Nigerian energy supply crisis

The Nigerian energy supply crisis refers to the ongoing failure of the Nigerian power sector to provide adequate electricity supply to domestic households and industrial producers despite a rapidly growing economy, some of the world's largest deposits of coal, oil and gas and the country's status as Africa's largest oil producer.  Currently only 40% of Nigeria's population is connected to the energy grid whilst power supply difficulties are experienced around 60% of the time.  At best, average daily power supply is estimated at four hours, although several days can go by without any power at all. 

Power supply difficulties cripple the agricultural, industrial and mining sectors and impede the Nigeria's ongoing economic development.  The energy supply crisis is complex, stems from a variety of issues and has been ongoing for decades.  Most Nigerian businesses and households that can afford to do so run one or more diesel-fueled generators to supplement the intermittent supply. 

Since 2005, Nigerian power reforms have focused on privatizing the generator and distribution assets and encouraging private investment in the power sector.  The government continues to control transmission assets whilst making "modest progress" in creating a regulatory environment attractive to foreign investors.  Minor increases in average daily power supply have been reported. 

Background
Until the power sector reforms of 2005, power supply and transmission was the sole responsibility of the Nigerian federal government. 

As of 2012, Nigeria generated approximately 4,000 - 5,000 megawatts of power for a population of 150 million people as compared with Africa's second largest economy, South Africa, which generated 40,000 megawatts of power for a population of 62 million.  An estimated 14 - 20 gigawatts of power is provided by private generators to make up for the shortfall.  Nigeria has a theoretical capacity of more than 10,000 megawatt generation capacity using existing infrastructure, but has never reached close to that potential. 

96% of industry energy consumption is produced off-grid using private generators. 

Issues affect all areas of the sector, from generation to transmission to distribution. 

Currently the only plan the government has in place to help solve the energy crisis is to expand the fossil fuel burning sector.  Alternative forms of energy are not used probably because of availability of oil in Nigeria, as it has the world’s seventh largest oil reserves. 

History of the Power Sector 

 1886 - First two power generators installed in the Colony of Lagos
 1951 - Act of Parliament establishes the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN)
 1962 - The Niger DamsAuthority (NDA) was also established for the development of hydroelectric power
 1972 - Merger of ECN and NDA to create the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) 
 2005 - Following reforms, the NEPA was renamed Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN).  The Electric Power Sector Reform (EPSR) Act was enacted allowing private investment in electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. 
 November 2005, the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) was inaugurated and charged with the responsibility of tariffs regulation and monitoring of the quality of services of the PHCN. 
 February 1, 2015 - The Transitional Electricity Market (TEM) announced

Current Challenges

Power Generators 
The most efficient location for new power plants is the Niger Delta region due to the easy access to the sources of energy needed to run the plants. 

Transmission Network 
Post-reforms the transmission network continues to be government owned and operated and remains the weakest link in the power sector supply chain.  Transmission lines are old and at the point of system collapse on any given day.  Even should more power be generated, the transmission network is unable to carry any additional power loading.  Designed for a peak capacity of only 3,000 to 3,500MW per day breakdown of the lines is a daily occurrence.  Lack of maintenance and security challenges in parts of the country only add to the difficulties. 

Current State of Energy Production
Currently Nigeria uses four different types of energy: natural gas, oil, hydro and coal The energy sector is heavily dependent on petroleum as a method for electricity production which has slowed down the development of alternative forms of energy.  Three out of the four above resources used for energy production in Nigeria are linked with increasing greenhouse gas emissions: coal, oil and natural gas, with coal emitting the worst of the three. 

See table below for summary of the environmental impacts of the sources of electricity. 

According to the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) the importance of sustainability in energy is: the ability to preserve its use, the importance of energy in living standards and for economic development and the significant impacts that energy systems and processes have had and continue to have on the environment (WCED, 1987).  Nigeria needs to invest in sustainable resources because of the obvious signs that it will be strongly impacted by environmental change such as: desertification, droughts, flooding, and water shortages.  The biggest blow to Nigeria would be the low-lying areas that contain many of their natural resources being flooded if ocean levels rise as predicted (Gujba, Mulugetta & Azapagic, 2011). 
Since further development of hydro-electricity does not seem practical because of the dependence on the seasons for amount of water supply (Ajayi, 2009).  Wind energy has potential, but is unreliable for consistent energy supply.  Nuclear energy could be a viable solution to the energy problem because of its lack of emissions and reliability.  Nigeria also has easy access to the uranium needed for the plants (Ejiogu, 2013). 

Environmental Solutions
In light of all this, there is a lot of literature surrounding different proposals of what might be done to help Nigeria develop their potential for renewable electricity.  Development of the renewable sources energy is important for the future of world.  Nigeria has been in an energy crisis for a decade despite numerous attempts to reform the energy sector (Ejiogu, 2012).  The only thing that remains is to figure out which energy source is most practical for Nigeria. 
Development of hydro-electricity does not seem practical because of the dependence on the seasons for amount of water supply as well as the amount of greenhouse gases it emits in the first 10 years of being built (Middleton, 2013).  Wind energy has potential, but is unreliable for consistent energy supply. 

Two fields of arguments:

The most practical solution was mentioned by Gujba, Mulugetta and Azapagic, (2011).  The authors of this article suggested that a harmonization of different forms of energy take place.  In their sustainable development scenario they suggested some reliance on renewable energy sources and a slow change from fossil fuels to the renewable energy sources.  Since the rural areas are further from the electricity grid and most currently do not have power, each area would become a little hub where they would produce their own power by whatever resource was closest.  For example, in the northern areas the mini-grids would work off of wind and solar power energy.  Hydropower development would have to increase in order for this to be successful.   
Winkler, Howells and Baumert (2002) talk about envisioning where a country wants to end up before the development of energy resources.  This is a great perspective about how to fix the energy crisis because taking the big picture into account before the development of the sector could include things outside of simply fixing the energy crisis such as: poverty eradication, job creation, reducing carbon emissions etc.   Fixing the energy supply will solve many problems such as the over pricing of electricity due to the loss of the electricity within the grid (Winkler, Howells & Baumert, 2002)

References

Category:Energy crises
Category:Energy in Nigeria