Q:

Is it possible to use a series of option prices to predict the most likely path of an asset? 

I've always wondered about this. 
If you have a series of options, with the expires spaced let's say one week between them, and you search for each expiration date the option with the smallest premium, would the series of strikes represent the current market predicted path of the asset? 
Can you use that information to speculate the spot price? 
I believe that this paper is about a similar approach: http://ideas.repec.org/p/ihs/ihsesp/104.html

A:

A further comment on user214's answer : the probability distribution of the future value of the index that you imply from option prices is its distribution under the (market) risk-neutral measure, which generally different from the true historical measure.  In particular, option prices do not give information about the risk premium.  There is a vast literature about this, but a good start is this paper from Chris Rogers and Steve Satchell. 
Furthermore, European option prices give you information about the marginal distributions of the index at fixed maturities, but they give you no clue about the dynamical properties of the value process, that is, the distribution of the paths. 

A:

If you think of a path as a series of ranges then your idea kind of makes sense. 
However, I don't think you would get a path out of this approach, just a series of ranges. 
Example:
Taking one expiry, the prices in a chain imply a range of price movements between today and expiration.   
Take the SPX(at say 1300) and VIX, for example, is at 15.8 and the SPX option chain that you are looking at is 30 days from expiry.  That tells you that there is approximately a 68% probability that the SPX will be between approximately 1370 and 1230 at the end of 30 days, or a 68% probability that it will be within 1% of 1300 in 1 day. 
Running this example on multiple chains would only expand the range(implied vol is increasing in later expiries), or contract the range(implied vol is decreasing in later expiries). 
----- idea -----
If you had access to a standardized/liquid market of path dependant options, you might be able to narraw the range down somewhat.   
If you did arrive at a narrow path estimate, it would change frequently with volatility... what would be the value of this path estimate? 

A:

Just would like to expand on user214's answer: you can use options to predict underlying in probabilistic sense.  As you know option prices imply a certain distribution - you can find expected value for stock, and volatility around that value. 
If you assume a particular distribution (for example normal distribution for returns) you can derive expected high (over some period of time), expected low, expected range, expected drawdown, probabilities for different paths, etc.  That is not something you should do in practice, or do it and know the limitations of such model-based estimates (that is what I do in trading).  
If you have access to exotic, particularly path-dependent options you can fit more complicated models, and figure out what they predict about the stock price.  While you can fit more realistic models to only vanilla options, such fits are not robust, because they depend only on terminal distribution of the underlying, and not its path. 