Use of diffusive gradients in thin films to measure cadmium speciation in solutions with synthetic and natural ligands: comparison with model predictions. 
The performance of the technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) was characterized in well-defined systems containing cadmium with chloride and nitrate ions, simple organic ligands (nitrilotriacetic acid and diglycolic acid), and Suwannee river fulvic acid for the pH range 5-8.  Cd was fully labile in all Cd, Cl-, and NO3- solutions tested (I= 0.1 and 0.01 M), even atvery low Cd concentrations (10 nM), consistent with there being no binding of Cd to the diffusive gel.  Diffusion coefficients of Cd-nitritotriacetic acid (NTA) and Cd-diglycolic acid (DGA) species were measured and found to be ca.  25-30% lower than the equivalent coefficient for free metal ions.  These values were used to calculate concentrations of labile Cd from DGT measurements in solutions of Cd with NTA or DGA.  Cd-NTA and Cd-DGA species were found to be fully DGT-labile.  DGT devices that used a diffusive gel with a reduced pore size, which retarded the passage of fulvic acid species through the gel, were used to estimate the proportion of Cd complexed by fulvic acid.  These results were compared with predictions of the solution speciation from models with default parameter values.  ECOSAT, incorporating the NICA-Donnan model, correctly predicted the magnitude of the binding and its pH dependence, while predictions from WHAM V (with humic ion binding model V) and WHAM 6 (with humic ion binding model VI) were less satisfactory at predicting the pH dependence.  Reasonable fits to the data could be obtained from WHAM 6 when the effective binding constant log K(MA) was changed from 1.6 to 1.5, the value of deltaLK1 from 2.8 to 1.0 to minimize the dependence on pH, and the value of deltaLK2 from 1.48 to 1.0 to decrease the strength of the strong bidentate and tridentate binding sites.