Q:

Make column stretch to fill whatever space it can in Bootstrap

I have this issue:

The html is as follows:
<div class="row">
    <div ng-cloak class="col-md-7 col-sm-6 col-xs-12">
        <form class="form">
            <input type="text" class="form-control" />
        </form>
    </div>
    <div class="col-md-5 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 no-wrap">
        <span class="push-buttons-away-from-search-bar btn-group" role="group">
            <a class="btn btn-lg" href="">A link</a>
            <a class="btn btn-lg" href="">Another link</a>
        </span>
    </div>
</div>

Can you think of a responsive (bootstrap) way of making the search bartake up all space it can, and leave space for the 2 buttons on the side. 
Notice the spacing between the 2 buttons, the button grouping styling was getting in the way... Perhaps you suggest using button groups? 

A:

What you're likely looking for, assuming you're using Bootstrap 3, is Justified Buttons.  Red: http://getbootstrap.com/components/#btn-groups-justified
Example:
<div class="row">
    <div class="col-sm-8">
        <input type="text" class="form-control" />
    </div>
    <div class="col-sm-4">
        <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="Justified button group">
          <a href="#" class="btn btn-default" role="button">Left</a>
          <a href="#" class="btn btn-default" role="button">Right</a>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

JSFiddle: Note that this can be extended to more than one button. 

Update
Since you need the input to scale without the buttons scaling, have you tried Segmented Buttons on an Input Group?  Ref: http://getbootstrap.com/components/#input-groups-buttons-segmented
<div class="input-group">
    <input type="text" class="form-control" aria-label="...">
    <div class="input-group-btn">
        <button type="button" class="btn btn-default">Button One</button>
        <button type="button" class="btn btn-default">Button Two</button>
        <button type="button" class="btn btn-default">Button Three</button>
    </div>
</div>

JSFiddle: Note this won't give you a space between the buttons.