Conventional and novel body temperature measurement during rest and exercise induced hyperthermia. 
Despite technological advances in thermal sensory equipment, few core temperature (TCORE) measurement techniques have met the established validity criteria in exercise science.  Additionally, there is debate as to what method serves as the most practically viable, yet upholds the proposed measurement accuracy.  This study assessed the accuracy of current and novel TCORE measurement techniques in comparison to rectal temperature (TREC) as a reference standard.  Fifteen well-trained subjects (11 male, 4 female) completed 60min of exercise at an intensity equating to the lactate threshold; measured via a discontinuous exercise test.  TREC was significantly elevated from resting values (37.2±0.3°C) at the end of moderate intensity exercise (39.6±0.04°C; P=0.001).  Intestinal telemetric pill (TPILL) temperature and temporal artery temperature (TTEM) did not differ significantly from TREC at rest or during exercise (P>0.05).  However, aural canal temperature (TAUR) and thermal imaging temperature (TIMA) were both significantly lower than TREC (P<0.05).  Bland Altman analysis revealed only TPILL was within acceptable limits of agreement (mean bias; 0.04°C), while TTEM, TAUR and TIMA demonstrated mean bias values outside of the acceptable range (>0.27°C).  Against TREC, these results support the use of TPILL over all other techniques as a valid measure of TCORE at rest and during exercise induced hyperthermia.  Novel findings illustrate that TIMA (when measured at the inner eye canthus) shows poor agreement to TREC during rest and exercise, which is similar to other 'surface' measures.