Altered hepatic gene expression of enzymes involved in energy metabolism in the growth-retarded fetal rat. 
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) resulting from placental insufficiency is a common complication of pregnancy.  Bilateral uterine artery ligation of the pregnant rat is a model which mimics intrauterine growth retardation in the human.  IUGR rat fetuses have altered hepatic energy and redox states, with reduced fetal hepatic ATP/ADP ratio, increased cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratio, and decreased mitochondrial NAD+/NADH ratio.  These critical changes in energy metabolism contribute to IUGR.  The effects of these changes at the molecular level are largely unknown.  To address these effects we compared hepatic mRNA populations of IUGR and normal fetuses and neonates using mRNA differential display, a polymerase chain reaction-based method for assaying transcriptional differences under various conditions.  We isolated and sequenced 18 cDNA products whose mRNA levels were elevated in IUGR compared with normal fetal and neonatal liver.  These analyses demonstrated that NADH-ubiquinone oxireductase subunit 4L mRNA (ND-4L) was significantly increased in liver of IUGR fetuses and neonates.  This suggested that IUGR may be associated with altered expression of genes involved in the generation of ATP and NADH.  Therefore, we measured mRNA levels of adenine-nucleotide translocator-2 (ANT-2), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (MMD), ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), and phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) using a semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-based technique.  In the IUGR fetus, ND-4L, ANT-2, G6PD, and MMD mRNA levels were significantly elevated; PFK-2 mRNA levels were unchanged, and OTC levels were decreased.  In the IUGR newborn rat, mRNA levels of all 6 enzymes were increased suggesting that the metabolic state of the growth retarded newborn remains abnormal after birth.  Uteroplacental insufficiency affects the immediate and long-term metabolic milieu of the growth retarded animal, and forces specific adjustments, including the expression of mRNA encoding enzymes involved with hepatic energy production.