Intensification of antiretroviral therapy with raltegravir or addition of hyperimmune bovine colostrum in HIV-infected patients with suboptimal CD4+ T-cell response: a randomized controlled trial. 
Despite virally suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), some HIV-infected patients exhibit suboptimal CD4(+) T-cell recovery.  This study aimed to determine the effect of intensification of cART with raltegravir or addition of hyperimmune bovine colostrum (HIBC) on CD4(+) T-cell count in such patients.  We randomized 75 patients to 4 treatment groups to receive raltegravir, HIBC, placebo, or both raltegravir and HIBC in a factorial, double-blind study.  The primary endpoint was time-weighted mean change in CD4(+) T-cell count from baseline to week 24.  T-cell activation (CD38(+) and HLA-DR(+)), plasma markers of microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide, 16S rDNA), monocyte activation (soluble (s) CD14), and HIV-RNA (lowest level of detection 4 copies/mL) were monitored.  Analysis was performed using linear regression methods.  Compared with placebo, the addition of neither raltegravir nor HIBC to cART for 24 weeks resulted in a significant change in CD4(+) T-cell count (mean difference, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.09 cells/μL, -14.27; 20.45, P = .724 and 9.43 cells/μL, -7.81; 26.68, P = .279, respectively, intention to treat).  There was no significant interaction between HIBC and raltegravir (P = .275).  No correlation was found between CD4(+) T-cell count and plasma lipopolysaccharide, 16S rDNA, sCD14, or HIV-RNA.  The determinants of poor CD4(+) T-cell recovery following cART require further investigation.  ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00772590, Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12609000575235.