Is acetylcholinesterase a pertinent biomarker to detect exposure of pyrethroids?  A study case with deltamethrin. 
The possibility to use acetylcholinesterase as biomarker of exposure to deltamethrin insecticide in the honeybee, Apis mellifera were considered.  Joined actions of deltamethrin and pirimicarb (carbamate), alone or in association (dual treatment), were investigated on AChE activity in surviving and dead honeybees in order to test its reliability as biomarker.  All treatments induced a reduction in tissue AChE activity in dead bees.  In surviving bees, deltamethrin treatment induced an important increase of AChE activity that is not abolished by pirimicarb treatment.  The analysis of AChE forms revealed an increase in the soluble form in surviving and dead bees and an increase of the membrane form in surviving bees.  No direct effect of deltamethrin on soluble and membrane AChE was observed in vitro.  The important increase in AChE activity in response to deltamethrin, not altered by pirimicarb treatment, suggests that AChE activity could represent a robust biomarker specific to deltamethrin exposure in living bees.