Pharmacological dissociation of trace and long-delay fear conditioning in young rats. 
In most studies comparing trace and delay conditioning, CS duration is kept constant across training conditions but the interstimulus interval (ISI), the time from CS onset to US onset, is confounded.  In the infrequently used long-delay condition, however, ISI is kept constant across the trace and delay conditions but CS duration varies.  A recent study reported that trace and long-delay fear conditioning have the same developmental trajectory, with both emerging later in development than standard-delay conditioning ().  Past studies have shown that trace conditioning is mediated by the cholinergic system; given the parallel developmental emergence of trace and long-delay conditioning, the present study examined whether the cholinergic system also mediates long-delay conditioning.  Two experiments, both involving Sprague-Dawley-derived rats and using freezing as a measure of learned fear, showed that the cholinergic system is critically involved in trace conditioning but is not involved in long-delay conditioning.  Specifically, pre-training injections of the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine impaired acquisition of a CS-US association in 32-day-old rats trained with a trace procedure but had no effect on rats this age trained with a long-delay procedure (Experiment 1).  Similarly, pre-training injections of physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, enhanced acquisition of trace conditioning in 25-day-old rats but had no effect on long-delay conditioning in rats this age (Experiment 2).  Taken together, the results indicate that despite the similarities between trace and long-delay conditioning in terms of developmental emergence and level of conditioned responding, they are mediated by different physiological systems.