Clinical pharmacokinetics of antidepressants in the elderly.  Therapeutic implications. 
The prevalence of depression in the elderly suggests that a substantial number of older patients will be treated with an antidepressant medication such as one of the tricyclics, trazodone, fluoxetine or lithium.  The physiological changes that accompany aging raise the possibilities of altered pharmacokinetics, patterns of efficacy and adverse effect profiles.  The literature addressing the subject of antidepressant use in the elderly has not provided a clear, consistent picture of how these drugs behave in this population in comparison with younger patients.  Particularly in the case of the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), a large degree of interindividual variation in drug clearance (CL) confounds attempts to find differences attributable to age per se.  Study design, however, is also a problem in that very few investigators include a young control group, choosing instead to compare their data with previously reported outcomes.  Designations of statistical significance and positive correlation also differ among investigators, and the clinical significance of any finding is not always addressed.  The available data suggest that imipramine CL is reduced in the elderly and that amitriptyline CL may be reduced.  Desipramine CL does not appear to be affected by age, although decreased renal function in the elderly may lead to accumulation of the hydroxylated metabolite, the clinical importance of which is not known.  Nortriptyline is the most thoroughly studied TCA in the elderly.  CL seems decisively lower only in elderly patients with concurrent medical illness.  The hydroxylated metabolite probably accumulates with diminishing renal function.  Not enough data are available on doxepin to make a conclusion.  Trazodone CL is diminished somewhat in elderly men.  Lithium CL appears to diminish with the declining renal function associated with aging.  Fluoxetine data are sparse.  Available data do not show any decrease in CL of the parent drug; more information is needed on the metabolite norfluoxetine.  Although knowledge of CL changes with aging can help the clinician more accurately achieve the desired steady-state concentration of a drug during long term therapy, much work is still needed to evaluate the relationships among drug concentrations at steady-state, efficacy and adverse effects in the elderly.