Episode number four of scientist versus
scientist
in this episode we will discuss Werner
Heisenberg
and Ernest Rutherford first we will
discuss Werner Heisenberg
Werner Heisenberg was born in Wurzburg
Germany
on the 5th of December in 1901 his
father
was Kaspar Earnesta August Heisenberg and his mother
was Annie Wecklein both his parents
specialized in the study of Greek
culture
Werner Heisenberg also had an older
brother
named erwin Heisenberg as a young child
eisenberg took a very active interest in
playing the piano
and by the age of five was able to
memorize and play entire songs
however his piano lessons were
interrupted by his father's Greek
philology textbooks
which he perused daily his interests
slowly turned away from piano and into
the sciences
Werner and Erwin Heisenberg were raised in a strict but competitive
household as their family was in the
upper middle class
their father did not tolerate laziness
and treated both his sons
like he treated his students Werner and Erwin Heisenberg constantly competed to outdo
each other on assignments
particularly math and science assignments
given to Erwin in school
Werner also competed against himself in
sports
 and would train for hours every week to
improve his running
his passion for achieving personal goals
matured with them
into his later life and became a
significant part of how he tackled
problems
in both life and physics in 1910
Eisenberg's family moved to Munich after
his father received an appointment
to the only professorial chair in
Germany for Byzantine
philology in Munich Werner attended the
mats in millions gymnasium
a preparatory school headed by his
maternal grandfather
and that had been attended by max plank
Eisenberg's predecessor in the field of
quantum physics
the massive millions gymnasium took a
more traditional approach to its
education
and Werner was forced to study more
Greek and Latin and less mathematics and
physics
however when World War one started in
nineteen fourteen
the school turned its attentions towards
a sciences the word took its toll on the
Heisenberg
family in many ways one way being casper
hun Sen Byrd leaving to serve for the
Prussian army
the Maximilian gymnasium was also forced
to make cutbacks on many supplies
and one of the school's buildings was
turned into barracks for the Bavarian
troops
urban and Werner Heisenberg were
required to labor out in the fields to
sustain themselves and their mother
despite the efforts of the war Werner
Heisenberg completed his education
and even went beyond requirements learn
calculus at
age 16 eisenberg also led a youth group
focused on discussing current politics
enjoying this separation from the rest
of the world in talking about abstract
topics
the youth group had a significant impact
on Heisenberg's intellectual development
pushing into question traditional values
in to prove things for himself
when Werner was 18 he was planning on
studying mathematics
but decided instead on studying both
mathematics
in physics after talking to one of the
professors at the University of Munich
Arnold Summerfield while attending the
University of Munich
Summerfield became one of his professors
alone with Wilhelm wine
eisenberg also studied at the University
of Gottingen
under Matt's born James Frank and David
Hilbert
while studying at the University he got
to meet and work with the world came
Polly
when Heisenberg come to the University
of Munich
Summerfield had been working on
explaining light emitted by different
Adams
when given energy Adams would not admit
lead have every color on the spectrum
but only a select few colors furthermore
the late split into groups have lines
and then return to the normal spectrum
when exposed to a magnetic field this
phenomenon was known as the seam in
effect
after working for a year on the sea
minute that eisenberg proposed
a new atomic model that effectively
explains the minute that
however it also contradicted many
properties about UMS
that both Arnold Summerfield annuals or
had proposed earlier
and most scientists express just like
two words Heisenberg model
Werner Heisenberg centrist and physics
particularly quantum physics
was spurred by his meetings with Neil's
bore
Arnold Summerfield had known about
Heisenberg's interest
in Neil's boards lectures and had taken
him to abort festival
where poor give a series of lectures on
quantum physics
after the festival boren Heisenberg
discussed topics have both science and
philosophy
and blur became a mentor and close
friend to eisenberg
in 1923 eisenberg finished his
dissertation paper on the topic of
hydrodynamics
he also took oral exams and both
theoretical and experimental physics
well his dissertation was not bad the
results of his experimental physics is
Em's
shocked him and as professors
eisenberg was ill-prepared for the
questions on the exam
and could not use a significant number
of instruments key to answer any other
questions
is experimental physics professor was
unwilling to give eisenberg his degree
but after discussing it with another
professor he finally gave Heisenberg a
passing grade
combined with the stress of examinations
eisenberg also had to worry about the
political
and economical situation in Germany
inflation had been taking its toll on
German scientists
eisenberg included and many were seeking
help from america
at the time has amber that polished his
theory on this the minute that
and sent a copy to Neil's bore who
invited him to Copenhagen
during his time there eisenberg assisted
boy with teaching
at the University of Copenhagen and
worked on his own papers
one of the most important %uh pics
eisenberg work done well in Copenhagen
was his famous uncertainty principle
the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
states that for a given particle
a limited amount of knowledge can be
obtained the lotus position and velocity
as more knowledge is gained about 10
able less can be known about the other
this is attributed to the disturbance
when a particle is observed
similar to the observer at in the late
nineteen twenties and early nineteen
thirty's
eisenberg worked on atomic structure and
properties such as this model the
nucleus of an atom
in his explanation of ferromagnetism
with polly's exclusion principle
working with famous physicists such as
Albert Einstein
neil's blower John Slater and Hunter
kramer's
he developed the BKS theory on the
interaction with matter
and electromagnetic waves he also travel
to the US
China Japan and India to give lectures
on quantum physics
hun screamer and Heisenberg also
collaborated on a paper
about disbursement radiation from atoms
which are smaller than the wavelength
that the radiation
as per Heisenberg's reputation have
casting a traditional values for new
ideas
he implemented the virtual oscillator
model to calculate spectral frequencies
when Heisenberg's friend Max Born read
the paper
he saw the importance of matrices and
highs in birds method
this user matrices Burke the use of
matrices
across many branches of physics
particularly
atomic physics for his work eisenberg
receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in
1932
in 1935 Arnold Summerfield retired from
his job his teacher
at the University of Munich and
nominated December to be his successor
however eisenberg was instead put in
charge of education
for the German nuclear project by the
head of the SS
although he did not want to work for the
SS eisenberg was forced to lecture other
workers in the program
a nuclear physics and eventually help
with that on it
bomb himself eisenberg was sent occupied
Copenhagen by the nuclear program
to collaborate on some the respective
nuclear fission
though the utilized in the bomb with
Neil's bore
bore hope to find out as in birds
opinion on the project
from his visit eisenberg expressed his
opinion
quite clearly he did no one to help the
germans build the atomic bomb
him in terms of other scientists have
been working on nuclear physics
but it was clear that the bomb would not
make a great contribution
to ending the war in 1945
project also those the American project
to investigate whether the Germans had
an atomic bomb
captured Heisenberg and relocated into
facility in France
then another in England under Operation
epsilon
it was transported back to Germany after
the war in his last year's
eisenberg continued to lecture physics
at universities across Europe
published papers on topics a physics he
had previously done
and delve deeper into new topics Werner
Heisenberg died on the 1st of February
in 1976 at seventy-four years old
in Munich for his contributions to
science
he received the Nobel Prize and the Max
Planck battle
now let's discuss Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford was born in bright
water in New Zealand
on the 30th of August in 1871 to James
Rutherford
and Martha Thompson he had 11 siblings
and was the second son James Rutherford
was a flat
armor and received small paper his job
Martha Thompson was a schoolteacher
those Rutherford's mother who placed a
strong emphasis on education
especially the educational earnest in
his siblings
as a child earnest spent most of his
time to me to the phone
or doing chores it also spent his free
time
mostly on the weekends swimming with his
brothers
he also found creative ways to make
money for his family
the environment earnest grew up in that
that that is later interest in science
furnace other ones found earnest outside
during a thunderstorm
counting seconds to calculate how far
away the Lightning was
Ernest Rutherford attended the public
Fox Hill School
at age 10 where he was given his first
science textbook
rutherford probably attempted to
replicate some other experiments done in
the book
such as constructing miniature Canon
heels experimented with the household
clock
tinkering with disassembling in
reconstructing it
this teachers at school realized he was
fascinated with science
and get an extra material on the subject
one Rutherford was 11 years old his
father moved to overlook to pursue the
job a flex million
a job that got him more money something
the Rutherford
family needed as a result James
Rutherford those are little to see his
children
tragedy struck the family after James
Rutherford changed jobs
feel the children died one from an
illness and two from drowning during a
fishing trip
in 1887 Ernest Rutherford was awarded a
scholarship to turn Nelson Collegiate
School
a private school which overjoyed as
mother
it tended Nelson collegiate from 1887 to
1889
where it became clear that he had a
bright future ahead of him
not only was he talkin I love this class
is he was an excellent rugby player
his success in Nelson collegiate was
also spurred on by his principal
who gave him books on physics to read in
1890
rutherford received another scholarship
this time to Canterbury college in
Christchurch
similar to Nelson collegiate rutherford
excelled at all of his classes at
Canterbury
and achieved first class honors in math
and science
he received his Bachelor of Arts and
master averse agrees that Canterbury
and a Bachelor of Science degree after
conducting independent research on
electromagnetism
that same here he won a third
scholarship now for Trinity College
in Cambridge England during the first
week service did Trinity College
rutherford working along with Katie
Thompson
discovered an easier method of detecting
radio waves
then Heinrich Hertz his previous method
he found
that by using magnetizing calls
interspersed with Ben's a magnetic iron
he could make detecting radio wave
simpler in their former commercially
viable
brother heard in thompson also conducted
research on x-rays
particularly the effective x-rays on
guesses
rutherford then studied radioactivity on
his own
prefer it over the stadium X-rays
using uranium and gold oil he's on the
12
radiation compared to treat the gold
while another would be absorbed by
the name the two types of radiation else
for and beta radiation
along with naming types of radiation he
also created the term
half-life after experimenting with the
radioactive element
the REM in 1900 rutherford left
Cambridge to work at McGill University
in Canada
at McGill he was joined by Frederick
Soddy a chemist who was also interested
in research in reactivity
Saudi in Rutherford worked on
identifying the gas
that emanated from the radioactive decay
ripped aureum
they identified it as a new element
named Sauron
which was later identified as an isotope
other another radioactive element
redone in 1902 rutherford in saudi
published their findings in a paper
summing up the work they had done in two
years
one of the most important topics in the
paper discuss the destruction of the
items in two different articles
which was set to be impossible as Answer
considered the indestructible building
books
the whole matter the paper on atomic
disintegration
as further heard called it introduce the
idea
that items could be broken up after the
publication of the theory of atomic
disintegration
rutherford took up work with burt rumble
to what on creating a chart
for the decay of radioactive elements
which they called
the decay series the decay series should
the decay over radioactive element
what it would do came to what radiation
a little bit
in the half-life of the element
rutherford also had to introduce a third
candidate K
gamma decay that the decay series after
moving to Manchester in 1907
rutherford carried out his most famous
experiment
the gold foil experiment with Hans
Geiger in earnest
marsdon he fired alpha particles at a
piece of gold
oil and observed the deflection want
some other particles
did not make it till his road show that
an item
did not consist simply have a club
electrons but if one center
or nucleus with an orbiting clutter the
electrons
this model that it was the most accurate
today and was drawn on by many other
scientists to create the current atomic
model
in his later years rutherford became the
first person to trans blue one element
into another
converting nitrogen into oxygen by
bombarding you with alpha particles
he also hypothesize the existence of the
neutron
as a particle to counteract the
repulsion between protons in the nucleus
which was proven by James Chadwick in
1932
leaving a legacy in the field at nuclear
physics Rutherford was the father Atomic
Energy
and we define the structure the field of
physics Ernest Rutherford died on the
19th of October in 1937
at age 66 in Cambridge England
for his contributions to science he
received the Nobel Prize
and the Rumford metal as both the
scientists contributed great things to
the understanding of physics
and left behind a legacy is the a test
today the result is a time
however you're free to decide on your
own opinion
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