Bionanoconjugation for proteomics applications - An overview. 
Formed as an interdisciplinary domain on the basis of Human Genome Project, Proteomics aims at the large-scale study of proteins.  The enthusiasm that resulted from obtaining the complete human genetic information has, however, been chastened by the realization that this information contributes little to the comprehension and knowledge of the expressed proteins.  In the wake of this realization, the Human Proteome Project (HUPO) was founded, which is a global, collaborative initiative, aiming at the complete characterization of the proteins of all protein-coding genes.  Nonetheless, the rapid detection of these molecules in complex biological samples under conditions considered to be of clinical relevance is extremely difficult, requiring the development of very sensitive, robust, reproducible and high throughput platforms.  Nanoproteomics has emerged as a feasible, promising option, offering short assay times, low sample consumption, ultralow detection and high throughput capacity.  Additionally, the successful synthesis of biomolecules and nanoparticle hybrids yields systems which often exhibit new or improved features.  Herein, we overview the recent advances in bioconjugation at the nanolevel and, specifically, their application in Proteomics, discussing not only the merits and prospects of Proteomics, but also present day limitations.