti-hyperglycemic medication was 16% higher in KORA (PR 1.16 [1.08-1.25], 10% higher in CARLA (1.10 [1.01-1.18], and 7% higher in SHIP (PR 1.07 [1.00-1.15] than in HNR. The prevalence of receiving newer anti-hyperglycemic medication was 49% higher in KORA (1.49 [1.09-2.05], 41% higher in CARLA (1.41 [1.02-1.96] and 1% higher in SHIP (1.01 [0.72-1.41] than in HNR, respectively. After gradual adjustment for individual variables, regional deprivation and health care services, the effects only changed slightly.Neither comprehensive individual factors including socioeconomic status nor regional deprivation or indicators of regional health care services were able to sufficiently explain regional differences in anti-hyperglycemic treatment in Germany. To understand the underlying causes, further research is needed.
4. Regional differences in entrepreneurial perceptions and implications for the Romanian competitiveness policy
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Nicolae Mariana
2016-04-01
Full Text Available Understanding entrepreneurship as being spatially rooted transforms it in a regional and national competitiveness factor. Despite the increasing importance of the territorial dimension in supporting economic growth at policy and declarative levels, in practice, in Romania, the territorial structure and spatial organization of the economy contributes little to the national value added. In this context, we study regional differences in entrepreneurial initiative and perception and their possible impact on the national competitiveness strategy. We use primary data collected in three Romanian regions (Centre, North-East, Bucureşti-Ilfov and conduct a statistical analysis of the data. The results indicate different comparative regional profiles. The regional differences in the intentions, motivations, barriers and limitation for entrepreneurship confirm the theoretical view that personal motivations of becoming an entrepreneur are determined by environmental conditions. We conclude that the regional differences should be taken into account in the elaboration of the competitiveness policy, corroborated with the results of other similar studies.
5. Regional differences in the pituitary distribution of luteinizing hormone in the gonadectomized and proestrous female rat
Science.gov (United States)
Previous data have shown regional differences in the presence of anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) that generally correlate with comparable disparities in the distribution of gonadotropes throughout the gland. In female rats, the differences are apparent over the estro...
6. Multisensory and Modality Specific Processing of Visual Speech in Different Regions of the Premotor Cortex
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Daniel eCallan
2014-05-01
Full Text Available Behavioral and neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that brain regions involved with speech production also support speech perception, especially under degraded conditions. The premotor cortex has been shown to be active during both observation and execution of action (‘Mirror System’ properties, and may facilitate speech perception by mapping unimodal and multimodal sensory features onto articulatory speech gestures. For this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI study, participants identified vowels produced by a speaker in audio-visual (saw the speaker’s articulating face and heard her voice, visual only (only saw the speaker’s articulating face, and audio only (only heard the speaker’s voice conditions with varying audio signal-to-noise ratios in order to determine the regions of the premotor cortex involved with multisensory and modality specific processing of visual speech gestures. The task was designed so that identification could be made with a high level of accuracy from visual only stimuli to control for task difficulty and differences in intelligibility. The results of the fMRI analysis for visual only and audio-visual conditions showed overlapping activity in inferior frontal gyrus and premotor cortex. The left ventral inferior premotor cortex showed properties of multimodal (audio-visual enhancement with a degraded auditory signal. The left inferior parietal lobule and right cerebellum also showed these properties. The left ventral superior and dorsal premotor cortex did not show this multisensory enhancement effect, but there was greater activity for the visual only over audio-visual conditions in these areas. The results suggest that the inferior regions of the ventral premotor cortex are involved with integrating multisensory information, whereas, more superior and dorsal regions of the premotor cortex are involved with mapping unimodal (in this case visual sensory features of the speech signal with
7. Regional and temporal differences in gene expression of LH(BETA)T(AG) retinoblastoma tumors.
Science.gov (United States)
Houston, Samuel K; Pina, Yolanda; Clarke, Jennifer; Koru-Sengul, Tulay; Scott, William K; Nathanson, Lubov; Schefler, Amy C; Murray, Timothy G
2011-07-23
The purpose of this study was to evaluate by microarray the hypothesis that LH(BETA)T(AG) retinoblastoma tumors exhibit regional and temporal variations in gene expression. LH(BETA)T(AG) mice aged 12, 16, and 20 weeks were euthanatized (n = 9). Specimens were taken from five tumor areas (apex, anterior lateral, center, base, and posterior lateral). Samples were hybridized to gene microarrays. The data were preprocessed and analyzed, and genes with a P 2.5 were considered to be differentially expressed. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed for overlap with known networks by using pathway analysis tools. There were significant temporal (P regional differences in gene expression for LH(BETA)T(AG) retinoblastoma tumors. At P 2.5, there were significant changes in gene expression of 190 genes apically, 84 genes anterolaterally, 126 genes posteriorly, 56 genes centrally, and 134 genes at the base. Differentially expressed genes overlapped with known networks, with significant involvement in regulation of cellular proliferation and growth, response to oxygen levels and hypoxia, regulation of cellular processes, cellular signaling cascades, and angiogenesis. There are significant temporal and regional variations in the LH(BETA)T(AG) retinoblastoma model. Differentially expressed genes overlap with key pathways that may play pivotal roles in murine retinoblastoma development. These findings suggest the mechanisms involved in tumor growth and progression in murine retinoblastoma tumors and identify pathways for analysis at a functional level, to determine significance in human retinoblastoma. Microarray analysis of LH(BETA)T(AG) retinal tumors showed significant regional and temporal variations in gene expression, including dysregulation of genes involved in hypoxic responses and angiogenesis.
8. Current and Historical Antecedents of Individual Value Differences Across 195 Regions in Europe
NARCIS (Netherlands)
van Herk, H.; Poortinga, Y.H.
2012-01-01
This study analyzes differences on two value dimensions, conservation and self-enhancement, at both the individual and regional level across Europe. Within-country regions represent "cultunits" that often have belonged to different nation-states in history. Eight antecedent variables are explored.
9. The contribution of smoking to regional mortality differences in The Netherlands
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Janssen, F.; Spriensma, A.S.
2012-01-01
BACKGROUND: Smoking is an important preventable determinant of morbidity and mortality. Knowledge about its role in regional mortality differences can help us to identify relevant policy areas, and to explain national mortality differences. OBJECTIVE: We explored the extent to which the regional
10. The contribution of smoking to regional mortality differences in the Netherlands
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Janssen, Fanny; Spriensma, Alette Sigrid
2012-01-01
BACKGROUND Smoking is an important preventable determinant of morbidity and mortality. Knowledge about its role in regional mortality differences can help us to identify relevant policy areas, and to explain national mortality differences. OBJECTIVE We explored the extent to which the regional
11. Distinct gut microbiota of healthy children from two different geographic regions of Thailand.
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La-Ongkham, Orawan; Nakphaichit, Massalin; Leelavatcharamas, Vichai; Keawsompong, Suttipun; Nitisinprasert, Sunee
2015-05-01
In Thailand, food consumption by people from each region is different. This can be an important environmental factor which shapes the gut microbiota further affecting their health. This study aimed to use quantitative PCR (qPCR) to investigate the intestinal microbial community in 60 healthy children (aged 8-11 years) living in specific areas, namely central (CT) and northeastern (NE) Thailand where each region has its own typical food consumption. The children from NE had significantly higher consumption frequency of meat (chicken and beef), a wide variety of carbohydrate sources (noodle, fermented rice and sweet potato) including vegetables and fruit, while in CT, there was a significant preference for rice, breakfast cereal and cow milk. The qPCR analysis resulted in significantly higher abundance of lactobacilli, Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale, Clostridium leptum, Prevotella and Bacteroides fragilis in children from the NE region. However, no significant difference in the count of Bifidobacterium spp., Enterobacteriaceae and methanogens was observed. Considering the correlation of food sources and microbial groups, the consumption frequency of vegetables showed a moderately positive correlation coefficient of 0.42 and 0.34 to the Lactobacillus group (P = 0.001) and the Prevotella group (P = 0.008), respectively, while a diet of fish and beef showed a moderately negative correlation coefficient of -0.41 (P = 0.001) and -0.33 (P = 0.09) to Bifidobacterium spp., respectively. Our results suggested that high frequency consumption of varieties of carbohydrates, protein sources, fruits and vegetables by the NE children promoted a high abundance of bacterial species in the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes.
12. Gender differences in regional cerebral activity during the perception of emotion: a functional MRI study.
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Hofer, Alex; Siedentopf, Christian M; Ischebeck, Anja; Rettenbacher, Maria A; Verius, Michael; Felber, Stephan; Fleischhacker, W Wolfgang
2006-08-15
Whether men activate different brain regions during various emotions compared to women or whether gender differences exist in transient emotional states has been the subject of only few studies. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate gender differences during the perception of positive or negative emotions. The experiment comprised two emotional conditions (pleasant/unpleasant visual stimuli) during which fMRI data were acquired. Altogether, 38 healthy volunteers (19 males, 19 females) were investigated. When subtracting the activation values of men from those of women, suprathreshold positive signal changes were detected in the right posterior cingulate, the left putamen and the left cerebellum during positive mood induction, and in bilateral superior temporal gyri and cerebellar vermis during negative mood induction. The subtraction of activation values of women from those of men yielded no significant differences. Our findings suggest gender-related neural responses to emotional stimuli and could contribute to the understanding of mechanisms underlying gender-related vulnerability of the prevalence and severity of neuropsychiatric disorders.
13. Assessment of Soybean Flowering and Seed Maturation Time in Different Latitude Regions of Kazakhstan.
Science.gov (United States)
Abugalieva, Saule; Didorenko, Svetlana; Anuarbek, Shynar; Volkova, Lubov; Gerasimova, Yelena; Sidorik, Ivan; Turuspekov, Yerlan
2016-01-01
Soybean is still a minor crop in Kazakhstan despite an increase in planting area from 4,500 to 11,400 km2 between 2006 and 2014. However, the Government's recently accepted crop diversification policy projects the expansion of soybean cultivation area to more than 40,000 km2 by 2020. The policy is targeting significant expansion of soybean production in South-eastern, Eastern, and Northern regions of Kazakhstan. Successful realization of this policy requires a comprehensive characterization of plant growth parameters to identify optimal genotypes with appropriate adaptive phenotypic traits. In this study 120 soybean accessions from different parts of the World, including 18 accessions from Kazakhstan, were field tested in South-eastern, Eastern, and Northern regions of the country. These studies revealed positive correlation of yield with flowering time in Northern Kazakhstan, with seed maturity time in Eastern Kazakhstan, and with both these growth stages in South-eastern Kazakhstan. It was determined that in South-eastern, Eastern and Northern regions of Kazakhstan the majority of productive genotypes were in maturity groups MGI, MG0, and MG00, respectively. The accessions were genotyped for four major maturity genes (E1, E2, E3, and E4) in order to assess the relationship between E loci and agronomic traits. The allele composition of the majority of accessions was e1-as/e2/E3/E4 (specific frequencies 57.5%, 91.6%, 65.0%, and 63.3%, respectively). Accessions with dominant alleles in either E3 or E4 genes showed higher yield in all three regions, although the specific genotype associated with greatest productivity was different for each site. Genotype-environment interaction studies based on yield performances suggest that South-east and East regions formed one mega-environment, which was well separated from North Kazakhstan where significantly earlier time to maturation is required. The results provide important insights into the relationship between genetic and
14. Regional differences in the psychological recovery of Christchurch residents following the 2010/2011 earthquakes: a longitudinal study.
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Greaves, Lara M; Milojev, Petar; Huang, Yanshu; Stronge, Samantha; Osborne, Danny; Bulbulia, Joseph; Grimshaw, Michael; Sibley, Chris G
2015-01-01
We examined changes in psychological distress experienced by residents of Christchurch following two catastrophic earthquakes in late 2010 and early 2011, using data from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (NZAVS), a national probability panel study of New Zealand adults. Analyses focused on the 267 participants (172 women, 95 men) who were living in central Christchurch in 2009 (i.e., before the Christchurch earthquakes), and who also provided complete responses to our yearly panel questionnaire conducted in late 2010 (largely between the two major earthquakes), late 2011, and late 2012. Levels of psychological distress were similar across the different regions of central Christchurch immediately following the September 2010 earthquake, and remained comparable across regions in 2011. By late 2012, however, average levels of psychological distress in the regions had diverged as a function of the amount of property damage experienced within each given region. Specifically, participants in the least damaged region (i.e., the Fendalton-Waimairi and Riccarton-Wigram wards) experienced greater drops in psychological distress than did those in the moderately damaged region (i.e., across the Spreydon-Heathcote and Hagley-Ferrymead wards). However, the level of psychological distress reported by participants in the most damaged region (i.e., across Shirley-Papanui and Burwood-Pegasus) were not significantly different to those in the least damaged region of central Christchurch. These findings suggest that different patterns of psychological recovery emerged across the different regions of Christchurch, with the moderately damaged region faring the worst, but only after the initial shock of the destruction had passed.
15. Age differences in intercorrelations between regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Horwitz, B.; Duara, R.; Rapoport, S.I.
1986-01-01
Patterns of cerebral metabolic intercorrelations were compared in the resting state in 15 healthy young men (ages 20 to 32 years) and 15 healthy elderly men (ages 64 to 83 years). Controlling for whole-brain glucose metabolism, partial correlation coefficients were determined between pairs of regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose determined by positron emission tomography using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and obtained in 59 brain regions. Compared with the young men, the elderly men had fewer statistically significant correlations, with the most notable reductions observed between the parietal lobe regions, and between the parietal and frontal lobe regions. These results suggest that cerebral functional interactions are reduced in healthy elderly men
16. Regional differences in the incidence of tuberculosis among patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus.
Science.gov (United States)
Yang, Bo Ram; Kang, Young Ae; Heo, Eun Young; Koo, Bo Kyung; Choi, Nam-Kyong; Hwang, Seung-Sik; Lee, Chang-Hoon
2018-04-01
There are regional differences in the burden of tuberculosis (TB). Although these differences might be explained by regional differences in the risk factors of TB, whether such risk factors are actually associated with the regional differences in the TB burden remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the risk factors of and regional differences in TB incidence. A cohort study applying nationwide claims database in Republic of Korea included patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in 2009. The main outcome was the incidence of TB defined based on the diagnostic codes combined with anti-tuberculosis treatment repeated within 90 days. Sixteen regions were categorized into 3 groups according to the age- and sex-standardized TB incidence rates. Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for risk factors was performed to identify the determinants of the regional differences in TB incidence. Among 331 601 participants newly diagnosed with type 2 DM and with no history of previous TB, 1216 TB cases were observed. The regional TB incidence rates ranged between 2.3 and 5.9/1000 patients. Multivariate analyses did not identify any determinants of regional differences in the TB incidence among the various risk factors, including age, sex, health care utilization, co-morbidities, medication and treatment and complications of DM. Similarly, temperature, humidity and latent TB infection rate also did not affect the results. Although substantial regional differences in the TB incidence rate were observed among patients with newly diagnosed DM, no determinants of regional difference were identified among the risk factors. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
17. Spatial connections in regional climate model rainfall outputs at different temporal scales: Application of network theory
Science.gov (United States)
Naufan, Ihsan; Sivakumar, Bellie; Woldemeskel, Fitsum M.; Raghavan, Srivatsan V.; Vu, Minh Tue; Liong, Shie-Yui
2018-01-01
Understanding the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall has always been a great challenge, and the impacts of climate change further complicate this issue. The present study employs the concepts of complex networks to study the spatial connections in rainfall, with emphasis on climate change and rainfall scaling. Rainfall outputs (during 1961-1990) from a regional climate model (i.e. Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model that downscaled the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF ERA-40 reanalyses) over Southeast Asia are studied, and data corresponding to eight different temporal scales (6-hr, 12-hr, daily, 2-day, 4-day, weekly, biweekly, and monthly) are analyzed. Two network-based methods are applied to examine the connections in rainfall: clustering coefficient (a measure of the network's local density) and degree distribution (a measure of the network's spread). The influence of rainfall correlation threshold (T) on spatial connections is also investigated by considering seven different threshold levels (ranging from 0.5 to 0.8). The results indicate that: (1) rainfall networks corresponding to much coarser temporal scales exhibit properties similar to that of small-world networks, regardless of the threshold; (2) rainfall networks corresponding to much finer temporal scales may be classified as either small-world networks or scale-free networks, depending upon the threshold; and (3) rainfall spatial connections exhibit a transition phase at intermediate temporal scales, especially at high thresholds. These results suggest that the most appropriate model for studying spatial connections may often be different at different temporal scales, and that a combination of small-world and scale-free network models might be more appropriate for rainfall upscaling/downscaling across all scales, in the strict sense of scale-invariance. The results also suggest that spatial connections in the studied rainfall networks in Southeast Asia are
18. Study on the Adsorption Capacities for Airborne Particulates of Landscape Plants in Different Polluted Regions in Beijing (China
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Wei-Kang Zhang
2015-08-01
19. Antibiotic usage and resistance in different regions of the Dutch community.
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Bruinsma, N.; Filius, P.M.; Smet, P.A.G.M. de; Degener, J.E.; Endtz, P.; Bogaard, A.E. van den; Stobberingh, E.E.
2002-01-01
Regional differences of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance in the fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci were determined in different cities in the south, west, and north of The Netherlands. In 1999, differences in antibiotic consumption were observed between the different
20. Antibiotic usage and resistance in different regions of the Dutch community
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Bruinsma, N; Filius, PMG; De Smet, PAGM; Degener, J; Endtz, P; Van den Bogaard, AE; Stobberingh, EE
2002-01-01
Regional differences of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance in the fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci were determined in different cities in the south, west, and north of The Netherlands. In 1999, differences in antibiotic consumption were observed between the different
1. Comparison of the effectiveness of different immobilization systems in different body regions using daily megavoltage CT in helical tomotherapy
Science.gov (United States)
Cheng, K-F
2014-01-01
Objective: Effective immobilization is crucial for the accurate delivery of radiotherapy. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the commonly used immobilization systems for different body regions using megavoltage CT (MVCT). Methods: Daily treatment set-up data from 212 patients treated by helical tomotherapy (Accuray, Sunnyvale, CA) in 6 body regions (52 head and neck, 41 chest, 38 abdomen, 36 pelvis, 18 breast and 27 cranium) were obtained. Based on a verification tool using the pre-treatment MVCT, set-up corrections for each patient were recorded. Mean systematic and random errors of lateral, longitudinal, vertical and roll directions and three-dimensional vectors were compared between immobilization systems of each region. Results: Smaller set-up deviations were observed in the Orfit system (Orfit Industries NV, Wijnegem, Belgium) of the head and neck region, while the performance of immobilization systems for the chest, abdomen and pelvis regions was similar. Larger differences were noted in the breast group, where the prone BodyFIX® system (Medical Intelligence, Medizintechnik GmbH, Schwabmünchen, Germany) was less stable than the supine VacLok® system (CIVCO Medical Solutions, Orange City, IA). Conclusion: Differences were found between the immobilization systems in the head and neck region, in which the Orfit system was relatively more effective, whereas the VacLok and BodyFIX systems performed similarly in the chest, abdomen and pelvis regions. For the breast case, the supine position with VacLok was much more stable than the prone breast technique. The results provided references for the estimation of clinical target volume–planning target volume margins. Advances in knowledge: This is the first article on comprehensive comparisons performed in immobilization systems for main body regions that provides some practical recommendations. PMID:24398111
2. Spatial Patterns and the Regional Differences of Rural Settlements in Jilin Province, China
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Xiaoyan Li
2017-11-01
Full Text Available The spatial patterns of rural settlements are important for understanding the drivers of land use change and the relationship between human activity and environmental processes. It has been suggested that the clustering of houses decreases the negative effects on the environment and promotes the development of the countryside, but few empirical studies have quantified the spatial distribution patterns of houses. Our aim was to explore the regional differences in rural settlement patterns and expand our understanding of their geographic associations, and thus contribute to land use planning and the implementation of the policy of “building a new countryside”. We used spatial statistical methods and indices of landscape metrics to investigate different settlement patterns in three typical counties within different environments in Jilin Province, Northeast China. The results indicated that rural settlements in these three counties were all clustered, but to a varied degree. Settlement density maps and landscape metrics displayed uniformity of the settlement distributions within plain, hill, and mountainous areas. Influenced by the physical environment, the scale, form, and degree of aggregation varied. Accordingly, three types of rural settlements were summarized: a low-density, large-scale and sparse type; a mass-like and point-scattered type; and a low-density and high cluster-like type. The spatial patterns of rural settlements are the result of anthropogenic and complex physical processes, and provide an important insight for the layout and management of the countryside.
3. Regional Atmospheric CO2 Inversion Reveals Seasonal and Geographic Differences in Amazon Net Biome Exchange
Science.gov (United States)
Alden, Caroline B.; Miller, John B.; Gatti, Luciana V.; Gloor, Manuel M.; Guan, Kaiyu; Michalak, Anna M.; van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid; Touma, Danielle; Andrews, Arlyn; Basso, Luana G.;
2016-01-01
Understanding tropical rainforest carbon exchange and its response to heat and drought is critical for quantifying the effects of climate change on tropical ecosystems, including global climate carbon feedbacks. Of particular importance for the global carbon budget is net biome exchange of CO2 with the atmosphere (NBE), which represents nonfire carbon fluxes into and out of biomass and soils. Subannual and sub-Basin Amazon NBE estimates have relied heavily on process-based biosphere models, despite lack of model agreement with plot-scale observations. We present a new analysis of airborne measurements that reveals monthly, regional-scale (Approx.1-8 x 10(exp -6) km2) NBE variations. We develop a regional atmospheric CO2 inversion that provides the first analysis of geographic and temporal variability in Amazon biosphere-atmosphere carbon exchange and that is minimally influenced by biosphere model-based first guesses of seasonal and annual mean fluxes. We find little evidence for a clear seasonal cycle in Amazon NBE but do find NBE sensitivity to aberrations from long-term mean climate. In particular, we observe increased NBE (more carbon emitted to the atmosphere) associated with heat and drought in 2010, and correlations between wet season NBE and precipitation (negative correlation) and temperature (positive correlation). In the eastern Amazon, pulses of increased NBE persisted through 2011, suggesting legacy effects of 2010 heat and drought. We also identify regional differences in postdrought NBE that appear related to long-term water availability. We examine satellite proxies and find evidence for higher gross primary productivity (GPP) during a pulse of increased carbon uptake in 2011, and lower GPP during a period of increased NBE in the 2010 dry season drought, but links between GPP and NBE changes are not conclusive. These results provide novel evidence of NBE sensitivity to short-term temperature and moisture extremes in the Amazon, where monthly and sub
4. Science.gov (United States)
Lynn, Steven Jay; Laurence, Jean-Roch; Kirsch, Irving
2015-01-01
This article elucidates an integrative model of hypnosis that integrates social, cultural, cognitive, and neurophysiological variables at play both in and out of hypnosis and considers their dynamic interaction as determinants of the multifaceted experience of hypnosis. The roles of these variables are examined in the induction and suggestion stages of hypnosis, including how they are related to the experience of involuntariness, one of the hallmarks of hypnosis. It is suggested that studies of the modification of hypnotic suggestibility; cognitive flexibility; response sets and expectancies; the default-mode network; and the search for the neurophysiological correlates of hypnosis, more broadly, in conjunction with research on social psychological variables, hold much promise to further understanding of hypnosis.
5. Regional differences in commuting activities of inhabitants in the Tokyo metropolitan suburb
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Masaki Kawase
2004-12-01
Full Text Available The purpose of this study is to elucidate gender differences and regional differences of co-mmuting activities by inhabitants in Japanese metropolitan suburbs. I found the different parts by districts in the metropolitan suburb. Regional factors cause gender differences in commuting activities and result in regional differences: In residential areas, inhabitants who work in metropolitan centers occupy much of the population. In older built-up areas, there are many “local” persons. In rural areas, motorization is progressing because access to rail-roads has been inconvenient. These regional factors influence the behavioral characteristics of commuting by married men, married women, never married men and never married women.
6. Multi-region optimal deployment of renewable energy considering different interregional transmission scenarios
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wang, Ge; Zhang, Qi; Mclellan, Benjamin C.; Li, Hailong
2016-01-01
Renewable energy is expected to play much more important role in future low-carbon energy system, however, renewable energy has problems with regard to load-following and regional imbalance. This study aims to plan the deployment of intermittent renewable energy in multiple regions considering the impacts of regional natural conditions and generation capacity mix as well as interregional transmission capacity using a multi-region dynamic optimization model. The model was developed to find optimized development paths toward future smart electricity systems with high level penetration of intermittent renewable energy considering regional differences and interregional transmission at national scale. As a case study, the model was applied to plan power generation in nine interconnected regions in Japan out to 2030. Four scenarios were proposed with different supporting policies for the interregional power transmission infrastructures and different nuclear power phase-out scenarios. The analysis results show that (i) the government's support for power transmission infrastructures is vital important to develop more intermittent renewable energy in appropriate regions and utilize renewable energy more efficiently; (ii) nuclear and renewable can complement rather than replace each other if enough interregional transmission capacity is provided. - Highlights: • Plan the optimal deployment of intermittent renewable energy in multiple regions. • A multi-region dynamic optimization model was developed. • The impacts of natural conditions and interregional transmission are studied. • The government's support for transmission is vital important for renewable energy. • Nuclear and renewable can complement rather than replace each other.
7. Priority actions of the different Regional Prevention Plans: common features and innovations
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Francesca Russo
2013-06-01
Full Text Available The National Prevention Plan (NPP 2010-2012, approved by the Agreement between the Government, the Regions and Autonomous Provinces of Trento and Bolzano on 29 April 2010, called for Regions to adopt, by 31/12/2010, the Regional Prevention Plan (RPP for implementing the interventions provided by the NPP 2010-2012.This article has considered and compared the different RPP’s. In an attempt to provide an outlook on the future medical prevention plans over the next few years in Italy, a comparison has been made between the RPP from 19 Regions and the Autonomous Province of Trento. This work has been focused on the actions identified in regional plans as a priority concerning the major common and innovative elements.The analysis of each RPP revealed a common plan to chronic degenerative diseases, because of the aging of the population in every Region of Italy. Other important common targets are: surveillance systems, vaccination programs and screening programs. Toscana and Liguria, more than other Regions, are engaged in the creation of networks involving various social actors. In some Regions there are projects aimed at eliminating social, economic or gender inequities, such as the project “women’s health” in the Region of Puglia. Toscana and Emilia-Romagna Plans pay attention to environment and pollution issues.Despite social, environmental and economic differences, the various Regions have common principles, concerning: life style, surveillance, vaccination and the screening for cancer.
8. Different Regions, Diverse Classrooms? a Study of Primary Classrooms in China
Science.gov (United States)
McNaught, Carmel; Lok, Beatrice; Yin, Hongbiao; Lee, John Chi-Kin; Song, Huan
2014-01-01
Classroom experience is shaped by a number of factors. In this paper, we report a classroom observation study in China, illustrating regional variation in students' classroom learning experiences. Through comparing and contrasting observed classroom practices in three different regions in China (Chongqing, Hong Kong and Shanghai), the paper…
9. Different regions of the newcastle disease virus fusion protein modulate pathogenicity.
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Sandra Heiden
Full Text Available Newcastle disease virus (NDV, also designated as Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1, is the causative agent of a notifiable disease of poultry but it exhibits different pathogenicity dependent on the virus strain. The molecular basis for this variability is not fully understood. The efficiency of activation of the fusion protein (F is determined by presence or absence of a polybasic amino acid sequence at an internal proteolytic cleavage site which is a major determinant of NDV virulence. However, other determinants of pathogenicity must exist since APMV-1 of high (velogenic, intermediate (mesogenic and low (lentogenic virulence specify a polybasic F cleavage site. We aimed at elucidation of additional virulence determinants by constructing a recombinant virus that consists of a lentogenic NDV Clone 30 backbone and the F protein gene from a mesogenic pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1 isolate with an intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI of 1.1 specifying the polybasic sequence R-R-K-K-R*F motif at the cleavage site. The resulting virus was characterized by an ICPI of 0.6, indicating a lentogenic pathotype. In contrast, alteration of the cleavage site G-R-Q-G-R*L of the lentogenic Clone 30 to R-R-K-K-R*F resulted in a recombinant virus with an ICPI of 1.36 which was higher than that of parental PPMV-1. Substitution of different regions of the F protein of Clone 30 by those of PPMV-1, while maintaining the polybasic amino acid sequence at the F cleavage site, resulted in recombinant viruses with ICPIs ranging from 0.59 to 1.36 suggesting that virulence is modulated by regions of the F protein other than the polybasic cleavage site.
10. Monthly Rainfall Erosivity: Conversion Factors for Different Time Resolutions and Regional Assessments
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Panos Panagos
2016-03-01
Full Text Available As a follow up and an advancement of the recently published Rainfall Erosivity Database at European Scale (REDES and the respective mean annual R-factor map, the monthly aspect of rainfall erosivity has been added to REDES. Rainfall erosivity is crucial to be considered at a monthly resolution, for the optimization of land management (seasonal variation of vegetation cover and agricultural support practices as well as natural hazard protection (landslides and flood prediction. We expanded REDES by 140 rainfall stations, thus covering areas where monthly R-factor values were missing (Slovakia, Poland or former data density was not satisfactory (Austria, France, and Spain. The different time resolutions (from 5 to 60 min of high temporal data require a conversion of monthly R-factor based on a pool of stations with available data at all time resolutions. Because the conversion factors show smaller monthly variability in winter (January: 1.54 than in summer (August: 2.13, applying conversion factors on a monthly basis is suggested. The estimated monthly conversion factors allow transferring the R-factor to the desired time resolution at a European scale. The June to September period contributes to 53% of the annual rainfall erosivity in Europe, with different spatial and temporal patterns depending on the region. The study also investigated the heterogeneous seasonal patterns in different regions of Europe: on average, the Northern and Central European countries exhibit the largest R-factor values in summer, while the Southern European countries do so from October to January. In almost all countries (excluding Ireland, United Kingdom and North France, the seasonal variability of rainfall erosivity is high. Very few areas (mainly located in Spain and France show the largest from February to April. The average monthly erosivity density is very large in August (1.67 and July (1.63, while very small in January and February (0.37. This study addresses
11. Music listening engages specific cortical regions within the temporal lobes: differences between musicians and non-musicians.
Science.gov (United States)
Angulo-Perkins, Arafat; Aubé, William; Peretz, Isabelle; Barrios, Fernando A; Armony, Jorge L; Concha, Luis
2014-10-01
Music and speech are two of the most relevant and common sounds in the human environment. Perceiving and processing these two complex acoustical signals rely on a hierarchical functional network distributed throughout several brain regions within and beyond the auditory cortices. Given their similarities, the neural bases for processing these two complex sounds overlap to a certain degree, but particular brain regions may show selectivity for one or the other acoustic category, which we aimed to identify. We examined 53 subjects (28 of them professional musicians) by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), using a paradigm designed to identify regions showing increased activity in response to different types of musical stimuli, compared to different types of complex sounds, such as speech and non-linguistic vocalizations. We found a region in the anterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus (aSTG) (planum polare) that showed preferential activity in response to musical stimuli and was present in all our subjects, regardless of musical training, and invariant across different musical instruments (violin, piano or synthetic piano). Our data show that this cortical region is preferentially involved in processing musical, as compared to other complex sounds, suggesting a functional role as a second-order relay, possibly integrating acoustic characteristics intrinsic to music (e.g., melody extraction). Moreover, we assessed whether musical experience modulates the response of cortical regions involved in music processing and found evidence of functional differences between musicians and non-musicians during music listening. In particular, bilateral activation of the planum polare was more prevalent, but not exclusive, in musicians than non-musicians, and activation of the right posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus (planum temporale) differed between groups. Our results provide evidence of functional specialization for music processing in specific
12. Why Do Floral Perfumes Become Different? Region-Specific Selection on Floral Scent in a Terrestrial Orchid
Science.gov (United States)
Gross, Karin; Sun, Mimi; Schiestl, Florian P.
2016-01-01
Geographically structured phenotypic selection can lead to adaptive divergence. However, in flowering plants, such divergent selection has rarely been shown, and selection on floral signals is generally little understood. In this study, we measured phenotypic selection on display size, floral color, and floral scent in four lowland and four mountain populations of the nectar-rewarding terrestrial orchid Gymnadenia odoratissima in two years. We also quantified population differences in these traits and pollinator community composition. Our results show positive selection on display size and positive, negative, or absence of selection on different scent compounds and floral color. Selection on the main scent compounds was consistently stronger in the lowlands than in the mountains, and lowland plants emitted higher amounts of most of these compounds. Pollinator community composition also differed between regions, suggesting different pollinators select for differences in floral volatiles. Overall, our study is the first to document consistent regional differences in selection on floral scent, suggesting this pattern of selection is one of the evolutionary forces contributing to regional divergence in floral chemical signaling. PMID:26886766
13. Significant regional differences in Denmark in outcome after cochlear implants in children
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Percy-Smith, Lone; Busch, Georg Walter; Sandahl, Minna
2012-01-01
The objectives of the present study were to study regional differences in outcome for a paediatric cochlear implant (CI) population after the introduction of universal neonatal hearing screening (UNHS) and bilateral implantation in Denmark....
14. Comparison of regional gene expression differences in the brains of the domestic dog and human
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Kennerly Erin
2004-11-01
Full Text Available Abstract Comparison of the expression profiles of 2,721 genes in the cerebellum, cortex and pituitary gland of three American Staffordshire terriers, one beagle and one fox hound revealed regional expression differences in the brain but failed to reveal marked differences among breeds, or even individual dogs. Approximately 85 per cent (42 of 49 orthologue comparisons of the regional differences in the dog are similar to those that differentiate the analogous human brain regions. A smaller percentage of human differences were replicated in the dog, particularly in the cortex, which may generally be evolving more rapidly than other brain regions in mammals. This study lays the foundation for detailed analysis of the population structure of transcriptional variation as it relates to cognitive and neurological phenotypes in the domestic dog.
15. Dominant negative phenotype of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab, Cry11Aa and Cry4Ba mutants suggest hetero-oligomer formation among different Cry toxins.
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Carmona, D.; Rodriguez-Almazan, C.; Munoz-Garay, C.; Portugal, L.; Perez, C.; Maagd, de R.A.; Bakker, P.; Soberon, M.; Bravo, A.
2011-01-01
Background - Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins are used worldwide in the control of different insect pests important in agriculture or in human health. The Cry proteins are pore-forming toxins that affect the midgut cell of target insects. It was shown that non-toxic Cry1Ab helix a-4 mutants had a
16. Significant Differences in Physicochemical Properties of Human Immunoglobulin Kappa and Lambda CDR3 Regions.
Science.gov (United States)
Townsend, Catherine L; Laffy, Julie M J; Wu, Yu-Chang Bryan; Silva O'Hare, Joselli; Martin, Victoria; Kipling, David; Fraternali, Franca; Dunn-Walters, Deborah K
2016-01-01
Antibody variable regions are composed of a heavy and a light chain, and in humans, there are two light chain isotypes: kappa and lambda. Despite their importance in receptor editing, the light chain is often overlooked in the antibody literature, with the focus being on the heavy chain complementarity-determining region (CDR)-H3 region. In this paper, we set out to investigate the physicochemical and structural differences between human kappa and lambda light chain CDR regions. We constructed a dataset containing over 29,000 light chain variable region sequences from IgM-transcribing, newly formed B cells isolated from human bone marrow and peripheral blood. We also used a published human naïve dataset to investigate the CDR-H3 properties of heavy chains paired with kappa and lambda light chains and probed the Protein Data Bank to investigate the structural differences between kappa and lambda antibody CDR regions. We found that kappa and lambda light chains have very different CDR physicochemical and structural properties, whereas the heavy chains with which they are paired do not differ significantly. We also observed that the mean CDR3 N nucleotide addition in the kappa, lambda, and heavy chain gene rearrangements are correlated within donors but can differ between donors. This indicates that terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase may work with differing efficiencies between different people but the same efficiency in the different classes of immunoglobulin chain within one person. We have observed large differences in the physicochemical and structural properties of kappa and lambda light chain CDR regions. This may reflect different roles in the humoral immune response.
17. Differences in regional emissions in China's transport sector: Determinants and reduction strategies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Xu, Bin; Lin, Boqiang
2016-01-01
With recent surge in the number of vehicles, particularly private vehicles, the transport sector has significantly contributed to the increase in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in China. Most of the existing researches utilized time series data to investigate the factors influencing transport sector's carbon dioxide emission at the national level while neglecting the level of regional differences. This paper adopts provincial panel data from 2000 to 2012 and panel data models to examine the key driving forces of carbon dioxide emissions in the transport sector at the regional level in China. The estimation results show that the impacts of urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions in the transport sector vary across regions and decline continuously from the western region to the eastern and central regions. Private vehicles are more important than cargo turnover in emission reduction because of its relatively inefficient and excessive growth. The role of energy efficiency improvement in mitigating carbon dioxide emissions in the three regions varies due to significant differences in research and development investment and management efficiency. Hence, in order to effectively achieve emission reduction, local governments should consider all these factors as well as regional heterogeneity in developing appropriate mitigation policies. - Highlights: • The factors of carbon dioxide emissions in China's transport sector were explored. • The impact of urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions varies across regions. • Private vehicles are more critical than cargo turnover in emission reduction. • The role of energy efficiency in the three regions is exactly the opposite.
18. An fMRI study of sex differences in regional activation to a verbal and a spatial task.
Science.gov (United States)
Gur, R C; Alsop, D; Glahn, D; Petty, R; Swanson, C L; Maldjian, J A; Turetsky, B I; Detre, J A; Gee, J; Gur, R E
2000-09-01
19. Regional differences of outpatient physician supply as a theoretical economic and empirical generalized linear model.
Science.gov (United States)
Scholz, Stefan; Graf von der Schulenburg, Johann-Matthias; Greiner, Wolfgang
2015-11-17
Regional differences in physician supply can be found in many health care systems, regardless of their organizational and financial structure. A theoretical model is developed for the physicians' decision on office allocation, covering demand-side factors and a consumption time function. To test the propositions following the theoretical model, generalized linear models were estimated to explain differences in 412 German districts. Various factors found in the literature were included to control for physicians' regional preferences. Evidence in favor of the first three propositions of the theoretical model could be found. Specialists show a stronger association to higher populated districts than GPs. Although indicators for regional preferences are significantly correlated with physician density, their coefficients are not as high as population density. If regional disparities should be addressed by political actions, the focus should be to counteract those parameters representing physicians' preferences in over- and undersupplied regions.
20. [Do regional and generational differences in attitudes toward "Luck Resource Belief" exist?].
Science.gov (United States)
Murakami, Koshi
2016-04-01
This article examines whether belief in superstitions and folklore differs by age and degree of modernization specifically. This study investigated regional and generational differences in attitudes toward "Luck Resource Belief," a notion regarding luck. The 500 Japanese participants in our sample were stratified by place of residence, age, and income. The results reflected gender differences, but not regional or generational differences with regard to the "Luck Resource Belief" scale scores. Based on these results, the hypothesis that the mass media plays a major role in the dissemination of information about superstitions and folklore is discussed in this context.
1. Identification of directions and ways to transform the scientific and innovation space in different regions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Gusakov
2014-07-01
Full Text Available The article proposes an approach to the definition of the directions of transformation of scientific and innovation space, and ways of its development from the viewpoint of improving the interaction between different regions, expansion of the involvement of regions in the research and innovation process for ensuring greater dissemination of research findings and innovation. The research is conducted in the context of the necessity to expand the role of science in the post-industrial era. This approach is based on the author’s methodology of selecting different regions by assessing their innovation development. The methodology consists in making the statistical distribution of Russian regions by selected indicators, identifying groups of regions that are close to each other by the degree of innovation development, on the basis of the standard deviation, and establishing the link between the identified groups of regions that reflects the possibility of interaction between the groups of regions on creating scientific results and their promotion in the spatial dimension. The author analyzes directions and ways of implementation of polarization of scientific and innovation space, development of scientific-innovation activity in the regions, also in the regions with similar competitive advantages, ways of participation of a larger number of medium-sized and small towns in the scientific and innovation activities, integration of the regions’ activities seeking to increase the degree of innovation development and so on. The author identified a number of opportunities for the improvement of organization of scientific and innovation space by specifying the possible links of the groups of regions between the stages of the research and innovation process, comparison of the regions, included into one group, which gives a real opportunity to shape the innovation strategy in the regions
2. Trends over time in tree and seedling phylogenetic diversity indicate regional differences in forest biodiversity change.
Science.gov (United States)
Potter, Kevin M; Woodall, Christopher W
2012-03-01
Changing climate conditions may impact the short-term ability of forest tree species to regenerate in many locations. In the longer term, tree species may be unable to persist in some locations while they become established in new places. Over both time frames, forest tree biodiversity may change in unexpected ways. Using repeated inventory measurements five years apart from more than 7000 forested plots in the eastern United States, we tested three hypotheses: phylogenetic diversity is substantially different from species richness as a measure of biodiversity; forest communities have undergone recent changes in phylogenetic diversity that differ by size class, region, and seed dispersal strategy; and these patterns are consistent with expected early effects of climate change. Specifically, the magnitude of diversity change across broad regions should be greater among seedlings than in trees, should be associated with latitude and elevation, and should be greater among species with high dispersal capacity. Our analyses demonstrated that phylogenetic diversity and species richness are decoupled at small and medium scales and are imperfectly associated at large scales. This suggests that it is appropriate to apply indicators of biodiversity change based on phylogenetic diversity, which account for evolutionary relationships among species and may better represent community functional diversity. Our results also detected broadscale patterns of forest biodiversity change that are consistent with expected early effects of climate change. First, the statistically significant increase over time in seedling diversity in the South suggests that conditions there have become more favorable for the reproduction and dispersal of a wider variety of species, whereas the significant decrease in northern seedling diversity indicates that northern conditions have become less favorable. Second, we found weak correlations between seedling diversity change and latitude in both zones
3. Neurons derived from different brain regions are inherently different in vitro: a novel multiregional brain-on-a-chip.
Science.gov (United States)
Dauth, Stephanie; Maoz, Ben M; Sheehy, Sean P; Hemphill, Matthew A; Murty, Tara; Macedonia, Mary Kate; Greer, Angie M; Budnik, Bogdan; Parker, Kevin Kit
2017-03-01
Brain in vitro models are critically important to developing our understanding of basic nervous system cellular physiology, potential neurotoxic effects of chemicals, and specific cellular mechanisms of many disease states. In this study, we sought to address key shortcomings of current brain in vitro models: the scarcity of comparative data for cells originating from distinct brain regions and the lack of multiregional brain in vitro models. We demonstrated that rat neurons from different brain regions exhibit unique profiles regarding their cell composition, protein expression, metabolism, and electrical activity in vitro. In vivo, the brain is unique in its structural and functional organization, and the interactions and communication between different brain areas are essential components of proper brain function. This fact and the observation that neurons from different areas of the brain exhibit unique behaviors in vitro underline the importance of establishing multiregional brain in vitro models. Therefore, we here developed a multiregional brain-on-a-chip and observed a reduction of overall firing activity, as well as altered amounts of astrocytes and specific neuronal cell types compared with separately cultured neurons. Furthermore, this multiregional model was used to study the effects of phencyclidine, a drug known to induce schizophrenia-like symptoms in vivo, on individual brain areas separately while monitoring downstream effects on interconnected regions. Overall, this work provides a comparison of cells from different brain regions in vitro and introduces a multiregional brain-on-a-chip that enables the development of unique disease models incorporating essential in vivo features. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Due to the scarcity of comparative data for cells from different brain regions in vitro, we demonstrated that neurons isolated from distinct brain areas exhibit unique behaviors in vitro. Moreover, in vivo proper brain function is dependent on the
4. Differences in incidence and co-occurrence of vaccine and nonvaccine human papillomavirus types in Finnish population before human papillomavirus mass vaccination suggest competitive advantage for HPV33.
Science.gov (United States)
Merikukka, Marko; Kaasila, Marjo; Namujju, Proscovia B; Palmroth, Johanna; Kirnbauer, Reinhard; Paavonen, Jorma; Surcel, Heljä-Marja; Lehtinen, Matti
2011-03-01
To understand likelihood of type replacement after vaccination against the high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, we evaluated competition of the seven most common genital HPV types in a population sample of unvaccinated, fertile-aged Finnish women. First trimester sera from two consecutive pregnancies were retrieved from 3,183 Finnish women (mean age, 23.1 years) of whom 42.3% had antibodies to at least one HPV type (6/11/16/18/31/33/45) at the baseline. Antibody positivity to more than one HPV types by the second pregnancy was common among the baseline HPV seropositives. However, compared to baseline HPV-seronegative women, significantly increased incidence rate ratios (IRRs), indicating an increased risk to seroconvert for another HPV type, were consistently noted only for HPV33 among baseline HPV16 or HPV18 antibody (ab)-positive women: HPV(16ab only) (→) (16&33ab) IRR 2.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-5.4] and HPV(18ab only) (→) (18&33ab) IRR 2.5 (95% CI 1.1-6.0), irrespectively of the presence of antibodies to other HPV types at baseline: HPV(16ab) (→) (16&33ab) IRR 3.2 (95% CI 2.0-5.2) and HPV(18ab) (→) (18&33ab) IRR 3.6 (95% CI 2.1-5.9). Our findings suggest a possible competitive advantage for HPV33 over other genital HPV types in the unvaccinated population. HPV33 should be monitored for type replacement after HPV mass vaccination. Copyright © 2010 UICC.
5. Significant differences in physicochemical properties of human immunoglobulin kappa and lambda CDR3 regions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Catherine L Townsend
2016-09-01
Full Text Available Antibody variable regions are composed of a heavy and a light chain and in humans there are two light chain isotypes: kappa and lambda. Despite their importance in receptor editing, the light chain is often overlooked in the antibody literature, with the focus being on the heavy chain CDR-H3 region. In this paper, we set out to investigate the physicochemical and structural differences between human kappa and lambda light chain CDR regions. We constructed a dataset containing over 29,000 - light chain variable region sequences from IgM-transcribing, newly formed B cells isolated from human bone marrow and peripheral blood. We also used a published human naïve dataset to investigate the CDR-H3 properties of heavy chains paired with kappa and lambda light chains, and probed the Protein Data Bank (PDB to investigate the structural differences between kappa and lambda antibody CDR regions. We found that kappa and lambda light chains have very different CDR physicochemical and structural properties, whereas the heavy chains with which they are paired do not differ significantly. We also observed that the mean CDR3 N nucleotide addition in the kappa, lambda and heavy chain gene rearrangements are correlated within donors, but can differ between donors. This indicates that TdT may work with differing efficiencies between different people, but the same efficiency in the different classes of immunoglobulin chain within one person. We have observed large differences in the physicochemical and structural properties of kappa and lambda light chain CDR regions. This may reflect different roles in the humoral immune response.
6. Diversity and communities of foliar endophytic fungi from different agroecosystems of Coffea arabica L. in two regions of Veracruz, Mexico.
Science.gov (United States)
Saucedo-García, Aurora; Anaya, Ana Luisa; Espinosa-García, Francisco J; González, María C
2014-01-01
Over the past 20 years, the biodiversity associated with shaded coffee plantations and the role of diverse agroforestry types in biodiversity conservation and environmental services have been topics of debate. Endophytic fungi, which are microorganisms that inhabit plant tissues in an asymptomatic manner, form a part of the biodiversity associated with coffee plants. Studies on the endophytic fungi communities of cultivable host plants have shown variability among farming regions; however, the variability in fungal endophytic communities of coffee plants among different coffee agroforestry systems is still poorly understood. As such, we analyzed the diversity and communities of foliar endophytic fungi inhabiting Coffea arabica plants growing in the rustic plantations and simple polycultures of two regions in the center of Veracruz, Mexico. The endophytic fungi isolates were identified by their morphological traits, and the majority of identified species correspond to species of fungi previously reported as endophytes of coffee leaves. We analyzed and compared the colonization rates, diversity, and communities of endophytes found in the different agroforestry systems and in the different regions. Although the endophytic diversity was not fully recovered, we found differences in the abundance and diversity of endophytes among the coffee regions and differences in richness between the two different agroforestry systems of each region. No consistent pattern of community similarity was found between the coffee agroforestry systems, but we found that rustic plantations shared the highest number of morphospecies. The results suggest that endophyte abundance, richness, diversity, and communities may be influenced predominantly by coffee region, and to a lesser extent, by the agroforestry system. Our results contribute to the knowledge of the relationships between agroforestry systems and biodiversity conservation and provide information regarding some endophytic fungi and
7. Regional contamination versus regional dietary differences: Understanding geographic variation in brominated and chlorinated contaminant levels in polar bears
Science.gov (United States)
McKinney, M.A.; Letcher, R.J.; Aars, Jon; Born, E.W.; Branigan, M.; Dietz, R.; Evans, T.J.; Gabrielsen, G.W.; Muir, D.C.G.; Peacock, E.; Sonne, C.
2011-01-01
The relative contribution of regional contamination versus dietary differences to geographic variation in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) contaminant levels is unknown. Dietary variation between Alaska Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard subpopulations was assessed by muscle nitrogen and carbon stable isotope (?? 15N, ?? 13C) and adipose fatty acid (FA) signatures relative to their main prey (ringed seals). Western and southern Hudson Bay signatures were characterized by depleted ?? 15N and ??13C, lower proportions of C20 and C22 monounsaturated FAs and higher proportions of C18 and longer chain polyunsaturated FAs. East Greenland and Svalbard signatures were reversed relative to Hudson Bay. Alaskan ?? 2011 American Chemical Society.
8. The genomic ancestry of individuals from different geographical regions of Brazil is more uniform than expected.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sérgio D J Pena
2011-02-01
Full Text Available Based on pre-DNA racial/color methodology, clinical and pharmacological trials have traditionally considered the different geographical regions of Brazil as being very heterogeneous. We wished to ascertain how such diversity of regional color categories correlated with ancestry. Using a panel of 40 validated ancestry-informative insertion-deletion DNA polymorphisms we estimated individually the European, African and Amerindian ancestry components of 934 self-categorized White, Brown or Black Brazilians from the four most populous regions of the Country. We unraveled great ancestral diversity between and within the different regions. Especially, color categories in the northern part of Brazil diverged significantly in their ancestry proportions from their counterparts in the southern part of the Country, indicating that diverse regional semantics were being used in the self-classification as White, Brown or Black. To circumvent these regional subjective differences in color perception, we estimated the general ancestry proportions of each of the four regions in a form independent of color considerations. For that, we multiplied the proportions of a given ancestry in a given color category by the official census information about the proportion of that color category in the specific region, to arrive at a "total ancestry" estimate. Once such a calculation was performed, there emerged a much higher level of uniformity than previously expected. In all regions studied, the European ancestry was predominant, with proportions ranging from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South. We propose that the immigration of six million Europeans to Brazil in the 19th and 20th centuries--a phenomenon described and intended as the "whitening of Brazil"--is in large part responsible for dissipating previous ancestry dissimilarities that reflected region-specific population histories. These findings, of both clinical and sociological importance for Brazil
9. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in three socioeconomically-different regions of Sivas, Turkey.
Science.gov (United States)
Celiksöz, Ali; Güler, Nuran; Güler, Güngör; Oztop, A Yasemin; Degerli, Serpil
2005-06-01
The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of parasites in three socioeconomically-different regions (Alibaba, Esentepe, and Cayboyu) of Sivas, Turkey, to determine the most accurate method for the diagnosis of taeniasis and enterobiasis, to determine the importance of household visits in primary healthcare to control parasitic diseases, and to treat intestinal parasitic diseases in those regions. Both stool specimens and cellophane tape (CT) samples were taken from 1,864 participants during 641 household visits in the three regions. The age groups included were pre-school [(0-6 year(s)], primary school (7-15 years), and the upper age group (16 years and above). The total prevalence of intestinal parasites in the three regions was 37.2%. Eleven intestinal parasite species were detected in both stool specimens and CT samples. Giardia intestinalis and Enterobius vermicularis were the most frequent species identified in all the three regions. Region I (Alibaba) had a higher prevalence of parasites compared to the other two regions. There was no significant difference between Region II (Esentepe) and Region III (Cayboyu) in isolation of intestinal parasites. There were statistically significant differences between the age groups when the rates of parasitic infection were compared. The highest prevalence of parasitosis was observed among the age group of 7-15 years and in the socioeconomically lowest one of the three regions. While the most accurate way of diagnosis for taeniasis was the combined usage of the CT and direct preparation methods, the CT method was the best method for the diagnosis of enterobiasis. Thus, the local administrators in cities need to pay more attention to the prevention of parasitic infections along with improvements in educational, environmental and sanitary conditions.
10. Differential tolerance of two Gammarus pulex populations transplanted from different metallogenic regions to a polymetal gradient.
Science.gov (United States)
Khan, Farhan R; Irving, Jennifer R; Bury, Nicolas R; Hogstrand, Christer
2011-03-01
The River Hayle, Cornwall, UK exhibits pronounced Cu and Zn concentration gradients which were used to compare the metal handling abilities of two populations of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda). One population was native to the Hayle region (Drym) and presumably has been historically impacted by elevated Cu and Zn levels, whilst naïve gammarids were collected from the River Cray, Kent, UK. Both populations were subject to a 32 day in situ exposure at four R. Hayle sites (Drym, Godolphin, Relubbus and St. Erth). Mortality (LT50), Cu and Zn accumulation and sub-cellular distribution, and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde production) increased with the expected Cu and Zn bioavailabilities at the four sites (i.e. Godolphin>Relubbus>St. Erth>Drym). The naïve population experienced greater metal induced effects in terms of Cu and Zn accumulation, oxidative stress responses and lower LT50s. Analysis of Cu and Zn sub-cellular distribution, however, revealed no significant differences in metal handling. In both populations each metal was localised predominantly to the sub-cellular fraction containing metal bound to metallothionein-like proteins (MTLP) or that holding both metal-rich granules (MRG) and exoskeleton, MTLP and MRG binding being indicative of metal detoxification. However, a greater capacity for detoxified metal storage is not a mechanism implicated in the perceived tolerance of the historically impacted gammarids. Instead our results suggest that the historically impacted population was adapted for lower uptake of Cu and Zn leading to lower bioaccumulation, stress response and ultimately mortality. These results demonstrate not only the usefulness of the in situ methodology, but also that differences in population exposure history can cause significant differences in metal responses during exposure at higher concentrations. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
11. Regional differences analysis of land use efficiency and obstacle degree in Xianning-Yueyang-Jiujiang area
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Chengshun Song
2017-03-01
Full Text Available This paper established an evaluation index system for the land use efficiency from social, economic, ecological and environmental aspects, and adopted the variation coefficient TOPSIS method and obstacle degree model to analyze the regional differences of land use efficiency and obstacle degree in Xianning, Yueyang and Jiujiang. The results showed that: (1 During 2000-2010, the land use efficiency in these regions had an increasing tendency and the regional differences were small. In Yueyang and Jiujiang, there were four stages, that is low, moderate, good and excellent; while in Xianning, there were only three stages, that is low, moderate and good; (2 The economic level was the greatest obstacle factor affecting the land use efficiency in these regions, followed by the environmental quality, ecological status, social development, and the regional differences in these aspects were not so obvious; (3 Per area financial revenue, the output of comprehensive utilization of “three wastes” and per capita GDP were the top three obstacle factors and the regional differences in these aspects were not so obvious.
12. Studies on age-related changes, regional and bilateral differences in the skin blood flow
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Park, Myung-Wook
1992-01-01
Xenon-133 clearance method was used to determine skin blood flow at different sites. The correlation between skin blood flow in the deltoid region and age was examined. In addition, regional and bilateral differences in skin blood flow were examined. The subjects were 60 men. They ranged in age from 23 to 72 years with a mean of 53.3±10.95. Fifty μCi of xenon-133 dissolved in 0.1 ml of sterile distilled water was injected into the skin area. The clearance curve over the skin was recorded for 30 minutes by a scintillation counter. Skin blood flow in the deltoid region decreased significantly with aging. Dorsal skin blood flow in the hands and feet were significantly lower than the deltoid region. Regarding skin blood flow in the deltoid regions, there was significantly bilateral difference. In the hands and feet, the dorsal skin was bilaterally nearly equal. In view of regional hemodynamics in the skin, the conditions for random-pattern skin flap and wound healing were unfavorable in the elderly as compared with younger persons. Skin blood flow decreased gradually from the upper part of the body to the lower part of the body. In skin blood flow in the dorsal skin of the hands and feet, no bilateral difference was observed. (N.K.)
13. Differences in the Thoracic Aorta by Region and Sex in a Murine Model of Marfan Syndrome
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Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
2017-11-01
Full Text Available Marfan syndrome (MFS is a hereditary disorder of the connective tissue that causes life-threatening aortic aneurysm, which initiates at the aortic root and can progress into the ascending portion. However, analysis of ascending aorta reactivity in animal models of MFS has remained elusive. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that although MFS is equally prevalent in men and women, men are at a higher risk of aortic complications than non-pregnant women. Nevertheless, there is no experimental evidence to support this hypothesis. The aim of this study was to explore whether there are regional and sex differences in the thoracic aorta function of mice heterozygous for the fibrillin 1 (Fbn1 allele encoding a missense mutation (Fbn1C1039G/+, the most common class of mutation in MFS. Ascending and descending thoracic aorta reactivity was evaluated by wire myography. Ascending aorta mRNA and protein levels, and elastic fiber integrity were assessed by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and Verhoeff-Van Gieson histological staining, respectively. MFS differently altered reactivity in the ascending and descending thoracic aorta by either increasing or decreasing phenylephrine contractions, respectively. When mice were separated by sex, contractions to phenylephrine increased progressively from 3 to 6 months of age in MFS ascending aortas of males, whereas contractions in females were unchanged. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was unaltered in the MFS ascending aorta of either sex; an effect related to augmented endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization-type dilations. In MFS males, the non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX inhibitor indomethacin prevented the MFS-induced enhancement of phenylephrine contractions linked to increased COX-2 expression. In MFS mice of both sexes, the non-selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME revealed negative feedback of nitric oxide on phenylephrine contractions, which was associated with upregulation of eNOS in females. Finally
14. Differences in the Thoracic Aorta by Region and Sex in a Murine Model of Marfan Syndrome
Science.gov (United States)
Jiménez-Altayó, Francesc; Siegert, Anna-Maria; Bonorino, Fabio; Meirelles, Thayna; Barberà, Laura; Dantas, Ana P.; Vila, Elisabet; Egea, Gustavo
2017-01-01
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a hereditary disorder of the connective tissue that causes life-threatening aortic aneurysm, which initiates at the aortic root and can progress into the ascending portion. However, analysis of ascending aorta reactivity in animal models of MFS has remained elusive. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that although MFS is equally prevalent in men and women, men are at a higher risk of aortic complications than non-pregnant women. Nevertheless, there is no experimental evidence to support this hypothesis. The aim of this study was to explore whether there are regional and sex differences in the thoracic aorta function of mice heterozygous for the fibrillin 1 (Fbn1) allele encoding a missense mutation (Fbn1C1039G/+), the most common class of mutation in MFS. Ascending and descending thoracic aorta reactivity was evaluated by wire myography. Ascending aorta mRNA and protein levels, and elastic fiber integrity were assessed by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and Verhoeff-Van Gieson histological staining, respectively. MFS differently altered reactivity in the ascending and descending thoracic aorta by either increasing or decreasing phenylephrine contractions, respectively. When mice were separated by sex, contractions to phenylephrine increased progressively from 3 to 6 months of age in MFS ascending aortas of males, whereas contractions in females were unchanged. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was unaltered in the MFS ascending aorta of either sex; an effect related to augmented endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization-type dilations. In MFS males, the non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor indomethacin prevented the MFS-induced enhancement of phenylephrine contractions linked to increased COX-2 expression. In MFS mice of both sexes, the non-selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME revealed negative feedback of nitric oxide on phenylephrine contractions, which was associated with upregulation of eNOS in females. Finally, MFS ascending
15. Problems in Deriving Italian Regional Differences in Intelligence from 2009 PISA Data
Science.gov (United States)
Cornoldi, Cesare; Giofre, David; Martini, Angela
2013-01-01
Recent results of international assessment programs (e.g., PISA) have shown a large difference in high school students' performance between northern and southern Italy. On this basis, it has been argued that the discrepancy reflects differences in average intelligence of the inhabitants of regions and is associated with genetic factors ( and ).…
16. Regional differences of physiological functions and cancer susceptibility in the human large intestine
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Cats, A; DeVries, EGE; Mulder, NH; Kleibeuker, JH
1996-01-01
Regional differences in function, metabolism and morphology between proximal colon, distal colon and rectum may be important in the pathogenesis and biologic behaviour of tumours originating from these segments. Thus, the effect of primary prevention of colorectal cancer may also differ from one
17. Open to Suggestion.
Science.gov (United States)
1987-01-01
Offers (1) suggestions for improving college students' study skills; (2) a system for keeping track of parent, teacher, and community contacts; (3) suggestions for motivating students using tic tac toe; (4) suggestions for using etymology to improve word retention; (5) a word search grid; and (6) suggestions for using postcards in remedial reading…
18. Differences in the size-internal velocity relation of galactic and extragalactic HII regions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Odell, C.R.
1990-01-01
The nature of the size-internal velocity relation in extragalactic HII regions is examined in order to improve their use as distance determinants. The relation between the linear size and the internal velocity was compared for HII regions in the Galaxy and in external galaxies. Data for the former are from the researcher's own studies at high spatial resolution, while the latter have been the subject of spectroscopy that includes almost the entire objects. The Galactic HII regions are corrected to values of the internal velocity that would be observed if they were at extragalactic distances. A very different size-internal velocity relation was found for the two types of objects in the sense that the extragalactic objects are some ten times larger at the same internal velocity. This is interpreted to mean that the extragalactic HII regions are actually complexes of small HII regions comparable in size to their Galactic counterparts
19. Mercury distribution and speciation in different brain regions of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ostertag, Sonja K.; Stern, Gary A.; Wang, Feiyue; Lemes, Marcos; Chan, Hing Man
2013-01-01
The toxicokinetics of mercury (Hg) in key species of Arctic ecosystem are poorly understood. We sampled five brain regions (frontal lobe, temporal lobe, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord) from beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) harvested in 2006, 2008, and 2010 from the eastern Beaufort Sea, Canada, and measured total Hg (HgT) and total selenium (SeT) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), mercury analyzer or cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, and the chemical forms using a high performance liquid chromatography ICP-MS. At least 14% of the beluga whales had HgT concentrations higher than the levels of observable adverse effect (6.0 mg kg −1 wet weight (ww)) in primates. The concentrations of HgT differed between brain regions; median concentrations (mg kg −1 ww) were 2.34 (0.06 to 22.6, 81) (range, n) in temporal lobe, 1.84 (0.12 to 21.9, 77) in frontal lobe, 1.84 (0.05 to 16.9, 83) in cerebellum, 1.25 (0.02 to 11.1, 77) in spinal cord and 1.32 (0.13 to 15.2, 39) in brain stem. Total Hg concentrations in the cerebellum increased with age (p −1 ww) was positively associated with HgT concentration, and the percent MeHg (4 to 109%) decreased exponentially with increasing HgT concentration in the spinal cord, cerebellum, frontal lobe and temporal lobe. There was a positive association between SeT and HgT in all brain regions (p < 0.05) suggesting that Se may play a role in the detoxification of Hg in the brain. The concentration of HgT in the cerebellum was significantly associated with HgT in other organs. Therefore, HgT concentrations in organs that are frequently sampled in bio-monitoring studies could be used to estimate HgT concentrations in the cerebellum, which is the target organ of MeHg toxicity. - Highlights: • Mercury concentrations were highest in the temporal lobe of beluga whales. • Selenium and mercury concentrations were strongly correlated. • Total mercury concentrations in the cerebellum increased with
20. TRANSDERMAL PERMEABILITY OF ESTRADIOL THROUGH THE HUMAN SKIN OF DIFFERENT BODY REGIONS IN VITRO
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
CHENGuo-Shen; GONGSai-Jun; DUJie; MARun-Zhen; ZHOURong-Rong; LIULiang-Chu
1989-01-01
Transdermal permeability of estradiol was carried out by using Valia-Chien double compartment permeation cells for the following regions of intact skin and skin without stratum corncum: chest, abdomen, hip, upper arm, thigh and back. The estradiol permeation rates and accumulative amounts within 72h in vitro were examined by HPLC. The results showed that the permeation rates of intact skin from different regions of the body
1. Maternal hemoglobin in Peru: regional differences and its association with adverse perinatal outcomes
OpenAIRE
Gonzales, Gustavo F.; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Lima, Perú. Unidad de Reproducción, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Lima, Perú. Doctor en Medicina.; Tapia, Vilma; Unidad de Reproducción, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Lima, Perú. Obstetríz.; Gasco, Manuel; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Lima, Perú. Biólogo.; Carrillo, Carlos; Unidad de Reproducción, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Lima, Perú. Doctor en Medicina.
2011-01-01
Objectives. To evaluate hemoglobin (Hb) levels in pregnant women from different geographical regions from Peru; to establish anemia and erythrocytocis rates and to establish the role of Hb on adverse perinatal outcomes using the Perinatal Information System (PIS) database of Peruvian Ministry of Health. Materials and methods. Data were obtained from 379,816 births of 43 maternity care units between 2000 and 2010. Anemia and erythrocytocis rates were determined in each geographical region as w...
2. Low temperature and defoliation affect fructan-metabolizing enzymes in different regions of the rhizophores of Vernonia herbacea.
Science.gov (United States)
Portes, Maria Teresa; Figueiredo-Ribeiro, Rita de Cássia L; de Carvalho, Maria Angela M
2008-10-09
In addition to the storage function, fructans in Asteraceae from floras with seasonal growth have been associated with drought and freezing tolerance. Vernonia herbacea, native of the Brazilian Cerrado, bears underground reserve organs, rhizophores, accumulating inulin-type fructans. The rhizophore is a cauline branched system with positive geotropic growth, with the apex (distal region) presenting younger tissues; sprouting of new shoots occurs by development of buds located on the opposite end (proximal region). Plants induced to sprouting by excision of the aerial organs present increased 1-fructan exohydrolase (1-FEH) activity in the proximal region, while plants at the vegetative stage present high 1-sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase (1-SST) in the distal region. The aim of the present study was to analyze how low temperature (5 degrees C) could affect fructan-metabolizing enzymes and fructan composition in the different regions of the rhizophores of intact and excised plants. 1-SST and 1-fructan:fructan fructosyltransferase (1-FFT) were higher in the distal region decreasing towards the proximal region in intact plants at the vegetative phase, and were drastically diminished when cold and/or excision were imposed. In contrast, 1-FEH increased in the proximal region of treated plants, mainly in excised plants subjected to cold. The ratio fructo-oligo to fructo-polysaccharides was significantly higher in plants exposed to low temperature (1.17 in intact plants and 1.64 in excised plants) than in plants exposed to natural temperature conditions (0.84 in intact vegetative plants and 0.58 in excised plants), suggesting that oligosaccharides are involved in the tolerance of plants to low temperature via 1-FEH, in addition to 1-FFT. Principal component analysis indicated different response mechanisms in fructan metabolism under defoliation and low temperature, which could be interpreted as part of the strategies to undergo unfavorable environmental conditions
3. Family, money, and health: Regional differences in the determinants of life satisfaction over the life course
Science.gov (United States)
Margolis, Rachel; Myrskylä, Mikko
2013-01-01
We examine how family, money, and health explain variation in life satisfaction over the life cycle across seven global regions using data from the World Values Survey. With a life domain approach, we study whether the importance of the life domains varies by region and age groups and whether the variation explained by each factor is due to the magnitude or prevalence of each factor. Globally, family, money, and health explain a substantial fraction of life satisfaction, increasing from 12 percent in young adulthood to 15 percent in mature adulthood. Health is the most important factor, and its importance increases with age. Income is unimportant above age 50. Remarkably, the contribution of family is small across ages. Across regions health is most important in the wealthier, and income in the poorer regions of the world. Family explains a substantial fraction of life satisfaction only in Western Europe and Anglophone countries. Findings highlight that the population-level importance of family, money, and health in explaining variation in life satisfaction across regions is mainly attributable to the individual-level life satisfaction differences between people of different statuses rather than differences in the distribution of various states such as poor health across regions. PMID:24796263
4. Culture’s Influence: Regionally Differing Social Milieus and Variations in Fertility Rates
OpenAIRE
Fulda, B.
2015-01-01
How can we understand subnational differences in fertility rates? The most common explanations see the key to these differences in the socio-structural composition of a region’s population and its structural conditions. However, such explanations fail to account for fertility rate differences in regions with similar populations and structures. This paper analyzes two social milieus in southern Germany and argues that variations in their fertility rates can only be understood through their cul...
5. Suicidality and interrogative suggestibility.
Science.gov (United States)
Pritchard-Boone, Lea; Range, Lillian M
2005-01-01
All people are subject to memory suggestibility, but suicidal individuals may be especially so. The link between suicidality and suggestibility is unclear given mixed findings and methodological weaknesses of past research. To test the link between suicidality and interrogative suggestibility, 149 undergraduates answered questions about suicidal thoughts and reasons for living, and participated in a direct suggestibility procedure. As expected, suggestibility correlated with suicidality but accounted for little overall variance (4%). Mental health professionals might be able to take advantage of client suggestibility by directly telling suicidal persons to refrain from suicidal thoughts or actions.
6. An international comparison of risk factors between two regions with distinct differences in asthma prevalence.
Science.gov (United States)
Madani, K; Vlaski, E; Rennie, D C; Sears, M; Lawson, J A
2018-03-24
7. National Differences in Regional Emergency Department Boarding Times: Are US Emergency Departments Prepared for a Public Health Emergency?
Science.gov (United States)
Love, Jennifer S; Karp, David; Delgado, M Kit; Margolis, Gregg; Wiebe, Douglas J; Carr, Brendan G
2016-08-01
Boarding admitted patients decreases emergency department (ED) capacity to accommodate daily patient surge. Boarding in regional hospitals may decrease the ability to meet community needs during a public health emergency. This study examined differences in regional patient boarding times across the United States and in regions at risk for public health emergencies. A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed by using 2012 ED visit data from the American Hospital Association (AHA) database and 2012 hospital ED boarding data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Hospital Compare database. Hospitals were grouped into hospital referral regions (HRRs). The primary outcome was mean ED boarding time per HRR. Spatial hot spot analysis examined boarding time spatial clustering. A total of 3317 of 4671 (71%) hospitals were included in the study cohort. A total of 45 high-boarding-time HRRs clustered along the East/West coasts and 67 low-boarding-time HRRs clustered in the Midwest/Northern Plains regions. A total of 86% of HRRs at risk for a terrorist event had high boarding times and 36% of HRRs with frequent natural disasters had high boarding times. Urban, coastal areas have the longest boarding times and are clustered with other high-boarding-time HRRs. Longer boarding times suggest a heightened level of vulnerability and a need to enhance surge capacity because these regions have difficulty meeting daily emergency care demands and are at increased risk for disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:576-582).
8. Gene expression levels of elastin and fibulin-5 according to differences between carotid plaque regions.
Science.gov (United States)
Sivrikoz, Emre; Timirci-Kahraman, Özlem; Ergen, Arzu; Zeybek, Ümit; Aksoy, Murat; Yanar, Fatih; İsbir, Turgay; Kurtoğlu, Mehmet
2015-01-01
The purpose of this study was to investigate the gene expression levels of elastin and fibulin-5 according to differences between carotid plaque regions and to correlate it with clinical features of plaque destabilization. The study included 44 endarterectomy specimens available from operated symptomatic carotid artery stenoses. The specimens were separated according to anatomic location: internal carotid artery (ICA), external carotid artery (ECA) and common carotid artery (CCA), and then stored in liquid nitrogen. The amounts of cDNA for elastin and fibulin-5 were determined by Quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR). Target gene copy numbers were normalized using hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT1) gene. The delta-delta CT method was applied for relative quantification. Q-RT-PCR data showed that relative fibulin-5 gene expression was increased in ICA plaque regions when compared to CCA regions but not reaching significance (p=0.061). At the same time, no differences were observed in elastin mRNA level between different anatomic plaque regions (p>0.05). Moreover, elastin and fibulin-5 mRNA expression and clinical parameters were compared in ICA plaques versus CCA and ECA regions, respectively. Up-regulation of elastin and fibulin-5 mRNA levels in ICA were strongly correlated with family history of cardiovascular disease when compared to CCA (p<0.05). Up-regulation of fibulin-5 in ICA was significantly associated with diabetes, and elevated triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) when compared to ECA (p<0.05). The clinical significance is the differences between the proximal and distal regions of the lesion, associated with the ICA, CCA and ECA respectively, with increased fibulin-5 in the ICA region. Copyright © 2015 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved.
9. Significance analysis of the regional differences on icing time of water onto fire protective clothing
Science.gov (United States)
Zhao, L. Z.; Jing, L. S.; Zhang, X. Z.; Xia, J. J.; Chen, Y.; Chen, T.; Hu, C.; Bao, Z. M.; Fu, X. C.; Wang, R. J.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y. J.
2017-09-01
The object of this work was to determine the icing temperature in icing experiment. Firstly, a questionnaire investigation was carried out on 38 fire detachments in different regions. These Statistical percentage results were divided into northern east group and northern west group. Secondly, a significance analysis between these two results was made using Mann-Whitney U test. Then the icing temperature was determined in different regions. Thirdly, the icing experiment was made in the environment of -20°C in Daxing’an Mountain. The anti-icing effect of new fire protective clothing was verified in this icing.
10. Accumulation of 90Sr in sheep bones from different regions of Turkey
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Acar, R.; Okay, G.; Akman, S.
1989-01-01
The accumulation of 90 Sr in front leg bones of sheep which were 1-6 years old and originated from different regions of Turkey, was investigated. It was shown that 90 Sr activity strongly depends on the age of the sheep as well as on their origin. Since 90 Sr is produced during the fissioning process of uranium isotopes in nuclear reactions, the effect of radiation due to nuclear bomb experiments, nuclear reactor accidents or other radioactive pollutants in different regions of Turkey can be concluded from results obtained. (author) 6 refs.; 3 figs.; 9 tabs
11. Narrowing sex differences in life expectancy: regional variations, 1971-1991
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Frank Trovato
2001-12-01
Full Text Available A number of industrialized nations have recently experienced some degrees of constriction in their long-standing sex differentials in life expectancy at birth. In this study we examine this phenomenon in the context of Canada’s regions between 1971 and 1991: Atlantic (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island; Quebec, Ontario, and the West (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon and Northwest Territories. Decomposition analysis based on multiple decrement life tables is applied to address three questions: (1 Are there regional differentials in the degree of narrowing in the sex gap in life expectancy? (2 What is the relative contribution of major causes of death to observed sex differences in average length of life within and across regions? (3 How do the contributions of cause-of-death components vary across regions to either widen or narrow the sex gap in survival? It is shown that the magnitude of the sex gap is not uniform across the regions, though the differences are not large. The most important contributors to a narrowing of the sex gap in life expectancy are heart disease and external types of mortality (i.e., accidents, violence, and suicide, followed by lung cancer and other types of chronic conditions. In substantive terms these results indicate that over time men have been making sufficient gains in these causes of death as to narrow some of the gender gap in overall survival. Regions show similarity in these effects.
12. Plant functional traits and diversity in sand dune ecosystems across different biogeographic regions
Science.gov (United States)
Mahdavi, P.; Bergmeier, E.
2016-07-01
Plant species of a functional group respond similarly to environmental pressures and may be expected to act similarly on ecosystem processes and habitat properties. However, feasibility and applicability of functional groups in ecosystems across very different climatic regions have not yet been studied. In our approach we specified the functional groups in sand dune ecosystems of the Mediterranean, Hyrcanian and Irano-Turanian phytogeographic regions. We examined whether functional groups are more influenced by region or rather by habitat characteristics, and identified trait syndromes associated with common habitat types in sand dunes (mobile dunes, stabilized dunes, salt marshes, semi-wet sands, disturbed habitats). A database of 14 traits, 309 species and 314 relevés was examined and trait-species, trait-plot and species-plot matrices were built. Cluster analysis revealed similar plant functional groups in sand dune ecosystems across regions of very different species composition and climate. Specifically, our study showed that plant traits in sand dune ecosystems are grouped reflecting habitat affiliation rather than region and species pool. Environmental factors and constraints such as sand mobility, soil salinity, water availability, nutrient status and disturbance are more important for the occurrence and distribution of plant functional groups than regional belonging. Each habitat is shown to be equipped with specific functional groups and can be described by specific sets of traits. In restoration ecology the completeness of functional groups and traits in a site may serve as a guideline for maintaining or restoring the habitat.
13. Overweight and obesity among adolescents in Poland: gender and regional differences.
Science.gov (United States)
Jodkowska, Maria; Oblacinska, Anna; Tabak, Izabela
2010-10-01
To examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Polish adolescents in 2005 using both the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-offs and a national reference; to compare this to data collected in 1995; and to assess whether there were differences in overweight or obesity by gender and place of residence in 1995-2005. BMI was calculated from measured height and weight, collected in a cross-sectional study in five regions of Poland in 2005. Adolescents were categorised as normal, overweight or obese based on IOTF cut-off values, and by national weight for stature tables, where the 90th and 97th percentiles were used as cut-off values for overweight and obesity. Population-based study set in Poland. A two-stage sampling method was used to recruit 8065 pupils (3980 boys and 4085 girls) aged 13-15 years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 12·5 % and 1·9 %, respectively. No significant gender differences were found, either in overweight or obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in 2005 had increased 2 % compared to 1995. Overweight and obesity among adolescents were not related to urban-rural residence, but there were significant regional differences. Monitoring trends in overweight and obesity among adolescents in all regions of Poland using the same reference criteria is important. Since regional differences in overweight and obesity rates among adolescents were observed both in 1995 and 2005, future research should investigate the potential causes of these differences.
14. Regional differences in self-reported screening, prevalence and management of cardiovascular risk factors in Switzerland
Science.gov (United States)
2012-01-01
Background In Switzerland, health policies are decided at the local level, but little is known regarding their impact on the screening and management of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). We thus aimed at assessing geographical levels of CVRFs in Switzerland. Methods Swiss Health Survey for 2007 (N = 17,879). Seven administrative regions were defined: West (Leman), West-Central (Mittelland), Zurich, South (Ticino), North-West, East and Central Switzerland. Obesity, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes prevalence, treatment and screening within the last 12 months were assessed by interview. Results After multivariate adjustment for age, gender, educational level, marital status and Swiss citizenship, no significant differences were found between regions regarding prevalence of obesity or current smoking. Similarly, no differences were found regarding hypertension screening and prevalence. Two thirds of subjects who had been told they had high blood pressure were treated, the lowest treatment rates being found in East Switzerland: odds-ratio and [95% confidence interval] 0.65 [0.50-0.85]. Screening for hypercholesterolemia was more frequently reported in French (Leman) and Italian (Ticino) speaking regions. Four out of ten participants who had been told they had high cholesterol levels were treated and the lowest treatment rates were found in German-speaking regions. Screening for diabetes was higher in Ticino (1.24 [1.09 - 1.42]). Six out of ten participants who had been told they had diabetes were treated, the lowest treatment rates were found for German-speaking regions. Conclusions In Switzerland, cardiovascular risk factor screening and management differ between regions and these differences cannot be accounted for by differences in populations' characteristics. Management of most cardiovascular risk factors could be improved. PMID:22452881
15. Internal migration and regional differences of population aging: An empirical study of 287 cities in China.
Science.gov (United States)
Chen, Rong; Xu, Ping; Li, Fen; Song, Peipei
2018-04-02
In addition to birth and death, migration is also an important factor that determines the level of population aging in different regions, especially under the current context of low fertility and low mortality in China. Drawing upon data from the fifth and sixth national population census of 287 prefecture-level cities in China, this study explored the spatial patterns of population aging and its trends from 2000 to 2010 in China. We further examined how the large-scale internal migration was related to the spatial differences and the changes of aging by using multivariate quantitative models. Findings showed that the percentage of elder cities (i.e. proportion of individuals aged 65 and above to total population is higher than 7%) increased from 50% to 90% in the total 287 cities within the decade. We also found that regional imbalances of population aging have changed since 2000 in China. The gap of aging level between East zone and the other three zones (i.e. West, Central, and North-east) has considerably narrowed down. In 2000, Eastern region had the greatest number (65) of and the largest proportion (74.7%) of elder cities among all four regions. By 2010, the proportion (87.4%) of elder cities in the eastern region was slightly lower than Central (91.4%), Western (88.2%) and North-east sectors (91.2%). Results from multivariate quantitative models showed that the regional differences of population aging appear to be affected much more by the large-scale internal migration with clear age selectivity and orientation preference than by the impact of fertility and mortality. Population aging is expected to continue in China, which will in turn exacerbate regional imbalances. Policies and implications are discussed to face the challenges that the divergent aging population may present in China.
16. Noise Parameter Analysis of SiGe HBTs for Different Sizes in the Breakdown Region
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Chie-In Lee
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Noise parameters of silicon germanium (SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs for different sizes are investigated in the breakdown region for the first time. When the emitter length of SiGe HBTs shortens, minimum noise figure at breakdown decreases. In addition, narrower emitter width also decreases noise figure of SiGe HBTs in the avalanche region. Reduction of noise performance for smaller emitter length and width of SiGe HBTs at breakdown resulted from the lower noise spectral density resulting from the breakdown mechanism. Good agreement between experimental and simulated noise performance at breakdown is achieved for different sized SiGe HBTs. The presented analysis can benefit the RF circuits operating in the breakdown region.
17. Differences in virulence and sporulation of Phytophthora kernoviae isolates originating from two distinct geographical regions
Science.gov (United States)
Phytophthora kernoviae has only been isolated from the United Kingdom (U.K.) and New Zealand. To understand what differences may exist between isolates from these two distinct geographical regions, virulence studies on three host plants and sporulation on host leaves were conducted on select isolat...
18. Factors Affecting School Participation in Turkey: An Analysis of Regional Differences
Science.gov (United States)
Gumus, Sedat; Chudgar, Amita
2016-01-01
There are thousands of children who remain out of school at both primary and secondary levels in Turkey. The current disparities in access to education in Turkey are mostly driven by systematic regional differences and high gender inequalities. Although several existing studies have paid close attention to gender-based inequities in school access,…
19. NOTES ON OPTIMAL ALLOCATION FOR FIXED SIZE CONFIDENCE REGIONS OF THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO MULTINORMAL MEANS
OpenAIRE
Hyakutake, Hiroto; Kawasaki, Hidefumi
2004-01-01
We consider the problem of constructing a fixed-size confidence region of the difference of two multinormal means when the covariance matrices have intraclass correlation structure. When the covariance matrices are known, we derive an optimal allocation. A two-stage procedure is given for the problem with unknown covariance matrices.
20. Gun Cultures or Honor Cultures? Explaining Regional and Race Differences in Weapon Carrying
Science.gov (United States)
Felson, Richard B.; Pare, Paul-Philippe
2010-01-01
We use the National Violence against Women (and Men) Survey to examine the effects of region and race on the tendency to carry weapons for protection. We find that Southern and Western whites are much more likely than Northern whites to carry guns for self-protection, controlling for their risk of victimization. The difference between Southern and…
1. Regional differences in the lateral mobility of plasma membrane lipids in a molluscan embryo
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Speksnijder, J.E.; Dohmen, M.R.; Tertoolen, L.G.J.; Laat, S.W. de
1985-01-01
Regional and temporal differences in plasma membrane lipid mobility have been analyzed during the first three cleavage cycles of the embryo of the polar-lobe-forming mollusc Nassarius reticulatus by the fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) method, using 1,1′-ditetradecyl
2. Assisted outpatient treatment in New York: regional differences in New York's assisted outpatient treatment program.
Science.gov (United States)
Robbins, Pamela Clark; Keator, Karli J; Steadman, Henry J; Swanson, Jeffrey W; Wilder, Christine M; Swartz, Marvin S
2010-10-01
This study sought to describe the implementation of "Kendra's Law" in New York State and examine regional differences in the application of the program. Between February 2007 and April 2008, interviews were conducted with 50 key informants across New York State. Key informants included assisted outpatient treatment (AOT) county coordinators, county directors of community services, judges, attorneys from the Mental Hygiene Legal Service (MHLS), psychiatrists, treatment providers, peer advocates, family members, and other referred individuals. Additional analyses were conducted using AOT program administrative and evaluation databases and client history data. From program inception in 1999 through 2007, a total of 8,752 initial AOT orders and 5,684 renewals were granted. Notable regional differences were found in the use of two distinct models of AOT: AOT First and Enhanced Voluntary Services First. Regional differences were also found in how the AOT program was implemented and administered. Other variations stemmed from the court proceedings themselves, the continuity and interest of the presiding judge, and the attitudes of the MHLS attorneys. Many regional adaptations of the AOT program were found. Many were the result of lack of guidance in implementing Kendra's Law. Policy makers may want to consider whether the law should change to allow for these differences or whether additional support from a central source is warranted to ensure more uniformity in the implementation of AOT and thus the fairness of its application across the state.
3. Inferring social attributes from different face regions: evidence for holistic processing.
Science.gov (United States)
Santos, Isabel M; Young, Andrew W
2011-04-01
Two experiments investigated the role that different face regions play in a variety of social judgements that are commonly made from facial appearance (sex, age, distinctiveness, attractiveness, approachability, trustworthiness, and intelligence). These judgements lie along a continuum from those with a clear physical basis and high consequent accuracy (sex, age) to judgements that can achieve a degree of consensus between observers despite having little known validity (intelligence, trustworthiness). Results from Experiment 1 indicated that the face's internal features (eyes, nose, and mouth) provide information that is more useful for social inferences than the external features (hair, face shape, ears, and chin), especially when judging traits such as approachability and trustworthiness. Experiment 2 investigated how judgement agreement was affected when the upper head, eye, nose, or mouth regions were presented in isolation or when these regions were obscured. A different pattern of results emerged for different characteristics, indicating that different types of facial information are used in the various judgements. Moreover, the informativeness of a particular region/feature depends on whether it is presented alone or in the context of the whole face. These findings provide evidence for the importance of holistic processing in making social attributions from facial appearance.
4. Cross-Comparison of Leaching Strains Isolated from Two Different Regions: Chambishi and Dexing Copper Mines
OpenAIRE
Ngom, Baba; Liang, Yili; Liu, Xueduan
2014-01-01
A cross-comparison of six strains isolated from two different regions, Chambishi copper mine (Zambia, Africa) and Dexing copper mine (China, Asia), was conducted to study the leaching efficiency of low grade copper ores. The strains belong to the three major species often encountered in bioleaching of copper sulfide ores under mesophilic conditions: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, and Leptospirillum ferriphilum. Prior to their study in bioleaching, the different...
5. Morphology of endothelial cells from different regions of the equine cornea
OpenAIRE
Faganello, Cláudia Skilhan; Silva, Vanessa Ruiz Moura da; Andrade, Maria Cristina Caldart de; Carissimi, André Silva; Pigatto, João Antonio Tadeu
2016-01-01
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphology of different regions of the equine cornea using optical microscopy. Both healthy eyes of eight horses, male or female, of different ages were evaluated. Corneas were stained with alizarin red vital dye and subsequently examined and photographed using optical microscopy. Corneal endothelial morphology of central, superior, inferior, temporal and nasal areas was assessed. One hundred endothelial cells from each corneal area we...
6. A study on biological activity of marine fungi from different habitats in coastal regions
OpenAIRE
Zhou, Songlin; Wang, Min; Feng, Qi; Lin, Yingying; Zhao, Huange
2016-01-01
In recent years, marine fungi have become an important source of active marine natural products. Former researches are limited in habitats selection of fungi with bioactive compounds. In this paper were to measure antibacterial and antitumor cell activity for secondary metabolites of marine fungi, which were isolated from different habitats in coastal regions. 195 strains of marine fungi were isolated and purified from three different habitats. They biologically active experiment results show...
7. Analysis of changes of demographic parameters in different groups of Chernigiv region population
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gridzhuk, M.Yu.
1998-01-01
To perform comparison of the changes in different social and age groups of the population of Chernigiv region, Kozeletsky district in particular, which was exposed to considerable radioactive contamination, during the recent 20 years (beginning from 1977). The Chernobyl accident together with social and other unfavorable factors caused negative demographic changes in the contaminated districts. Reduction in the number of different social groups of the population is expected
8. Different papillomaviruses have different repertoires of transcription factor binding sites: convergence and divergence in the upstream regulatory region
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Alonso Ángel
2006-03-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Papillomaviruses (PVs infect stratified squamous epithelia in warm-blooded vertebrates and have undergone a complex evolutionary process. The control of the expression of the early ORFs in PVs depends on the binding of cellular and viral transcription factors to the upstream regulatory region (URR of the virus. It is believed that there is a core of transcription factor binding sites (TFBS common to all PVs, with additional individual differences, although most of the available information focuses only on a handful of viruses. Results We have studied the URR of sixty-one PVs, covering twenty different hosts. We have predicted the TFBS present in the URR and analysed these results by principal component analysis and genetic algorithms. The number and nature of TFBS in the URR might be much broader than thus far described, and different PVs have different repertoires of TFBS. Conclusion There are common fingerprints in the URR in PVs that infect primates, although the ancestors of these viruses diverged a long time ago. Additionally, there are obvious differences between the URR of alpha and beta PVs, despite these PVs infect similar histological cell types in the same host, i.e. human. A thorough analysis of the TFBS in the URR might provide crucial information about the differential biology of cancer-associated PVs.
9. Regional differences in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: a multi center study in Brazil.
Science.gov (United States)
Drummond, Karla Rezende Guerra; Malerbi, Fernando Korn; Morales, Paulo Henrique; Mattos, Tessa Cerqueira Lemos; Pinheiro, André Araújo; Mallmann, Felipe; Perez, Ricardo Vessoni; Leal, Franz Schubert Lopes; de Melo, Laura Gomes Nunes; Gomes, Marília Brito
2018-01-01
Diabetic retinopathy has a significant impact in every healthcare system. Despite that fact, there are few accurate estimates in the prevalence of DR in Brazil's different geographic regions, particularly proliferative DR and diabetic macular edema. This study aims to determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Brazil's five continental regions and its determinant factors. This multi center, cross-sectional, observational study, conducted between August 2011 and December 2014, included patients with type 1 diabetes from the 5 Brazilian geographic regions (South, Southeast, North, Northeast and Midwest). During a clinical visit, a structured questionnaire was applied, blood sampling was collected and each patient underwent mydriatic binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy evaluation. Data was obtained from 1644 patients, aged 30.2 ± 12 years (56.1% female, 54.4% Caucasian), with a diabetes duration of 15.5 ± 9.3 years. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 242 (36.1%) in the Southeast, 102 (42.9%) in the South, 183 (29.9%) in the North and Northeast and 54 (41.7%) in the Midwest. Multinomial regression showed no difference in the prevalence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in each geographic region, although, prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.022), and diabetic macular edema (p = 0.003) was higher in the Midwest. Stepwise analyses reviled duration of diabetes, level of HbA1c and hypertension as independent variables. The prevalence of non proliferative diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes was no different between each geographic region of Brazil. The Midwest presented higher prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Duration of DM and glycemic control is of central importance to all. Hypertension is another fundamental factor to every region, at special in the South and Southeast. Glycemic control and patients in social and economic vulnerability deserves
10. Altered relationships between rCBF in different brain regions of never-treated schizophrenics
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sabri, O.; Schreckenberger, M.; Cremerius, U.; Dickmann, C.; Schulz, G.; Zimny, M.; Buell, U.; Erkwoh, R.; Owega, A.; Sass, H.
1997-01-01
Aim of this study was to investigate the relations between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of different brain regions in acute schizophrenia and following neuroleptic treatment. Methods: Twenty-two never-treated, acute schizophrenic patients were examined with HMPAO brain SPECT and assessed psychopathologically, and reexamined following neuroleptic treatment (over 96.8 days) and psychopathological remission. rCBF was determined by region/cerebellar count quotients obtained from 98 irregular regions of interest (ROIs), summed up to 11 ROIs on each hemisphere. In acute schizophrenics, interregional rCBF correlations of each ROI to every other ROI were compared to the interregional correlations following neuroleptic treatment and to those of controls. Results: All significant correlations of rCBF ratios of different brain regions were exclusively positive in controls and patients. In controls, all ROIs of one hemisphere except the mesial temporal ROI correlated significantly to its contralateral ROI. Each hemisphere showed significant frontal-temporal correlations, as well as cortical-subcortical and some cortico-limbic. In contrast, in acute schizophrenics nearly every ROI correlated significantly with every other ROI, without a grouping or relation of the rCBF of certain ROIs as in controls. After neuroleptic treatment and clinical improvement, this diffuse pattern of correlations remained. Conclusions: These results indicate differences in the neuronal interplay between regions in schizophrenic and healthy subjects. In nevertreated schizophrenics, diffuse interregional rCBF correlations can be seen as a sign of change and dysfunction of the systems regulating specificity and diversity of the neuronal functions. Neuroleptic therapy and psychopathologic remission showed no normalizing effect on interregional correlations. (orig.) [de
11. Cultural similarities and differences in medical professionalism: a multi-region study.
Science.gov (United States)
Chandratilake, Madawa; McAleer, Sean; Gibson, John
2012-03-01
Over the last two decades, many medical educators have sought to define professionalism. Initial attempts to do so were focused on defining professionalism in a manner that allowed for universal agreement. This quest was later transformed into an effort to 'understand professionalism' as many researchers realised that professionalism is a social construct and is culture-sensitive. The determination of cultural differences in the understanding of professionalism, however, has been subject to very little research, possibly because of the practical difficulties of doing so. In this multi-region study, we illustrate the universal and culture-specific aspects of medical professionalism as it is perceived by medical practitioners. Forty-six professional attributes were identified by reviewing the literature. A total of 584 medical practitioners, representing the UK, Europe, North America and Asia, participated in a survey in which they indicated the importance of each of these attributes. We determined the 'essentialness' of each attribute in different geographic regions using the content validity index, supplemented with kappa statistics. With acceptable levels of consensus, all regional groups identified 29 attributes as 'essential', thereby indicating the universality of these professional attributes, and six attributes as non-essential. The essentialness of the rest varied by regional group. This study has helped to identify regional similarities and dissimilarities in understandings of professionalism, most of which can be explained by cultural differences in line with the theories of cultural dimensions and cultural value. However, certain dissonances among regions may well be attributable to socio-economic factors. Some of the responses appear to be counter-cultural and demonstrate practitioners' keenness to overcome cultural barriers in order to provide better patient care. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012.
12. Measurement of 238U, 232Th and 40K concentrations in different regions of Colombia
Science.gov (United States)
Rodríguez, W.; Lizarazo, C.; Cortés, M. L.; Rodríguez, S. A.; Mendoza, E. F.; Cristancho, F.
2012-02-01
Taking into account the wide variety of geological structures in Colombia, we took a collection of samples both from sand beaches and high mountains systems and determined their concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K using a high resolution gamma spectrometry system. The results show a variation of these concentrations for the different samples that we associate with the soil type and the environmental conditions of the chosen regions. We also compare our results with other studies carried out in regions with similar geological conditions.
13. Context Dependent Effect of Landscape on the Occurrence of an Apex Predator across Different Climate Regions.
Science.gov (United States)
Fujita, Go; Azuma, Atsuki; Nonaka, Jun; Sakai, Yoshiaki; Sakai, Hatsumi; Iseki, Fumitaka; Itaya, Hiroo; Fukasawa, Keita; Miyashita, Tadashi
2016-01-01
In studies of habitat suitability at landscape scales, transferability of species-landscape associations among sites are likely to be critical because it is often impractical to collect datasets across various regions. However, limiting factors, such as prey availability, are not likely to be constant across scales because of the differences in species pools. This is particularly true for top predators that are often the target for conservation concern. Here we focus on gray-faced buzzards, apex predators of farmland-dominated landscapes in East Asia. We investigated context dependency of "buzzard-landscape relationship", using nest location datasets from five sites, each differing in landscape composition. Based on the similarities of prey items and landscape compositions across the sites, we determined several alternative ways of grouping the sites, and then examined whether buzzard-landscape relationship change among groups, which was conducted separately for each way of grouping. As a result, the model of study-sites grouping based on similarities in prey items showed the smallest ΔAICc. Because the terms of interaction between group IDs and areas of broad-leaved forests and grasslands were selected, buzzard-landscape relationship showed a context dependency, i.e., these two landscape elements strengthen the relationship in southern region. The difference in prey fauna, which is associated with the difference in climate, might generate regional differences in the buzzard-landscape associations.
14. Context Dependent Effect of Landscape on the Occurrence of an Apex Predator across Different Climate Regions.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Go Fujita
Full Text Available In studies of habitat suitability at landscape scales, transferability of species-landscape associations among sites are likely to be critical because it is often impractical to collect datasets across various regions. However, limiting factors, such as prey availability, are not likely to be constant across scales because of the differences in species pools. This is particularly true for top predators that are often the target for conservation concern. Here we focus on gray-faced buzzards, apex predators of farmland-dominated landscapes in East Asia. We investigated context dependency of "buzzard-landscape relationship", using nest location datasets from five sites, each differing in landscape composition. Based on the similarities of prey items and landscape compositions across the sites, we determined several alternative ways of grouping the sites, and then examined whether buzzard-landscape relationship change among groups, which was conducted separately for each way of grouping. As a result, the model of study-sites grouping based on similarities in prey items showed the smallest ΔAICc. Because the terms of interaction between group IDs and areas of broad-leaved forests and grasslands were selected, buzzard-landscape relationship showed a context dependency, i.e., these two landscape elements strengthen the relationship in southern region. The difference in prey fauna, which is associated with the difference in climate, might generate regional differences in the buzzard-landscape associations.
15. Large differences in regional precipitation change between a first and second 2 K of global warming
Science.gov (United States)
Good, Peter; Booth, Ben B. B.; Chadwick, Robin; Hawkins, Ed; Jonko, Alexandra; Lowe, Jason A.
2016-12-01
For adaptation and mitigation planning, stakeholders need reliable information about regional precipitation changes under different emissions scenarios and for different time periods. A significant amount of current planning effort assumes that each K of global warming produces roughly the same regional climate change. Here using 25 climate models, we compare precipitation responses with three 2 K intervals of global ensemble mean warming: a fast and a slower route to a first 2 K above pre-industrial levels, and the end-of-century difference between high-emission and mitigation scenarios. We show that, although the two routes to a first 2 K give very similar precipitation changes, a second 2 K produces quite a different response. In particular, the balance of physical mechanisms responsible for climate model uncertainty is different for a first and a second 2 K of warming. The results are consistent with a significant influence from nonlinear physical mechanisms, but aerosol and land-use effects may be important regionally.
16. Social Adversity and Regional Differences in Prescribing of ADHD Medication for School-Age Children
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kildemoes, Helle Wallach; Skovgaard, Anne Mette; Thielen, Karsten
2015-01-01
Objectives: To explore whether regional variations in the initiation of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication among school-age children are explained by differences in sociodemographic composition and/or ADHD prescribing practice, especially in children who face social...... adversity (low parental education and single parenthood). Methods: A cohort of Danish school-age children (ages 5–17) without previous psychiatric conditions (N = 813,416) was followed during 2010–2011 for incident ADHD prescribing in the individual-level Danish registers. Register information was retrieved...... for both children and their parents. Regional differences were decomposed into contributions from differences in sociodemographic composition and in prescribing practices. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of ADHD prescribing were calculated using demographically standardized...
17. Baryogenesis model suggesting antigalaxies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kirilova, D.P.
1998-12-01
A non-GUT baryogenesis model, according to which our Universe may contain clusters of antigalaxies is discussed. A mechanism of separation of vast quantities of matter from such of antimatter is described. The provided analysis showed that for a natural range of model parameters a sufficient separation between matter and antimatter regions, required from observational data, can be obtained. (author)
18. Motor units in vastus lateralis and in different vastus medialis regions show different firing properties during low-level, isometric knee extension contraction.
Science.gov (United States)
de Souza, Leonardo Mendes Leal; Cabral, Hélio Veiga; de Oliveira, Liliam Fernandes; Vieira, Taian Martins
2018-04-01
Architectural differences along vastus medialis (VM) and between VM and vastus lateralis (VL) are considered functionally important for the patellar tracking, knee joint stability and knee joint extension. Whether these functional differences are associated with a differential activity of motor units between VM and VL is however unknown. In the present study, we, therefore, investigate neuroanatomical differences in the activity of motor units detected proximo-distally from VM and from the VL muscle. Nine healthy volunteers performed low-level isometric knee extension contractions (20% of their maximum voluntary contraction) following a trapezoidal trajectory. Surface electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from VM proximal and distal regions and from VL using three linear adhesive arrays of eight electrodes. The firing rate and recruitment threshold of motor units decomposed from EMGs were then compared among muscle regions. Results show that VL motor units reached lower mean firing rates in comparison with VM motor units, regardless of their position within VM (P motor units (P = .997). Furthermore, no significant differences in the recruitment threshold were observed for all motor units analysed (P = .108). Our findings possibly suggest the greater potential of VL to generate force, due to its fibres arrangement, may account for the lower discharge rate observed for VL then either proximally or distally detected motor units in VM. Additionally, the present study opens new perspectives on the importance of considering muscle architecture in investigations of the neural aspects of motor behaviour. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
19. Preliminary results of teleseismic double-difference relocation of earthquakes around Indonesian archipelago region
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Nugraha, Andri Dian, E-mail: andridn104@gmail.com; Widiyantoro, Sri [Global Geophysical Research Group, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung (Indonesia); Shiddiqi, Hasbi Ash [Earth Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (Indonesia); Ramdhan, Mohamad; Wandono,; Sutiyono,; Handayani, Titi; Nugroho, Hendro [Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG), Jakarta (Indonesia)
2015-04-24
Indonesian archipelago region is located in active tectonic setting and high seismicity zone. During the last decade, Indonesian was experienced with destructive major earthquakes causing damage and victims. The information of precise earthquake location parameters are very important in partular for earthquake early warning to the society and for advance seismic studies. In this study, we attempted to improve hypocenter location compiled by BMKG for time periods of April, 2009 up to June, 2014 for about 22,000 earthquake events around Indonesian region. For the firts time, we applied teleseismic double-difference relocation algorithm (teletomoDD) to improve hypocenter region in Indonesia region combining regional and teleseismic stations. Hypocenter relocation was performed utilizing local, regional, and teleseismic P-wave arrival time data. Our relocation result show that travel-time RMS errors were greatly reduced compared to the BMKG catalog. Seismicity at shallower depth (less than 50 km) shows significantly improvement especially in depth, and refined shallow geological structures, e.g. trench and major strike slip faults. Clustered seismicity is also detected beneath volcanic region, and probably related volcano activities and also major faults nearby. In the Sunda arc region, seismicity at shallower depth centered at two major distributions parallel to the trench strike direction, i.e. around fore-arc and in mainland that related to major fault, e.g. the Sumatran fault, and volcanic fronts. Below Central Java region, relocated hypocenter result showed double seismic zone pattern. A seismic gap is detected around the Sunda-Banda transition zone where transition between oceanic subduction to continental crust collision of Australian plate occurs. In Eastern Indonesia region, shallow earthquakes are observed related to major strike slip faults, e.g. Sorong and Palu-Koro fault, volcanism, and shallow part of subduction and collision zones. We also compare our
20. Impact of connection density on regional cost differences for network operators in the Netherlands
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
2009-04-01
The Dutch Office of Energy Regulation ('Energiekamer') has an obligation to investigate the extent to which the electricity and gas distribution businesses (DNOs) in the Netherlands face different structural environments that result in regional cost differences which, in turn, could justify tariff differences. On the basis of previous studies, Energiekamer has identified 'water crossings' and 'local taxes' as allowable regional differences. To account for them, Energiekamer has introduced an adjustment to the regulated revenues formula in order to guarantee a level-playing field to the Dutch DNOs. In addition to these factors, it has been claimed that connection density may have an impact on distribution costs and that, therefore, regulated revenues should be adjusted to compensate for regional differences in connection density between DNOs. However, so far, the research in this field has been unable to identify a sufficiently robust relationship between cost and connection density to support this claim. In order to address this issue, Energiekamer has asked Frontier Economics and Consentec to further investigate the relationship between connection density and distribution costs in the Netherlands. Therefore, our analysis has aimed at determining whether, and to what extent, connection density in the Netherlands is a significant driver of the costs of electricity and gas distribution networks. The following three questions are answered: (1) Is connection density a significant cost driver in electricity and gas networks in the Netherlands?; (2) If so, which functional form (e.g. U-shaped) does this relationship have in the Netherlands?; (3) Finally, based on the evidence collected, is the influence of connection density sufficiently well-determined to be considered a regional difference in the Dutch regulatory framework?
1. Mercury distribution and speciation in different brain regions of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas)
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
2013-07-01
The toxicokinetics of mercury (Hg) in key species of Arctic ecosystem are poorly understood. We sampled five brain regions (frontal lobe, temporal lobe, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord) from beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) harvested in 2006, 2008, and 2010 from the eastern Beaufort Sea, Canada, and measured total Hg (HgT) and total selenium (SeT) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), mercury analyzer or cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, and the chemical forms using a high performance liquid chromatography ICP-MS. At least 14% of the beluga whales had HgT concentrations higher than the levels of observable adverse effect (6.0 mg kg{sup −1} wet weight (ww)) in primates. The concentrations of HgT differed between brain regions; median concentrations (mg kg{sup −1} ww) were 2.34 (0.06 to 22.6, 81) (range, n) in temporal lobe, 1.84 (0.12 to 21.9, 77) in frontal lobe, 1.84 (0.05 to 16.9, 83) in cerebellum, 1.25 (0.02 to 11.1, 77) in spinal cord and 1.32 (0.13 to 15.2, 39) in brain stem. Total Hg concentrations in the cerebellum increased with age (p < 0.05). Between 35 and 45% of HgT was water-soluble, of which, 32 to 41% was methyl mercury (MeHg) and 59 to 68% was labile inorganic Hg. The concentration of MeHg (range: 0.03 to 1.05 mg kg{sup −1} ww) was positively associated with HgT concentration, and the percent MeHg (4 to 109%) decreased exponentially with increasing HgT concentration in the spinal cord, cerebellum, frontal lobe and temporal lobe. There was a positive association between SeT and HgT in all brain regions (p < 0.05) suggesting that Se may play a role in the detoxification of Hg in the brain. The concentration of HgT in the cerebellum was significantly associated with HgT in other organs. Therefore, HgT concentrations in organs that are frequently sampled in bio-monitoring studies could be used to estimate HgT concentrations in the cerebellum, which is the target organ of MeHg toxicity. - Highlights:
2. Molecular fingerprinting reflects different histotypes and brain region in low grade gliomas
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mascelli, Samantha; Fasulo, Daniel; Noy, Karin; Wittemberg, Gayle; Pignatelli, Sara; Piatelli, Gianluca; Cama, Armando; Garré, Maria Luisa; Capra, Valeria; Verri, Alessandro; Barla, Annalisa; Raso, Alessandro; Mosci, Sofia; Nozza, Paolo; Biassoni, Roberto; Morana, Giovanni; Huber, Martin; Mircean, Cristian
2013-01-01
, but still point to an active involvement of TGF-beta signaling pathway in the PA development and pick out some hitherto unreported genes worthy of further investigation for the mixed glial-neuronal tumours. The identification of a brain region-specific gene signature suggests that LGGs, with similar pathological features but located at different sites, may be distinguishable on the basis of cancer genetics. Molecular fingerprinting seems to be able to better sub-classify such morphologically heterogeneous tumours and it is remarkable that mixed glial-neuronal tumours are strikingly separated from PAs
3. Regional differences in self-reported HIV care and management in the EuroSIDA study
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Laut, Kamilla Grønborg; Mocroft, Amanda; Lazarus, Jeffrey
2014-01-01
INTRODUCTION: EuroSIDA has previously reported a poorer clinical prognosis for HIV-positive individuals in Eastern Europe (EE) as compared with patients from other parts of Europe, not solely explained by differences in patient characteristics. We explored regional variability in self-reported HIV...... management at individual EuroSIDA clinics, with a goal of identifying opportunities to reduce the apparent inequalities in health. METHODS: A survey (www.chip.dk/eurosida/csurvey) on HIV management was conducted in early 2014 in all currently active EuroSIDA clinics. Responders in EE were compared...... with clinics in all other EuroSIDA regions combined (non-EE). Characteristics were compared between regions using Fishers exact test. RESULTS: A total of 80/97 clinics responded (82.5%, 12/15 in EE, 68/82 in non-EE). Participating clinics reported seeing a total of 133,532 patients [a median of 1300 per clinic...
4. Regional differences in the mid-Victorian diet and their impact on health.
Science.gov (United States)
Greaves, Peter
2018-03-01
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of regional diets on the health of the poor in mid-Victorian Britain. Contemporary surveys of regional diets and living condition were reviewed. This information was compared with mortality data from Britain over the same period. Although there was an overall improvement in life expectancy during the latter part of the 19th century, there were large regional differences in lifestyle, diet and mortality rates. Dietary surveys showed that the poor labouring population in isolated rural areas of England, in the mainland and islands of Scotland and in the west of Ireland enjoyed the most nutritious diets. These regions also showed the lowest mortality rates in Britain. This was not simply the result of better sanitation and less mortality from food and waterborne infections but also fewer deaths from pulmonary tuberculosis, which is typically associated with better nutrition. These more isolated regions where a peasant-style culture provided abundant locally produced cheap foodstuffs such as potatoes, vegetables, whole grains, and milk and fish, were in the process of disappearing in the face of increasing urbanisation. This was to the detriment of many rural poor during the latter half of the century. Conversely, increasing urbanisation, with its improved transport links, brought greater availability and diversity of foods to many others. It was this that that led to an improved nutrition and life expectancy for the majority in urbanising Britain, despite the detrimental effects of increasing food refinement.
5. [Regional differences and development tendency of livestock manure pollution in China].
Science.gov (United States)
Qiu, Huan-Guang; Liao, Shao-Pan; Jing, Yue; Luan, Jiang
2013-07-01
The rapid development of livestock production in China has brought livestock manure pollution as a serious environment problem, even threatens China's agriculture sustainable development. On the basis of public statistical data and field research data, this paper analyzed the magnitude of livestock manure excretion and pollution of China and different provinces in 2010, and predicted development tendencies of livestock manure excretion and pollution in 2020 through the Decision Support System for China's Agricultural Sustainable Development (CHINAGRO). The result shows that total livestock manure excretion of China in 2010 is 1 900 million tons, and livestock manure pollution is 227 million tons, while per hectare arable land of livestock manure pollution is 1.86 tons. Provinces in the southeast China, such as Guangdong and Fujian, are areas with high pressure of livestock manure pollution. Model simulation shows that China's total amount of livestock manure pollution will increase to 298 million tons in 2020 without government intervention. The pressure of livestock manure pollution will become higher in most regions of China, especially in east and south regions. The situation in central and western region is better than that in east regions although the pollution pressure will also increase in those areas. Policy intervention such as taxes and subsidies should be adopted to reduce the discharge of livestock manure pollution, and encourage livestock production transfer from eastern areas to the central and western regions.
6. Broca's region and Visual Word Form Area activation differ during a predictive Stroop task
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Wallentin, Mikkel; Gravholt, Claus Højbjerg; Skakkebæk, Anne
2015-01-01
displayed in green or red (incongruent vs congruent colors). One of the colors, however, was presented three times as often as the other, making it possible to study both congruency and frequency effects independently. Auditory stimuli saying “GREEN” or “RED” had the same distribution, making it possible...... to study frequency effects across modalities. We found significant behavioral effects of both incongruency and frequency. A significant effect (p effect of frequency was observed and no interaction. Conjoined effects of incongruency...... and frequency were found in parietal regions as well as in the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA). No interaction between perceptual modality and frequency was found in VWFA suggesting that the region is not strictly visual. These findings speak against a strong version of the prediction error processing hypothesis...
7. Comparative analysis of the microbial communities in raw milk produced in different regions of Korea.
Science.gov (United States)
Kim, In Seon; Hur, Yoo Kyung; Kim, Eun Ji; Ahn, Young-Tae; Kim, Jong Geun; Choi, Yun-Jaie; Huh, Chul Sung
2017-11-01
The control of psychrotrophic bacteria causing milk spoilage and illness due to toxic compounds is an important issue in the dairy industry. In South Korea, Gangwon-do province is one of the coldest terrains in which eighty percent of the area is mountainous regions, and mainly plays an important role in the agriculture and dairy industries. The purposes of this study were to analyze the indigenous microbiota of raw milk in Gangwon-do and accurately investigate a putative microbial group causing deterioration in milk quality. We collected raw milk from the bulk tank of 18 dairy farms in the Hoengseong and Pyeongchang regions of Gangwon-do. Milk components were analyzed and the number of viable bacteria was confirmed. The V3 and V4 regions of 16S rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced on an Illumina Miseq platform. Sequences were then assigned to operational taxonomic units, followed by the selection of representative sequences using the QIIME software package. The milk samples from Pyeongchang were higher in fat, protein, lactose, total solid, and solid non-fat, and bacterial cell counts were observed only for the Hoengseong samples. The phylum Proteobacteria was detected most frequently in both the Hoengseong and Pyeongchang samples, followed by the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Notably, Corynebacterium, Pediococcus, Macrococcus, and Acinetobacter were significantly different from two regions. Although the predominant phylum in raw milk is same, the abundances of major genera in milk samples were different between Hoengseong and Pyeongchang. We assumed that these differences are caused by regional dissimilar farming environments such as soil, forage, and dairy farming equipment so that the quality of milk raw milk from Pyeongchang is higher than that of Hoengseong. These results could provide the crucial information for identifying the microbiota in raw milk of South Korea.
8. Analyzing the impact of ambient temperature indicators on transformer life in different regions of Chinese mainland.
Science.gov (United States)
Bai, Cui-fen; Gao, Wen-Sheng; Liu, Tong
2013-01-01
Regression analysis is applied to quantitatively analyze the impact of different ambient temperature characteristics on the transformer life at different locations of Chinese mainland. 200 typical locations in Chinese mainland are selected for the study. They are specially divided into six regions so that the subsequent analysis can be done in a regional context. For each region, the local historical ambient temperature and load data are provided as inputs variables of the life consumption model in IEEE Std. C57.91-1995 to estimate the transformer life at every location. Five ambient temperature indicators related to the transformer life are involved into the partial least squares regression to describe their impact on the transformer life. According to a contribution measurement criterion of partial least squares regression, three indicators are conclusively found to be the most important factors influencing the transformer life, and an explicit expression is provided to describe the relationship between the indicators and the transformer life for every region. The analysis result is applicable to the area where the temperature characteristics are similar to Chinese mainland, and the expressions obtained can be applied to the other locations that are not included in this paper if these three indicators are known.
9. Different Regional Approaches to Cultural diversity Interpreting the Belgian Cultural Diversity Policy Paradox
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2015-11-01
Full Text Available In Belgium, the authority over cultural diversity policies resulting from immigration has been devolved from the central state to the regions since 1970. Consequently, Flanders and Francophone Belgium have progressively developed divergent policy tools. By describing the divergent evolution of Francophone and Flemish cultural diversity policies, our paper demonstrates the existence of a “Belgian Cultural Diversity Paradox”, namely the existence of more multicultural minority rights in the region that has most experienced electoral success by an extreme-right anti-immigrant party (Flanders, and a more colour blind and radical secular approach in the region where anti-immigrant politicization is barely a factor (Francophone Belgium. This finding is counter-intuitive because an important strand of immigrant policy research has emphasized the relationship between the politicization of immigration and restrictive immigrant citizenship rights. Our paper demonstrates that the different degrees of politicization of immigration in Flanders and Francophone Belgium cannot fully account for divergent cultural diversity policies. By insisting on the historical path dependency of the linguistic and religious cleavages in Belgium and their overlap, this paper offers an addendum to the politicization approach. The historical linguistic and religious differences of the Belgian regions clearly mediate the impact of the politicization of immigration on both sides of the linguistic border.
10. Analyzing the Impact of Ambient Temperature Indicators on Transformer Life in Different Regions of Chinese Mainland
Science.gov (United States)
Bai, Cui-fen; Gao, Wen-Sheng; Liu, Tong
2013-01-01
Regression analysis is applied to quantitatively analyze the impact of different ambient temperature characteristics on the transformer life at different locations of Chinese mainland. 200 typical locations in Chinese mainland are selected for the study. They are specially divided into six regions so that the subsequent analysis can be done in a regional context. For each region, the local historical ambient temperature and load data are provided as inputs variables of the life consumption model in IEEE Std. C57.91-1995 to estimate the transformer life at every location. Five ambient temperature indicators related to the transformer life are involved into the partial least squares regression to describe their impact on the transformer life. According to a contribution measurement criterion of partial least squares regression, three indicators are conclusively found to be the most important factors influencing the transformer life, and an explicit expression is provided to describe the relationship between the indicators and the transformer life for every region. The analysis result is applicable to the area where the temperature characteristics are similar to Chinese mainland, and the expressions obtained can be applied to the other locations that are not included in this paper if these three indicators are known. PMID:23843729
11. Regional differences in gene expression and promoter usage in aged human brains
KAUST Repository
Pardo, Luba M.
2013-02-19
To characterize the promoterome of caudate and putamen regions (striatum), frontal and temporal cortices, and hippocampi from aged human brains, we used high-throughput cap analysis of gene expression to profile the transcription start sites and to quantify the differences in gene expression across the 5 brain regions. We also analyzed the extent to which methylation influenced the observed expression profiles. We sequenced more than 71 million cap analysis of gene expression tags corresponding to 70,202 promoter regions and 16,888 genes. More than 7000 transcripts were differentially expressed, mainly because of differential alternative promoter usage. Unexpectedly, 7% of differentially expressed genes were neurodevelopmental transcription factors. Functional pathway analysis on the differentially expressed genes revealed an overrepresentation of several signaling pathways (e.g., fibroblast growth factor and wnt signaling) in hippocampus and striatum. We also found that although 73% of methylation signals mapped within genes, the influence of methylation on the expression profile was small. Our study underscores alternative promoter usage as an important mechanism for determining the regional differences in gene expression at old age.
12. [Learning from regional differences: online platform: http://www.versorgungsatlas.de].
Science.gov (United States)
Mangiapane, S
2014-02-01
In 2011, the Central Research Institute of Ambulatory Health Care in Germany (ZI) published the website http://www.versorgungsatlas.de, a portal that presents research results from regional health services in Germany. The Web portal provides a publicly accessible source of information and a growing number of selected analyses focusing on regional variation in health care. Each topic is presented in terms of interactive maps, tables, and diagrams and is supplemented by a paper that examines the results in detail and provides an explanation of the findings. The portal has been designed to provide a forum on which health service researchers can publish their results derived from various data sources of different institutions in Germany and can comment on results already available on http://www.versorgungsatlas.de. For health policy actors, the discussion of regional differences offers a new, previously unavailable basis for determining the region-specific treatment needs and for providing health-care management with the goal of high-quality care for each resident.
13. Private health care expenditure and quality in Beveridge systems: cross-regional differences in the Italian NHS.
Science.gov (United States)
Del Vecchio, Mario; Fenech, Lorenzo; Prenestini, Anna
2015-03-01
Private health care expenditure ranges from 15% to 30% of total healthcare spending in OECD countries. The literature suggests that there should be an inverse correlation between quality of public services and private expenditures. The main objective of this study is to explore the association between quality of public healthcare and private expenditures in the Italian Regional Healthcare Systems (RHSs). The institutional framework offered by the Italian NHS allows to investigate on the differences among the regions while controlling for institutional factors. The study uses micro-data from the ISTAT Household Consumption Survey (HCS) and a rich set of regional quality indicators. The results indicate that there is a positive and significant correlation between quality and private spending per capita across regions. The study also points out the strong association between the distribution of private consumption and income. In order to account for the influence of income, the study segmented data in three socio-economic classes and computed cross-regional correlations of RHSs quality and household healthcare expenditure per capita, within each class. No correlation was found between the two variables. These findings are quite surprising and call into question the theory that better quality of public services crowds out private spending, or, at the very least, it undermines the simplistic notions that higher levels of private spending are a direct consequence of poor quality in the public sector. This suggests that policies should avoid to simplistically link private spending with judgements or assessments about the functioning or efficacy of the public system and its organizations. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
14. Face-selective regions differ in their ability to classify facial expressions.
Science.gov (United States)
Zhang, Hui; Japee, Shruti; Nolan, Rachel; Chu, Carlton; Liu, Ning; Ungerleider, Leslie G
2016-04-15
Recognition of facial expressions is crucial for effective social interactions. Yet, the extent to which the various face-selective regions in the human brain classify different facial expressions remains unclear. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and support vector machine pattern classification analysis to determine how well face-selective brain regions are able to decode different categories of facial expression. Subjects participated in a slow event-related fMRI experiment in which they were shown 32 face pictures, portraying four different expressions: neutral, fearful, angry, and happy and belonging to eight different identities. Our results showed that only the amygdala and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) were able to accurately discriminate between these expressions, albeit in different ways: the amygdala discriminated fearful faces from non-fearful faces, whereas STS discriminated neutral from emotional (fearful, angry and happy) faces. In contrast to these findings on the classification of emotional expression, only the fusiform face area (FFA) and anterior inferior temporal cortex (aIT) could discriminate among the various facial identities. Further, the amygdala and STS were better than FFA and aIT at classifying expression, while FFA and aIT were better than the amygdala and STS at classifying identity. Taken together, our findings indicate that the decoding of facial emotion and facial identity occurs in different neural substrates: the amygdala and STS for the former and FFA and aIT for the latter. Published by Elsevier Inc.
15. PIXE and ICP-MS analysis of fenugreek medicinal plant from different regions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Chandrasekhar Rao, J.; Naidu, B.G.; Sarita, P.; Naga Raju, G.J.
2017-01-01
Elemental analysis of Fenugreek medicinal plant collected from different regions was carried out by Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) techniques. The elements Li, Be, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Ba, Pb and U were identified and their concentrations were estimated. These elements were found to be in widely varying concentrations in the analyzed Fenugreek medicinal plant collected from different regions. of the. The results of the present study provide a better understanding of the pharmacological action of Fenugreek medicinal plant and it can also be used to set new standards for prescribing the dosage of herbal drugs. (author)
16. Is there a gap in the gap? Regional differences in the gender pay gap
OpenAIRE
Hirsch, Boris; König, Marion; Möller, Joachim
2009-01-01
In this paper, we investigate regional differences in the gender pay gap both theoretically and empirically. Within a spatial oligopsony model, we show that more densely populated labour markets are more competitive and constrain employers' ability to discriminate against women. Utilising a large administrative data set for western Germany and a flexible semi-parametric propensity score matching approach, we find that the unexplained gender pay gap for young workers is substantially lower in ...
17. Regional differences in brain glucose metabolism determined by imaging mass spectrometry
OpenAIRE
André Kleinridders; Heather A. Ferris; Michelle L. Reyzer; Michaela Rath; Marion Soto; M. Lisa Manier; Jeffrey Spraggins; Zhihong Yang; Robert C. Stanton; Richard M. Caprioli; C. Ronald Kahn
2018-01-01
Objective: Glucose is the major energy substrate of the brain and crucial for normal brain function. In diabetes, the brain is subject to episodes of hypo- and hyperglycemia resulting in acute outcomes ranging from confusion to seizures, while chronic metabolic dysregulation puts patients at increased risk for depression and Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we aimed to determine how glucose is metabolized in different regions of the brain using imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). Metho...
18. Regional differences in right versus left congenital heart disease diagnoses in neonates in the United States.
Science.gov (United States)
Nelson, Jennifer S; Strassle, Paula D
2018-03-01
Differences in the prevalence of left and right congenital heart defects (CHD) across the United States are unclear. This study evaluated the overall prevalence and the distribution of right versus left CHD across US regions and divisions in neonates. Newborns born from 2000 to 2014 diagnosed with CHD were identified using the National Inpatient Sample. Heart defects were stratified into right, left, and "neither" subtypes. The risk of right and left heart diagnoses between US Census regions and divisions was compared using multivariable binomial regression, adjusting for infant, and hospital characteristics. Two hundred forty thousand four hundred fifty-five newborns were included and 38,185 (15.9%) were classifiable as having either right or left subtypes. Between 2000 and 2014, the prevalence of right defects increased from 1.65 to 2.88 cases/1,000 live born infants (p right heart defect diagnosis compared to the West. When stratified by division, New England states had a significantly higher prevalence of right defects compared to the Pacific (RD adj .09, 95% CI .06, 0.11). No differences in the prevalence of left defects were seen. The prevalence of CHD diagnoses at birth in the US has increased, and regional differences in the prevalence of right defects appear to exist. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
19. Regional deposition of saline aerosols of different tonicities in normal and asthmatic subjects
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Phipps, P.R.; Gonda, I.; Anderson, S.D.; Bailey, D.; Bautovich, G.
1994-01-01
Nonisotonic aerosols are frequently used in the diagnosis and therapy of lung disease. The purpose of this work was to study the difference in the pattern of deposition of aerosols containing aqueous solutions of different tonicities. 99m Technetium-diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid ( 99m Tc-DTPA)-labelled saline aerosols, with mass median aerodynamic diameter 3.7-3.8 μm and geometric standard deviation 1.4, were inhaled under reproducible breathing conditions on two occasions. Hypotonic and hypertonic solutions were used in 11 normals subjects, isotonic and hypertonic solutions in 9 asthmatics. The regional deposition was quantified by a penetration index measured with the help of a tomographic technique. There was a small but significant increase (6.7%) in the penetration index of the hypotonic as compared to the hypertonic aerosols in the normal subjects. The region that was markedly affected was the trachea. The differences in the penetration of the isotonic and hypertonic aerosols in the asthmatics appeared to be strongly dependent on the state of the airways at the time of the study. These findings can be interpreted in terms of effects of growth or shrinkage of nonisotonic aerosols, as well as of airway narrowing, on regional deposition of aerosols. Tonicity of aerosols appears to affect their deposition both through physical and physiological mechanisms. This should be taken into account when interpreting the effects of inhaled aqueous solutions of various tonicities in patients in vivo. (au) (44 refs.)
20. Chemical compositions of Cinnamomum tamala oil from two different regions of India
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Suresh Kumar
2012-10-01
Full Text Available Objective: This study was made to investigate the chemical composition of Cinnamomum tamala, (Buch.-Ham. Nees & Eberm (Tejpat oil (CTO which was taken from two different regions. The plant leaves were collected from two different regions of India (Southern India and Northern India. Methods: The chemical composition of the hydro distilled essential oil of Cinnamomum tamala were analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS. Results: The GCMS analysis of the oil collected from northern region (Chandigarh Botanical garden, Chandigarh showed 20 constituents of which methyl eugenol (46.65%, eugenol (26.70%, trans-cinnamyl acetate (12.48% and Beta-Caryophyllene (6.26% were found the major components. The GC-MS analysis of the oil collected from southern area showed 31 constituents of which cinnamaldehyde (44.898%, Tans-cinnamyl acetate (25.327% and Ascabin (1 5.249% were found the major components. Conclusions: The oil is used in various preparations in pharmaceutical industries so it should be used after the verifications of quality of the oil. The difference observed in the amount and type of constituents may be due to the geographical origin of the plant.
1. Examining regional variability in work ethic within Mexico: Individual difference or shared value.
Science.gov (United States)
Arciniega, Luis M; Woehr, David J; Del Rincón, Germán A
2018-02-19
Despite the acceptance of work ethic as an important individual difference, little research has examined the extent to which work ethic may reflect shared environmental or socio-economic factors. This research addresses this concern by examining the influence of geographic proximity on the work ethic experienced by 254 employees from Mexico, working in 11 different cities in the Northern, Central and Southern regions of the country. Using a sequence of complementary analyses to assess the main source of variance on seven dimensions of work ethic, our results indicate that work ethic is most appropriately considered at the individual level. © 2018 International Union of Psychological Science.
2. Drug Control in Fragile States: Regional Cooperation and Differing Legal Responses to the Afghan Opiate Epidemic
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Afsah, Ebrahim
The explosive growth of opium and heroin production in Afghanistan has had grave implications for global trafficking and organised crime. The European Union pursues a policy to stop the inflow of illicit narcotics closer to their source and this presentation outlines the challenges encountered......-narcotic collaboration. Drastically different national policy choices regarding the penalisation of consumption and drug-demand strategies have furthermore yielded dramatically different social outcomes, further complicating regional efforts. Work on legal harmonisation is, therefore, deemed at best a relatively...
3. Gastric cancer mortality trends in Spain, 1976-2005, differences by autonomous region and sex
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
García-Esquinas, Esther; Pérez-Gómez, Beatriz; Pollán, Marina; Boldo, Elena; Fernández-Navarro, Pablo; Lope, Virginia; Vidal, Enrique; López-Abente, Gonzalo; Aragonés, Nuria
2009-01-01
Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of oncologic death worldwide. One of the most noteworthy characteristics of this tumor's epidemiology is the marked decline reported in its incidence and mortality in almost every part of the globe in recent decades. This study sought to describe gastric cancer mortality time trends in Spain's regions for both sexes. Mortality data for the period 1976 through 2005 were obtained from the Spanish National Statistics Institute. Cases were identified using the International Classification of Diseases 9 th and 10 th revision (codes 151 and C16, respectively). Crude and standardized mortality rates were calculated by geographic area, sex, and five-year period. Joinpoint regression analyses were performed to ascertain whether changes in gastric cancer mortality trends had occurred, and to estimate the annual percent change by sex and geographic area. Gastric cancer mortality decreased across the study period, with the downward trend being most pronounced in women and in certain regions situated in the interior and north of mainland Spain. Across the study period, there was an overall decrease of 2.90% per annum among men and 3.65% per annum among women. Generally, regions in which the rate of decline was sharpest were those that had initially registered the highest rates. However, the rate of decline was not constant throughout the study period: joinpoint analysis detected a shift in trend for both sexes in the early 1980s. Gastric cancer mortality displayed in both sexes a downward trend during the study period, both nationally and regionally. The different trend in rates in the respective geographic areas translated as greater regional homogeneity in gastric cancer mortality by the end of the study period. In contrast, rates in women fell more than did those in men. The increasing differences between the sexes could indicate that some risk factors may be modifying the sex-specific pattern of this tumor
4. Increased frequency of retinopathy of prematurity over the last decade and significant regional differences.
Science.gov (United States)
Holmström, Gerd; Tornqvist, Kristina; Al-Hawasi, Abbas; Nilsson, Åsa; Wallin, Agneta; Hellström, Ann
2018-03-01
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) causes childhood blindness globally in prematurely born infants. Although increased levels of oxygen supply lead to increased survival and reduced frequency of cerebral palsy, increased incidence of ROP is reported. With the help of a Swedish register for ROP, SWEDROP, national and regional incidences of ROP and frequencies of treatment were evaluated from 2008 to 2015 (n = 5734), as well as before and after targets of provided oxygen changed from 85-89% to 91-95% in 2014. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was found in 31.9% (1829/5734) of all infants with a gestational age (GA) of <31 weeks at birth and 5.7% of the infants (329/5734) had been treated for ROP. Analyses of the national data revealed an increased incidence of ROP during the 8-year study period (p = 0.003), but there was no significant increase in the frequency of treatment. There were significant differences between the seven health regions of Sweden, regarding both incidence of ROP and frequency of treatment (p < 0.001). Comparison of regional data before and after the new oxygen targets revealed a significant increase in treated ROP in one region [OR: 2.24 (CI: 1.11-4.49), p = 0.024] and a borderline increase in one other [OR: 3.08 (CI: 0.99-9.60), p = 0.052]. The Swedish national ROP register revealed an increased incidence of ROP during an 8-year period and significant regional differences regarding the incidence of ROP and frequency of treatment. © 2017 Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
5. Regional differences in China's CO2 abatement cost
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
He, Xiaoping
2015-01-01
Under a framework of output distance function with multiple outputs, the study discusses the carbon abatement cost at provincial and regional levels in China, using the shadow price analysis. The findings show that the abatement cost, reflecting the marginal opportunity cost of carbon reduction, varies greatly among the provinces. On average, the abatement cost of the eastern region was much higher than that of the mid-western region during the observed period. The findings provide evidence that the carbon prices in the current ETS pilots have been much lower than desired levels, implying inefficiency of the markets. The wide range of the abatement cost estimates supports that the equi-marginal principle does not hold for the regulations on carbon pollution at regional levels. The regional cost differences indicate the huge potential for China to minimize the total abatement cost with policy instruments that may motive the emissions moving from areas of low abatement cost to where the abatement cost is higher. For a few undeveloped provinces that are environmentally fragile and have high abatement cost, supplementary measures will be needed to reduce the negative impact of carbon cutbacks on the poor to the minimum. - Highlights: • The marginal abatement cost of CO 2 is defined by the shadow price measure. • A linear programming model based on distance function is established. • Marginal abatement costs at provincial level are empirical investigated. • The abatement cost varies across provinces and regions in China. • The findings provide evidence that the current ETS pilots are inefficient
6. Imaging of 3-D seismic velocity structure of Southern Sumatra region using double difference tomographic method
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lestari, Titik, E-mail: t2klestari@gmail.com [Meteorological Climatological and Geophysical Agency (MCGA), Jalan Angkasa I No.2 Kemayoran, Jakarta Pusat, 10720 (Indonesia); Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesa No.10, Bandung 40132 (Indonesia); Nugraha, Andri Dian, E-mail: nugraha@gf.itb.ac.id [Global Geophysical Research Group, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesa 10 Bandung 40132 (Indonesia)
2015-04-24
Southern Sumatra region has a high level of seismicity due to the influence of the subduction system, Sumatra fault, Mentawai fault and stretching zone activities. The seismic activities of Southern Sumatra region are recorded by Meteorological Climatological and Geophysical Agency (MCGA’s) Seismograph network. In this study, we used earthquake data catalog compiled by MCGA for 3013 events from 10 seismic stations around Southern Sumatra region for time periods of April 2009 – April 2014 in order to invert for the 3-D seismic velocities structure (Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs ratio). We applied double-difference seismic tomography method (tomoDD) to determine Vp, Vs and Vp/Vs ratio with hypocenter adjustment. For the inversion procedure, we started from the initial 1-D seismic velocity model of AK135 and constant Vp/Vs of 1.73. The synthetic travel time from source to receiver was calculated using ray pseudo-bending technique, while the main tomographic inversion was applied using LSQR method. The resolution model was evaluated using checkerboard test and Derivative Weigh Sum (DWS). Our preliminary results show low Vp and Vs anomalies region along Bukit Barisan which is may be associated with weak zone of Sumatran fault and migration of partial melted material. Low velocity anomalies at 30-50 km depth in the fore arc region may indicated the hydrous material circulation because the slab dehydration. We detected low seismic seismicity in the fore arc region that may be indicated as seismic gap. It is coincides contact zone of high and low velocity anomalies. And two large earthquakes (Jambi and Mentawai) also occurred at the contact of contrast velocity.
7. Sleep-Wake Differences in Relative Regional Cerebral Metabolic Rate for Glucose among Patients with Insomnia Compared with Good Sleepers
Science.gov (United States)
Kay, Daniel B.; Karim, Helmet T.; Soehner, Adriane M.; Hasler, Brant P.; Wilckens, Kristine A.; James, Jeffrey A.; Aizenstein, Howard J.; Price, Julie C.; Rosario, Bedda L.; Kupfer, David J.; Germain, Anne; Hall, Martica H.; Franzen, Peter L.; Nofzinger, Eric A.; Buysse, Daniel J.
2016-01-01
Study Objectives: The neurobiological mechanisms of insomnia may involve altered patterns of activation across sleep-wake states in brain regions associated with cognition, self-referential processes, affect, and sleep-wake promotion. The objective of this study was to compare relative regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRglc) in these brain regions across wake and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep states in patients with primary insomnia (PI) and good sleeper controls (GS). Methods: Participants included 44 PI and 40 GS matched for age (mean = 37 y old, range 21–60), sex, and race. We conducted [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography scans in PI and GS during both morning wakefulness and NREM sleep at night. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test for group (PI vs. GS) by state (wake vs. NREM sleep) interactions in relative rCMRglc. Results: Significant group-by-state interactions in relative rCMRglc were found in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, left middle frontal gyrus, left inferior/superior parietal lobules, left lingual/fusiform/occipital gyri, and right lingual gyrus. All clusters were significant at Pcorrected sleep and wakefulness. Significant group-by-state interactions in relative rCMRglc suggest that insomnia is associated with impaired disengagement of brain regions involved in cognition (left frontoparietal), self-referential processes (precuneus/posterior cingulate), and affect (left middle frontal, fusiform/lingual gyri) during NREM sleep, or alternatively, to impaired engagement of these regions during wakefulness. Citation: Kay DB, Karim HT, Soehner AM, Hasler BP, Wilckens KA, James JA, Aizenstein HJ, Price JC, Rosario BL, Kupfer DJ, Germain A, Hall MH, Franzen PL, Nofzinger EA, Buysse DJ. Sleep-wake differences in relative regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose among patients with insomnia compared with good sleepers. SLEEP 2016;39(10):1779–1794. PMID:27568812
8. Expression of Tau Pathology-Related Proteins in Different Brain Regions: A Molecular Basis of Tau Pathogenesis.
Science.gov (United States)
Hu, Wen; Wu, Feng; Zhang, Yanchong; Gong, Cheng-Xin; Iqbal, Khalid; Liu, Fei
2017-01-01
Microtubule-associated protein tau is hyperphosphorylated and aggregated in affected neurons in Alzheimer disease (AD) brains. The tau pathology starts from the entorhinal cortex (EC), spreads to the hippocampus and frontal and temporal cortices, and finally to all isocortex areas, but the cerebellum is spared from tau lesions. The molecular basis of differential vulnerability of different brain regions to tau pathology is not understood. In the present study, we analyzed brain regional expressions of tau and tau pathology-related proteins. We found that tau was hyperphosphorylated at multiple sites in the frontal cortex (FC), but not in the cerebellum, from AD brain. The level of tau expression in the cerebellum was about 1/4 of that seen in the frontal and temporal cortices in human brain. In the rat brain, the expression level of tau with three microtubule-binding repeats (3R-tau) was comparable in the hippocampus, EC, FC, parietal-temporal cortex (PTC), occipital-temporal cortex (OTC), striatum, thalamus, olfactory bulb (OB) and cerebellum. However, the expression level of 4R-tau was the highest in the EC and the lowest in the cerebellum. Tau phosphatases, kinases, microtubule-related proteins and other tau pathology-related proteins were also expressed in a region-specific manner in the rat brain. These results suggest that higher levels of tau and tau kinases in the EC and low levels of these proteins in the cerebellum may accounts for the vulnerability and resistance of these representative brain regions to the development of tau pathology, respectively. The present study provides the regional expression profiles of tau and tau pathology-related proteins in the brain, which may help understand the brain regional vulnerability to tau pathology in neurodegenerative tauopathies.
9. Developmental toxicity in flounder embryos exposed to crude oils derived from different geographical regions.
Science.gov (United States)
Jung, Jee-Hyun; Lee, Eun-Hee; Choi, Kwang-Min; Yim, Un Hyuk; Ha, Sung Yong; An, Joon Geon; Kim, Moonkoo
2017-06-01
Crude oils from distinct geographical regions have distinct chemical compositions, and, as a result, their toxicity may be different. However, developmental toxicity of crude oils derived from different geographical regions has not been extensively characterized. In this study, flounder embryos were separately exposed to effluents contaminated by three crude oils including: Basrah Light (BLO), Pyrenees (PCO), and Sakhalin Vityaz (SVO), in addition to a processed fuel oil (MFO-380), to measure developmental toxicity and for gene expressions. Each oil possessed a distinct chemical composition. Edema defect was highest in embryos exposed to PCO and MFO-380 that both have a greater fraction of three-ring PAHs (33% and 22%, respectively) compared to BLO and SVO. Observed caudal fin defects were higher in embryos exposed to SVO and MFO-380, which are both dominated by naphthalenes (81% and 52%, respectively). CYP1A gene expressions were also highest in embryos exposed to SVO and MFO-380. Higher incidence of cardiotoxicity and lower nkx 2.5 expression were detected in embryos exposed to PCO. Unique gene expression profiles were observed in embryos exposed to crude oils with distinct compositions. This study demonstrates that crude oils of different geographical origins with different compositional characteristics induce developmental toxicity to different degrees. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
10. A study on biological activity of marine fungi from different habitats in coastal regions.
Science.gov (United States)
Zhou, Songlin; Wang, Min; Feng, Qi; Lin, Yingying; Zhao, Huange
2016-01-01
In recent years, marine fungi have become an important source of active marine natural products. Former researches are limited in habitats selection of fungi with bioactive compounds. In this paper were to measure antibacterial and antitumor cell activity for secondary metabolites of marine fungi, which were isolated from different habitats in coastal regions. 195 strains of marine fungi were isolated and purified from three different habitats. They biologically active experiment results showed that fungi isolation from the mangrove habitats had stronger antibacterial activity than others, and the stains isolated from the estuarial habitats had the least antibacterial activity. However, the strains separated from beach habitats strongly inhibited tumor cell proliferation in vitro, and fungi of mangrove forest habitats had the weakest activity of inhibiting tumor. Meanwhile, 195 fungal strains belonged to 46 families, 84 genera, 142 species and also showed 137 different types of activity combinations by analyzing the inhibitory activity of the metabolites fungi for 4 strains of pathogenic bacteria and B-16 cells. The study investigated the biological activity of marine fungi isolated from different habitats in Haikou coastal regions. The results help us to understand bioactive metabolites of marine fungi from different habitats, and how to selected biological activity fungi from various marine habitats effectively.
11. Relative importance of different surface regions for thermal comfort in humans.
Science.gov (United States)
Nakamura, Mayumi; Yoda, Tamae; Crawshaw, Larry I; Kasuga, Momoko; Uchida, Yuki; Tokizawa, Ken; Nagashima, Kei; Kanosue, Kazuyuki
2013-01-01
In a previous study, we investigated the contribution of the surface of the face, chest, abdomen, and thigh to thermal comfort by applying local temperature stimulation during whole-body exposure to mild heat or cold. In hot conditions, humans prefer a cool face, and in cold they prefer a warm abdomen. In this study, we extended investigation of regional differences in thermal comfort to the neck, hand, soles, abdomen (Experiment 1), the upper and lower back, upper arm, and abdomen (Experiment 2). The methodology was similar to that used in the previous study. To compare the results of each experiment, we utilized the abdomen as the reference area in these experiments. Thermal comfort feelings were not particularly strong for the limbs and extremities, in spite of the fact that changes in skin temperature induced by local temperature stimulation of the limbs and extremities were always larger than changes that were induced in the more proximal body parts. For the trunk areas, a significant difference in thermal comfort was not observed among the abdomen, and upper and lower back. An exception involved local cooling during whole-body mild cold exposure, wherein the most dominant preference was for a warmer temperature of the abdomen. As for the neck and abdomen, clear differences were observed during local cooling, while no significant difference was observed during local warming. We combined the results for the current and the previous study, and characterized regional differences in thermal comfort and thermal preference for the whole-body surface.
12. Suggestive Objects at Work
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
2009-01-01
In Western secular societies, spiritual life is no longer limited to classical religious institutions but can also be found at workplace organizations. While spirituality is conventionally understood as a subjective and internal process, this paper proposes the concept of ‘suggestive objects......’, constructed by combining insights from Gabriel Tarde's sociology with Bruno Latour's actor-network theory, to theorize the material dimension of organizational spirituality. The sacred in organizations arises not from the internalization of collective values but through the establishment of material...... scaffolding. This has deep implications for our understanding of the sacred, including a better appreciation of the way that suggestive objects make the sacred durable, the way they organize it....
13. Magnetic resonance imaging and three-dimensional ultrasound of carotid atherosclerosis: mapping regional differences.
Science.gov (United States)
Krasinski, Adam; Chiu, Bernard; Fenster, Aaron; Parraga, Grace
2009-04-01
To evaluate differences in carotid atherosclerosis measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS). Ten subject volunteers underwent carotid 3DUS and MRI (multislice black blood fast spin echo, T1-weighted contrast, double inversion recovery, 0.5 mm in-plane resolution, 2 mm slice, 3.0 T) within 1 hour. 3DUS and MR images were manually segmented by two observers providing vessel wall and lumen contours for quantification of vessel wall volume (VWV) and generation of carotid thickness maps. MRI VWV (1040 +/- 210 mm(3)) and 3DUS VWV (540 +/- 110 mm(3)) were significantly different (P Power Doppler US confirmed that heterogeneity in the common carotid artery in all patients resulted from apparent flow disturbances, not atherosclerotic plaque. MRI and 3DUS VWV were significantly different and carotid maps showed homogeneous thickness differences and heterogeneity in specific regions of interest identified as MR flow artifacts in the common carotid artery.
14. Microbial contamination of drinking water from risky tubewells situated in different hydrological regions of Bangladesh.
Science.gov (United States)
Dey, Nepal C; Parvez, Mahmood; Dey, Digbijoy; Saha, Ratnajit; Ghose, Lucky; Barua, Milan K; Islam, Akramul; Chowdhury, Mushtaque R
2017-05-01
This study, conducted in 40 selected upazilas covering four hydrological regions of Bangladesh, aimed at determining the risk of selected shallow tubewells (depthcontamination of shallow tubewells. The main objective of the study was to observe the seasonal and regional differences of microbial contamination and finally reaching a conclusion about safe distance between tubewells and latrines by comparing the contamination of two tubewell categories (category-1: distance ≤10m from nearest latrine; n=80 and category 2: distances 11-20m from nearest latrine; n=80) in different geographical contexts. About 62% of sampled tubewells were at medium to high risk according to WHO's sanitary inspection guidelines, while the situation was worst in south-west region. Microbiological contamination was significantly higher in sampled category-1 tubewells compared to category-2 tubewells, while the number of contaminated tubewells and level of contamination was higher during wet season. About 21% (CI 95 =12%-30%), 54% (CI 95 =43%-65%) and 58% (CI 95 =46%-69%) of water samples collected from category-1 tubewells were contaminated by E. coli, FC, and TC respectively during the wet season. The number of category-1 tubewells having E.coli was highest in the north-west (n=8) and north-central (n=4) region during wet season and dry season respectively, while the level of E.coli contamination in tubewell water (number of CFU/100ml of sample) was significantly higher in north-central region. However, the south-west region had the highest number of FC contaminated category-1 tubewells (n=16 & n=17; respectively during wet and dry season) and significantly a higher level of TC and FC in sampled Category-1 tubewells than north-west, north-central and south-east region, mainly during wet season. Multivariate regression analysis could identified some sanitary inspection indicators, such as tubewell within contaminants in tubewell water (pcontamination. Construction of pit latrine in areas
15. Endotoxin predictors and associated respiratory outcomes differ with climate regions in the U.S.
Science.gov (United States)
Mendy, Angelico; Wilkerson, Jesse; Salo, Pӓivi M; Cohn, Richard D; Zeldin, Darryl C; Thorne, Peter S
2018-03-01
Although endotoxin is a recognized cause of environmental lung disease, how its relationship with respiratory outcomes varies with climate is unknown. To examine the endotoxin predictors as well as endotoxin association with asthma, wheeze, and sensitization to inhalant allergens in various US climate regions. We analyzed data on 6963 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Endotoxin measurements of house dust from bedroom floor and bedding were performed at the University of Iowa. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to identify endotoxin predictors and assess endotoxin association with health outcomes. The overall median house dust endotoxin was 16.2 EU/mg; it was higher in mixed-dry/hot-dry regions (19.7 EU/mg) and lower in mixed-humid/marine areas (14.8 EU/mg). Endotoxin predictors and endotoxin association with health outcomes significantly differed across climate regions. In subarctic/very cold/cold regions, log 10 -endotoxin was significantly associated with higher prevalence of wheeze outcomes (OR:1.48, 95% CI:1.19-1.85 for any wheeze, OR:1.48, 95% CI:1.22-1.80 for exercise-induced wheeze, OR:1.50, 95% CI:1.13-1.98 for prescription medication for wheeze, and OR:1.95, 95% CI:1.50-2.54 for doctor/ER visit for wheeze). In hot-humid regions, log 10 -endotoxin was positively associated with any wheeze (OR:1.66, 95% CI:1.04-2.65) and current asthma (OR:1.56, 95% CI:1.11-2.18), but negatively with sensitization to any inhalant allergens (OR:0.83, 95% CI:0.74-0.92). Endotoxin predictors and endotoxin association with asthma and wheeze differ across U.S. climate regions. Endotoxin is associated positively with wheeze or asthma in cold and hot-humid regions, but negatively with sensitization to inhalant allergens in hot-humid climates. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
16. Comparison of different wind data interpolation methods for a region with complex terrain in Central Asia
Science.gov (United States)
Reinhardt, Katja; Samimi, Cyrus
2018-01-01
While climatological data of high spatial resolution are largely available in most developed countries, the network of climatological stations in many other regions of the world still constitutes large gaps. Especially for those regions, interpolation methods are important tools to fill these gaps and to improve the data base indispensible for climatological research. Over the last years, new hybrid methods of machine learning and geostatistics have been developed which provide innovative prospects in spatial predictive modelling. This study will focus on evaluating the performance of 12 different interpolation methods for the wind components \\overrightarrow{u} and \\overrightarrow{v} in a mountainous region of Central Asia. Thereby, a special focus will be on applying new hybrid methods on spatial interpolation of wind data. This study is the first evaluating and comparing the performance of several of these hybrid methods. The overall aim of this study is to determine whether an optimal interpolation method exists, which can equally be applied for all pressure levels, or whether different interpolation methods have to be used for the different pressure levels. Deterministic (inverse distance weighting) and geostatistical interpolation methods (ordinary kriging) were explored, which take into account only the initial values of \\overrightarrow{u} and \\overrightarrow{v} . In addition, more complex methods (generalized additive model, support vector machine and neural networks as single methods and as hybrid methods as well as regression-kriging) that consider additional variables were applied. The analysis of the error indices revealed that regression-kriging provided the most accurate interpolation results for both wind components and all pressure heights. At 200 and 500 hPa, regression-kriging is followed by the different kinds of neural networks and support vector machines and for 850 hPa it is followed by the different types of support vector machine and
17. Regional Differences in Communication Process and Outcomes of Requests for Solid Organ Donation.
Science.gov (United States)
Traino, H M; Molisani, A J; Siminoff, L A
2017-06-01
Although federal mandate prohibits the allocation of solid organs for transplantation based on "accidents of geography," geographic variation of transplantable organs is well documented. This study explores regional differences in communication in requests for organ donation. Administrative data from nine partnering organ procurement organizations and interview data from 1339 family decision makers (FDMs) were compared across eight geographically distinct US donor service areas (DSAs). Authorization for organ donation ranged from 60.4% to 98.1% across DSAs. FDMs from the three regions with the lowest authorization rates reported the lowest levels of satisfaction with the time spent discussing donation and with the request process, discussion of the least donation-related topics, the highest levels of pressure to donate, and the least comfort with the donation decision. Organ procurement organization region predicted authorization (odds ratios ranged from 8.14 to 0.24), as did time spent discussing donation (OR = 2.11), the number of donation-related topics discussed (OR = 1.14), and requesters' communication skill (OR = 1.14). Standardized training for organ donation request staff is needed to ensure the highest quality communication during requests, optimize rates of family authorization to donation in all regions, and increase the supply of organs available for transplantation. © 2016 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.
18. Regional differences in system usage charges. Impediment to a fair energy transition?
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Plenz, Maik; Meister, Moritz; Doliwa, Martin; Obbelode, Felix
2014-01-01
The conversion of the German electricity supply system to production from renewable resources under the national energy transition policy is making it necessary to expand and restructure the distribution networks. Based on the expansion goals of the federal government, expectations are that thinly populated regions with low conflict potential will see a continued growth in distributed generation. This will increase the geographic asymmetry that exists between the production of renewable energy in rural, peripheral regions and its consumption predominantly in urban regions, thus enlarging the regional differences in system usage charges seen already today. The geographic disparity between production and consumption may grow larger still with the continuing installation of new and repowering of existing renewable energy plants. Of the possibilities discussed so far for reforming the scheme of charges, some would only have a weak impact, while others would even exacerbate the problem. The solution proposed in the present article takes account of the costs incurred through upstream supply networks in accordance with Article 14 Section 1 Sentence 1 of the Ordinance on System Usage Charges. In effect it leads to an allocation of costs according to the user-pays principle, thus protecting consumers connected to rural distribution networks against an undue cost burden and charging a fair share of the costs to consumers in urban and industrial distribution networks.
19. Gender Differences in Cerebral Regional Homogeneity of Adult Healthy Volunteers: A Resting-State fMRI Study
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Chunsheng Xu
2015-01-01
Full Text Available Objective. We sought to use the regional homogeneity (ReHo approach as an index in the resting-state functional MRI to investigate the gender differences of spontaneous brain activity within cerebral cortex and resting-state networks (RSNs in young adult healthy volunteers. Methods. One hundred and twelve healthy volunteers (56 males, 56 females participated in the resting-state fMRI scan. The ReHo mappings in the cerebral cortex and twelve RSNs of the male and female groups were compared. Results. We found statistically significant gender differences in the primary visual network (PVN (P<0.004, with Bonferroni correction and left attention network (LAtN, default mode network (DMN, sensorimotor network (SMN, executive network (EN, and dorsal medial prefrontal network (DMPFC as well (P<0.05, uncorrected. The male group showed higher ReHo in the left precuneus, while the female group showed higher ReHo in the right middle cingulate gyrus, fusiform gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, precentral gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and postcentral gyrus. Conclusions. Our results suggested that men and women had regional specific differences during the resting-state. The findings may improve our understanding of the gender differences in behavior and cognition from the perspective of resting-state brain function.
20. User experiences with different regional health information exchange systems in Finland.
Science.gov (United States)
Hyppönen, Hannele; Reponen, Jarmo; Lääveri, Tinja; Kaipio, Johanna
2014-01-01
The interest in cross-organizational Health Information Exchange (HIE) is increasing at regional, national and cross-European levels. The purpose of our study was to compare user experiences (usability) of different regional health information exchange system (RHIE) types as well as the factors related to the experienced level of success of different RHIE system types. A web-based questionnaire was sent to 95% of Finnish physicians aged between 25 and 65 years of age. RHIE systems were mainly available in the public sector and only in certain regions. Those 1693 physicians were selected from the 3929 respondents of the original study, who met these criteria. The preferred means (paper/fax vs. electronic) of cross-organizational HIE, and replies to the 11 questions measuring RHIE success were used as the main dependent variables. Two thirds (73%) of the primary care physicians and one third (33%) of the specialized care physicians replied using an electronic RHIE system rather than paper or fax as a primary means of cross-organizational HIE. Respondents from regions where a regional virtual EHR (type 3) RHIE system was employed had used electronic means rather than paper HIE to a larger extend compared to their colleagues in regions where a master patient index-type (type 1) or web distribution model (type 2) RHIE system was used. Users of three local EHR systems preferred electronic HIE to paper to a larger extend than users of other EHR systems. Experiences with an integrated RHIE system (type 3) were more positive than those with other types or RHIE systems. The study revealed User preferences for the integrated virtual RHIE-system (type 3) over the master index model (type 1) or web distribution model (type 2). Success of individual HIE tasks of writing, sending and reading were impacted by the way these functionalities were realized in the EHR systems. To meet the expectations of increased efficiency, continuity, safety and quality of care, designers of HIE
1. Metabolic and molecular changes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum lines carrying different Solanum pennellii wild chromosomal regions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Maria Manuela Rigano
2016-10-01
Full Text Available Solanum lycopersicum represents an important dietary source of bioactive compounds including the antioxidants flavonoids and phenolic acids. We previously identified two genotypes (IL7-3 and IL12-4 carrying loci from the wild species Solanum pennellii, which increased antioxidants in the fruit. Successively, these lines were crossed and two genotypes carrying both introgressions at the homozygous condition (DHO88 and DHO88-SL were selected. The amount of total antioxidant compounds was increased in DHOs compared to both ILs and the control genotype M82. In order to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying the positive interaction between the two wild regions pyramided in DHO genotypes, detailed analyses of the metabolites accumulated in the fruit were carried out by colorimetric methods and LC/MS/MS. These analyses evidenced a lower content of flavonoids in DHOs and in ILs, compared to M82. By contrast, in the DHOs the relative content of phenolic acids increased, particularly the fraction of hexoses, thus evidencing a redirection of the phenylpropanoid flux towards the biosynthesis of phenolic acid glycosides in these genotypes. In addition, the line DHO88 exhibited a lower content of free phenolic acids compared to M82. Interestingly, the two DHOs analyzed differ in the size of the wild region on chromosome 12. Genes mapping in the introgression regions were further investigated. Several genes of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway were identified, such as one 4-coumarate:CoA ligase and two UDP-glycosyltransferases in the region 12-4 and one chalcone isomerase and one UDP-glycosyltransferase in the region 7-3. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrated a different expression of the detected genes in the ILs and in the DHOs compared to M82.These analyses, combined with biochemical analyses, suggested a central role of the 4-coumarate:CoA ligase in redirecting the phenylpropanoid pathways towards the biosynthesis of phenolic acids in the
2. [Maternal hemoglobin in Peru: regional differences and its association with adverse perinatal outcomes].
Science.gov (United States)
Gonzales, Gustavo F; Tapia, Vilma; Gasco, Manuel; Carrillo, Carlos
2011-01-01
To evaluate hemoglobin (Hb) levels in pregnant women from different geographical regions from Peru; to establish anemia and erythrocytocis rates and to establish the role of Hb on adverse perinatal outcomes using the Perinatal Information System (PIS) database of Peruvian Ministry of Health. Data were obtained from 379,816 births of 43 maternity care units between 2000 and 2010. Anemia and erythrocytocis rates were determined in each geographical region as well as rates of adverse perinatal outcomes. To analyze data the STATA program (versión 10.0,Texas, USA) was used. The results were considered significant at panemia rate was higher in the coast (25.8%) and low forest (26.2%). Moderate/severe anemia rate in low forest was 2.6% and at the coast was 1.0%. In the highland, the highest rate of moderate/severe anemia was in the southern highlands (0.6%). The highest rate of erythrocytocis was found in the central highland (23.7%), 11.9% in the southern highland and 9.5% in the north highland. Severe anemia and erythrocytocis were associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. There are differences by Peruvian geographical region in anemia rates. In the central highlands were found the highest rates of erythrocytocis due to hypoxia effect in the high altitudes; however in the southern highlands, erythrocytocis was lower. Severe anemia and erythrocytosis were associated with increased adverse perinatal outcomes.
3. Sex differences in the course of schizophrenia across diverse regions of the world
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Novick D
2016-11-01
Full Text Available Diego Novick,1 William Montgomery,2 Tamas Treuer,3 Maria Victoria Moneta,4 Josep Maria Haro4 1Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK; 2Eli Lilly Australia Pty Ltd, West Ryde, NSW, Australia; 3Eli Lilly and Company, Neuroscience Research, Budapest, Hungary; 4Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Abstract: This study explores sex differences in the outcomes of patients with schizophrenia (clinical/functional remission and recovery across diverse regions of the world (Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and North Africa and the Middle East. Data (n=16,380 for this post hoc analysis were taken from the World-Schizophrenia Health Outcomes Study. In most regions, females had a later age at first service contact for schizophrenia, a lower level of overall/negative symptom severity, lower rates of alcohol/substance abuse and paid employment, and higher percentages of having a spouse/partner and independent living. Overall, females had slightly higher rates of clinical remission (58.0% vs 51.8%, functional remission (22.8% vs 16.0%, and recovery (16.5% vs 16.0% at 36 months (P<0.001 for all. This pattern was consistently observed in Southern Europe and Northern Europe even after controlling for baseline sex differences, but not in other regions. In Central and Eastern Europe, rates of clinical remission were higher in females at 36 months, but those of functional remission and recovery were similar between males and females. The opposite was observed for Latin America. In East Asia, sex differences were rarely observed for these outcomes. Finally, in North Africa and the Middle East, sex differences in these outcomes were pronounced only in regression analyses. These regional variations shed light on the importance of psychosocial and cultural factors and their effects on sex in the prognosis of schizophrenia. Keywords: sex, remission, recovery
4. Regional differences in unmet need for contraception in Kenya: insights from survey data.
Science.gov (United States)
Wafula, Sam W
2015-10-14
Women are described as experiencing unmet need for contraception if they are fecund, sexually active and wish to postpone or limit childbearing but fail to use contraception to do so. The consequences of unmet need include unwanted pregnancy, induced abortions, school dropout due to pregnancy and premature maternal deaths. Global efforts aimed at addressing the adverse effects of unmet need abound. In Kenya, one in every four married women in the reproductive age bracket (15-49 years) has unmet need for contraception. Regional differences exist but the reasons behind these differences remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which regional differentials in unmet need for contraception exists and to explain the regional differences in unmet need for contraception in Kenya. The paper used the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2008/09) data. Unmet need for contraception was measured based on the revised estimates contained in the survey. Summary statistics were used to show the percentage differences in the values of selected covariates across the high and low unmet need zones. The dependent variable had three categories: no unmet need, unmet need for spacing and unmet need for limiting births. The categorical nature of this dependent variable which is not ordered in any way lends itself to the use of multinomial logistic regression. The paper applied the seemingly unrelated estimation (suest) test to ascertain whether the covariate coefficients between the high and low unmet need zones were different. Stata Version 13.0 was used for analysis. The percentage values of the selected covariates of unmet need for contraception were much higher in the high unmet need zone as compared to those observed in the low unmet need zones. On the overall, 15.4 % of women in the high unmet need zone had unmet need to space their next birth as compared to 8.6 % of their counterparts. Likewise, the percentage of women who wanted to limit
5. Regional differences in incidence of gastric and colonic cancer in the Maori of New Zealand
Science.gov (United States)
Thompson, A
2002-01-01
Background: It is known that there are ethnic differences in cancer in New Zealand between Maori (the indigenous people) and non-Maori, however, until now no regional comparisons have been made. Study design: A retrospective study of patients diagnosed at Whangarei Hospital, New Zealand between 1995 and 1997 with gastric or colonic cancer was combined with population data from the 1996 census for Whangarei District to calculate incidence figures. The incidence of cancer was compared to national rates. Results: Between 1995 and 1997, 19 Maori and 24 non-Maori were diagnosed with gastric cancer, and 10 Maori and 125 non-Maori with colonic cancer. The age standardised rates (per 100 000) for Maori and non-Maori with gastric caner were 68.3 and 7.9 respectively. Gastric cancer is known to be increased in the Maori, but in Whangarei was significantly higher than the national Maori rates (20.5). There was no difference in the rate of colonic cancer in the Maori and non-Maori in Whangarei, again this differs from the national trends, in which the Maori are protected against cancer. Conclusion: This study highlights that there is still much more to be learnt in understanding the aetiology of gastrointestinal cancers, to explain such strong regional differences. PMID:12151659
6. Flash Floods Simulation using a Physical-Based Hydrological Model at Different Hydroclimatic Regions
Science.gov (United States)
Saber, Mohamed; Kamil Yilmaz, Koray
2016-04-01
Currently, flash floods are seriously increasing and affecting many regions over the world. Therefore, this study will focus on two case studies; Wadi Abu Subeira, Egypt as arid environment, and Karpuz basin, Turkey as Mediterranean environment. The main objective of this work is to simulate flash floods at both catchments considering the hydrometeorological differences between them which in turn effect their flash flood behaviors. An integrated methodology incorporating Hydrological River Basin Environmental Assessment Model (Hydro-BEAM) and remote sensing observations was devised. Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMAP) were compared with the rain gauge network at the target basins to estimate the bias in an effort to further use it effectively in simulation of flash floods. Based on the preliminary results of flash floods simulation on both basins, we found that runoff behaviors of flash floods are different due to the impacts of climatology, hydrological and topographical conditions. Also, the simulated surface runoff hydrographs are reasonably coincide with the simulated ones. Consequently, some mitigation strategies relying on this study could be introduced to help in reducing the flash floods disasters at different climate regions. This comparison of different climatic basins would be a reasonable implication for the potential impact of climate change on the flash floods frequencies and occurrences.
7. Regional differences, socio-demographics, and hidden population of HIV/AIDS in India.
Science.gov (United States)
Kumar, Rajeev; Suar, Damodar; Singh, Sanjay Kumar
2017-02-01
This study examines the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in different regions of India, their socio-demographic indicators, and the presence of hidden population infected with HIV. Secondary data analyzed were obtained from national and international agencies. Considering the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in India, the low-prevalence regions in the last decade have shown a steady increase in recent years. Productive age, urbanization, male gender, lower level of education, minority religions, low income, and mobile occupations are associated with HIV pandemic. The hidden population vulnerable to HIV/AIDS are: street children, homeless population, and refugees. These observations can help map the high-risk behavior groups and formulate targeted strategies to curb the HIV menace.
8. Clinical impact of genetic variants of drug transporters in different ethnic groups within and across regions.
Science.gov (United States)
Ono, Chiho; Kikkawa, Hironori; Suzuki, Akiyuki; Suzuki, Misaki; Yamamoto, Yuichi; Ichikawa, Katsuomi; Fukae, Masato; Ieiri, Ichiro
2013-11-01
Drug transporters, together with drug metabolic enzymes, are major determinants of drug disposition and are known to alter the response to many commonly used drugs. Substantial frequency differences for known variants exist across geographic regions for certain drug transporters. To deliver efficacious medicine with the right dose for each patient, it is important to understand the contribution of genetic variants for drug transporters. Recently, mutual pharmacokinetic data usage among Asian regions, which are thought to be relatively similar in their own genetic background, is expected to accelerate new drug applications and reduce developmental costs. Polymorphisms of drug transporters could be key factors to be considered in implementing multiethnic global clinical trials. This review addresses the current knowledge on genetic variations of major drug transporters affecting drug disposition, efficacy and toxicity, focusing on the east Asian populations, and provides insights into future directions for precision medicine and drug development in east Asia.
9. Regional differences in climate change impacts on groundwater and stream discharge in Denmark
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Van Roosmalen, Lieke Petronella G; Christensen, Britt S.B.; Sonnenborg, Torben O.
2007-01-01
of the hydrological response to the simulated climate change is highly dependant on the geological setting of the model area. In the Jylland area, characterized by sandy top soils and large interconnected aquifers, groundwater recharge increases significantly, resulting in higher groundwater levels and increasing......Regional impact studies of the effects of future climate change are necessary because projected changes in meteorological variables vary regionally and different hydrological systems can react in various ways to the same changes. In this study the effects of climate change on groundwater recharge...... simulates changes in groundwater head, recharge, and discharge. Precipitation, temperature, and reference evapotranspiration increase for both the A2 and B2 scenarios. This results in a significant increase in mean annual net precipitation, but with decreased values in the summer months. The magnitude...
10. Cryosphere-hydrosphere interactions: Numerical modeling using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) at different scales
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bergamasco, A.; Carniel, S.; Sclavo, M.; Budgell, W.P.
2005-01-01
Conveyor belt circulation controls global climate through heat and water fluxes with atmosphere and from tropical to polar regions and vice versa. This circulation, commonly referred to as thermohaline circulation (THC), seems to have millennium time scale and nowadays-a non-glacial period-appears to be as rather stable. However, concern is raised by the buildup of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (IPCC, Third assessment report: Climate Change 2001. A contribution 01 working group I, n and In to the Third Assessment Report of the intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge Univ. Press, UK) 2001, http://www.ipcc.ch) as these may affect the THC conveyor paths. Since it is widely recognized that dense water formation sites ad as primary sources in strengthening quasi-stable THC paths (Stommel H., Tellus, 13 (1961) 224), in order to simulate properly the consequences of such scenarios a better understanding of these oceanic processes is needed. To successfully model these processes, air sea-ice-integrated modelling approaches are often required. Here we focus on two polar regions using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). In the first region investigated, the North Atlantic-Arctic, where open-ocean Jeep convection and open-sea ire formation and dispersion under the intense air-sea interactions are the major engines, we use a new version of the coupled hydrodynamic-ice ROMS model. The second area belongs to the Antarctica region inside the Southern Ocean, where brine rejections during ice formation inside shelf seas origin dense water that, flowing along the continental slope, overflow becoming eventually abyssal waters. Results show how nowadays integrated-modelling tasks have become more and more feasible and effective; numerical simulations dealing with large computational domains or challenging different climate scenarios can be run on multi-processors platforms and on systems like LINUX clusters, made of the same hardware as PCs, and
11. Earthquake hazard analysis for the different regions in and around Ağrı
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Bayrak, Erdem, E-mail: erdmbyrk@gmail.com; Yilmaz, Şeyda, E-mail: seydayilmaz@ktu.edu.tr [Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon (Turkey); Bayrak, Yusuf, E-mail: bayrak@ktu.edu.tr [Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı (Turkey)
2016-04-18
We investigated earthquake hazard parameters for Eastern part of Turkey by determining the a and b parameters in a Gutenberg–Richter magnitude–frequency relationship. For this purpose, study area is divided into seven different source zones based on their tectonic and seismotectonic regimes. The database used in this work was taken from different sources and catalogues such as TURKNET, International Seismological Centre (ISC), Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) and The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for instrumental period. We calculated the a value, b value, which is the slope of the frequency–magnitude Gutenberg–Richter relationship, from the maximum likelihood method (ML). Also, we estimated the mean return periods, the most probable maximum magnitude in the time period of t-years and the probability for an earthquake occurrence for an earthquake magnitude ≥ M during a time span of t-years. We used Zmap software to calculate these parameters. The lowest b value was calculated in Region 1 covered Cobandede Fault Zone. We obtain the highest a value in Region 2 covered Kagizman Fault Zone. This conclusion is strongly supported from the probability value, which shows the largest value (87%) for an earthquake with magnitude greater than or equal to 6.0. The mean return period for such a magnitude is the lowest in this region (49-years). The most probable magnitude in the next 100 years was calculated and we determined the highest value around Cobandede Fault Zone. According to these parameters, Region 1 covered the Cobandede Fault Zone and is the most dangerous area around the Eastern part of Turkey.
12. Regional Brain Shrinkage over Two Years: Individual Differences and Effects of Pro-Inflammatory Genetic Polymorphisms
Science.gov (United States)
Persson, N.; Ghisletta, P.; Dahle, C.L.; Bender, A.R.; Yang, Y.; Yuan, P.; Daugherty, A.M.; Raz, N.
2014-01-01
We examined regional changes in brain volume in healthy adults (N = 167, age 19-79 years at baseline; N = 90 at follow-up) over approximately two years. With latent change score models, we evaluated mean change and individual differences in rates of change in 10 anatomically-defined and manually-traced regions of interest (ROIs): lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), orbital frontal cortex (OF), prefrontal white matter (PFw), hippocampus (HC), parahippocampal gyrus (PhG), caudate nucleus (Cd), putamen (Pt), insula (In), cerebellar hemispheres (CbH), and primary visual cortex (VC). Significant mean shrinkage was observed in the HC, CbH, In, OF, and the PhG, and individual differences in change were noted in all regions, except the OF. Pro-inflammatory genetic variants mediated shrinkage in PhG and CbH. Carriers of two T alleles of interleukin-1β (IL-1βC-511T, rs16944) and a T allele of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFRC677T, rs1801133) polymorphisms showed increased PhG shrinkage. No effects of a pro-inflammatory polymorphism for C-reactive protein (CRP-286C>A>T, rs3091244) or apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele were noted. These results replicate the pattern of brain shrinkage observed in previous studies, with a notable exception of the LPFC thus casting doubt on the unique importance of prefrontal cortex in aging. Larger baseline volumes of CbH and In were associated with increased shrinkage, in conflict with the brain reserve hypothesis. Contrary to previous reports, we observed no significant linear effects of age and hypertension on regional brain shrinkage. Our findings warrant further investigation of the effects of neuroinflammation on structural brain change throughout the lifespan. PMID:25264227
13. Reproductive health of women after abdominal delivery living in different regions of the Kyrgyz Republic
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
A E Samigullina
2018-04-01
Full Text Available Aim. Study of somatic and obstetric and gynecologic morbidity of women of the Kyrgyz Republic after Cesarean section. Methods. Retrospective cohort study was conducted in 2016 in Kyrgyz state medical institute of retraining and advanced training. Three regions of the Kyrgyz Republic were selected: Bishkek, Jalal-Abad and Issyk-Kul regions. 908 pregnant women after abdominal delivery were chosen as the subject of the study and divided into three groups: group 1 (Bishkek - 305 pregnant women, group 2 (Jalal-Abad region - 300 females, group 3 (Issyk-Kul region - 303 females. The age was 15 to 49 years. The incidence of gynecologic and extragenital pathology and complications during previous pregnancies were studied. Results. Gynecologic pathology in past medical history was revealed in 15.8% of females, while women from group 1 are statistically significantly more likely to have gynecologic diseases than women from group 3. Females from group 2 had gynecologic pathology more rarely. In the structure of gynecologic incidence, sexually transmitted infections take the first place, cervical ectopy takes the second place and uterine fibroids - the third place. Extragenital pathology was detected in 38.2% of pregnant women. In its structure the first ranked place is taken by urinary tract diseases (12.3%, the second one - by infectious and parasitic diseases (11.6%, and the third place - by cardiovascular diseases (3.2%. Pathological course of pregnancy was also more frequent in group 1 than in group 2; there was no significant difference with group 3. Spontaneous abortion interrupted previous pregnancy in 19.8% of women, 5% had premature births, significantly more frequently in group 1, as well as preeclampsia. Conclusion. The most unfavorable region is the city of Bishkek, female residents of Jalal-Abad region are less susceptible to diseases; in general, gynecologic pathology was revealed in 15.8% of females, extragenital pathology - in 38.2% of
14. Regional Differences in the Price-Elasticity of Demand for Energy
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Bernstein, M. A.; Griffin, J.
2006-02-01
At the request of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the RAND Corporation examined the relationship between energy demand and energy prices with the focus on whether the relationships between demand and price differ if these are examined at different levels of data resolution. In this case, RAND compares national, regional, state, and electric utility levels of data resolution. This study is intended as a first step in helping NREL understand the impact that spatial disaggregation of data can have on estimating the impacts of their programs. This report should be useful to analysts in NREL and other national laboratories, as well as to policy nationals at the national level. It may help them understand the complex relationships between demand and price and how these might vary across different locations in the United States.
15. Cross-Comparison of Leaching Strains Isolated from Two Different Regions: Chambishi and Dexing Copper Mines
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Baba Ngom
2014-01-01
Full Text Available A cross-comparison of six strains isolated from two different regions, Chambishi copper mine (Zambia, Africa and Dexing copper mine (China, Asia, was conducted to study the leaching efficiency of low grade copper ores. The strains belong to the three major species often encountered in bioleaching of copper sulfide ores under mesophilic conditions: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, and Leptospirillum ferriphilum. Prior to their study in bioleaching, the different strains were characterized and compared at physiological level. The results revealed that, except for copper tolerance, strains within species presented almost similar physiological traits with slight advantages of Chambishi strains. However, in terms of leaching efficiency, native strains always achieved higher cell density and greater iron and copper extraction rates than the foreign microorganisms. In addition, microbial community analysis revealed that the different mixed cultures shared almost the same profile, and At. ferrooxidans strains always outcompeted the other strains.
16. Environmental cadmium and zinc concentrations in liver and kidney of European hare from different Serbian regions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Petrović Zoran I.
2013-01-01
Full Text Available The hares assayed (n=84 were divided into five age groups: 3-6; 12; 12-24; 24-36 and 36 + months. Between all sampling regions (11 significant differences of Cd levels were found in kidney and liver (p value, p=0.001 and 0.007, respectively . Significant statistical differences (p=0.001 are registered between Cd content in kidney and liver of hares among all represented age groups. Looking at all investigated hare samples, moderately higher concentrations of Zn were found in liver (median value: 25.4 mg/kg w.w compared to those in kidney (21.4 mg/kg. These differences were statistically significant (p=0.001. Zinc concentrations in liver, between all age groups, did not differ significantly (p=0.512 but in kidney these differences were statistically significant (p=0,001. Significant differences between Zn concentrations in liver in comparison to kidney (pairwise differences were found within every single age group with exception of the oldest (36+ . Strong statistically significant correlations (Ps- Pearson's correlation between Cd concentrations in kidney and liver were registered in three groups older than 12 months (Ps=0.81, p=0.001; 0.78, p=0.001; and 0.79, p=0.001, respectively. Negative correlation between Zn and Cd concentrations were found in liver samples within the age group of 12 months (Ps= -0,67, p=0.004.
17. Knowledge of Cervical Cancer Screening among Women across Different Socio-Economic Regions of China.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jiangli Di
Full Text Available China has a high burden of cervical cancer (CC and wide disparities in CC burden exist among different socio-economic regions. In order to reduce these disparities, China's government launched the National Cervical Cancer Screening Program in Rural Areas (NCCSPRA in 2009. Understanding the factors associated with underutilization of CC screening among target populations is important to improve the screening participation rate, and a high participation rate is key to achieving the goals of a screening program. However, data on the knowledge of CC among target populations in program areas is lacking in China. This study will investigate the knowledge of CC prevention and control among women in specific project counties to develop a better understanding of factors that might influence CC screening participation in order to improve the implementation of the NCCSPRA.A cross-sectional survey was conducted and face-to-face interview questionnaires were completed by 308 women who received CC screening services in 6 project counties of NCCSPRA across different socio-economic regions of China. ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used to compare the knowledge rates and scores across the different subgroups. Logistic regression was conducted to examine factors associated with knowledge level.The overall CC knowledge rate of the target population was only 19.5%. Regional socio-economic level, advice from doctors, age, and educational status were strong predictors of knowledge level of CC screening. Significantly lower knowledge rates and scores were identified in older women (55-64 years old, less educated women (with primary school or illiterate, women in less developed regions and women who did not receive any advice about screening results from doctors.The knowledge of CC screening among women in the project counties of NCCSPRA was found to be very poor. Given the importance of knowledge in encouraging women to participate in screening is key to reducing CC
18. Knowledge of Cervical Cancer Screening among Women across Different Socio-Economic Regions of China.
Science.gov (United States)
Di, Jiangli; Rutherford, Shannon; Wu, Jiuling; Song, Bo; Ma, Lan; Chen, Jingyi; Chu, Cordia
2015-01-01
China has a high burden of cervical cancer (CC) and wide disparities in CC burden exist among different socio-economic regions. In order to reduce these disparities, China's government launched the National Cervical Cancer Screening Program in Rural Areas (NCCSPRA) in 2009. Understanding the factors associated with underutilization of CC screening among target populations is important to improve the screening participation rate, and a high participation rate is key to achieving the goals of a screening program. However, data on the knowledge of CC among target populations in program areas is lacking in China. This study will investigate the knowledge of CC prevention and control among women in specific project counties to develop a better understanding of factors that might influence CC screening participation in order to improve the implementation of the NCCSPRA. A cross-sectional survey was conducted and face-to-face interview questionnaires were completed by 308 women who received CC screening services in 6 project counties of NCCSPRA across different socio-economic regions of China. ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used to compare the knowledge rates and scores across the different subgroups. Logistic regression was conducted to examine factors associated with knowledge level. The overall CC knowledge rate of the target population was only 19.5%. Regional socio-economic level, advice from doctors, age, and educational status were strong predictors of knowledge level of CC screening. Significantly lower knowledge rates and scores were identified in older women (55-64 years old), less educated women (with primary school or illiterate), women in less developed regions and women who did not receive any advice about screening results from doctors. The knowledge of CC screening among women in the project counties of NCCSPRA was found to be very poor. Given the importance of knowledge in encouraging women to participate in screening is key to reducing CC burden in
19. Regional ADC values of the normal brain: differences due to age, gender, and laterality
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Naganawa, Shinji; Ishigaki, Takeo [Department of Radiology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550 (Japan); Sato, Kimihide; Katagiri, Toshio; Mimura, Takeo [Department of Radiology, First Kamiida General Hospital (Japan)
2003-01-01
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of measurement for apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in normal brain, to clarify the effect of aging on ADC values, to compare ADC values between men and women, and to compare ADC values between right and left sides of the brain. To evaluate the stability of measurements, five normal volunteers (four men and one woman) were examined five times on different days. Then, 294 subjects with normal MR imaging (147 men and 147 women; age range 20-89 years) were measured. The ADC measurement in normal volunteers was stable. The ADC values stayed within the 5% deviation of average values in all volunteers (mean{+-}standard deviation 2.3{+-}1.2%). The ADC values gradually increased by aging in all regions. In thalamus, no significant difference was seen between right and left in the subjects under 60 years; however, right side showed higher values in the subjects over 60 years (p<0.01). In the subjects under 60 years, women showed higher values in right frontal, bilateral thalamus, and temporal (p<0.01); however, in the subjects over 60 years, no region showed difference between men and women. The knowledge obtained in this study may be helpful to understand the developmental and aging mechanisms of normal brain and may be useful for the future quantitative study as a reference. (orig.)
20. Colour change on different body regions provides thermal and signalling advantages in bearded dragon lizards
Science.gov (United States)
Cadena, Viviana; Porter, Warren P.; Kearney, Michael R.
2016-01-01
Many terrestrial ectotherms are capable of rapid colour change, yet it is unclear how these animals accommodate the multiple functions of colour, particularly camouflage, communication and thermoregulation, especially when functions require very different colours. Thermal benefits of colour change depend on an animal's absorptance of solar energy in both UV–visible (300–700 nm) and near-infrared (NIR; 700–2600 nm) wavelengths, yet colour research has focused almost exclusively on the former. Here, we show that wild-caught bearded dragon lizards (Pogona vitticeps) exhibit substantial UV–visible and NIR skin reflectance change in response to temperature for dorsal but not ventral (throat and upper chest) body regions. By contrast, lizards showed the greatest temperature-independent colour change on the beard and upper chest during social interactions and as a result of circadian colour change. Biophysical simulations of heat transfer predicted that the maximum temperature-dependent change in dorsal reflectivity could reduce the time taken to reach active body temperature by an average of 22 min per active day, saving 85 h of basking time throughout the activity season. Our results confirm that colour change may serve a thermoregulatory function, and competing thermoregulation and signalling requirements may be met by partitioning colour change to different body regions in different circumstances.
1. Regional ADC values of the normal brain: differences due to age, gender, and laterality
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Naganawa, Shinji; Ishigaki, Takeo; Sato, Kimihide; Katagiri, Toshio; Mimura, Takeo
2003-01-01
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of measurement for apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in normal brain, to clarify the effect of aging on ADC values, to compare ADC values between men and women, and to compare ADC values between right and left sides of the brain. To evaluate the stability of measurements, five normal volunteers (four men and one woman) were examined five times on different days. Then, 294 subjects with normal MR imaging (147 men and 147 women; age range 20-89 years) were measured. The ADC measurement in normal volunteers was stable. The ADC values stayed within the 5% deviation of average values in all volunteers (mean±standard deviation 2.3±1.2%). The ADC values gradually increased by aging in all regions. In thalamus, no significant difference was seen between right and left in the subjects under 60 years; however, right side showed higher values in the subjects over 60 years (p<0.01). In the subjects under 60 years, women showed higher values in right frontal, bilateral thalamus, and temporal (p<0.01); however, in the subjects over 60 years, no region showed difference between men and women. The knowledge obtained in this study may be helpful to understand the developmental and aging mechanisms of normal brain and may be useful for the future quantitative study as a reference. (orig.)
2. Sodium lauryl sulfate-induced irritation in the human face: regional and age-related differences.
Science.gov (United States)
Marrakchi, S; Maibach, H I
2006-01-01
The particular sensitivity of the human face to care products prompted us to study irritation induced by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in its various regions. We examined regional and age-related differences, correlating basal transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and capacitance to SLS irritation. SLS (2% aq.) was applied under occlusion for 1 h to the forehead, cheek, nose, nasolabial and perioral areas, chin, neck and forearm to two groups of subjects--one with 10 subjects with an average age of 25.2 +/- 4.7 years and another with 10 subjects with an average age of 73.7 +/- 3.9 years. TEWL was measured before and 1 h and 23 h after patch removal. Baseline stratum corneum hydration was also measured. Irritation was assessed by the changes in TEWL (deltaTEWL = TEWL after patch removal - basal TEWL) after corrections to the control. In the younger group, all areas of the face and the neck reacted to SLS, whereas the forearm did not. In the older group, the nose, perioral area and forearm did not react. In both age groups, some significant differences between the regions of the face were detected. The younger group showed higher changes in TEWL than the older group in all the areas studied, but only in the chin and nasolabial area were the differences statistically significant. Significant correlations were found between basal TEWL and deltaTEWL in 5 of the 7 areas which reacted to SLS. Baseline TEWL is one parameter that correlates with the susceptibility of the face to this irritant. 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel
3. ON REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN DETERMINANTS OF SICK LEAVE FREQUENCY FOR CLEANING WORKERS IN TWO REGIONS OF THE NETHERLANDS : A COMPARATIVE STUDY
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Beemsterboer, Willibrord; Stewart, Roy; Groothoff, Johan; Nijhuis, Frans
2009-01-01
Objectives: To explore regional differences in the effects of the sick leave frequency determinants between two homogeneous groups of workers from two comparable socio-economic regions in the Netherlands, namely Utrecht and South Limburg. Materials and Methods: Data on sick leave frequency for 137
4. On regional differences in sick leave : the role of work, individual and health characteristics and socio-cultural environment
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Beemsterboer, W.; Stewart, R.; Groothoff, J.; Nijhuis, F.
2008-01-01
Objectives: Regional differences in sick leave frequency and duration determinants were studied between different professions (sale and cleaning) in different regions in the Netherlands (Utrecht and South Limburg) and the influence of socio-cultural factors on those determinants was explored.
5. The Different Nature in Seyfert 2 Galaxies With and Without Hidden Broad-Line Regions
OpenAIRE
Wu, Yu-Zhong; Zhang, En-Peng; Liang, Yan-Chun; Zhang, Cheng-Min; Zhao, Yong-Heng
2011-01-01
We compile a large sample of 120 Seyfert 2 galaxies (Sy2s) which contains 49 hidden broad-line region (HBLR) Sy2s and 71 non-HBLR Sy2s. From the difference in the power sources between two groups, we test if HBLR Sy2s are dominated by active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and if non-HBLR Sy2s are dominated by starbursts. We show that: (1) HBLR Sy2s have larger accretion rates than non-HBLR Sy2s; (2) HBLR Sy2s have larger \\Nev $\\lambda 14.32$/\\Neii $\\lambda 12.81$ and \\oiv $\\lambda 25.89$/\\Neii \\lam... 6. Regional differences in the potential exposure of US minority populations to hazardous facilities Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Nieves, L.A. (Argonne National Lab., IL (United States)); Nieves, A.L. (Wheaton Coll., Wheaton, IL (United States) Argonne National Lab., IL (United States)) 1992-01-01 In the literature that examines the distribution of environmental disamenities of various types, there is considerable documentation that minority groups and lower income groups are more likely to be exposed. Such differential exposure has been attributed to environmental racism'' by some authors, but there has been no systematic investigation of the factors and dynamics underlying this exposure pattern. This study examines regional differences in the proximity of African-American, Hispanics, Asians, and non-Hispanic Whites to a broad range facility types and explores the degree to which this may be related to urban and income factors. 7. Regional differences in the lateral mobility of plasma membrane lipids in a molluscan embryo OpenAIRE Speksnijder, J.E.; Dohmen, M.R.; Tertoolen, L.G.J.; Laat, S.W. de 1985-01-01 Regional and temporal differences in plasma membrane lipid mobility have been analyzed during the first three cleavage cycles of the embryo of the polar-lobe-forming mollusc Nassarius reticulatus by the fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) method, using 1,1′-ditetradecyl 3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine iodide (C14diI) as a fluorescent lipid probe. During this period of development the lateral diffusion coefficient of membrane lipids is consistently greater in the vegetal polar lob... 8. Equivalence and precision of knee cartilage morphometry between different segmentation teams, cartilage regions, and MR acquisitions Science.gov (United States) Schneider, E; Nevitt, M; McCulloch, C; Cicuttini, FM; Duryea, J; Eckstein, F; Tamez-Pena, J 2012-01-01 Objective To compare precision and evaluate equivalence of femorotibial cartilage volume (VC) and mean cartilage thickness (ThCtAB.Me) from independent segmentation teams using identical MR images from three series: sagittal 3D Dual Echo in the Steady State (DESS), coronal multi-planar reformat (DESS-MPR) of DESS and coronal 3D Fast Low Angle SHot (FLASH). Design 19 subjects underwent test-retest MR imaging at 3 Tesla. Four teams segmented the cartilage using prospectively defined plate regions and rules. Mixed models analysis of the pooled data were used to evaluate the effect of acquisition, team and plate on precision and Pearson correlations and mixed models to evaluate equivalence. Results Segmentation team differences dominated measurement variability in most cartilage regions for all image series. Precision of VC and ThCtAB.Me differed significantly by team and cartilage plate, but not between FLASH and DESS. Mean values of VC and ThCtAB.Me differed by team (P<0.05) for DESS, FLASH and DESS-MPR, FLASH VC was 4–6% larger than DESS in the medial tibia and lateral central femur, and FLASH ThCtAB.Me was 5–6% larger in the medial tibia, but 4–8% smaller in the medial central femur. Correlations betweenDESS and FLASH for VC and ThCtAB.Me were high (r=0.90–0.97), except for DESS versus FLASH medial central femur ThCtAB.Me (r=0.81–0.83). Conclusions Cartilage morphology metrics from different image contrasts had similar precision, were generally equivalent, and may be combined for cross-sectional analyses if potential systematic offsets are accounted for. Data from different teams should not be pooled unless equivalence is demonstrated for cartilage metrics of interest. PMID:22521758 9. Household Energy Consumption Behaviour for Different Demographic Regions in Thailand from 2000 to 2010 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tharinya Supasa 2017-12-01 Full Text Available Since 1995, the residential sector has been a fast-growing energy consumption sector in Thailand. This sector contributes dramatically to the growth of Thailand’s electricity and oil demand. Our study analysed Thailand’s residential energy consumption characteristics and the seven underlying factors affecting the growth in energy use of five demographic regions using an energy input–output method. Embodied energy decomposition revealed that direct energy consumption accounted for approximately 30% of total residential energy use, whereas indirect energy consumption was at 70%. During the studied period, the growth in indirect energy use for all household groups was primarily the result of higher consumption of ‘commerce’, ‘air transport’, ‘manufacturing’, ‘food and beverages’ and ‘agriculture’ products. Moreover, each influencing driver contributes differently to each household’s growth in energy demand. The number of households was the leading factor that dominated the increases in residential energy use in the Greater Bangkok and Central regions. Growth in residential energy consumption in the Northern, Northeastern and Southern regions was strongly dominated by changes in income per capita. Consumption structure and using energy-efficient products had a moderate impact on all regions’ energy consumption. Thus, our findings provide additional energy-saving strategies to restrain further growth in residential energy demand. 10. Cesium-137 inventories in undisturbed areas in different regions of Brazil Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Andrello, Avacir C.; Appoloni, Carlos R., E-mail: acandrello@uel.b [Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR (Brazil). Dept. de Fisica; Araujo, Ednaldo S. [EMBRAPA Agrobiologia, Seropedica, RJ (Brazil); Thomaz, Edivaldo L. [Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste - UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR (Brazil). Dept. de Geografia; Medeiros, Pedro Henrique Augusto [Universidade Federal do Ceara (UFC), Fortaleza, CE (Brazil). Dept. de Engenharia Agricola; Macedo, Iris L. [Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), DF (Brazil). Faculdade de Tecnologia. Dept. de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental 2009-07-01 Cesium-137 is an anthropogenic radionuclide introduced in the environment in the early of 1960s to the end of 1970s. The Cesium-137 has very used to assess soil redistribution in the landscape because this is very tight in the fine soil particles and its movement in the landscape is due to soil redistribution. To use Cesium-137 to assess soil redistribution is need to known the Cesium-137 inventory in an area that not has experimented soil erosion neither soil deposition. So, this work present Cesium-137 inventories in undisturbed areas in different regions of Brazil, from South to Northeast of Brazil. The inventories in these areas represent the variational deposition of Cesium-137 in the whole national territory of Brazil. The inventories of Cesium-137 varied from 200 +- 15 Bq.m{sup -2} for South region to 15 +- 2 Bq.m{sup -2} for Northeast region. Moreover, was verified that the Cesium- 137 inventories depend on latitude and altitude of the area. (author) 11. Cesium-137 inventories in undisturbed areas in different regions of Brazil International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Andrello, Avacir C.; Appoloni, Carlos R.; Thomaz, Edivaldo L.; Medeiros, Pedro Henrique Augusto; Macedo, Iris L. 2009-01-01 Cesium-137 is an anthropogenic radionuclide introduced in the environment in the early of 1960s to the end of 1970s. The Cesium-137 has very used to assess soil redistribution in the landscape because this is very tight in the fine soil particles and its movement in the landscape is due to soil redistribution. To use Cesium-137 to assess soil redistribution is need to known the Cesium-137 inventory in an area that not has experimented soil erosion neither soil deposition. So, this work present Cesium-137 inventories in undisturbed areas in different regions of Brazil, from South to Northeast of Brazil. The inventories in these areas represent the variational deposition of Cesium-137 in the whole national territory of Brazil. The inventories of Cesium-137 varied from 200 ± 15 Bq.m -2 for South region to 15 ± 2 Bq.m -2 for Northeast region. Moreover, was verified that the Cesium- 137 inventories depend on latitude and altitude of the area. (author) 12. Selenium content in wheat and estimation of the selenium daily intake in different regions of Algeria International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Beladel, B.; Nedjimi, B.; Mansouri, A.; Tahtat, D.; Belamri, M.; Tchanchane, A.; Khelfaoui, F.; Benamar, M.E.A. 2013-01-01 In this work, we have measured the selenium content in wheat produced locally in eight different regions of Algeria from east to west, and we have established the annual consumption of selenium for five socio-professional categories. Instrumental neutron activation analysis is used. The selenium levels in wheat samples varied from 21 (Tiaret) to 153 μg/kg (Khroub), with a mean value about 52 μg/kg. The mean of selenium daily consumption from ingestion of wheat per person in the eight regions varied from 32 to 52 μg/day which is close to the minimal FAO recommendation. - Highlights: ► Cereals and cereal products represent a staple food in Algeria. ► The objective of this study is to determine the Se intake in wheat produced locally. ► The concentration of Se in the wheat reflects the level of the Se in regional soils. ► The mean of Se daily consumption is close to the minimal WHO/FAO recommendation. 13. Family medicine training in Saudi Arabia: Are there any variations among different regions? Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ammar R Abu Zuhairah 2015-01-01 Full Text Available Aims: The aim was to compare Eastern, Makkah, and Asir regions in term of residents′ perception of the achievement of training objectives, and to assess various rotations based on residents′ perception. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study was done among family medicine residents in the Eastern, Makkah, and Asir regions. Methodology: A questionnaire was developed by the investigator and validated by two experts. All residents, except R1 residents, were included. All data were collected by the investigator by direct contact with the residents. Statistical Analysis Used: Cronbach′s alpha, analysis of variance, t-test, and univariate regression model as appropriate, were used. Results: Reliability of the questionnaire was found to be 75.4%. One hundred and seven (response rate: 83.6% residents completed the questionnaire. There were 51 (47.7%, 27 (25.2%, and 29 (27.1% residents in the program in the Eastern region, Makkah, and Asir, respectively. The mean age was 29.1 ± 2.5 years; half of the residents were male, most of (83.2% were married, and more than half (54.2% of had worked in primary health care before joining the program. Overall, 45% of the residents perceived that they had achieved the training objectives. The highest rotations as perceived by the residents were psychiatry and otolaryngology while the lowest were orthopedics and ophthalmology. There were significant differences among the study regions with regard to the rotations in family medicine, internal medicine, orthopedics, general surgery, and emergency medicine. Conclusions: Overall, a good percentage of the residents perceived that they had achieved the training objectives. The rotations differed in the studied regions. Psychiatry and otolaryngology had the highest percentage of family medicine residents who perceived that they had achieved the training objectives while lowest was in internal medicine and obstetrics and gynecology. The highest rotations as 14. Biochemical responses to dietary α-linolenic acid restriction proceed differently among brain regions in mice. Science.gov (United States) Miyazawa, Daisuke; Yasui, Yuko; Yamada, Kazuyo; Ohara, Naoki; Okuyama, Harumi 2011-08-01 Previously, we noted that the dietary restriction of α-linolenic acid (ALA, n-3) for 4 weeks after weaning brought about significant decreases in the BDNF content and p38 MAPK activity in the striatum of mice, but not in the other regions of the brain, compared with an ALA- and linoleic acid (LNA, n-6)-adequate diet. In this study, we examined whether a prolonged dietary manipulation induces biochemical changes in other regions of the brain as well. Mice were fed a safflower oil (SAF) diet (ALA-restricted, LNA-adequate) or a perilla oil (PER) diet (containing adequate amounts of ALA and LNA) for 8 weeks from weaning. The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) contents and p38 MAPK activities in the cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus were significantly lower in the SAF group. The BDNF contents and protein kinase C (PKC) activities in the cerebral cortex as well as in the striatum, but not in the hippocampus, were significantly lower in the SAF group. These data indicate that the biochemical changes induced by the dietary restriction of ALA have a time lag in the striatum and cortex, suggesting that the signal is transmitted through decreased p38 MAPK activity and BDNF content and ultimately decreased PKC activity. 15. Representational constraints on children's suggestibility. Science.gov (United States) Ceci, Stephen J; Papierno, Paul B; Kulkofsky, Sarah 2007-06-01 In a multistage experiment, twelve 4- and 9-year-old children participated in a triad rating task. Their ratings were mapped with multidimensional scaling, from which euclidean distances were computed to operationalize semantic distance between items in target pairs. These children and age-mates then participated in an experiment that employed these target pairs in a story, which was followed by a misinformation manipulation. Analyses linked individual and developmental differences in suggestibility to children's representations of the target items. Semantic proximity was a strong predictor of differences in suggestibility: The closer a suggested distractor was to the original item's representation, the greater was the distractor's suggestive influence. The triad participants' semantic proximity subsequently served as the basis for correctly predicting memory performance in the larger group. Semantic proximity enabled a priori counterintuitive predictions of reverse age-related trends to be confirmed whenever the distance between representations of items in a target pair was greater for younger than for older children. 16. The prevalence of ovine herpesvirus-2 in 4 sheep breeds from different regions in South Africa Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) C.W. Bremer 2010-05-01 Full Text Available About 90% of bovine malignant catarrhal fever (BMCF PCR-positive cases in South Africa are caused by alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AlHV-1 and the other 10 % by ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2. The prevalence of OvHV-2 in different sheep breeds in South Africa was determined in order to investigate whether the lower incidence of BMCF caused by OvHV-2 in comparison with AlHV-1 can be ascribed to a low incidence of the virus in sheep. A single-tube hemi-nested PCR was developed, evaluated and applied to detect OvHV-2 DNA. The prevalence of the virus in 4 sheep breeds from various regions in South Africa was shown to be 77 %. No statistically significant difference was found amongst the sheep breeds tested. 17. Heterochronicity of white matter development and aging explains regional patient control differences in schizophrenia. Science.gov (United States) Kochunov, Peter; Ganjgahi, Habib; Winkler, Anderson; Kelly, Sinead; Shukla, Dinesh K; Du, Xiaoming; Jahanshad, Neda; Rowland, Laura; Sampath, Hemalatha; Patel, Binish; O'Donnell, Patricio; Xie, Zhiyong; Paciga, Sara A; Schubert, Christian R; Chen, Jian; Zhang, Guohao; Thompson, Paul M; Nichols, Thomas E; Hong, L Elliot 2016-12-01 Altered brain connectivity is implicated in the development and clinical burden of schizophrenia. Relative to matched controls, schizophrenia patients show (1) a global and regional reduction in the integrity of the brain's white matter (WM), assessed using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) fractional anisotropy (FA), and (2) accelerated age-related decline in FA values. In the largest mega-analysis to date, we tested if differences in the trajectories of WM tract development influenced patient-control differences in FA. We also assessed if specific tracts showed exacerbated decline with aging. Three cohorts of schizophrenia patients (total n = 177) and controls (total n = 249; age = 18-61 years) were ascertained with three 3T Siemens MRI scanners. Whole-brain and regional FA values were extracted using ENIGMA-DTI protocols. Statistics were evaluated using mega- and meta-analyses to detect effects of diagnosis and age-by-diagnosis interactions. In mega-analysis of whole-brain averaged FA, schizophrenia patients had lower FA (P = 10 -11 ) and faster age-related decline in FA (P = 0.02) compared with controls. Tract-specific heterochronicity measures, that is, abnormal rates of adolescent maturation and aging explained approximately 50% of the regional variance effects of diagnosis and age-by-diagnosis interaction in patients. Interactive, three-dimensional visualization of the results is available at www.enigma-viewer.org. WM tracts that mature later in life appeared more sensitive to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and were more susceptible to faster age-related decline in FA values. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4673-4688, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 18. Sex Differences in Regional Brain Glucose Metabolism Following Opioid Withdrawal and Replacement. Science.gov (United States) Santoro, Giovanni C; Carrion, Joseph; Patel, Krishna; Vilchez, Crystal; Veith, Jennifer; Brodie, Jonathan D; Dewey, Stephen L 2017-08-01 Methadone and buprenorphine are currently the most common pharmacological treatments for opioid dependence. Interestingly, the clinical response to these drugs appears to be sex specific. That is, females exhibit superior therapeutic efficacy, defined as extended periods of abstinence and longer time to relapse, compared with males. However, the underlying metabolic effects of opioid withdrawal and replacement have not been examined. Therefore, using 18 FDG and microPET, we measured differences in regional brain glucose metabolism in males and females following morphine withdrawal and subsequent methadone or buprenorphine replacement. In both males and females, spontaneous opioid withdrawal altered glucose metabolism in regions associated with reward and drug dependence. Specifically, metabolic increases in the thalamus, as well as metabolic decreases in insular cortex and the periaqueductal gray, were noted. However, compared with males, females exhibited increased metabolism in the preoptic area, primary motor cortex, and the amygdala, and decreased metabolism in the caudate/putamen and medial geniculate nucleus. Methadone and buprenorphine initially abolished these changes uniformly, but subsequently produced their own regional metabolic alterations that varied by treatment and sex. Compared with sex-matched control animals undergoing spontaneous opioid withdrawal, male animals treated with methadone exhibited increased caudate/putamen metabolism, whereas buprenorphine produced increased ventral striatum and motor cortex metabolism in females, and increased ventral striatum and somatosensory cortex metabolism in males. Notably, when treatment effects were compared between sexes, methadone-treated females showed increased cingulate cortex metabolism, whereas buprenorphine-treated females showed decreased metabolism in cingulate cortex and increased metabolism in the globus pallidus. Perhaps the initial similarities in males and females underlie early therapeutic 19. Geochemical Differences between two adjacent streams in the Tenaya Lake region of Yosemite National Park Science.gov (United States) Antweiler, R.; Andrews, E. D. 2010-12-01 Tenaya and Murphy Creeks are two small, intermittent streams with drainage basins adjacent to each other in the Tenaya Lake region of Yosemite National Park. Tenaya Creek has a drainage basin area of 3.49 km2 ranging in elevation from 2491 to 3012 m; Murphy Creek has a drainage basin size of 7.07 km2 ranging in elevation from 2485 to 2990 m. Both basins are underlain by the Half Dome and Cathedral Peak Granodiorites (Bateman et al, 1983), with chemical compositions that are practically indistinguishable (Bateman et al, 1988). Both streams derive all of their water from snowmelt and rainfall, normally going dry by early August each year. Tenaya Creek flows primarily south-southwest, whereas Murphy Creek predominantly flows south. For nearly all of Tenaya Creek’s length it is bordered by the Tioga Pass Road, the only highway in Yosemite National Park which crosses the Sierras; on the other hand, all of Murphy Creek (except its mouth) is wilderness. During the summers of 2009 and 2010, both creeks were sampled along most of their lengths for major and trace elements. In addition, both streams have been sampled near their mouths periodically during the spring and summer (until they go dry) since 2007. Water discharge has been continuously monitored during this time. Because these streams derive all of their water from snowmelt and rainfall, the water chemistry of each must originate from atmospheric deposition, weathering of the bedrock and/or human or animal inputs. These factors, along with the similarity of the geology, topography and basin orientation, suggest that the water chemistries of the creeks should be similar. Instead, while measured sulfate concentrations in Tenaya and Murphy Creeks are similar in their upper reaches, Tenaya Creek sulfate values are almost double in the lower reaches. No other major or trace element showed a similar pattern, although sodium, potassium, calcium and rubidium showed modest increases. Other concentration differences between 20. Individual differences in personality traits reflect structural variance in specific brain regions. Science.gov (United States) Gardini, Simona; Cloninger, C Robert; Venneri, Annalena 2009-06-30 Personality dimensions such as novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD) and persistence (PER) are said to be heritable, stable across time and dependent on genetic and neurobiological factors. Recently a better understanding of the relationship between personality traits and brain structures/systems has become possible due to advances in neuroimaging techniques. This Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) study investigated if individual differences in these personality traits reflected structural variance in specific brain regions. A large sample of eighty five young adult participants completed the Three-dimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) and had their brain imaged with MRI. A voxel-based correlation analysis was carried out between individuals' personality trait scores and grey matter volume values extracted from 3D brain scans. NS correlated positively with grey matter volume in frontal and posterior cingulate regions. HA showed a negative correlation with grey matter volume in orbito-frontal, occipital and parietal structures. RD was negatively correlated with grey matter volume in the caudate nucleus and in the rectal frontal gyrus. PER showed a positive correlation with grey matter volume in the precuneus, paracentral lobule and parahippocampal gyrus. These results indicate that individual differences in the main personality dimensions of NS, HA, RD and PER, may reflect structural variance in specific brain areas. 1. HIV status of partners of HIV positive pregnant women in different regions of Nigeria: matters arising. Science.gov (United States) Sagay, A S; Onakewhor, J; Galadanci, H; Emuveyan, E E 2006-12-01 This study was conducted to determine the pattern of HIV sero-status of Partners of HIV Positive Pregnant Women in three different regions of Nigeria and to explore the implications for HIV prevention interventions. The Site Coordinators of PMTCT programs in three Nigerian cities obtained data of the HIV status of the partners of HIV positive pregnant women. The selection of Benin City, Jos and Kano was made after consideration of their ethnic, religious and cultural representation of Nigeria. Benin City represents a traditional southern Nigeria city, Kano a traditional northern city and Jos, a middle-belt, ethnically diverse cosmopolitan setting. The data were analyzed using frequencies. A total of 500 partners of HIV infected pregnant women were tested for HIV using Determine Abbott test kits. Positive results were confirmed using Western blot or a second rapid test kit. The city-by-city results showed that in Benin City (Southern Nigeria), 78.8% (104/132) of the partners were HIV negative (sero-discordant), Jos (Middle-Belt) had 48.4% (103/213) sero-discordance while Kano (Northern Nigeria) recorded a sero-discordance rate of only 7.7% (12/155). These results indicate that the dynamics of HIV transmission in marital settings in Nigeria are different in the various regions of the country. Socio-cultural and religious settings play a significant role in HIV transmission among couples. These findings should guide prevention interventions in order to achieve maximal impact. 2. Regional differences in the economic feasibility of advanced biorefineries: Fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Brown, Tristan R.; Thilakaratne, Rajeeva; Brown, Robert C.; Hu, Guiping 2013-01-01 This analysis identifies the sensitivity of the fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing pathway to facility location. The economic feasibility of a 2000 metric ton per day fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing biorefinery is quantified based on 30 different state-specific facility locations within the United States. We calculate the 20-year internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV) for each location scenario as a function of state- and region-specific factors. This analysis demonstrates that biorefinery IRR and NPV are very sensitive to bio-oil yield, feedstock cost, location capital cost factor, and transportation fuel market value. The IRRs and NPVs generated for each scenario vary widely as a result, ranging from a low of 7.4% and −79.5 million in Illinois to a high of 17.2% and 165.5 million in Georgia. The results indicate that the economic feasibility of the fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing pathway is strongly influenced by facility location within the United States. This result could have important implications for cellulosic biofuel commercialization under the revised Renewable Fuel Standard. - Highlights: ► We model the production of biofuel via fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing of biomass. ► We compile regional- and state-specific factors for 30 different US state scenarios. ► We quantify facility economic feasibility under each state scenario. ► Facility economic feasibility is strongly influenced by facility location 3. Quantifying sex, race, and age specific differences in bone microstructure requires measurement of anatomically equivalent regions. Science.gov (United States) Ghasem-Zadeh, Ali; Burghardt, Andrew; Wang, Xiao-Fang; Iuliano, Sandra; Bonaretti, Serena; Bui, Minh; Zebaze, Roger; Seeman, Ego 2017-08-01 Individuals differ in forearm length. As microstructure differs along the radius, we hypothesized that errors may occur when sexual and racial dimorphisms are quantified at a fixed distance from the radio-carpal joint. Microstructure was quantified ex vivo in 18 cadaveric radii using high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography and in vivo in 158 Asian and Caucasian women and men at a fixed region of interest (ROI), a corrected ROI positioned at 4.5-6% of forearm length and using the fixed ROI adjusted for cross sectional area (CSA), forearm length or height. Secular effects of age were assessed by comparing 38 younger and 33 older women. Ex vivo, similar amounts of bone mass fashioned adjacent cross sections. Larger distal cross sections had thinner porous cortices of lower matrix mineral density (MMD), a larger medullary CSA and higher trabecular density. Smaller proximal cross-sections had thicker less porous cortices of higher MMD, a small medullary canal with little trabecular bone. Taller persons had more distally positioned fixed ROIs which moved proximally when corrected. Shorter persons had more proximally positioned fixed ROIs which moved distally when corrected, so dimorphisms lessened. In the corrected ROIs, in Caucasians, women had 0.6 SD higher porosity and 0.6 SD lower trabecular density than men (pmicrostructure requires measurement of anatomically equivalent regions. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4. Isolation of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains from different sources in Izmir region, Turkey. Science.gov (United States) Bozcal, Elif; Uzel, Atac; Aydemir, Sohret; Skurnik, Mikael 2015-11-01 Yersinia enterocolitica is a foodborne pathogen that is very rarely encountered in Turkey. In this work, several human, porcine, and environmental samples collected from Izmir region in Turkey were examined for the presence of Y. enterocolitica using different cultivation and enrichment methods. A total of nine pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains were isolated; five strains from pig stool and manure samples and four strains from waste water samples. On the other hand, no Y. enterocolitica was isolated from human diarrheal stool samples (n = 102) and from 12 gulf, canal, municipal pool, and well water samples. Biochemical and serological characterization of the nine Y. enterocolitica strains revealed that they belonged to three different bioserotypes: 4/O:3, 2/O:9, and 2/O:5,27. All the strains were deemed pathogenic based on virulence factor-specific PCR analysis. Detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains from the pig and waste water samples from the Izmir region indicates that Y. enterocolitica is a potential risk for public health. 5. The Suitability of Different Nighttime Light Data for GDP Estimation at Different Spatial Scales and Regional Levels Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Zhaoxin Dai 2017-02-01 Full Text Available Nighttime light data offer a unique view of the Earth’s surface and can be used to estimate the spatial distribution of gross domestic product (GDP. Historically, using a simple regression function, the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS has been used to correlate regional and global GDP values. In early 2013, the first global Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS nighttime light data were released. Compared with DMSP/OLS, they have a higher spatial resolution and a wider radiometric detection range. This paper aims to study the suitability of the two nighttime light data sources for estimating the GDP relationship between the provincial and city levels in Mainland China, as well as of different regression functions. First, NPP/VIIRS nighttime light data for 2014 are corrected with DMSP/OLS data for 2013 to reduce the background noise in the original data. Subsequently, three regression functions are used to estimate the relationship between nighttime light data and GDP statistical data at the provincial and city levels in Mainland China. Then, through the comparison of the relative residual error (RE and the relative root mean square error (RRMSE parameters, a systematical assessment of the suitability of the GDP estimation is provided. The results show that the NPP/VIIRS nighttime light data are better than the DMSP/OLS data for GDP estimation, whether at the provincial or city level, and that the power function and polynomial models are better for GDP estimation than the linear regression model. This study reveals that the accuracy of GDP estimation based on nighttime light data is affected by the resolution of the data and the spatial scale of the study area, as well as by the land cover types and industrial structures of the study area. 6. Regional difference of the vertical structure of seasonal thermocline and its impact on sea surface temperature in the North Pacific Science.gov (United States) Yamaguchi, R.; Suga, T. 2016-12-01 Recent observational studies show that, during the warming season, a large amount of heat flux is penetrated through the base of thin mixed layer by vertical eddy diffusion, in addition to penetration of solar radiation [1]. In order to understand this heat penetration process due to vertical eddy diffusivity and its contribution to seasonal variation of sea surface temperature, we investigated the evolution of thermal stratification below the summertime thin mixed layer (i.e. evolution of seasonal thermocline) and its vertical structure in the North Pacific using high vertical resolution temperature profile observed by Argo floats. We quantified the vertical structure of seasonal thermocline as deviations from the linear structure where the vertical gradient of temperature is constant, that is, "shape anomaly". The shape anomaly is variable representing the extent of the bend of temperature profiles. We found that there are larger values of shape anomaly in the region where the seasonal sea surface temperature warming is relatively faster. To understand the regional difference of shape anomalies, we investigated the relationship between time changes in shape anomalies and net surface heat flux and surface kinetic energy flux. From May to July, the analysis indicated that, in a large part of North Pacific, there's a tendency for shape anomalies to develop strongly (weakly) under the conditions of large (small) downward net surface heat flux and small (large) downward surface kinetic energy flux. Since weak (strong) development of shape anomalies means efficient (inefficient) downward heat transport from the surface, these results suggest that the regional difference of the downward heat penetration below mixed layer is explained reasonably well by differences in surface heat forcing and surface wind forcing in a vertical one dimensional framework. [1] Hosoda et al. (2015), J. Oceanogr., 71, 541-556. 7. Language and regional differences in evaluations of Medicare managed care by Hispanics. Science.gov (United States) Weech-Maldonado, Robert; Fongwa, Marie N; Gutierrez, Peter; Hays, Ron D 2008-04-01 dimensions of care. Hispanics in Medicare managed care face barriers to care; however, their experiences with care vary by language and region. Spanish speakers (except FL) have less favorable experiences with provider communication and office staff helpfulness than their English-speaking counterparts, suggesting language barriers in the clinical encounter. On the other hand, Spanish speakers reported more favorable experiences than their English-speaking counterparts with the managed care aspects of their care (getting needed care and plan customer service). Medicare managed care plans need to address the observed disparities in patient experiences among Hispanics as part of their quality improvement efforts. Plans can work with their network providers to address issues related to timeliness of care and office staff helpfulness. In addition, plans can provide incentives for language services, which have the potential to improve communication with providers and staff among Spanish speakers. Finally, health plans can reduce the access barriers faced by Hispanics, especially among English speakers. 8. Individual Differences in Reward and Somatosensory-Motor Brain Regions Correlate with Adiposity in Adolescents. Science.gov (United States) Rapuano, Kristina M; Huckins, Jeremy F; Sargent, James D; Heatherton, Todd F; Kelley, William M 2016-06-01 The prevalence of adolescent obesity has increased dramatically over the past three decades, and research has documented that the number of television shows viewed during childhood is associated with greater risk for obesity. In particular, considerable evidence suggests that exposure to food marketing promotes eating habits that contribute to obesity. The present study examines neural responses to dynamic food commercials in overweight and healthy-weight adolescents using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Compared with non-food commercials, food commercials more strongly engaged regions involved in attention and saliency detection (occipital lobe, precuneus, superior temporal gyri, and right insula) and in processing rewards [left and right nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)]. Activity in the left OFC and right insula further correlated with subjects' percent body fat at the time of the scan. Interestingly, this reward-related activity to food commercials was accompanied by the additional recruitment of mouth-specific somatosensory-motor cortices-a finding that suggests the intriguing possibility that higher-adiposity adolescents mentally simulate eating behaviors and offers a potential neural mechanism for the formation and reinforcement of unhealthy eating habits that may hamper an individual's ability lose weight later in life. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. 9. study the chemical composition of black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa) from different regions of Morocco International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Khandi, I.; Naouili, J.; Ebbadi, N.; Zoubir, B.; Ouichou, A.; Mesfioui, A 2009-01-01 The nigella (Nigella sativa), one of Ranunculaceae family, includes about 25 species of the Mediterranean. In Morocco, it is cultivated in fields in the region of Gharb, in the Rif and in the oases of the south. On the pharmacological level, the nigella seed has many therapeutic properties (anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, immune modulator, antihistaminic, antispasmodic, antidiabetic, anti-ulcerogenic, analgesic and diuretic ...). In terms of chemicals, the nigella seeds contain several organic and inorganic substances. This work aims to characterize chemical and physico-chemical varieties of Nigella sativa seed from different regions of Morocco. The nigella oil were extracted by Soxhlet method and analyzed by HPLC. The total and soluble proteins were evaluated by the Bradford method. The mineral composition was determined by atomic emission spectrometer and identification of certain chemical groups present in the seeds by testing phytochemicals. Preliminary results show that the nigella found in Moroccan herbalists, contains: (35% to 43.33%) from fat, 31% protein, water content (6.8% to 8.8%) The ash content (4.05% to 4.55%). These ashes show varying amounts of macromolecules and trace elements: K (9.38 to 13.81%), Ca (5.17% to 8.18%), P (4.115 to 9.10%), Mg (2.61 to 5.15%), Zn (0.13 to 0.25%), Na (0.04 to 0.44%), Cu (0.09 to 0.26%), Fe ( 0.09 to 0.21%), Mn (0.02 to 0.05%). The oil analysis extracts by HPLC showed that the different varieties contain the same compound with an average retention time of 3.03 min, but does not show the same concentration of that compound. The chemical screening of Nigella sativa has highlighted the presence of alkaloids, tannins, and the absence of quinones and saponins. These findings have allowed a better understanding of nigella seeds from different regions of Morocco and a better appreciation of our natural resources. They will be used as the basis for the different possibilities of use of the plant. [fr 10. Workstation Related Anthropometric and Body Composition Parameters of Indian Women of Different Geographical Regions Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Inderjeet Singh 2015-01-01 Full Text Available Background: Anthropometry plays an important role in industrial design, clothing design, ergonomics and architecture where statistical data about the distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize products. Changes in lifestyles, nutrition, and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in the distribution of body dimensions (e.g. the obesity epidemic, and require regular updating of anthropometric data collections. Aim and Objectives: This study analyzed the variation in anthropometric dimensions and body composition parameters of working women employees of different geographical zones. Material and Methods: The study was undertaken on nine hundred forty (940 women employees of Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO working in seventeen different laboratories and belonged to different states of India. The age range of studied women was between 20-60 years. Fourteen body dimensions namely stature, popliteal height, knee height, buttock to popliteal length, hip breadth, waist breadth, shoulder breadth, forearm length, arm length, eye height (sitting, sitting shoulder height, hand length, hand breadth and elbow width were measured in cm using Martin anthropometers and Martin's sliding caliper. Body composition parameters like weight, percentage body fat, fat mass and fat free mass were recorded. Results: All anthropometric parameters were found significantly different (p<0.001. Body composition variables of women were also found significantly different in all three zones but fat free mass was not significantly different. Conclusion:It can be concluded that diet, environmental conditions and living style of different regions can influence the anthropometry and body composition of the individuals, however the influence of ethnic, genetic and hereditary factor are not controlled in this study. 11. Cryosphere-hydrosphere interactions: numerical modeling using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) at different scales Science.gov (United States) Bergamasco, A.; Budgell, W. P.; Carniel, S.; Sclavo, M. 2005-03-01 Conveyor belt circulation controls global climate through heat and water fluxes with atmosphere and from tropical to polar regions and vice versa. This circulation, commonly referred to as thermohaline circulation (THC), seems to have millennium time scale and nowadays--a non-glacial period--appears to be as rather stable. However, concern is raised by the buildup of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (IPCC, Third assessment report: Climate Change 2001. A contribution of working group I, II and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge Univ. Press, UK) 2001, http://www.ipcc.ch) as these may affect the THC conveyor paths. Since it is widely recognized that dense-water formation sites act as primary sources in strengthening quasi-stable THC paths (Stommel H., Tellus131961224), in order to simulate properly the consequences of such scenarios a better understanding of these oceanic processes is needed. To successfully model these processes, air-sea-ice-integrated modelling approaches are often required. Here we focus on two polar regions using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). In the first region investigated, the North Atlantic-Arctic, where open-ocean deep convection and open-sea ice formation and dispersion under the intense air-sea interactions are the major engines, we use a new version of the coupled hydrodynamic-ice ROMS model. The second area belongs to the Antarctica region inside the Southern Ocean, where brine rejections during ice formation inside shelf seas origin dense water that, flowing along the continental slope, overflow becoming eventually abyssal waters. Results show how nowadays integrated-modelling tasks have become more and more feasible and effective; numerical simulations dealing with large computational domains or challenging different climate scenarios can be run on multi-processors platforms and on systems like LINUX clusters, made of the same hardware as PCs, and 12. Antigenic evidence of bluetongue virus from small ruminant population of two different geographical regions of Odisha, India Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Shaswati Subhadarsini Pany 2016-03-01 Full Text Available Aim: The aim of the present study was to carry out antigenic detection of bluetongue virus (BTV among the small ruminant population of two different geographical regions of Odisha (coastal and central using recombinant VP7 (r-VP-7 based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (s-ELISA. Materials and Methods: Blood samples (n=274 were collected from two different geographical pockets of Odisha, which covered mostly the coastal and central regions. Of the total samples under study 185 were from goat and 89 were from sheep. The blood samples were tested for the presence of BTV antigen by r-VP7 based s-ELISA. Results: r-VP-7 s-ELISA detected BTV antigen in 52.43% and 44.94% of the goat and sheep population under study, respectively. This study highlights the antigenic persistence of BTV in the state for the 1st time. Conclusion: This high antigenic presence in both sheep and goat population suggests an alarming BTV infection in field conditions which warrants more systematic study directed toward isolation and characterization studies as well as the implementation of control strategy for BT in Odisha. 13. FDI technology spillover and threshold effect of the technology gap: regional differences in the Chinese industrial sector. Science.gov (United States) Wang, Hui; Liu, Huifang; Cao, Zhiyong; Wang, Bowen 2016-01-01 This paper presents a new perspective that there is a double-threshold effect in terms of the technology gap existing in the foreign direct investment (FDI) technology spillover process in different regional Chinese industrial sectors. In this paper, a double-threshold regression model was established to examine the relation between the threshold effect of the technology gap and technology spillover. Based on the provincial panel data of Chinese industrial sectors from 2000 to 2011, the empirical results reveal that there are two threshold values, which are 1.254 and 2.163, in terms of the technology gap in the industrial sector in eastern China. There are also two threshold values in both the central and western industrial sector, which are 1.516, 2.694 and 1.635, 2.714, respectively. The technology spillover is a decreasing function of the technology gap in both the eastern and western industrial sectors, but a concave curve function of the technology gap is in the central industrial sectors. Furthermore, the FDI technology spillover has increased gradually in recent years. Based on the empirical results, suggestions were proposed to elucidate the introduction of the FDI and the improvement in the industrial added value in different regions of China. 14. Assessing flight safety differences between the United States regional and major airlines Science.gov (United States) Sharp, Broderick H. During 2008, the U.S. domestic airline departures exceeded 28,000 flights per day. Thirty-nine or less than 0.2 of 1% of these flights resulted in operational incidents or accidents. However, even a low percentage of airline accidents and incidents continue to cause human suffering and property loss. The charge of this study was the comparison of U.S. major and regional airline safety histories. The study spans safety events from January 1982 through December 2008. In this quantitative analysis, domestic major and regional airlines were statistically tested for their flight safety differences. Four major airlines and thirty-seven regional airlines qualified for the safety study which compared the airline groups' fatal accidents, incidents, non-fatal accidents, pilot errors, and the remaining six safety event probable cause types. The six other probable cause types are mechanical failure, weather, air traffic control, maintenance, other, and unknown causes. The National Transportation Safety Board investigated each airline safety event, and assigned a probable cause to each event. A sample of 500 events was randomly selected from the 1,391 airlines' accident and incident population. The airline groups' safety event probabilities were estimated using the least squares linear regression. A probability significance level of 5% was chosen to conclude the appropriate research question hypothesis. The airline fatal accidents and incidents probability levels were 1.2% and 0.05% respectively. These two research questions did not reach the 5% significance level threshold. Therefore, the airline groups' fatal accidents and non-destructive incidents probabilities favored the airline groups' safety differences hypothesis. The linear progression estimates for the remaining three research questions were 71.5% for non-fatal accidents, 21.8% for the pilot errors, and 7.4% significance level for the six probable causes. These research questions' linear regressions are greater than 15. Classification and multivariate analysis of differences in gross primary production at different elevations using biome-bgc in the páramos, ecuadorian andean region Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Veronica Minaya 2015-08-01 Full Text Available Gross primary production (GPP in climate change studies with multi- species and elevation variables are difficult to measure and simulate. Models tend to provide a representation of dynamic process through long-term analysis by using generalized parameterizations. Even, current approaches of modelling do not contemplate easily the variation of GPP at different elevations for different vegetation types in regions like páramos, mainly due to data unavailability. In these models information from cells is commonly averaged, and therefore average elevation, ecophysiology of vegetation, as well as other parameters is generalized. The vegetation model BIOME- BGC was applied to the Ecuadorian Andean region for elevations greater than 4000 masl with the presence of typical vegetation of páramo for 10 years of simulation (period 2000-2009. An estimation of the difference of GPP obtained using a generalized altitude and predominant type of vegetation could lead to a better estimation of the uncertainty in the magnitude of the errors in global climate models. This research explores GPP from 3 different altitudes and 3 vegetation types against 2 main climate drivers (Short Wave Radiation and Vapor Pressure Deficit. Since it is important to measure the possible errors or difference in the use of averaged meteorological and ecophysiological data, here we present a multivariate analysis of the dynamic difference of GPP in time, relative to an altitude and type of vegetation. A copula multivariable model allows us to identify and classify the changes in GPP per type of vegetation and altitude. The Frank copula model of joint distributions was our best fit between GPP and climate drivers and it allowed us to understand better the dependency of the variables. These results can explore extreme situations where averaged simplified approaches could mislead. The change of GPP over time is essential for future climate scenarios of the ecosystem storage and release 16. [Variation of CAG repeats in coding region of ATXN2 gene in different ethnic groups]. Science.gov (United States) Chen, Xiao-Chen; Sun, Hao; Mi, Dong-Qing; Huang, Xiao-Qin; Lin, Ke-Qin; Yi, Wen; Yu, Liang; Shi, Lei; Shi, Li; Yang, Zhao-Qing; Chu, Jia-You 2011-04-01 Toinvestigate CAG repeats variation of ATXN2 gene coding region in six ethnic groups that live in comparatively different environments, to evaluate whether these variations are under positive selection, and to find factors driving selection effects, 291 unrelated healthy individuals were collected from six ethnic groups and their STR geneotyping was performed. The frequencies of alleles and genotypes were counted and thereby Slatkin's linearized Fst values were calculated. The UPGMA tree against this gene was constructed. The MDS analysis among these groups was carried out as well. The results from the linearized Fst values indicated that there were significant evolutionary differences of the STR in ATXN2 gene between Hui and Yi groups, but not among the other 4 groups. Further analysis was performed by combining our data with published data obtained from other groups. These results indicated that there were significant differences between Japanese and other groups including Hui, Hani, Yunnan Mongolian, and Inner Mongolian. Both Hui and Mongolian from Inner Mongolia were significantly different from Han. In conclusion, the six ethnic groups had their own distribution characterizations of allelic frequencies of ATXN2 STR, and the potential cause of frequency changes in rare alleles could be the consequence of positive selection. 17. Soil respiration in different agricultural and natural ecosystems in an arid region. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Liming Lai Full Text Available The variation of different ecosystems on the terrestrial carbon balance is predicted to be large. We investigated a typical arid region with widespread saline/alkaline soils, and evaluated soil respiration of different agricultural and natural ecosystems. Soil respiration for five ecosystems together with soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, soil electric conductivity and soil organic carbon content were investigated in the field. Comparing with the natural ecosystems, the mean seasonal soil respiration rates of the agricultural ecosystems were 96%-386% higher and agricultural ecosystems exhibited lower CO(2 absorption by the saline/alkaline soil. Soil temperature and moisture together explained 48%, 86%, 84%, 54% and 54% of the seasonal variations of soil respiration in the five ecosystems, respectively. There was a significant negative relationship between soil respiration and soil electrical conductivity, but a weak correlation between soil respiration and soil pH or soil organic carbon content. Our results showed that soil CO(2 emissions were significantly different among different agricultural and natural ecosystems, although we caution that this was an observational, not manipulative, study. Temperature at the soil surface and electric conductivity were the main driving factors of soil respiration across the five ecosystems. Care should be taken when converting native vegetation into cropland from the point of view of greenhouse gas emissions. 18. Soil respiration in different agricultural and natural ecosystems in an arid region. Science.gov (United States) Lai, Liming; Zhao, Xuechun; Jiang, Lianhe; Wang, Yongji; Luo, Liangguo; Zheng, Yuanrun; Chen, Xi; Rimmington, Glyn M 2012-01-01 The variation of different ecosystems on the terrestrial carbon balance is predicted to be large. We investigated a typical arid region with widespread saline/alkaline soils, and evaluated soil respiration of different agricultural and natural ecosystems. Soil respiration for five ecosystems together with soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, soil electric conductivity and soil organic carbon content were investigated in the field. Comparing with the natural ecosystems, the mean seasonal soil respiration rates of the agricultural ecosystems were 96%-386% higher and agricultural ecosystems exhibited lower CO(2) absorption by the saline/alkaline soil. Soil temperature and moisture together explained 48%, 86%, 84%, 54% and 54% of the seasonal variations of soil respiration in the five ecosystems, respectively. There was a significant negative relationship between soil respiration and soil electrical conductivity, but a weak correlation between soil respiration and soil pH or soil organic carbon content. Our results showed that soil CO(2) emissions were significantly different among different agricultural and natural ecosystems, although we caution that this was an observational, not manipulative, study. Temperature at the soil surface and electric conductivity were the main driving factors of soil respiration across the five ecosystems. Care should be taken when converting native vegetation into cropland from the point of view of greenhouse gas emissions. 19. Relating coccolithophore calcification rates to phytoplankton community dynamics: Regional differences and implications for carbon export Science.gov (United States) Poulton, Alex J.; Adey, Tim R.; Balch, William M.; Holligan, Patrick M. 2007-03-01 Recent measurements of surface coccolithophore calcification from the Atlantic Ocean (50°N-50°S) are compared to similar measurements from other oceanic settings. By combining the different data sets of surface measurements, we examine general and regional patterns of calcification relative to organic carbon production (photosynthesis) and other characteristics of the phytoplankton community. Generally, surface calcification and photosynthesis are positively correlated, although the strength of the relationship differs between biogeochemical provinces. Relationships between surface calcification, chlorophyll- a and calcite concentrations are also statistically significant, although again there is considerable regional variability. Such variability appears unrelated to phytoplankton community composition or hydrographic conditions, and may instead reflect variations in coccolithophore physiology. The contribution of inorganic carbon fixation (calcification) to total carbon fixation (calcification plus photosynthesis) is ˜1-10%, and we estimate a similar contribution from coccolithophores to total organic carbon fixation. However, these contributions vary between biogeochemical provinces, and occasionally coccolithophores may account for >20% of total carbon fixation in unproductive central subtropical gyres. Combining surface calcification and photosynthetic rates with standing stocks of calcite, particulate organic carbon, and estimated phytoplankton carbon allows us to examine the fates of these three carbon pools. The relative turnover times vary between different biogeochemical provinces, with no clear relationship to the overall productivity or phytoplankton community structure found in each province. Rather, interaction between coccolithophore physiology (coccolith production and detachment rates), species diversity (cell size), and food web dynamics (grazer ecology) may control the composition and turnover times of calcite particles in the upper ocean. 20. Hospital differences in rates of cesarean deliveries in the Sardinian region: An observational study Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Massimo Cannas 2014-11-01 Full Text Available Background: The rates of cesarean deliveries have been increasing steadily in several European countries in recent decades, with Italy having the second-highest rate (38% in 2010, causing concern and debate about the appropriateness of many interventions. Moreover, some recent studies suggest that rates of common obstetric interventions are not homogeneous across hospitals, maybe not only because of patient case mix but also possibly because of different hospital practices and cultures. Thus, it is important to investigate whether the variation in rates of cesarean sections can be traced back to patient characteristics or whether it depends upon context variables at the hospital level. Objective and method: Using official hospital abstracts on deliveries that occurred in Sardinia over a two-year period, we implement multilevel logistic regression models in order to assess whether the observed differences in cesarean rates across hospitals can be justified by case-mix differences across hospitals. Results: The between-hospital variation in rates of cesarean delivery is estimated to be 0.388 in the model with only the intercept and 0.382 in the model controlling for the mother’s clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. Conclusions: The results show that taking into account the individual characteristics of delivered mothers is not enough to justify the observed variation across hospital rates, suggesting the important role of unobserved variables at the hospital level in determining cesarean section rates. 1. How Does a Regional Climate Model Modify the Projected Climate Change Signal of the Driving GCM: A Study over Different CORDEX Regions Using REMO Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Claas Teichmann 2013-06-01 Full Text Available Global and regional climate model simulations are frequently used for regional climate change assessments and in climate impact modeling studies. To reflect the inherent and methodological uncertainties in climate modeling, the assessment of regional climate change requires ensemble simulations from different global and regional climate model combinations. To interpret the spread of simulated results, it is useful to understand how the climate change signal is modified in the GCM-RCM modelmodelgeneral circulation model-regional climate model (GCM-RCM chain. This kind of information can also be useful for impact modelers; for the process of experiment design and when interpreting model results. In this study, we investigate how the simulated historical and future climate of the Max-Planck-Institute earth system model (MPI-ESM is modified by dynamic downscaling with the regional model REMO in different world regions. The historical climate simulations for 1950–2005 are driven by observed anthropogenic forcing. The climate projections are driven by projected anthropogenic forcing according to different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs. The global simulations are downscaled with REMO over the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX domains Africa, Europe, South America and West Asia from 2006–2100. This unique set of simulations allows for climate type specific analysis across multiple world regions and for multi-scenarios. We used a classification of climate types by Köppen-Trewartha to define evaluation regions with certain climate conditions. A systematic comparison of near-surface temperature and precipitation simulated by the regional and the global model is done. In general, the historical time period is well represented by the GCM and the RCM. Some different biases occur in the RCM compared to the GCM as in the Amazon Basin, northern Africa and the West Asian domain. Both models project similar warming 2. Disentangling the Person and the Place as Explanations for Regional Differences in Suicide Science.gov (United States) Shrira, Ilan; Christenfeld, Nicholas 2010-01-01 Identifying whether suicides in a region are due to characteristics of the residents living there or to some enduring feature of the region is difficult when using cross-sectional studies. To distinguish these factors, we compared the suicides of a region's residents with people who were temporarily visiting the region. Using U.S. death records… 3. Cross-Regional Differences in Meeting the Challenge of Teacher Salary Increase Science.gov (United States) Derkachev, P. V. 2015-01-01 This paper presents an overview of studies on the correlations of teacher pay to regional economics and to regional factors affecting the size of teacher salaries. It describes the basic pay indicators for teachers in the regions: absolute salary, teacher pay level as compared to the average regional salary, and ratio of salary to the cost of a… 4. Correlation connection between the anomalous magnetic and gravitational fields for regions with different types of the Earth's crust International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lugovenko, V.N.; Pronin, V.P.; Kosheleva, L.V. 1989-01-01 A method for the correlation analysis of anomalous geophysical fields at different survey altitudes is proposed. The joint correlation analysis is performed for anomalous magnetic and gravitational fields for regions with different types of the Earth's crust. (author) 5. Influenza seasonality goes south in the Yucatan Peninsula: The case for a different influenza vaccine calendar in this Mexican region. Science.gov (United States) Ayora-Talavera, Guadalupe; Flores, Gerardo Montalvo-Zurbia; Gómez-Carballo, Jesus; González-Losa, Refugio; Conde-Ferraez, Laura; Puerto-Solís, Marylin; López-Martínez, Irma; Díaz-Quiñonez, Alberto; Barrera-Badillo, Gisela; Acuna-Soto, Rodolfo; Livinski, Alicia A; Alonso, Wladimir J 2017-08-24 While vaccination may be relatively straightforward for regions with a well-defined winter season, the situation is quite different for tropical regions. Influenza activity in tropical regions might be out of phase with the dynamics predicted for their hemispheric group thereby impacting the effectiveness of the immunization campaign. To investigate how the climatic diversity of Mexico hinders its existing influenza immunization strategy and to suggest that the hemispheric vaccine recommendations be tailored to the regional level in order to optimize vaccine effectiveness. We studied the seasonality of influenza throughoutMexico by modeling virological and mortality data.De-trended time series of each Mexican state were analyzed by Fourier decomposition to describe the amplitude and timing of annual influenza epidemic cycles and to compare with each the timing of the WHO's Northern and Southern Hemispheric vaccination schedule. The timings of the primary (major) peaks of both virological and mortality data for most Mexican states are well aligned with the Northern Hemisphere winter (December-February) and vaccine schedule. However, influenza peaks in September in the three states of the Yucatan Peninsula. Influenza-related mortality also peaks in September in Quintana Roo and Yucatan whereas it peaks in May in Campeche. As the current timing of vaccination in Mexico is between October and November, more than half of the annual influenza cases have already occurred in the Yucatan Peninsula states by the time the Northern Hemispheric vaccine is delivered and administered. The current Northern Hemispheric influenza calendar adopted for Mexico is not optimal for the Yucatan Peninsula states thereby likely reducing the effectiveness of the immunization of the population. We recommend that Mexico tailor its immunization strategy to better reflect its climatologic and epidemiological diversity and adopt the WHO Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccine and schedule for the 6. Economic efficiency of Nuclear Cell Mars with reference to different regions with the account cogenerating production International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Alekseev, P. N.; Kucharkin, N. E.; Udjanskiy, Y. N.; Schepetina, T. D.; Subbotin, S. A. 2004-01-01 The popular belief in a low economic efficiency NPP with nuclear reactors of small capacity (SNPP) is stipulated by the stereotyped approach to their role as a power source (PS) and absence of a system approach to an estimation of their role and place in economy of regions. Actually, the specific expenses of installed capacity for SNPP can be some times higher than those for ones with high-power reactors. As a rule, pay back of the SNPP projects is justified proceeding from only the income of sale produced electric power and heat. Poor economic efficiency of such variant of use forces the developers to consider variants cogeneration of useful production, for example, power-desalination complexes. But thus it is not taken into account, that only nuclear power source (NPS), due to quality of long-term autonomy can ensure in hard-to-reach regions ecologically safe, practically unbounded on time, reliable energy provision of unique production manufacture, which can be yielded only in a sectional place and due to presence of reliable and ecologically acceptable power supply. Examples of such exclusive symbiosis of technologies can be enough, especially taking into account the factor of an ecological acceptability, which acquires the increasing weight at definition of competitiveness of the projects. The factor of uniqueness at technologies combination in a sectional context does not contradict the strategy of seriality small capacity NPS application, as they are irreplaceable for long-time and reliable power supply of the independent removed or hard-to-reach consumers. In this their special applicability and their specific energy niche, which not busy while by any another PS. On land their role is similar nuclear submarines, which thanking NPS have got completely other quality of autonomy in the discharge of underwater kettles.The territory of Russia on the area both variety of resources and manufactures allows to implement different variants and combinations of 7. Effectiveness of Different Urban Heat Island Mitigation Methods and Their Regional Impacts Science.gov (United States) Zhang, N. 2017-12-01 Cool roofs and green roofs are two popular methods to mitigate urban heat island and improve urban climate. The effectiveness of different urban heat island mitigation strategies in the summer of 2013 in the Yangtze River Delta, China is investigated using the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model coupled with a physically based urban canopy model. The modifications to the roof surface changed the urban surface radiation balance and then modified the local surface energy budget. Both cool roofs and green roofs led to lower surface skin temperature and near-surface air temperature. Increasing the roof albedo to 0.5 caused a similar effectiveness as covering 25% of urban roofs with vegetation; increasing roof albedo to 0.7 caused a similar near-surface air temperature decrease as 75% green roof coverage. The near-surface relative humidity increased in both cool roof and green roof experiments because of the combination of the impacts of increases in specific humidity and decreases in air temperature. The regional impacts of cool roofs and green roofs were evaluated using the regional effect index. The regional effect could be found in both near-surface air temperature and surface specific/relative humidity when the percentage of roofs covered with high albedo materials or green roofs reached a higher fraction (greater than 50%). The changes in the vertical profiles of temperature cause a more stable atmospheric boundary layer over the urban area; at the same time, the crossover phenomena occurred above the boundary layer due to the decrease in vertical wind speed. 8. Regional differences in AIDS and non-AIDS related mortality in HIV-positive individuals across Europe and Argentina DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Reekie, Joanne; Kowalska, Justyna Dominika; Karpov, Igor 2012-01-01 Differences in access to care and treatment have been reported in Eastern Europe, a region with one of the fastest growing HIV epidemics, compared to the rest of Europe. This analysis aimed to establish whether there are regional differences in the mortality rate of HIV-positive individuals acros... 9. Region-wide and ecotype-specific differences in demographic histories of threespine stickleback populations, estimated from whole genome sequences. Science.gov (United States) Liu, Shenglin; Hansen, Michael M; Jacobsen, Magnus W 2016-10-01 We analysed 81 whole genome sequences of threespine sticklebacks from Pacific North America, Greenland and Northern Europe, representing 16 populations. Principal component analysis of nuclear SNPs grouped populations according to geographical location, with Pacific populations being more divergent from each other relative to European and Greenlandic populations. Analysis of mitogenome sequences showed Northern European populations to represent a single phylogeographical lineage, whereas Greenlandic and particularly Pacific populations showed admixture between lineages. We estimated demographic history using a genomewide coalescence with recombination approach. The Pacific populations showed gradual population expansion starting >100 Kya, possibly reflecting persistence in cryptic refuges near the present distributional range, although we do not rule out possible influence of ancient admixture. Sharp population declines ca. 14-15 Kya were suggested to reflect founding of freshwater populations by marine ancestors. In Greenland and Northern Europe, demographic expansion started ca. 20-25 Kya coinciding with the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. In both regions, marine and freshwater populations started to show different demographic trajectories ca. 8-9 Kya, suggesting that this was the time of recolonization. In Northern Europe, this estimate was surprisingly late, but found support in subfossil evidence for presence of several freshwater fish species but not sticklebacks 12 Kya. The results demonstrate distinctly different demographic histories across geographical regions with potential consequences for adaptive processes. They also provide empirical support for previous assumptions about freshwater populations being founded independently from large, coherent marine populations, a key element in the Transporter Hypothesis invoked to explain the widespread occurrence of parallel evolution across freshwater stickleback populations. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 10. Regional differences in infection control conditions in a sample of primary health care services in Brazil Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães de Abreu 2017-11-01 Full Text Available International guidelines have pointed out the importance of the physical environment of health care facilities in preventing and controlling infection. We aimed to describe the physical environment of dental care facilities in Brazil in 2014, focusing on characteristics designed to control infections. Exactly 16,202 dental offices in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS participated in this survey. Trained researchers extracted information about the infection control characteristics of health facilities by using a structured instrument. We used data from 12 dichotomous questions that evaluated the wall, floor, sink and tap conditions, and the presence and condition of sterilization equipment. We calculated a score by summing the number of characteristics handled appropriately for infection control, which could range from 0 to 12. Hierarchical cluster analyses were developed. None of the 12 criteria were met by all the oral health teams. Only 208 (1.3% dental offices correctly performed all 12-infection control practices. Two clusters, with different frequencies of structure for infection control in dental offices, were identified. South and Southeast regions had the highest frequencies for Cluster 1, with better structure of infection control in dental offices. Dental care facilities of oral health teams were not typically meeting the infection control guidelines regarding clinic design and equipment. Adherence to the guidelines varied among the Brazilian geographic regions. 11. Nutritional composition, bioactive compounds and volatile profile of cocoa beans from different regions of Cameroon. Science.gov (United States) Caprioli, Giovanni; Fiorini, Dennis; Maggi, Filippo; Nicoletti, Marcello; Ricciutelli, Massimo; Toniolo, Chiara; Prosper, Biapa; Vittori, Sauro; Sagratini, Gianni 2016-06-01 Analysis of the complex composition of cocoa beans provides fundamental information for evaluating the quality and nutritional aspects of cocoa-based food products, nutraceuticals and supplements. Cameroon, the world's fourth largest producer of cocoa, has been defined as "Africa in miniature" because of the variety it habitats. In order to evaluate the nutritional characteristics of cocoa beans from five different regions of Cameroon, we studied their polyphenolic content, volatile compounds and fatty acids composition. The High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis showed that the Mbalmayo sample had the highest content of theobromine (11.6 mg/g) and caffeic acid (2.1 mg/g), while the Sanchou sample had the highest level of (-)-epicatechin (142.9 mg/g). Concerning fatty acids, the lowest level of stearic acid was found in the Mbalmayo sample while the Bertoua sample showed the highest content of oleic acid. Thus, we confirmed that geographical origin influences the quality and nutritional characteristics of cocoa from these regions of Cameroon. 12. Characterization of multiple light damage paradigms reveals regional differences in photoreceptor loss. Science.gov (United States) Thomas, Jennifer L; Nelson, Craig M; Luo, Xixia; Hyde, David R; Thummel, Ryan 2012-04-01 Zebrafish provide an attractive model to study the retinal response to photoreceptor apoptosis due to its remarkable ability to spontaneously regenerate retinal neurons following damage. There are currently two widely-used light-induced retinal degeneration models to damage photoreceptors in the adult zebrafish. One model uses constant bright light, whereas the other uses a short exposure to extremely intense ultraviolet light. Although both models are currently used, it is unclear whether they differ in regard to the extent of photoreceptor damage or the subsequent regeneration response. Here we report a thorough analysis of the photoreceptor damage and subsequent proliferation response elicited by each individual treatment, as well as by the concomitant use of both treatments. We show a differential loss of rod and cone photoreceptors with each treatment. Additionally, we show that the extent of proliferation observed in the retina directly correlates with the severity of photoreceptor loss. We also demonstrate that both the ventral and posterior regions of the retina are partially protected from light damage. Finally, we show that combining a short ultraviolet exposure followed by a constant bright light treatment largely eliminates the neuroprotected regions, resulting in widespread loss of rod and cone photoreceptors and a robust regenerative response throughout the retina. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 13. Investigation on phytochemical, antimicrobial activity and essential oil constituents of Nardostachys jatamansi DC. in different regions of Nepa Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Narayan Sharma 2016-01-01 Full Text Available Objective: To study chemical constituents of essential oil of the roots of Nardostachys jatamansi found in different regions of Nepal and also to investigate phytochemical as well as antimicrobial activity of the sample with high yield of essential oil. Methods: The essential oils of roots of plant from five different regions were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy for their chemical constituents. The root samples were also subjected to hydro-alcoholic extraction and then fractionated with hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water so as to perform phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity. Results: The essential oil yield of sample from Jumla was found to be the highest followed by a sample from Nepalgunj, Surkhet and Kathmandu whereas that of sample from Dharan was found to be the lowest. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis of essential oil of five samples showed that “2-beta pinene” appeared dominated in three samples, namely, 6VJ Nepalgunj, 9VJA Jumla and 10VJ Surkhet. Similarly “alkohol aus neoclovenoxid” in 8VJ Dharan and “methoxy phenyloxime” in 13VJA Kathmandu was found to be present in the highest amount. Phytochemical screening of different fractions of sample 9VJA Jumla showed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, proteins and amino acids, and carbohydrates etc. Antimicrobial susceptibility test of same fractions showed the n-butanol fraction potent against all pathogens and most affected one was Escherichia coli. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the essential oil of Nardostachys jatamansi found in Nepal contains more than 80 compounds with their quality and quantity differing from place to place. 14. Behavior of introduced regional clones of Theobroma cacao toward the infection Moniliophthora roreri in three different regions of Colombia Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jaimes Yeirme 2011-08-01 Full Text Available Moniliasis (frosty pod rot, caused by Moniliophthora roreri, is the most limiting disease of cacao bean production in Colombia. Disease control has focused primarily on the implementation of cultural methods, which are inefficient and increase costs of production. A promising alternative for the control of M. roreri is the genetic approach, involving the search for plants with known resistance in the field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of 13 regional clones of Corpoica Selection Colombia (SCC, ten regional Fedecacao clones (with the initial F, three clones Caucasia (CAU and 13 introduced clones for resistance to M. roreri, by monitoring symptoms and signs of the pathogen in fruits of the cacao at three experimental sites located in Arauquita (Arauca, San Vicente and Rionegro (Santander. To estimate the degree of susceptibility or resistance of each clone, the pathogen was inoculated into fruits 75-5 days old. Eight weeks later, the variables Incidence, Internal Severity Index and External Severity Index were evaluated. In the three experimental sites, the ICS clone 95 behaved as a resistant plant with ISI ranging from 1.4 to 1.9. In the other clones tested, susceptibility varied according to altitude and environmental conditions. However, the ICS clone 95 showed partial resistance, varying the spread of the pathogen in the plant tissue. 15. Impact of Regional Differences within State on the Factors Influencing Youth Entrepreneurship--A Case of Garhwal and Kumaun Regions of Uttarakhand Science.gov (United States) Sharma, Lalit 2015-01-01 Lee, Chang & Lim (2005) state that the impact of entrepreneurship education in each country is different because of each country's unique culture with regard to entrepreneurship. Going by the above argument, this research paper intends to make a formal enquiry on whether the above effect holds true for different regions within a particular… 16. Chemical and Antimicrobial Profiling of Propolis from Different Regions within Libya. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Weam Siheri Full Text Available Extracts from twelve samples of propolis collected from different regions of Libya were tested for their activity against Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium falciparum, Crithidia fasciculata and Mycobacterium marinum and the cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested against mammalian cells. All the extracts were active to some degree against all of the protozoa and the mycobacterium, exhibiting a range of EC50 values between 1.65 and 53.6 μg/ml. The toxicity against mammalian cell lines was only moderate; the most active extract against the protozoan species, P2, displayed an IC50 value of 53.2 μg/ml. The extracts were profiled by using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. The data sets were extracted using m/z Mine and the accurate masses of the features extracted were searched against the Dictionary of Natural Products (DNP. A principal component analysis (PCA model was constructed which, in combination with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA, divided the samples into five groups. The outlying groups had different sets of dominant compounds in the extracts, which could be characterised by their elemental composition. Orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS analysis was used to link the activity of each extract against the different micro-organisms to particular components in the extracts. 17. Sex differences in complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I) in mice. Science.gov (United States) Tang, Chaoliang; Li, Juan; Tai, Wai Lydia; Yao, Weifeng; Zhao, Bo; Hong, Junmou; Shi, Si; Wang, Song; Xia, Zhongyuan 2017-01-01 Sex differences have been increasingly highlighted in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in clinical practice. In CRPS type I (CRPS-I), although inflammation and oxidative stress have been implicated in its pathogenesis, whether pain behavior and the underlying mechanism are sex-specific is unclear. In the present study, we sought to explore whether sex differences have an impact on inflammation, oxidative stress, and pain sensitivity in CRPS-I. Chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP) was established in both male and female mice as an animal model of CRPS-I. Edema and mechanical allodynia of bilateral hind paws were assessed after reperfusion. Blood samples were analyzed for serum levels of oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines. Both male and female mice developed edema. Male mice developed CPIP at day 3 after reperfusion; female mice developed CPIP at day 2 after reperfusion. Female mice displayed significantly earlier and higher mechanical allodynia in the ischemic hind paw, which was associated with higher serum levels of IL-2, TNF-α, isoprostanes, 8 OhdG, and malondialdehyde at day 2 after reperfusion. Moreover, female mice showed significantly lower SOD and IL-4 compared to male mice at day 2 after reperfusion. Our results indicate that sex differences in inflammatory and oxidative stress states may play a central role in the sex-specific nociceptive hypersensitivity in CRPS-I, and offer a new insight into pharmacology treatments to improve pain management with CRPS. 18. [Soil infiltration capacity under different vegetations in southern Ningxia Loess hilly region]. Science.gov (United States) Yang, Yong-Hui; Zhao, Shi-Wei; Lei, Ting-Wu; Liu, Han 2008-05-01 A new apparatus for measuring the run off-on-out under simulated rainfall conditions was used to study the soil infiltration capacity under different rainfall intensities and vegetations in loess hilly region of southern Ningxia, with the relationships between soil water-stable aggregate content and soil stable infiltration rate under different vegetations analyzed. The results showed that the regression equations between rainfall duration and soil infiltration rate under different vegetations all followed y = a + be(-cx), with R2 ranged from 0.9678 to 0.9969. With the increase of rainfall intensity, the soil stable infiltration rate on slope cropland decreased, while that on Medicago lupulina land, natural grassland, and Caragana korshinskii land increased. Under the rainfall intensity of 20 mm h(-1), the rainfall infiltration translation rate (RITR) was decreased in the order of M. lupulina land > slope cropland > natural grassland > C. korshinskii land; while under the rainfall intensity of 40 mm h(-1) and 56 mm h(-1), the RITR was in the sequence of M. lupulina land > natural grassland > slope cropland > C. korshinskii land, and decreased with increasing rainfall intensity. After the reversion of cropland to grassland and forest land, and with the increase of re-vegetation, the amount of >0.25 mm soil aggregates increased, and soil infiltration capacity improved. The revegetation in study area effectively improved soil structure and soil infiltration capacity, and enhanced the utilization potential of rainfall on slope. 19. Chemical and Antimicrobial Profiling of Propolis from Different Regions within Libya. Science.gov (United States) Siheri, Weam; Zhang, Tong; Ebiloma, Godwin Unekwuojo; Biddau, Marco; Woods, Nicola; Hussain, Muattaz Yassein; Clements, Carol J; Fearnley, James; Ebel, RuAngelie Edrada; Paget, Timothy; Muller, Sylke; Carter, Katharine C; Ferro, Valerie A; De Koning, Harry P; Watson, David G 2016-01-01 Extracts from twelve samples of propolis collected from different regions of Libya were tested for their activity against Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium falciparum, Crithidia fasciculata and Mycobacterium marinum and the cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested against mammalian cells. All the extracts were active to some degree against all of the protozoa and the mycobacterium, exhibiting a range of EC50 values between 1.65 and 53.6 μg/ml. The toxicity against mammalian cell lines was only moderate; the most active extract against the protozoan species, P2, displayed an IC50 value of 53.2 μg/ml. The extracts were profiled by using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. The data sets were extracted using m/z Mine and the accurate masses of the features extracted were searched against the Dictionary of Natural Products (DNP). A principal component analysis (PCA) model was constructed which, in combination with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), divided the samples into five groups. The outlying groups had different sets of dominant compounds in the extracts, which could be characterised by their elemental composition. Orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) analysis was used to link the activity of each extract against the different micro-organisms to particular components in the extracts. 20. Satellite observations of high northern latitude vegetation productivity changes between 1982 and 2008: ecological variability and regional differences Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Beck, Pieter S A; Goetz, Scott J, E-mail: pbeck@whrc.org [Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA 02540 (United States) 2011-10-15 To assess ongoing changes in high latitude vegetation productivity we compared spatiotemporal patterns in remotely sensed vegetation productivity in the tundra and boreal zones of North America and Eurasia. We compared the long-term GIMMS (Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies) NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) to the more recent and advanced MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) NDVI data set, and mapped circumpolar trends in a gross productivity metric derived from the former. We then analyzed how temporal changes in productivity differed along an evergreen-deciduous gradient in boreal Alaska, along a shrub cover gradient in Arctic Alaska, and during succession after fire in boreal North America and northern Eurasia. We find that the earlier reported contrast between trends of increasing tundra and decreasing boreal forest productivity has amplified in recent years, particularly in North America. Decreases in boreal forest productivity are most prominent in areas of denser tree cover and, particularly in Alaska, evergreen forest stands. On the North Slope of Alaska, however, increases in tundra productivity do not appear restricted to areas of higher shrub cover, which suggests enhanced productivity across functional vegetation types. Differences in the recovery of post-disturbance vegetation productivity between North America and Eurasia are described using burn chronosequences, and the potential factors driving regional differences are discussed. 1. Satellite observations of high northern latitude vegetation productivity changes between 1982 and 2008: ecological variability and regional differences International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Beck, Pieter S A; Goetz, Scott J 2011-01-01 To assess ongoing changes in high latitude vegetation productivity we compared spatiotemporal patterns in remotely sensed vegetation productivity in the tundra and boreal zones of North America and Eurasia. We compared the long-term GIMMS (Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies) NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) to the more recent and advanced MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) NDVI data set, and mapped circumpolar trends in a gross productivity metric derived from the former. We then analyzed how temporal changes in productivity differed along an evergreen-deciduous gradient in boreal Alaska, along a shrub cover gradient in Arctic Alaska, and during succession after fire in boreal North America and northern Eurasia. We find that the earlier reported contrast between trends of increasing tundra and decreasing boreal forest productivity has amplified in recent years, particularly in North America. Decreases in boreal forest productivity are most prominent in areas of denser tree cover and, particularly in Alaska, evergreen forest stands. On the North Slope of Alaska, however, increases in tundra productivity do not appear restricted to areas of higher shrub cover, which suggests enhanced productivity across functional vegetation types. Differences in the recovery of post-disturbance vegetation productivity between North America and Eurasia are described using burn chronosequences, and the potential factors driving regional differences are discussed. 2. Regional Grey Matter Structure Differences between Transsexuals and Healthy Controls—A Voxel Based Morphometry Study Science.gov (United States) Simon, Lajos; Kozák, Lajos R.; Simon, Viktória; Czobor, Pál; Unoka, Zsolt; Szabó, Ádám; Csukly, Gábor 2013-01-01 Gender identity disorder (GID) refers to transsexual individuals who feel that their assigned biological gender is incongruent with their gender identity and this cannot be explained by any physical intersex condition. There is growing scientific interest in the last decades in studying the neuroanatomy and brain functions of transsexual individuals to better understand both the neuroanatomical features of transsexualism and the background of gender identity. So far, results are inconclusive but in general, transsexualism has been associated with a distinct neuroanatomical pattern. Studies mainly focused on male to female (MTF) transsexuals and there is scarcity of data acquired on female to male (FTM) transsexuals. Thus, our aim was to analyze structural MRI data with voxel based morphometry (VBM) obtained from both FTM and MTF transsexuals (n = 17) and compare them to the data of 18 age matched healthy control subjects (both males and females). We found differences in the regional grey matter (GM) structure of transsexual compared with control subjects, independent from their biological gender, in the cerebellum, the left angular gyrus and in the left inferior parietal lobule. Additionally, our findings showed that in several brain areas, regarding their GM volume, transsexual subjects did not differ significantly from controls sharing their gender identity but were different from those sharing their biological gender (areas in the left and right precentral gyri, the left postcentral gyrus, the left posterior cingulate, precuneus and calcarinus, the right cuneus, the right fusiform, lingual, middle and inferior occipital, and inferior temporal gyri). These results support the notion that structural brain differences exist between transsexual and healthy control subjects and that majority of these structural differences are dependent on the biological gender. PMID:24391851 3. Regional grey matter structure differences between transsexuals and healthy controls--a voxel based morphometry study. Science.gov (United States) Simon, Lajos; Kozák, Lajos R; Simon, Viktória; Czobor, Pál; Unoka, Zsolt; Szabó, Ádám; Csukly, Gábor 2013-01-01 Gender identity disorder (GID) refers to transsexual individuals who feel that their assigned biological gender is incongruent with their gender identity and this cannot be explained by any physical intersex condition. There is growing scientific interest in the last decades in studying the neuroanatomy and brain functions of transsexual individuals to better understand both the neuroanatomical features of transsexualism and the background of gender identity. So far, results are inconclusive but in general, transsexualism has been associated with a distinct neuroanatomical pattern. Studies mainly focused on male to female (MTF) transsexuals and there is scarcity of data acquired on female to male (FTM) transsexuals. Thus, our aim was to analyze structural MRI data with voxel based morphometry (VBM) obtained from both FTM and MTF transsexuals (n = 17) and compare them to the data of 18 age matched healthy control subjects (both males and females). We found differences in the regional grey matter (GM) structure of transsexual compared with control subjects, independent from their biological gender, in the cerebellum, the left angular gyrus and in the left inferior parietal lobule. Additionally, our findings showed that in several brain areas, regarding their GM volume, transsexual subjects did not differ significantly from controls sharing their gender identity but were different from those sharing their biological gender (areas in the left and right precentral gyri, the left postcentral gyrus, the left posterior cingulate, precuneus and calcarinus, the right cuneus, the right fusiform, lingual, middle and inferior occipital, and inferior temporal gyri). These results support the notion that structural brain differences exist between transsexual and healthy control subjects and that majority of these structural differences are dependent on the biological gender. 4. Regional grey matter structure differences between transsexuals and healthy controls--a voxel based morphometry study. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Lajos Simon Full Text Available Gender identity disorder (GID refers to transsexual individuals who feel that their assigned biological gender is incongruent with their gender identity and this cannot be explained by any physical intersex condition. There is growing scientific interest in the last decades in studying the neuroanatomy and brain functions of transsexual individuals to better understand both the neuroanatomical features of transsexualism and the background of gender identity. So far, results are inconclusive but in general, transsexualism has been associated with a distinct neuroanatomical pattern. Studies mainly focused on male to female (MTF transsexuals and there is scarcity of data acquired on female to male (FTM transsexuals. Thus, our aim was to analyze structural MRI data with voxel based morphometry (VBM obtained from both FTM and MTF transsexuals (n = 17 and compare them to the data of 18 age matched healthy control subjects (both males and females. We found differences in the regional grey matter (GM structure of transsexual compared with control subjects, independent from their biological gender, in the cerebellum, the left angular gyrus and in the left inferior parietal lobule. Additionally, our findings showed that in several brain areas, regarding their GM volume, transsexual subjects did not differ significantly from controls sharing their gender identity but were different from those sharing their biological gender (areas in the left and right precentral gyri, the left postcentral gyrus, the left posterior cingulate, precuneus and calcarinus, the right cuneus, the right fusiform, lingual, middle and inferior occipital, and inferior temporal gyri. These results support the notion that structural brain differences exist between transsexual and healthy control subjects and that majority of these structural differences are dependent on the biological gender. 5. Metabolic enhancer piracetam attenuates rotenone induced oxidative stress: a study in different rat brain regions. Science.gov (United States) Verma, Dinesh Kumar; Joshi, Neeraj; Raju, Kunumuri Sivarama; Wahajuddin, Muhammad; Singh, Rama Kant; Singh, Sarika 2015-01-01 Piracetam is clinically being used nootropic drug but the details of its neuroprotective mechanism are not well studied. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of piracetam on rotenone induced oxidative stress by using both ex vivo and in vivo test systems. Rats were treated with piracetam (600 mg/kg b.w. oral) for seven constitutive days prior to rotenone administration (intracerebroventricular, 12 µg) in rat brain. Rotenone induced oxidative stress was assessed after 1 h and 24 h of rotenone administration. Ex vivo estimations were performed by using two experimental designs. In one experimental design the rat brain homogenate was treated with rotenone (1 mM, 2 mM and 4 mM) and rotenone+piracetam (10 mM) for 1 h. While in second experimental design the rats were pretreated with piracetam for seven consecutive days. On eighth day the rats were sacrificed, brain homogenate was prepared and treated with rotenone (1 mM, 2 mM and 4mM) for 1h. After treatment the glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were estimated in brain homogenate. In vivo study showed that pretreatment of piracetam offered significant protection against rotenone induced decreased GSH and increased MDA level though the protection was region specific. But the co-treatment of piracetam with rotenone did not offer significant protection against rotenone induced oxidative stress in ex vivo study. Whereas ex vivo experiments in rat brain homogenate of piracetam pretreated rats, showed the significant protection against rotenone induced oxidative stress. Findings indicated that pretreatment of piracetam significantly attenuated the rotenone induced oxidative stress though the protection was region specific. Piracetam treatment to rats led to its absorption and accumulation in different brain regions as assessed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. In conclusion, study indicates the piracetam is able to enhance the antioxidant capacity in brain cells 6. Tracing aquatic bioavailable Hg in three different regions of China using fish Hg isotopes. Science.gov (United States) Liu, Cheng-Bin; Hua, Xiu-Bing; Liu, Hong-Wei; Yu, Ben; Mao, Yu-Xiang; Wang, Ding-Yong; Yin, Yong-Guang; Hu, Li-Gang; Shi, Jian-Bo; Jiang, Gui-Bin 2018-04-15 To trace the most concerned bioavailable mercury (Hg) in aquatic environment, fish samples were collected from three typical regions in China, including 3 rivers and 1 lake in the Tibetan Plateau (TP, a high altitude background region with strong solar radiation), the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR, the largest artificial freshwater reservoir in China), and the Chinese Bohai Sea (CBS, a heavily human-impacted semi-enclosed sea). The Hg isotopic compositions in fish muscles were analyzed. The results showed that anthropogenic emissions were the main sources of Hg in fish from TGR and CBS because of the observed negative δ 202 Hg and positive Δ 199 Hg in these two regions (TGR, δ 202 Hg: - 0.72 to - 0.29‰, Δ 199 Hg: 0.15 - 0.52‰; CBS, δ 202 Hg: - 2.09 to - 0.86‰, Δ 199 Hg: 0.07 - 0.52‰). The relatively higher δ 202 Hg and Δ 199 Hg (δ 202 Hg: - 0.37 - 0.08‰, Δ 199 Hg: 0.50 - 1.89‰) in fish from TP suggested the insignificant disturbance from local anthropogenic activities. The larger slopes of Δ 199 Hg/Δ 201 Hg in fish from TGR (1.29 ± 0.14, 1SD) and TP (1.25 ± 0.06, 1SD) indicated methylmercury (MeHg) was produced and photo-reduced in the water column before incorporation into the fish. In contrast, the photoreduction of Hg 2+ was the main process in CBS (slope of Δ 199 Hg/Δ 201 Hg: 1.06 ± 0.06, 1SD). According to the fingerprint data of Hg isotopes, the most important source for aquatic bioavailable Hg in TP should be the long-range transported Hg, contrasting to the anthropogenic originated MeHg from surface sediments and runoffs in TGR and inorganic Hg from continental inputs in CBS. Therefore, the isotopic signatures of Hg in fish can provide novel clues in tracing sources and behaviors of bioavailable Hg in aquatic systems, which are critical for further understanding the biogeochemical cycling of Hg. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7. Regional postprandial differences in pH within the stomach and gastroesophageal junction. Science.gov (United States) Simonian, Hrair P; Vo, Lien; Doma, Siva; Fisher, Robert S; Parkman, Henry P 2005-12-01 Our objective was to determine regional differences in intragastric pH after different types of meals. Ten normal subjects underwent 27-hr esophagogastric pH monitoring using a four-probe pH catheter. Meals were a spicy lunch, a high-fat dinner, and a typical bland breakfast. The fatty dinner had the highest postprandial buffering effect, elevating proximal and mid/distal gastric pH to 4.9 +/- 0.4 and 4.0 +/- 0.4, respectively, significantly (P pH > 4 was also longer (150 min) compared to that of the spicy lunch (45 min) and the bland breakfast, which did not increase gastric pH to > 4 at any time. Proximal gastric acid pockets were seen between 15 and 90 min postprandially. These were located 3.4 +/- 0.8 cm below the proximal LES border, extending for a length of 2.3 +/- 0.8 cm, with a drop in mean pH from 4.7 +/- 0.4 to 1.5 +/- 0.9. Acid pockets were seen equally after the spicy lunch and fatty dinner but less frequently after the bland breakfast. We conclude that a high-volume fatty meal has the highest buffering effect on gastric pH compared to a spicy lunch or a bland breakfast. Buffering effects of meals are significantly higher in the proximal than in the mid/distal stomach. Despite the intragastric buffering effect of meals, focal areas of acidity were observed in the region of the cardia-gastroesophageal junction during the postprandial period. 8. Differences in East Asian Economic Institutions: Taiwan in a Regional Comparison Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) István Csaba Moldicz 2017-04-01 Full Text Available The term “developmental state” describes a very conscious, however, more or less market-friendly approach to economic development. The developmental states of the East Asian region can be characterized by a strong emphasis on diverse forms of state intervention generally; however, these sets of institutions differ in the Japanese, Taiwanese, and South Korean economies. The aim of this paper is to offer a comparative analysis of economic institutions and their alterations after the Asian financial crisis. The paper includes Taiwan, Japan and South Korea in the analysis. The paper seeks to define the peculiar features of Taiwanese economic institutions in contrast to Japan and South Korea. By doing so, the paper investigates different aspects of economic institutions in Japan, Taiwan and South Korea: firm structure, the ability of firms to shape and organize regional supply chains, the role of state and trade unions, the composition of GDP/GNP, economic openness (trade, exchange regimes and financial sectors’ capability to channel funds and encourage saving and investments. One of the findings of the paper is that Taiwan’s defining feature is its very close cooperation with Mainland China. However, the deep interconnectedness of the two economies, often called “Chiwan”, is going to be changed. The reason for this is not only a new economic policy, Taiwan’s “New Southbound Policy” of enhanced cooperation with countries of the Southeast Asia, South Asia and Oceania, but the upgrading of the Chinese economy, which is losing its place in the global supply chains as a cheap-labour country. 9. Reference range for T lymphocytes populations in blood donors from two different regions in Brazil Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) A.J.L. Torres Full Text Available This study defined the normal variation range for different subsets of T-lymphocyte cells count in two different Brazilian regions. We analysed the T-lymphocytes subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ in blood donors of two Brazilian cities, located in North (Belem, capital state of Para, indian background and Northeast (Salvador, capital state od Bahia, African background regions of Brazil. Results were compared according to gender, stress level (sleep time lower than 8 hours/day, smoking, and alcohol intake. Lymphocytes subpopulations were measured by flow cytometry. Five hundred twenty-six blood donors from two Brazilians cities participated in the study: 450 samples from Bahia and 76 samples from Pará. Most (60% were men, 59% reported alcohol intake, 12% were smokers, and 80% slept at least 8 h/day. Donors from Bahia presented with significantly higher counts for all parameters, compared with Para. Women had higher lymphocytes levels, in both states, but only CD4+ cells count was significantly higher than men's values. Smokers had higher CD4+ counts, but sleep time had effect on lymphocytes levels only for Para's donors (higher CD3+ and CD4+ counts. That state had also, a higher proportion of donors reporting sleep time <8 h/day. The values for CD3, CD4 and CD8+ cells count were significantly higher in blood donors from Bahia than among those from Pará. Female gender, alcohol intake, stress level, and smoking were associated with higher lymphocyte counts. The use of a single reference range for normal lymphocytes count is not appropriate for a country with such diversity, like Brazil is. 10. Analysis of regional difference on impact factors of China’s energy – Related CO2 emissions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Li, Huanan; Mu, Hailin; Zhang, Ming; Gui, Shusen 2012-01-01 With the intensification of global warming, the issue of carbon emissions causes more and more attention in recent years. In this paper, China’s 30 provincial-level administrative units are divided into five emission regions according to the annual average value of provincial CO 2 emissions per capita during 1990 and 2010. The regional differences in impact factors on CO 2 emissions are discussed using STIRPAT (stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology) model. The results indicate that although GDP (Gross domestic product) per capita, industrial structure, population, urbanization and technology level have different impacts on CO 2 emissions in different emission regions, they are almost always the main factors in all emission regions. In most emission regions, urbanization and GDP per capita has a bigger impact on CO 2 emissions than other factors. Improving technology level produces a small reduction in CO 2 emissions in most emission regions, but it is still a primary way for CO 2 reduction in China. It’s noteworthy that industrial structure isn’t the main factor and improving technology level increases CO 2 emissions in high emission region. Different measures should be adopted for CO 2 reductions according to local conditions in different regions. -- Highlights: ► Regional differences of the impact factors on China’s CO 2 emissions are analyzed. ► Five macro factors like GDP per capita are almost always main influence factors in all regions. ► The impacts of different factors are different. ► Improving technology has no significant reduction on CO 2 emission in most regions. ► Policy on CO 2 reduction should be adapted to local conditions. 11. Can regional strain and strain rate measurement be performed during both dobutamine and exercise echocardiography, and do regional deformation responses differ with different forms of stress testing? Science.gov (United States) Davidavicius, Giedrius; Kowalski, Miroslaw; Williams, R Ian; D'hooge, Jan; Di Salvo, Giovanni; Pierre-Justin, Gilbert; Claus, Piet; Rademakers, Frank; Herregods, Marie-Christine; Fraser, Alan G; Pierard, Luc A; Bijnens, Bart; Sutherland, George R 2003-04-01 Regional strain (epsilon) and strain rate (SR) measurement could be the optimal approach to quantifying stress echocardiography images. However, signal noise could preclude their use. Study aims Our aim was to compare the feasibility of regional peak systolic (p) velocity (Vel), pSR/epsilon measurement, and their normal responses during upright (group 1, n = 10) and supine (group 2, n = 10) bicycle exercise and (group 3, n = 10) dobutamine stress. For each type of stress study, pVel/pSR/epsilon data were acquired at baseline, low (100-120 bpm), and peak (140-160 bpm) heart rate (HR); and during recovery. During dobutamine pVel/pSR/epsilon were interpretable in >95% of segments at every stress stage, whereas in groups 1 and 2 pSR/epsilon responses were noninterpretable in >36% of segments (P pVel and SR values increased linearly and reached maximal value at peak HR (P pVel increased linearly, whereas pepsilon response was biphasic as a result of the reduced filling at higher HRs. 12. Simulated trends of extreme climate indices for the Carpathian basin using outputs of different regional climate models Science.gov (United States) Pongracz, R.; Bartholy, J.; Szabo, P.; Pieczka, I.; Torma, C. S. 2009-04-01 Regional climatological effects of global warming may be recognized not only in shifts of mean temperature and precipitation, but in the frequency or intensity changes of different climate extremes. Several climate extreme indices are analyzed and compared for the Carpathian basin (located in Central/Eastern Europe) following the guidelines suggested by the joint WMO-CCl/CLIVAR Working Group on climate change detection. Our statistical trend analysis includes the evaluation of several extreme temperature and precipitation indices, e.g., the numbers of severe cold days, winter days, frost days, cold days, warm days, summer days, hot days, extremely hot days, cold nights, warm nights, the intra-annual extreme temperature range, the heat wave duration, the growing season length, the number of wet days (using several threshold values defining extremes), the maximum number of consecutive dry days, the highest 1-day precipitation amount, the greatest 5-day rainfall total, the annual fraction due to extreme precipitation events, etc. In order to evaluate the future trends (2071-2100) in the Carpathian basin, daily values of meteorological variables are obtained from the outputs of various regional climate model (RCM) experiments accomplished in the frame of the completed EU-project PRUDENCE (Prediction of Regional scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining EuropeaN Climate change risks and Effects). Horizontal resolution of the applied RCMs is 50 km. Both scenarios A2 and B2 are used to compare past and future trends of the extreme climate indices for the Carpathian basin. Furthermore, fine-resolution climate experiments of two additional RCMs adapted and run at the Department of Meteorology, Eotvos Lorand University are used to extend the trend analysis of climate extremes for the Carpathian basin. (1) Model PRECIS (run at 25 km horizontal resolution) was developed at the UK Met Office, Hadley Centre, and it uses the boundary conditions from the HadCM3 GCM. (2) Model Reg 13. New Comparative Experiments of Different Soil Types for Farmland Water Conservation in Arid Regions Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yiben Cheng 2018-03-01 Full Text Available Irrigated farmland is the main food source of desert areas, and moisture is the main limiting factor of desert farmland crop productivity. Study on the influence of irrigation on desert farmland soil moisture can guide the agricultural water resource utilization and agricultural production in those regions. At present, the efficiency of irrigation water usage in Northwest China is as low as approximately 40% of the irrigated water. To understand the response of farmland soil moisture in different soil types on irrigation in the Ulan Buh Desert of Inner Mongolia of China, this experimental study takes advantage of different infiltration characteristics and hydraulic conductivities of sand, clay, and loam to determine an optimized soil combination scheme with the purpose of establishing a hydraulic barrier that reduces infiltration. This study includes three comparative experiments with each consisting of a 100 cm thick of filled sand, or clay, or loam soil underneath a 50 cm plough soil, with a total thickness of 150 cm soil profile. A new type of lysimeter is installed below the above-mentioned 150 cm soil profile to continuously measure deep soil recharge (DSR, and the ECH2O-5 soil moisture sensors are installed at different depths over the 150 cm soil profile to simultaneously monitor the soil moisture above the lysimeter. The study analyzes the characteristics of soil moisture dynamics, the irrigation-related recharge on soil moisture, and the DSR characteristics before and after irrigation, during the early sowing period from 2 April to 2 May 2017. Research results show that: (1 Irrigation significantly influences the soil moisture of 0–150 cm depths. The soil moisture increase after the irrigation follows the order from high to low when it is in the order of loam, sand, and clay. (2 Irrigation-induced soil moisture recharge occurs on all three soil combinations at 0–150 cm layers, and the order of soil moisture recharge from high to low 14. Individual-dose distribution for the population in different regions with radioactive contamination International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Keirim-Markus, I.B.; Kleshchenko, E.D.; Kushnereva, K.K. 1995-01-01 The reconstruction of individual doses as a result of the Chernobyl accident often relied on the method of EPR measurement from the enamel from extracted teeth. This method was used reliably, with individual confirmations of its indications being obtained. In determining the relatively small irradiation dose to the population, doubts arise because of the fact that the measured dose is often greater than the dose calculated by an indirect method---from external radiation fields at the location and the contents of radionuclides in foods. It is necessary, therefore, to perform an independent check of the results. In this paper, we describe one method for checking the reliability---comparing the measurements of the dose from several teeth in the same individual---in determining the dose from tooth enamel for the population of the Kamensk-Ural region of Sverdlovsk province. This group lived in the zone of passage for the eastern Ural radioactive wake in 1957. The error of the dose determination for different samples was different, since it depends on the mass and quality of the enamel obtained. The results presented show that the method of EPR dosimetry using the enamel of extracted teeth makes it possible to determine quite reliably the individual dose of external radiation from the background up to several Gy of the measurements. Our method compares measurements 15. Regional ADC values of the normal brain: differences due to age, gender, and laterality. Science.gov (United States) Naganawa, Shinji; Sato, Kimihide; Katagiri, Toshio; Mimura, Takeo; Ishigaki, Takeo 2003-01-01 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of measurement for apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in normal brain, to clarify the effect of aging on ADC values, to compare ADC values between men and women, and to compare ADC values between right and left sides of the brain. To evaluate the stability of measurements, five normal volunteers (four men and one woman) were examined five times on different days. Then, 294 subjects with normal MR imaging (147 men and 147 women; age range 20-89 years) were measured. The ADC measurement in normal volunteers was stable. The ADC values stayed within the 5% deviation of average values in all volunteers (mean+/-standard deviation 2.3+/-1.2%). The ADC values gradually increased by aging in all regions. In thalamus, no significant difference was seen between right and left in the subjects under 60 years; however, right side showed higher values in the subjects over 60 years (pright frontal, bilateral thalamus, and temporal (pbrain and may be useful for the future quantitative study as a reference. 16. Analysis of different adsorption heat transformation applications and working pairs for climatic regions of Russia Science.gov (United States) Grekova, A. D.; Gordeeva, L. G. 2018-04-01 Adsorption heat transformation is an energy and environment saving technology for cooling/heating driven by renewable energy sources. Each specific cycle of adsorption heat transformer (AHT) makes particular requirements to the properties of the sorption material, depending on the climatic zone in which the AHT is used, the type of application (cooling, heating and heat storage), and energy source used for regenerating the sorbent. Therefore, the effective operation of AHT can be realized only if the working pair "adsorbent-adsorbate" is intelligently selected in accordance with the requirements of a particular working cycle. One of the most important factors influencing the choice of a working pair is the climatic conditions in which the AHT will operate. In this paper, the climatic conditions of various regions of Russian Federation (RF) were analyzed. For each considered zone, the boundary potentials of Polanyi corresponding to different AHT cycles are calculated. The sorption equilibrium data of various sorbents with water and methanol presented in the literature are summarized, and characteristic sorption curves are plotted in coordinates "sorption - the Polanyi potential". The characteristic adsorption curves found are approximated by analytic expressions, which allow the analysis of working pairs applicability for different AHT cycles. The recommendations of using the discussed sorption pairs under conditions of determined climatic zones are given for the AHT applications. 17. A STATISTICAL STUDY OF FLARE PRODUCTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH SUNSPOT PROPERTIES IN DIFFERENT MAGNETIC TYPES OF ACTIVE REGIONS Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Yang, Ya-Hui [Institute of Space Science, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan (China); Hsieh, Min-Shiu [Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320 (United States); Yu, Hsiu-Shan [Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA 92093 (United States); Chen, P. F., E-mail: yhyang@jupiter.ss.ncu.edu.tw, E-mail: mhsieh2@alaska.edu, E-mail: hsyu@ucsd.edu, E-mail: chenpf@nju.edu.cn [School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 (China) 2017-01-10 It is often believed that intense flares preferentially originate from the large-size active regions (ARs) with strong magnetic fields and complex magnetic configurations. This work investigates the dependence of flare activity on the AR properties and clarifies the influence of AR magnetic parameters on the flare productivity, based on two data sets of daily sunspot and flare information as well as the GOES soft X-ray measurements and HMI vector magnetograms. By considering the evolution of magnetic complexity, we find that flare behaviors are quite different in the short- and long-lived complex ARs and the ARs with more complex magnetic configurations are likely to host more impulsive and intense flares. Furthermore, we investigate several magnetic quantities and perform the two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test to examine the similarity/difference between two populations in different types of ARs. Our results demonstrate that the total source field strength on the photosphere has a good correlation with the flare activity in complex ARs. It is noted that intense flares tend to occur at the regions of strong source field in combination with an intermediate field-weighted shear angle. This result implies that the magnetic free energy provided by a complex AR could be high enough to trigger a flare eruption even with a moderate magnetic shear on the photosphere. We thus suggest that the magnetic free energy represented by the source field rather than the photospheric magnetic complexity is a better quantity to characterize the flare productivity of an AR, especially for the occurrence of intense flares. 18. Comparison of injury incidences between football teams playing in different climatic regions Science.gov (United States) Orchard, John W; Waldén, Markus; Hägglund, Martin; Orchard, Jessica J; Chivers, Ian; Seward, Hugh; Ekstrand, Jan 2013-01-01 Australian Football League (AFL) teams in northern (warmer) areas generally have higher rates of injury than those in southern (cooler) areas. Conversely, in soccer (football) in Europe, teams in northern (cooler) areas have higher rates of injury than those in southern (warmer) areas, with an exception being knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, which are more common in the southern (warmer) parts of Europe. This study examined relative injury incidence in the AFL comparing 9,477 injuries over 229,827 player-weeks from 1999–2012. There was a slightly higher injury incidence for teams from warmer parts of Australia (relative risk [RR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.10) with quadriceps strains (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.10–1.58), knee cartilage injuries (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.16–1.74), and ankle sprains (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.00–1.37) all being more likely in warmer region teams. Achilles injuries followed a reverse pattern, tending to be more common in cooler region teams (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.47–1.03). In conclusion, common findings from the AFL and European soccer are that ankle sprains and ACL injuries are generally more likely in teams playing in warmer climate zones, whereas Achilles tendinopathy may be more likely in teams playing in cooler zones. These injuries may have climate or surface risk factors (possibly related to types and structure of grass and shoe-surface traction) that are universal across different football codes. PMID:24379731 19. Glutamatergic and GABAergic TCA cycle and neurotransmitter cycling fluxes in different regions of mouse brain. Science.gov (United States) Tiwari, Vivek; Ambadipudi, Susmitha; Patel, Anant B 2013-10-01 The (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies together with the infusion of (13)C-labeled substrates in rats and humans have provided important insight into brain energy metabolism. In the present study, we have extended a three-compartment metabolic model in mouse to investigate glutamatergic and GABAergic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and neurotransmitter cycle fluxes across different regions of the brain. The (13)C turnover of amino acids from [1,6-(13)C2]glucose was monitored ex vivo using (1)H-[(13)C]-NMR spectroscopy. The astroglial glutamate pool size, one of the important parameters of the model, was estimated by a short infusion of [2-(13)C]acetate. The ratio Vcyc/VTCA was calculated from the steady-state acetate experiment. The (13)C turnover curves of [4-(13)C]/[3-(13)C]glutamate, [4-(13)C]glutamine, [2-(13)C]/[3-(13)C]GABA, and [3-(13)C]aspartate from [1,6-(13)C2]glucose were analyzed using a three-compartment metabolic model to estimate the rates of the TCA cycle and neurotransmitter cycle associated with glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. The glutamatergic TCA cycle rate was found to be highest in the cerebral cortex (0.91 ± 0.05 μmol/g per minute) and least in the hippocampal region (0.64 ± 0.07 μmol/g per minute) of the mouse brain. In contrast, the GABAergic TCA cycle flux was found to be highest in the thalamus-hypothalamus (0.28 ± 0.01 μmol/g per minute) and least in the cerebral cortex (0.24 ± 0.02 μmol/g per minute). These findings indicate that the energetics of excitatory and inhibitory function is distinct across the mouse brain. 20. Prevalence of photodermatosis in four regions at different altitudes in Yunnan province, China. Science.gov (United States) Deng, Danqi; Hang, Yuntao; Chen, Hao; Li, Hanying 2006-08-01 Idiopathic photodermatoses are common diseases in dermatology clinics that are associated with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The group includes a few dermatoses such as polymorphous light eruption (PLE) and chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD). The prevalence of PLE and CAD in China has not been previously reported. To investigate the population-based prevalence of polymorphous light eruption (PLE) and chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) in six minority groups living in four regions with significantly different altitudes in the Yunnan province, a questionnaire survey was administered to 4899 residents of random villages in Yuanjiang county (Dai and Hani minorities), Kunming city (Han people and Yi minority), Lijiang county (Naxi minority), and Shangri-La county (Zang minority). The altitudes of these counties are 380 m, 1870 m, 2410 m and 3280 m a.s.l., respectively. The results showed that, first, there were 2400 males (49.0%) and 2499 females (51.0%). The prevalence of PLE was 0.65% (32/4899), and the prevalence of CAD was 0.18% (9/4899). PLE was higher among females than males (3.8 vs 1, P 0.05). Second, the prevalence of PLE was increased in higher elevations regions compared to lower elevations (P 0.05). Third, the mean times of sun exposure for PLE and CAD were 6.0 and 6.5 h/day, respectively. The mean durations of PLE and CAD were 5.8 years, and 6.6 years, respectively. The study demonstrated that the prevalence of PLE is higher than that of CAD in Yunnan, and that the prevalence of PLE is correlated with altitude. 1. Metabolic syndrome according to different definitions in a rapidly developing country of the African region Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Paccaud Fred 2008-09-01 Full Text Available Abstract Aims We examined, in a country of the African region, i the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS according to three definitions (ATP, WHO and IDF; ii the distribution of the MetS criteria; iii the level of agreement between these three definitions and iv we also examined these issues upon exclusion of people with diabetes. Methods We conducted an examination survey on a sample representative of the general population aged 25–64 years in the Seychelles (Indian Ocean, African region, attended by 1255 participants (participation rate of 80.3%. Results The prevalence of MetS increased markedly with age. According to the ATP, WHO and IDF definitions, the prevalence of MetS was, respectively, 24.0%, 25.0%, 25.1% in men and 32.2%, 24.6%, 35.4% in women. Approximately 80% of participants with diabetes also had MetS and the prevalence of MetS was approximately 7% lower upon exclusion of diabetic individuals. High blood pressure and adiposity were the criteria found most frequently among MetS holders irrespective of the MetS definitions. Among people with MetS based on any of the three definitions, 78% met both ATP and IDF criteria, 67% both WHO and IDF criteria, 54% both WHO and ATP criteria and only 37% met all three definitions. Conclusion We identified a high prevalence of MetS in this population in epidemiological transition. The prevalence of MetS decreased by approximately 32% upon exclusion of persons with diabetes. Because of limited agreement between the MetS definitions, the fairly similar proportions of MetS based on any of the three MetS definitions classified, to a substantial extent, different subjects as having MetS. 2. Mutations of different molecular origins exhibit contrasting patterns of regional substitution rate variation. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Navin Elango 2008-02-01 Full Text Available Transitions at CpG dinucleotides, referred to as "CpG substitutions", are a major mutational input into vertebrate genomes and a leading cause of human genetic disease. The prevalence of CpG substitutions is due to their mutational origin, which is dependent on DNA methylation. In comparison, other single nucleotide substitutions (for example those occurring at GpC dinucleotides mainly arise from errors during DNA replication. Here we analyzed high quality BAC-based data from human, chimpanzee, and baboon to investigate regional variation of CpG substitution rates. We show that CpG substitutions occur approximately 15 times more frequently than other single nucleotide substitutions in primate genomes, and that they exhibit substantial regional variation. Patterns of CpG rate variation are consistent with differences in methylation level and susceptibility to subsequent deamination. In particular, we propose a "distance-decaying" hypothesis, positing that due to the molecular mechanism of a CpG substitution, rates are correlated with the stability of double-stranded DNA surrounding each CpG dinucleotide, and the effect of local DNA stability may decrease with distance from the CpG dinucleotide.Consistent with our "distance-decaying" hypothesis, rates of CpG substitution are strongly (negatively correlated with regional G+C content. The influence of G+C content decays as the distance from the target CpG site increases. We estimate that the influence of local G+C content extends up to 1,500 approximately 2,000 bps centered on each CpG site. We also show that the distance-decaying relationship persisted when we controlled for the effect of long-range homogeneity of nucleotide composition. GpC sites, in contrast, do not exhibit such "distance-decaying" relationship. Our results highlight an example of the distinctive properties of methylation-dependent substitutions versus substitutions mostly arising from errors during DNA replication. Furthermore 3. Gender differences in age-related decline in regional cerebral glucose metabolism International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bang, Seong Ae; Cho, Sang Soo; Yoon, Eun Jin; Park, Hyun Soo; Lee, Eun Ju; Kim, Yu Kyeong; Kim, Sang Sun 2007-01-01 In this study, we investigated gender differences in age-related declines in regional cerebral glucose metabolism using FDG-PET in a large population sample with a broad age range. 230 healthy subjects (90 male; age: 34-80 y, 140 females; age: 33-82 y) participated. Correlation maps showing age related declines in glucose uptake were created separately for each gender in SPM2. Using population-based probabilistic volume of interests (VOIs), VOIs were defined for the regions showing significant decline with aging. Age related declines were separately assessed within each age range using analysis of covariate in SPSS 13.0. In the total population without gender effect, age-related negative correlation of glucose metabolism was found in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri, bilateral caudate, bilateral thalamus, left insula, left superior frontal gyrus, left uncus, right superior temporal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus, right anterior cingulate gyrus (P < 0.001 corrected, extent threshold k = 100). 14 VOIs values of brain regions were calculated based on this negative correlation results. The rate of decline across all defined VOIs assessed in the age category of 'more than 70' referenced to the category of '30- 39years' were 7.85% in the entire sample; 7.62% in male and 8.09% in female. Detailed analyses of declines in each age range showed separable patterns of declines across gender. In males, greater decline was observed after the age 60 (20.45%) than the ages of 30 and 50(7.98%). Whereas in females, greater declines were found in age 60s (20.15%) compared to 50s, and in 40(14.84%) compared to 30s. Age-related decline in cerebral glucose metabolism was found in both genders. We further observed that males show a relatively constant pattern of decline across a life span; whereas, females show a pattern of steep changes aging to 60s and to 40s, which may be related to changes in sex hormone levels after menopause 4. Gender differences in age-related decline in regional cerebral glucose metabolism Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bang, Seong Ae; Cho, Sang Soo; Yoon, Eun Jin; Park, Hyun Soo; Lee, Eun Ju; Kim, Yu Kyeong; Kim, Sang Sun [Seoul National Univ. College of Medicine, Seoul (Korea, Republic of) 2007-07-01 In this study, we investigated gender differences in age-related declines in regional cerebral glucose metabolism using FDG-PET in a large population sample with a broad age range. 230 healthy subjects (90 male; age: 34-80 y, 140 females; age: 33-82 y) participated. Correlation maps showing age related declines in glucose uptake were created separately for each gender in SPM2. Using population-based probabilistic volume of interests (VOIs), VOIs were defined for the regions showing significant decline with aging. Age related declines were separately assessed within each age range using analysis of covariate in SPSS 13.0. In the total population without gender effect, age-related negative correlation of glucose metabolism was found in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri, bilateral caudate, bilateral thalamus, left insula, left superior frontal gyrus, left uncus, right superior temporal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus, right anterior cingulate gyrus (P < 0.001 corrected, extent threshold k = 100). 14 VOIs values of brain regions were calculated based on this negative correlation results. The rate of decline across all defined VOIs assessed in the age category of 'more than 70' referenced to the category of '30- 39years' were 7.85% in the entire sample; 7.62% in male and 8.09% in female. Detailed analyses of declines in each age range showed separable patterns of declines across gender. In males, greater decline was observed after the age 60 (20.45%) than the ages of 30 and 50(7.98%). Whereas in females, greater declines were found in age 60s (20.15%) compared to 50s, and in 40(14.84%) compared to 30s. Age-related decline in cerebral glucose metabolism was found in both genders. We further observed that males show a relatively constant pattern of decline across a life span; whereas, females show a pattern of steep changes aging to 60s and to 40s, which may be related to changes in sex hormone levels after menopause. 5. Growth status of children 6-12 years from two different geographic regions of Mexico. Science.gov (United States) Peña Reyes, M E; Cárdenas Barahona, E E; Cahuich, M B; Barragán, A; Malina, R M 2002-01-01 The purposes of the study are to assess the growth status of urban Mexican children living in different geographic areas of the country, to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and to explore secular trends in body size. Cross-sectional surveys of 293 children 6-11 years from Sonora in the north-west of the country (155 boys, 138 girls), and 356 children 7-12 years from Veracruz on the Gulf Coast (194 boys, 162 girls) were undertaken in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Height and weight were measured; the body mass index (BMI, kg m(-2)) was calculated. Growth status was compared to USA reference data and to samples of Mexican children in 1926 and 1975. The prevalence of overweight (BMI > or = 85th and or = 95th percentile) was estimated. Girls and boys from Sonora and Veracruz do not differ in height, weight and the BMI. Mean heights are at (girls) or below (boys) the medians of USA growth charts, while mean weights are at (boys) or just below (girls) the 75th percentiles at most ages. As a result, mean BMIs are above (boys) and below (girls) the 75th percentiles over the age range studied. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is 40% in boys and 35% in girls, whereas the prevalence of obesity per se is 23% in boys and 17% in girls. Compared to urban Mexican children in the Federal District surveyed in 1926, children in the present sample are taller and heavier, but the secular trend in body weight is more pronounced since the mid-1960s. Heights of the current samples are similar to those of well-off children in Mexico City in the early 1970s, but weights are heavier. The gap in height between well-off and lower socioeconomic status children in different regions of Mexico has been reduced, but there is an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. 6. The region makes the difference: disparities in management of acute myocardial infarction within Switzerland. Science.gov (United States) Insam, Charlène; Paccaud, Fred; Marques-Vidal, Pedro 2014-05-01 In Switzerland, health policies are decided at the local level, but little is known regarding their impact on the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In this study, we assessed geographical differences within Switzerland regarding management of AMI. Cross-sectional study. Swiss hospital discharge database for period 2007-2008 (26,204 discharges from AMI). Seven Swiss regions (Leman, Mittelland, Northwest, Zurich, Central, Eastern, and Ticino) were analysed. Almost 53.7% of discharges from AMI were managed in a single hospital, ranging from 62.1% (Leman) to 31.6% (Ticino). The highest intensive care unit admission rate was in Leman (69.4%), the lowest (16.9%) in Ticino (Swiss average: 36.0%). Intracoronary revascularization rates were highest in Leman (51.1%) and lowest (30.9%) in Central Switzerland (average: 41.0%). Bare (non-drug-eluting) stent use was highest in Leman (61.4%) and lowest (16.9%) in Ticino (average: 42.1%), while drug-eluting stent use was highest (83.2%) in Ticino and lowest (38.6%) in Leman (average: 57.9%). Coronary artery bypass graft rates were highest (4.8%) in Ticino and lowest (0.5%) in Eastern Switzerland (average: 2.8%). Mechanical circulatory assistance rates were highest (4.2%) in Zurich and lowest (0.5%) in Ticino (average: 1.8%). The differences remained after adjusting for age, single or multiple hospital management, and gender. In Switzerland, significant geographical differences in management and revascularization procedures for AMI were found. 7. Interrogative suggestibility in opiate users. Science.gov (United States) Murakami, A; Edelmann, R J; Davis, P E 1996-09-01 The present study investigated interrogative suggestibility in opiate users. A group of patients undergoing a methadone detoxification programme in an in-patient drug treatment unit (Detox group, n = 21), and a group of residents who had come off drugs and were no longer suffering from withdrawal syndrome (Rehab group, n = 19) were compared on interrogative suggestibility and various other psychological factors. Significant differences were found between the two groups, with the Detox group having more physical and psychological problems, and a higher total suggestibility score in comparison with the Rehab group. These findings are discussed in relation to the context of police interrogations and the reliability of confessions made by suspects and witnesses dependent on opiates. 8. COMPARATIVELY STUDY OF VARIETIES OF VEGETABLE COWPEA OF DIFFERENT BREEDING PERIODS IN PRIMORIYE REGION Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) P. A. Chebukin 2016-01-01 Full Text Available Varieties of Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L. Verdc. draw breeders’ attention due to their valuable properties, form variation, particularly, among long asparagus beans. The climatic condition of South Far-East is favorable for the cultivation of cowpea. Introduction of the species expands the range of cultivated crops in the region. The aim of the study was to comparatively investigate the modern and local old accessions of cowpea in the field condition of Primoriye and also to select accessions studied suitable for cultivation in this region. Field experiments were carried out at Far-Eastern Experimental Station (VIR, Vladivostok in 2012-2015. Forty accessions of different breeding periods of time from VIR plant collection were assessed. Local varieties included into collection in 1920-1930, varieties selected in 1950-1980 and modern varieties developed after 2010 were significantly different by the morphometric characteristics such as length and width of leaf, bean length and weight, seed productivity per plant, period duration – from shoots to bean-filling and from shoots to bean-ripening. The productivity of green beans depended on different morphobiological traits. For varieties bred in 1950-1980, the correlation between seed and green bean productivity and the number of beans was observed. The yield of green beans was connected with bean length and width and the duration of vegetative period in modern varieties. The varieties bred in 1950-1980 were distinguished by their simultaneous maturation and early ripening, along with the balanced number of pods per plant and seed productivity. Modern varieties essentially exceeded the previously bred cultivars in pod length, yield capacity and duration of harvesting period. Local old varieties were distinguished by broad genetic variation, and were very important as a source of valuable traits. As a result of the study the varieties suitable for 9. Life cycle environmental impacts of domestic solar water heaters in Turkey: The effect of different climatic regions. Science.gov (United States) Uctug, Fehmi Gorkem; Azapagic, Adisa 2018-05-01 Solar water heating (SWH) systems could help reduce environmental impacts from energy use but their performance and impacts depend on the climate. This paper considers how these vary for residential SWH across four different climatic regions in Turkey, ranging from hot to cold climates. Life cycle assessment was used for these purposes. The results suggest that in the hotter regions, the impacts of SWH are 1.5-2 times lower than those of natural gas boilers. A similar trend was observed in the two colder regions except for acidification, which was four times higher than that of the boiler. The raw materials and electricity required for the manufacturing of the systems were found to be the most important contributors to the impacts. Recycling the major components instead of landfilling reduced human toxicity potential by 50% but had only a small effect (5%) on the other impacts. The impacts were highly sensitive to the type of material used for the construction of the hot storage tank, but were not affected by transport and end-of life recycling. The only exception to the latter is human toxicity potential which decreased significantly with greater recycling. Extrapolating the results at the national level showed that SWH systems could reduce the annual greenhouse gas emissions in Turkey by 790kt CO 2 -eq. and would save the economy162.5millionperyear through the avoided imports of natural gas. All other impacts would also be reduced significantly (3-32 times), except for acidification which would double. Therefore, SWH systems should be deployed more extensively in Turkey but government incentives may be needed to stimulate the uptake. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
10. Factors controlling regional differences in forest soil emission of nitrogen oxides (NO and N2O
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
K. Pilegaard
2006-01-01
Full Text Available Soil emissions of NO and N2O were measured continuously at high frequency for more than one year at 15 European forest sites as part of the EU-funded project NOFRETETE. The locations represent different forest types (coniferous/deciduous and different nitrogen loads. Geographically they range from Finland in the north to Italy in the south and from Hungary in the east to Scotland in the west. The highest NO emissions were observed from coniferous forests, whereas the lowest NO emissions were observed from deciduous forests. The NO emissions from coniferous forests were highly correlated with N-deposition. The site with the highest average annual emission (82 μg NO-N m−2 h−1 was a spruce forest in South-Germany (Höglwald receiving an annual N-deposition of 2.9 g m−2. NO emissions close to the detection limit were observed from a pine forest in Finland where the N-deposition was 0.2 g N m−2 a−1. No significant correlation between N2O emission and N-deposition was found. The highest average annual N2O emission (20 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1 was found in an oak forest in the Mátra mountains (Hungary receiving an annual N-deposition of 1.6 g m−2. N2O emission was significantly negatively correlated with the C/N ratio. The difference in N-oxide emissions from soils of coniferous and deciduous forests may partly be explained by differences in N-deposition rates and partly by differences in characteristics of the litter layer and soil. NO was mainly derived from nitrification whereas N2O was mainly derived from denitrification. In general, soil moisture is lower at coniferous sites (at least during spring time and the litter layer of coniferous forests is thick and well aerated favouring nitrification and thus release of NO. Conversely, the higher rates of denitrification in deciduous forests due to a compact and moist litter layer lead to N2O production and NO consumption in the soil. The two factors soil moisture and soil temperature are
11. Regional differences in the lateral mobility of plasma membrane lipids in a molluscan embryo.
Science.gov (United States)
Speksnijder, J E; Dohmen, M R; Tertoolen, L G; de Laat, S W
1985-07-01
Regional and temporal differences in plasma membrane lipid mobility have been analyzed during the first three cleavage cycles of the embryo of the polar-lobe-forming mollusc Nassarius reticulatus by the fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) method, using 1,1'-ditetradecyl 3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine iodide (C14diI) as a fluorescent lipid probe. During this period of development the lateral diffusion coefficient of membrane lipids is consistently greater in the vegetal polar lobe area as compared to the animal plasma membrane area (on average 30%), demonstrating the existence of an animal-vegetal polarity in plasma membrane properties. At third cleavage, the differences between animal and vegetal plasma membrane region become even more pronounced; in the four animal micromeres the diffusion coefficient (D) and mobile fraction (MF) are 2.9 +/- 0.2 X 10(-9) cm2/sec and 51 +/- 2%, respectively, while in the four vegetal macromeres D = 5.0 +/- 0.3 X 10(-9) cm2/sec and MF = 78 +/- 2%. Superimposed upon the observed animal-vegetal polarity, the lateral diffusion in the polar lobe membrane area shows a cell-cycle-dependent modulation. The highest mean values for D are reached during the S phase (ranging from 7.0 to 7.8 X 10(-9) cm2/sec in the three cycles measured), while at the end of G2 phase and during early mitosis mean values for D have decreased significantly (ranging from 5.0 to 5.9 X 10(-9) cm2/sec). Diffusion rates in the animal membranes of the embryo are constant during the three successive cell cycles (D = 4.3-5.0 X 10(-9) cm2/sec), except for a peak at the S phase of the first cell cycle (D = 6.0 X 10(-9) cm2/sec). These results are discussed in relation with previously observed ultrastructural heterogeneities in the Nassarius egg plasma membrane. It is speculated that the observed animal-vegetal polarity in the organization of the egg membrane might play an important role in the process of cell diversification during early development.
12. [Regional difference of NPK fertilizers application and environmental risk assessment in Jiangsu Province, China].
Science.gov (United States)
Liu, Qin-pu
2015-05-01
It is of great importance to have a deep understanding of the spatial distribution of NPK fertilizers application and the potential threat to the ecological environment in Jiangsu Province, which is helpful for regulating the rational fertilization, strengthening the fertilizer use risk management and guidance, and preventing agricultural non-point pollution. Based on the environmental risk assessment model with consideration of different impacts of N, P, K fertilizers on environment, this paper researched the regional differentiation characteristic and environmental risk of intensity of NPK fertilizer usages in Jiangsu. Analystic hierarchy process ( AHP) was used to determine the weithts of N, P, K. The environmental safety thresholds of N, P, K were made according to the standard of 250 kg · hm(-2) for the construction of ecological counties sponsered by Chinese government and the proportion of 1:0.5:0.5 for N:P:K surposed by some developed countries. The results showed that the intensity of NPK fertilizer application currently presented a gradually increasing trend from south to north of Jiangsu, with the extremum ratio of 3.3, and the extremum ratios of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer were 3.3, 4.5 and 4.4, respectively. The average proportion of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer of 13 cities in Jiangsu was 1:0.39:0.26. Their proportion was relatively in equilibrium in southern Jiangsu, but the nutrient structure disorder was serious in northern Jiangsu. In Jiangsu, the environmental risk index of fertilization averaged at 0.69 and in the middle-range of environmental risk. The environmental ris | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4991874396800995, "perplexity": 8885.328179085258}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247497858.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221010932-20190221032932-00031.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-algebra/148251-isomorphism.html | # Math Help - Isomorphism
1. ## Isomorphism
Let V and W be linear spaces onto field F.
T:V $\rightarrow$W is called Isomorphism from V over W iff it has these three properties:
1) T is a linear transformation
2) T is one-to-one
3) T is onto W
So by that definition of Isomorphism can I say that if KerT has more than one vector that transforms to $0_w$ then those subspaces are not isomorphic.
Basically, I'm concluding that if two spaces are isomorphic to each other, only the zero vector of V transforms to the zero vector of W
2. Originally Posted by jayshizwiz
Let V and W be linear spaces onto field F.
T:V $\rightarrow$W is called Isomorphism from V over W iff it has these three properties:
1) T is a linear transformation
2) T is one-to-one
3) T is onto W
So by that definition of Isomorphism can I say that if KerT has more than one vector that transforms to $0_w$ then those subspaces are not isomorphic.
Basically, I'm concluding that if two spaces are isomorphic to each other, only the zero vector of V transforms to the zero vector of W
u are right since if the kernel have more than two vectors say u,v $u\ne v \;$ then
T(u) = T(v) = 0 not one-one | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 5, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9706900119781494, "perplexity": 703.8641674384878}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010292910/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090452-00084-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Completion | Completion
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 54E50 [MSN][ZBL]
of a metric space $(X,d)$
Given a metric space $(X,d)$, a completion of $X$ is a triple $(Y,\rho,i)$ such that:
Often people refer to the metric space $(Y, \rho)$ as the completion. Both the space and the isometric embedding are unique up to isometries.
The standard construction of the completion is through Cauchy sequences and can be described as follows. Consider the set $Z$ of all possible Cauchy sequences $\{x_k\}$ of $X$ and introduce the equivalence relation $\{x_k\} \sim \{y_k\} \quad \iff \quad \lim_{k\to\infty} d (x_k, y_k)= 0\, .$ $Y$ is then the quotient space $Z/\sim$ endowed with the metric $\rho \left(\left[\{x_k\}\right], \left[\{y_k\}\right]\right) = \lim_{k\to\infty} d (x_k, y_k)\, .$ The map $i:X\to Y$ maps each element $x\in X$ in the constant sequence $x_n=x$.
A notion of completion can be introduced in general uniform spaces: the completion of a metric space is then just a special example. Another notable special example is than the completion of a topological vector space.
The concept of completion was first introduced by Cantor, who defined the space of real numbers as the completion of that of rational numbers, see real number
References
[Al] P.S. Aleksandrov, "Einführung in die Mengenlehre und die allgemeine Topologie" , Deutsch. Verlag Wissenschaft. (1984) (Translated from Russian) [Du] J. Dugundji, "Topology" , Allyn & Bacon (1966) MR0193606 Zbl 0144.21501 [Ke] J.L. Kelley, "General topology" , Springer (1975) [Ko] G. Köthe, "Topological vector spaces" , 1 , Springer (1969)
How to Cite This Entry:
Completion. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Completion&oldid=33803
This article was adapted from an original article by M.I. Voitsekhovskii (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN 1402006098. See original article | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9812594056129456, "perplexity": 902.5818395932876}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00273.warc.gz"} |
https://www.distance-calculator.co.uk/towns-within-a-radius-of.php?t=Sint%20Maartensdijk&c=Netherlands | Cities, Towns and Places within a 60 mile radius of Sint Maartensdijk, Netherlands
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Wissenkerke, Netherlands is 14 miles away
Wouwsche Plantage, Netherlands is 14 miles away
Wouwse-plantage, Netherlands is 14 miles away
s-heerenhoek, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Brijdorpe, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Brouwershaven, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Campen, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Elkersee, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Graauw, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Huijbergen, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Kampen, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Lewedorp, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Melissant, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Ooltgensplaat, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Ossendrecht, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Overberg, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Pauluspolder, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Sommelsdijk, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Stad Aan t Haringvliet, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Stad Aan Het Haringvliet, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Tolberg, Netherlands is 15 miles away
Bergsebaan, Netherlands is 16 miles away
Borchwerf, Netherlands is 16 miles away
Ellewoutsdijk, Netherlands is 16 miles away
Heijningen, Netherlands is 16 miles away
Kwartier, Netherlands is 16 miles away
Looperskapelle, Netherlands is 16 miles away
Nieuwdorp, Netherlands is 16 miles away
Oranjeoord, Netherlands is 16 miles away
Ouden Doel, Belgium is 16 miles away
Plompetoren, Netherlands is 16 miles away
Scharendijke, Netherlands is 16 miles away
Stampersgat, Netherlands is 16 miles away
Ter Hole, Netherlands is 16 miles away
Vogelwaarde, Netherlands is 16 miles away
Baken, Netherlands is 17 miles away
Borsele, Netherlands is 17 miles away
Borssele, Netherlands is 17 miles away
Ellemeet, Netherlands is 17 miles away
Essen, Belgium is 17 miles away
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* results returned are limited for each query | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9610915780067444, "perplexity": 16159.463991973515}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991378.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515070344-20210515100344-00092.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-algebra/206704-factorization-polynomials-irreducibles.html | # Math Help - Factorization of Polynomials - Irreducibles
1. ## Factorization of Polynomials - Irreducibles
I am reading Anderson and Feil - A First Course in Abstract Algebra.
On page 56 (see attached) ANderson and Feil show that the polynomial $f = x^2 + 2$ is irreducible in $\mathbb{Q} [x]$
After this they challenge the reader with the following exercise:
Show that $x^4 + 2$ is irreducible in $\mathbb{Q} [x]$. taking your lead from the discussion of $x^2 + 2$ above. (see attached)
Can anyone help me to show this in the manner requested. Would appreciate the help.
Peter
Attached Files
2. ## Re: Factorization of Polynomials - Irreducibles
Originally Posted by Bernhard
I am reading Anderson and Feil - A First Course in Abstract Algebra.
On page 56 (see attached) ANderson and Feil show that the polynomial $f = x^2 + 2$ is irreducible in $\mathbb{Q} [x]$
After this they challenge the reader with the following exercise:
Show that $x^4 + 2$ is irreducible in $\mathbb{Q} [x]$. taking your lead from the discussion of $x^2 + 2$ above. (see attached)
Can anyone help me to show this in the manner requested. Would appreciate the help.
Peter
You have the polynomial
$f(x)=\underbrace{x^4}_{p}+\underbrace{2}_{q}$
Then by the rational roots theorem if it has any linear factors they have to be of the form
$\frac{q_{i}}{p_{i}}$ where $p_i,q_i$ are all of the factors of p and q. so the possible zeros are $\pm 1, \pm 2$
If you check these in $f(x)$ they are not zero, it does not have any linear factors.
Now comes the harder work (it isn't too bad )
If it has a non trivial factorization it must have two quadratic factors. Since the leading coefficent is 1 and 2 only has two factors it would have to look like
$(x^2+bx+1)(x^2+cx+2)=x^4+2$
If we expand the left hand side we get
$x^4+(b+c)x^3+(2+b+c)x^2+(2b+c)x+2$
This gives us 3 equations that must hold
$b+c=0 \quad 2+b+c=0 \quad 2b+c=0$
The first equation and the third equation force $b=-c=0$ but this contradicts the 2nd equation. So the equation does not factor
3. ## Re: Factorization of Polynomials - Irreducibles
one need not appeal to the rational roots theorem, because Q is an ORDERED field.
therefore: q4 = (q2)2 ≥ 0 for all rational q.
if q is a root of x4 + 2, we have: q4 = -2 < 0, a contradiction.
this shows x4 + 2 has no rational roots (indeed, no REAL roots), thus no linear factors.
x4 + 2 = (x2 + ax + b)(x2 + cx + d) = x4 + (a+c)x3 + (b+d+ac)x2 + (ad+bc)x + bd, with a,b,c,d rational.
this gives:
a + c = 0
b + d + ac = 0
bd = 2
the first equation tells us c = -a. this gives by substitution into the other 3 equations:
b + d = a2
a(d - b) = 0
bd = 2
the equation a(d - b) = 0 tells us either a = 0, or b = d. we can look at each of these in turn.
a = 0 leads to: b = -d, in which case, bd = -b2 ≤ 0, and thus cannot equal 2.
on the other hand, if b = d, then we have bd = b2 = 2, in which case b = ±√2, which cannot happen because b is rational.
**********
with all due respect to TheEmptySet, his proof is incomplete (although what is missing isn't hard to show).
it may be that we have factors of the form:
(x2 + bx - 1)(x2 + cx - 2), as well.
also, the expansion seems to be incorrect, i get:
(x2 + bx + 1)(x2 + cx + 2) = x4 + (b+c)x3 + (3+bc)x2 + (2b+c)x + 2
b + c = 0
3 + bc = 0
2b + c = 0
the same contradiction does hold, though. and the first and third equations are still the same, so we have b = 2b + c - (b + c) = 0 - 0 = 0, and thus c = 0, so that:
3 + 0 = 0, which certainly is never true.
4. ## Re: Factorization of Polynomials - Irreducibles
Thanks Deveno
Will work through your post now
Peter | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 19, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9086170196533203, "perplexity": 525.8398197284229}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657132372.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011212-00238-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.fachschaft.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/forum/viewtopic.php?f=311&t=14233 | ## A3 P2
Moderator: Computer Vision 2
Dragon
Mausschubser
Beiträge: 80
Registriert: 18. Apr 2006 15:36
### A3 P2
I don't manage to calculate the mrf_grad_log_prior correctly.
I tried to compute the derivative analytically (computing the derivative of the students t distribution and divide it by the students t diestribution) and then do this for all four neighbors of a pixel.
My idea was to construct a Matrix for every neighborhood.
One for the left neighbor of each pixel in my original Matrix, one for the right and so on.
Can anyone tell me whats wrong here?
Another problem is that I don't know how to treat the borders efficiently.
>flo<
Erstie
Beiträge: 20
Registriert: 6. Sep 2005 18:08
### Re: A3 P2
Try computing the gradient potientials for the horizontal direction and for the vertical direction likewise. Then you can add/subtract these results in order to get the result composed of the several neighborhood potentials. Try sketching the situation for a small example (e.g. 3x3) on a sheet of paper--that helps.
Computerversteher
Beiträge: 353
Registriert: 2. Okt 2006 18:53
### Re: A3 P2
could someone give me a hint on what
should be small (in absolute value)
means?
Is small < 10^-5 or is small < 1 ?
I think I implemented it correctly and I'm getting a maximum absolute difference of 0.25 and an average distance of 0.09. This somehow seems to be too big.
SebFreutel
Computerversteher
Beiträge: 317
Registriert: 30. Okt 2006 21:54
### Re: A3 P2
Maradatscha hat geschrieben:I think I implemented it correctly and I'm getting a maximum absolute difference of 0.25 and an average distance of 0.09.
I get very similar values.
If I make a scatterplot of the gradient values of each pixel (of a 10x10 patch from la.png or a random image) and corresponding estimated gradients (something like plot(g1(:),g2(:),'rx') at the end of test_grad.m), I get an uncorrelated point cloud in the x and y range -.25 to .25, so the analytical and estimated gradients seem to have nothing in common.
btw, this is actually A3 P3.
/edit, solved: okay, the mistake was that in the gradient computation, one cannot simply take the sum of the partial derivatives, but has to pay attention to the signs, since there is sometimes an inner derivative -1 coming from terms like $$\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{i,k}}(x_{i+1,k} - x_{i,k})$$. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9135851860046387, "perplexity": 1190.6325800977634}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439741154.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815184756-20200815214756-00295.warc.gz"} |
https://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php?title=Supporting_material_for_pretreatment | The following document was submitted as part of Minnesota Stormwater Manual updates conducted in 2015 and 2016. See Acknowledgements for pretreatment.
The following document was submitted in 2013 as part of the Minimal Impact Design Standards project. The paper addresses performance and design considerations associated with two common pretreatment BMPs: (1) vegetated filter strips and (2) flow-through structures.
## Related pages
To see the above pages as a single page, link here
Tables | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8708040714263916, "perplexity": 5137.718636407632}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987817685.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022104415-20191022131915-00048.warc.gz"} |
http://cms.math.ca/cmb/kw/BK%20spaces | location: Publications → journals
Search results
Search: All articles in the CMB digital archive with keyword BK spaces
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1. CMB 2011 (vol 56 pp. 388)
Mursaleen, M.
Application of Measure of Noncompactness to Infinite Systems of Differential Equations In this paper we determine the Hausdorff measure of noncompactness on the sequence space $n(\phi)$ of W. L. C. Sargent. Further we apply the technique of measures of noncompactness to the theory of infinite systems of differential equations in the Banach sequence spaces $n(\phi)$ and $m(\phi)$. Our aim is to present some existence results for infinite systems of differential equations formulated with the help of measures of noncompactness. Keywords:sequence spaces, BK spaces, measure of noncompactness, infinite system of differential equationsCategories:46B15, 46B45, 46B50, 34A34, 34G20
top of page | contact us | privacy | site map | | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7718337774276733, "perplexity": 1041.9552746078684}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987155.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00044-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://byjus.com/area-of-a-trapezoid-formula/ | # Area of a Trapezoid Formula
A trapezoid is described as a 2-dimensional geometric figure which has four sides and at least one set of opposite sides are parallel. The parallel sides are called the bases, while the other sides are called the legs. There are different types of trapezoids: isosceles trapezoid, right trapezoid, scalene trapezoid. A trapezoid with the two non-parallel sides the same length is called an isosceles trapezoid. A right trapezoid is a trapezoid that has at least two right angles. A right isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid that is simultaneously a right trapezoid and an isosceles trapezoid. In Euclidean geometry, such trapezoids are automatically rectangles.
Area of a Trapezoid = A = $\frac{1}{2}$ $\times$ h $\times$ (a + b)
Where:
h = height (Note – This is the perpendicular height, not the length of the legs.)
a = the short base
b = the long base
### Solved Examples
Question 1: Find the area of a trapezoid whose bases are 17 cm and 12 cm and height is 7 cm ?
Solution:
Given,
a = 17 cm
b = 12 cm
h = 7 cm
Area of a trapezoid
= $\frac{1}{2}$ h(a + b)
= $\frac{1}{2}$ 7(17 + 12) cm2
= $\frac{1}{2}$ 7(29) cm2
= $\frac{1}{2}$ * 203 cm2
= 101.5 cm2
More topics in Area of a Trapezoid Formula Isosceles Trapezoid Formula
#### Practise This Question
Calculate the mass of a photon with wavelength 3.6˚A. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.905135989189148, "perplexity": 852.0237358523635}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000164.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626033520-20190626055520-00107.warc.gz"} |
https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/150742/what-is-the-lowest-possible-ac/150748 | # What is the lowest possible AC?
This is a direct, somewhat silly, opposite question to What is the highest possible AC? .
I’m wondering what is the lowest possible Armor Class a Player Character can get at any point in time, “helped” by any official relevant monstrous feature, magic item, spell, etc.
So far, the lowest I’ve obtained is a 0, provided that the player character is a (Monk or Barbarian) with both Dexterity and (Constitution or Wisdom) rolled as a 3 (-4) without any racial bonuses to said stats and that said character is affected by a Slow spell.
Can you go even lower than that ?
• It amuses me that this has the [optimization] tag... – NathanS Jun 28 '19 at 22:12
• Being able to laugh at an enemy who misses you despite a low as heck AC is what I would call an optimized character. – Gael L Jun 28 '19 at 22:16
• Is using wish to get a low AC or lower ability scores valid for this question? – Medix2 Jun 28 '19 at 22:42
• @medix2 Hmmm, let’s say no. – Gael L Jun 28 '19 at 22:50
• @Medix2: I suspect wish needs to be excluded right out of the gate for most such questions because you can do pretty much anything with it - if the DM allows it. – V2Blast Jun 28 '19 at 23:30
# The lowest reasonably achievable Armor Class is -7
## The Character
The character, lets call him Colby, to accomplish this absurdly low AC is a character with rolled ability scores resulting in 3 Dexterity, 3 Charisma, and either 3 Wisdom or Constitution.
If 3 Wisdom, Colby requires at least 1 level of Monk, and 3 Constitution requires at least 2 levels of Barbarian.
## The Gear
Colby needs these magic items:
Hoard of the Dragon Queen and Rise of Tiamat
• Book of Vile Darkness
• Wand of Orcus, Sword of Kas, or Orb of Dragonkind
Each of the artifacts have major detrimental properties (the Book of Vile Darkness has 2). One option of which is:
$$\begin{array}{|c|c|} \hline \text{}&\text{When you become attuned to the artifact,} \\ \text{76 ‒ 80}&\text{one of your ability scores is reduced by 2} \\ \text{}&\text{at random...} \\ \hline \end{array}$$
These reductions need to affect Dexterity, Charisma, and whichever of Wisdom and Constitution is low.
## The Calculation
With the gear mentioned above, and the slow spell, you get this Armor Class:
1. With Dexterity and Constitution or Wisdom at 1 are AC with Unarmored Defense is 0
While you are not wearing any armor, your Armor Class equals 10 + your Dexterity modifier + your Constitution modifier (Wisdom modifier for monk).
1. The Chromatic Dragon Mask has the following effect:
Draconic Majesty. While you are wearing no armor, you can add your Charisma bonus to your Armor Class.
This results in another -5 to AC, for AC of -5 so far
1. The slow spell.
An affected target's speed is halved, it takes a −2 penalty to AC and Dexterity saving throws, and it can't use reactions.
Finally, with 2 less AC, we are at an AC of -7
# Strict RAW
There is no lower bound
You can reduce armor class infinitely with a special procedure.
## The Garb
The attire for the infinitely regression of AC is one of the following armors:
• Chain Shirt
• Scale Mail
• Breastplate
• Ring Mail
## The Monsters
There are two monsters required to reduce your armor class forever.
1. The demon lord, Juiblex
Juiblex has an ability called Eject Slime which says:
Unless the target avoids taking any of [the acid damage from this attack], any metal armor worn by the target takes a permanent −1 penalty to the AC it offers, and any metal weapon it is carrying or wearing takes a permanent −1 penalty to damage rolls. The penalty worsens each time a target is subjected to this effect. If the penalty on an object drops to −5, the object is destroyed.
1. Any number of ooze monsters including the Gray Ooze whose Pseudopod attack includes:
if the target is wearing nonmagical metal armor, its armor is partly corroded and takes a permanent and cumulative −1 penalty to the AC it offers. The armor is destroyed if the penalty reduces its AC to 10.
## The Procedure
The first step is to get hit by Eject Slime 4 times (3 times for Chain Shirt). This reduces the armor class granted by the armor to 10, but does not destroy it as that would require a 5th reduction from Juiblex:
If the penalty on an object drops to −5, the object is destroyed.
Then you just need to get repeatedly punched by the Gray Ooze. After the first Pseudopod, the armor bonus is reduced to 9, which does not meet the clause:
The armor is destroyed if the penalty reduces its AC to 10.
... since it specifies exactly 10 (not less than 10). Then you can repeat this procedure and the armor gets progressively higher penalties as long as you can continue to survive the attacks (which the right character can survive forever).
Now, clearly this is nonsensical, as acid shouldn't be able to suddenly make your armor class lower than if you weren't wearing armor at all, but that's how the rules work together as written.
• I'm not that confident that this reasoning still holds in 5e, but does really "you can add your charisma bonus" mean you can add your charisma malus? D&D used to call the net value "modifier", while a bonus is always positve and a malus negative. – Zachiel Jun 29 '19 at 13:05
• @Zachiel It is hard to tell. Probable worth its own question. There are many instances where the rules say "ability modifier" which definitely allows for negative modifications. I've not found many examples of "bonus" where the rules don't say "(minimum of +1)" – David Coffron Jun 29 '19 at 13:36
• I think thatn, when the rule does say "(minimum of +1)" the modifier is what's equal to the largest of your bonus or the +1. So you still get a +1 if you have no bonus or a malus to that ability score. – Zachiel Jun 29 '19 at 13:38
• @Zachiel right, but this instance of "bonus" doesn't have that, so it is unclear. – David Coffron Jun 29 '19 at 13:43
• Most of my experience is with pre-5e, but I also remember something about how a "bonus" could never drop lower than +0, a "penalty" could never rise higher than -0, and a "modifier" was unbounded. – Draconis Jun 30 '19 at 0:51
## Minimum achievable AC: -5
Requirements:
• At least 1 level of the Monk class.
• Ability scores must include 3 Dexterity and 3 Wisdom.
• Don't wear armor.
• Access to someone who can cast the slow and feeblemind spells.
• Be playing the Rise of Tiamat adventure module, and acquire a Dragon Mask, an item with the following property:
Draconic Majesty. While you are wearing no armor, you can add your Charisma bonus to your Armor Class.
The calculation:
• The monk's Unarmored Defense sets your AC as 10 + Dexterity bonus (-4) + Wisdom bonus (-4).
• Be affected by a feeblemind spell, which drops your Charisma score to 1. If you wear the Dragon Mask, then it adds your Charisma bonus (-5) to AC.
• Be affected by a slow spell, which gives a -2 penalty to AC.
Total = 10 -4 (Dex) -4 (Wis) -5 (Cha) -2 = -5
• "Dragon Mask: Draconic Majesty. While you are wearing no armor, you can add your Charisma bonus to your Armor Class.' Sorry but note that the keyword "bonus" is used, not the keyword "modifier". A negative modifier to a stat, say -2, is the same as saying you have a -2 negative penalty to that stat, while also having a +0 bonus to the stat. Penalties can only be negative, and bonuses can only be positive. – Pat Sep 7 '19 at 3:56
# Ok, lemme try:
Character creation:
• PC is either Barbarian (main stats: DEX and CON) or Monk (main stats: DEX and WIS).
• PC is from a race does not synergize at all with his class. i.e. zero racial bonuses to any of his two "main stats" above.
• Player rolls for stats and... gets incredibly unlucky, rolling 3 for both main stats!
His AC is already only 2!
Note that the odds of this occurring is already = 1 / (6^6) = 1 / 4665600 !
Also:
• Cursed by his player: Player somehow decides that PC will use all of his "can use" abilities that would end up lowering his AC anyway instead. Just because, ok? Similarly, even if a simple spell would get rid of a negative condition, PC won't seek help!
# Magical items:
Not this one:
Note the emphasis is to the word "bonus", not to the word "modifier". A bonus is always, at worst, +0, even if the modifier is negative. Thus, you can't get a penalty to AC from this item!
However, cursed items definitely do exist!
• Cursed Bracers of Defense: -2 AC instead of +2 AC seems very reasonable.
His AC is now 0!
But a cursed Dragon Mask that gives a penalty to AC instead of a bonus, that would be "stretching it a little bit topo much", though.
• Book of Vile Darkness:
(or any combo of two artifacts that each give 1 major detrimental effect)
PC doesn't increase any of his main stats, and, by purest bad luck, both of the major detrimental properties just happen to be:
76-80 When you become attuned the artifact, one of your ability scores is reduced by 2 at random. A greater restoration spell restores he ability to normal.
And by pure random chance, both of his main stats, again, are those affected!
AC is now -2!
# Spells
• Slow: -2 AC.
Worst AC = -4!
Unless you fight a really, really bad enemy, unless they roll a Natural 1, they hit!
Note that actually trying to get hit would be, at the very least, just as bad as being attacked while unconscious.
And the final odds of bad luck required for that freak sequence of results to even be possible are now:
1 / 335923200 !
And that is not even counting the adventuring odds of finding the needed artifact(s).
Ouch! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 1, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.44635745882987976, "perplexity": 4657.123421258846}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141746320.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205044004-20201205074004-00343.warc.gz"} |
http://www.ck12.org/tebook/Texas-Instruments-Algebra-I-Teacher%2527s-Edition/r1/section/10.2/ | <img src="https://d5nxst8fruw4z.cloudfront.net/atrk.gif?account=iA1Pi1a8Dy00ym" style="display:none" height="1" width="1" alt="" />
# 10.2: Factoring Special Cases
Difficulty Level: At Grade Created by: CK-12
This activity is intended to supplement Algebra I, Chapter 9, Lesson 6.
ID: 9604
Time required: 30 minutes
• Express a trinomial square of the form \begin{align*}a^2+2ab + b^2\end{align*} as the binomial squared \begin{align*}(a+b)^2\end{align*}.
• Express a difference of squares of the form \begin{align*}x^2 - a^2\end{align*} as \begin{align*}(x - a) \ (x + a)\end{align*} and display as a difference of areas.
## Activity Overview
In this activity, students explore geometric proofs for two factoring rules: \begin{align*}a^2 + 2ab + b^2 = (a + b)^2\end{align*} and \begin{align*}x^2 - a^2 = (x - a) (x + a)\end{align*}. Given a set of shapes whose combined areas represent the left-hand expression, they manipulate them to create rectangles whose areas are equal to the right-hand expression.
Teacher Preparation
This activity is appropriate for students in Algebra 1. Prior to beginning this activity, students should be familiar with factoring quadratic expressions. The activity should be followed by practice applying the rules discussed.
• This activity requires students to drag, rotate, and hide objects in CabriJr. If students are not familiar with these functions of the CabriJr, extra time should be taken to explain them.
Associated Materials
Classroom Management
• This activity is designed to be performed by individual students or small groups with teacher assistance. By using the computer software and the questions found in this document, you can lead an interactive class discussion on solving quadratic equations.
• This document guides students through the main ideas of the activity and provides a place for students to record their work. You may wish to have the class record their answers on separate sheets of paper, or just use the questions posed to engage a class discussion.
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