Ensuring safe drug administration to pediatric patients with renal dysfunction: a multicenter study. 
In pediatric patients, due to variations in baseline serum creatinine (Cr) reference values, renal dysfunctions sometimes go unnoticed.  In addition, renally excreted drugs need dose adjustment while nephrotoxic drugs should be avoided altogether in patients with impaired renal function.  However, most physicians are apparently unaware of these facts and may administer these drugs to vulnerable patients.  We administered a questionnaire to all physicians and pharmacists specializing in pediatric medical care at six Tokyo metropolitan government-run hospitals in Japan.  276 (59%) of 470 physicians and pharmacists participated.  The rate of correct answers given by physicians who were asked to state the serum Cr reference range for 4-year-olds and 8-year-olds was 83 and 74%, respectively.  On the other hand, the rate of correct answers given by pharmacists to the same question was only 27 and 24%, respectively.  Only about 50% of physicians were aware that histamine H2-receptor antagonists and oseltamivir are renally excreted or that acyclovir and angiotensin II receptor blocker are nephrotoxic.  However, most of the pharmacists recognized that histamine H2-receptor antagonists and oseltamivir are renally excreted drugs.  For the majority of the investigated drugs, the awareness that we need to reduce dosages for patients with renal dysfunction was insufficient.  To ensure safe drug administration, communication between physicians and pharmacists is paramount.  There is an urgent need for the creation of a safe drug administration protocol for pediatric patients with renal dysfunction.