Long-lasting protection induced by bath vaccination against Aeromonas salmonicida subsp.  salmonicida in rainbow trout. 
For decades Aeromonas salmonicida subsp.  salmonicida (from here referred to as A. salmonicida) has been recognized as the causative agent of typical furunculosis.  This disease has had a major impact on aquaculture worldwide, making it a target for international research, particularly within the field of immunoprohylaxis.  Initial studies attempted vaccination via oral route and immersion.  However, these vaccination methods proved insufficient when compared to intraperitoneally (i.p.)  injected vaccines.  The focus of vaccine research regarding A. salmonicida shifted towards the i.p.-injected vaccines during the 1980's and -90's, resulting in oil-adjuvanted vaccines providing high levels of protection over longer periods of time.  The majority of this research has been conducted using salmon, while rainbow trout, which is also a commercially important species, has played a much less central role.  In this study, we have examined the effect of a bath vaccination using an experimental A. salmonicida bacterin.  Rainbow trout were vaccinated by a 5 min bath in a formalin-inactivated bacterin.  Half of these fish was booster vaccinated using 50% of the initial vaccine dose 10 weeks post primary immunization.  Along with an un-vaccinated control group, the fish were challenged by waterborne infection 24 weeks post primary immunization.  Both vaccinated groups showed a significantly increased survival (>93% survival) compared to a 70% survival in the un-vaccinated control group (P = 0.005 and P = 0.019 for single and dual immunizations, respectively).  When comparing the survival of the single and dual immunization groups, there was no significant difference (P = 0.531).  ELISA showed no significant induction of specific circulating antibodies in either vaccinated group.  These results are interesting with regard to the protective mechanisms, seen in the light of previous results obtained using bath as well as i.p.  vaccination against furunculosis in salmonid fishes.