Modified haemoglobins and perfluorocarbons. 
After decades of research activities and product improvements in the field of artificial oxygen carriers based on either haemoglobin modifications or perfluorocarbon emulsions, these products have reached a critical stage of their development.  Varieties of haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and perfluorocarbon emulsions are under current clinical investigation.  Although the clinical availability of artificial oxygen carriers may result in profound changes of fluid resuscitation from haemorrhage, the transfusion of human blood components as an integral part of medical trauma management will not be replaced.  However, a rapid and effective restoration of tissue oxygenation by the use of artificial oxygen carriers in the treatment of severe haemorrhage may bridge time delays until stored and cross-matched human packed red cells are available.  Whether artificial oxygen carriers could provide additional clinical benefits by sustaining tissue oxygenation even under conditions of a disturbed macro- or microcirculation is the subject of current investigations.  Therefore, the application of safe and effective artificial oxygen carriers would not only be restricted to the treatment of severe haemorrhage, but additional therapeutic indications of artificial oxygen carriers in emergency medicine, trauma anaesthesia and other medical specialities would emerge.