Real-time assay for exosome membrane fusion with an artificial lipid membrane based on enhancement of gramicidin A channel conductance. 
We report that the channel activities of gramicidin A in a supported lipid bilayer (SLB) were modulated by membrane fusion with exosomes.  The mechanism of the modulation was an increase in the number of exosomes inserting into the SLB membrane, rather than enhancements of the single channel activity of gramicidin A. The modulation of apparent channel activities was applicable to the exosome fusion assay.  This assay revealed that the membrane fusion of HEK-293 and MCF-7 exosomes was enhanced at pH 6.0, and the initial rates of membrane fusion for MCF-7 exosomes were higher than those for HEK-293 cells.