Distribution and regional stressor-induced regulation of corticotrophin-releasing factor binding protein in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 
The corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) system plays a key role in the co-ordination of the physiological response to stress in vertebrates.  Although the binding protein (BP) for CRF-related peptides, CRF-BP, is an important player in the many functions of the CRF system, the distribution of CRF-BP and the impact of stressors on its expression in fish are poorly understood.  In the present study, we describe the distribution of CRF-BP in the brain and peripheral tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using a combination of real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry.  Our results indicate a widespread and highly localised distribution of CRF-BP in the central nervous system, but do not support a significant peripheral production of the protein.  Major expression sites in the brain include the area ventralis telencephali, nucleus preopticus, anterior and lateral tuberal nuclei, and the posterior region of the pituitary pars distalis.  We further characterise changes in CRF-BP gene expression in three discrete brain regions after exposure to 8 h and 24 h of social stress or hypoxia.  The plasma cortisol concentration in subordinate fish was much higher than in dominant fish and controls, and was indicative of a relatively severe stressor.  By contrast, the increase in plasma cortisol concentration in fish exposed to hypoxia was characteristic of the response to a mild stressor.  Changes in CRF-BP gene expression were only observed after 24 h of either stressor, and were region-specific.  CRF-BP mRNA in the telencephalon increased in both subordinate fish and fish exposed to hypoxia, but CRF-BP in the preoptic area only increased after 24 h of hypoxia exposure.  In the hypothalamus, CRF-BP mRNA levels decreased in dominant fish relative to controls after 24 h. Taken together, our results support a diverse role for CRF-BP in the central actions of the fish CRF system, but a negligible role in the peripheral functions of circulating CRF-related peptides.  Furthermore, the differential changes in forebrain CRF-BP mRNA appear to occur independently of the hypothalamic-pituitary-inter-renal axis.