Synthesis and biological evaluation of deoxy-hematoxylin derivatives as a novel class of anti-HIV-1 agents. 
SAR studies for the exploration a novel class of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) agents based on the hematoxylin structure (1) are described.  The systematic deoxygenations of 1 including asymmetric synthesis were conducted to obtain a compound showing high potencies for inhibiting the nuclear import and viral replication as anti-HIV-1 agent.  Among all, C-3-deoxygenated analog 16 exhibited most promising biological activities as anti-HIV-1 agent such as lower cytotoxicity (16:1; >80:40 μM), stronger inhibition of nuclear import (0.5:1.3 μM), and viral replication in HIV-1-infected TZM-bl cells (24.6:100 μM), human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) (30.1 μM: toxic).  Different spectra of inhibitory activities against infected three healthy humans macrophages with high (donor A) and low (donor B and C) amounts of virus were also observed.  Thus 16 showed 10-times stronger activity than 1 (16:1; 0.1:<1.0 μM) in the case of A, while 16 and 1 showed comparable activities in the cases of B and C (>0.01 and >0.00 1μM).  The comparison of the inhibition of viral p24 antigen production was clearly indicated that compound 16 is at least twofold more potent anti-viral activity than 1.  Thus, structures and actions of deoxy analogs particularly 16 could provide valuable information for the development of a novel class of anti-HIV-1 agents.