State policymakers have taken action to address various policy issues — the definition of hemp, licensure of growers, regulation and certification of seeds, state-wide commissions and legal protection of growers.  At least 41 states have passed legislation related to industrial hemp, such as defining hemp and removing barriers, and at least 39 states have allowed for hemp cultivation and production programs.  Some states establishing these programs require a change in federal laws or a waiver from the DEA prior to implementation. 
Zuardi, A. W., Crippa, J. A., Hallak, J. E., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., Martin-Santos, R., … & Guimarães, F. S. (2012).  A critical review of the antipsychotic effects of cannabidiol: 30 years of a translational investigation [Abstract].  Current Pharmaceutical Design, 18(32), 5,131–5,140.  Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22716160
Prior to 2005's Hurricane Katrina, which caused widespread destruction and fatalities across New Orleans, Johnson had moved to California, and spent years there soaking up knowledge and culture around cannabis plants and the industry.  After witnessing the pain and nausea his mother experienced during her treatment, Johnson decided to help bring the medicinal and economic value of cannabis back to his hometown, starting with hemp. 
CatryNA49; Cannabis, like Opium poppies, and the substances derived from these plants, were also made illegal as a means of preventing white females, from being seduced, and or raped by male members of minority races; seriously !  In the early 70s Nixon administration officials oversaw the expansion of drug laws, as a means of legally repressing the two groups of Americans, that administration deemed to be their biggest foes; those groups being, African Americans, and the antiwar left.  We know the drug war, just like the earlier less repressive drug laws, was initiated as a means of legal political, and racial repression because of the fact that a Nixon adm.  official is on film, admitting as much.  You can Google that film if you like.  Now despite the truth about the drug war being admitted on film, for anyone in the world who has internet access can see, the drug war continues to be waged by politicians; the same politicians by the way, that tens of millions of Americans continue to vote for.  I should add, that in the last presidential election, the candidate who promised to refuel the drug war, was the candidate who won that election.  Of course what else could you expect, being that we live in the land of the free and the home of the brave ?! 
A rather thorough analysis of the scope of the illicit marijuana industry in Canada for 1998 is reported at www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/html/drugsituation.htm#Marihuana and summarized in MacLeod (1999).  At least 800 tonnes (t) of marijuana were grown in Canada in 1998, representing a harvest of 4.7 million flowering plants.  More than 50% of the marijuana available in Canada is grown domestically.  An average mature plant was estimated to produce 170 g of “marketable substance.”  The value of the Canadian crop is uncertain, but has been estimated to be in the billions of dollars annually (Heading 1998; MacLeod 1999). 
What is cannabis?Cannabis is a drug that comes from Indian hemp plants such as Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica.  The main active chemical in cannabis is THC (delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol).Cannabis is a depressant drug.  Depressant drugs do not necessarily make you feel depressed.  Rather, they slow down the activity of the central nervous system and the messages going between the brain and the body.  When large doses of cannabis are taken it may also produce hallucinogenic effects. For information on synthetic cannabinoids, see our "Legal high" facts page. Other namesCannabis is also known as grass, pot, hash, weed, reefer, dope, herb, mull, buddha, ganja, joint, stick, buckets, cones, skunk, hydro, yarndi, smoke and hooch. What does cannabis look like?Leaves from the cannabis plant are bright green and have a distinctive shape with five or seven leaflets.  The flowering tops and upper leaves are covered in a sticky resin. Cannabis is used for the psychoactive (mind and mood-altering) effects of THC and other active ingredients.  THC is the chemical in cannabis that makes you feel “high”. There are three main forms of psychoactive cannabis: marijuana, hashish and hash oil. Marijuana is the most common and least potent form of cannabis.  Marijuana is the dried leaves and flowers of the plant. Hashish (“hash”) is dried cannabis resin, usually in the form of a small block.  The concentration of THC in hashish is higher than in marijuana, producing stronger effects. Hash oil is a thick, oily liquid, golden brown to black in colour, which is extracted from cannabis.  Hash oil is the strongest form of cannabis. How and why is it used?The different forms of cannabis are used in different ways:Marijuana is smoked in hand-rolled cigarettes (joints), or in a pipe (a bong).Hashish is usually added to tobacco and smoked, or baked and eaten in foods such as hash cookies. Hash oil is usually spread on the tip or paper of a cigarette and then smoked. Cannabis and hash can also be smoked in a vaporiser.  Vaporisers heat cannabis to temperatures that release its active ingredients while minimising the toxins associated with burning. The THC in cannabis is absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the lungs (if smoked), or through the walls of the stomach and intestines (if eaten).  The bloodstream carries the THC to the brain, producing the “high” effects.  Drugs inhaled get into the bloodstream quicker than those eaten.  This means that the effects of cannabis when smoked occur more rapidly than when eaten. Paper and textilesSome species of cannabis have few psychoactive effects.  These plants are used to produce hemp fibre for use in paper, textiles and clothing. Medical usesCannabis has been used for medical purposes for many centuries.  It has been reported that cannabis may be useful to help conditions such as:nausea and vomiting, particularly when associated with chemotherapywasting and severe weight loss, in people with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or anorexia nervosa, as it may be used as an appetite stimulantpain relief, for example in people with cancer and arthritisrelief from symptoms of some neurological disorders that involve muscle spasms, including multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injuryglaucomaepilepsyasthma. For more information, please click on the Australian Drug Foundation's DrugInfo Clearinghouse web site link below. 
CBD oil 4% is a medium-strength, organic formulation.  Now, you can supplement with the confidence of a king or queen!  If you are already familiar with CBD and find you require a little more than what's offered by our 2.5% formulation, this is the CBD oil for you.  CBD oil 4% is derived from EU hemp strains bred for a high CBD content.  Natural, GMO-free, and non-psychoactive.  Available now in convenient 10, 30 and 50ml dropper bottles. 

Hemp oil has never been as popular as other marijuana products.  With little to no THC, CBD-rich strains of cannabis don’t deliver the pleasant buzz recreational users seek out in marijuana.  In the 1970s, however, scientists found that cannabidiol was effective in reducing seizures.  The brain’s endocannabinoid system contains receptors that respond to CBD, producing anticonvulsant effects.  Being plant-derived and native to the brain’s own chemistry, CBD is therefore one of the most natural options for seizure treatment available today.  Still, not many people took interest in CBD until 2013, when a CNN documentary special, Weed, hosted by the network’s chief medical correspondent, Dr. Sanjay Gupta, highlighted CBD’s effectiveness in combating seizures.  Since then, demand for hemp oil products has exploded. 

Indeed, hemp oil products have grown out of a market largely devoid of regulations or safety protocols.  The state of the CBD industry harks back to the age of elixirs and potions hawked from covered wagons to the awed denizens of pioneer towns.  There are no industrywide standards in place to ensure that CBD oils are consistently formulated batch-to-batch.  There is no regulatory body screening products for pesticides, heavy metals, solvent residues, and other dangerous contaminants.  The laboratories that companies contract to test their CBD products are themselves neither standardized nor consistently regulated.  No medical research exists to recommend how much CBD a patient should take, nor is there detailed, reliable documentation of how CBD interacts with most epilepsy medications. 
But all was not well.  Harper has continued to experience health issues related to her condition.  And seven months after starting to use CBD oil, Harper’s seizures returned— although not as frequently as before.  Penny uses eleven iPhone reminders to keep track of Harper’s daily regimen of medications and food, and she records all of Harper’s seizures in a thickly bound black book.  But as her parents continue to closely monitor Harper’s health and adjust her medications accordingly, her doctors are tightly limited in the advice they can offer when it comes to CBD oil. “ There’s no research on this product, so they don’t say it’s good or bad.  They just say, ‘Don’t stop giving it,’” Penny told me. 

After the Restoration of Independence in 1640, in order to recover the ailing Portuguese naval fleet, were encouraged its cultivation as the Royal Decree of D. John IV in 1656.  At that time its cultivation was carried out in Trás-os-Montes, Zone Tower Moncorvo, more precisely in Vilariça Valley, fertile land for any crop irrigation, and a very large area, flat and very fertile culture still wide until the last century grew up tobacco, a plant that needs a large space to expand and grow, the area lies in the valley of Serra de Bornes. 

The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC.[32] Since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions.  The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world.[33][34] Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which takes place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, and 31 U.S. states.[35] In September 2018 cannabis was legalized in South Africa[36] while Canada legalized recreational use of cannabis in October 2018.[37]

Although hemp can be successfully grown continuously for several years on the same land, rotation with other crops is desirable.  A 3- or preferably 4-year rotation may involve cereals, clover or alfalfa for green manure, maize, and hemp.  In Ontario it has been recommended that hemp not follow canola, edible beans, soybeans or sunflowers.  However, according to Bócsa and Karus (1998), “it matters little what crops are grown prior to hemp.” 

A 2015 review found that the use of high CBD-to-THC strains of cannabis showed significantly fewer positive symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations, better cognitive function and both lower risk for developing psychosis, as well as a later age of onset of the illness, compared to cannabis with low CBD-to-THC ratios.[267] A 2014 Cochrane review found that research was insufficient to determine the safety and efficacy to using cannabis to treat schizophrenia or psychosis.[268] As of 2017, the molecular mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory and possible pain relieving effects of cannabis are under preliminary research.[269]
Several controlled clinical trials have been performed, and meta-analyses of these support a beneficial effect of cannabinoids (dronabinol and nabilone) on chemotherapy -induced nausea and vomiting (N/V) compared with placebo.  Both dronabinol and nabilone are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the prevention or treatment of chemotherapy-induced N/V in cancer patients but not for other symptom management. 

It is often claimed by growers and breeders of herbal cannabis that advances in breeding and cultivation techniques have increased the potency of cannabis since the late 1960s and early '70s when THC was first discovered and understood.  However, potent seedless cannabis such as "Thai sticks" were already available at that time.  Sinsemilla (Spanish for "without seed") is the dried, seedless inflorescences of female cannabis plants.  Because THC production drops off once pollination occurs, the male plants (which produce little THC themselves) are eliminated before they shed pollen to prevent pollination.  Advanced cultivation techniques such as hydroponics, cloning, high-intensity artificial lighting, and the sea of green method are frequently employed as a response (in part) to prohibition enforcement efforts that make outdoor cultivation more risky.  It is often cited that the average levels of THC in cannabis sold in the United States rose dramatically between the 1970s and 2000, but such statements are likely skewed because undue weight is given to much more expensive and potent, but less prevalent samples.[241]

CBD has been producing a whole lot of buzz in the health community of late – but perhaps not the kind of buzz you might expect from a cannabinoid.  Since you’re reading this, you’ve probably heard of CBD and its many touted benefits.  From chronic pain to mental health, CBD has the potential to alleviate an astonishing number of ailments.  But like many, you might be fuzzy on the details.  Consider this your primer on all things CBD. 
^ Jump up to: a b c d Campos AC, Moreira FA, Gomes FV, Del Bel EA, Guimarães FS (December 2012). " Multiple mechanisms involved in the large-spectrum therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders".  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.  Series B, Biological Sciences (Review).  367 (1607): 3364–78.  doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0389.  PMC 3481531.  PMID 23108553. 

Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed.[44] The immediate desired effects from consuming cannabis include relaxation and euphoria (the "high" or "stoned" feeling), a general alteration of conscious perception, increased awareness of sensation, increased libido[45] and distortions in the perception of time and space.  At higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes.  In some cases, cannabis can lead to dissociative states such as depersonalization[46][47] and derealization.[48]

At least 50% of patients who receive moderately emetogenic chemotherapy may experience delayed chemotherapy-induced N/V. Although selective neurokinin 1 antagonists that inhibit substance P have been approved for delayed N/V, a study was conducted before their availability to assess dronabinol, ondansetron, or their combination in preventing delayed-onset chemotherapy-induced N/V.[34] Ondansetron, a serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist, is one of the mainstay agents in the current antiemetic armamentarium.  In this trial, the primary objective was to assess the response 2 to 5 days after moderately to severely emetogenic chemotherapy.  Sixty-one patients were analyzed for efficacy.  The total response–a composite endpoint–including nausea intensity, vomiting/retching, and use of rescue medications, was similar with dronabinol (54%), ondansetron (58%), and combination therapy (47%) when compared with placebo (20%).  Nausea absence was greater in the active treatment groups (dronabinol 71%, ondansetron 64%, combination therapy 53%) when compared with placebo (15%; P < .05 vs. placebo for all).  Occurrence rates for nausea intensity and vomiting/retching episodes were the lowest in patients treated with dronabinol, suggesting that dronabinol compares favorably with ondansetron in this situation where a substance P inhibitor would currently be the drug of choice. 
No medication seemed to provide a great deal of relief for Harper’s symptoms.  But in 2013, three years after their trip to Boston, Penny and Dustin caught an installment of CNN’s medical marijuana documentary and began researching what they could obtain in Texas, where medical marijuana is illegal.  Their internet searches soon led them to HempMedsPx and Real Scientific Hemp Oil.  The company sent Penny a vial of hemp oil, which she administered to Harper that September. 
Rather than keeping people out of the industry, Money thinks regulators should focus on helping farmers sell their products: for example, by connecting them with the "biomass brokers" who deal in the fibers, stalks, and seed matter produced by industrial hemp. " What I'm finding is that a lot of farmers in Wisconsin don't know what to do with their products," she said. " We tried to get a list of licensed farmers to help connect them with brokers, but the state wouldn't release that list." 
Canabidol™ Oral Capsules deliver 100% Cannabis Sativa L. from specifically bred industrial hemp plants containing high potency Cannabidiol.  Each CBD capsule contains all the Cannabinoids, terpenoids, essential oils and all the other compounds of the cannabis plant.  A packet of 30 capsules contains 15,000mg of Cannabis Sativa L. and 300mg of CBD (Cannabidiol) Each capsule contains 500mg of Cannabis Sativa L. and 10mg of the active ingredient CBD
An analysis of 84,170 participants in the California Men’s Health Study was performed to investigate the association between Cannabis use and the incidence of bladder cancer.  During 16 years of follow-up, 89 Cannabis users (0.3%) developed bladder cancer compared with 190 (0.4%) of the men who did not report Cannabis use (P < .001).  After adjusting for age, race, ethnicity, and body mass index, Cannabis use was associated with a 45% reduction in bladder cancer incidence (hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.33–1.00).[16]
Yet when one looks at the industry more broadly, there is cause for concern.  In February, as part of an investigation into the marketing claims of six hemp oil companies, the FDA analyzed 18 CBD products.  What it found was disturbing: Many of these supposed CBD products were entirely lacking in CBD.  Of the products tested, six contained no cannabinoids whatsoever.  Another 11 contained less than 1 percent CBD.  The product that tested highest in CBD, at 2.6 percent, was a capsule for dogs.  In states that have legalized CBD, regulations can require CBD products to contain at least 5 percent CBD, more often 10 or 15 percent. 
Hernandez said interactions between FDA-approved pharmaceuticals and CBD oils are a serious concern. “ What we’ve found so far is that [CBD] can actually affect the levels of some of your epilepsy medications,” Hernandez told me.  The diarrhea and vomiting associated with CBD oil ingestion can lower the levels of other drugs in patients’ bloodstreams, while the way the body absorbs CBD can raise the levels of certain medications. 
The edible seeds contain about 30 percent oil and are a source of protein, fibre, and magnesium.  Shelled hemp seeds, sometimes called hemp hearts, are sold as a health food and may be eaten raw; they are commonly sprinkled on salads or blended with fruit smoothies.  Hemp seed milk is used as an alternative to dairy milk in drinks and recipes.  The oil obtained from hemp seed can be used to make paints, varnishes, soaps, and edible oil with a low smoke point.  Historically, the seed’s chief commercial use has been for caged-bird feed. 

Cannabis is first referred to in Hindu Vedas between 2000 and 1400 BCE, in the Atharvaveda.  By the 10th century CE, it has been suggested that it was referred to by some in India as "food of the gods".[115] Cannabis use eventually became a ritual part of the Hindu festival of Holi.  One of the earliest to use this plant in medical purposes was Korakkar, one of the 18 Siddhas.[116][117] The plant is called Korakkar Mooli in the Tamil language, meaning Korakkar's herb.[118][119]

It has been contended that hemp is notably superior to most crops in terms of biomass production, but van der Werf (1994b) noted that the annual dry matter yield of hemp (rarely approaching 20 t/ha) is not exceptional compared to maize, beet, or potato.  Nevertheless, hemp has been rated on a variety of criteria as one of the best crops available to produce energy in Europe (Biewinga and van der Bijl 1996).  Hemp, especially the hurds, can be burned as is or processed into charcoal, methanol, methane, or gasoline through pyrolysis (destructive distillation).  As with maize, hemp can also be used to create ethanol.  However, hemp for such biomass purposes is a doubtful venture in North America.  Conversion of hemp biomass into fuel or alcohol is impractical on this continent, where there are abundant supplies of wood, and energy can be produced relatively cheaply from a variety of sources.  Mallik et al. ( 1990) studied the possibility of using hemp for “biogas” (i.e. methane) production, and concluded that it was unsuitable for this purpose.  Pinfold Consulting (1998) concluded that while there may be some potential for hemp biomass fuel near areas where hemp is cultivated, “a fuel ethanol industry is not expected to develop based on hemp.” 
Even without changes at the federal level, there are steps that states could take on their own to make the CBD market safer.  States with broad marijuana legality or CBD-only measures could mandate the calibration and regulation of testing labs, and use them to conduct safety testing.  They could fund research into the benefits, dosing, and drug interactions of CBD through their public university systems.  Medical boards could redouble efforts to educate physicians in what research exists regarding medical marijuana in all its incarnations, so that doctors are prepared to prescribe and manage these medications as they become available. 
In November 2015, Uttarakhand became the first state of India to legalize the cultivation of hemp for industrial purposes.[223] Usage within the Hindu and Buddhist cultures of the Indian subcontinent is common, with many street vendors in India openly selling products infused with cannabis, and traditional medical practitioners in Sri Lanka selling products infused with cannabis for recreational purposes and well as for religious celebrations.[224] It was criminalized in the Indian subcontinent by the Dutch and then the British.  India and Sri Lanka have allowed cannabis to be taken in the context of traditional culture for recreational/celebratory purposes and also for medicinal purposes.[224]

Cannabis is believed to be an aggravating factor in rare cases of arteritis, a serious condition that in some cases leads to amputation.  Because 97% of case-reports also smoked tobacco, a formal association with cannabis could not be made.  If cannabis arteritis turns out to be a distinct clinical entity, it might be the consequence of vasoconstrictor activity observed from delta-8-THC and delta-9-THC.[100] Other serious cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction, stroke,[101] sudden cardiac death, and cardiomyopathy have been reported to be temporally associated with cannabis use.  Research in these events is complicated because cannabis is often used in conjunction with tobacco, and drugs such as alcohol and cocaine.[102] These putative effects can be taken in context of a wide range of cardiovascular phenomena regulated by the endocannabinoid system and an overall role of cannabis in causing decreased peripheral resistance and increased cardiac output, which potentially could pose a threat to those with cardiovascular disease.[103] There is some evidence from case reports that cannabis use may provoke fatal cardiovascular events in young people who have not been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease.[78] Smoking cannabis has also been shown to increase the risk of myocardial infarction by 4.8 times for the 60 minutes after consumption.[104]
Cannabis is by far the most widely cultivated, trafficked and abused illicit drug.  Half of all drug seizures worldwide are cannabis seizures.  The geographical spread of those seizures is also global, covering practically every country of the world.  About 147 million people, 2.5% of the world population, consume cannabis (annual prevalence) compared with 0.2% consuming cocaine and 0.2% consuming opiates.  In the present decade, cannabis abuse has grown more rapidly than cocaine and opiate abuse.  The most rapid growth in cannabis abuse since the 1960s has been in developed countries in North America, Western Europe and Australia.  Cannabis has become more closely linked to youth culture and the age of initiation is usually lower than for other drugs.  An analysis of cannabis markets shows that low prices coincide with high levels of abuse, and vice versa.  Cannabis appears to be price-inelastic in the short term, but fairly elastic over the longer term.  Though the number of cannabis consumers is greater than opiate and cocaine consumers, the lower prices of cannabis mean that, in economic terms, the cannabis market is much smaller than the opiate or cocaine market. 
Medical reviews published in 2017 and 2018 incorporating numerous clinical trials concluded that cannabidiol is an effective treatment for certain types of childhood epilepsy.[19][20] An orally administered cannabidiol solution (brand name Epidiolex) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in June 2018 as a treatment for two rare forms of childhood epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome.[13]
Short-term use increases both minor and major adverse effects.[103] Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, and hallucinations.[103] Long-term effects of cannabis are not clear.[105] Concerns including memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in young people, and the risk of children taking it by accident.[102]
Cannabis drug preparations have been employed medicinally in folk medicine since antiquity, and were extensively used in western medicine between the middle of the 19th century and World War II, particularly as a substitute for opiates (Mikuriya 1969).  A bottle of commercial medicinal extract is shown in Fig.  41.  Medical use declined with the introduction of synthetic analgesics and sedatives, and there is very limited authorized medical use today, but considerable unauthorized use, including so-called “compassion clubs” dispensing marijuana to gravely ill people, which has led to a momentous societal and scientific debate regarding the wisdom of employing cannabis drugs medically, given the illicit status.  There is anecdotal evidence that cannabis drugs are useful for: alleviating nausea, vomiting, and anorexia following radiation therapy and chemotherapy; as an appetite stimulant for AIDS patients; for relieving the tremors of multiple sclerosis and epilepsy; and for pain relief, glaucoma, asthma, and other ailments [see Mechoulam and Hanus (1997) for an authoritative medical review, and Pate (1995) for a guide to the medical literature].  To date, governmental authorities in the US, on the advice of medical experts, have consistently rejected the authorization of medical use of marijuana except in a handful of cases.  However, in the UK medicinal marijuana is presently being produced sufficient to supply thousands of patients, and Canada recently authorized the cultivation of medicinal marijuana for compassionate dispensation, as well as for a renewed effort at medical evaluation. 
Hemp, Canabis sativa is a plant originally from central Asia.  It was cultivated with, and sometimes in place of flax because the stem fibers are similar.  By the seventeenth century, Russia, Latvia, and other countries around the Baltic Sea were the major producers of hemp.  It was from these areas Britain obtained its supply.  However, during periods of military hostilities, the English had trouble acquiring enough hemp. 
In addition to acting on the brain, CBD influences many body processes.  That’s due to the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which was discovered in the 1990s, after scientists started investigating why pot produces a high.  Although much less well-known than the cardiovascular, reproductive, and respiratory systems, the ECS is critical. “ The ECS helps us eat, sleep, relax, forget what we don’t need to remember, and protect our bodies from harm,” Marcu says.  There are more ECS receptors in the brain than there are for opioids or serotonin, plus others in the intestines, liver, pancreas, ovaries, bone cells, and elsewhere. 
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The question of whether heteromorphic sex chromosomes are indeed present is most conveniently answered if such chromosomes were clearly visible in a karyotype.  Cannabis was one of the first plant species to be karyotyped; however, this was in a period when karyotype preparation was primitive by modern standards (see History of Cytogenetics).  Heteromorphic sex chromosomes were reported to occur in staminate individuals of dioecious "Kentucky" hemp, but were not found in pistillate individuals of the same variety.  Dioecious "Kentucky" hemp was assumed to use an XY mechanism.  Heterosomes were not observed in analyzed individuals of monoecious "Kentucky" hemp, nor in an unidentified German cultivar.  These varieties were assumed to have sex chromosome composition XX.[31] According to other researchers, no modern karyotype of Cannabis had been published as of 1996.[32] Proponents of the XY system state that Y chromosome is slightly larger than the X, but difficult to differentiate cytologically.[33]
Since the beginning of the 20th century, most countries have enacted laws against the cultivation, possession or transfer of cannabis.[209] These laws have impacted adversely on cannabis cultivation for non-recreational purposes, but there are many regions where handling of cannabis is legal or licensed.  Many jurisdictions have lessened the penalties for possession of small quantities of cannabis so that it is punished by confiscation and sometimes a fine, rather than imprisonment, focusing more on those who traffic the drug on the black market. 
For kids with severe forms of epilepsy, changes in medication levels can be extremely dangerous. “ If their levels go low, they’re at increased risk of seizures, which could lead to an emergency room visit or an ICU stay,” Knupp said. “ On the other hand, if their levels go high, their side effects can increase dramatically.”  Side effects from epilepsy medications can range anywhere from drowsiness to vomiting to heart arrhythmia, Knupp noted. “ For some people that could mean a minor inconvenience, but for some patients it could be life-threatening.” 

Figuring out how much CBD oil to take can feel like trying to navigate through a complicated maze.  The sheer volume of CBD brands on the market can create confusion for consumers, and when you take a closer look, it’s not difficult to understand why.  Not only do vendors use different source materials (CBD-rich cannabis vs. industrial hemp, different strains, etc.),  but they also implement different extraction techniques . 
A short-term Advisory Board has been appointed to serve through the development of the rules and regulations.  The rules and regulations themselves will identify the guidelines for formation of the Advisory Board, so upon adoption of the rules and regulations an Advisory Board will be created which will continue on a regular basis beyond that point. 
You then take your first drop of CBD oil, wait 45 minutes, then ask the questions again.  If you feel no different and there’s no change in the way you answer those questions, you increase the dose by small increments until you do notice a difference.  You can continue this process over several days – and at some point, you’ll find that taking more doesn’t change your scores.  That is your minimum effective dose. 
In 2015, almost half of the people in the United States had tried marijuana, 12% had used it in the past year, and 7.3% had used it in the past month.[31] In 2014, daily marijuana use amongst US college students had reached its highest level since records began in 1980, rising from 3.5% in 2007 to 5.9% in 2014 and had surpassed daily cigarette use.[239]

Still, as the saying goes, absence of evidence isn’t necessarily evidence of absence, and there’s a reason we don’t have a ton of solid research on CBDs yet — “to study it, we need a good source, ” said Ziva Cooper, who is an associate professor at Columbia University and was on the National Academies committee.  CBD is hard to get because it’s still technically a Schedule I drug, which limits its availability, Cooper said. 

In 2014, I founded New Frontier Data, an analytics and business intelligence reporting group dedicated to the global cannabis industry, after more than 20 years in finance, industry analytics, intelligence reporting and emerging markets.  As such, I have had the privilege of following hemp’s emergence and evolution.  Half a decade later, this robust, environmentally friendly, low -cost-to-produce plant has become one of the most diversely applied and globally significant natural resources in the world.  Here is a look at its applications across several mature industries:
In Western Europe, the cultivation of hemp was not legally banned by the 1930s, but the commercial cultivation stopped by then, due to decreased demand compared to increasingly popular artificial fibers.[141] Speculation about the potential for commercial cultivation of hemp in large quantities has been criticized due to successful competition from other fibers for many products.  The world production of hemp fiber fell from over 300,000 metric tons 1961 to about 75,000 metric tons in the early 1990s and has after that been stable at that level.[142]
Jump up ^ Fusar-Poli, Paolo; Crippa, José A.; Bhattacharyya, Sagnik; Borgwardt, Stefan J.; Allen, Paul; Martin-Santos, Rocio; Seal, Marc; Surguladze, Simon A.; O'Carrol, Colin; Atakan, Zerrin; Zuardi, Antonio W.; McGuire, Philip K. (2009). " Distinct Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Neural Activation During Emotional Processing".  Archives of General Psychiatry.  66 (1): 95–105.  doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.519.  PMID 19124693. 
Fig.  11.  Frequency histograms of THC concentration in germplasm collections.  Left, collection of E. Small and D. Marcus; of the 167 accessions, 43% had THC levels >0.3%.  Right, the collection of the Vavilov Institute, St. Petersburg; of the 278 accessions for which chemical analyses were reported in Anonymous (1975), about 55% had THC levels >0.3%. 
Cannabis smoke contains thousands of organic and inorganic chemical compounds.  This tar is chemically similar to that found in tobacco smoke,[88] and over fifty known carcinogens have been identified in cannabis smoke,[89] including; nitrosamines, reactive aldehydes, and polycylic hydrocarbons, including benz[a]pyrene.[90] Cannabis smoke is also inhaled more deeply than is tobacco smoke.[91] As of 2015, there is no consensus regarding whether cannabis smoking is associated with an increased risk of cancer.[92] Light and moderate use of cannabis is not believed to increase risk of lung or upper airway cancer.  Evidence for causing these cancers is mixed concerning heavy, long-term use.  In general there are far lower risks of pulmonary complications for regular cannabis smokers when compared with those of tobacco.[93] A 2015 review found an association between cannabis use and the development of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), particularly non-seminoma TGCTs.[94] A 2015 analysis of six studies found little evidence that long-term or regular cannabis smoking was associated with lung cancer risk, though it could not rule out whether an association with heavy smoking exists.[95] Another 2015 meta-analysis found no association between lifetime cannabis use and risk of head or neck cancer.[96] Combustion products are not present when using a vaporizer, consuming THC in pill form, or consuming cannabis foods.[97]

Cannabis research suggests medical marijuana could become an effective treatment for diabetic neuropathy.  Diabetic neuropathy is a debilitating and sometimes fatal condition caused by diabetes.  Diabetics suffer from high blood sugar due to insulin resistance, and this damages nerve cells in the body, causing severe pain.  Patients who consumed THC as part of a study found they experienced less pain.  Findings are not definitive, however, and further research into cannabis as a treatment for diabetes and associated symptoms is required. 

By the 1930s, marijuana was banned in 24 states.  The newly minted Federal Bureau of Narcotics launched a campaign against the drug, and newspapers fueled hysteria with headlines like the 1933 Los Angeles Examiner's "Murder Weed Found Up and Down the Coast — Deadly Marihuana Dope Plant Ready for Harvest That Means Enslavement of California Children."  By 1937, Congress passed the Marihuana Tax Act, which effectively banned marijuana except for a few medicinal purposes, according to "Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana – Medical, Recreational and Legal" (Scribner, 2012). 

In the past few years, just such a cure has seemingly presented itself.  Amid the less common remedies that can be found on the internet—special diets, meditation, biofeedback, surgical implants—a new product has recently gained prominence: CBD oil (sometimes known simply as “hemp oil”), so named for its chief chemical compound, cannabidiol, which occurs naturally in cannabis plants.  In online forums and news articles, CBD has been hailed as a new frontier in epilepsy treatment, with parents testifying that it managed to stop their children’s seizures when nothing else could. 

Molecular analytical techniques developed in the late 20th century are being applied to questions of taxonomic classification.  This has resulted in many reclassifications based on evolutionary systematics.  Several studies of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and other types of genetic markers have been conducted on drug and fiber strains of Cannabis, primarily for plant breeding and forensic purposes.[73][74][24][75][76] Dutch Cannabis researcher E.P.M. de Meijer and coworkers described some of their RAPD studies as showing an "extremely high" degree of genetic polymorphism between and within populations, suggesting a high degree of potential variation for selection, even in heavily selected hemp cultivars.[36] They also commented that these analyses confirm the continuity of the Cannabis gene pool throughout the studied accessions, and provide further confirmation that the genus consists of a single species, although theirs was not a systematic study per se. 
Buying online is less reliable still because there’s no regulation or standardization.  What you see on the label may not be what you are getting.  A 2017 study in JAMA found that of the 84 CBD products researchers bought online, 43% had more CBD than indicated, while 26% had less, and some had unexpected THC. “ There’s a 75% chance of getting a product where the CBD is mislabeled,” says Marcu, one of the study’s coauthors. 
The dosages mentioned do not take into account the strength of the tincture.  I have Elixinol 300, I took 1/2 dropper (0.5ml, which offers 5mg of CBD) as indicated on the bottle and felt severely nauseous for 3 hours thereafter.  There is no way I cold take this dose twice per day, as recommended on the bottle.  The high dosages on this site must surely be for much weaker concentrations? 

Cooper recently got funding from the National Institutes of Health for a study looking at cannabinoids — including CBD in isolation — as a substitute for opioids, and numerous other clinical trials of CBD are underway.  It will be several years before results are available, but these studies should help clarify both what benefits the substance may provide and any side effects it may come with.  Most of the adverse effects so far associated with cannabis, such as impairments in short-term memory, coordination and judgment,2 come from products that contain THC as well as CBD, Cooper said, but we need to do more studies to find out for sure whether CBD has fewer risks.  Studies are also needed to identify the best way to administer and dose CBD. “ I get emails from people asking me what dose of CBD to use, and the truth is, we really don’t know,” Cooper said. 

Cannabis lowers the pressure in the eye that causes optic nerve damage leading to glaucoma.  Research has shown conclusively that marijuana users experience lower internal eye pressure while the body metabolizes THC.  However, the psychoactive side effects of using THC to treat glaucoma make cannabis a nonviable medication for most people with the disease. 

Our award-winning support staff, experienced cultivators, and network of healthcare practitioners are here to help remove barriers to medical cannabis.  We’re honoured to be part of a movement that’s helping Canadians across the country access their medicine; and as we grow we will continue to provide patients with reliable access to safe, consistent, and effective medical cannabis. 

This law provides a framework for commercial industrial hemp production in Montana following approval by the federal government.  Provisions added to the 2014 Farm Bill (Section 7606) defined industrial hemp under federal law and recognized state agricultural departments' authority to develop research pilot programs to study the growth, cultivation, and/or marketing of industrial hemp. 
The applicant, including all corporate officers, must be fingerprinted at a law enforcement agency.  The law enforcement agency, not the applicant, must send the fingerprint sheet to the Department (80-18-103, MCA).  Most local law enforcement offices provide fingerprinting services.  The completed application and copy of the law enforcement submitted fingerprints will be submitted for DEA review and approval.  The DEA may place additional requirements on the Department or the applicant for participation or continuation of the program.  At the end of the licensure, program participants must submit an agricultural/agronomic report regarding their experience with their hemp crop.  The report shall include the approximate yield in pounds per acre and the method used to devitalize the seed.  All seed must be devitalized after harvest and no seed production for future planting is allowed under the Montana Industrial Hemp Pilot Program. 

Many animal studies have previously demonstrated that delta-9-THC and other cannabinoids have a stimulatory effect on appetite and increase food intake.  It is believed that the endogenous cannabinoid system may serve as a regulator of feeding behavior.  The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide potently enhances appetite in mice.[39] Moreover, CB1 receptors in the hypothalamus may be involved in the motivational or reward aspects of eating.[40]

As a result of intensive selection in cultivation, Cannabis exhibits many sexual phenotypes that can be described in terms of the ratio of female to male flowers occurring in the individual, or typical in the cultivar.[27] Dioecious varieties are preferred for drug production, where the female flowers are used.  Dioecious varieties are also preferred for textile fiber production, whereas monoecious varieties are preferred for pulp and paper production.  It has been suggested that the presence of monoecy can be used to differentiate licit crops of monoecious hemp from illicit drug crops.[21] However, sativa strains often produce monoecious individuals, probably as a result of inbreeding. 

Lewis has even built his own machine to process the hemp.  Using a Patagonia grant, he created a piece of equipment called a “break”, which incorporates design details borrowed from early European flax roller breaks.  Lewis’s invention is a one-of-a-kind machine.  It works by separating the hemp’s woody core from the fibers which are used in textiles.  According to Lewis, the highest quantity of finished hemp fiber processed in a day using the machine is around 60lbs – which means about 600lbs of raw material.  A newer version of the break, which Lewis is currently working on, will have a capacity to produce about 2000lbs per day of raw material. 
I have had several neurological conditions like Bells Palsy three times, double vision, paralysis of left side of tongue.  I have a lot of relief whenever I have pain by taking an inflamattory drug etoshine90 mg.  Presently I have started taking Steroids for my facial palsy.  The various pains I was having on the left side of neck, below the left ear, dizziness, pain around the head have subsided immidiately after the first dose of prendisolone 60 mg. I have read that CBD hemp oil can be useful for my condition of neurological and inflammation issues.  My question is what concentrate (mg) of the oil should I take and for how long.  Any brand that you may suggest that are available in the UK.  Thank you. 
Cultivated industrial hemp plants usually consist of a spindly main stalk covered with leaves.  Considered a low-maintenance crop, hemp plants typically reach between 6 to 15 feet in height.  Depending on the purpose, variety and climatic conditions, the period between planting and harvesting ranges from 70 to 140 days.  One acre of hemp can yield an average of 700 pounds of grain, which in turn can be pressed into about 22 gallons of oil and 530 pounds of meal.  The same acre will also produce an average of 5,300 pounds of straw, which can be transformed into approximately 1,300 pounds of fiber. 
The leaves, stems, flower buds and extracts from the marijuana plant can be eaten, brewed in a tea or put into a tincture.  It can also be vaporized using an e-cigarette pen.  Yale University researchers surveyed 3,847 Connecticut high school students about this practice in a 2015 study that was published in the journal Pediatrics.  The study found nearly one in five e-cigarette users also have vaporize cannabis or byproducts like hash oil using the device. 
One of the reasons hemp fiber has been valued is because of its length.  The primary bast fibers in the bark are 5–40 mm long, and are amalgamated in fiber bundles which can be 1–5 m long (secondary bast fibers are about 2 mm long).  The woody core fibers are short—about 0.55 mm—and like hardwood fibers are cemented together with considerable lignin.  The core fibers are generally considered too short for high grade paper applications (a length of 3 mm is considered ideal), and too much lignin is present.  While the long bast fibers have been used to make paper almost for 2 millennia, the woody core fibers have rarely been so used.  Nevertheless it has been suggested that the core fibers could be used for paper making, providing appropriate technology was developed (de Groot et al.  1998).  In any event, the core fibers, have found a variety of uses, as detailed below.  The long, lignin-poor bast fibers also have considerable potential to be used in many non-paper, non-textile applications, as noted below. 

More recently, Sakamoto and various co-authors[34][35] have used RAPD to isolate several genetic marker sequences that they name Male-Associated DNA in Cannabis (MADC), and which they interpret as indirect evidence of a male chromosome.  Several other research groups have reported identification of male-associated markers using RAPD and AFLP.[36][24][37] Ainsworth commented on these findings, stating,

“Hemp is of high nutritional quality because it contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids… Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are the only two fatty acids that must be ingested and are considered essential to human health … In contrast to shorter-chain and more saturated fatty acids, these essential fatty acids do not serve as energy sources, but as raw materials for cell structure and as precursors for biosynthesis for many of the body’s regulatory biochemicals…”