Early alcoholic liver injury: formation of protein adducts with acetaldehyde and lipid peroxidation products, and expression of CYP2E1 and CYP3A.
The formation of protein adducts with reactive aldehydes resulting from ethanol metabolism and lipid peroxidation has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury.  To gain further insight on the contribution of such aldehydes in alcoholic liver disease, we have compared the appearance of acetaldehyde, malondialdehyde, and 4-hydroxynonenal adducts with the expression of cytochrome P-450IIE1, and cytochrome P-4503A enzymes in the liver of rats fed alcohol with a high-fat diet for 2 to 4 weeks according to the Tsukamoto-French procedure and in control rats (high-fat liquid diet or no treatment).  Urine alcohol and serum aminotransferase levels were recorded, and the liver pathology was scored from 0 to 10 according to the presence of steatosis, inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.  The ethanol treatment resulted in the accumulation of fat, mild necrosis and inflammation, and a mean liver pathology score of 3 (range: 1 to 5).  Liver specimens from the ethanol-fed animals with early alcohol-induced liver injury were found to contain perivenular, hepatocellular acetaldehyde adducts.  Malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal adducts were also present showing a more diffuse staining pattern with occasional sinusoidal reactions.  In the control animals, a faint positive reaction for the hydroxynonenal adduct occurred in some of the animals fed the high fat diet, whereas no specific staining was observed in the livers from the animals receiving no treatment.  Expression of both CYP2E1 and CYP3A correlated with the amount of protein adducts in the liver of alcohol-treated rats.  Distinct CYP2E1-positive immunohistochemistry was seen in 3 of 7 of the ethanol-fed animals.  In 5 of 7 of the ethanol-fed animals, the staining intensities for CYP3A markedly exceeded those obtained from the controls.  The present findings indicate that acetaldehyde and lipid peroxidation-derived adducts are generated in the early phase of alcohol-induced liver disease.  The formation of protein adducts appears to be accompanied by induction of both CYP2E1 and CYP3A.