Q:

Having to constantly redo everything because I don't know how to do it

I obtained a biostatistics/pharmaceuticals job without any further education than college, so I think this is the cause of that. 
I don't have some supervisor.  Lack of experience and education.  I'm supposed to make graphs and tables to clarify the data.  The problem is I can't make the graphs look like how my bosses want them to look.  There are always small, but severe details, I miss out on that were never covered in school that my boss expected me to know without instruction. 
I feel like an intern, because I assume interns also don't know what they're doing and because I'm new.  For example, I learned some method in school, used it, and my boss tells me that's almost the answer, but still incorrect so the graph I made that took three hours has to be redone over again.  There's no way I could have prevented the mistake.  The graph summarizes like 200 rows of data. 
I spent a whole day making a table and my boss says the columns are wrong, you're missing this information, add more columns, something is out of order.  So everything is redone. 
For example, I learned some methods in Stata, but my boss says to use SPSS because it's quicker and if I knew that earlier it would have saved me a day worth of time. 
What do I do if I feel unqualified for the job, but can't quit and won't get fired by my boss even though it's taking me a long time to do things and I end up having to do everything over and over again, because my boss won't tell me exactly how to do everything and because I don't know how to do everything the way biostatisticians know how to do? 
There's no book covering how to transition from learning the theory in school to knowing how statistics is used in practice. 
I'm working with some data structured in a way I never seen in school, and it took me forever to realize what plots to plot.  My boss couldn't think like a statistician who needs to plot the graphs and didn't explain and I didn't know what questions to ask them. 

A:

What do I do if I feel unqualified for the job but can't quit and
  won't get fired easily even though it's taking me a long time to do
  things and I end up having to do everything over and over again
  because my boss won't tell me exactly how to do everything and because
  I don't know how to do everything the way biostatisticians know how to
  do?  There's no book covering how to transition from learning the
  theory in school to knowing how statistics is used in practice. 

Of course you don't know how to do everything the way biostatisticians know how to - you've only been one for a short while! 
It's normal to feel frustrated at the start of your first professional job.  
College is not like work, there are no textbooks for work tasks, and the transition is often difficult.  I know it helped me a lot to have a mentor - someone who could help me learn what actual work was like and how to deal with it.  
Talk with your boss.  Don't be afraid to express your frustration and ask for help.  Most of all try to relax.  
What you are experiencing is completely normal - it will get better with time. 

A:

This is a classic problem of communication gap, which creates a difference between the actual and expected outcome, causing things to be done over and over again.  Don't worry, it happens with almost all the beginners and it's quite normal to face these scenarios during initial time. 
I'd suggest some steps to improve the scenario:

Every time you get an assignment, do no jump-start working on that.  Prepare a mock-up, with some samples (a dozen of rows/ cols, for example). 
Have the mock up reviewed and approved by your boss. 
Perform any changes which are needed and review. 
Once you have the template ready, use that to prepare the actual result. 
Save the approved template, and use it next time another assignment comes your way. 

This way, you are making sure that any effort you put is going to be useful and the rework is minimized. 
Right now, given you're a newcomer, you need to have frequent reviews.  With time, you'll gain experience, and you'll be able to get the work done with fewer intermediate review cycles. 
Best of luck. 

A:

I'm going to give a generic pro-life-tip answer to this:
Whenever you fail, figure out at least one thing you can do so that particular failure doesn't happen again. 
Working on a job isn't about never failing, or never messing up, or never having to do anything over again.   I mean, I've been a programmer for nearly 20 years, and I constantly have to rework stuff. 
Failure Is Not Bad.  Failure without trying to improve is bad. 
So, here's what I'd say: Chin up.   You're doing fine.   Take a deep breath, and keep figuring out ways to improve.