Early induction of apoptosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells by hydroxychloroquine: activation of caspase-3 and no protection by survival factors. 
We have investigated the effect of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an anti-rheumatic drug, on malignant B cells from 20 patients with B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL).  HCQ induced a decrease in cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner.  The mean IC50 was 32 +/- 7 microg/ml (range, 10-75 microg/ml) for 24 h of exposure.  This cytotoxic effect was owing to apoptosis, as demonstrated by morphological changes, annexin V binding capacity and DNA fragmentation (28 +/- 4% of apoptotic cells as early as 5 h post incubation, increasing to 82 +/- 4% at 18 h post treatment).  The apoptosis was associated with caspase-3 activation because the cleavage and activity of caspase-3 were increased by HCQ.  The amount of bcl-2 protein was reduced during apoptosis, evidenced using quantitative flow cytometry.  As early as 1 h post-HCQ treatment, a reduction of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential was measured by 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide.  Interestingly, the HCQ effect was not affected by exposure to interleukin-4 or co-culture with bone marrow stromal cells.  Our observations suggest that HCQ may offer a new therapeutic tool in the treatment of B-CLL patients.