Senterej

Senterej (Amharic ሰንጠረዥ sänṭäräž or Ethiopian chess) is a regional chess variant, the form of chess traditionally played in Ethiopia and Eritrea.  It is the last popular survival of shatranj.  A distinctive feature of Senterej is the opening phase – players make as many moves as they like without regard for how many moves the opponent has made; this continues until the first capture is made.  Memorization of opening lines is therefore not a feature of the game. 

Rules

Pieces
Broadly, the pieces move the same way as in shatranj; however, there are regional variations. 

 Each king (negus) stands just to the right of the centerline from its player's point of view.  It moves one step in any direction as a chess king.  
 At the left of the king stands the ferz, moving one square diagonally. ( One source says it moves one step in any direction, but may only capture diagonally.  There may have been regional variations.)  
 On the flanks of the king and ferz stands a piece called the fil or alfil (saba).  It leaps diagonally to the second square distant.   
 Beside the fils stand the horses (feresenya), moving as chess knights.  
 In the corners stand the rooks (der), moving as chess rooks.  
 The second  is filled with pawns (medeq), which move one step forward and capture one square diagonally forward.  There is no first move double-step option, and therefore no en passant.  A pawn reaching the farthest rank is promoted to ferz (one source says, to the rank of any piece already lost). 

We notice that the possible movements of the main senterej pieces, excluding that of the king and pawn, are complementary to one another, occupying, without any omission or redundancy, all available squares with regards to a central position inside a 5x5 grid, as shown in the figure to the right. 

Gameplay
In Senterej both sides start playing at the same time without waiting for turns.  The phase before first capture is called the "mobilization" or "marshalling" phase, or werera.  Both players may move their pieces as many times as they like without concern for the number of moves the opponent makes.  During this phase the players watch each other's moves, and retract their own and substitute others as they think best.  They only start to take turns after the first capture. 

The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent.  A king denuded of all pieces (excluding pawns) cannot be mated; the game is drawn.  A king with only a single piece supporting him (again excluding pawns) can only be mated before that piece has moved seven times, or else the game is drawn. 

Customs
Traditionally, the board is not checkered, merely marked into squares; it is usually a red cloth, marked by strips of black or blue.  The play is much more sociable than is usual in Western chess, with all the bystanders (even, formerly, slaves) calling out their notions of useful plays and moving the pieces about to demonstrate.  The customs surrounding checkmate are numerous.  Dealing the fatal blow with a rook or knight is considered inartistic.  Delivering the fatal stroke with a ferz or fil is more respectable; with a combination of pawns, even more praiseworthy. 

References

External links
 Senterej, the Ethiopian Chess
 Senterej – Ethiopian chess with a flying start by Dr. René Gralla
 A Note on Ethiopian Chess by Dr. Richard Pankhurst
 Kaiserin setzte ein Korps matt (Neues Deutschland) 
 Ethiopian Chess a simple program by Ed Friedlander (Java)

Category:Games related to chaturanga
Category:Chess in Ethiopia
Category:Ethiopian culture
Category:Chess in Eritrea
Category:Eritrean culture