Q:

Did temples in ancient Greece contain treasure? 

Was it common for temples in ancient Greece to contain treasure like gold and silver? 
Did any famous temples contain treasure rooms?  

A:

Most certainly.  The famous example is the Delphi Oracle.  Everyone who wanted to ask it a question brought a gift.  The gifts were held in some place in the temple (apparently open for display).  Several times in history it was robbed, and once such a robbery led to a major war.  There is plenty of evidence in the ancient literature that other temples were also used to store treasures. 
They got many gifts, especially to commemorate major military victories.  
Sometimes the treasures were used in emergency by a city to which the temple belonged.  But Delphi temple had a very special status protected by a kind of international understanding. 
One such gift, originally given to a temple to commemorate the victory at Plataea, it was a huge beautiful bronze tripod, is partially preserved to our days: the main part of it stands in the Hippodrome in the center of Istanbul, other parts are stored in museums. 
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/circusmaximus/serpentine.html

