                                                                           FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                              DEC 28 2009

                                                                        MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS




                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT



RHETT RANCE SMITH; et al.,                        No.  08-72402

             Petitioners - Appellants,           Tax Ct.  Nos.  11902-05
                                                             13225-05
  v.                                                         13227-05
                                                             13228-05
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL
REVENUE,
                                                 MEMORANDUM *
             Respondent - Appellee. 



J. ZANE SMITH; et al.,                            No.  08-74160

             Petitioners - Appellants,           Tax Ct.  No.  13226-05

  v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL
REVENUE,

             Respondent - Appellee. 



                           Appeal from a Decision of the
                             United States Tax Court




        *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir.  R. 36-3. 
                      Argued and Submitted December 11, 2009
                              San Francisco, California

Before: B. FLETCHER, THOMAS and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges. 

      Joel Rance Smith (“Rance”), LaRhea Smith, Rhett Rance Smith (Rhett),

Alice Avila Smith, J. Zane Smith (“Zane”), and Shannon R. Creese Smith appeal a

decision of the United States Tax Court finding deficiencies and assessing

penalties for tax years 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001.  Rhett and Alice also appeal

deficiency findings for tax year 2002.  We have jurisdiction pursuant to I.R.C. §

7482(a), and we affirm. 

      We review decisions of the Tax Court on the same basis as decisions in civil

bench trials in United States District Court.  I.R.C. § 7482(a)(1); Kelley v.

Comm’r.,  45 F.3d 348, 350 (9th Cir.  1995). “ Thus, the Tax Court’s conclusions of

law are examined de novo[ and] its factual findings are reviewed for clear error.” 

Kelley, 45 F.3d at 350 (citations omitted).  We review findings of negligence under

I.R.C. § 6662 for clear error, “uphold[ing] the tax court’s finding unless . . .  left

with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”  Hansen

v. Comm’r.,  471 F.3d 1021, 1028 (9th Cir.  2006) (quotation marks omitted). 




                                            2
                                           I

      The Tax Court correctly concluded that the taxpayers were not entitled to

deduct noncash charitable deductions because the taxpayers failed to comply,

either fully or substantially, with the reporting requirements in I.R.C. § 170 and

underlying regulations. 

      Before passage of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub.  L. No. 

108-357, 118 Stat.  1418 (“the 2004 Act”), there was no reasonable reliance

exception to the substantiation requirements.  The legislative history of the Deficit

Reduction Act of 1984, Pub.  L. No.  98-369, 98 Stat.  494, (“the 1984 Act”)

supports this conclusion.  The Senate amendment’s reference to reasonable cause,

whether or not tacitly included in the bill reported from conference, would not

create an exception to be applied by the courts.  Rather, it would give the I.R.S.

discretion to waive the disallowance.  See H.R. Conf.  Rep. 98-861 at 994–95

(1984), reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1445, 1682–83; see also Staff of Joint

Comm.  on Taxation, 108th Cong.,  General Explanation of Tax Legislation Enacted

in the 108th Congress 462 (Comm.  Print 2005) (discussing the 2004 Act’s

reasonable cause exception in section that does not address preexisting

regulations). 




                                          3
      Nor are the Smiths helped by Bond v. Comm’r.,  100 T.C. 32 (1993) and

Hewitt v. Comm’r, 109 T.C. 258 (1997), which are not concerned with the level of

taxpayer fault.  As Hewitt explains, the substantial compliance exception is based

on “the principle objective of” the 1984 Act, which “was to provide a mechanism

whereby [the I.R.S.] would obtain sufficient return information in support of the

claimed valuation of charitable contributions of property to enable [it] to deal more

effectively with the prevalent use of overvaluations.”  109 T.C. at 265.  Nor does

Bond stand for the proposition that the statute is ambiguous, as urged by taxpayer’s

counsel at oral argument.  Bond did not involve a question of statutory

interpretation; the question in Bond was application of the substantial compliance

test set forth in Taylor v. Comm’r, 67 T.C. 1071, 1077-78 (1977).  See Bond, 100

T.C. at 40–42. 

                                          II

      Although the Tax Court should have held an evidentiary hearing on the

question of whether a settlement agreement was reached as to the 2002 tax year,

we conclude that the Tax Court did not commit reversible error in holding that

there was no settlement.  A settlement agreement requires “an objective

manifestation of mutual assent to [the settlement’s] essential terms.”  Dorchester




                                          4
Indus.,  Inc. v. Comm’r, 108 T.C. 320, 330 (1997) (quotation marks and citation

omitted). 

      The record supports a finding that the settlement offer was never accepted. 

The I.R.S. attorney’s telephone log from February 21 stated that “settlement is

looking good.”  His March 2 statement “we thought we had a settlement” is fairly

interpreted to mean that he thought that the I.R.S. and the Smiths would be able to

settle.  Nor was his discussion regarding a possible prohibition on raising new

issues in the case necessarily an admission that he had settled the case. 

      The taxpayers argue that the Tax Court used an improper subjective

approach rather than an objective approach.  However, when the decision is

examined closely, with all subjective elements excised, there are sufficient findings

to support the Tax Court’s conclusion that there was not a sufficient objective

manifestation of mutual assent to sustain the purported settlement agreement.  As

we have noted, it would have been preferable for the Tax Court to hold an

evidentiary hearing on this question.  However, that issue was not presented on

appeal, and there are sufficient non-disputed facts contained in the record to sustain

the Tax Court’s conclusion. 

      Because we affirm the Tax Court’s finding that no settlement was reached

regarding 2002 cash contributions, we decline to reach the question of whether


                                           5
such a settlement would have precluded the I.R.S. from raising the issue of

noncash charitable contributions on the same year’s return. 

                                          III

      The Tax Court did not err in holding that: (1) Rance and LaReah are

responsible for I.R.C. § 6662 penalties for deducting losses for cutting horse

activities—buying, boarding, riding, training, selling, and preparing to breed some

number of horses, and (2) Zane and Shannon are responsible for penalties for

deducting losses for breeding and showing Staffordshire Bull Terriers and judging

dog shows. 

      Treasury Regulations explain that reasonable reliance should not be found

where a tax professional’s advice was “based upon a representation or assumption

which the taxpayer knows, or has reason to know, is unlikely to be true, such as an

inaccurate representation or assumption as to the taxpayer’s purposes for entering

into a transaction or for structuring a transaction in a particular manner.”  Treas. 

Reg. §  1.6664-4(c)(1)(ii); see also Treas.  Reg. §  1.6664-4(c)(1) (“[T]he taxpayer’s

education, sophistication and business experience will be relevant in determining

whether the taxpayer’s reliance on tax advice was reasonable and made in good

faith.”);  Neonatology Assocs.,  P.A. v. Comm'r, 115 T.C. 43, 99 (2000) (“[T]he




                                           6
taxpayer must prove . . . [ that he] provided necessary and accurate information to

the adviser, and . . .  actually relied in good faith on the adviser’s judgment.”). 

      Rance and Zane Smith are sophisticated businesspeople who failed to keep

good or separate accounting of their dog breeding and cutting horse expenses. 

Moreover, Kramer had informed Rance of the possible repercussions if the I.R.S.

determined that his losses actually derived from engagement in hobbies rather than

for-profit businesses.  It was not clear error for the Tax Court to find that Rance

and Zane failed to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that they acted with

“good faith reliance on professional advice.”  Collins v. Comm’r, 857 F.2d 1383,

1386 (9th Cir.  1988); see also Neonatology, 115 T.C. at 99 (stating burden). 




      AFFIRMED. 




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