Effects of different loading patterns on the trabecular bone morphology of the proximal femur using adaptive bone remodeling. 
In this study, the changes in the bone density of human femur model as a result of different loadings were investigated.  The model initially consisted of a solid shell representing cortical bone encompassing a cubical network of interconnected rods representing trabecular bone.  A computationally efficient program was developed that iteratively changed the structure of trabecular bone by keeping the local stress in the structure within a defined stress range.  The stress was controlled by either enhancing existing beam elements or removing beams from the initial trabecular frame structure.  Analyses were performed for two cases of homogenous isotropic and transversely isotropic beams. Trabecular bone structure was obtained for three load cases: walking, stair climbing and stumbling without falling.  The results indicate that trabecular bone tissue material properties do not have a significant effect on the converged structure of trabecular bone.  In addition, as the magnitude of the loads increase, the internal structure becomes denser in critical zones.  Loading associated with the stumbling results in the highest density;whereas walking, considered as a routine daily activity, results in the least internal density in different regions.  Furthermore, bone volume fraction at the critical regions of the converged structure is in good agreement with previously measured data obtained from combinations of dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and computed tomography (CT).  The results indicate that the converged bone architecture consisting of rods and plates are consistent with the natural bone morphology of the femur.  The proposed model shows a promising means to understand the effects of different individual loading patterns on the bone density.