Actinomyces in cervical smears of women using the intrauterine device in Singapore. 
Reproductive tract actinomyces have been associated with the use of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD).  Thus, there is a need to evaluate the prevalence of colonization with Actinomyces israelii in a cohort of Singaporean women using an IUCD.  Second, the occurrence of actinomycosis in colonized women and the clinical need to remove the IUCD and/or possibly the need to treat asymptomatic carriers with antibiotics were evaluated.  The study population consisted of 1,108 IUCD users attending the Fertility Control Clinic, National University Hospital, Singapore.  In our study, the prevalence of actinomyces-positive cervical smears among IUCD users was 13.7%; the incidence of actinomyces-positive smears was similar with Copper T (34.2%), Multiload (32.9%) and Nova T (32.9%) IUCDs.  We found no association with the duration of use of IUCD and actinomyces infection.  In our study, 150 out of 152 (98.7%) IUCD users with actinomyces-positive smears were asymptomatic, and only 2 out of 152 (1.3%) who had actinomyces-positive cervical smears developed pelvic inflammatory disease at 6 months.  Our study suggests that removal of the IUCD in asymptomatic women with actinomyces-positive cervical smear is not necessary.  Moreover, we suggest that asymptomatic carriers of actinomyces do not require preemptive antibiotic treatment.