Immunosuppression in pancreas transplantation: the Euro SPK trials and beyond. 
The Immunosuppression in Pancreas Transplantation was historically based on the fact that the pancreas is an extremely immunogenic organ.  Quadruple drug therapy with polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies induction was the mainstay therapy since the introduction of Cyclosporine A. In the modern era of Immunosuppression, Mycophenolate Mofetil replaced Azathioprine while Tacrolimus-another potent calcineurin inhibitor-had-and still has-a difficult challenge to replaced Cyclosporine A, due to its potential diabetogenic effect.  Thanks to the first two EuroSPK studies which prospectively tried to answer several questions in that field.  But, the future challenge will be in understanding the impact of innate immunity and ischemic reperfusion injuries on the long-term graft function.  Hopefully, new drugs will be available and tested to block unspecific deleterious reactions to attenuate the proinflammatory response.  It will be the aim of the third Euro SPK Study.