Design of a Three-Dimensional-Printed Surgical Glove for Minimal-Incision Podiatric Surgery. 
Precision in minimal-incision surgery allows surgeons to achieve accurate osteotomies and patients to avoid risks.  Herein, a surgical guide for the foot is designed and validated in vitro using resin foot models for hallux abducto valgus surgery.  Three individuals with different experience levels (an undergraduate student, a master's student, and an experienced podiatric physician) performed an Akin osteotomy, a Reverdin osteotomy, and a basal osteotomy of the first metatarsal.  The average measurements of each osteotomy and the angle of the basal osteotomy do not reveal significant differences among the three surgeons.  A shorter deviation from the planned measurements has been observed in variables corresponding to the Akin osteotomy (the maximum deviation in the measurement of the distance from the proximal medial end of the Akin osteotomy to the first metatarsophalangeal joint interline was 1.67 mm, and the maximum deviation from the proximal lateral end of the Akin osteotomy to the first metatarsophalangeal joint interline was 1.00 mm).  As for the Reverdin osteotomies, the maximum deviations in the measurement of the distance from the proximal medial end of the osteotomy to the first metatarsophalangeal joint interline were 3.60 and 3.53 mm in the expert and undergraduate surgeons, respectively.  All of the osteotomies were precise among the groups, reducing the learning curve to the maximum.  The three-dimensional-printed prototype has been proven effective in guiding surgeons to perform different types of osteotomies.  Minimal deviations from the predefined osteotomies were found among the three surgeons.