The Night Gwen Stacy Died

"The Night Gwen Stacy Died" is a story arc of the Marvel Comics comic book series The Amazing Spider-Man #121–122 (June–July 1973), that became a watershed event in the life of the superhero Spider-Man, one of popular culture's most enduring and recognizable fictional characters.  The two-issue story, written by Gerry Conway, with pencil art by Gil Kane and inking by John Romita Sr.  and Tony Mortellaro, features Spider-Man's fight against his nemesis, the Green Goblin.  The Green Goblin abducts Spider-Man's girlfriend Gwen Stacy, and she is killed during the battle. 

Plot

Prior to this arc, Norman Osborn had been the Green Goblin, but due to amnesia, he had suspended his identity as the supervillain and forgotten that Spider-Man is Peter Parker.  Also, Harry Osborn, Parker's best friend and Norman's son, became addicted to drugs and was sequestered in the Osborn home for detoxification.  Norman's parental grief, combined with financial pressure, triggered a breakdown resulting in Norman Osborn remembering his Goblin identity and again targeting Spider-Man and his loved ones for misery. 

The Green Goblin abducts Peter's girlfriend, Gwen Stacy, and lures Spider-Man to a tower of either the Brooklyn Bridge (as depicted in the art) or the George Washington Bridge (as given in the text).  The Goblin and Spider-Man clash, and the Goblin hurls Stacy off the bridge.  Spider-Man shoots a web strand at her legs and catches her.  As he pulls her up, he thinks he has saved her, however he quickly realizes she is dead.  Unsure whether her neck was broken by the whiplash from her sudden stop or had been already broken by the Goblin prior to her fall, he blames himself for her death.  A note on the letters page of The Amazing Spider-Man #125 states: "It saddens us to say that the whiplash effect she underwent when Spidey's webbing stopped her so suddenly was, in fact, what killed her." 

The Green Goblin escapes, and Spider-Man cries over Stacy's corpse and swears revenge.  The following issue, Spider-Man tracks the Green Goblin to a warehouse and beats him but cannot bring himself to kill him.  The Goblin uses the opportunity to send his glider to  impale Spider-Man from behind.  Warned by his spider-sense, Spider-Man dodges, and the glider instead impales the Green Goblin, seemingly killing him.  Later, a devastated Parker, back at home, encounters an equally shocked and saddened Mary Jane Watson, who has lost a close friend with Gwen's death, and the two attempt to comfort each other in the wake of their loss. 

Significance
The death of Gwen Stacy shocked the American comic book community.  Previously, it had been unthinkable to kill off such an important character—the girlfriend of a protagonist with a large fanbase.  Generally, a superhero did not fail this disastrously unless it was part of his or her origin story.   This story arc has been proposed as a marker of the end of the Silver Age of Comic Books, and the beginning of the darker, grittier Bronze Age. 
The frequent tendency for the wives and girlfriends of male superheroes to meet grim fates was referred to as "The Gwen Stacy Syndrome" by the Comics Buyer's Guide. 
A fan poll conducted by Marvel Comics for their series The 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time voted The Amazing Spider-Man (vol.  1) #121 and 122 to be the 6th and 19th greatest issues of all time, respectively. 

Development

Behind the scenes
Inker John Romita Sr.  recalled in a 2015 interview how the character to be killed off for what became The Night Gwen Stacy Died was selected.  Romita and Amazing Spider-Man writer Gerry Conway were initially asked by the editors to kill off Aunt May. They organized a plot session at Conway's apartment and disagreed with killing Aunt May, opining that if she were to die, Peter would not have to worry about her anymore and be no longer treated as a child again, thus deciding to kill either Mary Jane Watson or Gwen Stacy.  Romita proposed to kill the latter as the former served as a comical character at the time, taking inspiration of the decisions to kill off character from Milton Caniff, author of the Terry and the Pirates and Steve Canyon comic strips. 

Stan Lee, co-creator of both Spider-Man and Gwen Stacy, was consulted by Conway, editor Roy Thomas and Romita about killing Gwen Stacy.  When asked about how he accepted the decision, Lee said: "... I was just getting ready to go to Europe on some sort of a business trip... to meet somebody to discuss something about Marvel.  And I think I wasn't thinking too clearly, because when they said, 'We'd like to kill Gwen Stacy,' I said, 'Well, if that's what you want to do, okay.'  All I wanted to do was get them out of the office so I could finish packing and get out of there. ...  and when I came back and found out that Gwen had been killed, I thought 'Why would they do that?  Why would Gerry write anything like that?'  And I had to be reminded later on that I had perhaps reluctantly or perhaps carelessly said 'Okay' when they asked me."  Conversely, Romita recalls that Lee was already out of the country when the decision was made and that they took a time to talk him into it, yet Lee remained very upset. 

In the comic book collection The 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time: #9-6 (Amazing Spider-Man #121 was the #6 comic), Conway explained that Gwen and Peter were a "perfect couple", but taking that relationship to the next level (i.e. marriage or at least Peter revealing his secret identity to her) would "betray everything that Spider-Man was about", i.e. personal tragedy and anguish as root of Peter's life as Spider-Man.  Killing Gwen Stacy was a perfect opportunity to kill two birds with one stone: breaking up the "unfitting" relationship and reinforcing the element of personal tragedy which was, in his opinion, the essence of Spider-Man. 

Bridge
The bridge in the original issue of Amazing Spider-Man #121 was stated in the text to be the George Washington Bridge.  The Pulse #4 (Sept. 2004) also states the bridge to be the George Washington Bridge. 

The art of The Amazing Spider-Man #121, however, depicts the Brooklyn Bridge.  Some reprints of the issue have had the text amended and now state the bridge to be the Brooklyn Bridge rather than the George Washington Bridge.  Titles supporting the Brooklyn Bridge include The Amazing Spider-Man #147-148 (1975), The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21 (1987), and Daredevil v. 2 #8 (2000).   In a television interview for the Travel Channel's Marvel Superheroes Guide to New York City (2004), Stan Lee said that the artist for the issue had drawn the Brooklyn Bridge, but that he (as editor) mistakenly labeled it the George Washington Bridge.  This was corrected in newer prints of the issue. 

Different bridges are depicted in subsequent adaptations of the storyline.  Mary Jane Watson was thrown off the Queensboro Bridge in both Ultimate Spider-Man #25 and the Spider-Man movie, while in Spider-Man: The Animated Series, Mary Jane is thrown off the George Washington Bridge. 

Cause of death

The comic features a "snap" sound effect next to Gwen Stacy's head in the panel in which Spider-Man's webbing catches her.  In The Amazing Spider-Man #125 (Oct. 1973), Marvel Comics editor Roy Thomas wrote in the letters column that "it saddens us to have to say that the whiplash effect she underwent when Spidey's webbing stopped her so suddenly was, in fact, what killed her.  In short, it was impossible for Peter to save her.  He couldn't have swung down in time; the action he did take resulted in her death; if he had done nothing, she still would certainly have perished.  There was no way out." 

In the History Channel special Spider-Man Tech, Stan Lee states that her neck was indeed snapped. 

Physicist and comic collector James Kakalios, in his book The Physics of Superheroes, states that in the real world, the whiplash effect would have killed her.  The comic book Civil War: Casualties of War: Captain America/Iron Man (2007) concurred that the proximate cause of death was the sudden stop during a high-speed fall.  An issue of Peter Parker: Spider-Man revisits the issue, and further confirms Gwen died of a broken neck due to the use of the webbing. 

For some time, however, fans speculated that the shock of the fall itself caused Gwen Stacy's death, due to the Green Goblin telling Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man #121, "Romantic idiot!  She was dead before your webbing reached her!  A fall from that height would kill anyone — before they struck the ground!"  In the 1987 edition of The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe, Gwen's death is attributed to the fall, not to Spider-Man's webbing.  In the fourth issue of Marvels, it was reported that she died from the shock of the fall, however Phil, a photographer and witness, is unsure about exactly what kills her. 

Replays
Several subsequent issues have echoed Gwen's death when others fell from great heights during Spider-Man's battles.  On most occasions, he saves them by jumping after them and working with their momentum, rather than trying to stop them with his webbing (as he did in the What If?  where he saves Gwen), most notably when he jumped off the same bridge to save Gwen's daughter, Sarah Stacy, around seven years after her death; due to accelerated aging caused by her Goblin-enhanced mutated body chemistry - Sarah's father being Norman Osborn after a brief affair between Gwen and Osborn - Sarah looks exactly like her mother. 

In another storyline, the Green Goblin once again replays the scenario, this time with Spider-Man's wife Mary Jane Watson-Parker.  As with Gwen, Mary Jane plummets toward her death (this time from the recoil from her gun when she shoots at the Green Goblin).  Learning from his previous error, Spider-Man uses multiple weblines and catches every major joint, saving Mary Jane from suffering the same whiplash effect that killed Gwen.  A similar event occurs when Spider-Man saves Anna Maria—the girlfriend of Otto Octavius during a time when he was in Spider-Man's body—when Green Goblin uses her as a hostage and throws her off a building after learning that his true enemy has returned, Peter reflecting as he catches Anna Maria that he has learned over time to catch every joint in moments like this to limit potential whiplash. 

During the Civil War, both Iron Man and Captain America cited Gwen as argument for their opinions on the Superhuman Registration Act.  Iron Man argued that if Spider-Man had received proper training as registered heroes were given, he would have saved her, while Captain America argued that Gwen was only in danger because the Goblin knew Spider-Man's identity, the Act requiring heroes to register their identities with the government. 

After Jane Foster becomes the new Valkyrie, she is reminded of how Spider-Man failed to save someone in a similar situation when she is forced to use her shape-shifting weapon to catch the fatally wounded Heimdall as he falls from a building after being attacked by Bullseye, and expresses concern that her actions have made Heimdall's wounds worse, but Heimdall gives no indication that he blames Jane for his death. 

Attempted resurrection
As John Romita Sr.  recalls, Stan Lee's initial reaction towards Gwen Stacy's death was negative because he thought that Romita, Conway and Thomas had done it behind his back and demanded them to bring her back immediately.  Thomas and Romita along with everyone else within the editorial, however, convinced him otherwise, stating that they couldn't do that because it would be an "embarrassing silliness", aside that it could ruin the emotional impact caused by her death. 

While developing the story for the ultimately criticized Spider-Man: One More Day storyline along with Brian Michael Bendis, Mark Millar, Ed Brubaker and Dan Slott; Joe Quesada and J. Michael Straczynski made plans to resurrect Gwen Stacy along with Harry Osborn, who had been killed in The Spectacular Spider-Man #200.   Numerous Marvel writers and editors, however, lobbied for Stacy to remain dead, forcing Quesada and Straczynski to discard their idea upon frustratingly realizing that they were outnumbered.  Among the changes to continuity going as far back as 1971, Straczynski's original script had, as a consequence of Mephisto erasing Spider-Man's and Mary Jane's marriage from reality, Gwen Stacy being restored to life as her death never happened as well her affair with Norman Osborn. 

What If? 
In a non-canonical parallel universe story in What If? # 24, Spider-Man saves Gwen by jumping after her rather than catching her with a web-line (in the same way he saved Mary Jane in the film), allowing him to cushion her from the impact as they hit the water and subsequently give her CPR.  In the aftermath of this rescue, he proposed to Gwen after revealing his secret identity to her, and, in a subsequent confrontation with the Green Goblin, Norman Osborn finally fought off his evil side when Harry moved to protect him regardless of what he'd become.  Their life, however, was not destined to be a happy one; to ensure his victory, the Goblin had sent J. Jonah Jameson proof of Spider-Man's real identity, which Jonah had subsequently published and used to acquire a warrant for Peter's arrest, thus forcing Peter to escape from the police mere moments after his wedding to Gwen.  As the issue ended, Gwen departed with Joe "Robbie" Robertson, who promised Gwen that they would do whatever they could to help Peter. 

Ultimate Gwen Stacy's death
In Ultimate Spider-Man, Gwen Stacy dies in a completely different way a few issues after she found out Spider-Man's secret identity.  Walking home after a talk with Mary Jane Watson, she realizes that she has forgotten her key so she tries to open the door to the cellar (Peter's lab) but that is locked too.  She hears rustling in the bushes so she turns around and is grabbed by small tentacles coming from Carnage, who kills her the same way it killed its other victims: by absorbing the life out of her.  The last thing Gwen sees before being turned into a mummy-like corpse is Carnage taking a more solid form of Peter's father due to Dr. Connors mixing his and Peter's DNA with elements of the Venom suit, which was made with Richard Parker's DNA. 

In Ultimate Spider-Man #128, Gwen was reintroduced to the series.  Carnage has recreated her body and her memories as essentially a clone.  After a battle with Venom, Carnage leaves Gwen to join with Eddie Brock.  Since this battle, Gwen has been completely rid of the Carnage symbiote and is now living with May Parker. 

Alternatively, in an earlier issue, Mary Jane was the one kidnapped by the Goblin and thrown off the bridge instead.  Unlike Gwen, Mary Jane survives the fall. 

In other media

Television
"The Night Gwen Stacy Died" was seen in Spider-Man: The Animated Series.  In the episode "Turning Point", the Green Goblin hurtled Mary Jane Watson off the bridge, but instead of dying, she falls through a portal, unseen to Peter Parker believing she has fallen and perished in the water below.  The episode's name is the same name of the first issue in "The Night Gwen Stacy Died" arc. 
"The Night Gwen Stacy Died" is somewhat reenacted in the Ultimate Spider-Man cartoon series.  Instead of Gwen Stacy, other female characters that have a connection to Spider-Man are the Green Goblin's would-be victims: White Tiger (Ava Ayala) in the episode "Ultimate", and Spider-Girl (Petra Parker) in the episode "The Spider-Verse (Part 1)". 

Films
"The Night Gwen Stacy Died" was adapted into the end of the 2002 Spider-Man film, with Mary Jane Watson again taking the role, although she did not die; Spider-Man managed to save her by jumping after her and catching her in person, subsequently battling the Green Goblin after lowering Mary Jane to safety, although Green Goblin dies similarly to how he did in the comics. 
"The Night Gwen Stacy Died" was loosely adapted in the 2014 film The Amazing Spider-Man 2.  The Green Goblin- here Harry Osborn rather than Norman- drops Gwen Stacy through the top of a clock tower.  Spider-Man saves her and knocks Green Goblin off of his glider.  The glider hits into the clock tower gears that Gwen is standing on, and she falls.  Spider-Man catches her again and she dangles below until the turning gears cut the web Gwen is hanging by.  Spider-Man dives, shooting a web in the shape of a hand to catch her.  She dies in a similar way to the comics.  When the web catches her, she is literally just above the ground and a cracking sound is heard, leaving the exact cause of death ambiguous as there is an equal chance that she was killed by the sudden stop or because she slightly struck the ground.  The clock stops at 1:21, a reference to the issue of the comic book in which Gwen died. 
In the 2019 film Happy Death Day 2U, one of Tree Gelbman's deaths is modelled after Gwen Stacy's death as depicted in The Amazing Spider-Man 2. 

See also

References

External links 
 

Category:Comics about revenge
Category:Comics about death
Category:Comics by Gerry Conway
Category:1973 in comics