Tooth-Marked Tongue Recognition Using Multiple Instance Learning and CNN Features. 
Tooth-marked tongue or crenated tongue can provide valuable diagnostic information for traditional Chinese Medicine doctors.  However, tooth-marked tongue recognition is challenging.  The characteristics of different tongues are multiform and have a great amount of variations, such as different colors, different shapes, and different types of teeth marks.  The regions of teeth mark only appear along the lateral borders.  Most existing methods make use of concave regions information to classify the tooth-marked tongue which leads to inconstant performance when the region of teeth mark is not concave.  In this paper, we try to solve these problems by proposing a three-stage approach which first makes use of concavity information to propose the suspected regions, then use a convolutional neural network to extract deep features and at last use a multiple-instance classifier to make the final decision.  Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.