Characterization and availability of cyanide in solid mine tailings from gold extraction plants. 
The aim of this study was to investigate the availability and fate of cyanide in gold mill solid tailings.  For this purpose, aged (6-9 years) and recently discharged (3 months) tailings were sampled at various depths from two gold mining sites in Quebec (Canada).  A physicochemical characterization of the tailings along with a bacterial enumeration was performed and batch-leaching tests with water and caustic solution were conducted to assess the soluble cyanide fraction.  Following the standard acid reflux/distillation method, the total cyanide concentration (CN(T)) in fresh tailings was higher (average of 19.5 +/- 2.0 compared to 3.2 +/- 0.7 mg/kg) and the pH more alkaline (10.6 +/- 0.1 compared to 7.6 +/- 0.2) compared to aged ones.  In aged tailings, the enumeration of total heterotrophic (10(4)-10(6) cfu/g) and cyanide-resistant bacteria (10(2)-10(5) cfu/g) showed a significant indigenous microflora, but no growth on agar plates was detected in fresh tailings, suggesting an evolution and a gradual acclimatization of bacterial populations with weathering.  Elevated concentrations of CN(T), weak acid dissociable cyanide (CN(WAD)), cyanate (CNO-), and thiocyanate (SCN-) were measured in the supernatant solution of the fresh tailings samples collected in-situ, highlighting their reactivity, whereas these species were not detectable in aged tailings.  Accordingly, when batch-leaching tests were performed with fresh samples, 68-72% of the total cyanide was released into aqueous solution with more than 20% being CN(WAD).  Again, CN(T) and CN(WAD) were not detectable during leaching of aged tailings.  In fresh tailings, approximately 50% of the cyanides were quantifiable with the standard acid reflux/distillation method (readily soluble cyanides, and weak to moderately strong complexes), whereas in aged tailings only 15 to 33% of the actual total cyanide content was measured by the standard method.  These results stress the necessity of performing a preliminary alkaline extraction prior to total cyanide determination.  In summary, this study revealed a difference in physicochemical properties, cyanide concentration and speciation, viable bacterial populations and cyanide leaching behavior between aged and fresh solid mine tailings.  The findings indicate that the more reactive cyanide species initially associated with the solid tailings have naturally degraded within the mine tailings impoundment area, resulting primarily from volatilization (decrease in pH), leaching, and bacterial degradation.