Development of novel water-soluble phytostanol analogs: disodium ascorbyl phytostanyl phosphates (FM-VP4): preclinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology. 
FM-VP4 is a novel inhibitor of cholesterol absorption that has lipid lowering and body weight reducing properties.  In vitro and in vivo studies were performed to investigate the lipid-lowering effects, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of FM-VP4.  FM-VP4 decreased cholesterol accumulation in Caco-2 cells by approximately 50%; its activity appeared to be independent of pancreatic lipase, p-glycoprotein, or cholesterol incorporation in micelles.  In animal studies, FM-VP4 was added to the diet or drinking water and the following results were obtained.  In gerbils 2% FM-VP4 produced mean 56 and 53% reduction in total cholesterol (TC) after 4 and 8 weeks, respectively.  This reduction was entirely due to the loss of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) pool, which was reduced to undetectable levels at either time point.  At 8 weeks, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration had risen by a mean of 34% whereas total triglyceride (TG) concentrations had decreased by a mean of 60%.  FM-VP4 also had a profound effect on body weight in these animals.  At 8 weeks, the mean body weight was in the 4% FM-VP4 treatment group 25% lower than in the control group.  No hepatic or renal toxicity was associated with these changes.  In Apo E-deficient mice, after 4- and 8-week treatments FM-VP4 caused a significant decrease in both TC and TG concentrations compared to controls.  After 12 weeks, the areas of atherosclerotic lesion involvement in the aortic roots were decreased by a mean of 80% in the 0.5, 1, and 2% FM-VP4 treatment groups compared to controls.  Taken together, these results suggest that FM-VP4 is a potential new drug with lipid-lowering and weight loss potential, without apparent toxicity.