Involvement of disulfide bonds and histidine 172 in a unique beta-sheet to alpha-helix transition of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein at the biomembrane interface. 
Human alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP), which is comprised of 183 amino acid residues and 5 carbohydrate chains, is a major plasma protein that binds to basic and neutral drugs as well as to steroid hormones.  It has a beta-sheet-rich structure in aqueous solution.  Our previous findings suggest that AGP forms an alpha-helix structure through an interaction with biomembranes.  We report herein on a study of the mechanism of alpha-helix formation in AGP using various modified AGPs.  The disulfide reduced AGP (R-AGP) was extensively unfolded, whereas asialylated AGP (A-AGP) maintained the native structure.  Intriguingly, reduced and asialylated AGP (RA-AGP) increased the alpha-helix content as observed in the presence of biomembrane models, and showed a significant decrease in ligand binding capacity.  This suggests that AGP has an innate tendency to form an alpha-helix structure, and disulfide bonds are a key factor in the conformational transition between the beta-sheet and alpha-helix structures.  However, RA-AGP with all histidine residues chemically modified (HRA-AGP) was found to lose the intrinsic ability to form an alpha-helix structure.  Furthermore, disulfide reduction of the H172A mutant expressed in Pichia pastoris also caused a similar loss of folding ability.  The present results indicate that disulfide bonds and the C-terminal region, including H172 of AGP, play important roles in alpha-helix formation in the interaction of the protein with biomembranes.