Effect of co-combustion on the burnout of lignite/biomass blends: a Turkish case study. 
Co-combustion of Turkish Elbistan lignite and woody shells of hazelnut was performed in a TGA up to 1173 K with a heating rate of 20 K/min.  SEM images of each fuel revealed the differences in their physical appearances.  Hazelnut shell was blended with lignite in the range of 2-20 wt% to observe the co-combustion properties.  Maximum burning rates (Rmax), temperatures of the maximum burning rates (T(R-max)), and the final burnout values of the parent samples and the blends were compared.  The results were interpreted considering lignite properties and the major biomass ingredients such as cellulosics, hemicellulosics, and lignin.  Deviations between the theoretical and experimental burnout values were evaluated at various temperatures.  Burnout characteristics of the blends up to 10 wt% were concluded to have a synergistic effect so the addition of hazelnut shell up to 8 wt% provided higher burnouts than the expected theoretical ones, whereas addition of as much as 10 wt% led to a decrease in the burnout.  However, the additive effects were more favorable for the blend having a biomass content of 20 wt%.  Apparent activation energy, Rmax, and T(R-max), were found to follow the additive behavior for the blend samples.