Next story in Space

LAS CRUCES, N.M. — For NASA to achieve any of its lofty goals for the future, the commercial space industry must succeed, NASA deputy administrator Lori Garver said. 

The space agency has bet big that private spaceships will be ready to carry cargo and astronauts to orbit soon.  The future of the International Space Station, as well as the future of NASA's robotic science missions and human deep space ambitions, depend on that outcome, Garver said yesterday (Oct. 20) here at the International Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spaceflight. 

"In order to make good on the entire plan, it is this part of the plan that must be successful," Garver said. 

"Contrary to what you might have heard, that marks the beginning, not the end," Garver said. " With the support of the president and Congress, NASA has made a renewed commitment to human spaceflight." 

One leg of that commitment is a plan to build a new heavy-lift rocket (called the Space Launch System) and a deep-space crew capsule (called the Multipurpose Crew Vehicle) to take people first to an asteroid and then on to Mars. 

But in order for NASA to devote its resources to that ambitious pursuit, private industry must take over transportation to low-Earth orbit and the International Space Station, Garver said. [ Top 10 Fantasy Spaceships Headed for Reality]

NASA and its partners plan to operate the space station through at least 2020, but without the space shuttle, Russia's Soyuz spacecraft is the only means of getting there.  Until commercial spacecraft are ready, NASA must rent rides on the Soyuz for its astronauts. 

For fiscal year 2012, NASA requested $850 million to devote to its Commercial Crew Development Program, which supports the development of these private vehicles. 

The agency hopes to end its outsourcing to Russia by the year 2016, but "if we don't get full funding in 2012, this is at risk," Garver said.  That could prove costly down the line. " One additional year from the Russians will cost us $450 million," she added. 

The agency gave four private space companies — Blue Origin, Sierra Nevada, SpaceX and Boeing — contracts under the most recent phase of the Commercial Crew Development Program.  SpaceX, alone among the group, has already launched a test flight to orbit of its prototype spacecraft. 

"Many of us are frustrated that we have not been able to advance this agenda faster," she said. 

She also cited resistance from some within the space industry, particularly those who benefitted from NASA's previous contracting methods and now oppose the government turning over the domain of low-Earth orbit to the private sector. 

"The establishment typically doesn't give away their own power and control readily without a fight," Garver said.  bbb

Yet the issue is complicated, as many players in the traditional space establishment are the same private companies involved in the new commercial space renaissance. 

Ultimately, though, Garver said that NASA's encouragement of the commercial space industry will result in lowered costs, greater capabilities, and a more robust American space program overall. 

"Together we're developing an industry that until recently had largely been science fiction," she said. " We know we can work miracles together." 

You can follow Space.com senior writer Clara Moskowitz on Twitter @ClaraMoskowitz. Follow Space.com for the latest in space science and exploration news on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook. 

US President Barack Obama walks past a main engine of a shuttle as he arrives to speak on the new course the administration is charting for NASA and the future of US leadership in human space flight at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, on April 15, 2010. 

When NASA's space shuttle fleet retires in 2011, the space agency will have to rely on Russian spacecraft and the private sector to taxi cargo and humans to and from the International Space Station, even as it turns its focus to the technologies required to send humans beyond low-Earth orbit. 

President Barack Obama views the policy as a boost to the nascent commercial spaceflight industry, where competition is already heating up to supply the taxi services.  Some companies are also talking about offering out-of-this-world rides for researchers as well as tourists with deep pockets and a serious case of star lust.  Click ahead to check out 10 of the top players in the race to commercialize space. 

Space Exploration Technologies

CollectSpace.com

SpaceX's Falcon 9 rises from its launch pad at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida on Friday, sending a test capsule into orbit. 

PayPal co-founder Elon Musk has already signed up NASA as a marquee account for his high-flying venture, Space Exploration Technologies, also known as SpaceX. The government has a $1.6 billion contract with the Hawthorne, Calif., company to provide unmanned cargo deliveries to the International Space Station starting in 2011 with its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon capsule. 

This image shows the successful test launch of the Falcon 9 rocket on June 4.  The rocket will eventually carry the Dragon to orbit.  If all goes according to plan, astronauts may get a lift as well, starting in 2013.  SpaceX has also secured contracts to launch next-generation satellites for the telecommunications company Iridium. 

Another NASA contract — this one worth a reported $1.9 billion — is in the bag at Virginia-based Orbital Sciences, which is planning to supply the International Space Station with its unmanned Cygnus spacecraft, shown here in an artist’s rendering.  A newly-developed Taurus 2 rocket will ferry the cargo ship to space.  If the opportunity presents itself, the company may advance plans to ferry humans to orbit as well. 

Boeing

Boeing

Boeing is hard at work on the research and development of a new space capsule aimed at flying people to the International Space Station. 

Boeing, the aerospace giant, has unveiled plans to flesh out designs and build a new capsule-based spaceship called the CST-100, which will take cargo and passengers to the International Space Station.  The development push comes thanks to an $18 million NASA grant. 

The Apollo-like capsule will carry a crew of seven and be designed to launch on a variety of rockets, including the Atlas and Delta rockets operated by the Boeing-Lockheed Martin joint venture known as the United Launch Alliance, as well as SpaceX's Falcon.  Extra seats may be made available for paying passengers through a marketing arrangement with Space Adventures. 

Masten Space Systems

X Prize Foundation via AP

This photo shows the Masten Space System rocket XA-0.1B, also called "Xombie" launching from the pad, traveling 50 meters above the ground at the Mojave Air & Space Port.  Mojave, CA on Oct. 7, 2009. 

While big NASA contracts have already gone to big names in the commercial space industry, lesser-known Masten Space Systems is in the race to pick up taxi fares to the International Space Station as well. 

The company won a $1 million lunar challenge prize with the Xoie spacecraft shown here.  It is now working on a next-generation vehicle based on the vertical-takeoff-and-landing design to ferry cargo.  NASA funding will go toward four test flights of the spacecraft, called Xaero. 

The reusable Dream Chaser space plane, under development by Sierra Nevada Corp. subsidiary SpaceDev , has a look and feel reminiscent of a mini-space shuttle.  Like NASA spacecraft, a rocket lifts the space plane up — and at the end of its mission, the plane lands on a runway. 

In fact, the transportation system is based on NASA technology, and the company recently received $20 million from the space agency to continue the plane's development.  A full-scale mockup of the plane is shown in this file photo from its unveiling in 2006. 

Bigelow Aerospace

Bigelow Aerospace

Entrepreneur Robert Bigelow padded his bank account by building a hotel chain, Budget Suites of America.  His latest pioneering venture, Bigelow Aerospace, is aimed at building affordable habitats in space. 

Two prototype inflatable capsules have already been launched, and plans are in the works to put the more expansive Sundancer space station, shown here in an artist's conception, in orbit by 2015. 

In this case, the overnight guests may include national space agencies as well as private-sector researchers and thrill-seeking tourists.  Other players in the commercial space sector would taxi guests to and from the puffy digs. 

Blue Origin

Blue Origin

Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos, who amassed a fortune selling the printed word online, has few words to share about Blue Origin, his commercial space venture to fly a vertical launch and landing rocket to suborbital space. 

This much is known: A demonstration vehicle called Goddard, shown here in a file photo, successfully took off and landed in 2006 from the company's private spaceport in west Texas.  It's not yet known when the company's commercial vehicle will be ready for a public unveiling. 

A bit more info: NASA recently awarded the company $3.7 million of a $50 million pie that it says is for the "development of system concepts, key technologies, and capabilities that could ultimately be used in commercial crew human space transportation systems."  Blue Origin is concentrating on the development of a launch escape system that could push a NASA capsule to safety in case of emergency. 

The Virgin Galactic suborbital spaceliner SpaceShipTwo makes its first crewed flight on July 15, 2010 over the Mojave Desert in California. 

Space enthusiasts with $200,000 to burn can book a ticket to ride to outer space with Virgin Galactic on the SpaceShipTwo spacecraft.  The plane, meant for tourism as well as research, will haul six passengers and two pilots on suborbital flights that pop into outer space for a few minutes before returning to Earth. 

The aircraft was designed by aerospace engineer Burt Rutan and colleagues at Scaled Composites.  Test flights of the spacecraft, which launches from the WhiteKnightTwo mothership, are under way.  Ticketholders will get their opportunity to ride once all systems are a go. 

Armadillo Aerospace

Armadillo Aerospace

Would-be space tourists who balk at the price tag for a ride on Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo might consider another option in the offing: $102,000 for a seat on Texas-based Armadillo Aerospace's vertical takeoff and landing vehicle. 

The spacecraft, shown in this artist's conception, will rocket passengers into outer space for about five minutes of weightlessness and 360-degree views.  Tickets can be booked through Space Adventures, the same company that has arranged rides to the International Space Station for the super-wealthy. 

XCOR Aerospace

XCOR Aerospace

Yet another option for the space tourist is a $95,000 trip up to the inky blackness at the edge of space in XCOR's Lynx rocketship.  The spacecraft, which has room for just one pilot and one passenger riding shotgun, takes off horizontally from a runway and climbs steeply to 200,000 feet, where views abound of planet Earth and the stars.  Advance reservations for the hour-long trip can be booked through space tourism company RocketShipTours.  An artist's rendering of the rocketship is seen here. 

Southern stargazing

Stars, galaxies and nebulas dot the skies over the European Southern Observatory's La Silla Paranal Observatory in Chile, in a picture released on Jan. 7.  This image also shows three of the four movable units that feed light into the Very Large Telescope Interferometer, the world's most advanced optical instrument.  Combining to form one larger telescope, they are greater than the sum of their parts: They reveal details that would otherwise be visible only through a telescope as large as the distance between them. 
(Y. Beletsky / ESO)
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A balloon's view

Cameras captured the Grandville High School RoboDawgs' balloon floating through Earth's upper atmosphere during its ascent on Dec. 28, 2013.  The Grandville RoboDawgs’ first winter balloon launch reached an estimated altitude of 130,000 feet, or about 25 miles, according to coaches Mike Evele and Doug Hepfer.  It skyrocketed past the team’s previous 100,000-feet record set in June.  The RoboDawgs started with just one robotics team in 1998, but they've grown to support more than 30 teams at public schools in Grandville, Mich.
(Kyle Moroney / AP)
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Spacemen at work

Russian cosmonauts Oleg Kotov, right, and Sergey Ryazanskiy perform maintenance on the International Space Station on Jan. 27.  During the six-hour, eight-minute spacewalk, Kotov and Ryazanskiy completed the installation of a pair of high-fidelity cameras that experienced connectivity issues during a Dec. 27 spacewalk.  The cosmonauts also retrieved scientific gear outside the station's Russian segment. 
(NASA)
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Special delivery

The International Space Station's Canadian-built robotic arm moves toward Orbital Sciences Corp.'s Cygnus autonomous cargo craft as it approaches the station for a Jan. 12 delivery.  The mountains below are the southwestern Alps. 
(NASA)
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Accidental art

A piece of art?  A time-lapse photo?  A flickering light show?  At first glance, this image looks nothing like the images we're used to seeing from the Hubble Space Telescope.  But it's a genuine Hubble frame that was released on Jan. 27.  Hubble's team suspects that the telescope's Fine Guidance System locked onto a bad guide star, potentially a double star or binary.  This caused an error in the tracking system, resulting in a remarkable picture of brightly colored stellar streaks.  The prominent red streaks are from stars in the globular cluster NGC 288. 
(NASA / ESA)
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Supersonic test flight

A camera looking back over Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo's fuselage shows the rocket burn with a Mojave Desert vista in the background during a test flight of the rocket plane on Jan. 10.  Cameras were mounted on the exterior of SpaceShipTwo as well as its carrier airplane, WhiteKnightTwo, to monitor the rocket engine's performance.  The test was aimed at setting the stage for honest-to-goodness flights into outer space later this year, and eventual commercial space tours. 

Red lagoon

The VLT Survey Telescope at the European Southern Observatory's Paranal Observatory in Chile captured this richly detailed new image of the Lagoon Nebula, released on Jan. 22.  This giant cloud of gas and dust is creating intensely bright young stars, and is home to young stellar clusters.  This image is a tiny part of just one of 11 public surveys of the sky now in progress using ESO telescopes. 
(ESO/VPHAS team)
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Fire on the mountain

This image provided by NASA shows a satellite view of smoke from the Colby Fire, taken by the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer aboard NASA's Terra spacecraft as it passed over Southern California on Jan. 16.  The fire burned more than 1,863 acres and forced the evacuation of 3,700 people. 
(NASA via AP)
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Where stars are born

An image captured by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope shows the Orion Nebula, an immense stellar nursery some 1,500 light-years away.  This false-color infrared view, released on Jan. 15, spans about 40 light-years across the region.  The brightest portion of the nebula is centered on Orion's young, massive, hot stars, known as the Trapezium Cluster.  But Spitzer also can detect stars still in the process of formation, seen here in red hues. 
(NASA / JPL-Caltech)
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A long, long time ago...

This long-exposure picture from the Hubble Space Telescope, released Jan. 8, is the deepest image ever made of any cluster of galaxies.  The cluster known as Abell 2744 appears in the foreground.  It contains several hundred galaxies as they looked 3.5 billion years ago.  Abell 2744 acts as a gravitational lens to warp space, brightening and magnifying images of nearly 3,000 distant background galaxies.  The more distant galaxies appear as they did more than 12 billion years ago, not long after the Big Bang. 
(NASA / NASA via AFP - Getty Images)
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Frosty halo

Sun dogs are bright spots that appear in the sky around the sun when light is refracted through ice crystals in the atmosphere.  These sun dogs appeared on Jan. 5 amid brutally cold temperatures along Highway 83, north of Bismarck, N.D. The temperature was about 22 degrees below zero Fahrenheit, with a 50-below-zero wind chill.