Entity integrity

Entity integrity is concerned with ensuring that each row of a table has a unique and non-null primary key value; this is the same as saying that each row in a table represents a single instance of the entity type modelled by the table.  A requirement of E. F. Codd in his seminal paper is that a primary key of an entity, or any part of it, can never take a null value. 
The relational model states that every relation (or table) must have an identifier, called the primary key (abbreviated PK), in such a way that every row of the same relation be identifiable by its content, that is, by a unique and minimal value.  The PK is a not empty set of attributes (or columns).  The same format applies to the foreign key (abbreviated FK) because each FK matches a preexistent PK.  Each of attributes being part of a PK (or of a FK) must have data values (such as numbers, letters or typographic symbols) but not data marks (also known as NULL marks in SQL world).  
Morphologically, a composite primary key is in a "steady state": If it is reduced, PK will lose its property of identifying every row of its relation but if it is extended, PK will be redundant. 

See also
Domain integrity
Referential integrity
Null (SQL)

References

Category:Data modeling
Category:Data quality