Electrical resistivity and induced polarization tomography in identifying the plume of chlorinated hydrocarbons in sedimentary formation: a case study in Rho (Milan - Italy). 
Resistivity and induced polarization surveying were originally developed for mineral exploration but are now finding new applications in the field of environmental and engineering geophysics.  The present article reports the results of a geophysical survey performed with the aim of identifying a plume of chlorinated hydrocarbons in sedimentary formations of the Pandania plain.  The tested site is characterized by three sand and gravel aquifers containing a quantity of clay particles which influence the overall bulk resistivity and chargeability.  According to data obtained using shallow boreholes, mainly dense non-aqueous phase liquids were found as contaminants in the first and second aquifer.  The aforementioned geo-electrical methods were applied in both two- and three-dimensional approaches.  Steel and copper electrodes were used in the process of field data acquisition and the results of the survey were compared.  The geophysical survey revealed some anomalies that could be explained by the presence of dense non-aqueous phase liquids in the soil medium.  The concept of normalized chargeability facilitates the interpretation of detected induced polarization anomalies.  The shape of the plume was inferred from maps of resistivity and chargeability to a depth of 25 m below the surface of the ground.