Sensitive detection of human globin chains by microbore high-performance liquid chromatography and its forensic application. 
This paper describes a simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the detection of human globin chains in blood and bloodstains.  The method involves direct injection of the filtered samples of dilute hemolysates or bloodstain extracts onto a microbore C4 reversed-phase column (2.1 mm I.D.) with UV detection at 220 nm.  Microbore HPLC offers a significant improvement in sensitivity with little loss of the resolution of globin chains and only small variations in the determination of gamma chain composition.  The detection limit of hemoglobin (Hb) was 0.1 microgram, which is equivalent to about 1 nl of fresh whole blood.  Umbilical cord blood could be differentiated from adult blood in stains that were up to twenty weeks old, by the presence of gamma globin chains.  The present method will be useful for detection of abnormal Hbs and for the determination of gamma chain composition in clinical laboratories, as well as in the practice of forensic science for the analysis of minute amounts of blood and bloodstains.